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Copyright © 2002. The Geological Society of America , Inc. (GSA). All rights reserved. GSA grants permission to individual scientists to make unlimited photocopies of one or more items from this volume for noncommercial purposes advancing science or education, including classroom use. For permission to make photocopies of any item in this volume for other noncommercial. nonprofit purposes. contact the Geological Society of America . Written permission is reQuired from GSA for all other forms of capture or reproduction of any item in the volume including. but not limited to. all types of electronic or digital scanning or other digital or manual transformation of articles or any portion thereof. such as abstracts. into computer-readable and/or transmittable form for personal or corporate use. either noncommercial or commercial. for-profit or otherwise. Send permission reQUests to GSA Copyrights Permissions. 3300 Penrose Place. P.O. Box 9140, Boulder. Colorado. 80301 - 9140. USA. Copyright is not claimed on employment.
any material prepared whoi!Y by government employees within the scope of their
Published by The Geological Society of America. Inc. 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder. Colorado 8030 I www.geosociety.org Printed in U.S.A. GSA Books Science Editor Abhijit Basu Cover design by Heather l. Sutphin
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hall. Clarence A. Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions. increasing zoogeographic provinciality. molluscan extinctions. and paleoshorelines. California : late Oligocene (27 Ma) to late Pliocene (2 .5 Ma) I by Clarence A. Hall lr. p. em . - (Special paper ; 357) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8137-2357-4 I . Paleoclimatology-California . 2. Paleoclimatology-Neogene. 3. Paleoclimatology-Oligocene. 4. Mollusks. Fossil-California . 5. Paleontology- Neogene. I. Title . II. Special papers (Geological Society of America) ; 357 QC884.5 .U6 H35 2002 551 .69794-dc21
2002024217
Cover: Palinspastic paleoshoreline maps showing marine paleoclimatic regions of western California for six time slices from 27 to 2.5 Ma. Paleoclimatic regions or water masses are: CT (blue). cool temperate; T (green) . temperate; WT (yellow). warm temperate; and OT (orange-red) . outer tropical. Abbreviations: CAIP. Cajon Pass; CC. Crescent City; l.A, Los Angeles; MONT. Monterey; PTA. Point Arena; SA. Santa Ana; SB. Santa Barbara; SD. San Diego; SF. San Francisco; and SIM. Simmler. Images by C.A. Hall lr. Back cover: Average month!Y sea-surface temperatures (August 1987). Blue shades, 8-13 °C; green shades. 13- 23 °C; yellow shades, 23- 25 °C; orange shades. 25- 27 °C; bright orange or red shades. above 27 °C. All are summer maximum sea-surface temperatures for 1987. Image from Advanced Very High Resolution radiometers on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar orbiting satellites (NOM-7. NOM-9. NOM-II, and NOM-14) and obtained from http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov maintained by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration P"!Ysical Oceanography Distributed Archive Center at the let Propulsion Laboratory. California Institute of Technology.
10987654321
Geological Society of America Special Paper 357 2002
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing zoogeographic provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines, California: Late Oligocene (27 Ma) to late Pliocene (2.5 Ma) Clarence A. Hall Jr.* Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, USA ABSTRACT Approximately 3000 medial and late Cenozoic, nearshore, marine molluscan taxa from western California are assigned to 6 time slices (27–23, 23–17, 17–13, 13–8, 8– 5, and 5–2.5 Ma) spanning ; 25 m.y. Western California is palinspastically restored for each of the time slices by backsliding and back-rotating large fault blocks or crustal units. Marine fossil assemblages and provinces are assigned to nearshore paleoclimatic regions or water masses within palinspastically restored California. Provincial patterns are controlled by thermal regimes, not single temperature conditions. Duration of warmth is used to define nearshore, marine paleoclimatic regions. Duration of warmth is defined as a single temperature value or as effective temperature, which stands for a complete temperature regime. In addition to these primary goals, this volume is aimed at: (a) showing positive feedback mechanisms between paleolatitudinal changes in sea-surface paleotemperature gradients and changes in the diversity of marine mollusks along the California coast through time; (b) using effective temperature to define “equable” nearshore marine water masses; and (c) analyzing extinction rates among macroinvertebrate marine taxa from coastal California and the possible causes of these extinctions. The late Paleogene to Neogene faunas reflect an increase in faunal diversity related to strengthened temperature gradients, greater extremes in sea-surface temperatures, reduction in temperateness, and the development of an embayed California coastline. Periodic episodes of regional extinctions reduced the sizes of populations of nearshore mollusks; however, new species made their first appearances coeval with periods of regional extinctions.
INTRODUCTION
of index species and bracketing radiometric and associated biostratigraphic ages define these molluscan ages. Approximately 3300 taxa, primarily medial and late Cenozoic, nearshore, marine mollusks from California, are assigned to the six time slices. The latitudinal distribution of mollusks living in the eastern Pacific Ocean, and the distribution of west coast of North America fossils, primarily shallow-water marine mollusks, form the bases for assigning nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions to paleomolluscan provinces in California. Paleoclimatic
The purpose of this volume is to depict the distribution of ancient marine basins in western California for a 25 m.y. span of time and to assign inferred marine paleoclimates to those marine water masses in ancient basins of deposition. The 25 m.y. period of time is divided into six time slices of unequal duration: (1) 27–23 Ma, (2) 23–17 Ma, (3) 17–13 Ma, (4) 13– 8 Ma, (5) 8–5 Ma, and (6) 5–2.5 Ma. The stratigraphic ranges *E-mail:
[email protected].
Hall, C.A. Jr., 2002, Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing zoogeographic provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines, California: Late Oligocene (27 Ma) to late Pliocene (2.5 Ma): Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 357, 489 p.
1
2
C.A. Hall Jr.
regions are based on the distribution of fossils; the northern endpoint of geographic ranges of the present-day analogs of the fossils; and effective temperature (ET), duration of warmth, or the primary reproductive seasons at the northern endpoint of the geographic ranges of the modern analogs. (Note that “mollusk” is used herein when referring to invertebrate animals in the phylum Mollusca, and “mollusc” as modifying adjectives, e.g., molluscan assemblage and paleomolluscan provinces.) Smith (1919) was the first paleontologist to use the distribution of Cenozoic fossils in western North America and their modern analogs living in the eastern North Pacific Ocean to interpret marine paleoclimates and to demonstrate a southward shift of inferred marine isotherms through Cenozoic time. Although the work of Smith (1919) postdated the pioneering paleoclimatological analyses of Neogene floras of Switzerland by Herr (1859) and Bailey and Sinnott (1915, 1916), Smith’s (1919) research marked the initiation of the use of molluscan paleobiology and paleoecology to infer the marine paleoclimatology of western North America. Durham (1950a) first demonstrated that marine paleotemperatures, presumably at the same absolute latitude, declined from geological epoch to epoch. Durham (1950a) showed that there was an overall southward shift in the eastern Pacific of inferred marine paleoisotherms since the Cretaceous by using the distribution of stenothermic fossil and living genera of reef-building corals and marine mollusks. Stenothermic organisms are those that are only slightly resistant to change in temperature or that have a narrow temperature tolerance. Smith (1919) and Durham (1950a) compared fossil Cenozoic genera and species with the northern endpoints of the geographic ranges of living analogs of fossil taxa in order to arrive at their conclusions. Using the northern latitudinal endpoints of living and fossil molluscan taxa, and in some cases both the northern and southern endpoints of the geographic range, Davies (1934), Schenck and Keen (1936, 1940), Newell (1948), Hedgpeth (1957), Hall (1960, 1964b), and Valentine (1961, 1966) defined molluscan and paleomolluscan provinces and delineated their associated boundaries. This method uses the northern endpoints of the geographic ranges of a relatively large number of taxa that in turn define the northern boundary of a molluscan province. In some of the research cited, the mean minimum sea-surface temperature (SST) at the northern boundary of the molluscan province delineated both the present-day and the ancient nearshore marine climatic regions. The poleward decrease in the diversity of molluscan species has also been used as a basis for defining zoogeographic provinces, and that decrease in diversity is in response to a latitudinal temperature gradient (Valentine, 1966, 1967, 1968). Latitudinal zoogeographic diversity trends or gradients for extant mollusks were discussed, for example, by Carpenter (1866), Arnold (1903), Dall (1921), Weymouth and Thompson (1930), Weymouth et al. (1931), Schenck and Keen (1940), Newell (1948), Fischer (1960), Stehli et al. (1967), Valentine (1961, 1969), Strauch (1968, 1971), Addicott (1969a, 1970b,
1970c), Rowland and Hopkins (1971) (as a caution regarding the 1968 Strauch paper), Hall et al. (1974), Hall (1975a), Jablonski and Valentine (1981, 1990), and Roy et al. (1994, 1995, 1998). Commonly latitudinal diversity gradients or profiles, utilizing the distribution of fossil mollusks, have been used to indicate marine warming and cooling trends (e.g., Addicott, 1969a, 1970b, 1970c). Because fossil molluscan assemblages and individual fossil mollusks used in these studies are compared to or correlated with (1) mollusks living in present-day molluscan provinces, (2) present-day taxa, and (3) present-day mean minimum SSTs, which mark the northern boundaries of many present-day molluscan provinces, it is commonly assumed that many shallowwater or nearshore fossil mollusks were limited in their distribution by the same mean minimum SSTs as are present-day taxa. Zoogeographic provinces are defined commonly by the observed or known distribution of organisms. Molluscan provinces can be correlated with climatic regions and northern boundaries of molluscan provinces can be suggested to coincide with mean minimum SSTs. However, for both nearshore present-day and fossil molluscan taxa, the SST during the coldest month of the year may not be the most important factor controlling or limiting the distribution or northern zoogeographic range of many marine mollusks. Mean minimum SST conditions limiting the distribution of late Holocene molluscan taxa may not have limited the distribution of many earlier Neogene forms. Physiological changes, independent of external conditions, could have occurred in evolving fossil populations. Adaptations to changing environmental conditions could have taken place among fossil taxa (DeVries and Wells, 1990). Adult and larvae of present-day molluscan taxa are carried alive into adjoining marine climatic regions where they can survive but not necessarily reproduce (Scheltema, 1971, 1988; Zinsmeister, 1974; Jablonski, 1986). Some fossil species exhibited large latitudinal range shifts through time (Roy et al., 1995), resulting in the appearance of extraprovincial taxa. Thus, there are limitations to using the northern latitudinal endpoints of Northern Hemisphere present-day molluscan taxa to interpret past marine climates. Regardless of these possible limitations of the northern endpoint of range method to infer the location of nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, the results using the method point to a succession of paleoclimatic or paleotemperature changes during the Cenozoic. The validity of the method is supported by the recognition of similar paleoclimatic fluctuations based on Neogene fossil floras in the Northern Hemisphere (Dorf, 1955, 1959, 1963; Becker, 1961; Wolfe and Hopkins, 1967; Van der Burgh et al., 1993; Axelrod and Schorn, 1994; Dutton and Barron, 1997). A long-standing scientific dispute regarding the role of paleoaltitude relative to regional or global climatic changes, based on paleobotanical data, was discussed by Wolfe (1971, 1992), Wolfe and Schorn (1994), Axelrod (1997), and
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines Wolfe et al. (1997). Microfossils from rocks in California and elsewhere also demonstrate that paleotemperatures in Neogene seas periodically declined, fluctuated, and rose (Ingle, 1967; Bandy, 1972; Casey, 1972; Barron, 1973, 1989; Poore, 1981; Barron and Keller, 1983); fish fossils (Jordan, 1921; David, 1943), and regional and global isotopic studies also demonstrate this (Savin et al., 1975; Shackleton and Kennett, 1975; Kennett, 1977, 1980, 1986a, 1986b; Savin, 1977; DePaolo and Ingram, 1985; Vincent and Berger, 1985; Vincent and Killingley, 1985; Capo and DePaolo, 1986; DePaolo, 1986; Miller et al., 1987; Muhs and Kyser, 1987; Woodruff and Savin, 1989, 1991; Compton et al., 1990, 1993; DePaolo and Finger, 1991; Wright et al., 1992; Flower and Kennett, 1993a, 1993b, 1993c; Schoell et al., 1994). The nearshore paleotemperatures of Neogene paleoclimatic regions and the Neogene mean minimum sea-surface paleotemperatures at the northern boundaries of nearshore paleoclimatic regions along the west coast of California were probably not those of today. For example, the latitudinal endpoints of a number of Pleistocene mollusks from the Pleistocene Californian paleomolluscan province do not coincide with their present-day latitudinal endpoints, and the mollusks show evidence of migration between Pleistocene and Holocene time (Valentine and Jablonski, 1993). Marine paleotemperatures along the coast of California fluctuated during the Pleistocene and Holocene (Valentine and Meade, 1961; Muhs and Kyser, 1987; Roy et al., 1995; Cannariato et al., 1999). Roy et al. (1995) proposed that taxon-specific environmental tolerances were responsible for the migratory responses of the molluscan species to fluctuations in paleotemperatures. Today the mean minimum SST at the northern boundary of the present-day Californian molluscan province is ;15 8C. If marine paleotemperatures fluctuated during the Pleistocene, it seems unlikely that the mean minimum SST during the entire Pleistocene Epoch was 15.0 8C at the northern boundary of the Pleistocene Californian paleomolluscan province. The 15.0 8C sea-surface isotherm would not necessarily define the northern boundary of the Pleistocene Californian paleomolluscan province (named the Verdean by Valentine, 1959) and the Pleistocene warm temperate marine paleoclimatic region. The mean minimum SST at the northern boundary of the Pleistocene Californian or Verdean paleomolluscan province and the warm temperate paleoclimatic region could have fluctuated from 18.0 or 20.0 8C to 12.0 or 13.0 8C. Muhs and Kyser (1987) inferred that ca. 85– 125 ka seawater temperatures were 2.2–3.8 8C cooler than at present. Thus, a duration of warmth or an effective temperature that would allow for molluscan species within the Pleistocene Californian paleomolluscan province to live and reproduce within a region where there were fluctuations in paleotemperatures could be a better way to define the Pleistocene warm temperate paleoclimatic region. Hall (1964b) proposed that the duration of warmth at the northern boundary of the modern-day Californian molluscan province and the warm temperate marine climatic region is a
3
duration during which no months are cooler than 10.0 8C during the year, and a duration of warmth when the SST is between 15.0 and 18.0 8C for four months of the year. Such a definition also could be applicable to the northern boundary of the Pleistocene warm temperate marine paleoclimatic region. Woodring et al. (1946) noted the presence of taxa in Pliocene faunas from south-central western California that today live only in seawater at northern latitudes. During Pliocene time, however, they coexisted with taxa that today are limited to southern latitudes. Should the northern or the southern latitudinal endpoints of the modern faunas be taken as representative of the sea-surface paleotemperatures in which the Pliocene fauna was living, or which maximal or minimal temperatures define the nearshore marine paleoclimate inhabited by the Pliocene fauna? One answer could be that there was a duration of warmth that allowed both the present-day cold water and the warm water taxa among the Pliocene taxa noted by Woodring et al. (1946) to occupy and reproduce in the same territory. Roy et al. (1995, p. 1071) supplied another answer and proposed the following, referring to extraprovincial Pleistocene mollusks of western North America: The latitudinal ranges of southern extraprovincial species are significantly wider on average than those of the species pool from which they were drawn, but the geographic ranges of northern extraprovincials resemble those of their parent pool. This contrast is primarily a consequence of the biogeographic structure of the eastern Pacific fauna; water-mass boundaries are more effective barriers for southern species migrating north in response to changing climatic conditions than for northern species moving south.
Durham (1950a, p. 1248) listed several dozen living taxa that are present in the eastern Pacific Ocean that he considered to be restricted to the tropics and that live in water with mean minimum SSTs of “20 8C or warmer.” In the western Pacific, however, 56% of the species of the 51 tropical genera and subgenera that Durham (1950a) listed range northward into water with mean minimum SSTs of 10.0–14.0 8C, not 20.0 8C. During the Neogene did the fossil taxa from the eastern Pacific Ocean live in water with nearshore mean minimum SSTs of 20.0 8C or 10.0 8C? Because 95%–98% of the western Pacific species within the genera analyzed by Durham (1950a) live in water where SSTs are 20.0 8C for at least four months per year, duration of warmth could better define the marine climate in which the present-day taxa live, and the nearshore paleoclimate in which the fossil taxa lived. Among the taxa listed by Durham (1950a), the winter-minimum water-mass boundary of 10.0– 14.0 8C would not seem to be an effective barrier for southern tropical genera. The present-day Gulf of California contains molluscan taxa that otherwise live in outer and inner tropical marine climatic regions along the southern outer coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico, and the west coast of Mexico (Keen, 1971). However, the modern-day outer and inner tropical mollusks described by Keen (1971) that are living in the Gulf of Cali-
4
C.A. Hall Jr.
fornia live in water with winter SSTs as low as 14.9 or ;15 8C, not 20.0 8C. Vaughan (1940) assigned mean minimum seawater temperatures of 22.8–25.6 8C to the marine tropics, Stephenson (1947) assigned thermal boundaries of 18.0–32.0 8C to the marine tropics, and Ekman (1953) defined marine tropics as a climatic region where temperatures are above 20.0 8C during the coldest month of the year—a definition apparently applied to molluscan faunas studied by Durham (1950a). Is a fossil fauna from western California, one that includes an assemblage of mollusks with a taxonomic composition similar to that living in the present-day Gulf of California, to be assigned to a marine paleoclimate with a minimum SST of 20.0 8C or to a temperature of ;15 8C? The answer, when analyzing fossil faunas, is likely to be neither. The molluscan fauna currently living in the Gulf of California lives in water with SSTs of 20.0 8C for 8 months of the year and 18.0 8C for 11–12 months of the year at lat 298N, even though the minimum or winter SST is ;15 8C. Note that Bernard et al. (1991) stated that the Panamic tropical molluscan fauna only reaches as far north as lat 26 8N in the Gulf of California (minimum winter temperature of 19 8C). A situation similar to that of the molluscan fauna living in the Gulf of California also exists with the distribution of present-day, reef-building corals both in the Gulf of California and along the east coast of Japan (Hall, 1964b). Zooxanthellate (endosymbiotic primary producers) corals are common in Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Ocean tropical waters. These fossil corals are commonly considered to have lived in the tropics. Holocene zooxanthellate corals, however, range northward to lat 358 or 378N along the east coast of Japan (Rosen, 1984). The mean minimum SST at lat 358N along the Japanese coast is ;12.79 8C (U.S. Navy, Chief of Naval Operations, 1956–1958). The mean annual SST at lat 358N is 16.0 8C (Rosen, 1984), and the SST at lat 358N along the east coast of Japan is ;20.0 8C for four months of the year (Hall, 1964b). These temperature conditions suggest that it is not strictly minimal temperatures or cold water-mass boundaries that control the distribution of zooxanthellate corals. However, Veron (1995, p. 91) stated, “Very few zooxanthellate corals are known to tolerate temperatures below 11 8C under normal conditions” and “ . . . 18 8C, sustained over protracted periods of time, has survived as the identified minimum sea surface temperature to which functional [coral] reefs are normally exposed” (my brackets). In addition to depicting the distribution of late Paleogene and Neogene marine basins in western California, and assigning nearshore marine paleoclimates, defined by a range of, but not mean minimum SSTs, to those basins, my purposes herein are to (1) show that increased latitudinal sea-surface paleotemperature gradients along the coast of California were accompanied by increases in the diversity of marine mollusks, (2) define “equable” based on effective temperatures, (3) analyze extinction rates and survivorship rates among the 27–2.5 Ma macroinvertebrate marine taxa from coastal California, and (4) suggest
possible causes to account for the regional extinction of relatively large numbers of taxa during the intervals 17–13 Ma and 5–2.5 Ma. PROCEDURE The following four principal aspects relate to assigning nearshore paleoclimates to the late Paleogene and Neogene marine regions of California. Assigning rock units to time slices Upper Paleogene and Neogene marine formations were assigned to six geochrons using radiometric ages of volcanic and pyroclastic rocks interbedded or correlated with formations that contain marine macroinvertebrate fossil-bearing strata, isotopic ages of fossil shell material, fission-track ages of rocks associated with the fossil-bearing strata, and ages of microfossils within formations. Significant and relatively easily recognizable changes in marine macroinvertebrate faunas occur at the beginning and end of each of the six time intervals within upper Paleogene and Neogene marine rock sequences in California (Appendix 1, Tables A1–A6). Tables A1–A6 (Appendix 1) summarize the bases for the assignments of upper Paleogene and Neogene formations to time slices, and Table A13 (Appendix 1) lists the formations referred to in this volume and their time-slice assignments. Upper Paleogene and Neogene rock units are assigned to geologic ages based on radioisotopic dating and fission-track ages of the rocks and associated fossil shell material. They are also assigned to magnetostratigraphic ages (global polarity time scale or geomagnetic polarity sequences) or to biostratigraphic ages based on neritic foraminiferal, diatom, and calcareous plankton biostratigraphy correlated to geochronologic units and absolute ages (e.g., Berggren et al., 1995a, 1995b; see Appendix 1, Tables A1–A6). Fossil mollusks, echinoderms, and other macroinvertebrate fossils in this study are assigned to stratigraphic age ranges based on their presence in age-dated rock units (Appendix 1, Table A13). The chronostratigraphic units used in this volume are based primarily on index fossils such as pectinids (Smith, 1991a), echinoderms (Grant and Hertlein, 1938; Durham, 1955; Hall, 1962a; Durham and Morgan, 1978), and gastropod taxa (Addicott, 1970a) with narrow stratigraphic ranges (Figs. 1 and 2). The detail or precision of biostratigraphic ages based on microfossils is greater than that provided by macroinvertebrate fossils; e.g., the 17–13 Ma time slice based on mollusks includes the Relizian and Luisian ages, which are based on neritic Foraminiferida (see Smith, 1991a). The formations that contain the principal invertebrate faunas that were used to define the six time slices in this volume are annotated with the numbers 1–6 in Appendix 1 (Table A13). The stratigraphic positions of these units relative to other units with known relative and absolute geologic ages within the list were also utilized to assign formations to time slices. The age
Figure 1 (on next three pages). Presence of pectinids in late Paleogene and Neogene time slices, west coast of North America. Pleist is Pleistocene, Eo. is Eocene. Dashed lines represent questionable chronostratigraphic extension of range of taxon. 1—Lyropecten cerrosensis. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned age range of 7 or 7.3 Ma to 2.5 or to 2 Ma; age range used here is 8–2 Ma. 2—Nodipecten arthriticus. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned age range of 10 Ma to Holoceen. 3— Nodipecten subnodosus. Smith (1991a, p. 3) assigned age range of 8 or 6 Ma to Holocene. 4—Lyropecten catalinae. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned age range of 12.5–8 Ma or 12.5–6.3 Ma; age range used here is 13–5 Ma. 5—Lyropecten estrellanus. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned age range of 12 or 11.2 Ma to 10 or 9.5 Ma; age range used here is 13–5 Ma. 6—Lyropecten gallegosi. Smith (1991, p. 3) assigned age range of 12–6.5 Ma. 7—Lyropecten modulatus. Smith (1991a, p. 3) assigned age range of 13.5–7.2 Ma; range used here is 13–8 Ma. 8—Lyropecten tiburonensis. Smith (1991a, p. 2, 3) assigned age range of 14 or 13 Ma to 11.2 or 10.2 Ma. 9—Nodipecten veatchii. Smith (1991a, p. 3) assigned age range of 12–7.5 Ma. 10—Lyropecten crassicardo. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned age range of 18–10 Ma; age range used here is 18–8 Ma, and questionably to 5 Ma. 11—Lyropecten. sp. aff. “L.” dumblei. Smith (1991a, p. 3) assigned age range of 22–19.5 Ma. 12— Oppenheimopecten hartmanni. Moore (1984, p. B76, B77) assigned Pliocene age. 13—Oppenheimopecten heimi. Moore (1984, p. B77) assigned Pliocene age. 14—Vertipecten fucanus. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned age range of 23–19.5 Ma; age range used here is 23 Ma to questionably 16 Ma. 15—Lyropecten miguelensis. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned age range of 23 to 19 Ma or to 18.5 Ma; age range used here is 27–17 Ma. 16—Lyropecten pretiosus. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned age range of 27.6–21.5 Ma; age range used here is 27–22 Ma. 17—Vertipecten bowersi. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned age range of 23 to 19.5 Ma or to 18 Ma; age range used here is 27–16 Ma. 18—Vertipecten kernensis. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned age range of 27.6–23 Ma; age range used here is 27–17 Ma. 19—“Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned range of 32.6 to 27.6 Ma or to 22 Ma; age range used here is 32–17 Ma. 20—“Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis. Smith (1991a, p.2) assigned age range of 30–25.6 Ma; range used here is 30–26 Ma. 21—Vertipecten rini. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned age range of 35–27.6 Ma, and 31.2–27.6 Ma (J.T. Smith, 2000, written commun.); age range used here is 31.2–22 Ma.
Figure 1. (continued)
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines
7
Figure 1. (continued )
limits of some of the time slices are rounded to a whole number. Locally, some index fossils can be correlated with absolute age dates that are slightly older or slightly younger than the upper and lower age limit of the time slice. For example, there are index species within the 27–23 Ma time slice that are locally correlated with rocks with a lower absolute age limit of 27.6 Ma, and an upper age limit of 23.5 Ma. There are species in the 23–17 Ma time slice that locally are correlated with a lower absolute age limit of 22.6 Ma, or an upper age limit of 16.5 Ma. There are also index species in the 17–13 Ma time slice that are correlated with an upper absolute age limit of 13.5 Ma. Within the 5–2.5 Ma time slice there are species that are correlated with a lower absolute age limit of 4.6 or 5.3 Ma. Smith’s (1991a) exceptional monograph on pectinids and her absolute age and biostratigraphic assignments are followed in this study; exceptions are noted in the section on biostratigraphic problems and in Figure 1. The overlapping age ranges of fossil pectinids, echinoids, and gastropods, and microfossil biostratigraphy were used to assign formations to time slices. Two examples illustrate the method. The data for both examples are in Appendix 1 (Tables A3 and A9, 17–13 Ma time slice). The overlapping age ranges of the pectinids listed under the heading of lat ;378–368N west of the San Andreas fault (Appendix 1, Table A9), i.e., ranges of 32–8 Ma, 23–13 Ma, and 18–8 Ma, produce an overlapping age range for the rock units between these latitudes of 18–13 Ma. Associated with the macroinvertebrate fauna are microfossils that have been assigned to biostratigraphic ages of Saucesian–Relizian (22.7 or 21 Ma to 15.6 Ma), Relizian (18 to 16.5 or 15.6 Ma), and Luisian–early Mohnian (16.5–13 Ma), i.e., to a maximum age range of 22.7–13 Ma or an overlapping age range of 16.5– 15.6 Ma.
The overlapping age ranges of pectinids listed under the heading of lat ;358–348N west of the San Andreas fault (Appendix 1, Table A9), i.e., ranges of 32–8 Ma, 27–17 Ma, 27–16 Ma, 23–13 Ma, 23–13 Ma, and 18–8 Ma, produce an overlapping age range for the rock units between these latitudes of 18–16 Ma. In addition to the radiometric ages of volcanic rocks associated with rocks containing macroinvertebrate assemblages, microfossils also have been used to assign ages to formations. In this case, the microfossils have been assigned to the Relizian (18–15.6 Ma) and Luisian (16.65–14 Ma) ages, i.e., to a maximum age range of 18–14 Ma or an overlapping age range of 16.5–15.6 Ma. Repeating this process, utilizing other index fossils in addition to pectinids and radiometrically dated interbedded volcanic and sedimentary rocks, the lower and upper limits of the 17–13 Ma time slice, and other time slices, are determined (Appendix 1, Tables A1–A12). Taxonomy and latitudinal endpoints of taxa Neogene marine macroinvertebrate fossils from Oregon, California, and Alta Baja California, Mexico, are assigned to the six geochrons or time slices (hereafter referred to as the 27– 23, 23–17, 17–13, 13–8, 8–5, and 5–2.5 Ma time slices), and their presence in Neogene formations from California, Oregon, and Mexico is listed in 18 of latitude (absolute latitudes) groups west and east of the San Andreas fault. For example, late Paleogene and Neogene marine macroinvertebrate fossils collected from between the absolute latitudes of 358 and 348N west of the San Andreas fault in western California were placed in one latitudinal group, and those east of the San Andreas fault at the same latitude into another. A taxonomic analysis was
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C.A. Hall Jr.
Figure 2. Presence of Echinodermata in rocks of late Paleogene and Neogene age, west coast of North America. Pleist. is Pleistocene.
made for each taxon in order to avoid errors owing to failure to recognize synonyms among the fossil taxa. The latitudinal endpoints of each living taxon were determined from the literature. The effective temperature, referring to duration of warmth or warmth (discussed in detail in the following) was calculated for each living taxon within a 18 of latitude fossil group (Appendix 1, Tables A7–A12).
Effective temperature The effective temperatures calculated for fossil taxa within a time slice, and within a latitudinal group, were grouped by ranges of ET (Figs. 3–8). Effective temperatures were used to define nearshore marine present-day climates and late Paleogene and Neogene paleoclimates (Table 1).
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines A fossil fauna was assigned to a nearshore marine paleoclimatic region within a particular time slice, and within a 18 of latitude group, on the basis of the percentage of taxa in each of the five ranges of ET (Fig. 9). Note that 18 of latitude at the latitudes of California is equal to ;113 km. The percentages of taxa in each of five ranges of ET were graphed for each degree of absolute latitude west and east of the San Andreas fault for each of the time slices (Figs. 10–19), and for each degree of absolute latitude in a single time slice (Figs. 20–27). Paleoshorelines and paleoclimatic regions Palinspastic maps of California for each of the six time slices were constructed by back slipping fault blocks along faults for which there are previously determined amounts of right and left slip, and by counterclockwise back rotating the Transverse Ranges by previously determined, westward increasing paleomagnetic vectors. (Note that the paleoshoreline maps in this study are not true palinspastic maps because shortening by folding has not been considered in the paleogeographic reconstructions.) The inferred paleoshorelines of marine basins for each of the time slices were determined from a broad spectrum of published geologic maps. (The limits of the marine basins that are depicted in this study are almost entirely inferred. Paleoshorelines are based on the known distribution of marine rocks of known age. Thus, the limits of the marine basins that are depicted could be more extensive than shown because of erosion after deposition.) Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions were assigned to each of the marine basins (Appendix 1, Table A16, and Plate 1 for use with Plates 2–8). Each of these four phases of the study is outlined in detail in the following. Assignment of rock units to time slices Radiometric fission-track and isotopic ages of rock units were used to assign absolute geologic ages to formations and other upper Paleogene and Neogene rock units. Tables A1–A6 (Appendix 1) summarize the bases for the assignments of upper Paleogene and Neogene formations to time slices. Table A13 (Appendix 1) lists the formations referred to in this volume and their time-slice assignments, and the references used to make age assignments are listed in Appendix 2. Molluscan stages. The marine macroinvertebrate fossils in the six time slices used in this study essentially define six uppermost Paleogene and Neogene chronostratigraphic stages. However, neither existing nor new Californian molluscan stage names are assigned to these six time slices. Others have assigned formations to Californian molluscan stages and ages, but with the formational names for molluscan stage and ages. The
9
use of formational names, e.g., Vaqueros, Temblor, Santa Margarita, Jacalitos, Etchegoin, and San Joaquin, for chronostratigraphic units, e.g., “Vaqueros” and “Temblor” stages, has introduced or has the potential of introducing confusion. In addition to these names, other formational names also have been used for names of substages, e.g., the “Briones,” “Cierbo,” and “Neroly” substages of the “Margaritan” Stage. Not only is this practice confusing, but these chronostratigraphic units do not conform to the North American Stratigraphic Code (the code) (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 1983). Researchers (e.g., Addicott, 1972, 1976a, 1976b; Smith, 1991a) proposed and used formational names for chronostratigraphic units. By placing their time-stratigraphic terms in quotation marks these workers intended to show that the time-stratigraphic names are provisional chronostratigraphic units. The confusion that using formational names for stage names can cause is apparent if the ages of the Temblor and Vaqueros Formations are referred to in written and in particular oral presentations. For example, the Temblor Formation ranges in age from late Oligocene to medial Miocene time, and it is assigned to both the “Vaqueros” and the “Temblor” stages, i.e., the Temblor Formation is locally “Vaqueros” in age. The Vaqueros Formation is assigned to the “Vaqueros” and “Temblor” stages. Thus, the Vaqueros Formation is in part “Temblor” in age. These two provisional molluscan stages span a period of ;20 m.y. Locally and regionally the sedimentary rocks that compose the Vaqueros and Temblor Formations were deposited over a relatively much shorter period of time than 20 m.y. However, because the usage and terminology of the provisional molluscan stages (Addicott, 1972) have become entrenched in the literature, the molluscan stage names used by others are included for reference in the tables of upper Paleogene and Neogene formations (Appendix 1, Tables A1–A6). These stages are not recognized as valid in this volume because they do not conform to the code or rules of stratigraphic nomenclature. Placing their names in quotation marks to indicate provisional stages subverts the code. Biostratigraphic problems. There are a few significant biostratigraphic problems associated with four of the six time slices, 27–23 Ma, 23–17 Ma, 17–13 Ma, and 13–8 Ma. Other biostratigraphic problems that require less detailed discussion are treated as footnotes in Tables A1–A6 (Appendix 1). 27–23 Ma time slice. The age range and faunal associations of Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) are critical when assigning fossil assemblages from the Vaqueros and Temblor Formations to a time slice. On page 2, Smith (1991a) assigned an age range to V. perrini (Arnold) of 35–27.6 Ma, and she indicated that the age range of V. perrini overlaps the age ranges of V. alexclarki Addicott, “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad), and “M.” magnolia ojaiensis Smith. On page 39, Figure 12, Smith (1991a), in the same volume, presented a different age range for V. perrini, i.e., 31.2–27.6 Ma, and she showed no overlap with the stratigraphic range of V. alexclarki. Again in the same volume, Smith (1991a, p. 2, Fig. 1) assigned an age range of
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Figure 3. 27–23 Ma time slice. Number of taxa and percentage of fauna with particular effective temperature (ET). Abbreviations: T—number of taxa within degree of latitude whose northern endpoint of range is marked by effective temperature shown; %T—percentage of total fauna with ET shown; Cum—cumulative percentage of taxa between range of effective temperatures, e.g., percentage of taxa with range of ET between 15.51 and 16.78 8C; WSA—west of San Andreas fault; ESA—east of San Andreas fault; degree symbols ( 8)—degrees of north absolute latitude (absolute latitudes and paleolatitudes are both depicted in Plates 2–8); Mean—mean ET values for degree of latitude; SD— standard deviation from mean ET; M-2—second mean ET values between 15.51 8C and highest ET values; SD-2—standard deviation from second mean ET; %W—percentage of fauna with ET values between 15.51 8C and highest ET values.
35–28 Ma to V. perrini. Because she indicated that V. perrini and V. alexclarki are present together in the Vaqueros Formation (e.g., at “The Indians,” ;65 km southeast of Monterey, California), which crops out in the Santa Lucia Range (Smith, 1991a, p. 85), there could be some confusion regarding the age range of V. perrini. J.T. Smith (2000, written commun.) indicated that now she considers the age range for V. perrini to be 31.2–27.6 Ma. Smith (1991a, p. 36, Fig. 11) depicted the distribution of Zemorrian and Saucesian foraminifers and the ZemorrianSaucesian sea, as modified from Addicott (1968), and interpreted the age range of the Zemorrian and Saucesian ages to
be 32–26 Ma. She placed these ages entirely within the early “Vaqueros” Age, on the basis of the age ranges of “M.” magnolia magnolia, “M.” magnolia ojaiensis, “M.” magnolia with an intermediate rib count, and Vertipecten alexclarki. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned an age range of 36.6–32.5 Ma to V. alexclarki. Therefore, this species must not have directly influenced her 1991 conclusion regarding her assignment of a 32– 26 Ma age range to the Zemorrian and Saucesian ages (Smith, 1991a, Fig. 11), because V. alexclarki is older than her proposed age range for Zemorrian-Saucesian time. An age range of 32– 26 Ma is entirely within the Zemorrian Age, based on microfossils (Poore, 1980; Poore et al., 1981). However, Smith
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines
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Figure 4. 23–17 Ma time slice. Number of taxa and percentage of fauna with particular effective temperature are shown. See Figure 3 for abbreviations.
(1991a, p. 32, 33, and elsewhere) noted that the key index species mentioned here also are present with Saucesian microfossils, and the Saucesian has an age range of ca. 23 to 17 or 15.3 Ma (Poore, 1980; Poore et al., 1981; Smith, 1991a). The age range of the late Zemorrian and early Saucesian, based on benthic foraminifers, is taken here to be from ca. 27 to 22 or possibly 20 Ma.
The youngest age of Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) is considered here to be 22 Ma. This inference is based on the presence of this taxon in sedimentary rocks that are interbedded with volcanic rocks that have been radiometrically dated as ca. 22 Ma (Turner, 1970, p. 101). The oldest geologic age of V. perrini is taken here to be 31.2 Ma, following the assignment by J.T. Smith (2000, written commun.).
Figure 5. 17–13 Ma time slice. Number of taxa and percentage of fauna with particular effective temperature are shown. See Figure 3 for abbreviations.
Figure 6. 13–8 Ma time slice. Number of taxa and percentage of fauna with particular effective temperature are shown. WSAI—west of San Andreas fault, Imperial Formation in Salton trough. See Figure 3 for other abbreviations.
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Figure 7. 8–5 Ma time slice. Number of taxa and percentage of fauna with particular effective temperature (ET) are shown. See Figure 3 for abbreviations.
Addicott (1973) restricted the age range of Vertipecten alexclarki Addicott to his “Unnamed” molluscan stage. The “Unnamed” molluscan age is older than his “Vaqueros” Stage and younger than the Refugian Stage (Addicott, 1973). The “Unnamed” molluscan stage has been assigned an age range of ca. 38–32.6 Ma, or late Eocene–early Oligocene (Smith, 1991a, p. 2). The molluscan fauna from this time slice is not considered herein.
The geographic and stratigraphic distribution of Vertipecten alexclarki is restricted. The fossil taxon is present in two regions, (1) the Vaqueros Formation, Bear Creek–Two Bar Creek, Santa Cruz Mountains (near and north of lat 378N, west of the San Andreas fault) (Burchfiel, 1964; Brabb et al., 1977), and (2) in the Wygal Sandstone Member of the Temblor Formation, or Phacoides Sand, Media Agua, Carneros, and Zemorra Creeks, Temblor Range (near lat 358308N, east of the
Figure 8. 5–2.5 Ma time slice. Number of taxa and percentage of fauna with particular effective temperature are shown. See Figure 3 for abbreviations. Note that mean effective ET of 11.97 8C between lat 408 and 418N is anomalously high considering that 75% of fauna between those latitudes have ETs of between 10.17 and 12.00 8C.
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C.A. Hall Jr. TABLE 1. DEFINITIONS OF PRESENT-DAY MARINE CLIMATIC AND MARINE PALEOCLIMATE REGIONS Definitions of present-day marine climatic regions
Marine climate
Inner tropical (IT)
Outer tropical (OT)
Warm temperate (WT)
Temperate (T)
Cool temperate (CT)
Total number of molluscan species
Thermal character of climatic region
Thermal character of climatic region
Thermal character of climatic region
Thermal character of climatic region
Thermal character of climatic region
2748–2887 species in present-day fauna, eastern Pacific Ocean
29% of fauna with ET of 19.21–23.96 8C Fauna lives in water that is 20 8C or warmer for 6 or more months per year All 365 days per year have a mean temperature of at least 18 8C Range of ET from 19.21 to .20.0 8C
Only 4% of fauna with ET of 17.16– 18.49 8C Fauna lives in water that is 20 8C or warmer for 4 months, in water that is 18 8C for 6 months, and in water that is never cooler than 10 8C Mean temperature of at least 17.16 8C for 282 days per year Range of ET from 17.16–19.21 8C
25% of fauna with ET of 15.51–16.78 8C Fauna lives in water that is 15 8C or warmer for 4 months, 18 8C or warmer for 3 months, and never cooler than 10 8C Mean temperature of at least 15.51 8C for 215 days per year Range of ET from 14.97–17.16 8C
19% of fauna with ET of 12.64–13.53 8C Fauna lives in water 15 8C or warmer for 3 months, and in water no cooler than 10.0 8C for ;6 months Mean temperature of at least 13 8C for 153 days per year Range of ET from 12.05–14.97 8C
21% of fauna with ET of 10.00–11.81 8C Fauna lives in water that is not cooler than 10 8C during the year Range of ET from 10.0–12.05 or 12.64 8C
Definitions of marine paleoclimate regions Paleomarine climate
Inner tropical (IT)
Outer tropical (OT)
Warm temperate (WT)
Temperate (T)
Cool temperate (CT)
Age range of fossil fauna
Thermal character of paleoclimate region
Thermal character of paleoclimate region
Thermal character of paleoclimate region
Thermal character of paleoclimate region
Thermal character of paleoclimate region
Fossil faunas 27–2.5 Ma, west coast United States
11%–16% of fauna with ET of 18.44– 27.65 8C 80%–89% of fauna with ET between 15.51 and 27.65 8C Range of mean ET from 16.30 to .16.30 8C
14%–42% of fauna with ET of 16.98– 17.90 8C 48%–67% of fauna with ET between 15.51 and 27.65 8C Range of mean ET from 14.36 to 15.14 8C
17%–29% of fauna with ET of 15.51– 16.78 8C 28%–45% of fauna with ET between 15.51 and 27.65 8C Range of mean ET from 13.13 to 13.74 8C
49%–68% of fauna with ET of 10.00– 12.00 8C 11%–27% of fauna with ET between 15.51 and 27.65 8C Range of mean ET from 12.03 to 12.98 8C
75%–89% of fauna with ET of 10.17– 12.00 8C 6%–17% of fauna with ET between 15.51 and 27.65 8C Range of mean ET from 11.0 to 11.93 8C
Note: ET refers to effective temperature or warmth; ET (8C) is calculated by the formula (18 WM 1 10 CM)/(WM 1 CM ` 8), where WM and CM refer to the mean temperatures in 8C of the warmest and coldest months of the year, respectively (Bailey, 1960; Axelrod and Bailey, 1969). Groups of ET in lower part of table are based on information in Tables 3 and 4; Appendix 1, Tables A7–A12; and Figures 3–8.
San Andreas fault) (Addicott, 1973). It is inferred that the Vaqueros Formation in the Santa Cruz Mountains, containing V. alexclarki, was offset 305 km along the San Andreas fault from the Temblor Range (Addicott, 1973). Vertipecten alexclarki is present with early Zemorrian microfossils in the Vaqueros and Temblor Formations in the Santa Cruz Mountains and Temblor Range, respectively; it is not present in rocks of Refugian Age, according to Addicott (1973). The base of the Zemorrian Stage and the top of the Refugian Stage were taken to be 36.6 Ma by Poore (1980) and Smith (1991a, p. 2), and this boundary divides the late Eocene from the early Oligocene. Kleinpell (1980, p. 17) considered the Refugian Stage to be within the latest Eocene and earliest Oligocene. The youngest age of the “Unnamed” molluscan age of Addicott (1972) is 32.6 Ma, according to Smith (1991a, p. 2). On the basis of the geographic, stratigraphic, and biostratigraphic relationships noted herein, an age range of 36.6–32.6 Ma is
assigned here to both the ranges of V. alexclarki and Addicott’s (1972) “Unnamed” molluscan stage. When Vertipecten perrini and “Macrochlamis” magnolia s.l. are present together in the same rocks, when other index species of pectinids are absent, and when V. perrini and “M.” magnolia are present together with only microfossils of Zemorrian Age, those rocks are assigned an age range of 32–27 Ma. Rocks with these pectinids and Saucesian microfossils are assigned to the 27–23 Ma time slice. Many fossil assemblages collected from the Vaqueros and Temblor Formations include V. perrini, species and subspecies of “M.” magnolia, and other index species of pectinids. In such cases it is not necessary to rely on the presence of Saucesian microfossils associated with the pectinid beds in order to assign an assemblage to its appropriate time slice because the overlapping age ranges of the index species, including V. perrini, and species and subspecies of “M.” magnolia, can be used to assign an age to the assemblage.
Figure 9. Time slices, effective temperature ranges, absolute latitudes west (WSA) and east (ESA) of San Andreas fault, and northern boundaries of climatic and paleoclimatic regions (see also Figs. 3–8; Table 1; absolute latitudes and paleolatitudes depicted in Plates 2–8). 238N—northern boundary of the iinner tropical water mass. 288N—northern boundary of the outer tropical water mass. 348N—northern boundary of the warm temperate water mass. 488N—northern boundary of the temperate water mass. 598N to 628N lat—northern boundary of the cool temperate water mass. 288WSA, 338WSA, 358ESA, etc.—latitudes west and east of San Andreas fault; 288WSA refers to lat 27–288N west of San Andreas fault; 358ESA refers to lat 34–358N east of San Andreas fault. Note the heavy line between the Holocene climate and the paleoclimate. Abbreviations and symbols (see also abbreviations for Fig. 3) in 9A: CT—nearshore cool temperate marine paleoclimate; effective temperature (ET) range of 10.17–12.0 8C for 75% of fauna, and duration of warmth of at least 10.17 8C for 1 month per year (based on definitions of climatic and paleoclimatic regions in Table 1). T— nearshore temperate marine paleoclimate; ET range of 10.0–11.81 8C for 48%–67% of fauna, and duration of warmth of at least 12.06 8C for 4.1 months per year. WT—nearshore warm temperate marine paleoclimate; ET range of 15.51–16.78 8C for 28%–54% of fauna, and duration of warmth of at 15.51 8C for 7.3 months per year. OT—nearshore outer tropical marine paleoclimate; ET range of 16.98–17.90 8C for 24%–35% of fauna, and duration of warmth of at least 16.89 8C for 9.3 months per year. IT—nearshore, inner tropical marine paleoclimate; ET range of 18.44–27.65 8C, and ET or duration of warmth of at least 18.44 8C and no days cooler than 18 8C during year. Percent (%) indicates cumulative percentage of fauna between specific, or within range of, ETs. 288–288 to 278N lat; 338–338 to 328N lat; 348–348 to 338N lat; 358–358 to 348N lat; Latitude ranges: 68–368 to 358N; 378–378 to 368N; 388–388 to 378N; 398–398 to 388N (degrees of north absolute latitude; paleolatitudes depicted in italics in Plates 2–8). Double vertical lines separate absolute latitudes east from those absolute latitudes west of San Andreas fault. Solid vertical line marks northern boundary of climatic and paleoclimatic regions. Dashed vertical lines are questionable or inferred northern boundaries of paleoclimatic regions. B: ET ( 8C) values summarized from Figures 3–8. Mean ET of 11.97 8C is anomalous because 76% of fauna have ET of 10.17–12.00 8C.
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Figure 10. Marine nearshore paleoclimate, Salton trough and Baja California Sur, Mexico. A: Paleoclimate during deposition of Imperial Formation in Riverside and Imperial Counties, California, west of San Andreas fault (WSAI). Age of formation is considered here to be ca. 13–4.2 Ma; most of the fossil fauna from the Imperial Formation is less than 10 Ma to younger than 5 Ma. B: Paleoclimate during deposition of Miocene to Pliocene rocks from lat 288–278N west of San Andreas fault (WSA) (degrees of absolute latitude).
Figure 11. Nearshore marine paleoclimate. A: Paleoclimate between lat 338 and 328N west of San Andreas fault (WSA). B: Paleoclimate between lat 348 and 338N west of San Andreas fault (degrees of absolute latitude). (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3 and 9; Table 1.)
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines
Figure 12. Nearshore marine paleoclimate. A: Paleoclimate between lat 358 and 348N, west of San Andreas fault (WSA; fauna from Castaic Formation is not included). B: Paleoclimate between lat 358 and 348N, east of San Andreas fault (ESA) (degrees of absolute latitude). (For abbreviations and definitions, see Figs. 3 and 9; Table 1.)
Figure 13. Nearshore marine paleoclimate. A: Paleoclimate between lat 358 and 348N west of San Andreas fault (WSA) (degrees of absolute latitude); the fauna from Castaic Formation is included in this analysis. Castaic Formation is included in 13–8 Ma time slice by some authors; however, herein it is included in 8–5 Ma time slice. Marked cooling trend occurred between 17 and 13 Ma, and prior to 13–8 Ma time slice (see Flower and Kennett, 1993b). Marine paleoclimatic region east of San Andreas fault (ESA) was relatively warmer than that west of San Andreas fault at lat 358N (degrees of absolute latitude), as noted by Addicott and Vedder (1963). B: Repetition of Figure 10B, paleoclimate between lat 358 and 348N ESA (degrees of absolute latitude); cf. with Figure 11A. (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3 and 9; Table 1.)
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Figure 14. Nearshore marine paleoclimate. A: Paleoclimate between lat 368 and 358N west of San Andreas fault (WSA). B: Paleoclimate between lat 368 and 358N east of San Andreas fault (ESA) (degrees of absolute latitude). (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3 and 9; Table 1.)
Figure 15. Nearshore marine paleoclimate. A: Paleoclimate between lat 378 and 368N west of San Andreas fault (WSA). B: Paleoclimate between lat 378 and 368N east of San Andreas fault (ESA) (degrees of absolute latitude). (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3 and 9; Table 1.)
23–17 Ma time slice. There are significant differences between geologic ages assigned to the same formation based on fossil mollusks and benthic foraminifers. Examples of these differences are apparent within the 27–23 Ma and 23–17 Ma time slices, e.g., the differences between ages of formations based on pectinids and ages based on Foraminiferida. The sig-
nificant differences between ages based on pectinids and benthic foraminiferal ages are addressed because of the importance of pectinids as index fossils. Two examples of the marked differences between correlations using radiometric ages and faunal ages are given here to illustrate the problem of correlation between ages based on microfossils and on mollusks, and to dem-
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines
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Figure 16. Nearshore marine paleoclimate. A: Paleoclimate between lat 388 and 378N west of San Andreas fault (WSA). B: Paleoclimate between lat 388 and 378N east of San Andreas fault (ESA) (degrees of absolute latitude). (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3 and 9; Table 1.)
Figure 17. Nearshore marine paleoclimate. A: Paleoclimate between 398 and 388N east of San Andreas fault. B: Paleoclimate between lat 418 and 408N east of San Andreas fault (ESA) (degrees of absolute latitude). (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3 and 9; Table 1.)
onstrate that some of the age ranges of some of Smith’s (1991a) species of pectinids should be reevaluated. The examples are as follows. The lengthy and seemingly irreconcilable debate between those who regard or regarded the Vaqueros Formation as late
Oligocene in age, based on the larger foraminifer Lepidocyclina, and those biostratigraphers who regard or regarded the Vaqueros Formation as early Miocene, was summarized by Brabb et al. (1983), who sought to reconcile the differences with the discovery of planktic foraminifers and calcareous nanno-
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Figure 18. Nearshore marine paleoclimate. A: Paleoclimate between lat 398 and 388N east of San Andreas fault (ESA) (degrees of absolute latitude); cf. repetition of Figure 17A with B, paleoclimate between lat 428 and 418N east of San Andreas fault (degrees of absolute latitude). (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3 and 9; Table 1.)
Figure 19. Nearshore marine paleoclimate between lat 448 and 438N east of San Andreas fault (ESA) (degrees of absolute latitude), western Oregon. (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3 and 9; Table 1.)
plankton associated with Lepidocyclina. They concluded that their assemblage should be assigned to the nannoplankton N7 zone. Berggren et al. (1985a) assigned the N7 zone an age range of 17.5–16.6 Ma, within the Relizian Age. The Relizian Stage is based on benthic foraminifers (Poore, 1980; Poore et al., 1981). A molluscan assemblage that contains Lyropecten bowersi (Arnold), L. cf. L. miguelensis (Arnold), and Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) is present with the microfossil assemblage described by Brabb et al. (1983, p. 167, 174). Smith (1991a, p. 2, 77–79) taxonomically reassigned Lyropecten bowersi to Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) and assigned the species to an age range of 23–19.5 Ma or 23–18 Ma. She assigned Lyropecten miguelensis to an age range of 23–19 Ma or 23–18 Ma, and to late Zemorrian to late Saucesian ages, ages based on benthic foraminifers (Poore, 1980; Poore et al., 1981). Smith (1991a, p. 82) taxonomically reassigned Vertipecten nevadanus to V. kernensis (Hertlein), a pectinid that is present at the Lepidocyclina locality referred to by Brabb et al. (1983), and she assigned an age range of 27.6–23 Ma (i.e., within the Zemorrian Age; Poore, 1980; Poore et al., 1981). The two overlapping age assignments of the pectinids, based on Smith’s (1991a) age assignments, indicate an age of 23 Ma (late Zemorrian Age) for
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines
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Figure 20. Paleoclimate at various degrees of absolute latitudes west (WSA) and east (ESA) of San Andreas fault, 27–23 Ma. Latitude indicates degrees of absolute latitude west and east of San Andreas fault; e.g., 34 WSA represents absolute latitudes between 34 8 and 33 8N west of San Andreas fault. Percentage indicates percentage of fauna with effective temperature (ET) range. If 30% of fossil fauna has ET range of between 18.44 and 27.65 8C, fauna is considered to have lived in inner tropical paleoclimatic region. If 28%–44% of fossil fauna has ET range of between 19.98 and 27.65 8C, and if another 28%–35% of fossil fauna has ET range of between 16.98 and 17.90 8C, fossil fauna is considered to have lived in outer tropical paleoclimatic region; if 13%–33% of fossil fauna has ET range of between 16.98 and 27.65 8C, and if another 28%–54% of fossil fauna has ET range of between 15.51 and 16.78 8C, fossil fauna is considered to have lived in warm temperate paleoclimatic region. If 13%–42% of fossil fauna has ET range of between 15.51 and 27.65 8C, and if another 48%–67% of fossil fauna has ET range of between 10.0 and 11.81 8C, fossil fauna is considered to have lived in temperate paleoclimatic region; and if 75% or more of fossil fauna has ET range of between 10.17 and 12.0 8C fossil fauna is considered to have lived in cool temperate paleoclimatic region. Fossil assemblages at all absolute latitudes in 27–23 Ma time slice lived in nearshore outer tropical paleoclimatic region. (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3 and 9; Table 1.)
the Lepidocyclina beds, in contrast to the ca. 17 Ma age or Relizian Age assignment of Brabb et al. (1983) based on microfossils. There is an age discrepancy of 6 m.y. or more between the molluscan and microfaunal ages. The index species Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) is also present at the base of the Jewett Sand in the San Joaquin Valley; it is an index species that Smith (1991a, p. 2) restricted to an age range of 27.6–23 Ma. Olson (1988) assigned the base of the Jewett Sand to an age of 23 5 1 Ma based on strontium isotope dates from pectinids at the base of the Jewett Sand. Olson (1988, p. 192) stated, “the Zemorrian-Saucesian boundary occurs within the lower part of the Jewett Sand and Freeman Silt system (Bartow and McDougall, 1984).” The ZemorrianSaucesian boundary is between 22.5 and 21 Ma (Smith, 1991a, p. 3). Smith (1991a, p. 2) placed Olson’s (1988) age date of 23 5 1 Ma at the upper limit of the age range of Vertipecten
kernensis (Hertlein). However, Addicott (1965b, p. C103) indicated that Vertipecten nevadanus (4 V. kernensis) ranges upward from the basal Jewett Sand into the lower Olcese Sand, and possibly into the middle Olcese Sand. Olson (1988, p. 193) stated that the lower Olcese Sand is “at least older than 18 5 1 Ma.” The youngest age of Vertipecten kernensis must be younger than 23 Ma, because V. kernensis is present above the base of the Jewett Sand and in the overlying lower Olcese Sand. Olson (1988, p. 193) also stated, “The pumiceous sandstone near the top of the middle Olcese Sand may be as old as 17.2 Ma and the Ostrea titan bed near the base of the upper Olcese Sand may be as young as 17 Ma.” Bartow and McDougall (1984) assigned a fission-track age of 15.1 5 1.7 Ma to the pumiceous sandstone of the middle Olcese Sand. Olson (1988) assigned an age of 16.7 Ma to the upper Olcese Sand. On the basis of the molluscan distributional data of Addicott (1965b,
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Figure 21. Paleoclimate at various degrees of absolute latitudes west (WSA) and east (ESA) of San Andreas fault, 23–17 Ma. (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3, 9, and 20; Table 1.) Based on percentages outlined in caption for Figure 20, fossil fauna from between lat 44 8 and 43 8N east of San Andreas fault lived in warm-temperate paleoclimatic region, while all other fossil assemblages from other latitudes lived in outer tropical paleoclimatic region.
p. C103) and the analyses of Olson (1988, p. 193), the youngest age of V. kernensis is here taken to be 17 Ma, not 21 Ma. The Lepidocyclina beds described by Brabb et al. (1983) are assigned here to the 23–17 Ma time slice, and the age assignment of the Lepidocyclina beds by these authors is followed here. The age assignments of the rock units noted here and based on microfossils and molluscan fossils are brought into alignment when the age range of Vertipecten kernensis is extended to 17 Ma (complete range of 27.6 or 27 to 17 Ma). A second example of a mismatch between age assignments based on mollusks and microfossils is related to fossils within the Vaqueros or Temblor Formations of the southern San Joaquin Valley. Hoots (1930, p. 261) reported the presence of Pecten perrini Arnold from what he called the Vaqueros Formation, located in the southernmost part of the San Joaquin Valley (near lat 358N and east of the San Andreas fault). Nilsen (1987a) assigned these rocks to the Temblor Formation, and to an age range from early or medial “Vaqueros” Age (ca. 25 Ma) to an early Saucesian Age (ca. 22.5 Ma). Smith (1991a, p. 85) reassigned Pecten perrini to Vertipecten perrini (Arnold). She assigned V. perrini to the “lower ‘Vaqueros’ Stage,” to an age range of 35–27.6 Ma (Smith, 1991a, p. 2), and to an age range of 31.2–26.5 Ma (p. 39) (i.e., to a middle Zemorrian Age; Poore, 1980; Poore et al., 1981). As mentioned previously,
Smith (2000, personal commun.) now considers the age of V. perrini to be 31.2–27.6 Ma. When pectinid and foraminiferal age assignments for these rocks are compared, there is a maximum age difference of 15 m.y., and a minimum difference in age of 4 m.y. Taking the averages of all of the age assignments, there is an average difference between the age assignments of 8.8 m.y. Smith (1991a, p. 85) noted that Vertipecten perrini is present in sandstone beds below basalt in the Temblor Formation described by Nilsen (1987a). The basalt was assigned an age of 21.5 5 0.7 Ma by Turner (1970). Thus the specimen of V. perrini associated with these rocks could be as young as 22 Ma, not 27.6 Ma. Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) is also reported from the Temblor Formation in the southernmost part of the San Joaquin Valley, and it is present with Vertipecten perrini (Hoots, 1930, p. 261). Addicott (1965b, 1970a, p. 90) assigned B. barkeriana to a stratigraphic range from the basal Jewett Sand upward to the Round Mountain Silt. It is not present in the grit zone below the basal Jewett Sand, nor is it present with “Macrochlamis” magnolia. Olson (1988) placed the base of the Jewett Sand as ca. 23 Ma, and assigned the Round Mountain Silt to an age of ca. 17 Ma. However, based on the overlapping age ranges of seven species of pectinids from the rocks mapped by Hoots
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines
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Figure 22. Paleoclimate at various degrees of absolute latitudes west (WSA) and east (ESA) of San Andreas fault, 17–13 Ma. (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3, 9, and 20; Table 1.) Based on percentages outlined in caption for Figure 20, fossil faunas from between lat 398 and 378N east of San Andreas fault and from between lat 388 and 368N west of San Andreas fault lived in warm temperate paleoclimatic region, and all other fossil assemblages at other latitudes lived in outer tropical paleoclimatic region.
(1930) and Nilsen (1987a), these rocks and associated fossils are assigned here to the 27–23 Ma time slice. The seven species of pectinids are Chlamys sespeensis (32–23 Ma or 32–17? Ma), Lyropecten pretiosus (27–22 Ma), “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (32–17 Ma), “M.” magnolia ojaiensis (30–23 Ma), Pacipecten andersoni barkerianus (27–17 Ma), Vertipecten kernensis (27–17 Ma), and V. perrini (31.2–22 Ma). Based on the upward extension of the age range of Vertipecten perrini to 22 Ma (complete age range of 31.2–22 Ma), and the preceding analysis, the fossils listed by Hoots (1930) are placed in the 27–23 Ma time slice. The shale facies of Dibblee (1993b, 1993c, 1993d), Rincon Shale of Fritsche (1993), Topanga Formation in the western Santa Monica Mountains of Dibblee (1993b, 1993c, 1993d), Topanga Canyon Formation in the western Santa Monica Mountains of Fritsche (1993), and the “Unnamed” sandstone of Fritsche (1993) are assigned to the 23–17 Ma time slice. 17–13 Ma time slice. The 17–13 Ma time slice can locally, but rarely, include latest early Miocene fossils. Some volcanic
rocks in the time slice are as old as 18 Ma (see Appendix 1, Table A2). The lower part of the Lospe Formation is composed of alluvial and fan-delta deposits. The upper part of the formation consists of lacustrine and shallow-marine deposits. Tuff (dated as ca. 17 Ma) is interbedded with alluvial and lacustrine deposits: on the basis of this age, microfossils from the Lospe Formation are assigned an age of ca. 17 Ma. Poore et al. (1981, p. 30) considered the Relizian Stage at its type locality to be “at least 18 to 17 Ma,” and remarked that “the Relizian Stage should be considered early Miocene rather than middle Miocene” in age. They correlated the type Relizian Stage with the N7 planktic foraminiferal zone. Berggren et al. (1985b, p. 1416) correlated the N7 planktic foraminiferal zone with a geochronometric age of 17.6–16.6 Ma, and the latest early Miocene. Thus, the 17–13 Ma time slice ranges in age from latest early to medial Miocene time. The Topanga Formation in the eastern Santa Monica Mountains of southern California is included in the 17–13 Ma
26
C.A. Hall Jr.
Figure 23. Paleoclimate at various degrees of absolute latitudes west (WSA) and east (ESA) of San Andreas fault, 13–8 Ma. (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3, 9, and 20; Table 1.) Based on percentages outlined in caption for Figure 20, fossil faunas from between lat 368 and 348N east of San Andreas fault and between 348 and 338N west of San Andreas fault lived in outer tropical paleoclimatic region, and all other fossil assemblages at all of other latitudes lived in warm temperate paleoclimatic region.
time slice because of the presence of Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) (23–13 Ma), Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) (18–8 Ma), and Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) (23–13 Ma), and their overlapping age ranges. Kew (1924) applied the name Topanga Formation to rocks that are stratigraphically above the Vaqueros Formation and stratigraphically below the Modelo Formation. Yerkes et al. (1979) applied the name Topanga Group to Kew’s Topanga Formation and divided the group into, from oldest to youngest, the Topanga Formation, Conejo Volcanics, and Calabasas Formation. The Topanga Formation of the eastern Santa Monica Mountains and the Conejo Volcanics of Yerkes et al. (1979) are included in the 17–13 Ma time slice. The Calabasas Formation is assigned here to the 13– 8 Ma time slice because it is interbedded with, and stratigraphically above, the Conejo Volcanics, the age range of which is 16.0–13.5 Ma (Stadum, 1998). Blake (1991, Table 1) modified the Topanga Group defined by Yerkes et al. (1979) and placed the Topanga Formation, Conejo Volcanics, and Calabasas Formation of Yerkes et al. (1979) in a unit he referred to as the Modelo. However, Blake (1991, p. 146) noted that the Modelo Formation unconformably overlies the Topanga Group. Because of the presence of the unconformity, Blake’s (1991) stratigraphic assignments for the Topanga Formation and Conejo Volcanics are not followed herein.
Patinopecten haywardensis Lutz is present in the Sobrante Sandstone in Contra Costa County, and P. calaverasensis Hall, which is closely related to P. haywardensis, is present in the Sobrante Sandstone in Alameda County. Because Kleinpell (1938) assigned the Sobrante Sandstone to a Relizian Age, these two taxa are also assigned a Relizian Age (ca. 17.5–15 Ma). Hill (1979, Plate 2) assigned a Luisian Age to the Claremont Shale; however, K. McDougall (in Graymer et al., 1994) assigned a Mohnian Age to the formation. The Oursan Sandstone overlies the Claremont Shale. Kleinpell (1938) assigned a late Luisian Age to the shale. K. McDougall (in Graymer et al., 1994) assigned a Mohnian Age to the foraminifers from the Oursan Sandstone. Stratigraphically above the Oursan Sandstone are, in ascending order, the Tice Shale, Hambre Sandstone, Rodeo Shale, and Briones Formation. An age of 13 Ma is assigned to the Briones Formation (COSUNA, 1984). It is assumed here that the Oursan Sandstone is older than 13 Ma because it is stratigraphically well below the Briones Formation. The Oursan Sandstone contains, among other fossils, Anadara (Anadara) monteryana (Osmont) (age range of 23–13 Ma); Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) (age range of 27–13 Ma); Dosinia cf. D. margaritana projecta Loel and Corey (age range of 23–13 Ma), Ficus (Ficus) modesta (Conrad) (age range of 27–13 Ma); Po-
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines
27
Figure 24. This is same figure as Figure 23, except that fauna from Castaic Formation, which crops out between lat 358 and 348N west of San Andreas fault, is included in this analysis. Castaic Formation is included in 13–8 Ma time slice by some authors; however, it is included in 8–5 Ma time slice herein. If Castaic fauna is included in 13–8 Ma time slice, paleoclimate between lat 358 and 348N west of San Andreas fault remains same as shown in Figure 23, i.e., warm temperate, in contrast to outer tropical paleoclimate between these absolute latitudes east of San Andreas fault. (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3, 9, and 20; Table 1.)
linices recluzianus andersoni (Clark) (age range of 27–13 Ma); and Priscofusus cf. P. hecoxi (Arnold) (age range of 17–13 Ma). Based on the work of Kleinpell (1938), the age assignment of the Briones Formation by COSUNA (1984), and the overlapping age ranges of the above molluscan taxa, the Oursan Sandstone is assigned to the 17–13 Ma time slice. The Tice Shale, Hambre Sandstone, and Rodeo Shale could be Mohnian in age; however, the three rock units are unlikely younger than 13 Ma because the age of the overlying Briones Formation is 13 Ma. 13–8 Ma time slice. The Sisquoc Formation is assigned to the 13–8 Ma time slice. In the Santa Maria basin the Sisquoc Formation discordantly overlies the Monterey Formation (Woodring and Bramlette, 1950, p. 26). There is also an unconformable relationship between the Monterey Formation and the overlying Miguelito and Edna members of the Pismo Formation to the north in the San Luis Obispo region. This relationship is well displayed along the coast between Avila and Pismo beaches in western San Luis Obispo County (Hall, 1973a), and regionally in the Pismo syncline south of San Luis Obispo (Hall, 1973a, 1973b). On the basis of stratigraphic and structural relationships, and molluscan fossils in the Sisquoc Formation and lower part of the Pismo Formation, the Pismo
and Sisquoc formations were considered by Hall (1973a) to be coeval. Keller (1992) considered this correlation to be “not tenable,” and she correlated the Miguelito Member of the Pismo Formation with the upper part of the Monterey Formation of the Santa Maria basin. Keller (1992) used diatom chronology to assign ages to these two units. However, the Edna and Miguelito members of the Pismo Formation interfinger and unconformably overlie, locally with an angular discordance of more than 308, the Monterey Formation in the Pismo syncline. The Miguelito Member of the Pismo Formation unconformably overlaps the Monterey Formation near the site of Keller’s (1992) research (i.e., 4–5 km southeast of Point Buchon, San Luis Obispo County). The unconformable relationship of the Edna and Miguelito Members of the Pismo Formation with the Monterey Formation precludes the inclusion of any part of the Edna or Miguelito members of the Pismo Formation in the Monterey Formation in the Pismo syncline. Fossils from the Isidro Formation (near lat 268N, Baja California Sur, Mexico) are not included herein. Smith (1984) assigned the Isidro Formation to an early Miocene age, but Squires and Demetrion (1993) assigned the formation a late medial Miocene age. Squires and Demetrion (1993) reported
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C.A. Hall Jr.
Figure 25. Paleoclimate at various degrees of absolute latitudes west (WSA) and east (ESA) of San Andreas fault, 8–5 Ma. (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3, 9, and 20; Table 1.) Based on percentages outlined in caption for Figure 20, fossil faunas from between lat 378 and 358N east of San Andreas fault, and between 388 and 368N west of San Andreas fault lived in temperate paleoclimatic region; those between 368 and 338N west of San Andreas fault lived in warm temperate paleoclimatic region; those between absolute latitudes of 288 and 278N lived in outer tropical paleoclimatic region; and those between 418 and 408N east of San Andreas fault lived in cool temperate paleoclimatic region. Inspection of bar graph suggests that fauna between lat 368 and 358N east of San Andreas fault (Panorama Hills) lived in warm temperate paleoclimatic region; however, analysis is based on only 11 taxa, therefore assignment of warm temperate paleoclimate between those latitudes is suspect.
Astrodapsis bajasurensis Squires and Demetrion from the Isidro Formation. Their new species also extends the southern geographic range of the genus Astrodapsis southward by 1100 km. Axelrod (1997, p. 1127) assigned an age of 7 Ma to what he referred to as the San Pablo flora, and he stated that the flora had a “warmth” of 14.4 8C, i.e., the continental temperature at the site of the flora was at least 14.4 8C for 194 days out of the year 7 m.y. ago. In this study the San Pablo Group includes, from oldest to youngest, the Briones, Cierbo, and Neroly Formations. These formations are assigned to the 13–8 Ma time slice. The youngest formation of these three, the Neroly, could be assigned to the 8–5 Ma time slice; however, because of the difficulty of regionally differentiating the Briones and Cierbo marine molluscan faunas from the Neroly marine molluscan fauna, the Neroly Formation is assigned to the 13–8 Ma time slice along with the fossil assemblages from the Briones and Cierbo Formations. Taxonomy and latitudinal ranges of taxa Faunal lists. The principal references used to compile the faunal lists (Appendix 1, Tables A7–A12) are listed in Appendix 3.
I used ;3254 taxa (mostly marine molluscan, several brachiopod and echinoid, and a few coral taxa) to infer the nearshore marine paleoclimatic conditions that existed during late Paleogene and Neogene time in western California. The taxonomy, geologic age or age range, and distribution of each of these taxa were determined. If a species of a fossil specimen is living today, the latitudinal endpoints of the present-day species are used in the analyses, even though there could have been physiological changes in the species during the geologic range of that species. If no living species exists for the fossil specimen, and if the genus of the fossil specimen is extant, the southernmost and northernmost latitudinal endpoints and range of ecologic information of the extant species in the genus are used in the analysis of the fossil and fossil assemblage. Of the ;3254 taxa recognized in this study, 282 taxa were considered in the analysis of the paleoclimate and paleogeography of the 27–23 Ma time slice, 345 taxa in the 23–17 Ma time slice, 515 taxa in the 17–13 Ma time slice, 631 taxa in the 13–8 Ma time slice, 578 taxa in the 8–5 Ma time slice, and 903 taxa in the 5–2.5 Ma time slice (Appendix 1, Tables A7–A12). The database for the lists of taxa is primarily from the published literature (Appendix 3). Additional data are from dissertations, theses, and written correspondence. These are noted in Appen-
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines
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Figure 26. Paleoclimate at various degrees of absolute latitudes west (WSA) and east (ESA) of San Andreas fault, 5–2.5 Ma. (For abbreviations and definitions see Figs. 3, 9, and 20; Table 1.) Based on percentages outlined in caption for Figure 20, fossil faunas from between lat 398 and 358N east of San Andreas fault, and between 368 and 348N west of San Andreas fault lived in temperate paleoclimatic region; those between 348 and 278N west of San Andreas fault lived in warm temperate paleoclimatic region; and those between 428 and 408N east of San Andreas fault, and between 388 and 378N west of San Andreas fault lived in cool temperate paleoclimatic region.
dix 1 (Tables A7–A12). The numbers of taxa that are analyzed in this study are considered to be large enough to be significant. Taxonomy. The references utilized to arrive at the taxonomy used in this volume are listed in Appendix 4. References in the taxonomic studies cited in the list of references in Appendix 4 were also consulted but they are not listed. Doubtless there are taxonomic studies of individual taxa or taxonomic groups by specialists that have been overlooked. However, one of the goals of this study was to reduce, if not eliminate, synonyms, and to standardize the taxonomy of molluscan, brachiopod, and echinoid taxa from upper Paleogene and Neogene rocks of western California in order to complete the paleoclimatologic analyses of fossil assemblages from the six time slices; this goal has been achieved. Endpoints of geographic ranges and ecologic data of taxa. The endpoints of geographic ranges and the ecological data for taxa used in this study (Appendix 1, Tables A7–A12) are listed in Appendix 4.
Effective temperature The nearshore paleotemperature conditions in late Paleogene and Neogene paleoclimatic regions and the mean minimum sea-surface paleotemperatures at the northern latitudinal endpoints of nearshore marine taxa along the ancient coastline of California were probably not the same as those of today. The use of present-day mean minimum SSTs, which today coincide with the northern boundaries of molluscan provinces, to define late Paleogene and Neogene paleoclimatic regions has been shown to be flawed (Hall, 1964b, 1975a; Hall et al., 1974). In addition, the configuration of the ancient coastline of California was locally and regionally very different from the present-day coastline. Ancient peninsulas, straits, large embayments, and large island masses along western California represent some of the physiographic factors that influenced water-mass boundaries during the late Cenozoic. Other differences between the marine paleoclimate and the
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Figure 27. Nearshore marine paleoclimate between lat 368 and 338N west of San Andreas fault (WSA) (degrees of absolute latitude). Sea level was lowered worldwide at 10.5, 5.5, and 2.5 Ma, and there was worldwide sea-level highstand between 17 and 14 Ma (Haq et al., 1987). (For abbreviations and definitions, see Figs. 1 and 7; Table 1.)
present-day marine climate along the west coast of California are as follows. (1) The large ancient marine embayments that were present from 27 to 7 Ma along the west coast of California were in very close proximity to an eastern mountainous region or a plateau (elevation of ;545 m) in eastern California and Nevada, and these areas were uplifted to 1400 m after late Neogene time, or after 7 Ma (Axelrod, 1997, p. 1127). (Wolfe and Schorn [1994] suggested higher altitudes above sea level for west-central Nevada at 16 Ma and collapse to present altitudes by 12 Ma; Wolfe et al. [1997] noted that the altitudes of western Nevada were 2900–3200 m above sea level between 16 and 15 Ma, and western Nevada had collapsed to 1000–1500 m by ca. 13 Ma. Small and Anderson [1995] suggested that 3 Ma marked the time of the initiation of the uplift of the Sierra Nevada to their present elevations.) (2) There was a relatively greater influx of fresh water into the protected marine basins during late Paleogene and Neogene time because of higher amounts of rainfall than today, based on paleobotanical evidence (Axelrod, 1985, 1991, 1992a, 1995). (3) Probable differences existed between the salinity of seawater in ancient marine basins and the salinity of seawater along the present-day coast of California because of the higher influx of rainwater flowing into the late Paleogene and early Neogene basins, and the isolation and shallowing of some of those ancient marine basins during medial and late Neogene time (Dodd and Stanton, 1975; Reid, 1995). (4) There were different water-circulation patterns in the past that influenced the ancient marine nearshore paleoclimates and regions of shallow and protected marine environments.
Present-day molluscan and paleomolluscan provinces The following part of this volume is devoted to the procedure for assigning temperature characteristics to molluscan taxa, faunal communities, and ultimately to marine nearshore paleoclimates. Present-day, shallow-water, marine molluscan provinces along the shelf of California are collections of communities; these communities are collections of populations. Populations commonly, and gradually, change with latitude. Communities intergrade with communities of adjoining molluscan provinces. However, the boundaries of most present-day molluscan provincial boundaries along the coast of California are easily recognized. Present-day molluscan provincial boundaries are drawn at the northern latitudinal endpoints of the geographic range of a relatively large number of species, or the boundaries are determined by analysis of molluscan distribution patterns that are computed by numerical analysis (e.g., Valentine, 1966). In both cases the same basic distributional data are used, i.e., the geographic endpoints of marine molluscan taxa. Along the present-day marine shelf of California and Baja California Sur, Mexico, faunal breaks in molluscan distribution patterns are present at latitudes 248–258, 288, 34.58, 378, and 488N, and at a me´lange of several more northerly latitudes that are more subjective boundaries. Brusca and Wallerstein (1979) differentiated zoogeographic provinces in the eastern Pacific Ocean based on the distribution of isopod crustaceans. Except for the provincial boundaries of
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines their Californian province and their Cortez province (preoccupied by the Surian province of Brusca and Wallerstein), their provincial boundaries are dramatically different from those of molluscan provincial boundaries, e.g., their Panamic province (tropical water mass) is between lat 158N and 38S. Four bivalve molluscan provinces were proposed by Bernard et al. (1991): (1) the Panamic province (tropical water mass) between lat 38S and 238N, (2) the Californian province (warm water mass) between 238 and 34.58N, (3) the Oregonian province between 34.58 and 668N, and (4) the Arctic province from 668N northward, e.g., to 728N. With this scheme it is not possible to differentiate temperate from cool temperate water mass boundaries. Bernard et al. (1991) recognized a transitional zone between lat 238 and 258N, but they placed the bivalve fauna in that ecotone within a Bivalvia Californian province. Crame (2000) recognized the following marine zoogeographic provinces based on bivalve mollusks: (1) the Panamic between lat 68S and 258N, the Californian between 258 and 358N, the Oregonian between 358 and 558N, the Aleutian between 558 and 608N, and the Arctic above 608N. In general, these are the same provinces that were delineated by earlier researchers. The following provinces and subprovinces are recognized herein. The northern boundary of the Panamic molluscan province (encompassing a tropical water mass) is near lat 248N. Keen (1971, p. 4) stated the following regarding the northern boundary of the Panamic province: “Natural limits of the Panamic province—Magdalena Bay (Bahı´a Magdalena), Baja California Sur, and Punta Aguja, Peru.” Bahı´a Magdalena is between lat 248 and 258N. Other researchers accept 238N, or Cabo San Lucas, as the northern boundary of the Panamic molluscan province (e.g., Bernard et al., 1991). Keen’s (1971) northern limit (248–258N) of the Panamic molluscan province is used herein. The southern boundary of the Surian molluscan province (outer tropical water mass) is at lat 258N and the northern boundary of the province is 288N; the Californian molluscan province is between 288 and 34.58N; the questionable Montereyan molluscan subprovince is between 34.58 and 378N; the Oregonian molluscan province (temperate water mass) is between 34.58N and either 488, 558, or 608N; and the Aleutian molluscan province (cool temperate water mass) is north of the Oregonian molluscan province with its northern boundary at 578, 608, or 628N, according to Zenkevitch (1963), Hall (1964b), Valentine (1966), and Kafanov (1991). Valentine (1966) included a historical review of the naming of molluscan provinces along the west coast of North America. The provincial names, in a sense the type localities of the present-day molluscan provinces, are derived from their geographic locations. Because the faunal compositions of molluscan provinces have not remained the same throughout geologic time, different paleomolluscan provincial names should be given to zoogeographic provinces for each segment of geologic time studied. For example, Valentine (1959, 1961) named
31
the following late Pleistocene molluscan provinces: the Magdalenan paleomolluscan province, which is geographically equivalent to his present-day Surian molluscan province; the Verdean paleomolluscan province (Valentine, 1966), which is generally geographically equivalent to the present-day Californian molluscan province; and the Cayucan paleomolluscan province, which is geographically equivalent at least in part to the Oregonian molluscan province. Hall (1960) named a present-day Magdalenan molluscan province for the coastal region along the southern tip of Baja California Sur, Mexico, which Valentine (1959, 1961, 1966) named as the present-day Surian molluscan province. Valentine (1966) correctly noted that Hall’s (1960) present-day Magdalenan molluscan province is preoccupied by his late Pleistocene Magdalenan molluscan province (Valentine, 1959). Thus, there should be different names for each of the paleomolluscan provinces that existed during the early to late Miocene, early to late Pliocene, and early and late Pleistocene time. There should also be separate paleomolluscan provinces for each and all of the shorter subdivisions of Paleogene and Neogene time. The naming of tens or even hundreds of different Paleogene and Neogene paleomolluscan provinces along the west coast of North America would be nomenclatorially and paleobiologically correct. However, a plethora of different paleomolluscan provinces is cumbersome, and in terms of making paleoclimatologic analyses the practice would have limited utility. In order to reduce a potentially large number of provincial paleomolluscan names, qualifying terms could be attached to the names of the presentday molluscan provinces. For example, a late Miocene–early Pliocene molluscan fauna (155 taxa) is present in rocks in Elsemere Canyon, which is between lat 348 and 338N in Los Angeles County, and west of the San Andreas fault. Many of the taxa in the Elsemere fauna have modern analogs that live in the present-day Californian molluscan province. For relative simplicity, the 155 taxa could be assigned to a late Miocene–early Pliocene paleo-Californian molluscan province, rather than to a possible Elsemerian province. However, if the practice of adding modifying time terms to present-day molluscan provincial names were to be adopted, there would be an implication that the paleomolluscan fauna is similar to, or the same as, the modern Californian molluscan fauna in the present-day molluscan province. Hall (1960) used this method of naming ancient provinces, and Addicott (1970b, 1970c) used a modification of the method. However, the practice is questioned because it does not acknowledge probable changes in biologic diversity and biogeographic and physical changes in the fauna and environment that have taken place in the past 5 m.y. Valentine (1966, p. 198) pointed out, “As climates have evolved, so have provincial regimes, and ancient forerunners of modern provinces have therefore not had similar thermal attributes.” Rosen (1984), Jablonski et al. (1985), Jablonski and Valentine (1990), and Roy et al. (1994, 1995, 1998) provided excellent discussions of present-day and ancient biogeographic regions and molluscan provinces. Several of these authors and
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C.A. Hall Jr.
Jackson and Jonson (2001, p. 2401) also pointed out that the fossil record is biased and incomplete, the known geological lifetime of a taxon or a fossil species is imprecise, the paleogeographic ranges and the distribution of taxa are not known with precision, and fossils are unevenly distributed in time and space. On the basis of these arguments, the delineation of paleobiogeographic provinces, including paleomolluscan provincial boundaries, is difficult, and when achieved the delineation will be imprecise. However, the analysis of the geographic ranges of present-day molluscan species along the west coast of North America is relatively straightforward. The present-day California coastline is generally linear, and, except in the vicinity of the western Transverse Ranges, it is oriented north-south. Significant faunal changes in the distribution patterns of presentday molluscan faunas are present at the present-day latitudes noted herein, and present-day molluscan distributional patterns along the coast can be determined by using sample units of 18 of latitude (Valentine, 1966). However, the discrimination of present-day molluscan boundaries becomes more problematic in three regions: (1) at northern latitudes of western North America because of the influence of geography and floe ice; (2) along the west coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico, because taxa common at latitudes along that coast occupy protected bays along the exposed western coastline of Baja California Sur, whereas the unprotected western coastline is inhabited by taxa with northern faunal affinities; and (3) in the present-day Gulf of California because of different oceanographic conditions in the gulf than those present along much of the west coast of North America. Unlike the delineation of present-day molluscan provinces, the presence and distribution of fossil taxa are generally insufficient in number and paleogeographic extent to use the endpoints of their geographic ranges to identify paleomolluscan provinces. In addition, as pointed out by Russell and Lindberg (1988, p. 325), “ . . . geographically short-ranging species are less likely to be represented in the fossil record than geographically long-ranging species because of their local rarity.” In addition, the use of cluster analyses (e.g., Valentine, 1966; Valentine and Peddicord, 1967) to determine paleogeographic range patterns of fossil species and provincial paleomolluscan faunal boundaries older than the Pleistocene is of limited use when analyzing Neogene faunal assemblages. The delineation of late Paleogene and Neogene paleomolluscan provinces is not straightforward because (1) there is a local paucity of fossil material and the presence of fossil mollusks is regionally limited; (2) the coastline of much of California was embayed during late Paleogene and Neogene time (Plates 2–8); (3) the region west of the San Andreas fault was tens to hundreds of kilometers to the south of where it is today (Atwater, 1970, 1989; Atwater and Molnar, 1973; Dickinson, 1996, 1997; Dickinson and Wernicke, 1997; Atwater and Stock, 1998); and (4) the present-day east-west–oriented western Transverse Ranges were not only well south of the absolute latitudes of where they are today, but they were oriented nearly north-south before they
were rotated as much as 1308 in a clockwise direction since 17 Ma (Jones et al., 1976; Hamilton, 1978; Crouch, 1979; Kamerling and Luyendyk, 1979, 1985; Luyendyk et al., 1980, 1988; Hornafius, 1984, 1985; Hornafius et al., 1986; Luyendyk and Hornafius, 1987; Crouch and Suppe, 1993; Nicholson et al., 1994; Fritsche, 1997, 1998; Ingersoll and Rumelhart, 1997, 1999; Rumelhart and Ingersoll, 1997). Taking into consideration these three factors, there were many protected bays along the open parts of the west coast of California during Neogene time, which were analogous to and larger than the modern bays such as San Francisco Bay, California (lat 388N), Bahı´a Magdalena (258N), Laguna San Ignacio (278N), and Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon’s Lagoon) in Bahı´a de Sebastia´n Vizcaı´no, Mexico (288N). Monterey Bay, California (present-day latitude of ;378N), was near the present-day latitude of Lancaster, Los Angeles County, California (;358N), 27–17 Ma; Santa Barbara, California (present-day latitude 34.58N), was near the absolute latitude of 32.58N during the same time period; the Santa Barbara coastline was oriented north-south; and a gulf similar in width (120 km) to the present-day northern Gulf of California (width of 200 km in the north) was present between Santa Barbara and San Diego from 27 to 17 Ma. Recognizing the imprecision and shortcomings of inferring late Paleogene and Neogene marine paleoclimates in western California, particularly in contrast to the detailed analyses of Pleistocene and present-day mollusks presented by others, a paleoclimatologic study of late Paleogene and Neogene time of California was carried out using the present-day distribution of molluscan taxa to infer SST for the following reasons. (1) There is no known detailed analysis of marine late Paleogene and Neogene paleoclimatic regions that considers the paleogeographic reconstruction of all of California for the 25 m.y. period from 27 to 2.5 Ma. (2) The number of isotopic-temperature analyses is limited. (3) There are uncertainties about some paleotemperatures that have been inferred using isotopic analyses of nearshore fossil organisms because of the influx of fresh water into marine basins and a lack of paleosalinity data for those basins. Climatic regions Present-day continental climatic regions of the world were defined by Ko¨ppen (1894), who based his classification of climatic regions on the distribution of present-day global patterns of vegetation, e.g., the distribution of rainforests; savannas or grasslands containing scattered trees and drought-resistant undergrowth; steppe or xeric vegetation; desert vegetation; and taiga or coniferous forests, beginning where the tundra (dwarf herbs) ends, dominated by spruce (Picea) and firs (Abies). Ko¨ppen’s definitions of climatic regions were later revised and modified (see Akin, 1991, p. 50–81 for a discussion of the modifications). Climatological characteristics of, e.g., rainfall, minimal temperatures, and seasonal precipitation, are applied to the biogeographical regions delineated by Ko¨ppen (1894)
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines and others, and some of these characteristics are used in turn to thermally define climatic regions, e.g., (1) tropical forest climatic region, coolest month above 18.0 8C; (2) tropical savanna climatic region, coolest month above 18.0 8C but seasonal rainfall; and (3) subtropical humid climatic region, warmest month above 10.0 8C, coldest month above 0 8C and summer rain. General climatological terms also have been applied to these continental climatic regions based on plant biogeography, e.g., tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, and temperate zones. Present-day nearshore zoogeographic provinces along the Pacific coast of North America were delineated by Dana (1848, 1853), Forbes (1853, 1856), Woodward (1856), Fischer (1887), Dall (1921), Bartsch (1912), Smith (1919), Schenck and Keen (1936), Newell (1948), Hall (1964b), and Valentine (1966). Dana (1853) applied relative temperature terms to zoogeographic provinces and in doing so defined marine climatic regions, e.g., torrid, warm temperate, and temperate; however, his marine climatic zones were not defined in terms of temperature. Davies (1934) outlined zoogeographic provinces, e.g., Panamic, Californian, and Aleutian, but did not assign thermal characteristics to the provinces. Vaughn (1940) applied temperature limits to climatic regions that were defined by biogeographic zones, regions or provinces, e.g., 25.0 8C and higher seawater temperatures for the tropical biogeographic zone, and 15.0 8C and higher water temperatures for the subtropical biogeographic zone or region. Hall (1964b) delineated present-day marine climatic regions based on the distribution of living and fossil shallowmarine mollusks. Climatic regions were defined by duration of warmth. Because the thermal terms subtropical, warm temperate, and cool temperate are imprecise, assigning a duration of warmth to climatic regions attempted to provide some notion as to the nearshore SST in the climate regions. The use of mean minimum SSTs at provincial boundaries to define present-day climatic regional water-mass boundaries does not correspond in every case with faunal discontinuities associated with present-day marine zoogeographic data (Hall, 1964b). Because there are durations of warmth of SSTs at molluscan provincial boundaries in the eastern Pacific Ocean that are remarkably similar to thermal boundaries at marine provincial boundaries in the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean, the western Pacific Ocean, and the Gulf of California, duration of warmth was used to define present-day marine climatic regions (Hall, 1964b, p. 232). Hall’s (1964b) definitions of present-day marine climatic regions, not provinces, were not intended to imply that all mollusks living within a particular molluscan province are controlled exclusively by a single thermal attribute such as duration of warmth or any other single thermal attribute. Provincial patterns are controlled by thermal regimes, not single temperature conditions as discussed by Valentine (1966). Valentine (1966, p. 209) also suggested a caution: “To specify boundary temperatures between two provinces involves a limitation when referring to the past; the specification is valid only since the climatic regime was about the same as it is at present.”
33
However, his statement implies that if temperatures are assigned to present-day molluscan provincial boundaries, those provincial-boundary temperatures will only be valid for presentday and Pleistocene provincial-boundary temperatures. If the inference drawn from this statement is correct, the statement may have been premature or too pessimistic regarding the use of present-day provincial-boundary temperatures to interpret climatic trends older than the Pleistocene. For example, Addicott (1970b, 1970c) equated the present-day molluscan provinces, Panamic, Surian, and Californian (Valentine, 1966), to the tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate marine climatic regions. He also projected the Panamic, Surian, and Californian provincial or climatic boundaries through a duration of more than 30 m.y. (Oligocene to Pliocene). Durham (1950a) used marine taxa restricted to present-day biogeographic provinces to plot the latitudinal positions of the inferred 25.0, 20.0, 18.0, 13.0, and 12.0 8C paleoisotherms, at least one of these marking a present-day provincial boundary, for a 60 m.y. period of time. Durham’s (1950a) study indicated that ocean temperatures have cooled during the past 60 m.y. Durham’s (1950a) thesis is supported by global isotopic studies (Savin et al., 1975; Shackleton and Kennett, 1975; Kennett, 1977, 1980, 1986a, 1986b; DePaolo and Ingram, 1985; Vincent and Berger, 1985; Vincent and Killingley, 1985; Capo and DePaolo, 1986; DePaolo, 1986; Miller et al., 1987; Muhs and Kyser, 1987; Woodruff and Savin, 1989, 1991; Compton et al., 1990; DePaolo and Finger, 1991; Wright et al., 1992; Flower and Kennett, 1993a, 1993b; Schoell et al., 1994). Jablonski et al. (1985, p. 79) implied support for the use of present-day provincial-boundary temperatures to interpret past climatic trends older than the Pleistocene when they stated the following: The provincialization of the Cenozoic biota provides a potential natural laboratory for the role of biogeographic change in the origin and persistence of higher taxa. Both biogeographic evidence (see Durham 1950; Addicott 1970) and oxygen isotopic evidence (see Douglas and Woodruff 1981) suggest that ocean temperatures in high latitudes have cooled significantly during the Neogene (perhaps by as much as 10 8C), steepening the latitudinal thermal gradient and giving rise to chains of climatically based latitudinal provinces along north-southtrending continental shelves (Valentine 1967, 1973a).
Jablonski et al. (1985, p. 76) also stated the following regarding determinants of the geographic ranges of species: Provincial boundaries occur at barriers that limit the ranges of many species, and recent advances in marine physiology provide a new understanding of the evolutionary basis of species range endpoints. It has long been clear that temperature is the major determinant of geographic range of poikilothermous species in the sea.
A challenge presented to the paleobiologist is how to use temperature to define marine present-day and marine paleoclimatic regions. Without definitions of present-day marine climatic regions, how can marine paleoclimatic regions be reasonably defined, and how can present-day climatic and
34
C.A. Hall Jr.
paleoclimatic regions be compared? What is meant by the terms “tropical,” “warm,” and “cool” relative to present and past marine climates; and by “warming” and “cooling” relative to changes in ancient climates? Continental climatic regions defined by temperature “Warmth” has been used to define continental climatic regions (Bailey, 1960). The underlying assumption regarding the importance to life of warmth is “that the flow and ebb of life are related systematically with the thermal environment” (Bailey, 1960, p. 2). Other conditions important to maintaining life are the thermal control of physiological processes and the reproductive cycle, the length of the day, seasonal changes in temperature, limiting temperatures for existence, and in the case of marine organisms, temperatures and light related to food production, and postreproductive and prereproductive cycles. Bailey (1960) recognized both the inadequacies of defining continental climatic regions by warmth and the existence of other factors that control the distribution of life. These inadequacies are equally applicable when defining marine climatic regions. Bailey (1960, p. 2) stated, “The parallelism of many seasonal changes to those of temperature thereby imparts an apparent reality to thermal control [of organisms] beyond its true value. As a result approximations are achieved that must admit of many contradictions in detail, contradictions caused by lack of coordination of actual determinants with temperature trends” (my brackets). Having acknowledged the inadequacies, Bailey (1960) developed a planetary model that adjusts warmth and length of summer to define climatic regions. Warmth is defined as a single temperature value that stands for a complete temperature regime, or population and range of temperature values; it has been termed effective temperature (ET) (Bailey, 1960, 1964, 1966; Axelrod, 1967b, 1980; Axelrod and Bailey, 1969), or its synonym, warmth (W) (Axelrod, 1985, 1991, 1995, 1997). Fundamental to the process of determining ET, there are two defining limits to the classification of climates based on present-day plant distribution or plant geography. (1) A thermal limit to tropical continental climates is given as 18.0 8C for the coldest month of the year, and (2) a limit to polar climate is given as 10.0 8C for the warmest month of the year. Tropical climates can be viewed as ones that lack a winter, whereas the polar climates essentially lack a summer. Axelrod and Bailey (1969, p. 175–176) stated “The agreement of the 50 8F (10 8C) mean for the warmest month of the year with the polar tree limit has long been accepted”; “The border of tropical vegetation can not be matched as well by any single isotherm owing to the intrusion of effects related to moisture deficiency”; and “A mean temperature of 64.4 8F (18.0 8C) for the coldest month of the year has been adopted as the thermal limit of tropical life zone.” The difference between the means of the warmest month and the coldest month defines the mean or average annual range of temperature (referred to as A or AR by Bailey, 1960, and
Axelrod and Bailey, 1969). This range, coupled with mean annual temperature (T), “provides a basis for estimating (1) the means for all months; (2) the extreme range (the difference between the highest and lowest temperature record); and (3) the frequency of a stipulated temperature class, notably the percentage of the hours of the year with subfreezing temperature” (Axelrod and Bailey, 1969, p. 169). The mean annual T alone has no climatic significance in terrestrial environments (Axelrod, 1992b), and it is assumed here that it has no significance in defining nearshore marine climates. Roy et al. (1998), however, suggested that average annual temperature is important. Roy et al. (1998, p. 3699), in discussing shared diversity patterns among gastropods living in the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic Oceans, noted that diversity values in both oceans can be explained by “solar energy input, as represented by average sea surface temperature.” Determining average annual, sea-surface paleotemperatures based on the distribution and presence of fossil marine mollusks is not feasible; using isotope geochemistry to determine average annual SSTs over many degrees of latitude and among widely distributed fossil assemblages is not currently practical. The equation for expressing warmth (ET) is: ET 4 (8 T ` 14 AR)/(AR ` 8) 4 (18 WM 1 10 CM)/(WM 1 CM ` 8),
(1)
where temperatures are in 8C; T and AR refer to mean or average annual temperature and range of temperature, respectively; and WM and CM refer to the mean or average temperatures of the warmest and coldest months of the year, respectively. The coefficient 8 is the difference between the coolest mean temperature for the tropical life zone (taken as 18 8C) and the warmest polar climate (taken as 10 8C). The coefficient 14 AR is the average temperature range (14 8C for 183 days) during the annual march of temperature (Bailey, 1960, p. 11; Axelrod and Bailey, 1969, p. 174). Effective temperature is based on the assumptions that polar climate essentially lacks a summer, tropical climate lacks a winter, and there is an annual march of temperature that approximates a sine wave. Quantification of warmth (ET) furnishes both a single temperature and the duration of the period in which temperatures are warmer than the ET. There is a trigonometric relationship between ET and the sine wave representing the annual temperature cycle. The equation for determining the duration in days of the year when the mean temperatures are warmer than the effective temperature is: Td 4 182.6 ` 2.03a.
(2)
Td is the duration in days and a is an angle determined by the relations: sine a (in degrees) 4 (ET 1 14)/4 (when ET is in 8C) (Bailey, 1960, p. 4; Axelrod and Bailey, 1969, p. 174). Applying these formulas, days of summer season (Td),
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines when the mean SSTs are warmer than the ET, and ET, reflecting a duration of warmth, are shown in Table 2. The scale of effective temperatures proposed by Bailey (1960) measures warmth by defining a sliding scale specifying temperatures at the beginning and end of a warm period, and the duration of that period. Based on the distribution of warmth over the world, excluding Antarctica, Bailey (1960, p. 8) defined five present-day continental climatic regions of the world delineated by effective temperatures between 10.0 8C (Td 4 0.0) and 18.0 8C (Td 4 365.1): (1) very cool, ET between 10.0 and 11.6 8C; (2) cool, ET between 11.6 and 13.4 8C; (3) mild, ET between 13.4 and 15.5 8C; (4) warm, ET between 15.5 and 18.0 8C; and (5) very warm, ET between 18.0 and 20.8 8C. Marine climatic regions defined by temperature Briggs (1995, p. 209 and Fig. 55) delineated the northern boundary (lat ;248N) of a northeastern Pacific Ocean tropical climatic zone, or region, by the marine 20.0 8C minimum isotherm. He depicted a warm temperate marine climatic region with winter SSTs of 20.0–12.0 8C (northern boundary apparently at ;408N) and a cold temperate region. Minimum SSTs between 12.0 and 2.0 8C characterize the latter zone; Briggs (1995, Fig. 55) depicted no northern boundary of this region. Briggs (1995, Figs. 88 and 89) also delineated open-ocean climatic zones or regions based on the distribution of microorganisms. Both sets of climatic regions delineated by Briggs (1995) are too general in terms of thermal and geographic limits to be useful in considering the biogeography of the present-day TABLE 2. DURATION OF THE YEAR WHEN MEAN TEMPERATURES ARE WARMER THAN EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE (ET) ET (8C)
Td (days)
ET (8C)
Td (days)
ET (8C)
Td (days)
ET (8C)
Td (days)
10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9
0.0 26.0 36.9 45.3 52.4 58.7 64.5 69.8 74.8 79.5 84.0 88.3 92.5 96.5 100.4 104.1 107.8 111.4 114.9 118.4
12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9
121.7 125.7 128.4 131.6 134.8 137.9 141.1 144.1 147.2 150.2 153.3 156.3 159.2 162.2 165.1 168.1 171.0 173.9 176.8 179.7
14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9
182.6 185.6 185.5 191.4 194.3 197.2 200.2 203.1 206.1 209.0 212.0 215.1 218.1 221.1 224.2 227.4 230.5 233.7 236.9 240.2
16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 18.0
243.5 246.9 250.4 253.9 257.5 261.2 264.9 268.8 272.8 277.0 281.3 285.8 290.5 295.5 300.8 306.6 312.9 320.0 328.4 339.3 365.1
Note: Days (Td) of summer season when the mean temperatures are warmer than the effective temperature (ET), reflecting a duration of warmth. Also see Table 1.
35
eastern Pacific Ocean molluscan fauna and for assigning paleoclimatic regions to late Paleogene and Neogene nearshore marine regions of California. In order to define nearshore marine climatic regions in greater detail, the general planetary climate model and the mathematical treatment of warm month–cold month relations described by Bailey (1960, 1964, 1966) are used to determine the ET at the boundaries of present-day molluscan provinces, which in turn delineate marine climatic regions. Recognizing the shortcomings of defining continental climatic regions by warmth, and in this study marine climatic regions, the planetary model that adjusts warmth and length of summer to define climatic regions developed by Bailey (1960) for continental climates is nevertheless used to delineate marine climatic regions. Warmth (ET or W) is defined as a single temperature value that stands for a complete population or range of temperature values—a temperature regime. The northern boundaries of the present-day molluscan provinces are (1) Panamic, lat ;248N; (2) Surian, ;288N; (3) Californian, 34.58N; (4) Oregonian, either at 488 or at 558N; and (5) Aleutian, 578, 608, or 628N (Zenkevitch, 1963; Hall, 1964b; Valentine, 1966; Jablonski and Valentine, 1990; Kafanov, 1991). These zoogeographic regions are considered herein in the same way that global patterns of vegetation of the world have been used to define present-day continental climatic regions (Ko¨ppen, 1894; Bailey, 1960). The five eastern Pacific molluscan provinces listed here are considered here to delineate water masses or oceanic regions in the nearshore environments of the eastern Pacific Ocean. However, for convenience and for the purposes of outlining marine nearshore paleoclimatic regions of California, the present-day coastal oceanic water masses are referred to as climatic regions. Molluscan provinces in the western Pacific, eastern Atlantic, and western Atlantic Oceans can also be used to delimit present-day marine climatic regions (Hall, 1964b). The northernmost boundary of the Aleutian molluscan province is considered in this analysis to be near lat 628N (Zenkevitch, 1963), a latitude where the SST is 10.0 8C, or it is ;10 8C during the warmest month of the year. The northern boundary of the Panamic molluscan province is between 248 and 258N (as defined by Keen, 1971, p. 4), and the SST during the coldest month of the year in that latitudinal range is between 17.78 and 19.45 8C; i.e., it can be ,20 8C. As with the determination of effective temperatures on the continents (Bailey, 1960), two thermal limits (;18.0 and ;10.0 8C) in the classification of marine climatic regions based on present-day molluscan distribution are fundamental to determining the ET in marine shelf environments. Bailey (1960) took the worldwide annual range of continental temperature to be between 0 and 30 8C in order to estimate the world’s average annual range of temperature (AR or A) and average annual temperature (T). The same approximation for the annual range of temperature is taken here for the annual range of marine temperature. On the basis of available present-day SSTs, i.e., ;11.67 8C for the coldest marine temperature in the Arctic region and 29.56 8C for the warmest marine temperature in the
36
C.A. Hall Jr.
eastern Pacific Ocean, the annual range of SST is not greatly different from the continental range. An average AR and an average annual T for marine regions can be calculated using temperatures ,0 8C and .30 8C. However, given that the effective temperatures calculated throughout this study are approximations in order to arrive at some notion regarding the paleo-SSTs for paleomarine coastal oceanic waters rather than the less than meaningful terms such as “temperate” or “tropical,” and for purposes of approximating the duration of warmth of paleocoastal waters, the worldwide annual range of SSTs is taken to be 0–30 8C. A thermal boundary for tropical marine climatic regions is taken to be ;18.0 8C for the coldest month of the year because the winter minimum temperature at the northern boundary of the Panamic molluscan province is between 17.78 and 19.45 8C. The minimum SST to which reef-building or zooxanthellate corals are normally exposed is 18 8C (Veron, 1995). The southern boundary of the near polar marine climatic region in the northeastern Pacific Ocean is taken as between 9.44 and 10.04 8C during the warmest month of the year because these temperatures represent the approximate SSTs during the warmest month of the year at the northern boundary of the Aleutian molluscan province. The mathematics, trigonometry, and statistics that are used to determine the ET and the duration of warmth (Td) of marine climatic regions, regardless of whether SSTs or land temperatures are used, were given by Bailey (1960, 1964, 1966), and in part by Axelrod and Bailey (1969). Axelrod and Bailey (1969) also depicted the concept of ET in nomographic form. As shown in the formulas used to calculate ET, the mean annual range of temperature (A or AR) is defined by the difference in the means of the warmest and coldest monthly temperatures. The mean warmest and coldest month SSTs can be obtained for the present-day eastern Pacific Ocean from a variety of sources, including the U.S. Navy, Chief of Naval Operations (1956– 1958), Norpac Atlas (1960), Robinson (1973), and Levitus and Boyer (1994). The SST data used in this study are from the U.S. Navy, Chief of Naval Operations (1956–1958). A longterm mean annual SST (T) in the nearshore eastern Pacific Ocean between lat 338 and 488N can be obtained from Scripps Institution of Oceanography (1995). With these data, the ET for each line of latitude and for each present-day molluscan provincial boundary along the coast of California can be calculated. Determining the mean annual sea-surface paleotemperature (T) in the ancient Pacific Ocean and along the west coast of California from fossil molluscan distribution patterns is not feasible using temperatures at endpoints of geographic ranges of molluscan taxa, although Axelrod and Bailey (1969) estimated mean annual paleotemperatures for Paleogene and Neogene continental floras. Effective temperature at present-day molluscan provincial boundaries can also be calculated using the formula: ET 4 (18 WM) 1 (10 CM)/(WM 1 CM ` 8) (WM and CM being the mean or average temperatures of the warmest and coldest months of the year at the latitude in ques-
tion) (Bailey, 1960). The present-day effective temperatures at many degrees of latitude from high polar latitudes to the northern boundary of the Panamic molluscan province and ranges of effective temperature are shown in Table 3. These ranges reflect the differences in coldest month and warmest month SSTs based on different references for the data and other possible SSTs related to the interpolation between isotherms and variables involving air temperatures. The ET at each of these latitudes is calculated by using the average SST data for that latitude and the formula used to calculate ET (Table 3). The SST fluctuates due to El Nin˜o and La Nin˜a oscillations (see Hughen et al., 1999), and there are some distinct differences between the warmest and coldest month SSTs recorded, e.g., by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at different latitudes along the west coast of the United States in 1994 and the SSTs in the U.S. Navy, Chief of Naval Operations (1956– 1958) atlases. However, the differences between the values of ET calculated using different SST data sources are relatively insignificant, e.g., ET values of 15.14, 15.51, and 15.61 8C at lat 348N. The ET at lat 348N is significantly different from that at 358N using the same sources of SST data, e.g., 13.5, 13.5, and 13.53 8C. The northern boundary of molluscan provincial boundaries in the eastern Pacific Ocean and the boundaries of the marine climatic regions are also indicated in Table 3. Five marine water masses or climatic regions of the eastern Pacific Ocean are delineated between effective temperatures of 10.0 8C (Td 4 0.0) and 18.0 8C (Td 4 365): (1) cool temperate, between ET of 9.77 or 10.31 and 11.81 or 12.05 8C; (2) temperate, between ET of 12.05 or 12.64 and 13.53 8C (the ET of 13.94 8C at Monterey Bay probably does not represent the open coastal ET at lat 378N); (3) warm temperate between ET of 14.79 or 15.57 8C and 16.78 or 17.10 8C; (4) outer tropical, between ET of 17.16 or 17.48 and 17.88 or 18.20 8C; and (5) inner tropical, between ET 18.49 or 18.85 and 26.11 or 26.63 8C (Tables 3 and 4). When determining the effective temperature at continental latitudes, the northern temperature limit of the tropical life zone is taken as a mean of 18 8C (see Bailey, 1960; Axelrod and Bailey, 1969). The northern limit of the Panamic molluscan province is considered here to be between lat 24 and 258N (Keen, 1971). The mean SST during the coldest month of the year near these latitudes is between 17.88 and 19.45 8C. The effective temperatures in Table 3 were approximated using 18 8C. When approximating the effective temperature at marine coastal latitudes, the northern limit of the Aleutian molluscan provinces is used, which is between lat 62 and 608N. The mean SST during the warmest month of the year at these latitudes is between 10.0 and 10.80 8C: 10 8C was used to approximate the effective temperatures in Table 3. When determining the effective temperature at continental latitudes, the northern limit of the polar climate coincides with the northern polar tree limit. The mean temperature during the warmest month of the year at the polar tree limit is 10 8C. Other possible SST limits were used to approximate effective temperature at marine climatic
TABLE 3. LATITUDE AND EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURES AT NORTHERN BOUNDARIES OF PRESENT-DAY MOLLUSCAN PROVINCES AND MARINE CLIMATIC REGIONS Latitude (8N) 72 71–63
ET * (8C) 6.35 ,10.00
ETR † (8C) 6.35 ,10.00
Molluscan province and marine climatic regions Arctic molluscan province (Valentine, 1966); cold marine climatic region (Hall, 1964b). Beringian subregion, Aleutian province (Kafanov, 1991; lat 54–728N). Within Arctic molluscan province
62
10.00
9.77–10.00
Northern boundary Aleutian province (Zenkevitch, 1963); Alaskan province (Kafanov, 1991; lat 54–598N lat; northern limit cool-temperate region [this study]). The differences in the selection of this boundary may be due to changes in the boundary between oceanic water and shelf water that is modified during and after summer upwelling
61 60
10.17 10.31
10.03–10.17 10.00–10.31
59 58 57 56 55 51 50 49
10.60 10.65 10.89 10.97 11.38 11.74 11.81 11.81
10.00–10.62 10.23–10.65 10.51–10.89 10.51–10.97 10.85–11.31 11.74–12.39 11.81–12.51 11.81–12.51
Or at lat 618N Northern boundary Aleutian molluscan province (Valentine, 1961, 1966; Jablonski and Valentine, 1990); Juneau province (Kafanov, 1991; lat 52–548N). Cool-temperate marine climatic region (Hall, 1964b; this study) or Northern boundary Columbian (part of Aleutian) molluscan province (Valentine, 1966)
48
12.64
12.26–12.64
46
12.50
12.50–12.59
45
12.61
12.29–12.73
44 43 42 41 40 39 38
12.71 12.84 13.82 11.03 13.36 13.54 13.15
12.71 12.84–12.87 13.82–13.79 11.03–10.68 13.36–13.47 13.54–13.69 13.15–13.22
37
13.94
12.92–13.94
35
13.53
13.53–13.50
34
15.51
14.79–15.57
33 32 31 30 29
16.26 15.78 16.15 16.45 16.78
16.26–16.41 15.78–15.95 16.15–16.36 16.45–16.69 16.78–17.10
28
17.16
17.16–17.48
27 26 25
17.49 17.87 17.88
17.49–17.83 17.87–18.25 17.88–18.20
24
18.49
18.49–18.85
23 22
19.21 20.29
19.21–19.48 20.29–20.59
or Northern boundary Oregonian molluscan province (Jablonski and Valentine, 1990) Columbian province (Kafanov, 1991; lat 48–528N)
Northern boundary mild-temperate marine climatic region (Hall, 1964b; this study) and temperate marine climatic region Northern boundary Mendocinian (part of Oregonian province) molluscan province (Valentine, 1966); Mendocinian province (Kafanov, 1991; lat 37–468N)
Northern boundary Montereyan molluscan subprovince of Oregonian molluscan province (Hall, 1964b; Valentine, 1966). California province (Kafanov, 1991; lat 34–378N) Northern boundary Californian molluscan province (Valentine, 1966); warm-temperate marine climatic region (Hall, 1964b; this study); Diegan province (Kafanov, 1991; lat 32–348N) Southern California province (Kafanov, 1991; lat 28–328N)
Panamanian protected coast molluscan province (Valentine, 1961), Magdalenan molluscan province (Hall, 1964b), and Surian molluscan province (C.A. Hall, 1966). Outer tropical marine climatic region (Hall, 1964b; this study)
Northern boundary Panamian or Panamic molluscan province (Hall, 1964b; Keen, 1971, p. 4). Inner tropical marine climatic region (Hall, 1964b; this study) or Northern boundary Panamanian molluscan province (Valentine, 1961)
*ET, Effective temperature used in this study. † ETR, Range of ETs, owing to variation and interpolation of winter minimum and summer maximum sea-surface temperatures, and in some cases to whether temperature measurements are from the Gulf of Alaska or the Bering Sea.
3.84 9.44 10.00 10.04 10.39 10.39 10.00 10.39 10.80 13.89 14.44 14.44 13.90 15.01 17.10 17.78 19.10 20.33 21.10 20.54 23.88 24.44 25.04 25.56 29.00 29.56 28.90 29.46
72 62 62 61 61 61 60 60 60 48 48 48 37 37 37 34 34 34 28 28 25 25 24 24 23 23 22 22
11.67 10.56 11.67 10.56 11.67 10.56 10.56 10.56 11.67 6.71 6.71 8.98 11.23 12.84 10.70 12.78 13.90 14.48 16.70 17.26 18.34 17.78 19.45 18.89 20.50 21.06 22.20 22.76
CM (8C) 6.35 9.75 10.00 10.02 10.156 10.165 10.00 10.16 10.31 12.05 12.26 12.64 12.92 13.94 13.94 14.79 15.52 15.97 17.16 17.48 18.20 17.88 18.85 18.49 19.21 19.48 20.29 20.59
a (8C)
20.29–20.59
19.21–19.48
18.49–18.85
17.88–18.20
17.16–17.48
14.79–15.97
12.92–13.94
12.05–12.64
10.00–10.31
10.02–10.17
6.35 9.75–10.0
7.09 10.60 10.75 10.85 10.90 10.99 10.83 10.99 11.05 13.58 13.75 14.57 15.66 17.12 15.94 17.24 18.06 18.44 20.25 21.03 21.17 20.52 21.93 21.22 21.70 22.02 23.33 23.69
c (8C) 5.90 9.44 9.69 9.72 9.86 9.88 9.70 9.88 10.03 11.97 12.19 12.61 12.92 13.97 14.01 14.89 15.67 16.17 17.40 17.68 18.54 18.24 19.24 18.89 19.74 20.03 20.83 21.15
d (8C) 5.83 9.44 9.70 9.73 9.87 9.89 9.71 9.89 10.05 12.03 12.26 12.68 12.96 14.02 14.11 15.00 15.80 16.31 17.54 17.80 18.74 18.45 19.45 19.11 20.02 20.32 21.10 21.43
e (8C) 5.70 9.44 9.71 9.75 9.89 9.92 9.73 9.92 10.08 12.14 12.38 12.79 13.03 14.10 14.29 15.18 16.01 16.56 17.78 18.00 19.06 18.80 19.80 19.50 20.50 20.82 21.56 21.91
f (8C) 7.23 10.65 10.86 10.91 11.01 11.05 10.89 11.05 11.16 13.16 13.35 13.91 14.55 15.77 15.21 16.25 17.00 17.41 18.88 19.43 19.82 19.33 20.50 19.97 20.52 20.80 21.85 22.17
g (8C)
TABLE 4. COMPARISON OF EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE VALUES b (8C) 6.42 9.95 10.23 10.23 10.39 10.39 10.22 10.39 10.56 12.29 12.51 12.86 13.06 14.07 14.22 15.04 15.79 16.28 17.45 17.71 18.56 18.27 19.23 18.89 19.70 19.98 20.74 21.05
h (8C) 6.32 9.94 10.22 10.23 10.39 10.39 10.21 10.39 10.56 12.34 12.58 12.92 13.10 14.12 14.32 15.15 15.92 16.43 17.60 17.84 18.76 18.49 19.45 19.13 19.99 20.28 21.03 21.35
i (8C) 6.15 9.91 10.21 10.22 10.39 10.39 10.20 10.39 10.57 12.44 12.69 13.02 13.17 14.19 14.50 15.33 16.14 16.69 17.85 18.05 19.10 18.86 19.82 19.53 20.50 20.80 21.52 21.86
j (8C)
6.33 9.90 10.15 10.18 10.32 10.34 10.17 10.34 10.48 12.44 12.66 13.11 13.49 14.59 14.50 15.43 16.21 16.69 17.99 18.34 19.11 18.76 19.81 19.41 20.21 20.50 21.36 21.69
Mean (8C)
0.47 0.44 0.41 0.42 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.39 0.53 0.51 0.64 0.91 1.04 0.62 0.75 0.77 0.73 0.92 1.09 0.85 0.74 0.87 0.76 0.67 0.68 0.83 0.84
SD
Note: WM, Warmest month. CM, coldest month. Column a, ET (effective temperature) calculated utilizing the coefficients of 18, 10, and 8 in the formula: ET (8C) 4 (18 WM110 CM)/ (WM1CM ` 8). Column b, range of ET owing to variation and interpolation of winter minimum and summer maximum sea-surface temperatures, and in some cases whether or not temperature measurements are from the Gulf of Alaska or the Bering Sea. Column c, ET calculated using the coefficients of 17.78, 9.44, and 6.34. Column d, ET calculated using the coefficients of 18.89, 9.44, and 9.45. Column e, ET calculated using the coefficients of 19.45, 9.44, and 10.01. Column f, ET calculated using the coefficients of 20.50, 9.44, and 11.06. Column g, ET calculated using the coefficients of 17.78, 10.39, and 6.39. Column h, ET calculated using the coefficients of 18.89, 10.39, and 8.50. Column i, ET calculated using the coefficients of 19.45, 10.39, and 9.06. Column j, ET calculated using the coefficients of 20.50, 10.39, and 10.11. Mean, mean values of ET in columns a, c–j. SD, standard deviation of ET values in columns a, c–j.
WM (8C)
Latitude (8N)
1600 (80) ;2000 Panamanian 24 or 23 south
84 (11) 756
Note: See Tables 1, 2, and 3 regarding effective temperature (ET) and duration of the summer period in which temperatures are warmer than ET (Td). Data for this volume begins with ET range (8C).
365 at 18` 8C 18.49 to 26.11 248 and south Panamic 365 at 18` 8C
290–365 at 18` 8C 17.16 to 18.49 Surian 290 or 306 to 365 at 18` 8C
48 to 34.5 34.5–28 Oregonian Californian 280 (29) 327 (28)
55–34.5 Oregonian 34.5 to 28 or Californian 27 28 or 27 to Surian 24 or 23
961 1222
11.38–13.94 15.5–17.16 or 17.49 17.16 or 17.49 to 18.49 or 19.21 18.49 or 19.21 to 26.11
97–181 227–290 or 306
28–24
143–181 227–290
0 0 or 27 to 115
,10 10 or 10.17 to 11.81 12.64–13.94 15.51–17.16 62 northward 61 or 62 to 48 Arctic Aleutian 0 27–76 ,10 10.17–10.97 258 620 Arctic Aleutian 61 northward 61–55
36 (14) 146 (26)
ET range of province (8C) Endpoints of province Latitude (8N)
This volume
Molluscan province Td, range of days warmer than ET (days) ET range (8C) Number (and %) of endemics Molluscan Number of province species Endpoints Latitude (8N)
Owing to geologic or tectonic complexities in western California, widely scattered late Paleogene and Neogene fossil localities, and locally small late Paleogene and Neogene fossil faunal assemblages, it is difficult to develop distribution patterns of fossil mollusks in ways similar to those used for present-day mollusks living in the eastern Pacific Ocean (see Durham, 1967). The uncertainties of the true latitudinal endpoints of the fossil taxa result in approximations when assigning boundaries to paleomolluscan provinces. Recognizing the difficulties in delimiting late Paleogene and Neogene paleomolluscan provinces, Addicott (1969a, 1970b, 1970c, p. 289) analyzed “the warm-water element of middle-latitude molluscan faunas” in order to evaluate paleoclimatic change, and developed a series of profiles for a 30–40 m.y. duration of time in which cumulative percentages of warm water faunal elements were plotted against latitude. The profiles were based on fossil shallow-water molluscan genera that have present-day descendants living in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The genera of fossils Addicott analyzed were assigned to present-day molluscan provinces (i.e., Panamic, Surian, and Californian) in which their northernmost present-day geographic location is recorded. His zoogeographic profiles delineated the Californian, Surian, and Panamic molluscan and paleomolluscan provinces through a 40 m.y. period
TABLE 5. NUMBER OF SPECIES AND ENDEMIC SPECIES PER PRESENT-DAY MOLLUSCAN PROVINCE
Effective temperature for fossil taxa
Valentine (1967)
boundaries in order to depict systematic latitudinal differences that persist in effective temperature from north to south. Different temperature limits also change the coefficients in the formula: ET 4 (18 WM 1 10 CM)/(WM 1 CM ` 8). The coefficients in the formula are 18, the coldest temperature at the northern geographic endpoint of the Panamic province; 10, the warmest temperature at the southern limit of the Aleutian molluscan province; and 8, the difference between these two coefficients (Bailey, 1960; Axelrod and Bailey, 1969) (using these coefficients, examples of marine ET values are given in Table 4, columns a and b). In Table 4, columns c–j, effective temperatures for nearshore marine water masses were calculated using other coefficients in order to depict possible ranges of ET at various latitudes. A visual comparison can be made between the mean values of effective temperatures and standard deviations using different coefficients in Table 4 from those used in Table 3 and for this study. The mean values of ET in Table 4 are somewhat higher than those used in Table 3; therefore, the approximations of ET values for this study could be considered to be systematically too low at the latitudes shown in Table 3. An indication of the number of molluscan species, the number of endemic species, and the percentage of endemic species in each of these present-day molluscan provinces used to define nearshore climatic regions is provided in Table 5 in order to illustrate the latitudinal faunal diversity gradient associated with the climatic regions and the latitudinal effective temperature gradient illustrated in Tables 3 and 4.
Td, range of days warmer than ET (days)
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines
39
40
C.A. Hall Jr.
of time (Addicott, 1970b), and the latitudinal presence of late Oligocene and Miocene warm water molluscan faunas assigned to those provinces through a somewhat shorter duration of time (Addicott, 1970c). It is inferred that Addicott (1970c, p. 292) considered that the present-day Californian, Surian, and Panamic molluscan provincial names used in his analysis delineated warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical climatic regions or water masses, respectively; and his profiles of the molluscan provinces represent paleoclimatic changes through time. Using Addicott’s (1969a, 1970b, 1970c) concept for inferring paleoclimatic changes along the west coast of North America as a basis for assigning marine paleoclimatic regions to late Paleogene and Neogene marine basins of California, effective temperatures are assigned to late Paleogene and Neogene marine molluscan taxa from southern Oregon, California, and Alta Mexico. These temperatures reflect the warmth of the marine nearshore climate at the northernmost present-day endpoint of the extant taxa (Appendix 1, Tables A7–A12). For example, Argopecten ventricosus ventricosus (Sowerby) [4 A. circularis circularis (Sowerby) in literature] from upper Miocene to lower Pliocene rocks (lat 348–338N) west of the San Andreas fault is assigned an ET of 16.45 8C (Appendix 1, Table A11). This temperature was calculated from winter minimum and summer maximum temperatures at the northern endpoint of the range (lat 308N) of the living A. ventricosus ventricosus (Sowerby) (Tables 3 and 4; Appendix 1, Tables A11, A14, and A15 [and see Appendix 5]). The ET was calculated using the formula: ET 4 (18 WM 1 10 CM)/(WM 1 CM ` 8) (Bailey, 1960). The taxon is thermally characterized by a single temperature value (ET) reflecting the beginning and end of a warm period, and the duration of that period at the northern endpoint of its geographic range rather than by a winter minimum temperature, as used by Durham (1950a) and apparently by Addicott (1970b, 1970c). Because water-mass boundaries are more effective barriers for southern species migrating north in response to changing climatic conditions than for northern species moving south (Roy et al., 1995), an ET is assigned to a taxon based on temperatures at the northern endpoint of the range of the taxon. The assumption is made here that there is an actual thermal control of physiologic processes of many molluscan taxon (e.g., as discussed by Jablonski et al., 1985). Temperature is assumed to be the major determinant of geographic range of nearshore molluscan taxa (Jablonski et al., 1985), and if the boundaries of paleoclimatic regions are to be determined, there is a need to infer temperatures that limit the distribution of nearshore fossil mollusks based on present-day distributional data (Valentine and Meade, 1961), and to categorize the fossil taxa thermally. The assignment of an ET to Argopecten ventricosus ventricosus (Sowerby) and effective temperatures to other molluscan taxa based on the SSTs at the northern endpoints of the geographic ranges of the present-day descendants of the fossil taxa only allows for approximations or possibilities regarding thermal tolerances of the taxon, or other taxa. The reason for
this is the lack of knowledge of the actual determinants and thermal tolerances that control the distribution of mollusks. In addition, the thermal tolerances of a taxon (for larval, veliger, and adult stages) may have changed over geologic time. As northern latitudinal regions cooled during late Paleogene time and the Neogene Period, the tropical region became warmer and greater species diversity ensued (Valentine, 1967; Axelrod, 1992b). Some late Paleogene and Neogene stenothermic species could have adapted to cooling and warming in marine climatic regions. New taxa could have evolved in the developing cooler regions and in subregions of the warming tropics. Some species and genera could have survived in some climatic regions because there were not extremes in SSTs in that region. Nevertheless, mean annual temperatures and mean annual ranges of temperatures (differences between warmest and coldest temperatures at the same latitude), as a working hypothesis, delineate or approximate the thermal field that circumscribes the distribution of present-day and fossil molluscan taxa, communities, and provinces. Percentage of fossil taxa with a particular effective temperature The effective temperatures for late Paleogene and Neogene taxa within each time slice and within a degree of absolute latitude both east and west of the San Andreas fault were tabulated in order to depict the number of taxa and the percentage of those taxa with a particular ET and range of effective temperatures (Figs. 3–8). The tabulation was facilitated by the ET, and a catalog number was assigned to each valid taxon in each time slice (numbers 1–999 to taxa in the 5–2.5 Ma time slice; 1000–1999 to taxa in the 8–5 Ma time slice; 2000–2999 to taxa in the 13–8 Ma time slice; 3000–3999 to taxa in the 17–13 Ma time slice; 4000–4999 to taxa in the 23–17 Ma time slice; and 5000–5999 to taxa in the 27–23 Ma time slice) (Appendix 1, Tables A7–A12). Only one catalog number was assigned to a taxon in each time slice (synonyms were not assigned a number). The same taxon can be in more than one time slice; therefore it can have different catalog numbers in different time slices. Only one catalog number was entered for each valid taxon in 18 of latitude for each of the time slices, although the same numbered taxon can appear in more than one latitudinal group (Appendix 1, Tables A7–A12). Valid taxa with an ET of ,;10.0 8C (Appendix 1, Tables A7–A12) are not included in the tabulation (Figs. 3–8) because it is assumed that warmth at the northern endpoint of the range of those taxa with an ET of ,10.0 8C is not a factor limiting the northern latitudinal distribution of taxa that are living today in the Arctic (cold climatic region) and north of the Aleutian molluscan province (cold temperate climatic region). This assumption for some taxa living in the Arctic climatic region may not be valid. Ranges of ET of the fossil taxa are grouped into packages of effective temperatures that most closely approximate the ranges of ET of present-day nearshore marine climatic regions
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines in the eastern Pacific Ocean: cold temperate paleoclimatic region (ET 10.0–12.0 8C), temperate climatic region (ET 12.06– 15.05 8C), warm temperate climatic region (ET 15.51–16.78 8C), outer tropical climatic region (ET 16.98–17.90 8C), and inner tropical climatic region (ET 18.44–23.96 8C) (Figs. 3–8). Present-day mean values of ET water masses are: cool temperate, 11.0 8C; temperate, 13.51 8C; warm temperate, 16.07 8C; and outer tropical, 18.19 8C. The ET values are, in general, substantially higher than the mean values of ET of paleoclimatic regions: cool temperate, 11.46 8C; temperate, 12.51 8C; warm temperate, 13.44 8C; and outer tropical, 14.75 8C. However, other characteristics of the fossil faunas clearly differentiate the climatic regions and suggest correlations with modern-day nearshore climatic regions (Table 1; Figs. 3–9). PALEOSHORELINE MAPS AND PALEOCLIMATIC REGIONS Palinspastic maps of western California were drawn for each of the six time slices by back slipping fault blocks along faults for which there are previously determined amounts of right and left slip (Plate 1; Appendix 1, Table A16). Appendix 6A lists the references used to construct the overall base maps. Of greatest importance to the palinspastic reconstructions is the restoration of strike slip in western California. The reason for the importance is that it was necessary to restore faunal assemblages to their paleolatitudes. To not make the restoration, i.e., leaving faunal assemblages at absolute latitudes, does not help the reader understand in a depictive way where the mollusks and other marine organisms were living. Western Nevada and eastern California have not been palinspastically restored. Faults and geographic features in western Nevada and eastern California are largely absent from the palinspastic maps (Plates 1–8), indicating that this area has not been considered in the reconstructions. The state boundaries are provided only for reference. The pre–Basin and Range province was not palinspastically reconstructed. Dickinson and Wernicke (1997, p. 665) concluded the following: Summation of (1) 315 5 10 km of San Andreas offset in central California, (2) 208 5 22 km of additional transrotational shear (as imparted by rotation of the western Transverse Ranges but exclusive of 58 5 18 km of transrotational shear imparted by rotation of the eastern Transverse Ranges), and (3) 221 5 22 km of transtensional shear within the Basin and Range province (including the 58 5 18 km of transrotational shear imported by rotation of the eastern Transverse Ranges) yields a total inferred transform displacement of 744 5 33 km), a figure which is indistinguishable from the total of 737 5 66 km anticipated from global models (Table 1).
The transrotational shear in the western and eastern Transverse Ranges, and the transtensional shear in the Basin and Range and Mojave provinces are distributed unevenly. A palinspastic reconstruction of the Basin and Range and Mojave provinces, if undertaken, would be arbitrary. There is ;429 km
41
of transform displacement, based on the analysis by Dickinson and Wernicke (1997), that is not depicted on Plates 2–8. Theoretically some of the paleolatitudes shown in these plates could be as much as 429 km farther south. However, the depiction and distribution of this calculated transform by Dickinson and Wernicke (1997) is not possible. The fossil assemblages do not suggest that any of the paleolatitudes determined in this paper are 429 km farther south. Strike-slip faulting in the Walker Lane shear zone or Walker Lane belt was not considered in the palinspastic reconstructions shown in Plates 2–8. The Walker Lane shear zone can be divided into nine structural blocks, each of which acted independently of adjacent blocks. Three of these blocks contain northwest-trending right-slip faults, three contain northeasttrending left-lateral faults, two contain no major internal strikeslip faults, and one contains east-west faults that had Mesozoic right-slip movement and minor left-lateral Cenozoic movement. The strike-slip faults in any one of these blocks rarely will extend into an adjacent block (Stewart, 1988, p. 686). Providing a palinspastic reconstruction of this shear zone is beyond the scope of this contribution and rationally beyond the scope of the meager and unreliable available slip data. The Eastern California and Walker Lane shear zones are synonymous in terms of geometry. The Eastern California shear zone is not incorporated into the reconstructions depicted in Plates 2–8. The Eastern California shear zone was depicted in Dickinson (1996, Fig. 1) and in Dickinson and Wernicke (1997, Fig. 3): they did not incorporate the shear zone into a palinspastic reconstruction of western or eastern California, although they calculated the important cumulative shear that was transmitted to the eastern California shear zone and within the Basin and Range province. The Transverse Ranges were palinspastically restored to different orientations and latitudes for each of the time slices by back rotating previously determined westward increasing paleomagnetic vectors and by considering palinspastic paleogeographic models for the Transverse Ranges and Mojave Desert proposed by others (Appendix 6B). In Plates 2C and 3C there is the following notation: “Region extended in a N-S direction in order to accommodate later compression, extension, and strike-slip faulting.” The amount that a region was extended was the amount that was needed to bring the next or younger palinspastic maps into reasonable alignment with the inferred paleoshorelines. The palinspastic restoration of the Mojave block or province was not attempted owing to the complexities outlined in Appendix 1, Table A16. It can only be assumed that a palinspastic restoration of the Mojave and eastern California areas would not affect the location of the paleolatitudes depicted in western California (Plates 2–8). There are three faults with solid barbs depicted in Plates 1–8: (1) the Sur-Nacimiento (large solid barbs); (2) the southern terminus of the San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault zone (relatively smaller solid barbs); and (3) a low-angle fault near
42
C.A. Hall Jr.
Devils Den in the San Joaquin Valley (also with relatively smaller solid barbs). The faults are not strictly thrust faults, or they are not thrust faults everywhere because the dip of the fault plane can range from subhorizontal to 658 5 208. To be a thrust fault some structural geologists suggest that the dip of the fault plane should be ,308, while others suggest that the dip of the fault plane should be ,458. The faults are not reverse faults because the fault plane can range from subhorizontal to 458. Crouch and Suppe (1993) considered all or part of the large, solid-barb fault depicted in the outer Los Angeles basin (Plates 2C and 3C) to be a detachment fault. Herein the fault marks the sole of the southern California allochthon (Hall, 1991). The allochthon was thrust westward over the Franciscan Complex (metamorphosed to the Catalina Schist in the offshore region) between 67 and 65 Ma. For purposes of control, the Coast Range fault is depicted in Plates 1–8 (open barbs). The fault is referred to as a fault or detachment fault. Some have objected to this fault being called a thrust fault, others to it being called a reverse fault, and some to it being called a detachment fault. It marks the edge of a subduction zone (see Coast Range fault in Appendix 1, Table A16). The importance of showing the distribution of this Mesozoic fault is that it can be demonstrated to be beneath the southern California allochthon and beneath the Sur-Nacimiento fault, from northern to southern California in the palinspastically restored maps, e.g., in Morro Bay region (Plate 2C; see Hall, 1991). Other reference sources used in the construction of the paleoshoreline maps (Plates 2–8) are listed in Appendix 6C. Principal movement along the San Andreas fault system did not begin until after 8 Ma. The future location of the San Andreas fault is shown as a dashed line on maps covering the time slices from 27 to 8 Ma. McLaughlin et al. (1994) and Underwood et al. (1999) questioned the location of the San Andreas fault and continuation of right slip along the fault east of Point Delgada and through Shelter Cove. Others placed the San Andreas fault east of Point Delgada, through Shelter Cove, and credited the fault with an important role within the plate-boundary system north of Point Arena (Brown, 1995; Hart, 1996; Thatcher et al., 1997; Prentice et al., 1999). The latter interpretation was used in the palinspastic reconstructions herein. Drake et al. (1987) proposed that the Delgada fan (near lat 408N west of the San Andreas fault) grew between the latitudes of near San Francisco to near Petaluma (see Plate 8A) between 6 and 7 Ma. The offshore fan consists of ;2000 m of Miocene–Pliocene deposits southwest of the Point Arena basin and the Mendocino edge of the Juan de Fuca plate (e.g., MeFZ, Plate 8A). By ca. 2 Ma the fan deposits had moved northward 150–200 km. The slip rate on the San Andreas fault system using these figures was between 3 and 5 cm/yr. Allen (1999) proposed that the Wilson Grove Formation (Appendix 1, Table A5; Petaluma–Santa Rosa region, Plate 8A, and east of the San Andreas fault) has an age range of between 5 and 6 Ma, that the Delgada fan was at the
latitudes of the Wilson Grove Formation during the deposition of the formation, and that the San Andreas fault had separated the fan (offshore) from the formation by ;200 km. The slip rate on the San Andreas–San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault system using these figures is 3.3 cm/yr. Prentice et al. (1999) suggested that the Holocene slip rate on the San Andreas fault near Point Delgada is 1.4 cm/yr. The Mendocino edge of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate on each of the plates (Plates 2–8) is based on Dickinson’s (1997) work. The location of the Mendocino edge of the Juan de Fuca plate on the initial palinspastic map, i.e., Plate 2C, 27– 23 Ma, is taken from Dickinson (1997). The Mendocino edge of the Juan de Fuca plate is moved northward through the time slices based on the measured slip along faults in the San Andreas fault system and on other geologic evidence. Atwater and Stock (1998, their Fig. 11) depicted the Mendocino edge of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate from 20 Ma to the present. The location of the Mendocino edge of the Juan de Fuca plate shown in the Plate 3C (23–17 Ma) time slice, based on Dickinson’s (1997) research, is in relatively close agreement with the location of the 20 Ma Mendocino edge of the Juan de Fuca plate or the edge of the Juan de Fuca plate proposed by Atwater and Stock (1998, Fig. 11). Point Delgada is near the Mendocino edge of the Juan de Fuca plate. Point Delgada was near the paleolatitude of San Francisco until between 8 and 5 Ma. For the reasons stated here, it moved northward during the time interval between 8 and 5 Ma. Note that Atwater and Stock (1998) interpolated the drift of oceanic plates in order to arrive at their Figure 11. There is very close agreement between the inferred locations of the Mendocino edge of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate at 13, 12, 8, and 5 Ma (Atwater and Stock, 1998, Fig. 11) with the locations of the edge depicted for the time slices 17–13 Ma (Plate 4B), 13–8 Ma (Plate 5B), 8–5 Ma (Plate 6A), and 5–2.5 Ma (Plate 8A), respectively. Plate 1 (in two parts) is the index map for the other plates (Plates 2–8). This plate depicts the positions of geologic and geographic features at the present time. Thus, Plate 1 serves a dual purpose—as an index map and as a reference map for comparison with the other plates. Where it was possible, i.e., where there was space for the printing of the names and regions, the full names of towns and regions are written out in Plate 1. Very rarely is there enough space on the index map (Plate 1) to write out the full names of faults. Within the explanation on each of the eight plates is written: “See abbreviations, symbols, and notes Table A16.” Appendix 1 (Table A16) is to be used in conjunction with Plates 1–8. Much of the documentation to justify or explain the bases for palinspastically restoring a region is in Table A16. There are controversies surrounding the amount of slip on all of the major strike-slip faults in western California, e.g., San Andreas, San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri, Garlock, San Gabriel, Rinconada, Pilarcitos, Hayward, and Calaveras. There is controversy regarding the nature and timing of movement along major low-angle faults such as the Sur-Nacimiento and Coast Range
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines faults. It is beyond the scope here to review or summarize the various interpretations of the nature and amount of movement along these faults; however, an attempt is made to review some of the inferences or conclusions of others in the footnotes for Appendix 1 (Table A16). RESULTS The procedures to (1) organize stratigraphic units from near lat 448 to near 288N along the west coast of North America by recognizable time slices (Appendix 1, Tables A1–A6, A13); (2) standardize the taxonomy of the paleontologic data from upper Paleogene and Neogene rocks from southwestern Oregon, California, and northwestern Mexico (Appendix 1, Tables A7–A15); and (3) assign a single thermal attribute, the ET, to the northern endpoint of the geographic range of taxonomically valid taxa with living analogs (Appendix 1, Tables A7– A12) produced the following results. (1) Ranges of ET of present-day taxa can be grouped into packages of effective temperatures marking the boundaries of present-day eastern Pacific molluscan provinces and marine climatic zones (Table 1). (2) Ranges of ET of the fossil taxa can be grouped into packages of effective temperatures that most closely approximate the ranges of ET of present-day nearshore marine climatic regions in the eastern Pacific Ocean (Figs. 3–8). (3) The groupings of ranges of ET of fossil taxa can be used to define paleomarine climatic regions (Table 1), and (4) to depict fluctuations in marine paleoclimate during the past 25 m.y. (Fig. 9). (5) Based on the definitions of paleoclimatic regions (Table 1), regional climatic zones for each time slice can be assigned to latitudinal regions west and east of the San Andreas fault (Fig. 9). (6) The numerical data in Figure 7 are depicted graphically in order to visually show paleoclimatic trends (Figs. 10–26). Fossil faunal assemblages of from one to three taxa (Figs. 3–8) are not included in broader analyses because of an inadequate sample size. Faunal assemblages of 3–12 taxa are unreliable in terms of their sample size, and the analyses of some of these small fossil assemblages produce spurious results, e.g., the 11 taxa from lat 368N east of the San Andreas fault, 8–5 Ma time slice (Appendix 1, Tables A5 and A11; Figs. 9 and 25). (7) Paleoclimatic regions are assigned to the paleoshoreline maps (Plates 2–8) using the summary data in Figure 9. Analyses of the presence or absence of fossil taxa within the time slices produced stratigraphic ranges for the taxa (Appendix 1, Table A15). The youngest age ranges of some taxa are incomplete because some of the taxa may range into the Pleistocene, i.e., younger than 2.5 Ma, or Holocene. Molluscan faunas from the Pleistocene are not compared in this study with taxa having upper stratigraphic range limits of 2.5 Ma. Nevertheless, the stratigraphic range data in Appendix 1 (Table A15) provide a basis for assigning a large number of late Paleogene and Neogene taxa to a time slice and to the equivalent of a chronostratigraphic unit (stage). A complete analysis of the stratigraphic ranges of late Paleogene and Neogene (including
43
taxa that are known from Pleistocene rocks and the Holocene) pectinids and echinoderms are shown in Figures 1 and 2. These data provide important results because they show an age range or approximate age range of a large number of taxa generally considered to include a number of late Paleogene and Neogene index fossils. DISCUSSION Role of temperature in limiting distribution of marine mollusks Temperature is likely one of the major determinants of the geographic range of poikilotherms in the sea (Jablonski et al., 1985). Other environmental parameters such as dissolved oxygen, nutrients, suspended matter, and trophic activity also influence the distribution of mollusks. However, temperature is commonly considered to be the major abiotic or ecologic element limiting the distribution of nearshore mollusks. The determining temperature for survivability could be either the winter minimum or the summer maximum temperature for survival of the adult mollusk, or minimal or maximal temperatures related to gametogenesis, spawning, or physiological functions. Temperature also has an effect on oxygen consumption, feeding, and metabolic rates, and on enzyme reactions (Newell and Branch, 1980). In the bivalved mollusks Modiolus modiolus and Arctica islandica there is a two to three times increase in absorption efficiency when SSTs rise from 4.0 to 20.0 8C, i.e., there is a higher ingestion of food owing to an increase in the filtration rate with an increase in temperature (Newell and Branch, 1980). Shell growth decreases in Mytilus californianus and other mollusks with increasing latitude and decreasing temperature (Coe, 1948; Coe and Fitch, 1950; Dodd, 1964). Coe (1948) and Giese (1967, 1969) noted the importance of nutrition detritus, phytoplankton (particularly dinoflagellates and diatoms), and food availability as ecological parameters limiting the growth and distribution of mollusks. However, photosynthesis depends on solar radiation, and maximum solar radiation in the Northern Hemisphere is during spring and summer (e.g., May–July at lat 338N in the northeastern Pacific Ocean). Spring and summer are times of warming and the warmest SSTs in nearshore environments. Temperature change is linked to decline in zooplankton volume (Weinheimer et al., 1999). Loosanoff (1962), Leonard (1969), Wilson and Simons (1985), Sphigel (1989), and Cano et al. (1997) related gametogenesis and spawning to temperature, and Hall et al. (1974) related shell-growth patterns in bivalve mollusks to reproductive cycles and temperature. Cano et al. (1997) noted the importance of environmental parameters, other than temperature, in molluscan larval development; however, they concluded that spawning in the oyster Ostrea edulis only took place at temperatures of 14.0 8C or higher at lat 378408N in the Mediterranean Sea, and low levels of nutrients did not affect gametogenesis, spawning, and larval development. From their work it
44
C.A. Hall Jr.
can be inferred that duration of warmth is important in the reproductive cycle of Ostrea edulis. Larval development took place from April to September or November, but was greatest during May to July (three months) or May to September (five months) in the years sampled. Spawning of Callista chione in the Adriatic Sea (lat ;458N) is likely to occur between April and July (four months) and when the SST is warming (Riedl, 1970; Hall et al., 1974). Roy et al. (1998, p. 3699) related shared diversity-gradient patterns among gastropods living in the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic Oceans to solar energy input, average SST, and “some aspect of productivity.” Temperature, seasonal warming temperatures, and durations of warm SSTs are considered here to play the major roles in the reproductive cycle of mollusks. The basis for this inference is provided in part by observations of the reproductive cycles of mollusks (Table 6). Physiological and reproductive data that are available are largely for mollusks that are of commercial value. Few data are available for mollusks living at the northern endpoint of their geographic ranges in the Northern Hemisphere. Minimal temperatures or durations of warmth necessary for stages in the reproductive cycle, as suggested in Table 6, may limit the geographic distribution of many mollusks. However, because of the limited biologic data, the inference that duration of warmth is critical to growth and reproduction in a majority of nearshore molluscan taxa remains suggestive and, although this notion is supported by the research of Roy et al. (1998), there are exceptions. The marine bivalve Macoma balthica is panarctic, having a geographic range in the Atlantic Ocean from near lat 708 to 388N. During the coldest month of the year the SST at lat 708N is approximated to be 11.67 8C. This temperature rises to 6.14 8C during the warmest month of the year. These temperatures, or any duration of temperature, may be of secondary impor-
tance to this species, e.g., to nutrients, during its reproductive cycle and growth (see Lammens, 1967). Taxa that range into northern seas in the Northern Hemisphere have likely influenced inferences relative to the minimal importance of temperature on growth and reproduction. The bivalve Mya arenaria, for example, has a geographic range from lat 708N southward to 338N, and Swain (1952) concluded that food supply, the nature of the substrate, and the amount of dissolved oxygen in water have greater effects on growth than does temperature. However, the periods of gametogenesis and spawning in Mya arenaria are not known at the northern endpoint of the range. The mussel Mytilus californianus, which also has a geographic range of lat 598–198N in the eastern Pacific Ocean, is reported to spawn throughout the year (Dodd, 1964). This observation suggests that temperature alone is not the most important ecological parameter in the reproductive cycle of this taxon. However, it is not known if the spawning occurs during one to two months of the year at the northern endpoint of the geographic range. Spawning is reported to be continuous throughout the year in the bivalve Mytilus metcalfei, which lives from lat ;78 to 88N along the coast of the southern Philippine Islands (Tumanda et al., 1997). SSTs at those latitudes range from a winter minimum of 278 to a summer maximum of 30.1 8C; thus spawning is seemingly not dependent on temperature or a duration of temperature because the SST is warm the year around. In the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, where the SST is warm throughout the year (in the Gulf of Jordan it is 19.0 8C or warmer for 12 months), reproduction was continuous throughout the year for 7 of 15 species studied. However, reproduction occurred during the warmest period of the year in another 7 of the 15 species. Of the 15 species, 1 spawned during the coldest months of the year (Hulings, 1986). Among molluscan taxa with a relatively limited geographic
TABLE 6. GAMETOGENESIS AND SPAWNING Taxon
Latitude (8N)
Temperature (8C) and/or number of months of gametogenesis
Temperature (8C) and/or number of months of spawning [S]†
Reference
Crassostrea gigas Crassostrea gigas Crassostrea gigas Crassostrea gigas Fusinus closter Mytilus metcalfei Mytilus trossulus Ostrea edulis Ostrea edulis Ostrea edulis Ostrea edulis Planaxis sulcatus Planaxis sulcatus Pododesmus cepio Tivela stultorum
;428S ;35 32 48 ;10 ;7–;8 61 37–38 32 44 54 29 ;34 38 26–37
148–16 8C 168–22 8C 128–23 8C N.D.* 25.68–27.7 8C (6) 27.58–30.1 8C (12) (4) N.D. (6) (12) (4) (8) (3) (6) (11)
188–25 8C [S] 198–25 8C [S] 238–26 8C (5) [S] 58–16 8C (2) [S] 25.68–27.7 8C (4) [S] 27.58–30.1 8C (12) (6) [S] 13.98–20 8C (6) [S] (3) [S] (principally 4) [S] (6) [S] (4) [S] (6) [S] (5) [S] (7) [S]
Sphigel (1989) Sphigel (1989) Sphigel (1989) Ricketts et al. (1985) Miroslavich and Penchaszaden (1997) Tumanda et al. (1997) Blanchard and Feder (1977) Cano et al. (1997) Sphigel (1989) Ruı´z et al. (1992) Wilson and Simons (1985) Hulings (1986) Ohgaki (1997) Leonard (1969) Coe and Fitch (1950)
*N.D. 4 No data Spring and summer spawning.
†
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines range, the life history of mollusks seems to be strongly influenced by temperature and durations of warmth. The Pismo clam Tivela stultorum has a geographic range in the eastern Pacific Ocean from lat 388 to 258N, and gametogenesis occurs during January. However, the eggs and sperm are not ripe during January. Spawning occurs from June to December (for seven months). For three months, from September to November, larvae commonly settle onto the substrate (Coe and Fitch, 1950). Different rates of shell growth are known to occur during the year in T. stultorum. These rates are related to the reproductive cycle of the taxon and not to the coldest SSTs during the year (Hall et al., 1974). The slowest periods of shell growth occur during or following spawning in T. stultorum and in Callista chione. However, all species of bivalve mollusks do not have a biocheck or a slower period of growth related to spawning or immediately following spawning, nor do all species have a slow shell-growth period related to winter SSTs. Some oceanic thermal gradients are related to latitude. There are also latitudinal diversity gradients among mollusks. Thus, solar energy and temperature would seem to play major roles in the distribution of mollusks. The boundaries of molluscan provinces are controlled by thermal regimes, not single temperature conditions such as average SSTs. Environmental parameters, other than temperature, a range of temperatures, or duration of summer warmth, are important and can restrict the geographic distribution of some mollusks. Different environmental parameters could also be more important to a taxon living near the limits of its geographic range than within a more limited geographic range. However, in this volume, temperature and duration of warmth are assumed to be important environmental parameters controlling the distribution of many but not all nearshore marine mollusks (see Gillooly et al., 2001). The assumption is made in order to infer paleoclimatic conditions, defined by temperature values, in marine nearshore regions of California. Regional and global climatic changes Fossil molluscan assemblages indicate that marine paleotemperatures in western California decreased during late Paleogene and Neogene time (Figs. 11B, 12A, 14A, 15, 16A, 27). From 27 to 2.5 Ma there is seemingly an increase in the percentage of fossil mollusks that have modern analogs that live in a nearshore marine cool temperate climatic region, i.e., where the effective temperatures are between 10.0 and 12.0 8C (Figs. 3–8). During the same time span, there was a decrease in the percentage of fossil mollusks that have modern analogs that live in nearshore marine outer and inner tropical climatic regions, where effective temperatures are between 16.98 and 23.96 8C. Oceanic d18O increased during the deposition of a 14.8– 13.7 Ma part of the Monterey Formation (age range of ca. 17.9– 7.5 Ma) located between lat 358 and 348N along the Santa Barbara coastline and west of the San Andreas fault (DePaolo and
45
Finger, 1991). There was also an increase in deep-sea benthic d13C during the deposition of the 14.5–14.1 Ma part of the Monterey Formation (Woodruff and Savin, 1991). The significant increases in d18O from 14.8 to 13.7 Ma, and in d13C from 14.5 to 14.1 Ma represent a combination of an increase in highlatitude, cold deep water, and growth of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Shackleton and Kennett, 1975; Kennett, 1986a; Miller et al., 1987; Wright et al., 1992). Analyses of deep-sea d18O and d13C data from 16–13.5 Ma sedimentary rocks suggest that episodic, high-latitude, deep-water biologic production and East Antarctic ice growth can be correlated closely to the global carbon cycle (Woodruff and Savin, 1991; Flower and Kennett, 1993a). Changes in the late Paleogene and Neogene nearshore paleomolluscan fauna from western California can be correlated with a medial Miocene, global-climatic cooling trend (e.g., Fig. 27). There was a worldwide sea-level highstand between 17 and 14 Ma; worldwide rises of sea level at 6, 5, 3, and 2 Ma; and marked lowerings of sea level at 10.5, 5.5, 4.2, and 2.5 Ma (Haq et al., 1987). It is possible to suggest a correlation between some of these inferred eustatic events and glacial and interglacial climatic events, e.g., a glacial event between 7 and ca. 5.5 Ma and another between 2.5 and ca. 1.9 Ma (Shackleton and Opdyke, 1977; Shackleton et al., 1984; Harwood, 1985; Hodell and Kennett, 1986; Zubakov and Borzenkova, 1988); a regional and global lowering of sea level between ca. 7 and 5.5 Ma; and a rise in sea level at 2 Ma (Haq et al., 1987; Loomis, 1990c, p. 212, Fig. 4.11). There was a global interglacial event between 5 and 2.5 Ma. Within the same time period, however, there were two intervals during which eustatic sea level fell, and two intervals that were marked by eustatic rises in sea level. If there was an increase in high-latitude, cold deep water, and simultaneous growth of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet between 14.8 and 13.7 Ma, such events do not seem to be reflected in the short-term eustatic sea-level curves of Haq et al. (1987). A correlation between global glacial intervals between ca. 7 and 5.5 Ma with a lowering of sea level at that time seems reasonable, and a rise in sea level ca. 2 Ma and a glacial event at that time seems tenuous. With the growth of ice sheets, e.g., 14.8 and 13.7 Ma and ca. 2 Ma, it might be expected that sea level would have lowered as seawater was formed into ice. This, however, was apparently not the case in California. Thus, correlations between eustatic changes in sea level and global cooling and warming trends are open to different interpretations. Owing in part to the lack of resolution of the interpretation of paleoclimate based on fossil mollusks, correlations between eustatic changes in sea level and global periods of warming and cooling are problematic. In addition to the inability to infer short-term paleoclimatic fluctuations based on fossil mollusks, the mollusks analyzed in this study are from macrofaunal assemblages that commonly lived in embayed, estuarine, or nearshore shallow-water areas (e.g., intertidal to 150 m depths). Such environments protected them from open-ocean currents and some global climatic changes. Some of the fossil infaunal molluscan
46
C.A. Hall Jr.
assemblages suggest that there were oscillations in sea level, i.e., from intertidal to inner neritic to outer neritic, and repetitive oscillation cycles. However, it is not clear if these oscillations were brought about entirely by eustatic changes in sea level or in combination with regional or local tectonism. Recognizing that there are difficulties correlating global and regional paleoclimatic trends, based on nearshore molluscan assemblages, a marked regional cooling trend can be inferred to have begun between 17 and 13 Ma, particularly at latitudes north of 348N along the outer paleoshoreline of California. This cooling trend can be correlated in general with a global cooling trend that occurred between 14.5 and 14.1 Ma and was marked by the establishment of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Flower and Kennett, 1993a). A regional cooling trend in California, based on fossil mollusks, became more pronounced between 13 and 8 Ma, at latitudes between 348 and 338N (Fig. 27). This cooling trend can be correlated with the further expansion of the East Antarctic ice cap (Kennett et al., 1975; Shackleton and Kennett, 1975; Woodruff and Savin, 1991). Axelrod analyzed a large number of fossil floras from California and western Nevada, and assigned effective temperatures to some of these terrestrial floras: (1) an ET of 14.7 8C at lat 368N (Coalinga region) east of the San Andreas fault (Axelrod, 1980, p. 155) and an ET of 14.7 8C at 338N (in the San Diego region) west of the San Andreas fault (Axelrod and Deme´re´, 1984) (both floras are within the 5–2.5 Ma time slice); (2) an ET of 13.8 8C at 398N (east of the Lake Tahoe region) (Axelrod, 1980, p. 37) and an ET of 14.7 8C at 388N (near Turlock, Sierran foothill region) (Axelrod, 1980, p. 95) (both are east of the San Andreas fault and within the 8–5 Ma time slice); (3) an ET of 14.2 8C at 388N in the east San Francisco Bay region and east of the San Andreas fault (Axelrod, 1971, 1995) (this fossil flora is assigned an age of 11–10 Ma, i.e., within the 13–8 Ma time slice); (4) an ET of between 13 and 13.7 8C at 398N (in western Nevada) (Axelrod, 1995) and an ET of between 14.7 and 15.3 8C at 368N (in the Coalinga region) (Axelrod, 1939, 1985, 1991) (both are east of the San Andreas fault and within the 17–13 Ma time slice); and (5) effective temperatures of 12.5 and 13.3 8C at 398N (western Nevada) east of the San Andreas fault (Axelrod, 1985, 1991) (in the 23–17 Ma time slice). Except for the ET of 12.5 8C in western Nevada, all of these effective temperatures are within a mild climatic region (ET of between 13.4 and 15.5 8C) as defined by Bailey (1964, p. 8). Axelrod provided descriptive climatic information for floras at the sites mentioned here, and for other Neogene floras from California, if he did not give ET information for the fossil floras (Tables 7–10). The inferences (climate, rainfall, and floral associations) that he drew from fossil floras, which were collected relatively close to marine environments, are compared with paleoclimatic inferences based on fossil invertebrate assemblages in Tables 7–10. A note of caution must be introduced when comparing the similarities and differences between paleoclimate inferred from terrestrial fossil plants and marine invertebrate assemblages based on the research of Demko et al.
(1998): they concluded that terrestrial fossil plant assemblages can be biased toward riparian wetland environments and local hydrologic and climatologic conditions, rather than regional paleoclimate. Late late Oligocene to late early Miocene time; time slices 27–23 Ma and 23–17 Ma. Prior to 27 Ma, i.e., during the Paleocene and Eocene, the paleoclimate of Earth’s surface was warmer than at present. The paleoclimate either had higher than present winter temperatures (Miller et al., 1987; Zachos et al., 1994) or lower than present winter temperatures (Sloan and Barron, 1992; Sloan, 1994). Greenwood and Wing (1995) proposed that the Eocene Earth had a paleoclimate with much higher temperatures than present-day winter continental temperatures. They estimated that in western North America (lat 398108N), at an elevation of ,200 m, the mean annual temperature during the Eocene was either 14.4 5 2 8C or 17.1 5 1 8C. They also inferred a mean annual range in temperature of 9.4 8C and a mean paleotemperature during the coldest month of 5.6 8C. These estimated paleotemperatures are possibly too low for this latitude during the Eocene. The estimated mean annual paleotemperature of another Eocene flora was 23.9 8C at lat 368268N. This paleotemperature is significantly higher than the mean annual temperature of 14.4 or 17.1 8C estimated for the region ,38 of latitude to the north. Alternatively, the Eocene flora from 398108N might have been living at a higher elevation (see Axelrod, 1996, Fig. 2) than the elevation estimated by Greenwood and Wing (1995). Using the paleotemperature figures estimated by Greenwood and Wing (1995) for the Eocene flora at lat 398108N locality in Nevada, and Bailey’s (1964) method for estimating ET, the ET at that locality was either 14.2 or 15.4 8C. These paleotemperature figures do not seem to be in agreement with the conclusion reached by Axelrod and Raven (1985, p. 29) that northwestern Nevada, California, Oregon, and Washington were covered by a subtropical rainforest during the Eocene. In addition, Zachos et al. (1994) proposed that mean temperatures were 17.0–19.0 8C between the absolute latitudes of ;408 and 258N (but well east of California and Nevada) during the late Eocene (38–36 Ma), and they inferred that there were mean sea-surface paleotemperatures of 18.0 and 19.0 8C near lat 258N during the early Oligocene (35– 33 Ma). These paleotemperatures also suggest that the paleotemperatures at the 398108N site, calculated by Greenwood and Wing (1995), may be too low. An ET based on another and younger paleoflora (13–8 Ma time slice), and near the Eocene flora at the latitude of 398108N, was calculated to have been 14.2 8C (Axelrod, 1971, 1995). Because the paleoclimate during the Eocene was warmer than that during medial and late Miocene time (Axelrod and Raven, 1985), the paleotemperatures inferred by Greenwood and Wing (1995) from the Eocene flora at lat 398108N may either not be compatible with their inferred paleotemperatures for the sites of other Eocene floras, or their estimated altitude of ,200 m at the growing site of the flora at 398108N is too low.
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines
47
TABLE 7. PALEOCLIMATE OF CALIFORNIA FOSSIL FLORAS, 17–13 MA TIME SLICE Latitude (8N) (W or E)* 36 (E)
35 (E)
Neogene continental paleoclimate based on fossil floras
Neogene nearshore marine paleoclimate based on fossil mollusks
Temblor flora (Coalinga region). Mesophytic (grows under medium conditions of moisture) vegetation; ET between 14.7 8C (Td † of 203 days) and 15.3 8C (Td of 221.1 days) (Axelrod, 1939, 1985, p. 61; 1991, p. 26, 31). Estimated age of 15.0– 15.5 Ma, altitude of ,1000 m, and mean annual temperature of 18.3 8C (Wolfe et al., 1997, p. 1674) Tehachapi flora (southern Sierra Nevada). Oak-laurel-palm woodland and thorn forest; desert border community; semiarid climate; rainfall, 38–64 cm, mostly summer; without freezing temperatures (Axelrod, 1989, p. 11; 1991, p. 31).
Protected-coastal and bay environment. Outer tropical paleoclimatic region; ET between 16.98 and 17.90 8C (Plate 4B)
Protected-coastal environment to north, and open-coastal environment to west. Protected-coastal and bay environment: Outer tropical paleoclimatic region; ET between 16.98 and 17.90 8C. Open-coastal environment: warm temperate marine paleoclimatic region; ET between 15.51 and 16.78 8C; analogous to open-coastal region south of Point Conception, California, to Bahı´a Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico (see Plate 4B).
*W 4 west of San Andreas fault, E 4 east of San Andreas fault. † Td 4 range of days warmer than ET (effective temperature).
TABLE 8. PALEOCLIMATE OF CALIFORNIA FOSSIL FLORAS, 13–8 MA TIME SLICE Latitude (8N) (W or E)* 38 (E)
33 (W)
Neogene continental (California) paleoclimate based on fossil floras
Neogene nearshore marine paleoclimate based on fossil mollusks
Neroly flora (eastern San Francisco Bay region; 11–10 Ma). Swamps with swamp cypress, evergreen, and hardwood forests on well-drained flood plain. Rainfall, 96 cm in summer and winter; frost, absent or rare. ET of 14.2 8C. Td † of 185.5 days when temperature is warmer than 14.2 8C. Analogous to Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain environment (Axelrod, 1971, p. 74; 1989; 1995, p. 25) (New Jersey to southern Florida). Estimated altitude of ,1000 m and mean annual temperature of 14.4 8C (Wolfe et al., 1997). Mint Canyon flora (Santa Clarita region). Flora dominated by sclerophyllous (cell walls thickened and lignified) oaks in oak woodland, chaparral, and rich-arid subtropic scrub; rainfall, 38 cm in subtropical scrub to 51–64 cm in woodland and chaparral (Axelrod, 1979, p. 25–26; 1989, p. 11–12). Within the warm climatic region, ET from 15.5 to 18.0 8C, of Bailey (1964).
Protected-bay environment, warm temperate marine paleoclimatic region; ET between 15.51 and 16.78 8C; analogous to open-coastal region south of Point Conception, California, to Bahı´a Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico (see Plate 5, A and B)
Open-coast environment, outer-tropical paleoclimatic region. ET 16.98–17.90 8C (see Plate 5C).
*W 4 west of San Andreas fault, E 4 east of San Andreas fault. † Td 4 Range of days warmer than ET (effective temperature).
Based upon several diverse sets of criteria, there is general agreement that a long-term, global decline (e.g., ;9 or 8 8C) in sea-surface and continental temperatures began during late Eocene time (e.g., Durham, 1950a; Dorf, 1955; Becker, 1961; Wolfe and Hopkins, 1967; Addicott, 1970b, 1970c; Savin et al., 1975; Savin, 1977; Axelrod and Raven, 1985; Zachos et al., 1994; Dutton and Barron, 1997). There was a major decrease (5.0 8C) in ocean bottom-water temperature when a shallow circumpolar current developed during the Eocene that thermally isolated Antarctica (Kennett et al., 1975; Kennett and Shackleton, 1976). However, even though there was a worldwide decline in terrestrial temperature during the Eocene, such a decline is not reflected in the Eocene molluscan fauna from the latitudes of California. All of the modern analogs of the Eocene molluscan genera from California are living in tropical seas (Addicott, 1970b).
The decline in worldwide temperature continued into late Paleogene time and throughout the Neogene Period. Mean annual SSTs were depressed 6.5 8C below present-day values in the tropical southwest Pacific Ocean at 10 350 yr ago (Beck et al., 1997). At lat ;34.58N in the eastern Pacific Ocean, a 3.0– 4.0 8C mean annual SST difference has been calculated for the time between the Last Glacial Maximum and modern SST values (Rosell-Mele´ et al., 1998). These calculated differences are in sharp contrast to the possible difference between the 27–23 Ma mean annual SST and modern SST values. The mean annual SST at lat 348N (palinspastically restored along the San Andreas fault) was probably only 1.5 8C higher than the modern value at the same latitude from 27 to 23 Ma. However, and more important, the winter minimum SST was probably 4.5 8C higher than the present-day value at 348N. Barker and Burrell (1976), Keller and Barron (1983), and
TABLE 9. PALEOCLIMATE OF CALIFORNIA FOSSIL FLORAS, 8–5 MA TIME SLICE Latitude (8N) (W or E)* 38 (E)
38 (E)
34.5 (W)
34 (E)
Neogene continental (California) paleoclimate based on fossil floras
Neogene nearshore marine paleoclimate based on fossil mollusks
Turlock and/or Mehrten flora (Sierra Nevada foothills). Oak woodland forest, with avocado (Persea); rainfall winter and summer, 64 cm; mean annual temperature, 15.5 8C; coldest month, 9 8C; warmest month, 22 8C; ET of 14.7 8C; Td† 204 days warmer than 14.7 8C (Axelrod, 1980, p. 95; 4.5 Ma). The flora is well inland from a marine basin Green Valley–Sycamore and Mulholland Formations and floras (eastern San Francisco Bay region). Mixed-evergreen forest, flood-plain vegetation, oak-woodland, and savanna vegetation; local chaparral; warm climate, mild temperatures; rainfall ;64 cm (Axelrod, 1971, p. 76–77; 1989) (7–6 Ma) Piru Gorge flora (eastern Ventura County). Oak-laurel-palm woodland; rainfall, 51 cm, with summer rainfall; mild temperatures and rare frost (Axelrod, 1950d; 1989, p. 12)
Closest marine basin: cool-temperate marine paleoclimatic region; ET between 10.17 and 12.0 8C; paleoclimate analogous to present-day coastal waters from the Aleutians to northern Washington State (see Plate 6A)
Mount Eden flora (6 Ma) (south of Beaumont, north of Palm Springs). Pine-oak woodland, big-cone spruce (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa) forest, minor chaparral vegetation, and semidesert plant association; rainfall, 38–51 cm, increasing to 64 cm in the Pseudotsuga forest; rainfall summer and winter, frost rare (Axelrod, 1950c; 1989, p. 12)
Closest marine basin: cool-temperate marine paleoclimatic region; ET between 10.17 and 12.0 8C (see Plate 6A)
Closest marine basin: warm-temperate marine paleoclimatic region; ET between 15.51 and 16.78 8C; analogous to opencoastal region south of Point Conception, California, to Bahı´a Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico (see Plate 6B) Closest marine basin: warm-temperate marine paleoclimatic region; ET between 15.51 and 16.78 8C; analogous to opencoastal region south of Point Conception, California, to Bahı´a Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico (see Plate 6B)
*W 4 west of San Andreas fault, E 4 east of San Andreas fault. Td 4 Range of days warmer than ET (effective temperature).
†
TABLE 10. PALEOCLIMATE OF CALIFORNIA FOSSIL FLORAS, 5–2.5 MA TIME SLICE Latitude (8N) (W or E)* 39 (E)
38 (W)
36 (W)
33 (W)
Neogene continental (California) paleoclimate based on fossil floras
Neogene nearshore marine paleoclimate based on fossil mollusks
Petaluma§ and Sonoma (Napa) floras (north of San Francisco region). Oak-woodland-savanna, south-facing slopes with chaparral, cooler slopes with mixed-evergreen forest; warm semiarid climate, rainfall locally not in excess of 64–102 cm; some summer rain, winters mild, frosts rare; several taxa now present in Mexico, insular southern California, and northern Baja California (Axelrod, 1950a; 1971, p. 77, 79; 3.5 Ma) Merced flora (near and southwest of San Francisco). Pinus radiata–Pseudotsuga menziesii forest; analogous to northern California coastal region (Axelrod, 1971, p. 78; 3.5 Ma)
Protected shoreline (bay), temperate paleoclimatic region; ET between 10.0 and 15.51 8C; analogous to open-coastal region south of Washington State to Point Conception, California (see Plate 8A)
Broken Hill flora (Kettleman Hills–Coalinga region). Minimum rainfall of 64 cm; summer rain, 8–12 cm; winter rain, 45–50 cm; ET of 14.7 8C; mean annual temperature, 15.6 8C; coldest month, 10 8C; warmest month, 21.1 8C; analogous to region between Santa Barbara and Escondido, California (Axelrod, 1980, p. 155). Mild-climatic region, i.e., ET between 13.4 and 15.5 8C Chula Vista flora (San Diego region). Avocado–Monterey Pine– live oak woodland associated with palm along streams, rainfall from 50–58 cm to 65 cm, some summer rainfall. Mean annual temperature was 16 8C, annual range of temperature 7–8 8C. ET from 14.7 to 15.2 8C. Td † of 218 days warmer than 15.2 8C (Axelrod and Deme´re´, 1984)
Protected shoreline (bay), temperate paleoclimatic region; ET between 10.0 and 15.51 8C; analogous to open-coastal region south of Washington State to Point Conception, California (see Plate 8A) Temperate paleoclimatic region; ET between 10.0 and 15.51 8C; analogous to open-coastal region between northern Washington State and Point Conception, California (see Plate 8B)
Protected coast and open coast; warm temperate paleoclimatic region; ET between 15.51 and 16.78 8C; analogous to opencoastal region south of Point Conception, California, to Bahı´a Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico (see Plate 8B).
*W 4 west of San Andreas fault, E 4 east of San Andreas fault. Td 4 range of days warmer than ET (effective temperature). § Axelrod’s (1971) paleoclimatologic analysis of the Petaluma flora is not in agreement with the paleoclimatologic analysis of the nearshore paleomarine fauna from the same region and with Axelrod’s (1971) analysis of the Merced flora, which is south of the Petaluma flora locality, and also from a near-coastal area. †
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines Pagani et al. (1999a) noted that Drake Passage, the seaway between South America and Antarctica, opened during the latest Oligocene to early Miocene (25–20 Ma). The opening of the passage is associated with global cooling, the formation of the Circum-Antarctic Current, the glaciation of Antarctica, the evolution of Neogene planktic organisms, and the eventual extinction of planktic taxa that had been common during Paleogene time (Shackleton and Kennett, 1975; Keller and Barron, 1983). However, the event between 25 and 20 Ma does not account for the marked change in the earlier Oligocene molluscan fauna and the terrestrial paleoclimate deduced from fossil floras. There was a reduction in molluscan faunal diversity during the Oligocene (35–30 Ma), i.e., earlier than the 25–20 Ma event, and there was a smaller proportion of warm water molluscan genera living along the coast of California during the Oligocene than had lived in California during the Eocene (Addicott, 1970b, p. D-7–D-8). Wolfe and Hopkins (1967) suggested that the terrestrial paleoclimate in Oregon, Washington, and southern Alaska during medial Oligocene time (ca. 35 to 30 Ma) was markedly cool. However, between 25 and 20 Ma the nearshore paleomolluscan fauna in California lived in an outer tropical paleoclimatic region. Although there is an indication of a cooling trend in California from 27 to 17 Ma (e.g., Figs. 9, 10, 12), it is difficult to either correlate the cooling trend with the opening of Drake Passage in the Southern Hemisphere, or to a possible change in the composition of nutrients for molluscan filter feeders living in the eastern Pacific Ocean of the Northern Hemisphere because the cooling trend began earlier than 25 to 20 Ma. It is inferred that the nearshore marine paleoclimate from 27 to 17 Ma in California was outer tropical, effective SSTs being 16.98–17.90 8C. The paleogeography or the configuration of the paleoshoreline of California during 27–23 Ma and 23– 17 Ma must have influenced the nearshore marine paleoclimate, the magnitude of cold water upwelling, the abundance of nutrients, and the distribution of marine invertebrate organisms (paleogeography; see Plates 2 and 3). Protected bays, peninsulas, straits, islands, and a gulf marked the paleogeography during these time intervals. These geographic features probably ameliorated regional cooling trends in open-ocean cooling circulation. However, the marine paleoenvironments from 27 to 17 Ma were restricted to embayed areas of what is now southern California (Plates 2 and 3). Fossil floras from the 27–23 and 23–17 Ma time slices are limited in number. Axelrod (1985, 1991) analyzed fossil floras from western-central Nevada that are assigned to the 23–17 Ma time slice, but none from within the 27–23 Ma time slice. He analyzed the Buffalo Canyon flora in the Buffalo Canyon Formation. Axelrod (1991) assigned an age of 18 Ma to this flora, but Wolfe et al. (1997) assigned an age of 15.6 Ma. Axelrod (1991) also studied the Middlegate and Eastgate floras in the Middlegate Formation, and assigned an age of 18.5 Ma to the formation. Wolfe et al. (1997) assigned an age of 15.5 Ma to
49
these floras. Both of these fossil floras are in Nevada near lat 398N. Because the paleofloras are in western Nevada, and east of Lake Tahoe, they are so far from the paleomarine basins of western California that comparisons between the continental paleoclimate near 398N and the protected nearshore marine paleoclimate largely south of 368N during the 23–17 Ma time slice (or 17–13 Ma if the ages of Wolfe et al., 1997 are used) are not meaningful. Nevertheless, the Buffalo Canyon flora consists of a mixed-conifer flora that lived at elevations of ;1280 m (Axelrod, 1991) or 3200 m (Wolfe et al., 1997), and a broad-leaved evergreen forest that was growing on warmer and drier sites in the same region. The Buffalo Canyon flora lived in a relatively cool climatic region with an ET of 12.5 8C. Species in this fossil flora have allied taxa that are living today in the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California (Axelrod, 1991). A sclerophyll or hard-leaf flora that formed an understory beneath a mixedconifer flora characterized the Middlegate and Eastgate paleofloras. These floras lived in a mild climatic region (ET of 13.3 8C) (Axelrod, 1985) at elevations of 2700–2800 m according to Wolfe et al. (1997). Late early Miocene to early medial Miocene time; time slice 17–13 Ma. Addicott (1969a, 1970b, Fig. 5) and Marincovich (1984) suggested that both a regional warming trend in SSTs and an overall global decline in SSTs occurred in western California during medial Miocene time (19.5–12 Ma or 17–15 Ma). However, evidence for a broad regional warming in contrast to local warming trends ca. 17 Ma is not evident from the analyses of molluscan assemblage in this volume (e.g., Figs. 22 and 27). There is a slight increase in the percentage of inner tropical taxa at some latitudes during late early Miocene to early medial Miocene time. However, there is a decline in the percentage of outer tropical and warm temperate taxa when compared with the faunal character of the 23–17 Ma time slice. In addition, Axelrod and Raven (1985) noted the appearance of deciduous hardwood forests and a cooling paleoclimate during medial Miocene time in the western interior of Oregon, Idaho, and Nevada. Savin et al. (1975) and Savin (1977) proposed a sharp decline in bottom seawater temperatures in northern latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere from 17 to 15 Ma. The decline in temperature is coeval with the onset of major glaciation in East Antarctica during medial Miocene time. Polar cooling occurred between 17.8 and 13.5 Ma (Barron, 1985), and global cooling took place from 14.5 to 14.1 Ma (Flower and Kennett, 1993a). Regional and diverse medial Miocene floras changed markedly between 14 and 13 Ma owing to a drastic decrease in summer rainfall (Axelrod, 1985, 1991). The decline in rainfall spread over the entire region west of the Cordillera (13–12 Ma) (present-day East Asia genera were largely eliminated from the region) (Axelrod and Raven, 1985). There was still ample summer rainfall to support chaparral species during late Miocene and Pliocene time, and chaparral species later adapted physiologically to a dry summer climate (Axelrod and Raven, 1985). There was also a worldwide sea-level highstand between 17 and 13 Ma (Haq et al., 1987). The decline in bottom seawater
50
C.A. Hall Jr.
temperatures, drop in the highstand of sea level, and marked decrease in summer rainfall correlate with an increase in cool temperate taxa in fossil molluscan assemblages from southern California (Fig. 27, 17–13 Ma time slice), but not with a warming trend, although molluscan extinction rates were high during the 17–13 Ma time interval (Fig. 28). Based on the analysis of 17–13 Ma fossil marine molluscan faunas from many localities in western California, isotopic evidence, analyses of medial Miocene microfaunas, and fossil floras, it is suggested here that the warming trend during medial Miocene time (with a duration that lasted from 19.5 to 12 Ma, or between 17 and 13 Ma herein) proposed by Addicott (1969a; 1970b, Fig. 5) and Marincovich (1984), although well founded by their data, perhaps reflects a local phenomenon (e.g., Fig. 15B; lat 378N, east of the San Andreas fault). Perhaps this was a local phenomenon related to paleogeography, i.e., to a protected embayment in the San Joaquin Valley region from 17 to 13 Ma (Plate 4B). The warming spike during medial Miocene time, depicted by Addicott (1970b, Fig. 5), is based only on a single fossil molluscan assemblage from the southern San Joaquin Valley. A warming trend is also depicted in Figure 15B (see 17–13 Ma time slice at lat 378N, east of the San Andreas fault) for the same local area. However, from the regional and global analyses presented herein, and the regional paleoclimatic trends based on fossil mollusks from several latitudes both east and west of the San Andreas fault, no regional warming trend during medial Miocene time in nearshore areas of California is apparent (e.g., Fig. 22, see particularly lat 378N, west of the San Andreas fault; and Fig. 27). Future research may resolve the different conclusions reached by Addicott (1969a, 1970b) and Marincovich (1984) with those reached herein that include a broad range of latitudes east and west of the San Andreas fault. The Transverse Ranges underwent clockwise rotation from 17 to 8 Ma that possibly continued to 5 Ma. Rotation began to change the configuration of the shoreline of the protected AnaVent marine basin (Fritsche, 1998) (Plate 2C) into a more open-coastal environment (Plates 3C and 4C). The worldwide rise in sea level between 17 and 13 Ma (Haq et al., 1987), along with regional tectonism in California (Dickinson, 1997), accounted for submergence and development of the embayed California coastline (e.g., Plate 4). New coastal environments were created during this time interval; their development was concurrent with the opening of new environmental niches and an increase in the diversity of marine organisms; i.e., from 345 taxa in the 23–17 Ma time slice to 515 taxa in the 17–13 Ma time slice, and to 631 taxa in the 13–8 Ma time slice (Appendix 1, Tables A8–A10; e.g., see 368–358N east of San Andreas fault, Appendix 1, Table A9). Montgomery (2000) also reported increased diversity among species of Pacific salmon between 20 and 6 Ma. The organisms living in the outer tropical paleoclimatic region that had been living in marine environments along the protected coastline of California from 27 to 17 Ma were able to survive in the protected warm waters that existed in southern California from 17 to 13 Ma (see Plate 4C). Although
global cooling took place from 14.5 to 14.1 Ma (Flower and Kennett, 1993a) or later, the protected coastal fauna was not greatly affected by the cooling trend, and the fauna became more diverse because of an increased number of environmental niches. From 17 to 8 Ma, the open and unprotected coastal region of California supported a relatively cooler water marine fauna than did the protected coastal areas (see Plate 4). In addition, upwelling is inferred to have been present along the open west coast of North America during medial Miocene time (17– 13 Ma) (Scotese and Summerhayes, 1986). Late medial Miocene to early late Miocene time; time slice 13–8 Ma. Marincovich (1984) also proposed a warming event during the “Margaritan” Age (12.5–11 Ma). Such an event is not supported in this study or by others. Kennett (1986a) proposed a period of worldwide increased cooling between 12.5 and 11.5 Ma, and another period of increased cooling between 11 and 9 Ma. The age assignments of marine mollusks in this study are not sufficiently precise in order to indicate two periods of cooling in the marine nearshore environments of California during late medial and early late Miocene time. However, there was a sharp increase in the number of cool temperate marine taxa in assemblages from southern California between 13 and 8 Ma (Fig. 27). The same fossil molluscan assemblages showed a sharp decrease in the number of fossil mollusks with warm temperate, outer tropical, and inner tropical present-day analogs, although there was a local increase in the percentage of inner tropical taxa at lat 348–338N west of the San Andreas fault (Fig. 27, 13–8 Ma time slice). These changes in molluscan assemblages can be correlated with the development of the modern pattern of deep-water circulation in the eastern Pacific between 13.5 and 12.5 Ma (Keller and Barron, 1983), but not with a regional or multilatitudinal warming event. Worldwide sea level was lowered sharply between 13 and 8 Ma (Haq et al., 1987). This change in eustatic sea level does not seem to be reflected in the configuration of the paleocoastline of California, which remained embayed during this entire period of time (Plate 5). The 13–8 Ma fossil assemblage from the southern San Joaquin Valley (lat 368–358N east of San Andreas fault, Appendix 1, Table A10) is considered here to be a relict fauna that survived, or was able to adapt, during the Neogene cooling trend. The marine fauna from this region lived in a protected embayed environment, and the shallow-water environment allowed for survival and seasonal periods of warmth sufficient for reproduction (paleogeography; see Plate 5B). Addicott and Vedder (1963, p. C-64–C-65) characterized the molluscan fauna from this region as being tropical and one that lived in a thermal regime analogous to the present-day outer coast of southwestern Baja California Sur, Mexico, and based their conclusion on the following taxa: Bivalvia Dosinia ponderosa Schumacher, ex Gray, Lyropecten sp., Miltha xantusi (Dall), “Phos” dumbleana Anderson; and Gastropoda Cancellaria lickana Anderson and Martin, C. cf. C. pacifica Anderson, Cancellaria s.s., Ficus
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines
51
Figure 28. A: Extinction of California marine fossil macroinvertebrate species (Appendix 1, Table A15). There were two intervals of time during Neogene when large number of molluscan species became extinct, 17–13 Ma and 5–2.5 Ma or 5 Ma to Pleistocene time. These time intervals correspond to significant cooling, warming, and tectonic trends or events, but seemingly not to sea-level lowstands. Global paleoclimatic and regional tectonic events (25.0–1.9 Ma) are keyed to extinction events listed in Table 11: asterisk—events between 5.5 and 1.9 Ma to account for extinction of 257 marine species (29% of fauna) from 5 to 2.5 Ma, or late Pliocene to Pleistocene time interval; pound sign—events between 9.0 and ca. 6.0 Ma and during 8–5 Ma time interval to account for extinction of 127 taxa (22% of fauna); double asterisk—events between 13.0 and 7.0 Ma that could account for extinction of 188 species (30% of fauna) during 13–8 Ma time interval; double pound sign—events between 17 and 13.0 Ma to account for extinction of 234 species (45% of fauna) during 17–13 Ma time interval; triple asterisk—events between 23.0 and 17.0 Ma to account for extinction of 71 marine species (21% of fauna) during 23–17 time interval; triple pound sign—events between 29.0 and 20.0 Ma to account for extinction of 81 marine species (29%), primarily mollusks living 27–23 Ma. Note that 17–13 Ma time interval is marked by climatic optimum between 17 and 15 Ma and global cooling between either 14.8 or 14.5 Ma and either 14.1 or 13.0 Ma (see Table 11). B: Extinction rates during time slices. Extinction rates are measured as re 4 (1/D). (E/D), where D is diversity or number of taxa per interval of time Dt, and E is number of extinctions (Sepkoski, 1978, p. 225; Pearson, 1992, p. 117). C: Note correlation between appearance of new taxa (largely marine molluscan species from California) between 17 and 13 Ma, 13 and 8 Ma, 8 and 5 Ma, and 5 and 2.5 Ma and relatively high rates of extinction of molluscan species during same time intervals.
(Trophosycon) ocoyana (Conrad), Oliva sp., Turricula sp., and Turritella cf. T. vanvlecki Arnold. These same taxa are also present in 17–13 Ma rocks between lat 368 and 358N east of the San Andreas fault (Appendix 1, Table A9; Plate 4B). The 17–13 Ma taxa are Miltha xantusi (Dall), a species that lives in water 55 m or deeper; M. (M.) sanctaecrucis (Arnold); Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin), the subgenus Antillophos, lives in water depths of 37–402 m; and Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) (living species of Ficus are present as beach shells and offshore). At least two species of Turricula are present in the 17–13 Ma time slice (the genus lives in water depths from 46 to 280 m); five species of Turritella are present in the 17–13 Ma time slice (living species of
Turritella are found in depths from 4 to 170 m); also present are Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin (the subgenus Pyruclia lives offshore to depths of 37 m); Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson (the subgenus lives between low tide and 37 m); 15 species of Cancellaria (species of Cancellaria are living in the intertidal zone to 550 m); two species of Oliva (present-day species of Oliva (Oliva) live in the intertidal zone and in deeper water); species of Lyropecten (today the genus lives within the intertidal zone to 110 m); Dosinia ponderosa Schumacher, ex Gray (the species lives offshore to depths of 60 m); and two other species of Dosinia. These taxa are present in the 17–13 Ma rocks near the same latitude as the 13–8 Ma taxa that were characterized as tropical by Addicott
52
C.A. Hall Jr.
and Vedder (1963). In addition to the taxa listed by Addicott and Vedder (1963) to support their conclusion that the fossil fauna from rocks within the 13–8 Ma time slice and from the southern San Joaquin Valley indicate that the fossil fauna was living in an outer tropical climatic region, there are another two taxa known from the 17–13 and 13–8 Ma assemblages from this area. These are Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter), a species that lives at depths to 110 m; and Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip, a species that lives on mudflats and attached to rocks (Appendix 1, Table A9). The endpoints of the present-day geographic ranges of these two taxa are lat 258N and 58S. Only two taxa in the 13–8 Ma faunal assemblage from the southern San Joaquin Valley, i.e., taxa whose modern analogs are living today in the outer tropical climatic region, are not present in rocks from the same region assigned to the 17–13 Ma time slice. These two taxa are Daphnella sp., species of which live in water depths from 20 to 200 m, and Trigonostoma sp., species of which live in water depths of a few meters to offshore (Appendix 1, Table A9). Thus, in this study the outer tropical elements of the 13–8 Ma molluscan fauna from the southern San Joaquin Valley are considered to be relict outer tropical faunal elements, based on the paleogeography of the southern San Joaquin Valley, the distribution of fossil mollusks that indicate a warm temperate marine paleoclimate, and the presence of all but two of the 13–8 Ma outer tropical mollusks in 17–13 Ma rocks from the same region and latitudes. The relict outer tropical fauna survived in this region because of the favorable biogeographic conditions. The same conditions were not present along the open, unprotected 13–8 Ma coastal and warm temperate climatic region located farther west at the same latitude. Late Miocene to early Pliocene time; time slice 8–5 Ma. Stanton and Dodd (1970, p. 1106) (samples at ;368N, east of the San Andreas fault) concluded that seawater temperatures during the deposition of the Patinopecten, Macoma, and upper Pseudocardium faunal zones had a temperature range of between 11.5 and 18.0 8C, based on isotopic analyses of molluscan shells. Using their figures, an ET of 14.5 8C can be calculated for this region. An ET of 14.5 8C is comparable to effective temperatures within the southernmost Oregonian molluscan province or the nearshore temperate paleoclimatic region. The molluscan fauna between the latitudes of 378 and 368N, east of the San Andreas fault, is also assigned to a nearshore temperate paleoclimatic region and it is near the warm temperate–temperate paleoclimatic boundary (Fig. 9; Appendix 1, Table A11). The extraprovincial taxa in the small assemblage of fossil taxa (11 taxa) from near ;368N east of the San Andreas fault may bias the paleoclimatic analysis toward warmer conditions than those that actually existed (Fig. 23; Appendix 1, Table A11). The paleogeographic maps, and the fossil assemblages to the north and west of the San Andreas fault at this latitude, seem to resolve the problem by providing a better regional understanding of the paleogeography and the distribution of the bulk of the fossil mollusks, modern analogs of which live in
the temperate climatic region (Appendix 1, Table A11; Plates 6B and 7). Early to late Pliocene time; time slice 5–2.5 Ma. The San Joaquin Formation, which includes the Cascajo Conglomerate Member and the Broken Hill flora, is present east of the San Andreas fault between lat 378 and 358N in the Coalinga region. The formation contains several fossil molluscan taxa whose modern analogs range from either 338, 368, or 378N northward along the present-day west coast of North America. These taxa are the Bivalvia Clinocardium sp., Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus, Mya cf. M. dickersoni Clark, Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold), and Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) (Appendix 1, Table A12). There are also several other taxa in faunal assemblages from the San Joaquin Formation having modern analogs that range south from either 308, 298, 278, 258, 248, or 238N, i.e., the Bivalvia Argopecten ventricosus (Arnold), Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad), Lyropecten terminus (Arnold), Placuanomia californica Arnold, Protothaca grata (Say), Semele flavescens (Gould), and the Gastropoda Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip (Appendix 1, Table A12). Thus, there is a mixed cold and warm water molluscan assemblage present in the San Joaquin Formation. On the basis of strontium content in mollusk shells, Stanton and Dodd (1970, p. 1106, Table 4) suggested that the paleotemperature range of water during the deposition of the San Joaquin Formation (their upper Mya and Acila zones) was between 11.5 and 18.5 8C. There is not a comparable range of temperatures along the present-day coastline of California. The geographically closest temperature range to parallel it is north of Point Conception (lat 34.58N). The region north of Point Conception is in the Oregonian molluscan province, and in a temperate climatic region (Table 3). Stanton and Dodd (1970) and Dodd and Stanton (1975) also concluded that the paleosalinities at his latitude, and within the 5–2.5 Ma time slice, ranged from normal marine (35‰) to brackish water (10‰–15‰). Axelrod (1980, p. 157) proposed that there was a terrestrial annual paleotemperature range of between 11.1 and 20.0 8C, and an ET of 14.7 8C, during the deposition of the San Joaquin Formation (Broken Hill flora) in central California (;368N). Axelrod (1980, p. 155) placed the Broken Hill flora within the same thermal field that is present on land in the Santa Barbara (;34.58N) to Escondido (;33.58N) region south of Point Conception today. The present-day winter minimum SST along the coastal part of the Santa Barbara to Escondido region is ;12.0 8C; the summer maximum is ;23 8C; and the ET is 15.51 8C, or slightly higher (the coastal region is within the California molluscan province) (Table 3). However, based on the analysis presented in this volume, the San Joaquin Formation near lat 368N and east of the San Andreas fault was deposited in a temperatemarine paleoclimatic region with effective temperatures between 12.64 and 13.94 8C, i.e., the formation was deposited in a thermal regime analogous to that located north of the latitude
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines Point Conception (34.58N), and within a molluscan province analogous to the Oregonian molluscan province (Figs. 8, 9, 12A, 26, and 27). The marked increase in the molluscan fauna whose northern endpoints are in areas with cool-temperate effective temperatures supports this conclusion (e.g., Fig. 26). The fauna, represented by a relatively small number of warm water mollusks in the fossil assemblage, is considered here to be part of a relict fauna that survived in the protected and shallow San Joaquin marine basin (during deposition of the San Joaquin Formation), and part of the warm water assemblage that had existed in the basin from at least 13 Ma or earlier. Adegoke (1969, p. 53) and Marincovich (1984, p. 72) suggested that a late Neogene warm water event in the northeastern Pacific Ocean took place from 6.5 to 3.5 Ma (i.e., during the 5–2.5 Ma time slice). Marincovich (1984, p. 70) also concluded that a warm temperate paleoclimate at lat ;368N could be inferred “by a mean paleotemperature of 14 8C derived from an analysis of strontium concentration in the outer shell layer of Mytilus specimens from the Etchegoin (late Miocene and Pliocene age) and San Joaquin (early Pliocene age) Formations (Stanton and Dodd, 1970).” Durham (1950a) depicted a slight late Pliocene climatic warming. Addicott (1970b, Fig. 4) depicted a marine warming event during the Pliocene, but the event was not depicted in his Figure 5. Addicott (1970b, p. D11) concluded the following: Zoogeographic analysis of the Pecten coalingensis zone fauna of Woodring, Stewart and Richards (1940) and qualitative evaluation of the much smaller assemblages from their other San Joaquin faunal zones suggests that marine surface-water temperatures were comparable to those occurring in the southernmost part of the modern Oregonian molluscan province off of central California. In other words, the marine climate was as warm as or perhaps slightly warmer than occurs at this latitude today. The present analysis is in accord with Barbat’s and Galloway’s (1934) belief that the succession of Jacalitos and Etchegoin faunas evidence progressive cooling and with Durham’s (1950) similar conclusion on the relationship of Etchegoin to San Joaquin faunas. The slight late Pliocene climatic warming inferred by Durham (1950, p. 1259, fig. 3) [and Adegoke, 1969, p. 53] based upon mollusk and coral identifications from northern California, was negated after reidentification of the supposed warm water taxa and a zoogeographic analysis of the associated fauna indicated that the fauna as a whole suggest somewhat cooler temperatures than occur at that latitude today (Allison and others, 1962).
Repenning and Brouwers (1992) concluded that the Arctic Ocean borderland underwent continental glaciation twice between 3.0 and 0.85 Ma. They also inferred that the maximum age for the opening of the Bering Strait was ca. 3.0 Ma. However, Marincovich et al. (1999) suggested that the Bering Strait was open by 5.5 Ma. A regional tectonic event or eustatic change in sea level that could have influenced the marine paleoclimate and the faunal makeup of the molluscan faunas in California occurred from 5 to 2.5 Ma. Prior to 3.5 or 3.1 Ma there were one or more
53
seaways through Central America that provided marine migration routes (Webb, 1978). These transoceanic routes between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans were closed by 3.5 Ma (Saito, 1976), 3.1 Ma (Keigwin, 1978), as late as 3–2 Ma (Woodring, 1966) or late Pliocene (Beu, 2001, p. 715). The conclusion reached by Addicott (1970b), i.e., that marine surface-water temperatures during the deposition of the San Joaquin Formation (,5 Ma, Table 11) (the San Joaquin Formation is above the Etchegoin Formation, which is assigned ages between 7.5 and ca 5 Ma), is in agreement with that reached herein. SSTs during the deposition of the San Joaquin Formation were comparable to present-day SSTs in the southernmost part of the modern and temperate Oregonian molluscan province (Fig. 9; Table 3; Plate 8). Whichever date for the opening of the Bering Strait is correct, 3.0 or 5.5 Ma, the opening event, along with the closure of the transoceanic routes between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans within this time frame, must have strongly influenced the distribution of the eastern Pacific molluscan fauna. Pleistocene time; 1.6–0.01 Ma. Valentine and Meade (1961), in their analysis of Pleistocene molluscan assemblages, concluded that early Pleistocene paleotemperatures in southern California (;348N) were cooler than today and nowhere warmer than today. They also concluded that late Pleistocene paleotemperatures were both warmer and cooler than today. However, Muhs and Kyser (1987) concluded that late Pleistocene paleotemperatures of seawater off southern California from ca. 125 ka to the present were 2.2–2.4 8C cooler than today (present-day mean annual temperature of ;16 8C). Note that they calculated the paleotemperatures from the isotopic composition of late Pleistocene mollusk shells. These paleotemperatures provide information relative to the mean annual sea-surface paleotemperature during the late Pleistocene, but they do not provide minimum and maximum paleotemperature data or the mean annual range in sea-surface paleotemperatures. It is not possible to calculate ET from their isotopic temperature data, and the mean annual SST is considered here to be of lesser biological or physiological significance to the life history of most mollusks than minimum and maximum seawater temperatures and the duration of warmth of seawater water during reproductive and growing cycles. It is assumed here that shell growth and reproduction during spring and summer is more common than during winter months (Hall et al., 1974). It is recognized that there are exceptions to these growing cycles, e.g., Mytilus californicus, whose maximum growth is during winter months (Killingley and Berger, 1979). Table 11 lists late Paleogene and Neogene paleoclimatic trends both on a global scale and for the entire northeastern Pacific Ocean, based on microfossils and isotopic studies. Barron and Keller (1983) outlined 14 cold and 12 warm paleoclimatic events that took place in the northeastern Pacific Ocean during medial and late Miocene time (between 15 and 5 Ma). These and other paleoclimatic events, based on stable isotope
TABLE 11. GLOBAL PALEOCLIMATIC AND REGIONAL TECTONIC EVENTS Time (Ma, unless noted otherwise) 125 ka ,2.5 2.0 2.5–1.9* 2.5* 3.0–2.5* 3.0 3.1–2.8 3.2–2.8*
3.3 3.5–3.1* 3.5*
3.8–3.4 ca. 4.0* 4.5 4.8–3.6* 5.0–3.0* 5.2, 5.0, 4.1* 5.5, 5.3, 5.1* 5.2–4.7* 5.2* 5.5* ca. 6.0# 6.0, 5.0, 3.0, and 2.0 6.3 6.8–5.32 7.0–5.5# 7.6–6.2# ca. 8.0–4.0 8.0–7.0# 8.2 9.0–6.5 9.0–7.0# 9.0–7.5# 10.0–7.0** 10.0–9.9** 10.5 11.6** 12.0–9.0 12.0–11.0** 12.0** 12.5 12.6–6.3
Global, oceanic, open-ocean, and regional paleoclimatic trends; and regional tectonic events that are likely to have played a role in the distribution and extinction of nearshore marine molluscan assemblages in western California from 27 to 2.5 Ma or 27 to 1.9 Ma. Mean annual sea-surface temperatures between 13.6 and 13.8 8C at lat ;348N; mean annual temperature at this latitude today is 16 8C (Muhs and Kyser, 1987). Cooling of Pacific Ocean during Pleistocene based on planktic Foraminiferida (Ingle, 1967, 1976). Isthmus of Panama emerged briefly between 3.1 and 2.0 Ma; there was closure for the final time ca. 2.0 Ma, resulting in an increase in the velocity of the oceanic circulation in the North Atlantic (Cronin and Dowsett, 1996). Glacial event (Shackleton and Opdyke, 1977; Zubakov and Borzenkova, 1988). Cooling of Pacific Ocean during late Pliocene time based on planktic Foraminiferida (Ingle, 1967, 1976). Cooling of Pacific Ocean at high latitudes at 2.6 Ma (Barron, 1992). Major cooling step. Closure of Panamanian seaway (Barron and Ingle, 1999). Opening of Bering Strait (Repenning and Brouwers, 1992) (see 5.5 Ma). Isthmus of Panama a complete marine barrier (Coates and Obando, 1996, p. 21) Glaciation in Sierra Nevada, California (Gillespie, 1982), 1000 m of crestal uplift occurring since 3 Ma (Small and Anderson, 1995; see Huber, 1981; Chase and Wallace, 1986). Wernicke et al. (1996) suggested that this range was initially 4000–5500 m (ca. 20 Ma) and then it subsided to 2000–3000 m during the late Cenozoic (ca. 10 Ma). Wakabayashi (2000) suggested that crestal uplift began ca. 5 Ma and that it was 1440–2150 m. Chamberlain and Poage (2000) suggested that the Sierra Nevada has been at its present elevation since at least 16 Ma. Colder sea-surface waters in Pacific Ocean beginning at 3.2 Ma (Shackleton and Opdyke, 1977; Keller, 1979). Increasing amplitude of glacial-to-interglacial bottom-water temperature change from 3.2 to 2.3 Ma (Dwyer et al., 1995). High eustatic sea level (ca. 35 m higher than previously, ca. 3.5–2.5 Ma) (Dowsett and Cronin, 1990). Compression along reverse faults and folding east and west of San Andreas fault occurred ca. 3 Ma (McCrory et al., 1995). The blind thrust and reverse faults associated with the 1987 Whittier Narrows and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, the Elysian Park and Puente Hills faults east of the Los Angeles Civic Center, and the active fault system along the Wilshire Boulevard corridor in west Los Angeles are structural features that postdate the initiation of the change in plate motion at 6, 5, or 3.5 Ma. Meteorite impact in Argentina and associated extinction (Schultz et al., 1998) occurred. Transoceanic route between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans closed (Saito, 1976; Keigwin, 1978). Uplift and erosion of the California Coast Ranges, most severe folding since the Mesozoic. Change in plate motions off California coast (Harbert and Cox, 1989; Harbert, 1991). This event is considered by Behl and Ingle (1998) to have been earlier, i.e., between ca. 6 and 5 Ma. The distribution of earlier ocean basins in California was probably more extensive than shown in Plates 2–7 owing to this period of uplift and erosion that removed marine deposits older than those of Pliocene age. Compressional thrust faulting and structural thickening in western California (Behl and Ingle, 1998). Warming of surface waters of Pacific Ocean (Keller, 1979). Extinction rates among North American mammals were high; however, 37 new mammalian genera appeared at this time in addition to the 63 North American mammalian genera that became extinct during late Hemphillian time (Prothero, 1999). High-latitude ocean warming (Barron, 1992). Weakening of California Current (Barron and Ingle, 1999). Worldwide interglacial paleoclimatic events (Hodell and Kennett, 1986). Worldwide glacial paleoclimatic events (Hodell and Kennett, 1986). Cooling but oscillating sea temperatures; lowering of eustatic sea level (Keller and Barron, 1983). 87Sr/86Sr ratios of planktic foraminifers increase between 5.5 and 4.5 Ma (Hodell et al., 1989). Warming during early Pliocene ocean in southern California; warmest month, .25 8C; coldest month, ;17 8C; annual range of temperature 16–22 8C (Barron, 1973). Possible opening of Bering Strait during the late Pliocene (Durham and MacNeil, 1967; Hopkins, 1967); Bering Strait open at 5.5 Ma (Marincovich et al., 1999). Reorientation of Pacific plate velocity vector (McCrory et al., 1995). Bathyal waters of the Pacific Ocean flow into the Caribbean Sea (Collins et al., 1996). Worldwide rises in sea level (Haq et al., 1987); however, a drop in sea level ca. 6 Ma has also been proposed (Ramirez and Garrison, 1998). Sequence boundary (Haq et al., 1987). Last of Messinian salinity event (6.8–5.32 Ma) and terminal brackish water in Mediterranean (Miocene-Pliocene boundary) (Ryan et al., 1974; Cita and McKenzie, 1986; Hilgen, 1991; Berggren et al., 1995b; Hilgen et al., 1997; Anderson et al., 2001). Worldwide glacial event (Shackleton and Opdyke, 1977; Zubakov and Borzenkova, 1988). Cooling of Pacific Ocean during late Miocene time, winter minimum of 10 8C (Barron, 1973); lower eustatic sea level and cool climatic conditions (Keller and Barron, 1983). Global continental vegetation change, C4 grasses expanded (Cerling et al, 1997). Expansion of tropical and temperate grasslands (Prothero, 1999). Sequence boundary (Haq et al., 1987). Extinction rates among North American mammals relatively low (Prothero, 1999). Only one passage between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, i.e., Atrato basin of Colombia, was an interoceanic deep strait (Collins et al., 1996). Warming climatic conditions (Keller and Barron, 1983). Sierra Nevada of California, 1000 m of crustal uplift (Small and Anderson, 1995). Coolest temperatures of Miocene time; lower eustatic sea level (Keller and Barron, 1983). Marked lowering of sea level and sequence boundary worldwide (Haq et al., 1987). Ice volume of East Antarctic ice cap increased (Miller et al., 1991). 87 Sr of 87Sr/86Sr ratio increased (Hodell and Woodruff, 1994). Cool temperatures in Pacific Ocean with low diversity of microorganisms; lower eustatic sea level (Keller and Barron, 1983). Shoaling of the Central America sill between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Duque-Caro, 1990). Increased upwelling in Pacific Ocean (Keller and Barron, 1983). Sequence boundary (Haq et al., 1987). Pacific and North American plates. Right-slip offset of 255 5 10 km between 12.6 and 6.3 Ma in Gulf of California (Oskin et al., 2001).
TABLE 11. GLOBAL PALEOCLIMATIC AND REGIONAL TECTONIC EVENTS (continued ) Global, oceanic, open-ocean, and regional paleoclimatic trends; and regional tectonic events that are likely to have played a role in the distribution and extinction of nearshore marine molluscan assemblages in western California from 27 to 2.5 Ma or 27 to 1.9 Ma.
Time (Ma, unless noted otherwise) 13.0–6.0
13.0–10.0 13.0## 13.5–12.5## 13.6## 13.8 14.5–13## 14.5–14.1## 14.8–13.0## 15.5–15.0
16.0–7.0## 16.1–6.0## 16.1## 16.5 ca. 17.0–8.0## or to ?5
17.0–8.0 17.0–13.0## 17.0–13.0## 17.0–14.0 17.0–14.5## 17.0–15.0## 17.5 18.0–8.0 ca. 19.0 20.0–18.0*** ca. 21.0– 17.0***
23.0–22.5*** 23.5 25.0–20.0### 29.0–25.0###
San Andreas fault or fault zone (SAF). Initial slip on the central part of the SAF began at 12 or 13 Ma, which is the approximate time of the initial movement on the San Gabriel fault. Slip on the northern part of the SAF could have begun later than 12 or 13 Ma. Slip on the southern SAF initiated ca. 6 Ma. Slip was related in part to transrotation of the western Transverse Ranges. Significant slip along the northern SAF and Rinconada faults occurred after 10 Ma. Slip of 315 5 10 km along the central SAF and slip on the southern SAF of 240–270 km. Worldwide lowering of sea level (Haq et al., 1987). Establishment of East Antarctic ice cap (or earlier than 13.0 Ma, see 13.5, 13.6, and 14.5 Ma here) (Kennett et al., 1975; Shackleton and Kennett, 1975). Warm month, continental, mean temperatures declined in the Pacific Northwest (Wolfe, 1994). Establishment of modern deep-water circulation in Pacific Ocean; high-productivity patterns among microorganisms (Keller and Barron, 1983). Ice volume of East Antarctic ice cap increased (Miller et al., 1991). Sequence boundary (Haq et al., 1987). Glaciation (Hodell and Woodruff, 1994). Global cooling (Flower and Kennett, 1993a, 1993b, 1993c). Regional drastic decreases in summer rainfall (Axelrod, 1985, 1991). Unimpeded flow of Antarctic Circumpolar Current (Pagani et al., 1999a). Cooling resulted in strengthening of California Current (Barron and Ingle, 1999). Silica-rich biogenic sediments increased in north Pacific Ocean (Keller and Barron, 1983). Sequence boundary at 15.5 Ma (Haq et al., 1987). Tropical grassland (Kenya) C4 biome’s photosynthetic pathway widespread from 15.5 or 15.3 Ma and younger (Morgan et al., 1994). Subsidence of Santa Maria sedimentary basin of California associated with thermal subsidence and cooling of underplated young oceanic lithosphere (McCrory et al., 1995). Stratified sea-surface water at lat ;34.58N, California (Schoell et al., 1994). Ice volume of ice cap increased (Miller et al., 1991). Sequence boundary (Haq et al., 1987). Rotation of western Transverse Ranges of California (Plates 4C and 5C), changes in seawater circulation patterns, opening of gulf, and expansion of the size of the shelf area. Initial rotation of western Transverse Ranges began between 18 and 16 Ma. Rotation was accompanied by local extension of the continental crust. Tectonic events initiated by the capture of the Monterey plate or microplate along west coast of North America (McCrory et al., 1995). Global cooling (Barron, 1985). Disruption of deep-sea currents, decline of siliceous sediments (Keller and Barron, 1983). Warm climate, overall rise in sea level (Savin et al., 1975; Savin, 1977; Vail and Hardenbol, 1979; Keller and Barron, 1983). Worldwide highstand of sea level (Haq et al., 1987). Climatic optimum (Hodell and Woodruff, 1994). Neogene climatic optimum; higher salinity waters; low-latitude, warm saline deep water (Flower and Kennett, 1995). Sequence boundary (Haq et al., 1987). Organic-carbon-rich deposition in the Monterey Formation (lat ;34.58N, California) fostered medial Miocene cooling through drawdown of atmospheric partial CO2; deposition coincided with deep-water cooling and East Antarctic ice-sheet growth (e.g., 14.5–14.1 Ma) (Flower and Kennett, 1993a). Initial capture of Monterey plate or microplate by Pacific plate (McCrory et al., 1995). Major cooling trend and lowering of eustatic sea level (Keller and Barron, 1983). Well-mixed surface waters near lat 34.58N, California (Schoell et al., 1994). Sr (87Sr/86Sr) increased (Hodell and Woodruff, 1994). Uplift of Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau (Raymo, 1994). Enhanced low-latitude aridity (Pagani et al., 1999b). Steep vertical thermal gradient and increased water-mass stratification (Keller and Barron, 1983); major transient glaciation at ca. 23 Ma. (Zachos et al., 2001a, p. 274). Based on benthic Foraminiferida a¨18O increased. Increased a¨18O in subtropical planktic foraminifers (Miller et al., 1991). Opening of Drake Passage between Antarctica and South America (Barker and Burrell, 1976; Keller and Barron, 1983); or 30–28 Ma (Zachos et al., 2001b, Fig. 2). Cooling episode ca. 25 Ma (Miller et al., 1987). Change from subduction to transform plate margin in California, concomitant change in character of sedimentation. 87
Note: Groups of worldwide events that could have caused extinction among populations of mollusks living along the California coastline. See correlation with Pacific Coast major molluscan extinction events shown in Figure 28. *Cooling, warming, and tectonic events from 5.5 to 1.9 Ma. # Cooling, warming, and tectonic events from 9.0 to ca. 6 Ma. **Cooling and tectonic events from 13.0 to 7.0 Ma. ## Warming and tectonic events from ca. 19.0 or 17.0 to 13.0 Ma. ***Cooling and tectonic events from 23.0 to 17.0 Ma. ### Cooling and tectonic events from 29.0 to 20.0 Ma.
56
C.A. Hall Jr.
studies and microfossils, doubtless played a role in the distribution patterns of marine mollusks from 27 to 2.5 Ma in western California. Oscillations in paleoclimate based on fossil mollusks between latitudinal intervals in the same time slices (e.g., Figs. 23 and 25) could possibly reflect some of the paleoclimatic oscillations outlined by Barron and Keller (1983); however, such interpretations are open to question because of the relatively low level of resolution of paleoclimatic fluctuations based on the distribution of nearshore mollusks in contrast with interpretations of changes in paleoclimate based on more numerous microfossils, microfossils in deep-sea drill cores, and isotopic temperatures (Table 11). Whether the late Paleogene and Neogene molluscan assemblages reflect the paleoclimatic oscillations documented by others, many of those paleoclimatic events must have played a major role in controlling the distribution of fossil mollusks in California, and the presence of extraprovincial mollusks in fossil assemblages. Extralimital and extraprovincial or thermally anomalous molluscan taxa The geographic endpoints of many Neogene mollusks do not coincide with their present-day latitudinal ranges. These species in the fossil record are extralimital and they may have only migrated intraprovincially. However, some fossil molluscan species or taxa migrated across paleoclimatic or paleomolluscan boundaries—these are extraprovincial taxa. Extraprovincial molluscan taxa are present in Neogene molluscan assemblages from California. Extraprovincial and mixed warm and cold water or thermally anomalous taxa in molluscan assemblages of late Paleogene and Neogene age in California are present in rocks assigned to the 17–13 Ma time slice. Nine extraprovincial taxa, representing 1.7% of all of the species reported from upper lower Miocene to lower middle Miocene rocks from California (Appendix 1, Table A9), are known from this time slice. There are 14 extraprovincial taxa, i.e., 2.2% of the species reported from upper middle to lower upper Miocene rocks at several latitudes in palinspastically restored western California, known from the 13–8 Ma time slice. However, it was during the time interval from 8 to 5 Ma that extraprovincial species became relatively more abundant. Of all of the species reported from upper Miocene and lower Pliocene rocks in California, 62 (;11%) are extraprovincial taxa (or an average of one extraprovincial species became extinct every ;42 k.y.). This percentage is similar to the percentage of extraprovincial species from Pleistocene deposits in California, i.e., 90 of 750 species (12%) (Roy et al., 1995), or an average of one Pleistocene extraprovincial taxon became extinct every 17 k.y. However, conclusions regarding extinction rates based on this type of comparison could be spurious because many of the extraprovincial Miocene–Pliocene taxa are identified only to the generic level, whereas the Pleistocene extraprovincial taxa are extant species. Extraprovincial taxa from rocks assigned to the time slices
from 17 to 5 Ma are discussed in the following, beginning with the 17–13 Ma time slice in order to emphasize the dramatic appearance of a relatively large number of extraprovincial taxa during the time interval from 8 to 5 Ma. The 8–5 Ma time slice represents an interval of time that followed a worldwide sharp decline in ocean temperatures, a sharp regional decline in nearshore marine paleotemperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean, and a marked change in the configuration of the California coastline that resulted from tectonism and the clockwise rotation of the western Transverse Ranges. The near completion by 8 Ma, or between 8 and 5 Ma, of the clockwise rotation of the Transverse Ranges would have strongly influenced the California Current and the distribution of geologically younger nearshore marine organisms. Several of the same extraprovincial and extratropical taxa are present in rocks assigned to the 17–13, 13–8, and 8–5 Ma time slices. These taxa were not confined between their presentday geographic endpoints until after 2.5 Ma. These taxa are identified in Table 12 by an asterisk. The repeated presence of these extraprovincial taxa in rocks from several time slices suggests that the geographic distribution of these taxa in the past either was not limited by narrow temperature tolerances for growth and reproduction, winter minimum temperatures, or local biogeographic conditions that allowed for their presence and reproduction. The first records of extraprovincial or extratropical taxa from 17 to 5 Ma are identified by a dagger in Table 12. An inference drawn from these first occurrences is that as Northern Hemisphere sea-surface paleotemperatures at high latitudes cooled, sea-surface paleotemperatures at low latitudes warmed, and the number of nearshore environmental niches increased, there was an increase in the diversity of molluscan species living in the eastern Pacific Ocean. A relatively large number of the extraprovincial taxa listed in Table 12 live in shallow water. Extraprovincial taxa that live in shallow waters, i.e., intertidal to 5 m, commonly have extensive geographic ranges and physiological tolerances; these species are preadapted for extensive migration (Roy et al., 1995, p. 1072). Between 17 and 13 Ma, mollusks occupied a nearshore outer tropical paleoclimatic and protected shoreline region south of lat 378N, and a warm temperate paleoclimatic and protected shoreline region between 398 and 378N east of the San Andreas fault (Plate 4). At the same time, mollusks also occupied a palinspastically restored, nearshore outer tropical paleoclimatic and relatively open coastal region south of lat 368N, and a warm temperate paleoclimatic and relatively open coastal region between 388 and 368N; both regions are west of the San Andreas fault. However, between the absolute latitudes of 388 and 368N west of the San Andreas fault, and between latitudes of 398 and 378N east of the San Andreas fault, Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) and L. estrellanus (Conrad) are present with the otherwise warm temperate molluscan faunas (Appendix 1, Table A9). These species are extratropical because species of
TABLE 12. FIRST RECORDS OF 17–5 MA EXTRAPROVINCIAL AND EXTRATROPICAL TAXA AND BATHYMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF THESE TAXA Extraprovincial and extratropical taxa
First record
Bathymetric distribution
17–13 Ma Time Slice Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)* (S)† Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)* (S) Patinopecten haywardensis (Lutz) (N)** Patinopecten haywardensis calaverasensis (Hall) (N) Patinopecten propatulus (Conrad) (N) Polymesoda dublei (Anderson)* (S) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb)* (S) Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) (S) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper)* (S) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson* (S) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) (S) Turritella ocoyana Conrad (S) Glycymeris (Tucetona?)septentrionalis (Middendorff) (N) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) (S) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)* (S) Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)* (S) Pacipecten discus (Conrad) (S) Striostrea? bourgeoisii bourgeoisii (Re´mond) (S) Amauropsis sp. (N) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb)* (S) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper)* (S) Ficus (Trophosycon) rodeoensis (English) (S) Liomesus sp. (N) Oliva simondsi Trask (S) Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) (N)
§ § § § §
13–8 Ma Time Slice §
§
8–5 Ma Time Slice
Anadara (Anadara) sp. (S) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) (S) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) (S) Arca (Arca) cf. A. (A.) santamariensis Reinhart (S) Argopecten circularis impostor (G.D. Hanna) (S) Atrina sp. (S) Cardita (Carditamera) aff. C. (C.) radiata Sowerby (S) Chione (Anomalocardia) fernandoensis English (S) Chione (Chionista) aff. C. (C.) gnidia (Broderip and Sowerby) (S) Chione (Chionopsis) coalingensis Adegoke (S) Chione (Chionopsis) semplicata Nomland (S) Chione elsmerensis English (S) Chione securis (Shumard) (S) Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) (S) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) (S) Clementia (Egesta) sp. (S) Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale (S) Dosinia arnoldi Clark (S) Dosinia jacalitosana Arnold (S) Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) (S) Florimetis biangulata (Carpenter) (S) Gari edentula (Gabb) (S) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) (S) Larkinia camuloensis (Osmont) (S) Leporimetis dombei (Hanley) (S) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) (S) Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) (S) Lyropecten terminus (Arnold) (S) Macoma (Macoma) cf. M. (M.) calcarea (Gmelin) (N) Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson) (N) Miltha (Miltha) sp. (S) Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) (S) Mya truncata Linnaeus Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson)* (S) Polymedoda gabbiana (Henderson)* (S) Siliqua cf. S. alta (Broderip and Sowerby (N)) Spisula (Spisula) catilliformis Conrad (S) Tellina (Megangulus) cf. T. (M.) lutea Wood (N) Tellina (Tellinella) cf. T. (T.) idae Dall (S) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) (S) Bulla (Bulla) cf. B. (B.) punctulata A. Adams (S)
§ § §
§ § § § § §
§
§
§ §
§ § §
§
§
§
Genus, intertidal to 110 m Genus, intertidal to 110 m Genus, 10–275 m Genus, 10–275 m Genus, 10–275 m Genus, intertidal to 10 m, estuaries Surf zone on rocks Genus, 5–110 m Genus, intertidal and offshore Genus, intertidal 2330–5200 m Genus, 18–180 m Genus, 3–110 m 5–110 m Genus, intertidal to 110 m Genus, intertidal to 110 m Genus, below low tide to 128 m Genus, intertidal Genus, intertidal Surf zone on rocks Genus, intertidal and offshore Genus, intertidal and offshore Genus, 18–220 m Genus, intertidal N.D.‡ Genus, intertidal to 128 m Genus, intertidal to 128 m Genus, intertidal to 128 m Genus, intertidal to 137 m Species, 1–135 m 46–91 m Mudflats to 24 m Genus, intertidal to 110 m Intertidal to 35 m Subgenus 10–75 m Subgenus 10–75 m Genus, intertidal to 110 m Genus, intertidal to 110 m N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 50–80 m Intertidal to 46 m Intertidal to 46 m 5–110 m To depths of 130 m 22 m to offshore Genus, intertidal to 110 Genus, intertidal to 110 Genus, intertidal to 110 Intertidal to 320 m Intertidal to 110 m Genus, 55 m or deeper water 55 m or deeper water Intertidal to 37 m Genus, intertidal to 10 m Genus, intertidal to 10 m 5–80 m 5–20 m, bays and estuaries Intertidal to 137 m 9–165 m Genus, intertidal to 659 m Offshore, beyond low tide
58
C.A. Hall Jr. TABLE 12. FIRST RECORDS OF 17–5 MA EXTRAPROVINCIAL AND EXTRATROPICAL TAXA AND BATHYMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF THESE TAXA (continued )
Extraprovincial and extratropical taxa
First record
Bathymetric distribution
8–5 Ma Time Slice Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip (S) Calliclava cf. C. pallida (Sowerby) (S) Calliostoma aff. C. rema Strong, Hanna, and Hertlein (S) Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter (S) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) (S)* Capulus sp. (S) Clinopegma magna stantoni (Arnold) (N) Crassispira n.sp.? aff. C. martinensis Dall (S) Crepidula onyx Sowerby (S) Crepidula n.sp. aff. C. aculeata (Gmelin) (S) Elaeocyma empyrosia (Dall) (S) Epitomium (Cirostrema?) sp. (S) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper)* (S) Forreria belcheri (Hinds) (S) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) (S) Forreria carisaensis mirandaensis (Grant and Eaton) (S) Forreria coalingensis (Arnold) (S) Forreria magister (Nomland) (S) Forreria magister munda Stewart (S) Kelletia (Kelletia) davillensis (Clark) (S) Kelletia (Kelletia) kettlemanensis (Arnold) (S) Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) (S) Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby (N) Oliva (Oliva) spicata (Ro¨ding) (S) Olivella (Callianax) intorta Carpenter (S) Scaphander aff. S. jugularis (Conrad)* (S) Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) (S)
§ § §
§ §
§ §
§
§ § §
§ § §
§
Intertidal to 137 m 10–25 m 18–45 m Intertidal, rocky areas Surf zone on rocks 36–46 m N.D. Uncommon on rocky bottoms Intertidal to 70 m Sublittoral zone Genus, intertidal to 92 m Genus, intertidal to 365 m Genus, intertidal to offshore Intertidal to 135 m Genus, intertidal to 135 m Genus, intertidal to 135 m Genus, intertidal to 135 m Genus, intertidal to 135 m Genus, intertidal to 135 m Genus, intertidal to 37 m Genus, intertidal to 37 m Genus, 18–270 m Intertidal to 1645 m Genus, intertidal Genus, intertidal to 92 m 2320–5200 m Subgenus, intertidal.
*Extraprovincial taxa in more than one time slice. (S)—southern extraprovincial taxa. § First recorded presence of extraprovincial or extratropical taxa in this time slice. **(N)–northern extraprovincial taxa in this time slice. ‡ N.D 4 No data. †
Lyropecten are living today in the Gulf of California, and the genus has a present-day latitudinal range from lat 258N in the Gulf of California southward to near the equator. The winter minimum temperature near 258N in the Gulf of California is between 17.40 and 20.0 8C, and the ET is 17.78 8C or warmer. Lyropecten is living today in an outer tropical climatic region, but it was living in both outer tropical and warm temperate paleoclimatic regions from 17 to 13 Ma. There are six or seven other extratropical taxa among the 17–13 Ma warm temperate molluscan assemblages (Table 12; Appendix 1, Table A9). The northern extraprovincial bivalve Patinopecten (10–275 m) first appeared in the fossil record in California between 17 and 13 Ma (Table 12). The extinct species Patinopecten propatulus (Conrad), P. haywardensis (Lutz), and P. haywardensis calaverasensis (Hall) are present in 17–13 Ma rocks that were deposited in an elongate bay between lat of 388 and 378N east of the San Andreas fault. The northern endpoint of the presentday geographic range of Patinopecten is 598N; the southern endpoint is at 368N. Thus, today Patinopecten lives within the Oregonian or Oregonian-Aleutian molluscan province and in nearshore temperate to cool temperate marine climatic regions. However, fossil species of this genus were living within a molluscan province analogous to the Californian molluscan prov-
ince, i.e., within a warm temperate paleoclimatic region between 17 and 13 Ma. This is the only northern extraprovincial taxon that is present in 17–13 Ma fossil molluscan assemblages at any latitude in California. There are 10 extratropical or southern extraprovincial taxa among the 13–8 Ma warm temperate fossil assemblages that are from palinspastically restored regions west and east of the San Andreas fault, and among the cold temperate fossil faunas east of the San Andreas fault (Table 12). The bivalve Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad), L. estrellanus (Conrad), and the gastropod Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) are present in warm temperate fossil molluscan assemblages in palinspastically restored regions west of the San Andreas fault. The southern tropical bivalve species Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter), Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad), L. estrellanus (Conrad), Pacipecten discus (Conrad), Polymesoda gabbiana (Henderson), Striostrea? bourgeoisii bourgeoisii (Re´mond), and the gastropods Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb), Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper), F. (T.) rodeoensis (English), and Oliva simondsi Trask are east of the San Andreas fault. These taxa were living in protected environments (Table 12; Appendix 1, Table A10; Plate 5). There are four northern extraprovincial taxa reported from rocks and warm temperate molluscan assemblages in the 13–8
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines Ma time slice and all are from localities east of the San Andreas fault (Table 12; Appendix 1, Table A10). By way of contrast, there are 62 extratropical or southern extraprovincial taxa among the 8–5 Ma temperate and warm temperate molluscan assemblages from localities east of the San Andreas fault and from palinspastically restored regions west of the San Andreas fault (Table 12; Appendix 1, Table A11). There are seven northern extraprovincial taxa reported from late Miocene–early Pliocene faunal assemblages from California and temperate and warm temperate molluscan assemblages assigned to the 8–5 Ma time slice. These taxa are from localities both east and palinspastically restored regions west of the San Andreas fault (Table 12; Appendix 1, Table A11). Explanations for extraprovincial and thermally anomalous taxa. Several explanations have been proposed for the mixing of tropical, outer tropical, and cool temperate species in warm water faunas. 1. Woodring et al. (1946, p. 101–102) proposed the mechanical mixing of shallow- and deep-water depositional facies. However, the presence of some combination of tropical water, warm water, temperate, and cold water articulated bivalve mollusks in mixed assemblages seems to preclude the mechanism of reworking to account for the thermally anomalous taxa in most of the Neogene assemblages (e.g., Loomis, 1990c; see Kidwell and Bosence, 1991). Modern analogs of the fossil extratropical or southern extraprovincial taxa are known to range into shallow water. 2. Evolutionary changes in molluscan physiology were also proposed as a mechanism to account for thermally anomalous taxa by Woodring and Bramlette (1950). Woodring and Bramlette (1950, p. 99) concluded “The association of northern and southern species throws doubt on the assumption that the present range of identical or closely related species can be used as a close guide in reconstruction of environments. Some of the Pliocene molluscan taxa from Santa Maria Pliocene are no longer living at the latitude of Santa Maria, presumably because their present distribution is controlled by new physiological characters that are not correlated with available new morphological characters.” However, Roy et al. (1995, p. 1071) inferred that the presence of Pleistocene species that today occupy different climatic regions is related to a pattern of “community breakup and species reassortment in response to climate change.” They also stated (Roy et al., 1995, p. 1072) the following (my brackets): For southern forms [referring to Pleistocene species] that expanded their ranges during warming trends, the warmer waters found to the north tend to be at shallow depths. Furthermore, species that range into very shallow waters (intertidal to 1 m) tend to have extensive geographic ranges and physiological tolerances (see Jackson, 1974, Jablonski and Valentine, 1981, Jablonski et al., 1985), and so these are the species preadapted for extensive migrations. In contrast, for northern forms migrating southward during cooling trends, cooler waters can be found in both shallow and deep environments, and cool upwelling patches pro-
59
vide opportunities for latitudinal range extensions beyond water-type boundaries (Valentine, 1955; Emerson, 1956).
Anomalous distribution patterns of the bivalves Anadara sp. and Dosinia sp. were also discussed by Addicott (1970c), Stanton and Dodd (1970), and Dodd and Stanton (1981). 3. Temporary changes in current patterns or surface watermass properties were proposed by Zinsmeister (1974) and Barry et al. (1995) to account for the presence of thermally anomalous taxa in a molluscan assemblage. Other climate events that could have had a marked affect on the fossil assemblages are the El Nin˜o–Southern and La Nin˜a Oscillation phenomena (Karinen et al., 1985; Philander, 1989). 4. Local paleogeography has been proposed as a mechanism to account for thermally anomalous taxa by DeVries and Wells (1990). However, it is difficult to separate local Neogene geographic controls from Neogene thermal regimes because many of the Neogene molluscan assemblages were living in shallow-water and protected environments. The distribution of the bivalve Mya sp. has been cited as an example of a northern extraprovincial taxon that lived with Neogene temperate or warm temperate marine faunas, and it has been proposed that its presence in the fossil record at lower latitudes indicates regional cooling conditions (Grant and Gale, 1931; Barbat and Galloway, 1934; see also Adegoke, 1966). Dodd and Stanton (1981), however, noted that Mya sp. is geographically restricted today to San Francisco Bay and to bays north of San Francisco Bay, and that the protected-bay and brackish and warmer water environments, not cold water, were factors limiting the distribution of fossil Mya. 5. Global and regional climatic changes have been proposed as the principal causes to account for mixed molluscan assemblages (Roy et al., 1995). Paleotemperatures of Neogene seas periodically declined, fluctuated, and rose, based on the analyses of planktic assemblages (Ingle, 1967; Bandy, 1972; Casey, 1972; Barron, 1973, 1989; Poore, 1981; Barron and Keller, 1983), and regional and global studies of stable isotopes (Savin et al., 1975; Shackleton and Kennett, 1975; Kennett, 1977, 1980, 1986a, 1986b; DePaolo and Ingram, 1985; Vincent and Berger, 1985; Vincent and Killingley, 1985; Capo and DePaolo, 1986; DePaolo, 1986; Miller et al., 1987; Muhs and Kyser, 1987; Woodruff and Savin, 1989, 1991; Compton et al., 1990; DePaolo and Finger, 1991; Wright et al., 1992; Flower and Kennett, 1993a, 1993b; Schoell et al., 1994). 6. Thermally anomalous assemblages have been explained by climatic time averaging (Roy et al., 1996). Climatic time averaging, on a scale of 10 k.y., proposes that ancient marine climates were warmer than the present, which permitted the immigration and introduction of some tropical and outer tropical species into warm temperate biotas. A millennial-scale climatic change allowed some cold water immigrants from northern molluscan provinces to migrate into warm temperate faunas (Roy et al., 1996, p. 461). Points 5 and 6 are considered here to be the principal ex-
60
C.A. Hall Jr.
planations to account for the presence of extraprovincial molluscan taxa in Neogene fossil assemblages from California, as they were for the presence of extraprovincial taxa in Pleistocene molluscan assemblages (Roy et al., 1995, p. 1073; 1996). In order to account for the marked increase in the numbers of extraprovincial marine molluscan taxa in California Neogene rocks, particularly within the 8–5 Ma time interval, the environmental tolerances of extraprovincial taxa may have changed with time, i.e., tolerances that restricted the geographical ranges of some taxa could have been lowered. However, climatic changes were associated with glaciation and relatively rapidly changing glacial and interglacial events from 17 to 8 Ma. Therefore, more likely than changes in physiological tolerances among many molluscan species during Neogene climatic oscillations, the protected environments in western California provided sanctuary for southern molluscan taxa during the overall Neogene cooling trend and periodic northward incursions of warm water. These sanctuaries for extratropical taxa were eliminated or restricted during the late Neogene, when the embayed coastline of California was largely destroyed between 8 and 5 Ma (Plates 4–8). A present-day analogy is provided by the extratropical taxa that are present in molluscan assemblages along the outer coast of Baja California Sur in relatively small, protected bays. Most of the extraprovincial species (or in some cases genera, when the species is not known or is extinct) are known to range into shallow water, or to range in depth from the intertidal zone into the outer neritic zone (;140 m). The presence of extraprovincial and extratropical taxa in Neogene assemblages, and many of the taxa in mixed warm and cold water fossil assemblages collected from 17–2.5 Ma rocks, can be attributed, for at least some taxa, to a duration of warmth sufficient for all stages of the reproductive cycle. This warmth was in protected, embayed, or shallow-water regions during the overall decline in Neogene SSTs and southern El Nin˜o–La Nin˜a oscillations in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Modern deep-water circulation patterns were established in the eastern Pacific Ocean between 13.5 and 12.5 Ma (Keller and Barron, 1983). The present-day circulation of seawater water in the Pacific Ocean has likely existed since between 3.5 and 3.1 Ma, when the Isthmus of Panama blocked the circulation of equatorial waters between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Berggren and Hollister, 1974; Saito, 1976; Cronin and Dowsett, 1996). Changes in circulation patterns and the paleoclimate oscillations during the Neogene in open ocean and nearshore basins that resulted from global climatic changes during glacial and interglacial intervals would have influenced the distribution of extraprovincial taxa. The oldest recorded El Nin˜o–Southern Oscillation phenomenon was reported by Quinn et al. (1978) to have occurred 450 yr ago and by Hughen et al. (1999) to have occurred 124 ka, during the last interglacial period. Such events are known to occur with a 2–10 yr periodicity (Norton et al., 1985). El Nin˜o events are known to cause anomalously high SSTs, and
La Nin˜a events cause anomalously low SSTs. El Nin˜o and La Nin˜a oceanic oscillations or events could account for the presence of some of the extraprovincial taxa in fossil assemblages, particularly those near a provincial or a nearshore regional paleoclimatic boundary. Perhaps the isolated presence of some extratropical taxa in Neogene stratigraphic sequences resulted from these short-term extreme warm and cold water events and incursions of seawater water into some marine paleoclimatic regions, in the manner outlined by Roy et al. (1996) (see preceding explanation 6). The incursions may have been of sufficient duration to allow for the completion of reproductive cycles and the establishment of extraprovincial taxa. The research of Barry et al. (1995) on present-day nearshore organisms tends to support such a hypothesis to account for the presence of some Neogene extratropical taxa in the fossil record. Sea-level oscillations. It is not clear what influence sealevel oscillations (see Haq et al., 1987) have had on restricting the distribution or augmenting the number of late Paleogene and Neogene molluscan assemblages or species in California. The California coastline became more embayed after 17 Ma, and it remained deeply embayed until late Pliocene time (Plates 2–8). The late Paleogene and Neogene benthic molluscan faunas of California lived largely within the intertidal, sublittoral, or littoral bathymetric zones (high tide to 250 m). Unless a strait or seaway was blocked by land as sea level dropped, or barrier bars were built or destroyed, sea-level oscillations probably had little effect on the ability of mollusks to migrate along the coast of California and within the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Molluscan assemblages living in the inner sublittoral and littoral bathymetric zones (high tide to 50 m) could have been affected by warming waters concomitant with shallowing basins of deposition. Throughout the stratigraphic sections of upper Paleogene and Neogene rocks there are successions of coarse- and fine-grained strata associated with molluscan assemblages, and both the sedimentary geology and the faunal assemblages reflect oscillating bathymetric conditions. An interval of major transgression in western California began ca. 25 Ma (e.g., the Vedder Sand). Progradations took place ca. 18 Ma (e.g., the beach and inner shelf deposits of the Olcese Sand), and ca. 13 Ma (e.g., the shallow-water deposits of the Santa Margarita Formation characterized by interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale). Regionally, onlapping sequences of sand and shale were deposited ca. 7 Ma (e.g., the Jacalitos and Etchegoin Formations). These rock sequences are locally dominated by lowenergy tide-dominated facies (e.g., interlaminated, fine-grained, sedimentary rocks), high-energy tide-dominated facies (e.g., planar and trough cross-stratified sandstone), low-energy shelf facies, and storm-dominated shelf facies (Loomis, 1990c). Marine basins began to shallow by ca. 5 Ma, as documented by the San Joaquin, Pancho Rico, and Pismo Formations. Tidalflat, or locally trough, environments dominated Pliocene basins in the Santa Maria, Pismo Beach and southern San Joaquin regions. Uplift of the Coast Ranges was coeval with the regression of late Pliocene seas.
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines Regional extinction events Based on the age-range data for taxa listed in Appendix 1 (Table A15), it is possible that two principal regional extinction events influenced the macroinvertebrate taxa that lived in California between 27 and 2.5 Ma (Fig. 28). Perhaps there is a correlation with global extinction events. The major regional extinction events took place between 17 and 13 Ma, and between 5 and 2.5 Ma (or into the Pleistocene), when 234 (;45%) and 257 (;29%) of the species, respectively, during those time intervals became extinct. The Miocene extinction of 234 species seems to correlate with worldwide global cooling associated with the establishment of the East Antarctic ice cap during the 17–13 Ma time slice and between 14.5 and 13 Ma (Table 11). By 13 or 8 Ma, the elimination of the AnaVent gulf, between what is now the Santa Barbara coastline (e.g., Santa Barbara–Ventura) and the San Diego (Santa Ana–San Diego) coastline, could have been responsible for a marked change in seawater circulation along the coast, the opening of the coastline to the cold California Current, the elimination of protected environmental niches, a reduction or an increase in the size of the shelf area at different times, and the extinction of many species (Plates 3C and 4C). Peutch (1993) noted that many tropical fossil taxa (analogs of which live south of lat 358N along the Atlantic coast) became extinct during the deposition of the Calvert Formation (Maryland) at the close of the Langhian Age (see Smith, 1991a, p. 45, for a summary of formational units in the Atlantic coastal region). The boundary between the Langhian (age range of 16.3–14.8 Ma) and the Serravalian stages (age range of 14.8– 11.2 Ma; late Serravalian Age of 12.2 Ma, Hilgen et al., 1997) is at 14.8 Ma (Berggren et al., 1995a). A major floristic change or crisis also took place in western Nevada ca. 15 Ma. This floristic crisis is attributed to a decrease in summer precipitation below 35%–40% of the pre-15 Ma annual total (Axelrod and Schorn, 1994, p. 1). Because of the synchroneity of the age assignments, the early medial Miocene extinction event that took place in the western Atlantic Ocean (Peutch, 1993) and the 15 Ma western Nevada floristic crisis (Axelrod and Schorn, 1994) can be correlated with a global cooling event assigned an age range of 14.5–14.1 Ma (Flower and Kennett, 1993a, 1993b, 1993c). These extinction and global cooling events can also be correlated with the regional extinction of 234 macroinvertebrate species in California between late early and early medial Miocene time, i.e., between 17 and 13 Ma (Table 11). However, a Neogene climatic optimum or warming event also took place from 17 to 15 Ma (Flower and Kennett, 1995). This warming event can also be correlated with the high rate of extinction of both Atlantic and Pacific species living during the 17–13 Ma time slice. Valentine (1968, p. 273) proposed that times of warming should be times with the greatest extinction rates. However, because of the lack of precision in age dating based on mollusks, it is not possible to determine with certainty whether the cooling event between 14.5 and 14.1 Ma (Flower
61
and Kennett, 1993a, 1993b, 1993c) or between 14.8 and 13 Ma (Barron and Ingle, 1999), or the warming event between 17 and 15 Ma was responsible for the 17–13 Ma extinction of ;200 Miocene (17–13 Ma) molluscan taxa that were living in a marine environment along the coast of California. Peutch (1993) suggested that there were late Pliocene (3.5– 2.5 Ma) two-staged, sequential mass-extinction events among fossil mollusks in Florida. Berkman and Prentice (1996) also noted that there was a marked decrease in taxonomic diversity within the Family Pectinidae in Antarctica and that the decrease in diversity can be correlated with 3.2–2.5 Ma mass extinctions in Florida and cooling in both polar regions (Shackleton and Opdyke, 1977). These regional extinction events correlate directly with the 5–2.5 Ma molluscan regional extinctions in California. The debate over the causes of mass and regional extinctions among animals will continue. Prothero (1999) noted the absence of responses by terrestrial mammals to geologically abrupt changes in climate, and Hansen (1987a, 1987b, 1992) concluded that cooling was the primary cause of molluscan extinctions across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary; his conclusion was supported by the work of Gaskell (1991, p. 12) based on Foraminiferida from rocks of the same age and region studied by Hansen (1987a, 1987b). Relative to the regional extinction of the 257 macroinvertebrate taxa from California between the late Pliocene and the Pleistocene, this period of regional extinction seems to correlate with worldwide climatic cooling (not warming), regional glaciation in the Sierra Nevada, the opening of the Bering Strait (3.0 or 5.5 Ma), the closure of the Panama seaway (ca. 3.1 Ma), and possibly to marked changes in the nature of the California shoreline (Table 11; Plates 6B and 8B). The analysis of marine molluscan faunas from southern California indicates that the overall cooling trend that had begun during the Paleogene along the coast of California continued into the interval 5–2.5 Ma (Fig. 27). However, a warming trend occurred in the open ocean of southern California during early Pliocene time (5.2 Ma), based on an analysis of microfossils (Barron, 1973). According to Barron (1973) the SST was between .25 8C during the warmest month and ;17 8C during the coldest month. These warm SSTs could account for the relatively fewer number of molluscan species that became extinct ca. 5 Ma (Fig. 28). However, relatively few Neogene molluscan taxa living along the coast of California became extinct between 27 and 17 Ma when the marine paleoclimate was warm (Figs. 9, 20, 21, and 28). This observation does not seem to support Valentine’s (1968, p. 273) model that times of warming will be times of greatest extinction. In addition, molluscan diversity was also not high during the time interval 27–17 Ma. The marine paleoclimate during the late Paleogene–early Neogene was outer tropical and it was not marked by extremes in temperature; as a result, regional extinction rates were low. Valentine (1968, p. 273) proposed, “times of warming should be times with the greatest extinction rates.” This model does not
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C.A. Hall Jr.
seem to be supported by the number of mollusks that became extinct during late Paleogene–early Neogene time and part of late Neogene time in southern California (Fig. 28). The problems associated with sampling, as outlined by Russell and Lindberg (1988), could account for the seemingly low rates of regional extinction between 27 and 17 Ma. However, the apparent extinction rates that occurred among medial and late Neogene molluscan assemblages, when there was greater provinciality and marked oscillations in marine paleoclimate, could be a key element for developing another model to account for extinctions among marine mollusks. With increasing or marked provinciality among molluscan assemblages, and with an increase in the number of thermally anomalous taxa in a faunal assemblage, oscillating times of warming and cooling could be associated with the high rates of extinction; alternatively, times of temperate, mild, or equable marine climates could be associated with the low rates of extinction, relatively fewer faunal provinces, and the presence of relatively few extraprovincial taxa. Kitamura et al. (2000) provided a measure of support for this notion: they noted that when warm water taxa initially migrated into the Sea of Japan during early Pleistocene time, molluscan species lived with cold water species. As the cold water molluscan species became regionally extinct, the warm water species migrated into the niches once occupied by the cold water molluscan taxa. Survivorship of 1206 species, mostly molluscan taxa. Phelps (1985) estimated mean-species longevities of 0.5 m.y. for species living during Early Jurassic time. Hallam (1987) suggested that the longevities of ammonites from Lower Jurassic rocks could have been 0.14 m.y., survivorship among bivalves being 19.0–1.0 m.y. Hoffman and Szubsda-Studencka (1982, p. 126) noted that the mean duration of species longevity is 19.5 m.y. among 93 bivalve molluscan species from Poland. Stanley and Yang (1987, p. 113) observed that longevities of species are ;1–10 m.y. However, Schopf (1984) concluded that the average survivorship of species is 200 k.y., and attributed the longer survivorship proposed by other researchers to (1) a bias toward collecting common long-lived taxa, whereas most taxa he believed are rare; (2) a bias of reporting data to a cumulative stratigraphic unit; and (3) a bias of lumping variation in the polytypic species concept. Given (1) the number of fossil mollusks collected and reported in California over a period of ;100 yr, collections that include rare species; (2) the bracketing of biostratigraphic units by radiometric age dates in California (e.g., Smith, 1991a; Fig. 1 herein), and (3) the reduction in this study from 3254 mostly molluscan taxa to 1206 taxa in order to reduce the chance of a bias when inferring the longevity of a species caused by lumping polytypic species into a long-lived species, it seems that Schopf’s (1984) estimate that the average longevity of species is 200 k.y. is too low. Among the marine macroinvertebrate taxa (principally molluscan taxa) analyzed in this study, the following survived into the Holocene: 4% of the taxa from rocks assigned to the 27–23 Ma time slice, 5% of the taxa from the 23–17 Ma time
slice, 2% from the 17–13 Ma time slice, 15% from the 13–8 Ma time slice, 13% from the 8–5 Ma time slice, and 17% of the taxa from the 5–2.5 Ma time slice. When the species within the total 3294 taxa studied that have an uncertain age or taxonomic assignment are eliminated from consideration, there are 1206 species that provide survivorship information. The average duration of longevity of species in the 6 time slices studied is ;4 m.y.: of the 1206 species considered, 23% have a longevity of two time slices (Fig. 29A); 27% survived from 10 to 5 m.y.; 74%, or 887 species, survived from 10 to 2.5 m.y.; and the average longevity of the 1206 species is ;11.5 m.y. (Fig. 29B). Based on the research of Russell and Lindberg (1988, p. 326), the survivorship estimates presented here could be spurious because species duration and geographic range are interdependent. Both of these factors are only approximations in the present study. Species with restricted geographic ranges can show short geologic durations when no such durations exist. However, the survivorship estimates developed for the taxa studied in this volume seem to suggest that an average longevity of 200 k.y. proposed by other researchers seems to be unlikely. Volcanism, climate, and extinctions. Volcanism west of a magmatic arc trend was common in coastal California throughout late Paleogene and Neogene time; however, volcanic activity increased markedly between 27 and 22 Ma and between 18 and 14 Ma. These two pulses were related to mantle upwelling events associated with subduction of the Vancouver-Farallon and Monterey-Arguello plates or microplates. The second pulse in volcanic activity was coeval with Columbia River basalt volcanism (17–14 Ma) in the Pacific Northwest and volcanism in Nevada (Dickinson, 1997; Dickinson and Wernicke, 1997) (Table 13). East-west extension and transtension in western North America also took place between 16 and 10 Ma (Dickinson and Wernicke, 1997; Wernicke and Snow, 1998), and extension in eastern California was accompanied by volcanism (e.g., volcanic rocks are present in the nonmarine Barstow Formation, Plate 4C). Post-middle Miocene volcanism (from ca. 15 to 0.1 Ma) is related to the northward expansion of a growing slab window, and the northward migration of the Mendocino triple junction (from 13 Ma or earlier to the present) (Dickinson, 1997). The timing of the subduction of the Monterey-Arguello plate, the extrusion of the Columbia River Basalt, and the volcanism in Nevada and eastern California were associated with subaerial and submarine pyroclastic ash flows and ejections. These events are all coeval with the regional extinction of mollusks in California from 17 to 13 Ma, and their correlation is provocative. There are 14 cold and 12 warm paleoclimatic events reported to have taken place in the northeastern Pacific Ocean from medial to late Miocene time (15–5 Ma) (Barron and Keller, 1983). Other warming and cooling events are recorded throughout the geologic record, including ones on a 100 k.y. cycle (Imbrie et al., 1993); and on a submillennial scale at 250 ka (Dansgaard et al., 1993), from 75 to 25 ka (Dorale et al., 1998), from 60 to 15 ka (Labeyrie, 2000, p. 1906), and from
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines
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Figure 29. A: Survivorship of 1206 species, mostly molluscan taxa, from 27 to 2.5 Ma rocks, California. Percentages of these species that are present in from one to seven time slices are shown, i.e., seven time slices would be survivorship from 27 to 2.5 Ma; one time slice could be 27–23, 13–8, or 5–2.5 Ma. B: Percentage of mostly molluscan species surviving for time periods 27–15, 15–10, 10–5, and 5–2.5 Ma. TABLE 13. AGES OF VOLCANIC AND PYROCLASTIC ROCKS, CALIFORNIA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO Time Slice (Ma) 5–2.5* 8–5* 13–8* 17–13†
23–17† 27–23§
Volcanic and pyroclastic rocks San Joaquin Formation, Eel River Formation, Lawlor Tuff, 4.1 Ma tuff in Tassajara Formation, uppermost Mehrten Formation, Paso Robles Formation, Sonoma volcanic rocks, Nomlaki Tuff in Tehama Formation, Putah Tuff in Tehama Formation, Huitchica Tuff, and 3.6 Ma basalt in Santa Clara Formation (Table A6). Upper Santa Rosa Basalt, basalt in Santa Ana Formation, lower Wilson Grove Formation, lower Sonoma volcanic rocks, Pinole Tuff, Purisima Formation, tuff in Etchegoin Formation, Den Hartog Tuff in Etchegoin Formation, and Roblar tuff (Table A5). Bear River Formation, Contra Costa Group, Moraga Formation, Lower Mehrten Formation, Tolay Volcanics, lower Santa Rosa Basalt, Berkeley Hills volcanic rocks, Lafayette Tuff above Neroly Formation, San Luis Reservoir basalt, Quien Sabe Volcanics, El Modeno Andesite, and volcanic rocks on Isla Tiburon, Sonora, Mexico (Table A4; Gastil et al., 1975). King Peak subterranean, Page Mill Basalt, Obispo Formation, Tranquillon Basalt, Lospe Formation, Triple Basalt in the Caliente Formation, El Modeno Andesite, tuffaceous conglomerate in the Topanga Formation, pumice-rich sandstone in the Olcese Sand, Conejo Volcanics, Paularino Member of the Topanga Formation, Portuguese Tuff in the Altamira Shale, andesite flows on Santa Cruz Island, andesite flows and dacite dome on Catalina Island, volcanic rocks on San Clemente Island, volcanic rocks on Santa Barbara Island, volcanic rocks in the nonmarine Barstow Formation, voluminous mafic to silicic volcanic rocks in the Black Mountains of Death Valley (Wright et al., 1991; Miller and Friedman, 1999), the 14.5 Ma part of the Isidro Formation, and 16.2– 15.5 Ma volcanic rocks in the Rosarito Beach Formation of Baja California, Mexico (Table A3). Columbia River Basalt volcanism (Dickinson, 1997, p. 948). Lospe Formation; Tranquillon volcanic rocks; Obispo Formation; pillow basalt of Hall (1981b) and Vedder et al. (1991a, 1994); 21.5 Ma basalt in the Temblor Formation; Hurricane Deck Formation (basalt lens); 17.2 and 20.3 Ma basalt flows, San Rafael Mountains; tuff in the Hector Formation; and 17.7 Ma volcanic rocks from San Miguel Island, southern California (Table A2). Iversen Basalt, Mindego Basalt, Pescadero volcanic rocks, Zayante Formation, Carmel Bay Basalt, Morro Rock–Islay Hill Complex, Pine Creek volcanic rocks, Pinnacles Volcanics, Neenach Volcanics, Simmler Formation, Plush Ranch Formation, Vasquez Formation, Diligencia Formation, Tecuya volcanic unit, volcanic rocks near San Juan Bautista, Lang Canyon volcanic rocks, and rhyolite tuff in upper part of San Gregorio Formation and in El Cien Formation, Baja California, Mexico (Table A1).
*Post-middle Miocene migratory volcanism events (Dickinson, 1997). † Middle Miocene pulse or pulses of volcanism (Dickinson, 1997). § Mid-Tertiary pulse of volcanism (Dickinson, 1997).
60 ka to present (Cannariato et al., 1999). Behl et al. (2001, p. A-80) reported millennial to Milankovich band climatic cycles that are preserved in the Monterey and Sisquoc Formations (e.g., 8–5 Ma time slice). Thus, global warming or climatic cycles are not only recent phenomena related to anthropogenic forcing or alteration of the Earth’s energy balance by human
activity. Oscillatory climatic trends during the Miocene were likely related to the natural variability of the Earth’s climate system, e.g., changes in North Atlantic thermohaline circulation, which is in part related to such phenomena as changes in eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit and the inclination of Earth’s spin axis (Rial, 1999; Willis et al., 1999), modifications of the
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circulation patterns of the oceans owing to plate tectonics (e.g., Pagani et al., 1999a), and shifts in carbon dioxide concentrations (Petit et al., 1999; Wagner et al., 1999). Volcanism also can be added to this list as the radiative effect of increased concentrations of gases between 17 and 13 Ma might have caused the Earth’s temperature to rise; or alternatively, volcanic ash injected into the upper atmosphere could have shielded the Earth from the Sun’s rays and temperatures would have fallen. After Mount Pinatubo in the Philippine Islands erupted in June 1991, clear-sky solar radiation was reduced by as much as 5%, and solar radiation was reduced by an average of 2.7% in the first 10 months after eruption. By September of 1992, the global Northern Hemisphere lower tropospheric temperatures had decreased by 0.5 and 0.7 8C (Dutton and Christy, 1992, p. 2313, 2316). A decrease in temperature of this magnitude, even over an extended period during medial Miocene time, is unlikely to have influenced the regional distribution of Miocene nearshore marine taxa or continental floras. It is conceivable that volcanic events during medial Miocene time were larger and more widespread than the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, perhaps lowering the temperature in the Northern Hemisphere more than 0.7 8C and for a long duration. However, neither the 18–14 Ma volcanic events in California, nor the 17– 14 Ma outpourings of lava of the Columbia River Basalt were accompanied by Plinian eruptions; i.e., they were not accompanied by vast ejections of rhyolitic ash into the stratosphere. Although the Mount Pinatubo volcanic event cooled land surface temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere, a warm water El Nin˜o Oscillation event appeared in the tropics at the same time the tropospheric temperature decreased (Dutton and Christy, 1992, p. 2313). Although the volcanic events in the western United States were not Plinian eruptions, the 18–14 Ma volcanic events in Washington, Nevada, and California cannot be completely ruled out as a mechanism to initiate volcanic winters (Tables 11 and 13). Volcanic eruptions produce long-lived stratospheric clouds composed of sulfur-rich aerosols (Rampino and Self, 1984, p. 677). For example, El Chicho´n (lat 178N) is estimated to have placed 20 2 1010 kg of H2SO4 into the global stratosphere during a 6-month period after the 1982 eruption (Rampino and Self, 1984). Volcanic sulfur aerosols may cause cooling of the Earth’s surface (Simarski, 1992, p. 1, 11). It was estimated that 6 2 1012 kg of sulfuric acid aerosols may have been ejected into the Earth’s atmosphere during the eruption of the Columbian River Basalt; the aerosols blocked out sunlight (Francis, 1994), and they could have caused global cooling. However, Francis (1994, p. 389) noted some cautions regarding the consideration of sulfuric acid aerosols as a cause of volcanic winters: “Can the stratosphere sustain such dense aerosol loadings? And can basaltic fissure eruptions inject them into the stratosphere anyway?” Thus, although many molluscan taxa became regionally extinct between 17 and 13 Ma, and this period of time is coeval with widespread volcanism in western North America and with
global cooling, it is not proven that volcanism lowered solar radiation and SSTs sufficiently to cause some molluscan taxa to become extinct. There seems to be no correlation between the molluscan regional extinction events, the increased provinciality in California from 27 to 2.5 Ma, and the Cenozoic seawater sulfate S isotope curve, because the curve is relatively flat during this time interval. However, there were marked decreases in marine barite (BaSO4) d34S near the Paleocene-Eocene and EoceneOligocene epoch boundaries (Paytan et al., 1998). Temperate marine paleoclimate From 27 to 23 Ma and from 23 to 17 Ma there were relatively few extraprovincial molluscan taxa. The sharp increase in numbers of extraprovincial taxa in the fossil record in California occurred from 17 to 5 Ma. Extinction was perhaps related to cooling during the late Miocene time, marked by winter minimum SSTs of 10.0 8C and a lower eustatic sea level (Barron, 1973; Keller and Barron, 1983), and the development of a modern California coastline with the near completion of the rotation of the western Transverse Ranges. The paleoclimate from 27 to 17 Ma can be characterized as temperate or equable solely on the basis of the relatively few extraprovincial taxa present in rocks of those ages. The term “equable,” when referring to paleoclimate, can be defined as a narrow difference between summer maximum and winter minimum temperatures, and a reduced annual cycle of temperature (Sloan and Barron, 1990, p. 489; see also Sloan and Barron, 1992; Sloan, 1994). Because continental interiors can have low winter minimum temperatures even during globally warm periods, Sloan and Barron (1990) questioned the utility of the term “equable” when referring to paleoclimate, and they suggested that the term not be used without knowledge of the paleogeography. Marine, not continental, paleoclimates are inferred in this study, and the paleogeography is also inferred; however, the terms “temperate” or “equable” relative to marine paleoclimates need to be defined, and a method for measuring temperateness or equability of marine paleoclimates needs to be developed. Axelrod (1992b, p. 1) defined ideal equable climate as a climate condition with a mean annual temperature of 14.0 8C and a mean annual range of temperature of 0 8C. The mean annual temperature of the Earth is 14.0 8C, a value midway between the thermal limits of tropical and polar climates (Bailey, 1960). Axelrod (1992b) documented a case to show that because the mean temperature of the Earth’s surface has not been much colder or warmer than at present, the mean temperature of 14.0 8C of the Earth has existed since at least Cretaceous time. However, Axelrod (1992b) emphasized that mean annual temperature has no climatic significance. He argued that equability or temperateness should be measured on a scale that is based on a relationship between ET and warmth or duration of growing season; his calculation incorporates both the mean
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines annual temperature (T) and the mean annual range in temperature (AR). Bailey (1960, p. 11) provided the following formulae in order to calculate an index of temperateness (M): M 4 149.4 1 41 log [(AR/2 ` 4)2 ` (T 1 14)2], or M 4 161.7 1 41 log [(warmest month 1 10 8C)2 ` (coldest month 1 18 8C)2]. Using H. Bailey’s (1960) index of temperateness, the lowlands of New Zealand, Tasmania, south China, and the coastal areas of California and Chile are the most temperate terrestrial regions in the world, where M 4 .70. Bailey (1960, Fig. 9) developed a scale of temperateness using his indices of temperateness, i.e., M 4 0–25, extreme; M 4 24–40, intemperate; M 4 40–55, subtemperate; M 4 55–70, temperate; M 4 70– 85, very temperate; M 4 85–90, constant. If SSTs at regional marine climatic boundaries along the west coast of North America (Tables 3 and 4) are used with the index of temperateness formula (second of preceding equations) to calculate temperateness, M 4 45 at 618N (Aleutians), M 4 68 at 488N (Puget Sound, Washington State), M 4 66 at 348N (near Point Conception, California), and M 4 64 at 248N (Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico). However, there is no clear basis for applying the indices of temperateness for continental climates, developed by Bailey (1960) and advocated by Axelrod (1992b), to the marine realm. In addition, when the formula is used to calculate an index of temperateness for marine climates, the results are not meaningful; i.e., all the M values from widely different latitudes are subtemperate. Axelrod’s (1992b) points are well taken, and temperateness or equability is important when describing marine climates and causes of extinction of organisms (Axelrod, 1967a). An alternative to the indices of temperateness used for continental environments is proposed here for measuring the temperateness of marine paleoclimates. This method of estimating the temperateness of marine climates is founded on models developed by Valentine (1967, 1968), the increase in diversity of Neogene species in California through time, and a present-day latitudinal diversity gradient of marine mollusks. Species diversity. Valentine (1968, p. 273) proposed several models that can be useful when measuring temperateness or equability of ancient marine environments: (1) “world oceans with mild, uniform climates are characterized by low species diversity”; (2) “oceans with cooler polar waters and higher temperature gradients are characterized by high provinciality, high species diversity, and perhaps higher rates of phyletic evolution”; (3) “Climates that fluctuate between cooling and warming trends will act to create species diversity and enrich the marine biota”; and (4) “times of warming should be times of greatest extinction rates.” Increasing species diversity through time. There was an increase in the number of molluscan taxa in California during late Paleogene and Neogene time: 282 taxa are within the 27– 23 Ma time slice, 345 are within the 23–17 Ma time slice, 515 are within the 17–13 Ma time slice, 631 taxa are within the 13– 8 Ma time slice, 578 are within the 8–5 Ma time slice, and 903
65
are within the 5–2.5 Ma time slice (Appendix 1, Tables A7– A12). Valentine (1958) reported 928 species from the Pleistocene deposits of California; 750 species are reported from the Pleistocene Verdean Molluscan Province (named by Valentine, 1961) (Californian Molluscan Province) from southern California (Roy et al., 1995); and 2887 molluscan species, including 1710 bivalved molluscan species, are living today in marine environments shallower than 200 m from Peru to the Arctic Ocean (Roy et al., 1995, p. 1072; Crame, 2000, p. 190). The increasing number of molluscan taxa from 27 Ma to present may reflect the nature of sampling and the preservation of the fossils. However, Valentine (1989, p. 89) stated “Clearly, species-rich accumulations of dead shells, such as are reported in taphonomic studies, have been captured by the fossil record commonly enough and over wide enough a range of shelf environments to form a surprisingly complete record of the easily fossilized fraction of the living fauna.” Acknowledging that there are possible inadequacies of sampling, there was a partial loss of the molluscan fossil record through time owing to dissolution of shell material, and there may be taxonomic problems that could affect the number of extinct species counted; there seems to be a relative increase in the number of molluscan species through Neogene time. K. Roy (2000, written commun.), on the basis of his research, suggested that diversity may have declined since the late Pliocene. An increase, rather than decline, in diversity could be related to increasing molluscan provinciality and to an overall cooling of the marine climate during the Neogene along the coast of California and the eastern Pacific Ocean (Fig. 30). The data herein seem to support a part of one of Valentine’s (1968) models: “oceans with cooler polar waters and higher temperature gradients are characterized by high provinciality, high species diversity, and perhaps higher rates of phyletic evolution.” Present-day latitudinal molluscan diversity gradients. The number of molluscan and endemic molluscan species and the percentage of endemic species in each of the present-day molluscan provinces along the coast of California are shown in Table 5, which illustrates that present-day molluscan assemblages and taxa show a latitudinal faunal diversity gradient associated with a latitudinal thermal gradient. Species diversity decreases toward the north pole, and increases toward tropical regions (see Stehli et al., 1967; Stehli, 1968; Huston, 1994). Tropical regions are considered to be evolutionary centers for new species and genera (Flessa and Jablonski, 1996). The greatest diversity among present-day molluscan species (2887) in the eastern Pacific region is present at low latitudes in the tropics. Stanley et al. (1980) proposed that geographic configuration is more important than latitude in regulating species diversity. An analysis of paleoshoreline maps (Plates 2–5) and the increase in the numbers of marine taxa (Fig. 30; Appendix 1, Tables A7–A10) along the paleocoastline of California seems at first to support this notion; i.e., as the paleogeographic configuration of the California coastline changed from
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Number of Taxa
800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 2.5–H
5–2.5
8–5
13–8
17–13
23–17
27–23
0
Time (Ma) Figure 30. Increase in number of mostly molluscan taxa through time (data for 2.5 Ma to Holocene time interval are from Valentine, 1958). H—Holocene.
27 to 13 Ma, and new nearshore environments were provided, new species evolved and occupied those environments. However, from ca. 8 to 2.5 Ma, as the deeply embayed aspect of the Miocene coastline of California became more like the present-day California coastline (i.e., a more linear coastline and one marked by a limited number of bays), species diversity seemingly continued to increase (Appendix 1, Tables A11 and A12; Plates 6 and 8). If species diversity increased, the increase would have been coeval with the regional extinction of molluscan species (Fig. 28). Regional extinction could have been related to the inability of molluscan species to adapt to narrow ecological tolerances and to restricted geographic distribution. These relationships seem to suggest that thermal regime is more important than local geography in shaping molluscan diversity gradients. During the early Paleogene to late Neogene overall cooling trend there was an increase in faunal provinciality; geography played a role in increasing provinciality, but it was not the primary role. During late Paleogene and Neogene time, molluscan diversity and provinciality increased during Cenozoic cooling, and paleoclimate oscillations and paleogeography were responsible for high rates of both extinction and speciation. The temperate or mild, more uniform marine paleoclimate during early Miocene time became less uniform during the late Neogene. With increasing provinciality and thermal diversity, nearshore marine environments became less temperate. Bays and inlets were opened and destroyed during the ;25 m.y. period between 27 and 2.5 Ma. When new environments became available to shallow-water marine organisms, they diversified and occupied the new niches: when niches were destroyed, some of taxa became extinct. Millennial or submillen-
nial changes in water temperatures affect molluscan populations and foster changes in diversity and extinction. Marine climate is clearly the prominent cause for increases in diversity, as well as for local or regional extinctions, but it is not the only cause. Effective temperatures were assigned to Neogene marine molluscan taxa from southern Oregon, California, and northern Mexico (Appendix 1, Tables A7–A12). These temperatures reflect the warmth of the nearshore marine climate region at the northernmost present-day presence of the extant taxa. A taxon can have an ET of 10.31 8C at its northern geographic endpoint, but it can range southward into tropical waters, e.g., the bivalve Megacrenella columbiana (Dall) (geographic range lat 608– 178N). During late Oligocene and early and medial Miocene time there were relatively few molluscan taxa with effective temperatures from 10.17 to 12.0 8C present in molluscan assemblages living in marine outer tropical or warm temperate paleoclimate regions of California. Such taxa increased in number with Cenozoic paleoclimate cooling and increased provinciality (Fig. 31). During the time interval between 27 and 5 Ma, 13%–38% of the taxa in molluscan assemblages that lived in outer tropical paleoclimate regions had effective temperatures of 10.0 or 10.17 to 12.0 8C; however, between 8 and 2.5 Ma, 59%–89% of the taxa in molluscan assemblages living in temperate and cool temperate paleoclimate regions had effective temperatures of 10.17–12.0 8C. The increase in the percentage of mollusks that can live in marine conditions where the ET is 10.17–12.0 8C reflects an increase in molluscan provinciality. I propose that the increase in molluscan provinciality also reflects a reduction in temperateness or equability in the marine climate, and that the percentage of mollusks that can live in marine conditions where the ET is 10.0 or 10.17 to 12.0 8C can be used to define temperateness or equability. If only 13%–38% of the fossil taxa present have an ET between 10.17 and 12.0 8C, this percentage range indicates a very temperate marine climate. If only 39%–49% of the taxa present have an ET between 10.0 or 10.17 and 12.0 8C, this percentage range indicates a temperate marine climate. Terms such as “extreme,” “intemperate,” “subtemperate,” and “constant,” when referring to temperateness of marine climate, seem to have limited utility. A nearshore marine region with a winter minimum temperature of 10.0 8C and a summer maximum temperature of 11.0 8C certainly reflects a nearly constant marine temperature, but seemingly not one that by human standards is “mild.” In this study the term “temperateness” can be substituted for the climate terms “equable” and “mild.” Using the definitions of temperate and very temperate paleoclimate discussed herein, the marine paleoclimate in California was very temperate at low latitudes and temperate at higher latitudes from ca. 27 to 8 Ma. The paleoclimate became less temperate at higher latitudes in California by ca. 8–5 Ma. Paleogeography The early attempts of geologists to reconstruct a part of the Cenozoic paleogeography of California did not consider pal-
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines
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Figure 31. Percentage of fossil mollusks with effective temperature, ET, of 10.17–12.0 8C in assemblages of mollusks from 27 to 2.5 Ma paleoclimatic regions of California. OT is outer tropical, WT is warm temperate, T is temperate, and CT is cool temperate. See Table 1 for definitions of paleoclimatic regions. For example, ;20% of taxa in OT paleoclimatic regions during 27–23 Ma time slice have ET between 10.17 and 12.0 8C; percentage remains about same in OT paleoclimatic regions during 23–17 Ma time slice, ;45% of taxa living in WT paleoclimatic regions have ET between 10.17 and 12.0 8C; and by 8–5 Ma time slice there were relatively large percentages of taxa with ET between 10.17 and 12.0 8C living in OT, WT, T, and CT regions as paleoclimatic conditions became less temperate.
inspastic reconstructions (e.g., Loel and Corey, 1932; Axelrod, 1956, Fig. 16). Nevertheless, their attempts to draw Cenozoic paleogeographic maps of California based on the distribution of fossil marine mollusks and land plants were remarkable at the time. Following the seminal research of Hill and Dibblee (1953) on the San Andreas fault, paleogeographers were obliged to restore fault blocks of California to their prefaulted positions in order to make meaningful paleogeologic maps. Commonly the practice was to outline the blocks and shorelines that should be back slipped along faults but not to make the actual palinspastic reconstruction (e.g., Hall, 1960; Addicott, 1967b, 1968). Offset paleoshorelines supported the notion of Hill and Dibblee (1953) that hundreds of kilometers of right slip have occurred along the San Andreas fault (e.g., Clarke and Nilsen, 1973; Stanley, 1986). However, most of the palinspastic maps of California that have been constructed are regional palinspastic maps, not palinspastic maps of the marine basins for the entire state (e.g., Graham, 1976, 1979b; Reid, 1978, 1995; Stuart, 1979a; Graham and Berry, 1979; Graham et al., 1989; Bartow, 1991; Aalto et al., 1995b; Hall et al., 1995; Rumelhart and Ingersoll, 1997; Fritsche, 1998; Ingersoll and Rumelhart, 1999). When the marine basins of western California have been palinspastically restored, the resulting Cenozoic paleoshoreline
maps are generalized or at a very small scale, e.g., Cole and Armentrout (1979) and Nilsen (1987b). It was not until the extraordinary research of Luyendyk and colleagues (e.g., Kamerling and Luyendyk, 1979; Luyendyk et al., 1980) on the paleomagnetic signatures of the Transverse Ranges (Appendix 1, Table A16) that sense could be made of the paleogeography of southern California, and of the paleogeographic ties between the southern San Joaquin Valley, the Santa Maria–Cuyama region, and southern California south of the Tehachapi Mountains. Palinspastic reconstructions of 27– 2.5 Ma paleoshorelines of California are relatively straightforward, with the following exceptions. (1) The base maps for the reconstructions are not plastic; therefore, geometric alignments of restored fault blocks along curved faults are imprecise. (2) Most paleoshorelines depicted in Plates 2–8 are inferred because the original paleoshorelines and the amount of postdepositional erosion are not known or the paleoshoreline is not preserved. (3) Palinspastic restorations of the east San Francisco Bay region are generalized owing to erosion and uncertainties regarding the amounts of right slip along the Calaveras and Hayward fault systems. (4) The restoration of the region of southern California, south of the Transverse Ranges, is the most difficult to reconstruct owing to the generation of new crustal areas that
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began to develop ca. 17 Ma and during the transtension that accompanied the clockwise rotation of the Transverse Ranges. In order to provide palinspastic restorations of southwestern California, Crouch and Suppe (1993) and Fritsche (1998) graphically removed several areas of coastal southern California prior to completing their palinspastic restorations. The areas that they removed are a rhombohedral-shaped area between the Palos Verdes fault (PVF, Plate 1B), the East Santa Cruz basin fault zone, Santa Cruz Island (SCIF)–Dume (DumeF)–Santa Monica–Raymond–Hill (SM-R-HF) fault zones (Plate 1B); a triangular area between the Santa Maria River (SMRF)–Foxen Canyon (FCF)–Little Pine (LPF), and Lompoc-Solvang (L-SF) fault zones (Crouch and Suppe, 1993) (Plate 1B); a triangular area between the Whittier (WhitF) and San Gabriel (SGF) faults (Fritsche, 1998) (Plate 1B); and three triangular areas in the western Transverse Ranges (Fritsche, 1998). The granitoid and schist basement notations in Plates 2C and 3C for southern California, refer to areas of metamorphic core complexes. These areas did not exist prior to Miocene extension and volcanism. The metamorphic core complexes of Catalina (Santa Catalina Island, SCI), Orocopia, and Pelona Schists were isostatically uplifted in the Miocene (Crouch and Suppe, 1993) (Plate 2C). They are considered in this study to be beneath the Southern California allochthon (Hall, 1991) (Plates 2C, 3C, and 4C). The importance of noting the presence of the core complexes is to infer the location of the low-angle, solid-barbed fault, which is believed to mark the sole of the southern California allochthon (Hall, 1991). This location is coupled to the location of the Coast Range fault (open barbs). Most palinspastic maps that reconstruct Cenozoic paleogeography do not depict the location of these Mesozoic faults. I have included the inferred and actual location of the two principal types of low-angle Mesozoic faults. The reason for their inclusion is to be able to follow their journey through time as they are translated along elements of the San Andreas fault system. The faults provide a check against the reconstruction of the paleoshorelines. The paleoshorelines may be aligned in a trial restoration; however, if the low-angle faults do not follow a course that eventually leads them to their present-day location, the locations of the paleoshorelines are likely in error or they do not represent the best fit in a reconstruction. The Catalina Schist is a distinctive basement formation that was metamorphosed at estimated paleodepths of ;25–45 km during pre-Late Cretaceous time (minimum age of metamorphism is ca. 110 Ma). The core complex was exposed in early Miocene time. The tectonic denudation, uplift, and unroofing has been interpreted as a multistage process. (1) The Franciscan Complex was subducted and subjected to high-pressure metamorphism. (2) There was underplating and internal extension of the subducted wedge. (3) The Catalina Schist (metamorphosed Franciscan Complex) was uplifted from depths of 25– 45 to 10–15 km by Late Cretaceous time. (4) During latest Oligocene to earliest Miocene time the Great Valley sequence and underlying Catalina Schist were rifted apart 220 5 10 km.
(5) Between 22 and 20 Ma the Catalina Schist was completely unroofed and first exposed to erosion (Crouch and Suppe, 1993, p. 1423). Crouch and Suppe (1993, p. 1430) suggested that dextral simple shear along major transform zones in what is now the offshore Los Angeles basin was associated with the clockwise rotation of the Western Transverse Ranges. Based on the ages of the mid-Miocene volcanic rocks in and around the Los Angeles basin, it is likely that the time of extension or rifting of the region between Ventura and Santa Ana (Plates 2C–4C) inferred by Crouch and Suppe (1993) was ca. 17 Ma rather than the 22–20 Ma that they proposed. If there has been ;220 km of extension, it does not affect the location of the paleoshorelines or paleolatitudes depicted in Plates 2C, 3C, and 4C. Rumelhart and Ingersoll (1997, Fig. 7) used a somewhat different approach to that of Fritsche (1998) in their palinspastic reconstruction of a part of southern California. Relative to the triangular area between the Whittier and San Gabriel faults (WhitF and SGF, Plate 1B), Rumelhart and Ingersoll (1997) created two geometric gaps north and south of the San Gabriel fault in order to accommodate post-12 Ma transpression or shortening. In order to construct Plates 2C, 3C, and 4C, it was necessary to use both Fritsche’s (1998) and Rumelhart and Ingersoll’s (1997) models to reconstruct southern California, i.e., to graphically remove some areas of the base maps underlain by Miocene volcanic rocks, and to extend an area of southern California in order to accommodate transpressional shortening during late Miocene or early Pliocene to Holocene time. Fritsche (1998) removed areas largely underlain by midMiocene volcanic rocks so that in his reconstructions there would be “space” or “room” for latter compression and the extrusion and intrusion of Miocene volcanic rocks in the vicinity of what is now Los Angeles. Rumelhart and Ingersoll (1997), however, removed an arbitrary amount of folded terrane so that they would have space for later compression and the extrusion and intrusion of the mid-Miocene volcanic rocks. In my treatment, it was necessary to do a bit of both these approaches in order to develop the palinspastic reconstruction of southern California. As stated herein, the base maps for the reconstructions are not plastic, and therefore geometric alignments of restored fault blocks along curved faults are imprecise. Thus, substantial imprecision is introduced when this fact is coupled with the inability to precisely remove areas underlain by volcanic rocks and unfold regions. Subsidence of the Los Angeles and Santa Maria basins likely resulted from Monterey plate or microplate capture by the Pacific plate (20–17 Ma, Nicholson et al., 1994; or 18–16 Ma, McCrory et al., 1995), transrotation (ca. 17–12 Ma and later) (Luyendyk and Hornafius, 1987; Ingersoll, 1988; Rumelhart and Ingersoll, 1997), thermal tectonic subsidence (Pitman and Andrews, 1985) (17–6 Ma), post-Oligocene extension or transtension along low-angle detachment faults (20–6 Ma or 12–6 Ma) (Crouch and Suppe, 1993; Rumelhart and Ingersoll,
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines 1997; Ingersoll and Rumelhart, 1999), and transpression and compression (6 Ma to present) (Rumelhart and Ingersoll, 1997; Ingersoll and Rumelhart, 1999). The Pismo and Huasna basins in San Luis Obispo County, north of the Los Angeles basin, are products of thermal subsidence and northwest-southeast extension, probably between 13 and 8 Ma, i.e., subsidence after deposition and emplacement of the Obispo Formation and coeval volcanic rocks (ca. 18–17 Ma) (Hall, 1981a; Heasler and Surdam, 1984). McCrory et al. (1995) inferred that the subsidence of the Santa Maria depositional basin between 16 and 7 Ma was associated with thermal subsidence and with cooling of the underplated oceanic lithosphere (Appendix 1, Tables A3 and A4). Flower and Kennett (1993b, p. 877) suggested “organiccarbon-rich deposition in the Monterey Formation [their age range of 18 to 8 Ma; present-day latitude of ;34.58N, along the Santa Barbara coastline] fostered middle Miocene global cooling through drawdown of atmospheric partial CO2” (my brackets). They also proposed that the deposition of the Monterey Formation coincided with deep-water cooling and growth of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet from 14.5 to 14.1 Ma. In studying the same strata, Schoell et al. (1994) proposed that Miocene surface waters were well mixed between ca. 21 and 17 Ma, but they became stratified between 17 and 16 Ma. Flower and Kennett (1993b) and Schoell et al. (1994) correlated organiccarbon-rich deposition and C35 hopanes that have systematically and chronologically decreasing 13C concentrations, respectively, with global cooling (16.1–14.1 Ma). Both of their correlations seem to be well defined; however, regional tectonism and paleogeography also could have influenced changes in temperature, organic-carbon-rich deposition, and C35 hopanes. Between 27 and 17 Ma the paleolatitude of Santa Barbara, now at ;348N, was near the absolute latitude of 318 or 328N. The Santa Barbara coastline was oriented north-south rather than east-west, and it formed the western shoreline region of the protected AnaVent basin or warm water gulf (a gulf analogous to the Gulf of California but to the west). In addition, a positive landmass existed to the west of the palinspastically restored Santa Barbara region (Plates 2C and 3C). Also note in Plate 2C the proximity of the Colorado River (boundary between California and Arizona) to the AnaVent basin. Howard (2000, p. 1635) noted the “spatial coincidence between Sespe (and other Cenozoic) paleodelta deposits around Los Angeles that contain exotic clasts, and the inferred location of the mouth of the Colorado River” (assuming that it existed during this time). Based on subsurface studies by McCulloh and Beyer (2001), the 27–23 Ma water mass near 338N lat west of the Elsinore fault (ElsF, Plate 2C) should extend to 33.88N lat and near the Elsinore fault. Between 17 and 13 Ma the paleolatitude of the Santa Barbara region was between the absolute latitudes of 328 and 338N and it was no longer a part of a protected-water gulf (Plates 4C and 5C). Owing to the transrotation of the Santa Barbara coastline and transgressive depositional conditions, oceanographic
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conditions changed markedly along the Santa Barbara coastline between 17 and 13 Ma. Owing to the development of an open and unprotected coastline beginning ca. 17 Ma, the California Current and cold water upwelling would have influenced the physical and biological conditions of deposition of the Monterey Formation. Plate 5C (13–8 Ma time slice) depicts western southern California as a region of transtension when the western Transverse Ranges had not yet arrived at their present-day east-west orientation. The Modelo Formation is assigned to the 13–8 Ma time slice (Appendix 1, Table A4). Rumelhart and Ingersoll (1997) suggested that the south-directed paleocurrent indicators in the Modelo Formation (observed by Sullwold, 1958, 1960) indicate that the Modelo Formation was not rotated, i.e., that rotation of the southern part of the western Transverse Ranges terminated between 12 and 11 Ma. If their interpretation is accepted it does not change the interpretation of paleoclimate for the region or the location of the paleoshorelines depicted in Plate 5C. Liu et al. (1993, p. 799) constructed a highly simplified ocean model for the middle to late Miocene (13–6 Ma) coastal region of central California. Using their model they confirmed that the sea in the Great Valley region of California was separated from the open ocean during late Miocene time. This paleogeographic relationship can be seen in palinspastic reconstructions (Plate 5). A goal of their model was to provide “more sophisticated procedures” for “reconstructing past temperatures” (Liu et al., 1993, p. 809). However, Liu et al. recognized that their model was poorly defined because little is known about the wind-stress field, bathymetry, passageways to the open ocean, and salinities from 13 to 6 Ma or from 13 to 8 Ma (Liu et al., 1993, p. 802). It seems unlikely that all of these parameters can be determined prior to making paleoclimatic models for former marine seas in the future. Palinspastic reconstructions, paleobiologic interpretations of mollusks and planktic microfossils, and isotopic analyses are likely to remain among the most sophisticated procedures for reconstructing paleoshorelines and past nearshore SSTs in California. Ocean models and paleotemperatures that are deduced from skeletal 18O/16O isotope ratios are both dependent on salinity measurements. Without knowledge of seawater chemistry, isotopic paleotemperature estimates can be 10.0–18.0 8C higher than the observed temperatures, and estimated paleotemperatures can be influenced by the influx of freshwater into marine nearshore environments (Klein et al., 1996). If normal seawater salinity is assumed when 18O/16O isotope ratios are calculated from shells of mollusks, resulting paleotemperature analyses can prove to be spurious (see Purton and Brasier, 1997); this would be especially true for fossil mollusks collected from the protected marine paleoenvironments of what is now the Great Valley of California (Plates 2–8). Klein et al. (1996) suggested that the use of skeletal Mg/Ca ratios determined from the calcite in molluscan shells can offset the lack of knowledge of paleosalinities when estimating seawater pa-
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leotemperatures. These techniques for estimating marine paleotemperatures using Cenozoic fossils from California have not been widely, or as widely, applied in California as elsewhere, e.g., by Krantz et al. (1987), Jones et al. (1989), Allmon et al. (1992, 1994), Jones and Allmon (1995), and Andreasson and Schmitz (1996). Huber (1981) suggested that the Sierra Nevada was uplifted ca. 10 Ma. Gillespie (1982) proposed 1000 m of crestal uplift that occurred since 3 Ma, as did Small and Anderson (1995), but between 10 and 7 Ma. Wernicke et al. (1996) suggested that this range was initially at 4000–5500 m (ca. 20 Ma) and then it subsided to 2000–3000 m during the late Cenozoic (ca. 10 Ma). Wakabayashi (2000) suggested that crestal uplift of 1440–2150 m began ca. 5 Ma. Chamberlain and Poage (2000) suggested that the Sierra Nevada has been at its present elevation at least since 16 Ma. The different notions for the times of the uplift of the Sierra Nevada, i.e., 16–3 Ma, make it difficult to ascertain the affects of the uplift and glaciation on depocenters that could have taken place from the medial Miocene to the latest Pliocene or Pleistocene. According to some researchers, the late Miocene regression in the San Joaquin basin occurred ca. 10 Ma, and it can be associated with a fall in sea level between 11 and 10 Ma (Haq et al., 1987; Bartow, 1991). Right-lateral shear was also taking place at about this time in the Basin and Range province. The age of alluvial fan deposits along the southeastern margin of the San Joaquin basin is known to be ca. 8 Ma (Bartow, 1991). Because there are no comparable nonmarine deposits known along the northeastern margin of the basin, it has been suggested that uplift of the Sierra Nevada began earlier near the southern end of the range. Neogene nonmarine and marine depocenters in the San Joaquin Valley west of the Sierra Nevada were depicted by Loomis (1990a, Figs. 15C–15E), Bartow (1991, Figs. 9–13), and Reid (1995, Figs. 8–13). Nilsen and Clarke (1987) depicted the Miocene-Pliocene nonmarine depocenters in the Sacramento Valley. Tectonic events, other than the uplift of the Sierra Nevada, affected San Joaquin basin depocenters. The sea in the San Joaquin basin became more restricted during the late Pliocene owing to continued northward translation of Salinia, uplift of regions surrounding the San Joaquin basin, and increased rates of sedimentation. What had a greater effect on the depocenters and the late Miocene–late Pliocene faunas in the San Joaquin basin: the uplift of the Sierra Nevada and associated glaciation or the closing of the seaway into the San Joaquin basin from the west, owing to the uplift of the Coast Ranges? CONCLUSIONS The duration of summer warmth is used to define late Paleogene and Neogene nearshore paleoclimatic regions and temperateness in western California. Based on the very limited
knowledge of gametogenesis and spawning in mollusks, and using (1) season and duration of shell growth and reproduction in present-day mollusks, (2) distribution patterns of living molluscan taxa, and (3) the thermal gradient along the west coast of North America (Tables 1, 3, and 6), the duration of warmth necessary for reproduction is inferred to be an important factor influencing the distribution of many nearshore marine mollusks. Molluscan distribution can also be limited by other factors, such as winter minimum and summer maximum SSTs, availability of nutrients, salinity, and geography; thus, the duration of warmth is only one factor in a regime of environmental factors influencing the distribution of marine molluscan taxa. Defining the northern boundary of nearshore tropical climatic regions or water masses in the Northern Hemisphere by a winter minimum SST of 20.0 8C is flawed because tropical mollusks and other taxonomic groups are known to live in marine environments where SSTs are several degrees colder than 20.0 8C. Characterizing fossil mollusks or large assemblages of mollusks by such factors as availability of nutrients, the salinity of the water in which the mollusks live, and geography are either not possible or not practical. However, for purposes of analyzing or providing an approximation of marine paleoclimate, fossil mollusks can be characterized by the single thermal attribute of summer duration of warmth or effective temperature (ET ). The palinspastic restoration of California for time slices between 27 and 17 Ma restores nearshore outer tropical paleoclimatic regions to latitudes as far north as the absolute latitude of 368N, i.e., near the present-day latitude of Fresno, California (Plates 2 and 3). The present-day northern boundary of the nearshore outer tropical climatic region is between 288 and 278N. During the same 10 m.y. time interval, a nearshore warm temperate paleoclimatic region was probably as far north as 418N. In contrast, the present-day marine nearshore climate or water masses at this latitude, near Eureka, California, is cool temperate. Between 27 and 17 Ma the nearshore marine climate was temperate, i.e., extreme fluctuations in seasonal nearshore marine SSTs were not common. During this time, separate outer tropical and inner tropical paleoclimatic regions were less likely to have existed than a single tropical paleoclimatic region owing to the presence of a weak latitudinal temperature gradient. During the Pleistocene, glacial cooling in the tropics was 1 5 1 8C, although it could have been 2.0–6.0 8C (Broecker, 1996; Wolff et al., 1998); if the latter cooling temperature is correct, then both outer and inner tropical paleoclimatic regions probably were present during the Pleistocene. Late Paleogene and Neogene mollusks from throughout palinspastically restored western California indicate an overall marine climatic cooling trend. The southward latitudinal shift of the marine outer tropical and warm temperate paleoclimatic regions, as defined by the distribution of nearshore marine fossil mollusks, supports the late Cenozoic cooling trend that has been inferred by others based on fossil mollusks, microfossils, and
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines geochemistry (see Table 11; Plates 4–8). The late Cenozoic protected and embayed regions near San Francisco, and in what is now the San Joaquin Valley of California, remained bastions for warm temperate and outer tropical paleomolluscan faunas from 17 to 8 Ma (Plates 4 and 5). Some fossil floras that were living near these protected marine environments reflect a cooler paleoclimate of the more open coastal regions of California (Tables 7 and 8). In addition to the overall Cenozoic cooling trend, the clockwise rotation of the western Transverse Ranges, beginning ca. 17 Ma, influenced the distribution of fossil mollusks, organic-carbon-rich deposits, and stratified surface water by exposing once protected embayed regions to the cold California Current and cold water upwelling. Relict marine molluscan faunas persisted in protected regions (Plate 5B, 13–8 Ma time slice). Warming in the tropics and the concomitant growth of glaciers at high latitudes are associated with an overall Neogene cooling trend in the eastern Pacific Ocean. These conditions strengthened a latitudinal temperature gradient and brought moisture northward from the tropics, which in turn influenced paleofloras that were living relatively near open-coastal environments (Tables 7–10). With a strengthened temperature gradient, greater extremes in SSTs, reduction of temperateness, and an irregular and embayed California coastline, there was an increase in species diversity among mollusks during the Neogene (Figs. 29 and 30). (1) There are 282 (mostly molluscan) taxa known from rocks assigned to the 27–23 Ma time slice; 4% of the species survived into the Holocene. (2) Of 345 taxa from 23–17 Ma rocks, 5% of the species survived into the Holocene. (3) Of 515 taxa from 17–13 Ma rocks, 2% of the species survived into the Holocene. (4) Of 631 taxa from 13–8 Ma rocks, 15% of the species survived into the Holocene. (5) Of 578 taxa from 8–5 Ma rocks, 13% of the species survived into the Holocene. (6) Of 903 taxa from 5–2.5 Ma rocks, 17% of the species survived into the Holocene. (7) There are 928 taxa from Pleistocene deposits. The overall regional extinction rate of mollusks increased in California after 17 Ma. Two prominent intervals of extinction occurred, one between 17 and 13 Ma, and another between 5 and 2.5 Ma (or into Pleistocene time, e.g., 1.8–1.6 Ma) (Fig. 28). These two regional extinction spikes can be correlated with hemispheric cooling, establishment of the East Antarctic ice cap, and other worldwide glacial events (see Table 11). The opening and closing of the Isthmus of Panama, the rotation of the western Transverse Ranges, and the destruction of embayed or gulf regions could also have influenced regional extinction rates among marine mollusks in California. Oscillations in SSTs were perhaps more important than hemispheric cooling events in accounting for high rates of extinction (Table 12). Valentine and Jablonski (1993) and Cannariato et al. (1999) noted that speciation and extinction rates do not increase significantly with extreme environmental instability. However, with increasing or marked provinciality among molluscan assemblages from 27 to
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2.5 Ma, the highest regional extinction rates correlate with paleoclimatological episodes of warming and cooling. Perhaps there was insufficient time to adapt to new thermal regimes, to cooler temperatures, to a decline in plankton volume, or to migrate. Periodic episodes of regional extinction reduced the size of populations of nearshore mollusks, relatively large numbers of species survived over relatively long periods of time, and new species made their first appearances coeval with periods of regional extinction (Figs. 28 and 29). However, acknowledging the possible inadequacies of sampling, the loss of fossils records, and poorly determined taxonomy, there is a suggestion from the late Paleogene and Neogene molluscan record of California that there was increased speciation or cladogenesis between 27 and 2.5 Ma (Fig. 30). If only anagenesis, i.e., species becoming extinct by gradually evolving into another species, had occurred the number of species would not have increased. Based on the paleogeographic maps for late Paleogene and Neogene time, e.g., Plate 5B, there was isolation of relatively small populations of mollusks at the edge of species ranges. This isolation could have resulted in peripatric speciation, i.e., species formation at the edge of the range of the species. Flower and Kennett (1995) characterized the time from 17 to 15 Ma as the Neogene climatic optimum, with warm, saline, deep water; Flower and Kennett (1993a, 1993b, 1993c) also recognized a subsequent global cooling event between 14.5 and 14.1 Ma. The resolution of the time of regional extinction of mollusks from rocks assigned to the 17–13 Ma time slice is too broad to infer whether a warming event or a cooling event caused so many mollusks to become extinct during this time and many species to make their first appearances. Because water-mass boundaries are more effective barriers for southern species migrating north in response to changing climatic conditions, it is inferred that, after southern species migrated north in times of warming, they were not be able to adapt to the cooler marine conditions. Alternatively, it may not have been possible for large breeding populations of mollusks to move south fast enough in times of cooling before they were eliminated. Extinction rates can be related to the Earth’s history of glaciation; however, glaciation can be related to other factors, such as astronomical cycles, plate tectonics, ocean currents, and atmospheric composition. Hodell and Kennett (1986) recognized worldwide glacial paleoclimatic events at 5.5, 5.3, and 5.1 Ma, and worldwide interglacial paleoclimatic events at 5.2, 5.0, and 4.1 Ma. The cyclical pattern of Neogene glaciation and temperature oscillations, rather than single cooling or warming events, apparently resulted in the high rate of regional extinctions among mollusks between late Pliocene and Pleistocene time, rather than single cooling or warming events (Fig. 28; Table 11). SUMMARY Primarily middle and late Cenozoic, nearshore, marine mollusks from western California (not including taxa from
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Pleistocene rocks), are assigned to six time slices. These slices are equivalent to molluscan ages, spanning ;25 m.y. from the late Oligocene (27 Ma) to the late Pliocene (2.5 Ma). California is palinspastically restored for each of the time slices by backsliding and back rotating large fault blocks or crustal units. Present-day molluscan provinces are assigned to nearshore water masses or climatic regions, and fossil assemblages are assigned to nearshore paleoclimatic regions within palinspastically restored California. Paleoclimatic regions are based on the distribution of fossils, the northern endpoint of the geographic ranges of the present-day analogs of the fossils, and the effective temperature, duration of summer warmth, or the primary reproductive seasons at the northern endpoint of the geographic ranges of the modern analogs. The ET is a single temperature value that stands for a range of temperature values or a regime. It is used to define marine water masses or climatic and paleoclimatic regions of California; however, it is not the only factor limiting the distribution of poikilothermic marine mollusks. The five nearshore present-day marine climatic regions in the eastern Pacific Ocean, defined on the basis of duration of warmth and effective temperature, are as follows: (1) cool temperate (sea-surface temperatures [SSTs] no cooler than 10.0 8C during the year, and with a range of ET between 10.0 and 12.05 or 12.64 8C); (2) temperate (warmth of at least 13.0 8C for 5.1 months per year, and a range of ET between 17.16 and 19.21 8C); (3) warm temperate (warmth of 15.51 8C for 7.2 months per year, and a range of ET between 14.97 and 17.16 8C); (4) outer tropical (warmth of 17.16 8C for 9.4 months per year, and a range of ET between 17.16 and 19.21 8C); and (5) inner tropical (warmth of at least 18.0 8C for 12 months per year, and range of ET between 19.21 and 23.96 8C). A sixth nearshore cold climatic region is one in which marine SSTs are below 10.0 8C annually. The four late Paleogene and Neogene nearshore paleoclimatic regions in California are: (1) cool temperate (range of mean ET from ,10.98 to 11.86 8C, and 75%–89% of the fauna with ET of between 10.17 and 12.00 8C); (2) temperate (range of mean ET from 11.91 to 12.05 8C, and 49%–68% of fauna with ET between 10.0 and 12.0 8C); (3) warm temperate (range of mean ET from 13.21 to 14.09 8C, and 17%–29% of the fauna with ET between 15.51 and 16.78 8C); (4) outer tropical (range of mean ET from 14.31 to 15.14 8C, and 14%–42% of the fauna with ET between 16.98 and 17.90 8C). A cold paleoclimatic region was not present at any absolute or paleolatitude in California during late Paleogene and Neogene time. Owing to low zoogeographic provinciality during Neogene time, it is not likely that a distinction existed between inner and outer tropical paleoclimatic regions for most of Neogene time. If an inner tropical paleoclimatic region was present south of paleolatitudes and absolute latitudes of California during Neogene time, the seawater in the region would have had a range of ET from 19.21 to .20.0 8C, mean temperature of at least 18.0 8C, and ;30% of the fossil taxa would have had an ET between 18.44 and 27.65 8C.
A long-term global decline in sea-surface and continental temperatures began in Paleocene or Eocene time and continued through late Paleogene and Neogene time. The long-term or overall cooling trend in the eastern Pacific Ocean was associated with an increased latitudinal SST gradient and increased diversity of nearshore marine mollusks. The increase in diversity was marked by an increase in the number of species of marine mollusks and other taxa living along the California paleocoastline. The marine paleoclimate of California became less temperate, i.e., there were greater extremes in temperature and an increase in cool temperate marine molluscan taxa, during the Neogene as the latitudinal marine temperature gradient increased. There were relatively few extraprovincial molluscan taxa, i.e., taxa that migrated across cooler and warmer aberrant paleoclimatic and paleomolluscan provincial boundaries, with ETs of 10.17–12.0 8C, living in the outer tropical and warm temperate paleoclimatic regions during late Oligocene and early and medial Miocene time. Extraprovincial taxa increased in number with cooling paleoclimate and as provinciality increased during Cenozoic time. The marine paleoclimate in California was very temperate at low absolute latitudes, and temperate at higher absolute latitudes from 27 to 8 Ma. At higher absolute latitudes in California the paleoclimate became less temperate from 8 to 5 Ma. The marine paleoclimate (or nearshore water masses) from 27 to 17 Ma in California was outer tropical. The paleoclimate south of the paleolatitudes of California could have been inner tropical or simply tropical; however, fossil molluscan assemblages from south of the absolute latitude of 288N are not included in this study. The seas that occupied much of what is now California during the time interval 27–17 Ma were confined to a large, protected embayed region in central California and to a gulf in southwestern California. A worldwide rise in sea level between 17 and 13 Ma and regional tectonism associated with the 1308–908 clockwise rotation of the western Transverse Ranges during this time interval created new nearshore and embayed environments in California. From late Paleogene to Neogene time, there was an increase in faunal diversity related to strengthened temperature gradients, greater extremes in SSTs, reduction in temperateness, and the development of an embayed California coastline. The latter provided environments for endemic species and refugia for warm water taxa. There was also an increase in the number of molluscan taxa that progressively became extinct: e.g., 81 taxa (29% of the molluscan fauna assigned to the 27–23 Ma time slice) became extinct between 27 and 23 Ma; 71 taxa (21% of the molluscan fauna in the 23–17 Ma time slice) became extinct between 23 and 17 Ma; 234 taxa (45%) became extinct between 17 and 13 Ma; 188 taxa (30%) became extinct between 13 and 8 Ma; 127 taxa (22%) became extinct between 8 and 5 Ma; and 257 taxa (29% of the molluscan fauna in the 5–2.5 Ma time slice) became extinct between 5 and 2.5 Ma, or between 5 and 1.6 Ma. However, if only anagenesis had occurred during
Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines these time intervals, the number of species would not have increased. During episodes of extinction among fossil mollusks living off of California, there was the concurrent appearance of new taxa. Although global cooling took place during medial and late Cenozoic time, particularly from 14.5 to 14.1 Ma, stenothermic mollusks were able to survive and reproduce in the protected warm waters of California from 17 to 13 Ma. The open and unprotected coastal regions of California supported relatively cooler water marine faunas than protected regions. The relatively higher rates of regional extinction from 17 to 13 Ma and 5 to 2.5 Ma could be related to global cooling and changes in ocean circulation patterns. However, it is also likely that a combination of warming and cooling events, perhaps at millennial or submillennial scales, was responsible for a decline of plankton or zooplankton volume and regional extinction of many molluscan species living along the California coast. As warm water mass boundaries periodically moved northward, so did southern stenothermic species. With the onset of a cooling trend, some tropical and warm water taxa either adapted to the cooling conditions or survived as relict faunas in warm, protected environments; or they survived because the seasonal duration of warmth was long enough to complete their reproductive cycle. Some of these warm water taxa became extratropical or extraprovincial. The seasonal duration of warmth needed to complete the reproductive cycles of other southern taxa was no longer of sufficient length and at a marine temperature that would sustain the population. Northern marine species that had occupied a warm temperate water mass or paleoclimatic region during a cooling trend were forced to retreat to the north or into deeper water during the following warming trend. The local and regional reduction of protected nearshore environments along western and southern California during the Neogene (i.e., from 17 Ma to the Pleistocene) exacerbated the episodic SST fluctuations that affected molluscan populations. The palinspastically restored 18–14 Ma volcanic rocks in southwestern California (;500 km in diameter), the 2500 km circumscribed area of the 17–14 Ma Columbia River Basalt, and additional square kilometers of Miocene volcanic rocks in Nevada are coeval with global cooling events and the regional extinction of 234 molluscan taxa in California, and other molluscan taxa in Florida, between 17 and 13 Ma. It is not clear if this period of widespread volcanism, associated with the ejection of sulfuric acid aerosols into the stratosphere, led to global cooling, which in turn could have caused the regional extinction of molluscan taxa. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This multifaceted research project would not have been possible without the research of others, and there are many persons to whom I am indebted. It is appropriate to list some of the scientists whose research has been absolutely essential to this re-
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search effort. Perhaps foremost among this group are the taxonomists and biogeographers: W.O. Addicott, F.R. Bernard (deceased), J.W. Durham (deceased), U.S. Grant IV (deceased), L.G. Hertlein (deceased), A.M. Keen (deceased), L.N. Marincovich Jr., J.H. McLean, E.J. Moore, J.T. Smith, W.P. Woodring (deceased), and others listed in Appendix 1 (Tables A7–A12). E.V. Coan and P. Valentich Scott graciously allowed me to use their opus (while in press) on Bivalvia from the eastern Pacific Ocean. The research of all of these scientists forms the foundation for the paleoclimatologic analysis. There are many who contributed essential age-dating information necessary for the present study; however, several researchers deserve special mention: J.A. Barron, J.C. Ingle Jr., G. Keller, R.M. Kleinpell (deceased), R.Z. Poore, D.L. Turner, and D.W. Weaver. Others are listed in the notes in Appendix 1 (Tables A1–A6). T.W. Dibblee Jr., J.G. Vedder, and many others listed in Appendix 1 (Tables A1–A6, A16) provided geologic mapping, which is the cornerstone of any basin analysis. B.P. Luyendyk and colleagues, working with the paleomagnetic signatures of rocks in California, arguably have made the most important contribution to California geology since the pioneering work of M.L. Hill (deceased) and T.W. Dibblee Jr. on the San Andreas fault. Luyendyk’s research on the clockwise rotation of the Transverse Ranges has had a profound influence on the understanding of the tectonic evolution of California and interpretations of its paleogeography. J.C. Crowell and his students, T.W. Dibblee, W.R. Dickinson, S.A. Graham, M.L. Hill (deceased), P.M. Page (deceased), T. Atwater, D.C. Ross, J.M. Mattinson, E.W. James, J.C. Clark, S.H. Clarke, T.H. Nilsen, R.G. Stanley, and many others listed in Appendix 1 (Table A16), made seminal contributions to the understanding of the San Andreas fault system and major faults in western California, without which the construction of the palinspastic maps in this volume would not have been possible. The brilliant research of J.W. Valentine, D. Jablonski, and K. Roy forms the underlying basis for the discussions of the dynamics of Cenozoic molluscan populations and communities. I am indebted to C. Marshal and K. Roy for their reviews, comments, and suggestions regarding many paleobiologic aspects that greatly improved the manuscript. I also thank A.E. Fritsche and R.V. Ingersoll for their thoughtful reviews and suggestions for improvement of the paleoshoreline maps, and the information and data that they provided during the construction of the paleoshoreline maps (Plates 2–8). In addition to their research and suggestions, I relied heavily on the paleogeographic interpretations of W.O. Addicott, J.A. Bartow, A.E. Fritsche, S.A. Graham, S.A. Reid, P.E. Rumelhart, R.G. Stanley, and R.V. Ingersoll. I thank L.L. Holbrook for editorial comments and J. Davidson for helpful discussions regarding the cooling effects of volcanism on climate. I benefited from the review, suggestions, and additional fossil data provided by L.T. Groves and the careful review and editorial comments of Y. Dilek.
Appendix 1
TABLE A1. UPPER PALEOGENE TO NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) Latitude (8N)
Regions and formations West side San Andreas fault
;39–38
Point Arena region Also see the discussion of this region under the 23–17 Ma time slice (Table A2). The Iversen Basalt (23.8 Ma) is placed in the late Zemorrian Age and assigned to the 27–23 Ma time slice. The Skooner Gulch Formation, which overlies the Iversen Basalt, is assigned to a late Zemorrian–early Saucesian Age and to the 27–23 Ma time slice (fossils listed by Addicott, 1967a, p. C4, C6). The Iversen Basalt (Turner, 1970; Dalrymple, 1979) is west of the San Andreas fault. This unit is correlated with the Mindego Basalt in the Santa Cruz Mountains, which is also west of the San Andreas fault but east of the San Gregorio–Hosgri fault. The relationship between the Iversen and Mindego Basalts calls for post-Miocene offsets of 305 km on the San Andreas fault and 115 km on the San Gregorio–San Simeon– Hosgri fault (Graham and Dickinson, 1978a, 1978b; Graham and Peabody, 1981).
;38–37
Point Reyes–Santa Cruz Mountains region Laird Sandstone at Point Reyes is included in the 23–17 Ma time slice and questionably in the 27–23 Ma time slice. Vaqueros Formation, Santa Cruz Mountains (Arnold, 1908, p. 350; Loel and Corey, 1932, p. 124) (excluding fossils from the Vaqueros Formation in the Bear and Two Bar Creeks areas). Mindego Basalt (23.7 Ma) (Graham and Peabody, 1981). Lower Lambert Shale, i.e., that part of the formation below the Mindego Basalt that interfingers with the Vaqueros Formation (Dibblee, 1966b). The Lambert Shale contains foraminifers of Zemorrian and Saucesian Ages (Dibblee, 1966b). Mindego Formation and Mindego Basalt interbedded with fossiliferous calcarenite beds (Cummings et al., 1962, Plate 23). Vaqueros Formation, Santa Cruz Mountains (Clark, 1981, p. 15, with early Saucesian calcareous foraminifers). Vaqueros Formation (?), Pescadero Point (Hall et al., 1959; Clark and Brabb, 1978; Smith, 1991a, p. 75). Cummings et al. (1962) assigned these same rocks to the Mindego Formation. The Vaqueros Formation (?) also crops out near An˜o Nuevo Point, south of Pescadero Point (Hall et al., 1959; Clark and Brabb, 1978 [late Zemorrian calcareous foraminifers; they noted that the stratigraphically highest faunal assemblage in the rocks is either late Zemorrian or early Saucesian]). Vaqueros Formation, Zayante Creek (Clark et al., 1979, p. 7 [with Saucesian foraminifers, p. 5]); interbedded with basalt flows assigned a potassium-argon age of 23.1 5 0.7 Ma (Turner, 1970).
;37–36
Monterey–Salinas Valley region Rincon Shale and Sandholdt Formation (Brooke, 1957; Hall, 1991; Hall et al., 1995, p. 92 [late Zemorrian–early Saucesian foraminifers]). Vaqueros Sandstone, Point Sur, west of San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault (Hall, 1991; Hall et al., 1995); correlated with the stratigraphic section in the Cambria–Green Valley area ;100 km to the south and on the east side of the San Gregorio– San Simeon–Hosgri fault (Hall et al., 1995, Plate 1). Vaqueros Formation, San Juan Bautista area (Loel and Corey, 1932, p. 124 [San Juan region]; Allen, 1945, p. 26, 1946, p. 30). The Monterey Formation overlies the Vaqueros Formation and associated volcanic rocks; and the Vaqueros Formation overlies the uppermost Eocene or uppermost Eocene–lowermost Oligocene San Lorenzo Formation (San Juan Bautista Formation of Allen, 1945, 1946) (Refugian Stage) in the San Juan Bautista area, and the stratigraphic section is west of the San Andreas fault. The San Juan Bautista stratigraphic section is correlated with the coeval stratigraphic section in the San Emigdio region (lat 35–348N east of the San Andreas fault) ;300 km to the south on the east side of the San Andreas fault. The Vaqueros Formation of Link and Nilsen (1979, p. 29) is assigned to the lower Zemorrian Stage and the “Unnamed” molluscan stage by Addicott (1979, p. 45). The uppermost sandstone of the upper sandstone member of the Vaqueros in the Santa Lucia Range contains Vertipecten cf. V. alexclarki Addicott. This taxon has an age range of 36.6–32.6 Ma (Smith, 1991a, p. 2); thus, the Vaqueros Formation at the “Indians” in the Santa Lucia Range is not included in the 27–23 Ma time slice. The Vaqueros Formation in the “Indians” region is correlated with the Vaqueros Formation of Cummings et al. (1962) in the Santa Cruz Mountains.
continued
75
76
Appendix 1
TABLE A1. UPPER PALEOGENE TO NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (continued) Latitude (8N)
Regions and formations West side San Andreas fault (continued)
;36–35
King City–San Luis Obispo to Santa Maria region Vaqueros Formation (Loel and Corey, 1932, p. 126–132, Vaqueros Gulf). Cambria Felsite (Ernst and Hall, 1974; Keller et al., 1995) (27.2, 27 5 1, 22.7 Ma), coeval with the Morro Rock–Islay Hill Complex (ca. 26–22 Ma) (Hall et al., 1979, 1995). The Vaqueros overlies the Cambria Felsite and locally interfingers with the Simmler Formation. The Lospe Formation mapped east of the San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault by Hall and Prior (1975), and Hall et al. (1979) in the San Luis Obispo region should be assigned to the Simmler Formation (in part) of Hill et al. (1958). Vaqueros Formation (Hall and Corbato´, 1967, p. 563; Hall, 1973a, 1973b, 1974, 1976; Prior, 1974; Hall and Prior, 1975; Keller et al., 1995)*. Sandholdt Formation (Hall, 1974; Prior, 1974; Hall and Prior, 1975; Hall et al., 1995, p. 94), late Zemorrian–early Saucesian foraminifers. Where the Sandholdt Formation is on the Vaqueros Formation, the Sandholdt Formation is assigned to the lower Saucesian Stage (Prior, 1974, p. 41) (ca. 22.5–21 Ma, Poore, 1980; Poore et al., 1981). Where the Sandholdt Formation is on the Lospe Formation of Hall et al. (1979) (4 Simmler Formation) east of the San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault, the Sandholdt Formation is assigned to the upper Zemorrian and lower Saucesian Stages (Prior, 1974, p. 45) (ca. 27–23 Ma, Poore, 1980; Poore et al., 1981). Soda Lake Shale Member Vaqueros Formation (Dibblee, 1973a, p. 17–18) (late Zemorrian–Saucesian foraminifers; foraminifers similar to those in the Santa Ynez Mountains but not to those in the San Joaquin Valley). Rincon Formation (Hall and Corbato´, 1967, p. 568 [foraminifers]). “Vaqueros” V3 (Repenning and Vedder, 1961, p. C237).
;35–34
Santa Maria–Cuyama–Sespe Creek–Los Angeles region Soda Lake Shale Member Vaqueros Formation (Dibblee, 1973a, p. 17–18, late Zemorrian–Saucesian foraminifers). Painted Rock Sandstone Member Vaqueros Formation (Fritsche, 1969, p. 50, p. 177; Dibblee, 1973a, p. 18)†. Vaqueros Formation (Kew, 1919, 1924, p. 46–47; Eaton et al., 1941, p. 220–221; Dibblee, 1950, p. 32; Dickinson and Lowe, 1966; Squires and Fritsche, 1978, p. 9–13); Rigsby, 1998, 87Sr/86Sr ages of 24 5 1, 23 5 1, 19 5 1 Ma from fossils. Temblor Formation stratigraphically above Vaqueros Formation, and Vaqueros Formation on San Miguel Island (Hertlein, 1928, p. 142–157; Bremner, 1933, p. 16–17). Rincon Shale (Stanley et al., 1994 [N4–N5 planktic foraminifers, CN1 calcareous nannofossils]). Lower Rincon Formation, San Miguel Island (Weaver and Doerner, 1969, p. 80) Vaqueros Formation, Santa Monica Mountains (Loel and Corey, 1932, p. 126–132, Santa Barbara Embayment). Vaqueros Formation, Cajon Pass (Woodring, 1942, p. 78–83).
;34–33
Los Angeles–southern California region Temblor and Vaqueros Formations, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands (Hertlein, 1928, p. 142–157), and Vaqueros Formation (Bremner, 1932, p. 20–21). Vaqueros Sandstone and lower Rincon Formation (lower Saucesian Stage), Santa Cruz Island (Bereskin and Edwards, 1969, p. 73, 74, 78). Lower Rincon Formation, Santa Rosa Island (Avila and Weaver, 1969, p. 59, 65). Vaqueros Formation and horizon in the Santa Ana Mountains (English, 1926, p. 23; Loel and Corey, 1932, p. 126–132; Schoellhamer et al., 1981, p. D94–96); delta deposits near Santa Ana and wave-dominated deposits composed of shoreface, foreshore, and backshore deposits (Daniel-Lyle, 1995). Note that the Catalina Schist was locally or regionally above sea level during this time slice because clasts of the schist are present in the overlying San Onofre Breccia (see Plate 2C).
;28–27 and south
Baja California, western Mexico region San Gregorio Formation (Hausback, 1984; Smith, 1991b, p. 645). East side San Andreas fault
;42–41
Crescent City–Klamath Mountain regions Weaverville Formation (in part) (nonmarine) (Phillips and Aalto, 1989; Aalto et al., 1995b).
;41–40 ;40–39 ;39–38 ;38–37
False Cape–Eel River basin–Scotia Bluffs region Doubtfully present. Not reported.
Mendocino region Northeastern San Francisco Bay region
Not reported.
San Francisco Bay–San Jose–Gilroy region Not reported. The San Ramon (Clark, 1918; Weaver, 1949, p. 63–64) and Kirker Formations (Primmer, 1964, p. 67–68) are present in this region. Primmer (1964, p. 62) reported the presence of Acila shumardi (Dall) and A. muta Clark from the San Ramon and Kirker Formations. Addicott (1976c) assigned the index species A. shumardi to the late Eocene (or 38.5 to 36.6 Ma); therefore these formations are not included within this time slice. continued
Appendix 1
77
TABLE A1. UPPER PALEOGENE TO NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (continued) Latitude (8N)
Regions and formations East side San Andreas fault (continued)
;37–36
Hollister–Panoche Pass–central San Joaquin Valley–Coalinga region Lower Temblor Sandstone (Wilson, 1943). Santos Shale, Agua Sandstone and Carneros Sandstone members of Temblor Formation (Zemorrian foraminifers in Santos Shale, late “Vaqueros” Age for Agua Sandstone, and Saucesian foraminifers in Carneros Sandstone) (Dibblee, 1973a, 1973b).
;36–35
Reef Ridge–Devils Den–Wheeler Ridge–southern or southeastern San Joaquin Valley region West side of the San Joaquin Valley: Upper Santos Shale, Carneros Sandstone (Dibblee, 1973a, 1973b). Upper Santos Shale and Agua Sandstone (Addicott, 1973, p. 8, 14). East side of San Joaquin Valley: Vaqueros Formation, Kern River (Loel and Corey, 1932, p. 126–132); Basal Jewett Sand and “grit zone” of Addicott (1970a); Jewett Sand and Freemen Silt (Addicott, 1970a, p. 25–27; Smith, 1991a, p. 82). These units, including the basal Jewett Sand and “grit zone,” include Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein). Vertipecten kernensis is an index species that Smith (1991a, p. 2) restricted to an age range of between 27.6 and 23 Ma. Based on strontium isotope dates on pectens from the base of the Jewett Sand, Olson (1988, p. 192) assigned the base of the Jewett Sand an age of 23 5 1 Ma, and she stated that “the Zemorrian-Saucesian boundary occurs within the lower part of the Jewett Sand/Freeman Silt system (Bartow and McDougall, 1984).” The Zemorrian–Saucesian boundary is between 22.5 and 21 Ma according to Smith (1991a, p. 3). Smith (1991a, p. 2) placed Olson’s (1988) strontium isotope date of 23 5 1 Ma at the very top of the age range of Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein). However, Addicott (1965b, p. C103) reported that V. kernensis (4V. nevadanus of Addicott) ranges upward from the basal Jewett Sand into the lower Olcese Sand. In addition, Olson (1988, p. 193) stated that the lower Olcese Sand is “at least older than 18 5 1 Ma.” Therefore the youngest age of V. kernensis must be as young or younger than 23 Ma because it is present above the strontium isotope date of that age, and it is older than 18 Ma. The Jewett Sand is placed within the 27–23 Ma time slice.
;35–34
Southernmost San Joaquin Valley region, San Emigdio Mountains–Grapevine region Vaqueros Formation (Hoots, 1930, p. 261; Loel and Corey, 1932, p. 95–97; Dickinson and Lowe, 1966, p. 2468). Temblor Formation (Nilsen, 1987a; Smith, 1991a, p. 73, 75, and 85). The Miocene Monterey Formation (Relizian, Luisian, and Mohnian Stages) overlies the Temblor Formation (with its included basalt) (Zemorrian-Saucesian Stages); the Temblor Formation overlies the Oligocene Pleito Formation (Zemorrian Stage); and the Pleito Formation overlies the uppermost Eocene or uppermost Eocene–lowermost Oligocene San Emigdio Formation (Refugian Stage) (Nilsen, 1987a).
Note: Rocks in this time slice are correlated with the 24.3, 22.6, and 22.8 Ma Iversen Basalt (Point Arena) (Turner, 1970), with an average corrected potassium-argon age of 23.8 Ma (Dalrymple, 1979); 23.7 Ma Mindego Basalt (Santa Cruz Mountains) (Graham and Peabody, 1981); 23–21 Ma Pescadero volcanic rocks (Stanley, 1987); 23.5–21.5 Ma Zayante Formation (Sims, 1993); 28–26 Ma Carmel Bay basalt (Clark et al., 1984); 27.2–22.7 Ma (Vedder et al., 1991b) Morro Rock–Islay Hill Complex, or 22.1 Ma Morro Rock, 26.4 Ma Black Hill, felsitic rocks (Turner, 1970); 26.6 Ma Pine Creek volcanic rocks (location in Hall and Corbato´ [1967] Nipomo quadrangle, and radiometric age from Pickthorn, in Vedder et al. [1991b]); 25.5–23.5 Ma Pinnacles Volcanics (Sims, 1993); 25–22 Ma Neenach Volcanics (Sims, 1993); 24–22 Ma Simmler Formation (Balance et al., 1983); 26.5–23 Ma Plush Ranch Formation (Frizzell and Weigand, 1993); 25.5–23.5 Ma Vasquez Formation (Frizzell and Weigand, 1993); 23.5–21.5 Ma or 23.0–19.1 Ma Diligencia Formation (Frizzell and Weigand, 1993; and Crowell, 1993, respectively); 22.2 volcanic rocks near San Juan Bautista (Sims, 1993); 22.2 Ma Tecuya volcanic unit (Sims, 1993); 23.8–23.0 Ma Lang Canyon volcanic rocks (Sims, 1993) (Parkfield, not Vasquez rocks region); 25.3 Ma rhyolite tuff in upper part of San Gregorio Formation, Arroyo la Purisima, Baja California, Mexico, at lat ;268N (Smith, 1991b, p. 645); 25.5 Ma rhyolite tuff in El Cien Formation, Baja California, Mexico (Smith, 1991b, p. 646); the “Vaqueros” molluscan stage (Addicott, 1972; COSUNA, 1984), and the middle “Vaqueros” Stage (Smith, 1991a); the upper Zemorrian and lowermost Saucesian Stages based on benthic foraminifers (COSUNA, 1984); P22–M1a planktic foraminiferal zones (Berggren et al., 1995a); NP25–NN1 calcareous nannoplanktic zones (Berggren et al., 1995a); 7A, 7, 6C, and 6B (in part) (Berggren et al., 1985a), or 8r, 8n, 7Ar, 7An, 7r, 7n, 6Cr, 6Cn, 6Br, or C9n–C6Bn.2n (Cande and Kent, 1992, 1995), or C8r, C8n, C7, C6Cr, C6Cn, C6Br (Berggren et al., 1995a) geomagnetic polarity chrons; and the Chattian (in part) and Aquitanian (in part) European or global ages (COSUNA, 1984; Berggren, 1985a; Berggren et al., 1995a). *Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) is present in the Vaqueros Formation of San Luis Obispo County, as is a transitional form that is morphologically between V. perrini and V. kernensis (Hertlein). Smith (1991a, p. 2) restricted the age of V. perrini to the lower “Vaqueros” Stage and to a range in age from 35–26.5 Ma. Smith (1991a, p. 32) assigned the Vaqueros Formation, which crops out in the Morro Creek–Toro Creek area, Morro Bay North quadrangle (the creeks are not in the Cypress Mountain quadrangle as stated in Smith, 1991a, p. 32), to the lower “Vaqueros” Stage because of the presence of V. perrini and “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad). These same two taxa are also present together in the Green Valley area, Cambria quadrangle (Hall, 1974). In the Green Valley area the Vaqueros Formation locally interfingers with the Lospe Formation of Hall et al. (1979) (which here is assigned to the Simmler Formation, nonmarine rocks east of the San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault). The Simmler Formation in the Green Valley area contains clasts from the Morro Rock–Islay Hill Complex and the coeval Cambria Felsite. The Morro Rock–Islay Hill was radiometrically dated by Turner (1970), who assigned radiometric ages of ca. 26–22 Ma to the complex. Thus, the Simmler Formation is younger than 26–22 Ma because it contains clasts of rocks that are that old; and the Vaqueros Formation is younger than 26–22 Ma because it interfingers with the Simmler Formation; it is younger than 26 Ma. As noted in the footnotes for the 23–17 Ma time slice (Table A2), the minimum age of Vertipecten perrini must be younger than the minimum age of 27.6 Ma assigned to V. perrini by Smith (1991a, p. 2) because of the associated stratigraphic relationships and isotopic ages in the southernmost part of the San Joaquin Valley. Based on the biostratigraphic relationships discussed in the text, the correlation of formations in the 23–17 Ma time slice, and the stratigraphic relationships noted in this footnote, V. perrini (Arnold) is assigned to an age range from 35 to 22 Ma. The Vaqueros Formation in western San Luis Obispo County is assigned to the 27–23 Ma time slice, which is equivalent to Smith’s (1991a) middle “Vaqueros” Stage. This age range is in agreement with isotope ages of 26.4–24.4 Ma determined from molluscan shells in the lower part of the Vaqueros Formation collected in the Green Valley, Villa Creek, and the north limb of the Pismo syncline areas (Keller et al., 1995, p. P-6).
continued
78
Appendix 1
TABLE A1. UPPER PALEOGENE TO NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (Continued) † Smith (1991a, p. 30) stated, “Fossils from the central Sierra Madre Range, collected from the Painted Rock Sandstone Member of the Vaqueros Formation as mapped by Fritsche (1969) represent all three subdivisions of the ‘Vaqueros’ Stage.” Fritsche (1969, p. 50) listed several pecten species considered by Smith (1991a, p. 33) to be index species: (1) “Macrochalmis” magnolia (Conrad) (Fritsche, 1969) Lyropecten magnolia (Conrad) from UCLA locality 5564 (LACMIP 25564), his map number 209); (2) Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) (Fritsche’s [1969] Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) from UCLA locality 5545 [LACMIP 25545], his map number 162b; and UCLA locality 5560 [LACMIP 25560], his map number 204b); (3) L. pretiosus (Hertlein) (Fritsche’s [1969] L. miguelensis (Arnold) also from UCLA locality 5560 or LACMIP 25560); (4) L. miguelensis (Arnold) (Fritsche’s [1969] L. miguelensis (Arnold) from UCLA locality 5548 and 5549 [LACMIP 25548 and 25549], his map numbers 182 and 183 respectively); and (5) Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) (Fritsche’s [1969] Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) also from UCLA localities 5548 and 5549 or LACMIP 25548 and 25549). Smith (1991a, p. 2) restricted “Macrochalmis” magnolia to the lower “Vaqueros” Stage, with an age range of 32.6–27.6 Ma or to 22 Ma in her analysis. Smith (1991a) restricted V. kernensis (27–23 Ma) and L. pretiosus (27.6–21.5 Ma) to the middle “Vaqueros” Stage. Smith (1991a) assigned L. miguelensis (23–18.5 Ma) and V. bowersi (23–19 Ma) to the upper “Vaqueros” Stage. Thus, based on these ranges, the Painted Rock Sandstone Member of the Vaqueros Formation has an age range from 32.6 to 18.5 Ma, and it is assigned to three time slices in Smith’s (1991a) analysis (all numerical ages are those of Smith, 1991a, p. 2). An alternative age assignment for the Painted Rock Sandstone Member of the Vaqueros Formation is used herein. The Soda Lake Shale Member of the Vaqueros Formation was assigned a late Zemorrian Age by Pierce in Dibblee (1973a, p. 18). The late Zemorrian has an age range of 27–21 Ma (Poore, 1980; Poore et al., 1981). Locally, the Soda Lake Shale Member grades laterally into the Painted Rock Sandstone Member, or locally it is beneath the Painted Rock Sandstone Member in the region mapped by Fritsche (1969). In addition to the species of pectens collected by Fritsche (1969) at the localities cited by Smith (1991a, p. 33), Fritsche (1969, p. 50) collected L. miguelensis (Arnold) (Smith’s, 1991a, age of 23–18.5 Ma) and V. kernensis (Hertlein) (27–23 Ma according to Smith, 1991a, p. 2; but 27–17 Ma in this study [see discussion of this taxon under the 23–17 Ma time slice, Table A2]) together from four other and different fossil localities than those cited in the previous paragraph (i.e., at Fritsche’s [1969] map numbers 158, 159a, 180, and 204a). Fritsche (1969) also collected L. miguelensis (Smith’s [1991a] age of 23–18.5 Ma) and “M.” magnolia (Smith’s [1991a] age of 32.6–27.6 Ma or 32.6–22 Ma; but 32–17 Ma in this study because this species is present in rocks that have a radiometric age of ca. 17 Ma) together from another single locality (Fritsche’s [1969] map number 159b). Thus, end members of this series of index species, representing the three substages of Smith’s (1991a) “Vaqueros” Stage, are present together. The age ranges of these three index pecten species overlap: (1) “M.” magnolia, 32–17 Ma with (2) V. kernensis, 27–17 Ma; and (2) V. kernensis with (3) L. pretiosus, 27–21.5 Ma. Vertipecten kernensis (27–23 Ma, Smith, 1991a; and 27–17 Ma herein) is present together with L. miguelensis (23–18.5 Ma, Smith, 1991a). Based on the presence of benthic foraminifers in the Painted Rock Sandstone Member, the age of the member is 27–21 Ma, or where it is above the Soda Lake Shale Member of the Vaqueros Formation, it could be within that age range or it could be younger than the underlying shale. Based on the overlapping age ranges of three groups of index species of pecten, the age of the Painted Rock Sandstone Member is assigned an age range of 27–21.5 Ma and to the 27–23 Ma time slice. The oldest age of L. miguelensis is here extended downward from 23–27 Ma, and assigned an overall range of 27–17 Ma. Because V. bowersi (Arnold) is present at the same localities as Lyropecten miguelensis, and Lyropecten miguelensis is present with V. kernensis, the oldest age of V. bowersi is extended downward from 23–27 Ma; because V. bowersi is present with taxa restricted to the 17–13 Ma time slice, its youngest age is extended upward from 18–16 Ma, with the overall range being 27–16 Ma. The Soda Lake Shale Member of the Vaqueros Formation is assigned to the 27–23 Ma time slice because locally it is interbedded with the Painted Rock Sandstone Member. The Soda Lake Sandstone Member of the Vaqueros Formation (Hill et al., 1958, p. 2984) was renamed the Quail Canyon Sandstone Member of the Vaqueros Formation by Dibblee (1973a, p. 17). The Quail Canyon Member is beneath the Soda Lake Shale Member and it is assigned an age range of 32– 27 Ma.
Appendix 1
79
TABLE A2. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) Latitude (8N)
Region and formations West side San Andreas fault
;39–38
Point Arena region Gallaway Formation (Addicott, 1967a, p. C4, C6; Phillips et al., 1976). Phillips et al. (1976) assigned the top of the Gallaway Formation to an early Saucesian Age; however, Miller (1981, 1987), also using microfossils, assigned the Gallaway Formation to the lower CN3 zone, equivalent to a late Saucesian–Relizian Age ca. 18–16 Ma). The Gallaway Formation is stratigraphically beneath the Point Arena Formation, which has been assigned ages of ca. 16.5–11.5 Ma, or latest early Miocene–medial Miocene Age (see Loomis and Ingle, 1994); thus, the Gallaway Formation is, or is in part, older than the overlying Point Arena Formation, i.e. it is older than 16 Ma and the Gallaway Formation is assigned to the 23–17 Ma time slice. The Skooner Gulch glauconitic sandstone is below the Gallaway Formation, and it has been assigned a radiometric age of 15.6 Ma (Turner, 1970). However, because the Skooner Gulch Formation is beneath rocks that have been dated as 16.5 Ma, Turner’s (1970) radiometric-age assignment of 15.6 Ma for the Skooner Gulch Formation is considered to be spurious. Addicott (1967a) assigned a Zemorrian Age to the Skooner Gulch Formation, and late Zemorrian–early Saucesian Ages (ca. 27–22 Ma) to the Gallaway Formation. The Skooner Gulch Formation is above the Iversen Basalt, which has been assigned a 23.8 Ma radiometric age (COSUNA, 1984). The Iversen Basalt (23.8 Ma) is placed in the late Zemorrian Age, and it is assigned to the 27–23 Ma time slice. The overlying Skooner Gulch Formation is assigned a late Zemorrian–early Saucesian Age and also to the 27–23 Ma time slice, which is in agreement with the age determined by Phillips et al. (1976). The overlying Gallaway Formation is assigned a latest Zemorrian, or an earliest Saucesian–early Relizian Age, and, as noted above, to the 23–17 Ma time slice.
;38–37
Point Reyes–Santa Cruz Mountains region Laird Sandstone at Point Reyes (Relizian and older, based on a meager assemblage of Foraminiferida, Galloway, 1977, p. 20); the formation could also be included in the 27–23 Ma time slice because COSUNA (1984) assigned an age range of 25–17 Ma to the Laird Sandstone. The only macrofossil reported from the Laird Sandstone is the undiagnostic “Cardium sp.”. Upper Lambert Shale (Santa Cruz Mountains) (Dibblee, 1966b; Clark, 1981, p. 17 [with Saucesian foraminifers]).
;37–36
Monterey–Salinas Valley region Los Tularcitos Member of the Chamisal Formation (Saucesian part) (Bowen, 1965a, p. 56). Sandholdt Formation (Hall, 1991; but mapped as Rincon Shale; Hall et al., 1995, p. 92, from the Point Sur area [Saucesian Foraminiferida]). The stratigraphic section in the Point Sur area includes, in ascending order, the Simmler Formation, Vaqueros Sandstone, and the Sandholdt Formation west of San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault. This stratigraphic section is correlated with a coeval section in the Cambria–Green Valley area ;100 km to the south and on the east side of the San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault (Hall et al., 1995).
;36–35
King City–San Luis Obispo–Santa Maria region Lospe Formation (San Simeon region) (Hall, 1976; Hall et al., 1995). Lospe Formation (Santa Maria area, lat ;358N) (Johnson and Stanley, 1995; McLean and Stanley, 1995; Stanley et al., 1996 [they assigned radiometric ages of 18–17 Ma and listed Saucesian-Relizian foraminifers]). The stratigraphic section in the San Simeon area west of the San Gregorio–San Simeon– Hosgri fault is correlated with a stratigraphic section near Point Sal, which is 80–93 km to the south and on the east side of the San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault (Hall, 1975b; Hall et al., 1995). Obispo Formation in the Cambria area (Saucesian-Relizian) (Hall, 1974; Prior, 1974; Hall and Prior, 1975), east of San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault; the formation in the Cambria area is included in the 23–17 Ma time slice based on its foraminiferal assemblages; however, the Obispo Formation in the San Luis Obispo area is included in the 17–13 Ma time slice based on its radiometric ages. Rincon Formation (4 Sandholdt Formation in this region), Cambria–Green Valley area, below the Obispo Formation and above the Vaqueros Formation (Hall and Prior, 1974; Hall et al., 1979). Sandholdt Formation (in part) ca. 22.5–21 Ma (Hall, 1974; Prior, 1974; Hall and Prior, 1975). Lower Monterey Formation, Cambria-Cayucos region, early Relizian foraminifers, locally overlies Vaqueros Formation (Prior, 1974; Hall and Prior, 1975). Saltos Shale Member Monterey Formation (Dibblee, 1973a, p. 26 [assigned to the Saucesian and Relizian Stages]; Addicott et al., 1978b, p. 54 [contains late Saucesian foraminifers]). Tierra Redonda Formation (Durham, 1968, 1974). Monterey Formation and Vaqueros Formation west of Rinconada fault (Hart, 1976, p. 23–26 [Saucesian–early Relizian foraminifers]). Temblor horizon (Anderson and Martin, 1914, p. 41–44 [San Juan area, not “San Juan area” of Loel and Corey, 1932, which refers to the San Juan Bautista area]; and Loel and Corey, 1932, p. 167–174 [La Panza Mountains]). Point Sal Formation (in part), late Saucesian–early Relizian (Hall and Corbato´, 1967, p. 570 [Foraminiferida]).
continued
80
Appendix 1 TABLE A2. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued)
Latitude (8N)
Region and formations West side San Andreas fault (continued)
;35–34
Santa Maria–Cuyama–Los Angeles region Tranquillon Formation (or Tranquillon volcanic rocks, 17 Ma). Dibblee (1950, p. 34) noted the presence of late Saucesian foraminifers in the underlying Rincon Shale, and he also listed five molluscan taxa from the Tranquillon Formation. Among the five taxa are the pectens “Marochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) and Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) (23–13 Ma). Smith (1991a, p. 73) noted the presence of the “Macrochlamis” from what must be the same locality as that reported by Dibblee (1950), i.e., south of the Santa Ynez River near Solvang. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned an age range to “M.” magnolia of 32.6–27.6 Ma, and noted the possibility that the species could range upward to 22 Ma because the taxon was reported by Vedder (in Smith, 1991a) to be present with Saucesian foraminifers (Smith, 1991a, p. 2, 3, 73). “Macrochlamis” magnolia has an uppermost age of 22 Ma, or younger, because it is reported with Saucesian foraminifers (Smith, 1991a), and the pecten is present above late Saucesian foraminifers (Dibblee, 1950). The taxon is present within the Tranquillon Formation, which has been assigned a radiometric age of 17 Ma (Turner, 1970). “Macrochlamis” magnolia is also present in the Obispo Formation (Hall and Corbato´, 1967, Plate 1, locality 4583) [west of the West Huasna fault and east of Arroyo Grande]). The Obispo Formation near that fossil locality has been assigned an age range of 16.5–15.3 Ma (Turner, 1970). “Marochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) in this study is assigned an age range of 32–17 Ma. The following stratigraphic units are also included in the 23–17 Ma time slice: Rincon Shale (Saucesian), lower Branch Canyon Formation, and the Saltos Shale (in part) of the Member Monterey Formation, the latter locally intertongues with the lower Branch Canyon Formation (Saucesian and Relizian foraminifers) (Fritsche, 1969, p. 177, 1993, p. 6; Addicott et al., 1978a, p. 55; Obradovich and Naeser, 1981 [21.5–,14 Ma, or 21.5–17.4 Ma]). Hurricane Deck Formation (Thomas et al., 1988; Fritsche and Thomas, 1990). Branch Canyon Formation (Vedder et al., 1967). Temblor Formation (Eaton et al., 1941, p. 220–221). Temblor Formation (above Vaqueros Formation), San Miguel Island (Bremner, 1933, p. 16–17). Temblor horizon, Santa Monica Mountains (Loel and Corey, 1932, p. 167–174). The Topanga Formation has an age range from 23 to ca. 13 Ma, i.e., latest Zemorrian, Saucesian, Relizian, and early Luisian Ages in terms of benthic foraminiferal ages. In the Santa Monica Mountains the Topanga Formation in the eastern Santa Monica Mountains is included in the 17–13 Ma time slice. In the western Santa Monica Mountains the Topanga Formation is included in the 23–17 Ma time slice. In the Santa Ana Mountains (see following and 17–13 Ma time slice) the Topanga Formation is included in the 23–17 Ma and 17–13 Ma time slices. “Unnamed” sandstone and Topanga Canyon Formation of western Santa Monica Mountains (Fritsche, 1993, p. 6).
;34–33
Los Angeles–southern California region San Onofre Breccia (Bereskin and Edwards, 1969, p. 77–78, Saucesian and Relizian Ages, Santa Cruz Island; COSUNA, 1984). Stuart (1979b, p. 26) reviewed the age assignments (Saucesian, Relizian, and Luisian Ages) of the San Onofre Breccia. The formation is older in the Channel Islands and Malibu areas, and is younger, i.e., Luisian Age, in the Los Angeles basin (Blake, 1991). The Catalina Schist clasts in the San Onofre Breccia suggest that the schist was elevated above sea level during deposition of the breccia; however, this is not depicted on Plate 3C. Temblor Formation of Santa Cruz Island (Bremner, 1932, p. 20–21). Upper Rincon Formation (Saucesian Age), Santa Rosa and San Miguel islands (Avila and Weaver, 1969, p. 65; Weaver and Doerner, 1969, p. 80). Topanga Formation and horizon in the Santa Ana Mountains (Loel and Corey, 1932, p. 167–174; Schoellhamer et al., 1981, p. D94–D96). The Topanga Formation in the Santa Ana Mountains region is assigned to the 17–13 Ma time slice (see Table A3 for basis of assignment) and to the 23–17 Ma time slice because of the overlapping age ranges of the following pectens that are present together in these rocks in the Santa Ana Mountains: Amusium lompocensis (23–13 Ma), Amussiopecten vanvlecki (27–13 Ma), Chlamys hertleini (27–13 Ma), Lyropecten crassicardo (18–8 Ma), L. miguelensis (27–17 Ma), Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (23–13 Ma), Vertipecten bowersi (according to Smith, 1991a, p. 2, 23–19.5 Ma or 18 Ma; but 27–16 Ma herein), V. kernensis (27–17 Ma), and V. perrini (35–22 Ma).
;28–27
Baja California, northwestern Mexico region Lower Isidro Formation (Hausback, 1984; Smith, 1984, p. 206–207, 209).
;44–43
Astoria Formation (Moore, 1963, 1964; Addicott, 1970a). The Astoria Formation was assigned to the Pillarian Stage, i.e., early Miocene Age and ca. 20 Ma by Smith (1991a, p. 38); see also Dall (1909) and Etherington (1931).
East side San Andreas fault
;42–41 ;41–40 ;40–39 ;39–38 ;38–37
Not reported.
Crescent City region
False Cape–Eel River basin–Scotia Bluffs region Lower Bear River beds (Aalto et al., 1995a, 1995b [diatoms, .20.6 Ma; and foraminifers, ca. 22–18 Ma]). Not reported. Not reported.
Mendocino region Northeastern San Francisco Bay region
San Francisco Bay–San Jose–Gilroy region Not reported. continued
Appendix 1
81
TABLE A2. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued) Latitude (8N)
Region and formations East side San Andreas fault (continued)
;37–36
Hollister–Panoche Pass–central San Joaquin Valley–Coalinga region Media Shale Member of the Temblor Formation (Dibblee, 1973a, 1973b; Graham, 1985, Fig. 2).
;36–35
Reef Ridge–Devils Den–Wheeler Ridge–southern or southeastern San Joaquin Valley region West side of the San Joaquin Valley: Media Shale Member of the Temblor Formation (Dibblee, 1973a, Fig. 11, and 1973b; Graham, 1985); late Saucesian and early Relizian foraminifers (Foss and Blaisdell, 1968, p. 39). East side of San Joaquin Valley: Temblor Formation or horizon, Kern River area (Anderson and Martin, 1914, p. 41–44; Merriam, 1916, p. 115; Loel and Corey, 1932, p. 167–174). Kinnick Formation, Tehachapi flora (Axelrod, 1939, 1991). Lower and middle Olcese Sand. On the east side of the San Joaquin Valley the lower part of the Olcese Sand is locally assigned an age of 15.5 Ma (Bartow and McDougal, 1984), and was also assigned ages of 18 Ma and a Saucesian Age by Olson (1988, p. 193). In this study, the lower and middle Olcese Sand are included in the 23–17 Ma time slice, and the upper Olcese Sand is included in the 17–13 Ma time slice.
;35–34
Southernmost San Joaquin Valley region Neogene marine rocks within this time slice are present in subsurface.
;34–33
From southernmost San Joaquin region to region east of Los Angeles Neogene marine rocks of this age are absent.
Note: The rocks in this time slice are correlated with the 18–17 Ma Lospe Formation (Stanley et al., 1990, 1991, 1996); 17.4, 17.0, 16.5 Ma (Turner, 1970) and 17.8 Ma (Luyendyk et al., 1998a, 1998b) Tranquillon volcanic rocks; and are stratigraphically equivalent in part to the Obispo Formation. The Obispo tuff is assigned in part to a Relizian Age, with radiometric ages of 16.5, 16.3, 15.9, 15.4, and 15.3 Ma (Turner, 1970). The rocks are correlated with 18.8 Ma pillow basalt of Hall (1981b) and Vedder et al. (1991a, 1994); 21.5 Ma basalt in the Temblor Formation (Turner, 1970; Nilsen, 1987a, p. 12, 13); 18.5 Ma Hurricane Deck Formation (basalt lens) (Fritsche and Thomas, 1990); 20.3 and 17.2 Ma basalt flows, San Rafael Mountains (Fritsche and Thomas, 1990); 22.9, 21.9, 18.6, and 17.9 Ma tuff in the Hector Formation (nonmarine formation in southeastern California, at lat ;358N) (COSUNA, 1984); 17.7 Ma volcanic rocks from San Miguel Island (Luyendyk et al., 1998a, 1998b); “Vaqueros” and “Temblor” Stages (Addicott, 1972; COSUNA, 1984), and upper “Vaqueros” and middle “Temblor” molluscan stages (Smith, 1991a); benthic Saucesian and Relizian foraminiferal stages (e.g., foraminifers in the upper Saucesian Lospe Formation, Stanley et al., 1996); M1b, M2, M3, and M4 planktic foraminiferal zones (Berggren et al., 1995a); 6A, 6, 5E, 5D (COSUNA, 1984), or 6Bn, 6AAr, 6AAn, 6Ar, 6An, 6r, 6n, 5Er, 5En, 5Dr, 5Dn, 5Cr, or C6Bn.2n–C5Dn (Cande and Kent, 1992, 1995), or C6Bn, C6AAr, C6AAn, C6Ar, C6An, C6r, C6N, C5Er, C5En, C5Dr, C5Dn, C5Cr (part) (Berggren et al., 1995a) geomagnetic polarity chrons; NN2, NN3, NN4 (part) calcareous nannoplanktic zones (Berggren et al., 1995a); and Aquitanian (in part), and Burdigalian (in part) European stages (Berggren et al., 1995a, 1995b).
82
Appendix 1 TABLE A3. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, LATEST EARLY TO MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma)
Latitude (8N)
Region and formations West side San Andreas fault
;39–38
Point Arena region Point Arena and Monterey Formation* (ca. 16.5–11.5 Ma; CN3–CN5 calcareous nannoplanktic zones) (Loomis and Ingle, 1994). Loomis and Ingle (1994) assigned a “latest early Miocene to middle Miocene age” to the Point Arena Formation (also see Barron, 1986b). Miller (1981, 1987) assigned the Gallaway Formation to the CN3 zone and correlated it with the Relizian Stage, and a radiometric age of ca. 16.5 Ma (Loomis and Ingle, 1994). The Gallaway Formation is stratigraphically below the Point Arena Formation, thus it cannot be everywhere the same age as the Point Arena Formation, and it is likely older than the Point Arena Formation. COSUNA (1984) placed the Gallaway Formation between 23.1 and ca. 20 Ma. The Gallaway Formation is assigned to the 23–17 Ma time slice in this study. Monterey Formation at Point Reyes (Weaver, 1949) is assigned to the 17–13 Ma time slice.
;38–37
Point Reyes–Santa Cruz Mountains region Monterey Formation at Point Reyes (Galloway, 1977; Clark et al., 1984). Woodham Shale Member of Monterey Formation (Cummings et al., 1962). Monterey Formation in the Halfmoon Bay, Ben Lomond, La Honda, and Santa Cruz Mountains regions (Arnold, 1906, p. 21, 1908; Clark et al., 1979; Clark, 1981; Stanley, 1985; Graham et al., 1989). Lompico Sandstone (Clark, 1981 [includes Foraminiferida of Relizian-Luisian Age]). Ladera Sandstone (includes Relizian and Luisian foraminifers that are from sandstone beds above the Page Mill Basalt, which has been assigned a radiometric age of 14.4 Ma) (Page et al., 1996).
;37–36
Monterey–Salinas Valley region Monterey Formation (Martin, 1912; Fiedler, 1944; Dickinson, 1963; Poore et al., 1981 [type Luisian]). Los Tularcitos Member of Chamisal Formation (Bowen, 1965a; Hall et al., 1995 [in part Saucesian Age]). Los Laureles Member of Monterey Formation (Bowen, 1965a; Barron, 1986a [16.5–13.8 Ma]; Hall et al., 1995). Aquajito Member Monterey Formation (Bowen, 1965a [in part Mohnian Age]). Temblor Formation (Trask, 1926).
;36–35
King City–San Luis Obispo to Santa Maria region Monterey and Point Sal Formations near San Simeon (Hall et al., 1995). Sandholdt Formation or Sandholdt Shale Member (in part) of Monterey Formation (Durham, 1963, p. Q15; Hall et al., 1995, Appendix A, “Tst”). Sandholdt Formation (in part) (Prior, 1974). The Sandholdt Formation or Member of the Monterey Formation can range from Saucesian to Relizian and through Luisian Ages (Graham, 1980). Monterey Formation (type Relizian Stage) (Poore et al., 1981). Monterey Formation (in part, the formation in the Santa Margarita area ranges in age from early Miocene [Relizian through the Luisian Ages] to late Miocene in age [Mohnian Age]) (Hart, 1976). Water depths of 1500–2000 m in Santa Maria area (Finger, 1995). Point Sal Formation (in part, Relizian-Luisian Siphogenerina branneri fauna and S. hughesi zone [early Relizian Age]), and Monterey (in part) Formation (Kleinpell, 1938; Woodring and Bramlette, 1950 [Relizian-Luisian Ages]; Hall and Corbato´, 1967 [Luisian–late Mohnian Ages]).
;35–34
Santa Maria–Cuyama–Los Angeles region Whiterock Bluff Shale Member of Monterey Formation (La Panza Range) (Dibblee, 1973a, 1973b) (member considered to be of early Mohnian Age by Poore et al. (1981, p. 17), but considered to be 15–14 Ma by Obradovich and Naeser (1981); the latter age assignment is followed in this volume. Lower and middle submembers of upper member of Branch Canyon Formation of Fritsche (1969). Branch Canyon Formation (Thomas et al., 1988). Undifferentiated Monterey Formation of Fritsche (1969); Monterey Formation (Thomas et al., 1988). Lower “Briones” Stage (Eaton et al., 1941). Saltos Shale: the Saltos Shale in this region was assigned a Saucesian-Relizian Age by Addicott et al. (1978b, p. 55); they stated that the member is assigned to the “late early Miocene to middle Miocene ‘Temblor’ Stage (sic) and equivalent to Barker’s Ranch fauna of the southern San Joaquin Valley” (emphasis added). The Barker’s Ranch fauna, east of the San Andreas fault, is present in the upper Olcese Sand and this unit interfingers with the Round Mountain Silt. The Olcese and Round Mountain formations, east of the San Andreas fault, were assigned a middle Miocene age by Addicott (1970a). Addicott (1970a, p. 35) noted that Kleinpell (1938) and Kleinpell and Weaver (1963) assigned the upper part of the Olcese Sand, i.e., the Temblor B zone sand of Barker’s Ranch, to the upper part of the Saucesian Stage; however, Weaver et al. (1944) and Church and Krammes (in Church et al., 1957) assigned the Round Mountain Silt to Relizian and Luisian Ages. Foraminifers from the lower part of the Olcese Sand are assigned a late Saucesian Age (Addicott, 1970a, p. 34). Confusion about the age of the Saltos Shale is also introduced by an age assignment of a Relizian-Luisian Age (i.e., ca. 18–14 Ma) by Poore et al. (1981), but Saucesian, Relizian, and Luisian Ages (21.5 to ,14 Ma and 21.5–17.4 Ma) by Obradovich and Naeser (1981). The Saltos Shale is assigned to the 23–17 Ma time slice in this study. Correlation of the Salto Shale with the Olcese Sand is further confused by an age assignment of Vertipecten fucanus (Dall), which is present in the Olcese Sand. Smith (1991a, p. 81) noted that V. fucanus is reported from the upper part of the Olcese Sand, but she stated “the possibility remains that the strata in which V. fucanus is found is (sic) part of the undivided Freeman Silt–Jewett Sand unit” (i.e., stratigraphically below the Olcese Sand). Thus, based on Smith’s (1991a) analysis, V. fucanus is either not present in the upper part of the Olcese Sand, or the upper part of the Olcese Sand should be assigned an early Miocene age, and to the upper “Vaqueros” Stage, but not to a medial Miocene age or to the “Temblor” Stage. For more discussion of the age assignment of associated taxa and correlated units, see lat ;34–338N below.
continued
Appendix 1
83
TABLE A3. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, LATEST EARLY TO MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued) Latitude (8N)
Region and formations West side San Andreas fault (continued)
;35–34
Santa Maria–Cuyama–Los Angeles region (continued) Temblor Formation (Page et al., 1951; Repenning and Vedder, 1961). Point Sal Formation (in part) (Stanley et al., 1996 [Foraminiferida]). Caliente Formation (nonmarine) (in part 15.6 Ma, Barstovian Age; Hemingfordian Age (Kelley and Lander, 1988). Monterey Formation, Santa Barbara area (Issacs, 1983). Topanga Formation (Kew, 1924; Hoots, 1931; Susuki, 1951; Page et al., 1951; Groves, 1994). Susuki’s (1951) faunal list includes both Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad), which Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned a 17–10 Ma age range (but it is assigned to an age range of 18–8 Ma in this study), and V. bowersi (Arnold) (4Susuki’s Pecten nevadanus), which Smith (1991a, p. 2) restricted to ages of between 23 and 19.5 Ma or 23 and 18 Ma from the same localities and near the top of Susuki’s (1951) stratigraphic section, e.g., his localities 3 and 55. Thus, the age range of V. bowersi must be extended upward from the range suggested by Smith (1991a) because it is present with L. crassicardo. The range of V. bowersi is considered here to be 27–16 Ma. The Topanga Formation from the eastern Santa Monica Mountains is assigned to the 17–13 Ma time slice.
;34–33
Los Angeles–Santa Ana region Monterey Formation (Conrad and Ehlig, 1983); Altamira Shale (in part) (Obradovich and Naeser, 1981); lower and middle Altamira Shale submembers Monterey Formation (Woodring et al., 1946); and Monterey Shale (assigned to the Luisian Stage). Topanga Formation: Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D39) stated, “The dominant rock is sandstone [referring to the Topanga Formation in the Santa Ana Mountains], and the molluscan and foraminiferal faunas are so similar that correlation between the areas [referring to the Topanga Formation in the Santa Ana Mountains, the San Joaquin Hills, and the Santa Monica Mountains] is well established” (my brackets). Smith (1960, p. 466 and Table 3) assigned the foraminifers from the Topanga Formation in the Santa Ana Mountains to a questionable Relizian Age. This age assignment is supported by the 13.7 or 11 Ma radiometric age of the overlying El Modeno Andesite. These volcanic rocks are in turn overlain by a claystone bed that contains foraminifers of Luisian Age (Smith, 1960, p. 466, Table 3). Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D37) considered the Topanga Formation of the Santa Ana Mountains to be of “middle Miocene age,” based on “the Turritella ocoyana fauna.” However, the same authors reported V. nevadanus (Conrad) from several localities in the Topanga Formation of the Santa Ana region. Smith (1991a), in her monograph on pectens, assigned some specimens of V. nevadanus (Conrad) to V. kernensis (Hertlein) and other specimens of V. nevadanus to V. fucanus or V. bowersi (Smith, 1991a, p. 82, 84). Smith (1991a) considered V. kernensis to be an index species of the middle “Vaqueros” Stage (late Oligocene or 27.6–23 Ma in Smith’s chronology). Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned an age range of 23–19.5 Ma to V. fucanus. Smith (1991a, p. 2) assigned an age range of 23–19.5 Ma, or to 18 Ma, to V. bowersi. Thus, based on the reported presence of V. nevadanus from the Topanga Formation of the Santa Ana Mountains, the age of the Topanga Formation there must be of Relizian Age and older, based on any of the age ranges of the three species of Vertipecten, and Smith’s (1991a) age assignments. Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D93–D95) reported Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold) [4 Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold)] from the Topanga Formation of the Santa Ana Mountains. Addicott (in Moore, 1984, p. B45) noted that this species is restricted to the “Temblor” Stage or “is of latest early Miocene and middle Miocene age”; and Moore (1984, p. B46) stated: “This subspecies (referring to P. andersoni andersoni) does not occur in the Vaqueros Formation, and citations to that effect are in error.” The “latest early Miocene” would be ca. 17 Ma and “middle Miocene” is from 16.5 to 10.5 Ma, according to Smith (1991a, p. 2). Thus, if V. kernensis is present in the Topanga Formation of the Santa Ana Mountains, the age range assignment of V. kernensis (V. nevadanus of authors) is in conflict with the age assignment of P. andersoni andersoni, i.e., V. kernensis is either present in younger strata than Smith (1991a) reported, P. andersoni andersoni is older than W.O. Addicott (in Moore, 1984) considered it to be, or the pecten has been misidentified as V. kernensis. Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D93–D95) reported the following early to medial Miocene species from the Topanga Formation of the Santa Ana Mountains: Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper), Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson, Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson, and Turritella ocoyana Conrad. The authors also reported a medial to late Miocene species, i.e., Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin. Addicott (1970a, p. 34) noted that the joint presence of these species in the upper Olcese Sand and Round Mountain Silt provide evidence for a medial Miocene age for his units. The same argument can be applied to the Topanga Formation of the Santa Ana Mountains, i.e., to at least part of the Topanga Formation in the Santa Ana Mountains. Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D93–D95) reported Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) from the Topanga Formation of the Santa Ana Mountains. Addicott (1965a, p. B13) assigned a medial Miocene age, 16.5–10.5 Ma in Smith’s (1991a, p. 2) chronology, to this index species. Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D94–D95) reported Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) from the Topanga Formation of the Santa Ana Mountains. Smith (1991a, p. 55) restricted L. crassicardo to the “Middle ‘Temblor’ to upper ‘Margarita’ Stages” (ca. 16–10 Ma). Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D95) reported Antillophos posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) (considered to be Phos [Antillophos] posunculensis [Anderson and Martin] in this study) from the Topanga Formation of the Santa Ana Mountains. Addicott (1970a, p. 31, 97) reported this species from the Round Mountain Silt and the upper part of the Olcese Sand. He regarded these rock units as late “Temblor” in age (ca. 19–12 Ma).
continued
84
Appendix 1 TABLE A3. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, LATEST EARLY TO MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
Latitude (8N)
Region and formations West side San Andreas fault (continued)
;34–33
Los Angeles–Santa Ana region (continued) Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D95) reported Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson from the Topanga Formation of the Santa Ana region. Addicott (1970a, p. 106) noted that “only three cancellarids are reported from strata assigned to the lower Miocene ‘Vaqueros Stage,’ namely, C. condoni Anderson (Repenning and Vedder, 1961); C. dalliana Anderson (Loel and Corey, 1932); and C. galei n.sp.” However, Addicott (1970a, p. 110) assigned C. dalliana to the “Middle Miocene” and noted that his localities are all from the upper part of the Olcese Sand, i.e., upper “Temblor” Age Santa Ana Mountains. Addicott (1970a, p. 107) reported this species from the upper part of the Olcese Sand. If the specimens identified as Pecten nevadanus or V. nevadanus from the Santa Monica and Santa Ana mountains, respectively by Susuki (1951) and Schoellhamer et al. (1981) are V. bowersi (using Smith’s [1991a] classification of V. nevadanus of authors), and using Smith’s (1991a, p. 2) age assignment of V. bowersi, the age of the Topanga Formation is ca. 23 to 19.5 Ma. However, Vedder et al. (1973) reported V. nevadanus (4V. bowersi, fide Smith [1991a, p. 79]) from rocks of earliest Relizian Age, or ca. 15.3 Ma in Smith’s (1991a, p. 3) chronology. In conclusion, the age of the Topanga Formation in the Santa Monica Mountains is assigned to the 17–13 Ma time slice. The age of the Topanga Formation in the Santa Ana region is assigned to both the 17–13 Ma and the 23–17 Ma time slices. Topanga Formation (English, 1926). Santa Ana Temblor horizon (Loel and Corey, 1932). Middle Miocene rocks, Catalina Island (Vedder et al., 1979), and San Clemente Island (Vedder and Moore, 1976; Susuki and Stadum, 1978). See also Stuart (1979a) and Cole and Armentrout (1979).
;33–32 and south
San Diego region Middle Miocene (Minch et al., 1970). East side San Andreas fault
;43–42 ;42–41
Miocene rocks (Durham, 1953). Not present.
Cape Blanco region Crescent City region
;41–40
False Cape–Eel River basin–Scotia Bluffs region King Peak subterrane (includes 16.2 Ma volcanic rocks; black, thin-bedded, massive, cherty and calcareous argillite; and finegrained sandstone) (McLauglin et al., 1985, 1994; Aalto et al., 1995a, 1995b; Underwood et al., 1999).
;40–39
Mendocino region Clark (1940) reported the presence of middle Miocene rocks (“Temblor Formation”) based on the presence of Desmostylus in the Covelo area. This vertebrate taxon is also known from lower and upper Miocene rocks (Mitchell and Repenning, 1963). Perhaps the rocks at Round Valley in the Covelo district, Mendocino County, are part of the Bear River beds (ca. 27–6 Ma) Aalto et al. (1995b); however, the rocks near Covelo that contain the Desmostylus are assigned to the 13–8 Ma time slice, and a 17–13 Ma embayment near Covelo is questionable.
;39–38
Santa Rosa–Petaluma region Monterey Group and Monterey Formation (Weaver, 1949). Sobrante Sandstone (Addicott, 1970a).
;38–37
San Francisco Bay–San Jose–Gilroy region San Lorenzo Series (Clark, 1918). Sobrante Sandstone (Kleinpell, 1938, Fig. 14, assigned a Relizian Age). Patinopecten haywardensis Lutz is present in the Sobrante Sandstone in Contra Costa County, and Patinopecten calavarasensis Hall, closely related to P. haywardensis, is present in the Sobrante Sandstone in Alameda County. Because Kleinpell (1938) assigned the Sobrante Sandstone to a Relizian Age, these two taxa are also assigned a Relizian Age (ca. 17.5–15 Ma). Claremont Shale (Kleinpell, 1938, Fig. 14, assigned a Luisian Age). Oursan Sandstone (Kleinpell, 1938, Fig. 14, assigned a late Luisian Age). Sobrante Sandstone, Claremont Shale, and Oursan Sandstone (Huey, 1948; Lutz, 1951; Crittenden, 1951; Robinson, 1956; Hall, 1958; Graymer et al., 1994). The list of fossils from the Vaqueros Sandstone (middle Miocene age) in Arnold (1906, p. 19) includes fossils from both the Vaqueros and Temblor Formations, from east and west of the San Andreas fault, and from different but unspecified latitudes; therefore the list is not useful for correlations and biostratigraphy in this study.
continued
Appendix 1
85
TABLE A3. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, LATEST EARLY TO MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued) Latitude (8N)
Region and formations East side San Andreas fault (continued)
;37–36
Hollister–Panoche Pass–central San Joaquin Valley–Coalinga region Temblor beds (Anderson, 1908) [these rocks probably include fossils that should be placed within the 23–17 Ma time slice; however there is insufficient stratigraphic and biostratigraphic control to separate the rocks mapped by Anderson (1908) into both the 23–17 Ma and 17–13 Ma time slices]. Vaqueros Formation (4Temblor Formation) (Arnold, 1909). Temblor Formation (Atwill, 1935; Woodring et al., 1940; Zimmerman, 1944; Axelrod, 1939, 1985). Big Blue Member of Temblor Formation or Big Blue Formation (Kleinpell, 1938, p. 124; Adegoke, 1967, 1969, p. 41). Upper sandstone member Temblor Formation (Wilson, 1943). The distribution of the Temblor Formation in the San Joaquin Valley is shown by Bent (1988, Figs. 3 and 4, and elsewhere in that volume). The part of this formation that is medial Miocene in age (Relizian and Luisian) is included in the 17–13 Ma time slice. Olson (1985, p. 121–177) provided a list of fossils that are from the Temblor Formation in the San Joaquin Valley at this latitude; however, because of the long duration of the deposition of the Temblor Formation, which was well illustrated by Graham (1985, Fig. 2), Olson’s (1985) list has limited biostratigraphic utility.
;36–35
Reef Ridge–Devils Den–Wheeler Ridge–southern and southeastern San Joaquin Valley region Temblor Formation or horizon (Anderson, 1905, 1911; Arnold, 1906, 1909; Arnold and Johnson, 1910; Martin, 1916; Woodring et al., 1940; Wilson, 1943; Keen, 1943; Stewart, 1946; Dickinson, 1963; Addicott, 1965b, 1970a; Adegoke, 1969). Buttonbed Sandstone Member of the Temblor Formation (Dibblee, 1973a). Escudo Formation of some (e.g., Dibblee, 1973a, p. 24; see also Heikkila and MacLeod, 1951). Addicott (1972, p. 11–13) assigned the Buttonbed Sandstone Member to his lower “Temblor Stage,” which would likely correlate with the 23–17 Ma time slice of this study. However, the presence of Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) in the Buttonbed Sandstone (Addicott, 1972, p. 11) suggests that the Buttonbed Sandstone should be assigned to the 17–13 Ma time slice because Lyropecten crassicardo has an age range of 18 to 10 Ma (Smith. 1991a, p. 2), or an age range of 18–8 Ma based on this study. Gould and Devilwater Shale Members of Monterey Formation (Addicott, 1972, p. 11; Dibblee, 1973b). Upper part of the Olcese Sand and the Round Mountain Silt (Temblor Formation of authors, includes upper part of the Olcese Sand and lower Round Mountain Silt; Keen, 1943). The upper part of the Olcese Sand is assigned to the Relizian Stage (Church and Krammes, in Church et al., 1957; Rudel, 1965). Olcese Sand (Hoots, 1930, Tejon Hills; Addicott, 1965b, p. C108). The Round Mountain Silt is assigned to the Relizian and Luisian Stages (Weaver et al., 1944; Church and Krammes, in Church et al., 1957). Diatoms in the Round Mountain siltstone suggest ages of 16–15 Ma (Olson, 1988, p. 196).
;35–34 ;34–33
Probably present (Nilsen, 1987a).
Southernmost San Joaquin Valley region
Southern San Joaquin Valley to Los Angeles region I do not know of fossils from marine rocks from this region and of this age. Barstow Formation (nonmarine), 16.7, 16.3, 15.1 Ma (Kelley and Lander, 1988).
Note: The rocks in this time slice are correlated with the 14.4 Ma Page Mill Basalt (Turner, 1970); 16.5, 15.9, 15.4, and 15.3 Ma Obispo Formation, coeval in part with the 17.5–16.5 Ma Tranquillon Basalt (Turner, 1970); 17.5 Ma (Cole and Basu, 1995), 18–17 Ma Lospe Formation (Stanley et al., 1990, 1991, 1996); 16.1, 14.4, and 14.2 Ma Triple Basalt in the Caliente Formation (Turner, 1970); 13.7 Ma El Modeno Andesite (the andesite overlies the Topanga Formation in the Santa Ana Mountains) (Turner, 1970), or the 11 Ma age of the El Modeno volcanic rocks (Luyendyk et al., 1998a, 1998b); 13.1 Ma tuffaceous conglomerate in the Topanga Formation, Santa Monica Mountains (Turner, 1970); 15.5 Ma fission-track age of a pumice-rich sandstone in the Olcese Sand (Bartow and McDougall, 1984); 15.6, 15.5, 14.8, 14.6, and 13.9 Ma (Turner and Campbell, in Yerkes et al., 1979) or 16–13.5 Ma Conejo Volcanics or volcanic rocks (Stadum, 1998); 15.4 Ma Paularino Member of the Topanga Formation (Newport Bay area) (Turner, 1970); 14.9, 14.8, 14.5, and 13.1 Ma Portuguese Tuff (in the Altamira Shale) (Turner, 1970; Obradovich and Naeser, 1981; Weigand, 2000); 16.1 and 15.7 Ma (Turner, 1970) or 16.5 and 16.33 to 16 Ma andesite flows on Santa Cruz Island (Kamerling and Luyendyk, 1985; Luyendyk et al., 1998a, 1998b); 15–14 Ma and 15–12 Ma andesite flows and dacite dome on Catalina Island (Vedder et al., 1979); 15.7–13.2 Ma (Turner, 1970), 16.5–15 Ma (Merifield et al., 1971), and 15.3 Ma (Luyendyk et al., 1998a, 1998b) volcanic rocks on San Clemente Island; 16.8–14.8 Ma volcanic rocks on Santa Barbara Island (Weigand et al., 1998); 17.5, 16.5–16.3 Ma, 15.5–14.8 Ma, and 13.8–13.5 Ma volcanic rocks in the nonmarine Barstow Formation (Burke et al., 1982; MacFadden et al., 1990a, 1990b); 14.5 Ma part of the Isidro Formation (Hausback, 1984; Smith, 1984) and the 16.2–15.5 Ma volcanic rocks in the Rosarito Beach Formation of Baja California, Mexico (Luyendyk et al., 1998a, 1998b); Relizian and Luisian benthic microfaunal stages (the 17–13 Ma time slice also locally includes rocks of late late Saucesian Age); “Temblor” (upper, or in part) molluscan stage; N7–N15 (Poore et al., 1981; ages based on several types of microfossils), 7N (in part)–N10 (COSUNA, 1984), or N8–N11 (Berggren et al., 1985a), and M4b, M5, M6, M7 (in part) (Berggren et al., 1995a) planktic foraminiferal zones; 5C– 5B (COSUNA, 1984), or 5Cn, 5Br, 5Bn, 5ADr, 5ADn, 5ACr, 5ACn, 5ABr, 5ABn, 5AAr, 5AAn, or C5Dn–C5AAn (Cande and Kent, 1992, 1995), or C5Cr (in part), C5Cn, C5Br, C5Bn, C5ADr, C5ADn, C5ACn, C5ABr, C5ABn, C5AAr, C5AAn (Berggren et al., 1995a) geomagnetic polarity chrons; and Burdigalian (in part), Langhian, and Serravalian (in part) (Poore et al., 1981; Berggren et al., 1995a) or the Langhian and Serravalian (in part) (COSUNA, 1984; Berggren et al., 1985a) European or global ages. *There is a biostratigraphic correlation of the Monterey Formation with the early to middle Miocene positive d13C excursion (Vincent and Berger, 1985). Deposition of the Monterey Formation took place between 17.85 5 0.10 and 7.5 Ma (DePaolo and Finger, 1991). There is a correlation of a d18O increase and the 14.8–13.7 Ma part of the Monterey Formation that is present between lat 35 and 348N along the Santa Barbara coastline and west of the San Andreas fault (DePaolo and Finger, 1991); and there is a correlation of an increase in deep-sea benthic d13C with the 14.5–14.1 Ma Monterey Formation (Woodruff and Savin, 1991). The major increases in d18O from 14.8 to 13.7 Ma and in d13C from 14.5 to 14.1 Ma represent a combination of an increase in high-latitude, cold deep water and growth of the East Antarctic ice sheet (Shackleton and Kennett, 1975; Kennett, 1986a; Miller et al., 1987; Wright et al., 1992). Deep-sea d18O and d13C records from 16–13.5 Ma sedimentary rocks suggest that episodic high-latitude, deep-water biologic production and East Antarctic ice growth can be correlated closely to the global carbon cycle (Woodruff and Savin, 1991; Flower and Kennett, 1993a).
86
Appendix 1 TABLE A4. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, MEDIAL TO LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma)
Latitude (8N)
Region and formations West side San Andreas fault
;39–38
Point Arena region Undifferentiated upper Miocene rocks (Crain and Thurston, 1987; no fossils listed).
;38–37
Point Reyes–Santa Cruz Mountains region Monterey Formation (Galloway, 1977 [Foraminiferida]); Monterey diatomite (10.83 Ma tuff bed) (Clark, 1998). Santa Margarita Formation (Branner et al., 1909; Clark, 1981, 1998 [7.9 Ma]; Phillips, 1983; Clark et al., 1984 [no fossils listed]; Stanley, 1985 [no fossils listed]).
;37–36
Monterey–Salinas Valley region San Pablo Group (Trask, 1926). Santa Margarita Formation (Taliaferro, 1948; Fiedler, 1944; Allen, 1945, 1946; Durham and Addicott, 1965; Barron, 1986a [assigned an age of ,9 Ma]). Canyon del Rey Diatomite and Santa Margarita Formation (Bowen, 1965a, 1965b). Edna and Miguelito Members, Pismo Formation (Hall et al., 1995); ca. 11 or 10.5–7.7 Ma part of Pismo Formation (Barron, 1986a).
;36–35
King City–San Luis Obispo–Santa Maria region Santa Margarita Formation (Fairbanks, 1904; Anderson and Martin, 1914; Nomland, 1917b; Bramlette and Daviess, 1944; Kilkenny, 1948; Hall, 1962a; Hall and Corbato´, 1967; Hart, 1976; Durham and Addicott, 1964, 1965; Addicott et al., 1978b). Barron (1986a) assigned a 12–9 Ma age range to the Santa Margarita Formation. Hames Member, Monterey Formation (Addicott et al., 1978b). Lowermost Miguelito and Edna Members, Pismo Formation (Hall, 1962a; C.A. Hall, 1966; Hall, 1973a, 1973b; Hall and Prior, 1975; Keller, 1992; Keller and Barron, 1993 [younger than 10.4–9 Ma]). Phoenix Member Santa Margarita Formation (Hall and Corbato´, 1967). Monterey Formation, 13.8–10.5 Ma (Pismo syncline) (Woodring et al., 1950; Schwalbach and Bohacs, 1992, p. 42); 10.5 Ma (Keller, 1992); 15.15–11.0 Ma (Omarzai, 1992).
;35–34
Santa Maria–Cuyama to Castaic region “Neroly,” “Cierbo,” and middle and upper “Briones” Stages of Eaton et al. (1941). Upper upper Branch Canyon Formation of Fritsche (1969) and Santa Margarita Formation (Dickinson and Lowe, 1966; Fritsche, 1969; Dibblee, 1973a). Calabasas Formation (Yerkes et al., 1979; Blake, 1991 [Luisian]); overlies the Conejo Volcanics with radiometric age assignments of 15.6, 15.5, 14.8, 14.6, and 13.9 Ma. A rich molluscan fauna is present according to Yerkes et al. (1979), but they did not list the fauna. Modelo Formation (Luisian Stage) (Johnson, 1959) or 11.5 to ,7.8 Ma (Obradovich and Naeser, 1981). Basal Modelo Formation (Hoots, 1931; Durham, 1948; White and Buffington, 1948; Wright, 1948; see also Rumelhart and Ingersoll, 1997). Caliente Formation (in part) (nonmarine) (Ehlig et al., 1975). See 17–13 Ma time slice, Table A3.
;34–33
Los Angeles region Upper Altamira Shale Member and lower part Valmonte Diatomite Member, Monterey Formation (Woodring et al., 1946; Obradovich and Naeser, 1981). La Vida Member of Puente Formation (Smith, 1960; Yerkes et al., 1965; Schoellhamer et al., 1981; microfossils only; coeval with other fine-grained rock units in the Los Angeles basin). Lower part of Mint Canyon Formation (nonmarine) (Ehlig et al., 1975). Upper Miocene rocks (Luisian-Mohnian) (Vedder and Moore, 1976) (San Clemente Island). Upper Miocene rocks (Vedder et al., 1979, p. 253) (Santa Catalina Island). The fauna from the Castaic Formation (Stanton, 1966, p. 23) is not included in this time slice. See discussion of the 8–5 Ma time slice for this latitude.
;33–32
Imperial Valley–Riverside region Rocks in this region were deposited in a separate basin from that containing coeval rocks deposited to the west between these latitudes. Imperial Formation (Hanna, 1926; Christiansen, 1957; Mount, 1974; Bell-Countryman, 1984; Smith, 1991a, p. 67, 1991b, p. 644) (the basal Latrania Sandstone Member of the Imperial Formation overlies the Alverson Andesite; the latter is assigned an age of 16 Ma [Eberly and Stanley, 1978]; a basalt flow, assigned radiometric ages of 6.04 and 5.94 Ma, is in the Painted Hill Formation). The Painted Hill Formation overlies the Imperial Formation (see radiometric ages listed in Smith, 1991a, p. 4, 1991b, p. 644– 646). Based on bracketing radiometric ages, the Imperial Formation is younger than 16 Ma and older than 6 Ma; in this study the Imperial Formation is included in the 13–8 Ma time slice, although the formation could also be older (e.g., partly in the 17– 13 Ma time slice). Powell (1985, 1988, p. 13) restricted the Imperial Formation in Riverside County to the late Miocene (i.e., ca. 10–5 Ma). The Imperial Formation, which crops out in Imperial County and to the south of Riverside County, is “slightly older than 4.27 to 4.20 Ma” (Powell, 1988, p. 13). Matti et al. (1985) assigned an age range to the Imperial Formation of ca. 12.5–6.5 Ma, with the Latrania Sand (sic) Member to a time range of ca. 12.5–10 Ma. The Imperial Formation is assigned to the 13–8 Ma time slice based on available radiometric ages; however, based on palinspastic restorations and tectonic considerations, it is suggested that most of the Imperial fauna is ,10 to ,5 Ma in age.
continued
Appendix 1
87
TABLE A4. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, MEDIAL TO LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued) Latitude (8N)
Region and formations East side San Andreas fault
;42–41
Crescent City region Wymer Formation (Diller, 1902, p. 33–34); Wimer Formation (Maxson, 1933, p. 134–135; Watkins, 1974).
;41–40
Eel River basin–Scotia Bluffs region Pullen Formation (Barron, 1986a; 9–7.8 Ma). Bear River beds (Aalto et al., 1995a, 1995b). The Bear River Formation (Martin, 1916) in the Eel River area is in part late Miocene and Pliocene in age (Aalto et al., 1995b); however, Crain and Thurston (1987) assigned the formation to a Relizian Age, and Barron (1986a) assigned 15.5–14.2 Ma ages to the Bear River Formation. A K/Ar age of 9.8 Ma (Mohnian Age) was obtained on a tuff bed in the Bear River bed by Aalto et al. (1995a, 1995b).
;40–39
Mendocino region Clark (1940) reported middle Miocene rocks (Temblor Formation) from this region, based on the presence of Desmostylus, in the Covelo area. Desmostylus is also known from the upper Miocene Santa Margarita Formation in the Santa Cruz Mountains (Clark, 1981). VanderHoof (1937) reported the taxon from the Briones Formation (Mohnian Stage) in the San Francisco Bay region. Huey (1948) concluded that the Briones Formation referred to by VanderHoof (1937) should be assigned to the Oursan? Sandstone (Luisian Stage), and Hall (1958) concluded that it was from the Cierbo Formation (Mitchell and Repenning, 1963, p. 9). Desmostylus has an age range from early Miocene to late Miocene (Mitchell and Repenning, 1963). Perhaps the rocks at Round Valley in the Covelo district, Mendocino County, are part of the Bear River unit, as described by Aalto et al. (1995b); they are no older than late medial Miocene (Luisian Age) to late Miocene (Mohnian) in age.
;39–38
Santa Rosa–Petaluma region Briones, Cierbo, and Neroly Formations (Weaver, 1909, 1949).
;38–37
San Francisco Bay–San Jose–Gilroy region San Pablo Formation (Arnold, 1906; Lawson, 1914). San Pablo Group (Clark, 1912, 1915). Briones Formation (Trask, 1922; Crittenden, 1951). Briones, Cierbo, and Neroly Formations (Huey, 1948; Ham, 1952; Robinson, 1956; Hall, 1958; Primmer, 1964). Orinda Formation (nonmarine and marine) (Richey, 1943). Santa Margarita Formation (Anderson and Pack, 1915).
;37–36
Hollister–Panoche Pass–central San Joaquin Valley–Coalinga region Santa Margarita Formation (Nomland, 1917b; Wilson, 1943; Stewart, 1946; Briggs, 1953; Hall, 1960; Adegoke, 1969).
;36–35
Devils Den–Wheeler Ridge–Comanche Point, southern San Joaquin Valley region Santa Margarita Formation (Arnold and Johnson, 1910; Pack and English, 1915; Nomland, 1917b; Hoots, 1930; Preston, 1931; Simonson and Krueger, 1942; Addicott and Vedder, 1963).
;35–34
Southernmost San Joaquin Valley region–southern California region Santa Margarita Formation (Crowell, 1952; Harris, 1954; Dibblee, 1961)
;34–33
Southern California region Molluscan faunas of this age are unknown from this latitude.
Note: The rocks in this time slice are correlated with the 9.8 Ma Bear River Formation (Aalto et al., 1995b); 8.7 Ma Contra Costa Group and 10.1– 8.8 Ma Moraga Formation (COSUNA, 1984) (both the Contra Costa Group and the Moraga Formation are nonmarine); 9.4 Ma Lower Mehrten Formation (in part) (COSUNA, 1984); 13–11 Ma (Mankinen, 1972), 12.1 Ma (COSUNA, 1984), or 10.5–9.5 Ma (Curtis, in Sedlock, 1995) Tolay Volcanics; 11.2–8.7 Ma lower Santa Rosa Basalt (COSUNA, 1984); 13.0 Ma Briones Sandstone (COSUNA, 1984); 12–8 Ma or 10.5–7 Ma Berkeley Hills volcanic rocks (Fox et al., 1985; Jones and Curtis, 1991, respectively), which are correlated with the 10.5–9.5 Ma Tolay Volcanics; 8.2 Ma Lafayette Tuff above the Neroly Formation (Wagner, 1978); 9.5–7.5 Ma San Luis Reservoir basalt (Nakata et al., 1993); 11.6, 10.7, 10.1, 10.0, 9.9, 9.8, 9.5, 9.4, 9.3, and 9.1 Ma Quien Sabe Volcanics (Nakata et al., 1993), which are correlated with the Berkeley Hills volcanic rocks (Wakabayashi and Hengesh, 1995); Mint Canyon Formation (nonmarine) (COSUNA, 1984); 11.3 and 8.4 Ma Delmontian Canyon del Rey Diatomite Member of the Monterey Formation (stratotype) (Obradovich and Naeser, 1981, p. 87); 11.5, 11.4, 8.0, 7.8 Ma Modelo Formation, and 11.8 Ma McLure Shale (Obradovich et al., 1978; Obradovich and Naeser, 1981); 12.9 Ma volcanic rocks on the Isla Tiburon, Sonora, Mexico (Smith et al., 1985); 10.8 Ma ash beds in the Monterey diatomite and 7.9 Ma glauconitic facies in the Santa Margarita Formation, Point Reyes Peninsula and Santa Cruz Mountains (Clark, 1998); 13.7 Ma El Modeno Andesite (the andesite overlies the Topanga Formation in the Santa Ana Mountains; Turner, 1970), or the 11 Ma age of the El Modeno volcanic rocks (Luyendyk et al., 1998a, 1998b) (these rocks are overlain by strata that contain Luisian foraminifers; upper Luisian and lower and upper Mohnian microfaunal stages); “Santa Margaritan” molluscan stage; N11–N16 and M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13a planktic foraminiferal zones (Berggren et al., 1995a); 5A-5 (COSUNA, 1984), or 5Ar, 5An, 5r, 5n, 4Ar, 4An, 4r, or C5AAn-C4n.2n (Cande and Kent 1992, 1995), or C5Ar, C5An, C5r, C5n, C4Ar, C4An, C4r (Berggren et al., 1995a) geomagnetic polarity chrons; and Serravalian (in part) and Tortonian (in part) European or global ages (COSUNA, 1984; Berggren et al., 1985a, 1985b, 1995a).
88
Appendix 1 TABLE A5. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma)
Latitude (8N)
Region and formations West side San Andreas fault
;39–38
Point Arena region Undifferentiated upper Miocene rocks (Crain and Thurston, 1987).
;38–37
Point Reyes–Santa Cruz Mountains Purisima Formation or Drakes Bay Formation* (Galloway, 1977; Clark 1981; Clark et al., 1979, 1984 [North Pacific Diatom zone X; vertebrate taxa suggest an age of 6–4 Ma]). Merced Formation, near Half Moon Bay (Martin, 1916; Glen, 1959; Fox, 1983) (4 Purisima Formation in part). Purisima Formation (Martin, 1916; Cummings et al., 1962, Plate 24; Gavigan, 1984). Monterey Shale (at Bolinas) (Galloway, 1977). Santa Cruz–Monterey–Salinas Valley region Purisima Formation (Arnold, 1906; Martin, 1916; Taliaferro, 1948; Allen, 1945, 1946; Addicott et al., 1978a; Clark, 1981; Gavigan, 1984). Etchegoin Formation (Taliaferro, 1943). Santa Cruz Mudstone (below 6.7 Ma radiometric age at base of Purisima Formation) (Clark, 1981, p. 33). Pancho Rico Formation (Durham and Addicott, 1965; Addicott, 1978a, 1978b). Barron (1986a) assigned a 6.2–4.5 Ma age range to the Purisima Formation and a 6–5 Ma age range to the Pancho Rico Formation (see following). Paso Robles (marine part only) (Galehouse, 1967; Addicott and Galehouse, 1973).
;37–36
;36–35
San Luis Obispo to Santa Maria region Pancho Rico Formation. Addicott (1978a, p. 85, 1978b) (see also Durham and Addicott, 1965; Barron, 1986a) correlated the Pancho Rico Formation with the Panorama Hills Formation 80 km to the south and on the east side of the San Andreas fault. Addicott (1972, p. 16) listed a molluscan fauna from the type locality of the Panorama Hills Formation and assigned a “Jacalitos Age” to the assemblage. Dibblee (1962) first defined the Panorama Hills Formation and noted that it grades laterally into the Bitterwater Creek Shale and nonmarine gravel. On his map of the Carrizo Plain and adjacent regions, Dibblee (1973b) assigned the name “unnamed marine sediments (Tu)” to the same rocks that he had mapped and described as the Panorama Hills Formation (Dibblee, 1962, 1968). Dibblee (1973b) depicted the “unnamed marine sediments” on his Carrizo Plain map interfingering with the Bitterwater Creek Shale. Both the “unnamed marine sediments” and the Bitterwater Creek Shale are depicted as unconformably overlying the Santa Margarita Formation (Dibblee, 1973b; Nilsen, 1987a). The Pancho Rico Formation is here correlated with the Saucelito Member, subunits 3 and 2 of the upper Santa Margarita Formation in the Huasna syncline, and the upper Miguelito and upper Edna Members of the Pismo Formation (Hall, 1962a, 1966, 1973a, 1973b; Hall and Corbato´, 1967; Keller and Barron, 1993 [6.7–6 Ma part]; W. Steinkraus, in Downey, 1999, p. 20 [7.7–6.5 Ma part]). The Pancho Rico Formation is considered herein to have been offset by the San Andreas fault by 145 km. It also is considered to be correlative in part with the Sisquoc Formation, it is younger than the Santa Margarita Formation, and it is older than the Etchegoin and Purisima Formations. The Pancho Rico Formation and its faunal assemblages are included within the 8–5 Ma time slice because the formation is within this age range. However, a separate paleoshoreline map is draw for the Pancho Rico Formation and its correlative units because the offset of this formation along the San Andreas is greater than the offset of the somewhat younger Etchegoin and Purisima Formations (72 km) that are also within the 8–5 Ma time slice. Paso Robles (marine part only) (Galehouse, 1967; Addicott and Galehouse, 1973).
;35–34
Santa Maria–Cuyama region Tinaquaic Member of Sisquoc Formation (Woodring and Bramlette, 1950). Todos Santos Member Sisquoc Formation (ca. 7–4.6 Ma). Barron (1986a) assigned a 6–5 Ma age range to the Sisquoc Formation (also see Barron and Ramirez, 1992). Lower Sisquoc Formation. Dumont and Barron (1995) assigned to ages of 6.0–5.1 Ma, and they assigned this unit to the chron 3A (in part), and to the CN12 and part of the C11 calcareous nannofossil zones. Castaic Formation (Johnson, 1952; Stanton, 1966) (east of the San Gabriel fault). The fauna from the Castaic Formation is included in the 8–5 Ma time slice because of the overlapping age ranges of the following taxa present in the formation: Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (23–13 Ma), A. (A.) trilineata (13–2.5 Ma), Pacipecten discus (13–8 Ma), Swiftopecten parmeleii parmeleii (8–2.5 Ma), Lyropecten estrellanus (13–8 Ma), L. crassicardo (18–8 Ma), Turritella cooperi (13 Ma– Holocene), Turritella aff. T. freya (18–8 Ma), and Astrodapsis fernandoensis (8–5 Ma). It is likely that this fauna is within the early part of the 8–5 Ma time slice and within the late part of the 13–8 Ma time slice.
;34–33
Los Angeles region Elsmere Canyon rocks (Arnold, 1907a). Towsley Formation (Winterer and Durham, 1962; Kern, 1973) (rocks are west of the San Gabriel fault). Eastern facies, upper Miocene rocks (Yerkes et al., 1965; Woodring, in Hoots, 1931; also see English, 1914). Sisquoc Formation of the Santa Monica Mountains (Fritsche, 1993). Valmonte Diatomite Member, Monterey Formation, Bolivina goudkoffi zone (Woodring et al., 1946). Capistrano Formation (Woodford, 1925). Barron (1986a) assigned a 6–5 Ma age to the Capistrano Formation. Sycamore Canyon and Yorba Members of Puente Formation (Schoellhamer et al., 1981). Pico Formation† San Diego–Baja California Sur, Mexico, region Almejas Formation crops out at lat ;288 N (Smith, 1984). Smith (1984, p. 203) correlated a part of the Almejas Formation with the Pliocene San Diego Formation, and Minch et al. (1976, p. 174) assigned a “middle to early late Pliocene” age to the formation. Nevertheless, Smith (1984, p. 206–207) assigned the molluscan fauna within the Almejas Formation to a “late Miocene” to “early Pliocene” age, and this age assignment is used herein.
;32–;28
continued
Appendix 1
89
TABLE A5. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued) Latitude (8N)
Region and formations East side San Andreas fault
;42–41
Crescent City region Wimer Formation (Aalto et al., 1995b); however, because this formation contains Pacipecten discus (Conrad), a species common in rocks of early Mohnian Age, the Wimer fauna is in included in the 13–8 Ma time slice and not the 8–5 Ma time slice.
;41–40
Eel River basin-Scotia Bluffs region Eel River Formation (in part) (Obradovich et al., 1978 assigned a K-Ar age of 5.3 Ma) and Pullen Formation (in part) of Wildcat Group (Ogle 1953; Faustman, 1964; Crain and Thurston, 1987) (a late Miocene age was questioned by Faustman, 1964). Bear River and Bear Ridge units of Diller (1902). Falor Formation (Manning and Ogle, 1950). The Bear River Formation (Martin, 1916) or unit in the Eel River area is in part late Miocene and Pliocene in age (Aalto et al., 1995b); however, Crain and Thurston (1987) regarded this formation as Relizian in age, and Barron (1986a) assigned the Bear River Formation to an age range of 16.5–14.2 Ma (see discussion of age in Haller, 1980; Aalto et al., 1995a, 1995b).
;40–39
Mendocino region Clark (1940) reported middle Miocene rocks (“Temblor Formation”) based on the presence of Desmostylus in rocks in the Covelo area. This marine vertebrate taxon is also known from the upper Miocene Santa Margarita Formation in the Santa Cruz Mountains (Clark, 1981). VanderHoof (1937) reported the taxon from the Briones Formation (Mohnian Stage) in the San Francisco Bay region. Huey (1948) concluded that the rocks referred to as the Briones Formation by VanderHoof (1937) should be assigned to the Oursan (?) Sandstone (Luisian Stage), and Hall (1958) concluded that the rocks should be assigned to the Cierbo Formation. Thus, Desmostylus is not restricted either to the miedial or late Miocene ages. Perhaps the rocks at Round Valley in the Covelo district, Mendocino County, are part of the Wildcat Group or they are part of the Bear River unit (see Table A4).
;39–38
Santa Rosa–Petaluma region A part of the Merced Formation of Osmont (1905) and Dickerson (1922) (Wilson Ranch), Ohlson Ranch Formation of Higgins (1960) and Peck (1960), and Wilson Ranch Formation or beds of Weaver (1949) and Fox (1983) could be as old as 5 Ma (Sarna–Wojcicki, 1976), but the rocks are principally Pliocene in age, and their molluscan faunas are included in the 5–2.5 Ma time slice (Fox, 1983, p. 9–10). The lower Wilson Grove Formation is within the 8–5 Ma time slice (6.3 and 5.9 Ma; Fox, 1983). The Pliocene embayment (Plate 8A) in this region was present (but it is not shown on Plate 6A) during the latest Miocene or earliest Pliocene. Allen (1999) proposed that the Wilson Grove Formation is equivalent in age to the Delgada Fan, which is offshore from Point Delgada, and that the fan has been offset northward 200 km along the San Andreas fault.
;38–37
San Francisco Bay–San Jose–Gilroy region Mulholland and Blackhawk lithofacies of Sycamore Formation (all units are nonmarine) (Anderson et al., 1995). Black Hawk Ranch flora (Axelrod, 1944a, 1971). Mulholland flora (Axelrod, 1944b, 1971) (late Clarendonian [Richey, 1948; MacDonald, 1948], Hemphillian, 8–5 Ma [Anderson et al., 1995, Fig. 3]).
;37–36
Hollister–Panoche Pass–central San Joaquin Valley–Coalinga region Etchegoin and Jacalitos Formations (Anderson, 1908; Nomland, 1916a, 1916b, 1917a; Grant and Gale, 1931; Woodring et al., 1940; Wilson, 1943; Adegoke, 1969; Loomis, 1990a, 1990b, 1990c; Hall and Loomis, 1992 [this part of the late Miocene— early Pliocene marine basin was characterized by bays and estuaries]. Base of the Etchegoin Formation assigned an age of 7.5–6.5 Ma (Rentschler and Bloch, 1988)§. Purisima Formation (Allen, 1945, 1946). Devils Den–Wheeler Ridge–southern San Joaquin Valley region Etchegoin Formation (Reid, 1995 [paleogeography depicted but no fossils listed]). The plutonic-sourced Lower Etchegoin Formation, equivalent to the Jacalitos Formation, is transitional between the outer neritic, fine-grained clastic Reef Ridge Shale below and basin sedimentary rocks of the volcanogenic-rich Upper Etchegoin Formation above; the latter is characterized by nearshore marine bars, and back-bar and lagoonal depositional systems. Reef Ridge Shale (Dibblee, 1973a; Reid, 1995) and correlative Belridge Diatomite (Reid, 1995) (but not correlative according to Dibblee, 1973a). Panorama Hills Formation (Dibblee, 1962, 1968; Addicott, 1972, p. 16). “Unnamed marine sediments” (sic) (Tu) (Dibblee, 1968). Bitterwater Creek Shale (Dibblee, 1968, 1973a).
;36–35
;35–34
Southern San Joaquin Valley to southern California region Biostratigraphy of Neogene molluscan faunas is uncertain.
;34–33
Southern California region Neogene, marine rocks of this age are not present. Nonmarine rocks include the Mount Eden Formation (5.6 Ma) (Albright, 1999).
continued
90
Appendix 1 TABLE A5. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
Note: Rocks in this time slice are correlated with the 6.9 Ma Purisima Formation; 6.7 Ma upper Santa Rosa Basalt; 6.4 Ma basalt in Santa Ana Formation; 6.3 and 5.9 Ma lower Wilson Grove Formation; 5.4 Ma (COSUNA, 1984) or 7 Ma lower Sonoma Volcanic Rocks (Fox, 1983); 5.3 Ma Pinole Tuff (COSUNA, 1984); 6.7 Ma base of Purisima Formation (Clark, 1966, p. 139); 7.0 Ma tuff in Etchegoin Formation (Obradovich et al., 1978) (age date is from unit Te2 in upper Etchegoin Formation of Woodring et al., 1940); 5.0 Ma, Den Hartog Tuff in Etchegoin Formation (Loomis, 1990c, 1992a); 7.5, 6.5, 6.5, 6.5, 6.0, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, and 4.0 Ma (average age 5.9 Ma) ages of the Etchegoin Formation (Loomis, 1990c, 1992b); 6 Ma Roblar tuff (Sarna–Wojcicki, 1992); the upper Mohnian, Delmontian, and Repettian (? in part) benthic microfaunal stages; “Jacalitos” and “Etchegoin” molluscan stages; N17 (COSUNA, 1984) or N17–N18 (Berggren et al., 1995a) and M14 and PL1 (Berggren et al., 1995a), or M13b, M14, and PL1a (Berggren et al., 1995a), planktic foraminiferal zones; 4 and 3’ (COSUNA, 1984) or 4n, 3Br, 3Bn, 3Ar, 3An, 3n (in part), or C4n.2n–C3n.4n (Cande and Kent, 1992, 1995), or C4n, C3Br, C3Bn, C3Ar, C3Ar, C3An, C3r, C3n (in part) (Berggren et al., 1995a) geomagnetic polarity chrons; and Tortonian (in part), Messinian, and Zanclean (in part) European or global ages (Berggren et al., 1995a) (also see COSUNA, 1984; Armentrout et al., 1984; Berggren et al., 1995a, p. 1272 [the boundary between the Messinian and Zanclean Ages, or Miocene–Pliocene boundary, is at 5.32 Ma]). *The 9.3 Ma age (Galloway, 1977, p. 31) for the Drakes Bay Formation is considered to be suspect and too old. † Ponti et al. (1994) reported radiometric ages of 6.0–5.4 Ma for a tuff in the “Pico” Formation and diatoms with a biostratigraphic age assignment of 5.8–5.6 Ma. These ages place the Pico Formation within the 8–5 Ma time slice; however, the Pico Formation is assigned to the 5– 2.5 Ma time slice herein because some of the molluscan assemblages in the formation are considered to be Pliocene in age. § The 4.1 Ma age (tephrochronology) of a tuff unit in the Etchegoin Formation, dated by Sarna–Wojcicki (1976) and Sarna–Wojcicki et al. (1979, 1991) and correlated with the Lawlor Tuff (4.1 Ma), is also considered to be suspect and too young, based on the ages of the Etchegoin Formation determined by Loomis (1990c, 1992a, 1992b). The base of the Etchegoin Formation was assigned an age of 7.5–6.5 Ma (Rentschler and Bloch, 1988).
Appendix 1
91
TABLE A6. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) Latitude (8N)
Region and formations West Side San Andreas Fault
;40–39
Probably present offshore.
;39–38
Point Arena region Pliocene terrace deposits reported at Point Reyes (COSUNA, 1984). Ohlson Ranch Formation (Crain and Thurston, 1987 [present offshore, no fossils listed]).
;38–37
Point Reyes—Santa Cruz region The “Merced” Formation reported at Point Reyes was considered to be Pleistocene by COSUNA (1984); however, Galloway (1977, Table 6), Clark et al. (1984), and Wagner et al. (1990) assigned the “Merced” in this region to a Pliocene age. The Merced Formation at Bolinas Bay (Martin, 1916) is in juxtaposition against the San Andreas fault zone. The Merced Formation at Mussel Rock (Martin, 1916; Glen, 1959) was assigned to the Purisima Formation by some (see review by Addicott, 1969b; Axelrod, 1971; see also Dorf, 1930). Santa Clara Formation (in part marine, Addicott, 1969b).
;37–36
Monterey—Salinas Valley region Paso Robles (nonmarine part only) (Galehouse, 1967; Addicott and Galehouse, 1973).
;36–35
San Luis Obispo to Santa Maria region Paso Robles Formation (nonmarine part only) (Galehouse, 1967; Addicott and Galehouse, 1973). Careaga Formation (Hall, 1976; Hall et al., 1995). Gragg (younger than 6.5 Ma), Belleview, and Squire (3.0–2.8 Ma) Members of the Pismo Formation (Hall, 1973a, 1973b; Hanson et al., 1994, p. 66). Locally concordant with underlying Miguelito Member of Pismo Formation and unconformably overlying Monterey Formation at edges of Pismo basin. Saucelito Member subunit 4, Santa Margarita Formation (Hall, 1962a; Hall and Corbato´, 1967).
;35–34
Santa Maria—Cuyama—Los Angeles region Upper Sisquoc Formation. Dumont and Barron (1995) assigned this unit to an age range of 5.1–?3.8 Ma, to chrons C2A and part of C3, and to the CN10 and CN9b calcareous nannofossil zones. Others (Sorlien et al., 1999b) assigned an age of from 6 to ,5.3 Ma. Foxen and Careaga formations (Woodring and Bramlette, 1950). Behl and Ingle (1998) inferred that the Foxen Mudstone was deposited in several oxygen-deficient troughs at the shelf edge; they didn’t depict the location of the troughs and there isn’t sufficient paleoshoreline control in order to show troughs in Plate 8B. Sorlien et al. (1999b) assigned an age of 3.4 Ma to the lower Foxen Mudstone and 3.4 to ca. 2.3 Ma to the undifferentiated upper Foxen Mudstone and Careaga Formation. Morales Formation (nonmarine) (COSUNA, 1984) (also Pleistocene in part, Blancan Stage; Dibblee, 1973b). Hungry Valley Formation (nonmarine) (Crowell, 1982a, 1982b; Ramirez, 1983; Meisling and Weldon, 1989).
;34–33
Los Angeles region Pico Formation (lower part) (Winterer and Durham, 1962)*. Repetto Formation (lower part) (Woodring, 1938; Woodring et al., 1946). Fernando Formation (lower part) (Moody, 1916; Durham and Yerkes, 1964; Yerkes, 1972; Schoellhamer et al., 1981; Davis, 1998). Pliocene of Simi Valley (Woodring, 1930). Lower and middle Pliocene rocks of Los Angeles (Arnold, 1907a; Soper and Grant, 1932, Third Street Tunnel; however, Willett [1946, p. 29] considered these rocks to be Pliocene-Pleistocene in age). Niguel Formation (Vedder, 1960). The late Pliocene macrofossil fauna from upper Newport Lagoon (Zinsmeister, 1970) is similar to the Lomita Marl fauna, which is considered to be early Pleistocene. The fauna documented by Zinsmeister (1970) is not included in the 5–2.5 Ma time slice in this study.
;33–32
San Diego—San Clemente region Pliocene rocks of San Clemente Island (Vedder and Moore, 1976; Susuki and Stadum, 1978). San Diego Formation (Hertlein, 1931, 1957, 1966, 1968; Hertlein and Allison, 1959; Hertlein and Grant, 1960a, 1960b, 1972; Rowland, 1972; Axelrod and Deme´re´, 1984).
;32–24
Baja California Sur, Mexico region Coeval rocks and fauna are present near lat 288N, at Isla Cedros, Bahı´a Tortugas (Turtle Bay), and Isla Maria Madre (Jordan and Hertlein, 1926a, 1926b; Hertlein, 1933; Smith, 1984); although all or part of these rocks could be older than 5–2.5 Ma. Beal (1948) mapped the Salada Formation from lat 33 to 248N and correlated this unit with the San Diego Formation, although Pleistocene taxa are probably included in his faunal list.
continued
92
Appendix 1 TABLE A6. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
Latitude (8N)
Region and formations East Side San Andreas Fault
;42–41 or ;418458
;41–40
;40–39 ;39–38
Saint George region Saint George Formation (Diller, 1902, p. 32–33 [northeast of Crescent City and Mad River, south of Crescent City]; he also reported a fossil flora); Maxson (1933, p. 135); Back (1957, p. 21–22); Wagner and Saucedo (1987; no fossils listed). Aalto and Robinson (2001) assign some units within the formation to late Miocene ime. Based on the work of Robinson et al. (2001), the Saint George Formation is late Miocene to Pliocene in age; thus, it could also be included in the 8–5 Ma time slice. Eel River basin—Scotia Bluffs region Rio Dell Formation, Wildcat Group (Martin, 1916; Faustman, 1964; McCrory, 2000, p. 1147). Wildcat Group, mouth of Bear River (Weaver, 1908). See review of biostratigraphy of region by Haller (1980). Wildcat Group (McLaughlin et al., 1985, 1994; Aalto et al., 1995a, 1995b; Underwood et al., 1999). Questionably present.
Mendocino region
Santa Rosa—Petaluma—Sebastopol region Merced Formation (Osmont, 1905; Dickerson, 1922; Weaver, 1949; Gealey, 1950) (4 Wilson Ranch and Wilson Grove Formations). “Merced” Formation (Bedrossian, 1971, 1974). Upper Wilson Grove Formation (Fox, 1983, p. 9–10); 6.3 and 5.9 Ma lower part of the Wilson Grove Formation is in the 8–5 Ma time slice (see Table A5). Ohlson Ranch Formation (Higgins, 1960; Peck, 1960). Tehama Formation, in part (nonmarine), Nomlaki Tuff (3.4 Ma) (COSUNA, 1984). Petaluma Formation (Axelrod, 1971, p. 77). Napa and Santa Rosa floras in Sonoma volcanic rocks (Axelrod, 1944c, 1950a, 1971, p. 78–79).
;38–37
San Francisco Bay—San Jose—Gilroy region Type Merced Formation (Glen, 1959; N.T. Hall, 1966). Merced Formation at Felt Lake (Arnold, 1906, 1908; Addicott, 1969b). Merced (?) (Addicott, 1969b). Tassajara Formation (nonmarine) (Anderson et al., 1995).
;37–36
Hollister—Panoche Pass—central San Joaquin Valley—Coalinga region San Joaquin Formation (Woodring et al., 1940; Adegoke, 1969). Hans Grieve Formation (Rose and Colburn, 1963, p. 44; meager marine faunal assemblage, not freshwater as stated by Rose and Colburn. Mehrten Formation (Axelrod, 1980, p. 95). Cascajo Member or Conglomerate of San Joaquin Formation (Axelrod, 1980, p. 141; Loomis, 1990c).
;36–35
Devils Den—Wheeler Ridge—southern San Joaquin Valley region San Joaquin Formation (Reid, 1995 [no fossils listed]). Coeval nonmarine rocks are also present. Etchegoin Formation (Gester, 1917; Addicott, 1972) (considered here to be San Joaquin Formation).
;35–34
Southern San Joaquin Valley to southern California region Neogene marine rocks in this time slice are missing. Anaverde Formation, Anaverde flora, nonmarine (Axelrod, 1950b).
;34–33#
Southern California region Neogene, marine rocks in this time slice are missing. Nonmarine rocks of Morongo Valley (Ramirez, 1983)
Note: Rocks in this time slice are correlated with the 4.6 and 4.5 Ma San Joaquin Formation (Obradovich et al., 1978); 4.3 Ma Eel River Formation (COSUNA, 1984) (but Obradovich et al. [1978] assigned an age of 5.3 Ma); 4.1 Ma Lawlor Tuff, 4.1 Ma tuff in Tassajara Formation, and 4.1 Ma age of uppermost Mehrten Formation (COSUNA, 1984); ca. 4.0 and 3.94? Ma Paso Robles Formation (COSUNA, 1984; Sarna-Wojcicki et al., 1991); 3.0 and 3.9 Ma Sonoma volcanic rocks, 3.4 Ma Nomlaki Tuff in Tehama Formation, 3.3 Ma Putah Tuff in Tehama Formation, 4.1 Ma Huitchica Tuff, 3.0 Ma Sonoma Volcanic Rocks, and 3.6 Ma basalt in Santa Clara Formation (Sarna-Wojcicki, 1976; COSUNA, 1984, Anderson et al., 1995); 3.4 and 2.5 Ma Lawlor Tuff (Sarna-Wojcicki et al., 1991 [based on tephrochronology]); Repettian (in part) and Venturian benthic microfaunal stages; “San Joaquin” molluscan stage; N18, N19, N20, and N21 (COSUNA, 1984), and PL1 (in part), PL2, PL3, PL4, and PL5 (in part) (Berggren et al., 1995a, 1995b) planktic foraminiferal zones; 4.15–3.65 Ma Gilbert “Epoch” and 3.6–2.73 Ma Gauss “Epoch” (Berggren et al., 1995b); C3n1, C2Ar, C2n3n, C2n2r, C2n2n, C2n1r, and C2n1 (COSUNA, 1984), or 3n (in part), 2Ar, 4An, 2r, or C3n.4n–C2An.1n (Cande and Kent, 1992, 1995), or C3n4n (in part), C3n2-1, C2Ar, C2An, C2r2r (Berggren et al., 1995a) geomagnetic polarity chrons; Zanclean (in part) Piacenzian, and Gelasian (in part) European or global ages (Berggren et al., 1995a, 1995b) (for additional correlation data for this time period see COSUNA, 1984; Armentrout et al., 1984; Stanley et al., 1996); Pliocene Empire Formation in Oregon (lat ;438308N) (Howe, 1922). *Ponti et al. (1994) reported 6.0–5.4 Ma radiometric ages for a tuff and diatoms with a biostratigraphic age range of 5.8–5.6 Ma in the Pico Formation. These ages place the Pico Formation within the late Miocene or 8–5 Ma time slice; however, the Pico Formation is included in the 5– 2.5 Ma time slice of this study because locally it can be 2.5 Ma. The upper Fernando Formation or Fernando Formation is not included in the 5– 2.5 Ma time slice because Ingle (1973, p. 30) assigned an age of 2.8–1.79 Ma to the Fernando Formation in the Newport Beach area. # Pliocene taxa from the Salton trough region are listed in Table A10 (13–8 Ma time slice) because the early Pliocene taxa may also have been living in the region during the late Miocene.
Chione temblorensis (Anderson)
5058
5091
5096
5063 5059
Chione temblorensis (Anderson) subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) Clementia cf. pertenuis (Gabb) conradiana (Anderson) Crassatella granti (Wiedey) Crassatellites granti (Wiedey) Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami Clark
Anadara? sp. Antigona vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Arca microdonta Conrad Callista sp. Cardium (Trachycardium) vaquerosensis Arnold Cardium sp. Cardium vaquerosensis Anderson Chione latilaminosa Anderson and Martin
5016 5259 5014 5037 5236 5047
5052
“Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith
5003
Bivalvia
Galloway (1977, p. 20) (Laird Sandstone). Arnold (1908, p. 525), Loel and Corey (1932, p. 24), Merriam (1941, p. 108), Hall et al. (1959); Clark and Brabb (1978), Clark et al. (1979, p. 7), Clark (1981, p. 15); Smith (1991a, p. 75) (Vaqueros Formation and Vaqueros [?] Formation). There are radiometric age dates of 23.7 Ma and 23.1 Ma for volcanic units within the Vaqueros and Mindego Formations. Cummings et al. (1962, Plate 23) (Mindego Formation)
;38–378 WSA
Gastropoda
Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Dosinia merriami Clark
“Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith 30– 26 Ma Anadara? sp. Globivenus vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Anadara (Anadara) topangaensis Reinhart Callista sp. Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Cardium sp. Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson)
Bivalvia
Turritella (Torcula) inezana forma hoffmannii Gabb
Gastropoda
Turritella inezana forma hoffmanni Gabb
5249
Chlamys aff. C. mollita (Reeve) Lucinoma sp.
5060 5122
Bivalvia Chlamys cf. C. hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27– 13 Ma Chlamys aff. C. mollita (Reeve) Lucinoma sp.
Taxonomy used in this study
Chlamys cf. C. hertleini (Loel and Corey)
Bivalvia
Addicott (1967a, p. C4, C6) (Skooner Gulch Formation). Assigned to an early Zemorrian Age by Addicott (1967a), but above a radiometric age date of 23.8 Ma, which is late Zemorrian in age (Smith, 1991a, p. 3)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA)
Taxonomy of authors
5062
;398–388 WSA
8N Lat and No. of Taxon*
Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 28N–5S
Genus, 70N–1S Subgenus, 28N–0
Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California If Callista, common in Adriatic Sea 45N–40N Genus, 37N–14S N.D. Genus, 37N–14S Subgenus, 28N–5S
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Japan, 35N–27N Genus, 61N–24N
Genus, 70N–1S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
continued
15.51 15.51 17.16
,10 17.16
15.51
15.51
15.51 13.94 16.78 14.48 13.94 N.D. 13.94 17.16
N.D.#
15.66
15.05 10.17
,10
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A7. UPPER PALEOGENE TO LOWER NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma)
Appendix 1 93
Gastropoda
Phacoides (Lucinoma) acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Phacoides richthofeni Gabb Pinna alamedensis Yates Psammobia edentula Gabb Solen sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Tivela inezana Conrad Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Vertipecten cf. V. perrini (Arnold) Ventricolaria vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Yoldia submontereyensis Arnold
Gastropoda
5008
5269
5121 5136 5107 5022 5104 5213 5234
Actaeon sp.
Acteon sp.
“Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Solen sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Vertipecten cf. V. perrini (Arnold) 35–22 Ma Globivenus vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) submontereyensis Arnold
Pecten magnolia Conrad
Pecten branneri Arnold Pecten estrellanus Conrad
5061 5124
5012 5166
Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) sespeensis Arnold Pecten (Pecten) vanvlecki Arnold Pecten (Plagiotenium) andersoni (Arnold) subandersoni Loel and Corey Pecten andersoni Arnold
5266
5072 5167
Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) 35–22 Ma Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) 27–23 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) 27–23 Ma Chlamys branneri (Arnold) 27–17 Ma Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Ostrea titan (Conrad) subtitan Loel and Corey Ostrea titan Conrad n. var. Ostrea vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Panopea generosa Gould Pecten (Lyropecten) magnolia Conrad
5222
Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) branneri Arnold Glycymeris sp. Glycymeris sp. Nuculana (Saccella) cahillensis (Arnold) “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) expansus Arnold Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Dosinia cf. D. montana Conrad Dosinia conradi Gabb Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey
Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey
Taxonomy used in this study
Mytilus expansus Arnold
Mytilus cf. M. expansus Arnold
Dosinia (Dosinidia) margaritana (Wiedey) projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia cf. montana Conrad Dosinia conradi Gabb Dosinia margaritana var. projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia mathewsoni Gabb Dosinia ponderosa Gray Glycymeris branneri Arnold Glycymeris n.sp. Glycymeris sp. Leda cahillensis Arnold Macrochlamis magnolia (Conrad)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
5142
5106 5149 5002
5089 5090 5092 5105
5086 5087
5088
8N Lat and No. of Taxon*
Genus, 37N–8N
Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 26N–25N 34N–24N Genus, 34N–5S 34N–25N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 37N–14S Genus not living Genus, 37N–3N Subgenus, 40N–28N
13.94
10.17 17.87 15.51 15.51 15.51 ,10 13.15 13.15 13.94 N.D. 13.94 13.36
N.D.
,10 17.88
16.15
Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
N.D. ,10 N.D. 16.15
18.49 18.49 10.31 10.65 N.D.
,10
,10
17.16 17.16 17.16 16.15 10.31 10.31 10.65 N.D.
17.16 17.16 17.16
17.16
Effective Temp. (8C)
Genus not living Genus, 70N–1S Genus not living Genus, 31N–5S
Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S 58N–34N Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 28N–5S Subgenus, 31N–4S Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 60N–4S Subgenus, 58N–6S Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S
Genus, 28N–5S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A7. UPPER PALEOGENE TO LOWER NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (continued)
94 Appendix 1
Turritella (Torcula) inezana forma hoffmannii Gabb Turritella (Torcula) inezana Conrad Turritella (Torcula) inezana Conrad Other taxa
Turritella hoffmannii Gabb
Turritella inezana Conrad Turritella inezana Conrad s.s.
Other taxa
5207 5033 5210 5253
5249
5248
5234 5236
5072
5222 5136
Brooke (1957); Hall (1991), Hall et al. (1995, p. 92) (Sandholdt and Rincon Formations). Loel and Corey (1932, p. 124), Allen (1945, p. 26), Allen (1946, p. 30) (Vaqueros Formation, San Juan Bautista area)
;378–368 WSA
Crassostrea titan subtitan Loel and Corey Miltha sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Ostrea titan Conrad Ostrea vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Tivela inezana (Conrad) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold)
Bivalvia
Balanus sp. (Arthropoda) Scutella vaquerosensis Kew (Echinodermata)
5024 5279
Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold)
Bivalvia
Balanus sp. Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew)
Scaphander? sp. Calicantharus sp. Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Olivella sp. Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Polinices recluzianus (Deshayes) andersoni Clark Scaphander? sp. Searlesia sp. Sigaretus scopulosus Conrad Turritella ocoyana Conrad
5280 5180 5160
5140 5077
5074
5162 5173
Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Astraea (Pomaulax) aff. A. (P.) morani Loel and Corey Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Calyptraea cf. C. inornata (Gabb) Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula princeps Conrad Molophophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Cymatium n.sp. Addicott Calyptraea inornata? (Gabb) Macron sp. Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen
Calyptraea cf. C. inornata (Gabb) Conus oweniana Anderson Conus owenianus Anderson Crepidula cf. praerupta Conrad Crepidula princeps Conrad Cuma biplicata Gabb Cymatium n.sp. Galerus inornatus? Gabb Macron sp. Neverita callosa Conrad Olivella cf. pedroana var. subpedroana Loel and Corey Olivella sp. Phos. sp.
5042 5068
Astraea aff. A. morani Loel and Corey
5019
Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) santacruzanum (Arnold) Bruclarkia santacruzana (Arnold)
Agasoma kernianum Cooper Agasoma sanctacruzana Arnold
5100 5027
Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 37N–14S
Intertidal Genus not living
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Genus, 25N–5S Genus not living 37N–32N Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California
Genus, 57N–south of equator Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
continued
18.49 17.87 18.49 10.31 17.87 13.15 13.94
N.D. N.D.
15.66 15.66
15.66
17.88 N.D. 13.94 19.06
13.53
10.89 16.98
10.97 13.15 13.15 ,10 ,10 N.D. 15.51 10.97 17.88 13.53 10.89
N.D.
Genus not living Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus not living Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N, rare in Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–south of equator
N.D.
15.51
17.88 N.D.
Genus not living
Subgenus, 34N–10N
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living
Appendix 1 95
5058
5053 5056
5055
5208 5005 5170 5236 5237
Chione temblorensis (Anderson)
Amiantis n.sp.? Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Antigona carrizoensis Loel and Corey Antigona vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Arca (Anadara) n.sp. Arca (Anadara) santana weddlei Loel and Corey Arca (Anadara) sespeensis Wiedey Cardium (Acanthocardia) sp. Cardium (Papyridea) n.sp. Cardium (Trachycardium) vaquerosensis Arnold Cardium (Trachycardium) woodringi Loel and Corey Chione aff. richthofeni (Hertlein and Jordan) n.sp.? Chione juanensis Loel and Corey Chione schencki Loel and Corey
Bivalvia
Hall (1974), Prior (1974), Hall and Prior (1975), Hall et al. (1995, p. 94) (Sandholdt Formation, late Zemorrian–early Saucesian foraminifers). Dibblee (1973a, p. 17–18) (Soda Lake Shale Member Vaqueros Formation (late Zemorrian–Saucesian foraminifers). Kleinpell (1938, p. 74, Table XV) (Rincon Shale, early Zemorrian foraminifers). Loel and Corey (1932, p. 126– 132) (“Vaqueros Gulf”), Repenning and Vedder (1961, p. C237) (“Vaqueros” V3), Hall and Corbato´ (1967, p. 563), Hall (1973a, 1973b, 1974), Prior (1974, p. 27), Hall and Prior (1975), Hall (1976) (Vaqueros Formation)
;368–358 WSA
5011 5017 5261 5263 5013 5116
Echinarachnius vaquerosensis (Kew) (Echinodermata) Scutella vaquerosensis Kew
Other taxa
Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) santacruzanum (Arnold) Polinices recluzianus (Deshayes) andersoni Clark Turritella inezana Conrad s.s. Turritella inezana bicarina Loel and Corey
Gastropoda
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
5279
5248 5247
5179
5027
8N Lat and No. of Taxon*
Chione juanensis Loel and Corey Chione schencki Loel and Corey (not C. vickeryi Wiedey) Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey
Chione aff. C. richthofeni Hertlein and Jordan
Scapharca (Cunearca) hamelini (Wiedey) Acanthocardia sp. Papyridea sp. Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium woodringi (Loel and Corey)
Amiantis sp.? Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Globivenus carrizoensis (Loel and Corey) Globivenus vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Anadara (Anadara) sp. Larkinia santana weddlei (Loel and Corey)
Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 34N–6S
Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, Mediterranean and West Africa Genus, 28N–4S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S
Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–0
Genus not living
Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew)
Bivalvia
Genus not living
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California
Genus not living
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew)
Other taxa
Turritella (Torcula) inezana Conrad Turritella (Torcula) inezana bicarina Loel and Corey
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Gastropoda
Taxonomy used in this study
TABLE A7. UPPER PALEOGENE TO LOWER NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (continued)
15.51
15.51 15.51
15.51
17.16 16.98 17.16 13.94 13.94
13.53 13.94 13.94 13.94 16.78 15.51
N.D.
N.D.
15.66 15.66
13.53
N.D.
Effective Temp. (8C)
96 Appendix 1
Diplodonta cf. orbella Gould
Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami Clark Dosinia (Dosinidia) margaritana (Wiedey) projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia (Dosinidia) margaritana Wiedey Dosinia sp. Glycymeris branneri Arnold Glycymeris n.sp. Leda cf. ochsneri Anderson
Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold)
Lithophaga n.sp. Lyropecten magnolia (Conrad)
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold)
5182 5082
5083
5098 5091 5088
5165
5118 5002
5123
5187 5141 5144
5130 5102 5136 5138
5127 5125 5126
5089 5094 5105 5106 5150
Modiolus (Modiolus) lagunanus Loel and Corey Pseudocardium panzanum (Loel and Corey) Mya sp. Mytilus (Mytilus?) cf. M. (M.?) loeli Grant Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold Mytilus (Mytilus?) loeli Grant Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold)
Mytilus hamlini Loel and Corey Ostrea eldridgei Arnold
“Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) panzana (Wiedey) “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Mactra cf. M. sectoris Anderson and Martin Florimetis cf. F. biangulata (Carpenter) Miltha (Miltha)sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Modiolus (Modiolus) lagunanus Loel and Corey
Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia sp. Glycymeris (Glycymeris) branneri Arnold Glycymeris sp. Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pacipecten andersoni barkerianus (Arnold) 27– 17 Ma Lithophaga sp. “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Diplodonta (Diplodonta) buwaldana Anderson and Martin Diplodonta (Diplodonta) cf. D. (D.) orbella (Gould) Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey
Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) ynezana (Loel and Corey) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Vertipecten cf. V. perrini (Arnold) 35–22 Ma Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson)
Mactra cf. sectoris Anderson and Martin Metis cf. alta Conrad Miltha sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Modiolus ynezianus (Arnold) lagunanus Loel and Corey Modiolus ynezianus lagunanus Loel and Corey Mulinia panzana Loel and Corey Mya n.sp.? Mytilus cf. M. loeli Grant Mytilus expansus Arnold
Lyropecten (or Macrochlamis) magnolia (Conrad) Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma secta (Conrad) panzana (Wiedey) Macrochlamis magnolia (Conrad)
Cyrena (Corbicula) cf. dumblei Anderson Diplodonta buwaldana Anderson and Martin
5222 5072 5142
5191 5190
5096
5266 5059
Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chlamys cf. C. fucanus Dall Clementia pertenuis conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) conradiana (Anderson) Crasatellites granti (Wiedey) Crassatella granti (Wiedey) Crassostrea cf. C. eldridgei (Arnold) Crassostrea eldridgei ynezana (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea titan subtitan (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Crenomytilus expansus (Arnold)
Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus not living
Genus, 37N–1S 35N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 73N–5S
Genus, 71N–4S 60N–27N Subgenus, 60N–25N Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, 40N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 31N–4S Genus, 60N–4S Subgenus, 58N–6S
Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S
37N–25N
Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 71N–4S
Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0
Genus, 34N–6S
continued
,10 N.D.
,10 12.00 ,10 ,10 ,10
13.94 13.53 17.87 ,10
,10 10.31 10.31 N.D.
N.D.
17.88
13.36 N.D.
16.15
17.16 17.16 16.15 10.31 10.65
,10 17.16 17.16
13.94
19.21 ,10
18.49 10.31 ,10
15.51 15.51 N.D. N.D.
N.D. 17.16 17.16
15.51
Appendix 1 97
Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Mercenaria? virginiana (Loel and Corey) Globivenus carrizoensis (Loel and Corey) Globivenus vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) 35–22 Ma
Petricola sp. Phacoides (Here) richthofeni Gabb Phacoides (Lucinoma) acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Pinna stocktoni Loel and Corey Pitar cf. diabloensis (Anderson) Platyodon piedraensis Wiedey Psamosolen gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Pteria hertleini Wiedey Saxidomus barlowi Loel and Corey Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Spisula aff. albaria (Conrad) n.sp.? Spisula cf. catilliformis Conrad Spondylus perrini Wiedey Swiftopecten hamlini (Arnold)
Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Trachycardium vaquerosensis Arnold Venus virginiana Loel and Corey
Ventricolaria carrizoensis (Loel and Corey) Ventricolaria vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Vertipecten perrini (Arnold)
5172 5107 5121
5226 5234
5135
5175 5010 5178 5211 5188 5203 5205 5212 5217 5218 5220
Pedalion panzana Loel and Corey
5110
Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) 27–23 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) 27–23 Ma Isognomon (Isognomon) panzana (Loel and Corey) Petricola sp. Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Pinna (Pinna) stocktoni Loel and Corey Amiantis cf. A. diabloensis (Anderson) Platyodon piedraensis Wiedey Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Pteria hertleini Wiedey Saxidomus barlowi Loel and Corey Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Mactromeris aff. M. albaria (Conrad) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Spondylus perrini Wiedey Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) transitional with V. kernensis Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Striostrea? freudenbergi (Hertlein and Jordan) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) loeli (Hertlein) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith 30– 26 Ma Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Pecten (Pecten) vanvlecki Arnold Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni subandersoni Loel and Corey Pecten andersoni? Arnold
Pecten (Lyropecten) vaughani Arnold
Pecten (Lyropecten) miguelensis submiguelensis Loel and Corey Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold
Pecten (Lyropecten) miguelensis Arnold
Ostrea freudenbergi Hertlein and Jordan Ostrea titan (Conrad) subtitan Loel and Corey Ostrea vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Ostrea verspertina (Conrad) loeli (Hertlein) Panope cf. P. generosa Gould Panope generosa (Gould) Pecten (Chlamys) sespeensis Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) bowersi Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) magnolia Conrad
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
5012 5166
5124
5167 5063 5264 5003
5195
5221
8N Lat and No. of Taxon*
Genus, 57N–5S 34N–24N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 55N–2S Genus, 28N–4S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N Genus, 31N–5S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 28N in Gulf of California; and Atlantic Ocean Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus not living
13.94 13.94 N.D.
,10 13.15 13.94 17.88
10.89 15.51 10.17 17.87 17.16 13.53 11.38 17.16 15.51 10.31 10.31 ,10 ,10 13.15 16.15 17.88
15.51
16.15
Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 34N–2S
N.D. 16.15
17.88
N.D.
17.88
17.88
18.49 18.49 10.31 N.D. 10.65 10.65 ,10 N.D. N.D.
Effective Temp. (8C)
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living
Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S Genus not living 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 70N–1S Genus not living Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A7. UPPER PALEOGENE TO LOWER NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (continued)
98 Appendix 1
Other taxa
Turritella ocoyana (Conrad) bosei (Hertlein and Jordan) Turritella ocoyana (Conrad) wittichi (Hertlein and Jordan) Turritella temblorensis Wiedey
Other taxa
5253
5024
5256
Balanus sp. (Arthropoda)
Turritella temblorensis Wiedey
Turritella inezana Conrad Turritella inezana hoffmannii Gabb
5248 5249
5252
5247
Balanus sp.
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Rapana vaquerosensis (Arnold) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Solenosteira merriami (Anderson and Martin) Tegula (Chlorostoma) maibuensis Loel and Corey? Terebra cooperi Anderson Nucella packi (Clark) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kermensis Anderson Turritella (Torcula) inezana bicarina Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana altacorona Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana bicarina Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana sespeensis Arnold Turritella (Torcula) inezana altacorona Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana Conrad Turritella (Torcula) inezana forma hoffmannii (Gabb) Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella inezana (Conrad) altacorona Loel and Corey Turritella inezana (Conrad) bicarina Loel and Corey Turritella inezana (Conrad) sespeensis Arnold Turritella inezana alta corona Loel and Corey
5228 5148 5242
5155 5198 5206 5210 5214 5224
5246
Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Conus sp. Crepidula princeps Conrad Cylichna sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Acteon sp. Astraea (Pomaulax) morani Loel and Corey Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea (Trochita) panzana Loel and Corey
Cancellaria dalliana Anderson Certithium topangensis Arnold Conus n.sp. Crepidula cf. praerupta Conrad Cylichna aff. alba (Brown) n.sp.? Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyanus (Conrad) Oliva californica Anderson Polinices andersoni (Clark) Polinices recluzianus (Deshayes) andersoni Clark Purpura cf. topangensis (Arnold) n.var. Rapana vaquerosensis (Arnold) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Solenosteira merriami Loel and Corey Tegula (Chlorostoma) maibuensis Loel and Corey? Terebra cooperi Anderson Thais (Stramonita) carrizoensis Loel and Corey Trophon kernensis Anderson Turritella cf. T. inezana Conrad
Acteon sp.? Astraea morani Loel and Corey Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) santacruzanum (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkerianum santacruzanum (Arnold) Calyptraea costellata (Conrad) Calyptraea costellata (Conrad) panzana Loel and Corey Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria cf. C. dalliana Anderson
Gastropoda
5044 5025 5069 5074 5075 5100 5159 5179
5038 5042 5043
5040 5039
5008 5019 5027
Gastropoda
Intertidal
Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Genus, 59N–19N Genus not living Genus, 25N–5S 37N–32N Genus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 28N–5S Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 38N–south of equator Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
continued
N.D.
13.94
19.06
19.06
15.66 15.66
15.66 15.66
15.66
15.66
15.51 ,10 17.16 15.66
10.60 N.D. 17.88 13.94 17.16 15.51
16.98 10.31 13.15 ,10 ,10 17.88 17.88 13.53 13.53
18.49 10.97 10.97 16.98
18.49 18.49
N.D.
Genus not living 24N–15N Subgenus, 24N–Chile
13.94 15.51 N.D.
Genus, 37N–8N Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus not living
Appendix 1 99
5065
5061 5063 5059
5058
5051 5055 5056
5236 5237
5066
5017 5261 5263 5208 5015 5004
5006 5011 5012 5014 5115
Hertlein (1928, p. 142–157), Bremner (1933, p. 16–17) (Temblor and Vaqueros Formations, San Miguel Island). Kew (1919, p. 1314), Loel and Corey (1932, p. 126–132) (Santa Monica Mountains). Eaton et al. (1941, p. 220–221), Dibblee (1950, p. 32) (Santa Ynez Mountains). Dickinson and Lowe (1966, p. 2468), Squires and Fritsche (1978, p. 9–13) (Vaqueros Formation). Fritsche (1969, p. 50), Mitchell and Repenning, 1963, p. 5–6 (Painted Rock Sandstone Member, Vaqueros Formation). Weaver and Doerner (1969, p. 80) (lower Rincon Formation, San Miguel Island). Woodring (1942, p. 78–83) (Cajon Pass)
;358–348 WSA
Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chlamys branneri (Arnold) Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia sp.
Acila sp. Amiantis n.sp. Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) Anadara cf. A. microdonta (Conrad) Anadara santana (Loel and Corey) Anomia cf. A. vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Antigona carrizoensis Loel and Corey Antigona vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Arca (Anadara) sespeensis Wiedey Arca (Barbatia) strongi Loel and Corey Cardium (Acanthocardia) reedi Loel and Corey? Cardium (Cerastoderma) aff. corbis (Martyn) n.sp.? Cardium (Trachycardium) vaquerosensis Arnold Cardium (Trachycardium) woodringi Loel and Corey Chama n.sp. Chione cf. C. richthofeni Chione schencki Loel and Corey
Bivalvia
Oculina panzana Loel and Corey (Cnidaria) Scutella fairbanksi Arnold? (Echinodermata) Echinolampas?
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
5158 5113 5049
8N Lat and No. of Taxon*
Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 28N–0
Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia sp.
Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 44N–5S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S
60N–33N
Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 35N–23N Genus not living Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–0 Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, Mediterranean and West Africa
Genus, eastern Pacific, fossil only, 12N Genus not living Genus, Gulf of California–0
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
Chama sp. Chione cf. C. richthofeni Hertlein and Jordan Chione schencki Loel and Corey (not C. vickeryi Wiedey) Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chlamys branneri (Arnold) 27–17 Ma Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson)
Clinocardium (Clinocardium) aff. C. (C.) nuttallii (Conrad) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium woodringi (Loel and Corey)
Acila sp. Amiantis sp.? Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Anadara (Anadara) topangaensis Reinhart Larkinia santana santana (Loel and Corey) Anomia cf. A. vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Ventricolaria carrizoensis (Loel and Corey) Ventricolaria vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Scapharca (Cunearca) hamelini (Wiedey) Anadara (Anadara?) strongi (Loel and Corey) Acanthocardia reedi (Loel and Corey)
Bivalvia
Oculina panzana Loel and Corey Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Cassidulus? mexicanus Kew
Taxonomy used in this study
TABLE A7. UPPER PALEOGENE TO LOWER NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (continued)
17.16 17.16
,10 ,10 17.
15.51
12.71 15.51 15.51
13.94 13.94
10.31
10.31 13.53 N.D. 16.78 15.51 13.94 13.94 13.94 13.94 17.16 16.78 16.98
23.96 N.D. 16.98
Effective Temp. (8C)
100 Appendix 1
Lucina wattsi Loel and Corey Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lyropecten magnolia (Conrad)
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold)
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold)
Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma sespeensis Loel and Corey Mactra cf. sectoris Anderson and Martin Metis cf. alta Conrad Miltha sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Modiolus ynezianus Arnold Mytilus expansus Arnold
Mytilus loeli Grant Mytilus sp. Ostrea cf. heermanni Conrad
Ostrea eldridgei Arnold (large) Ostrea eldridgei (Arnold) ynezana Loel and Corey Ostrea eldridgei Arnold Ostrea howelli Wiedey Ostrea miguelensis Hertlein Ostrea sp. Ostrea titan (Conrad) subtitan Loel and Corey Ostrea vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Ostrea venturana Loel and Corey
Ostrea vespertina (Conrad) loeli (Hertlein) Panope cf. generosa Gould Panopea ramonensis Clark
5001 5121 5002
5123
5265 5124
5127 5125 5128 5130 5102 5136 5139 5142
5144 5145 5192
5191 5190
5009 5163 5222 5072 5164
5195 5167 5169
5105 5106 5108 5150
5090 5089 5093 5094
Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami Clark Dosinia (Dosinidia) margaritana (Wiedey) projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia (Dosinidia) mathewsoni (Gabb) Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia santana Loel and Corey? Dosinia sp. Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Glycymeris branneri Arnold Glycymeris n.sp. Hinnites giganteus (Gray) Leda cf. ochsneri Anderson
Corbis n.sp.? Crassatella granti (Wiedey) Crassatellites granti (Wiedey) Crassostrea howelli (Wiedey) Diplodonta cf. orbella Gould
5098 5091 5088
5193 5083
5070 5096
Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) loeli (Hertlein) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Panopea ramonensis Clark
Mytilus (Mytilus?) loeli Grant Mytilus sp. Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) heermanni (Conrad) Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) ynezana (Loel and Corey) Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) howelli (Wiedey) Acutostrea? miguelensis (Hertlein) Ostrea sp. Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Ostreola? (venturana (Loel and Corey)
Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma sespeensis Loel and Coey Mactra cf. M. sectoris Anderson and Martin Florimetis cf. F. biangulata (Carpenter) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus Arnold Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Vertipecten kernensis (Hertelein) 27–17 Ma Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia santana Loel and Corey Dosinia sp. Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) branneri Arnold Glycymeris sp. Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Lucina wattsi Loel and Corey Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Corbula? sp. Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) howelli (Wiedey) Diplodonta (Diplodonta) cf. D. (D.) orbella (Gould) Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 18.49 10.31 17.16
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living N.D. Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 28N–5S (Agerostrea of Bernard (1983, p. 23)) Genus not living 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N
continued
N.D. 10.65 10.65
N.D. N.D.
,10 ,10 N.D.
,10 10.31 ,10 13.94 13.53 17.87 ,10 ,10
N.D. 17.88
17.88
16.15 10.17 N.D.
17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 15.51 16.15 10.31 10.31 10.65
,10 17.16 17.16
13.94 15.51 15.51 N.D. 13.94
Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf in California–0 Genus, 71N–4S 60N–27N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 37N–1S 35N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 73N–5S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus not living
If subgenus Callucina, 31N–16N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Subgenus, 31N–4S Genus, 60N–4S 60N–25N Subgenus, 58N–6S
Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S
Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus not living 37N–25N
Appendix 1 101
5238
5220 5216 5234
5218
5176 5175 5188 5197 5202 5205 5212
5171 5067 5107 5119
5166
5101
5266
Tivela? vaquerosensis Wiedey Trachycardium vaquerosensis (Arnold) Transennella? cf. joaquinensis Anderson and Martin
Spisula catilliformis (Pack) Spisula granti (Wiedey) Spondylus perrini Wiedey Spisula aff. hemphilli (Dall) n.sp.? Tivela (Pachydesma)inezana (Conrad) Tivela sp. Tivela? cf. T. inezana Conrad
Pecten sp. Epilucina cf. E. californica (Conrad) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucina (Lucinisca) cf. L. (L.) nuttallii Conrad Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Pinna sp. Pinna (Pinna) stocktoni Loel and Corey Pteria hertleini Wiedey Raeta? sp. Sanguinolaria cf. S. toulai Hertlein and Jordan Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Spisula (Spisula) cf. S. (Spisula) catilliformis Conrad Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Spondylus perrini Wiedey Spisula aff. S. hemphilli (Dall) Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Tivela (Pachydesma) cf. T. (P.) inezana (Conrad) Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Nutricola? joaquinensis (Anderson and Martin)
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Pecten miguelensis submigulensis Loel and Corey Pecten sp. Phacoides (Callucina) cf. californicus Conrad Phacoides (Here) richthofeni Gabb Phacoides (Lucinisca) cf. nuttallii Conrad Phacoides (Lucinoma) acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Pinna sp. b Pinna stocktoni Loel and Corey Pteria hertleini Wiedey Raeta? n.sp. Sanguinolaria cf. toulai Hertlein and Jordan Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Solen gravidus (Clark) baileyi Loel and Corey Spisula cf. catilliformis Conrad
Pecten miguelensis Arnold
Flabellipecten? hawleyi (Hertlein) 27–23 Ma Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) 27–23 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Pecten (Pecten) hawleyi Hertlein Pecten (Pecten) vanvlecki Arnold Pecten (Plagioctenium) anderson subandersoni Loel and Corey Pecten magnolia Conrad
Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) 35–22 Ma Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Pecten (Lyropecten) miguelensis submiguelensis Loel and Corey Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) vaughani Arnold
Pecten (Lyropecten) miguelensis Arnold
Pecten (Lyropecten) magnolia Conrad
5003
5264
Chlamys hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27–13 Ma Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith 30– 26 Ma Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Pecten (Chlamys) hertleini Loel and Corey Pecten (Chlamys) sespeensis Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) bowersi Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) magnolia Conrad
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
5062
8N Lat and No. of Taxon*
N.D.
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 61N–1S
38N–28N Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 31N–5S 36N–26N Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 N.D. 42N–25N 34N–24N 37N–22N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–21S Genus, 30N–4S Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 72N–2S 38N–28N
13.15 N.D. 16.15
13.15 13.94 10.17
13.15 15.51 16.15 13.94 13.15 13.15 13.15
N.D. 13.53 15.51 13.94 10.17 17.87 17.16 17.16 15.51 15.51 16.45 10.31 ,10 13.15
17.88
17.88
N.D. 17.88
17.88
17.88
N.D.
,10 ,10 N.D. N.D.
Effective Temp. (8C)
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 38N–4S Genus not living Genus, 31N–5S
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus not living Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A7. UPPER PALEOGENE TO LOWER NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (continued)
102 Appendix 1
Zirfaea sp. Zirfaea sp. Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Mitrella (Columbellopsis) cf. richthofeni (Gabb)
5137
5155
5179
5180 5157 5159 5160
5080 5134
Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes) Ocenebra dorrancei? (Loel and Corey) Oliva californica Anderson? Olivella pedroana (Conrad) subpedroana Loel and Corey Polinices recluzianus andersoni Clark Potamides sespeensis Loel and Corey Purpura topangensis (Arnold)
Natica cf. N. reclusiana Deshayes
Ficus(Ficus) cf. modestus (Conrad) Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyanus (Conrad) Ficus ocoyana (Conrad) Fissurella rixfordi Hertlein Melongena californica Anderson and Martin
5099 5100
5075 5076 5078
5074 5073
Conus n.sp. Conus oweniana Anderson Crepidula cf. praerupta Conrad Crepidula diminutiva Loel and Corey Crepidula princeps Conrad Cylichna aff. alba (Brown) n.sp? Cylichna sp. Cypraea n.sp. A
Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Rhinocoryne sespeensis (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson)
Mitrella (Columbellopsis) cf. M. (C.) richthofeni (Gabb) Polinices (Neverita) cf. P. (N.) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Ocenebra? dorrancei (Loel and Corey) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen
Acteon sp. Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb)? Astraea (Pomaulax) morani Loel and Corey Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkeriana? (Cooper) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Calliostoma augustinense Hertlein Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb)? Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb)? Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Turricula? aff. T.? buwaldana (Anderson and Martin) Conus (Chelyconus) cf. C. (C.) owenianus Anderson Conus sp. Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula diminutiva Loel and Corey Crepidula princeps Conrad Cylichna sp. Cylichna sp. Zonaria (Zonaria) sp. (L. T. Groves, 2000 written commun.) Ficus (Ficus) cf. F. (F.) modesta? (Conrad) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Diodora (Diodora) rixfordi (Hertlein) Melongena californica Anderson and Martin
Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma
Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) of Grant and Eaton Zirfaea n.sp. Zirfaea sp.
Acteon sp. Architectonica sp. Astraea morani Loel and Corey Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzanum (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkeriana? (Cooper) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Calliostoma augustinense Hertlein Calyptraea costellata (Conrad) Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) ? Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria dalliana Anderson Cerithium topangensis Arnold Clathodrillia aff. buwaldana (Anderson and Martin) Conus aff. C. owenianus Anderson
Mercenaria? virginiana (Loel and Corey)
Venus virginiana Loel and Corey
5069
5068
5042 5043 5044 5025 5245
5026 5031 5034 5040 5038
5008 5018 5019 5027
5271
5135
Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, Gulf of California–Chile Genus, 59N–19N
42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–south of equator
42N–21N, through Gulf of California
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–4S Genus, northern Gulf of California–8N; sand and mud flats Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus, Mediterranean
Genus, 38N–south of equator Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Subgenus, 26N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 57N–8N 24N–15N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California
Genus, 37N–8N Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus not living
Genus, 70N–25N Genus, 70N–25N
Genus, 28N in Gulf of California and Atlantic Ocean Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
continued
13.53 16.98 10.60
13.53 10.60 17.88 10.89
13.53
,10
17.88 17.88 17.88 10.31 16.98
13.15 13.15 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 17.87
13.15
N.D. N.D. 10.89 18.49 18.49 18.49 10.97 10.97 16.98 10.31 11.38
13.94 15.51 15.51 N.D.
,10 ,10
N.D. N.D. N.D.
17.88
Appendix 1 103
5278
5114
5024 5113
5079
5254 5256 5255
5253
5248 5250
5252
5251
5247
5246
5156 5242 5243 5244
5225 5229
5224
5206 5210
5198 5199
8N Lat and No. of Taxon*
Balanus sp. (Arthropoda) Echinarachnius fairbanksi Arnold (Echinodermata) Echinarachnius fairbanksi santanensis Kew Echinarachnius norrisi (Pack) Echinarachnius sp.
Kewia fairbanksi santanesis (Kew) Vaquerosella norrsi (Pack) Vaquerosella sp.
Balanus sp. Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold)
Other taxa
Other taxa
Scaphopoda Dentalium sp.
Scaphopoda
Dentalium n.sp.?
Turritella sp. Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella temblorensis forma tritschi Hertlein
Turritella sp. Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella tritschi Hertlein
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana wittichi (Hertlein and Jordan)? Turritella oyoyana bosei Hertlein and Jordan
Turritella inezana Conrad Turritella inezana pervulgata Merriam Turritella inezana s.l. Conrad Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella inezana bicarina Loel and Corey
Turritella (Torcula) inezana altacorona Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana bicarina Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana santana Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana sespeensis Arnold Turritella (Torcula) inezana bicarina Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana bicarina Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana Conrad Turritella (Torcula) inezana pervulgata Merriam Turritella (Torcula) inezana Conrad Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Rapana vaquerosensis (Arnold) Rapana vaquerosensis imperialis Hertlein and Jordan Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Tegula (Chlorostoma) malibuensis Loel and Corey Tegula sp. Clavocerithium santanum (Loel and Corey) (Squires, 1993) Ocenebra? dorrancei (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra ynezana (Loel and Corey) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon sp. Turricula cf. T. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Taxonomy used in this study
Turritella inezana (Conrad) altacorona Loel and Corey Turritella inezana (Conrad) bicarina Loel and Corey Turritella inezana (Conrad) santana Loel and Corey Turritella inezana (Conrad) sespeensis Arnold Turritella inezana bicarina Loel and Corey
Tritonalia dorrancei Loel and Corey Tritonalia ynezana Loel and Corey Trophon kernensis Anderson Trophon n.sp. Turricula cf. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Rapana vaquerosensis (Arnold) Rapana vaquerosensis imperialis (Hertlein and Jordan) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Sinum perrini Arnold Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Tegula (Chlorostoma) malibuensis Loel and Corey Tegula n.sp. Terebra santana Loel and Corey
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Intertidal Genus not living
Genus, 57N–3S
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Genus, 25N–5S 37N–32N 37N–32N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 34N–3S
Genus not living Genus not living
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A7. UPPER PALEOGENE TO LOWER NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (continued)
N.D. N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D.
10.89
13.94 13.94 13.94
19.06
19.06
15.66 15.66 15.66 19.06
15.66
15.66 15.66
15.66
15.66
15.66
10.60 10.60 17.16 ,10 11.38
10.89 15.51
17.88 13.94 13.94 15.51
N.D. N.D.
Effective Temp. (8C)
104 Appendix 1
Linthia n.sp.
Schizaster? n.sp.
5048 5200
5117
5209
5262
5142
5070 5096
5055 5057 5059
5015 5236 5237
5115 5017
;348–338 WSA
5257
Cytherea (Cytherea) n.sp.
Anadara (Larkinia) santana (Loel and Corey) Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Arca (Anadara) santana Loel and Corey Arca (Barbatia) strongi Loel and Corey Cardium (Trachycardium) vaquerosensis Arnold Cardium (Trachycardium) woodringi Loel and Corey Chione aff. C. richthofeni Hertlein and Jordan Chione richthofeni Hertlein and Jordan Chione? sp. Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia pertenuis conradiana (F. M. Anderson) Corbula sp. Crasatellites granti (Wiedey) Crassatella cf. C. granti (Wiedey) Crenomytilus cf. C. expansus (Arnold)
Bivalvia
English (1926, p. 23) (Vaqueros Formation). Hertlein (1928, p. 142–157) (Temblor and Vaqueros Formations, Santa Rosa Island). Bereskin and Edwards (1969, p. 73, 74, 78), Avila and Weaver (1969, p. 59 and p. 65), Shapiro (1998, p. 125) (Vaqueros and lower Rincon Formations Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands). Loel and Corey (1932, p. 126– 132), Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D94–96) (Santa Ana, Vaqueros Formation)
Desmostylus sp. (Mitchell and Repenning, 1963, p. 5–6) Cheilostomatid spines (Bryozoa)
Taxa not considered
Scutaster vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Scutella andersoni Twitchell Scutella cf. merriami Arnold Scutella fairbanksi Arnold Scutella norrisi Pack Scutella vaquerosensis Kew Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus) ellipticus Kew Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus) ynezanus Kew
5279 5258
5260
Echinarichnius merriami Anderson Kewia aff. K. fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Scutaster vaquerosensis kewi Loel and Corey
5259
Subgenus, 28N–0
Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson)
Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 37N–3N
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 28N–0
Chione aff. C. richthofeni Hertlein and Jordan Chione richthofeni Hertlein and Jordan Chione sp. Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson)
Corbula? sp. Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Eucrassatella cf. E. granti (Wiedey) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) expansus Arnold Globivenus sp.?
Genus, 34N–0 Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus, 34N–0 Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, Gulf of California–0 Genus not living, Eocene to late Oligocene in California Genus not living, Eocene to late Oligocene in California See discussion in Grant and Hertlein (1938, p. 119–121)
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Larkinia santana santana (Loel and Corey) Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Larkinia santana santana (Loel and Corey) Anadara (Anadara?) strongi (Loel and Corey) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium woodringi (Loel and Corey)
Bivalvia
Schizaster? sp.
Linthia sp.
Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Kewia aff. K. fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Vaquerosella vaquerosensis kewi (Loel and Corey) Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew) Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew) Cassidulus ellipticus (Kew) Rhynchopygus californicus (F. M. Anderson)
continued
13.94
13.94 15.51 15.51 ,10
17.16
15.51 15.51 15.51 17.16
15.51 13.94 15.51 16.78 13.94 13.94
N.D.
N.D.
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 16.98 N.D.
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
Appendix 1 105
Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Donax? n.sp. Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami Clark Dosinia (Dosinidia) margaritana (Wiedey) projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia (Dosinidia) mathewsoni (Gabb) Dosinia cf. D. merriami Clark Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia santana Loel and Corey Dosinia sp. Glycymeris n.sp. Here excavata (Carpenter) Lithophaga n.sp. Lucina wattsi Loel and Corey? Lyropecten cf. L. miguelensis (Arnold)
Lyropecten magnolia (Conrad)
Macoma (Rexitherus) secta (Conrad)? Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma? sp. Mactra cf. sectoris Anderson and Martin Metis aff. alta (Conrad) n.sp.? Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Modiolus ynezianus (Arnold) lagunanus Loel and Corey Mya n.sp.? Mytilus expansus Arnold
Ostrea eldridgei (Arnold) n. var. Ostrea eldridgei (Arnold) ynezana Loel and Corey Ostrea englekyi Hertlein Ostrea freudenbergi Hertlein and Jordan Ostrea loeli Hertlein Ostrea vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Ostrea vespertina (Conrad) loeli (Hertlein) Ostrea vespertina loeli (Hertlein) Ostrea wiedeyi Hertlein Panope cf. P. generosa Gould Pecten (Chlamys) sespeensis Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) bowersi Arnold (Loel & Corey) Pecten (Lyropecten) magnolia Conrad (Loel & Corey) Pecten (Lyropecten) miguelensis Arnold (Loel and Corey) Pecten (Lyropecten) miguelensis submiguelensis Loel and Corey
5098 5085 5091 5088
5089 5093 5094 5106 5107 5118 5001 5123
5002
5126 5125 5129 5130 5102 5136 5138
5191 5190
5196 5167 5063 5264
5071 5221 5195 5072
5141
5090
Diplodonta cf. D. orbella Conrad
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
5083
8N Lat and No. of Taxon*
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
“Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) ynezana (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea? englekyi (Hertlein) Striostrea? freudenbergi (Hertlein and Jordan) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) loeli (Hertlein) Crassostrea? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) loeli (Hertlein) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) loeli (Hertlein) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) wiedeyi (Hertlein) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma
Mya sp. Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia cf. D. merriami Clark Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia santana Loel and Corey Dosinia sp. Glycymeris sp. Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lithophaga sp. Lucina wattsi Loel and Corey Lyropecten cf. L. miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Macoma (Rexithaerus) panzana (Wiedey) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma? sp. Mactra cf. M. sectoris Anderson and Martin Florimetis cf. F. biangulata (Carpenter) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Modiolus (Modiolus) lagunanus Loel and Corey
Diplodonta (Diplodonta) cf. D. (D.) orbella (Gould) Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Donax? sp. Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey
Taxonomy used in this study
17.88
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0
17.88
N.D.
10.31 18.49 N.D. 10.31 N.D. N.D. N.D. 10.65 ,10 N.D.
N.D. N.D.
,10 ,10
10.31 10.31 ,10 13.94 13.53 17.87 ,10
N.D.
17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 10.31 15.51 13.36 16.15 17.88
,10 13.94 17.16 17.16
13.94
Effective Temp. (8C)
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 24N–4S Genus not living Genus, 60N–5S Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 58N–34N Genus, 70N–1S Genus not living
Genus, 71N–33N Subgenus, Japan and Phillippines; genus, 72N–19N Genus not living Genus not living
Subgenus, 60N–25N 60N–27N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 37N–1S 35N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 73N–5S
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 60N–4S 34N–24N Genus, 40N–5S, through Gulf of California If subgenus Callucina, 31N–16N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S
37N–25N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A7. UPPER PALEOGENE TO LOWER NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (continued)
106 Appendix 1
5042 5040
5029 5034 5038
5007 5146 5020 5019 5027
5270
5230 5234
5220 5223
5194 5177 5188 5189 5151 5202 5204 5205 5212 5213
5119 5121
5172
5012 5110
5062
5124
5166
5266
Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Pecten miguelensis submiguelensis Loel and Corey Pecten sespeensis Arnold Pecten vanvlecki Arnold Pedalion panzana Loel and Corey
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Acmaea sp. Nassarius (Catilon) churchi (Hertlein) Astraea? sp. Astraea (Pomaulax) morani Loel and Corey Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) santacruzanum (Arnold) Bruclarkia sp. Calliostoma augustinense Hertlein Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb)? Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes)
Petricola sp. Phacoides (Here) richthofeni Gabb Phacoides (Lucinisca) cf. nuttallii Conrad Phacoides (Lucinoma) acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Pholadidea sp. Placunanomia granti Hertlein Pteria hertleini Wiedey Pteria rositae Hertlein Saccella sp.? Sanguinolaria cf. toulai Hertlein and Jordan Saxidomus n.sp. Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Solen gravidus (Clark) baileyi Loel and Corey Solen sp. Sloen sp.? Spondylus perrini Wiedey Tagelus clarki Loel and Corey Tagelus clarki? Loel and Corey Teredo sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Ventricolaria sp.? Zirfaea cf. Z. dentata (Gabb)
Acmaea sp. Alectrion churchi Hertlein Astraea? sp. Astrea morani Loel and Corey Bruclarkia barkeriannam santacruzannam (Arnold) Bruclarkia sp. Calliostoma agustinensis Hertlein Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb)? Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea costellata (Conrad)
Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Amusiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Isognomon (Isognomon) panzana (Loel and Corey) Petricola sp. Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucina (Lucinisca) cf. L. (L.) nuttallii Conrad Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Pholadidea sp. Placunanomia granti Hertlein Pteria hertleini Wiedey Pteria rositae Hertlein Nuculana (Saccella) sp.? Sanguinolaria cf. S. toulai Hertlein and Jordan Saxidomus sp. Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Solen sp. Solen sp. Spondylus perrini Wiedey Tagelus clarki Loel and Corey Tagelus clarki Loel and Corey Teredo sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Globivenus sp.? Zirfaea cf. Z. dentata (Gabb)
Pecten miguelensis Arnold
Chlamys hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27–13 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) 27–23 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) 35–22 Ma
Pecten hertleini Loel and Corey Pecten magnolia Conrad
Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold (Loel and Corey) Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni subandersoni Loel and Corey Pecten bowersi Arnold Pecten cf. P. crassicardo (Arnold)
Genus not living Genus, 57N–8N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California 24N–15N
Genus, 72N–16N Subgenus, 39N–5S Genus, 48N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus not living
Genus, 57N–5S 34N–24N 37N–22N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 28N–1S Genus, 26N–1S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Subgenus, 58N–6S Genus, 30N–4S Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 43N–43S Genus, 43N–43S Genus, 50N–23N Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 70N–25N
Genus, 70N–1S Genus not living Genus, 34N–2S
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living
N.D. 17.88
Genus not living Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 70N–1S Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
continued
N.D. 10.89 18.49 18.49 10.97 18.49
,10 13.54 12.64 15.51 N.D.
10.89 15.51 13.94 10.17 17.87 17.16 17.87 15.51 15.51 10.65 16.45 10.31 10.31 ,10 ,10 ,10 16.15 12.84 12.84 11.81 13.15 13.15 13.94 ,10
,10 N.D. 15.51
N.D.
17.88
,10 N.D.
16.15
N.D.
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus not living
Appendix 1 107
5248 5253
5247
5246
5275
5251
5242
Turritella inezana (Conrad) santana Loel and Corey Turritella inezana (Conrad) altacorona Loel and Corey Turritella inezana (Conrad) bicarina Loel and Corey Turritella inezana Conrad Turritella ocoyana (Conrad) bosei (Hertlein and Jordan)
Thais carrizoensis Loel and Corey Thais vaquerosensis (Arnold) Trophon (Austrotrophon) cf. T. (A.) kernensis Anderson Turritella (Torcula) inezana santana Loel and Corey Turritella cf. T. ocoyana topangaensis Merriam
5148
5206 5229
5198 5199
5152
5201
5179
5147 5180 5155 5154 5159 5161
Cancellaria dalliana Anderson Cancellaria sp. Cerithium topangensis Arnold Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus sp. Crepidula cf. praerupta Conrad Crepidula diminutiva Loel and Corey Hipponix Loel and Corey Megasurcula cf. M. keepi (Arnold) Nassarius churchi (Hertlein) Nerita beali? Loel and Corey Neverita (Glossaulax) reclusiana (Deshayes)? Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Oliva californica Anderson Olivella (Callinax?) santana Loel and Corey Olivella santana Loel and Corey Polinices recluzianus (Deshayes) andersoni Clark Polinices recluzianus andersoni (Clark) Potamides sespeensis Loel and Corey? Potamides sespeensis Loel and Corey? Purpura cf. topangensis (Arnold) n. var.? Purpura milicentana Loel and Corey Purpura milicentana Loel and Corey Rapana cf. R. vaquerosensis (Arnold) Rapana vaquerosensis (Arnold) Rapana vaquerosensis imperialis (Hertlein and Jordan) Rapana vaquerosensis imperialis Hertlein and Jordan Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Terebra santana Loel and Corey
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
5044 5046 5025 5068 5069 5074 5073 5109 5132
8N Lat and No. of Taxon*
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Genus, 66N–3S Genus not living Subgenus, 28N–5S
15.66 19.06
15.66
15.66
15.66
19.06
15.66
,10 N.D. 17.16
17.88 15.51
N.D.
Genus not living Genus, 25N–5S Genus, 34N–3S
13.53 16.98 16.98 10.60 10.60 10.60 N.D. N.D. N.D.
Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, Gulf of California–Chile Genus, Gulf of California–Chile Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Rhinocoryne sespeensis (Loel and Corey) Rhinocoryne sespeensis (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra milicentana (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra milicentana (Loel and Corey) Rapana cf. R. vaquerosensis (Arnold) Rapana vaquerosensis (Arnold) Rapana vaquerosensis imperialis Hertlein and Jordan Rapana vaquerosensis imperialis Hertlein and Jordan Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Clavocerithium santanum (Loel and Corey) (Squires, 1993) Nucella packi (Clark) Rapana vaquerosensis (Arnold) Trophon (Austrotrophon) cf. T. (A.) kernensis Anderson Turritella (Torcula) inezana santana Loel and Corey Turritella cf. T. ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam Turritella (Torcula) inezana santana Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana altacorona Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana bicarina Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana Conrad Turritella ocoyana Conrad
16.98 10.97 10.31 13.15 13.15 ,10 ,10 12.64 13.15 13.54 17.16 13.53 10.60 10.60 17.88 10.89 10.89 13.53
Effective Temp. (8C)
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–23N Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 38N–south of equator Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 48N–3S, and Gulf of California Genus, 38N–28N Subgenus, 39N–5S Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 57N–south of equator Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria sp. Bittium topangensis (arnold) Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus sp. Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula diminutiva Loel and Corey Hipponix sp. in Loel and Corey (1932) Megasurcula cf. M. keepi (Arnold) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nerita beali? Loel and Corey Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Olivella (Olivella) santana Loel and Corey Olivella (Olivella) santana Loel and Corey Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Taxonomy used in this study
TABLE A7. UPPER PALEOGENE TO LOWER NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (continued)
108 Appendix 1
East of San Andreas fault (ESA)
Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes)
Gastropoda
Bruclarkia oregonense (Conrad) Calyptraea costellata (Conrad)
Gastropoda
Ostrea titan (Conrad) subtitan? Loel and Corey Pachydesma sp. Panope estrellana Conrad Solen gravidus? Clark Spisula abbotti? Wiedey Tellina sp.
5222 5235 5168 5212 5215 5227
5028 5040
Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Tivela (Pachydesma) sp. Panopea estrellana (Conrad) Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Mactromeris abbotti? (Wiedey) Tellina sp.
Glycymeris sp. Lucina? sp. Mytilus expansus Arnold
5106 5120 5142
Bivalvia Ventricolaria sp.? Chlamys sp. Clementia? sp. Eucrassatella? sp. Glycymeris (Glycymeris) aff. G. (G.) branneri Arnold Glycymeris sp. Lucina? sp. Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Antigona sp. Chlamys n.sp. Clementia? sp. Crassatellites? sp. Glycymeris aff. G. branneri Arnold
Bivalvia
Wilson (1943, p. 214) (lower sandstone, Temblor Formation). Owing to a lack of index taxa, this assemblage could be assigned to the 23–17 Ma time slice; however, because of the presence of Turritella inezana the assemblage is included in the 27–23 Ma time slice
Astrangia sp. Balanus sp. Tetraclita sp. Discinisca sp. Cassidulus mexicanus Kew Kewia fairbanksi santanensis (Kew) Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia cf. K. fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia fairbanksi santanensis (Kew) Vaquerosella cf. V. norrisi (Pack)
Other taxa
Other taxa
Astrangia sp. (Coelenterata) Balanus sp. (Arthropoda) Tetraclita sp. Discinisca sp. (Brachiopoda) Cassidulus mexicanus Kew (Echinodermata) Scutella fairbanksi (Arnold) santanensis Kew Scutella norrisi Pack Scutella vaquerosensis Kew Scutella fairbanksi (Arnold) Vaquerosella fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia? cf. K. fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia? fairbanksi santanensis (Kew) Vaquerosella cf. V. norrisi (Pack)
Turritella temblorensis forma tritschi Hertlein Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella temblorensis forma tritschi Hertlein Voluta sp.
Turritella temblorensis tritschi Hertlein Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella temblroensis Wiedey Turritella tritschi Hertlein Voluta n.sp.
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
5262 5064 5065 5097 5105
;378–368 ESA
5021 5024 5231 5084 5049 5114 5257 5279 5113
5267
5255 5256
Turritella ocoyana (Conrad) wittichi (Hertlein and Jordan) Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Genus not living 24N–15N
Genus, 60N–4S N.D. Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 72N–5S
Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 28N–0 Genus, 33N–5S Subgenus, 31N–4S
Genus, 34N–3N, through Gulf of California Intertidal N.D. Genus, 34N–Chile Genus, Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S N.D.
continued
N.D. 18.49
18.49 13.15 10.65 ,10 ,10 ,10
10.31 N.D. ,10
13.94 ,10 17.16 16.26 16.15
15.51 N.D. N.D. 15.51 16.98 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
13.94 13.94 13.94 13.94 N.D.
19.06
19.06
Appendix 1 109
Loel and Corey (1932, p. 126–132 (Vaqueros Formation, Kern River). Addicott (1965a, p. C103; 1970a, p. 25–27) (Jewett Sand and Freeman Silt). Addicott (1972, p. 9) (Temblor Formation, “Vaqueros Stage”)
;368–358 ESA
Lyropecten magnolia (Conrad)
Ostrea eldridgei (Arnold) ynezana Loel and Corey Ostrea eldridgei Arnold
5190
5191
Macoma n.sp.? Mactra cf. sectoris Anderson and Martin Metis cf. alta Conrad Modiolus ynezianus Arnold Mytilus expansus Arnold
5129 5130 5102 5139 5142
Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) ynezana (Loel and Corey) Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold)
Macoma sp. Mactra cf. M. sectoris Anderson and Martin Florimetis cf. F. biangulata (Carpenter) Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus Arnold Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
“Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith (Jewett Sand) Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Lithophaga n.sp. Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lyropecten crassicardo vaughni (Arnold)
5118 5121
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold)
Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia santana Loel and Corey Leporimetis rostellata (Clark) Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Lithophaga sp. Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lyropecten vaughni (Arnold) 27–23 Ma
Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia (Dosinidia) mathewsoni (Gabb) Dosinia santana Loel and Corey Heteromacoma rostellata (Clark) Leda cf. ochsneri Anderson
5088 5090 5093 5281 5150
5222
5057 5062
Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Arca (Barbatia) n.sp. Loel and Corey Cardium (Trachycardium) vaquerosensis Arnold Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chione (Securella) sp. Chlamys hertleini Loel and Corey Crassostrea eldridgei (Arnold) Crassostrea eldridgei ynezana (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea aff. C. titan (Conrad) Crenomytilus cf. expansus (Arnold)
5017 5013 5236 5054 5058
“Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith (Agua Sandstone) Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Anadara (Anadara?) sp. Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chione (Securella) sp. Chlamys hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27–13 Ma Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) ynezana (Loel and Corey) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
“Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith
Bivalvia
Polinices? sp. Thais? sp. Tritonalia? sp. Turritella (Torcula) inezana Conrad
Taxonomy used in this study
5003
Bivalvia
Polinices? sp. Thais? sp. Tritonalia? sp. Turritella inezana (Conrad) var.
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
5181 5233 5241 5248
8N Lat and No. of Taxon*
Genus not living
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 37N–1S 35N–25N Genus, 73N–5S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus not living
Genus, 40N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, 24N–4S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 35N–25N Subgenus, 58N–6S
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 70N–1S Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 37N–south of equator Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, 72N–5S N.D. Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A7. UPPER PALEOGENE TO LOWER NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (continued)
N.D.
N.D.
,10 13.94 13.53 ,10 ,10
17.88
N.D.
13.36 10.17 17.88
17.16 17.16 17.16 13.53 10.65
18.49 ,10
15.51 ,10 N.D. N.D.
13.94 16.78 13.94 15.51 15.51
N.D.
,10 N.D. 10.60 15.66
Effective Temp. (8C)
110 Appendix 1
5080 5103 5111
5268 5095 5100
5074 5081
5041 5040 5045 5050 5025
5035
5030 5032 5036
5174 5026 5027
5173
Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) woodringi Addicott Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Bruclarkia yaquinana (Anderson and Martin) Calicantharus rancherianus Addicott Calliostoma sp. Calliostoma sp. Calliostoma carsoni Addicott Calyptraea (Trochita) cf. C. (T.) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea coreyi Addicott Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Cancellaria galei Addicott Ceratostoma? aff. C. perponderosa (Dall) Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula princeps Conrad Diodora (Diodora) sp. Diodora (Diodora) sp. Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Epitonium (Cirsotrema) clallamense Durham Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Diodora (Diodora) rixfordi (Hertlein) Forreria emersoni Addicott Kelletia posoensis (Anderson and Martin)
Gastropoda
Antillophos posunclensis (Anderson and Martin) Antillophos woodringi Addicott Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) santacruzanum (Arnold) Bruclarkia yaquinana (Anderson and Martin) Calicantharus rancherianus Addicott Calliostoma sp. A. Calliostoma sp. B Calliostoma splendens diabloensis Clark Calyptraea (Trochita) cf. C. (T.) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea coreyi Addicott Calyptraea costellata (Conrad) Cancellaria galei Addicott Ceratostoma? aff. C. perponderosum (Dall) Cerithium topangensis Arnold Crepidula cf. C. praerupta Conrad Crepidula princeps Conrad Diodora (Diodora) n.sp. Diodora? n.sp. Drillia antiselli Anderson and Martin Epitonium (Cirsotrema) clallamense Durham Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana Cooper Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyanus (Conrad) Fissurella rixfordi Hertlein Forreria emersoni Addicott Kelletia posoensis (Anderson and Martin)
Gastropoda
Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni barkerianus Arnold Phacoides (Here) richthofeni Gabb Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Pinna stocktoni Loel and Corey Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Solen gravidus (Clark) baileyi Loel and Corey Spisula aff. albaria (Conrad) n.sp.? Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Tivela sp. Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) Vertipecten perrini (Arnold)
5165
5107 5136 5175 5205 5212 5217 5234
Pacipecten andersoni barkerianus (Arnold) 27– 17 Ma Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Pinna (Pinna) stocktoni Loel and Corey Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Mactromeris aff. M. albaria (Conrad) Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma
Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) vaughni Arnold
Ostrea freudenbergi Hertlein and Jordan Ostrea vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Ostrea vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panope cf. P. generosa (Goul Pecten (Chlamys) hertleini Loel and Corey Pecten (Chlamys) sespeensis (Arnold) Pecten (Lyropecten) magnolia Conrad
Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) ynezana (Loel and Corey) Striostrea? freudenbergi (Hertlein and Jordan) Crassostrea? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Chlamys hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27–13 Ma Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Lyropecten vaughni (Arnold) 27–23 Ma
5265 5282
5063 5002
5167
5221 5072
Ostrea eldridgei yneziana Loel and Corey
Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N 24N–15N Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California 24N–15N Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 60N–4S Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Subgenus, 28N–0 in Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–30N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N Genus not living Genus not living
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
34N–24N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus not living
continued
N.D. N.D. 10.89 10.89 10.89 18.49 10.97 18.49 10.97 10.89 10.31 ,10 ,10 10.31 10.31 N.D. 17.16 17.88 17.88 10.31 15.51 15.51
16.98 N.D. N.D.
16.98
15.51 17.87 17.16 10.31 ,10 ,10 13.15 13.15
16.15
N.D. 17.88
18.49 10.31 10.31 10.65 10.65 ,10 ,10 N.D.
N.D.
Appendix 1 111
Neverita (Glosaulax) andersoni (Clark) Ocenebra milicentana (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra sp. Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Oliva californica Anderson Olivella pedroana (Conrad) subpedroana Loel and Corey Olivella sp. Polinices recluzianus andersoni Clark Polinices victoriana Clark and Arnold
5140 5274
5179 5152 5153 5154 5155 5159
Other taxa
Turritella inezana (Conrad) sespeensis Arnold Turritella inezana Conrad Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Scaphopoda Dentalium n.sp.
Other taxa
5252 5248
5279
5079
Scutella vaquerosensis Kew (Echinodermata)
Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis medialis Addicott Trophon (Austrotrophon) cf. T. (A.) kernensis Anderson Turritella (Torcula) inezana sespeensis Arnold Turritella (Torcula) inezana Conrad Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Scaphopoda Dentalium sp.
Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis medialis Addicott Tophon cf. T. kernensis Anderson
5242 5277
Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew)
Trichotropis tricarinata Addicott
Trichotropis tricarinata Addicott
5240
5232 5239
Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus medialis (Conrad) Psephaea (Miopleiona) weaveri (Tegland) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Thais (Nucella) packi Clark Thais (Stromonita) carrizoensis Loel and Corey Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold)? Trichotropis sp.
Olivella sp. Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Polinices) victoriana Clark and Arnold Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus medialis (Conrad) Psephaea (Miopleiona) weaveri (Tegland) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Nucella packi (Clark) Nucella packi (Clark) Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Trichotropis sp.
Mediargo mathewsoni (Gabb) Megasurcula condonana (Anderson and Martin) Psephaea (Miopleiona) sp. Mitrella (Columbellopsis) cf. M. (C.) richthofeni (Gabb) Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Ocenebra milicentana (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra sp. Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen
Taxonomy used in this study
5183 5184 5186 5206 5210 5148
5276
5162
5160
Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Nassa antiselli Anderson and Martin
5185 5137
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Mediargo mathewsoni (Gabb) Megasurcula condonana (Anderson and Martin) Miopleionia sp. Mitrella (Columbellopsis) cf. richthofeni (Gabb)
5131 5133
8N Lat and No. of Taxon*
17.16
Subgenus, 28N–5S
Genus not living
Genus, 57N–3S
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans
17.16 17.16
N.D.
10.89
15.66 15.66 N.D.
,10
N.D. N.D. N.D. 17.88 13.94 ,10 ,10 17.88 ,10
10.89 13.53 15.78
13.53 10.60 10.60 10.60 10.60 17.88 17.88 10.89
N.D. 13.54
N.D. ,10
N.D. 13.15
Effective Temp. (8C)
Genus not living Genus not living Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus,25N–5S 37N–32N Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 25N–5S Genus, 72N–30N; also from Arctic Ocean to Japan Genus, 72N–30N; also from Arctic Ocean to Japan Subgenus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S
Genus, 57N–south of equator Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 32N–5S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus; 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–south of equator
Genus not living Subgenus, 39N–5S
Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus, Mediterranean
Genus not living Genus, 38N–28N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A7. UPPER PALEOGENE TO LOWER NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (continued)
112 Appendix 1
Gastropoda
Ostrea eldridgei Arnold Ostrea freudenbergi Hertlein and Jordan Ostrea sp. Ostrea vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Panope generosa Gould Pecten (Lyropecten) magnolia Conrad
Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) vaughani Arnold
Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni subandersoni Loel and Corey Pecten perrini Arnold Pecten sespeenis Arnold Pecten sp. Phacoides (Here) richthofeni Gabb Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Phacoides sp. Pinna (Atrina) sp. Pinna cf. stocktoni Loel and Corey Saxidomus cf. vaquerosensis Arnold Saxidomus sp. Solen gravidus (Clark) baileyi Loel and Corey Solen sp. Spisula albaria Conrad Spisula sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad)
Gastropoda
5191 5221 5163 5072 5167 5002
5266 5124
5166
5040
5035
5026 5027
5063 5171 5107 5136 5272 5023 5175 5205 5204 5212 5213 5217 5219 5234
Agasoma barkerianum Cooper Bruclarkia barkerianum sanctacruzanum (Arnold) Calliostoma splendens (Cooper) diabloensis Clark Calyptraea costellata (Conrad)
Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) 27–23 Ma Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) 35–22 Ma Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Pecten sp. Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Phacoides sp. Atrina sp. Pinna (Pinna) cf. P. stocktoni Loel and Corey Saxidomus cf. S. vaquerosensis Arnold Saxidomus sp. Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Solen sp. Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Spisula sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad)
Mytilus mathewsonii Gabb
5143
Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes)
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Calliostoma carsoni Addicott
Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Striostrea? freudenbergi (Hertlein and Jordan) Ostrea sp. Crassostrea? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) 35–22 Ma Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) mathewsonii Gabb
Lithophaga sp. Modiolus ynesianus Arnold Mytilus expansus Arnold
5087 5090 5094 5105
5118 5139 5142
Bivalvia Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Chione sp. Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Dosinia conradi Gabb Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia sp. Glycymeris (Glycymeris) aff. G. (G.) branneri Arnold Lithophaga sp. Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus Arnold Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Chione sp. Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Dosinia conradi Gabb Dosinia (Dosinidia) mathewsoni (Gabb) Dosinia sp. Glycimeris branneri Arnold
Bivalvia
Hoots (1930, p. 261), Loel and Corey (1932, p. 95–97) (Vaqueros Formation, San Emigdio foothills, is the Temblor Formation with a radiometric age of 21.5 Ma lsen, 1987a)
5017 5057 5058
;358–348 ESA
24N–15N
Genus, 57N–8N
continued
18.49
10.89
N.D. N.D.
N.D. ,10 N.D. 15.51 17.87 N.D. 15.51 17.16 10.31 10.31 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 13.15
Genus not living Genus, 70N–1S N.D. 34N–24N Genus, 26N–25N N.D. Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus not living Genus not living
16.15
N.D. 17.88
N.D. 18.49 N.D. 10.31 10.65 N.D.
,10
13.36 ,10 ,10
17.16 17.16 17.16 16.15
13.94 15.51 15.51
Genus not living Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 40N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 73N–5S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus not living Genus, 24N–4S N.D. Genus, 60N–5S 58N–34N Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 31N–4S
Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
Appendix 1 113
Scutella vaquerosensis Kew (Echinodermata)
Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew)
Other taxa
Other taxa
Numbers, e.g., 27–13 Ma refer to age range of taxon. #No. of Taxon refers to the number of the taxon for Appendix 1, Tables A7–A12, see text for explanation. *N.D. 4 No data.
5279
Dentalium sp.
Dentalium sp.
Scaphopoda
5148 5244
5079
Scaphopoda
Thais carrizoensis Loel and Corey Turricula cf. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
5112 5229
Taxonomy used in this study
Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Psephaea (Miopleiona) sp. Mitrella (Columbellopsis) richthofeni (Gabb) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Kelletia sp. Clavocerithium terbera (Loel and Corey) fide Squires (1993) Nucella packi (Clark) Turricula cf. T. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Cerithium topangensis Arnold Miopleiona sp. Mitrella (Columbellopsis) richthofeni (Gabb) Oliva californica Anderson Polinices (Neverita) ocoyana Conrad Polinices reclusianus andersoni Clark Siphonalia n.sp. Terebra cf. santana Loel and Corey
5025 5185 5137 5159 5179
8N Lat and No. of Taxon*
Genus not living
Genus, 57N–3S
Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic
Genus, 60N–23N Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus, Mediterranean Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–3S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A7. UPPER PALEOGENE TO LOWER NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE OLIGOCENE TO EARLY MIOCENE (27–23 Ma) (continued)
N.D.
10.89
,10 11.38
10.31 N.D. ,10 17.88 13.53 13.53 15.51 15.51
Effective Temp. (8C)
114 Appendix 1
Hall (1976), Hall et al. (1979) (Lospe Formation, San Simeaon region, west of San Simeon fault). Hall (1974), Prior (1974), Hall and Prior (1975) (Sandholdt Formation in part). Anderson and Martin (1914, p. 41–44) (San Juan region), Loel and Corey (1932, p. 167–174) (La Panza region, Temblor Formation, horizon or stage). Hall and Corbato´ (1967, p. 570) (late Saucesian–early Relizian microfossils, Point Sal Formation [in part])
;368–358 WSA
4076 4011 4071 4068
4069
4312
4317 4318
Cardium vaquerosense Arnold Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione conradiana Anderson Chione mathewsonii Gabb Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione temblorensis (Anderson)
Arca (Arca s.s.) n.sp. (large) Arca lakei Wiedey Arca osmonti Dall Arca rivulata Wiedey Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Cardium (Trachycardium) n.sp. Cardium (Trachycardium) quadragenarium Conrad Cardium (Trachycardium) vaquerosensis Arnold Cardium (Trachycardium) woodringi Anderson and Martin Cardium arcumbona Wiedey Cardium quadringenarium Conrad
4021 4017
4268 4030 4316 4313
Arca (Anadara) osmonti Dall Arca (Anadara) devincta Conrad Arca (Anadara) devincta montereyana Osmont Arca (Anadara) obispoana Conrad
4019 4016 4018 4269
Bivalvia
Bowen (1965a) (Saucesian foraminifers, Los Tularcitos Member Chamisal Formation)
;378–368 WSA
Trachycardium arcumbona (Wiedey) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Amiantis mathewsonii (Gabb) Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson)
Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Arca (Arca) sp. Anadara (Anadara) lakei (Wiedey) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Scapharca (Cunearca) rivulata (Wiedey) Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Trachycardium sp. Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium woodringi Loel and Corey
Bivalvia
Bivalvia Cardium sp.
Cardium sp.
Galloway (1977, p. 20, microfossils) (Laird Sandstone)
;38–378 WSA
Taxonomy used in this study
Bivalvia
Miller (1981, 1987, microfossils) (Gallaway Formation)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA)
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 27N–4S
Genus, 37N–14S Subgenus, 28N–5S
Genus, 37N–14S 37N–27N
Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S
Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 37N–14S 37N–27N
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
N.D.*
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
continued
17.16 13.53 15.51 17.49
13.94 17.16
13.94 13.94
13.94 13.94
17.16 16.78 16.78 17.16 15.51 13.94 13.94
16.78 16.78 16.78 16.45
N.D.
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A8. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY MIOCENE TO LATE EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma)
;398–388 WSA
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
Appendix 1 115
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma nasuta Conrad Macoma secta (Conrad) Macoma secta panzana (Wiedey) Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macrocallista n.sp. Mactra catillifommis Conrad Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Metis alta Conrad Metis cf. alta Conrad Miltha sanctaecrusis Arnold? Mytilus expansus Arnold
Mytilus mathewsonii Gabb
Mytilus sp. Ostrea cf. O. bourgeoisii Re´mond Ostrea panzana Conrad Ostrea titan (Conrad) subtitan Loel and Corey Panope cf. P. generosa Gould Panope estrellana Conrad Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea estrellana Conrad Paphia cf. P. staleyi (Gabb) Pecten (Lyropecten) bowersi Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo Conrad n. var.
Pecten (Lyropecten) estrellanus Conrad n. var.
Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni Arnold
Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni barkerianus (Arnold)
4161 4157 4160 4159
4184
4187 4285 4091 4287 4225 4226 4224
4155
4349 4221
4222
4254 4346 4154
4177 4183
4169 4281 4166 4131
4115 4117 4139 4203
Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami Clark Dosinia (Dosinidia) margaritana Wiedey Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia ponderosa Gray Glycymeris n.sp. Leda ochsneri Anderson
Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) elongata Wiedey Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis conradiana (Anderson) Clementia n.sp. Cyrena (Corbicula) dumblei Anderson Cytherea diabloensis Anderson Diplodonta buwaldana Anderson and Martin
4116 4113 4114
4079 4247 4010 4110
4077 4075
Taxonomy of authors
Vertipecten perrini (Arnold)? 35–22 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni barkerianus (Arnold) 27– 17 Ma
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Mytilus sp. Striostrea? bourgeoisii bourgeoisii (Re´mond)? Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Panopea estrellana (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea estrellana (Conrad) Protothaca cf. P. staleyi (Gabb) Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)? 18–8 Ma
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) mathewsonii Gabb
Clementia sp. Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson) Diplodonta (Diplodonta) buwaldana Anderson and Martin Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) Glycymeris sp. Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexihaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) panzana (Wiedey) Macoma arctata (Conrad) Megapitaria sp. Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Leporimetis cf. L. obesa (Deshayes) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (?) elongata Wiedey Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson)
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 71N–4S 60N–27N 54N–25N Subgenus, 60N–25N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 31N–4S 38N–28N Genus, 37N–1S 35N–25N 35N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 24N–4S 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 61N–20S Genus not living Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 28N–5S Genus, 60N–4S Subgenus, 58N–6S
Genus, 28N–0 Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 71N–4S
Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
16.15
N.D. 16.15
17.88
,10 18.49 10.31 18.49 10.65 10.65 10.65 10.65 10.17 N.D. 17.88
,10
,10 10.31 11.47 10.31 ,10 16.15 13.15 13.94 13.53 13.53 17.87 ,10
17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 10.31 10.65
17.16 19.21 13.53 ,10
17.16 17.16 17.16
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A8. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY MIOCENE TO LATE EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
116 Appendix 1
Acteon sp. Agasoma barkerianum Cooper Agosoma sanctacruzanum Arnold
Argobuccinum n.sp. Astraea morani Loel and Corey Astraea topangensis Arnold
4167 4025 4326
Gastropoda
Petricola sp. Phacoides (Here) richthofeni Gabb Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Phacoides (Lucinoma) acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides (Here) richthofeni Gabb Phacoides (Lucinoma) acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides santaecrucis Arnold Pitar cf. P. diabloensis (Anderson) Pitar n.sp. A Pitar oregonensis Conrad Poromya gabbiana Anderson and Martin Psammobia edentula Gabb Psamosolen gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Pteria jordani Wiedey Saxidomus nuttalli (?) Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Schizothaerus n.sp. Semele morani Anderson and Martin Solen gravidus Clark Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula cf. S. catilliformis Conrad Tellina n.sp. Tellina nevadensis Anderson and Martin Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tellina piercei (Arnold) Tellina tenuistriata Davis Tellina wilsoni Anderson and Martin Teredo sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) gabbi Clark Transennella (?) joaquinensis Anderson and Martin Venus pertenuis Gabb Yoldia cooperi Gabb Yoldia submonteryeana Arnold Yoldia temblorensis Anderson and Martin
Pecten nevadanus Conrad Pecten vanvlecki Arnold Pecten vaughani Arnold
Acteon sp. Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Astraea (Pomaulax) morani Loel and Corey Turbo topangensis Arnold
Gastropoda
Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cooperii Gabb Yoldia (Kalayoldia) submontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Yoldia?) temblorensis Anderson and Martin
Petricola sp. Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Amiantis cf. A. diabloensis (Anderson) Pitar sp. Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Pteria jordani Wiedey Saxidomus nuttalli? Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Tresus sp. Semele morani Anderson and Martin Solen gravidus Clark Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Tellina sp. Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tellina ocoyana Conrad Macoma piercei Arnold Tellina insurana G. D. Hanna Tellina wilsoni Anderson and Martin Teredo sp. Tivela gabbi Clark Nutricola? joaquinensis (Anderson and Martin)
Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Pecten andersoni Arnold
4007 4038
4351 4352 4353
4164 4297 4301 4358 4311 4319
4300 4298
4265 4266 4320 4270 4276 4282
4256
4240 4239 4272 4135
4153
4234 4140
4156
4014
Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Pecten (Plagioctenium) discus Conrad (range commonly 13–10 Ma) Pecten (Pseudamusium) lompocensis Arnold
Genus not living Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus, 28N–5S
Genus, 37N–8N Genus not living Genus not living
Subgenus, 28N–0 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 71N–40N
Genus not living Genus not living Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 57N–5S 34N–24N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 34N–24N Genus, 60N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 28N–4S 34N–25N Genus, 28N–4S Genus, 34N–5S 41N–28N 41N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 50N–23N Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 61N–1S
Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N in Caribbean Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
continued
N.D. 15.51 17.16
13.94 N.D. N.D.
17.16 13.36 13.36 ,10
10.89 15.51 17.87 10.17 15.51 10.31 17.87 13.53 13.94 13.94 17.16 15.51 17.16 15.51 11.03 11.03 10.31 10.31 10.31 ,10 ,10 13.15 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 11.81 13.15 10.17
N.D. N.D. 17.88
16.15
17.90
16.15
Appendix 1 117
Cancellaria simplex Anderson Cerithium arnoldi Anderson and Martin Clathrodrillia antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Clathrodrillia ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Conus hayesi Arnold Conus oweniana Anderson Conus owenianus Anderson Crepidula cf. C. praerupta Conrad Crepidula praerupta Conrad Crepidula princeps (?) Conrad Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula rostralis Conrad Crepidula rostrata Conrad Cylichna petrosa Conrad Drillia antiselli Anderson and Martin Drillia wilsoni Anderson and Martin
Ficus (Trophosycon) n.sp. A (large) Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyanus (Conrad) Ficus kernianus (Cooper) Fissurella rixfordi Hertlein
4059 4036 4350 4034
4088
4130 4129
Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Melongena californica Anderson and Martin
Melongena sanjuanensis Anderson and Martin Mitrella (Columbellopsis) n.sp.
4175
4176 4178
4109
4327
4100
4095
4096
4086
4049
Cancellaria pacifica Anderson Cancellaria posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria sanjoseensis Anderson and Martin
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Calliostoma carsoni Addicott
Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkerianum sanctacruzanum (Arnold) Calliostoma splendens (Cooper) diabloensis Clark Calyptraea costellata (Conrad) Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inomata (Gabb) Cancellaria condoni Anderson Cancellaria dalliana Anderson Cancellaria dalliana condoni Anderson Cancellaria joaquinensis Anderson Cancellaria nevadaensis Anderson and Martin
Melongena sanjuanensis Anderson and Martin Mitrella (Columbellopsis) alta Addicott
Ficus (Trophosycon) sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Diodora (Diodora) rixfordi (Hertlein) Addicott (1970a, p. 40) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Melongena californica Anderson and Martin
Conus (Lithoconus) hayesi Arnold Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula princeps? Conrad Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Cylichna temblorensis Keen Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inomata (Gabb) Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) joaquinensis Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria (Coptostoma) posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Barkeria) sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Turricula piercei (Arnold)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy used in this study
Astyris pedroana Conrad Bathytoma keepi Arnold Bathytoma piercei Arnold
4058 4050
4056 4061
4044 4043 4047 4054 4055
4042
4214 4172 4328
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 38N–28N Genus, northern Gulf of California–8N; sand and mud flats Genus, northern Gulf of California–8N Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus Mediterranean
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 60N–23N Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Genus, equator, salt tide pool, mangrove swamp Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–4S
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
24N–15N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Genus, 57N–8N
Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus not living Genus not living
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
16.98 ,10
13.15 16.98
17.88 17.88 17.88 10.31
17.16 13.15 13.15 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 N.D. 11.38
16.98 10.31 N.D. 20.71
10.97
16.98 10.97
18.49 18.49 10.97 16.98 16.98 16.98 16.98 16.98
10.89
N.D. N.D.
10.89 13.15 11.38
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A8. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY MIOCENE TO LATE EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
118 Appendix 1
Nassa arnoldi Anderson Nassa ocoyana Anderson and Martin
4189
4324 4208
4323 4133
4236
4200 4278 4210
4271 4143 4302 4062
4041 4362
4244 4252 4257 4211 4267
Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Ocenebra gabbiana (Anderson) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Turricula piercei (Arnold) Turricula piercei (Arnold) Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula piercei (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula wilsoni (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Priscofusus sp. Purpura sp. Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Searlesia sp. Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Kelletia posoensis (Anderson and Martin) Terebra cooperi Anderson Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Nucella packi (Clark) Solenosteira panzana (Anderson and Martin) Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Trivia sp. Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold)
Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Natica inezana Conrad Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Niso antiselli Anderson and Martin Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen
Trivia n.sp. Trophon (Forreria) gabbianum Anderson Trophon (Forreria) gabbianum cancellaroides Arnold Trophon carisaensis Arnold Trophon gabbianum Anderson Trophon kernensis Anderson Trophosycon kernianum (Copper) Turricula (Antiplanes) piercei (Arnold)
Thais (Stromonita) carrizoensis Loel and Corey Thais panzana Anderson and Martin Thais trophonoides Anderson and Martin Tochita costellata Conrad Tritiaria (Antillophos) dumblei Anderson
Natica inezana Conrad (?) Neverita andersoni (Clark) Neverita callosa Gabb Niso antiselli Anderson and Martin Oliva californica Anderson Oliva furtheyana Anderson Olivella pedroana (Conrad) subpedroana Loel and Corey Olivella pedroana Conrad Polinices recluzianus andersoni Clark Polinices recluzianus Deshayes Priscofusus n.sp Purpura n.sp. Purpura topangensis (Arnold) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander jugularis Conrad Searlesia kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Searlesia n.sp. (large) Sigaretus scopulosum Conrad Sinum scopulousm (Conrad) Siphonalia posoensis Anderson and Martin Terebra cooperi Anderson Thais (Nucella) lima Martyn
4194 4242
4197 4213
Nassarius arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
4190
Nassarius antiselli (Anderson and Martin)
Nassa antiselli Anderson and Martin
4188
Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic
Genus, 37N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 59N–19N 24N–15N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Genus, 57N–south of equator Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus not living N.D. Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N–5S Genus, 25N–5S Genus not living Genus, 56N–37N 37N–32N 37N–32N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–3S Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S
Genus, 71N–5S Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 33N–3S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–south of equator
Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 39N–5S
Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 39N–5S
continued
11.38
11.38
11.38
17.16 10.60 17.16 17.88 11.38
13.94 15.51 15.51
,10 17.16 10.60 18.49 16.98
10.89 13.53 13.53 N.D. N.D. 10.60 17.88 17.88 N.D. 10.97 13.94 13.94 15.51 15.51 16.98
,10 13.53 13.53 16.26 17.88 17.88 10.89
13.54 18.49
13.54
13.54 18.49
13.54
Appendix 1 119
4006
;358–348 WSA
4343 4341 4344
4112 4032
4107 4108
4340 4333
4331 4332 4334 4335 4336
Other taxa
Acila cf. A. conradi (Meek)
Bivalvia
Stanley et al. (1991, 1996) (Lospe Formation, east of San Gregorio-Hosgri fault; Saucesian and Relizian microfossils; radiometric ages of 17.4 to 17.8 Ma). Dibblee (1950, p. 34) and Smith (1991a, p. 73) (Tranquillon Formation). Eaton et al. (1941, p. 220–221) (Temblor Formation). Loel and Corey (1932, p. 167–174) (Temblor horizon, Santa Monica Mountains). Bremner (1933, p. 16–17) (Temblor Formation, San Miguel Island). Vedder et al. (1967, map text), Fritsche (1969), and Perri and Fritsche (1988) (lower Branch Canyon Formation). Thomas et al. (1988), and Fritsche and Thomas (1990) (Hurricane Deck Formation, and basalt lense 18.2 Ma)
Coral n.sp. (Cnidaria)
Taxon not considered
Acila (Truncacila) cf. A. (T.) conradi (Meek)
Bivalvia
Discinisca sp. Balanus sp. Astrodapsis fernandoensis Pack (very questionable ident.) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack)?
Other taxa
Discinisca n.sp. (Brachiopoda) Balanus (Arthropoda) Astrodapsis femandoensis Pack (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis merriami Anderson Scutella andersoni Twitchell Scutella norrisi Pack
Dentalium conradi Dall Dentalium sp.
Dentalium conradi Dall Dentalium n.sp.?
Scaphopoda
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana wittichi (Hertlein and Jordan)
Scaphopoda
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana Conrad s.s.
Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella (Torcula) inezana pervulgata Merriam
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella variata Conrad
Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Turris sp. Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella moodyi Merriam Turritella sp. Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Taxonomy used in this study
Turris keepi (Arnold) Turris n.sp. (large) Turritella montereyana Wiedey Turritella moodyi Merriam Turritella n.sp. (small ) Turritella ocoyana bosei (Hertlein and Jordan)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 60N–27N
Genus, 34N–Chile Intertidal This species is doubtfully present in this time slice Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Subgenus, 35N–15N, Atlantic Genus, 57N–3S Genus, 57N–3S
Genus, 38N–28N N.D. Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
10.31
N.D. N.D. N.D.
15.51 N.D. N.D.
15.66 10.89 10.89
13.94 13.94
19.06
19.06
19.06
13.15 N.D. 13.94 13.94 13.94 19.06
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A8. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY MIOCENE TO LATE EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
120 Appendix 1
Anadara cf. A. montereyana (Osmont)
Anadara aff. osmonti (Dall) Antigona n.sp. Arca (Barbatia) sp. Arca galei Wiedey Arca n.sp. (small) Arca n.sp.? Cardium (Trachycardium) n.sp. Cardium schencki Wiedey Chione temblorensis (Anderson) Chlamys cf. C. hertleini (Loel and Corey) Clementia pertenuis (Gabb) Cunearca aff. galei (Wiedey)
4018
4019 4345 4033 4268 4021
Diplodonta cf. D. orbella Gould
Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami Clark Dosinia sp. Glycymeris branneri Arnold? Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold)
4111
4126 4116 4118 4137 4221
Lucina sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)
Lyropecten cf. L. miguelensis (Arnold)
Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma copelandi Wiedey? Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma secta (Conrad)? Macrocallista sp.? Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Metis cf. alta Conrad Mytilus aff. expansus Arnold
Mytilus expansus Arnold
Mytilus loeli Grant
Nuculana? sp. Ostrea altatemblorensis Grant and Eaton Ostrea titan (Conrad) subtitan Loel and Corey
4177 4154
4155
4161 4158 4157 4160 4169 4166 4131
4183
4185
4206 4092 4287
Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold) n. var. a
Diplodonta buwaldana Anderson and Martin?
4110
4316 4314 4068 4073 4077
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold)
4014
Amusium lompocense (Arnold)
Aequipecten cf. A. andersoni (Arnold)
Aequipecten andersoni (Arnold)
Nuculana? sp. Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey)
Mytilus (Mytilus?) loeli Grant
Lyropecten cf. L. miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) copelandi Wiedey? Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Megapitaria sp. Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Leporimetis cf. L. obesa (Deshayes) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) aff. M. (C.) expansus Arnold Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) osmonti (Dall) Globivenus sp. Barbatia sp. Scapharca (Cunearca) rivulata (Wiedey) Arca sp. Arca sp. Trachycardium sp. Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey) Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chlamys cf. C. hertleini (Loel and Corey) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Scapharca (Cunearca) aff. S. (C.) rivulata (Wiedey) Diplodonta (Diplodonta) buwaldana Anderson and Martin Diplodonta (Diplodonta) cf. D. (D.) orbella (Gould) Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia sp. Glycymeris (Glycymeris) branneri Arnold? Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)? 18–8 Ma
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten cf. P. andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Genus, 26N–25N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 71N–4S Subgenus, 60N–25N 60N–27N 54N–25N Genus, 31N–4S Genus, 37N–1S 35N–25N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–6S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 24N–4S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 31N–4S Genus, 31N–5S
37N–25N
Genus, 71N–4S
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 36N–5S, and Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Subgenus, 27N–4S Genus, 70N–1S Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N in Caribbean Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N in Caribbean Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
continued
,10 10.31 18.49
,10
,10
,10 10.31 10.31 11.47 16.15 13.94 13.53 ,10
17.88
17.87 17.88
16.15
,10 17.16 17.16 16.15 16.15
13.94
,10
16.78 13.94 13.26 17.16 17.16 17.16 13.94 13.94 17.49 ,10 17.16 17.16
16.78
17.90
17.90
16.15
16.15
Appendix 1 121
4312
4294 4299 4300 4309
4030 4238 4010 4240 4239 4135 4272 4256 4203
Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold? Solen sp. Semele morani Anderson and Martin Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula aff. catilliformis Conrad Spisula cf. S. catilliformis Conrad Tellina (Angulus) buttoni Dall? Tellina oldroydi Wiedey Tellina sp. b Grant and Eaton Tivela (Pachydesma) n.sp. (large) Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey) Trachycardium arcumbona (Wiedey)
Pecten miguelensis Arnold s.s.
4266 4277 4270 4282 4281
Pecten miguelensis Arnold
Pecten sp. Petricola sp. Codakia sp. Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucina (Lucinisca) cf. L. (L.) nuttallii Conrad Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Pinna sp. Amiantis cf. A. diabloensis (Anderson) Pitar sp. Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Pteria jordani Wiedey Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Solen sp. Semele morani Anderson and Martin Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris aff. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Tellina (Angulus) modesta (Carpenter) Tellina oldroydi Wiedey Tellina sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) sp. Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey) Trachycardium arcumbona (Wiedey)
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Pecten crassicardo Conrad
4156
Pecten sp. Petricola sp. Phacoides (Codakia?) n.sp. Phacoides (Here) richthofeni Gabb Phacoides (Lucinisca) cf. P. (L.) nuttalli Conrad Phacoides (Lucinoma) acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Pinna alamedensis Yates Pinna sp. a. Grant and Eaton Pitar cf. P. diabloensis (Anderson) Pitar n.sp. B Pitar oregonensis Conrad Psammobia edentula Gabb? Psammosolen gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Pteria jordani Wiedey Saccella cf. S. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold? Pecten cf. P. andersoni Arnold
4349
4231 4234 4082 4140 4152 4153
“Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Vertipecten perrini (Arnold)? 35–22 Ma Pacipecten cf. P. andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Pecten (Lyropecten) magnolia Conrad
4003
Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)? 18–8 Ma
Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo Conrad n. var.
Pecten (Lyropecten) bowersi Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) estrellanus (Conrad)
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)? 18–8 Ma
Ostrea sp. Panope cf. P. generosa Gould Paphia cf. staylei (Gabb) Pecten (Amusium) lompocensis Arnold
4220 4225 4254
4346
Ostrea sp. Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Protothaca cf. P. staleyi (Gabb) Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Ostrea vespertina Conrad
Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Taxonomy used in this study
4104
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N 38N–28N 59N–28N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 N.D. Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 25N–1S 34N–24N 37N–22N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 37N–18S 34N–25N Genus, 28N–4S Genus, 34N–5S Subgenus, 58N–6S
Genus not living Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, trop. and ptly. trop. (Moore, 1987, p. C25) N.D. 58N–34N Genus, 61N–20S Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N in Caribbean Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
10.31 ,10 10.31 ,10 13.15 13.15 10.60 ,10 ,10 13.15 13.94 13.94
N.D. 10.89 17.88 15.51 13.94 10.17 17.87 15.51 17.16 13.53 13.94 13.94 15.51 17.16 15.51 10.65
17.88
17.88
17.88
N.D. 16.15
N.D.
N.D. 17.88
17.88
N.D. 10.65 10.17 17.90
17.16
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A8. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY MIOCENE TO LATE EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
122 Appendix 1
Cancellaria dalliana Anderson Cancellaria dalliana condoni (Anderson) Cerithium sp. Cerithium topangensis Arnold Conus oweniana Anderson Crepidula aff. praerupta Conrad Crepidula cf. praerupta Conrad Crepidula rostrata Conrad Cylichna n.sp.? Cypraea n.sp. C
Ficus ocoyana (Conrad) Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyanus (Conrad) Fusinus hecoxae (Arnold) Hemifusus wilkesanus Anderson? Macron merriami Arnold Melongena californica Anderson and Martin Mitrella (Columbellopsis) n.sp. Nassarius arnoldi (Anderson) Neptunea eatoni Grant and Quayle
Neptunea kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Oliva californica Anderson Polinices recluzianus andersoni Clark Polinices recluzianus Deshayes Polinices sp. Purpura n.sp. Purpura topangensis (Arnold) Purpura trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Scaphander aff. jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Sinum perrini Arnold
4055 4054 4066 4036 4086
4129
4041 4213 4242 4244 4246 4257
4267
4210
4250 4211 4165 4175 4178 4190 4196
4096 4099 4102
4048
4047 4044 4043
4042
Acteon sp. Architectonica sp. Astraea sp. Astraea topangensis Arnold Bittium sp. Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia geniculata (Conrad) Calliostoma splendens (Cooper) diabloensis Clark? Calyptraea aff. inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea costellata (Conrad) Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea filosa (Gabb)? Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria aff. dalliana Anderson Calyptraea aff. C. inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb)? Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria (Euclia) aff. C. (E.) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cerithium sp. Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Crepidula aff. C. rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula cf. C. rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Cylichna sp.? Zonaria (Zonaria) sp. (L. T. Groves, 2000, written commun.) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Macron merriami Arnold (1907a, p. 529) Melongena californica Anderson and Martin Mitrella (Columbellopsis) alta Addicott Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) eatoni Grant and Quayle Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices sp. Purpura sp. Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Scaphander aff. S. jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad)
Acteon sp. Architectonica sp. Astraea sp. Turbo topangensis Arnold Bittium sp. Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Calliostoma carsoni Addicott
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
4007 4023 4027 4326 4035 4038
4355
Trachycardium sp. Globivenus sp. Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Zirfaea dentata Gabb
Trachycardium sp. Ventricolaria sp. Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) Zirfaea dentata Gabb
Genus not living Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California N.D. N.D. Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N–5S Genus, 25N–5S 37N–32N
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N, rare in Gulf of California Genus, northern Gulf of California–8N Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus Mediterranean Subgenus, 39N–5S Genus, 72N–33N
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S N.D. Genus, 60N–23N Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus 72N–3N, Gulf of California Subgenus, 26N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California 24N–15N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
continued
N.D. 17.88 13.53 13.53 N.D. N.D. 10.60 10.60 17.88 17.88 13.94
17.88 17.88 N.D. 10.60 17.88 16.98 ,10 13.54 ,10
16.98 16.98 N.D. 10.31 13.15 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 17.87
10.97 18.49 18.49 18.49 10.97 10.97 16.98
13.94 17.88 12.64 17.16 10.31 N.D. N.D. 10.89
N.D. ,10
Genus not living Genus, 70N–25N
Genus, 37N–8N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 48N–10N Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 60N–23N Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 57N–8N
13.94
Genus, 37N–14S
Appendix 1 123
Turritella ocoyana Conrad Turritella ocoyana Conrad Turritella ocoyana Conrad Turritella ocoyana Conrad Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Other taxa
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli subnodosus Arnold
Terebra cooperi Anderson Terebra n.sp. Thais edmondi Arnold Trophon gabbianum Anderson Trophon kernensis Anderson Trophosycon kemianum (Cooper) Turris keepi (Arnold) Turris n.sp. (large)? Turritella n.sp. Turritella ocoyana bosei (Hertlein and Jordan)
Turritella ocoyana bosei (Hertlein and Jordan) variant a Turritella ocoyana Conrad variant a
Turritella ocoyana Conrad variant b
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana wittichi (Hertlein and Jordan)? Turritella temblorensis Wiedey
Other taxa
4357
4302 4303 4305 4208 4324
4029 4123 4120 4343 4342 4363
4032 4028
4340
Foraminiferida (Johnson, 1959, p. 30) Microfossils (Stanley et al., 1996, p. M18– M24). Cheilostomatid spines (Bryozoa) Mammalia fauna (Hutchison and Lindsay, 1974; Lindsay, 1974; Munthe, 1979)
Vermetus (Vermetus s.l.) careyi (Wiedey)
Taxa not considered
Balanus sp. (Arthropoda) Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond) (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis sp. a Cidaris thouarsii (?) Valenciennes (Kew)? Echinarachnius sp. Scutella merriami (Anderson) Scutella norrisi Pack Vaquerosella kewi (Grant and Eaton)
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli inornatus Arnold
4356
4172 4171 4335 4336
Terebra cooperi Anderson Terebra sp. Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Ocenebra gabbiana (Anderson) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula howei Hanna and Hertlein Turritella sp. Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold
4291
Vermetus (Vermetus) s.I. coryei (Wiedey) questionable identification
Astrodapsis sp. Eucidaris thourasii (Valenciennes)? Kewia sp. Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella coreyi Durham Vaquerosella kewi (Grant and Eaton)
Balanus sp. Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond)
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli subnodosus Arnold
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli inornatus Arnold
Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Tegula cf. T. dalli inornata Arnold
Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Tegula (Chlorostoma) cf. T. (C.) dalli inornatus Arnold Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold
Taxonomy used in this study
4271
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 49N, through 31N–23N in Gulf of California
Genus not living Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Intertidal Genus not living
37N–32N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Subgenus, 25N–5S Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
11.80
N.D. 16.98 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D.
13.94
19.06
19.06
19.06
19.06
19.06
15.51 15.51 17.88 10.60 17.16 17.88 13.15 13.15 13.94 19.06
15.51
15.51
15.51
13.94 15.51
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A8. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY MIOCENE TO LATE EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
124 Appendix 1
4111
4286 4183
4287 4258
4079 4090
4077 4076
4073
4068
4317 4318
4019 4030 4316 4313
4269
4020 4018
4232
Diplodonta cf. D. orbella Conrad
Clementia (Egesta) cf. C. (E.) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis conradiana (Anderson)? Clementia sp. Corbula (Caryocorbula) cf. C. (C.) luteola Cooper Crassostrea cf. C. titan subtitan Loel and Corey Crassostrea eldridgei ynezana (Loel and Corey)? Crassostrea freudenbergi Hertlein and Jordan? Crenomytilus cf. C. expansus (Arnold)?
Arca (Anadara) osmonti Dall Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Cardium (Trachycardium) n.sp. (medium) Cardium (Trachycardium) quadragenarium Conrad Cardium (Trachycardium) vaquerosensis Arnold Cardium (Trachycardium) woodringi Loel and Corey Cardium n.sp. “B” Cardium vaquerosensis Arnold Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson)? Chione temblorensis (Anderson) Chlamys cf. C. hertleini (Loel and Corey)
Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Cunearca) cf. A. (C.) rivulata (Wiedey) Anodontia (Pegophysema) cf. A. (P.) edentuloides (Verrill) Anomia? sp. Arca (Anadara) devincta montereyana (Osmont) Arca (Anadara) obispoana Conrad
Striostrea? cf. S.? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) ynezana (Loel and Corey) Striostrea? freudenbergi (Hertlein and Jordan) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) expansus Arnold Diplodonta (Diplodonta) cf. D. (D.) orbella (Gould)
Clementia sp. Juliacorbula cf. J. luteola (Carpenter)
Trachycardium sp. Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chlamys cf. C. hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27– 13 Ma Clementia (Egesta) cf. C. (E.) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson)
Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Trachycardium sp. Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium woodringi Loel and Corey
Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) osmonti (Dall) Scapharca (Cunearca) cf. S. (C.) rivulata (Wiedey) Pegophysema (Peogophysema) cf. P. edentuloides (Verrill) Anomia? sp. Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont)
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold)
4014
4268
Bivalvia Amiantis cf. A. callosa (Conrad)? Amiantis sp. Amusium cf. A. lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Bivalvia Amiantis cf. A. callosa (Conrad)? Amiantis n.sp. Amusium cf. A. lompocensis (Arnold)
Bremner (1932, p. 20–21) (Temblor Formation, Santa Cruz Island). Loel and Corey (1932, p. 167–174) (Santa Ana, Temblor horizon). Schoellhamer et al., 1981, p. D93–D96 (Topanga Formation). Bereskin and Edwards (1969, p. 77) (San Onofre Breccia). Avila and Weaver (1969, p. 65) and Weaver and Doerner (1969, p. 80) (Upper Rincon Formation, foraminifers)
4009 4012
;348–338 WSA
Genus, 24N–4S Subgenus, Japan and Phillippines; genus, 72N–19N 37N–25N
Genus, 24N–4S Genus not living
Genus, 28N–0 37N–23N
Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0
Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 27N–4S Genus, 70N–1S
Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 37N–14S 37N–27N
Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 37N–south of equator Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
30N–28N
34N–25N Genus, 35N–23N Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N in Caribbean Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N in Caribbean Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California
continued
13.94
18.49 ,10
18.49 N.D.
17.16 13.94
17.16 17.16 17.16
13.94 13.94 17.49 17.49 ,10
13.94 13.94
16.78 15.51 13.94 13.94
16.45
13.94 16.78
16.45
16.78 17.16
17.90
15.51 13.53 17.90
Appendix 1 125
Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami Clark Dosinia (Dosinia) whitneyi (Gabb) Dosinia cf. D. margaritana Wiedey Dosinia margaritana Gabb Eucrassatella n.sp.? Fellaniella cf. F. harfordi (Anderson)
4116 4119
Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold)?
4140 4141 4203
4221
Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma secta (Conrad) Macrocallista (Megapitaria) aff. M. (M.) squalida (Sowerby) Metis cf. alta Conrad Metis sp. Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold)? Mytilus? sp. Mytilus expansus Arnold
4157 4160 4168
4260 4220
4259 4093
4187
Ostrea eldridgei (Arnold) n. var. Ostrea englekyi Hertlein Ostrea englekyi? Hertlein Ostrea howelli Wiedey Ostrea sp. Ostrea sp. Ostrea titan (Conrad) subtitan Loel and Corey
Ostrea aff. eldridgei (Arnold) n.var.?
Lyrpoecten crassicardo (Conrad)
4154
4131 4132 4177
Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)?
4359
Leptopecten cf. L. discus (Conrad)
Glycymeris n.sp. Here cf. H. excavata Carpenter Here excavata Carpenter Hiatella? sp Leda ochsneri Anderson
4139
4137 4138
Gari edentula (Gabb)? Glycymeris (Glycymeris) aff. G. (G.) maculata (Broderip) Glycymeris branneri Arnold? Glycymeris cf. G. whaleyi Nicol
4135 4136
4113 4124
Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta parilis Conrad Diplodota buwaldana Anderson and Martin
4126 4127 4110
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) aff. P.? (C.?) eldridgei (Arnold) Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Crassostrea? englekyi Hertlein Crassostrea? englekyi? Hertlein Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) howelli (Wiedey) Ostrea sp. Ostrea sp. Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey)
Leporimetis cf. L. obesa (Deshayes) Leporimetis sp. Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Mytilus? sp. Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Megapitaria aff. M. squalida (Sowerby)
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta (Diplodonta) buwaldana Anderson and Martin Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia whitneyi (Gabb) Dosinia cf. D. margaritana Wiedey Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Eucrassatella sp. Felaniella (Felaniella) cf. F. (F.) harfordi (Anderson) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds)? Glycymeris (Glycymeris) aff. G. (G.) maculata (Broderip) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) branneri Arnold? Glycymeris (Glycymeris?) cf. G. (G.?) whaleyi Nicol Glycymeris sp. Here (Here) cf. H. (H.) excavata (Carpenter) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Hiatella? sp. Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten cf. P. andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)? 18–8 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus not living Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus not living N.D. N.D. Genus, 24N–4S
35N–25N Genus, 35N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus not living
61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 60N–27N 54N–25N 31N–4S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 60N–4S 34N–24N 34N–24N Genus, 71N–10N Subgenus, 58N–6S
Subgenus, 31N–4S Subgenus, 31N–4S
34N–25N 25N and northern Gulf of California–5S
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 37N–4S
Genus, 71N–4S 34N–4S Genus, 71N–4S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
N.D. 10.31 10.31 N.D. N.D. N.D. 18.49
N.D.
13.53 13.53 17.87 17.87 ,10 ,10
10.31 11.47 16.15
17.88
10.17 17.88
16.15
16.15
10.31 15.51 15.51 ,10 10.65
16.15 16.15
15.51 17.88
17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 15.51 13.94
,10 15.51 ,10
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A8. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY MIOCENE TO LATE EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
126 Appendix 1
4013
4348 4355
4319
4315
4298 4360 4310
4283 4290 4164 4295
4241 4147 4256 4266 4270 4275 4276 4277 4282 4281
4153
4015
4349
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Amphissa sp.
Amphissa sp.
Trachycardium (Dallocardia) senticosum (Sowerby) Trachycardium cf. T. vaquerosense (Arnold) Nutricola? joaquinesis (Anderson and Martin) Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Zirfaea dentata Gabb
Pecten miguelensis Arnold Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Pododesmus sp. Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Pteria jordani Wiedey Saxidomus aff. S. vaquerosensis Arnold Semele morani Anderson and Martin? Solen curtis Conrad Solen gravidus Clark Solen sp. Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Spisula sp.? Tagelus cf. T. clarki Loel and Corey Macoma cf. M. piercei Arnold Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Tellina ocoyana Conrad Teredo sp. Tivela (Tivela) cf. T. (T.) delesserti Deshayes Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold)
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Pecten lompocensis Arnold
Pecten vanvlecki Arnold Phacoides (Here) richthofeni Gabb Phacoides (Lucinoma) acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Pododesmus n.sp. Psammotreata obesa (Deshayes) Pteria jordani Wiedey? Saxidomus aff. S. vaquerosensis Arnold Semele? sp. Solen curtis Conrad Solen gravidus Clark? Solen sp. Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula cf. catilliformis Conrad Spisula cf. S. catilliformis Conrad Spisula cf. S. catilliformis Conrad? Spisula sp.? Tagelus cf. T. clarki Loel and Corey Tellina (Olcesia) cf. (O.) piercei (Arnold) Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall? Tellina ocoyana Conrad Teredo sp. Tivela (Tivela) cf. T. (T.) delesserti Deshayes Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) cf. T. (A.) vaquerosensis (Arnold) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) senticosum (Sowerby) Trachycardium cf. T. vaquerosensis (Arnold) Transennella? joaquinensis Anderson and Martin Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) Zirfaea dentata Gabb
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Pecten (Pseudamusium) lompocensis Arnold
Crassodoma cf. C. gigantea (Gray) 27 MaHolocene Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) loeli (Hertlein) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Panopea cf. P. estrellana (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) 35–22 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni Arnold
Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo Conrad n. var.
Pecten (Hinnites) cf. giganteus (Conrad)
4142
4155
4226 4225
Ostrea vespertina (Conrad) loeli (Hertlein) Panope cf. generosa Gould Panope cf. P. estrellana (Conrad) Panope generosa Gould Panopea cf. P. generosa (Gould) Pecten (Lyropecten) miguelensis Arnold
4261
Genus, 58N–28N
continued
10.65
N.D. ,10
13.94 10.17
Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 61N–1S Genus not living Genus, 70N–25N
18.49
N.D. 15.51 10.17 17.87 ,10 13.53 15.51 10.31 10.31 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 13.15 13.15 13.15 N.D. 12.84 ,10 15.51 15.51 ,10 11.81 17.88 13.94
17.88
17.90
17.90
N.D. 16.15
17.88
10.31
N.D. 10.65 10.65 10.65 10.65 17.88
24N–5S
Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N in Caribbean Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N in Caribbean Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living 34N–24N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 71N–4S 35N–25N Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N 38N–28N 38N–28N N.D. Genus, 43N–43S Genus, 71N–4S 34N–33N 34N–33N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 50N–23N 27N in Gulf of California–8N Genus, 37N–14S
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus, 31N–5S
Genus not living 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 60N–25N
Appendix 1 127
4190 4191
4179 4211 4188
4174 4178
4130 4029 4109
4089 4094 4095 4097
4088
4087
4086
4054 4064
4062
4056
4047
4043
4044
4042
4022 4326 4036 4038
4236
Megathura sp. Mitrella (Columbellopsis) aff. M. (C.) tuberosa (Carpenter) Mitrella sp. Murex (Chicoreus) n.sp.? Nassarius (Catilon?) cf. N. (C.?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius churchi (Hertlein) Nassarius n.sp.?
Antillophos posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Architectonica compressa Wiedey Astraea topangensis Arnold Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) Bruclarkia cf. B. barkeriana (Cooper) Calliostoma splendens (Cooper) diabloensis Clark Calpytraea costellata (Conrad) Calyptraea (Calyptraea) inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb)? Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) condoni (Anderson) Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) cassidiformis Sowerby Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Pyruclia) C. (P.) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria dalliana condoni (Anderson) Cancellaria n.sp. A Cancellaria n.sp. B Cancellaria n.sp.? A Cerithium topangensis Arnold Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus (Lithoconus) cf. C. (L.) hayesi Arnold Conus (Lithoconus) cf. C. (L.) regularis Sowerby Conus haysei Arnold Conus oweniana Anderson Conus sp. Crepidula cf. praerupta Conrad Crepidula princeps Conrad Crucibulum aff. C. spinosum (Sowerby) Ficus (Trophosycon) cf. F. (T.) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) n.sp. B. (large) Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyanus (Conrad) Fissurella rixfordi Hertlein
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) joaquinensis Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Pyruclia) cf. C. (P.) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria sp. Cancellaria sp. Cancellaria sp. Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus (Lithoconus) cf. C. (L.) haysei Arnold Conus (Leptoconus) cf. C. (L.) regularis Sowerby Conus (Lithoconus) haysei Arnold Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus sp. Crepidula cf. C. rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula princeps Conrad Crucibulum aff. C. spinosum (Sowerby) Ficus (Trophosycon) cf. F. (T.) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Diodora (Diodora) rixfordi (Hertlein) Addicott (1970a, p. 40) Megathura sp. (or Terebra) Mitrella (Columbellopsis) cf. M. (C.) alta Addicott Mitrella sp. Ocenebra cf. O. wilkensana (Anderson) Nassarius (Catilon?) cf. N. (C.?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius sp.
Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Architectonica compressa Wiedey Turbo topangensis Arnold Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia cf. B. barkeriana (Cooper) Calliostoma carsoni Addicott
Taxonomy used in this study
Subgenus, 39N–5S Genus, 55N–5S
Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus Mediterranean Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, 39N–5S
Genus, 37N–28N Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus Mediterranean
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–4S
Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 38N–south of equator Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 42N–Chile Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–23N Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
13.54 11.38
,10 10.60 13.54
13.94 ,10
17.88 17.88 10.31
17.16 13.15 13.15 ,10 ,10 13.53 17.88
16.98 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.31 13.15 17.16 17.88
16.98
16.98
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water
16.98
18.49 10.97 18.49 18.49 10.97 16.98
17.88 17.16 10.31 N.D. N.D. 10.89
16.98
Effective Temp. (8C)
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
24N–15N Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 60N–23N Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 57N–8N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A8. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY MIOCENE TO LATE EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
128 Appendix 1
Strombina (Strombina) cf. S. (S.) maculosa (Sowerby) Turricula cf. T. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Turricula cf. T. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula cf. T. maculosa (Sowerby)
Turricula cf. T. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula cf. T. wilsoni (Anderson and Martin)
4324 4325 4329
4288
4327
4112 4149 4032 4343
4107
Discinisca n.sp. (Brachiopoda) Lingula sp. Balanus sp. (Arthropoda) Scutella merriami (Anderson) (Echinodermata)
Discinisca sp. Lingula sp.? Balanus sp. Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson)
Other taxa
Other taxa
Scaphopoda Dentalium conradi Dall
Dentalium conradi Dall
Scaphopoda
Turritella ocoyana wittichi (Hertlein and Jordan)
Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella temblorensis Wiedey
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella temblorensis Wiedey
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella n.sp. Turritella ocoyana bosei (Hertlein and Jordan)
4335 4336
4340
Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Turritella cf. T. ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam Turritella sp. Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turris keepi (Arnold)? Turritella cf. T. ocoyana topangensis Merriam
4172 4337
4045
4271 4289 4293 4302 4305 4321 4322
4267
4246
4242
4213
Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices sp. Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Scaphander cf. S. jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Strombina carlosensis Durham? Tegula sp. Terebra cooperi Anderson Thais (Thaisella) cf. T. (T.) edmondi (Arnold) Tritonalia cf. T. yneziana Loel and Corey Tritonalia sp. Tritonalia sp. Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis (Born) Trophon (Austrotrophon) cf. T. (A.) kernensis Anderson Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon sp. Turricula sp.
Neverita (Glossaulax) reclusiana (Deshayes)? Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Oliva californica Anderson Polinices recluzianus andersoni Clark? Polinices recluzianus Deshayes Polinices sp. Purpura topangensis (Arnold) Scaphander cf. S. jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Strombina carlosensis Durham? Tegula sp. Terebra (Terebra) cooperi (Anderson) Thais (Thaisella) cf. T. (T.) edmondi Arnold Tritonalia cf. T. yneziana Loel and Corey Tritonalia n.sp.? Tritonalia? sp. Trochita trochiformis (Born) Trophon (Austrotrophon) cf. T. (A.) kernensis Anderson Trophon kernensis Anderson Trophon n.sp. Turricula? sp.
4244 4209
N.D. N.D.
Intertidal Genus not living
continued
15.51
10.89
13.94 13.94
19.06
19.06
13.94 19.06
13.15 17.88
11.38
11.38
16.98
17.16 ,10 11.38
13.53 10.60 10.60 17.88 17.88 13.53 13.53 N.D. 10.60 17.88 17.88 17.88 13.94 17.16 10.89 15.51 17.88 10.60 10.60 10.60 9.22 17.16
Genus, 34N–Chile
Genus, 57N–3S
Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S
Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Northern Gulf of California–8N
42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California N.D. Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N–5S Genus, 25N–5S Genus, 25N–5S 37N–32N Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 34N–3S Subgenus, 25N–5S Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Chile north to 1S Subgenus, 28N–5S
Appendix 1 129
Smith (1984, p. 206–207, p. 209) (Lower Isidro Formation, radiometric age below formation of 23.4 5 0.3 Ma (Smith, 1984, p. 209)
;288–278 WSA
Oppenheimopecten heimi (Hertlein)
Panope sp. Spondylus scotti Brown and Pilsbry
Gastropoda
4219
4227 4284
Thais wittichi Hertlein and Jordan Trophon sp. cf. T. carisaensis (Anderson) Turritella sp. aff. T. altilira Conrad Turritella wittichi Hertlein and Jordan
Oppenheimopecten hartmanni (Hertlein)
4218
4306 4134 4339 4336
Gastropoda
“Lyropecten” sp. aff. “L.” dumblei (Gardner)
4002
Collisella sp. Cymia heimi Hertlein and Jordan Epitonium dallasi Jordan and Hertlein Ocenebra sp. cf. O. topangensis Arnold Rapana imperialis Hertlein and Jordan
“Lyropecten” sp. aff. “L.” conylomatus (Dall)
4001
4083 4101 4122 4209 4264
Lyropecten sp. aff. “L.” conylomatus (Dall) 23– 17 Ma Lyropecten sp. aff. “L.” dumblei (Gardner) 22– 19.5 Ma Oppenheimopecten hartmanni (Hertlein) 23–17 Ma and 8–5 Ma Oppenheimopecten heimi (Hertlein) 23–17 Ma and 8–2.5 Ma Panopea sp. Spondylus scotti Brown and Pilsbry
Dosinia sp. Glycymeris sp. Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein)
4118 4139 4156
Collisella sp. Cymia heimi Hertlein and Jordan Epitonium dallasi Jordan and Hertlein Ocenebra sp. cf. O. topangensis Arnold Rapana vaquerosensis imperialis Hertlein and Jordan Thais wittichi Hertlein and Jordan Forreria sp. cf. F. carisaensis (Anderson) Turritella (Torcula) sp. aff. T. (T.) altilira Conrad Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Dosinia sp. Glycymeris sp. Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Cardita sp. aff. C. caribbeanensis Olsson Clementia dariena (Conrad)
4065 4078
Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein)? 23? or 8 or 6 Ma to 1.6 Ma Cardita sp. aff. C. caribbeanensis Olsson Clementia dariena (Conrad)
Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein)
Bivalvia
Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) Eucidaris thouarsii (Valenciennes)
Taxonomy used in this study
4024
Bivalvia
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
;338–328 WSA ;328–318 WSA ;318–308 WSA ;308–298 WSA ;298–288 WSA
4123
Scutella norrisi Pack Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) Cidaris thouarsli? valenciennes (Kew)
4344 4341
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
N.D. Genus, 34N–28N Subgenus, 35N–15N, Atlantic Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors
Genus, 34N–5N, through Gulf of California Genus, 10N–3S Genus, 72N–3S, Pacific; 41N–15N, Atlantic Genus, 59N–19N Genus not living
Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 31N–5S, Pacific; 35N–15N, Atlantic
Genus, 28N–4S
Genus, 28N–4S
Genus, 35N–15N, Atlantic
Genus, 31N–15N, Gulf of Mexico Genus, 30N–15N, Florida and Gulf of Mexico– West Indies Genus, 28N–5S, Pacific; 40N–15N, Atlantic Genus, 60N–4S, Pacific; 35N–15N, Atlantic Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 35N–15N, Atlantic
Genus, 34N–6S
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Gulf of California–0
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
N.D. 15.51 15.66 19.06
15.51 23.96 ,10 10.60 N.D.
10.65 16.15
17.16
17.16
15.66
15.66
17.16 15.66 17.88
16.73 17.90
15.51
N.D. N.D. N.D. 16.98
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A8. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY MIOCENE TO LATE EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
130 Appendix 1
4295 4296 4307 4308
4248 4253 4201 4202 4273 4274
4205 4004 4204 4224 4228 4229 4230
Portlandia (Portlandella) reagani (Dall) Propeamussium cf. P. clallamensis (Arnold) Saccella amelga Moore Saccella calkinsi Moore Solemya (Acharax) ventricosa Conrad Solen conradi Dall Spisula (Mactromeris) albaria (Conrad) Tellina aff. T. idae Dall Tellina emacerata Conrad Thracia (Thracia) trapezoides Conrad Thyasira bisecta (Conrad)
Mytilus sp. Nemocardium (Arctopratulum?) cf. N. (A.) griphus Keen Nucula (Ennucula?) nuculana (Dall) “Nucula” n.sp.? Nuculana epacris Moore Panope (Panope) abrupta (Conrad) Parvammusium astoriana Moore Patinopecten oregonensis cancellosus Moore Patinopecten propatulus (Conrad)
4187 4195
4148 4151 4153 4282 4161 4163 4180 4186
Crenella cf. C. porterensis Weaver Cyclocardia subtenta (Conrad) Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) of Arnold Diplodonta parilis (Conrad) Dosinia (Dosinia) whitneyi (Gabb) Gari? aff. G. edentula (Gabb) Glycymeris sp. Katherinella (Katherinella) angustifrons (Conrad) Limopsis nitens (Conrad) Litorhadia astoriana (Henderson) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Macoma albaria (Conrad) Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma cf. M. astori Dall Modiolus directus (Dall) Mytilus cf. M. middendorffi Grewingk
Acila (Acila) gettysburgensis (Reagan) Acila (Truncacila) conradi (Meek) Aequipecten andersoni clemonensis (Etherington) Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Chione (Securella) ensifera (Dall) Clinocardium aff. C. nuttallii (Conrad)
Bivalvia
Moore (1963, Table 2) and latitudes to the north to ;468 N Lat (Astoria Formation). Addicott (1970a, p. 118, 140) (Astoria Formation)
East of San Andreas fault (ESA)
4094 4098 4103 4127 4119 4135 4139 4085
4016 4070 4080
4005 4006 4223
;448–438 ESA
Limopsis nitens (Conrad) Litorhadia astoriana (Henderson) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma cf. M. astori Dall Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Mytilus (Plicatomytilus) cf. M. (P.) middendorffi Grewingk Mytilus sp. Nemocardium (Arctopratulum?) cf. N. (A.) griphus Keen Ennucula nuculana (Dall) Nucula sp.? Nuculana epacris Moore Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Parvammusium astoriana Moore Patinopecten oregonensis cancellosus Moore Patinopecten propatulus (Conrad) 18–10.5 (Smith, 1991a) Portlandia reagani (Dall) Propeamussium cf. P. clallamensis (Arnold)? Nuculana (Saccella) amelga Moore Nuculana (Saccella) calkinsi Moore Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Solen conradi Dall Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Tellina (Tellinella) aff. T. (T.) idae Dall Tellina emacerata Conrad Thracia (Homeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Conchocele bisecta (Conrad)
Acila (Acila) gettysburgensis (Reagan) Acila (Truncacila) conradi (Meek) Pacipecten andersoni clemonensis (Etherington) 23–17 Ma Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Chione (Securella) ensifera (Dall) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) aff. C. (C.) nuttallii (Conrad) Crenella cf. C. porterensis Weaver Cyclocardia subtenta (Conrad) Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Dosinia whitneyi (Gabb) Gari aff. G. (G.) fucata (Hinds) Glycymeris sp. Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad)
Bivalvia
Genus, 70N–54N Genus, 45N–6N Subgenus, 58N–6S Subgenus, 58N–6S 59N–35N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S 34N–33N Genus, 72N–5S 57N–28N 57N–41N
Genus, 71N–Chile N.D. Genus, 72N–6S 58N–34N Genus, 61N–25N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N
Genus, 72N–19N Genus, 58N–28N
Genus, 54N–6N Genus not living Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 54N–30N Genus, 72N–19N
Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–9N Genus, 60N–27N 34N–4S Genus, 28N–5S 34N–25N Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 61N–30N
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–6S 60N–33N
Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 31S–5S
continued
,10 12.61 10.65 10.65 10.60 ,10 ,10 15.15 ,10 10.89 10.89
,10 N.D. ,10 10.65 10.17 10.60 10.60
,10 10.65
11.47 N.D. 10.17 ,10 ,10 ,10 11.47 ,10
,10 ,10 10.31 15.51 17.16 15.51 10.31 10.17
16.78 15.51 10.31
10.31 10.31 16.15
Appendix 1 131
Cancellaria siletzensis Anderson Cancellaria (Crawfordina) weaveri Etherington Cancellaria wynoochensis Weaver Cancellaria? n.sp. Chlorostoma pacificum (Anderson and Martin)
Cochiolepsis? schoonerensis Moore Comitas? spencerensis Moore Crawfordina? n.sp.? Crepidula praerupta Conrad Cryptonatica oregonensis (Conrad) ?Cylichna sp. (Moore, 1963, p. 50)
4051 4053 4060 4064 4292
4081 4084 4052 4096 4192 4100
Hinia? lincolnensis (Anderson and Martin) Liracassis petrosa (Conrad)
Megasurcula condonana (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula wynoocheensis (Weaver) Molopophorus anglonana (Anderson) Molopophorus matthewi Etherington Natica vokesi Addicott Neverita (Glossaulax) jamesae Moore Ocenebra depoensis Moore Olivella? sp. Opalia (Rugatiscala) cf. O. (R.) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Polinices canalis Moore
Priscofusus aff. P. geniculus (Conrad) Prisofusus cf. P. coli (Dall)
4251 4150
4170
4250 4249
4245
4173 4181 4182 4193 4243 4207 4215 4216
Ficus modesta (Conrad) Gyrineum dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Haminoea petrosa (Conrad)
4128 4167
Cylichna petrosa (Conrad) of Etherington, 1931
Antillophos? sp. Astraea? n.sp.? Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria sanjosei Anderson and Martin
4237 4026 4039 4057 4049
Gastropoda Aforia clallamensis (Weaver) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) sp. Astraea (Pomaulax) sp. Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria (Barkeria) sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Crawfordina) siletzensis Anderson Cancellaria (Crawfordina) weaveri Etherington Cancellaria (Euclia) wynoochensis Weaver Cancellaria? sp. Tegula (Chlorostoma) pacifica (Anderson and Martin) Cochiolepis? schoonerensis Moore Comitas? spencerensis Moore Cancellaria (Crawfordina) sp. Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Natica (Cryptonatica) oregonensis Conrad Cylichna temblorensis Keen (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Cylichna temblorensis Keen (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Ficus (Ficus) modesta (Conrad) Stewart? Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Cylichna temblorensis Keen (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Priscofusus medialis (Conrad) Cylichnina petrosa Conrad (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Megasurcula condonana (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula wynoocheensis (Weaver) Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Molopophorus matthewi Etherington Natica (Natica) vokesi Addicott Polinices (Neverita) jamesae (Moore) Ocenebra depoensis Moore Olivella? sp. Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Polinices (Polinices) victoriana Clark and Arnold Priscofusus aff. P. geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus cf. P. coli (Dall)
Gastropoda
Aforia clallamensis (Weaver) Antillophos dumbleana chehalisensis (Weaver)
Yoldia (Kalyoldia) cf. Y. (K.) cooperi Gabb Yoldia n.sp.
4351 4354
4361 4236
Vertipecten fucanus (Dall) 22–17.5 Ma (Smith, 1991a, p. 38) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cf. Y. (K.) cooperii Gabb Yoldia sp.
Vertipecten fucanus (Dall)
Taxonomy used in this study
4347
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus not living Genus not living
Subgenus, 32N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 38N–28N Genus not living Genus not living Subgenus, 24N–3S Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 55N–25N; subgenus not living
Genus, 38N–28N
Genus not living Genus not living
N.D. N.D.
15.78
13.15 N.D. N.D. 18.49 13.53 10.60 10.89 11.38
13.15
N.D. N.D.
17.88 N.D. ,10
,10
Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California
16.67 N.D. 13.15 ,10 ,10 ,10
13.15 13.15 16.98 10.97 15.51
16.98 15.51 N.D. 16.98 10.97
,10 16.98
13.36 ,10
N.D.
Effective Temp. (8C)
Subgenus, 38N–33N Subgenus, 38N–33N Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Genus, 29N–24N, western Atlantic Genus, medial Miocene New Zealand Subgenus, 38N–33N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–23N Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus not living Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 65N–48N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
40N–28N Genus, 71N–7N
Genus not living
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A8. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY MIOCENE TO LATE EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
132 Appendix 1
4317 4067
4030 4313
4019
;368–358 ESA
N.D.
;408–398 ESA ;39–388 ESA ;388–378 ESA ;378–368 ESA
Arca (Anadara) osmonti Conrad Arca impavida Wiedey Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Cardium (Trachycardium) quadragenarium Conrad Cardium (Trachycardium) vaquerosensis Arnold Chama cf. C. pellucida (Sowerby)
Bivalvia
Late Saucesian and early Relizian foraminifers (Foss and Blaisdell, 1968, p. 39) (Media Shale Member Temblor Formation). Anderson and Martin (1914, p. 41–44) (Kern River), Merriam (1916, p. 115), Loel and Corey (1932, p. 167–174) (Temblor Formation or horizon). Addicott (1970a,) p. 25–27, p. 29 (lower and middle Olcese Sand)
Media Shale Member Temblor Formation
N.D.
N.D.
Aalto et al. (1995a, 1995b) (Lower Bear River beds [diatoms and foraminifers])
;418–408 ESA
Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Chama (Chama) cf. C. (C.) arcana Bernard
Bivalvia
Aturia angustata (Conrad)
Aturia angustata (Conrad)
N.D.
4031
;438–428 ESA ;428–418 ESA
N.D.
Cephalopoda
Cephalopoda
4106
Dentalium (Dentalium?) pseudonyma Pilsbry and Sharp Dentalium (Rhabdus) schencki Moore
Scaphopoda
Scaphopoda
Dentalium (Dentalium?) pseudonyma Pilsbry and Sharp Dentalium (Rhabdus) schencki Moore
4105
4255 4271 4279 4280 4040 4199 4350 4046 4324 4129 4338 4190
Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus medialis (Conrad) Psephaea (Miopleiona) indurata (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Spirotropis calodius Moore Spirotropis washingtonensis Etherington Calicantharus carlsoni (Anderson and Martin) Nucella aff. N. lima (Martyn) Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Calyptraea (Trochita)? sp. Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Turritella oregonensis (Conrad) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson)
Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus medialis (Conrad) Psephaea (Miopleiona) indurata (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Spirotropis calodius Moore Spirotropis washingtonensis Etherington Searlesia? carlsoni (Anderson and Martin) Thais (Polytropa) aff. T. (P.) lima Gmelin Thesbia antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Trochita? n.sp. Trophon kernensis Anderson Trophosycon cf. T. ocoyanum (Conrad) Turritella oregonensis (Conrad) Uzita? arnoldi (Anderson)
Genus, 37N–14S 37N–107N
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S 37N–27N
Genus not living, Paleocene–Miocene
Genus, 57N–3S
Genus, 57N–3S
Genus not living Genus not living Genus, living in Japanese waters 37N–32N Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus not living 66N–28N Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3S Subgenus, 39N–5S
continued
13.94 13.94
16.78 16.78 15.51 13.94
N.D.
10.89
10.89
N.D. N.D. N.D. 13.94 13.94 13.94 N.D. ,10 N.D. 18.49 17.16 17.88 13.94 13.54
Appendix 1 133
Chione mathewsonii Gabb Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione temblorensis (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad) Corbicula dumblei (Anderson) Crassatellites n.sp. (medium) Cyrena (Corbicula) dumblei Anderson Cytherea diabloensis Anderson Diplodonta buwaldana Anderson and Martin
Donax (?) triangulata Anderson and Martin
4011 4071
4076 4077 4085 4247 4124
4037
Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma calcarea Gmelin Macoma nasuta Conrad Macoma ocoyana Conrad Macoma piercei Arnold Mactra catilliformis Conrad Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Metis alta Conrad Mytilus expansus Arnold
Mytilus mathewsonii Gabb
Mytilus sp. Ostrea aff. O. eldridgei (Arnold) Ostrea panzana Conrad Panope cf. P. generosa (Gould) Panope estrellana (Conrad) Panopea estrellana (Conrad) Pecten (Chlamys) aff. P. (C.) sespeensis (Arnold) n.sp.? Pecten (Lyropecten) bowersi Arnold? Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold
4161 4162 4157 4298 4164 4181 4166 4131 4183
4184
4187 4259 4091 4225 4226
4346 4348
4074
4139 4203
Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami Clark Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia ponderosa Gray Glycymeris branneri Arnold Glycymeris n.sp. Glycymeris sp. Leda ochsneri Anderson
4116 4115 4117 4137
Donax triangulata Anderson and Martin
Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione latilaminosa Anderson
4069
4010 4110
Chione aff. C. temblorensis (Anderson) n.sp.?
4068
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma
Mytilus sp. Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Panopea estrellana (Conrad) Panopea estrellana (Conrad) Chlamys aff. C. sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) mathewsonii Gabb
Chione (Chionopsis) cf. C. (C.) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Arniantis mathewsonii (Gabb) Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad) Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Eucrassatella sp. Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Arniantis diabloensis (Anderson) Diplodonta (Diplodonta) buwaldana Anderson and Martin Bornia (Temblornia) triangulata (Anderson and Martin) Bornia (Temblornia) triangulata (Anderson and Martin) Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) branneri Arnold Glycymeris sp. Glycymeris sp. Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Tellina ocoyana Conrad Macoma piercei Arnold Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 71N–4S 71N–47N 60N–27N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N Genus, 37N–1S 35N–25N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus not living Genus, 60N–5S 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 70N–1S
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 28N–5S Subgenus, 31N–4S Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 60N–4S Subgenus, 58N–6S
Genus, 24N–6S
Genus, 24N–6S
N.D. N.D.
,10 N.D. 10.31 10.65 10.65 10.65 ,10
,10
,10 ,10 10.31 ,10 ,10 13.15 13.94 13.53 ,10
17.16 17.16 17.16 16.15 10.31 10.31 10.65
18.49
18.49
13.53 15.51 17.49 17.16 17.16 10.17 19.21 15.51 19.21 13.53 ,10
17.16
Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 61N–30N Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 71N–4S
17.16
17.49
Effective Temp. (8C)
Subgenus, 28N–5S
Subgenus, 27N–4S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A8. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY MIOCENE TO LATE EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
134 Appendix 1
Agasoma barkerianum Cooper Agasoma sanctacruzanum Arnold
Amphissa posunculensis Anderson and Martin
Astryis pedroana Conrad Bathytoma keepi Arnold Bathytoma piercei Arnold
Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) santacruzanum (Arnold) Calyptraea costellata (Conrad) Cancellaria condoni Anderson Cancellaria dalliana Anderson
4236
4214 4172 4328
4044 4054 4055
Gastropoda
Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni barkerianus Arnold Pecten (Pseudamusium) peckhami Gabb Pecten branneri Arnold Pecten nevadanus Conrad? Pecten peckhami Gabb Pecten perrini Arnold Pecten sespeensis Arnold Pecten vanvlecki Arnold? Periploma sanctaecrucis Arnold Phacoides (Here) richthofeni Gabb Phacoides (Lucinoma) acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Phacoides acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides richthofeni Gabb Phacoides sanctaecrucis Arnold Pholadomya kernensis Wiedey Pitar cf. P. diabloensis (Anderson) Pitar oregonensis Conrad Psamosolen gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Saxidomus nuttalli? Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Sernele morani Anderson and Martin Solen gravidus Clark Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula cf. S. catilliformis Conrad Tellina nevadensis Anderson and Martin Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tellina tenuistriata Davis Tellina wilsoni Anderson and Martin Transennella? joaquinensis Anderson and Martin Transennella joaquinensis Anderson and Martin Yoldia temblorensis Anderson and Martin
Pecten (Patinopecten) kernensis Hertlein Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni Arnold
4038
4319 4353
4297 4301
4265 4270 4276 4282
4239 4272
4235
4015 4233 4140 4153 4177
4103 4072
4222
4221
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Gastropoda
Nutricola? joaquinensis (Anderson and Martin) Yoldia (Yoldia?) temblorensis Anderson and Martin
Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni barkerianus (Arnold) 27– 17 Ma Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Chlamys branneri (Arnold) 27–17 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Arnussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Periploma sanctaecrucis Arnold? Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Pholadomya? kernensis Wiedey Arniantis cf. A. diabloensis (Anderson) Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Saxidomus nuttalli? Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Semele morani Anderson and Martin Solen gravidus Clark Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tellina insurana G. D. Hanna Tellina wilsoni Anderson and Martin Nutricola? joaquinensis (Anderson and Martin)
24N–15N Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus not living Genus not living
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 61N–1S Subgenus, 71N–40N
Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 70N–1S Genus not living Genus, 60N–27N Genus not living Genus, 70N–1S Genus not living Genus, 71N–4S 34N–24N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 34N–24N Genus, 26N–25N Genus not living Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 28N–4S 41N–28N 41N–28N Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 61N–1S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus not living Genus, 31N–5S
continued
18.49 16.98 16.98
N.D. N.D.
10.89 13.15 11.38
16.98
N.D. N.D.
10.17 ,10
10.31 ,10 N.D. 10.31 N.D. ,10 N.D. ,10 15.51 10.17 17.87 10.17 15.51 17.87 N.D. 13.53 13.94 17.16 11.03 11.03 10.31 ,10 ,10 13.15 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 10.17
16.15
N.D. 16.15
Appendix 1 135
Agathotoma (Agathotoma) howei (Anderson and Martin) Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Cancellaria simplex Anderson Cerithium arnoldi Anderson and Martin Chrysodomus kernensis Anderson and Martin Clathrodrillia antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Clathrodrillia buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Clathrodrillia howei (Anderson and Martin)
Clathrodrillia kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Clathrodrillia ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus oweniana Anderson Crepidula cf. C. praerupta Conrad Crepidula praerupta Conrad Crepidula princeps? Conrad Crepidula rostrata Conrad Cylichna n.sp. in Loel and Corey (1932) Cylichna petrosa Conrad Drillia buwaldana Anderson and Martin
Drillia howei Anderson
Drillia ochsneri Anderson and Martin
Drillia ocoyana Anderson and Martin
4049
4059 4036 4041 4350 4330
4008
4198
4034
4086
Drillia temblorensis Anderson and Martin
Epitonium posoensis Anderson and Martin
Epitonium williarnsoni Anderson and Martin
Eulimella californica Anderson and Martin
4217
4121
4216
4212
4327
4100
4096 4095
Drillia kernensis Anderson
Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Crepidula cf. C. rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula princeps? Conrad Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Cylichna temblorensis Keen Cylichna temblorensis Keen Turricula? buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Cancellaria pacifica Anderson Cancellaria posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria sanjosensis Anderson and Martin
4058 4050
Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Epitonium (Cirsotrema) posoense Anderson and Martin Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch
Agathotoma (Agathotoma) howei (Anderson and Martin) Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Cancellaria nevadensis Anderson and Martin
Subgenus, 33N–8N, Gulf of California
Genus, 55N–25N; subgenus not living
Subgenus, 28N–0, in Gulf of California
Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, equator, salt tide pool, mangrove swamp Genus, 48N–23N
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Genus, equator, salt tide pool, mangrove swamp Subgenus, 38–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus, 25N–3S
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 60N–23N Genus not living Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus, 25N–3S
16.26
11.38
17.16
12.64
20.71
11.38
17.49
17.88
13.15 13.15 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 11.38
20.71
17.49
17.88
16.98 10.31 N.D. N.D. 11.38
10.97
10.97
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
16.98 10.97
16.98
16.98 16.98 16.98
16.98
Effective Temp. (8C)
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S
Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) joaquinensis Anderson Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria (Coptostoma) posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Coptostoma) posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Barkeria) sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Turricula? buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
4061
4056 4062
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad
Cancellaria dalliana Anderson (in part in Anderson and Martin, 1914) Cancellaria dalliana condoni (Anderson) Cancellaria joaquinensis Anderson Cancellaria lickana Anderson and Martin
Taxonomy used in this study
4057
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
TABLE A8. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY MIOCENE TO LATE EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
136 Appendix 1
Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyanus (Conrad) Ficus Kernianus (Cooper) Fissurella rixfordi Hertlein
4129
Nassa arnoldi Anderson Nassa blakei Anderson and Martin
Nassa ocoyana Anderson and Martin
4190
4189
4200 4304 4305 4278 4210 4363
4143 4144 4302
4267
4262
4125
4257
4244
4245
4194 4242 4213
Melongena californica Anderson and Martin Melongena sanjuanensis Anderson and Martin Nassa antiselli Anderson and Martin
4175 4176 4188
Thais (Stromonita) carrizoensis Loel and Corey Thais blakei Anderson and Martin Thais edmondi Arnold Thais panzana Anderson and Martin Thais trophonoides Anderson and Martin Triumphis? n.sp. Addicott (Addicott, 1970 a)
Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Searlesia kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Siphonalia posoensis Anderson and Martin Siphonalia sp. Terebra cooperi Anderson Thais (Nuclella) lima Martyn
Polinices recluzianus andersoni Clark Polinices recluzianus Deshayes Pseudotornella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Purpura n.sp.? Pyramidella (Eulimella) californica (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella (Eulimella) gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella (Eulimella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella cooperi Anderson and Martin
Natica inezana Conrad? Neverita callosa Gabb Oliva californica Anderson Oliva futheyana Anderson Olivella pedroana Conrad Polinices lewisii Gould?
Nassarius arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius blakei (Anderson and Martin)
Fossarius dalli Anderson and Martin Knefastia garcesana Addicott Lacuna carpenteri Anderson and Martin Mangelia howei Anderson and Martin
4063 4145 4146
4109
Eulimella ochsneri Anderson and Martin
4263
Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus living in Japanese waters Subgenus, 37N–3S, and Gulf of California
Pyramidella (Symola) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella (Longchaeus) cooperi Anderson and Martin Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Kelletia posoensis (Anderson and Martin) Kelletia sp. Terebra cooperi Anderson Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Nucella packi (Clark) Thais (Thaisella) blakei Anderson and Martin Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Thais panzana Anderson and Martin Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Triumphis? n.sp. Addicott (Addicott, 1970a)
Genus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 25N–5S Subgenus, 25N–5S Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 19N–5N
Genus, 25N–5S Genus not living Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–3S Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S
Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California
N.D. Subgenus, 33N–8N, Gulf of California
Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Genus, 71N–5S Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–south of equator Subgenus, 32N–5S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Genus, northern Gulf of California–8N Genus, northern Gulf of California–8N Subgenus, 39N–5S
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–3S Genus, 64N–19N Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus, 25N–3S
Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus living in Japanese waters Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–4S
Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin)
Pyramidella (Symola) ocheneri (Anderson and Martin) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Diodora (Diodora) rixfordi (Hertlein) Addicott (1970a, p. 40) Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Knefastia garcesana Addicott Lacuna carpenteri Anderson and Martin Agathotoma (Agathotoma) howei (Anderson and Martin) Melongena californica Anderson and Martin Melongena sanjuanensis Anderson and Martin Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Natica inezana Conrad Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Polinices (Polinices) victoriana Clark and Arnold Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Purpura sp. Odostornia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch
,10 17.88 17.88 N.D. 10.60 21.44 continued
17.88 N.D. 15.51 15.51 15.51 16.98
13.94
13.94
19.21
N.D. 16.26
13.53 13.53 17.49
,10 13.53 17.88 17.88 10.89 15.78
13.54 18.49
18.49
13.54 18.49
16.98 16.98 13.54
10.97 17.16 ,10 17.88
17.88 17.88 10.31
13.94
Appendix 1 137
*N.D.
4032 4341
Cheilostomatid spp. (Bryozoa) Coral n.sp. (Cnidaria)
Taxa not considered
Balanus sp. Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell)
Other taxa
Balanus spp. (Arthropoda) Scutella andersoni Twitchell (Echinodermata)
Turritella temblorensis Wiedey
Turritella temblorensis Wiedey
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Other taxa
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana bosei (Hertlein and Jordan)
4337
4340
Turritella ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriarn
Trochita costellata Conrad Trophon gabbianum Anderson Trophon kernensis Anderson Turritella ocoyana wittichi (Hertlein and Jordan)
Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Ocenebra gabbiana (Anderson) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Taxonomy used in this study
4208 4324 4336
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Intertidal Genus not living
24N–15N Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
N.D. N.D.
13.94
19.06
19.06
18.49 10.60 17.16 19.06
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A8. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY MIOCENE TO LATE EARLY MIOCENE (23–17 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
138 Appendix 1
Arnold (1906, p. 21, p. 83), Arnold (1908, p. 35), Branner et al. (1909, p. 5), Galloway (1977, p. 25–26) (Point Reyes), Cummings et al. (1962, Plate 23) (Monterey Formation). Clark (1981, p. 20) (Lompico Sandstone and Monterey Formation [Luisian in part])
Anadara (Cunearca) rivulata (Wiedey) Anadara montereyana (Osmont) Anadara(?) sp. Arca perdisparis Wiedey
Callista angustifrons Conrad (apparently Dione angustifrons Conrad) Chlamys sespeensis var. hydei (Arnold) Chlamys (Hinnites) multirugosus (Gale) Chione aff. C. latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione mathewsonii Gabb Corbula n.sp. Crassostrea cf. C. titan Conrad Cytherea sp. A. Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) Diplodonta n.sp. aff. D. serricata Reeve Dosinia mathewsoni Gabb Glycymeris(?) n.sp. Glycymeris sp. Hinnites giganteus (Gray) Leda n.sp. A Leda n.sp. B Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold)
3382 3042 3027 3386
3117
Lutaria traskii Conrad Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)
Macoma sp. Ostrea sp.
3379 3228
3238 3328
3329
3309
3016 3113 3127 3017 3148 3181 3165 3198
3112 3205 3103
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold)
3019
Macoma sp. Ostrea sp.
Chlamys sespeensis hydei (Arnold) 17–13 Ma Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H* Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. (L.) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Amiantis mathewsonii (Gabb) Corbula sp. Crassostrea cf. C. titan (Conrad) Amiantis sp.? Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Diplodonta n.sp. aff. D. sericata (Reeve) Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Glycymeris? sp. Glycymeris sp. Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Nuculana sp. Nuculana sp. Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Raeta traskii (Conrad) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Scapharca (Cunearca) rivulata (Wiedey) Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara sp. Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana perdisparis (Wiedey) Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad)
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Bivalvia
Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper)
Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyana (Conrad)
3184
;38–378 WSA
Bivalvia
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Bivalvia Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb)
Bivalvia
Weaver (1949, Point Reyes, locality 2180, p. 76–77) (Monterey Shale)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA)
Taxonomy used in this study
Anadara devincta Conrad Lucina acutilineata Conrad Spisula albaria (Conrad)
3023 3216 3402
;398–388 WSA
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 34N–21S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 71N–4S N.D.#
Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 60N–27N 34N–4S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 60N–4S 60N–25N Genus, 72N–6S Genus, 72N–6S Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 70N–1S 60N–25N Subgenus, 28N–5S
Genus, 61N–30N
Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 71N–4S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
continued
,10 N.D.
15.51 17.88
13.53 13.94 10.31 13.53 10.31 15.51 17.16 10.31 10.31 10.31 ,10 ,10 16.15
,10 10.31 17.16
10.17
16.78 16.78 15.51 16.45
17.90
17.88
16.78 10.17 ,10
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
Appendix 1 139
Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold
3381 3388 3391 3427 3428 3143 3505 3502
3503
3487
3039 3041 3486
3483
3287 3284 3314 3321 3357 3481
Medial (Luisian) Miocene Foraminiferida (Cummings et al., 1962, p. 195; Clark et al., 1979, p. 8). Relizian Foraminiferida (Clark, 1981, p. 20)
Taxa not considered
Vaquerosella coreyi Durham
Balanus cf. B. gregarius Arnold Balanus sp. Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell)
Other taxa
Balanus cf. B. estrellanus Arnold (Arthropoda) Balanus sp. Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) (Echinodermata) Vaquerosella coreyi Durham
Turritella sp.
Turritella n.sp.
Turritella cf. T. ocoyana Conrad
Turritella cf. T. ocoyana Conrad
Other taxa
Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Cylichna temblorensis Keen Cylichna temblorensis Keen Nassarius? sp. Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Ocenebra cf. O. wilkesana (Anderson) Oliva sp. Polinices? sp. Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Gastropoda
Panopea sp. Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Pecten sp. Unknown taxon Saxidomus sp. Semele sp. Siliqua sp. Tellina congesta Conrad Tellina ocoyana Conrad Cyclocardia montereyana (Arnold) Yoldia impressa Conrad Yoldia (Kalayoldia) submontereyensis Arnold (Moore, 1983) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold (Moore, 1983)
Taxonomy used in this study
Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Cylichna cf. C. petrosa Conrad Haminoea petrosa Conrad Nassarius(?) sp. Nassarius arnoldi (Anderson) Ocenebra cf. O. topangensis Arnold Oliva sp. Polinices(?) sp. Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Gastropoda
Pecten peckhami Gabb Pecten sp. Phacoides like crenulata Saxidomus sp. Semele n.sp. A. Siliqua sp. Tellina congesta Conrad Tellina nevadensis (Anderson and Martin) Venericardia montereyana Arnold Yoldia impressa Conrad Yoldia (Kalayoldia) submontereyensis Arnold
3149 3342
3069 3145
Panopea sp. Pecten andersoni Arnold
3337
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus not living
Not living Intertidal Genus not living
Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 55N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S
Subgenus, 40N–28N
Genus, 60N–27N N.D. N.D. Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 72N–25N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 71N–9N Genus, 71N–7N Subgenus, 40N–28N
Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 31N–5S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
N.D.
N.D. N.D. N.D.
13.94
19.06
18.49 ,10 ,10 11.38 13.54 10.60 17.88 ,10 19.06
13.36
10.31 N.D. N.D. 10.31 10.31 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 13.36
10.65 16.15
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
140 Appendix 1
Panope sp. Pecten (Delectopecten) peckhami Gabb Pecten andersoni Arnold
3337 3248 3329
3228
Mytilus sp. Nucula sp. Nuculana aff. N. ramonensis Clark
3278 3302 3308
Pecten cf. P. crassicardo Arnold
Pecten cf. P. andersoni Arnold
Cardium vaquerosensis Arnold Chione sp. Compsomyax cf. C. angustifrons Conrad Compsomyax sp. Dosinia sp. Gari sp. Glycimeris sp. Leda cf. L. taphira Dall Lucina acutilineata Conrad Lucina cf. L. annulata Reeve Macoma congesta Conrad Macoma sp. Marcia oregonensis Conrad Modiolus sp. Mytilus expansus Arnold
3454 3108 3117 3118 3159 3190 3198 3303 3226 3227 3427 3238 3345 3264 3271
Anadara cf. A. obispoana (Conrad)
Anadara n.sp. 1 Anadara n.sp. 2 Anadara obispoana (Conrad)
3027
3386
Anadara (Arca) cf. A. montereyana (Osmont)
Bivalvia
Martin (1912, p. 148), Fiedler (1944, p. 227) (Monterey Formation). Trask (1926, p. 151) (Temblor Formation [equivalent to Chamisal Formation]). Bowen (1965a, p. 56) (Robinson Canyon and Los Tularcitos members [Saucesian and Relizian Stages] Chamisal Formation). Bowen (1965a, p. 58) (Los Laureles Sandstone Member Monterey Formation, Luisian and early Mohnian Stages, Valvulinaria californica Zone). Bowen (1965a, p. 59) (Aguajito Shale Member Monterey Formation, Luisian Stage in part, Pulvinulinella Zone). Poore et al. (1981, p. 18) (type Luisian Stage; p. 22, Indian Creek section). Poore et al. (1981, p. 26–27) (type Relizian Stage, which they considered to be at least 18 Ma to 17 Ma and early Miocene)
3024
;378–368 WSA
Mytilus sp. Nucula sp. Nuculana (Saccella?) aff. N. (S.?) ramonensis (Clark) Panopea sp. Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten cf. P. andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara sp. Anadara sp. Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) cf. S.? (S.?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Chione sp. Compsomyax cf. C. angustifrons (Conrad) Compsomyax sp. Dosinia sp. Gari sp. Glycymeris sp. Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) taphria (Dall) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Tellina congesta Conrad Macoma sp. Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Modiolus sp. Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Bivalvia
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 61N–30N Genus, 61N–30N Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 61N–2S Genus, 60N–4S 37N–28N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 73N–5S Subgenus, Japan and Phillippines; genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus, 60N–5S Subgenus, 58N–6S
Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
continued
17.88
16.15
10.65 10.31 16.15
,10 10.31 10.65
13.94 15.51 10.17 10.17 17.16 10.17 10.31 13.94 10.17 10.17 ,10 ,10 13.94 ,10 ,10
16.45
15.51 15.51 16.45
16.78
Appendix 1 141
Anadara montereyana (Osmont) Chione temblorensis (Anderson) Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Gabb) Delectopecten harfordus (Davis) Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia sp. Glycymeris n.sp.
3024 3101 3148
3149 3163 3164 3169 3198
Amussiopecten cf. A. vanvlecki (Arnold)
Bivalvia
Hall and Corbato´ (1967, p. 571), Hart (1976, p. 30), Addicott et al. (1978b, p. 58–59) Monterey Formation. Hall and Corbato´ (1967, p. 563) (Obispo Formation, loc. 4583 and Plate 1). Hall (1973b) (Tof, fine-grained tuffaceous siltstone member of Obispo Formation). Moore (1984, p. B16) (Delectopecten harfordus [Davis] is reported from the Monterey [?] Formation; this species is from the “Tof,” or fine-grained tuffaceous siltstone member, of the Obispo Formation [Hall, 1973b])
Foraminiferida and other microfossils (Bowen, 1965a, p. 58–59; Poore et al., 1981, p. 16– 28)
Taxa not considered
Amussiopecten cf. A. vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Delectopecten harfordus (Davis) 17–13 Ma Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia sp. Glycymeris sp.
Bivalvia
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Goniobasis rodeoensis (Clark) Neptunea buwaldi (Clark) Neptunea cf. N. diabloensis (Clark) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Mitrella sp. aff. M. richthofeni Gabb Nassarius (Caesia) cf. N. (C.) whitneyi (Trask) Polinices (Euspira) cf. P. (E.) kirkensis (Gabb) Polinices (Neverita) sp. Polinices sp. Calyptraea (Trochita) sp. Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Agasoma barkerianum Anderson Cerithium rodeoensis Clark Chrysodomus buwaldi Clark Chrysodomus cf. C. diabloensis Clark Ficus kernianum Cooper Mitrella sp. aff. M. richthofeni Gabb Nassarius cf. N. whitneyi (Trask) Natica (Euspira) cf. N. (E.) kirkensis Gabb Neverita sp. Polinices sp. Trochita sp. Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson) Protothaca (Tropithaca) aff. P. (T.) grata (Say) Mactromeris cf. M. albaria (Conrad) Spisula cf. S. falcata brioniana Trask Tellina congesta Conrad Cyclocardia montereyana (Arnold)
3020
;368–358 WSA
3054 3199 3291 3292 3184 3261 3283 3348 3355 3357 3070 3481
3143
3015 3365 3402 3404
Taxonomy used in this study
Pecten peckhami Gabb Pitar diabloensis (Anderson) Protothaca aff. P. grata Say Spisula cf. S. albaria Conrad Spisula cf. S. falcata brioniana Trask Tellina congesta Conrad Venericardia montereyana Arnold
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 27N–4S Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 64N–4S
Genus not living
Genus not living Freshwater Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 70N–5N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors
Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 35N–23N 27N–20S Genus, 71N–4S Species, 54N–31N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 71N–9N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
16.78 17.49 10.31 10.31 10.31 17.16 17.16 17.16 ,10
N.D.
N.D. N.D. ,10 ,10 17.88 ,10 11.81 11.74 13.53 ,10 18.49 19.06
10.31 13.53 17.49 ,10 11.47 ,10 ,10
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
142 Appendix 1
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turritella moodyi Merriam Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella temblorensis Wiedey
3480 3481
3484
Turritella temblorensis Wiedey
Turritella moodyi Merriam Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula piercei (Arnold)
3472
3184 3473
3121 3136 3132 3185 3404 3252 3284 3352 3320 3383 3434
3054 3057 3073 3075
Turricula piercei (Anderson and Martin)
Gastropoda
Gastropoda Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bulla cantuanensis Anderson and Martin Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria (Coptostoma) posunculensis Anderson and Martin Conus sp. Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Ficus (Trophosycon) sp. Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Oliva (Oliva) california Anderson Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Terebra cooperi Anderson Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Trachycardium vaquerosensis Arnold Trachycardium sp. Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Yoldia supramontereyensis Arnold
3454 3453 3458 3502
Antillophos posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bulla cantuaensis Anderson and Martin Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria posunculensis Anderson and Martin Conus sp. Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula rostralis Conrad Ficus (Trophosycon) n.sp. A (large) Forreria kernensis (Anderson) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Nassarius arnoldi (Anderson) Neverita andersoni (Clark) Oliva californica Anderson Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Terebra cooperi Anderson Trophon kernensis Anderson Trophosycon kernianum (Cooper) Turricula (Antiplanes) piercei (Arnold)
Pecten (Amussiopecten) vanvlecki Arnold Pecten sp. Protothaca staleyi? (Gabb) Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Spisula albaria (Conrad) Tellina piercei (Arnold) Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad)
3342 3366 3394 3402 3422 3451
3344
Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Pecten sp. Protothaca staleyi? (Gabb) Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Macoma piercei Arnold (Tellina of authors) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium sp. Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold
Macoma arctata (Conrad) Miltha sanctaecrucis Arnold? Panope tenuis Wiedey Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Pecten (Amusium) lompocensis Arnold
3426 3256 3338 3333 3019
Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Macoma arctata (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Panopea tenuis Wiedey Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Lyropecten magnolia (Conrad)
Lyropecten andersoni (Arnold)
Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold)
3513
3329
Genus, 38N–south of equator Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 38N–28N Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S Genus, 34N–3S Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S
Genus not living Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S 57N–25N Subgenus, 40N–28N
Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 58N–27N 58N–34N Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus not living N.D. Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 28N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 37N–27N
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
continued
13.94
13.94 19.06
11.38
11.38
13.15 ,10 ,10 17.88 17.16 13.15 13.54 13.53 17.88 17.88 15.51 17.16 17.88 11.38
N.D. 15.51 10.97 10.97
16.98
13.94 13.94 10.97 13.36
N.D. N.D. 10.17 17.16 ,10 ,10 13.94
,10 17.87 10.65 10.65 17.90
N.D.
16.15
16.15
Appendix 1 143
Amiantis(?) cf. A. loeli Wiedey Amiantis cf. A. callosa (Conrad) Amiantis cf. A. diabloensis (Anderson) Amusium cf. A. lompocensis (Arnold)
3013 3014 3015
Anadara aff. osmonti (Dall) Anadara osmonti (Dall) Anadara osmonti? (Dall) Antigona diabloensis (Anderson) Apolylmetis biangulata (Carpenter) Arca (Barbatia) sp. Arca montereyana var. barkeriana Clark? Arca osmonti Dall Cardium (Trachycardium) woodringi Loel and Corey Cardium (Trachycardium) cf. C. (T.) vaquerosensis Arnold
3025
3454
3455
3186 3046
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold)
3019
Amusium lompocense (Arnold)
Aequipecten andersoni (Arnold)
Bivalvia
Kew (1924, p. 50–51), Hoots (1931, p. 50–51) (Topanga Formation). Eaton et al. (1941, p. 220–221; Fig. 12) (lower “Briones” Stage). Fritsche (1969, p. 142–146 (lower and middle submembers of upper member of Branch Canyon Formation). Fritsche (1969, p. 126) (undifferentiated Monterey Formation). Thomas et al. (1988) (Branch Canyon Formation). Page et al. (1951, p. 1765) (Temblor Formation). Johnson (1959, p. 30) (Modelo Formation, Luisian). Repenning and Vedder (1961, p. C237) (Temblor [T3] Formation). Susuki (1951, Plate 12); Groves, 1994, p. 244) (Topanga Formation)
Foraminiferida (Kleinpell, 1938, p. 24; Prior, 1974, p. 48–50; Hart, 1976, p. 23–25; Poore et al., 1981)
Taxa not considered
Discinisca sp. (Brachiopoda) Balanus (Arthropoda) Astrodapsis brewerianus Re´mond (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi? Grant and Eaton
3329
;358–348 WSA
3035
3159 3041 3034
Other taxa
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Trachycardium cf. T. vaquerosense (Arnold)
Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti? (Dall) Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Barbatia sp. Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Trachycardium woodringi (Loel and Corey)
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Amiantis(?) cf. A. loeli Wiedey Amiantis cf. A. callosa (Conrad) Amiantis cf. A. diabloensis (Anderson) Amusium cf. A. lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Bivalvia
Astrodapsis davisi? Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi? Grant and Eaton
Discinisca sp. Balanus sp. Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond)
Other taxa
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus, 37N–14S
Genus, 35N–23N 34N–25N Genus, 35N–23N Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 35N–23N 35N–25N Genus, 36N–5S, and Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–14S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 34N–Chile Intertidal Genus not living
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
13.94
16.78 16.78 16.78 13.53 13.53 13.26 16.78 16.78 13.94
17.90
17.90
13.53 15.51 13.53 17.90
16.15
N.D. N.D.
15.51 N.D. N.D.
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
144 Appendix 1
Mytilus mathewsonii (Gabb) expansus Arnold
Mytilus n.sp. Mytilus schencki Hanna and Hertlein
Mytilus sp. Nuculana cf. N. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Ostrea cf. O. englekyi Hertlein? Ostrea cf. O. freudenbergi Hertlein and Jordan Ostrea cf. O. vaquerosensis Loel and Corey?
Ostrea subtitan Loel and Corey Ostrea titan (Conrad) Panopea generosa Gould
3278 3273
3130 3409 3131
3410 3127 3333
Mytilus expansus Arnold
3271
Mytilus cf. M. kewi Nomland
3276
Mytilus sp. Mytilus (Crenomytilus?) schencki Hanna and Hertlein Mytilus sp. Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Crassostrea? cf. C. englekyi Hertlein Striostrea? freudenbergi (Hertlein and Jordan) Crassostrea? cf. C.? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad)
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) mathewsonii Gabb
Macoma cf. M. secta (Conrad)
3510
Mytilus mathewsonii (Gabb)
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)
3228
3272
Macoma (Rexithaerus) cf. M. (R.) secta (Conrad) Mytilus (Mytilus?) cf. M. (M.?) loeli Grant
Lucina (Mytrea) acutilineata Conrad Lyropecten cf. L. miguelensis (Arnold)
Trachycardium cf. T. arcumbona (Wiedey) Cardium sp. Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey) Chione cf. C. femandoensis English Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa? Anderson and Martin Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione sp. Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chlamys cf. C. proavus (Arnold) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Corbula sp. Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea sp. Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia cf. D. ponderosa (Schumacher) Dosinia sp. Glycymeris sp. Glycymeris sp. Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lyropecten cf. L. miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
3226 3229
3205 3306
3166 3167 3169 3198
Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold)
Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione sp. Chione temblorensis (Anderson) Chlamys cf. C. proavus (Arnold) Clementia pertenuis (Gabb) Corbula sp. Crassostrea ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea sp. Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) Dosinia (Dosinidia) margaritana Wiedey Dosinia mathewsoni Gabb Dosinia mathewsonii (Gabb) Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia ponderosa Gray Dosinia sp. Glycymeris sp. Glycymeris sp.? Hinnites giganteus (Gray) Leda oschneri Anderson and Martin
3105 3108 3101 3109 3115 3123 3129 3128 3149 3164 3165
3452 3104 3103
Cardium cf. C. arcumbona Wiedey Cardium n.sp. Cardium schencki Wiedey Chione cf. C. femandoensis English Chione latilaminosa? Anderson and Martin
3449
Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S 58N–34N
Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S
Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, 58N–6S
Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 54N–25N
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 27N–4S Genus, 70N–1S; species, Paleocene Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 60N–4S 60N–25N Subgenus, 58N–6S
Genus, 37N–14S N.D. Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 28N–5S
continued
18.49 10.31 10.65
10.31 18.49 10.31
,10 10.65
,10 ,10
,10
,10
,10
,10
11.47
17.88
10.17 17.88
16.15
15.51 15.51 17.49 ,10 17.16 13.94 10.31 10.31 10.31 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.65
13.94 N.D. 13.94 15.51 17.16
Appendix 1 145
3081 3091
3069 3080
3057 3064 3071
Genus, 37N–8N; Eocene species Genus, 37N–8N Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–8N 24N–15N 24N–15N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, if Cancellaria sp., 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bulla cantuanensis Anderson and Martin Calliostoma augustinense Hertlein Calyptraea (Trochita) cf. C. (T.) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria sp.
Gastropoda
Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 57N–25N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 61N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 70N–25N
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 70N–1S 34N–24N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 34N–5S 41N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 72N–2S If Spisula, genus, 57N–5S Genus, 71N–4S
Genus, 58N–27N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus not living Genus, 31N–5S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
Acteon cf. A. quercus Anderson and Hanna Acteon sp. Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper)
Gastropoda
3006 3007 3054
3508
Acteon cf. A. quercus Anderson and Hanna Acteon sp. Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) (? 4 B. geniculata [Conrad]) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bulla cantuaensis Anderson and Martin Calliostoma augustinense Hertlein Calyptraea cf. C. costellata Conrad Calyptraea costellata Conrad Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Cancellaria condoni (Cooper) Cancellaria condoni Anderson Cancellaria dalliana Anderson Cancellaria sp.
Taras harfordi (Anderson) Taras sp. Tellina arctata (Conrad) Tellina cf. T. bodegensis Hind Tellina cf. T. oldroydi Wiedey Tellina nevadensis Anderson Thracia(?) Tivela n.sp. Venus (Chione) securis Shumard Venus (Chione) sp. Venus (Chione) temblorensis Anderson Venus cf. V. conradianus Anderson Venus pertenuis Gabb Zirfaea dentata Gabb?
3179 3180 3426 3423 3429 3428 3441 3447 3106
3114
Chlamys hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27–13 Ma Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Pteria cf. P. hertleini Wiedey Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Tresus sp. Semele sp. Solen cf. S. gravidus Clark Spisula sp.? Diplodonta (Diplodonta) buwaldana Anderson and Martin Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta sp. Macoma arctata (Conrad) Tellina (Peronidia) cf. T. (P.) bodegensis Hinds Tellina cf. T. oldroydi Wiedey Tellina ocoyana Conrad Thracia? sp. Tivela sp. Chione securis (Shumard) Chione sp. Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Zirfaea dentata Gabb
Pecten hertleini Loel and Corey Phacodies richthofeni Gabb Phacoides sanctaecrucis Arnold Pteria cf. P. hertleini Wiedey Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Schizothaerus n.sp. Semele sp. Solen cf. S. gravidus Clark Spisula n.sp. Taras buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Pecten crassicardo Conrad n.var.
Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Pecten (Pseudamusium) lompocensis Arnold
Pecten (Vertipecten) nevadanus Conrad Pecten andersoni Arnold
Panopea sp. Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Panopea sp. Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo Conrad
Taxonomy used in this study
3111 3202 3256 3372 3380 3382 3459 3388 3396 3406 3155
3493
3337
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
N.D. 15.51 10.89 18.49 18.49 18.49 16.98 16.98 16.98 10.97
13.94 13.94 N.D.
,10 ,10 ,10 10.89 ,10 ,10 10.17 13.15 15.51 15.51 17.49 17.16 17.16 ,10
,10 15.51 17.87 15.51 11.03 10.31 10.31 10.31 ,10 10.89 ,10
17.88
N.D. 16.15
17.90
10.65 17.88
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
146 Appendix 1
Chlorostoma (Omphalius) dalli inomatus Arnold
Chlorostoma (Omphalius) dalli subnodosus Arnold Clathrodrilla buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)? Conus cf. hayesi Arnold Conus n.sp Conus owenianus Anderson Crepidula cf. C. aculeata (Gmelin)? Crepidula cf. C. adunca Sowerby Drillia buwaldana Anderson and Martin
3512
3334
Genus, 38N–28N 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 25N–5S 37N–32N Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N
Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Terebra cooperi Anderson Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Turricula? bulwaldana (Anderson and Martin) Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold
Surcula oschneri Anderson and Martin
Tegula dalli Arnold
3392 3434
Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Pleurotoma (Bathytoma) keepi Arnold Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus andersoni Clark Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus callosus (Gabb) Purpura edmondi Arnold Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Strioterebrum cooperi (Anderson) Surcula (Bathytoma) keepi (Arnold) Surcula buwaldana Anderson and Martin
3320 3344
Natica callosa Gabb Natica sp. Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes) Neverita recluziana andersoni (Clark) Ocinebra topangensis Arnold Oliva futheyana Anderson Phos dubleanus Anderson and Hanna
Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) sp. Diodora (Diodora) rixfordi (Hertlein) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Kelletia posoensis (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices sp. Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Ficus ocoyana Conrad Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyanus (Conrad) Ficus sp.? Fissurella rixfordi Hertlein Forreria gabbiana (Anderson) Fusinus hecoxae (Arnold) Kelletia posoensis (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Murex (Ocinebra) topangensis (Arnold) Murex (Ocinebra) edmondi (Arnold) Nassarius antiselli (Anderson and Martin)
3184 3185 3143 3188 3362 3201 3252 3314 3440 3285
3352 3357 3354
Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Drillia ocoyana Anderson and Martin
3048
Turricula cf. T. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Genus, 60N–23N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 38N–south of equator Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California 34N–34S, through Gulf of California 48N–23N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, equator, salt tide pool, mangrove swamp Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 34N–28N Genus not living Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, 25N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S
Drillia cf. D. ochsneri Anderson and Martin
Conus (Lithoconus) cf. C. (L.) hayesi Arnold Conus sp. Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Crepidula cf. C. aculeata (Gmelin) Crepidula cf. C. adunca Sowerby Turricula? buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula? buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli subnodosus Arnold
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli inomatus Arnold
Bittium cf. B. topangensis (Arnold) Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold
3472
3120 3121 3119 3134 3135
3474
Cerithium cf. C. arnoldi Anderson and Martin Chlorostoma (Omphalius) dalli Arnold
3049 3417
continued
15.51
11.38
17.88 13.94 15.51 13.15 11.38
13.53
13.15 13.53 13.53
13.53 ,10 13.53 13.53 10.60 17.88 16.98
17.88 17.88 17.88 10.31 15.51 N.D. 15.51 13.15 10.60 17.88 13.54
20.71
11.38
17.16 13.15 13.15 15.51 12.64 11.38
11.38
15.51
15.51
10.31 15.51
Appendix 1 147
Thais sp. Trophon (Forreria) bartoni Arnold Trophon cf. T. (Forreria) gabbianum cancellaroides Arnold Trophosycon kernianum Cooper Trophosycon sp. Turbo topangensis Arnold Turricula wilsoni (Anderson and Martin)
3312 3463
Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Voluta sp. Zonaria (Zonaria) emmakingae Groves Other taxa
Urosalpinx dumblei (Anderson)
Voluta sp. Zonaria (Zonaria) emmakingae Groves
Other taxa
3036 3486 3491 3487
3041 3034
3513
Foraminiferida (Johnson, 1959, p. 30). Microfossils (Stanley et al., 1996, M18–M24). Desmostylus sp. (Mitchell and Repenning, 1963)
Taxa not considered
Vermetus (Vermetus, s.l.) careyi (Wiedey) (Annelida) Balanus sp. (Arthropoda) Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond) (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis cf. A. brewerianus (Re´mond) Astrodapsis sp. a Echinarachnius andersoni (Twitchell) Echinarachnius kewi Grant and Eaton Echinarachnius norrisi Pack Vaquerosella kewi (Grant and Eaton)
Turritella sp. Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam
Turritella sp. Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella topangensis Richards
3484
3496 3515
Turritella ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam
Turritella ocoyana topangaensis Merriam
3482
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Astrodapsis cf. A. brewerianus (Re´mond) Astrodapsis sp. Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Vaquerosella kewi (Grant and Eaton) Vaquerosella coreyi Durham? Vaquerosella kewi (Grant and Eaton)
Balanus sp. Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond)
Genus, 49N, through 31N–23N in Gulf of California Intertidal Genus not living
N.D. Subgenus, 26N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidally under rocks
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 59N–19N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
Vermetus (Vermetus s.l.) coreyi (Wiedey)
Turritella sp. Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella n.sp. Turritella ocoyana Conrad s.s.
3483 3481
Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella cf. T. inezana hoffmannii Gabb?
Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella cf. T. inezana hoffmannii Gabb
Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) sp. Turbo topangensis Arnold Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Terebra sp. (collared) Terebra sp. (short) Ocenebra cf. O. trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Ocenebra sp. Trophon (Austrotrophon) bartoni Arnold Forreria cf. C. cancellaroides (Arnold)
Taxonomy used in this study
3477 3478
3514
3313
Terebra n.sp. (collared) Terebra n.sp. (short) Thais cf. T. trophonoides Anderson and Martin
3435
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D.
11.81
N.D. 17.87
16.98
13.94 13.94 19.06
19.06
13.94 19.06
13.94 17.88
17.88 17.88 17.16 11.38
10.60 17.16 15.51
15.51 15.51 10.60
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
148 Appendix 1
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold)
Anadara aff. A. osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Cunearca) cf. A. (C.) rivulata (Wiedey) Anadara (Scapharca?) cf. A. (S.?) obispoana (Conrad) Anodontia (Pegophysema) cf. A. (P.) edentuloides (Verrill) Anomia? sp. Arca (Anadara) devincta montereyana Osmont Arca (Anadara) obispoana Conrad
3020
3019
3025
3454
3455
3029 3037 3052 3015 3453 3451
3028
3343
3386
3385
3017
Arca (Anadara) osmonti Dall Arca n.sp. (small) Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Brachiodontes n.sp. Callista (Amiantis) diabloensis Anderson Cardium (Trachycardium) n.sp. (medium) Cardium (Trachycardium) quadragenarium Conrad Cardium (Trachycardium) woodringi Loel and Corey Cardium cf. C. vaquerosensis Arnold Cardium n.sp. B
Aequipecten cf. A. sancti-ludovici (Anderson and Martin) Amiantis cf. A. callosa (Conrad) Amiantis cf. A. callosa (Conrad)? Amiantis n.sp.? Amiantis? sp. Amussiopecten cf. A. vanvlecki (Arnold)
3110
3014
Aequipecten andersoni (Arnold)
Bivalvia
English (1926, p. 26) (Topanga Formation). Loel and Corey (1932, p. 167–174) (Santa Ana, Temblor horizon). Vedder and Moore (1976, p. 110, p. 123), and Susuki and Stadum (1978, p. 5) (middle Miocene [Relizian Age], San Clemente Island). Vedder et al. (1979, p. 253) (middle Miocene rocks, Santa Catalina Island). Woodring et al (1946, p. 27), and Obradovich and Naeser (1981, p. 91) (lower and middle Altamira Shale submembers of the Monterey Formation, [Luisian Stage]). Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D93–D96) (Topanga Formation). Smith (1960, p. 466, Table 3 [Relizian Age]; p. 470, Table 4 [Luisian Age] [Topanga Formation and Monterey Shale, respectively]). Addicott (1970a, p. 131)
3329
;348–338 WSA
Bivalvia
Trachycardium cf. T. vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium sp.
Anadara (Anadara) aff. A. (A.) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) osmonti (Dall) Scapharca (Cunearca) cf. S. (C.) rivulata (Wiedey) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) cf. S.? (S.?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Pegophysema (Pegophysema) cf. P. edentuloides (Verrill) Anomia? sp. Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Arca? sp. Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Brachiodontes sp. Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson) Trachycardium sp. Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium woodringi (Loel and Corey)
Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Chlamys cf. C. sanctiludovici (Anderson and Martin) 13–8 Ma Amiantis cf. A. callosa (Conrad) Amiantis cf. A. callosa (Conrad)? Amiantis sp. Amiantis? sp. Amussiopecten cf. A. vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S
Genus, 37N–14S
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 37N–14S 37N–27N
Genus, 37N–south of equator Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
30N–28N
Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
34N–25N 34N–25N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N Genus not living
Genus, 70N–1S
Genus, 31N–5S
continued
13.94 13.94
13.94
16.78 17.16 15.51 15.51 13.53 13.94 13.94
13.94 16.78 16.45
16.45
16.45
16.78 16.78 16.78
17.90
15.51 15.51 13.53 13.53 N.D.
,10
16.15
Appendix 1 149
Chione (Chionopsis) cf. C. (C.) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson)? Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. mariea (d’Orbigny)
3101
3111
Diplodonta buwaldana Anderson and Martin
Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Divaricella cf. D. ebrunea (Reeve)
Dosinia aff. D. ponderosa (Gray) Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami Clark Dosinia (Dosinia) whitneyi (Gabb) Dosinia cf. D. margaritana Wiedey Dosinia ponderosa Gray Eucrassatella n.sp.? Fellaniella cf. F. harfordi (Anderson)
Gari edentula (Gabb) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) aff. G. (G.) maculata (Broderip) Glycymeris branneri Arnold? Glycymeris cf. G. whaleyi Nicol
3155
3179 3160
3167 3166 3170 3164
3189 3194
3195 3196
3176
Cryptomya? sp. Cyclocardia? sp. Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Trask)
3142 3144 3148
3271
3374
3410
3123 3124 3409
Clementia (Egesta) cf. C. (E.) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Corbula (Caryocorbula) cf. C. (C.) luteola Cooper Corbula sp. Crassinella cf. C. mexicana Pilsbry and Lowe Crassostrea cf. C. freudenbergi (Hertlein and Jordan) Crassostrea cf. C. titan subtitan (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea eldridgei ynezana (Loel and Corey)? Crenomytilus cf. C. expansus (Arnold)?
Chlamys cf. C. hertleini (Loel and Corey)
3228
3115 3122
Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione temblorensis (Anderson) Chlamys (Lyropecten) crassicardo (Conrad)
3103
3102
Chione cf. C. succincta (Valenciennes)
3099
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Pycnodonte (Pycnodente) ynezana (Loel and Corey) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) expansus Arnold Cryptomya? sp. Cyclocardia? sp. Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Gabb) 32–13 Ma Diplodonta (Diplodonta) buwaldana Anderson and Martin Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Divalinga (Divalinga) cf. D. (D.) ebrunea (Reeve) Dosinia aff. D. ponderosa (Schumacher) Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia whitneyi (Gabb) Dosinia cf. D. margaritana Wiedey Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) Eucrassatella sp. Felaniella (Felaniella) cf. F. (F.) harfordi (Anderson) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) aff. G. (G.) maculata (Broderip) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) branneri Arnold? Glycymeris (Glycymeris?) cf. G. (G.?) whaleyi Nicol
Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey)
Corbula sp. Crassinella cf. C. pacifica (C. B. Adams) Striostrea? freudenbergi (Hertlein and Jordan)
Chlamys cf. C. hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27– 13 Ma Clementia (Egesta) cf. C. (E.) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Juliacorbula cf. J. luteola (Carpenter)
Chione (Chione) cf. C. (C.) californiensis (Broderip) Chione (Chionopsis) cf. C. (C.) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. (L.) mariea (d’Orbigny) Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. (L.) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Subgenus, 31N–4S Subgenus, 31N–4S
34N–25N 25N–5S, northern part of Gulf of California
28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 28N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 37N–4S
Genus, 71N–4S 25N–5S
Genus, 71N–4S
Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 60N–6S Genus, 71N–9N Genus, 60N–27N
Genus not living
Genus, 24N–4S
Genus, 37N–14S 34N–1S Genus, 24N–4S
Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 37N–23N
17.49 17.88
Subgenus, 27N–4S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 70N–1S
16.15 16.15
15.51 17.88
17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 15.51 13.94
,10 17.88
,10
10.31 ,10 10.31
,10
N.D.
18.49
13.94 15.51 18.49
17.16 17.16 13.94
,10
17.16
17.49 17.16
Subgenus, 27N–4S 28N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S
17.49
13.94
Effective Temp. (8C)
Subgenus, 27N–4S
37N–10N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
150 Appendix 1
3347 3364
3226
Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Here (Here) cf. H. (H.) excavata (Carpenter) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Pododesmus sp. Protothaca (Leukoma) aff. P. (L.) asperrima (Sowerby)
Pecten bowersi Arnold Phacoides (Here) richthofeni Gabb Phacoides (Lucinoma) acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Phacoides cf. P. richthofeni (Gabb) Phacoides sanataecrucis Arnold Pododesmus n.sp. Protothaca (Leucoma?) n.sp. aff. P. (L.?) asperrima (Sowerby)
Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni Arnold
3493
Crassadoma cf. C. gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten (Pseudamusium) lompocensis Arnold
Pecten (Hinnites) cf. P. (H.) giganteus (Conrad) Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo Conrad n. var.
3205
Mytilus sp. Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) howelli (Wiedey) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Panopea cf. P. estrellana (Conrad) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Megapitaria aff. M. squalida (Sowerby) Mactra? cf. M. montereyana Arnold Leporimetis cf. L. obesa (Deshayes) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Mytilus sp. Ostrea eldridgei Arnold Ostrea howelli Wiedey? Ostrea titan Conrad Panope cf. P. estrellana (Conrad) Panope cf. P. generosa (Gould) Panopea cf. P. generosa (Gould) Pecten (Amussiopecten) lompocensis Arnold
Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma secta (Conrad) Macrocallista cf. M. maculata (Linnaeus) Macrocallista (Megapitaria) aff. M. (M.) squalida (Sowerby) Macrocallista aff. M. squalida (Sowerby) Mactra? cf. M. montereyana Arnold Metis cf. M. alta Conrad Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Miltha sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Mytilus expansus Arnold
Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Megapitaria cf. M. squalida (Sowerby) Megapitaria aff. M. squalida (Sowerby)
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)?
Lima cf. L. dehiscens Conrad Lucinorna cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve)? Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)
Leptopecten cf. L. discus (Conrad)
Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold)
Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold)?
Glycymeris (Tucetona) n.sp. aff. G. (T.) multicostata (Sowerby) Here (Here) cf. H. (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Hiatella? sp. Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten cf. P. andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Limaria cf. L. hemphilli (Hertlein and Strong) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Glycymeris (Tucetona) n.sp. aff. G. (T.) multicostata (Sowerby) Here cf. H. excavata Carpenter Here excavata Carpenter Hiatella? sp Leda ochsneri Anderson
3278 3275 3376 3127 3336 3333
3244 3186 3256
3231 3232 3248
3220 3227
3202 3204 3306
3197
Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus not living 34N–24N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 26N–25N 34N–24N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 71N–4S Gulf of California–5S
31N–4S Genus, 37N–1S 35N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 58N–27N 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean 60N–25N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus, 31N–5S
37N–9N; intertidal to 100 m 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 60N–27N 54N–25N 31N–4S 31N–4S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
continued
N.D. 15.51 10.17 17.87 15.51 17.87 ,10 16.98
17.90
N.D. 16.15
10.31 17.88
,10 N.D. N.D. 10.31 10.65 10.65 10.65 17.90
16.15 13.94 13.53 17.87 17.87 ,10
10.31 11.47 16.15 16.15
17.88
13.94 10.17 10.17 17.88
16.15
16.15
16.15
15.51 15.51 ,10 10.65
34N–24N 34N–24N Genus, 71N–10N Subgenus, 58N–6S Genus, 31N–5S
16.98
31N in Gulf of California–3S
Appendix 1 151
Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall? Tellina ocoyana Conrad Teredo sp. Tivela (Tivela) cf. T. (T.) delesserti Deshayes Trachycardium aff. T. consors (Sowerby) Trachycardium (Acrosterigma) cf. T. (A.) vaquerosensis (Arnold) Trachycardium aff. T. quadragenarium (Conrad)
3424
Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Zirfaea dentata Gabb Gastropoda
Venus pertenuis Gabb Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) Zirfaea dentata Gabb?
Gastropoda
3508
3002 3003 3010 3018 3021 3344
Acmaea cf. A. scabra (Gould) Acmaea? sp. Algadrilla? sp. Amphissa sp. Anachis (Costoanachis) sp. Antillophos posunculensis (Anderson and Martin)
Trigoniocardia cf. T. haitensis (Sowerby)
Trigoniocardia cf. T. haitensis (Sowerby)
Collisella cf. C. scabra (Gould) Acmaea? sp. Algadrilla? sp. Amphissa sp. Anachis (Costoanachis) sp. Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin)
Nutricola cf. N. tantilla (Gould) Tresus sp. Trigoniocardia aff. T. antillarum (d’Orbigny)
3461
3456
3450
3457 3459 3460
Trachycardium (Dallocardia) aff. T. (D.) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) cf. T. (D.) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) cf. T. (D.) senticosum (Sowerby) Trachycardium cf. T. vaquerosense (Arnold) Nutricola? joaquinensis (Anderson and Martin)
Protothaca? cf. P. staminea (Conrad) Leperometis obesa (Dehayes) Pteria jordani Wiedey Nuculana (Saccella) sp. Saxidomus aff. S. vaquerosensis Arnold Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Semele sp. Solen curtis Conrad Solen gravidus Clark Solen sp. Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Spisula sp.? Tagelus cf. T. clarki Loel and Corey Macoma cf. M. piercei Arnold (Tellina of authors) Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Tellina ocoyana Conrad Teredo sp. Tivela (Tivela) cf. T. (T.) delesserti Deshayes Trachycardium aff. T. consors (Sowerby) Trachycardium cf. T. vaquerosense (Arnold)
Taxonomy used in this study
Trachycardium (Dallocardia) cf. T. (D.) quadrigenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) senticosum (Sowerby) Trachycardium cf. T. vaquerosensis (Arnold) Transennella (?) joaquinensis Anderson and Martin? Transennella cf. T. tantilla (Gould) Tresus sp. Trigoniocardia aff. T. antillarum (D’Orbigny)
3428 3438 3443 3448
3406 3415 3422
3382 3388 3395 3396 3398 3402 3399
Protothaca? cf. P. staminea (Conrad) Psammotreata obesa (Deshayes) Pteria jordani Wiedey? Saccella sp. Saxidomus aff. S. vaquerosensis Arnold Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Semele? sp. Solen curtis Conrad Solen gravidus Clark? Solen sp. Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula cf. S. catilliformis Conrad Spisula cf. S. catillifornis Conrad? Spisula sp.? Tagelus cf. T. clarki Loel and Corey Tellina (Olcesia) cf. (O.) piercei (Arnold)
3367 3218 3373 3307
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
48N–23N Genus, 72N–16N Genus, Gulf of California–5S Genus, 58N–28N Subgenus, 25N–5S, in Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
12.64 ,10 16.98 10.65 17.88 16.98
17.16 N.D. ,10
21.14
10.17 10.31 21.14
13.94 10.17
Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 61N–1S 61N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 30N–4S east. Pacific; species Caribbean, 24N–15N Genus, 30N–4S east. Pacific; species Caribbean, 24N–15N Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus not living Genus, 70N–25N
18.49
13.94
13.94
15.51 15.51 ,10 11.81 17.88 16.15 13.94
10.17 13.53 15.51 10.65 10.31 10.31 10.31 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 13.15 13.15 N.D. 12.84 ,10
Effective Temp. (8C)
24N–5S
37N–27N
37N–27N
34N–33N 34N–33N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 50N–23N 27N in Gulf of California–8N 31N–1S Genus, 37N–14S
61N–23N 35N–25N Genus, 34N–5S Subgenus, 58N–6S Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N 38N–28N N.D. Genus, 43N–43S Genus, 71N–4S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
152 Appendix 1
Clavatula cf. C. labiata Gabb
Conus cf. C. fergusoni Sowerby Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus (Lithoconus) cf. C. (L.) hayesi Arnold Conus (Lithoconus) cf. C. (L.) regularis Sowerby Conus owenianus Anderson Conus haysei Arnold Conus oweniana Anderson Crassispira sp. Crepidula praerupta Conrad? Crepidula cf. C. praerupta Conrad Crucibulm aff. C. spinosum (Sowerby)
Crucibulum? cf. C. imbricatum (Sowerby)
Crucibulum sp.
Diodora aff. D. aspera (“Eschscholtz” Rathke) Ficus (Trophosycon) cf. F. (T.) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyanus (Conrad) Fissurella rixfordi Hertlein
3473
3120 3119
3139
3140
3154
3184 3153
3138
3126 3132
3417
Cancellaria dalliana condoni (Anderson) Cancellaria n.sp.? A Cerithiopsis n.sp. aff. C. carpenteri Bartsch Cerithium topangensis Arnold Chlorostoma dalli Arnold
Architectonica compressa Wiedey Astraea topangensis Arnold Barleeia? cf. B. orcutti Bartsch Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) Bruclarkia cf. B. barkeriana (Cooper) Bulla cf. B. cantuanensis Anderson Calliostoma splendens (Cooper) diabloensis Clark Calliostoma cf. C. supragranosum Carpenter Calyptraea (Calyptraea) inomata (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb)? Calyptraea costellata (Conrad) Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb)? Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) cassidiformis Sowerby Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) condoni (Anderson) Cancellaria (Pyruclia) C. (P.) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria cf. C. condoni Anderson
3080 3091 3097
3088
3078
3066 3072 3069 3071
3057 3065
3030 3514 3047 3049 3054
Diodora fontainiana (d’Orbigny) Ficus (Trophosycon) cf. F. (T.) kemiana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Diodora (Diodora) rixfordi (Hertlein) (Addicott, 1970a, p. 40)
Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus (Lithoconus) hayesi Arnold Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Crassispira sp. Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula cf. C. rostralis (Conrad) Crucibulum (Crucibulum) aff. C. (C.) spinosum (Sowerby) Crucibulum (Crucibulum) cf. C. (C.) scutellatum (Wood) Crucibulum (Crucibulum) sp.
Conus (Lithoconus) cf. C. (L.) hayesi Arnold Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus (Lithoconus) cf. C. (L.) hayesi Arnold Conus (Lithoconus) cf. C. (L.) hayesi Arnold
Turricula cf. T. piercei (Arnold)
Calliostoma cf. C. supragranosum Carpenter Calyptraea inomata (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb)? Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) cassidiformis Sowerby Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Pyruclia) cf. C. (P.) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria sp.? A Cerithiopsis n.sp. aff. C. carpenteri Bartsch Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold
Architectonica compressa Wiedey Turbo topangensis Arnold Barleeia? cf. B. orcutti Bartsch Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia cf. B. barkeriana (Cooper) Bulla cf. B. cantuanensis Anderson and Martin Calliostoma carsoni Addicott
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–4S
Subgenus, 28N–Chile, through Gulf of California 60N–24N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
28N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 42N–Chile
continued
17.88 10.31
10.31 17.88
17.16
17.16
13.15 17.16 13.15 13.94 ,10 ,10 13.53
17.16 13.15 17.16 17.16
11.38
16.98 10.97 15.51 10.31 15.51
16.98
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California 34N–33N Genus, 60N–23N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California
16.98
16.98
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water
16.98
13.94 10.97 18.49 18.49 18.49 10.97 16.98
17.88 17.16 17.88 10.31 N.D. N.D. 15.51 10.89
Gulf of California–5S
37N–26N Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–Chile 24N–15N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S 25N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–8N
Appendix 1 153
Murex (Chicoreus) n.sp.? Murex cf. M. wilkesanus (Anderson) Nassa aff. N. arnoldi Anderson
Nassa aff. N. cooperi Forbes
Nassarius (Catilon?) cf. N. (C.?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon?) cf. N. (C.) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Phrontis) cf. N. (P.) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius n.sp.? Neverita callosa Conrad Neverita (Glossaulax) reclusiana (Deshayes) Neverita (Glossaulax) reclusiana (Deshayes)? Neverita? cf. N. reclusiana (Deshayes)
3260 3510
3314 3284
3286
3285
3383 3384 3392
3440 3094
3323
3320
3287 3352 3354
3280
Polinices recluzianus andersoni Clark? Polinices recluzianus Deshayes Purpura edmondi Arnold Purpura cf. P. foliata Martyn Purpura topangensis (Arnold) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander sp. Sigaretus perrini Arnold Sinum scopulosum (Conrad)
Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocinebra topangensis Arnold Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Oliva californica Anderson Olivella pedroana (Conrad)? Phos dumbleanus Anderson
Ocenebra cf. O. wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra cf. O. wilkesana (Anderson) Nassarius (Catilon) aff. N. (C.) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Demondia) aff. N. (D.) cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius (Catilon?) cf. N. (C.?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) cf. N. (C.) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius sp.? Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) cf. P. (N.) recluzianus (Deshayes) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Ceratostoma aff. C. foliatum (Gmelin) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander sp. Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad)
Mitrella (Columbellopsis) aff. M. (C.) tuberosa (Carpenter) Mitrella sp. Modulus? n.sp.
3250 3255 3258
Hipponix cf. H. pilosus (Deshayes) Homalopoma? sp. Knefastia cf. K. funiculata (Valenciennes) Knefastia sp. Lacuna? sp. Macron merriami Arnold (1907a, p.529) Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Mediargo cf. M. mathewsoni (Gabb) Megathura sp. (or Terebra) Mitrella (Columbellopsis) cf. M. (C.) alta Addicott Mitrella (Columbellopsis) aff. M. (C.) alta Addicott Mitrella sp. Modulus? sp.
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy used in this study
Hipponix cf. H. barbatus Sowerby Homalopoma? sp. Knefastia cf. K. funiculata (Valenciennes) Knefastia sp. Lacuna? sp. Macron merriami Arnold Mangelia (Notocytherella) kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Mediargo? cf. M. mathewsoni (Gabb) Megathura sp. Mitrella cf. M. tuberosa (Carpenter)
3206 3207 3214 3216 3217 3240 3296
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 25N–5S 57N–33N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N–5S Genus, 25N–5S 37N–32N 37N–32N
Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 55N–23N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Genus, 55N–5S Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California
13.53 13.53 17.88 10.89 10.60 17.88 17.88 13.94 13.94
10.60 10.60 10.60 17.88 17.88 11.38 16.98
11.38 13.53 13.53 13.53 13.53
18.49
13.54
Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
13.54
12.64
10.60 10.60 13.54
,10 16.98
,10
13.15 13.94 ,10
16.98 10.89 18.49 17.16 ,10 17.88 17.88
Effective Temp. (8C)
48N–33N; species ranges in age from Pliocene to Holocene Subgenus, 39N–5S
Genus, 70N–5N Genus, Gulf of California–3S; 35N–15N, Atlantic Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, 39N–5S
Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus Mediterranean
Genus not living, species Eocene Genus, 37N–28N Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus Mediterranean
Gulf of California–3S Genus, 57N–8N 24N–15N Genus, 28N–3S Genus, 64N–19N Genus, 25N, rare in Gulf of California Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
154 Appendix 1
Trophon sp. Trophon? sp. Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Turbo topangensis Arnold Hormospira cf. H. maculosa (Sowerby) Turricula cf. T. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Turricula cf. T. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula cf. T. wilsoni (Anderson and Martin)
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana wittichi (Hertlein and Jordan)
Discinisca n.sp. (Brachiopoda) Discinisca cumingi (Broderip)? Lingula sp. Balanus sp. (Arthropoda) Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) (Echinodermata) Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Scutella merriami (Anderson) Scutella norrisi Pack
3159 3157 3192 3041 3490 3486 3489
Other taxa
Discinisca sp. Discinisca cumingii (Broderip) Glottidia sp. Balanus sp. Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) or V. coreyi Durham Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) or V. coreyi Durham
Vermetus cf. V. coreyi (Wiedey)
Other taxa
Serpula cf. careyi Wiedey (Annelida)
Dentallium conrada Dall
Scaphopoda
Scaphopoda
Dentalium conradi Dall
Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Vermetus (Thylaeodus) sp.
Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella variata Conrad Vermetus (Thylaeodus) n.sp.
3513
3150
3492
3484
Turritella ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam
Turritella cf. T. ocoyana topangensis Merriam
3482
Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turris keepi (Arnold) Turritella ocoyana Conrad
3252 3481
Turricula? sp.
Turricula? sp.
Tegula sp. Terebra cf. T. lepta Woodring Terebra cf. T. wolfgangi Toula Terebra cooperi Anderson Thais (Thaisella) cf. T. (T.) edmondi (Arnold) Unknown taxon; no author of species given Tritonalia sp.? Tritonalia? sp. Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis (Bom) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kemensis Anderson
Strombina carlosensis Durham Strombus cf. S. gatunensis Toula Tegula (Chlorostoma) cf. T. (C.) dalli Arnold
Strombina carlosensis Durham? Strombus cf. S. gatunensis Toula Tegula (Chlorostoma) n.sp. aff. T. (C.) danvillensis Clark Tegula sp. Terebra (Paraterebra) cf. T. (P.) lepta Woodring Terebra (Strioterebrum) cf. T. wolfgangi Toula Terebra (Terebra) cooperi (Anderson) Thais (Thaisella) cf. T. (T.) edmondi Arnold Thais vaquerosensis Tritonalia n.sp.? Tritonalia? sp. Trochita costellata Conrad Trochita cf. T. inornata Gabb Trochita trochiformis (Bom) Trophon (Austrotrophon) cf. T. (A.) kemensis Anderson? Trophon n.sp. Trophon? Trophon kernensis Anderson Trophosycon cf. T. kernianum (Cooper) Turbo topangensis Arnold Turricula cf. T. maculosa (Sowerby) Turricula cf. T. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
3475
3208 3472
3465
3212 3404
3462
3421 3432 3433 3434
3411 3413
Genus, 49N, through 31N–23N in Gulf of California Genus, 34N–Chile 34N–Chile Genus, 37N–18N Intertidal Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 57N–3N
Genus, 72N–17N Genus, 72N–17N Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S Gulf of California–3S Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 49N, through 31N–23N in Gulf of California
Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Subgenus, 25N–5S N.D. Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N 24N–15N Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Chile north to 1S Subgenus, 28N–5S
continued
15.51 15.51 13.94 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
11.81
10.89
13.94 13.94 11.81
19.06
19.06
13.15 19.06
11.38
11.38
,10 ,10 17.16 17.88 17.16 16.98 11.38
10.89 15.51 15.51 15.51 17.88 N.D. 10.60 10.60 18.49 10.97 9.22 17.16
17.16 16.98 15.51
Appendix 1 155
3213
3055 3300
3277 3245 3501
;438–428 ESA
Kewia blancoensis (Kew)
Other taxa
Kewia blancoensis (Kew) (Echinodermata)
Other taxa
Gastropoda Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Nucella sp.
Gastropoda
Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Nucella sp.
Mytilus (Plicatomytilus) Grewingk Mactra or Spisula sp. Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cooperii Gabb
Bivalvia
Conus sp. Polinices (Neverita) sp. Terebra sp. Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Mytilus middendorffi Grewingk Mactra (Spisula) sp. Yoldia cooperi Gabb
Bivalvia
Durham (1953, p. 1504–1505) (Miocene rocks)
East of San Andreas fault (ESA)
Vertebrata listed by Minch et al. (1970, p. 3152)
Taxa not considered
Conus sp. Neverita sp. Terebra (Strioterebrum) n.sp. Turritella ocoyana Conrad
3121 3355 3435 3481
Cancellaria sp.
Gastropoda
Cancellaria sp.
Gastropoda
Bivalvia Anadara (Anadara) topangaensis Reinhart Chione (Chionopsis) sp. Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Clementia? sp. Divalinga? sp. Lucina (Lucinisca) sp. Lyropecten aff. L. crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Anadara topangensis Reinhart Chione (Chionopsis) sp. Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Clementia? sp. Divalinga? sp. Lucinisca sp. Lyropecten aff. L. crassicardo (Conrad) pinnid
Bivalvia
Minch et al. (1970, p. 3152) (“middle Miocene [Temblor] age”)
3091
3026 3100 3101 3116 3161 3225 3228
;338–328 WSA
Foraminiferida (Smith, 1960; Schoellhamer et al., 1981, p. D97). Relizian-Luisian Foraminiferida (Vedder and Moore, 1976, p. 110) rocks, Santa Catalina Island). Obradovich and Naeser (1981) (Monterey Formation, microfaunal correlations) Coral n.sp. (Cnidaria) Paleopardoxia tabatai? (desmostylid tooth) (Vertebrata, Cetacean)
Taxa not considered
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus not living (Oligocene–Miocene)
Genus not living Genus, 66N–3S
Genus, 72N–19N N.D. 40N–28N
Genus, if Cancellaria sp., 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 38N–south of equator Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 27N–4S Genus, 28N–0 Genus, 26N–5S Subgenus, 37N–5S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
N.D.
N.D. ,10
,10 N.D. 13.36
13.15 13.53 15.51 19.06
10.97
16.78 17.49 17.49 17.16 17.87 13.94 17.88
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
156 Appendix 1
Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Portlandia temblorensis (Anderson and Martin)
3504
Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Solena gravida (Clark) Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula catilliformis Conrad Spisula selbyensis Packard Taras buwaldanus (Anderson and Martin)
Tellina nevadensis (Anderson and Martin) Tellina arctata Conrad Thracia trapezoides Conrad Trychycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad)
3306
3382 3396 3402 3399 3405 3155
3428
3442 3451
3503
Portlandia newcombi (Anderson and Martin) Portlandia cooperi Gabb supramontereyensis Arnold Saccella oschneri (Anderson)
3024 3101 3103
3115 3358 3226 3426 3231 3345 3375 3137 3332 3333 3336 3493 3329
Bivalvia
Weaver (1949, p. 76–77, excluding locality 2180) [Monterey Group and Monterey Shale]). Addicott (1970a, p. 118) (Sobrante Sandstone)
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D N.D.
Anadara devincta Conrad Anadara osmonti (Dall) Anadara devincta var. montereyana (Osmont) Anadara montereyana (Osmont) Chione temblorensis Anderson Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Corbicula dumblei Anderson Lucina acutilineata Conrad Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Marcia oregonensis (Conrad) Ostrea eldridgei (Arnold) Ostrea titan Conrad, n. subsp. Pandora scapha Gabb Panope generosa Gould Panope cf. P. estrellana Conrad Pecten (Vertipecten) bowersi Arnold Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni Arnold
3023 3025
;39–388 ESA
;408–398 ESA
;418–408 ESA
;428–418 ESA
N.D.
N.D.
Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Solen gravidus Clark Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris selbyensis (Packard) Diplodonta (Diplodonta) buwaldana Anderson and Martin Tellina ocoyana Conrad Macoma arctata (Conrad) Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad)
Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Pandora scapha Gabb Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Panopea cf. P. estrellana (Conrad) Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Yoldia (Yoldia?) temblorensis Anderson and Martin Unknown taxon Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold
Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 71N–4S 57N–28N 37N–27N
Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S
Subgenus, 58N–6S
N.D. Subgenus, 40N–28N
Genus, 37N–18S Subgenus, 71N–40N
Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 71N–4S 60N–27N Genus, 37N–18S Genus not living Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–4S; species, Paleocene 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N Genus not living Genus, 31N–5S
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 28N–5S
N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D.
Bivalvia
N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D.
continued
,10 ,10 10.89 13.94
10.31 ,10 ,10 13.15 ,10 ,10
10.65
N.D. 13.36
13.94 ,10
16.15
17.16 19.21 10.17 ,10 10.31 13.94 N.D. 10.31 10.31 10.65 10.65
16.78 16.78 16.78 16.78 17.49 17.16
N.D.
N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D.
Appendix 1 157
Clathrodrillia temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Crepidula praerupta Conrad Crepidula princeps (Conrad) Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyana (Conrad) Fissurella rixfordi Hertlein
Fusinus stanfordensis (Arnold) Nassarius antiselli (Anderson and Martin)
3327
3132 3136 3184 3153
3385
Clark (1918, p. 82) (San Lorenzo Series). Huey (1948, p. 39) (Oursan? sandstone). Lutz (1951, p. 379) (“Sobrante” Formation and Sobrante Sandstone). Crittenden (1951, p. 36) (Temblor Formation). Robinson (1956), and Hall (1958, p. 16, Sobrante Sandstone; p. 17, Claremont Shale; p. 18–19, Oursan Sandstone; p. 19, Tice Shale; p. 20, Hambre Sandstone)
;388–378 ESA
Anadara devincta (Conrad) Anadara devincta montereyana (Osmont) Anadara obispoana (Conrad)
Anadara osmonti (Dall)
3023 3024 3386
3025
Bivalvia
Terebra cooperi Anderson Thais trophonoides Anderson and Martin Trophon kernensis Anderson Trophon (Forreria) gabbianum Anderson Turris keepi (Arnold)
3434 3313 3464 3188 3252
3383 3392 3417
Nassarius arnoldi (Anderson) Oliva californica Anderson Polinices recluziana (Deshayes) Pyramidella (Eulimella) gabbiana Anderson and Martin Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold
3384 3320 3354 3177
3086
Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall)
Bivalvia
Terebra cooperi Anderson Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold)
Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Barkeria) sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula princeps Conrad Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Diodora (Diodora) rixfordi (Hertlein) (Addicott, 1970a, p. 40) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin)
Gastropoda
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornate (Gabb) Cancellaria dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Barkeria) sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria nevadensis Anderson and Martin
Zirfaea dentata Gabb?
Gastropoda
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy used in this study
Zirfaea dentata Gabb
3054 3069 3072 3081 3074
3508
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 25N–5S 37N–32N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 38N–28N
Subgenus, 39N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 39N–5S
Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–4S
Genus, 48N–23N
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Genus not living Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 70N–25N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
16.78
16.78 16.78 16.45
15.51 10.60 17.16 15.51 13.15
17.88 13.94 15.51
13.54 17.88 13.53 19.21
17.88 13.54
,10 ,10 17.88 10.31
12.64
16.98
N.D. 18.49 10.97 16.98 10.97
,10
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
158 Appendix 1
Ostrea n.sp. Ostrea sp. Pandora scapha Gabb Panope generosa (Gould) Patinopecten cf. P. propatulus (Conrad)
Pecten (Aequipecten) andersoni Arnold
Pecten (Chlamys) sp. Pecten (Patinopecten) haywardensis Lutz Pecten (Pseudamusium) peckhami Gabb Pecten (Vertipecten) nevadanus Conrad Pecten haywardensis calaverasensis Hall
3328 3332 3333 3339
3329
3113 3341 3149 3493 3340
Pecten propatulus Conrad
Nucella? sp. Nuculana chehalisensis (Weaver) Nuculana impressa (Conrad) Nuculana n.sp. Nuculana oschneri (Anderson and Martin)
3300 3305 3222 3309 3306
3226
3193 3219
3168 3162 3166
3426 3237 3242 3117 3269 3275 3277 3278 3274
Anadara montereyana (Osmont) Axinopsis? sp Cardium sp. Cerastoderma sp. Chione n.sp. Chione semplicata Nomland Chione sp. cf. C. panzana Anderson and Martin Chione sp. cf. C. temblorensis Anderson
Chione temblorensis (Anderson) Compsomyax? Cryptomya sp. Dosinia (Dosinidia) whitneyi (Gabb) Dosinia cf. D. margaritana projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia cf. D. sobrantensis Lutz Dosinia longidens Grant and Gale Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia sobrantensis Lutz Glycymeris coalingensis (Arnold) Lima sp. Lucina (Lucinoma) acutilineata Conrad Lucinoma acutilineatus (Conrad) Lucinoma cf. L. acutilineata (Conrad) Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma sespeensis Loel and Corey Mactra beali Hall and Ambrose Marcia angustifrons (Conrad) Myadesma pacifica Hall and Ambrose Mytilus edulis Linnaeus Mytilus middendorffi Grewingk Mytilus sp. Mytilus sp. cf. M. perrini Clark
3101 3118 3142 3170 3163
3038 3093 3092 3108 3107 3105 Subgenus, 27N–4S
Chione (Chionopsis) cf. C. (C.) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Compsomyax? sp. Cryptomya sp. Dosinia whitneyi (Gabb) Dosinia cf. D. margaritana projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia cf. D. sobrantensis Lutz Dosinia longidens Grant and Gale Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia sobrantensis Lutz Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Lima sp. Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma cf. L. acutilineata (Conrad) Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma sespeensis Loel and Corey Mactra beali Hall and Ambrose Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad) Myadesma pacifica Hall and Ambrose Mytilus tossulus Gould (Coan et al., 2000) Mytilus (Plicatomytilus) middendorffi Grewingk Mytilus sp. Mytilus (Crenomytilus?) sp. cf. M. (C.?) perrini Clark) Nucella? sp. Nuculana (Saccella) chehalisensis (Weaver) Litorhadia astoriana (Henderson) Nuculana sp. Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Ostrea sp. Ostrea sp. Pandora scapha Gabb Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Patinopecten cf. P. propatulus (Conrad) 17–8 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Chlamys sp. Patinopecten haywardensis (Lutz) 17–13 Ma Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Patinopecten haywardensis calaverasensis (Hall) 17–13 Ma Patinopecten propatulus (Conrad) 17–8 Ma Genus, 59N–36N
Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 60N–27N Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N
Genus, 31N–5S
N.D. N.D. Genus, 60N–4S; species, Paleocene 58N–34N Genus, 59N–36N
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 60N–23N N.D. Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 37N–1S Genus, 61N–30N Genus not living 72N–33.5N Genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 58N–6S Genus not living Genus, 72N–6S Subgenus, 58N–6S
Subgenus, 27N–4S Genus, 61N–30N Genus, 60N–6S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 71.4N–27.3N N.D. N.D. Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Axinopsida? sp. Cardium sp. Cerastoderma ap. Chione sp. Chione semplicata Nomland Chione cf. C. panzana Anderson and Martin
continued
10.60
,10 10.60 10.31 N.D. 10.60
16.15
N.D. N.D. 10.31 10.65 10.60
,10 10.65 N.D. ,10 10.65
17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 10.31 N.D. 10.17 10.17 10.17 ,10 ,10 13.94 10.17 N.D. ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10
17.49 10.17 10.31 17.16 17.16
17.49
16.78 ,10 N.D. N.D. 15.51 15.51 15.51
Appendix 1 159
Thracia trapezoidea Conrad Thracia? n.sp. Yoldia cooperii Gabb Yoldia cooperii Gabb supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia sp. Yoldia supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia temblorensis Anderson and Martin?
3442 3441 3501 3503
3077 3095 3132 3136 3184 3182 3266 3283 3350 3260 3352
3054 3055 3056 3058 3067 3072 3081 3344
3334
3504
3507
3416 3425
Boreotrophon sp. (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] sp.) Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia sp. Bullaria n.sp.? Calliostoma sp. Calyptraea inornata Conrad Cancellaria dalliana Anderson Cancellaria posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria weaveri Etherington Ceratostoma delorae Hall Crepidula cf. C. praerupta Conrad Crepidula princeps (Conrad) Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyanus (Conrad) Ficus modesta (Conrad) Molopophorus sp. Nassarius whitneyi (Trask) Natica (Euspira) galianoi (Dall) Nitidella sp. Polinices (Neverita) reclusiana andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluziana andersoni Clark Polinices reclusiana andersoni (Clark)
Gastropoda
Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Saxidomus sp. Schizothaerus sp. Siliqua sp. Solen sp. Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula albaria selbyensis Packhard Spisula catilliformis Conrad Spisula cf. S. falcata (Gould) Spisula sp. Spisula albaria Conrad Tagelus n.sp. Tellina aff. radiata Linnaeus
3368 3381
3391 3398 3402 3405 3399 3400 3406
Pratulum? cf. P. centifilosum (Carpenter)
3290
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, 38N–33N Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 51N–28N Genus, 70N–5N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California
Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Genus, 72N–17N
Genus, 71N–7N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 71N–40N
Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 72N–25N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N 54N–31N N.D. Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 43N–43S 29N–15N, Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico 57N–28N Genus, 61N–4S 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N
59N–28N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia sp. Bulla sp Calliostoma sp. Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Cancellaria (Euclia) delliana Anderson Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria (Crawfordina) weaveri Etherington Ceratostoma delorae Hall Crepidula cf. C. rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula princeps Conrad Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Ficus) modesta (Conrad) Stewart Molopophorus sp. Nassarius (Caesia) whitneyi (Trask) Polinices (Euspira) galianoi Dall Mitrella sp. Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Boreotrophon sp.
Gastropoda
Yoldia sp. Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Yoldia?) temblorensis Anderson and Martin
Thracia (Homoedesma) trapezoides Conrad Thracia? sp. Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cooperii Gabb Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold
Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Saxidomus sp. Tresus sp. Siliqua sp. Solen sp. Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris selbyensis (Packard) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Simomactra cf. S. falcata (Gould) Spisula sp. Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Tagelus sp. Tellina aff. T. radiata radiata Linnaeus
Taxonomy used in this study
13.53 13.53
13.15 10.89 ,10 ,10 17.88 17.88 N.D. 11.81 11.74 ,10 13.53
N.D. N.D. N.D. 15.51 10.89 10.97 16.98 16.98
,10
,10 13.36 ,10
10.89 10.17 13.36 13.36
12.00 10.31 10.31 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 13.15 11.47 N.D. ,10 12.84 16.67
10.60
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
160 Appendix 1
Other taxa
Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson) Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Scapharca) obispoana (Conrad)
Anadara cf. A. osmonti (Dall) Apolymetis cf. A. biangulata (Carpenter) Apolymetis n.sp.? Arca obispoana Conrad
3015 3023 3025 3386
3186 3187
3167 3169 3194
3165
3358 3122 3179 3164 3166
3115
Arca osmonti Dall Cardium vaquerosensis Arnold Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione conradiana F. M. Anderson Chione sp. Chione temblorensis (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia pertenuis (Gabb) Corbicula dumblei F. M. Anderson Corbula (Lentidium) luteola Carpenter Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Dosinia (Dosinella) margaritana Wiedey Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami Clark Dosinia cf. D. margaritana Wiedey Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia cf. D. ponderosa (Gray) Dosinia ponderosa Gray Dosinia sp. Glycymeris cf. G. branneri Arnold
Aequipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) Aequipecten raymondi (Clark)
3331
3454 3101 3114 3108
Aequipecten andersoni (Arnold)
Bivalvia
Atwill (1935, p. 119), Woodring et al. (1940, p. 142–143), Wilson (1943, p. 214–215) (upper sandstone); Zimmerman (1944, p. 965) (Temblor Formation). Adegoke (1969, Figs. 6, 6A) (Member Temblor Formation, Big Blue Formation)
Foraminiferida (Kleinpell, 1938; Hall, 1958)
Taxa not considered
Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey)? 27–23 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson) Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) osmonti (Dall) Leporimetis cf. L. obesa (Deshayes) Leporimetis sp. Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Trachycardium vaquerosensis (Arnold) Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Chione sp. Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter) Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia cf. D. margaritana Wiedey Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia cf. D. ponderosa (Schumacher) Dosinia cf. D. ponderosa (Schumacher) Dosinia sp. Glycymeris (Glycymeris) cf. G. (G.) branneri Arnold
Bivalvia
Balanus sp.
Other taxa
Balanus sp. (Arthropoda)
Priscofusus cf. P. hecoxae (Arnold) Nucella packi (Clark) Nucella packi (Clark) Trophon sp.
Priscofusus cf. P. hecoxi (Arnold) (?) Thais n.sp. Lutz Thais sp. Trophon
3329
;378–368 ESA
3041
3465
3299
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–14S Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 23N–5S 37N–23N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 28N–5S 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 31N–4S
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California 35N–25N Genus, 35N–25N Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
continued
16.78 13.94 17.49 17.16 15.51 17.49 17.16 17.16 17.16 19.21 13.94 ,10 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 16.15
16.78 13.53 13.53 16.45
13.53 16.78 16.78 16.45
16.15
Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 35N–23N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
16.15
16.15
N.D.
N.D. ,10 ,10 ,10
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Intertidal
Genus not living Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 72N–17N
Appendix 1 161
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Lucina borealis Lamarck Lucina cf. L. excavata Carpenter Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lyropecten sp.
Macoma aff. M. secta Conrad
Macoma andersoni Clark Macoma diabloensis Clark Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma panzana Wiedey Macoma piercei Arnold Macoma sp. Mactra densata Conrad Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Metis aff. M. alta Conrad Metis alta Conrad Metis sp. Miltha sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Mulinia densata Conrad Mulinia densata Conrad minor Arnold Mya (Arenomya) fujiei MacNeil Mytilus mathewsoni Gabb expansus Arnold
Mytilus mathewsonii Gabb expansus Arnold
3226 3202 3226 3230
3232
3234 3235 3231 3236 3422 3238 3368 3243
Pecten crassicardo Conrad
Pecten discus Conrad
3408 3409 3328 3127 3333
3228
Pecten miguelensis Arnold
Pecten peckhami Gabb
3229
3148
Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold)? 27–17 Ma
Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Ostrea amoldi Adegoke Ostrea ashleyi Hertlein Ostrea bourgeoisii Re´mond Ostrea freudenbergi Hertlein and Jordan Ostrea sp. Ostrea titan Conrad Panope abrupta (Conrad) Panope cf. P. generosa Gould Pecten andersoni Arnold
3129
Pecten estrellanus? Conrad
Mytilus sp. Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Striostrea? bourgeoisii bourgeoisii (Re´mond) Striostrea? freudenbergi (Hertlein and Jordan) Ostrea sp. Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Conrad) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Conrad) Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Mytilus sp. Nuculana ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
3278 3306
3369 3268 3271
3256
Macoma (Rexithaerus) aff. M. (R.) secta (Conrad) Macoma andersoni Clark Macoma diabloensis Clark Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) panzana Wiedey Macoma piercei Arnold (Tellina of authors) Macoma sp. Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Florimetis aff. F. biangulata (Carpenter) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Leporimetis sp. Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium densatum minor (Arnold) Mya (Arenomya) fujiei MacNeil Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Glycymeris sp. Hinnites cf. H. giganteus Gray Lucina (Here) excavata temblorensis Adegoke
Glycymeris sp. Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) temblorensis Adegoke Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Here (Here) cf. H. (H.) excavata (Carpenter) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lyropecten sp.
Taxonomy used in this study
3198 3205 3203
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 60N–27N
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 24N–4S N.D. Genus, 60N–5S 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 60N–27N Subgenus, 60N–25N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 37N–1S 35N–25N 35N–25N Genus, 35N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 71N–33N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, 58N–6S
Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 34N–24N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 54N–25N
Genus, 60N–4S 60N–25N Species, 34N–24N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
10.31
17.88
17.88
16.15
17.88
10.31 10.31 18.49 18.49 N.D. 10.31 10.65 10.65 16.15
,10 10.65
,10
,10 ,10 10.31 10.31 ,10 ,10 12.00 13.94 13.53 13.53 13.53 17.87 12.00 12.00 ,10 ,10
11.47
10.17 15.51 10.17 17.88
10.31 10.31 15.51
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
162 Appendix 1
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper)
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkerianum santacruzanum (Arnold) Bulla cantuaensis Anderson and Martin Bulla sp. Calliostoma pacificum Anderson and Martin
Calliostoma sp. Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea filosa Gabb Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria andersoni Arnold Cancellaria dalliana Anderson Cancellaria nevadensis Anderson and Martin
Cancellaria pacifica Anderson Cancellaria siletzensis Anderson
3072 3068 3073 3084 3081 3086
3076
3067 3069
Bulla cantuanensis Anderson and Martin Bulla sp. Tegula (Chlorostoma) pacifica (Anderson and Martin) Calliostoma sp. Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria (Crawfordina) kernensis Addicott
Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Bathytoma piercei Arnold
3057 3058 3420
Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Bathytoma piercei Arnold
3473
Admete clatskaniensis Anderson and Martin Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) sp.; or, Bruclarkia sp.
Admete clatskaniensis Anderson and Martin Agasoma kemianum Cooper Agasoma santacruzana Arnold Agasoma sp.
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, 38N–33N
Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Genus, 57N–8N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Genus, 71N–17N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; or, genus not living Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 45–40N, Japan Genus, 60N–30N Subgenus, 40N–5S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus not living Genus, 71N–7N Genus, 70N–25N Genus, 70N–25N Genus, 70N–25N
Genus, 45N–40N, Japan
Pseudocardium densatum minor (Arnold) Pseudocardium panzanum (Loel and Corey) Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Septifer (Septifer) coalingensis Arnold Solen perrini Clark Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela gabbi Clark Tivela inezana? Conrad Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium sp. Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) sp. Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Yoldia impressa Conrad Zirfaea cf. A. dentata Gabb Zirfaea dentata Gabb Zirfaea sp.
N.D. Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–18S 35N–25N
Pecten sp. Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Pitar sp. Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes)
Pecten sp. Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Phacoides acutilineatus Conrad Pitar sp. Psammotreata (Florimetis) biangulata (Carpenter) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) minor (Arnold) Pseudocardium panzanum (Loel and Corey) Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Septifer coalingensis Arnold Solen perrini Clark Spisula (Mactromeris) albaria (Conrad) Tivela (Pachydesma) diabloensis Clark Tivela gabbi Clark Tivela inezana? Conrad Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium vaquerosensis (Arnold) Tracycardium sp. Venus pertenuis Gabb Venus sp. Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) Yoldia impressa Conrad Zirfaea cf. Z. dentata Gabb Zirfaea dentata Gabb Zirphaea sp.
3008 3184 3054 3185
3508 3509
3116 3493
3453
3370 3382 3389 3397 3402 3444 3445 3446
3346
3342
continued
16.98 13.15
10.89 18.49 18.49 10.97 17.88 10.97 16.98 16.98 16.98
15.51 15.51 15.51
N.D. N.D.
11.38
11.38
,10 17.88 N.D. 17.88
12.00 10.31 13.36 ,10 ,10 13.15 13.15 13.15 13.94 13.94 13.94 17.16 17.16 N.D. ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10
12.00
N.D. 17.87 10.17 13.94 13.53
Appendix 1 163
Other taxa
Xylotrya sp. a.
Other taxa
3500
3159 3437 3041
3158
Discinisca loeli Hertlein and Grant (Brachiopoda) Discinisca sp. Terebratalia sp. Balanus sp. (Arthropoda)
Xylotrya? sp.
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
3481
3463
3320 3357 3383 3062 3393 3421 3435
3355
3354
3352
3314
3183 3464 3188
3137
Cancellaria vetusta Gabb Conus hayesi Arnold Conus owenianus Anderson Crepidula cf. C. praerupta Conrad Crepidula cf. C. rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula sp. Ficus cf. F. modesta (Conrad) Ficus pyriformis Gabb Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria gabbianum (Anderson) Forreria gabbianum (Anderson) cancellarioides (Arnold) Hemifusus wilkesana Anderson Murithais wilkesanus (Anderson)? Murithais wilkesanus (Anderson) Neverita callosa Gabb Neverita reclusiana callosa Gabb Neverita recluziana (Deshayes) Neverita recluziana andersoni (Clark) Neverita sp. Ocinebra topangensis Arnold Oliva californica Anderson Polinices sp. Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Searlesia carisoni (Anderson and Martin) Sinum sp. Tegula n.sp. Terebra sp. Tritonalia topangensis (Arnold) Trochita filosa Gabb Trochita sp. Trophon (Forreria) bartoni Arnold Trophon (Forreria) gabbianum cancelliaroides Arnold Trophon kernensis Anderson Trophosycon nodifera (Gabb) Trophosycon oregonense (Conrad) Turritella bosei Hertlein and Jordan
3085 3120 3119 3132
Discinisca sp. Terebratalia sp. Balanus sp.
Discinisca loeli Hertlein and Grant
Genus, 34N–Chile Genus, 38N–23N Intertidal
Genus, 34N–Chile
Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors N.D.
Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Turritella ocoyana Conrad Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S Genus not living Genus, 37N–Chile Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, if Cancellaria sp., 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) sp. Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Polinices (Neverita) sp. Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Sinum sp. Tegula sp. Terebra sp. Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) sp. Trophon (Austrotrophon) bartoni Arnold Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold)
Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Conus (Lithoconus) hayesi Arnold Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Crepidula cf. C. rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula cf. C. rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula sp. Ficus (Ficus) cf. F. (F.) pyriformis Gabb Ficus (Ficus) pyriformis Gabb Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold)
Cancellaria sp.
Cancellaria sp.
Taxonomy used in this study
3091
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
15.51 13.15 N.D.
15.51
N.D.
19.06
17.16 17.88 17.88 19.06
10.60 10.60 10.60 13.53 13.53 13.53 13.53 13.53 10.60 17.88 13.53 17.88 N.D. 13.94 10.89 15.51 10.60 18.49 18.49 17.16 15.51
16.98 17.16 13.15 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 17.88 17.88 17.16 15.51 15.51
10.97
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
164 Appendix 1
Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Scapharca) obispoana (Conrad)
3023 3025 3386
Anadara obispoana (Conrad)
Anadara cf. A. devincta (Conrad)
Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson) Amiantis mathewsonii (Gabb) Amiantis? cf. A. mathewsonii (Gabb) Amussiopecten cf. A. vanvlecki (Arnold)
3015 3016
3020
Aequipecten andersoni barkerianus? (Arnold)
Aequipecten andersoni (Arnold)?
Acila conradi (Meek) Aequipecten andersoni (Arnold) subandersoni (Loel and Corey) Aequipecten andersoni (Arnold)
Bivalvia
Anderson (1905, p. 19, Cantua Creek); Merriam (1916, p. 115), Woodring et al. (1940, p. 142), Wilson (1943, p. 214–215), Stewart (1946, Table 2), Dickinson (1963, p. 50). Adegoke (1969) (Temblor Formation, upper sandstone of Temblor Group, or horizon, Reef Ridge). Keen, 1943, p. 36–37 (Round Mountain Silt), Addicott (1970a, p. 30–31, p. 34 and systematics) (upper Olcese Sand and Round Mountain Silt). Addicott (1965a, p. C108) (Olcese Sandstone [Buttonbeds]). Addicott (1972, p. 11) (Buttonbed Sandstone Member Temblor Formation, MacDonald anticline; Twissleman Sandstone Member, base of the Gould Shale Member of the Monterey Formation)
Membraniopora sp. (Bryozoa) Desmostylus hesperus Marsh (Vertebrata)
Taxa not considered
Balanus (Balanus) gregarius (Conrad) Branchiolambrus altus Rathbun Tamiosoma cf. T. gregaria Conrad Astrodapsis merriami Anderson (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis sp. Scutella merriami F. M. Anderson Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Vaquerosella durhami Adegoke Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella sp.
3330
3329
3001 3331
;368–358 ESA
3514
3486 3488
3036
3489
3040 3053
Acila (Truncacila) conradi (Meek) Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey)? 27–23 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni barkerianus? (Arnold) 27–17 Ma Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson) Amiantis mathewsonii (Gabb) Amiantis? cf. A. mathewsonii (Gabb) Amussiopecten cf. A. vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) devincta (Conrad) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad)
Bivalvia
Astrodapsis sp.? Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Vaquerosella durhami Adegoke Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella sp.
Balanus gregarius (Conrad) Branchiolambrus altus Rathbun Balanus cf. B. gregarius (Conrad) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson)
Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N Genus not living
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 31N–5S
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Not living Intertidal Not living Genus not living
continued
16.45
16.78
16.78 16.78 16.45
13.53 13.53 13.53 N.D.
16.15
16.15
16.15
10.31 16.15
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
Appendix 1 165
3228
3224
3202 3226
3198 3205
3169 3189 3193
3179 3156 3051 3164 3165
3155
3114 3115 3117 3358 3175 3176
3098 3101
3037 3050
3027 3028 3187
Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson) Diplodonta (Diplodonta) buwaldana Anderson and Martin Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta (Diplodonta) orbella (Gould) Bornia sp. Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia sp. Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris sp. Glycymeris sp. Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Here (Here) cf. H. (H.) excavata (Carpenter) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) 34N–24N Lucina (Lucinisca) menuda (Keen) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lyropecten cf. L. crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma Lyropecten cf. L. crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Cytherea diabloensis Anderson Diplodonta buwaldana Anderson and Martin
Macoma arctata (Conrad)
Lyropecten crassicardo nomlandi Hertlein
Lyropecten cf. L. estrellanus (Conrad)
Lucina (Here) cf. L. (H.) excavata Carpenter Lucina borealis Lamarck Lucina excavata Carpenter Lucinisca menuda Keen Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lyropecten cf. L. crassicardo (Conrad)
Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta orbella (Gould) Donax n.sp. Dosinia (Dosinella) margaritana Wiedey Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami Clark Dosinia (Dosinidia) margaritana Wiedey Dosinia sp. Gari edentula (Gabb) Glycymeris cf. G. grewingki Dall Glycymeris n.sp. Glycymeris sp. Hinnites giganteus (Gray) Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold)
Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Composmyax angustifrons (Conrad) Corbicula dumblei Anderson Crassatella granti (Wiedey) Crassatellites n.sp. Crenomytilus expansus (Arnold)
Macoma arctata (Conrad)
Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara sp. Anomia sp.? Leporimetis sp. Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Atrina cf. A. alamedensis (Yates) Bornia (Temblomia) triangulata (Anderson and Martin) Chama sp. Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Chionopsis) cf. C. (C.) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad) Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Eucrassatella sp. Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Anadara osmonti (Dall) Anadara sp. Anomia sp.? Apolymetis n.sp.? Arca impravida Wiedey Arca montereyana Osmont Atrina cf. A. alamedensis (Yates) Bornia (Temblomia) triangulata (Anderson and Martin) Chama sp. Chione (Chione) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione aff. C. temblorensis (Anderson)
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy used in this study
Taxonomy of authors
34N–24N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 15.51 Subgenus, 37N–5S Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California-0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 71N–4S
Genus, 71N–4S 37N–25N Genus, 24N–6S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 34N–25N Subgenus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 60N–4S 60N–25N Genus, 31N–5S
Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 61N–30N Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 71N–4S
Genus, 44N–5S Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 27N–4S
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus, 35N–25N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 24N–6S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
,10
17.88
17.88
13.94 10.17 17.88
15.51 10.17
,10 13.94 18.49 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 15.51 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 16.15
19.21 13.53 ,10
17.49 17.16 17.16 10.17 19.21 15.51 15.51 ,10
12.71 17.49 17.49
16.78 15.51 13.94 13.53 16.78 16.78 15.51 18.49
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
166 Appendix 1
Modiolus ynezianus garzaensis Adegoke
Mya (Arenomya) fujiei MacNeil Mytilus cf. M. expansus Arnold
Mytilus cf. M. middendorffi Grewingk
Mytilus mathewsonii Gabb expansus Arnold
Mytilus middendorffi Grewingk Nucula (Ennucula) birchi Keen Nucula cf. N. washingtonensis Weaver
Nuculana ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Ostrea amoldi Adegoke Ostrea ashleyi Hertlein Ostrea cf. O. titan Conrad Ostrea hertleini Adegoke Ostrea sp. Pachydesma gabbi (Clark) Panope abrupta (Conrad) Panope cf. P. generosa (Gould) Panope estrellana (Conrad) Patinopecten propatulus (Conrad) Pecten andersoni Arnold
3263
3268
3277
3271
3301 3304
3306
3129
3398 3402 3401
3382 3105 3387 3390 3391 3394
3369 3370 3371
3336 3339
3128 3445 3333
Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Securella panzana (Anderson and Martin) Semele morani Anderson and Martin Septifer sp. Siliqua sp. Solen cf. S. perrini-gravidus Clark Solen gravidus Clark Solen sp. Spisula (Mactromeris) albaria (Conrad) Spisula abbotti Wiedey
Psammotreata (Florimetis) biangulata (Carpenter) Pseudocardium densatum minor (Arnold) Pseudocardium panzanum (Loel and Corey) Pteria berryi Adegoke Saccella cf. S. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Macoma nasuta Conrad Macoma panzana Wiedey Macoma sp. Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Metis cf. M. alta Conrad Miltha sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Modiolus sp. Modiolus veronensis temblorensis Adegoke
3231 3236 3238 3243 3186 3256 3264 3262
3127
Macoma (Rexithaerus) copelandi Wiedey Macoma cf. M. copelandi Wiedey
3233
Pseudocardium densatum minor (Arnold) Pseudocardium panzanum (Loel and Corey) Pteria berryi Adegoke Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Semele morani Anderson and Martin Septifer sp. Siliqua sp. Solen cf. S. gravidus Clark? Solen gravidus Clark? Solen sp. Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris abbotti (Wiedey)
Mytilus (Plicatomytilus) middendorffi Grewingk Nucula (Leionucula) birchi Keen Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) washingtonensis (Weaver) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea cf. C. titan (Conrad) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea sp. Tivela gabbi Clark Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Panopea estrellana (Conrad) Patinopecten propatulus (Conrad) 17–8 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes)
Macoma (Rexithaerus) copelandi Wiedey Macoma (Rexithaerus) cf. M. (R.) copelandi Wiedey Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) panzana Wiedey Macoma sp. Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Leporimetis cf. L. obesa (Deshayes) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Modiolus sp. Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis temblorensis Adegoke Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus garzaensis Adegoke Mya (Arenomya) fujiei MacNeil Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) expansus Arnold Mytilus (Plicatomytilus cf. M. (P.) middendorffi Grewingk Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 60N–3S N.D. Genus, 72N–25N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S
Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 34N–5S Subgenus, 58N–6S
35N–25N
Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 38N–4S 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 31N–5S
Subgenus, 58N–6S
Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus, 71N–Chile Subgenus, 58N–6S
Genus, 71N–33N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–19N
Genus, 73N–5S
60N–27N Subgenus, 60N–25N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 37N–1S 35N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S
Subgenus, 60N–25N Subgenus, 60N–25N
10.31 15.51 10.31 N.D. ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 continued
12.00 12.00 15.51 10.65
13.53
10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 13.15 10.65 10.65 10.65 10.60 16.15
10.65
,10 ,10 10.65
,10
,10
,10 ,10
,10
10.31 10.31 ,10 13.94 13.53 17.87 ,10 ,10
10.31 10.31
Appendix 1 167
Tagelus clarki Loel and Corey Tagelus sp. Taras cf. T. parilis (Conrad) Tellina cf. T. idae Dall Tellina (Arcopagia) ocoyana Conrad Tellina (Peronidia) oldroydi Wiedey Tellina oregonensis? Conrad Tellina piercei (Arnold) Tellina sp. cf. T. arctata Conrad Teredo sp. Thracia cf. T. trapezoides Conrad Tivela (Pachydesma) diabloensis Clark Tivela cf. T. gabbi Clark Tivela sp. Trachycardium sp. Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Vertipecten cf. V. fucanus (Dall) Vertipecten cf. V. propatulus (Conrad)
Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) Volsella cf. V. inezana (Conrad) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia tenuissima Clark Yoldia oregona Shumard Yoldia sp. Yoldia temblorensis Anderson and Martin
Zirfaea dentata Gabb Zirphaea dentata Gabb
3415 3416 3178 3424 3428 3429 3430 3422 3426 3438 3442 3444
3493 3270 3503 3515 3506 3507 3504
3508
3344
3184
3055 3054
3003 3004 3005
Amphissa wahrhaftigi Adegoke
Acmaea sp. Acteon (Rictaxis) weaveri Addicott Acteon boulderana Etherington Acteon boulderanus Etherington Acteon cf. A. boulderanus Etherington Agasoma andersoni Wiedey Agasoma barkerianum Cooper santacruzanum Arnold Agasoma gravidum Gabb Agasoma kemianum Cooper Agasoma oregonense Anderson and Martin Agasoma sanctacruzana Arnold Agasoma stanfordensis Arnold Amphissa posunculensis Anderson and Martin
Gastropoda
Spisula sp. cf. S. rushi Wagner and Schilling
3407
3447 3453 3454 3494
Spisula albaria cf. ramonensis Packard
3403
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus not living Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin)
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Genus, 72N–16N Genus, 37N–8N Genus, 37N–8N Genus, 37N–8N Genus, 37N–8N Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 70N–25N Genus, 70N–25N
Genus not living Genus, 29N–4S Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N Genus, 71N–7N Genus, 71N–7N Subgenus, 71N–40N
Genus, 43N–43S Genus, 43N–43S 34N–4S 34N–33N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 50N–23N 57N–28N Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N
Genus, 71N–4S
Genus, 71N–4S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
Acmaea sp. Acteon (Rictaxis) weaveri Addicott Acteon boulderanus Etherington Acteon boulderanus Etherington Acteon cf. A. boulderanus Etherington Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper)
Gastropoda
Mactromeris albaria cf. M. ramonensis (Packard) Mactromeris sp. cf. M. rushi (Wagner and Schilling) Tagelus clarki Loel and Corey Tagelus sp. Diplodonta cf. D. sericata (Reeve) Tellina (Tellinella) cf. T. (T.) idae Dall Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tellina oldroydi Wiedey Tellina oregonensis? Conrad Macoma piercei Arnold (Tellina of authors) Macoma sp. cf. M. arctata (Conrad) Teredo sp. Thracia cf. T. trapezoides Conrad Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela cf. T. gabbi Clark Tivela sp. Trachycardium sp. Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Vertipecten cf. V. fucanus (Dall) 23–16 Ma Patinopecten cf. P. propatulus (Conrad) 17–8 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Mytella cf. M. inezensis (Conrad) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) tenuissima Clark Yoldia oregona Shumard Yoldia sp. Yoldia (Yoldia?) temblorensis Anderson and Martin Zirfaea dentata Gabb Zirfaea dentata Gabb
Taxonomy used in this study
16.98
N.D. 17.88 N.D. N.D. 17.88 16.98
,10 13.94 13.94 13.94 13.94 N.D. N.D.
,10 ,10
N.D. 16.78 13.36 13.36 ,10 ,10 ,10
12.84 12.84 15.51 15.51 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 11.81 10.89 13.15 13.15 13.15 13.94 13.94 N.D. 10.60
,10
,10
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
168 Appendix 1
Anachis (Costoanachis) watsonae Keen Anachis watsonae Keen Antillophos posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Architectonica sp. Argobuccinum dilleri Anderson and Martin Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea (Pomaulax) n.sp. (Addicott) Astryis pedroana Conrad Austrotrophon kernensis (Anderson) Balcis cf. B. oldroydi Bartsch Balcis conchita Keen Balcis lutzi Addicott Balcis petrolia Addicott Bathytoma piercei Anderson and Martin
Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana forma santacruzana (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) santacruzanum (Arnold) Bruclarkia geniculata (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonense (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) yaquinanum (Anderson and Martin) Bruclarkia sp. Bulla cantuanensis Anderson and Martin Bulla sp. Bullia (Molopophorus) anglonana Anderson Bullina sp. Calicantharus cf. C. kettlemanensis (Arnold) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Calicantharus woodfordi Addicott Calliostoma carsoni Addicott Calliostoma cf. C. diabloensis Clark Calliostoma cf. C. pacificum Anderson and Martin Calliostoma sp. Calyptraea cf. C. mamillaris Broderip
Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria bakeri (Anderson) Cancellaria dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Barkeria) sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Coptostoma) posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Crawfordina) kernensis Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) circumspinosa Addicott
3031 3247 3032 3033 3322 3464 3042 3043 3044 3045 3473
3048
3049
3069 3073 3089 3081 3074
3076 3079
3075
3067 3068
3420
3056 3057 3058 3265 3059 3060 3061 3063 3065
3022
Subgenus, 38N–33N Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Genus not living Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living Genus, Indo-Pacific Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Genus, 57N–8N 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia sp. Bulla cantuanensis Anderson and Martin Bulla sp. Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Bullina sp. Calicantharus cf. C. kettlemanensis (Arnold) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Calicantharus woodfordi Addicott Calliostoma carsoni Addicott Calliostoma cf. C. carsoni Addicott Tegula (Chlorostoma) cf. T. (C.) pacifica (Anderson and Martin) Calliostoma sp. Calyptraea (Calyptraea) cf. C. (C.) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Barkeria) sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Coptostoma) posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Crawfordina) kemensis Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) circumspinosa Addicott
Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus, 57N–south of equator Subgenus, 28N–5S 56N–3S Genus, 56N–3S Genus, 56N–3S Genus, 56N–3S Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, equator, salt tide pool, mangrove swamp Genus, 60N–23N Genus not living Genus not living
Subgenus, 25N–5S, in Gulf of California Subgenus, 25N–5S, in Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper)
Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper)
Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Anachis (Costoanachis) watsonae Keen Anachis (Costoanachis) watsonae Keen Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Architectonica sp. Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea (Pomaulax) n.sp. (Addicott) Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Balcis cf. B. oldroydi Bartsch Balcis conchita Keen Balcis lutzi Addicott Balcis petrolia Addicott Turricula piercei (Arnold)
continued
13.15 16.98
10.97
18.49 10.97 10.97 16.98 10.97
10.89 17.88
N.D. 15.51 15.51 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 10.89 10.89 15.51
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D.
10.31 N.D. N.D.
20.71
17.88 N.D. 15.51 15.51 10.89 17.16 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 11.38
17.88 17.88 16.98
Appendix 1 169
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Clathrodrillia (Moniliopsis) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Clathrodrillia (Moniliopsis) kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Clathrodrillia temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Conus (Lithoconus) hayesi Arnold Conus hayesi Arnold Conus owenianus Anderson Crassispira olcesensis Addicott Crepidula bractea Addicott Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crucibulum (Dispotaea) papulum Addicott Crucibulum cf. C. scutellatum (Wood)
3499
3119 3125 3133 3136 3132 3141 3139
3120
3327
3296
Crawfordiana cf. C. weaveri (Etherington)
Chrysallida rotundomontana Keen
3315
3096
3421
Cancellaria circumspinosa Addicott Cancellaria condoni Anderson Cancellaria condoni Anderson (in part, in Anderson, 1905) Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria keenae Addicott Cancellaria nevadensis Anderson and Martin
Cancellaria andersoni Clark Cancellaria barkeri (Anderson in Hanna) Cancellaria cf. C. simplex Anderson
Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) ocoyana Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Narona) birchi Addicott Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria andersoni Arnold
Cancellaria oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria ramonensis Clark Cancellaria simplex Anderson Cancellaria vetusta Gabb Cerithiopsis aff. C. subloriosa Baker, Hanna, and Strong Chlorostoma n.sp.
3090
3087 3088
3082 3083 3084 3085 3086
3080
Taxonomy of authors
Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Conus (Lithoconus) hayesi Arnold Conus (Lithoconus) hayesi Arnold Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Crassispira olcesensis Addicott Crepidula bractea Addicott Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crucibulum (Dispotaea) papulum Addicott Crucibulum (Crucibulum) cf. C. (C.) scutellatum (Wood) Cancellaria (Crawfordina) kemensis Addicott
Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin)
Odostomia (Belsa) rotundomontana (Keen)
Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria keenae Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Cerithiopsis aff. C. subloriosa Baker, Hanna, and Strong Tegula (Chlorostoma) sp.
Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) ocoyana Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Narona) birchi Addicott Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) simplex Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) circumspinosa Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad
Taxonomy used in this study
Subgenus, 38N–33N
Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Subgenus, 24N–3S 28N–3S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 48N–23N
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Genus, 60N–3S; subgenus, 24N and Gulf of California Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 60N–5S; species, Gulf of California
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California-5S
13.15
17.16 17.16 13.15 13.94 ,10 ,10 ,10 18.49 17.16
12.64
17.49
N.D.
18.49
15.51
16.98 16.98 16.98 16.98 16.98
10.97 10.97 16.98
16.98 16.98 16.98
16.98 10.97 16.98
16.98
Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
18.49 16.98
16.98 16.98 16.98 16.98 16.98 16.98 16.98
Effective Temp. (8C)
Subgenus, 24N–5S Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
170 Appendix 1
3241 3009
3210 3215 3223 3239
3200 3201
3314 3191 3221
3362 3361
3188
3182
3177 3349 3011 3012
3173 3174 3318
3172
3171
3147 3472
3145 3146
Macron sp.? Mangelia (Agathotoma) howei Anderson and Martin Mangelia (Cacodaphnella?) kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Mangelia (Notocytharella) kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Fusinus geniculus Conrad Fusus (Hemifusus) wilkesana Anderson Gibbula (Tumulus?) baileyi Addicott Glyphostoma carinata Addicott Gyrineum dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Haminoea virescens Sowerby Hastula gnomon Keen Hemifusus wilkesana Anderson Kelletia lorata Addicott Knefastia garcesana Addicott Littorina remondii Gabb Macron aethiops (Reeve)
Forreria cancellaroides Arnold Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria gabbianum (Anderson) Forreria gabbianum cancellarioides (Arnold) Fusinus (Priscofusus) geniculus (Conrad) Fusinus empireensis Anderson and Martin
Epitonium (Cirostrema) posoense Anderson and Martin Epitonium (Gyroscala) barkerianum Addicott Epitonium (Nitidscala) tedfordi Addicott Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch Epitonium (Nitidscala) tedfordi Addicott Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Polinices (Euspira) diabloensis (Clark) Amaea (Scalina) durhami (Keen) Amaea (Scalina) whitei (Keen) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Ficus) modesta (Conrad) Stewart Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Trophon (Austrotrophon) aff. T. (A.) kernensis Anderson Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus empireensis (Anderson and Martin) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Gibbula (Tumulus?) baileyi Addicott Lioglyphostoma carinata (Addicott) Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Haminoea virescens Sowerby Hastula gnomon Keen Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Kelletia lorata Addicott Knefastia garcesana Addicott Littorina remondii Gabb Macron aethiops (Reeve) (Addicott, 1970a, p. 94–95) Macron sp. Agathotoma (Agathotoma) howei (Anderson and Martin) Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Drillia columbiana Anderson and Martin Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Drillia antiselli Anderson and Martin Drillia columbiana Anderson and Martin Drillia wilsoni Anderson and Martin
Epitonium (Cirostrema) posoense Anderson and Martin Epitonium (Gyroscala) barkerianum Addicott Epitonium (Nitidscala) tedfordi Addicott Epitonium california Anderson Epitonium cf. E. indianorum (Carpenter) Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Euspira diabloensis (Clark) Ferminoscala durhami Keen Ferminoscala whitei Keen Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniaum (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyana (Conrad) Ficus kerniana (Cooper) Ficus modesta (Conrad) Ficus nodiferus Gabb Forreria aff. F. carisaensis (Anderson)
Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Cylichna temblorensis Keen Cylichna? loismartinae Keen Cylichna temblorensis Keen Cymatium n.sp. Addicott Turricula aff. T. ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Cuma biplicata Gabb Cylichna temblorensis Keen Cylichna? loismartinae Keen Cylichnina cf. C. petrosa (Conrad) Cymatium n.sp. Addicott Drillia aff. D. torosa (Carpenter) Arnold
17.49 17.49
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
continued
17.88 17.88
N.D. 10.60 13.94 13.94 N.D. 11.38 21.12 10.60 15.51 17.16 ,10 17.88
15.51 17.16 15.51 15.51 N.D. N.D.
,10 ,10 16.26 ,10 19.21 11.74 17.16 17.16 17.88 17.88 17.88 17.88 17.88 17.88 17.16
17.16
N.D. N.D. 11.38
N.D. ,10 ,10 ,10 15.51 11.38
Genus, 25N, rare in Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus, 25N–3S
Genus not living Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 37N–33N; subgenus, European waters Genus, 37N–5N and Gulf of California Genus not living 55N–3N Genus, 20N–3N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 28N–3S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 25N, rare in Gulf of California
Genus, 34N–28N Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 72N–3S Genus, 72N–3S Subgenus, 33N–8N, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3S if E. indianorum, 55N–24N Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S
Genus not living Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Questionable taxon Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Subgenus, 28N–0, in Gulf of California
Appendix 1 171
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Natica sp. Nerita (Theliostyla?) joaquinensis Addicott
Neverita (Glossaulax) alta (Arnold) Neverita (Glossaulax) andersoni (Clark) Neverita (Glossaulax) jamesae Moore Neverita andersoni Keen Neverita callosa Gabb Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes) Neverita recluziana (Deshayes) Neverita sp.
3289 3293
3351 3352 3353
3355
3354
Natica (Natica) teglandae Hanna and Hertlein Natica (Naticarius?) posuncula Hanna and Hertlein Natica posuncula Hanna and Hertlein
Nassarius ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin)
3062 3288
3281 3282 3285
3279 3286
Nassarius cf. N. smooti Addicott Nassarius ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Hima) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Phrontis) harrellensis Addicott Nassarius (Phrontis) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Phrontis?) posoensis Addicott Nassarius (Phrontis) smooti Addicott Nassarius antiselli (Anderson and Martin)
3284
3326 3267
3257 3258 3259 3260
3251 3252 3254
Mangelia sp. Margarites sp. Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula howei Hanna and Hertlein Magasurcula keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula wynoocheensis (Weaver) Melanella (Melanella) gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Mitra (Atrimitra) andersoni Addicott Mitrella (Columbellopsis) alta Addicott Mitrella anchuela Keen Mitrella sp. Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Moniliopsis electilis Keen Morula (Morunella) granti Addicott Nassa chehalisensis Weaver
Mangelia kernensis Anderson and Martin
Mangelia (Notocytharella?) hartensis Addicott Mangelia kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
3287 3246
3298
Taxonomy of authors
Polinices (Neverita) alta Arnold Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) jamesae Moore Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) sp.
Mitra (Atrimitra) andersoni Addicott Mitrella (Columbellopsis) alta Addicott Mitrella anchuela Keen Mitrella sp. Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Ophiodermella electilis (Keen) Morula (Morunella) granti Addicott Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Arcularia) harrellensis Addicott Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Arcularia) posoensis Addicott Nassarius (Arcularia) smooti Addicott Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Arcularia) cf. N. (A.) smooti Addicott Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Natica (Natica) teglandae Hanna and Hertlein Natica (Naticarius?) posuncula Hanna and Hertlein Natica (Naticarius?) posuncula Hanna and Hertlein Natica sp. Nerita (Theliostyla?) joaquinensis Addicott
Notocytharella? hartensis (Addicott) Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Notocytharella sp. Margarites sp. Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula howei Hanna and Hertlein Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula wynoocheensis (Weaver) Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin)
Taxonomy used in this study
Subgenus, 24N–3S Genus, 71N–5S; subgenus, Florida and West Indies Genus, 71N–5S; subgenus, Florida and West Indies Genus, 71N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S, through the Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 39N–5S
Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 25N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus Mediterranean Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 70N–5N Genus not living Genus, 48N–23N Subgenus, 25N–3N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S Genus, 72N–29N Genus not living Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
13.53 13.53 13.53 13.53 13.53 13.53 13.53 13.53
,10 17.16
17.90
18.49 17.90
18.49
18.49 18.49
18.49 18.49 13.54
13.54 13.54 18.49 18.49
17.88 ,10 ,10 ,10 N.D. 12.64 17.88 16.98
17.49 ,10 N.D. 13.15 13.15 13.15 19.21
17.49
17.49 17.49
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
172 Appendix 1
3440 3377
3363
3359
3356
3324 3325
3319 3320
Polystira englishi Addicott Priscofusus carlsoni (Anderson and Martin) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus lincolnensis (Anderson and Martin) Progabbia cf. P. oregonensis (Conrad) Pseudotoma cf. P. keepi (Arnold) Purpura edmondi Arnold Pyramidella (Longchaeus) cooperi Anderson and Martin
Polinices sp. Polinices victoriana Clark and Arnold
Pleurotoma (Dolichotoma) keepi Arnold Polinices (Neverita) recluziana alta Arnold Polinices lewisii (Gould)
Pleurotoma (Clathurella) dumblei Anderson
Pleurotoma (Bathytoma) keepi Arnold Pleurotoma (Bathytoma) piercei Anrold
Ophiodermella electilis (Keen) Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) dumbleana Anderson in Hanna Phos dumbleana (Anderson)
Odostomia (Chrysallida?) sequoiana Addicott Odostomia (Evalea) aff. O. (E.) donilla Dall and Bartsch Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch Odostomia (Menestho) repenningi Addicott Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Oliva californica Anderson Oliva futheyana Anderson Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Olivella ischnon Keen Olivella pedroana var. subpedroana Loel and Corey (in part) Olivella? sp. Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Opalia williamsoni (Anderson and Martin)
3316 3317
3313
Niso antiselli Anderson and Martin Niso cottonwoodensis Addicott Nucella packi talea Stewart Ocenebra clarki Addicott Ocenebra gabbiana (Anderson) Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocinebra topangensis Arnold Odostomia (Belsa) rotundomontana (Keen)
3294 3295 3299 3310 3311
Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Polinices (Neverita) alta Arnold Polinices (Polinices) victoriana Clark and Arnold Polinices sp. Polinices (Polinices) victoriana Clark and Arnold Polystira englishi Addicott Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus medialis (Conrad) Priscofusus cf. P. geniculus (Conrad) Megasurcula cf. M. keepi (Arnold) Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Pyramidella (Longchaeus) cooperi Anderson and Martin
Olivella sp. Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Ophiodermella electilis (Keen) Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Odostomia (Chrysallida?) sequoiana Addicott Odostomia (Evalea) aff. O. (E.) donilla Dall and Bartsch Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch Odostomia (Menestho) repenningi Addicott Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen
Niso antiselli Anderson and Martin Niso cottonwoodensis Addicott Nucella packi (Clark) Ocenebra clarki Addicott Ocenebra gabbiana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Odostomia (Belsa) rotundomontana (Keen)
16.98
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Genus, 28N–3S, and Gulf of California Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 38N–28N Subgenus, 25N–5S Subgenus, 37N–3S, and Gulf of California
Genus, 72N–5S Subgenus, 32N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 38N–28N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 32N–5S, through Gulf of California
continued
17.16 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 13.15 17.88 13.94
,10 15.78
13.15 13.53 15.78
16.98
13.15 11.38
16.98
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
12.64 12.64
11.38
Genus, 55N–25N; subgenus not living Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 48N–23N
10.89 11.38
16.25 15.78 17.88 17.88 17.88 10.89 10.89 10.89
Subgenus, 33N–8N, and Gulf of California Subgenus, 32N–3N, and Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 55N–25N; subgenus not living
16.26 16.26
16.26 16.26 ,10 10.60 10.60 10.60 10.60 10.60 10.60 18.49
Genus, 33N–3S Genus, 33N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 60N–3S; Subgenus, 24N and Gulf of California Subgenus, 33N–3N, and Gulf of California Subgenus, 33N–8N, Gulf of California
Appendix 1 173
Turricula piercei (Arnold) Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Tegula malibuensis Loel and Corey
Teinostoma (Teinostoma?) lens Keen Terebra (Fusoterebra?) adelaidana Addicott Terebra (Strioterebrum) stirtoni Addicott Terebra (Terebra) cooperi Anderson Terebra n.sp. Addicott Thais cf. T. n.sp. Lutz Thais (Thaisella) blakei Anderson and Martin Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Tritonalia topangensis (Arnold) Tritonalia? cf. T. trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Trochita filosa Gabb Trochita sp. Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon (Forreria) gabbianum F.M. Anderson Trophon gabbiana Anderson Trophon oregonensis Anderson and Martin Trophosycon kernianum Cooper Trophosycon nodiferum (Gabb) Trophosycon stanfordense (Arnold) Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) hannai Addicott Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) hormigacuesta Addicott Turbonilla (Ptycheulimella) edisonensis Addicott Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) bravoensis Keen Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) mariposa Keen Turbonilla (Tragula) greenhomensis Addicott
Turricula (Antiplanes) piercei (Arnold)
Turricula (Turricula) libya Dall
3419
3495 3431 3436 3434 3435
3474
3466 3469 3467 3468 3470 3471
3439
Turricula buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Tegula (Chlorostoma) malibuensis Loel and Corey Vitrinella (Vitrinellops) lens (Keen) Terebra adelaidana Addicott Terebra stirtoni Addicott Terebra cooperi Anderson Terebra n.sp. Addicott Nucella packi (Clark) Thais (Thaisella) blakei Anderson and Martin Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra cf. O. trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) sp. Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Ocenebra gabbiana (Anderson) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) hannai Addicott Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) hormigacuesta Addicott Turbonilla (Ptycheulimella) edisonensis Addicott Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) bravoensis Keen Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) mariposa Keen Turbonilla (Tragula) greenhomensis Addicott
Tegula (Omphalius) laevis Addicott
3418
Turricula? buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Tegula (Chlorostoma) laevis Addicott
Tegula (Omphalius) dalli arnoldi Addicott
3511
3209 3412 3414
3392
3383
Pyramidella (Syrnola) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Scalina durhami (Keen) Scalina whitei (Keen) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Searlesia carlsoni (Anderson and Martin) Sigaretus scopulosus Conrad Siphonalia cf. S. kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Siphonalia kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Strombina sp. Sulcoretusa? israelskyi Addicott Syrnola scandix Keen
Pyramidella (Syrnola) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Amaea (Scalina) durhami (Keen) Amaea (Scalina) whitei (Keen) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Kelletia cf. Kelletia kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Kelletia kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Strombina sp. Sulcoretusa? israelskyi Addicott Pyramidella (Syrnola) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli arnoldi Addicott
Taxonomy used in this study
3378
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 34N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 25N–10N, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–15N Genus, 60N–5S, Gulf of California; subgenus, European seas Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic
Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 24N–0; 28N in Gulf-24N Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus living in Japanese waters Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–8N Subgenus, 24N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 25N–5S Subgenus, 25N–5S Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N
Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus living in Japanese waters Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S Genus not living 37N–32N Genus, 34N–30N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
11.38
11.38
11.38
18.49 18.49 17.16 15.51 10.60 17.16 17.88 17.88 17.88 15.51 17.16 17.88 17.16 17.02 10.31
18.49 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 ,10 17.88 17.88 10.60 10.60
15.51
15.51
15.51
15.51 17.16 18.49 13.94
17.16 17.16 17.88 N.D. 13.94 15.51
13.94
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A9. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE EARLY MIOCENE TO EARLY MEDIAL MIOCENE (17–13 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
174 Appendix 1
Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula howei Hanna and Hertlein Megasurcula sp.? Turritella cf. T. padronesensis Grant and Eaton
Tyhis (Talityphis) lampada Keen Vitrinella (Vitrinellops) lens (Keen) Volvulella gluma Keen Volvulella joaquinensis Addicott Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Cadulus (Platyschides?) addicotti Emerson (Emerson, 1957, p. 990) Dentalium conradi Dall (striated form) Dentalium sp. Dentalium petricola Dall (smooth form) Other taxa
Turricula temblorensis (Anderson and Martin)
Turris keepi (Arnold) Turris n.sp. Turris n.sp. (large) Turritella (Torcula?) cf. T. (T.?) padronesensis Grant and Eaton Turritella kernensis Addicott
Turritella moodyi Merriam Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana forma topangensis Merriam
Tyhis (Talityphis) lampada Keen Vitrinella (Vitrineollops) lens (Keen) Volvulella gluma Keen Volvulella joaquinensis Addicott Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Cadulus (Platyschides?) addicotti Emerson (Scaphopoda) Dentalium conradi Dall Dentalium n.sp.? Dentalium petricola Dall
Other taxa
3253 3476
3480 3481
3482
3485
Diatoms (Hanna, 1932) Silicoflagellates (Mandra, 1968) Membranipora sp. (Bryozoa) Cheilostomatid spp. Coral n.sp. (Cnidaria) Mammals (Stewart, 1946, p. 99) (Vertebrata) Desmostylus sp. Shark teeth (in Round Mountain Silt)
Taxa not considered
Balanus sp. (Arthropoda) Discinisca loeli Hertlein and Grant (Brachiopoda) Terebratalia sp. Astrodapsis merriami Anderson (Echinodermata) Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Vaquerosella durhami Adegoke Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella cf. V. merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella sp.
*H 4 Holocene #N. D. 4 No data.
3249
3486 3488
3437 3489
3041 3158
3150 3152 3151
3516
3497 3498
Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Vaquerosella durhami Adegoke Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella cf. V. merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella sp.
Terebratalia sp. Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson)
Balanus sp. Discinisca loeli Hertlein and Grant
Turritella ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam
Turritella moodyi Merriam Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella kernensis Addicott
Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Turricula piercei babykingensis Adegoke
3479
Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Turricula wilsoni (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 38N–23N Genus not living
Intertidal Genus, 34N–Chile
Genus, 57N–3S Genus, 57N–3S Genus, 57N–3S
Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 37N–3S, tropical stock of Gulf coast (T. altilira stock) Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Subgenus, Gulf of California8N Subgenus, 24N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 48N–8N Genus, 48N–8N Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Genus, 56N–1S; 11 to 1464 m
Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 48N–23N
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
13.15 N.D.
N.D. 15.51
10.89 10.89 10.89
16.98 18.49 12.64 12.64 N.D. 10.97
19.06
13.94 19.06
16.98
13.15 13.15 13.15 17.90
11.38
12.64
11.38
11.38
11.38
Appendix 1 175
2133 2041 2025 2026 2034 2382
Mohnian Foraminiferida (Galloway, 1977) Cidarid spines (Echinodermata) Desmostylus hesperus Marsh (Vertebrata) Paleoparadoxia tabatai (Tokunaga) Archaeohippus cf. A. moumingi (Merriam) Hipparion cf. H. forcei Richey Hipparion cf. mohavense Merriam Other vertebrate taxa listed by Barnes (1971) and Clark (1981, p. 27)
Taxa not considered
Discinisca cumingii (Broderip) Balanus sp. Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis cf. A. amoldi Pack Astrodapsis cf. A. spatiosus Kew Amphiura sanctaecrucis Arnold
Other taxa
Discinisca cumingi Broderip (Brachiopoda) Balanus sp. (Arthropoda) Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis cf. A. amoldi Pack Astrodapsis cf. spatiosus Kew Amphiura sanctaecrucis Arnold
Other taxa
Gastropoda Calicantharus sp. Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella lima (Martyn) Nucella sp. Solariella peramabilis Carpenter
Calicantharus sp. Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella lima (Gmelin) Nucella sp. Solariella peramabilis Carpenter
Gastropoda
2054 2241 2242 2243 2317
Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) Pecten crassicardo Conrad
2177 2187
Bivalvia Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Glycymeris grewingki Dall Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
Taxonomy used in this study
2163 2188
Bivalvia
Galloway (1977, p. 25–26) (at Point Reyes, Monterey Formation). Branner et al. (1909, p. 5), Clark (1981, p. 27) (Santa Margarita Formation)
N.D.
Undifferentiated upper Miocene rocks
;39–388 WSA
;38–378 WSA
Offshore N.D.* Offshore N.D.
West of San Andreas fault (WSA)
Taxonomy of authors
;418–408 WSA ;408–398 WSA
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
34N–Chile Intertidal Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living N.D.
Genus not living 65N–34N 66N–28N Genus, 66N–3S 55N–23N, .180 m through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 60N–23N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 59N–36N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
15.51 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
N.D. ,10 ,10 ,10 11.38
10.60 17.88
10.31 17.88
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma)
176 Appendix 1
Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Petricola (Petricola) carditoides (Conrad) Saxidomus sp. Solen cf. S. perrini Clark Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Diplodonta cf. D. sericata (Reeve) Tellina congesta Conrad Cyclocardia montereyana (Arnold) Gastropoda
Ostrea titan Conrad Pecten (Aequipecten) cf. P. (A.) raymondi Clark Pecten (Delectopecten) peckhami Gabb
Pecten (Lyropecten) estrellanus Conrad
Pecten cf. P. estrallanus Conrad
Pecten raymondi Clark Petricola cylindracea Deshayes Saxidomus sp. Solen cf. S. perrini Clark Spisula cf. S. catilliformis Conrad Taras cf. T. paralis (Gabb) Tellina congesta Conrad Venericardia montereyana Arnold
Gastropoda
2113
2188
2003 2063 2146 2156 2299
2075
2282 2312 2318 2321 2143
2126
Acanthina sp. Calyptraea sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Forreria perelegans (Nomland) Polinices sp.
Lyropecten cf. L. estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Chione sp. Compsomyax sp. Cryptomya sp. Dosinia sp. Hinnites giganteus (Gray) Leptopecten discus (Conrad) Lucina acutilineata Conrad Lutraria traski Conrad Macoma congesta Conrad Macoma sp. Marcia oregonensis Conrad Mytilus sp. Ostrea cf. O. vespertina Conrad
2089 2106 2123 2139 2170
Acanthina sp. Calyptraea sp. Ficus kernianum Cooper Forreria perelegans Nomland Polinices sp.
Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Pacipecten cf. P. discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) of Arnold 32– 8 Ma Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Chione cf. C. temblorensis (Anderson)
2090
2185 2359 2339 2197 2288 2226 2129
Cardium cf. quadragenarium Conrad
2357
Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) cf. T. (D.) quadragenarium (Conrad) Chione (Chionopsis) cf. C. (C.) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione sp. Compsomyax sp. Cryptomya sp. Dosinia sp. Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tellina congesta Conrad Macoma sp. Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Mytilus sp. Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Aequipecten discus (Conrad) Anadara obispoana Conrad
;378–368
Trask (1922, p. 152) (San Pablo Group). Fiedler (1944, p. 228) (San Pablo Sandstone). Bowen (1965a, p. 63) (Interfingering of Canyon del Rey Diatomite of Monterey Formation with Santa Margarita Formation). Allen (1946, p. 37), Durham and Addicott, 1965, p. A11) (Santa Margarita Formation). Hall et al. (1995, p. 89) (lower Edna and Miguelito Members, Pismo Formation)
2267 2314
;378–368 WSA
Genus, 48N–1S Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 72N–5S
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 31N–5S 57N–26N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 72N–2S 38N–28N 34N–4S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 71N–9N
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 61N–30N Genus, 60N–6S Genus, 28N–5S 60N–25N Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 57N–25N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 72N–19N Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 60N–27N
Genus, 34N–6S
37N–27N
Genus, 31N–5S Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
continued
12.64 10.97 17.88 15.51 ,10
16.15 10.89 10.31 ,10 13.15 15.51 ,10 ,10
17.88
17.88
10.31 16.15 10.31
15.51 10.17 10.31 17.16 10.31 16.15 10.17 10.97 ,10 ,10 13.94 ,10 17.16
15.51
13.94
16.15 16.46
Appendix 1 177
Anomia sp. Arca leptogrammica Hall Arca trilineata Conrad Cardita n. sp. aff. C. affinis (Sowerby) Cardita sp. Cardium quadrigenarium Conrad Chione cf. C. semplicata Nomland Chione cf. C. tembloerensis (Anderson) Chione sp. a Chione sp. b Chione sp. Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan Conrad Dosinia aff. D. amoldi (Clark) Dosinia sp. Florimetis biangulata (Carpenter) Glycimeris sp.
2017 2019
2135 2139 2152 2165
2089 2113
2076 2077 2357 2088 2090
Anadara sp. Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Anadara trilineata calcarea (Grant and Gale)
Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) sp. Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata calcarea Grant and Gale Anomia sp. Arca (Arca) leptogrammica Hall Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Cardita n. sp. aff. C. affinis Sowerby Cardita sp. Trachycardium quadragenariun (Conrad) Chione cf. C. semplicata Nomland Chione cf. C. tembloerensis (Anderson) Chione sp. Chione sp. Chione sp. Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Dosinia aff. D. amoldi Clark Dosinia sp. Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Glycymeris sp.
Anadara cf. A. trilineata (Conrad)
2014 2015 2016
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Anadara montereyana (Osmont) Anadara obispoana (Conrad)
;368–358
Fairbanks (1904, p. 4), Nomland (1917b, p. 303–304), Hall (1962a, text and Fig. 6), Hall and Corbato´ (1967, p. 563), Hart (1976, p. 30), Addicott et al. (1978b, p. 58–59) (Santa Margarita Formation). Hall (1973a, 1973b; Hall and Prior, 1975) (lowermost Edna and Miguelito Members Pismo Formation)
Diblocraterion (ichnofossil) Rhizocorallium (ichnofossil) Balaenoptera ryani Hanna and McClellan (Vertebrata)
Taxa not considered
Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis cf. A. whitneyi Re´mond
Discinisca aff. D. lamellosa (Broderip)
Other taxa
Other taxa
Discinisca aff. D. lamellosa Broderip (Brachiopoda) Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis cf. A. grandis Kew (A. whitneyi group)
Nucella lima (Martyn) Trophon sp.
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy used in this study
Thais lima (Martyn) Trophon sp.
2013 2314
;368–358 WSA
2025 2028 2035
2132
2242 2365
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 37N–south of equator Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California 29N–4S Genus, 29N–4S 37N–32N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 35N–25N Genus, 60N–4S
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
34N–Chile
66N–28N Genus, 72N–5S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
13.94 17.16 16.78 16.78 16.78 13.94 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 10.31 10.31 17.16 17.16 13.53 10.31
16.78 16.78 16.78
16.78 16.45
16.78
N.D. N.D. N.D.
15.51
,10 ,10
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
178 Appendix 1
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Chlamys sanctiludovici (Anderson and Martin) 13–8 Ma Pecten sp. Lucinoma annulata (Reeve)
Modiolus rectus Conrad Mytilus cf. coalingensis Arnold
Mytilus kewi Nomland
Mytilus schencki Hanna and Hertlein
Mytilus sp. Ostrea panzana Conrad Ostrea titan Conrad Ostrea titan corrugata Nomland Ostrea vespertina Conrad
Ostrea sp. Panope generosum Gould Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea generosa (Gould) Paphia sp. Pecten (Aequipecten) discus Conrad Pecten (Hinnites) giganteus (Gray) Pecten (Lyropecten) estrellanus Conrad n. subsp. Pecten (Lyrpodecten) crassicardo Conrad
Pecten crassicardo biformatus Nomland
Pecten crassicardo Conrad
Pecten estrellanus Conrad
Pecten raymondi Clark Pecten sancti-ludovici Anderson and Martin
2212 2220
2221
2224
2226
2263 2272
2279
2095
2303
Pecten sp. A. Phacoides annulatus (Reeve)
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Macoma nasuta Conrad Macoma secta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Metis alta (Conrad) Modiolus cf. M. rectus Conrad
2190 2193 2197
2111 2129
Macoma andersoni Clark Macoma indentata Carpenter Macoma inquinata (Deshayes)
2194 2192 2189
Ostrea sp. Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Protothaca sp. Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Crassadoma giganteus (Gray) Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Mytilus (Crenomytilus?) schencki Hanna and Hertlein Mytilus sp. Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Macoma andersoni Clark Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Modiolus (Modiolusia) cf. M. (M.) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) coalingensis Arnold Mytilus (Crenomytilus) kewi Nomland
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
2188
Glycymeris sp. Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Lima (Lima) sp. Lima (Lima) vedderi Moore Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Glycymeris sp. Hinnites giganteus (Gray) Leptopecten discus (Conrad) Lima sp. Lima vedderi Moore Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)
2170 2267 2177 2178 2185 2186 2187
N.D. 61N–26N, through Gulf of California
54N–5S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) N.D. 58N–34N 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 31N–5S 60N–25N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 70N–1S
60N–27N 54N–25N Genus, 72N–5S 35N–25N 54N–5S
Genus, 60N–4S 60N–25N Genus, 31N–5S Subgenus, 30N–2S Subgenus, 30N–2S Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 71N–4S 41N–28N 57N–34N
N.D. 10.17 continued
16.15 ,10
17.88
17.88
17.88
17.88
N.D. 10.65 10.65 10.65 10.17 16.15 10.31 17.88
,10 10.31 10.31 10.31 17.16
,10
,10
11.47 ,10
10.31 11.47 ,10 13.53 11.47
,10 11.03 10.89
17.88
10.31 10.31 16.15 16.45 16.45 10.17 10.17 17.88
Appendix 1 179
Chrysodomus sp. Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula sp. Ficus sp. Forreria carisaensis (Anderson and Martin) Murex sp. Nassa sp. Nassarius cf. N. iniquus (Stewart) Nassarius cf. N. pabloensis (Clark)
Natica sp. Nucella lima (Gmelin) Olivella biplicata Sowerby Olivella sp. Trochita spirata (Forbes) Trophon carisaensis Anderson Trophon perelegans Nomland Trophon sp. Trophosycon kemianum (Cooper) Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella freya Nomland
Turritella margaritana Nomland
2023 2051 2052 2062 2063 2081
2096 2116 2121 2145 2153 2217 2231 2383 2229
2232 2242 2257 2259 2058
2156 2365 2146 2368 2371
2372
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Turritella margaritana Nomland
Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea sp. Bulla cantuaensis Anderson and Martin Bulla sp. Calyptraea martini Clark Calyptraea sp. Cerithium (Thericium) cf. C. (T.) uncinatum (Gmelin) Chrysodomus sp. Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula sp. Ficus sp. Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Murex sp. Nassarius sp. Nassarius (Catilon) cf. N. (C.) iniquus (Stewart) Nassarius (Catilon) cf. N. (C.) pabloensis (Clark) Natica sp. Nucella lima (Martyn) Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella sp. Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria perelegans (Nomland) Trophon sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella freya Nomland
Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Phacoides sp. Zirfaea sp. Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Gari sp. Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Tresus cf. T. nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Solen sp. Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Spisula sp. Tellina diabloensis Clark Tellina sp. Tivela sp. Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus sp.
Astraea biangulata (Gabb) Astralium raymondi Clark Astraea sp. Bulla cantuaensis Anderson and Martin Bulla sp. Calyptraea martini Clark Calyptraea sp. Cerithium cf. C. uncinatum (Gmelin)
2022
2361
2559 2320 2326 2328 2340 2346 2355
2284 2381 2304 2301 2161 2311
Taxonomy used in this study
Phacoides nuttalli (Conrad) Phacoides sp. Pholas sp. Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca tenerrima (Carpenter) Psammobia sp. Saxidomus nuttallii (Conrad) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Schizothaerus cf. nuttalli Conrad Schizothaerus nuttalli Conrad Solen sp. Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula sp. Tellina diabloensis Clark Tellina sp. Tivela sp. Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus sp.
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 71N–5S, if Natica 66N–28N 49N–25N Genus, 57Nsouth of equator 24N–15N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S
N.D. 48N–23N Genus, 72N–5S N.D. Genus, 34N–28N N.D. Genus, 55N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S
Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus, 48N–10N Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Gulf of California–3S
37N–22N N.D. Genus, 70N–25N Genus, 61N–20S 57N–28N Genus, 61N–2S 41N–28N 41N–28N 57N–25N 57N–25N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S N.D. Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 38N–4S 57N–25N Genus, 60N–25N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
13.94
,10 ,10 11.81 10.89 18.49 15.51 15.51 ,10 17.88 13.94 16.98
N.D. 12.64 ,10 N.D. 15.51 N.D. 11.38 13.54 13.54
15.51 15.51 12.64 15.51 15.51 10.97 10.97 16.98
13.94 N.D. ,10 10.17 10.89 10.17 11.03 11.03 10.97 10.97 ,10 ,10 N.D. ,10 ,10 13.15 10.97 10.31
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
180 Appendix 1
Aequipecten discus (Conrad) Anadara n. sp. aff. A. obispoana (Conrad)
Anadara sp. Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Cerastoderma cf. C. nuttalli (Conrad) Cerastoderma sp. Chione sp. Chione temblorensis (Anderson) Chlamys cf. C. proavus (Arnold) Clementia cf. martini (Clark) Clementia pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia sp. Crassostrea ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea cf. C. ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea cierboensis (Grant and Eaton) Crassostrea eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea sp. Crassostrea titan (Conrad)
2267 2314
2014 2015 2102 2104 2089 2090 2092 2099 2100 2098 2114
2115 2112 2113
Eaton et al. (1941, Fig. 12) (“Neroly,” “Cierbo,” middle and upper “Briones” Stages). Frtische (1969, p. 142–145) (upper upper submember Branch Canyon Formation). Dickinson and Lowe (1966, p. 2468), Fritsche (1969, p. 169) (Santa Margarita Formation). Hoots (1931, p. 110–111), Durham (1948, p. 1386); White and Buffington (1948, p. 1389); Wright (1948, p. 1390) (basal Modelo [?] Formation or beds [Mohnian]). The fauna listed by Stanton (1966, p. 23) from the Castaic Formation is not included here, but under the 8–5 Ma time slice. However, the paleoclimatic implications of the Castaic fauna are also considered in this time slice because the fauna includes taxa commonly within or restricted to the 13–8 Ma time slice
Brachiopod sp. A. Diatoms (see list in Hart, 1976, p. 31)
Bryozoa
Taxa not considered
Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Scapharca? (Scapharca?) cf S.? (S.?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) sp. Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Clinocardium cf. C. nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium sp. Chione sp. Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chlamys cf. C. proavus (Arnold) Clementia (Egesta) cf. C. (E.) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) sp. Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea sp. Crassostrea titan (Conrad)
Balanus concavus Bronn Balanus sp. Balanus gregarius (Conrad) Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis cf. A. antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis cf. A. whitneyi? Re´mond Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis sp.
Other taxa
Other taxa
Balanus concavus Bronn (Arthropoda) Balanus sp. Tamiosoma gregaria Conrad Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis cf. A. antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis cf. A. whitneyi? Re´mond Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis margaritanus Kew Astrodapsis tumidus Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis sp.
Turritella sp.
Turritella sp.
;358–348 WSA
2035 2033
2029
2039 2041 2020 2025
2373
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California 60N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 70N–1S; species, Paleocene Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Worldwide distribution Intertidal Not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 37N–3S
continued
16.78 16.78 10.31 ,10 15.51 15.51 ,10 17.16 17.16 17.16 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31
16.15 16.45
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
13.94
Appendix 1 181
Mytilus loeli Grant
Navicula sp. Nemocardium centifilosum (Carpenter)
Nuculana taphria (Dall) Ostrea cierboensis Grant and Eaton Ostrea eucorrugata Hertlein Ostrea ligminuta Grant and Eaton Ostrea titan Conrad Ostrea titan Conrad Ostrea titan prior Grant and Eaton Ostrea titan s.s. Conrad Ostrea sp. Panopea generosa Gould Panopea tenuis Wiedey Pecten crassicardo (Conrad)
Pecten pedroanus (Trask) Pecten raymondi Clark Pecten cf. P. raymondi brionianus Trask Pholas sp.? Pinna alamedensis Yates Pinna sp.? Pitar sp. Plagioctenium cf. P. raymondi (Clark) Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula catilliformis Conrad
2225
2018
2245
2127
2326 2321
2138 2036 2038 2289
2272 2275
Miltha sp. Modiolus sp. Mytilus cf. M. kewi Nomland
2208 2215 2221
Delectopecten pedroanus (Trask) Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Zirfaea sp. Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Atrina sp.? Pitar sp. Pacipecten discus (Conrad) Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad)
Arca (Arca) sp. Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea sp. Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea tenuis Wiedey Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Miltha sp. Modiolus sp. Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) kewi Nomland Mytilus (Mytilus?) loeli Grant
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten estrellanus s.s. Conrad
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Laevicardium quadragenarium (Conrad) var. fernandoense Arnold Leda sp. Lima sp. a (finely ribbed) Lima sp. b (coarsely ribbed) Lucina nuttallii Conrad Lucinisca cf. L. nuttalli (Conrad) Lucinisca nuttallii (Conrad) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)
Taxonomy used in this study
Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Dosinia amoldi Clark Crassadoma sp. Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Nuculana sp. Lima sp. (finely ribbed) Lima sp. (coarsely ribbed) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucina (Lucinisca) cf. L. (L.) nuttallii Conrad Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
2188
2187
2184
2246 2179
2357
2122 2135 2171 2234
Crassostrea titan prior (Grant and Eaton) Cryptomya ovalis Conrad Dosinia arnoldi Clark Hinnites sp. Laevicardium centifilosum (Carpenter)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
37N–28N Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 nomen dubium; genus, 60N–27N Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 70N–25N Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N
Genus, 72N–6S N.D. N.D. 37N–22N 37N–22N 37N–22N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 73N–5S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California 59N–28N
37N–27N
Genus, 60N–5S 60N–6S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 60N–25N 59N–28N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
10.31 16.15 16.15 ,10 15.51 15.51 13.94 16.15 ,10 13.15
13.94 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.65 10.65 17.88
17.16 10.60
,10
17.87 ,10 ,10
17.88
17.88
,10 N.D. N.D. 13.94 13.94 13.94 17.88
13.94
10.31 10.31 17.16 10.31 10.60
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
182 Appendix 1
2041 2021
2370 2373
2368
2505
2155 2351
2146
2236 2238 2503 2504 2256 2299 2203 2335 2242 2243 2253 2254 2365
2173
2072 2073 2074 2124 2153 2501 2167 2502
2500
Other taxa
Other taxa
Balanus sp. Asterias remondii Gabb Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Trophon gillulyi Grant and Eaton Trophosycon ocoyana (Conrad) Turritella carisaensis ss. Anderson and Martin Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella sp.
Balanus sp. (Arthropoda) Asterias remondii Gabb (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis altus antiquus Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis armstrongi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis auguri Grant and Eaton
Pteropurpura eldridgei (Arnold) Polinices sp. Neptunea aff. N. cierboensis (Clark) Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Nucella rankini Grant and Eaton Ocenebra cf. O. topangensis Arnold Oliva sp. Polinices sp. Megasurcula stearnsiana (Raymond) Tegula sp. Nucella lima (Martyn) Nucella sp. Ocenebra aff. O. selbyensis (Clark) Ocenebra sp. Trophon sp. Trophon sp. Forreria carisaensis mirandaensis (Grant and Eaton) Forreria cuyamanus (Grant and Eaton) Thais (Stramonita) aff. T. (S.) ponderosa (Gabb) Trophon gillulyi Grant and Eaton Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella sp.
Acmaea? sp. Agasoma sinuatum (Gabb) Agasoma n. sp. Agasoma sp. Boreotrophon stuarti cierboensis Grant and Eaton Cancellaria elsemerenis English Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Cyathodonta sp. Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold)? Haliotis palaea Woodring Homalopoma danvillensis (Clark)
Gastropoda
Acmaea? sp. Agasoma sinuatum (Gabb) Agasoma n. sp. Agasoma sp. a Boreotrophon stuarti cierboensis Grant and Eaton Cancellaria elsemerenis English Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Cyathodonta sp. Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria gabbiana (Anderson) Haliotis palaea Woodring Leptothyra pabloensis Clark (sic Leptothyra danvillensis Clark) Murithais eldridgei (Arnold) Natica (Polinices?) sp. Neptunea aff. N. cierboensis (Clark) Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Nucella rankini Grant and Eaton Ocenebra cf. O. topangensis Arnold Oliva sp. Polinices sp. Surculites remondi (Gabb) Tegula sp. Thais lima (Gmelin) Thais sp. a. Tritonalia aff. T. selbyensis (Clark) Tritonalia sp. a Trophon sp. Trophon sp. A Trophon carisaensis mirandaensis Grant and Eaton Trophon clarki cuyamanus Grant and Eaton Trophon aff. T. pabloensis Clark
Gastropoda
Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey) Yoldia cooperii supramontereyensis Arnold
2358 2377
2005 2499 2149
Tivela diabloensis Clark Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold
Tivela diabloensis Clark Trachycardium fernandoense (Arnold)
2352
Intertidal N.D. Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S 37N–28N Genus, 37N–3S
Genus, 34N–28N Subgenus, 33N–5S
Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S 38N–28N Genus, 57N–5S 66N–28N Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–4S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 57N–23N Genus, 57N–8N
Genus, 72N–16N Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Species, 55N–33N
Genus, 37N–14S Subgenus, 40N–28N
Genus, 38N–4S 37N–27N
continued
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
,10 17.88 13.94 13.94 13.94 13.94
15.51 16.26
10.89 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 10.60 17.88 ,10 13.15 10.89 ,10 ,10 10.60 10.60 ,10 ,10 15.51
10.97 10.97 10.97 13.94 15.51 15.51 10.89 10.89
,10 N.D. N.D. N.D. 11.38
13.94 13.36
13.15 13.94
Appendix 1 183
2025
2031
2028
2024
2030
2029 2032
2035
2027
Astrodapsis brewerianus bitterensis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis brewerianus emergens Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis brewerianus junior Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis cf. A. brewerianus brewerianus (Re´mond) Astrodapsis cf. A. brewerianus diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis californicus Kew Astrodapsis cierboensis branchensis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis clarki Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis cutleri Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis coalingaensis Kew Astrodapsis cuyamanus Kew Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis desaixi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis superior Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis elevatum Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis englishi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis aff. A. femandoensis Pack Astrodapsis galei Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis goudkoffi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis grandis Kew Astrodapsis gregerseni fragilis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis gregerseni Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis gregerseni varians Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis hertleini Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis hootsi Grant and Eaton (Eaton et al. [1941, Plate V, Fig. 11a]) Astrodapsis hootsi Grant and Eaton (Eaton et al. [1941, Plate V, Fig. 11b]) Astrodapsis isabellae Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis johnsoni Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis johnsoni similis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis laimingi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis major parens Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis margaritanus Kew Astrodapsis ovalis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis pabloensis Kew Astrodapsis perrini Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis quaylei Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis reedi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis schencki mirandaensis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis schucherti affinis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis schucherti Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis tumidus Re´mond
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis jacalitosensis Arnold? Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad
Genus not living Genus not living
Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond)
Genus not living
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis aff. A. fernandoensis Pack? Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton
Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew (juvenile)
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Astrodapsis cf. A. diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Genus not living
Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Genus not living
Genus not living
Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Astrodapsis cf. A. brewerianus (Re´mond)
Genus not living
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Taxonomy used in this study
N.D. N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
N.D.
N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
N.D. N.D. N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
184 Appendix 1
2511 2512 2514 2519
2513
2114 2113 2518 2522
2187
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo? (Conrad)
Centrostephanus? sp. (Echinodermata) Eucidaris cf. E. thoursii (Valenciennes) Hespercidaris? sp. Prioncidaris n. sp.?
Centrostephanus? sp. Eucidaris cf. E. thouarsii (Valenciennes) Hespercidaris? sp. Prioncidaris n.sp.?
Other taxa
Other taxa
Gastropoda Halistylus pupoideus (Carpenter)
Gastropoda
Halistylus pupoideus (Carpenter)
Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Pododesmus sp. Nutricola? joaquinensis (Anderson and Martin)
Ostrea arnoldi Adegoke Ostrea titan? Conrad Pododesmus sp. Transenella cf. T. joaquinensis Anderson and Martin
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)
Lyropecten cf. L. crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Chama sp. Crassinella sp.? aff. C. adamsi Olsson Hinnites giganteus (Gray)? Leptopecten cf. L. discus (Coonrad) Lyropecten catalinae (Arnold)
2517 2516 2170 2267 2616
Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Chama sp. Crassinella sp.? aff. C. adamsi Olsson Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H? Pacipecten cf. P. discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Lyropecten catalinae (Arnold) 13–5 Ma
Bivalvia
Astrodapsis cf. A. antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis cf. A. whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis sp.
Lyropecten cf. L. crassicardo (Conrad)
Aequipecten cf. A. andersoni (Arnold)
Bivalvia
Woodring et al. (1946, p. 33) (upper Altamira Shale Member [early Mohnian Age] and lower Valmonte Diatomite Member Monterey Formnation [early late Mohnian Age]). Vedder and Moore (1976, p. 123) (upper Miocene rocks [Luisian—Mohnian Age], San Clemente Island). Vedder et al. (1979, p. 253) (upper Miocene rocks [Mohnian], Santa Catalina Island). Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D46) (Puente Formation, in part)
Desmostylus cf. D. hesperus Marsh (Vertebrata) Desmostylus (Mitchell and Repenning, 1963, p. 7–9) Isurus sp. Hipparion sp. Allodesmus kemensis Kellogg? (Hoots, 1931, p. 111) Unidentified sclaractinian coral (Cnidaria)
Taxa not considered
2265
;348–338 WSA
2033
Astrodapsis cf. tumidus Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis cf. whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis woodringi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis sp.
Genus, 23N–8N, and Gulf of California Gulf of California–0 Gulf of California–3S
55N–8N
Genus, 44N–5S 23N–3S 60N–25N Genus, 31N–5S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 60N–6S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 61N–1S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
continued
19.21 16.98 16.98
11.38
10.31 10.31 ,10 10.17
17.88
17.88
17.88
12.71 19.21 10.31 16.15 17.88
16.15
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
Appendix 1 185
Microfossils: Winterer and Durham (1962, p. 288) (Modelo Formation, Foraminiferida). Woodring et al. (1946, p. 33) (Bolivina modeloensis and Bulimina uvigerina formis zones, upper Altamiara Shale; and Bolivina decurata subzone, lower Valmonte Diatomite Monterey Formation, Foraminiferida). Sloan (1987, p. 48) (Altamira Shale and Valmonte Diatomite members, Monterey Formation 12.7 Ma–11.4 Ma, Radiolaria). Yerkes et al. (1965, p. B14–B15) (Mohnian Foraminiferida). Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D46, D97–D99) (Puente Formation, Mohnian Foraminiferida)
Taxa not considered relative to determining paleoclimate
Strongylocentrotus sp. Terebratalia sp. (Brachiopoda)
Aequipecten sverdrupi Durham Americardia guanacastensis (Hertlein and Strong) Anadara (Anadara) concinna (Sowerby) Anadara cf. A. formosa Sowerby Anadara formosa Sowerby Anadara thauma (Maury) (Smith, 1989)
Anodontia edentuloides (Verrill) Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Anomia subcostata Conrad Apolymetis sp. Arca (Arca) mutabilis (Sowerby) Arca (Arca) pacifica (Sowerby) Arcopsis adamsi (Dall)
2508 2506
2456 2524 2387 2435 2525 2526 2527
2386 2639
2523
Aequipecten circularis bramkampi Durham
Bivalvia
Imperial Valley-Salton Sea basin. Hanna (1926, p. 442–483), Grant and Hertlein (1956, p. 107–109), Christiansen (1957, p. 79–89), Bell-Countryman (1984, p. 59), Smith (1991a, p. 67), Powell (1988. p. 14–18; localities 1–4, Riverside region only) (Imperial Formation). See Powell (1988) for Pliocene and Miocene taxa. Taxa of probable Pliocene age are indicated by numbers in italics in the column to the left and below; list may include taxa that range into the Pliocene
2507
338–328 WSAI
West San Andreas fault, Imperial Valley (WSAI)
2520 2521
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Anomia subcostata Conrad Leporimetis sp. Arca (Arca) mutabilis (Sowerby) Arca (Arca) pacifica (Sowerby) Arcopsis adamsi conradiana (Dall ) (? 4 Arcopsis solida [Sowerby])
Argopecten ventricosus bramkampi (Durham) 13?–2.5? Ma Argopecten sverdrupi (Durham) 13–8 Ma Americardia guanacastensis (Hertlein and Strong) Anadara (Anadara) concinna (Sowerby) Anadara (Rasia) cf. A. (R.) formosa (Sowerby) Anadara (Rasia) formosa (Sowerby) Anadara thauma (Maury)
Bivalvia
Strongylocentrotus sp. Terebratalia sp.
Taxonomy used in this study
29N in Gulf of California–3S 28N–5S 28N–5S Panamic, but not listed by Keen (1971) or Bernard (1983) 30N–28N 37N–5S Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus, 35N–25N 25N–2S, Gulf of California 28N–5S, Gulf of California Species 35N–26N, Atlantic. If A. solida, 33N to 9S, Pacific
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 35N–15N Atlantic
Species, 34N–6S
Genus, 57N–28N Genus, 38N–23N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
16.45 13.94 13.94 13.53 17.88 17.16 16.26
17.02 17.16 17.16 N.D.
15.51 15.66
15.51
10.89 13.15
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
186 Appendix 1
Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) Argopecten sverdrupi (Durham) Atrina stephensi Hanna Barbatia (Calloarca) n. sp. Powell Barnea costata Linnaeus
2392
Cyclopecten pernomus (Hertlein)
Cyrtopleura (Scobinopholas) costata Linnaeus
Dendostrea folium (Linnaeus) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2428 2429 2543 2544 2545 2416 2546
2547
2548
2549 2550
2423 2137 2139 2390 2427 2551 2431
2422
Divalinga ebrunea (Reeve) Divaricella eburnea (Reeve) Divaricella eburnea Reeve Dosinia dunkeri Philippi Dosinia ponderosa (Gray) Dosinia sp. Echinochama californica Dall Eucrassatella digueti Lamy Eucrassatella n. sp. Powell Euvola keepi (Arnold)
Codakia (Codakia) distuguenda (Tryon) Codakia sp. cf. C. orbicularis (Linnaeus) (Smith, 1989) Codakia colpoica Dall Corbula (Bicrobula?) n. sp. Powell Corbula (Caryocorbula) oreopendula Olsson Corbula (Julicorbula) aequivalvis fossilis Pilsbry Corbula (Varicorbula) speciosa Reeve Crassinella pacifica mexicana Pilsbry and Lowe Crassinella virians (Carpenter) Crassitelites sp. Crassitellites subgibbosus Hanna Crenella inflata (Carpenter) Ctena n. sp. Powell Ctenoides floridana Olsson and Harbison Cyathodonta undulata Conrad Cyclinella cyclica (Guppy)
2409
2404 2536
Callucina guincula Olsson Cardiomya n. sp.? Powell Cardites crassicostata (Sowerby) Chama buddiana Adams Chama corallina Olsson Chama frondosa Broderip Chione (Lirophora) hannai Parker Chione cf. wilcoxi (Dall) Chione sp. Chlamys corteziana (Durham) Chlamys corteziana Durham Chlamys lowei (Hertlein)
2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2401 2535 2402 2089
2394 2529 2395
Argopecten abieties (Jordan and Hertlein)
2528
Divalinga (Divalinga) ebrunea (Reeve) Divalinga (Divalinga) ebrunea (Reeve) Divalinga (Divalinga) ebrunea (Reeve) Dosinia dunkeri Philippi Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) Dosinia sp. Arcinella californica (Dall) Eucrassatella digueti (Lamy) Eucrassatella n. sp. Powell Euvola keepi (Arnold) 13–2.5Ma
Cyclopecten pernomus (Hertlein) 13? or 5 Ma– Holocene Cyrtopleura (Scobinopholas) costata (Linnaeus) Dendostrea folium (Linnaeus) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Codakia (Codakia) distuguenda (Tryon) Corbula (Bicrobula?) n. sp. Powell Corbula (Caryocorbula) oreopendula Olsson Juliacorbula aequivalvis fossilis (Pilsbry) Corbula (Varicorbula) speciosa Reeve Crassinella pacifica (Adams) Crassinella virians (Carpenter) Eucrassatella sp. Eucrassatella subgilbosa (Hanna) Crenella divaricata (d’Orbigny) Ctena n. sp. Powell Ctenoides floridana Olsson and Harbison Cyathodonta undulata Conrad Cyclinella cyclica (Guppy)
Argopecten abieties (Jordan and Hertlein) 5– 2.5 Ma Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma Argopecten sverdrupi (Durham) 13–8 Ma Atrina stephensoni Hanna Barbatia (Calloarca) n. sp. Powell Cryptopleura (Scobinopholas) costata (Linnaeus) Callucina guincula Olsson Cardiomya n. sp.? Powell Cardites crassicostata (Sowerby) Chama buddiana Adams Chama corallina Olsson Chama (Chama) frondosa Broderip Chione (Lirophora) hannai Parker Chione cf. C. wilcoxi (Dall) Chione sp. Chlamys corteziana Durham 13–2.5 Ma Chlamys corteziana Durham 13–2.5 Ma Spathochlamys vestalis (Reeve) 13 or 8 Ma to Holocene Codakia (Codakia) distuguenda (Tryon) Codakia (Codakia) distuguenda (Tryon)
Genus, 28N–4S, Pacific; species, 42N–24 N, Atlantic Indo-Pacific Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) 25N–5S 25N–5S 25N–5S 25N–3S 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 28N–6N 30N–3N Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 38N–23N
25N–9N Genus, 37N–14S Subgenus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–2S 27N–7N 34N–1S 28N–3S Genus, 34N–5S Subgenus, 33N–5S 34N–2S Genus, 31N–2S Genus, 35N–15N Atlantic 31N–4S Genus, 27N–9S, Pacific; species, 35N–15N, Atlantic Genus, 50N–2S
25N–9N 25N–9N
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 36N–5S, and Gulf of California Genus, 28N–4S, Pacific; species, 42N–24 N, Atlantic Genus, 31N–16N Genus, 61N–1S; 5 to 3000 m 27N–2S 11N–0 23N–8N 24N–2N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S 33.4N–1.3S
Genus, 34N–6S
17.88 17.88 17.88 17.88 17.16 17.16 17.16 16.45 15.51 13.15 continued
N.D. 17.16
17.16
11.81
17.88 13.94 13.94 13.94 17.49 15.51 17.16 15.51 16.26 15.51 16.15 15.66 16.15 17.49
17.88 17.88
16.15 10.17 17.49 17.90 19.21 18.49 15.51 15.51 15.51 ,10 ,10 16.26
15.51 15.51 15.51 13.26 17.16
15.51
Appendix 1 187
2434
2391
2510
Pecten (Pecten) carrizoensis Kew Pecten (Pecten) juanensis Grant and Stevenson Pecten (Pecten) keepi Arnold Pecten (Plagioctenium) deserti Conrad Pecten (Plagoctenium) cerrosensis var. mendenhalli Arnold Pecten carrizoensis Arnold Pecten deserti Conrad Pecten keepi Arnold
Pecten (Lyropecten) mediacostatus (Hanna)
2405
2566 2567 2509
Panope generosa (Gould) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Papyridea crockeri (Strong and Hertlein) Parvilucina mazatlanica Carpenter Patinopecten dilleri (Dall)
2272
2129
2403 2564 2565 2413 2463 2614 2464
Ostrea iridescens Gray Ostrea vespertina Conrad
Macoma (Psammacoma) siliqua Adams Macoma sp. Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby) Metis excavata Sowerby Miltha xantusi Dall Modiolus unidens Lister Myrakeenae angermanni (Hertlein and Jordan) Myrakeenae angelica (Rochebume) Ostrea californica Marcou Ostrea erici Hertelein Ostrea haitiensis Sowerby Ostrea heermanni Conrad
2562 2197 2563 2439
2561
Flabellipecten n. sp. Powell Glycymeris (Glycymeris) maculata (Broderip) Glycymeris (Axinactis) delessertii (Reeve) Glycymeris gigantea Reeve Glycymeris sp. Gouldia california Dall Lima caribbaea (d’Orbigny) Limaria sp. Limatula sp. Lithophaga (Diberus) plumula (Hanley) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttalli Conrad Lucina (Miltha) xantusi Dall Lucina (Myrtea) acutilineata Conrad Lucina (Pleurolucina) n. sp. Powell Lucina edentuloides Hanna Lucina edentuloides Verrill Lyropecten modulatus (Hertlein)
2552 2553 2554 2436 2165 2555 2556 2557 2558 2559 2184 2207 2185 2560
Taxonomy used in this study
Flabellipecten carrizoensis (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Argopecten deserti (Conrad) 13–2.5 Ma Euvola keepi (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma
Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Papyridea crockeri (Strong and Hertlein) Parvilucina mazatlanica Carpenter Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) (questionably present) 8–2.5 Ma Chlamys? mediacostata mediacostata (Hanna) 13? or 5–2.5 Ma Flabellipecten carrizoensis (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Oppenheimopecten juanensis (Grant and Stevenson) Euvola keepi (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Argopecten deserti (Conrad) 13–2.5 Ma Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma
Macoma (Psammacoma) siliqua Adams Macoma sp. Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby) Leporimetis cognata (Pilsbry and Vanatta) Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Modiolus unidens Lister Lopha angermanni (Hertlein and Jordan) Lopha angelica (Rochebume) Crassostrea columbiensis (Hanley) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) erici (Hertlein) Ostrea? haitiensis Sowerby Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) heermanni (Conrad) Crassostrea columbiensis (Hanley) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Flabellipecten n. sp. Powell Glycymeris (Glycymeris) maculata (Broderip) Glycymeris (Axinactis) delessertii (Reeve) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) gigantea (Reeve) Glycymeris sp. Gouldia california Dall Lima caribbaea (d’Orbigny) Limaria sp. Limatula sp. Lithophaga (Diberus) plumula (Hanley) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucina (Pleurolucina) n. sp. Powell Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Lyropecten modulatus (Hertlein) 13.5–7.2 Ma
West San Andreas fault, Imperial Valley (WSAI) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
13.15 15.51 13.15
13.15 15.51 15.51
Genus, 38N–23N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 38N–23N
13.15 17.16
,10
10.65 10.65 17.16 16.78 N.D.
17.16 17.16
16.15 ,10 16.15 16.45 17.87 ,10 16.78 16.78 17.16 N.D. 22.71 N.D.
13.15 16.15 19.21 16.15 10.31 17.87 15.66 13.94 10.89 13.94 13.94 17.87 10.17 16.15 16.45 16.45 17.88
Effective Temp. (8C)
Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 28N–4S
Genus, 70N–1S
28N–5S Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) 58N–34N 58N–34N 28N–23N 29N–1S Genus not living
Genus, 38N–4S 31N–4S 23N–2N 31N–25N Genus, 60N–4S 26N–8N Genus s.l., western Atlantic, 35N–15N Genus, 37N–9N Genus, 57N–23N 37N–1S, also in Gulf of California 37N–22N 26N–25N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 31N–22N 30N–28N 30N–28N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 31N–9N Genus, 71N–4S 31N–4S 30N–4S 26N–25N Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 29N–3S 29N–3S 28N–5S Genus not living 18 N, Atlantic Ocean Genus not living
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
188 Appendix 1
2612 2585 2397 2398 2586 2399 2400
2389 2584 2396
2581 2582 2583 2388
Acteocina n.sp. Powell Albina curta Woodring Algadrillia n.sp. Powell Architectonica nobilis Bolten var. discus Grant and Gale Architectonica quadriceps Hinds Architectonica sp. Arene stephensoni Schremp Bulla striatus Bruguie`re Bullaria striata Bruguie`re Bulla punctulata Adams in Sowerby Calliostoma olssoni Maury Cancellaria? sp. Cancellaria obesa Sowerby Carinodrillia n.sp. Powell Cassis sp. Cassis subtuberosus Hanna
Gastropoda
Ventricordia sp. Powell
2580
2576
2575
2481 2577 2578 2579
Pegoghipema endentuloides (Verrill) Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Phacoides xantusi Dall Pholadopsis pectinata Conrad Pholadomya candida dalli Olsson Pinna (Pinna) latrania Hanna Pinna latrania Hanna Pinna mendenhalli Hanna Pitar (Pitarella) n. sp. Powell Picatula penicillata Carpenter Pycnodonte heermanni (Conrad)
Semele formosa Sowerby Semele sayi Toula Solecurtus borggii gatunensis Toula Spondylus bostrychites Guppy Spondylus calcifer Carpenter Spondylus sp. Spondylus sp. aff. S. ursipes Berry (Smith, 1989) Spondylus victoriae Sowerby (fide Durham, 1950b) Tagelus (Mesopleura) peruvianus Pilsbry and Olsson Tagelus californianus Conrad Timothynus n.sp. Powell Tucetona (Bellaxinaea) n. sp. Powell Undulostrea megedon (Hanley)
2572 2573 2574 2414 2475 2476 2632
2457 2458 2570 2571
2568 2569
2452
Pecten mendenhalli Arnold Pecten sancti-ludovici Anderson and Martin in Hanna Pecten subnodosus Sowerby
Pecten mediacostatus Hanna
Genus, 58N–8N Genus, 35N–15N, Atlantic Genus, Gulf of Calf.-5S 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 24N and Gulf of California–0 28N, Florida 28N, Florida 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California 27N–3S Genus, 31N in Gulf of California–3S Genus, 23N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 23N–3S, through Gulf of California
Architectonica nobilis Bolten Architectonica sp. Arene stephensoni Schremp Bulla striata (Bruguie`re) Bulla striata (Bruguie`re) Bulla punctulata Adams in Sowerby Calliostoma olssoni Maury Cancellaria? sp. Cancellaria obesa Sowerby Carinodrillia n.sp. Powell Cassis sp. Cassis subtuberosa Hanna
Genus, 37N–12.1S
41N–11N N.D. Subgenus, 31N–3S 28N–5S
35N–5S
30N–26N
31N–2S Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 28N–4S 31N–5S 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S 29N Gulf of California
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 30N–28N 30N–28N 26N–25N 32N–7S Genus not living Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 28N–10N Subgenus, 31N–5S 2S north to 0 Genus not living
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 70N–1S
Genus, 70N–1S
Acteocina n.sp. Powell Albina curta Woodring Algadrillia n.sp. Powell Architectonica nobilis Bolten
Gastropoda
Tagelus (Mesopleura) peruvianus Pilsbry and Olsson Tagelus (Tagelus) californianus (Conrad) Timothynus n.sp. Powell Glycymeris (Tucetona) sp. Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) (Agerostrea of authors) Trigonulina n.sp. Powell
Spondylus victoriae Sowerby
Lyropecten tiburonensis Smith 14 or 13 Ma to 11.2 or 10.2 Ma Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Jouannetia pectinata (Conrad) Pholadomya candida dalli Olsson Pinna (Pinna) latrania Hanna Pinna (Pinna) latrania Hanna Pinna (Pinna) mendenhalli Hanna Pitar (Pitarella) n. sp. Powell Plicatula penicillata Carpenter Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) heermanni (Conrad) Semele formosa (Sowerby) Semele sayi Toula Solecurtus borggii gatunensis Toula Spondylus bostrythes Guppy Spondylus calcifer Carpenter Spondylus sp. Spondylus sp. aff. S. ursipes Berry
Chlamys? mediacostata mediacostata (Hanna) 13? or 5–2.5 Ma Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma Chlamys corteziana Durham 13–2.5 Ma
continued
17.88 17.88 18.49 17.06 17.06 17.88 10.89 10.97 17.49 16.15 19.21 19.21
10.65 15.66 16.98 17.88
13.94
11.03 N.D. 16.15 17.16
13.50
16.45
16.15 10.31 17.16 16.15 15.15 16.15 17.02
16.45 16.45 17.87 15.78 N.D. 17.16 17.16 17.16 16.15 25.45 N.D.
17.88
15.51 ,10
,10
Appendix 1 189
2453 2454
2254 2460 2448 2451 2449 2450 2486 2599 2600 2601
2597 2444 2445 2496 2598
2438 2596 2615 2443
Murex sp. Natica uber Valenciennes Natica unifasciata Lamarck Nerita cf. bernbardi Recluz Nerita scabricostata Lamarck Nerita sp. Neritina picta Sowerby Niso n.sp. Powell Odostomia (Chrysallida) n.sp. Powell Odostomia (Menestho) n.sp. Powell Oliva spicata (Bolten) Oliva spicata Bolten Olivella gracilis Broderip and Sowerby
Diodora cayenensis (Larmarck) Epitonium efferum Bramkamp in Durham Fasciolaria princeps Sowerby Ficus decussata Wood Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby) Haliotis (Padollus) pourtalesii Dall Heliacus rotundata (Gabb) Hemitoma (Montfortia) emarginata Blainville Homalopoma (Leptothyropsis) maiqueutiana (Weisbord) Kelletia (Kelletia) kelleta (Forbes) Knefastia olivacea (Sowerby) Littorina varia Sowerby Malea ringens (Swainson) Malela ringens Swainson Mirachelus imperialis Schremp Mitra sulcata Swainson Mitrella cf. carinata (Hinds) Mitrularia equestris Linnaeus Modulus modulus Linnaeus
2590 2591 2432 2433
2592 2593 2594 2595
Conus regularis Sowerby Conus spurius Gmelin (Smith, 1989) Crassispira n.sp. Powell Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crucibulum spinosum Sowerby Cypraea cf. cervinetta Kiener
Cerithiopsis n.sp. Powell Cerithium (Thericium) uncinatum (Gmelin) Cerithium incisum Sowerby Conus (Leptoconus) multiliratus walli Mansfield Conus bramkampi Hanna and Strong (Hanna and Strong, 1949) Conus durhami Hanna and Strong (Hanna and Strong, 1949) Conus fergusoni Sowerby Conus planiliratus Sowerby
2410 2635 2589 2117 2415 2417
2411 2412
2634
2440 2588 2633
2587
Taxonomy used in this study
Murex sp. Polinices (Polinices) uber (Valenciennes) Natica (Natica) unifasciata Lamarck Nerita (Theliostyla) funiculata Menke Nerita (Ritena) scabricostgata Lamarck Nerita sp. Theoduxus (Vittoclithon) luteofasciatus Miller Niso n.sp. Powell Odostomia (Chrysallida) n.sp. Powell Odostomia (Menestho) n.sp. Powell Oliva (Oliva) spicata (Ro¨ding) Oliva (Oliva) spicata (Ro¨ding) Olivella(Olivella) gracilis (Broderip and Sowerby)
Conus (Leptoconus) regularis Sowerby Conus spurius Gmelin Crassispira n.sp. Powell Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crucibulum spinosum (Sowerby) Macrocypraea cf. M. cervinetta (Kiener) (Groves, 1997) Diodora alternata alternata Say Epitonium efferum Bramkamp Fasciolaria (Pleuroploca) princeps Sowerby Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby) Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby) Haliotis(Padollus) pourtalesii Dall Heliacus rotundata (Gabb) Hemitoma (Montfortia) emarginata Blainville Homalopoma (Leptothyropsis) maiqueutiana (Weisbord) Kelletia (Kelletia) kelletii (Forbes) Knefastia olivacea (Sowerby) Littorina varia Sowerby Malea ringens (Swainson) Malea ringens (Swainson) Mirachelus imperialis Schremp Mitra orientalis Griffith and Pidgeon Mitrella cf. M. carinata (Hinds) Cheilea equestris Linnaeus Modulus modulus Linnaeus
Conus (Lithoconus) fergusoni Sowerby Conus planiliratus Sowerby
Conus durhami Hanna and Strong
Cerithiopsis n.sp. Powell Cerithium (Thericium) uncinatum (Gmelin) Liocerithium judithae Keen Conus (Leptoconus) multiliratus walli Mansfield Conus bramkampi Hanna and Strong
West San Andreas fault, Imperial Valley (WSAI) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
34N–30N 28N in Gulf of California–3S 8N–5S 31N, Gulf of California–5S 31N, Gulf of California–5S Genus, 10N–0 42N–south of equator 38N–23N 35N–15N Atlantic Genus, Gulf of California–3S; 35N–15N, Atlantic Genus, 28N–3S, throughout Gulf of California 32N–5S, through Gulf of California 10N–5S 28N–5S, through Gulf of California 28N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Gulf of California–5S Genus, 33N–3S Subgenus, 25N–3S Subgenus, 32N–8N, through Gulf of California Through Gulf of California–8N Through Gulf of California–8N 28N–8N, through Gulf of California
40N–15N, Atlantic Genus, 72N–3S Gulf of California–5S 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N, Florida Genus, 34N–3S Subgenus, 25N–20N Genus, 57N–8N
28N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 38N–south of equator eastern Pacific; species, 24N, Florida 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 38N–south of equator Genus, 37N–3S 34N–3S 42N–Chile 31N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 38N–south of equator
Genus, 60N–5S Gulf of California–3S 25N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 38N–south of equator
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
17.16 15.78 26.11 17.16 17.16 17.16 16.98 16.26 17.88 15.78 16.98 16.98 17.16
15.51 17.16 18.44 16.15 16.15 26.11 13.53 13.15 15.66 16.98
13.72 ,10 16.98 17.88 17.88 18.95 15.51 17.88 10.89
17.88 13.15 13.94 15.51 13.53 16.15
17.16 21.14
13.15
10.31 16.98 17.88 17.16 13.15
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
190 Appendix 1
Dichocoenia merriami (Vaughan)
Dichocoenia cf. stokesi (Vaughan)
Eusmilia solida (Nomland)
Maeundra bowersi (Vaughan) Porites carrizensis Vaughan
Siderastrea californica Vaughan Siderastrea mendenhalli Vaughan Siderastrea mendenhalli minor Vaughan Siderastrea sp. Solenastrea fairbanksi (Vaughan)
2420
2419
2430
2498 2462
2466 2468 2467 2465 2470
Other taxa
Siderastrea californica Vaughan Siderastrea mendenhalli Vaughan Siderastrea mendenhalli minor Vaughan Siderastrea sp. Solenastrea fairbanksi (Vaughan)
Maeundra bowersi (Vaughan) Porites carrizensis Vaughan
Eusmilia carrizensis Vaughan
Dichocoenia cf. D. stokesi (Vaughan)
Dichocoenia merriami (Vaughan)
Astrangia sp. Dichocoenia merriami crasisepta Vaughan
Other taxa
Astrangia sp. (Cnidaria) Dichocoenia merriami crasisepta Vaughan
Vermicularia pellucida eburnea (Reeve) Vermicularia pellucida eburnea (Reeve) Vermicularia pellucida Broderip and Sowerby
Turritella sp. Vasum caestus (Broderip) Vasum pufferi Emerson (Smith, 1989)
Terebra dislocata (Say) Terebra elata Hinds Terebra sp. Trivia n.sp. Powell Turbo (Senectus) mounti Schremp Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) n.sp. Powell Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) n.sp. Powell Polystira albida (Perry) Turris sp. Turritella cf. T. mariana Dall Turritella imperialis Hanna
Olivella sp. Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Polinices) uber (Valenciennes) Pyramidella n.sp. Powell Rimula cancellata Schremp Rissoina n.sp. Powell Seila n.sp. Powell Solenosteira anomala (Reeve) Solenosteria anomala (Reeve) Solenosteria sp. Strombus granulatus Swainson acutus Durham Strombus (Tricornis) galeatus Swainson Strombus (Strombus) gracilior Sowerby Strombus granulatus Swainson Strombus obliteratus Hanna Syntomodrillia n.sp. Powell Terebra gausapata Brown and Pilsbry
Turritella sp. Vasum caestum Broderip Vasum pufferi Emerson (Emerson, 1964; Smith, 1989) Vermicularia ebrunea Reeve Vermicularia eburnea (Reeve) Vermicularia pellucida Broderip and Sowerby
Olivella sp. Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices uber (Valenciennes) Pyramidella n.sp. Powell Rimula cancellata Schremp Rissoina n.sp. Powell Seila n.sp. Powell Solenosteira anomala (Reeve) Solenosteria anomala Reeve Solenosteria sp. Strombus cf. gran acutus Mawe Strombus galeatus Swainson Strombus gracilior Sowerby Strombus granulatus Mawe Strombus obliteratus Hanna Syntomodrillia n.sp. Powell Terebra (Strioterebrum) gausapata Brown and Pilsbry Terebra gausapata Brown and Pilsbry Terebra protexta Conrad Terebra sp. Trivia n.sp. Powell Turbo (Senectus) mounti Schremp Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) n.sp. Powell Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) n.sp. Powell Turris albida? Perry Turris sp. Turritella cf. mariana Dall Turritella imperialis Hanna
2393 2421
2494
2495
2373 2493 2636
2482 2483 2484 2608 2609 2610 2611 2461 2489 2490 2491
2474 2477 2480 2479 2497 2478 2606 2607
2602 2603 2604 2605 2473
2259 2297
Genus, 34N–3N, through Gulf of California Reef-corals, present-day taxa living in Caribbean Reef-corals, present-day taxa living in Caribbean Reef-corals, present-day taxa living in Caribbean Reef-corals, present-day taxa living in Atlantic; early Pliocene Reef-corals, present-day taxa living in Atlantic Reef-corals, present-day taxa living Gulf of California Reef-corals, present-day taxa living in Atlantic Reef-corals, present-day taxa living in Atlantic Reef-corals, present-day taxa living in Atlantic Reef-corals, present-day taxa living in Atlantic Reef-corals, present-day taxa living in Atlantic
34N–8N, through Gulf of California 34N–8N, through Gulf of California 8N–and southward
33N–3N 25N–0 Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 37N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 34N–3S Subgenus, 25N–5S 28N–15N, Caribbean N.D. 28N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3S, fossils restricted to Gulf of California region, “tropical” Genus, 37N–3S 23N–3S Genus, 23N–3S
Genus, 57N–south of equator 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 32N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 28N in Gulf of California Genus, 28N in Gulf of California–5S Genus, 37N–8N, through Gulf of California 28N–5S 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Species, northern end Gulf of California–3S Northern end Gulf of California–3S Gulf of California–5S Northern end Gulf of California–3S Genus, northern end Gulf of California–5S Genus, 8N Genus, 34N–3S
continued
21.14 21.14 21.14 21.14 21.14
21.14 16.98
21.14
21.14
21.14
15.51 21.14
15.51 15.51 18.44
13.94 19.21 19.21
13.94 17.88 15.51 13.94 17.16 15.51 17.88 17.16 N.D. 17.16 16.98
10.89 13.53 15.78 13.94 17.16 17.16 13.94 17.16 17.16 17.16 16.98 16.98 16.98 16.98 16.98 18.44 15.51
Appendix 1 191
2056 2060 2621 2080 2121 2622 2623 2063 2176 2624
2007
2620 2318 2346 2381
2267 2617 2122 2618 2190 2197 2619
;428–418 ESA
Taxopneustes cf. T. foseus (no author given)
2487
Gastropoda Amauropsis sp. Amauropsis sp. Calliostoma sp. Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Cancellaria sp. Cerithiopsis sp. Crepidula sp. Epitonium (Nitidiscala) sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) sp. Calyptraea sp. Lepeta sp. Nassarius (Catilon) sp.
Gastropoda
Amauropsis sp. Ampullina sp. Calliostoma sp. Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Cancellaria sp. Cerithiopsis sp. Crepidula sp. Epitonium (Nitidiscala) sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) sp. Galerus sp. Lepton sp. Nassarius (Catilon) sp.
Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Bernardina? sp. Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Macoma balthica (Linnaeus) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pitar (Lamelliconcha) sp. Solen perrini Clark Tellina sp. Zirfaea
Bivalvia
Toxopneustes cf. T. roseus (A. Agassiz)
Solenastrea fairbanksi columaris (Vaughan) Solenastrea fairbanksi minor Vaughan Solenastrea fairbanksi normalis Vaughan Eucidaris sp. or Hesperocidaris sp. Clypeaster bowersi Weaver Clypeaster carrizoensis Kew Clypeaster deserti Kew Encope tenuis Kew Tripneustes californicus (Kew) Metalia spatagus? (Linnaeus) Schizater morlini Grant and Hertlein
Taxonomy used in this study
Aequipecten discus (Conrad) bernardinid ? indet. Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Macoma balthica (Linnaeus) Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Mya arenaria Linnaeus Pecten discus Conrad Pitar (Lamelliconcha) sp. Solen perrini Clark Tellina sp. Zirphaea sp.
Bivalvia
Diller (1902, p. 33–34) (Wymer Formation), and Maxson (1933, p. 134–135), and Watkins (1974, p. 1268) (Wimer Formation)
East side of San Andreas fault (ESA)
Tetraclita (Squamosa) mileporosa Pilsbry (Vertebrata) Carcharodon amoldi Jordan (shark)
Taxa not considered
Solenastrea fairbanksi columaris (Vaughan) Solenastrea fairbanksi minor Vaughan Solenastrea fairbanksi normalis Vaughan Cidaris sp. (Echinodermata) Clypeaster bowersi Weaver Clypeaster carrizensis Kew Clypeaster deserti Kew Encope tenuis Kew Hippnoe californica Kew Metalia spatagus? Linnaeus Schizater morlini Grant and Hertlein
2471 2469 2472 2613 2406 2407 2408 2426 2488 2446 2617
West San Andreas fault, Imperial Valley (WSAI) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 72N–60N Genus, 72N–60N Genus, 57N–8N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 72N–5S Subgenus, 55N–23N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–37N Subgenus, 39N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 37N–21N 60N–6S 70N–38N 60N–27N Genus, 72N–5S 70N–33N Genus, 31N–5S Sub genus, 31N–5S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 70N–25N
Reef-corals, present-day taxa living in Atlantic Reef-corals, present-day taxa living in Atlantic Reef-corals, present-day taxa living in Atlantic Genus, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 23N–0, Gulf of California Genus, 23N–0, Gulf of California Genus, 23N–0, Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, Gulf of California Genus not living 24N–8N Genus, 41N–13N, 120 to 365 m, Atlantic; early Pliocene (?), California 25N–3N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
,10 ,10 10.89 18.49 10.97 10.31 ,10 11.38 17.88 10.97 ,10 13.54
16.15 13.94 10.31 .10 10.31 ,10 ,10 16.15 16.15 ,10 ,10 ,10
17.88
21.14 21.14 21.14 16.98 19.21 19.21 19.21 17.88 N.D. 18.49 11.03
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
192 Appendix 1
Weaver (1949, p. 79–84) (Briones, Cierbo, and Neroly Formations)
;39–388 ESA
Acila conradi Meek Amiantis behri (Clark) Amiantis dalli Clark Amiantis stalderi (Clark) Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Antigona willisi Trask Apolymetis biangulata (Carpenter) Cardium corbis Martyn Chama pellucida Broderip Chione pabloensis Clark Chione panzana (Anderson and Hanna) Corbicula gabbiana (Henderson) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Glycymeris grewingki Dall Glycymeris septentrionalis (Middendorf)
Lucina annulata (Reeve) Lucina richthofenii Gabb Lucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Macoma andersoni Clark Macoma diabloensis Clark Macoma nasuta Conrad Macoma pabloensis Clark Macoma secta (Conrad)
2004 2286 2008 2009 2015 2374 2152 2102 2083 2086 2087 2300 2122 2135 2136 2163 2164
2186 2168 2276 2194 2195 2190 2196 2193
Bivalvia
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
Ostrocoda (Arthropoda) Malocastraca Bryozoa Corals (Cnidaria) Magnolia lanceolata Lesquereux (Plantae) Persea pseudo-carolinensis Lesquereux Laurus salicifolia Lesquereux Quercus sp.
Taxa not considered
Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds) Pitar behri (Clark) Amiantis (Amiantis) dalli Clark Amiantis callosa stalderi (Clark) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Globivenus willisi (Trask) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Chama (Chama) arcana Bernard Chione pabloensis Clark Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Polymesoda gabbiana (Henderson) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis (Middendorff) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Macoma andersoni Clark Macoma diabloensis Clark Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma pabloensis Clark Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad)
Bivalvia
Dentalium sp. Balanus sp.
Other taxa
Other taxa
Dentalium (Scaphopoda) Balanus (Arthropoda)
Ocenebra sp. Odostomia sp. Opalia (Rugatiscala) sp. Peristernia? Priscofusus sp.
Polinices (Neverita) pabloensis (Clark)
Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes) var. pabloensis Clark Ocenebra sp. Odostomia? sp. Opalia (Rugatiscala) sp. Peristernia? Priscofusus sp.
418–408 ESA 408–398 ESA
2130 2041
2254 2625 2626 2281 2627
2296
61N–26N, through Gulf of California 34N–24N 61N–28N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 60N–27N Genus, 71N–4S 54N–25N
60N–27N Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 35N–23N Species, 34N–25N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3N 35N–25N 63N–33N 37N–10N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 23N–5S 60N–6S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 60N–23N 55N–50N
continued
10.17 15.51 10.17 ,10 ,10 10.31 ,10 11.47
10.31 13.94 13.53 15.51 16.78 13.94 13.53 ,10 13.94 15.51 15.51 19.21 10.31 17.16 17.16 10.31 11.38
10.89 N.D.
N.D.
Genus not living Genus, 57N–3S Intertidal
10.60 ,10 11.38
13.82
Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 72N–23N Genus, 55N–25N; subgenus not living
Subgenus, 42N–21N
Appendix 1 193
2321 2323 2322 2142 2143 2342
2319 2326
2318
2270 2287 2378 2376 2245 2310 2247 2311 2359 2315
2269
Pecten weaveri Clark Pitar newcombianus (Gabb) Portlandia carnerosensis (Clark) Portlandia cooperii (Gabb) Saccella taphria (Dall) Sanguinolaria alata (Gabb) Sanguinolaria nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Schizothaerus nuttalli Conrad Siliqua lucida (Conrad) Siliqua lucida Conrad Solena perrini Clark Solena sicarius Conrad var. perrini Clark Solena sicarius Gould Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula albaria Conrad Spisula catilliformis Conrad Spisula falcata brioniana Trask Spisula falcata Gould Taras harfordi (Anderson) Taras parilis (Conrad) Tellina hannibali Clark
Pecten vickeryi Trask
Pecten tolmani Hall and Ambrose
Pecten raymondi brionianus Trask Pecten raymondi Clark Pecten ricei Trask
Pecten pabloensis Conrad
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten holwayi Clark
2268
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Pecten estrellanus Conrad
2188
Pacipecten weaveri (Clark) 13–8 Ma Pitar newcombianus (Gabb) Yoldia (Kalayoldia?) camerosensis (Clark) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cooperii Gabb Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Sanguinolaria alata (Gabb) Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Siliqua (Siliqua) lucida (Conrad) Siliqua (Siliqua) lucida (Conrad) Solen perrini Clark Solen perrini Clark Solen perrini Clark Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Simomactra falcata brioniana (Trask) Simomactra falcata (Gould) Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Tellina hannibali Clark
Pacipecten tolmani (Hall and Ambrose) 13–8 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pacipecten pabloensis (Conrad) of Arnold 13–8 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis Trask Striostrea? bourgeoisii bourgeoisii (Re´mond) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Nuculana veronensis (Trask) Ostrea bourgeiisii Re´mond Ostrea titan Conrad Panope generosa Gould Pecten cierboensis Clark Pecten crassicardo Conrad
2213 2330 2113 2272 2267 2187
Macoma (Psammacoma) yoldiformis Carpenter Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Mactra trampasensis Packard Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Mya dickersoni Clark Modiolus? (Modiolus?) clarki Moore Mytilus (Crenomytilus?) perrini Clark
2218 2216 2223
East side of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy used in this study
Macoma yoldiformis Carpenter Mactra (Pseudocardium) densata (Conrad) Mactra pabloensis (Packard) Mactra trampasensis Packard Mulinia pabloensis Packard Mya dickersoni Clark Mytilus merriami Clark Mytilus perrini Clark
2191 2305 2306 2199
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 31N–5S 37N–33N Subgenus, 40N–28N 40N–28N 37N–28N Genus, 30N–4S 38N–25N 41N–28N 57N–25N 38N–25N 38N–25N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N Species, 54N–31N 54N–31N Genus, 71N–4S 34N–4S Genus, 72N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 31N–5S
57N–27N Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 37N–1S Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 73N–5S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S 58N–34N Genus, 31N–5S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 31N–5S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
16.15 13.94 13.36 13.36 13.94 16.45 13.15 11.03 10.97 13.15 13.15 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 13.15 11.47 11.47 ,10 15.51 ,10
17.88
16.15
16.15 16.15 17.88
16.15
17.88
17.88
,10 18.49 10.31 10.65 16.15 17.88
10.89 12.00 12.00 13.94 12.00 ,10 ,10 ,10
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
194 Appendix 1
2297
2296
2351 2233 2183 2249 2251 2253 2230 2229 2227 2294 2235 2350 2295
2059 2060 2061 2067 2069 2045 2236 2238 2239 2209 2116 2118 2119 2120 2147 2153
2022 2047 2201
2211 2244 2049 2380
2302 2101 2099
2345 2343 2352 2353 2354 2357
Gastropoda Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Bittium? pabloensis Clark Mediargo trampasensis (Clark) Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Calyptraea diabloensis Clark Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inomata (Gabb) Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) pabloensis Clark Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Neptunea? rodeoensis (Clark) Mitrella pittsburgensis (Clark) Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula pabloensis Clark Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula princeps Conrad Ficus (Trophosycon) rodeoensis (English) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Thais (Stramonita) ponderosa (Gabb) Nematurella pittsburgensis (Clark) Littorina remondi Gabb Ocenebra dalli (Clark) Ocenebra packardi (Clark) Ocenebra selbyensis (Clark) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Catilon) pabloensis (Clark) Nassarius (Caesia) whitneyi (Trask) Polinices (Euspira) kirkensis (Clark) Neptunea buwaldi (Clark) Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) Polinices (Neverita) arnoldi (Clark) Polinices (Euspira) kirkensis (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) pabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes)
Gastropoda
Astralium raymondi Clark Bittium pabloensis Clark Bursa carinata Clark Calliostoma bicarinatum Clark Calliostoma obliquistriata Trask Calyptraea diabloensis Clark Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inomata Gabb Cancellaria condoni Anderson Cancellaria pabloensis Clark Cerithiopsis tumeri Clark Chrysodomus cierboensis Clark Chrysodomus pabloensis Clark Clava rodeoensis (Clark) Columbella (Astyris) pittsburgensis Clark Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula pabloensis Clark Crepidula praerupta Conrad Crepidula princeps Conrad Ficus rodeoensis English Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria lawsoni (Clark) Lepthothyra pabloensis (Clark) Littorina pittsburgensis Clark Littorina remondii Gabb Murex (Ocinebra) dalli Clark Murex (Ocinebra) packardi Clark Murex (Ocinebra) selbyensis Clark Nassarius mendicus (Gould) Nassarius pabloensis (Clark) Nassarius whitneyi (Trask) Natica (Euspira) kirkensis Clark Neptunea buwaldi (Clark) Neptunea imperialis (Dall) Neverita arnoldi Clark Neverita kirkensis Clark Neverita pabloensis (Clark) Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes) Neverita recluziana (Deshayes)
Tellina oregonensis Conrad Tellina nuculoides (Reeve) Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela gabbi Clark Tivela merriami Trask Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Clementia brioniana (Trask) Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Globivenus willisi (Trask) Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad) Nuculana (Saccella) furlongi (Trask) Brachidontes (Aeidimytilus) gabbi (Clark) Zirfaea dentata Gabb
Tellina oregonensis Conrad Tellina salmonea Carpenter Tivela diabloensis angulata Clark Tivela gabbi Clark Tivela merriami Trask Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadrigenarium (Conrad) Venerupis staminea (Conrad) Venus brioniana Trask Venus martini Clark Ventricolaria willisi (Trask) Volsella capax (Conrad) Volsella furlongi (Trask) Volsella gabbi (Clark) Zirfaea dentata Gabb Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus, 60N–23N Genus not living Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 70N–5N 48N–23N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Subgenus, 33N–5S Genus not living Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N 55N–25N Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 51N–28N Genus, 72N–33N Subgenus, 33N–5S Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California
61N–23N Genus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 37N–3N 37N–5S Subgenus, 58N–6S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 70N–25N
Genus, 72N–5S 60N–32N Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S 37N–27N
continued
15.51 10.31 N.D. 15.51 15.51 10.97 18.49 10.97 16.98 16.98 10.31 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 12.64 ,10 ,10 ,10 17.88 15.51 15.51 16.26 N.D. ,10 10.60 10.60 10.60 11.38 13.54 11.81 11.74 ,10 16.26 13.53 11.74 13.53 13.53 13.53
10.17 17.16 17.16 13.94 13.94 10.65 15.51 ,10
,10 10.31 13.15 13.15 13.15 13.94
Appendix 1 195
2004 2008 2011 2009 2012 2015 2374 2152
Acila conradi Meek Amiantis dalli Clark Amiantis sp. Amiantis stalderi (Clark) Anadara devincta (Conrad) Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Antigona willisi Trask Apolymetis biangulata (Carpenter) Arca trilineata Conrad
Bivalvia
Arnold (1906, p. 23–24) (San Pablo Formation). Clark (1915, tables facing pages 401, 409, 417; p. 417–423) (San Pablo Group). Trask (1922, p. 141–143) (Briones Formation). Huey (1948, p. 42, 45) (Cierbo and Neroly Formations). Crittenden (1951, p. 40) (Briones Formation). Ham (1952, p. 14) (San Pablo Group: Briones, Cierbo, and Neroly Formations). Robinson (1956) (Briones Sandstone). Hall (1958, p. 24–25; 47–49) (Briones and Cierbo Sandstones). Primmer (1964, p. 64–650 (Briones?, and Cierbo Formations). Richey (1943, p. 28) (Orinda Formation). W.O. Addicott, 1968 written commun., (Cupertino quadrangle)
;388–378 ESA
Other taxa
Other taxa
Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds) Amiantis (Amiantis) dalli Clark Amiantis sp. Amiantis callosa stalderi (Clark) Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Globivenus willisi (Trask) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad)
Bivalvia
Asterias remondii Gabb Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond) Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Echinarachinus gabbi (Re´mond) kleinpelli Grant and Gale
Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Nucella lima (Martyn) Thais (Stramonita) ponderosa (Gabb) Trophon (Austrotrophon) daviesi (Trask) Ophiodermella kirkensis (Clark)
Thais cierboensis Clark Thais lima Martyn Thais ponderosum (Gabb) Trophon daviesi Trask Turris kirkensis Clark
Asterias remondii Gabb (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis altus Kew Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond) Astrodapsis brewerianus diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis tumidus cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Echinarachinus gabbi (Re´mond) var. tenuis Kew
Oliva simondsi Trask Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Opalia (Opalia) wroblewskyi (Mo¨rch) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Kelletia (Kelletia) rodeoensis (Trask) Megasurcula sinuata (Gabb) Tegula (Chlorostoma) danvillensis Clark
East side of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy used in this study
Oliva simondsi Trask Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Olivella pedroana Conrad Opalia wroblewskyi (Mo¨erch) Sinum (Sigaretus) trigenarium Trask Siphonalia rodeoensis Trask Surculites sinuatus (Gabb) Tegula (Chlorostoma) danvillensis Clark
2021 2025 2027 2030 2028 2032 2035 2141 2140
2363 2261
2242
2260 2316 2175 2204 2333
2255 2258
Taxonomy of authors
60N–27N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N Species, 34N–25N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3N 35N–25N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
N.D. Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 55N–23N 55N–23N 55N–32N 37N–32N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 38N–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Genus, 72N–33N 66N–28N Subgenus, 33N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 48N–23N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
10.31 13.53 13.53 15.51 16.78 16.78 13.94 13.53 16.78
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 10.97 10.97
,10 ,10 16.26 17.16 12.64
17.88 11.38 11.38 11.38 13.94 15.51 13.15 15.51
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
196 Appendix 1
Chama pellucida Broderip Chione diabloensis Clark Chione pabloensis Clark Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione semplicata Nomland Chione vickeryi Wiedey Clementia martini (Clark) Clementia sp. Clinocardium praeblandum Keen Clinocardium pristinum Keen (Keen, 1954) Cryptomya ovalis Conrad Cyrena (Corbicula) californica Gabb Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta orbella Gould Diplodonta parilis (Conrad) Diplodonta sp. Diplodonta parilis Conrad Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia cf. merriami Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia merriami occidentalis Clark Dosinia merriami var. occidentalis Clark Dosinia ponderosa Gray Gari alata Gabb Glycimeris coalingensis Arnold Glycimeris septentrionalis Middendorf
Leda cf. L. taphria Dall Leda furlongi Trask Leda sp. Leda taphria Dall Lucinisca nuttallii (Conrad) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Macoma andersoni Clark Macoma cf. secta (Conrad)
Macoma cf. yoldiformis Carpenter
Macoma diabloensis Clark Macoma kerica Hendrickson Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma pabloensis Clark Macoma secta Conrad Macoma wilcoxi Hall and Ambrose Macrocallista (Chionella) newcombiana Carpenter Mactra falcata Gould Mactra trampasensis Packard Marcia oregonensis (Conrad) Metis alta (Conrad) Metis alta Conrad
2083 2084 2086 2087 2088 2091 2099 2097 2103 2637 2122 2300 2142 2131 2143 2144
2245 2244 2246
2191
2195
2322 2199 2288 2158
2198 2287
2190 2196
2184 2186 2194 2193
2137 2310 2163 2164
2136
2135
2357
Brachiodontes veronensis (Trask) Cardium corbis (Martyn) n. var.? Cardium corbis Martyn Cardium quadrigenarium Conrad
2213 2102
Simomactra falcata (Gould) Mactra trampasensis Packard Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes)
Modiolus (Modiolus) veronesis Trask Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Chama (Chama) arcana Bernard Chione diabloensis Clark Chione pabloensis Clark Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione semplicata Nomland Chione vickeryi Wiedey Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia sp. Clinocardium praeblandum Keen Clinocardium pristinum Keen Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Polymesoda gabbiana (Henderson) Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta (Diplodonta) orbella (Gould) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sp. Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia cf. D. merriami Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) Sanguinolaria alata (Gabb) Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis (Middendorff) Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) taphria (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) furlongi (Trask) Nuculana sp. Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Macoma andersoni Clark Macoma (Rexithaerus) cf. M. (R.) secta (Conrad) Macoma (Psammacoma) cf. M. (P.) yoldiformis Carpenter Macoma diabloensis Clark Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma pabloensis Clark Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma (Psammacoma) yoldiformis Carpenter Pitar newcombianus (Gabb) 54N–31N Genus, 37N–1S Genus, 37N–18S 35N–25N 35N–25N
Genus, 71N–4S 60N–6S 60N–27N Genus, 71N–4S 54N–25N 57N–28N 37N–33N
57N–27N
37N–28N Subgenus, 58N–6S Genus, 72N–6S 37N–28N 37N–22N 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, 71N–4S 54N–25N
37N–10N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 28N–0 Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N 60N–6S Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 71N–4S 37N–25N 34N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 34N–4S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 28N–5S Genus, 30N–4S Subgenus, 60N–23N 55N–50N
Genus, 73N–5S 63N–33N 63N–33N 37N–27N
11.47 13.94 13.94 13.53 13.53 continued
,10 10.31 10.31 ,10 11.47 10.89 13.94
10.89
13.94 10.65 ,10 13.94 13.94 10.17 ,10 11.47
13.94 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 17.16 17.16 ,10 ,10 10.31 19.21 ,10 13.94 15.51 ,10 15.51 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 16.45 10.31 11.38
,10 ,10 ,10 13.94
Appendix 1 197
Mytilus (Crenomytilus?) cf. M. (C.) perrini Clark Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) trampasensis Clark Modiolus? (Modiolus?) clarki Moore Mytilus (Crenomytilus?) perrini Clark
Mytilus cf. M. perrini Clark
Mytilus cf. M. trampasensis Clark
2223
2188
2020
Argopecten? crassiradiatus (Clark) 13–8 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten holwayi Clark
Pecten crassicardo Conrad
Pecten crassiradiatus Clark Pecten discus Conrad Pecten estrellanus Conrad
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten andersoni gonicostatus Trask Pecten bilineatus Clark Pecten cierboensis Clark Pecten crassicardo (Conrad)
2267 2266
2187
Ostrea sp. Ostrea titan Conrad Pandora sp. Panope generosa Gould Paphia staminea Conrad Pecten andersoni Arnold
2263 2113 2271 2272 2302 2265
Ostrea bourgeoisii Re´mond Ostrea lurida Carpenter
2330 2264
Striostrea? bourgeoisii bourgeoisii (Re´mond) Ostreola conchaphila (Carpenter) (Agerostrea of authors) Ostrea sp. Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Pandora sp. Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold)? 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten bilineatus (Clark) 13–8 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Mytilus merriami Clark Mytilus perrini Clark
2216
2222
2220
2306
2305
Mya dickersoni Clark Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) coalingensis Arnold Mytilus (Crenomytilus) trampasensis Clark
Modiolus sp. Modiolus veronensis Trask Mulinia densata Conrad Mulinia cf. densata Conrad Mulinia densata var. A. Mulinia pabloensis Packard Mya (Cryptomya) ovalis Conrad Mya (Platydon) (sic: Platyodon) cancellatus Conrad Mya dickersoni Clark Mya ovalis (Conrad) Mytilus (Mytiloconcha) coalingensis Arnold n. var.? Mytilus (Mytiloncha) trampasensis Clark
2215
2049 2050
2214
Modiolus capax Conrad Modiolus cf. M. capax Conrad Modiolus directus Dall Modiolus furlongi Trask Modiolus gabbi Clark Modiolus gabbi subconvexus Trask
Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolus) cf. M. (M.) capax (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Nuculana (Saccella) furlongi (Trask) Brachiodontes (Aeidimytilus) gabbi (Clark) Brachiodontes (Scolimytilus?) subconvexus (Trask) Modiolus sp. Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis Trask Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium cf. P. densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Platyodon cancellatus (Conrad)
Taxonomy used in this study
2211
East side of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0
Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–4S 58N–34N 61N–23N Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 71N–33N 60N–6S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 73N–5S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 24N–4S 31N–8N
Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan 60N–6S 54N–28N
37N–5S 37N–5S 54N–30N Subgenus, 58N–6S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
17.88
15.51 16.15 17.88
17.88
16.15 16.15 16.15 17.88
10.31 10.31 10.65 10.17 16.15
18.49 16.15
,10 ,10
,10
,10
,10
,10 10.31 ,10
,10 ,10 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 10.31 11.47
13.94 13.94 11.47 10.65 15.51 15.51
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
198 Appendix 1
Pecten tolmani Hall and Ambrose
2269
2354
2341 2342 2345 2343 2340 2353 2352
2327
2323
2318 2319 2325 2326 2321
2360 2315
2359
2247 2248 2311
2304
2168 2276 2286 2289
2270 2283
Pecten propatulus Conrad Pecten raymondi brionianus Trask Pecten raymondi Clark Pecten ricei Trask
2278
Pecten weaveri Clark Petricola buwaldi Clark Phacoides annulatus (Reeve) Phacoides annulatus Conrad Phacoides richthofeni Gabb Phacoides tenuisculpta Carpenter Pitaria behri Clark Pitaria sp. Pitaria stalderi Clark Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium pabloense (Packard) Sanguinolaria alata Gabb Sanguinolaria nuttallii Conrad Sanguinolaria? sp.? Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttallii Conrad Schizothaerus nuttalli (Conrad) Schizothaerus nuttalli (Conrad) Schizothaerus pajaroanus Conrad Siliqua lucida (Conrad) Siliqua lucida Conrad Solen cf. S. perrini Clark Solen perrini Clark Solen sicareus Gould Spisula abscissa Gabb Spisula albaria Conrad Spisula catilliformis Conrad Spisula cf. falcata Gould Spisula falcata brioniana Trask Spisula falcata Gould Spisula selbyensis Packard (?) Taras harfordi (Anderson) Taras parilis (Conrad) Tellina englishi Clark Tellina hannibali Clark Tellina oregonensis Conrad Tellina salmonea Carpenter Tellina? diabloensis Clark Tivela (Pachydesma) gabbi Clark Tivela diabloensis angulata Clark Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela diabloensis var. angulatum Clark Tivela gabbi Clark Tivela merriami Trask
Pecten vickeryi Trask
Pecten pabloensis Conrad
2268
Pacipecten weaveri (Clark) 13–8 Ma Petricola buwaldi Clark Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Pitar behri (Clark) Pitar sp.? Amiantis callosa stalderi (Clark) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Sanguinolaria alata (Gabb) Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad) Nuttallia sp. Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroana (Conrad) Siliqua (Siliqua) lucida (Conrad) Siliqua (Siliqua) lucida (Conrad) Solen cf. S. perrini Clark Solen perrini Clark Solen sicarius Gould Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Simomactra cf. S. falcata (Gould) Simomactra falcata brioniana (Trask) Simomactra falcata (Gould) Mactromeris selbyensis (Packard)? Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Tellina englishi Clark Tellina hannibali Clark Tellina oregonensis Conrad Tellina nuculoides (Reeve) Tellina diabloensis Clark Tivela gabbi Clark Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela gabbi Clark Tivela merriami Trask
Pacipecten tolmani (Hall and Ambrose) 13–8 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pacipecten pabloensis (Conrad) of Arnold 13–8 Ma Patinopecten propatulus (Conrad) 17–8 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 57N–5S 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 34N–24N 61N–28N Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 37N–18S Species, 34N–25N Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 30N–4S 38N–25N Genus, 38N–25N 41N–28N 41N–28N 57N–25N 57N–25N Genus, 60N–25N 38N–25N 38N–25N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S 54N–30N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N 54N–31N Species, 54N–31N 54N–31N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 34N–4S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 60N–32N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S
Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
16.15 10.89 10.17 10.17 15.51 10.17 13.94 13.94 15.51 10.17 12.00 12.00 16.45 13.15 13.15 11.03 11.03 10.97 10.97 10.31 13.15 13.15 ,10 ,10 11.47 ,10 ,10 13.15 11.47 11.47 11.47 ,10 ,10 15.51 ,10 ,10 ,10 10.31 ,10 13.15 13.15 13.15 13.15 13.15 13.15 continued
17.89
16.15
10.60 16.15 16.15 17.89
16.15
Appendix 1 199
2236 2237
2067 2069 2043 2045 2166 2082 2235
2066
2061 2062 2059 2060
2056 2055
2046 2044 2201
2042
2499 2022
2002 2005 2006
Cancellaria condoni Anderson Cancellaria pabloensis Clark Cerithiopsis bolingerensis Clark Cerithiopsis tumeri Clark Cerithium rodeoensis Clark Cerithium sp. Chrysodomus buwaldi Clark Chrysodomus cf. C. cierboensis Clark Chrysodomus cierboensis Clark Chrysodomus diabloensis Clark
Cancellaria cf. condoni Anderson
Acanthina perrini Trask Acmaea sp.? Actaeon sp. Actaeon sp.? Agasoma sinuata (Gabb) Astraea raymondi (Clark) Astralium raymondi Clark Bittium asperum Gabb Bittium? pabloensis Clark Bittium trampasensis Clark Bittium sp. Bursa carinata Clark Bursa trampasenis Clark Calliostoma bicarinatum Clark Calliostoma obliquistriata Trask Calliostoma sp. Calliostoma splendens Carpenter diabloensis Clark Calyptraea cf. C. inomata (Gabb) Calyptraea cf. C. martini Clark Calyptraea diabloensis Clark Calyptraea filosa Gabb Calyptraea inomata Gabb Calyptraea martini Clark Cancellaria cf. C. wynoocheensis Weaver
Acanthina perrini Trask Acmaea sp.? Acteon sp. Acteon sp. Agasoma sinuatum (Gabb) Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Bittium? pabloensis Clark Bittium trampasensis Clark Bittium sp. Mediargo trampasensis (Clark) Mediargo trampasensis (Clark) Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Calliostoma sp. Calliostoma splendens Carpenter diabloense Clark Calyptraea cf. C. inomata (Gabb) Calyptraea cf. C. martini Clark Calyptraea diabloensis Clark Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inomata (Gabb) Calyptraea martini Clark Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) wynoocheensis Weaver Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) pabloensis Clark Bittium bolingerensis (Clark) Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Goniobasis rodeoensis (Clark) Cerithium sp. Neptunea buwaldi (Clark) Neptunea cf. N. cierboensis (Clark) Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Neptunea diabloensis (Clark)
Gastropoda
Zirphaea dentata Gabb
2380
Gastropoda
Yoldia camerosensis Clark Yoldia cooperi Gabb Yoldia temblorensis Anderson and Martin
Tivela merriami Trask? Tivela stanfordia Hall Globivenus welchensis Hall Clementia brioniana (Trask) Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Brachiodontes (Aeidimytilus) cf. (A.) gabbi (Clark Yoldia (Kalayoldia?) camerosensis (Clark) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cooperii Gabb Yoldia (Yoldia?) temblorensis Anderson and Martin Zirfaea dentata Gabb
2378 2376 2379
2356 2638 2101
Taxonomy used in this study
Tivela merriami Trask (?) Tivela stanfordia Hall Ventricolaria welchensis Hall Venus brioniana Trask Venus martini Clark Volsella (Modiolus) cf. V. (M.) gabbi (Clark)
East side of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Freshwater If Cerithium; genus, Gulf of California–5S Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Genus, 48N–1S Genus, 72N–16N Genus, 37N–8N Genus, 37N–8N Genus not living Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N 34N–27N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus not living Genus not living Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus, 57N–8N Species, 37N–29N
Genus, 70N–25N
Subgenus 40N–28N 40N–28N Subgenus, 71N–40N
Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 34N–5S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
16.98 16.98 10.31 10.31 N.D. 16.98 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10
16.98
10.97 10.97 10.97 18.49 10.97 10.97 16.98
15.51 15.51 15.51 10.31 10.31 10.31 N.D. N.D. 15.51 15.51 10.89 13.94
12.64 ,10 13.94 13.94
,10
13.36 13.36 ,10
13.15 13.15 13.94 17.16 17.16 15.51
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
200 Appendix 1
2299 2240 2242 2053
2255 2258
2250
2298
2293 2294 2295 2296 2297
2230 2229 2227
2251
2253
2182 2183
2351
2362 2249
Ocinebra lurida (Middendorff) Olivella cf. pedroana(Conrad) Oliva simondsi Trask Olivellia pedroana Conrad Opalia wroblewskyi (Mo¨erch) Polinices sp. Purpura canaliculata Duclos Purpura saxicola Valenciennes Ranella californica Hinds
Ficus rodeoensis English Ficus sp.? Ficus stanfordensis Arnold Fissurella sp. Forreria sp. Fusinus sp. Fusus sp. Gadinia reticulata Sowerby Hemifusus dalli Clark Koilopeura sinuata (Gabb) Leptothyra pabloensis Clark Littorina pittsburgensis Clark Littorina planaxis Philippi Littorina remondi Gabb Murex (Ocenebra) dalli Clark Murex (Ocenebra) selbyensis Clark Murex (Ocinebra) dalli Clark Murex (Ocinebra) packardi Clark Murex (Ocinebra) selbyensis Clark Nassa mendica Gould Nassa pabloensis Clark Nassa whitneyi Trask Nassarius whitneyi Trask Natica (Euspira) diabloensis Clark Natica (Euspira) kirkensis Clark Natica (Neverita) amoldi Clark Natica (Neverita) pabloensis Clark Natica (Neverita) recluziana Petit Natica amoldi Clark Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Neverita? Ocinebra aff. cancellina Philippi
2147 2150
2151 2157 2159
Chrysodomus imperialis Dall Chrysodomus pabloensis Clark Columbella (Astyris) cf. tuberosa Carpenter Columbella (Astyris) pittsburgensis Clark Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula pabloensis Clark Crepidula praerupta Conrad Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula sp. Epitonium borealis Gould Ficus cf. stanfordensis Arnold
2350 2238 2210 2209 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121 2260 2146
Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Mitrella cf. M. tuberosa (Carpenter) Mitrella pittsburgensis (Clark) Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula pabloensis Clark Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula sp. Opalia (Opalia) wroblewskyi (Mo¨rch) Ficus (Trophosycon) cf. F. (T.) kemiana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) rodeoensis (English) Ficus (Ficus) sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kemiana (Cooper) Fissurella sp. Forreria sp. Fusinus sp. Fusinus sp. Trimusculus reticulatus (Sowerby) Ocenebra dalli (Clark) Agasoma sinuatum (Gabb) Thais (Stramonita) ponderosa (Gabb) Nematurella pittsburgensis (Clark) Littorina planaxis Philippi Littorina remondi Gabb Ocenebra dalli (Clark) Ocenebra selbyensis (Clark) Ocenebra dalli (Clark) Ocenebra packardi (Clark) Ocenebra selbyensis (Clark) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Catilon) pabloensis (Clark) Nassarius (Caesia) whitneyi (Trask) Nassarius (Caesia) whitneyi (Trask) Polinices (Euspira) diabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Euspira) kirkensis (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) amoldi (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) pabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) amoldi (Clark) Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) sp. Ocinebrina aff. O. lurida (Middendorff) (McLean, 1996) Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff) Olivella cf. O. pedroana (Conrad) Oliva simondsi Trask Olivellia pedroana (Conrad) Opalia (Opalia) wroblewskyi (Mo¨rch) Polinices sp. Nucella canaliculata (Duclos) Nucella lima (Martyn) Bursa californica (Hinds) 55N–34N 55N–23N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 55N–23N 55N–32N Genus, 72N–5S 57N–37N 66N–28N 37N–28N
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California If Ficus s.s., 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 33N–3S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 50N–3S Genus, 50N–3S 41N? or 37N–18N Genus, 59N–19N Genus not living Subgenus, 33N–5S Genus not living 48N–0 Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N 55N–25N Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 55N–34N
Subgenus, 33N–5S Genus, 72N–33N 55N–23N Genus, 70N–5N 48N–23N 34N–3S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 55N–32N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
11.47 11.38 17.88 11.38 11.47 ,10 10.89 ,10 13.94 continued
17.88 17.88 17.88 16.26 15.51 11.81 11.81 13.94 10.60 N.D. 16.26 N.D. 12.64 ,10 10.60 10.60 10.60 10.60 10.60 11.38 13.54 11.81 11.81 11.74 11.74 13.53 13.53 13.53 13.53 ,10 ,10 13.53 11.47
16.26 ,10 11.38 ,10 12.64 15.51 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 11.38 17.88
Appendix 1 201
Other taxa
2035 2141 2140
2384 2021 2262 2025 2027 2030 2032 2028
2130 2041
2373
2501 2261 2367
2364
Bolivina cf. B. obliqua (Foraminiferida) Buliminella elegantissima Nonion cf. N. costiferum
Taxa not considered
Dentalium sp. Balanus sp. Balanus sp. Upogebia cf. pugetensis Weymouth Asterias remondi Gabb Ophiurites (Ophiuroglyphus?) sp. Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond) Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Echinarachinus gabbi (Re´mond) kleinpelli Grant and Gale Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Echinarachinus gabbi (Re´mond) kleinpelli Grant and Gale
Other taxa
Thais cf. lima Martyn Thais cierboensis Clark Thais imperialis (Dall) Thais lima Martyn Trochita filosa Gabb Trophon carisaensis Anderson Trophon daviesi Trask Trophon dickersoni Clark Trophon gracilis clarki Trask Trophon gracilis Perry var. pabloensis Clark Trophon lawsoni Clark Trophon ponderosum diabloensis Clark Trophon ponderosum Gabb Turris kirkensis Clark Turris sp. a Turris sp. b. Turritella sp.
Dentalium sp.? (Scaphopoda) Balanus sp. A. (Arthropoda) Balanus sp. B. Upogebia cf. U. pugetensis Weymouth Asterias remondi Gabb (Echinodermata) Ophiurites (Ophiuroglyphus?) sp. Astrodapsis altus Kew Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond) Astrodapsis brewerianus diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis tumidus subsp. cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis tumidus Re´mond Astrodapsis tumidus Re´mond (large variety) Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Echinarachinus gabbi (Re´mond) var. tenuis Kew Scutella (Clypeaster) gabbi Re´mond Scutella gabbii Re´mond Scutella gabbii var. tenuis Kew
Nucella lima (Martyn) Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) Nucella lima (Martyn) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Trophon (Austrotrophon) daviesi (Trask) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Trophon gracilis clarki Trask Trophon gracilis clarki Trask Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Thais (Stramonita) ponderosa (Gabb) Forreria avita (Nomland) Ophiodermella kirkensis (Clark) Turris sp. Turris sp. Turritella sp.
Tegula (Chlorostoma) nashi Clark
2334
2153 2363
Tegula (Chlorostoma) nashae Clark
Sinum trigenarium Trask Siphonalia danvillensis Clark Siphonalia rodeoensis Trask Surculites sinuatus (Gabb) Tegula (Chlorostoma) danvillensis Clark
Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Kelletia (Kelletia) danvillensis (Clark) Kelletia (Kelletia) rodeoensis (Trask) Megasurcula sinuata (Gabb) Tegula (Chlorostoma) danvillensis Clark
Taxonomy used in this study
2316 2174 2175 2204 2333
East side of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
10.89 N.D. N.D. 10.31 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97
Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan
,10 ,10 16.26 ,10 18.49 15.51 17.16 15.51 ,10 ,10 15.51 16.26 15.51 12.64 N.D. N.D. 13.94
15.51
13.94 15.51 15.51 13.15 15.51
Effective Temp. (8C)
Genus, 57N–3S Intertidal Intertidal 60N–30N N.D. N.D. Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan
37N–32N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 38N–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N 66N–28N Genus, 72N–33N Subgenus, 33N–5S 66N–28N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 34N–28N Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Subgenus, 33N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 48N–23N N.D. N.D. Genus, 37N–3S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
202 Appendix 1
Chione (Chinopsis) semplicata Nomland Chione semplicatus Nomland Chlamys durhami Adegoke Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia martini (Clark) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya ovalis Conrad Cryptomya sp. Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta parilis (Conrad) Dosinia (Dosinella) arnoldi Clark Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami occidentalis Clark Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia merriami occidentalis Clark Dosinia sp. Gari cf. G. edentula (Gabb) Gari edentula (Gabb) Glycimeris cf. coalingensis Arnold Glycymeris grewingki Dall Hinnites multirugosus (Gale) benedicti Adegoke
2088
2169
2163
2139 2160
2123 2142 2143 2135 2136
2122
2094 2099 2100
Aequipecten raymondi (Clark) Amiantis communis Nomland Amiantis sp. (large) Amiantis stalderi (Clark) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Apolymetis biangulata (Carpenter) Cardium quadrigenarium Conrad
Bivalvia
Briggs (1953, p. 44) (San Pablo Formation). Nomland (1917b, p. 300–301), Wilson (1943, p. 239–240), Hall (1960, Table 4, p. 294– 295; 1962b), Adegoke (1969, Figs. 6, 6a) (Santa Margarita Formation)
2267 2010 2011 2009 2015 2152 2357
;378–368 ESA
Pullenia? cf. P. miocenica Virgulina cf. cf. V. subplan a Bryozoa Desmostylus sp. (Mitchell and Repenning, 1963, p. 7–9) (Vertebrata) Alnus corrallina Lesquereaux (Plantae) Beltula multineruis Jennings Cyperacites sp. Equisetum sp. Juglans oregoniana Magnolia californica Lesquereaux Nyssa knowltoni Berry Persea princeps Heer Plantanus dissecta Lesquereaux Populus alexanderi Dorf Populus balsamoides Goepp Prunus chaneyi Condit Salix sp.
Bivalvia Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Amiantis communis Nomland Amiantis sp. Amiantis callosa stalderi (Clark) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Chione semplicata Nomland Chione semplicata Nomland Chlamys hodgei (Hertlein) 13–5 Ma Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Cryptomya califonica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya sp. Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia sp. Gari (Gobraeus) cf. G. (G.) fucata (Hinds) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Glycymeris (Axinola) cf. G. (A.) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Crassadoma benedicti (Adegoke) 13–8 Ma
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 70N–1S Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 60N–6S 60N–6S Genus, 60N–6S Genus, 71N–4S 34N–4S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 34N–25N 34N–25N Subgenus, 60N–23N Subgenus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–25N
Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N Species, 34N–25N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California 35N–25N 37N–27N
continued
15.51 15.51 ,10 17.16 17.16 17.16 10.31 10.31 10.31 ,10 15.51 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 17.16 15.51 15.51 10.31 10.31 10.31
16.15 13.53 13.53 15.51 16.78 13.53 13.94
Appendix 1 203
Lyrpoecten crassicardo (Conrad) nomlandi (Hertlein) Macoma diabloensis Clark Macoma indentata Carpenter Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma secta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Metis alta (Conrad) Mya (Arenomya) dickersoni Clark Mya (Cryptomya) ovalis Conrad Mya (Platydon) cancellatus Conrad Mya dickersoni Clark Mytilus kewi Nomland
2280 2283
2093
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Periploma clarki Nomland Petricola sp. aff. P. buwaldi Clark
Pecten (Lyropecten) estrellanus Conrad
Pecten crassicardo Conrad
Pecten estrellanus Conrad
Pecten hastatus Sowerby
Pecten raymondi Clark Periploma clarki Nomland Petricola sp. aff. P. buwaldi Clark
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Pecten (Hinnites) giganteus (Gray) Pecten (Hinnites) giganteus Gray Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo Conrad
Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Striostrea? bourgeoisii bourgeoisii (Re´mond) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad) Ostrea sp. Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea estrellana (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Ostrea sp. (small) Panope abrupta (Conrad) Panope estrellana (Conrad) Panope generosum Gould Panope generosa Gould Pecten (Aequipecten) raymondi Clark Pecten (Chlamys) hastatus Sowerby
2263 2272 2274
2129
2115
Nuculana taphria (Dall) Ostrea bourgeoisii Re´mond Ostrea titan Conrad Ostrea titan Conrad andersoni Adegoke Ostrea titan corrugata Nomland Ostrea titan var. eucorrugata Hertlein Ostrea vespertina Conrad
2245 2330 2113
2221
2291
2218
Macoma diabloensis Clark Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Mya dickersoni Clark Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Platyodon cancellatus (Conrad) Mya dickersoni Clark Mytilus (Crenomytilus) kewi Nomland
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
2188
2195 2192 2190 2193 2197
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Hinnites multirugosus crassiplicatus (Gale) Lucinisca nuttallii (Conrad) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)
Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
2170 2184 2186 2187
East side of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 57N–5S
60N–25N 60N–25N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 60N–33N
60N–25N 37N–22N 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 71N–4S 41N–28N 60N–27N 54N–25N Genus, 72N–5S 35N–25N Genus, 71N–33N 60N–6S 54N–28N Genus, 71N–33N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N 37N–28N Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) N.D. 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 31N–5S 60N–33N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
16.15 ,10 10.89
10.31
17.88
17.88
17.88
10.31 10.31 17.88
N.D. 10.65 10.65 10.65 10.65 16.15 10.31
13.94 18.49 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 17.16
,10 11.03 10.31 11.47 ,10 13.53 ,10 10.31 11.47 ,10 ,10
17.88
17.88
10.31 13.94 10.17 17.88
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
204 Appendix 1
Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tellina sp. Tellina cf. T. englishi Clark Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Clementia (Egesta) cf. C. (E.) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Zirfaea cf. Z. dentata Gabb Zirfaea cf. Z. dentata Gabb Zirfaea dentata Gabb Gastropoda
Tellina nevadensis Anderson and Martin Tellina sp. Tellina sp. cf. T. englishi Clark Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad)
Venus cf. V. martini Clark Venus pertenuis Gabb Zirphaea aff. Z. crispata (Linnaeus) Zirphaea aff. Z. gabbi (Tryon) Zirphaea dentata Gabb
Gastropoda
2344 2346 2341 2357
2380
Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) mirandaensis (Grant and Eaton) Forreria sp.
2153 2154
2157
Acanthina (Monoceros) norma Nomland Calyptraea cf. filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea martini Clark Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria pabloensis Clark Ceratostoma nanna (Nomland) Chrysodomus cf. C. pabloensis Clark Crepidula praerupta Conrad Crepidula princeps Conrad Euspira diabloensis (Clark) Ficus (Ficus) sp. Ficus cf. nodiferous Gabb
2001 2060 2062 2063 2069 2079 2238 2119 2120 2293 2145 2146
Acanthina norma Nomland Calyptraea (Trochita) cf. C. (T.) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea martini Clark Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria (Euclia) pabloensis Clark Ceratostoma nanna (Nomland) Neptunea cf. N. pabloensis (Clark) Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula princeps Conrad Polinices (Euspira) diabloensis (Clark) Ficus (Ficus) sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) cf. F. (K.) kemiana (Cooper) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria carisaensis mirandaensis (Grant and Eaton) Forreria sp.
Swiftopecten sp. Genus, 8–1.6 Ma
Swiftopecten n.sp.
2332
2321
Siliqua lucida (Conrad) Solen perrini Clark Solen sicarius Gould Spisula (Macromeris) albaria (Conrad) Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula cf. catilliformis Conrad Swiftopecten adekunbiana Adegoke
Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Atrina bicuniata (Nomland) Amiantis callosa stalderi (Clark) Placunanomia sp. Platyodon cancellatus (Conrad) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Gari (Gobraeus) cf. G. (G.) fucata (Hinds) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Chione margaritana Anderson and Martin Brachidontes? (Scolimytilus?) margaritana (Nomland) Siliqua (Siliqua) lucida (Conrad) Solen perrini Clark Solen sicarius Gould Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
2315 2318 2319 2326
2085 2048
2305 2306 2311
2302
2290
2036 2037
Phacoides annulatus (Reeve) Phacoides nuttalli (Conrad) Pinna alamedensis Yates Pinna bicuneata Nomland Pitaria stalderi Clark Placunanomia sp. Platyodon cancellatus Conrad Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Psammobia cf. P. edentula (Gabb) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli (Conrad) Saxidomus nuttalli (Conrad) Securella margaritana (Anderson and Martin) Septifer margaritana Nomland
Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 48N–1S Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 57N–5S and Gulf of California Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Subgenus, 51N–28N If Ficus s.s., 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 70N–25N Genus, 70N–25N Genus, 70N–25N
38N–25N Genus, 72N–2S 54N–30N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B.59), but no range given Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 37N–27N
61N–26N, through Gulf of California 37N–22N Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Species, 34N–25N Genus, 26N–1S 54N–28N 61N–23N 34N–25N Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan 41N–28N 41N–28N 41N–28N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–5S
continued
15.51
15.51 15.51
12.64 18.49 10.97 10.97 16.98 10.89 ,10 ,10 ,10 11.74 17.88 17.88
17.16 17.16 ,10 ,10 ,10
,10 ,10 ,10 13.94
N.D.
13.15 ,10 11.47 ,10 ,10 13.15 17.88
10.17 13.94 15.51 15.51 15.51 17.87 11.47 10.17 15.51 12.00 12.00 11.03 11.03 11.03 15.51 15.51
Appendix 1 205
Other taxa
2034
2025
2035
2039 2041
2134 2040
Taxa not considered
Discinisca sp. (Brachiopoda) Balanus (Balanus) gregarius (Conrad) (Arthropoda) Balanus concavus Bronn Balanus sp. Tamiosoma gregaria Conrad Astrodapsis californicus Kew (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis coalingaensis Kew Astrodapsis coalingaensis grandis Kew Astrodapsis grandis Kew Astrodapsis margaritanus Kew Astrodapsis cf. A. margaritanus Kew Astrodapsis scutelliformis Kew
Turritella sp.
Turritella sp. (large)
Balanus concavus Bronn Balanus sp. Balanus gregarius (Conrad) Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis cf. A. antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew
Discinisca sp. Balanus gregarius (Conrad)
Turritella freya Nomland
Tegula thea Nomland Tegula varistriata Nomland Tegula thea Nomland Tegula varistriata Nomland Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria perelegans (Nomland) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria perelegans (Nomland) Ficus (Trophosycon) kemiana (Cooper)
Other taxa
2156
2350
2336 2337
2316
2295 2296
2297
2373
Kelletia (Kelletia) danvillensis (Clark) Liomesus sp. Megasurcula cf. M. carpenteriana (Gabb) Ocenebra dalli (Clark) Ocenebra rodeoensis (Clark) Ocenebra sp. Nassarius sp. Polinices (Euspira) diabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Natica? sp. Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) amoldi (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) pabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Ceratostoma nanna (Nomland) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Kelletia (Kelletia) danvillensis (Clark) Megasurcula cf. M. carpenteriana (Gabb)
2371
East side of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy used in this study
Kelletia danvillensis (Clark) Liomesus sp. Megasurcula cf. carpenteriana (Gabb) Murex dalli Clark Murex rodeoensis (Clark) Murex sp. Nassa sp. Natica diabloensis Clark Natica recluziana andersoni Clark Natica recluziana Petit Natica? sp. Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Neverita amoldi (Clark) Neverita pabloensis (Clark) Neverita recluziana (Deshayes) Purpura nanna Nomland Sinum scopulosum Conrad Siphonalia danvillensis Clark Surculites (Megasurcula) cf. carpenterianus (Gabb) Tegula (Chlorostoma) thea Nomland Tegula (Chlorostoma) varistriata Nomland Tegula thea Nomland Tegula varistriata Nomland Thais imperialis (Dall) Trophon (Forreria) carisaensis (Anderson) Trophon (Forreria) perelegans Nomland Trophon carisaensis Anderson Trophon dickersoni Clark Trophon dickersoni Clark nomlandi Adegoke Trophon perelegans Nomland Trophosycon clallamensis (Weaver) nodibulbosa (Grant and Gale) Turritella freya Nomland
2174 2180 2202 2249 2252 2254 2231
Taxonomy of authors
Worldwide distribution Intertidal Not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 34N–Chile Not living
Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S
Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S Subgenus, 33N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 72N–55N 38N–28N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 55N–5S Subgenus, 51N–28N 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 71N–5S, if Natica Genus, 72N–33N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–5S and Gulf of California 37N–32N Genus, 34N–30N 38N–28N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
15.51 N.D.
13.94
16.98
10.89 10.89 10.89 10.89 16.26 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 17.88
15.51 ,10 13.15 10.60 10.60 10.60 11.38 11.74 13.53 13.53 ,10 ,10 13.53 13.53 13.53 10.89 13.94 15.51 13.15
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
206 Appendix 1
Hinnites? cf. H. giganteus (Gray) Irus lamellifer (Conrad) var. prelamellifer Grant and Gale Lucina excavata Carpenter Lucina (Here) richthofeni Gabb Lucina (Mitha) xantusi (Dall) Lucina (Myrtea) acutilineata Conrad Lucina (Myrtea) californica Conrad Lucina (Myrtea) nuttallii Conrad Lucinisca nuttalli (Conrad) Macoma indentata (Carpenter) Macoma inquinata (Deshayes)
Macoma secta (Conrad) Macoma wilsoni (Anderson and Martin) Mactra (Spisula) hemphilli Dall (or catilliformnis Conrad?) Mactra (Spisula) sp. Metis alta (Conrad) Miltha cf. M. xantusi (Dall) Mya sp. Ostrea cf. O. lurida Carpenter Ostrea cf. O. vesperteina Conrad
2170 2172
2193 2347 2324
2219 2264 2129
2328
2192 2189
2207 2185 2105 2184
2168
Glycymeris septentrionalis (Middendorff)
Amiantis callosa (Conrad) var. stalderi (Clark) Anadara? sp. Anatina (Raeta) plicatella (Lamarck) var. longior Grant and Gale Anomia sp. Apolymetis biangulata (Carpenter) Cardium sp. Chione sp. Corbula (Caryocorbula) n.sp. Corbula (Lentidium) luteola Carpenter Crassatella sp. Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia cf. D. merriami Clark Dosinia ponderosa (Gray) var. longidens Grant and Gale Gari edentula (Gabb) Glycymeris aff. G. subobsoleta (Carpenter)
Bivalvia
Merriam (1916, p. 115), Pack (1920, p. 43), B. L. Clark in Hoots (1930, p. 273), Grant and Gale (1931, p. 408), H. R. Gale in Preston (1931, p. 15), Simonson and Krueger (1942, p. 1620), Addicott and Vedder (1963, p. C67), Addicott (1972, p. 14) (Santa Margarita Formation)
2164
2160 2162
2017 2152 2078 2089 2110 2109 2428 2135 2136 2138
2009 2014 2309
;368–358 ESA
Membranipora sp. (Bryozoa) Shark teeth (Pices)
Spisula sp. Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Miltha (Mitha) cf. M. (M.) xantusi (Dall) Mya sp. Ostreola cf. O. conchaphila (Carpenter) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Mitha (Mitha) xantusi (Dall) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Epilucina californica (Conrad) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Tellina wilsoni Anderson and Martin Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall)
Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Glycymeris (Axinola) aff. G. (A.) septentrionalis Middendorff) Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis (Middendorff) Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Irusella lamellifera (Conrad)
Anomia sp. Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Cardium sp. Chione sp. Corbula (Caryocorbula) sp. Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter) Eucrassatella sp. Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia cf. D. merriami Clark Dosinia ponderosa longidens Grant and Gale
Amiantis callosa stalderi (Clark) Anadara (Anadara) sp. Raeta longior (Grant and Gale)
Bivalvia
N.D. 35N–25N 26N–25N Genus, 71N–33N 31N–8N Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25)
54N–25N Genus, 72N–5S 36N–26N
34N–24N 34N–24N 26N–25N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 42N–25N 37N–22N 37N–22N 41N–28N 57N–34N
60N–25N 40N–31N
55N–50N
34N–25N 60N–37N
Genus, 37N–south of equator 35N–25N N.D. Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 37N–14S 37N–23N Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Species, 28N–5S
Species, 34N–25N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–21S
continued
N.D. 13.53 17.87 ,10 16.15 17.16
11.47 ,10 13.26
15.51 15.51 17.87 10.17 13.53 13.94 13.94 11.03 10.89
10.31 13.54
11.38
15.51 10.31
13.94 13.53 N.D. 15.51 13.94 13.94 15.51 17.16 17.16 17.16
15.51 16.78 15.51
Appendix 1 207
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
2385
2070
2069
2065
2063 2064
2023 2052 2056 2057
2022
2100
2346
Astraea cf. A. biangulata (Gabb) (?4A. raymondi [Clark]) Astgraea sp. Bulla sp. Calliostoma sp. Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea mamilaris Broderip? Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria (Cancellaria) cf. C. sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Cancellaria) n.sp.? cf. C. decussata Sowerby Cancellaria (Cancellaria?) cf. C. pabloensis Clark Cancellaria cf. C. nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria cf. pacifica Anderson (pabloensis Clark)
Tellina sp. Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb)
Saxidomus nuttali Conrad Siliqua cf. S. lucida (Conrad) Solen sicarius Gould (cf. var. perrini Clark) Taras harfordi (Anderson) Tellina idae Dall (nevandensis Anderson and Martin) Tellina sp. Venerupis (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Venus pertenuis Gabb
2311 2315 2319 2142 2338
2292 2301 2302
2206 2036
2282
Pecten raymondi Clark Pecten (Aequipecten) discus Conrad (raymondi Clark) Petricola carditoides (Conrad) (buwaldi Clark) Phacoides richthofeni (Gabb) Phacoides sanctaecrucis Arnold Pinna alamedensis Yates Pitaria stalderi Clark Pododesmus cepio (Gray)? Protothaca cf. tenerrima (Carpenter) Protothaca? cf. P. staminea (Conrad)
2267
Astraea (Pomaulax) cf. A. (P.) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea sp. Bulla sp. Callisostoma sp. Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria (Barkeria) sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Cancellaria) sp.? cf. C. decussata Sowerby Cancellaria (Cancellaria?) cf. C. pabloensis Clark Cancellaria (Euclia?) cf. C. (E.?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) pacifica Anderson
Petricola (Petricola) carditoides (Conrad) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Atrina alamedensis Yates Amiantis callosa stalderi (Clark) Pododesmus (Monia) cepio (Gray) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Protothaca (Protothaca) cf. P. staminea (Conrad) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Siliqua (Siliqua) cf. S. (S.) lucida (Conrad) Solen sicarius Gould Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall
Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Pecten hastatus Sowerby
2093
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten crassicardo n. var.
Pecten estrellanus Conrad
Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
East side of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Ostrea titan Conrad Panope abrupta (Conrad) Panope generosa Gould Pecten crassicardo Conrad
Taxonomy used in this study
2188
2187
2113 2272
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Subgenus, 28N–3S, throughout Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
25N–3S, southern part Gulf of California
48N–10N Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–8N 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 34N–10N
Genus, 72N–5S 61N–23N Subgenus, 28N–0
41N–28N 38N–25N 54N–30N Genus, 71N–4S 34N–33N
57N–26N 34N–24N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 34N–5S Species, 34N–25N 58N–28N 57N–28N 61N–23N
Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 60N–5S 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 60N–33N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
16.98
16.98
17.16
17.88
12.64 15.51 10.89 17.88 17.88 10.97 10.97
15.51
,10 10.17 17.16
11.03 13.15 11.47 ,10 15.51
10.89 15.51 17.84 15.51 15.51 10.65 10.89 10.17
16.15 16.15
10.31
17.88
17.88
10.31 10.65 10.65 17.88
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
208 Appendix 1
2040 2027
2369
2313 2348 2335 2349 2631 2365 2146 2366
2293 2299 2307 2308
2285
2258
2232 2297 2257
2210 2229 2228
2205
2120 2125 2153 2146 2158 2629 2159 2630 2181 2200
2108 2107 2329
2071
2628 2068
Balanus gregarius (Conrad) Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond)
Other taxa
Other taxa
Tamiosoma gregaria Conrad (Arthropoda) Astrodapsis brewerianus Re´mond (Echinodermata)
Turritella cf. T. vanvlecki Arnold
Scaphander? sp. Terebra martini English Tegula sp. Terebra pedroana Dall Trigonostoma sp. Trophon sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kemiana (Cooper) Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Olivella cf. O. pedroana (Conrad) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Polinices(Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Euspira) diabloensis (Clark) Polinices sp. Pseudomelatoma penicillata (Carpenter) Pterynotus sp.
Crepidula princeps Conrad Daphnella sp. Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Forreria wilkesana (Anderson) Fusinus fabulator Nomland Fusinus sp. Haliotis lasia Woodring Littorina mariana Arnold Notocytharella cf. N. kemensis (Anderson and Martin) Melongena californica Anderson and Martin Mitrella cf. M. tuberosa (Carpenter) Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter) Nassarius (Catilon) pabloensis (Clark) Nassarius (Catilon) cf. N. (C.) amoldi (Anderson) Natica sp. Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Olivella biplicata (Sowerby)
Cancellaria (Pryuclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Conus sp. Conus cf. C. purperascens Sowerby Strictispira cf. S. ericana (Hertlein and Strong)
Cancellaria (Euclia) sp. Cancellaria (Euclia) joaquinensis Anderson
Scaphander? sp. Strioterebrum aff. S. martini (English) Tegula sp. Terebra pedroana Dall Trigonostoma sp Trophon sp. Trophosycon kerianum (Cooper) Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) (wilsoni Anderson and Martin) Turritella cf. T. vanvlecki Arnold
Polinices (Neverita) reclusianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Polinices) diabloensis (Clark) Polinices sp. Pseudomelatoma penicillata (Carpenter) Pterynotus sp.
Melanella californica (Anderson and Martin) Mitrella aff. M. tuberosa (Carpenter) Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter) Nassa pabloensis Clark Nassarius (Uzita) cf. amoldi (Anderson) (whitneyi Trask). Natica sp. Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes) Olivella biplicata Sowerby (O. futheyana Anderson) Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Olivella aff. O. pedroana (Conrad) Phos dumbleana Anderson in Hanna
Cancellaria (Euclia) sp. Cancellaria joaquinensis Anderson (pabloensis Clark) Cancellaria lickana Anderson and Martin (joaquinensis Anderson) Conus sp. Conus n. sp.? cf. C. purperascens Sowerby Crassispira n. sp.? cf. C. ericana Hertlein and Strong Crepidula princeps Conrad? Daphnella sp. Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Ficus (Trophyosycon) ocoyana (Conrad) Forreria wilkesana (Anderson) Fusinus fabulator Nomland Fusinus n.sp. Haliotis lasia Woodring Littorina mariana Arnold? Mangelia cf. M. kemensis Anderson and Martin
Not living Genus not living
Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S
42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 51N–28N Genus, 72N–5S 34N–25N Genus, west coast Baja California; 27N in Gulf of California–3S Genus, 25N–5S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 57N–5S 34N–27N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 55N–32N, if Fusiturricula, Panamic
55N–23N 55N–23N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Genus, 71N–5S, if Natica 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 49N–25N
Genus, northern Gulf of California–8N 55N–23N 55N–23N Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S
Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 25N–3S, though Gulf of California Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 50N–3S Genus, 50N–3S Genus, 57N–23N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Genus, 38N–south of equator 25N–3S, through Gulf of California 31N in Gulf of California–3S
Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
continued
N.D. N.D.
16.98
17.88 15.51 10.89 15.51 17.88 ,10 17.88 11.38
13.53 11.74 ,10 15.51 17.88
11.38 11.38 16.45
,10 13.53 11.81
16.98 11.38 11.38 13.54 13.54
,10 17.88 15.51 17.88 15.51 11.81 11.81 10.89 ,10 17.88
13.15 17.88 16.98
16.98
16.98 16.98
Appendix 1 209
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond)
Astrodapsis cf. A. brewerianus (Re´mond)
Other taxa
Astrodapsis cf. A. brewerianus Re´mond (Echinodermata) Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond)
Astraea sp.
Astralium sp.
Other taxa
*N.D. 4 No data.
2141
2027
2023
Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Pecten raymondi Clark
2267
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Pecten estrellanus Conrad
2188
Dosinia sp. Glycymeris sp. Ostrea sp. Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Delectopecten sp. Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Bivalvia
Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond
Dosinia sp. Glycymeris sp. Ostrea sp. Ostrea titan cf. O. subtitan Loel and Corey Pecten (Amusium) sp. Pecten crassicardo? Conrad
Bivalvia
W.H. Corey in Crowell (1952, p. 13) (Santa Margarita Formation)
Shark teeth
Taxa not considered
Astrodapsis tumidus Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond
East side of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy used in this study
2139 2165 2263 2331 2128 2187
;358–348 ESA
2025 2035
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan
Genus not living
Genus, 48N–10N
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 60N–4S N.D. Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–27N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 31N–5S
Genus not living Genus not living
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
10.97
12.64
16.15
17.88
17.16 10.31 N.D. 18.49 10.31 17.88
N.D. N.D.
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A10. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MEDIAL MIOCENE TO EARLY LATE MIOCENE (13–8 Ma) (continued)
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
210 Appendix 1
Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds) Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Cardita (Cyclocardia) californica (Dall) ?Chlamys hericius (Gould)
Chlamys parmeleei (Dall)
Clementia sp. Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Crassatella collina Conrad? Crenella columbiana Dall Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica Conrad Dosinia ponderosa (Gray) Florimetis biangulata (Carpenter) Katherinella subdiaphana (Carptenter) Lavevicardium (Cerastoderma) meekianum (Gabb) Lima sp. Lucina (Myrtea) acutilineata Conrad Lucina annulata (Reeve) Lucinisca nuttalli (Conrad) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Macoma addicotti Nikas Macoma broata Dall var. lipara Dall Macoma calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma cf. M. inconspicua (Broderip and Sowerby)
1004
1021 1179 1137
1514
1145 1146 1149 1160 1162 1323 1175
1302 1297 1294 1306
1282 1283 1280
1206 1225
Acila semirostrata (Grant and Gale)
Bivalvia
Martin (1916, p. 232); Glen (1959, p. 157 [Pillar Point]) (Purisima Formation). Galloway (1977, p. 31); Clark (1981, p. 34) (Drakes Bay Formation). Cummings et al. (1962, Pl. 24), Clark et al. (1979, p. 18) (Purisima Formation). Addicott (1969b, p. 82–83) (Tanana Member of Purisima Formation). Clark (1981, p. 32) (Santa Cruz Mudstone)
N.D.*
Undifferentiated upper Miocene rocks (Crain and Thurston, 1987)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA)
Taxonomy of authors
1003
;388–378 WSA
;398–388 WSA
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
Bivalvia
N.D. Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 37N–22N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–24N, through Gulf of California 65N–39N 71N–47N 70N–38N
Lima sp. Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Macoma addicotti Nikas Macoma (Macoma) lipara Dall Macoma (Macoma) calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma cf. M. balthica (Linnaeus)
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California 61N–28N Species, 60N–33N Genus reportedly living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 71N–33N 63N–33N 61N–30N Generic assignment in doubt, Eocene species 52N–33N 60N–6S 60N–6S 28N–5S 35N–25N 61N–30N Genus, 71N–33N
Genus, 60N–27N; subgenus, 45N, Japan to 20N 60N–27N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds) Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Chlamys hastata hericius (Gould) 8 Ma– Holocene Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Clementia (Egesta) sp. Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) (Conrad) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Crassatella collina (Conrad)? Solamen columbianum (Dall) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb)
Acila (Acila) semirostrata (Grant and Gale)
Taxonomy used in this study
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma)
continued
N.D. 10.17 10.17 13.94 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.31 ,10 ,10 ,10
17.16 ,10 ,10 10.17 N.D. 11.56 10.31 10.31 17.16 13.53 10.17 ,10
N.D.
16.78 10.17 10.31
10.31 16.78
12.06
Effective Temp. (8C)
Appendix 1 211
Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Modiolus directus Dall Modiolus cf. M. rectus (Conrad)
Modiolus sp. Mytilus (Mytiloconcha) cf. M. (M.) coalingensis Arnold Mytilus coalingensis Arnold
Nuculana cf. N. taphria Dall Ostrea cf. O. erica Hertlein Pandora filosa Carpenter Pandora punctata Conrad Panomya chrysis Dall Panope abrupta (Conrad) Panope generosa Gould Panope (?) sp. Patinopecten (Lituyapecten) falorensis MacNeil Pecten (Pallium) swiftii bernardi var. etchegoini Anderson Pecten (Pallium) swiftii bernardi var. nutteri Arnold (?) Pecten (Patinopecten) aff. P. (P.) coosensis Shumard Pecten (Patinopecten) healeyi Arnold Pecten (Patinopecten) lohri Hertlein Pecten (Patinopecten) purisimaensis Arnold Pecten oweni Arnold Pecten (Propeamussium) riversi Arnold
1293 1311 1341 1340
1342
1399 1480 1434 1433 1435 1436
1543 1134 1492 1494 1495
1476 1542
1469
1446 1473
1447
1278 1442 1572
1441
1275
1355
1439 1277 1513
Pecten sp. Periploma discus Stearns Phacoides annulatus Reeve Pholadidea cf. P. penita (Conrad) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca staleyi Gabb Protothaca staminea (Conrad) Protothaca tenerrima (Carpenter) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Schizothaerus nuttallii (Conrad) Schizothaerus nuttallii var. pajaroanus (Conrad) Schizothaerus pajaroanus (Conrad) Securella securis (Shumard) Siliqua cf. S. alta (Broderip and Sowerby) Siliqua nuttalli Conrad Siliqua sp.
Macoma cf. M. planiuscula Grant and Gale Macoma cf. M. yoldiformis Carpenter
1296 1298
1350
Macoma cf. M. indentata Carpenter
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Lituyapecten aff. L. coosensis (Shumard) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Lituyapecten purisimaensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) 8 Ma– Holocene Pecten sp. Periploma discus Stearns Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Penitella cf. P. penita (Conrad) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroana (Conrad) Tresus pajaroana (Conrad) Chione securis (Shumard) Siliqua cf. S. alta (Broderip and Sowerby) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua sp.
Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) taphria (Dall) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) cf. P. erici (Hertlein) Pandora (Pandorella) filosa (Carpenter) Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Panomya ampla Dall Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea? sp. Lituyapecten falorensis (MacNeil) 8–5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma
Macoma (Rexithaerus) cf. M. (R.) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Macoma) lama Bartsch Macoma (Psammacoma) cf. M. (P.) yoldiformis Carpenter Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolusia) cf. M. (M.) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus sp. Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) coalingensis Arnold Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Taxonomy used in this study
N.D. 37N–23N 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 60N–26N Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 61N–20S 61N–23N 57N–28N Genus, 45N–40N, Japan 57N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Genus, 34N–6S 72N–35N 59N–35N Genus, 72N–25N
Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N 60N–33N
Genus not living
Genus, 73N–5S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N 37N–28N Genus not living 60N–32N 50N–26N 71N–48N 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N Genus not living Genus reportedly living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Japan; genus not living
60N–27N Genus, 71N–4S 54N–30N 54N–5S
71N–53N 57N–27N
41N–28N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
N.D. 13.94 10.17 10.31 10.17 10.17 10.17 10.89 12.06 10.97 10.31 10.31 15.51 ,10 10.60 ,10
10.60 10.60 N.D. 10.60 10.31
N.D.
N.D.
13.94 N.D. 10.31 11.81 ,10 10.65 10.65 10.65 N.D. N.D.
,10
,10 ,10
10.31 ,10 11.47 11.47
,10 10.89
11.03
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
1299
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
212 Appendix 1
Neptunea purisimaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Colus) cf. N. (C.) recurva (Gabb) Neptunea stantoni (Arnold) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird)
1380 1153
1376
Neptunea cf. N. andersoni (Martin) Neptunea colmaensis Martin
1377 1375
Natica clausa Broderip and Sowerby
Diadora cf. D. aspera (Eschscholtz in Rathke) Forreria coalingensis (Arnold) Fusitriton oregonensis (Redfield) Margarites (?) sp. Magasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula sp. Miopleiona oregonensis Dall Mitrella carinata (Hinds) var. gausapata (Gould) Mitrella gouldi (Carpenter) Nassarius californianus (Conrad) Nassarius grammatus (Dall) Nassarius moranianus (Martin) Nassarius cf. N. perpinguis (Hinds)
1171 1172 1369
1199 1229 1237 1320 1326 1329 1475 1336 1337 1365 1357 1358 1367
Gastropoda Serpublorbis squamigerus (Carpenter) Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Clinopegma magna stantoni (Arnold) Bittium cf. B. vancouverense Dall and Bartsch Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Crepidula cf. C. onyx Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Diodora fontainiana (d’Orbigny) Forreria coalingensis (Arnold) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Margarites? sp. Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula sp. Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Mitrella gouldii (Carpenter) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Caseia) cf. N. (C.) perpinguis (Hinds) Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Neptunea cf. N. andersoni (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird ) colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea purisimaensis (Martin) Colus (Aulacofusus) cf. C. (A.) recurvus (Gabb) Clinopegma magna stantoni (Arnold) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird)
Gastropoda
Aletes squamigerus Carpenter? Astyris richthofeni Gabb Beringius stantoni (Arnold) Bittium cf. B. vancouverense Dall and Bartsch Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Calyptraea fastigiata Gould Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip Crepidula cf. C. onyx Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Cryptonatica clausa (Broderip and Sowerby)
Solen sicarius Gould Solen cf. S. sicarius Gould Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Mactromeris mossbeachensis (Glen) Spisula? or Macoma? Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris cf. M. polynyma (Stimpson) Mactromeris mossbeachensis (Glen) Simomactra falcata (Gould) Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroana (Conrad) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) sp. Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cooperi Gabb Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia sp. Yoldia (Megayoldia) thraciaformis (Storer)
Solen sicarius Gould Solen cf. S. sicarius Gould Spisula (Hemimactra) hemphilli (Dall) Spisula (Hemimactra) mossbeachensis Glen Spisula? or Macoma? Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula catilliformis (Conrad) Spisula cf. S. catilliformis Conrad Spisula cf. S. voyi (Gabb) Spisula mossbeachensis Glen Spisula falcata (Gould) Thracia trapezoides Conrad Thyasira bisecta (Conrad) Tresus nuttalli (Conrad) Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) sp. Yoldia cooperi Gabb Yoldia scissurata Dall var. strigata Dall Yoldia sp. Yoldia thraciaformis (Storer)
1012 1338 1071 1077 1089 1103 1106
1563
1562 1559 1558
1504 1532 1534
1316
1506 1503
1502 1509
1500
Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 60N–50N 51N–33N
Genus, 72N–33N Species, 51N–33N
72N–54N
5S Genus, 34N–28N 59N–33N Genus, 72N–27N 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, living in Japanese waters 60N–27N 55N–24N Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 48N–28N
55N–1S Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 60N–50N 60N–48N Genus not living 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 34N–3S Genus, 72N–5S 72N–54N
54N–30N 54N–30N 36N–26N Genus, 71N–4S N.D. Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N 38N–28N 60N–57N Genus, 71N–4S 54N–31N 57N–28N 57N–41N 57N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Subgenus, 40N–28N 40N–28N Subgenus, 71N–34N Genus, 71N–7N 62N–38N
continued
,10 ,10 ,10 11.74
,10 11.74
,10
5S 15.51 10.60 ,10 13.15 13.15 N.D. 10.31 11.38 11.38 11.81 11.81 12.64
11.38 ,10 10.31 10.31 N.D. 17.88 10.97 17.88 15.51 ,10 ,10
11.47 11.47 13.26 ,10 N.D. ,10 13.15 13.15 10.31 ,10 11.47 10.89 10.89 10.97 10.31 13.36 13.36 ,10 ,10 10.00
Appendix 1 213
1004 1015 1021 1022
378–368 WSA
1425
1198 1060 1066 1063 1576 1324
1464 1517 1392 1393 1545 1407 1548
1461 1418 1419 1424 1457
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
Other taxa
Acila castrensis Hinds Amiantis n.sp.? aff. A. stalderi (Clark) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad)
Bivalvia
Martin (1916, p. 233), Allen (1945, Appendix, p. 95, localities 100, 101, C26), Addicott et al. (1978a, p. 99), Gavigan (1984, p. 95–103) (Purisima Formation). Durham and Addicott (1965, p. A12–A14), Addicott (1978a, p. 88– 89; 1978b, p. A56) (Pancho Rico Formation)
Diatoms, Galloway (1977, Table 4, p. 31; late Miocene). Buliminealla elagastissima (Foraminiferida, also see Cummings et al., 1962, Pl. 22) Eponides exigua (no author given) Carcarodon cf. C. arnoldi (Vertebrata, shark tooth) Pinus lawsoniana Axelrod (Plantae)
Taxa not considered
Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds) Amiantis n.sp.? aff. A. callosa stalderi (Clark) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad)
Bivalvia
Dentalium sp. Balanus cf. B. nubulis Darwin Balanus cf. B. aquila Pilsbry Balanus sp. Amphiura santaecrucis Arnold Megapetalus cf. M. lovenoides H.L. Clark Megapetalus cf. M. lovenoides H.L. Clark Ophioplocus sp. A single species, the genotype, is listed for this genus, i.e. Ophioplocus tessellatus Lyman (1862, p. 76–77); however, there is not a figure of the species or genus, there is no locality given, and no indication as to the disposition of the type
Other taxa
?Dentalium sp. (Scaphopoda) Balanus cf. B. nubulis Darwin (Arthropoda) Balanus cf. B. aquila Pilsbry Balanus sp. Amphiura santaecrucis Arnold (Echinodermata) Megapetalus cf. M. leniodes Clark Megapetalus sp. Ophioplocus sp.?
Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Olivella baetica Carpenter Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Ophiodermella graciosana (Arnold) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) cf. P. (E.) lewisii (Gould) Polinices sp. Tegula lahondaensis (Arnold) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella cf. N. lima (Martyn) Trimusculus reticulatus (Sowerby) Ocenebra interfossa Carpenter Turcica caffea brevis Stewart
Taxonomy used in this study
Neverita recluziana (Deshayes) Olivella baetica Carpenter Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Ophiodermella graciosana (Arnold) Polinices lewisii (Gould) Polinices cf. P. lewisii (Gould) Polinices sp. Tegula lahondaensis (Arnold) Thais (Nucella) lamellosa (Gmelin) Thais (Nucella) cf. T. (N.) lima (Martyn) Trimusculus reticulatus (Sowerby) Tritonalia cf. T. interfossa (Carpenter) Turcica imperialis brevis Stewart
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
60N–27N Species, 34N–25N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 57N–3S 55N–30N 37N–32N Intertidal Genus not living, Miocene–Pliocene Genus not living, Miocene–Pliocene Genus not living, Miocene–Pliocene N.D.
42N–21N, through Gulf of California 57N–23N 49N–25N Genus, 48N–23N 51N–28N 51N–28N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 57N–5S 65N–34N 65N–34N 41N? or 37N–18N 56N–32N Species, 37N–23N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
10.31 15.51 16.78 16.78
10.89 11.38 13.94 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
13.53 10.89 11.81 12.64 11.74 11.74 ,10 10.89 ,10 ,10 13.94 10.97 13.94
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
214 Appendix 1
Chlamys cf. C. hodgei (Hertlein) Chlamys n.sp. aff. C. nipponensis Kuroda Chlamys nutteri Arnold Chlamys sp. Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium sp. Compsomyax sp. Crenomytilus cf. C. kewi (Nomland)
Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica Conrad Cryptomya ovalis Conrad Cryptomya quadrata Arnold Cumingia californica Conrad? Cyclocardia californica (Dall) Diplodonta sp. Dosinia cf. D. ponderosa Gray Dosinia ponderosa Gray Florimetis biangulata (Carpenter) Glans n.sp. aff. G. radiata (Sowerby)
Glycymeris cf. G. grewingki Dall Glycymeris sp. Here excavata (Carpenter) Hinnites giganteus (Gray) Laevicardium (Cerastoderma) meekianum (Gabb) Lima cf. L. hemphilli Hertlein and Strong Lucinisca n.sp.? aff. L. nuttalli (Conrad)
Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb)
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
Lyropecten terminus (Arnold)
Macoma? aff. M. arctata (Conrad) Macoma addicotti Nikas Macoma affinis Nomland Macoma brota Dall
1138 1139 1355 1142
1175
1242 1246 1253 1254
1283
1288
1291
1301 1302 1303 1307
1286
1268 1280
1206 1225 1123
1176 1179 1223
1150 1145 1351
Chione cf. C. fernandoensis English
Anadara (Larkinia) camuloensis (Osmont) Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Anomia? sp. Anomia sp. Arca canalis Conrad Arca cf. santamariensis Reinhart Arca trilineata Conrad Atrina n.sp.? Atrina sp. Cardium meekianum Gabb Chione aff. C. gnidia (Broderip and Sowerby)
1129
1057 1146 1128
1029
1024
1265
Macoma? aff. M. arctata (Conrad) Macoma addicotti Nikas Macoma affinis Nomland Macoma brota Dall
Lyropecten terminus (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Limaria cf. L. hemphilli (Hertlein and Strong) Lucina (Lucinisca) n.sp.? aff. L. (L.) nuttallii Conrad Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Larkinia camuloensis (Osmont) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anomia? sp. Anomia sp. Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Arca (Arca) cf. A. (A.) santamariensis Reinhart Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Atrina n.sp.? Atrina sp. Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Chione (Chionista) aff. C. (C.) gnidia (Broderip and Sowerby) Chione (Anomalocardia) cf. C. (A.) femandoensis English Chlamys cf. C. hodgei (Hertlein) 13–5 Ma Chlamys n.sp. aff. C. nipponensis Kuroda Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma Chlamys sp. Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium sp. Clementia (Egesta) sp. Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) kewi Nomland Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cumingia californica Conrad Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Diplodonta sp. Dosinia cf. D. ponderosa (Schumacher) Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Cardita (Carditamera) aff. C. (C.) radiata Sowerby Glycymeris (Axinola) cf. G. (A.) grewingki Dall Glycymeris sp. Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–Holocene Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb)
61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N Gulf of California–0 Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N Gulf of California–0 Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N Gulf of California–0 Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 71N–48N
37N–9N 37N–22N
Subgenus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–4S 34N–24N 60N–25N Genus, 71N–33N
Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Japan; genus not living Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N 60N–6S 60N–6S 60N–6S 60N–6S 42N–26N 61N–28N Genus, 71N–4S 28N–5S 28N–5S 35N–25N 28N–3S
Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 34N–0 Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus, 37N–south of equator Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 71N–33N 32N–6S
,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 continued
17.88
17.88
10.17 10.17 17.88
13.94 13.94
10.31 10.31 15.51 10.31 ,10
10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 13.53 10.17 ,10 17.16 17.16 13.53 17.16
,10 ,10 N.D. ,10 ,10 ,10 17.16 ,10
15.51
15.51 16.78 13.94 13.94 16.78 17.16 16.78 15.51 15.51 ,10 15.78
Appendix 1 215
Macoma indentata Carpenter Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma secta (Conrad) Mactra coalingensis Arnold Marcia oregonensis Conrad Miltha sp. Modiolus cf. M. capax (Conrad) Modiolus rectus (Conrad) Modiolus rectus Conrad Modiolus sp. Mya arenaria Linnaeus Mya cf. M. truncata Linnaeus Mytilus coalingensis Arnold
Nuculana taphria (Dall) Nuttallia salina Roth and Guruswami-Naidu (Roth and Guruwami-Naidu, 1978) Ostrea atwoodi Gabb Pandora (Cliodphora) punctata Conrad Pandora punctata Conrad Panomya chrysis Dall Panope abrupta (Conrad) Panope generosa Gould Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Paphia staleyi Gabb Paphia staminea Conrad Paphia tenerrima Carpenter Patinopecten (Lituyapecten) falorensis MacNeil Patinopecten (Lituyapecten) tumeri (Arnold) Patinopecten lohri Hertlein Pecten (Pallium) swiftii bernardi nutteri Arnold Pecten (Patinopecten) healeyi Arnold Pecten (Patinopecten) lohri Hertlein Pholas (Zirfaea) cf. P. (Z.) gabbi Tryon Pododesmus cepio (Gray) Protothaca cf. P. lacinata hannibali Howe Protothaca cf. P. staminea (Conrad)
1299 1293 1300 1508 1449 1333 1570 1340
1399 1581
Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca tenerrima (Carpenter) Sanguinolaria cf. S. nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Schizothaerus nuttalli Conrad Schizothaerus pajaroanus Conrad Securella securis (Shumard) Semele rubropicta Dall Siliqua cf. S. media (Sowerby)
Siliqua nuttalli Conrad Siliqua sp.
1402 1482 1542 1543 1134 1491 1492
1494 1495
1565 1454 1471
1441
1473 1469 1468 1277 1279 1442
1435 1436
1429 1433
1342 1345 1349 1350
Macoma cf. M. amheimi Dall
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Nuttallia salina Roth and Guruswami-Naidu (Roth and Guruwami-Naidu, 1978) Ostrea (Ostrea) atwoodi Gabb Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Panomya ampla Dall Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Lituyapecten falorensis (MacNeil) 8–5 Ma Lituyapecten tumeri (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Zirfaea cf. Z. pilsbryii Lowe Pododesmus (Monia) cepio (Gray) Protothaca cf. P. lacinata hannibali Howe Protothaca (Protothaca) cf. P. staminea (Conrad) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Nuttallia cf. N. nuttallii (Conrad) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroana (Conrad) Chione securis (Shumard) Semele rubropicta Dall Siliqua (Siliqua) cf. S. (S.) alta (Broderip and Sowerby) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua sp.
Macoma (Heteromacoma) cf. M. (H.) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Mactromeris coalingensis (Arnold) Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha sp. Modiolus (Modiolus) cf. M. (M.) capax (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus sp. Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Mya cf. M. truncata Linnaeus Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Taxonomy used in this study
59N–35N Genus, 72N–25N
Genus, 61N–20S 57N–28N 38N–25N 41N–28N 57N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Genus, 34N–6S 60N–28N 72N–35N
Genus, 57N–8N 50N–26N 50N–26N 71N–48N 58N–34N 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 61N–20S 61N–23N 57N–28N Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N Japan; genus not living Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N 70N–25N 58N–28N Species, 37N–32N 61N–23N
41N–28N 60N–27N 54N–25N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 26N–25N 37N–5S 54N–5S 54N–5S Genus, 73N–5S 70N–33N 71N–48N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N 37N–28N Genus, 38N–25N
57N–34N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
10.60 ,10
10.17 10.89 13.15 11.03 10.97 10.31 15.51 10.31 ,10
10.89 11.81 11.81 ,10 10.65 10.65 10.65 10.17 10.17 10.89 N.D. N.D. 10.60 N.D. 10.60 10.60 ,10 10.65 13.94 10.17
13.94 13.15
11.03 10.31 11.47 ,10 13.94 17.87 13.94 11.47 11.47 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10
10.89
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
1292
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
216 Appendix 1
Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. onyx Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. princeps Conrad Crepidula n. sp. aff. C. aculeata (Gmelin)
1106 1107 1111 1118 1124 1125 1207 1164
1167 1171 1172 1168
Gastropoda
Acanthina n.sp. Astyris richthofeni Gabb Beringius stantoni (Arnold) Bittium asperum Gabb Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Bittium cf. B. attenautum multifilosum Bartsch Calicantharus cf. C. fortis angulata (Arnold) Calicantharus cf. C. fortis (Carpenter) Calicantharus cf. C. humerosus (Gabb) Calicantharus kettlemanensis (Arnold) Calliostoma cf. C. ligatum (Gould) Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma? aff. C. cammani Dall Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea filosa Gabb Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria cf. C. femandoensis Arnold Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Ceratostoma foliatum (Gmelin) Ceratostoma nuttalli (Conrad)? Clavus coalingensis (Arnold) Crassispira n. sp.? aff. C. martinensis Dall
1001 1338 1071 1072 1075 1076 1085 1086 1087 1088 1093 1094 1095 1101 1105
1560 1558 1562
1541
1521 1522 1539
Transennella tantilla (Gould) Transennella californica Arnold Tresus nuttalli (Conrad) Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) sp. Yoldia scissurata strigata (Dall) Yoldia sp. Zirfaea pilsbryi Lowe
Tellina cf. T. aragonia Dall Tellina cf. T. idae Dall Tellina cf. T. lutea Wood Tellina idae Dall Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad)
1523
1504 1502 1503 1510 1326 1514
Solen perrini Clark Solen sicarius Gould Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula albaria Conrad Spisula falcata Gould Spisula hemphilli (Dall)? Spisula mercedensis Packard Spisula sp. Spisula voyi Gabb Swiftopecten swiftii parmeleei (Dall)
1499 1500 1506
Acanthina n.sp. Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Clinopegma magna stantoni (Arnold) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Bittium cf. B. multifilosum Bartsch Calicantharus cf. C. angulatus (Arnold) Calicantharus cf. C. fortis (Carpenter) Calicantharus cf. C. humerosus (Gabb) Calicantharus kettlemanensis (Arnold) Calliostoma cf. C. costatum (Martyn) Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma? aff. C. cammani Dall Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria cf. C. femandoensis Arnold Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Ceratostoma foliata (Gmelin) Ceratostoma nuttalli (Conrad) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Pseudomelatoma n. sp.? aff. P. grippi (Dall) (see Keen [1971, p. 907]) Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. onyx Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. princeps Conrad Crepidula n. sp. aff. C. aculeata (Gmelin)
Gastropoda
Solen perrini Clark Solen sicarius Gould Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Simomactra falcata (Gould) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Spisula sp. Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson) Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Tellina cf. T. aragonia Dall Tellina (Tellinella) cf. T. (T.) idae Dall Tellina (Megangulus) cf. T. (M.) lutea Wood Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Nutricola tantilla (Gould) Nutricola tantilla (Gould) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroana (Conrad) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) sp. Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia sp. Zirfaea pilsbryii Lowe
48N–23N 35N–3S Genus, 72N–5S 34N–34S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 48N–1S Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 60N–50N 34N–27N Genus, 60N–23N 37N–34N Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 57N–33N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California 57N–33N 37N–27N Subgenus, 66N–3S 34N–30N
61N–28N 61N–28N 57N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 71N–34N Genus, 71N–7N 70N–25N
Genus, 72N–2S 54N–30N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 54N–31N 36N–26N 38N–28N N.D. 71N–46N Genus reportedly living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus, 72N–5S 34N–33N 72N–57N 34N–33N 37N–27N
continued
12.64 13.53 ,10 15.51
12.64 ,10 10.31 15.51 10.31 13.94 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 10.89 10.89 10.89 10.89 18.49 18.49 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.89 13.94 10.31 15.51
10.17 10.17 10.97 10.31 13.36 ,10 ,10 ,10
,10 15.51 ,10 15.51 13.94
,10 11.47 ,10 ,10 11.47 13.26 13.15 N.D. ,10 N.D.
Appendix 1 217
1369
1420
1462 1388 1403 1412 1405 1409 1419
1461
Neverita recluziana (Deshayes) Neverita recluziana Petit Neverita sp. Nucella collomi (Carson) Ocenebra cf. O. tenuiscuplta (Carpenter) Ocenebra cf. O. tethys (Nomland) Ocenebra cierboensis (Grant and Eaton) Ocenebra n.sp. Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella biplicata Sowerby Olivella pedroana Conrad
Nassarius grammatus (Dall) Nassarius mendicus (Gould) Natica clausa Broderip and Sowerby
1329
1336 1337 1366 1358 1364 1356 1360 1365
Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Forreria belcheri (Hinds)? Forreria cf. F. coalingensis (Arnold) Forreria coalingensis (Arnold) Fulgoraria (Psephia) oregonensis (Dall) Jaton (Shaskyus) festivus (Hinds) Kelletia cf. K. kelleti (Forbes) Littorina scutulata Gould Margarites aff. M. pupillus (Gould)
Margarites cf. M. condoni Dall Megasurcula n. sp. aff. M. wynoocheensis (Weaver) Megasurcula sp. Miopleiona oregonensis Dall Mitrella gausapata (Gould) Mitrella gouldi (Carpenter) Nassa mendica Gould Nassa moraniana Martin Nassarius salinasensis Addicott Nassarius (Caesia) coalingensis (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius cf. N. californianus (Conrad)
1318 1330
1229 1475 1258 1260 1273 1319
1226
1201 1574 1209 1211 1212
Epitonium cf. E. eelense Durham
Diodora n. sp.? aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Drillia mercedensis Martin Elaeocyma empyrosia (Dall)? Epitonium (Cirsotrema?) sp. Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. eelense Durham
1174 1369
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula princeps Conrad Crucibulum n.sp.? Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Diodora n. sp.? aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin) Elaeocyma empyrosia (Dall) Epitonium (Cirsotrema?) sp. Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. (N.) eelense Durham Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. (N.) eelense Durham Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Forreria cf. F. coalingensis (Arnold) Forreria coalingensis (Arnold) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Pteropurpura festiva (Hinds) Kelletia cf. K. kelletii (Forbes) Littorina scutulata Gould Margarites (Pupillaria) aff. M. (P.) pupillus (Gould) Margarites (Lirularia) cf. M. (L.) condoni Dall Megasurcula n. sp. aff. M. wynoocheensis (Weaver) Megasurcula sp. Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Mitrella gouldii (Carpenter) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Catilon?) salinasensis Addicott Nassarius (Caesia) coalingensis (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Demondia) cf. N. (D.) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) sp. Nucella lamellosa collomi (Carson) Ocenebra cf. O. tenuiscuplta (Carpenter) Ocenebra cf. O. tethys (Nomland) Ocenebra cierboensis (Grant and Eaton) Ocenebra sp. Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella pedroana (Conrad)
Taxonomy used in this study
42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Species, 65N–34N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N 49N–25N 49N–25N 55N–23N
Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 55N–25N 72N–54N
Genus, 38N–28N Genus, living in Japanese waters 60N–27N 55N–24N 55N–25N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 55N–25N
72N–29N Genus, 38N–28N
34N–28N 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, living in Japanese waters 34N–27N 34N–30N 58N–19N 60N–32N, deep water
Subgenus, 55N–23N
34N–4S Genus, 48N–23N 34N–33N Subgenus, 28N–0, in Gulf of California Subgenus, 55N–23N
65N–23N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 42N–6S 72N–54N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
13.53 13.53 13.53 ,10 10.60 10.60 10.60 10.60 11.81 11.81 11.38
11.81 11.38 ,10
13.15 N.D. 10.31 11.38 11.38 11.81 13.54 11.81 11.81 11.38
,10 13.15
15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 N.D. 15.51 15.51 10.65 10.31
11.38
15.51 12.64 15.51 17.16 11.38
,10 ,10 13.53 ,10
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula princeps Conrad Crucibulum (Disptaea) n. sp. Cryptonatica clausa (Broderip and Sowerby)
1170
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
218 Appendix 1
1195 1203 1528 1058
1054
1056 1049 1055
Elphidium hughesi Cushman and Grant (Foraminiferida) Epinoides exigua (Brady) Nonion montereyanum Cushman and Galliher Nonionella cf. N. belridgensis (Barbat and Hohnson) Nonionella cushmani (Cushman) Nonionella miocenica Cushman Dusignathus santacruzensis Kellogg (Mitchell, 1962) (Vertebrata)
Taxa not considered
Dentalium sp. Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack Astrodapsis aff. A. whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis fernandoensis Pack Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis sp. (A. whitneyi Re´mond-A. jacalitosensis Arnold group) Dendraster sp. Discinisca cumingii (Broderip) Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant Balanus gregarius (Conrad)
Other taxa
Dentalium? sp. (Scaphopoda) Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis crassus Kew Astrodapsis aff. A. cuyamanus Kew Astrodapsis fernandoensis Pack Astrodapsis salinasensis Richards Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis sp. (A. whitneyi-A. jacalitosensis group) Dendraster sp. Discinisca cumingi Broderip (Brachiopoda) Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant Balanus gregarius (Conrad) (Arthropoda)
Other taxa
1198 1048
Turritella n. sp. aff. T. gonostoma Valenciennes Turritella vanvlecki Arnold
Turritella n. sp. (T. broderipiana stock) Turritella vanvlecki Arnold
1554 1556
Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella cooperi nova Nomland Turritella vanvlecki Arnold hemphilli Applin
Olivella sp. Ophiodermella graciosana (Arnold) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Scaphander aff. S. jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Tegula lahondaensis (Arnold) Nucella canaliculata (Duclos) Nucella lamellosa collomi (Carson) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella lima (Martyn) Ocenebra cf. O. interfossa (Carpenter) Turcica cf. T. caffea brevis Stewart Turricula aff. T. piercei (Arnold)
Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella cooperi nova Nomland Turritella gonostoma hemphilli Applin
Olivella sp. Ophiodermella graciosana (Arnold) Polinices lewisi (Gould) Polinices lewisii (Gould) Scaphander aff. S. jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Tegula lahondaensis (Arnold) Thais canaliculata Duclos Thais collomi Carson Thais etchegoinensis Arnold Thais lamellosa Gmelin Thais saxicola Valenciennes Tritonalia cf. T. interfossa (Carpenter) Turcica cf. T. caffea brevis Stewart Turricula aff. T. piercei (Arnold)
1551 1553 1557
1390 1392 1393 1407 1548 1549
1485 1496 1517 1387
1421 1424 1457
Genus, 54N–23N 34N–Chile Genus, 38N–23N Not living
Genus, 57N–3S Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 48N–23N 51N–28N 51N–28N Genus, 25N–5S 37N–32N Genus, 57N–5S 57N–37N Species, 65N–34N Genus, 66N–3S 65N–34N 66N–28N 56N–32N Species, 37N–23N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic 37N–28N Species, 37N–28N Genus, 37N–3S, related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S T. gonostoma, Gulf of California –3S Genus, 37N–3S, related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of Califonia–3S
continued
11.47 15.51 13.15 N.D.
10.89 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
16.98 16.98
13.94 13.94 16.98
10.89 12.64 11.74 11.74 17.88 13.94 10.89 10.89 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 10.97 13.94 11.38
Appendix 1 219
Chione cf. C. femandoensis English
Chlamys cf. C. hodgei (Hertlein) Chlamys n. sp. aff. C. nipponensis Kuroda Clinocardium sp. Compsomyax sp. Cryptomya californica Conrad Cumingia californica Conrad? Cyclocardia californica (Dall) Cyclocardia cf. C. californica (Dall) Delectopecten pedroanus (Trask) Delectopecten randolphi tillamookensis (Arnold) Diplodonta sp. Dosinia cf. D. ponderosa Gray Florimetis biangulata (Carpenter) Glans n. sp. aff. G. radiata (Sowerby)
Glycymeris cf. G. grewingki Dall Here excavata (Carpenter) Hinnites giganteus (Gray) Lima cf. L. hemphilli Hertlein and Strong Lucinisca n. sp.? aff. L. nuttalli (Conrad) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb)
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
Lyropecten terminus (Arnold)
Macoma affinis Nomland Macoma ? aff. M. arctata (Conrad)
1129
1138 1139 1150 1145 1175 1176 1179
1242 1253 1254 1268 1280 1283 1286
1288
1291
1303 1301
1223 1206 1225 1240
1181 1182
Amiantis n.sp.? aff. A. stalderi (Clark) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Anadara (Larkinia) camuloensis (Osmont) Anomia sp. Arca cf. santamariensis Reinhart Atrina n. sp.? Chione aff. C. gnidia (Broderip and Sowerby)
Bivalvia
Durham and Addicott (1965, p. A11–A14) (Pancho Rico Formation). Hall (1962a, p. 75–76, Fig. 6), Hall and Corbato´ (1967, p. 563, Fig. 3) Saucelito Member (Subunits 3, 2) (Santa Margarita Formation). Hall (1966, p. 1123–1124; 1973a, p. 5) (upper Edna and Miguelito Members Pismo Formation). Addicott and Galehouse (1973, p. 510) (marine part only of Paso Robles Formation)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Macoma affinis Nomland Macoma ? aff. M. arctata (Conrad)
Lyropecten terminus (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Amiantis n.sp.? aff. A. callosa stalderi (Clark) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Larkinia camuloensis (Osmont) Anomia sp. Arca (Arca) cf. A. (A.) santamariensis Reinhart Atrina n. sp.? Chione (Chionista) aff. C. (C.) gnidia (Broderip and Sowerby) Chione (Anomalocardia) cf. C. (A.) femandoensis English Chlamys cf. C. hodgei (Hertlein) 13–5 Ma Chlamys n. sp. aff. C. nipponensis Kuroda Clinocardium sp. Clementia (Egesta) sp. Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cumingia californica Conrad? Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia cf. C. ventricosa (Gould) Delectopecten pedroanus (Trask) Delectopecten vancouverensis tillamookensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Diplodonta sp. Dosinia cf. D. ponderosa (Schumacher) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Cardita (Carditamera) sp. aff. C. (C.) radiata Sowerby Glycymeris (Axinola) cf. G. (A.) grewingki Dall Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Limaria cf. L. hemphilli (Hertlein and Strong) Lucina (Lucinisca) aff. L. (L.) nuttallii Conrad Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Bivalvia
Taxonomy used in this study
Subgenus, 60N–23N 34N–24N 60N–25N 37N–9N 37N–22N 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S
Genus, 71N–4S 28N–5S 35N–25N 28N–3S
Genus, 70–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 71N–33N Subgenus, 28N–0 60N–6S 42N–26N 61N–28N 61N–28N nomen dubium, genus, 60N–27N 60N–27N
Genus, 34N–6S
Species, 34N–25N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–0 Genus, 37N–south of equator Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S 32N–6S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
,10 ,10
17.88
17.88
10.31 15.51 10.31 13.94 13.94 10.17 17.88
,10 17.16 13.53 17.16
,10 ,10 ,10 17.16 10.31 13.53 10.17 10.17 10.31 10.31
15.51
15.51 16.78 16.78 15.51 13.94 17.16 15.51 15.78
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
1015 1021 1022 1265 1024 1029 1057 1128
368–358 WSA
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
220 Appendix 1
Nettastomella rostrata (Valenciennes)
Ostrea atwoodi Gabb Panope abrupta (Conrad) Patinopecten lohri Hertlein Pecten (Aequipecten) discus Conrad Pecten (Lyropecten) estrellanus Conrad n. subsp. Pecten (Patinopecten) lohri Hertlein Pododesmus cepio (Gray) Protothaca cf. P. lacinata hannibali Howe Protothaca cf. P. staminea (Conrad)
Protothaca tenerrima (Carpenter) Sanguinolaria cf. S. nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Siliqua cf. S. media (Sowerby)
Solen cf. S. perrini Clark Solen perrini Clark Sphenia luticola (Valenciennes) Spisula hemphilli (Dall) ? Spisula mercedensis Packard Tellina cf. T. aragonia Dall Tellina cf. T. lutea Wood Tellina idae Dall Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad)
1577
1429 1436 1442 1432
1468 1402 1482 1492
1499 1578 1502 1503 1523 1520 1522 1539
1001 1075 1076 1085 1086 1087 1088 1096 1093
1566
1541 1542
Acanthina n.sp. Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Bittium cf. B. attenautum multifilosum Bartsch Calicantharus cf. C. fortis angulata (Arnold) Calicantharus cf. C. fortis (Carpenter) Calicantharus cf. C. humerosus (Gabb) Calicantharus kettlemanensis (Arnold) Calliostoma aff. C. gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma cf. C. ligatum (Gould)
Gastropoda
Transennella tantilla (Gould) Tresus nuttalli (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Zirfaea pilsbryi Lowe
Macoma brota Dall Macoma indentata Carpenter Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma secta (Conrad) Miltha sp. Modiolus cf. M. capax (Conrad) Modiolus rectus (Conrad) Mya arenaria Linnaeus Mya cf. M. truncata Linnaeus Mytilus coalingensis Arnold
1307 1299 1293 1300 1333 1570 1340 1345 1349 1350
1454 1471 1469
Macoma cf. M. amheimi Dall
1292
Acanthina n. sp. Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Bittium cf. B. multifilosum Bartsch Calicantharus cf. C. angulatus (Arnold) Calicantharus cf. C. fortis (Carpenter) Calicantharus cf. C. humerosus (Gabb) Calicantharus kettlemanensis (Arnold) Calliostoma aff. C. gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma cf. C. costatum (Martyn)
Gastropoda
Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Pododesmus (Monia) cepio (Gray) Protothaca cf. P. lacinata hannibali Howe Protothaca (Protothaca) cf. P. staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Nuttallia cf. N. nuttallii (Conrad) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Siliqua (Siliqua) cf. S. (S.) alta (Broderip and Sowerby) Solen cf. S. perrini Clark Solen perrini Clark Sphenia luticola (Valenciennes) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Tellina cf. T. aragonia Dall Tellina (Megangulus) cf. T. (M.) lutea Wood Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Nutricola tantilla (Gould) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Zirfaea pilsbyrii Lowe
Netastoma rotrata (Valenciennes) (see McLean (1978, p. 92)) Ostrea (Ostrea) atwoodi Gabb Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Macoma cf. M. (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma brota Dall Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) sp. Modiolus (Modiolus) cf. M. (M.) capax (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Mya cf. M. truncata Linnaeus Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Genus, 48N–1S Genus, 60N–23N 37N–34N Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 34N–23N 57N–33N
61N–28N 57N–25N 57N–25N 70N–25N
Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S 40N–4S 36N–26N 38N–28N Genus, 72N–5S 72N–57N 34N–33N 37N–27N
57N–28N 38N–25N 41N–28N 72N–35N
Genus, 57N–8N 58N–34N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 31N–5S Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 59N–36N 58N–28N Species, 37N–32N 61N–23N
71N–48N 41N–28N 60N–27N 54N–25N Genus, 26N–25N 37N–5S 54N–5S 70N–33N 71N–48N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N 50N–27N
57N–34N
continued
12.64 10.31 13.94 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 15.51 10.89
10.17 10.97 10.97 ,10
,10 ,10 13.36 13.26 13.15 ,10 ,10 15.51 13.94
10.89 13.15 11.03 ,10
10.60 10.65 13.94 10.17
10.89 10.65 10.60 16.15 17.88
11.81
,10 11.03 10.31 11.47 17.87 13.94 11.47 ,10 ,10 ,10
10.89
Appendix 1 221
Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma? aff. C. cammani Dall Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Cancellaria cf. C. fernandoensis Arnold Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Ceratostoma foliatum (Gmelin) Ceratostoma nuttalli (Conrad)? Clavus coalingensis (Arnold) Crassispira n.sp.? aff. C. martinensis Dall
Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. onyx Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. princeps Conrad Crepidula n. sp. aff. C. aculeata (Gmelin) Crepidula nummaria Gould Crucibulum (Disptaea) n. sp. Diodora n.sp.? aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Elaeocyma empyrosia (Dall)? Epitonium (Cirsotrema?) sp. Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. eelense Durham
Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Forreria cf. F. coalingensis (Arnold) Jaton (Shaskyus) festivus (Hinds) Kelletia cf. K. kelleti (Forbes) Margarites aff. M. pupillus (Gould)
Margarites cf. M. condoni Dall Megasurcula n. sp. aff. M. wynoocheensis (Weaver) Mitrella gausapata (Gould) Nassarius salinasensis Addicott Nassarius (Caesia) coalingensis (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius cf. N. californianus (Conrad)
Neverita recluziana (Deshayes) Ocenebra cf. O. tenuiscuplta (Carpenter) Ocenebra cf. O. tethys (Nomland) Ocenebra cierboensis (Grant and Eaton) Olivella sp. Polinices lewisi (Gould) Scaphander aff. S. jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Thais collomi Carson Thais etchegoinensis Arnold Turcica cf. T. caffea brevis Stewart Turricula aff. T. piercei (Arnold)
Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella cooperi nova Nomland
1167 1171 1172 1168 1170 1174 1201 1209 1211 1212
1226 1229 1257 1260 1319
1318 1330
1336 1364 1356 1357 1365
1461 1403 1412 1405 1415 1457 1485 1496 1388 1390 1548 1549
1551 1553
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella cooperi nova Nomland
Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma? aff. C. cammani Dall Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Cancellaria cf. C. fernandoensis Arnold Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Ceratostoma foliata (Gmelin) Ceratostoma nuttalli (Conrad)? Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Pseudomelatoma n.sp.? aff. P. gribbi (Dall) (see Keen [1971, p. 907]) Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. onyx Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. princeps Conrad Crepidula n. sp. aff. C. aculeata (Gmelin) Crepidula nummaria Gould Crucibulum sp. Diodora n.sp.? aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Elaeocyma empyrosia (Dall) Epitonium (Cirsotrema?) sp. Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. (N.) eelense Durham Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Forreria cf. F. coalingensis (Arnold) Pteropurpura festiva (Hinds) Kelletia (Kelletia) cf. K. (K.) kelletii (Forbes) Margarites (Pupillaria) aff. M. (P.) pupillus (Gould) Margarites (Lirularia) cf. M. (L.) condoni Dall Megasurcula n. sp. aff. M. wynoocheensis (Weaver) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Nassarius (Catilon?) salinasensis Addicott Nassarius (Caesia) coalingensis (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Demondia) cf. N. (D.) californianus (Conrad) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Ocenebra cf. O. tenuiscuplta (Carpenter) Ocenebra cf. O. tethys (Nomland) Ocenebra cierboensis (Grant and Eaton) Olivella sp. Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Scaphander aff. S. jugularis (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Nucella lamellosa collomi (Carson) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Turcica cf. T. caffea brevis Stewart Turricula aff. T. piercei (Arnold)
Taxonomy used in this study
42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 57N–south of equator 51N–28N Genus, 25N–5S 37N–32N Species, 65N–34N Genus, 66N–3S Species, 37N–23N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic 37N–28N Species, 37N–28N
60N–27N Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 55N–25N
72N–29N Genus, 38N–28N
34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N 34N–27N 34N–30N 60N–32N
48N–23N 34N–3S Genus, 72N–5S 34N–34S, through Gulf of California 65N–23N Genus, 42N–6S 34N–4S 34N–33N Subgenus, 28N–0, in Gulf of California Subgenus, 55N–23N
Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California 57N–33N 37N–27N Subgenus, 66N–3S 34N–30N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
13.94 13.94
13.53 10.60 10.60 10.60 10.89 11.74 17.88 13.94 ,10 ,10 13.94 11.38
10.31 13.54 11.81 11.81 11.38
,10 13.15
15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 10.31
12.64 15.51 ,10 15.51 ,10 13.53 15.51 15.51 17.16 11.38
10.89 10.89 10.89 18.49 10.97 10.97 10.89 13.94 ,10 15.51
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
1094 1095 1101 1105 1111 1118 1124 1125 1207 1164
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
222 Appendix 1
1432
1150 1126 1132 1129
1580
1022
1021 1023
358–348 WSA
1195 1032 1203 1258 1062
1054
1056 1049 1055
Chlamys discus (Conrad)
Angulararca terminumbonis (Grant and Gale) (Noda, 1966) Cerastoderma sp. Chama pellucida Broderip Chione (Securella) elsmerensis English Chione fernandoensis English Chlamys cf. C. hastata (Sowerby)
Anadara (Anadara) trilineata trilineata (Conrad) Anadara aff. A. (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Anadara trilineata (Conrad) canalis (Conrad)
Bivalvia
Woodring and Bramlette (1950, p. 33, table facing p. 34) (Tinaquaic Member and Todos Sandstone Member, basin facies, of Sisquoc Formation). Johnson (1952, p. 28); Stanton (1966, p. 23) (Castaic Formation)
Elphidium hughesi Cushman and Grant (Foraminiferida) Epinoides exigua (Brady) Nonion montereyanum Cushman and Galliher Nonionella cf. N. belridgensis (Barbat and Johnson) Nonionella cushmani (Cushman) Nonionella miocenica Cushman Pliopedia pacifica Kellogg (Vertebrata)
Taxa not considered
Dentalium? sp. (Scaphopoda) Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis crassus Kew Astrodapsis aff. A. cuyamanus Kew Astrodapsis fernandoensis Pack Astrodapsis salinasensis Richards Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis sp. (A. whitneyi-A. jacalitosensis group) Dendraster sp. Archaeopneustes moorefieldi Hall Discinisca cumingi Broderip (Brachiopoda) Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant Balanus gregarius (Conrad) (Arthropoda)
Other taxa
Other taxa
1198 1048
Turritella n. sp. aff. T. gonostoma Valenciennes
Turritella n.sp. (T. broderipiana stock)
1554
Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) aff. A. (A.) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) canalis (Conrad) Angulararca terminumbonis (Grant and Gale) (Noda, 1966) Clinocardium sp. Chama (Chama) arcana Bernard Chione elsmerensis English Chione (Anomalocardia) fernandoensis English Chlamys cf. C. hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma–Holocene Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Bivalvia
Dentalium sp. Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack Astrodapsis aff. A. whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis fernandoensis Pack Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis sp. (A. whitneyi Re´mond-A. jacalitosensis Arnold group) Dendraster sp. Archaeopneustes moorefieldi Hall Discinisca cumingii (Broderip) Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant Balanus gregarius (Conrad)
Turritella vanvlecki Arnold
Turritella vanvlecki Arnold
1556
Turritella vanvlecki Arnold hemphilli Applin
Turritella gonostoma hemphilli Applin
1557
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 71N–33N 37N–10N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S 60N–33N
continued
16.15
,10 13.94 15.51 15.51 10.31
N.D.
16.78 16.78
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living
16.78 16.78
11.47 22.14 15.51 13.15 N.D.
10.89 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
16.98
16.98
16.98
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 54N–23N West Indies, near 23N 34N–Chile Genus, 38N–23N Not living
Genus, 57N–3S Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 37N–3S, related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S, related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S
Appendix 1 223
Chlamys hodgei (Hertlein) Chlamys parmeleei (Dall)
Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Compsomyax cf. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter) Compsomyax cf. C. tenerrima (Carpenter)
Corbula (Lentidium) luteola Carpenter Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crenomytilus coalingensis (Arnold)
Cryptomya cf. C. californica (Conrad) Cyclocardia californica (Dall) Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) subgibbosa (Hanna) Glycymeris cf. G. gigantea (Reeve)
Glycymeris grewingki Dall Hinnites multirugosus var. crassiplicatus (Gale) Lucina (Here) excavata Carpenter Lucinisca nuttallii antecedens (Arnold) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma sp. Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
Macoma cf. M. indentata Carpentner
Macoma cf. M. nasuta (Conrad)
Macoma n. sp.? Macoma? cf. M. brota Dall Macoma sp. Miltha xantusi (Dall) Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Ostrea erici Hertlein Ostrea vespertina Conrad
Pandora cf. P. filosa (Carpenter) Panope cf. P. generosa Gould Panope generosa Gould Patinopecten cf. P. lohri (Hertlein) Patinopecten dilleri (Dall)
1138 1514
1143 1160 1468
1157 1166 1350
1175 1179 1217
1242 1254 1253 1281 1282 1283 1284 1287
1288
1285
1299
1293
1311 1307
1434
1276
1436
1480 1183
1397
1334 1372
1571
Chlamys hastatus (Sowerby)?
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Pandora (Pandorella) cf. P. filosa (Carpenter) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Patinopecten cf. P. lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5M Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–1 Ma
Lyropecten catalinae (Arnold) (fide, Smith, 1991a, p. 49) 13–5 Ma Macoma (Rexithaerus) cf. M. (R.) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Heteromacoma) cf. M. (H.) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma n. sp.? Macoma? cf. M. brota Dall Macoma sp. Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) erici (Hertlein) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Cryptomya cf. C. californica (Conrad) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) subgibbosa (Hanna) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) cf. G. (G.) gigantea (Reeve) Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii antecedens Arnold Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma sp. Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hodgei (Hertlein) 13–5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Compsomyax cf. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter) Protothaca (Callithaca) cf. P. (C.) tenerrima (Carpenter) Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus not living Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) 60N–32N 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 59N–36N Genus not living
Subgenus, 58N–6S
Genus, 71N–4S 71N–48N Genus, 71N–4S 26N–25N 59N–28N
60N–27N
Subgenus, 60N–23N 60N–25N 34N–24N Species, 37N–22N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 41N–28N
31N–25N
37N–23N Genus, 60N–5S Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N 60N–6S 61N–28N Subgenus, 33N–5S
Genus, 70N–1S Genus reportedly living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Subgenus, 28N–0 61N–30N 57N–28N
60N–33N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
10.31 10.65 10.65 10.60 N.D.
N.D. 17.16
10.65
,10 ,10 ,10 17.87 10.60
10.31
11.03
17.88
17.88
10.31 10.31 15.51 13.94 10.17 10.17 10.17 17.88
16.15
10.31 10.17 16.26
13.94 10.31 ,10
17.16 10.17 10.89
,10 N.D.
10.31
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
1136
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
224 Appendix 1
Solen perrini Clark Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula cf. S. hemphilli (Dall) Spisula? sp. Spondylus sp. Tellina cf. T. aragonia Dall Tellina cf. T. lutea Wood Tivela diabloensis Clark Trachycardium cf. quadragenarium (Conrad)
Transennella cf. T. tantilla (Gould) Volsella cf. V. capax (Conrad) Yoldia gala Woodring Zirfaea cf. Z. pilsbryi Lowe
1499 1506 1502 1510 1512 1523 1520 1536 1539
1541 1570 1564 1566
1090 1094 1098 1100
1083 1089 1085
1075 1080
1047 1233 1074
1009 1012 1155 1028 1044
1478 1396 1398 1402 1542 1491 1492
Bulla sp. Calicantharus cf. C. portolaensis (Arnold) Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter) angulatus (Arnold) Calicantharus? sp. Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma sp. Calliostoma splendens Carpenter diabloense Clark
Acteon cf. A. boulderana Etherington Aletes squamigerus Carpenter? Anomalosipho sp. Antiplanes sp. Astraea cf. A. (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea sp. Barbarofusus cf. B. arnoldi (Cossmann) Bittium arnoldi Bartsch Bittium casmaliense arnoldi Bartsch Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Boreotrophon cf. B. sturati (Smith)
Gastropoda
Psammotreata (Florimetis) biangulata (Carpenter) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) gabbii Re´mond Pseudochama sp. Saccella cellulita (Dall)? Saccella orcutti (Arnold) Sanguinolaria cf. S. nuttallii Conrad Schizothaerus cf. S. nuttallii (Conrad) Semele? cf. S. rubropicta Dall Siliqua cf. S. media (Sowerby)
1255
1476
Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) Pecten cf. P. hemphilli Dall Periploma cf. P. discus Stearns Pholadidea penita (Conrad) Pododesmus cf. P. macroschisma (Deshayes)
1442 1444 1447 1446 1455
Calicantharus? sp. Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma sp. Calliostoma splendens Carpenter diabloense Clark
Acteon cf. A. boulderanus Etherington Serpulobris squamigerus (Carpenter) Colus sp. Antiplanes sp. Astraea (Pomaulax) cf. A. (P.) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea sp. Fusinus cf. F. arnoldi (Cossmann) Bittium arnoldi Bartsch Bittium arnoldi Bartsch Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Boreotrophon cf. B. sturati (Smith) (or Trophon [Boretotrophon] . . . ) Bulla sp. Calicantharus cf. C. portolaensis (Arnold) Calicantharus angulatus (Arnold)
Gastropoda
Pseudochama sp. Nuculana (Saccella) cellulita (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) orcutti (Arnold) Nuttallia cf. N. nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus cf. T. nuttallii (Conrad) Semele cf. S. rubropicta Dall Siliqua (Siliqua) cf. S. (S.) alta (Broderip and Sowerby) Solen perrini Clark Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris cf. M. hemphilli (Dall) Spisula? sp. Spondylus sp. Tellina cf. T. aragonia Dall Tellina (Megangulus) cf. T. (M.) lutea Wood Tivela diabloensis Clark Trachycardium (Dallocardia) cf. T. (D.) quadragenarium (Conrad) Nutricola cf. N. tantilla (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolus) cf. M. (M.) capax (Conrad) Yoldia? gala Woodring Zirfaea cf. Z. pilsbryii Lowe
Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad)
Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Pecten (Pecten) cf. P. bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Periploma cf. P. discus Stearns Penitella penita (Conrad) Pododesmus (Monia) cf. P. (M.) macroschisma (Deshayes) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes)
Genus not living Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Species, 37N–29N
Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 48N–10N 34N–33N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N 55N–33N
Genus, 37N–8N 55N–1S Genus, 72N–33N, deep water Genus, 59N–30N Subgenus, 34N–10N
61N–28N 37N–5S Genus, 71N–7N 70N–25N
Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S 36N–26N N.D. Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 72N–57N Genus, 38N–4S 37N–27N
Genus, 44N–6S 56N–48N Subgenus, 58N–6S 38N–25N 58N–28N 60N–28N 72N–35N
Genus, 45N–40N, Japan
35N–25N
Genus, 59N–36N Subgenus, 38N–1S 37N–23N 61N–26N 71N–24N
continued
N.D. 10.89 10.89 13.94
15.51 N.D. N.D.
12.64 15.51 10.31 10.31 10.31 11.38
13.94 11.38 ,10 10.60 15.51
10.17 13.94 ,10 ,10
,10 ,10 13.26 N.D. 16.15 ,10 ,10 13.15 13.94
12.71 10.97 10.65 13.15 10.65 10.31 ,10
12.06
13.53
10.60 13.15 13.94 10.17 ,10
Appendix 1 225
Other taxa
Mitrella gausapata (Gould) Nassa moriana Martin Nassa waldorfensis Arnold
Nassarius cf. N. stocki Kanakoff Nerita sp. Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes) Ocenebra cf. O. topangensis Arnold Oliva spicata (Bolten) Olivella (Olivella) pedroana (Conrad) Polinices uber (Valenciennes) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Pyrene sp. Scaphander sp. Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Surculites (Megasurcula) remondii (Gabb) Tegula gallina (Forbes) Trochita cf. T. trochiformis (Bom)
Turritella aff. T. freya Nomland
Turritella cooperi Carpenter
Other taxa
1336 1358 1365
1363 1382 1461 1404 1414 1420 1463 1475 1152 1486 1496 1328 1516 1104
1550
1551
1198
Dentalium sp. (Scaphopoda)
Turritella cooperi Carpenter
Conus sp. Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyana (Conrad) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Jaton eldridgei (Arnold) Kelletia vladimiri Kanakoff Liotia carinata Carpenter Lora oldroydi (Arnold) Lunatia lewisii (Gould) Mangelia sp. Marginella cf. M albuminosa Dall
Dentalium sp.
Conus (Chelyconus) californicus Reeve, ex Hinds Conus sp. Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Pteropurpura eldridgei (Arnold) Kelletia vladimiri Kanakoff Iselica ovoidea (Gould) Glyptaesopus oldrodyi (Arnold) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Glyptaesopus sp. Prunum (Microspira) labiatum (Kiener, ex Valenciennes) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Demondia) cf. N. (D.) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Catilon) cf. N. (C.) stocki Kanakoff Nerita sp. Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Ocenebra cf. O. topangensis Arnold Oliva (Oliva) spicata (Ro¨ding) Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Polinices (Polinices) uber (Valenciennes) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Columbella sp. Scaphander sp. Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Megasurcula stearnsiana (Raymond) Tegula gallina (Forbes) Calyptraea (Trochita) cf. C. (T.) trochiformis (Bom) Turritella aff. T. freya Nomland
1159 1167 1172 1169 1224 1227 1258 1263 1256 1248 1257 1249 1474
1158
Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Cancellaria cf. C. arnoldi Dall Cancellaria cf. C. fernandoensis Arnold Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria rapa Nomland Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Clavus (Clathrodrillia) elsmerensis (English) Clavus cf. C. (Cymatosyrinx) hemphilli (Stearns) Conus californicus Hinds
1105 1108 1111 1114 1117 1118 1208 1241
Calyptraea (Calyptraea) cf. C. (C.) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Cancellaria cf. C. arnoldi Dall Cancellaria cf. C. fernandoensis Arnold Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria rapa Nomland Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Drillia (Clathrodrillia) elsmerensis (English) Globidrillia cf. G. hemphilli (Stearns)
Taxonomy used in this study
Calyptraea cf. C. fastigiata (Gould)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 57N–3S
Genus, 37N–3S, related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S 37N–28N
Subgenus, 39N–5S Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 59N–19N Through Gulf of California–8N 55N–23N 32N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, 33N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S 37N–32N Genus, 38N–28N 38N–23N 1S–Chile
60N–27N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 55N–25N
Genus, 38N–south of equator 48N–23N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 38N–8N Genus, 34N–30N 48N–23N 27N–25N 51N–28N Genus, 27N–3S, through Gulf of California Caribbean
38N–24N
Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 66N–3S 34N–23N
25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
10.89
13.94
13.94
13.54 17.16 13.53 10.60 16.98 11.38 15.78 N.D. 16.26 17.88 13.94 13.15 13.15 9.22
10.31 11.81 11.38
13.15 12.64 ,10 ,10 17.88 15.51 13.15 15.51 12.64 17.49 11.74 17.49 21.14
13.15
18.49 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.31 15.51
17.88
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
1103
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
226 Appendix 1
Amiantis callosa (Conrad) Anadara trilienata (Conrad) Anadara trilineata canalis (Conrad) Apolymetis biangulata (Carpenter) Arca terminubonis Grant and Gale Arca trilineata Conrad Bankia cf. B. setacea (Tryon) Barbatia cf. B. bailyi (Bartsch) Barbatia pseudoillota Reinhart Callista subdiaphana Carpenter Callithaca tenerrima (Carpenter) Calyptogena lasia (Woodring)
1013 1021 1022 1225 1030
1179 1221 1205 1206 1218 1238 1239 1243 1253 1177 1268
1157 1175 1574
1141 1567
Chione (Anomalocardia) fernandoensis English Chione fernandoensis English Chlamys islandicus hindsii (Carpenter) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Corbula luteola Carpenter Crytomya califormica (Conrad) Cyclocardia aff. C. barbarensis (Stearns) Cyclocardia barbarensis (Stearns) Cyclocardia californica (Dall) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Dosinia jacalitosana Arnold Dosinia ponderosa (Gray) Eucrassatella aff. E. fluctuata (Carpenter) Gari californica (Conrad) Gari edentula (Gabb) Glycymeris profunda (Dall) Here excavata (Carpenter) Lasaea subviridis Dall (Moore, 1992) Lima hemphilli Hertlein and Storng
Aequipecten circularis (Sowerby)
1035
1068 1069 1070 1160 1468 1573
Acila semirostrata (Grant and Gale)
Bivalvia
Arnold (1907a, p. 526–527). Winterer and Durham (1962, p. 296–305, p. 308), Kern (1973, p. 71–101) (Towsley Formation). Woodring et al. (1946, p. 36) (Valmonte Diatomite Member, Monterey Formation, Bolivina goudkoffi Zone, late Mohnian). Woodford (1925, p. 217), Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D52–D53) (Capistrano Formation)
Bryozoa
Taxa not considered
Terebratalia occidentalis Dall (Brachiopoda) Astrodapsis femandoensis Pack (Echinodermata) Dendraster cf. D. coalingaensis Twitchell Balanus sp. (Arthropoda)
1003
348–338 WSA
1189 1063
1529 1049
Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene Amiantis callosa (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Arca (Arca) terminumbonis Grant and Gale Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Bankia cf. B. setacea (Tryon) Barbatia (Acar) cf. B. (Acar) bailyi (Bartsch) Barbatia (Fugleria) pseudoillota Reinhart Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Vesicomya (Calyptogena) gibbera Crickmay (Coan et al., 2000, p. 338) Chione (Anomalocardia) femandoensis English Chione (Anomalocardia) fernandoensis English Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma-Holocene Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cyclocardia aff. C. barbarensis (Stearns) Cyclocardia barbarensis (Stearns) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Dosinia jacalitosana Arnold Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) Eucrassatella aff. E. fluctuata (Carpenter) Gari (Gobraeus) californica (Conrad) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Glycymeris (Axinola) profunda Dall Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lasaea adansoni (Gmelin) (Moore, 1992) Limaria hemphilli (Hertlein and Strong)
Acila (Acila) semirostrata (Grant and Gale)
Bivalvia
Dendraster cf. D. coalingaensis Twitchell Balanus sp.
Terebratalia occidentalis (Dall) Astrodapsis fernandoensis Pack
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S 60N–33N 61N–30N 37N–23N 60N–6S 34N 34N 61N–28N 34N–4S Genus, 28N–5S 28N–5S 34N–33N 61N–25N 34N–25N 34N–33N; 46 to 365 m 34N–24N 57.1N–6.7S 37N–9N
34N–25N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California 35N–25N Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California 58N–33N 36N–8N Genus, 36N–5S, and Gulf of California 61N–30N 57N–28N Genus, 58N–1N
Genus, 57N–28N; subgenus, 45N, Japan to 20N 34N–5S
Genus, 54N–23N Intertidal
38N–23N Genus not living
continued
15.51 15.51 10.31 10.17 13.94 10.31 15.51 15.51 10.17 15.51 17.16 17.16 15.51 10.17 15.51 15.51 15.51 10.89 13.94
15.51 16.78 16.78 13.53 17.16 16.78 10.65 13.26 13.26 10.17 10.89 10.65
15.51
12.06
11.47 N.D.
13.15 N.D.
Appendix 1 227
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
Macoma cf. M. calcarea (Gmelin)
Macoma indentata Carpenter Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma secta (Conrad) Macoma yoldiformis Carpenter Mactra cf. M. hemphilli Dall Mactra cf. M. dolabriformis (Conrad) Miltha xantusi (Dall) Miltha xantusi Dall Modiolus rectus (Conrad) Monia macroschisma Deshayes
Mya truncata Linnaeus Mytilus coalingensis Arnold
Nemocardium centifilosum (Carpenter)
Nuculana cf. N. hamata (Carpenter)
Ostrea vespertina Conrad
Panope generosa Gould Panopea generosa Gould Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) Pecten cf. P. caurinus Gould
Pecten estrellanus Conrad catalinae Arnold
Pecten healeyi Arnold Pecten cf. P. parmeleei Dall
1288
1294
1299
1349 1350
1372
1400
1183
1436
1285
1514
1454 1469
1448
1441 1442 1440
1340 1455
1300 1298 1502 1313 1334
1286
Periploma planiuscula Schumacher Phacoides annulatus Reeve Phacoides annulata Reeve Pododesmus cepio (Gray) Protothaca cf. P. staminea (Conrad)
Pecten wattsi Arnold
Lucina californica Conrad Lucina excavata Carpenter Lucinisca nuttallii (Conrad) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb)
1151
1280 1283
Lithophaga cf. L. plumula (Hanley)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten cf. S. parmeleei parmeleei (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Periploma (Periploma) planiusculum Sowerby Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Pododesmus (Monia) cepio (Gray) Protothaca (Protothaca) cf. P. staminea (Conrad)
Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten cf. P. caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma– Holocene Lyropecten catalinae (Arnold) 13–5 Ma
Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Nuculana (Thestyleda) cf. N. (T.) hamata (Carpenter) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Macoma (Macoma) cf. M. (M.) calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma (Psammacoma) yoldiformis Carpenter Mactromeris cf. M. hemphilli (Dall) Simomactra cf. S. dolabriformis (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Mya truncata Linnaeus Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Lithophaga (Diberus) cf. L. (D.) plumula (Hanley) Epilucina californica (Conrad) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 59N–36N Genus reportedly living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reportedly living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given 34N–4S 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 58N–28N 61N–23N
Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N 59N–36N
48N–25N
71N–48N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N 58N–28N
41N–28N 41N–28N 54N–25N 57N–27N 36N–26N 33N–9N 26N–25N 26N–25N 54N–5S 71N–24N
42N–25N 34N–24N 37N–22N 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 71N–47N
37N–1S, also in Gulf of California
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
13.53 10.17 10.17 10.65 10.17
N.D.
10.60 N.D.
17.88
10.65 10.65 10.60 10.60 10.60
17.16
12.64
10.65
,10 ,10
11.03 11.03 11.47 10.89 13.26 16.26 17.87 17.87 11.47 ,10
,10
17.88
13.53 15.51 13.94 10.17 10.17 17.88
13.94
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
1270
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
228 Appendix 1
1561
Bittium sp. Boetica hertleini Kanakoff Boreotrophon cf. B. sturati (Smith)
Bulla cf. B. punctulata A. Adams Calicantharus fortis angulatus (Arnold) Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Calliostoma aff. C. coalingense Arnold Calliostoma aff. C. gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma splendens Carpenter Calyptraea cf. C. fastigiata Gould
Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria elsmerensis English Cancellaria fernandoensis Arnold Cancellaria hamlini Carson Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria planospira Grant and Gale Cancellaria rapa Nomland
1078 1079 1080
1082 1085 1087 1094 1096 1099 1103
1105 1108 1110 1111 1113 1114 1116 1117
1044 1067 1233 1326 1073
Acetocina aff. A. culcitella (Gould) Acmaea cf. A. digitalis Eschscholtz Acmaea? cf. A. mitra Eschscholtz Acteon punctocalatus (Carpenter) Admete rhyssa Dall Alectrion sp. Aletes squamigerus Carpenter Amphissa reticulata Dall Astele aff. A. rema (Strong, Hanna, and Hertlein) Astraea gradata Grant and Gale Balcis rutila (Carpenter) Barbarofusus aff. B. arnoldi (Cossmann) Bathytoma cf. B. carpenteriana Gabb Bittium cf. B. rugatum Carpenter
1002 1006 1007 1008 1010 1368 1012 1018 1092
Gastropoda
Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Yoldia aff. Y. beringiana Dall
1522 1532 1535 1539
1399 1482 1542 1132 1500
Psammotreata (Florimetis) biangulata (Carpenter) Saccella taphria (Dall) Saxidomus nuttallii Conrad Schizothaerus nuttallii (Conrad) Securella elsmerensis (English) Solen sicarius Gould Spisula hemphilli (Dall) Spisula hemphilli (Dall)? Tapes tenerrima Carpenter Tellina idae Dall Thracia trapezoides Conrad Tivela stultorum (Mawe) Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad)
Acetocina aff. A. culcitella (Gould) Collisella cf. C. digitalis (Rathke) Acmaea? cf. A. mitra Rathke Acteon (Rictaxis) punctocaelatus (Carpenter) Admete rhyssa Dall Nassarius sp. Serpublorbis squamigerus (Carpenter) Amphissa reticulata Dall Calliostoma aff. C. rema Strong, Hanna, and Hertlein Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Balcis rutila (Carpenter) Fusinus aff. F. arnoldi (Cossmann) Megasurcula cf. M. carpenteriana (Gabb) Bittium (Semibittium) cf. B. (S.) rugatum Carpenter Bittium sp. Boetica hertleini Kanakoff Boreotrophon cf. B. sturati (Smith) (or Trophon [Boretotrophon] . . . ) Bulla (Bulla) cf. B. (B.) punctulata A. Adams Calicantharus angulatus (Arnold) Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Calliostoma aff. C. coalingense Arnold Calliostoma aff. C. gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma splendens Carpenter Calyptraea (Calyptraea) cf. C. (C.) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria elsmerensis English Cancellaria fernandoensis Arnold Cancellaria hamlini Carson Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria planospira Grant and Gale Cancellaria rapa Nomland
Gastropoda
Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Chione elsmerensis English Solen sicarius Gould Spisula (Spisula) hemphilli (Dall) Spisula (Spisula) hemphilli (Dall) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Yoldia (Megayoldia) aff. Y. (M.) montereyensis Dall
Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes)
Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 57N–8N 34N–23N 37N–29N 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 34N–33N 55N–33N
Subgenus, 34N–10N 55N–25N 34N–33N 38N–28N 34N–32N
58N–28N 55N–19N 65N–33N 37N–27N 34N–32N Genus, 55N–5S 55N–1S 58N–33N 24N–3S
57N–25N 57N–37N
37N–28N 41N–28N 57N–25N Genus, 34N–6S 54N–30N 36N–26N 36N–26N 57N–28N 34N–33N 57N–28N 38N–25N 37N–27N
35N–25N
continued
18.49 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97
17.88 N.D. N.D. 10.89 15.51 13.94 17.88
10.31 15.51 11.38
15.51 11.38 15.51 13.15 15.51
10.65 11.38 ,10 13.94 15.51 11.38 11.38 10.65 18.49
10.97 10.89
13.94 11.03 10.97 15.51 11.47 13.26 13.26 10.89 15.51 10.89 13.15 13.94
13.53
Appendix 1 229
Crassispira aff. C. montereyensis (Stearns) Crassispira? sp. Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. aculeata (Gmelin) Crepidula n.sp. Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Crucibulum cf. C. sponosum (Sowerby) Cryptonatica aleutica Dall Cymatium elsmerense (English) Cypraea fernandoensis Arnold
Diodora murina (Arnold) Elaeocyma empyrosia (Dall) Epitonium hemphilli (Dall) Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyana (Conrad) Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Fulgraria oregonensis (Dall) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Fusitriton oregonensis (Redfield) Glyphostoma cf. G. gabrielense Pilsbry Gyrineum elsmerense Arnold Haliotis fulgens Philippi Kelletia cf. K. kelletii (Forbes) Kelletia kelletii (Forbes) Lacuna sp. Littorina sp. Mangelia interlirata Stearns Margarites pupillus (Gould) Marginella sp. Maxwellia eldridgei (Arnold) Megasurcula aff. M. cooperi (Arnold) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Mitra idae Melvill Mitrella carinata gausapata (Gould) Mitrella cf. M. tuberosa (Carpenter) Mitrella gausapata (Gould) Moniliopsis incisa (Carpenter) var. quinquecincta Grant and Gale Nassa aff. N. moraniana Martin
Nassa hamlini Arnold Nassarius hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius iniquus (Stewart)
1163 1165 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1370 1250 1180
1200 1209 1210 1224 1226 1475 1234 1237 1247
1361
1362
1358
1573
1335 1336 1156
1260 1264 1274 1317 1319 1322 1257 1325
1252
1158
Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Cantharus sp. Clathrodrillia coalingensis (Arnold) Clavus aff. C. pallidus (Sowerby) Chrysodomus arnoldi Rivers? Conus californicus Reeve
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Cantharus sp. Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Calliclava cf. C. pallida (Sowerby) Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Conus (Chelyconus) californicus Reeve, ex Hinds Crassispira aff. C. montereyensis (Stearns) Crassispira? sp. Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. aculeata (Gmelin) Crepidula n.sp. Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Crucibulum cf. C. sponosum (Sowerby) Natica (Cryptonatica) russa Gould Gyrineum elsmerense English Zonaria (Neobernaya) spadicea (Swainson) fernandoensis (Arnold) (Groves, 1997) Diodora arnoldi McLean Elaeocyma empyrosia (Dall) Epitonium (Boreoscala) hemphilli (Dall) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Glyphostoma cf. G. gabrielense Pilsbry Gyrineum elsmerense English Haliotis fulgens Phillippi Kelletia cf. K. kelletii (Forbes) Kelletia (Kelletia) kelletii (Forbes) Lacuna sp. Littorina sp. Mangelia interlirata Stearns Margarites (Pupillaria) pupillus (Gould) Marginella sp. Pteropurpura eldridgei (Arnold) Megasurcula aff. M. cooperi (Arnold) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Mitra idae Melvill Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Mitrella cf. M. tuberosa (Carpenter) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) quinquecincta (Grant and Gale) Nassarius (Caesia) cf. N. (C.) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius (Catilon) hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius (Catilon) iniquus (Stewart)
Taxonomy used in this study
Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S
Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California
42N–21N 34N–33N Subgenus, circumboreal Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 34N–28N Genus, living in Japanese waters 44N–33N 59N–33N Genus, 37N–5N Genus not living 38N–23N 34N–30N 34N–30N Genus, 64N–19N Genus, 72N–5S 37N–33N 60N–32N Genus, 37N–1S Genus, 38N–8N Genus, 38N–28N 38N–28N 39N–33N 60N–27N 55N–23N 60N–27N Species, 48N–32N
37N–23N Genus, 37N–3S 48N–23N 34N–34S, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S 65N–23N 34N–3S Genus, 72N–5S 42NChile 71N–33N Genus not living Species, 37N–28N
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 66N–3S 16N–10N Genus not living 38N–24N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
13.54 13.54 13.54
11.81
13.53 15.51 ,10 17.88 15.51 N.D. 12.71 10.60 13.94 N.D. 13.15 15.51 15.51 ,10 ,10 13.94 10.31 13.94 13.15 13.15 13.15 13.54 10.31 11.38 10.31 12.64
13.94 13.94 12.64 15.51 ,10 ,10 15.51 ,10 13.53 ,10 N.D. 13.94
10.97 17.16 ,10 26.11 N.D. 13.15
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
1118 1121 1207 1091
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
230 Appendix 1
1196 1049
1197
1555
1557
1547 1551 1552
1544
1392
1496 1497 1027 1526 1515 1516 1518
1236 1479
1456
1416 1420 1422 1423
1386 1389 1406 1410 1417
1373 1381 1461
1363 1359 1369
Dentalium cf. D. rectius Carpenter Astrodapsis fernandoensis Pack
Dentalium neohexagonum Sharp and Pilsbry
Other taxa
Dentalium neohexagonum Sharp and Pilsbry (Scaphopoda) Dentalium cf. D. rectius Carpenter Astrodapsis femandoensis Pack (Echinodermata)
Turritella sp.
Other taxa
Turritella vanvlecki Arnold hemphilli Applin
Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Solariella peramabilis Carpenter Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Terebra martini English Taranis incultus (Moody) Tegula gallina (Forbes) Tegula ligulata (Menke) Terebra martini English Nucella cf. N. lamellosa Gmelin Nucella elsmerensis (Grant and Gale) Tricolia? sp. Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Turbonilla sp. Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella cooperi fernandoensis Arnold
Nassarius (Catilon) stocki Kanakoff Nassarius (Caesia) whitneyi (Trask) Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Neptunea (Neptunea) lirata (Martyn) Neptunea sp. Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby) Nucella elsemerenis (Grant and Gale) Ocenebra foveolata (Hinds) Ocenebra subangulata waldorfensis Arnold Olivella (Olivella) aff. O. (O.) gracilis (Broderip and Sowerby) Olivella (Callianax) intorta Carpenter Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Opalia (Opalia) varicostata Stearns Ophiodermella cancellata (Carpenter) Ophiodermella aff. O. incisa (Carpenter) quinquecincta (Grant and Gale) Calicantharus angulatus (Arnold) Polinices (Euspira) galianoi Dall Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Fusitriton oregonense angelense (Arnold) Pseudomelatoma aff. P. penicillata (Carpenter) Pseudomelatoma aff. P. penicillata (Carpenter)
Turritella sp.
Olivella intorta Carpenter Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Opalia varicostata Stearns Ophiodermella cancellata (Carpenter) Ophiodermella aff. O. quinquecincta (Grant and Gale) Pisania fortis Carpenter angulata Arnold Polinices galianoi Dall Polinices recluziana Deshayes Pomaulax gradatus (Grant and Gale) Priene oregonensis Redfield angelensis Arnold Pseudomelatoma aff. P. moesta (Carpenter) Pseudomelatoma aff. P. semiinflata Grant and Gale Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Solariella peramabilis Carpenter Spirotropis perversa (Gabb) Strioterebrum martini (English) Taranis incultus (Moody) Tegula gallina (Forbes) Tegula ligulata (Menke) Terebra martini English Thais cf. T. lamellosa (Gmelin) Thais elsmerensis Grant and Gale Tricolia? sp. Trochita filosa Gabb Turbonilla sp. Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella cooperi Carpenter fernandoensis Arnold Turritella gonostoma hemphilli Applin
Neptunea coalingensis Arnold Neptunea humerosa Gabb Neptunea lyrata (Gmelin) Neptunea sp. Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes) Neverita recluziana Petit Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby)? Nucella elsemerenis (Grant and Gale) Ocenebra foveolata (Hinds) Ocenebra subangulata waldorfensis Arnold Olivella aff. O. gracilis (Broderip and Sowerby)
Nassarius stocki Kanakoff Nassarius whitneyi (Trask) Natica clausa Broderip and Sowerby
56N–8N Genus not living
37N–23N; 29N–23N Gulf of California
Genus, 37N–3S, related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S
continued
10.97 N.D.
13.94
13.94
16.98
13.94 11.38 11.38 15.51 11.38 13.15 13.94 15.51 ,10 ,10 13.15 18.49 10.31 13.94 13.94
N.D. ,10 13.53 15.51 10.60 15.51 15.51
Genus not living Genus, 72N–5S 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 34N–10N Species, 59N–33N 34N–25N 34N–25N 37N–32N 55N–23N, through Gulf of California; .180 m 55N–30N Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 55N–33N 38N–23N 37N–17N Genus, 34N–3S 65N–34N Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 38N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 60N–23N 37N–28N Species, 37N–28N
17.88 11.38 11.38 12.64 12.64
,10 N.D. ,10 ,10 13.53 13.53 13.94 ,10 13.15 13.15 17.16
13.54 11.81 ,10
25N–23N, through Gulf of California 55N–23N Genus, 55N–25N 48N–32N Species, 48N–32N
Subgenus, 66N–3S Genus not living 71N–37N Genus, 72N–33N 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 37N–28N Genus, 66N–3S 38N–25N Species, 38N–34N 28N–8N, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 72N–54N
Appendix 1 231
Argopecten callidus (Hertlein) Argopecten cristobalensis (Hertlein) Argopecten hakei (Hertlein) Argopecten percarus (Hertlein) Argopecten sp. Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein)
Chama frondosa Broderip Chione richthofeni Hertlein and Jordan Chlamys (Chlamys) hastata Sowerby
1033 1037 1038 1041 1042 1043
1127 1133 1136
Hinnites sp. Leptopecten praevalidus (Jordan and Hertlein)
Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) Lyropecten gallegosi (Jordan and Hertlein)
Lyropecten modulatus (Hertlein)
Macoma kelseyi Jordan and Hertlein Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Mactra sp. Miltha xantusi (Dall) Nodipecten arthriticus (Reeve) Oppenheimopecten heimi (Hertlein) Oppenheimopecten lecontei (Arnold) Ostrea (Agerostrea) megodon (Hanley)
1255 1026
1276 1289
1290
1310 1293 1315 1333 1283 1426 1427 1431
Chlamys (Chlamys) subdola Hertlein
Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Arca sp. Argopecten calli (Hertlein)
Bivalvia
Minch et al. (1976, p. 176–179), Smith (1984, p. 206–207) (Almejas Formation, perhaps in part ,5 Ma)
Foraminiferida (Woodring et al. (1946, p. 36) (late Mohnian Age). Foraminiferida (see Winterer and Durham, 1962, p. 295), e.g., Ellipsoglandulina fragilis Bramlette (?) (u. Mohnian or Delmontian Stage) Tetraclita sp. (Arthropoda) Carcharodon megalodon Agassiz (Pisces) Isurus hastalis (Agassiz)
Taxa not considered
Dendraster elsmerensis Durham Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond) Megapetalus lovenioides Clark
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Macoma kelseyi Jordan and Hertlein Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Mactra sp. Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Nodipecten arthriticus (Reeve) 8–5 Ma Oppenheimopecten heimi (Hertlein) Oppenheimopecten lecontei (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Ostreola? megodon (Hanley)
Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Arca sp. Argopecten ventricosus calli (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten callidus (Hertlein) 8–1 Ma Argopecten cristobalensis (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten hakei (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten percarus (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten sp. Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6– 1.6 Ma Chama (Chama) frondosa Broderip Chione richthofeni Hertlein and Jordan Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6– 1.6 Ma Crassadoma sp. Antipecten? praevalidus (Jordan and Hertlein) 8–5 Ma Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–1 Ma Lyropecten gallegosi (Jordan and Hertlein) 12– 6.5 Ma Lyropecten modulatus (Hertlein) 13–7.2 Ma
Bivalvia
Tetraclita sp.
Dendraster elsmerensis Durham Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond) Megapetalus lovenoides H.L. Clark
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus not living Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 71N–4S 60N–27N N.D. 26N–25N Genus, 32N–5S Genus, 28N–4S Genus, 28N–4S 28N–5S
Genus, 60N–25N Genus not living
Genus, 34N–6S
24N–2N Genus, 34N–6S 60N–33N
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
37N–5S Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Species, 34N–9S
N.D.
Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, Miocene–Pliocene
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
,10 10.31 N.D. 17.87 15.78 17.16 17.16 17.16
17.88
N.D. 17.88
10.31 N.D.
15.51
18.49 15.51 10.31
15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51
13.94 17.16 15.51
N.D.
11.47 11.47 N.D.
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
1025 1031 1034
288–278 WSA
1190 1191 1324
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
232 Appendix 1
Pecten (Chlamys) opuntia Dall Pecten (Leptopecten) bellilamellatus (Arnold) Pecten (Leptopecten) praevalidus Jordan and Hertlein Pecten (Lituyapecten) dilleri Dall Pecten (Lyropecten) gallegosi Jordan and hertlein Pecten (Lyropecten) subnodosus Sowerby
Pecten (Lyropecten) veatchii Gabb Pecten (Pecten) bellus Conrad Pecten (Pecten) steamsii Dall Pecten (Plagioctenium) calli Hertlein
1140
1385 1444 1219
1059 1063 1065
1227 1555
1213 1214 1215 1216 1232 1251 1368 1371 1428 1226
1441 1451 1401 1511
1039 1040
1035
1384
Other taxa Balanus cf. B. concavus Bronn Balanus sp. Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin)
Other taxa
Balanus cf. B. concavus Bronn (Arthopoda) Balanus sp. Balanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus) cocopoma (no author given)
Forreria cf. F. carisaensis (Anderson) Turritella sp.
Epitonium cedroensis Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium contrerasi Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium dallasi Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium sp. Forreria wrighti Jordan and Hertlein Gyrineum sp. Nassarius sp. Natica sp. Orthaulax sp. Forreria belcheri (Hinds)
Gastropoda
Chlamys opuntia (Dall) 8–1 Ma Leptopecten bellilamellatus (Arnold) 8–5 Ma Antipecten? praevalidus (Jordan and Hertlein) 8–5 Ma Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 13–1 Ma Lyropecten gallegosi (Jordan and Hertlein) 12– 6.5 Ma Nodipecten subnodosus subnodosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma to Holocene Nodipecten veatchii (Gabb) 13–2.5 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Flabellipecten steamsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma Argopecten ventricosus calli (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten callidus (Hertlein) 8–1 Ma Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene Argopecten cristobalensis (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten hakei (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten invalidus (Hanna) 8–1 Ma Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6– 1.6 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Placunanomia hannabili Jordan and Hertlein Nuttallia sp. Spondylus crasiquama Jordan and Hertlein
Leptopecten bellilamellatus (Arnold) 8–5 Ma Argopecten percarus (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Amusium sp.
Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) erici (Hertlein) Ostreola conchaphila (Carpenter) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Epitonium cedroensis Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium contrerasi Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium dallasi Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium sp. Forreria wrighti Jordan and Hertlein Gyrineum sp. Nassarius sp. Natica sp. Orthaulax sp. Trophon sp. cf. Forreria belcheri (Hinds) of Durham and Addicott (1965) Trophon sp. cf. T. carisaensis (Anderson) Turritella sp.
Gastropoda
Pecten healeyi Arnold Placunanomia hannabili Jordan and Hertlein Sanguinolaria sp. Spondylus crasiquama Jordan and Hertlein
Pecten (Plagioctenium) cristobalensis Hertlein Pecten (Plagioctenium) hakei Hertlein Pecten (Plagioctenium) invalidus G. D. Hanna Pecten (Plagioctenium) mendenhalli Arnold Pecten (Plagioctenium) subdolus Hertlein
Pecten (Plagioctenium) callidus Hertlein Pecten (Plagioctenium) circularis Sowerby
Pecten (Leptopecten) latiauratus Conrad Pecten (Aequipecten) percarus Hertlein Pecten (Amusium) sp.
1267
1019
Ostrea erici Hertlein Ostrea lurida (Carpenter) Ostrea vespertina Conrad
1480 1430 1183
Worldwide distribution Intertidal 23N–8N
Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 37N–3S
Genus, 72N–3S Genus, 72N–3S Genus, 72N–3S Genus, 72N–3S Genus, 34N–28N Genus not living Genus, 55N–5S Genus, 71N–5S N.D. 34N–28N
Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 26N–1S Genus, 38N–25N Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 34N–6S 34N–5S
Genus, 32N–5S Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, 38N–4S Species, 34N–6S
Genus not living Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 32N–24N
Genus not living 31N–8N Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus, 38N–23N Genus, 34N–6S Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Carib. Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 38N–23N Genus not living
continued
N.D. N.D. 19.21
15.51 13.94
,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 15.51 N.D. 11.38 ,10 N.D. 15.51
10.60 17.87 13.15 16.15
15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51
15.51 15.51
15.78 13.15 13.15 15.51
15.78
N.D. 17.88
,10 13.15 N.D.
13.15 15.51 17.90
N.D. 16.15 17.16
Appendix 1 233
Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma nasuta Conrad Macoma secta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Mya japonica Jay Mytilus edulis Linnaeus new variety
Mytilus highoohiae Mandra Panope generosa Gould
1293
1353 1436
1300 1311 1348 1352
1246 1255 1253 1305 1294 1292
Acila sp. Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Arca sp. Cardium (Cerastoderma) coosense Dall Cardium (Cerastoderma) meekianum Gabb Cardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii Conrad Cardium sp. Chione securis (Shumard) Chlamys bartschi (Arnold) (Moore, 1984, p. B25) Glycymeris sp. Hinnites sp. Lucina cf. excavata Carpenter Macoma astori Dall Macoma calcarea Gmelin Macoma inquinata (Deshayes)
Bivalvia
Diller (1902, p. 39), Weaver (1908, p. 274) (Wildcat Formation, Bear Ridge and Bear River); Probably includes some late Pliocene fossils. Martin (1916, p. 238) (lower Wildcat Formation). Faustman (1964, Fig. 7) (Pullen and Eel River Formations). Mandra (1949, p. 104), Manning and Ogle (1950, p. 23–24) (Falor Formation)
East of San Andreas fault (ESA)
Foraminiferida (Minch et al., 1976, p. 179)
Taxa not considered
Balanus tintinnabulum cf. B. californicus (no author given) Astrodapsis israelskyi Jordan and Hertlein (Echinodermata) Dendraster ashleyi Arnold Dendraster cedrosensis Israelsky Dendraster gibbsii humilis Kew Dendraster pentagonalis Israelsky Dendraster cf. D. viscainoensis Grant and Hertlein
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Glycymeris sp. Crassadoma sp. Here (Here) cf. H. (H.) excavata (Carpenter) Macoma astori Dall Macoma (Macoma) calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Mya japonica Jay Mytilus trossulus (Gould) (Coan et al., 2000, p. 159) Mytilus highoohiae Mandra Panopea abrupta (Conrad)
Acila sp. Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) sp. Clinocardium coosense (Dall) Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) (Conrad) Clinocardium sp. Chione securis (Shumard) Chlamys bartschi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Bivalvia
Dendraster ashleyi (Arnold) Dendraster cedrosensis Israelsky Dendraster gibbsii humilis Kew Dendraster pentagonalis Israelsky Dendraster cf. D. viscainoensis Grant and Hertlein
Merriamaster israelskyi (Jordan and Hertlein)
Megabalanus cf. M. californicus (Pilsbry)
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus, 72N–19N 58N–34N
60N–27N 60N–27N 54N–25N Genus, 71N–4S 71N–37N 72N–33.5N
Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 60N–25N 34N–24N Genus, 71N–4S 71N–47N 57N–34N
Genus, 60N–27N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N 63N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 70N–1S
Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N
Genus not living
37N–24N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
,10 10.65
10.31 10.31 11.47 ,10 ,10 ,10
10.31 10.31 15.51 ,10 ,10 10.89
10.31 16.78 16.78 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 15.51 ,10
11.47 11.47 11.47 11.47 11.47
N.D.
13.94
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
1005 1021 1020 1147 1146 1149 1150 1134 1135
;418–408 ESA
1185 1186 1192 1194 1187
1050
1064
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
234 Appendix 1
1153 1381 1462 1419 1027 1497 1392 1394 1467
1481 1269 1318 1358 1370
1103 1122 1377 1154 1374 1172
1237
1402 1482 1542 1488 1495 1498 1500 1506 1507 1503 1316 1472 1531 1533 1534 1558 1562
1438 1441 1277 1440 1140 1276 1443
Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Capulus sp. Neptunea cf. N. andersoni (Martin) Colus eurekaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) lawsoni (Martin) Crepidula princeps Conrad Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Ranella lewisii (Carson) Pseudoliomesus sulculatus (Dall) Margarites (Lirularia) condoni Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Natica (Cryptonatica) russa Gould Colus eurekaensis (Martin) Colus (Aulacofusus) recurvus (Gabb) Neptunea sp. Polinices (Neverita) sp. Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Solariella peramabilis Carpenter Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella ostrina (Gould) Priscofusus cammani (Dall) Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Antiplanes perversa (Gabb)
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Argobuccinum scotiaensis Martin Argobuccinum arnoldi Martin Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip Capulus sp. Chrysodomus andersoni Martin Chrysodomus eurekaensis Martin Chrysodomus lawsoni Martin Crepidula princeps Conrad Chrysodomus scotiaensis Martin Gyrineum lewisii Carson Liomesus sulculatus Dall Margarita condoni Dall Nassarius moranianus (Martin) Natica russa Gould Neptunea eurekaensis (Martin) Neptunea recurva Gabb Neptunea sp. Neverita sp. Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Pleurotoma perversa Gabb Solariella peramabilis Carpenter Thais lamellosa (Gmelin) Thais ostrina (Gould) Turris cammani Dall Turris perversa (Gabb) Turris perversa Gabb
Panopea oregonensis Howe Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma–Holocene Lituyapecten falorensis (MacNeil) 8–5 Ma Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys cf. C. opuntia Dall 8–1 Ma Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–1 Ma Patinopecten propatulus (Conrad)? 17–8 Ma Pecten sp. Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Semele cf. S. sylviaensis Weaver Siliqua sp. Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Solen sicarius Gould Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris brevirostrata (Packard) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson) Protothaca sp. Thracia sp. Thyasira flexuosa (Montagu) Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia sp. Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall
Panope oregonensis Howe Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) Patinopecten (Lituyapecten) falorensis MacNeil Pecten cf. P. meeki Conrad Pecten cf. P. opuntia Dall Pecten dilleri Dall Pecten propatulus Conrad Pecten sp. Sanguinolaria nuttallii Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Schizothaerus nuttallii (Conrad) Semele cf. S. sylviaensis Weaver Siliqua, sp. Solemya ventricosa Conrad Solen sicarius Gould Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula brevirostrata Packard Spisula catilliformis Conrad Spisula voyi (Gabb) Tapes sp. Thracia sp. Thyasira barbarensis Dall Thyasira bisecta Conrad Yoldia scissurata var. strigata Dall Yoldia sp. Yoldia striagata Dall
59N–33N 59N–33N 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–29N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–5S 59N–33N Genus not living Genus, 72N–55N 72N–29N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 71N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 49N–25N 55N–30N 55N–23N, through Gulf of California 65N–34N 61N–31N Genus not living 55N–30N 55N–30N
Genus, 58N–27N 59N–36N Genus not living 59N–36N Genus, 71N–1S Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N N.D. 38N–25N 41N–28N 58N–28N Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 72N–25N 59N–35N 54N–30N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N 71N–46N Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 61N–4S 71N–33N 57N–41N Subgenus, 71N–34N Genus, 71N–7N Subgenus, 71N–34N
continued
10.60 10.60 17.88 15.51 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 10.60 N.D. ,10 ,10 11.81 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 13.53 11.81 11.38 11.38 ,10 10.17 N.D. 11.38 11.38
10.65 10.60 N.D. 10.60 ,10 N.D. 10.60 N.D. 13.15 11.03 10.65 10.31 ,10 10.60 11.47 ,10 ,10 13.15 ,10 10.17 10.17 ,10 10.89 ,10 ,10 ,10
Appendix 1 235
Apolymetis cf. A. dombei (Hanley) Arca sp. Arca trilineata Conrad Argopecten circularis impostor (G. D. Hanna)
Cardium corbis Martyn Cardita sp. Cerastoderma cf. C. meekianum (Gabb) Cerastoderma sp. Chione (Anomalocardia) femandoensis English Chione (Chionopsis) semplicata Nomland Chione (Chionopsis) coalingensis Adegoke Chione (Securella) elsmerensis English Chione cf. C. femandoensis English
Chione elsmerensis English Chione staleyi Gabb Chione n. sp.? cf. C elsmerensis English Chlamys etchegoini (Anderson)
1266
1149 1178 1146 1150 1129 1131 1130
1132 1473
1513
1036
Adula cf. A. falcata (Gould) Amiantis callosa (Conrad) Amiantis communis Nomland Amiantis sp. Anadara sp. Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Anadara trilineata (Conrad) canalis (Conrad)
1011 1013 1014 1016 1020 1021 1022
Bivalvia
Nomland (1916a, p. 81–83) (JacalitosEtchegoin Formations). Nomland (1916b, p. 202–203) (Jacalitos Formation). Grant and Gale (1931, p. 420) (Etchegoin Formation). Woodring et al. (1940, p. 60–78), Wilson (1943, p. 245–246), Allen (1945, Appendix, p. 95) (Purisima Foramation). Adegoke (1969, Figs. 6, 6A) (Etchegoin Formation). Hall and Loornis (1992, p. 6–15, excluding samples 47–49, which are from the San Joaquin Formation) (Jacalitos and Etchegoin Formations)
378–368 ESA
1579
1063 1061 1487
Cadulus cf. C. californicus Pilsbry and Sharp (Scaphopoda) Balanus sp. (Arthropoda) Balanus cf. B. tintinnabulum var. coosensis Dall Anorthoscutum oregonense Grant and Hertlein (Echinodermata) Schizaster (?) stalderi Weaver
Other taxa
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Adula cf. A. falcata (Gould) Amiantis callosa (Conrad) Amiantis communis Nomland Amiantis sp. Anadara (Anadara) sp. Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) canalis (Conrad) Leporimetis dombei (Hanley) Anadara (Anadara) sp. Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Argopecten ventricosus impostor (Hanna) 8– 2.5 Ma Clinocardium (Clinocardium) (Conrad) Cyclocardia sp. Clinocardium cf. C. meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium sp. Chione (Anomalocardia) femandoensis English Chione (Chionopsis) semplicata Nomland Chione (Chionopsis) coalingensis Adegoke Chione elsmerensis English Chione (Anomalocardia) cf. C. (A.) femandoensis English Chione elsmerensis English Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Chione cf. C. elsmerensis English Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma
Bivalvia
Schizaster stalderi Weaver
Balanus sp. Balanus coosensis Dall Scutellaster oregonensis (W.B. Clark)
Cadulus cf. C. californicus Pilsbry and Sharp
Other taxa
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 34N–6S Genus reportedly living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given
63N–33N Genus, 71N–9N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 27N–4S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
9N–4S Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Species, 34N–6S
43N–28N 34N–25N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, Japan to East Africa, 5 to 90 m
Intertidal Not living Genus not living
56N–1S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
15.51 10.17 15.51 N.D.
,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 15.51 17.49 17.49 15.51 15.51
18.44 16.78 16.78 15.51
12.84 15.51 13.53 13.53 16.78 16.78 16.78
N.D.
N.D. N.D. N.D.
10.97
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
1084
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
236 Appendix 1
Lyropecten cf. L. estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten cf. L. estrellanus (Conrad)
Lyropecten terminus (Arnold)
Macoma affinis Nomland Macoma affinis plena Stewart Macoma balthica (Linnaeus)
1291
1303 1304 1306
Macoma affinis Nomland Macoma affinis plena Stewart Macoma balthica (Linnaeus)
Lyropecten terminus (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
1288
1287
1254 1282 1334 1280 1283
Glycymeris sp. Hinnites cf. H. crassa (Conrad) Hinnites cf. H. crassa Conrad Hinnites giganteus (Gray) Lucina (Lucinoma) acutilineata Conrad Lucina (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Lucinisca nuttallii (Conrad) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma cf. L. acutilineata (Conrad) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)
1246
Felaniella (Felaniella) harfordi Anderson Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia jacalitosana Arnold Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis (Middendorff) Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis (Middendorff) Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis (Middendorff) Glycymeris sp. Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma cf. L. acutilineata (Conrad) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)? 18–8 Ma
Glycymeris subobsoleta Carpenter
Glycymeris septentrionalis Middendorff
Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta parilis (Conrad) Dosinia (Dosinella) arnoldi Clark Dosinia jacalitosana Arnold Felaniella (Felaniella) cornea Reeve Gari edentula (Gabb) Glycymeris coalingensis Arnold Glycymeris grewingki Dall Glycymeris septentrionalis (Middendorff)
Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya ovalis Conrad Cryptomya quadrata Arnold Cryptomya quadrata Carpenter Cumingia cf. C. californica Conrad Cyrena californica Gabb Dendrostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) sp. Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) myrae Adegoke Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Compsomyax cf. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter) Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Polymesoda gabbiana (Henderson) Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cumingia cf. C. californica Conrad Polymesoda gabbiana (Henderson) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
1244
1245
1239 1242
1220 1222 1204 1205
1183
1176
1175
1465 1466 1161
1160
1148
1143 1144 1145
Chlamys (Swiftopecten) wattsi var. morani (Arnold) Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) sp. Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) myrae Adegoke Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Compsomyax cf. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter) Corbicula dumblei (Anderson) Corbicula gabbiana Henderson Corbula (Corbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale
Genus, 60N–4S 60N–25N 60N–25N 60N–25N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 26N–25N 37N–22N 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 70N–38N
60N–37N
55N–50N
60N–6S 60N–6S 60N–6S 60N–6S 42N–26N Genus, 23N–5S Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus, 71N–4S 34N–4S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 34N–4S 34N–25N Subgenus, 60N–23N Subgenus, 60N–23N 55N–50N
61N–30N 61N–30N Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 23N–5S Subgenus, 27N–3N, through Gulf of California
Genus reportedly living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N
,10 ,10 ,10 continued
17.88
17.88
17.88
10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.17 17.87 13.94 10.17 10.17 17.88
10.31
11.38
,10 15.51 17.16 17.16 15.51 15.51 10.31 10.31 11.38
10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 13.53 19.21 17.16
10.17 10.17 19.21 19.21 17.49
17.16 17.16 17.16 ,10 ,10
N.D.
Appendix 1 237
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Mulinia densata Conrad Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Mya (Arenomya) macneili Adegoke Mya cf. M. dickersoni Clark Mya cf. M. dickersoni Clark? Mya japonica Jay Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis (Arnold)
Mytilus (Mytiloconcha) coalingensis Arnold
Mytilus coalingensis (Arnold)
Mytilus coalingensis Arnold
1476 1345 1346 1347
Mytilus kewi Nomland
Mytilus sp. Nuculana taphria (Dall) Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad) Ostrea atwoodi Gabb Ostrea atwoodi Gabb Ostrea sp. Ostrea vespertina Conrad
Pachydesma stultorum (Mawe) Pachydesma trigonalis (Nomland)
1351
1354 1399 1402 1429
1535 1537
1350
1348 1225 1340 1342 1455
1508 1314
1311 1312
Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe) Tivela trigonalis Nomland
Mytilus sp. Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad) Ostrea (Ostrea) atwoodi Gabb Ostrea (Ostrea) atwoodi Gabb Ostrea sp. Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) kewi Nomland
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Macoma irus (Hanley) Macoma jacalitosana Arnold Macoma kelseyi Dall Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma secta (Conrad) Macoma secta Conrad Macoma sp. Macoma vanvlecki Arnold Macoma vanvlecki ? Arnold Mactra? cf. M.? coalingensis Arnold Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Mactra? coalingensis Arnold Mya japonica? Jay Metis alta Conrad Modiolus rectus (Conrad) Modiolus sp. Monia machroschisma (Deshayes)
Macoma inquinata (Deshayes)
1308 1309 1310 1293 1300
1292
Macoma cf. M. vanvlecki Arnold Macoma indentata Carpenter Macoma inquinata Deshayes
1312
Taxonomy used in this study
Macoma (Rexithaerus) cf. M. (R.) indentata Carpenter Macoma cf. M. vanvlecki Arnold Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma irus (Hanley) Macoma jacalitosana Arnold Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Macoma vanvlecki Arnold Macoma vanvlecki? Arnold Spisula cf. S. coalingensis (Arnold) Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Mactromeris coalingensis (Arnold) Mya japonica? Jay Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus sp. Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Mya (Arenomya) macneili Adegoke Mya cf. M. dickersoni Clark Mya cf. M. dickersoni Clark Mya japonica Jay Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Macoma cf. M. indentata Carpenter
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 45N–40N, Japan 70N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N 71N–37N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 72N–19N 37N–28N 38N–25N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N N.D. Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) 38N–25N Genus, 38N–4S
Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 60N–27N 60N–27N 54N–25N 54N–25N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 37N–1S Genus, 71N–4S 71N–37N 35N–25N 54N–5S Genus, 73N–5S 71N–24N
57N–34N
Genus, 71N–4S 41N–28N 57N–34N
41N–28N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
13.15 13.15
,10 13.94 13.15 10.89 10.89 N.D. 17.16
,10
,10
,10
,10
12.06 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10
,10 ,10 10.31 10.31 11.47 11.47 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 13.94 ,10 ,10 13.53 11.47 ,10 ,10
10.89
,10 11.03 10.89
11.03
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
1299
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
238 Appendix 1
Phacoides sp. Pholadidea cf. P. penita (Conrad) Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Placunanomia californica Arnold Placunanomia sp. Platyodon colobus Woodring Pododesmus macroschismus (Deshayes)
1446 1449 1450 1452 1453
1543
1542
1483 1484
1401 1482
1477
1471
Protothaca staminea (Conrad) Protothaca tenerrima (Carpenter) Psammotreta (Florimetis) biangulata (Carpenter) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) gabbii Re´mond Pseudocardium sp. Sanguinolaria cf. S. nuttallii Conrad Sanguinolaria nuttalli Conrad Sanguinolaria sp. Saxidomus nuttalli (Conrad) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli latus Stewart Saxidomus sp. Schizothaerus cf. S. nuttalli (Conrad) Schizothaerus nuttalli Conrad Schizothaerus nuttallii (Conrad) Schizothaerus nuttallii pajaroanus (Conrad) Securella elsmerensis (English)
Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) hannibali (Howe)
Periploma cf. P. argentaria Conrad
1448
1514
Pecten nutteri Arnold Pecten oweni Arnold Pecten wattsi Arnold
Pandora punctata Conrad Pandora sp. Panope sp. Panope generosa Gould Panopea generosa Gould Paphia jacalitosensis Arnold Paphia staleyi Gabb Paphia staminea (Conrad) Paphia tenerrima (Carpenter) Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) Pecten (Patinopecten) healeyi Arnold Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) Pecten estrellanus Conrad terminus Arnold
1355
1444
1469 1468 1441 1442
1470
1433 1435 1439 1436
Pandora cf. P. punctata Conrad
Pseudocardium sp. Nuttallia cf. N. nuttallii (Conrad) Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad) Nuttallia sp. Saxidomus nuttallii Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli latus Stewart Saxidomus sp. Tresus cf. T. nuttallii(Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad) Chione elsmerensis English
Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan
Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad)
Genus, 45N–40N, Japan 38N–25N 38N–25N Genus, 38N–25N 41N–28N 41N–28N Species, 41N–28N Genus, 60N–28N 58N–28N 58N–28N 58N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 34N–6S
10.17 13.94
61N–23N Species, 37N–27N
12.06 13.15 13.15 13.15 11.03 11.03 11.03 10.31 10.65 10.65 10.65 10.31 15.51 continued
12.06 12.06
10.17 10.89 13.53
,10
N.D. 10.31 13.94 17.87 17.87 11.38 ,10
13.53
N.D. 10.60 N.D.
11.81 10.31 10.65 10.65 10.65 17.87 10.17 10.17 10.89 10.60 10.60 10.60 13.15 17.88
11.81
71N–24N
N.D. 60N–26N Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 26N–1S Genus, 26N–1S Genus, 55N–2S 71N–24N
61N–23N 57N–28N 35N–25N
50N–26N Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 58N–27N 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 61N–20S 61N–23N 57N–28N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Japan; genus not living Genus, 59N–36N Genus reportedly living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given 34N–4S
50N–26N
Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Periploma (Periploma) cf. P. (P.) planiusculum Sowerby Phacoides sp. Penitelia cf. P. penita (Conrad) Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Placunanomia californica Arnold Placunanomia sp. Platyodon colobus Woodring Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca laciniata (Carpenter) hannibali (Howe) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes)
Pandora (Heteroclidus) cf. P. (H.) punctata Conrad Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Pandora sp. Panopea sp. Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha?) jacalitosana (Arnold) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Lyropecten terminus (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Appendix 1 239
Volsella cf. V. modiolus (Linnaeus)
Volsella recta (Conrad) Yoldia cooperi Gabb Zirfaea pilsbryi Lowe
1559 1566
Venerupis laciniata hannibali (Howe)
Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Transennella californica Arnold Transennela cf. T. tantilla (Gould) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad) Venerella (Compsomyax) cf. subdiaphana (Carpenter) Venerupis cf. V. tenerrima (Carpenter)
Taras parilis (Conrad) Taras cf. T. parilis (Conrad) Taras sp. Tellina bodegensis Hinds Tellina cf. T. bodegensis Hinds Tellina? cf. T.? oldroydi Wiedey “Tellina” woodringi Adegoke Teredo sp. Thracia trapezoides (Conrad) Tivela trigonalis Nomland Trachycardium n.sp. Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad)
Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall)
Semele n.sp.? Semele fausta Nomland Semele rubropicta Dall Siliqua lucida (Conrad) Siliqua patula (Dixon) Siliqua sp. Solen perrini Clark Solen sicarius Gould Solen sp. Spisula albaria Conrad Spisula (Mactromeris) albaria (Conrad) Spisula albaria (Conrad) var. coosensis Howe Spisula catilliformia Conrad Spisula catilliformis Conrad Spisula coalingensis Arnold Spisula falcata Gould Spisula hemphilli (Dall) Spisula voyi (Gabb) Swiftopecten etchegoini (Anderson)
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Protothaca (Callithaca) cf. P. (C.) tenerrima (Carpenter) Protothaca laciniata (Carpenter) hannibali (Howe) Modiolus (Modiolus) cf. M. (M.) modiolus (Linnaeus) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cooperii Gabb Zirfaea pilsbryii Lowe
Semele n.sp.? Semele fausta Nomland Semele rubropicta Dall Siliqua (Siliqua) lucida (Conrad) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua sp. Solen perrini Clark Solen sicarius Gould Solen sp. Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris coalingensis (Arnold) Simomactra falcata (Gould) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson) Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta cf. D. sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sp. Tellina (Peronidia) bodegensis Hinds Tellina (Peronidia) cf. T. (P.) bodegensis Hinds Tellina? cf. T.? oldroydi Wiedey Tellina woodringi Adegoke Teredo sp. Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Tivela trigonalis Nomland Trachycardium n.sp. Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Nutricola tantilla (Gould) Nutricola cf. N. tantilla (Gould) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pararoana (Conrad) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter)
Taxonomy used in this study
58N–37N in Pacific; 70N?–35 N in western Atlantic Ocean 54N–5S 40N–28N 70N–25N
Species, 37N–27N
57N–28N
61N–28N 61N–28N 57N–25N Genus, 60N–25N 61N–30N
37N–27N
Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 60N–3S 60N–28N 38N–25N 59N–35N Genus, 72N–25N Genus, 72N–2S 54N–30N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N 38N–28N Genus, 71N–4S 54N–31N 36N–26N 71N–46N Genus reportedly living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reportedly living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given 34N–4S 34N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 57N–25N 57N–25N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 50N–23N 57N–28N Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 37N–14S 37N–27N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
11.47 13.36 ,10
10.65
13.94
10.89
10.17 10.17 10.97 10.31 10.17
13.94
15.51 15.51 ,10 10.89 10.89 ,10 ,10 11.81 10.89 13.15 13.94 13.94
N.D.
10.31 10.31 10.31 13.15 10.60 ,10 ,10 11.47 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 13.15 13.15 ,10 11.47 13.26 ,10 N.D.
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
1062
1540 1541
1538 1539
1525 1524 1530 1532
1223 1521
1504 1502 1316
1503
1490 1489 1491 1493 1494 1495 1499 1500 1501 1506
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
240 Appendix 1
1229 1230 1231 1169 1261 1271 1272
1228
1224 1202
1171 1172
1235 1378 1089 1207 1338 1167
1114 1115 1117 1118
1103 1109 1112
1106 1105
1096 1097
1095
1087 1094 1568
1085
1017 1045 1072
1565
Gastropoda
Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma coalingense privum Stewart Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma kerri Arnold Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calyptraea (Trochita) cf. C. (T.) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea cf. C. inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Cancellaria crassa Nomland Cancellaria femandoensis Arnold tribulis Nomland Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria (Euclia) pabloensis Clark Cancellaria rapa Nomland Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Cancellaria cf. tritonidea Gabb Fusinus coalingensis (Nomland) Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Drillia (Clathrordillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. onyx Sowerby Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Diodora sp. cf. D. subelliptica (Nomland) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Diodora subelliptica (Nomland) Fluminicola kettlemanensis Pilsbry Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) mirandaensis (Grant and Eaton) Forreria coalingensis (Arnold) Forreria magister (Nomland) Forreria magister munda Stewart Crepidula sp. Kelletia (Kelletia) kettlemanensis (Arnold) Littorina mariana Arnold Littorina remondi Gabb
Amnicola sp. Astraea arnoldi (Nomland) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Calicantharus angulatus (Arnold)
Gastropoda
Amnicola? sp. Astralium arnoldi Nomland Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Bittium asperum (Gabb) Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter) angulatus (Arnold) Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma coalingense privum Stewart Calliostoma coalingensis Arnold Calliostoma etchegoinensis Nomland Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma kerri Arnold Callisotoma coalingensis Arnold Calyptraea cf. C. filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea cf. C. inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea filosa Gabb Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip Cancellaria crassa Nomland Cancellaria femandoensis Arnold tribulis Nomland Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria pabloensis Clark Cancellaria rapa Nomland Cancelleraia tritonidea Gabb Cancellaria cf. tritonidea Gabb Chrysodomus coalingensis Nomland Chrysodomus imperialis Dall Chrysodomus portolaensis (Arnold) Clavus (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Columbella (Astyris) richthofeni Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. onyx Sowerby Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Diodora sp. cf. D. subelliptica (Nomland) Ficus nodiferous Gabb Fissuridea subelliptica Nomland Fluminicola kettlemanensis Pilsbry? Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) mirandaensis (Grant and Eaton) Forreria coalingensis (Arnold) Forreria magister (Nomland) Forreria magister munda Stewart lanacus? sp. Kelletia (Kelletia) kettlemanensis (Arnold) Littorina mariana Arnold Littorina remondi Gabb
Zirfaea cf. Z. pilsbryii Lowe Zirfaea dentata Gabb Zirfaea cf. Z. dentata Gabb Zirfaea sp.
Zirfaea cf. Z. pilsbryi Lowe Zirfaea dentata Gabb Zirfaea cf. Z. dentata Gabb Zirfaea sp.
Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 50N–3S Subgenus, 33N–5S Genus not living Subgenus, 66N–3S Genus, 70N–5N 48N–23N 34N–3S 34N–3S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–4S Freshwater Genus, 34N–28N
Genus not living Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N 34N–23N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 24N–Chile 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Freshwater Genus, 48N–10N 34N–27N 34N–27N Genus not living
70N–25N Genus, 70N–25N Genus, 70N–25N Genus, 70N–25N
continued
15.51 15.51 15.51 ,10 15.51 ,10 ,10
10.97 16.98 10.97 10.97 10.97 11.81 16.26 N.D. 10.31 ,10 12.64 15.51 15.51 ,10 10.31 17.88 10.31 N.D. 15.51
N.D. 10.89 10.89 10.89 10.89 10.89 15.51 10.89 10.89 18.49 10.97 18.49 18.49 17.88 10.97 10.97
N.D. 12.64 15.51 15.51 N.D.
,10 ,10 ,10 ,10
Appendix 1 241
1391
1460
1419 1420 1422 1046
1390 1392 1421
1371 1461 1459
1368 1369
1362 1358 1356 1357 1360
1339 1575 1343 1344 1365
1331 1336
1327
1457 1458 1321 1319
1273
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
Margarites johnsoni (Arnold) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) fernandoana (Arnold) Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) Mitrella carinata gausapata (Gould) Mitrella cf. M. gausapata (Gould) Mitrella gausapata (Gould) Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Mitrella sp. Moniliopsis mercedensis (Martin) Murex perangulatus Nomland Murex sp. Nassa california (Conrad) Nassa californica Conrad Nassa miser iniqua Stewart Nassa moraniana Martin Nassarius (Caesia) coalingensis (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) addicotti Adegoke Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius sp. Natica (Tectonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica sp. Neverita (Glossaulax) reclusiana (Deshayes) Neverita convexa (Nomland) Neverita recluziana (Deshayes) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Olivella sp. Olivella biplicata Conrad Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Opalia varicostata Stearns Pachypoma cf. P. precursor Dall Pleurotoma coalingensis Arnold Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Neverita) reclusiana (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) reclusianus (Deshayes) Polinices orbicularis (Nomland) Polytropa etchegoinensis (Arnold) Polytropa funkeana Adegoke Polytroa lamellosa (Gmelin)
Littorina scutulata Gould Lunatia cf. L. lewisii (Gould) Lunatia lewisii (Gould) Lunatia sp. Margarita johnsoni Arnold Margarites cf. M. pupillus (Gould)
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Littorina scutulata Gould Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) sp. Margarites johnsoni (Arnold) Margarites (Pupillaria) cf. M. (P.) pupillus (Gould) Margarites johnsoni (Arnold) Megasurcula carpenteriana femandoana (Arnold) Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Astyris cf. A. gausapata (Gould) Astyris gausapata (Gould) Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Mitrella sp. Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin) Eupleura perangulata (Nomland) Murex? sp. Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Catilon) iniquus (Stewart) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Caesia) coalingensis (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus addicotii Adegoke Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius sp. Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica sp. Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) convexa (Nomland) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Olivella sp. Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Opalia (Opalia) varicostata Stearns Astraea cf. A. inaequalis (Martyn) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) orbicularis (Nomland) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Nucella funkeana (Adegoke) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin)
Taxonomy used in this study
N.D. 13.53 13.53 13.53 ,10 ,10 10.89 11.81 11.81 11.38 11.38 12.64 ,10 11.74 13.53 13.53 13.53 ,10 ,10 ,10
11.81 11.38 11.38 ,10
Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 55N–25N Genus, 55N–5S 72N–54N N.D. 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 66N–3S 65N–34N Genus, 57N–south of equator 49N–25N 49N–25N 55N–23N Genus, 55N–25N 48N–33N Subgenus, 66N–3S 51N–28N 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S 65N–34N
15.51 10.31 10.31 10.31 ,10 ,10 12.64 16.26 17.16 11.38 11.38 13.54 11.81 11.81 11.81 11.81
,10 13.15
10.65 11.74 11.74 11.74 ,10 10.31
Effective Temp. (8C)
34N–32N 60N–27N 60N–27N 60N–27N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 33N–8N, throughout Gulf of California Genus, 28N–3S, throughout Gulf of California Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California
Genus, 72N–29N Species, 38N–28N
58N–19N 51N–28N 51N–28N Subgenus, 51N–28N Genus, 72N–29N 60N–32N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
242 Appendix 1
Tritonalia praenominata (Hanna) Tritonalia temelenta (Hanna) Tritonalia tethys (Nomland) Trophon cf. T. carisaensis F. M. Anderson Trophon magister Nomland Trophon multicostata (Eschscholtz)
1379 1411 1412 1227
Other taxa
1120 1048 1051 1052 1055 1053 1185
1063 1058
1527
1198 1528
Dentalium sp. (Scaphopoda) Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant (Brachiopoda) Terebratalia arnoldi etchegoini Hertlein and Grant Balanus (Arthropoda) Balanus (Tamiosoma) cf. B. (T.) gregarius (Conrad) Cancer antennarius Stimpson Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis jacalitosensis Arnold Astrodapsis peltoides Anderson and Martin Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis sp. Dendraster ashleyi Arnold
Turritella sp.
Other taxa
Cancer antennarius Stimpson Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack Astrodapsis jacalitosensis Arnold Astrodapsis peltoides Anderson and Martin Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis sp. Dendraster ashleyi Arnold
Terebratalia arnoldi etchegoini Hertlein and Grant Balanus sp. Balanus cf. B. gregarius (Conrad)
Dentalium sp. Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant
Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) Turritella cooperi nova Nomland Turritella vanvlecki Arnold
Turritella sp.
1326
1555
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper)
1553 1556
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
N.D. Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 54N–23N
Intertidal Not living
Genus, 38N–23N
Genus, 57N–3S Genus, 38N–23N
38N–28N 34N–32N Species, 37N–28N Genus, 37N–3S, related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S
Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N 60N–33N
Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 59N–19N Genus not living Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 37N–32N 37N–32N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 34N–30N 65N–34N 57N–37N Genus, 66N–3S 65N–34N 65N–34N Species, 65N–34N Genus, 59N–19N 55N–34N
Nucella sp. Cancellaria sp. Megasurcula sp. Ocenebra turris (Nomland) Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) coalingensis (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Kelletia (Kelletia) danvillensis (Clark) Kelletia (Kelletia) kettlemanensis (Arnold) Kelletia (Kelletia) sp. Tegula varistriata Nomland Kelletia (Kelletia) kettlemanensis (Arnold) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella canaliculata (Duclos) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella lima (Martyn) Nucella cf. N. lamellosa shumanensis (Carson) Tritonalia? sp. Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff ) (McLean, 1996) Neptunea praenominata (Hanna) Ocenebra temelenta (Hanna) Ocenebra tethys (Nomland) Forreria cf. F. carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria magister (Nomland) Boreotrophon multicostatus (Eschscholtz) (or Trophon [Boretotrophon] . . . ) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper)
Trophosycon clallamensis (Weaver) nodibulbosa (Grant and Gale) Trophosycon ocoyana (Conrad) ruginodosa (Grant and Gale) Turris (Bathytoma) carpenteriana (Gabb) Turris (Bathytoma) tryoniana (Gabb) Turritella nova Nomland Turritella vanvlecki Arnold
1081
1393 1569 1546 1408
1387
1262 1519
1259
1496
Polytropa sp. Progabbia sp. Pseudostoma sp. Purpura turris Nomland Searlesia portolaensis (Arnold) Schizopyga californiana coalingensis (Arnold) Schizopyga moriana (Martin) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum Conrad Siphonalia danvillensis Clark Siphonalia kettlemanensis (Arnold) Siphonalia sp. Tegula (Chlorostoma) varistriata Nomland Thais kettlemanensis Arnold Thais lamellosa Gmelin Thais (Nucella) canaliculata (Duclos) Thais (Nucella) etchegoinensis Arnold Thais (Nucella) lamellosa (Gmelin) Thais lima (Martin) Thais (Nucella) cf. T. shumanensis Carson Tritonalia? sp. Tritonalia lurida (Middendorff)
1395 1119 1329 1413
continued
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 11.47
N.D. N.D.
13.15
10.89 13.15
13.94
13.15 15.51 13.94 16.98
17.88
17.88
,10 10.60 10.60 15.51 15.51 10.31
,10 10.97 13.15 10.60 N.D. 11.81 11.81 13.94 13.94 15.51 15.51 15.51 10.89 15.51 ,10 10.89 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 10.60 11.38
Appendix 1 243
*N.D.
Neverita recluziana (Deshayes) Trochita cf. T. spirata (Forbes) Turritella cooperi Carpenter
1461 1105 1551
Calicantharus kettlemanensis (Arnold) Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Forreria coalingensis (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) cf. N. (C.) coalingensis (Arnold) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Calyptraea (Trochita) cf. C. (T.) filosa (Gabb) Turritella cooperi Carpenter
Gastropoda
Calicantharus kettlemanensis (Arnold) Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Forreria coalingensis (Arnold) Nassarius cf. N. coalingensis (Arnold)
Gastropoda
Macoma affinis plena Stewart Macoma secta (Conrad) Mya truncata Linne Tresus nuttalli (Conrad)
1304 1300 1349 1542
1088 1226 1229 1356
Macoma affinis plena Stewart Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Mya truncata Linnaeus Tresus nuttallii (Conrad)
Lyropecten terminus (Arnold)
1291
Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Lucina (Lucinisca) n.sp.? aff. L. (L.) nuttallii Conrad Lyropecten terminus (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Bivalvia
Dendraster arnoldi Twitchell Dendraster coalingaensis Twitchell Dendraster coalingaensis macer Stewart Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond) Dendraster gibbsii mirus Stewart Dendraster gibbsii humilis Kew Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond)
Taxonomy used in this study
Florimetis biangulata (Carpenter) Lucinisca n.sp.? Durham and Addicott
Bivalvia
Addicott (1972, p. 16) (Panorama Hills Formation)
Diatoms (Woodring et al., 1940, p. 75 and p. 78) Cyclicopora sp. (Bryozoa) Membranipora sp. Mastodon remains (Vertebrata) Nannippus or Calippus Pliohippus Alnus merriami Dorf (alder) (Plantae) Fraxinus caudata Dorf (ash) Garrya masoni Dorf (silk–tassle bush) Persea sp. (avocado) Plantanus paucidentata Dorf (sycamore) Plantanus sp. (sycamore) Quercus hannibali Dorf (oak) Quercus sp. (oak) Salix coalingensis Dorf (willow) Salix sp. (willow)
Taxa not considered
Dendraster arnoldi Twitchell Dendraster coalingaensis Twitchell Dendraster coalingaensis macer Stewart Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond) Dendraster gibbsii mirus Stewart Dendraster gibbsii humilis Kew Echinarachnius gibbsii Re´mond
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
1225 1280
368–358 ESA
1184 1189 1188 1191 1193 1192
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–Chile 37N–28N
Genus not living 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California
Genus, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 71N–4S 54N–25N 71N–48N 57N–25N
35N–25N 37N–22N
N.D. N.D.
Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
13.53 18.49 13.94
N.D. 15.51 15.51 11.81
,10 11.47 ,10 10.97
17.88
13.53 13.94
N.D. N.D.
11.47 11.47 11.47 11.47 11.47 11.47 11.47
Effective Temp. (8C)
TABLE A11. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE (8–5 Ma) (continued)
244 Appendix 1
Bivalvia
Gastropoda
562 560
514 498
510
494 495 62
Olivella biplicata Sowerby Olivella intorta Carpenter
Nassarius (Demondia) cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius (Demonida) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Demondia) cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius (Demonida) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea sp. Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella (Callianax) intorta Carpenter
Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Taranis sp. Mitrella sp. Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) indianorum (Carpenter) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin)
Gastropoda
Astyris richthofeni Gabb Borsonia sp. Columbella sp. Drillia mercedensis Martin Epitonium indianorum Carpenter Mitrella carinata (Hinds) var. gausapata (Gould) Moniliopsis graciosana (Arnold) var. mercedensis (Martin) Nassa cooperi (Forbes) Nassa mendica (Gould) Nassa moranianus (Martin) Nassarius cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius mendica (Gould) Nassarius moranianus (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) var. colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea sp. Natica clausa Broderip and Sowerby
Solen sicarius Gould Spisula catillifornia or catilliformis Conrad Spisula hemphilli Dall Volsella recta (Conrad) var. flabellata (Gould)
702 717 719 828
464 739 465 473 287 462
Macoma nasuta Conrad Macoma yoldiformis Carpenter Modiolus rectus Conrad Mya arenaria Linnaeus Paphia tenerrima Carpenter Schizothaerus nuttalli Conrad Siliqua cf. S. alta (Broderip and Sowerby)
413 416 468 476 635 782 692
Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Compsomyax cf. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter)
Taxonomy used in this study
Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Macoma affinis Nomland Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Psammacoma) yoldiformis Carpenter Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Siliqua (Siliqua) cf. S. (S.) alta (Broderip and Sowerby) Solen sicarius Gould Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould)
231 421 412
Cardium meekianum Gabb Clementia (Compsomyax) cf. C. (C.) subdiaphana (Carpenter) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Macoma affinis (Nomland) Macoma inquinata Deshayes
Bivalvia
Martin (1916, p. 230 [Bolinas Bay]); Glen (1959, p. 157 [Mussel Rock]); Galloway (1977, Table 6, p. 37 [Point Reyes])
N.D.*
Ohlson Ranch Formation reported offshore (Crain and Thurston, 1987)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA)
Taxonomy of authors
187 201
;388–378 WSA
;398–388 WSA
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
49N–25N 25N–23N, through Gulf of California
Genus, 72N–33N 72N–25N
48N–33N 55N–25N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 48N–33N 55N–25N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Species, 51N–33N
Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 55N–33N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 48N–23N 55N–24N 60N–27N Genus, 48N–23N
54N–30N 38N–28N 36N–26N 54N–30N
60N–27N 57N–27N 54N–5S 70N–33N 57N–28N 57N–25N 72N–35N
60N–6S Genus, 71N–4S 57N–34N
Genus, 71N–33N 61N–30N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma)
continued
11.81 17.88
,10 ,10
12.64 11.38 11.81 12.64 11.38 11.81 11.74
,10 11.38 ,10 12.64 11.38 10.31 12.64
11.47 13.15 13.26 11.47
10.31 10.89 11.47 ,10 10.89 10.97 ,10
10.31 ,10 10.89
,10 10.17
Effective Temp. (8C)
Appendix 1 245
Addicott and Galehouse (1973) (Paso Robles Formation, nonmarine only). Hall (1973b p. 6) (Gragg, Belleview, and Squire Members Pismo Formation). Hall (1962a, p. 75–76, Fig. 6), Hall and Corbato´ (1967, p. 563, Fig. 3) (Saucelito Member, subunit 4, Santa Margarita Formation). Hall (1975b, p. 1293), W.O. Addicott (1978, written commun.), Hall et al. (1995, p. 96) (Careaga Sandstone)
;368–358 WSA
Glans subquadrata (Carpenter) Glycymeris sp. Hinnites giganteus (Gray) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb)
?Modiolus sp. Miontodiscus prolongatus (Carpenter Mytilus sp. Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Ostrea atwoodi Gabb Ostrea vespertina (Conrad)
?Pandora sp. Panope generosa (Gould) Pecten (Lyropecten) estrellanus Conrad n. subsp. Pecten (Patinopecten) lohri Hertlein Solen sp. Spisula sp. Tellina cf. T. lutea Wood
329 336 347 409
470 469 487 541 576 245
585 589 410
598 703 723 752
Chlamys hastatus Sowerby
176
Bivalvia
N.D. N.D.
Foraminiferida (Galloway, 1977)
Taxa not considered
Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Solen sp. Spisula sp. Tellina (Megangulus) cf. T. (M.) lutea Wood
?Pandora sp. Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)? 13–5 Ma
?Modiolus sp. Miontodiscus prolongatus (Carpenter Mytilus sp. Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Ostrea (Ostrea) atwoodi Gabb Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma to Holocene Glans carpenteri (Lamy) Glycymeris sp. Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Bivalvia
Scutellaster oregonensis (Clark)
Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson)
Cancer magister Dana Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz)
Other taxa
Other taxa
Cancer magister Dana (Arthropoda) Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholz) (Echinodermata) Scutellaster interlineatus or interlineata (Stimpson) Scutellaster oregonensis (Clark)
Polinices (Euspira) cf. P. (E.) galianoi Dall Polinices (Euspira) cf. P. (E.) lewisii (Gould) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin)
Taxonomy used in this study
Polinices (Euspira) cf. P. (E.) galianoi Dall Polinices cf. P. lewisi Gould Thais lamellosa Gmelin
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
54N–28N Genus, 60N–4S 60N–25N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 73N–5S 60N–33N Genus, 72N–19N 37N–28N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus, 60N–4S 58N–34N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 72N–2S N.D. 72N–57N Genus, 71N–4S
60N–33N
Genus not living
Genus not living
N.D. 54N–23N
Genus, 72N–5S 51N–28N 65N–34N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
;378–368 WSA
674
673
145 253
621 622 528
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
10.60 ,10.0 N.D. ,10 ,10
10.31 10.65 17.88
,10 10.31 ,10 13.94 10.89 17.16
11.47 10.31 10.31 17.88
10.31
N.D.
N.D.
N.D. 11.47
,10 11.74 ,10
Effective Temp. (8C)
246 Appendix 1
Gastropoda Astraea sp. Calliostoma aff. C. gemmulatum Carpenter Turritella cf. T. cooperi nova Nomland Other taxa Dentalium sp. (Scaphopoda) Dentalium neohexagonum Pilsbry and Sharp Astrodapsis arnoldi? Pack (Echiodermata) Dendraster cf. coalingensis Twitchell Dendraster gibbsii Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond) Dendraster sp. Woodring and Bramlette (1950, p. 62–66) (Foxen Mudstone and Careage Sandstone)
Bivalvia Acila cf. A. castrensis (Hinds) Aequipecten cf. A. circularis (Sowerby)
Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Arca santamariensis Reinhart Arca sisquocensis Reinhart Barbatia pseudoillota Reinhart Cerastoderma cf. C. meekianum (Gabb) Chama cf. C. pellucida Broderip Chlamys hastatus (Sowerby)
Chlamys parmeleei (Dall)
Chlamys parmeleei ethegoini (Anderson)
Compsomyax cf. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter) Corbicula? sp. Crenella cf. C. decussata (Montagu) Cryptomya cf. C. californica (Conrad) Cumingia californica Conrad Cyclocardia californica (Dall) Diplodonta sp. Dosinia ponderosa (Gray) var. Gari? cf. G. californica (Conrad) Glans subquadrata (Carpenter) Glycymeris cf. G. grewingki Dall Irus cf. I. lamellifer (Conrad) Kellia laperousii (Deshayes) Lima cf. L. hemphilli Hertlein and Strong Liophora cf. L. mariae (d’Orbigny) Lucinisca nuttallii antecedens (Arnold) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb)
Macoma cf. M. brota Dall Macoma cf. M. indentata Carpenter
Macoma cf. M. secta (Conrad)
256 ;358–348 WSA
6 46
23 34 35 82 187 158 176
734
733
201 628 219 231 63 237 272 278 328 329 331 353 362 377 167 403 407 409
424 418
419
262 259 68 251 254
65 121 799
Macoma cf. M. brota Dall Macoma (Rexithaerus) cf. M. (R.) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Rexithaerus) cf. M. (R.) secta (Conrad)
Bivalvia Acila (Truncacila) cf. A. (T.) castrensis (Hinds) Argopecten cf. A. ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Arca (Arca) santamariensis Reinhart Arca (Arca) sisquocensis Reinhart Barbatia (Fugleria) pseudoillota Reinhart Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Chama (Chama) cf. C. (C.) arcana Bernard Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei etechegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Compsomyax cf. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter) Polymesoda sp. Crenella cf. C. decussata (Montagu) Cryptomya cf. C. californica (Conrad) Cumingia californica Conrad Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Diplodonta sp. Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) Gari (Gobraeus) cf. G. (G.) californica (Conrad) Glans carpenteri (Lamy) Glycymeris (Axinola) cf. G. (A.) grewingki Dall Irusella cf. I. lamellifera (Conrad) Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu) Limaria cf. L. hemphilli (Hertlein and Strong) Chione cf. C. mariae (d’Orbigny) Lucinisca nuttallii antecedens (Arnold) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Dendraster sp.
Gastropoda Astraea sp. Calliostoma aff. C. gemmulatum Carpenter Turritella cf. T. cooperi nova Nomland Other taxa Dentalium sp. Dentalium neohexagonum Pilsbry and Sharp Astrodapsis arnoldi? Pack Dendraster cf. D. coalingensis Twitchell Genus, 54N–23N
54N–25N
Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given 61N–30N Genus, 23N–5S 71N–3.5S 60N–6S 42N–26N 61N–28N Genus, 71N–4S 28N–5S 61N–25N 54N–28N Subgenus, 60N–23N 40N–31N 60.8N–3.7S 37N–9N 28N–5S Species, 37N–22N 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 71N–48N 41N–28N
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 36N–5S, and Gulf of California Genus, 71N–33N 37N–10N 60N–33N
60N–27N 34N–5S
Genus, 54N–23N
Genus, 57N–3S 37N–23N, 29N–23N Gulf of California Genus not living Genus, 54N–23N 11.47
Genus, 48N–10N 34N–23N Species 37N–28N
continued
11.47
,10 11.03
10.17 19.21 ,10 10.31 13.53 10.17 ,10 17.16 10.17 11.47 10.31 13.54 10.17 13.94 17.16 13.94 10.17 17.88
N.D.
N.D.
16.78 17.16 17.16 13.26 ,10 13.94 10.31
10.31 15.51
11.47
10.89 13.94 N.D. 11.47
12.64 15.51 13.94
Appendix 1 247
Macoma nasuta kelseyi Dall Miodontiscus cf. M. prolongatus (Carpenter) Mya sp. Mytilus cf. M. coalingensis Arnold
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis sternbergi Hertlein and Grant Nuculana cf. N. leonina (Dall) Ostrea erici Hertlein Ostrea vespertina Conrad
Pachydesma crassatelloides (Conrad) Pandora punctata Conrad Panomya cf. P. beringianus Dall Panope cf. P. generosa (Gould) Parvilucina cf. P. tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Patinopecten dilleri (Dall) Patinopecten healeyi Arnold Pecten hemphilli Dall Pecten stearnsii Dall? Petricola cf. P. buwaldi Clark Petricola cf. P. carditoides (Conrad)
Pholadidea penita (Conrad) Platyodon cf. P. colobus Woodring Pododesmus macroschisma (Deshayes)
Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca cf. P. tenerrima (Carpenter)
Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) var. cf. gabbii Re´mond Rochefortia tumida (Carpenter) Saccella cellulita (Dall) Saccella orcutti (Arnold) Saccella redondoensis (Burch) Saccella taphria (Dall) Saxicava? cf. S. pholadis (Linnaeus) Saxidomus cf. S. nuttalli Conrad Schizothaerus cf. S. nuttallii (Conrad) Semele cf. S. rubropicta Dall Siliqua cf. S. media (Sowerby)
Solen perrini Clark Sphaerium? sp. Spisula cf. catilliformis Conrad Spisula cf. S. hemphilli (Dall) Tellina cf. idae Dall Tellina cf. T. bodegensis Hinds
413 469 480 483
482
777 581 587 589 594 392 597 602 310 611 610
606 618 620
640 635
648
481 538 540 539 541 665 667 782 684 692
702 313 717 719 754 753
536 659 245
Macoma cf. M. yoldiformis Carpenter
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Rochefortia tumida (Carpenter) Nuculana (Saccella) cellulita (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) orcutti (Arnold) Nuculana (Saccella) hindsii (Hanley) Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Saxicava? cf. S. pholadis (Linnaeus) Saxidomus cf. S. nuttalli Conrad Tresus cf. T. nuttallii (Conrad) Semele cf. S. rubropicta Dall Siliqua (Siliqua) cf. S. alta (Broderip and Sowerby) Solen perrini Clark Sphaerium striatianum (Lamarck) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris cf. M. hemphilli (Dall) Tellina (Tellinella) cf. T. (T.) idae Dall Tellina (Peronidia) cf. T. (P.) bodegensis Hinds
Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe) Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Panomya cf. P. priapus (Tilesius) Panopea cf. P. abrupta (Gould) Parvilucina cf. P. tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–1 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Flabellipecten stearnsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma Petricola cf. P. buwaldi Clark Petricola (Petricola) cf. P. (P.) carditoides (Conrad) Penitella penita (Conrad) Platyodon cf. P. colobus Woodring Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca (Callithaca) cf. P. (C.) tenerrima (Carpenter) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad)
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) sternbergi Hertlein and Grant Nuculana cf. N. leonina (Dall) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) erici (Hertlein) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Macoma (Psammacoma) cf. M. (P.) yoldiformis Carpenter Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Miodontiscus cf. M. prolongatus (Carpenter) Mya sp. Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus, 72N–2S Fresh and brackish water 38N–28N 36N–26N 34N–33N 57N–25N
71N–33N 56N–48N Subgenus, 58N–6S 28N–8N 37N–28N 72N–8N 41N–30N 58N–28N 60N–28N 72N–35N
Genus, 45N–40N, Japan
Genus, 61N–20S 57N–28N
61N–26N Genus, 55N–2S 71N–24N
60N–27N 61N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N 55N–33N Genus not living Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) 38N–25N 50N–26N 71N–60N 58N–34N 61N–28N Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 57N–5S 57N–26N
57N–27N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
416
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
,10 N.D. 13.15 13.26 15.51 10.89
,10 10.97 10.65 17.16 13.94 ,10 11.03 10.65 10.31 ,10
12.06
10.17 10.89
10.17 11.38 ,10
13.15 11.81 ,10 10.65 10.17 N.D. 10.60 13.15 13.15 10.89 10.89
11.38 N.D. 17.16
,10
10.31 10.17 ,10 ,10
10.89
Effective Temp. (8C)
248 Appendix 1
Thracia cf. T. trapezoides Conrad Trachycardium cf. T. quadragenarium (Conrad)
Transennella cf. T. tantilla (Gould) Volsella cf. V. capax (Conrad) Yoldia cf. Y. supramontereyensis Arnold
Zirfaea cf. Z. pilsbryi Lowe
773 780
781 277 817
823
Admete gracilior (Carpenter) of Arnold Aletes squamigerus Carpenter? Amnicola longinqua Gould
Amphissa cf. A. versicolor Dall Architectonica sp. Balcis cf. B. micans (Carpenter) Barbarofusus cf. B. arnoldi (Cossmann) Beringius cf. B. stantoni (Arnold) Bittium casmaliense arnoldi Bartsch Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Boreotrophon multicostatus (Eschscholtz)
Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter) var. cf. angulata (Arnold) Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Calliostoma cf. C. gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma cf. C. ligatum (Gould) Calliostoma coalingense catoteron Woodring n. var. Calliostoma sp. Calliostoma virgineum (Dillwyn) Calyptraea cf. C. fastigiata (Gould)
“Cancellaria” arnoldi Dall “Cancellaria” cf. “C.” tritonidea Gabb “Cancellaria” hemphilli Dall “Cancellaria” rapa Nomland? “Cancellaria” rapa perrini Carson Cancellaria lipara Woodring Cidarina cidaris (A. Adams) n. var.? Crawfordiana fulgeri (Arnold) Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin) Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. excavata Sowerby Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepipatella cf. C. lingulata (Gould)
15 18 132
22 39 78 321 511 90 91 97
110
123 124 128
135 134 139 144 142 140 182 138 222 223 64 224 226 228
114 121 120 119
Acmaea cf. A. funiculata (Carpenter) Acteocina cf. A. culcitella (Gould) Acteon cf. A. punctocaelatus (Carpenter)
7 10 13
Gastropoda
Tellina cf. T. buttoni Dall
751
Calliostoma sp. Calliostoma virgineum (Dillwyn) Calyptraea (Calyptraea) cf. C. (C.) mamillaris Broderip Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria cf. C. tritonidea Gabb Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria rapa Nomland Cancellaria rapa perrini Carson Cancellaria lipara Woodring Cidarina cidaris (A. Adams) Cancellaria crawforidana Dall Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin) Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula cf. C. excavata Sowerby Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepipatella cf. C. dorsata (Broderip) (McClean, 1996)
Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Calliostoma cf. C. gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma cf. C. costatum (Martyn) Calliostoma coalingense catoteron Woodring
Acmaea cf. A. funiculata (Carpenter) Acteocina cf. A. culcitella (Gould) Acteon (Rictaxis) cf. A. (R.) punctocaelatus (Carpenter) Admete couthouyi (Jay) Serpulorbis squamigerus (Carpenter)? Amnicola longinqua Gould (see Taylor, 1966, p. 30, p. 51) Amphissa cf. A. versicolor Dall Architectonica sp Balcis cf. B. micans (Carpenter) Fusinus cf. F. arnoldi (Cossmann) Clinopegma cf. C. magna stantoni (Arnold) Bittium arnoldi Bartsch Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Boreotrophon multicostatus (Eschscholtz) (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Calicantharus cf. C. angulatus (Arnold)
Gastropoda
Tellina (Angulus) cf. T. (A.) modesta (Carpenter) Thracia cf. T. trapezoides Conrad Trachycardium (Dallocardia) cf. T. (D.) quadragenarium (Conrad) Nutricola cf. N. tantilla (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolus) cf. M. (M.) capax (Conrad) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cf. Y. (K.) supramontereyensis Arnold Zirfaea cf. Z. pilsbryii Lowe
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California 55N–30N 38N–33N 34N–34S, through Gulf of California 48N–23N 37N–8N 65N–23N Genus, 72N–5S 60N–8N
Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus not living 34N–23N 57N–33N Genus, 57N–8N
Genus not living
44N–28N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 48N–27N 34N–33N Genus, 60N–50N, Japan Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N 60N–33N
72N–33N 55N–1S Freshwater
55N–25N 58N–28N 37N–27N
70N–25N
61N–28N 37N–5S Subgenus, 40N–28N
57N–28N 37N–27N
59N–28N
continued
10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 11.38 13.15 15.51 12.84 13.94 ,10 ,10 10.31
10.89 10.89 17.88
N.D. 15.51 10.89 10.89
N.D.
12.71 17.88 12.61 15.51 ,10 10.31 10.31 10.31
,10 11.38 N.D.
11.38 10.65 13.94
,10
10.17 13.94 13.36
10.89 13.94
10.60
Appendix 1 249
Cryptonatica aleutica Dall Cylichna cf. attonsa Carpenter
Diala cf. D. marmorea Carpenter Diodora aspera (Eschscholtz) “Drillia” graciosana Arnold Elaeocyma cf. E. empyrosia (Dall) Epitonium cf. E. tinctum (Carpenter)
Erato cf. E. scabriuscula Gray
Fusitriton cf. F. oregonensis (Redfield) Glyphostoma conradiana (Gabb) “Gyrineum” cf. “G.” elsmerense English Homalopoma cf. H. carpenteri (Pilsbry) Iselica fenestrata (Carpenter) Jaton cf. J. carpenteri (Dall) Lacuna cf. L. carinata Gould Littorina cf. L. petricola Dall Lunatia cf. L. lewisii (Gould) Mangelia interlirata Stearns Mangelia variegata Carpenter Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula carpenteriana tryoniana (Gabb) Megathura crenulata (Sowerby)? Micranellum crebricinctum (Carpenter) Mitrella gausapata (Gould) Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter) “Mitromorpha” intermedia Arnold “Nassa” cf. “N.” fossata (Gould) “Nassa” mendica Gould “Nassa” mendica Gould cooperi Forbes “Nassa” moriana Martin “Nassa” waldorfensis Arnold “Nassa” sp. Neptunea cf. N. stantoni (Arnold) Neptunea? sp. Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes) Nucella lamellosa collomi (Carson) Nucella lamellosa shumanensis (Carson) Odostomia cf. O. farallonensis Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. phanea Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. pratoma Dall and Bartsch Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella cf. O. baetica Carpenter Opalia varicostata anomala Stearns Opalia varicostata Stearns Pachypoma cf. P. gibberosum (Dillwyn) Propebela sp. Psephaea oregonensis (Dall)
499 239
83 267 471 284 288
290
324 338 340 607 354 355 363 388 622 431 434 442 446 900 463 462 466 432 489 495 494 62 493 497
514 625 529 530 553 555 556 562 563 569 566 8 545 641
Crucibulum cf. C. imbriatum (Sowerby)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Barleeia marmorea (Carpenter) Diodora fontainiana (d’Orbigny) Ophiodermella graciosana (Arnold) Elaeocyma cf. E. empyrosia (Dall) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. (N.) tinctum (Carpenter) Erato (Hespereato) cf. E. (H.) scabriuscula Gray Fusitriton cf. F. oregonense (Redfield) Glyphostoma conradiana Gabb Gyrineum elsmerense English Homalopoma cf. H. luridum (Dall) Iselica ovoidea (Gould) Ceratostoma cf. C. carpenteri (Dall) Lacuna cf. L. carinata Gould Littorina cf. L. petricola Dall Polinices (Euspira) cf. P. (E.) lewisii (Gould) Mangelia interlirata Stearns Mangelia veriegata Carpenter Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) Megathura crenulata (Sowerby) Micranellum crebricinctum (Carpenter) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter) Mangelia intermedia (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) cf. N. (C.) fossatus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius sp. Clinopegma cf. C. magna stantoni (Arnold) Neptunea? sp. Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Nucella lamellosa collomi (Carson) Nucella lamellosa shumanensis (Carson) Odostomia cf. O. farallonensis Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. phanea Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. pratoma Dall and Bartsch Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella cf. O. baetica Carpenter Opalia (Opalia) varicostata anomala Stearns Opalia (Opalia) varicostata Stearns Astraea cf. A. gibberosa Dillwyn Lora sp. Psephaea oregonensis (Dall)
Crucibulum (Crucibulum) cf. C. (C.) scutallatum (Wood) Natica (Cryptonatica) russa Gould Cylichna cf. C. attonsa Carpenter
Taxonomy used in this study
59N–33N 37N–33N Genus not living 57N–28N 48N–23N Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California 48N–33N Genus, 72N–5S 51N–28N 37N–33N Alaska or 37N–24N 38N–28N 34N–32N 37N–24N 55N–28N 60N–27N 55N–23N Genus, 72N–1S 48N–27N 55N–25N 48N–23N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 55N–25N Genus, 55N–5S Genus, 60N–50N, Japan Genus, 72N–33N 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Species 65N–34N Species 65N–34N 38N 37N 34N 49N–25N 57N–23N Genus, 55N–25N Genus, 55N–25N 50N–25N Genus, 73N–30N Genus, living in Japanese waters
Gulf of California south of equator
71N–33N 48N–32N (Palmer, 1958, p. 242, see her discussion) 48N–25N 5S Genus, 48N–23N 34N–33N 49N–23N
28N–3S, through Gulf of California
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
229
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
10.60 13.94 N.D. 10.89 12.64 10.89 12.64 ,10 11.74 13.94 13.94 13.15 15.51 13.94 11.38 10.31 11.38 ,10 12.64 11.38 12.64 11.81 11.38 11.38 ,10 ,10 13.53 ,10 ,10 13.15 13.94 15.51 11.81 10.89 11.38 11.38 11.81 ,10 N.D.
16.98
12.64 19.23 12.64 15.51 12.91
,10 12.64
17.16
Effective Temp. (8C)
250 Appendix 1
Other taxa
13481338 WSA
330 766 74 76
259 246 258 273
261
Woodring (1938, p. 8–11, 20), Grant and Hertlein (1938) (Repetto Formation). Winterer and Durham (1962, p. 296–308), (Pico Formation). Moody (1916, p. 43–46) (Fernando Formation, Pliocene only). Durham and Yerkes (1964, p. B26–B27), Yerkes (1972, p. C18–C21); Schoellhamer et al. (1981, p. D96), Davis (1998, p. 19–21) (Fernando Formation). Arnold (1907a, p. 527) (“Lower Pliocene” in Third Street Tunnel), Soper and Grant (1932, p. 1057– 1058) (“Middle Pliocene” in the Third Street Tunnel). Woodring (1930, p. 59–60) (Pliocene, Simi Valley 4 lower Saugus Formation). Vedder (1960, p. B326) (Niguel Formation). White (1985, p. 10), Groves (1991, p. 24–26) (lower Saugus Formation)
Mastodon jaw (Vertebrata)
Taxa not considered
Glottidia cf. G. albida (Hinds) Terebratalia occidentalis (Dall) Balanus cf. B. aqulia Pilsbry Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) proinus (Woodring)
Dentalium cf. D. semipolitum Broderip and Sowerby Dentalium neohexagonum Pilsbry and Sharp Dendraster ashleyi (Arnold) Dendrophyllia sp. Discinisca cf. D. cumingii (Broderip)
Callistochiton sp. Cadulus fusiformis Pilsbry and Sharp
Other taxa
Callistochiton sp. (Polyplacophora) Cadulus fusiformis Pilsbry and Sharp (Scaphopoda) Dentalium cf. D. semipolitum Broderip and Sowerby Dentalium neohexagonum Pilsbry and Sharp Dendraster ashleyi (Arnold) (Echinodermata) Dendrophyllia sp. (Cnidaria) Discinisca cf. D. cumingii (Broderip) (Brachiopoda) Glottidia cf. G. albida (Hinds) Terebratalia occidentalis (Dall) Balanus cf. B. aqulia Pilsbry (Arthropoda) Balanus hesperius proinus Woodring
Vitrinella stearnsi Bartsch
811
125 108
Vitrinella stearnsi Bartsch
Seila montereyensis Bartsch Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Solariella n.sp.? Strioterebrum martini (English) Tegula? sp. Tritonalia lurida (Middendorff) Trivia cf. T. sanguinea (Gray) Trochita radians (Lamarck) Turbonilla cf. T. antestriata Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. arnoldi Dall and Bartsch Turcica imperialis brevis Stewart Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella gonostoma hemphilli Applin
680 697 698 761 748 549 658 129 790 791 796 801 806
Teinostoma cf. T. supravallataum (Carpenter) Puncturella cooperi aphales Woodring Cranopsis cuculata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Margarites (Pupillaria) cf. M. (P.) optabilis (Carpenter) Seila assimilata (Adams) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Solariella n.sp.? Terebra martini English Tegula? sp. Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff) (McLean, 1996) Trivia (Pusula) cf. T. (P.) sanguinea (Gray) Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis (Born) Turbonilla cf. T. antestriata Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. arnoldi Dall and Bartsch Turcica caffea brevis Stewart Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella vanvlecki Arnold hemphilli Applin
Pseudorotella? cf. P. supravallata (Carpenter) Puncturella cooperi aphales Woodring Puncturella cucullata (Gould) Pupillaria cf. P. optabilis (Carpenter)
749 655 656 43
37N–18N 38N–23N 37N–32N; intertidal to 18 m Not living
37N–23N, 29N–23N Gulf of California Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 33N-cosmopolitan 34N–Chile
34N–10N, through Gulf of California
See Keen (1971, p. 873) 37N–23N
37N–8N, through Gulf of California 37N–32N Genus, 72N–0, through Gulf of California Genus 34N–3S Genus, 57N–5S 55N–34N 34N–16N Chile north to 1S 35N–33N Genus, 60N–5S Species, 37N–23N 37N–28N Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of Californi–3S 37N
37N–through Gulf of California Genus, 58N–23N 58N–23N 34N–32N
continued
13.94 13.15 13.94 N.D.
13.94 11.47 16.26 15.51
15.51
N.D. 13.94
13.94
13.94 13.94 ,10 15.51 10.89 11.38 15.51 9.22 13.53 10.31 13.94 13.94 16.98
13.94 10.65 10.65 15.51
Appendix 1 251
Aequipecten sp. Amiantis callosa (Conrad) Amiantis cf. A. callosa (Conrad) Amiantis sp.
53 56
57 21
Chione? sp. Chlamys aff. C. anapleus Woodring Chlamys (Chlamys) hastata hericius Gould
Chlamys (Chlamys) hastata Sowerby
Chlamys (Chlamys) opuntia Dall Chlamys (Chlamys) rubida (Hinds) Chlamys cf. C. rubidus (Hinds)
169 173 171
176
179 180
161
158
Calyptogena n.sp. Cardita ventricosa Gould? Cardiomya cf. C. planetica Dall Cardium (Dallocardia) cf. C. (D.) quadagenarium Conrad Chama (Chama) arcana Bernard? Chama pelludica Broderip? Chione femandoensis English Chione cf. C. femandoensis English
127 237 148 780
59 71 126
29 312
848
371 23 24
370
Amusium sp. Anadara camuloensis (Osmont) Anadara (Larkinia) camuloensis (Osmont) Anadara multicostata (Sowerby) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad)? Anadara (Anadara) trilineata calcarea Grant and Gale Angulararca californiensis Noda (Noda, 1966, Pl. 1) Anomia? sp. Apolymetis biangulata (Carpenter) Arca (Arca) multicostata Sowerby Astarte sp. Axinopsida viridis (Dall) Calyptogena lasia (Woodring)
Aequipecten invalidus (Hanna) Aequipecten cf. A. purpuratus (Lamarck)
46
351
Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds) Acila (Truncacila) cf. A. (T.) castrensis (Hinds) Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene Argopecten invalidus (G. D. Hanna) 8–1 Ma Argopecten cf. A. purpuratus (Lamarck) 5 Ma– Holocene Argopecten sp. Amiantis callosa (Conrad) Amiantis cf. A. callosa (Conrad) Humilaria perlaminosa (Conrad) (L.T. Groves, 2000, written commun.) Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Larkinia camuloensis (Osmont) Larkinia camuloensis (Osmont) Larkinia multicostata (Sowerby) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata calcarea Grant and Gale Angulararca californiensis Noda (Noda, 1966, Plate 1) Anomia? sp. Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Larkinia multicostata (Sowerby) Astarte sp. Axinopsida serricata Carpenter Vesicomya (Calyptogena) gibbera Crickmay (Coan et al., 2000, p. 338) Vesicomya (Calyptogena) sp. Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cardiomya cf. C. planetica Dall Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Chama (Chama) arcana Bernard Chama (Chama) arcana Bernard? Chione (Anomalocardia) femandoensis English Chione (Anomalocardia) cf. C. (A.) femandoensis English Chione sp. Chlamys aff. C. anapleus Woodring 5–1 Ma Chlamys hastata hericius (Gould) 8 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys opuntia (Dall) 8–1 Ma Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys cf. C. rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene
Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds) Acila? cf. A. castrensis (Hinds) Aequipecten circularis (Sowerby)
Bivalvia Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds) Acila (Acila) semirostrata (Grant and Gale)
Taxonomy used in this study
Acila castrensis (Hinds) Acila semirostrata (Grant and Gale)
Bivalvia
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 70N–1S 60N–33N 60N–33N
60N–33N
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 70N–1S Species, 60N–33N
44N–26N 44N–26N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 60N–9.7N 61N–28N 56N–7N 37N–27N
Genus, 37N–south of equator 35N–25N 34N–0 Genus, 71N–48N 71.4N–27.3N Genus, 60N–9.7N
Genus not living
Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 34N–0 Genus, 34N–0 34N–0 Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 34N–6S 34N–25N 34N–25N Genus, 60N–37N
Genus, 34N–6S 30N–6S
60N–27N Genus, 60N–27N; subgenus, 45N, Japan to 20 N, Arabian Sea 60N–27N 60N–27N 34N–5S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
6 5
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
,10 10.31 10.31
10.31
15.51 ,10 10.31
12.71 12.71 15.51 15.51
10.31 10.17 10.97 13.94
13.94 13.53 15.51 ,10 ,10 10.31
N.D.
10.60 15.51 15.51 15.51 16.78 16.78
15.51 15.51 15.51 10.31
15.51 16.45
10.31 10.31 15.51
10.31 12.06
Effective Temp. (8C)
252 Appendix 1
Corbula luteola Carpenter Corbula tenuis Moody Crassatella Crassatellites sp. Crenella columbiana Dall Crenella decussata (Montagu) Crenella sp. Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cumingia sp. Cyathodonta pedroana Dall Cyathodonta undulata (Conrad) Cyathodonta cf. C. undulata (Conrad) Cyclocardia aff. C. barbarensis (Steams) Cyclocardia cf. C. ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia (Cyclocardia) occidentalis (Conrad) Cyclocardia sp. Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Diplodonta (Diplodonta) orbella Gould Diplodonta parilis (Conrad) Diplodonta cf. D. subquadrata Carpenter Dosinia ponderosa (Gray) Dosinia ponderosa (Gray)? Ensis sp. Epilucina californica (Conrad) Eucrassatella lomitensis (Oldroyd) Gari (Gobraeus) californica (Conrad) Gari edentula (Gabb) Glycymeris (Axinola) profunda Dall Hiatella arctica Linnaeus Hinnites giganteus (Gray) Hinnites sp. Humilaria perlaminosa (Conrad) Arnold (1907a)? Huxleyia munita (Dall) Hyalopecten aff. H. randolphi tillamookensis (Arnold) Katherinella aff. K. subdiaphana (Carpenter)
208 209 212
201
352 244
859 195 614 328 326 332 346 347 348
270 304 271 278
236
613
235
233
439 219 221 231 860
Conchocele disjuncta Gabb Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Corbula gibbiformis Grant and Gale
Chlamys rubida (Hinds) Chlamys swiftii parmeleei (Dall)
202 210
734
178
Chlamys hindsii (Carpenter) Chlamys islandicus hindsii (Carpenter) Chlamys islandicus jordani (Arnold) Chlamys opuntia (Dall) Chlamys parmeleei (Dall)
Chlamys hastatus (Sowerby)
Chlamys hastata (Sowerby)
Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys jordani (Arnold) 5–1 Ma Chlamys opuntia (Dall) 8–1 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter) Corbula (Tenuicorbula) tenuis Sowerby Eucrassatella sp. Eucrassatella sp. Solamen columbianun (Dall) Crenella decussata (Montagu) Crenella sp. Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cumingia sp. Cyathodonta pedroana Dall Cyathodonta undulata (Conrad) Cyathodonta cf. C. undulata (Conrad) Cyclocardia aff. C. barbarensis (Steams) Cyclocardia cf. C. ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia (Cyclocardia) occidentalis (Conrad) Cyclocardia sp. Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Diplodonta (Diplodonta) orbella (Gould) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta cf. D. subquadrata (Carpenter) Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher)? Ensis sp. Epilucina californica (Conrad) Eucrassatella lomitensis (Oldroyd) Gari (Gobraeus) californica (Conrad) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Glycymeris (Axinola) profunda Dall Hiatella arctica Linnaeus Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Crassadoma sp. 27 Ma–H Humilaria perlaminosa (Conrad) (Arnold, 1907a) Huxleyia munita (Dall) Delectopecten aff. D. vancouverensis tillamookensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Compsomyax aff. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter) 17.49
Subgenus, 27N–3N, through Gulf of California
61N–30N
48N–27N 60N–27N
Genus, 71N–9N 61N–28N 37N–25N 34N–4S 26N–2N 28N–5S 28N–5S Genus, 37N–3S 42N–25N Genus, 34N–5S 61N–25N 34N–25N 34N–33N 71N–10N 60N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Genus, 60N–37N
37N–23N 8N–3S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S 52N–33N 71N–3.5S Genus, 71N–4S 60N–6S Genus, 37N–3S 36.7N–24.6N 31N–4S 31N–4S 34N 61N–28N 71.4N–27.7N
10.89 17.49
10.17 continued
12.64 10.31
,10 10.17 13.94 15.51 17.87 17.16 17.16 13.94 13.53 15.51 10.17 15.51 15.51 ,10 10.31 10.31 10.31
13.94 18.44 15.51 15.51 11.56 ,10 ,10 10.31 13.94 13.94 16.15 16.15 15.51 10.17 ,10
10.31 N.D.
10.31 10.31 ,10 ,10 N.D.
10.31
10.31
60N–33N 60N–33N Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given 60N–33N Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given 57N–41N Subgenus, 27N–3N, through Gulf of California
60N–33N
60N–33N
Appendix 1 253
Limopsis phrear Woodring Lithophaga plumula (Hanley) Lucina excavata Carpenter Lucina (Myrtea) acutilineata Conrad Lucinoma aff. L. aequizonata (Steams) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lucinisca nuttallii (Conrad) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb)
Macoma cf. M. calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma indentata Carpenter? Macoma nasuta (Conrad)? Macoma secta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Macrocallista densa Moody Macrocallista aff. M. squalida (Sowerby) Macrocallista sp. Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby) Milneria cf. M. kelseyi Dall Miltha xantusi Dall Miltha cf. M. xantusi (Dall) Miltha? sp. Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad) Modiolus rectus (Conrad)? Modiolus sp. Monia macroschisma (Deshayes)
Mya arenaria Linneaus Mya truncata Linnaeus Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) coalingensis stembergi Hertlein Mytilus cf. M. coalingensis Arnold
Nemocardium centifilosum (Carpenter)
Nuculana aff. N. minuta (Fabricius)
Nuculana cf. N. extenuata (Dall) Nuculana cf. N. hamata (Carpenter)
Nuculana cf. N. leonina (Dall) Nuculana (Thestyleda) hamata (Carpenter) Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall)
381 384 344 405 406 407
425 418 413 419 426 440
476 735
501
543
544 542
536
541
483
302 277 468 470 620
719 441 218 467
402 409
Kelia laperousii (Deshayes) Laevicardium cf. L. substriatum (Conrad) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Lima hamlini Dall Lima cf. L. hemphilli Hertlein and Strong Lima n.sp. Limatula aff. L. “subauriculata (Montagu)”
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Macoma cf. M. calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Megapitaria densa (Moody) Megapitaria aff. M. squalida (Sowerby) Macrocallista sp. Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby) Milneria cf. M. kelseyi Dall Miltha xantusi Dall Miltha cf. M. xantusi (Dall) Miltha? sp. Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad)? Modiolus sp. Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Mya truncata Linnaeus Mytilus (Crenomytilus) stembergi Hertlein and Grant Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) coalingensis Arnold Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Nuculana (Nuculana) aff. N. (N.) minuta (Muller) Nuculana cf. N. extenuata (Dall) Nuculana (Thestyleda) cf. N. (T.) hamata (Carpenter) Nuculana (Nuculana) cf. N. (N.) leonina (Dall) Nuculana (Thestyleda) hamata (Carpenter) Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall)
Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu) Laevicardium cf. L. substriatum (Conrad) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Acesta (Acesta) hamlini (Dall) Limaria cf. L. hemphilli (Hertlein and Strong) Lima n.sp. Limatula (Limatula) aff. L. (L.) satuma (Bernard) Limopsis (Felicia) phrear Woodring Lithophaga (Diberus) plumula (Hanley) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma aff. L. aequizonata (Steams) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma cf. L. annulata (Reeve) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
55N–33N 48N–25N 37N–28N
54N–49N 48N–25N
71N–33N
70N–33N 71.4N–47.9N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N 59N–28N
Subgenus 56S–33S 37N–1S, also in Gulf of California 34N–24N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 37N–34N 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 37N–22N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 71N–47N 41N–28N 60N–27N 54N–25N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 31N–4S 31N–4S N.D. 36N–26N 31N–4S 37N–27N 26N–25N 26N–25N Genus, 26N–25N 37N–5S 54N–5S Genus, 73N–5S 71N–24N
60.8N–3.7S 34N–24N 35N–25N Acesta mori (Hertlein), 37N–35N 37N–9N Lima sp. or Acesta sp. 57N–23N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
362 266 312 3 377 379 380
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
11.38 12.64 13.94
11.47 12.64
,10
10.60
,10
,10 ,10 ,10
,10 11.03 10.31 11.47 ,10 16.15 16.15 N.D. 13.26 16.15 13.94 17.87 17.87 17.87 13.94 11.47 ,10 ,10
9.22 13.94 15.51 10.17 13.94 10.17 10.17 13.94 17.88
10.17 15.51 13.53 13.94 13.94 N.D. 10.89
Effective Temp. (8C)
254 Appendix 1
520 605 606
242 243
602
593
603
310
375
594 596 392 597
777 583 581 588 589
659 579 245
Pecten (Pecten) cf. P. bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Argopecten invalidus (G. D. Hanna) 8–1 Ma Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Delectopecten pedroanus (Trask) Delectopecten vancouverensis femandoensis (Hertlein) Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck) 5 Ma– Holocene Flabellipecten stearnsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma Nodipecten veatchii (Gabb) 13–2.5 Ma Penitella conradi Valenciennes Penitella penita (Conrad)
Pecten cf. P. auburyi Arnold Pecten healeyi Arnold Pecten hemphilli Dall Pecten invalidus Hanna Pecten latiauritus Conrad
Pecten steamsii Dall Pecten veatchii Gabb Penitella conradi Valenciennes Penitella penita (Conrad)
Pecten purpuratus Lamarck
Pecten pedroanus Trask Pecten pedroanus Trask
Pecten latiauritus Conrad?
Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Oppenheimopecten lecontei (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Chlamys opuntia (Dall) 8–1 Ma Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) 8 Ma– Holocene Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Pecten bellus (Conrad) Pecten bellus hemphilli Dall Pecten cerrosensis Gabb
Pecten ashleyi Arnold
Pecten (Pecten) lecontei Arnold Pecten (Pecten) opuntia Dall Pecten (Propeamusium) levis Moody
Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma–Holocene Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Pecten (Patinopecetn) caurinus Gould Pecten (Patinopecten) healeyi sanclementensis Susuki and Stadum Pecten (Pecten) hemphilli Dall
Pecten (Chlamys) opuntia Dall Pecten (Janaria) stearnsii Dall Pecten (Lyropecten) cerrosensis Gabb
Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe) Pandora (Pandorella) filosa (Carpenter) Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Panomya sp. Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma–Holocene Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–1 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Chlamys opuntia (Dall) 8–1 Ma Flabellipecten stearnsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Ostrea vespertina Conrad sequeris Arnold
Pachydesma crassatelloides (Conrad) Pandora filosa (Carpenter) Pandora punctuata Conrad Panomya sp. Panope abrupta (Conrad) Panope generosa (Gould) Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) Patinopecten dilleri (Dall) Patinopecten healyi Arnold Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) Patinopecten healeyi (Dall) Pecten (Aequipecten) latiauratus Conrad
Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) erici (Hertlein) Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Ostrea erici Hertlein Ostrea veatchii Gabb Ostrea vespertina Conrad
Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 32N–5S 50N–228N 61N–26N
30N–6S
nomen dubium; genus, 60N–27N Genus, 60N–27N
38N–23N
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Subgenus, 38N–1S Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, 59N–36N Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, 34N–6S 38N–23N
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, 70N–1S 60N–33N
Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N
Genus not living 28N–5S Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) 38N–25N 60N–32N 50N–26N Genus, 71N–51N 58N–34N 58N–34N 61N–28N 59N–36N Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N 38N–23N
13.15 15.78 11.81 10.17 continued
16.45
10.31 10.31
13.15
13.15 10.60 13.15 15.51 13.15
13.15 13.15 17.88
17.88
13.15 ,10 10.31
17.88
10.60 10.60
,10 13.15 17.88
13.15 10.31 11.81 ,10 10.65 10.65 10.17 10.60 N.D. 10.60 10.60 10.60 13.15
17.16
N.D. 17.16 17.16
Appendix 1 255
Psephidia sp. Pseudochama exogyra (Conrad)? Pseudochama? sp. Saccella cellulita (Dall) Saccella cf. S. orcutti (Arnold) Saccella taphria (Dall) Saccella cf. S. taphria (Dall) Sanguinolaria? cf. S. nuttallii Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus? sp. Schizothaerus nuttallii (Conrad) Semele rubropicta Dall Semele? sp. Siliqua sp. Solemya aff. S. johnsoni Dall Solen sicarius Gould Solen cf. S. perrini Clark Solen? sp. Spisula hemphilli (Dall)? Tagelus californianus (Conrad) Tagelus subteres (Conrad)? Tellina idae Dall Thracia kanakoffi Hertlein and Grant
Thracia trapezoides Conrad Thyasira cf. T. gouldii (Philippi) Tindaria? sp. Tivela stultorum (Mawe) Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad)
863 650 651 528 540 541
773 775 776
Trachycardium quadrigenarium (Conrad)
Trachycardium cf. T. quadragenarium (Conrad)
Protothaca tenerrima (Carpenter) Psephidia cymata Dall Psephidia lordi (Baird)? Psephidia cf. P. salmonea (Carpenter)
635 862 646 350
546 667 669 782 684 685 695 4 701 702 703 719 736 737 754 216
Protothaca cf. P. staminea (Conrad)
Pratulum centifilosum (Carpenter)
Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma Deshayes
Pododesmus cf. P. macroschisma (Deshayes)
Periploma cryphia stenopa Woodring Petricola carditoides (Conrad)? Phraegena lasia Woodring Pododesmus macroschisma (Deshayes)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Periploma stenopa Woodring Petricola (Petricola) carditoides (Conrad) Vesicomya (Calyptogena) gibbera (Crickmay) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus (Monia) cf. P. (M.) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Protothaca (Protothaca) cf. P. staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Nutricola cymata (Dall) Nutricola lordi (Baird)? Neolepton (Stohleria) cf. N. (S.) salmonea (Carpenter) Nutricola sp. Pseudochama exogyra (Conrad) Pseudochama? sp. Nuculana (Saccella) cellulita (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) orcutti (Arnold) Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) taphria (Dall) Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus? sp. Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Semele rubropicta Dall Semele? sp. Siliqua sp. Acharax johnsoni (Dall) Solen sicarius Gould Solen cf. S. perrini Clark Solen? sp. Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Tagelus (Tagelus) californianus (Conrad) Tagelus (Mesopleura) subteres (Conrad) Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Thracia triangularis Conrad (L. T. Groves, 2000, written commun.) Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Thyasira cf. T. gouldii (Philippi) Tindaria? sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) cf. T. (D.) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad)
Taxonomy used in this study
37N–27N
37N–27N
57N–28N 71N–33N Genus, 48N–6N 38N–25N 37N–27N
Genus, 57N–25N 38N–23N Genus, 44N–6S 56N–48N Subgenus, 58N–6S 37N–28N 37N–28N 38N–25N 41N–28N Genus, 60N–30N 57N–25N 60N–28N Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 72N–25N 57N–12S 54N–30N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S 36N–26N 41N–11N 35–27N 34N–33N Genus, 61N–4S
57N–28N 34N–25N 59N–26N 54N–25N
61N–23N
59N–28N
71N–24N
71N–24N
Genus, 71N–4S 57N–26N Genus, 60N–9.7N 71N–24N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
636
608 610 126
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
13.94
13.94
10.89 ,10 12.64 13.15 13.94
10.89 13.15 12.71 10.97 10.65 13.94 13.94 13.15 11.03 10.31 10.97 10.31 10.31 ,10 10.89 11.47 ,10 ,10 13.26 11.03 13.53 15.51 10.17
10.89 15.51 10.60 11.47
10.17
10.60
,10
,10
,10 10.89 10.31 ,10
Effective Temp. (8C)
256 Appendix 1
Astraea sp. Balcis thersites (Carpenter) Barbarofusus aff. B. arnoldi (Cossmann) Barbarofusus arnoldi (Cossmann)? Barbarofusus barbarensis (Trask) Barbarofusus cf. B. arnoldi (Cossmann) Barbarofusus cf. B. barbarensis (Trask) Bittium (Semibittium) quadrifilatum Carpenter Bittium casmaliense Bartsch? Bittium cf. B. casmaliense Bartsch Bittium rugatum Carpenter Bittium sp. Boreotrophon cf. B. stuarti (Smith)
65 875 319
Boreotrophon raymondi Moody
Boreotrophon rotundatus Dall
786
94
881
Boreotrophon clathratus scalariformis (Linnaeus) Boreotrophon eucymata Dall
880
88 93 95
770 91
320
834 61
22 20 32 39
Admete cf. A. gracilior (Carpenter) Agathotoma hexagon (Gabb) Aletes sp. Aletes squamigerus Carpenter Aletes? sp. Amphissa versicolor Dall Alvania sp. Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Architectonica sp. Astraea (Megastraea) cf. A. (M.) gradata (Grant and Gale) Astraea (Megastraea) undosa (Wood) Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea cf. A. gradata Grant and Gale
15 852 17 18
Acanthina spirata (Blainville) Acanthina punctulata (Sowerby) Acmaea n.sp.? aff. A. mitra Rathke Acteocina cf. A. culcitella (Gould) Acteocina sp. Acteon sp. Acteon (Rictaxis) aff. A. (R.) grandior Grant and Gale Admete couthouyi (Jay) Agathotoma hexagon (Gabb) Serpublorbis sp. Serpulorbis squamigerus (Carpenter) Serpulorbis sp. Amphissa versicolor Dall Alvania sp. Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Architectonica sp. Astraea (Pomaulax) cf. A. (P) gradata (Grant and Gale) Astraea (Pomaulax) undosa (Wood) Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea (Pomaulax) cf. A. (P.) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea sp. Balcis thersites (Carpenter) Fusinus aff. F. arnoldi (Cossmann) Fusinus arnoldi (Cossmann) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Fusinus cf. F. arnoldi (Cossmann) Fusinus cf. F. barbarensis (Trask) Bittium (Semibittium) quadrifilatum Carpenter Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Bittium cf. B. casmaliense Bartsch Bittium (Semibittium) rugatum Carpenter Bittium sp. Boreotrophon cf. B. stuarti (Smith) (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon clathratus scalariformis (Linnaeus) Boreotrophon eucymata Dall (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon raymondi Moody (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon rotundatus Dall (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . )
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Acanthina spirata (Blainville) Acanthina punctulata (Sowerby) Acmaea n.sp.? aff. A. mitra Rathke Acteocina cf. A. culcitella (Gould) Acteocina sp. Acteon sp. Acteon aff. A. grandior Grant and Gale
Nutricola tantilla (Gould) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Globivenus fordii (Yates) Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus sp. Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia (Megayoldia) montereyensis Dall Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cf. Y. (K.) cooperii Gabb
Transennella tantilla (Gould) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Ventricolaria fordii (Yates) Volsella recta flabellata (Gould) Volsella sp. Yoldia (Cnesterium) scissurata Dall Yoldia beringiana Dall Yoldia cooperi Gabb
1 884 9 10 899 14 12
816 819 818
861 828
781
57N
Genus, 72N–17N
33N
57N–33N (?)
Genus, 48N–10N 37N–30N 34N–33N 34N–33N 44N–33N 34N–33N 44N–33N 34N–27N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N 34N–32N Genus, 60N–23N 55N–33N
34N–28N; intertidal to 80 m, on rocks Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N
72N–33N 37N–33N Genus, 55N–1S Genus, 55N–1S Genus, 55N–1S 44N–28N Genus, 57N–8N, through Gulf of California 55N–30N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 34N–10N
49N–19N 37N–32N 63N–33N 58N–28N Genus, 58N–8N Genus, 37N–8N 33N
61N–28N 57N–25N 37N–27N 54N–30N Genus, 73N–5S Subgenus 71N–34N 57N–37N 40N–28N
continued
10.89
,10
16.26
10.89
12.64 13.94 15.51 15.51 12.71 15.51 12.71 15.51 10.31 10.31 15.51 10.31 11.38
15.51 15.51 15.51
,10 13.94 11.38 11.38 11.38 12.71 10.89 11.38 17.88 15.51
11.81 13.94 ,10 10.65 10.65 13.94 16.16
10.17 10.97 13.94 11.47 ,10 ,10 10.89 13.36
Appendix 1 257
Boreotrophon stuarti praecursor (Arnold)
Boreotrophon sp.
Borsonia inculta Moody Buccinum? sp. Bulla cf. B. gouldiana Pilsbry Bulla cf. B. punctulata (Adams) Bulla gouldiana Pilsbry Bursa californica Hinds Caecum californicum Dall Calicantharus cf. C. fortis (Carpenter) Calicantharus cf. C. fortis angulata (Arnold) Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter) Calicantharus gilberti Moody Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Calicantharus kettlemanensis (Arnold) Calliostoma annulatum Martyn Calliostoma cf. C. coalingense Arnold Calliostoma coalingense catoteron Woodring? Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma ligatum (Gould)? Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis (Born) Calyptraea cf. C. mammilaris Broderip
882
883
738 102
Capulus? cf. C. californicus Dall Capulus sp. Ceratostoma cf. C. monoceros (Sowerby) Cerithium simplicus Grant and Gale?
Cerithium sp. Cheilea cepacea (Broderip) Chrysodomus dirus meridiei Moody Cidarina cidaris (Adams in Carpenter)
889 890 146
147 869 154 155
156 778 678 182
130 136 135 139 143 144 142 134
Calyptraea fastigiata Gould Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) “Cancellaria” cf. C. altispira Gabb “Cancellaria” arnoldi Dall “Cancellaria” hemphilli Dall “Cancellaria” quadrata Moody “Cancellaria” rapa Nomland “Cancellaria” rapa perrini Carson “Cancellaria” aff. C. tritonidea Gabb Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria tritonidea altispira Gabb Cancellaria sp. A (Davis, 1998) Cancellaria sp. B (Davis, 1998) Cantharus? cf. C. elegans (Gray)
361 112 113 117 118 119 121 120 783 129 128
104 105 835 109 111 110
Boreotrophon stuarti (Smith)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Boreotrophon stuarti (Smith) (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon stuarti praecursor (Arnold) (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon sp. (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Taranis incultus (Moody) Buccinum sp.? Bulla (Bulla) cf. B. (B.) gouldiana Pilsbry Bulla (Bulla) cf. B. (B.) punctulata Adams Bulla (Bulla) gouldiana Pilsbry Bursa californica Hinds Caecum californicum Dall Calicantharus cf. C. fortis (Carpenter) Calicantharus cf. C. fortis angulata (Arnold) Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter) Kelletia gilberti (Moody) Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Calicantharus kettlemanensis (Arnold) Calliostoma annulatum Martyn Calliostoma cf. C. coalingense Arnold Calliostoma coalingense catoteron Woodring? Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma costatum (Martyn) Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis (Born) Calyptraea (Calyptraea) cf. C. (C.) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Cancellaria cf. C. altispira Gabb Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria quadrata Moody Cancellaria rapa Nomland Cancellaria rapa perrini Carson Cancellaria aff. C. tritonidea Gabb Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria tritonidea altispira Gabb Cancellaria sp. a (Davis, 1998) Cancellaria sp. b (Davis, 1998) Cantharus (Gemophos) cf. C. (G.) elegans (Griffith and Pidgeon, ex. Gray) Capulus? cf. C. californicus Dall Capulus sp. Ceratostoma cf. C. monoceros (Sowerby) Cerithium (Thericium) simplicus Grant and Gale Cerithium sp. Cheilea cepacea (Broderip) Lirabuccinum dira (Reeve) (Vermeij, 1991) Cidarina cidaris (Adams)
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus, Gulf of California–5S 32N in Gulf of California 56N–37N 55N–30N
34N–29N Genus, 34N–29N 27N–25N Genus, Gulf of California–5S
25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S
Genus, 55N–33N Genus, 72N–29N 34N–3S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 34N–3S, through Gulf of California 37N–28N Genus, 23N–5N Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 34N–30N Genus not living Genus not living 55N–33N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N 34N–23N 57N–33N 24N–15N Chile north to 1S 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 72N–17N
Species, 55N–33N
55N–33N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
95
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
16.98 16.98 10.97 11.38
15.51 15.51 17.49 16.98
17.88 18.49 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.97 17.88
11.38 11.38 15.51 17.88 15.51 13.94 19.21 N.D. N.D. N.D. 15.51 N.D. N.D. 11.38 10.89 10.89 15.51 10.89 18.49 9.22 17.88
,10
11.38
11.38
Effective Temp. (8C)
258 Appendix 1
Conus sp. Cranopsis cucullata (Gould) Crassispira semiinflata (Grant and Gale) Crassispira zizyphus (Berry) Crassispira cf. C. zizyphus (Berry) Crassispira? sp. Crawfordiana fugleri (Arnold) Crawfordiana cf. C. fulgeri (Arnold) Crepidula (Grandicrepidula excavata Broderip Crepidula (Grandicrepidula) princeps Conrad Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin) Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula perforans Valenciennes Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula sp. Crepipatella dorsata (Broderip)
Crucibulum cf. C. spinosum (Sowerby) Cryptonatica aleutica Dall Cylichna cf. C. attonsa Carpenter
Cymakra gracilior (Tryon) Cymatosyrinx (Elaeocyma) hemphilli (Stearns) Diadora arnoldi McLean Diodora aspera (Eschscholtz) Diodora murina (Carpenter in Arnold) Diodora? cf. D. murina (Carpenter) Elaeocyma empyrosia (Dall) Elaeocyma? cf. E. empyrosia (Dall) Elaeocyma hemphilli (Stearns) Epitonium fallaciosum Dall? Epitonium hemphilli (Dall)? Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Epitonium tinctum (Carpenter) Eulima cf. E. raymondi Rivers Euspira lewisii (Gould) Fissurellidea bimaculata (Dall) Fissuridea murina Carpenter Forreria cf. F. belcheri (Hinds) Forreria cf. F. magister (Nomland) Forreria wrighti Jordan and Hertlein Forreria wrighti Jordan and Hertlein? Fulgraria oregonensis (Dall) Fulgraria cf. F. oregonensis (Dall) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Fusitriton oregonensis (Redfield) Fusitriton aff. F. oregonensis (Redfield)
207 656 652 214
230 499 239
893 285 268 267
324
641
314 315 317
296 622 864
288 289
284
227 228
226 222 224 225 870
215 138
Clathromangelia interfossa? (no author) Clathromangelia variegata (Carpenter) Clathurella sp. Cockerella conradiana (Gabb) Coleophysis harpa (Dall) Columbella (Astryis) constantia Moody Conus californicus Hinds
896 434 894 851 663 463 205
Cymakra gracilior (Tryon) Elaeocyma hemphilli (Stearns) Diadora arnoldi McLean Diodora fontainiana (d’Orbigny) Diodora arnoldi McLean Diodora? cf. D. arnoldi McLean Elaeocyma empyrosia (Dall) Elaeocyma cf. E. empyrosia (Dall) Elaeocyma hemphilli (Stearns) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Boreoscala) hemphilli (Dall) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Eulima cf. E. raymondi Rivers Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Fissurellidea bimaculata (Dall) Diodora arnoldi McLean Forreria cf. F. belcheri (Hinds) Forreria cf. F. magister (Nomland) Forreria wrighti Jordan and Hertlein Forreria wrighti Jordan and Hertlein Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Psephaea cf. P. oregonensis (Dall) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Fusitriton oregonensis (Redfield) Fusitriton aff. F. oregonense (Redfield)
Clathromangelia interfossa? (Carpenter) Mangelia variegata Carpenter Clathurella sp. Cockerella conradiana (Gabb) Acteocina harpa (Dall) Mitrella gouldii (Carpenter) Conus (Chelyconus) californicus Reeve, ex Hinds Conus sp. Cranopsis cuculata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Crassispira semiinflata (Grant and Gale) Crassispira zizyphus (Berry) Crassispira cf. C. zizyphus (Berry) Crassispira? sp. Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall Cancellaria cf. C. crawfordiana Dall Crepidula cf. C. excavata Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin) Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula perforans Valenciennes Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula sp. Crepipatella dorsata (Broderip) (McClean, 1996) Crucibulum cf. C. spinosum (Sowerby) Natica (Cryptonatica) russa Gould Cylichna cf. C. attonsa Carpenter 42N–Chile 71N–33N 48N–32N (Palmer, 1958, see her discussion p. 242) 37N–30N Genus, 34N–23N 42N–21N 5S 42N–21N 42N–21N 34N–33N 34N–33N Genus, 34N–23N 49N–23N Subgenus, circumboreal 49N–23N 49N–23N Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California 51N–28N 55N–24N 42N–21N 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, living in Japanese waters 44N–33N 59N–33N 59N–33N
Genus, 38N–south of equator 58N–23N Genus, 37N–3S; also, 34N–32N of authors Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S 38N–33N 38N–33N 37N–8N Genus, 72N–5S 34N–34S, through Gulf of California 65N–23N 34N–3S 65N–23N (?) Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 60N–8N
48N–31N, lowtide to sublittoral Alaska or 37N–24N Genus, 42N–32N 37N–5S 55N–30N 55N–24N 38N–24N
13.94 15.51 13.53 19.23 13.53 13.53 15.51 15.51 15.51 11.81 ,10 11.81 11.81 19.21 11.74 11.38 13.53 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 N.D. N.D. 12.71 10.60 10.60 continued
13.53 ,10 12.64
13.15 10.65 13.94 13.94 13.94 13.94 13.15 13.15 13.94 ,10 15.51 ,10 15.51 ,10 ,10 ,10 10.31
12.64 13.94 13.53 13.94 11.38 11.38 13.15
Appendix 1 259
887 888 849
466
463 464 850 461 462
900 447
Micranellum cf. M. crebricinctum (Carpenter) Microglyphus breviculus (Dall) Mitra (Atrimitra) idea Melvill Mitrella carinata (Hinds) Mitrella carinata gausapata (Gould) Mitrella gouldi (Carpenter) Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter) Mitrella cf. M. tuberosa (Carpenter) Mitrella sp. A (Davis, 1998) Mitrella sp. B (Davis, 1998) Musashia (Nipponomelon) oregonensis (Dall)
Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula cf. M. cooperi (Arnold) Megasurcula sp. Megasurcula stearnsiana (Raymond) Megathura crenulata (Sowerby) Melampus cf. M. olivaceus Carpenter
442 443 445
356 550 434 895 433 438
363 365 867 771 390 623
873 349 868 865 866 354 357 359
769 341
662
Glossaulax reclusiana (Deshayes) Glyphostoma conradiana (Gabb) Glyphostoma cf. G. gabrielense Pilsbry Gyreneum elsemerense English Gyrineum cf. G. elsemerense English Gyrineum mediocre lewisii Carson Gyreineum cf. G. mediocre lewisii Carson Haliotis (Sulculus) rufescens Swainson Haliotis assimilis Dall? Haliotis cf. H. kamtschatkana assimilis Dall Hesperato vitellina (Hinds) Hipponix? sp. Hipponix tumens Carpenter Homalopoma paucicostatum (Dall) Homalopoma radiatum (Dall) Iselica ovoidea (Gould) Jaton cf. J. festivus (Hinds) Kelletia kelletii (Forbes) Kelletia cf. K. kelletii (Forbes) Lacuna carinata Gould Lacuna sp. Lacuna vincta Montagu Littorina scutulata Gould Littorina sp. Lunatia cf. L. caurina (Gould) Lunatia lewisii (Gould) Maxwellia cf. M. eldridgei (Arnold) Mangilia muricidea Moody Mangelia aff. M. variegata Carpenter Mangelia painei Arnold Mangelia sp Maxwellia gemma (Sowerby)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Glyphostoma conradiana Gabb Glyphostoma cf. G. gabrielense Pilsbry Gyrineum elsmerense English Gyrineum cf. G. elsmerense English Ranella lewisii (Carson) Ranella cf. R. lewisii (Carson) Haliotis (Sulculus) rufescens Swainson Haliotis assimilis Dall Haliotis assimilis Dall Hesperato vitellina (Hinds) Hipponix sp. Hipponix tumens Carpenter Homalopoma paucicostatum (Dall) Homalopoma radiatum (Dall) Iselica ovoidea (Gould) Pteropurpura cf. P. festiva (Hinds) Kelletia (Kelletia) kelletii (Forbes) Kelletia (Kelletia) cf. K. (K.) kelletii (Forbes) Lacuna carinata Gould Lacuna sp. Lacuna vincta Montagu Littorina scutulata Gould Littorina sp. Polinices (Lunatia) cf. P. (L.) caurina (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Pteropurpura cf. P. eldridgei (Arnold) Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff) Mangelia aff. M. variegata Carpenter Mangelia painei Arnold Mangelia sp. Ceratostoma gemma (Sowerby) (Jaton, Murex, and Purpura of authors) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula cf. M. cooperi (Arnold) Megasurcula sp. Megasurcula stearnsiana (Raymond) Megathura crenulata (Sowerby) Melampus (Melampus) cf. M. (M.) olivaceus Carpenter Micranellum cf. M. crebricinctum (Carpenter) Microglyphis breviculus (Dall) Mitra (Atrimitra) idea Melvill Mitrella carinata (Hinds) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Mitrella gouldii (Carpenter) Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter) Mitrella cf. M. tuberosa (Carpenter) Mitrella sp. a (Davis, 1998) Mitrella sp. b (Davis, 1998) Musashia (Nipponomelon) oregonensis (Dall)
Taxonomy used in this study
55N–28N 37N–30N 39N–28N 38N–23N 60N–27N 55N–24N 55N–23N 55N–23N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 70N–5N N.D.
38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N 37N–24N 34N–23N, through Gulf of California
42N–21N, through Gulf of California 37N–33N Genus, 37N–5N Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 42N–23N 37N–33N 37N–33N 38N–24N Genus, 48N–3S, and Gulf of California 42N–24N 37N–31N, sublittoral Genus, 57N–31N 48N–23N 34N–27N 34N–30N 34N–30N 48N–33N Genus, 64N–19N 64N–48N 58N–19N Genus, 72N–5S 64N–33N 51N–28N Genus, 57N–5S, and Gulf of California 55N–33N Alaska or 37N–24N Genus, 72N–1S Genus, 72N–1S 34N–27N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
625 338 337 340
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
11.38 13.94 13.54 13.15 10.31 11.38 11.38 11.38 .10 .10 N.D.
13.15 13.15 13.15 13.15 13.94 15.51
13.53 13.94 13.94 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 13.53 13.94 13.94 13.15 12.64 13.53 13.94 10.89 12.64 15.51 15.51 15.51 12.64 ,10 ,10 10.65 ,10 ,10 11.74 10.89 11.38 13.94 ,10 ,10 15.51
Effective Temp. (8C)
260 Appendix 1
Nassa hamlini Arnold Nassarius (?Uzita) hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia)grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Deomondia) forma indisputabulis (Oldroyd) Nassarius californianus (Conrad) Nassarius cf. N. perpinguis (Hinds)
Nassarius hildegardae Kanakoff Nassarius insculptus (Carpenter) Nassarius mendicus (Gould) Nassarius mendicus cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius moranianus (Martin) Nassarius perpinguis (Hinds) Nassarius sp. Natica (Euspira) orbicularis Nomland Neptunea cf. N. lyrata (Gmelin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Neptunea cf. N. smirnia (Dall) Neptunea tabulata (Baird) Neptunea tabulata colmaensis (Martin)
491
885 492
472
564 568 566 569 892 472 573
521 524 876 877 807 878 547 548 549 554 557 897 563 562
497 624 504 509 512 509 510
494
493 496
Neverita (Glossaulax) reclusiana (Deshayes)? Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes) Neverita recluziana Petit Nitidiscala tincta (Carpenter) Nitidiscala tinctum (Carpenter) Norrisia? sp Nucella elsmerensis (Grant and Gale) Ocenebra atropurpurea Carpenter Ocenebra barbarensis (Gabb) Ocenebra beta (Dall) Ocenebra coryphaena (Woodring) Ocenebra foveolata (Hinds) Ocenebra interfosa Carpenter Ocenebra lurida (Middendorff) Odostomia cf. O. lastra Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. valdezi Dall and Bartsch Oenopota reticulata Brown Olivella (Callianax) baetica Carpenter Olivella (Callianax) biplicata Sowerby Olivella biplicata Sowerby Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Opalia n.sp.? Opalia varicostata Steams Opalia varicostata anomala Steams Ophiodermella grasiosana (Arnold) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Ophiodermella aff. O. quinquecincta (Grant and Gale) Ophiodermella inermis (Hinds)
Nassa cf. N. mendicus Gould
495
490 886
Nassa aff. N. moraniana Martin
62
Nassarius (Caesia) aff. N. (C.) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Demondia) cf. N. (D.) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Catilon) hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius (Catilon) hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Deomondia) forma indisputabulis (Oldroyd) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Caesia) cf. N. (C.) perpinguis (Hinds) Nassarius (Catilon) hildegardae Kanakoff Nassarius (Catilon) insculptus (Carpenter) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Caesia) perpinguis (Hinds) Nassarius sp. Polinices (Euspira) orbicularis (Nomland) Neptunea (Neptunea) cf. N. (N.) lirata (Gmelin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Neptunea cf. N. smirnia (Dall) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) colmaensis (Martin) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby). Nucella elsmerensis (Grant and Gale) Ocenebra atropurpurea Carpenter Ocenebra barbarensis (Gabb) Ocenebra beta (Dall) Ocenebra coryphaena (Woodring) Ocenebra foveolata (Hinds) Ocenebra interfossa Carpenter Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff) (McLean, 1996) Odostomia cf. O. lastra Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. valdezi Dall and Bartsch Oenopota reticulata Brown Olivella (Callianax) baetica Carpenter Olivella biplicata Sowerby Olivella biplicata Sowerby Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Opalia n.sp.? Opalia (Opalia) varicostata Steams Opalia (Opalia) varicostata anomala Steams Ophiodermella grasiosana (Arnold) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Ophiodermella aff. O. incisa quinquecincta (Grant and Gale) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) If O. incisa, 48N–32N; if O. inermis, 38N–27N
42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 49N–23N 49N–23N 37N–28N Genus, 66N–3S 57N–31N 37N–34N, rocky bottoms 37N–34N Genus, 59N–19N 38N–25N 56N–32N 55N–34N 34N–33N 48N–33N Circumboreal-33N 57N–23N 49N–25N 49N–25N 55N–23N Genus, 55N–25N Genus, 55N–25N Genus, 55N–25N Genus, 48N–23N 48N–32N Species 48N–32N
Subgenus, 39N–5S 39N–28N 55N–25N 48N–33N Subgenus 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 48N–28N Genus, 55N–5S Subgenus, 51N–28N 71N–37N 51N–33N 60N–48N 51N–33N Species, 51N–33N
Subgenus, 55N–25N 48N–28N
Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 48N–34N
55N–25N
Subgenus 49N–23N, through Gulf of California
continued
12.64
13.53 13.53 13.53 11.81 11.81 13.94 ,10 10.89 13.94 13.94 10.60 13.15 10.97 11.38 15.51 12.64 ,10 10.89 11.81 11.81 11.38 11.38 11.38 11.38 12.64 12.64 12.64
13.54 13.54 11.38 12.64 11.81 12.64 11.38 11.74 ,10 11.74 10.31 11.74 11.74
11.38 12.64
13.54 13.54 11.81 12.64
11.38
11.81
Appendix 1 261
Puncturella galeata (Gould) Pupillaria aresta (Berry) Pupillaria cf. P. pupilla (Gould)
Pyramidella sp. Rectiplanes rotula (Dall) Scaphander aff. S. jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander n.sp.? Seila cf. S. montereyensis Bartsch Seila montereyensis Bartsch Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Siphonalia gilberti Moody Solariella peramabilis Carpenter Spiroglyphus lituellus (Mo¨rch) Strioterebrum martini (English) Taranis aff. T. strongi (Arnold) Tegula aff. T. aureotincta (Forbes) Tegula cf. T. funebralis (Adams) Tegula gallina (Forbes)? Tegula ligulata (Menke) Tegula montereyi (Fischer) Tegula regina (Steams) Terebra elata Hinds Terebra (Strioterebra) martini English Terebra (Strioterebra) pedroana Dall Triphora pedroana (Bartsch) Tritonalia? sp. Tritonium sp. Trivia ritteri Raymond Trochita trochiformis (Bom)? Trophon (Boreotrophon) raymondi Dall
Turbonilla cf. T. halia Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. latifundia Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) muricatoides Dall and Bartsch
657 436 437
661
793 794 854
872
699 714 761 740 741 743 744 745 746 747 760 761 853 874 551
697
671 680
879 654
323 137 398
619
Petaloconchus montereyensis Dall Plicifusus? sp. Plicifusus sp. Polinices lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Neverita) reclusiana (Deshayes) Pomaulax gradatus (Grant and Gale) Priene oregonensis var. angelense Arnold Progabbia cf. P. cooperi (Gabb) Propebela sp. Pseudomelatoma aff. P. semiinflata Grant and Gale Pseudomelatoma penicillata Carpenter Pteropurpura trialata (Sowerby) Puncturella cf. P. cooperi Carpenter Puncturella cucullata (Gould)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
34N–25N 34N–32N 55N–33N 10.65
Pseudomelatoma penicillata Carpenter Pteropurpura trialata (Sowerby) Puncturella cf. P. cooperi Carpenter Cranopsis cuculata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) 58N–23N Puncturella galeata (Gould) Margarites (Pupillaria) arestus (Berry) Margarites (Pupillaria) cf. M. (P.) pupillus (Gould) Pyramidella (Longchaeus) sp. Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Scaphander aff. S. jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander n.sp.? Seila cf. S. assimilata (Adams) Seila assimilata (Adams) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Kelletia gilberti (Moody) Solariella peramabilis Carpenter Spiroglyphus lituellus (Mo¨rch) Terebra martini English Taranis aff. T. strongi (Arnold) Tegula aff. T. aureotincta (Forbes) Tegula cf. T. funebralis (Adams) Tegula gallina (Forbes) Tegula ligulata (Menke) Tegula montereyi (Fischer) Tegula regina (Steams) Terebra elata Hinds Terebra martini English Terebra pedroana Dall Triphora pedroana (Bartsch) Ocenebra? sp. Tritonium sp.? Trivia ritteri Raymond Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis (Bom) Boreotrophon raymondi Moody (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Turbonilla cf. T. halia Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. latifundia Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) muricatoides Dall and Bartsch 34N–33N Genus, 60N–5S 37N
Subgenus, 37N–3S, and Gulf of California 55N–30N Genus, 25N–5S Genus, 25N–5S 37N–8N, through Gulf of California 37N–8N, through Gulf of California 37N–32N Genus, 34N–30N 55N–23N, through Gulf of California 55N–33N Genus, 34N–3S 55N–33N 34N–24N 48N–28N 38N–23N 37N–17N 38N–34N 34N–24N 25N–0 Genus, 34N–3S 34N–27N 37N–30N Genus, 59N–19N N.D. 37N–33N Chile north to 1S Genus, 72N–17N
54N–34N Genus, 72N–29N 60N–32N
37N–34N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N 51N–28N 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 34N–10N Species, 59N–33N 37N–28N Genus, 73N–30N Genus, 37N–3S; also, 34N–32N of authors
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
Petaloconchus montereyensis Dall Plicifusus? sp. Plicifusus sp. Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Fusitriton oregonense angelense (Arnold) Cancellaria cf. C. cooperi Gabb Lora sp. Crassispira semiinflata (Grant and Gale)
Taxonomy used in this study
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
609
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
15.51 10.31 13.94
13.94 11.38 17.88 17.88 13.94 13.94 13.94 15.51 11.38 11.38 15.51 11.38 15.51 12.64 13.15 13.94 13.15 15.51 17.88 15.51 15.51 13.94 10.60 N.D. 13.94 9.22 ,10
11.47 11.38 10.31
15.51 15.51 11.38
13.94 ,10 ,10 11.74 13.53 15.51 10.60 13.94 ,10 13.94
Effective Temp. (8C)
262 Appendix 1
116
767 856 857 74 785
765
766 330 367 368 763
836 731
246 249 252
101
66
260 261
259
813 871
801 806
855 898 795 86 797 473
Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsbry (Amphineura) ?Mopalia ciliata (Sowerby)
Taxa not considered in paleoclimatologic analysis
Strongylocentrotus sp. Terebratalia occidentalis (Dall) Glottidia cf. G. albida (Hinds) Laqueus cf. L. californicus Koch) Laqueus sp. Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia cf. T. occidentalis (Dall) Terebratalia hemphilli Dall Terebratalia occidentalis (Dall) Terebratalia occidentalis obsoleta (Dall) Terebratalia transversa (Sowerby) Terebratalia transversa caurina Gould Balanus cf. B. aquila Pilsbry Megabalanus (Megabalanus) californicus (Pilsbry) Callianassa sp.
Dentalium cf. D. neohexagonum Pilsby and Sharp Dentalium neohexagonum Pilsbry and Sharp Dentalium cf. D. pretiosum Nuttall Dentalium cf. D. semipolitum Broderip and Sowerby Astrangia (Astrangia) lajollaensis Durham ?Stephanotrochus hamlini (Steams) Araesoma sp.? Brissopsis pacifica (A. Agassiz)? Cassidulid Dendraster ashleyi (Arnold) Dendraster cedrosensis Israelsky Dendraster diegoensis Kew? Dendraster cf. D. diegoensis diegoensis Kew Megapetalus holmani (Grant and Hertlein) Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (A. Agassiz)
Other taxa
Other taxa
Dentalium cf. D. neohexagonum Pilsbry and Sharp (Scaphopoda) Dentalium neohexagonum Pilsbry and Sharp Dentalium cf. D. pretiosum Nuttall Dentalium cf. D. semipolitum Broderip and Sowerby Astrangia insignifica Nomland (Cnidaria) ?Stephanotrochus hamlini (Steams) Araeosoma sp. (Echinodermata) Brissopsis pacifica (A. Agassiz)? Cassidulid Dendraster ashleyi Arnold Dendraster cedrosensis Israelsky Dendraster diegoensis Kew? Dendraster cf. D. diegoensis diegoensis Kew Palaeopneustes holmani Grant and Hertlein Strongylocentrotus cf. S. franciscanus (Agassiz) Strongylocentrotus sp. Dallinella occidentalis (Dall) (Brachiopoda) Glottidia cf. G. albida (Hinds) Laqueus cf. L. californicus Koch Laqueus sp. Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia cf. T. occidentalis (Dall) Terebratalia hemphilli (?) Dall Terebratalia occidentalis Dall Terebratalia occidentalis obsoleta Dall Terebratalia transversa (Sowerby) Terebratalia transversa caurina Gould Balanus cf. B. aquila Pilsbry (Arthropoda) Megabalanus (Megabalanus) californicus (Pilsbry) Callianassa sp.
Volvulella (Volvulella) cylindrica Carpenter Zonaria (Neobernaya) spadicea (Swainson)
Turritella vanvlecki Arnold hemphilli Applin
Turritella gonostoma hemphilli Merriam
Volvulella cylindrica Carpenter Zonaria (Neobernaya) spadicea (Swainson)
Turbonilla (Mormula) ambusta Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla kelseyi Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla sp. Bathybembix (Bathybembix) bairdii (Dall) Turricula? sp. Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella vanvlecki Arnold hemphilli Applin
Turbonilla (Mormula) ambusta Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla kelseyi Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla sp. Turcicula cf. T. bairdii Dall Turricula? sp. Turris (Drillia) mercedensis (Martin) Turris (Drillia) modestus Moody Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella gonostoma hemphilli Applin
N.D.
Genus, 57N–28N 38N–23N 37N–18N 48N–33N Genus, 48N–33N Genus, 38N–23N 38N–23N Genus, 38N–23N 38N–23N Species, 38N–23N 57.3N–34N 57.3N–28N 37N–32N; intertidal to 18 m 37N–24N
continued
N.D.
10.89 13.15 13.94 12.64 12.64 13.15 13.15 13.15 13.15 13.15 10.89 10.89 13.94 13.94
15.51 N.D. N.D. 15.51 N.D. 11.47 11.47 11.47 11.47 N.D. 10.89
13.94 10.89 15.51
37N–23N, 29N–23N Gulf of California 57N–28N 34N–10N, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–25N N.D. N.D. 34N–8N N.D. Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus not living, Miocene–Pliocene 57N–28N
13.94
12.64 13.94
16.98
15.51 15.51 10.31 11.38 11.38 12.64 12.64 13.94 16.98
37N–23N, 29N–23N Gulf of California
34N–33N 34N–32N Genus, 60N–5S 55N–15N Genus, 55N–32N Genus, 48N–23N 48N–32N 37N–28N Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S 48N–24N 37N–28N; ledges at low tide and sublittoral
Appendix 1 263
Anomia limatula Dall Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Arca (Arca) sisquocensis Reinhart Axinopsida serricata Carpenter Barbatia (Fugleria) illota Sowerby Basterotia (Basterotella) hertleini Durham Bornia (Temblomia) frankiana Hertlein and Grant Cardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium Conrad
30
44 46
779 158 162 164 165 826 42
780
35 71 81 85 98
Cardium (Mexicardia) procerum Sowerby Chama pellucida Broderip Chione (Chione) allisoni Hertlein Chione (Chione) cf. C. (C.) undatella Sowerby Chione (Securella) kanakoffi Hertlein Chione cf. C. elsmerensis English Chlamys (Argopecten) abietis abbotti Hertlein and Grant Chlamys (Argopecten) callida Hertlein Chlamys (Argopecten) circularis Sowerby
Aligena (Aligena) diegoana Hertlein and Grant (Moore, 1992) Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Anadara trilineata calcarea Grant and Gale
19
23 24
Acila (Truncacila) castrensis Hinds Aeidimytilus adamsianus Dunker
Bivalvia
Noda (1966, pl. 1). Moore (1968, p. 33–53), Rowland (1972, p. 28–29 (San Diego Formation). Vedder and Moore (1976, p. 110), Susuki and Stadum (1978, p. 5) (Pliocene, San Clemente Island). Hertlein and Grant (1944, p. 48–49; 1960b, p. 99– 133; 1972, p. 146–344), McLean (1966, p. 129–133) (San Diego Formation)
Serpula sp. (Annelida) Majidae? (Arthropoda) Cancer sp. Portunidae Uca hamlini Rathbun Xanthidae Diomeda sp. (Aves) Mancalla califoriensis Lucas Diatoms (Ponti et al., 1994, p. 673; 5.8–5.6 Ma) Pinus cf. P. muricata D. Don (cone scale) (Plantae) Quercus agrifolia Nee
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Bivalvia
Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby) Chama (Chama) arcana Bernard Chione (Chione) allisoni Hertlein Chione (Chione) cf. C. (C.) undatella Sowerby Chione (Securella) kanakoffi Hertlein Chione cf. C. elsmerensis English Argopecten abietis abbotti (Hertlein and Grant) 5–1 Ma Argopecten callidus (Hertlein) 8–1 Ma Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene
Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds) Brachidontes (Aeidimytilus) adamsianus (Dunker) Isoorbitella diegoana (Hertlein and Grant) (Moore, 1992) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata calcarea Grant and Gale Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Arca (Arca) sisquocensis Reinhart Axinopsida serricata Carpenter Barbatia (Fugleria) illota Sowerby Basterotia (Basterotella) hertleini Durham Bornia (Temblomia) frankiana Hertlein
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus, 34N–6S 34N–5S
24N–14S 37N–10N Genus, 34N–6S 34N–5S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
37N–27N
37N–5S 37N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California 71.4N–27.3N 29N–5S, through Gulf of California 24N–1S Genus, 24N–6S
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 33.6N–23.2N, through Gulf of California
60N–27N 34N–1S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
6 100
338–328 WSA
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
15.51 15.51
18.49 13.94 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51
13.94
13.94 13.94 17.16 ,10 16.78 18.49 18.49
16.78 16.78
15.51
10.31 15.51
Effective Temp. (8C)
264 Appendix 1
Chlamys (Chlamys) hastata Sowerby
Chlamys (Chlamys) jordani Arnold Chlamys (Chlamys) opuntia Dall Chlamys (Chlamys) rubida Hinds Chlamys (Leptopecten) latiaurata Conrad
Chlamys (Lyropecten) cerrosensis Gabb
Chlamys (Swiftopecten) parmeleei Dall
176
178 179 180 375
409
734
Dermatomya tenuiconcha Dall Diplodonta (Diplodonta) orbella Gould Diplodonta (Felaniella) comea Reeve Donax (Serrula) gouldii Dall Donax californicus Conrad Dosinia ponderosa (Gray) Dosinia ponderosa diegoana Hertlein Ensis myrae Berry Florimetis biangulata (Carpenter) Gari edentula (Gabb) Glans subquadrata Carpenter Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) profunda Dall Glycymeris cf. G. subobsoleta (Carpenter)
632 270 305 276 275 278 279 286 312 326 271 331 332 828
238
613
63 149 232 237 237
213 220 231
Chlamys sp. Clinocardium nuttallii Conrad Compsomyax subdiaphana Carpenter Corbula (Lentidium) luteola Carpenter Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Crassinella branneri Arnold Crenella inflata Carpenter Cryptomya californica Conrad Cryptomya californica magna Dall Cumingia cf. C. californica Conrad Cuspidaria (Cardiomya) pectinata Carpenter Cyathodonta sp. Cyclocardia californica (Dall) Cyclocardia cf. C. ventricosa Gould Cyclocardia ventricosa Gould Cyclocardia (Cyclocardia) occidentalis (Conrad) (Moore, 1992) Cyclopecten pemomus Hertlein
827 189 201 208 210
Chlamys hastata forma hericia (Gould)
Chlamys (Chlamys) hastata ellisi Hertlein and Grant Chlamys (Chlamys) hastata hericius Gould
170
171
Chlamys (Argopecten) ericellus Hertlein Chlamys (Argopecten) hakei Hertlein Chlamys (Argopecten) invalida Hanna Chlamys (Argopecten) subdola Hertlein
51 52 53 58
Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Chlamys hastata hericius (Gould) 8 Ma– Holocene Chlamys sp. Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter) Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Crassinella pacifica (Adams) Crenella divaricata (d’Orbigny) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cumingia cf. C. californica Conrad Cardiomya pectinata (Carpenter) Cyathodonta sp. Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia cf. C. ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia (Cyclocardia) occidentalis (Conrad) (Moore, 1992) Cyclopecten pemomus Hertlein 5 Ma– Holocene Poromya (Dermatomya) tenuiconcha (Dall) Diplodonta (Diplodonta) orbella (Gould) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Donax gouldii Dall Donax (Paradonax) californicus Conrad Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) Dosinia ponderosa diegoana Hertlein Ensis myrae Berry Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Diplodonta subquadrata (Carpenter) Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) profunda Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) cf G. (A.) septentrionalis (Middendorff)
Argopecten ericellus (Hertlein) 5–2.5 Ma Argopecten hakei (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten invalidus (G.D. Hanna) 8–1 Ma Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6 Ma-1.6 Ma Chlamys hastata ellisi Hertlein and Grant 5–2.5 Ma Chlamys hastata hericius (Gould) 8 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys jordani (Arnold) 5–1 Ma Chlamys opuntia (Dall) 8–1 Ma Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
55N–36N 37N–25N 34N–4S 37N–24N 35N–4S 28N–5S Species, 28N–5S 37N–33N 35N–25N 34N–25N 26N–2N Subgenus, 60N–23N 34N–33N 60N–37N
28N–3S, through Gulf of California
34N–1S 34N–2S 60N–6S 60N–6S 42N–26N 61N–38N Genus, 37N–4S 61N–28N 61N–28N 61N–28N 71.4N–27.7N
63N–33N 63N–33N 61N–30N 37N–23N Subgenus, 27N–3N, through Gulf of California
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Species, 60N–33N
Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S 60N–33N 38N–23N
60N–33N
Species, 60N–33N
Species, 60N–33N
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
11.38 13.94 15.51 13.94 13.53 17.16 17.16 13.94 13.53 15.51 17.87 10.31 15.51 10.31 continued
17.16
15.51 15.51 10.31 10.31 13.53 10.17 13.94 10.17 10.17 10.17 ,10
,10 ,10 10.17 13.94 17.49
10.31
N.D.
17.88
,10 ,10 10.31 13.15
10.31
10.31
10.31
15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51
Appendix 1 265
Lima (Limaria) orcutti Hertlein Lithophaga sp. Lucina (Epilucina) californica Conrad Lucina (Here) excavata Carpenter Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii antecedens Arnold Lucina (Lucinoma) annulata Reeve Lucina (Parvilucina) tenuisculpta intensa Dall Lucinisca nuttalli (Conrad) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb)
Macoma (Macoma) eliminata Dunnill and Coan Macoma (Macoma) inquinata Deshayes
Macoma (Macoma) nasuta Conrad Macoma (Macoma) nasuta kelseyi Dall Macoma (Macoploma) medioamericana Olsson Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata tenurirostris Dall Mactra albaria Conrad Megapitaria squalida Sowerby Milneria minima Dall Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Miodontiscus prolongatus Carpenter Modiolus rectus Conrad Modiolus sacculifer Berry Mysella tumida Carpenter Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis sternbergi Hertlein Mytilus cf. M. coalingensis Arnold
Mytilus sp. Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum Carpenter Nucula (Ennucula) balboana Hertlein Nucula (Lamellinucula) exigua Sowerby Nuculana (Nuculana) aff. N. (N.) leonina (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) taphria Dall Ostrea (Agerostrea) megodon Hanley Ostrea erici Hertlein Ostrea sp. Ostrea veatchii Gabb
378 385 195 344 403 407 595 402
414 412
413
487 501
535 534 536 541 579 659
483
481 482
720 441 456 467 469 468
415 418
409
Gobraeus edentulus Gabb Gregariella chenui (Recluz) Hiatella arctica Linnaeus Hinnites giganteus Gray Hinnites sp. Irusella lamellifera (Conrad) Kellia laperousii Deshayes Laevicardium quadrageneraium (Conrad)
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby) Milneria minima Dall Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Miodontiscus prolongatus Carpenter Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia?) sacculifer Berry Rochefortia tumida (Carpenter) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) stembergi Hertlein and Grant Mytilus (Crenomytilus) cf. M. (C.) coalingensis Arnold Mytilus sp. Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Nucula (Leionucula) balboana Hertlein Nucula (Lamellinucula) exigua Sowerby Nuculana (Nuculana) aff. N. (N.) leonina (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) erici (Hertlein) Ostrea sp. Ostreola? megodon (Hanley)
Macoma (Macoma) eliminata Dunnill and Coan Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Macoploma) medioamericana Olsson Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter
Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Gregariella chenui (Recluz) Hiatella arctica Linnaeus Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Crassadoma sp. Irusella lamellifera (Conrad) Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Limaria orcutti (Hertlein) Lithophaga sp. Epilucina californica (Conrad) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii antecedens Arnold Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Parvilucina tenuisculpta intensa (Dall) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
71N–32.7 34N–4S, through Gulf of California 55N–33N 37N–28N 28N–5S Genus not living N.D. 28N–5S
Genus, 57N–5S 31N–4S 51N–29N 26N–25N 61N–33N 54N–5S 34N–33N 71N–33N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Genus, 71N–19N 59N–28N
60N–27N 60N–27N Gulf of California to 5S 41N–28N 41N–28N
Genus, 37N–9N Genus, 40N–5S, through Gulf of California 42N–25N 34N–24N Species, 37N–22N 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Species, 61N–28N 37N–22N 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 60N–34N 57N–34N
34N–25N 37N–5S 71N–10N 60N–25N Genus, 60N–25N 40N–31N 60.8N–3.7S 37N–27N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
327 339 346 347 348 353 362
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
,10 15.51 11.38 13.94 17.16 N.D. N.D. 17.16
,10 10.60
,10
10.89 16.15 11.74 17.87 10.17 11.47 15.51 ,10 ,10
10.31 10.31 16.98 11.03 11.03
10.31 10.89
13.94 13.36 13.53 15.51 13.94 10.17 10.17 13.94 10.17 17.88
15.51 13.94 ,10 10.31 10.31 13.54 10.17 13.94
Effective Temp. (8C)
266 Appendix 1
Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Pandora (Pandorella) bilirata Conrad Panomya cf. P. beringiana Dall Panope (Panope) abrupta (Conrad) Panope generosa (Gould) Parvilucina tenuisculpta Carpenter Patinopecten healeyi (Dall) Pecten (?Patinopecten) merriami Arnold Pecten (Argopecten) subdolus Hertlein
581 582 587 589
Pristes oblongus Carpenter Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima Carpenter Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Psephidia barbarensis Arnold Psephidia stephensae Hertlein and Grant Pseudocardium sp. Saccella taphria (Dall) Sachella taphria (Dall) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli latus Stewart Saxidomus sp. aff. S. nuttalli Conrad Semele ashleyi Hertlein Semele rubropicta Dall Septifer bifurcatus Conrad Siliqua lucida (Conrad) Solen rosaceus Carpenter Solen sicarius Gould Sphenia cf. S. luticola Valenciennes Spisula (Mactromeris) catilliformis Conrad
633 635 636 644 643 649
681 684 686 693 700 701 713 717
667 668
Pododesmus cepio (Gray) Pododesmus macroschisma Deshayes
829
605 606 608 610 615 620
602
603
Pecten (Oppenheimopecten) vodgesi Arnold
574
Pecten (Patinopecten) healeyi Arnold Pecten (Patinopecten) healeyi sanclementensis Susuki and Stadum Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) Pecten (Pecten) bellus hemphilli Dall Pecten (Pecten) lecontei Arnold Pecten (Pecten) stearnsi Dall Pecten bellus (Conrad) Pecten bellus forma hemphilli Dall Penitella conradi Valenciennes Penitella penita (Conrad) Periploma stenopa Woodring Petricola (Rupellaria) carditoides Conrad Pitar newcombianus Gabb Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma Deshayes
Pecten (Flabellipecten) stearnsii Dall Pecten (Lituyapecten) dilleri Dall Pecten (Lyropecten) cerrosensis Gabb
310 392
594 597 311
Ostrea vespertina Conrad
245
Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Oppenheimopecten lecontei (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Flabellipecten steamsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Penitella conradi Valenciennes Penitella penita (Conrad) Periploma stenopa Woodring Petricola (Petricola) carditoides (Conrad) Pitar newcombianus (Gabb) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Podoesmus (Monia) cepio (Gray) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pristes oblongus Carpenter Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Nutricola barbarensis Arnold Nutricola stephensae Hertlein and Grant Pseudocardium sp. Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli latus Stewart Saxidomus sp. aff. S. nuttalli Conrad Semele ashleyi Hertlein Semele rubropicta Dall Septifer bifurcatus Conrad Siliqua lucida (Conrad) Solen (Ensisolen) rostriformis Dunker Solen sicarius Gould Sphenia cf. S. luticola (Valenciennes) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad)
Oppenheimopecten vodgesi (Arnold) 5 Ma– Holocene Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Pandora (Pandorella) bilirata Conrad Panomya cf. P. priapus (Tilesius) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Flabellipecten? merriami (Arnold) 5–2.5 Ma Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6 Ma–1.6 Ma Flabellipecten stearnsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–1 Ma Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
33N–27N 57N–28N 61N–23N Genus, 61N–1S 34N–27N Genus, 45N–40N, Japan 37N–28N 37N–28N 41N–28N Species, 41N–28N 41N–28N Genus, 30N–3S 60N–28N 37N–23N 38N–25N 35N–23N 54N–30N 40N–4S 38N–28N
58N–28N 71N–24N
Subgenus, 38N–1S Subgenus, 38N–1S Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, 38N–4S Subgenus, 38N–1S Subgenus, 38N–1S 50N–228N 61N–26N Genus, 71N–4S 57N–26N 37N–33N 71N–24N
Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N
Genus, 38N–4S Genus not living Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 28N–1S
Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) 50N–26N 58N–23N 71N–60N 58N–34N 58N–34N 61N–28N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 34N–6S
16.26 10.89 10.17 10.17 15.51 12.00 13.94 13.94 11.03 11.03 11.03 16.45 10.31 13.94 13.15 13.53 11.47 13.36 13.15 continued
10.65 ,10
13.15 13.15 13.15 13.15 13.15 13.15 11.81 10.17 ,10 10.89 13.94 ,10
10.60 10.60
17.16
13.15 N.D. 17.88
11.81 10.65 ,10 10.65 10.65 10.17 10.60 13.15 15.51
17.16
Appendix 1 267
120 121 122 130 128 135 138 138 139
833 834 320 87 835 117
Architectonica nobilis forma discus Grant and Gale Astraea inaequalis (Martyn) Astraea undosa (Wood) Barbarofusus barbarensis (Trask) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum Gabb Bursa californica Hinds Calliostoma annulatum Martyn Calliostoma cf. C. annulatum Martyn Calliostoma cf. C. gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma costatum (Martyn) Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma kerri Arnold Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa Gabb Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall Cancellaria fulgeri (Arnold) Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria n.sp.
Acteocina eximia Baird Amphissa aff. A. reticulata Dall Architectonica cf. A. nobilis Ro¨ding
11 832 38
Astraea inaequalis (Martyn) Astraea (Pomaulax) undosa (Wood) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Bursa californica Hinds Calliostoma annulatum Martyn Calliostoma cf. C. annulatum Martyn Calliostoma cf. C. gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma costatum (Martyn) Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma kerri Arnold Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa Gabb Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall Cancellaria crawforidana Dall Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria n.sp.
Acteocina eximia Baird Amphissa aff. A. reticulata Dall Architectonica (Architectonica) cf. A. (A.) nobilis Ro¨ding Architectonica (Architectonica) nobilis Ro¨ding
Acanthina emersoni Hertlein and Allison Acteocina aff. A. inculta (Gould and Carpenter)
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Acanthina emersoni Hertlein and Allison Acteocina aff. A. inculta (Gould and Carpenter)
Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Tagelus (Tagelus) californianus (Conrad) Tellina nuculoides (Reeve) Tellina (Angulus) carpenteri Dall Tellina (Angulus) modesta (Carpenter) Tellina (Peronidia) bodegensis Hinds Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) Thyasira flexuosa (Montagu) Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe) Nutricola tantilla (Gould) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Trigonulina pacifica Jung (“Xylotrya” sp.) Yabepecten condoni (Hertlein) 5–2.5 Ma Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cf. Y. (K.) cooperii Gabb Zirfaea cf. Z. pilsbryii Lowe
Simomactra cf. S. falcata (Gould) Simomactra cf. S. planulata (Conrad)
Taxonomy used in this study
Spisula (Mactromeris) cf. S. (M.) falcata Gould Spisula (Mactromeris) cf. S. (M.) planulata Conrad Spisula (Mactromeris) hemphillii Dall Spisula (Mactromeris) mercedensis Packard Tagelus (Tagelus) californianus (Conrad) Tellina (Cadella) salmonea Carpenter Tellina (Moerella) carpenteri Dall Tellina (Oudardia) modesta Carpenter Tellina (Peronidia) bodegensis Hinds Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Thracia kanakoffi Hertlein Thyasira bisecta (Conrad) Thyasira gouldii Philippi Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum Mawe Transennella tantilla Gould Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Ventricordia (Trigonulina) ornata d’Orbigny Xylotrya sp. Yabepecten condoni (Hertlein) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cf. Y. (K.) cooperii Gabb Zirfaea cf. Z. pilsbryi Lowe
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
48N–33N 34N–28N; intertidal to 80 m, on rocks 44N–33N 34N–27N 37N–28N 55N–33N 55N–33N 34N–23N 57N–33N 34N–23N Genus, 57N–8N Subgenus, 24N–Chile 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California 38N–33N 38N–33N Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, if Cancellaria, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 48N–1S 37N–33N, in shallow bays through Gulf of California 58N–37N 58N–33N 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
36N–26N 38N–28N 41N–11N 60N–32N 57N–7N 59N–28N 57N–25N 34N–33N 57N–28N 57N–41N 71N–33N 38N–25N 61N–28N 57N–25N Genus, 37N–12S Specimen lost; tube Genus, living Japan 40N–28N 70N–25N
54N–31N 38N–28N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
830 831
814 818 823
736 350 750 751 753 754 773 774 775 777 781 782 808
719
718 715
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
12.64 15.51 12.71 15.51 13.94 11.38 11.38 15.51 10.89 15.51 10.89 18.49 17.88 10.97 13.15 13.15 10.97 10.97
17.88
10.65 10.65 17.88
12.64 13.94
13.26 13.15 11.03 10.31 10.89 10.60 10.97 15.51 10.89 10.89 ,10 13.15 10.17 10.97 13.94 N.D. N.D. 13.36 ,10
11.47 13.15
Effective Temp. (8C)
268 Appendix 1
Diodora aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. (N.) indianorum (Caprtenter) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Eulima aff. E. rutila Carpenter Fusinus (Barbarofusus) ? barbarensis Trask Fusitriton oregonensis (Redfield) Fusitriton sp. Glyphostoma conradiana Gabb Gyrineum lewisii Carson Haliotis fulgens Philippi Haliotis sp. Jaton festiva (Hinds) Kelletia aff. K. kelletii (Forbes) Lunatia lewisii (Gould) Macrarene diegenesis McLean Mangelia barbarensis Oldroyd Megasurcula carpenteriana Gabb Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) Melanella (Eulima) rutila Carpenter Mitrella gausapata (Gould) Mitrella sp. Mitrella tuberosa Carpenter Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Schizopyga) fossatus Gould Nassarius (Schizopyga) mendicus Gould Nassarius californianus (Conrad) Nassarius cf. N. perpinguis (Hinds)
840 287
842 549 552 558 562 564 566 567
495
320 324 325 338 662 841 342 357 359 622 903 430 442 446 79 462 465 466 490 489 495 493 496
Nassarius mendicus forma indisputabilis (Oldroyd) Ocenebra aff. O. fraseri (Oldroyd) Ocenebra lurida (Middendorff) Odostomia (Evalea) tenuisculpta Carpenter Odostomia sp. Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella pedroana Conrad Opalia (O.) varicosta (Stearns) Opalia (O.) wroblewskeyi (Mo¨rch) Opalia varicostatum Stearns
Cosmioconcha n.sp. Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Cylichnella alba Brown
211 224 225 226 234
288
Cancellaria rapa Nornland Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Cantharus aff. C. ringens (Reeve) Ceratostoma foliata (Gmelin) Cerithidae californica (Haldeman) Clathrodrillia n.spp. Clavus cf. C. empyrosia (Dall) Conus aff. C. recurvus Broderip Conus californicus (Hinds)
144 134 836 837 838 474 284 839 205
Ocenebra aff. O. fraseri (Oldroyd) Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff) (McLean, 1996) Odostomia (Evalea) tenuisculpta Carpenter Odostomia sp. Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Opalia (Opalia) varicostata Stearns Opalia (Opalia) wroblewskeyi (Mo¨rch) Opalia (Opalia) varicostata Stearns
Diodora aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. (N.) indianorum (Caprtenter) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Balcis aff. B. rutila (Carpenter) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Fusitriton sp. Glyphostoma conradiana Gabb Ranella lewisii (Carson) Haliotis fulgens Philippi Haliotis sp. Pteropurpura festiva (Hinds) Kelletia (Kelletia) aff. K. (K.) kelletii (Forbes) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Macrarene diegenesis McLean Mangelia barbarensis Oldroyd Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) Balcis rutila (Carpenter) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Mitrella sp. Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Caesia) fossatus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Caesia) cf. N. (C.) perpinguis (Hinds) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould)
Cancellaria rapa Nomland Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Cantharus (Gemophos) ringens (Reeve) Ceratostoma foliata(Gmelin) Cerithidea californica (Haldeman) Ophiodermella sp. Elaeocyma cf. E. empyrosia (Dall) Conus (Leptoconus) recurvus Broderip Conus (Chelyconus) californicus Reeve, ex Hinds Cosmioconcha n.sp. Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Cylichna alba (Brown)
49N 55N–34N 48N–24N Genus, 72N–23N 49N–25N 55N–23N Genus, 55N–25N 55N–32N Genus, 55N–25N
55N–25N
49N–23N 55N–25N 46N–33N 59N–33N Genus, 59N–33N 37N–33N Genus not living 38N–23N Genus, 57N–23N 34N–27N 34N–30N 51N–28N 38N–15N 34N–23N, Gulf of California 38N–28N 34N–32N 55N–25N 60N–27N Genus, 70N–5N 55N–23N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 49N–27N 55N–25N Subgenus, 55N–25N 48N–28N
Genus, 24N–south of equator 65N–23N 34N–3S Genus, 72N–5S 71N–37N (Keen and Bentson, 1944, p. 34, as Cylichnella alba) 34N–4S 55N–24N
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California 24N–3S 57N–33N 38N–27N Genus, 48N–23N 34N–33N 25N–5N 38N–24N
11.81 11.38 12.64 ,10 11.81 11.38 11.38 11.38 11.38 continued
11.38
11.81 11.38 12.50 10.60 10.60 13.94 N.D. 13.15 10.89 15.51 15.51 11.74 13.15 15.51 13.15 15.51 11.38 10.31 ,10 11.38 11.81 11.81 11.38 11.38 12.64
15.51 11.38
18.49 ,10 15.51 ,10 ,10
10.97 10.97 18.49 10.89 13.15 12.64 15.51 17.88 13.15
Appendix 1 269
765 766 33 69 825 246 247 248
763
330 367 369
72
259 40 66 80 257 592
Cadulus fusiformis Pilsbry and Sharp (Scaphopoda) Dentalium neohexagonum Pilsbry and Sharp Archohelia sp. (Cnidaria) Astrangia cf. A. insignifica Nomland Balanophylla elegans Verrill Dendrophyllia cf. D. oldroydi Faustino Paracyanthus stearnsii Verrill Paracyanthus cf. P. stearnsii Verrill Balanus (Balanus) gregarius (Conrad) (Arthropoda) Glottidia albida Hinds (Brachiopoda) Laqueus californianus Koch Laqueus vancouverensis diegensis Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia cf. T. occidentalis Dall Terebratalia hemphilli Dall Terebratalia occidentalis Dall Arbacia incisa A. Agassiz (Echinodermata) Astropecten armatus Gray Brisaster towsendi woynari Hertlein and Grant Dendraster ashleyi Arnold Dendraster ashleyi ynezensis Kew Dendraster casseli Grant and Gale
Glottidia albida (Hinds) Laqueus californianus (Koch) Laqueus vancouverensis diegensis Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia cf. T. occidentalis (Dall) Terebratalia hemphilli Dall Terebratalia occidentalis (Dall) Arbacia incisa (Agassiz) Astropecten armatus Gray Brisaster towsendi woynari Hertlein and Grant Dendraster ashleyi (Arnold) Dendraster ashleyi ynezensis Kew Dendraster casseli Grant and Gale
Dentalium neohexagonum Pilsbry and Sharp Archohelia sp. Astrangia cf. A. lajollaensis Durham Balanophyllia elegans Verrill Dendrophyllia cf. D. oldroydi Faustino Paracyanthus stearnsii Verrill Paracyanthus cf. P. stearnsii Verrill Balanus gregarius (Conrad)
Cadulus fusiformis Pilsbry and Sharp
Other taxa
Other taxa
108
Turritella jewettii Carpenter Volvulella (Volvulella) cylindrica Carpenter
Turritella jewettii Carpenter Volvullela cylindrica (Carpenter)
803 813
Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Searlesia diegoensis (Dall) Sinum debile Gould Eulima raymondi (Rivers) Tachyrhychus major Dall Tegula funebralis (Adams) Tegula gallina (Forbes) Terebra martini English Terebra martini English Terebra sp. Nucella emarginata (Deshayes) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Pteropurpura festiva (Hinds) Trivia (Pusula) sanguinea (Sowerby ex Gray) Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis (Born) Boreotrophon stuarti (Smith) (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) stylina (Carpenter) Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella vanvlecki Arnold hemphilli Applin
Taxonomy used in this study
Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) torquata (Carpenter) Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella gonostoma forma hemphilli Merriam
Polinices (Neverita) reclusianus Deshayes Polinices recluzianus (Deshayes) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Searlesia diegoensis Dall Sinum debile Gould Strombiformis riversi Bartsch Tachyrhychus erosus forma major Dall Tegula funebralis (A. Adams) Tegula gallina (Forbes) Terebra (Strioterebrum) martini English Terebra martini English Terebra sp. Thais emarginata (Deshayes) Thais lamellosa (Gmelin) Triremis festiva Hinds Trivia sanginea (Sowerby) Trochita radians Lamarck Trophon (Boreotrophon) stuarti E. A. Smith
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 38N–23N 38N–23N Genus, 38N–23N 38N–23N 28N–3S 33N–3S Species, 37N–8N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N
37N–18N 48N–33N Genus, 48N–33N
37N–23N; 29N–23N Gulf of California Genus, not living, Eocene–Miocene Genus, 34N–25N 48N–34N Genus, 33N 48N–34N 48N–34N Not living
37N–23N
34N–33N 37N–28N Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S 34N–16N 48N–24N
42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, 56N–37N 34N–3N Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California 72N–55N 48N–28N 38N–23N Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S 58N–16N 65N–34N 34N–27N 31 N in Gulf of California–3S Chile north to 1S 55N–33N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
788 801 806
761 845 525 528 357 844 129 95
641 677 696 296 843 743 744
625
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
13.15 13.15 13.15 13.15 17.16 16.26 13.94 11.47 11.47 11.47
13.94 12.64 12.64
13.94 N.D. 15.51 12.64 16.26 12.64 12.64 N.D.
13.94
15.51 12.64
15.51 13.94 16.98
13.53 13.53 N.D. 10.97 15.51 19.21 ,10 12.64 13.15 15.51 15.51 15.51 10.65 ,10 15.51 16.98 9.22 11.38
Effective Temp. (8C)
270 Appendix 1
55 612
664 217
Pecten (Chlamys) opuntia Dall
Anomalocardia sp. cf. A. subimbricata Sowerby Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Chione succincta Valenciennes Hinnites giganteus Gray Ostrea cerrosensis Gabb Ostrea megodon Hanley Ostrea mexicana Sowerby Ostrea titan Conrad (?) Ostrea veatchii Gabb Pecten (Aequipecten) percarus Hertlein Pecten (Aequipecten) tumbezensis d’Orbigny
Bivalvia
Beal (1948, p. 80–81) (Salada Formation) (this fauna, and others from this latitude may include Pleistocene taxa). Not included are Jordan and Hertlein (1926a, 1926b, p. 415– 420), Hertlein (1957, p. 58, 60; 1966; 1968), Hertlein and Allison (1959, p. 21–22), and Emerson and Hertlein (1960) because of uncertain age assignments
;2881278 WSA
160 30 163 347 379
Uncertainty of age assignment, Pliocene and Pleistocene N.D. Uncertainty of age assignment, Pliocene and Pleistocene N.D. Uncertainty of age assignment, Pliocene and Pleistocene N.D. Uncertainty of age assignment, Pliocene and Pleistocene N.D.
See Hertlein (1931; 1957, p. 58, p. 60; 1966, p. 268–269, p. 271; 1968), Hertlein and Allison (1959, p. 21–22) (Pliocene, Baja California Sur Mexico fossils for south of 328N Lat)
Bryozoa (see Hertlein and Grant, 1960b, p. 86 [34 taxa]) Carchadron arnoldi Jordan (Vertebrata)
Taxa not considered
Dendraster gibbsii humilis Kew Echinometra sp. Encope tenuis Kew Eucidaris thouarsii Valenciennes Eucidaris cf. E. thouarsii Valenciennes Hesperocidaris perplexa H. L. Clark Letechinus sp. Lovenia hemphilli Israelsky Merriamaster cf. M. israelskyi Jordan and Hertlein Merriamaster pacificus Kew Spatangus rarus Israelsky Strongylocentrotus franciscanus A. Agassiz Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Stimpson
;3281318 WSA ;3181308 WSA ;3081298 WSA ;2981288 WSA
460 710 731 732
291 345 376 401 449
255 283 285
Chione (?Chione) subimbriacata (Sowerby) Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Chione (Chione) californiensis (Broderip) Crassadoma gigantea (Gray) 27 Ma–H Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) Saccostrea palmula (Carpenter) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) Argopecten percarus (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Pacipecten tumbezensis (d’Orbigny) 5 Ma–H (Leptopecten of authors) Chlamys opuntia (Dall) 8–1 Ma
Bivalvia
Dendraster gibbsii humilis Kew Echinometra sp. Encope tenuis Kew Eucidaris thouarsii (Valenciennes) Eucidaris cf. E. thouarsii (Valenciennes) Hesperocidaris perplexa (Clark) Letechinus sp. Lovenia hemphilli Israelsky Merriamaster cf. M. israelskyi (Jordan and Hertlein) Merriamaster pacificus (Kew) Spatangus rarus Israelsky Strongylocentrotus franciscanus Agassiz) Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson)
Genus, 70N–1S
28N–5S 37N–5S 37N–10N 60N–25N 28N–5S 28N–5S 25N–2S, Crassostrea of authors Genus, 60N–5S 28N–5S Genus, 34N–6S 31N–5S, Gulf of California
Genus not living Genus, 37N–28N 57N–28N 57N–28N
Genus, 54N–23N 27N–0, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Gulf of California–0 Gulf of California–0 Gulf of California–19N Genus, 33N–3S Genus, 34N–3N Genus not living
continued
,10
17.16 13.94 13.94 10.31 17.16 17.16 17.88 10.31 17.16 15.51 16.15
N.D. 13.94 10.89 10.89
11.47 17.47 17.88 16.98 16.98 16.98 16.26 15.51 N.D.
Appendix 1 271
Pecten (Plagioctenium) callidus Hertlein Pecten (Plagioctenium) cristobalensis Hertlein Pecten (Plagioctenium) hakei Hertlein Pecten (Plagioctenium) invalidus Hanna Pecten (Plagioctenium) mendenhalli Arnold Pecten carrizoensis Arnold Pecten circularis Sowerby
Pecten deserti Conrad Pecten hemphilli Dall Pecten lawsoni Arnold
Pecten sp. nov. aff. P. mendenhalli Arnold Pecten sp. nov. aff. P. paucicostatus Carpenter
Spondylus sp.
44 49 52 53 54 309 46
50 602 176
374
725
Other taxa
Cardium cf. C. ciliatum Fabricius
Cardium cf. C. corbis Martyn
189
Bivalvia
Diller (1902, p. 32–39) (Saint George Formation). (Correlated with Empire Formation, Oregon). (Probably includes late Miocene fossils near Crescent City and Mad River, northwestern California). Maxson (1933, p. 135), Back (1957, p. 21–22) (Saint George Formation)
East of San Andreas fault (ESA)
185
;4281418 ESA
285
Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) cf. C. (C.) ciliatum (Fabricius) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) cf. C. (C.) nuttallii (Conrad)
Bivalvia
Encope sverdrupi Durham
Balanus concavus Bronn Dendraster n.sp. aff. D. gibbsii (Re´mond)
Other taxa
Balanus concavus Bronn (Arthropoda) Dendraster n.sp. aff. D. gibbsii Re´mond (Echinodermata) Encope sp. aff. tenuis Kew
Strombus sp. Terebra sp. cf. T. variegata Gray Tritonalia n.sp. Trophon belcheri Hinds
730 758
75 254
Acanthina tuberculata (Gray) Conus sp. Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Nassarius (Caesia) aff. N. (C.) perpinguis (Hinds) Strombus sp. Terebra sp. cf. T. variegata Gray Ocenebra? n.sp.? Forreria belcheri (Hinds)
Acanthina tuberculata Gray Conus sp. Forreria belcheri Hinds Nassa aff. N. perpinguis Hinds
Gastropoda
Pecten (Pecten) aletes Hertlein 5–2.5 Ma Euvola refugioensis (Hertlein) 5–2.5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus calli (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten callidus (Hertlein) 8–1 Ma Argopecten cristobalensis (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten hakei (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten invalidus (Hanna) 8–1 Ma Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma Flabellipecten carrizoensis (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene Argopecten deserti (Conrad) 13–2.5 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Dall) 8–1 Ma Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma Pacipecten aff. P. tumbezensis (Sowerby) 5 Ma–Holocene Spondylus sp.
Taxonomy used in this study
2 207 314 496
Gastropoda
Pecten (Pecten) aletes Hertlein Pecten (Pecten) refugioensis Hertlein Pecten (Plagioctenium) calli Hertlein
West of San Andreas fault (WSA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
60N–33N
71N–57N
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Worldwide distribution Genus, 54N–23N
Genus, northern end of Gulf of California–5S 25N–3S Genus, 59N–19N 34N–28N
48N–1S Genus, 38N–south of equator 34N–28N 48N–28N
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 34N–6S 31N–5S
Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 38N–1S 60N–33N
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 38N–4S 34N–5S
Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, 38N–23N Species, 34N–6S
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
601 300 45
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
10.31
,10
17.88
N.D. 11.47
16.98 17.88 10.60 15.51
12.64 13.15 15.51 12.64
16.15
15.51 16.15
15.51 13.15 10.31
15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.51 13.15 15.51
13.15 13.15 15.51
Effective Temp. (8C)
272 Appendix 1
Macoma nasuta Conrad Macoma sp. Mytilus n.sp. Mytilus cf. M. edulis Linnaeus
Mytilus sp. Panomya ampla Dall Pecten parmeleei Dall
Pecten (Propeamussium) riversi Arnold
Pecten discus (Maxson, 1933, p. 135) Protothaca cf. P. staleyi Gabb Saxidomus sp. Siliqua patula nuttalli Conrad Solen cf. S. sicarius Gould Spisula sp. Tapes sp. Yoldia strigata Dall
413 426
487 586 734
830
580 640 669 694 701 723 639 816
186
237
6
;4181408 ESA
262 765 77
627
131 373 847
Other taxa
Acila (Truncacila) castrensis Hinds Acila conradi Meek Cardita ventricosa Gould Cardita sp. indet. Cardium coosensis Dall
Bivalvia
Diller (1902, p. 32–35) (Eel River and Rio Dell areas, may include late Miocene fossils), Martin (1916, p. 239) (upper Wildcat Formation). Faustman (1964, Fig. 7) (Rio Dell Formation). Glen (1959, p. 157) (upper Wildcat Formation). Doesn’t include Price Creek fossils
Corals (Cnidaria) Small fishes (Vertebrata) Fossil flora (Maxson, 1933, p. 135)
Taxa not considered
Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds) Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cardita sp. Clinocardium coosense (Dall)
Bivalvia
Dentalium sp. Terebratalia hemphilli Dall Balanus sp.
Other taxa
Dentalium sp. (Scaphopoda) Terebratalia hemphilli Dall (Brachiopoda) Balanus sp. (Arthropoda)
Calytraea sp. Lepton? sp. Ocenebra sp. N.D. Polinices sp.
Gastropoda
Cryptomya sp. Macoma cf. M. brota Dall Macoma (Rexithaerus) cf. M. (R.) expansa Carpenter Macoma (Heteromacoma) cf. M. (H.) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Mytilus n.sp. Mytilus cf. M. trossulus Gould (Coan et al., 2000, p. 159) Mytilus sp. Panomya ampla Dall Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) 8 Ma– Holocene Pacipecten discus (Conrad)? 13–5 Ma Protothaca cf. P. staleyi (Gabb) Saxidomus sp. Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Solen sicarius Gould Spisula sp. Protothaca sp. Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall
Galerus sp. Lepton? Ocenebra sp Peristemia? Polinices sp.
Gastropoda
Macoma cf. M. kelseyi Dall
413
486
Cryptomya sp. Macoma cf. M. edentula Sowerby Macoma cf. M. expansa Carpenter
846 424 417
60N–27N 60N–27N 61N–28N N.D. Genus, 71N–33N
Genus, 57N–3S Genus, 38N–23N Intertidal
Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 23N–south Genus, 59N–19N N.D. Genus, 72N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S (a late Miocene taxon) Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 60N–28N 59N–35N 54N–30N Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 61N–20S Subgenus 71N–34N
Genus, 71N–19N 71N–60N Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given 60N–33N
60N–27N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–19N 72N–33.5N
60N–27N
Genus, 60N–6S 71N–48N 60N–35N
continued
10.31 10.31 10.17 N.D. ,10
10.89 13.15 N.D.
10.97 19.21 10.60 N.D. ,10
16.15 10.17 10.31 10.60 11.47 10.89 10.17 ,10
10.31
,10 ,10 N.D.
10.31 ,10 ,10 ,10
10.31
10.31 ,10 10.31
Appendix 1 273
534 537 582 584
475 479 485
616
416 426
419
413
412
541 405 408 392 423 425 418
585
858 241
231
183
Macoma secta Conrad Macoma cf. M. tenera Leach Macoma yoldiformis Carpenter Macoma n.sp. Macoma sp. Macoma? sp. Marcia oregonensis Conrad Marcia subdiaphana (Conrad) Modiolus stalderi Martin Mya japonica Jay Mytilus californianus Conrad Neaeromya (Orbitella) compressa (Dall) (Moore, 1992) Nucula suprastriata Carpenter Nuculana fossa (Bair) Pandora bilirata Conrad Pandora grandis Dall
Clinocardium lispum Roth and Talmadge (Roth and Talmadge, 1975) Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium aff. C. pritinum Keen Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) subsp. gibbosus (Gabb) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya ovalis Conrad Cyclocardia (Cyclocardia) crebricostata Krause Cyclopecten (Delectopecten) cf. C. (D.) randolphi (Dall) Kennerlia sp. Laevicardium (Cerastoderma meekianum) (Gabb) Leda taphria Dall Lucina (Myrtea) acutilineata Conrad Lyonsia californica Conrad Lyropecten dilleri Dall Macoma astori Dall Macoma calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma aff. M. indentata Carpenter subsp. tenuirostris Dall Macoma inquinata (Deshayes) subsp. arnheimi Dall Macoma cf. M. nasuta (Conrad)
901
184 185
Cardium meekianum Gabb Cardium cf. C. corbis Chione securis Shumard Chlamys rubida (Hinds) subsp. jordani (Arnold) Clementia (Compsomyax) cf. C. (C.) subdiaphana Carpenter Clinocardium blandum (Gould) Clinocardium comoxense (Dall)
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Macoma (Heteromacoma) cf. M. (H.) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma (Psammacoma) yoldiformis Carpenter Macoma n.sp. Macoma sp. Macoma? sp. Pitar? oregonensis (Conrad) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Musculus niger (Gray) Mya japonica Jay Mytilus (Mytilus) californianus Conrad Neaeromya compressa (Dall) (Coan et al., 2000, p. 324) Nucula (Lamellinucula) exigua Sowerby Nuculana (Nuculana) fossa (Baird) Pandora (Pandorella) bilirata Conrad Pandora (Pandorella) wardiana A. Adams
Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lyonsia californica Conrad Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–1 Ma Macoma astori Dall Macoma calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma (Rexithaerus) aff. M. (R.) indentata Carpenter Macoma inquinata (Deshayes)
Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cyclocardia (Cyclocardia) crebricostata Krause Delectopecten cf. D. vancouverensis (Whiteaves) 5 Ma–Holocene Pandora sp. Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb)
Clinocardium (Keenocardium) blandum (Gould) Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) ciliatum (Fabricius) Clinocardium lispum Roth and Talmadge (Roth and Talmadge, 1975) Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium aff. C. pritinum Keen Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter)
Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Chione securis (Shumard) Chlamys jordani (Arnold) 5–1 Ma Compsomyax cf. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter)
Taxonomy used in this study
34N–4S, through Gulf of California 66N–48N 58N–23N 71N–48N
54N–25N 71N–47N 57N–27N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 37N–18S 61N–30N 71N–35N 71N–37N 59N–18N 71.4N–32.78N
60N–27N
57N–34N
37N–28N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 55N–17N Genus not living Genus, 71N–4S 71N–47N 41N–28N
Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 71N–33N
15.51 ,10 10.65 ,10
11.47 ,10 10.89 ,10 ,10 ,10 13.94 10.17 ,10 ,10 10.60 ,10
10.31
10.89
13.94 10.17 11.38 N.D. ,10 ,10 11.03
10.31 ,10
10.31 10.31 ,10 10.31
,10 ,10 10.17
Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N 61N–30N 60N–6S 60N–6S 71.4N–57N 60N–27N
,10
10.89 ,10
,10 ,10 15.51 ,10 10.17
Effective Temp. (8C)
Genus, 71N–33N
57N–39N 71N–49N
Genus, 71N–33N 63N–33N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 70N–1S 61N–28N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
187 189 168 178 201
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
274 Appendix 1
16
816
150 151 818 820 815
772 774
753 755 773
723
721 717 428
701 720
694
687 693
638
407 636 647 782 784
733
599 733
586 576 588 640 596
Protothaca laciniata (Carpenter) hannibali (Howe) Serripes groenlandicus (Brugiere) Siliqua (Siliqua) lucida (Conrad) Siliqua (Siliqua) cf. S. (S.) lucida (Conrad) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua (Siliqua) cf. S. (S.) patula (Dixon) Solen sicarius Gould Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris brevirostrata (Packard) Spisula (Spisula) catilliformis Conrad Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson) Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson) Spisula sp. Spisula sp. Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Tellina (Peronidia) bodegensis Hinds Tellina? sp. Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Thracia sp. Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cardita subtenta (Conrad) Cardita subtenta var. quadrata (Conrad) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cooperi Gabb Yoldia impressa Conrad (Miocene species) Yoldia (Cnesterium) cf. Y. (C.) seminuda Dall Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Admete dilleri Martin
Pecten sp. Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Nutricola ovalis (Dall) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroana (Conrad)
Pecten sp. ident. Phacoides annulatus Reeve Protothaca staminea (Conrad) Psephidia lordi (Baird) subsp. ovalis Dall Schizothaerus nuttallii (Conrad) Schizothaerus nuttallii (Conrad) var. pajaroanus (Conrad) Securella staleyi (Gabb) subsp. hannibali (Howe) Serripes gro¨nlandicus Becks Siliqua lucida (Conrad) Siliqua cf. S. lucida (Conrad) Siliqua nuttalli Conrad Siliqua oregonia Dall Siliqua patula (Dixon) Siliqua cf. S. patula (Dixon) Solen sicarius Gould Spisula albaria Conrad Spisula (Hemimactra) albaria (Conrad) Spisula (Hemimactra) brevirostrata Packard Spisula (Hemimactra) catilliformis Conrad Spisula (Hemimactra) voyi (Gabb) Spisula voyi Gabb Spisula sp. Spisula sp. ident. Tapes staleyi Gabb Tellina bodegensis Hinds Tellina (?) sp. Thracia trapezoidea Conrad Thracia trapezoides Conrad Thracia sp. Thyasira bisecta (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Venericardia castor Dall Venericardia subtenta Conrad Venericardia subtenta var. quadrata Conrad Yoldia cooperi Gabb Yoldia impressa Conrad Yoldia cf. Y. scissurata Leach? Yoldia scissurata Dall subsp. strigata Dall Yoldia striagata Dall
Admete dilleri Martin
Panomya ampla Dall Panomya priapus (Tilesius) Panomya sp. Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma–Holocene Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma–Holocene Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–1 Ma Patinopecten propatulus (Conrad)? 17–8 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Swiftopecten sp.
Panomya ampla Dall Panomya beringiana Dall Panomya sp. Paphia staleyi Gabb Pecten caurinus Gould Pecten (Patinopecten) caurinus Gould Pecten (Patinopecten) dilleri Dall Pecten propatulus Conrad Pecten (Swiftopecten) etchegoini Anderson subsp. wattsi Arnold Pecten (Swiftopecten) sp.
Genus, 71N–17N
71N–48N 38N–25N 38N–25N 59N–35N 59N–35N 59N–35N 59N–35N 59N–35N Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S 38N–28N 71N–46N 71N–46N Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 61N–20S 57N–25N Genus, 72N–5S 57N–28N 57N–28N Genus, 61N–4S 57N–41N 57N–25N 61N–28N Genus, if Cardita, 29N–4S Genus, if Cardita, 29N–4S 40N–28N Genus, 71N–7N 71N–34N Subgenus 71N–34N Subgenus 71N–34N
Species, 37N–27N
71N–60N 71N–60N Genus, 71N–51N Genus, 61N–20S 59N–36N 59N–36N Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given N.D. 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–23N 40N–28N 57N–25N Genus, 60N–25N
continued
,10
,10 13.15 13.15 10.60 10.60 10.60 10.60 10.60 10.89 10.89 10.89 13.15 ,10 ,10 10.89 10.89 10.17 10.89 ,10 10.89 10.89 10.17 10.89 10.97 10.17 16.78 16.78 13.36 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10
13.94
N.D. 10.17 10.17 13.36 10.97 10.31
N.D.
,10 ,10 ,10 10.17 10.60 10.60 N.D. 10.60 N.D.
Appendix 1 275
Boreotrophon durhami Faustman
Buccinum strigillatum Dall Chrysodomus altispira Gabb Chrysodomus andersoni Martin Chrysodomus halibrectus Dall Chrysodomus liratus Martyn var. rectirostris Carpenter Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird Colus sp. indet. Drillia fleenerensis Martin Drillia inermis Hinds Drillia mercedensis Martin Epitonium (Nitidiscala) indianorum (Carpenter) Exilioidea rectirostris (Carpenter) Liomesus sulculatus Dall (?) Lora harpularia (Couthouy) Lora turricula (Montagu) Lora viridula (Fabricius) Mangelia cf. tabulatus Carpenter Margarites (Lirularia) condoni Dall Mitrella carinata (Hinds) var. gausapata (Gould) Mitrella gouldii (Carpenter) Moniliopsis graciosana (Arnold) var. mercedensis (Martin) Nassa mendica Gould Nassarius (Schizopyga) moranianus (Martin) Natica clausa Broderip and Sowerby
Natica near lewisii Gould Natica (Tectonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica (Tectonatica) russa Gould Neptunea altispira Gabb Neptunea (Neptunea) andersoni (Martin) Neptunea (Neptunea) lirata (Martyn) subsp. altispira Gabb
96
103 502 503 197 301
622
499
495 62 498
382 395 399 400 634 435 462 463
472 473 287
509 199
464 396 398 89 92 653 94
324
Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Antiplanes voyi (Gabb) Argobuccinum (Fusitriton) arnoldi Martin Argobuccinum (Fusitriton) coosense Dall Argobuccinum (Fusitriton) cf. A. (F.) oregonense (Redfield) Argobuccinum oregonensis Redfield Argobuccinum scotiaensis Martin Astyris richthofeni Gabb Bela santae-monicae Arnold Bela sp. Bittium filosum Gould Bittium frankelum Faustman Boreotrophon fleenerensis Martin Boreotrophon cf. B. rotundatus Dall
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica (Cryptonatica) russa Gould Neptunea (Neptunea) altispira (Gabb) Neptunea (Neptunea) andersoni (Martin) Neptunea (Neptunea) altispira (Gabb)
Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Colus ap. Pseudomelatoma fleenerensis (Martin) Ophiodermella cf. O. incisa (Carpenter) Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) indianorum (Carpenter) Exilioidea rectirostris (Carpenter) Pseudoliomesus sulculatus Dall Lora harpularia (Couthouy) Lora turricula (Montagu) Lora viridula (Fabricius) Propebela tabulata (Carpenter) Margarites (Lirularia) condoni Dall Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Mitrella gouldii (Carpenter) Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin)
Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Lora sanctaemonicae (Arnold) Lora sp. Bittium (Stylidium) eschrichtii (Middendorff) Bittium frankeli Faustman Pseudomelatoma fleenerensis (Martin) Boreotrophon cf. B. rotundatus Dall (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon durhami Faustman (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Buccinum strigillatum Dall Neptunea (Neptunea) altispira (Gabb) Neptunea (Neptunea) andersoni (Martin) Colus halibrectus (Dall) Exilioidea rectirostris (Carpenter)
Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Antiplanes voyi (Gabb) Fusitriton arnoldi (Martin) Fusitriton corbiculata (Dall) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield)
Taxonomy used in this study
71N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N
51N–28N 72N–54N
55N–25N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 72N–54N
51N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 40N–25N If O. incisa, 48N–32N; if O. inermis, 38N–27N Genus, 48N–23N 55N–24N 56N–30N Genus, 72N–55N 72N–37N 72N–48N 72N–37N, 591 m Alaska or 37N to 24N 72N–29N 60N–27N 55N–24N Genus, 48N–23N
48N–29N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N 55N 56N–30N
Genus, 72N–17N
59N–33N 59N–33N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 73N–30N Genus, 73N–30N 57N–48N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 40N–25N 57N
55N–30N Genus, 59N–30N Genus, 59N–33N Genus, 59N–33N 59N–33N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
32 716 321 322
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
,10 ,10 ,10 ,10
11.74 ,10
11.38 11.81 ,10
11.74 ,10 13.36 12.64 12.64 11.38 10.97 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 13.94 ,10 10.31 11.38 12.64
12.64 ,10 ,10 11.38 10.97
,10
10.60 10.60 ,10 ,10 ,10 10.89 10.31 13.36 10.89
11.38 10.60 10.60 10.60 10.60
Effective Temp. (8C)
276 Appendix 1
Not present on shore N.D.
Peck (1960, p. 236–237) (Ohlson Ranch Formation). Osmont (1905, p. 68–69), Dickerson (1922, p. 544–546), Weaver (1949, p. 95) (Merced Formation). Bedrossian (1971, p. 90–91) (“Merced” Formation). Roth and Guruswami-Naidu (1974, p. 14–146) (Wilson Grove Formation)
;398–388 ESA
Picea (spruce cone) (Plantae)
Taxa not considered
Scutellaster sp. Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) Scutellaster oregonensis major Kew Scutellaster oregonensis (Clark) Scutellaster n.sp. Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) hesperius hesperius (Pilsbry)
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 65N–48N; 60 to 180 m
Genus not living
Scaphopoda sp. Scutellaster oregonensis major Kew
11.38 ,10
55N–30N Genus, 72N–55N
continued
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. ,10
N.D.
10.97
11.74 11.74 13.53 10.89 ,10 10.60 N.D. 11.38 ,10 10.31 17.16 15.51
51N–28N 51N–28N 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 57N–37N 65N–34N Genus, 59N–33N N.D. 55N–33N 65N–34N 60N–33N 28N–3S, through Gulf of California 34N–33N
56N–1S
,10 13.53 11.38 ,10
10.97 ,10 ,10 ,10 11.74 11.74
Genus, 72N–33N 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 55N–23N Genus, 72N–33N
56N–54N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N 51N–33N Species, 51N–33N
Cadulus cf. C. californicus Pilsbry and Sharp
Other taxa
Other taxa
Cadulus cf. C. californicus Pilsbry and Sharp (Scaphopoda) Scaphopoda, ident. Echinarachnius cf. E. interstriata Blake (Echinodermata) Scutella sp. Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) Scutellaster major (Kew) Scutellaster oregonensis (Clark) Scutellaster n.sp. Balanus (Hesperibalanus) hesperius Pilsbry (Arthropoda)
Neptunea (Neptunea) pribiloffensis (Dall) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) lawsoni (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho scotiaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) stocki (Howe) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea sp. Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Plicifusus (Latifusus) indomitus Talmadge (Talmadge, 1971) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) cf. P. (E.) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Nucella cf. N. canaliculata (Duclos) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Fusitriton sp. Scaphandridae sp. Taranis strongi (Arnold) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Colus halli (Dall) Eupluera muriciformis (Broderip) Turbonilla (Turbonilla) cf. T. (T.) diegensis Dall and Bartsch Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Volutopsius eurekaensis Martin
Neptunea (Neptunea) pribiloffensis (Dall) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) lawsoni (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) scotiaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) stocki (Howe) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) subsp. colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea sp. Neverita recluziana Petit Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Plicifusus (Latifusus) indomitus Talmadge (Talmadge, 1971) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) cf. P. (E.) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Neverita) reclusiana (Deshayes) Polytropa cf. P. canaliculata (Duclos) Polytropa lamellosa (Gmelin) Priene n.sp. Scaphandridae, ident. Taranis strongi (Arnold) Thais (Nucella) lamellosa (Gmelin) Tritonofusus halli Dall Trophon muriciformis Dall Turbonilla (Turbonilla) cf. T. (T.) diegensis Dall and Bartsch Turris perversa Gabb Volutopsius eurekaensis Martin (?)
;408–398 ESA
73
674
676 673
675
107
812
198 297 792
740
625 523 528 325
564 891
514
510
505 506 508 507
Appendix 1 277
Cardium corbis Martyn Cardium cf. meekianum Gabb Cardium sp. Cerastoderma corbis (Martyn) Cerastoderma meekianum (Gabb) Chione securis (Shumard) Chione sp. Chlamys egregius (Nomland) Chlamys (?) sp. Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Corbicula sp. Cryptomya cf. C. californica (Conrad) Cryptomya ovalis Conrad Cunearca n.sp. Dosinia sp. Glycymeris gabbi Dall Glycimeris cf. gabbi Dall Glycymeris sp. Lucina sp. Macoma brota Dall Macoma cf. edentula Broderip and Sowerby Macoma inquinata (Deshayes)
476 480 485 487 541 902 581 589 640 596 391
413 419 426
412
336 404 424
231 672 280 333
628
Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma secta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Mactra sp. Mya arenaria (Linnaeus) Mya sp. Mytilus californianus Conrad Mytilus sp. Nuculana taphria (Dall) Nuttallia jamesi Roth and Guruswami-Naidu Pandora punctata Conrad Panope generosum (Conrad) Paphia staleyi Gabb Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) Patinopecten cf. P. coosensis (Shumard)
Macoma cf. M. nasuta (Conrad)
Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium cf. C. meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium sp. Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium cf. C. meekianum (Gabb) Chione securis (Shumard) Chione sp. Chlamys egregius (Nomland) 5–2.5 Ma Chlamys? sp. Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Polymesoda sp. Cryptomya cf. C. californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Scapharca (Cunearca) n.sp. Dosinia sp. Glycymeris (Glycymeris) gabbi Dall Glycymeris (Glycymeris) cf. G. (G.) gabbi Dall Glycymeris sp. Lucina sp. Macoma brota Dall Macoma brota Dall Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Heteromacoma cf. M. (H.) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Mactra sp. Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Mya sp. Mytilus (Mytilus) californianus Conrad Mytilus sp. Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Nuttallia jamesi Roth and Guruswami-Naidu Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma–Holocene Lituyapecten cf. L. coosensis (Shumard) 8–2.5 Ma
Arca sp.
190 189 187 168 169 175 172
Arca sp. (likely Anadara sp.)
Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Anadara trilineata (Conrad) var. canalis Conrad Arca n.sp.
23 25 36
Bivalvia Acila (Truncalicla) cf. A. (T.) castrensis (Hinds) Anadara (Anadara) cf. A. (A.) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Arca n.sp.
Taxonomy used in this study
Acila cf. A. castrensis (Hinds) Anadara cf. A. trilineata (Conrad)
Bivalvia
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
60N–27N 54N–25N Genus, 71N–4S N.D. 70N–33N Genus, 71N–33N 59N–18N Genus, 72N–19N 37N–28N Genus, 38N–25N 50N–26N 58N–34N Genus, 61N–20S 59N–36N Genus not living
60N–27N
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, if Arca, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, if Arca, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California 63N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N 63N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 23N–5S 60N–6S 60N–6S Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S subgenus, 31N–4S Subgenus, 31N–4S Genus, 60N–4S N.D 71N–48N 71N–48N 57N–34N
60N–27N Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
6
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
10.31 11.47 ,10 N.D. ,10 ,10 10.60 ,10 13.94 13.15 11.81 10.65 10.17 10.60 N.D.
10.31
,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 15.51 15.51 ,10 ,10 ,10 19.21 10.31 10.31 17.16 17.16 16.15 16.15 10.31 N.D. ,10 ,10 10.89
17.16
16.78 16.78 17.16
10.31 16.78
Effective Temp. (8C)
278 Appendix 1
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Bittium cf. B. asperum (Gabb) Calyptraea cf. C. filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata Gabb Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip Chrysodomus imperialis Dall Chrysodomus portolaensis Arnold
87 130 128
513 679
Astralium sp. Astyris n.sp. Bathytoma carpenteriana fernandoana Arnold
Astraea sp. Mitrella sp.? Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) fernandoana (Arnold) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) cf. C. (T.) filosa Gabb Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) Lirabuccinum portolaensis (Arnold) (Vermeij, 1991)
Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 71N–7N
Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Modiolus? sp. Yoldia sp.
65 465 829
470 821
736 753 773 777 201
723
717 718 428
703 720
784 684 693 695 701
636 646 649 669 782
394
Genus not living N.D. Genus, 61N–20S 61N–23N 59N–26N Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 60N–30N 57N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Genus, 60N–25N 60N–28N 59N–35N Genus, 75N–25N 54N–30N 54N–30N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S 38N–28N 57N–32N 60N–57N 71N–46N Genus, 57N–5S 57N–25N Genus, 61N–20S 41N–11N 57N–25N 57N–28N 38N–25N 61N–30N
Pecten hindsii Carpenter Pecten latiauritus Conrad
180 375
34N–27N Subgenus, 24N–Chile 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 33N–5S Genus, 56N–37N
Genus, 48N–10N Genus, 70N–5N Species, 38N–28N
60N–33N 38N–23N
Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N 60N–33N
Pecten cf. tumeri Arnold Pecten spp. Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca staminea (Conrad) Psephidia lordi (Baird) Pseudocardium sp. Saxidomus (?) sp. Schizothaerus nuttalli (Conrad) Schizothaerus pajaroensis (Conrad) Schizothaerus pajaroanus (Conrad) Semele rubropicta Dall Siliqua patula (Dixon) Siliqua sp. Solena sicarius (Gould) Solen sicarius Gould Solen sp. Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula albaria var. coosensis Howe Spisula cf. S. catilliformis Conrad Spisula cf. falcatra (Gould) Spisula cf. voyi (Gabb) Spisula voyii (Gabb) Spisula sp. Standella nasuta (?) Gould Tapes staleyi Gabb Tagelus californianus (Conrad) Tellina bodegaensis Hinds Thracia trapezoides Conrad Tivela crassatelloides (Conrad) Venerella (Compsomyax) subdiaphana (Conrad) Venerupis staleyii (Gabb) Volsella (?) sp. Yoldia sp.
Patinopecten purisimaensis (Arnold) Patinopecten sp. Pecten hastatus Sowerby
393 600 176
Genus not living
Lituyapecten cf. L. purisimaensis (Arnold) 8– 2.5 Ma Lituyapecten purisimaensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten sp. Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Lituyapecten cf. L. turneri (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Pecten sp. Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Nutricola lordi (Baird) Pseudocardium sp. Saxidomus? sp. Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroana (Conrad) Tresus pajaroana (Conrad) Semele rubropicta Dall Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua sp. Solen sicarius Gould Solen sicarius Gould Solen sp. Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Spisula (Spisula) cf. S. (S.) falcatra (Gould) Mactromeris cf. M. polynyma (Stimpson) Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson) Spisula sp. Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Tagelus (Tagelus) californianus (Conrad) Tellina (Peronidia) bodegaensis Hinds Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter)
Patinopecten cf. P. purisimaensis (Arnold)
continued
15.51 18.49 17.88 17.88 16.26 10.97
12.64 ,10 13.15
10.17 ,10 ,10
N.D. N.D. 10.17 10.17 10.60 12.00 10.31 10.97 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.60 ,10 11.47 11.47 ,10 10.89 10.89 13.15 10.89 10.31 ,10 10.89 10.97 10.17 11.03 10.89 10.89 13.15 10.17
10.31 13.15
N.D. 10.60 10.31
N.D.
Appendix 1 279
768
77 318 764
795
444
625 525 558 562 281 627 531
498
493 62 497
442 445
622
227 267 269 473
509 196 223 226 225
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
Balanus sp. (Arthropoda) Hemithiris sp. (sic: Hemithyris) (Brachiopoda) Terebratalia arnoldi subsp. etchegoini Hertlein and Grant Terebratulina unguicula Carpenter
Balanus sp. Frieleia, Hispanirhynchia, or Neorhynchia Terebratalia arnoldi subsp. etchegoini Hertlein and Grant Terebratulina unguicula (Carpenter)
Other taxa
Other taxa
Natica lewisii Gould Natica (?) sp. Neverita reclusianus (Deshayes) Nucella emarginata (Deshayes) Odostomia sp. Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Pleurotoma sp. Polinices sp. Purpura saxicola Valenciennes Schizopyga cf. S. moraniana (Martin)
Schizopyga moraniana (Martin) Surculites (Megasurcula) remondii (Gabb) Thais imperialis (Dall) Thais papillus (Linnaeus) Trophon (?) sp. Turbonilla sp.
Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Colus (Aulocofusus) recurvus (Gabb) Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula cf. C. princeps Conrad Crepidula sp. Diodora fontainiana (d’Orbigny) Diodora sp. Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin) Eudolium? sp. Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Ficus sp. Megasurcula cf. M. carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula sp. Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin)
Taxonomy used in this study
Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius sp. Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Natica sp. Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Nucella emarginata (Deshayes) Odostomia sp. Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) sp. Polinices sp. Nucella lima (Martyn) Nassarius (Caesia) cf. N. (C.) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Megasurcula steamsiana (Raymond) Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) Nucella lima (Martyn) Trophon? sp. Turbonilla sp.
Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird Colus recurvus (Gabb) Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula grandis Gabb Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula cf. C. princeps Conrad Crepidula sp. Diadora aspera (Eschscholtz) Diadora sp. Drillia mercedensis Martin Eudolium (?) sp. Euspira lewisii (Gould) Ficus sp. Megasurcula cf. M. carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula sp. Moniliopsis graciosana (Arnold) var. mercedensis (Martin) Nassa californiana Conrad Nassa moraniana Sowerby “Nassa” sp. Nassarius moranianus (Martin) Natica (Tectonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica consors Dall
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
57N–23N
Intertidal N.D. Genus, 38N–23N
Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Genus, 38N–28N Subgenus, 33N–5S 66N–28N N.D. Genus, 60N–5S
10.89
N.D. N.D. 13.15
11.81 13.15 16.26 ,10 N.D. 10.31
11.74 N.D. 13.53 10.65 ,10 11.81 ,10 ,10 ,10 11.81
,10
72N–54N 51N–28N N.D. 42N–41N, through Gulf of California 58N–16N Genus, 72N–23N 49N–25N Subgenus, 66N–3S Genus, 72N–5S 66N–28N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California
11.38 11.81 11.38 11.81 ,10
11.74 ,10 12.64 ,10 15.51 ,10 ,10 ,10 19.23 10.31 12.64 N.D. 11.74 N.D. 13.15 13.15 12.64
Effective Temp. (8C)
Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Genus, 55N–5S Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 72N–54N
51N–33N; 84 to 436 m Genus, 72N–33N, deep water 48N–23N Genus, 72N–5S 34N–3S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 5S Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 48N–23N N.D. 51N–28N N.D. 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 48N–23N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
280 Appendix 1
Pododesmus macroschisma Deshayes
Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca staminea (Conrad)
620
640 636
375
Mytilus sp. Ostrea lurida Carpenter Ostrea sp.? Pecten latiauritus Conrad
Macoma secta (Conrad) Macoma (like sabulosa Spengler) Mactra californica Conrad Megapitaria densa (Moody) Modiolus rectus Conrad Modiolus sp. Mya sp. Mya? sp. Mytilus californianus Conrad Mytilus (Mytilus) edulis Linnaeus
Macoma nasuta Conrad Macoma nasuta forma kelseyi Dall Macoma n.sp. aff. M. nasuta (Conrad)
Clinocardium cf. C. meekianum (Gabb) Chione succincta Valenciennes Cryptomya californica Conrad Humilaria perlaminosa (Conrad) Arnold (1907a)? Katherinella sp. Laevicardium (Cerastoderma) cf. L. (C.) corbis (Martyn) Laevicardium (Cerastoderma) meekianum (Gabb) Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) (not found in collections) Lucina (Myrtea) acutilineata Conrad Macoma calcarea Gmelin Macoma inquinata Deshayes
Arca trilineata Conrad Cardium corbis Martyn Cardium meekianum Gabb Cardium quadrigenearium Conrad
Bivalvia
Glen (1959, p. 157) (Type Merced Formation). Arnold (1906, p. 30), Addicott (1969b, p. 62– 63) (Merced Formation)
487 578
485 486
427 440 468 470 480
419
420
413
405 425 412
200
163 231 351
23 189 187 780
;388–378 ESA
Barnacle fragments (Arthropoda) Echinoid spines (Echinodermata) Sponge spicules (Porifera)
Taxa not considered
Genus, 71N–33N 38N–23N
Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Macoma calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma n.sp. aff. Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma aff. M. subulosa Spengler Mactrotoma (Micromactra) californica (Conrad) Megapitaria densa (Moody) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus sp. Mya sp. Mya? sp. Mytilus (Mytilus) californianus Conrad Mytilus (Mytilus) trossulus Gould (Coan et al., 2000, p. 159) Mytilus sp. Ostreola conchaphila (Carpenter) Ostrea sp. Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad)
Genus, 61N–20S 61N–23N
71N–24N
Genus, 72N–19N 31N–8N N.D. 38N–23N
54N–25N Genus, 71N–4S 37N–9N, Gulf of California Genus, 31N–4S 54N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N 59N–18N 72N–33.5N
60N–27N 60N–27N 60N–27N
Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 71N–47N 57N–34N
Genus, 71N–33N 37N–10N 60N–6S Genus, 60N–37N
Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb)
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California 63N–33N Genus, 71N–33N 37N–27N
Genus, 61N–30N 63N–33N
Bivalvia Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Clinocardium cf. C. meekianum (Gabb) Chione californiensis (Broderip) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Humilaria perlaminosa (Conrad) (Arnold, 1907a) Compsomyax sp. Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad)
continued
10.17 10.17
,10
,10 16.15 N.D. 13.15
11.47 ,10 13.94 16.15 11.47 ,10 ,10 ,10 10.60 ,10
10.31 10.31 10.31
10.17 ,10 10.89
13.15
,10
10.17 ,10
,10 13.94 10.31 10.31
16.78 ,10 ,10 13.94
Appendix 1 281
287 388
306 572
1 60 462 464 87 91 89 135 133 111 504 509 224 225 226
784 237 824
Acanthina spirata (Blainville) Astraea (Pachypoma?) biangulata (Gabb) Astyris gausapata Gould Astyris richthofeni Gabb Bittium asperum Gabb Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Bittium filosum Gould Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria n.sp. Cantharus fortis (Carpenter)(?) Chryosodomus liratus Martyn Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula cf. C. onyx Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula cf. C. princeps Conrad Crepidula navicelloides Nuttall Cryptonatica aleutica Dall Drillia incisa Carpenter Drillia inermis Hinds Epitonium (Nitidiscala) indianorum (Carpenter) Littorina petricola Dall
Gastropoda
Tellina (Peronidea) cf. T. (P.) lutea Wood Tellina sp. Tresus nuttalli Conrad Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad) Venericardia ventricosa Gould Zirfaea sp.
752 755
751
720 718 717 719
Siliqua patula Dixon Solen sicarius Gould Solen cf. S. sicarius Gould Spisula albaria coosensis Howe Spisula falcata Gould Spisula (Hemimactra) catilliformis Conrad Spisula (Hemimactra) hemphilli (Dall) Spisula mercedensis Packard Spisula cf. S. mercedensis Packard Tapes staleyi Gabb Tapes staminea (Conrad) Tellina aff. T. buttoni Dall
Psephidea lordi (Baird) Psephis lordi Baird Saxidomus gracilis Gould Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad var. giganteus (Deshayes) Schizotherus nuttallii (Conrad) Siliqua cf. S. alta (Broderip and Sowerby)
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Acanthina spirata (Blainville) Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Bittium (Stylidium) eschrichtii (Middenforff) Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria n.sp. Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter) Neptunea (Neptunea) lirata (Martyn) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula cf. C. onyx Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula cf. C. princeps Conrad Crepidula nummaria Gould Natica (Cryptonatica) russa Gould Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) indianorum (Carpenter) Littorina petricola Dall
Gastropoda
Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Siliqua (Siliqua) cf. S. (S.) alta (Broderip and Sowerby) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Solen sicarius Gould Solen cf. S. sicarius Gould Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Simomactra falcata (Gould) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris cf. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Tellina (Angulus) aff. T. (A.) modesta (Carpenter) Tellina (Megangulus) cf. T. (M.) lutea Wood Tellina sp. Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroana (Conrad) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Zirfaea sp.
Nutricola lordi (Baird) Nutricola lordi (Baird) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus giganteus (Deshayes)
Taxonomy used in this study
48N–19N Subgenus, 34N–10N 60N–27N Genus, 70N–5N 34N–27N Genus, 60N–23N 57N–48N Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus not living 71N–37N 51N–33N 65N–23N 34N–3S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 65N–23N 71N–33N 48N–32N 48N–32N 55N–24N Genus, 72N–5S
72N–57N Genus, 72N–5S 57N–25N Genus, 60N–25N 61N–28N Genus, 70N–25N
59N–35N 54N–30N 54N–30N Genus, 57N–5S 54N–31N 38N–28N 36N–26N 38N–28N 38N–28N Genus, 61N–20S 61N–23N 59N–28N
57N–25N 72N–35N
59N–26N 59N–26N 41N–28N 41N–28N 60N–37N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
694 702
782 692
667 666
646
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
12.64 15.51 10.31 ,10 15.51 10.31 10.89 10.97 10.97 N.D. ,10 11.74 ,10 15.51 ,10 ,10 ,10 ,10 12.64 12.64 11.38 ,10
,10 ,10 10.97 10.31 10.17 ,10
10.60 11.47 11.47 10.89 11.47 13.15 13.26 13.15 13.15 10.17 10.17 10.60
10.97 ,10
10.60 10.60 11.03 11.03 10.31
Effective Temp. (8C)
282 Appendix 1
Other taxa
Echinarachnius excentricus Eschscholtz (Echinodermata)
Other taxa
253
Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz)
Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella cf. N. lima (Marytn) Nucella trancosana (Arnold) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa Gabb Turbonilla alderi Dall and Bartsch Turritella sp.
804
533 130 789
528
532
523 531
548 558 562 560 564 471 281
625
Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) var. colmaensis (Martin) Neverita (Glossaulax) cf. N. (G.) recluziana (Deshayes) Ocenebra interfosa Carpenter Odostomia sp. Olivella biplicata Sowerby Olivella intorta Carpenter Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Ophiodermella graciosana (Arnold) Pleurotoma sp. Polinices (Euspira) cf. P. (E.) lewisii (Gould) Pupillaria pupilla (Gould) Purpura canaliculata Duclos Purpura saxicola Valenciennes Thais (Nucella) cf. T. (N.) canaliculata (Duclos) Thais (Nucella) emarginata forma ostrina Gould Thais (Nucella) lamellosa (Gmelin) Thais (Nucella) cf. T. (N.) lima (Gmelin) Thais (Nucella) trancosana Arnold Trochita filosa Gabb Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) alderi Dall and Bartsch in Arnold Turritella sp.
510
Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica (Cryptonatica) russa Gould Neptunea (Sulcosipho) cf. N. (S.) tabulata (Baird) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) colmaensis (Martin) Polinices (Neverita) cf. P. (N.) recluzianus (Deshayes) Ocenebra interfossa Carpenter Odostomia sp. Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella (Callianax) intorta Carpenter Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Ophiodermella graciosana (Arnold) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) sp. Polinices (Euspira) cf. P. (E.) lewisii (Gould) Margarites (Pupillaria) pupillus (Gould) Nucella canaliculata (Duclos) Nucella lima (Martyn) Nucella cf. N. canaliculata (Duclos) Nucella ostrina (Gould)
Ophiodermella cf. O. incisa (Carpenter) Acanthina spirata (Blainville) Nassarius (Caesia) fossatus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Demondia) cf. N. (D.) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) cooperi (Forbes)
Littorina planaxis Phillippi Lacuna cf. L. divaricata Fabricus Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Margarites (Pupillaria) pupillus (Gould) Megasurcula stearnsiana (Raymond) Mitrella carinata (Hinds) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Mitrella cf. M. gouldi (Carpenter) Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin)
Natica (Tectonatica) russa Gould(?) Neptunea cf. N. tabulata (Baird)
Litorina planaxis Phillippi Lucuna cf. L. divaricata Fabricus Lunatia lewisii Gould Margarita pupilla Gould Megasurcula remondii (Gabb) Mitrella carinata (Hinds) Mitrella carinata (Hinds) var. gausapata (Gould) Mitrella cf. M. gouldi (Carpenter) Moniliopsis graciosana (Arnold) var. mercedensis (Martin) Moniliopsis cf. M. incisa (Carpenter) Monoceros engonatum Conrad Nassa fossata Gould Nassa mendica Gould Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Demondia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Schizopyga) cf. N. (S.) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Schizopyga) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Schizopyga) mendicus (Gould) cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius (Schizopyga) moranianus (Martin) Natica clausa Broderip and Sowerby
499
62 498
494
489 495 493 490
472
463 473
386 364 622 437 444 461
54N–23N
Genus, 37N–3S
65N–34N 66N–28N Genus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 60N–5S
56N–32N Genus, 72N–23N 49N–25N 25N–23N, through Gulf of California 55N–23N Genus, 48N–23N Subgenus, 66N–3S 51N–28N 60N–32N 57N–37N 66N–28N 57N–37N 61N–31N
42N–21N, through Gulf of California
Species, 51N–33N
71N–33N 51N–33N
continued
11.47
13.94
,10 ,10 ,10 18.49 10.31
10.97 ,10 11.81 17.88 11.38 12.64 ,10 11.74 10.31 10.89 ,10 10.89 10.17
13.53
11.74
,10 11.74
11.81 ,10
11.38 12.64
55N–25N 48N–33N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 72N–54N
12.64 12.64 11.81 11.38 11.38 11.81 11.38
12.64 ,10 11.74 10.31 13.15 13.15 10.31 11.38 12.64
48N–32N 48N–19N 49N–27N 55N–25N Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 55N–25N
48N–0 64N–34N 51N–28N 60N–32N Genus, 38N–28N 38N–23N 60N–27N 55N–24N Genus, 48N–23N
Appendix 1 283
Aequipecten circularis impostor (Hanna)
48
Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara trilineata (Conrad) canalis (Conrad) Anodonta kettlemanensis Arnold Anodonta sp. Botula? sp. Cerastoderma sp. Chama pellucida Broderip Chlamys egregius (Nomland) Chlamys cf. C. islandicus (Muller) Chlamys etchegoini (Anderson)
Clinocardium sp. Compsomyax cf. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter) Corbicula kettlemanensis (Arnold) Corbula cf. gibbiformis Grant and Gale
Cryptomya cf. C. quadrata Arnold Glycymeris coalingensis Arnold Glycymeris septentrionalis (Middendorff)
Gonidea sp. Hinnites sp. Lithophaga sp. Lyropecten terminus (Arnold)
Macoma affinis Nomland Macoma affinis plena Stewart Macoma inquinata (Deshayes)
Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma cf. M. nasuta (Conrad)
23 25 27 28 99 190 158 175 177 733
201 629 210
231 333 335
570 348 385 411
421 422 412
413
Aequipecten impostor (Hanna)
Acila castrensis (Hinds) Aequipecten circularis eldridgei (Arnold)
Bivalvia
Woodring et al. (1940, p. 30–54), Adegoke (1969, Figs. 6 and 6A) (San Joaquin Formation). Hall and Loomis (1992, p. 10– 11, samples 47–49 only) (San Joaquin Formation). Rose and Colbum (1963, p. 44) (Hans Grieve Formation, marine deposits)
Scutella interlineata Stimpson Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) Callianassa longimana Stimson (Arthropoda) Cancer sp. aff. C. magister Dana Balanus sp.
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Macoma affinis Nomland Macoma affinis plena Stewart Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) cf. M. (H.) nasuta (Conrad)
Acila (Truncacilia) castrensis (Hinds) Argopecten ventricosus eldridgei (Arnold) 5– 2.5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus impostor (Hanna) 8– 2.5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus impostor (Hanna) 8– 2.5 Ma Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Anodonta kettlemanensis Arnold Anodonta sp. Botula? sp. Clinocardium sp. Chama (Chama) arcana Bernard Chlamys egregius (Nomland) 5–2.5 Ma Chlamys islandica (Muller) 5 Ma–Holocene Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Clinocardium sp. Compsomyax cf. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter) Polymesoda? kettlemanensis (Arnold) Corbula (Varicorbula) cf. C. (V.) gibbiformis (Grant and Gale) Cryptomya cf. C. californica (Conrad) Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis (Middendorff) Gonidea sp. Crassadoma sp. Lithophaga sp. Lyropecten terminus (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Bivalvia
Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) Callianassa longimana Stimson (Arthropoda) Cancer sp. aff. C. magister Dana Balanus sp.
Taxonomy used in this study
60N–27N 60N–27N
Freshwater bivalve Genus, 60N–25N Genus, 40N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 57N–34N
60N–6S Subgenus, 60N–23N 55N–50N
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Freshwater Freshwater Genus, 23N–1S Genus, 71N–33N 37N–10N Genus, 70N–1S 70N–64N Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus, 71N–33N 61N–30N Genus, 23N–5S Subgenus, 27N–3N, through Gulf of California
Species, 34N–6S
Species, 34N–6S
60N–27N Species, 34N–6S
Genus not living Genus not living N.D. N.D. Intertidal
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
6 47
378–368 ESA
673 115 145 77
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
10.31 10.31
,10 ,10 10.89
N.D. 10.31 13.36 17.88
10.31 10.31 11.38
,10 10.17 19.21 17.49
16.78 16.78 N.D.* N.D. 19.21 ,10 13.94 ,10 ,10 N.D.
15.51
15.51
10.31 15.51
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
Effective Temp. (8C)
284 Appendix 1
Protothaca grata (Say) tarda (Stewart) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Psephidia n.sp.? Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Saxidomus nuttalli (Conrad) Saxidomus nuttalli latus Stewart Saxidomus sp. Schizothaerus cf. S. nuttallii (Conrad) Semele fausta Nomland Semele flavescens (Gould) Semele rubropicta Dall Solen perrini Clark Solen perrini Clark? Solen cf. S. rasaclus Carpenter Solen sp. Sphaerium cooperi Arnold Sphaerium sp. Spisula catilliformis Conrad Swiftopecten etchegoini (Anderson)
Swiftopecten nutteri (Arnold) Swiftopecten wattsi (Arnold)
Taras cf. T. parilis (Conrad) Taras sp. Tellina? cf. T.? oldroydi Wiedey
637 640 642 648 667 668 669 782 682 683 684 702
488 734
304 307 757
700 703 711 313 717
Pholadidea ovoidea (Gould) Placunanomia californica Arnold Pododesmus cf. P. macroschisma (Deshayes)
154 617 620
Ostrea vespertina sequens Arnold
591 597 598 575
Ostrea sp. Ostrea vespertina Conrad
245
Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea cf. P. (Panopea) abrupta (Gould) Panopea sp. Patinopecten cf. P. healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Oppenheimopecten coalingaensis (Arnold) 5– 2.5 Ma Chaceia ovoidea (Gould) Placunanomia californica Arnold Pododesmus (Monia) cf. P. (M.) macroschisma (Deshayes) Protothaca grata (Say) tarda (Stewart) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Nutricola n.sp.? Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli latus Stewart Saxidomus sp. Tresus cf. T. nuttallii (Conrad) Semele fausta Nomland Semele flavescens (Gould) Semele rubropicta Dall Solen perrini Clark Solen perrini Clark? Solen (Ensisolen) cf. S. (E.) rostriformis Dunker Solen sp. Sphaerium striatianum (Lamarck) Sphaerium sp. Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Diplodonta cf. D. sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sp. Tellina? cf. T.? oldroydi Wiedey
Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Mytilus mathewsonii Gabb expansus Arnold
484
Panope abrupta (Conrad) Panope generosa (Gould) Panope cf. P. generosa (Gould) Panope sp. Patinopecten cf. P. healeyi (Arnold) Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) Pecten coalingaensis Arnold
Ostrea sp. Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Mytilus coalingensis Arnold
483
589
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Macoma sp. Mactra? cf. M.? coalingensis Arnold Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Mya cf. M. dickersoni Clark Mytilus cf. M. edulis Linnaeus
426 722 476 478 486
Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) cf. M. (R.) secta (Conrad) Macoma sp. Mactromeris coalingensis (Arnold) Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Mya cf. M. dickersoni Clark Mytilus trossulus Gould (Coan et al., 2000, p. 159) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Macoma secta (Conrad) Macoma cf. M. secta (Conrad)
419
Species, 27N–20S Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 61N–24N Genus, 45N–40N, Japan 41N–28N Species, 41N–28N Genus, 60N–28N 58N–28N Genus, 60N–3S 30N–2S 60N–28N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S 35N–23N Genus, 72N–2S Fresh and brackish water Fresh and brackish water 38N–28N Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Japan; genus not living Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given 34N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 72N–5S
37N–28N Genus, 26N–1S 71N–24N
Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N– 19N N.D. Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) 58N–34N 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 28N–4S
Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 57N–4S 70N–33N Genus, 71N–33N 72N–33.5N
54N–25N 54N–25N
15.51 ,10 ,10 continued
N.D. N.D.
17.49 10.17 10.17 12.00 11.03 11.03 10.31 10.65 10.31 16.45 10.31 ,10 ,10 13.53 ,10 N.D. N.D. 13.15 N.D.
13.94 17.87 ,10
10.65 10.65 10.65 10.65 10.60 10.60 17.16
17.16
N.D. 17.16
,10
,10
,10 10.89 ,10 ,10 ,10
11.47 11.47
Appendix 1 285
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
“Nassa” cf. “N.” waldorfensis Arnold
Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Olivella cf. O. pedroana (Conrad) Olivella sp. Opalia varicostata Stearns “Pleurotoma” cf. “P.” coalingensis Arnold Progabbia sp.
493
625 526 564 565 566 282 133
787
357 358 387 390 622 462
316 572
134 144 343 223 226 227 832 303
Bittium sp. Calliostoma cf. C. gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma kerri Arnold Calliostoma sp. Calyptraea cf. C. filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea cf. C. inornata (Gabb) Cancellaria cf. C. tritonidea Gabb Cancellaria rapa Nomland Carinifex sp. Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula sp. Fissuridea unica Nomland Fluminicola kettlemanensis Pilsbry Fluminicola cf. F. kettlemanensis Pilsbry Forreria magister munda Stewart Goniobasis kettlemanensis Arnold Goniobasis cf. G. kettlemanensis Arnold Jaton cf. J. festivus (Hinds) Jaton? sp. Littorina mariana Arnold Littorina sp. Lunatia cf. L. lewisii (Gould) Mitrella gausapata (Gould) Mitrella cf. M. gausapata (Gould) “Nassa” cf. “N.” coalingensis Arnold
93 121 118 122 123 130 128
Bittium sp. Calliostoma cf. C. gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma kerri Arnold Calliostoma sp. Calyptraea (Trochita) cf. C. (T.) filosa Gabb Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea cf. C. mamillaris Broderip Cancellaria cf. C. tritonidea Gabb Cancellaria rapa Nomland Helisoma (Carinifex) sp. Crepidula adunca Sowerby Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula sp. Diodora unica (Nomland) Fluminicola kettlemanensis Pilsbry Fluminicola cf. F. kettlemanensis Pilsbry Forreria magister munda Stewart Goniobasis kettlemanensis Arnold Goniobasis cf. G. kettlemanensis Arnold Pteropurpura cf. P. festiva (Hinds) Ceratostoma sp., or Pteropurpura sp. Littorina mariana Arnold Littorina sp. Polinices (Euspira) cf. P. (E.) lewisii (Gould) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Astyris cf. A. gausapata (Gould) Nassarius (Caesia) cf. N. (C.) coalingensis (Arnold) Nassarius (Demondia) cf. N. (D.) californianus (Conrad) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Olivella cf. O. pedroana (Conrad) Olivella sp. Opalia (Opalia) varicostata Stearns Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Cancellaria sp.
Venerupis grata tarda Stewart Volsella cf. V. capax (Conrad) Volsella cf. V. recta (Conrad)
277 468
Zirfaea gabbi (Tryon) Zirfaea cf. Z. gabbi Tryon
Transennella cf. T. tantilla (Gould) Venerupis cf. V. laciniata hannibali (Howe)
781 638
823
Tellina woodringi Adegoke Trachycardium (Dallocardia) cf. T. (D.) quadragenarium (Conrad) Nutricola cf. N. tantilla (Gould) Protothaca cf. P. laciniata (Carpenter) hannibali (Howe) Protothaca grata (Say) tarda (Stewart) Modiolus (Modiolus) cf. M. (M.) capax (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia) cf. M. (M.) rectus (Conrad) Zirfaea pilsbryii Lowe Zirfaea pilsbryii Lowe
Taxonomy used in this study
Tellina woodringi Adegoke Trachycardium cf. T. quadragenarium (Conrad)
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 66N–3S 55N–23N Genus, 55N south of equator Genus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 66N–3S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 55N–25N
Genus, 60N–23N 34N–23N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Freshwater 48N–23N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 60N–4S Freshwater Freshwater Genus, 34N–28N Freshwater Freshwater 34N–27N Genus, 57N–5S, and Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 51N–28N 60N–27N 60N–27N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California
70N–25N 70N–25N
Species, 27N–20S 37N–5S 54N–5S
61N–28N Species, 37N–27N
Genus, 72N–5S 37N–27N
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
756 780
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
13.53 ,10 11.38 11.38 11.38 ,10 10.97
11.38
10.31 15.51 10.89 10.89 10.89 18.49 17.88 17.88 10.97 10.97 N.D. 12.64 ,10 ,10 10.31 N.D. N.D. 15.51 N.D. N.D. 15.51 10.89 ,10 ,10 11.74 10.31 10.31 11.81
,10 ,10
17.49 13.94 11.47
10.17 13.94
,10 13.94
Effective Temp. (8C)
286 Appendix 1
Arca trilineata Conrad Cardita californica (Dall) Macoma nasuta? (Conrad) Ostrea atwoodii Gabb Pecten crassicardo Conrad
Pecten eldridgei Arnold
Peten coalingensis Arnold
47
575
Bivalvia
San Joaquin Formation present (Reid, 1995; no fossils listed.) Gester (1917, p. 217), Addicott (1972, p. 17) (Etchegoin Formation; considered to be San Joaquin Formation here)
Bryozoa Serpula sp. (Annelida) Pleshippus (tVertebrata) Diatoms (see Woodring et al., 1940, p. 47 [57 taxa]). Salix coalingensis Dorf (willow) (Plantae) Umbellularia oregonensis Chaney? (pepperwood or bay) Plantanus paucidentata Dorf (sycamore)
23 237 413 576 410
368–358 ESA
250 254 448 152
Taxa not considered
Astrangia coalingensis Vaughan (Coelenterata) Terebratalia cf. T. smithi Arnold (Brachiopoda) Dendraster coalingensis Twitchell (Echinodermata) Dendraster coalingensis gibbosus Kew? Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond) Dendraster (Merriamaster) arnoldi Twitchell Dendraster (Merriamaster) perrini (Weaver) Merriamaster arnoldi (Twitchell) Merriamaster perrini (Weaver)
73
66 763 251
Other taxa
Argopecten ventricosus eldridgei (Arnold) 5– 2.5 Ma Oppenheimopecten coalingaensis (Arnold) 5– 2.5 Ma
Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Ostrea (Ostrea) atwoodi Gabb Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)? 13–5 Ma
Bivalvia
Dendraster coalingensis gibbosus Kew Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond) Merriamaster arnoldi (Twitchell) Merriamaster perrini (Weaver) Merriamaster arnoldi (Twitchell) Merriamaster perrini (Weaver)
Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) cf. S. (H.) hesperius hesperius (Pilsbry) Astrangia (Astrangia) lajollaensis Durham Terebratalia cf. T. amoldi Grant and Hertlein Dendraster coalingensis Twitchell
Balanus gregarius (Conrad)
Other taxa
Balanus (Balanus) gregarius (Conrad) (Arthropoda) Balanus cf. B. hesperius Pilsbry
Turcica caffea brevis Stewart Turritella vanvlecki Arnold
796 805
72
Megasurcula sp. Scalez petrolia Hanna and Gaylord Calicantharus cf. C. humerosus (Gabb) Kelletia? sp. Tegula? cf. T. dubiosa Grant and Gale Ocinebrina cf. O. lurida (Middendorff) (McLean, 1996) Turcica caffea brevis Stewart Turritella vanvlecki Arnold
Pseudotoma sp. Scalez petrolia Hanna and Gaylord Siphonalia cf. S. humerosa (Gabb) Siphonalia sp. Tegula? cf. T. dubiosa Grant and Gale Tritonalia cf. T. lurida (Middendorff)
445 670 112 360 742 549
Genus, 28N–4S
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California 61N–28N 60N–27N Genus, 57N–8 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Species, 34N–6S
Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 34N–25N Genus, 38N–23N Genus, 54N–23N
65N–48N
Not living
Species, 37N–23N Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S
Genus, 38N–28N Freshwater Genus not living Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 57N–5S 55N–34N
continued
17.16
15.51
16.78 10.17 10.31 10.89 17.88
11.47 11.47 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.
15.51 13.15 11.47
,10
N.D.
13.94 16.98
13.15 N.D. N.D. 15.51 10.89 11.38
Appendix 1 287
*N.D.
254
622 493 625
639 648
8N Lat and No. of Taxon
Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond)
Other taxa
Echinarachnius gibbsi Re´mond (Echinodermata)
Other taxa
Gastropoda Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes)
Gastropoda
Lunatia lewisii (Gould) Nassa californica Conrad Neverita recluziana (Deshayes)
Protothaca sp. Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad)
Taxonomy used in this study
Protothaca sp. Pseudocardium gabbi Re´mond
East of San Andreas fault (ESA) (continued)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 54N–23N
51N–28N Subgenus, 55N–25N 42N–21N, through Gulf of California
Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 45N–40N, Japan
Latitudinal range of taxon (N, 8N Lat; and S, 8S Lat)
TABLE A12. NEOGENE MARINE FORMATIONS AND MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, EARLY TO LATE PLIOCENE (5–2.5 Ma) (continued)
11.47
11.74 11.38 13.53
10.17 12.06
Effective Temp. (8C)
288 Appendix 1
Appendix 1
289
TABLE A13. ASSIGNMENTS OF UPPER PALEOGENE-NEOGENE FORMATIONS TO TIME SLICES Formation or rock unit (see references in Appendix 1, Tables A1–A6)
5 Almejas Formation (see upper Almejas Formation), Mexico Altamira Shale 4 Altamira Shale (upper) Member Monterey Formation Altamira Shale Monterey Formation Anaverde Formation Andesite flows, Santa Catalina Island (15–12 Ma) Andesite flows, Santa Cruz Island (16.5–16.0 Ma) Aquajito Member Monterey Formation 2 Astoria Formation Barstow Formation (17.5–13.5 Ma) Basalt flows (Fritsche and Thomas, 1990) (20.3–17.2 Ma) Bear River beds, Formation, or unit (see Tables A4 and A5) (9.8 Ma) 6 Belleview Member Pismo Formation Berkeley Hills volcanic rocks (12–7 Ma) Blackhawk lithofacies Sycamore Formation 3 Branch Canyon Formation (upper) 4 Branch Canyon Formation (upper upper) Branch Canyon Formation 4 Briones Formation (13.0 Ma) 3 Buttonbed Sandstone Member Temblor Formation Calabasas Formation Caliente Formation Cambria Felsite Canyon del Rey Diatomite 4 Canyon del Rey Diatomite Member Monterey Formation (10.8 Ma) 5 Capistrano Formation 6 Careaga Formation Carmel Bay basalt (28–26 Ma) Cascajo Conglomerate San Joaquin Formation Castaic Formation Chamisal Formation 4 Cierbo Formation Claremont Shale Conejo Volcanics (16–13.5 Ma) Contra Costa Group (8.7 Ma) 5 Den Hartog Tuff Etchegoin Formation (5.0 Ma) Devilwater Shale Member Monterey Formation Diligencia Formation (23.5–21.5 Ma) Drakes Bay Formation 4 Edna Member (lower) Pismo Formation 5 Edna Member (upper) and Miguelito Members Pismo Formation El Cien Formation, Mexico Eel River Formation (5.3–4.3 Ma) El Modeno Andesite (13.7–11 Ma) 5 Elsmere Canyon rocks (Towsley Formation) 3 Escudo Formation 5 Etchegoin Formation (7.5–5.0 Ma) 5 Falor Formation False Cape beds Fernando Formation Gallaway Formation Gould Shale Member Monterey Formation 6 Gragg Member Pismo Formation Hames Member Monterey Formation Hector Formation (22.9–17.9 Ma) 2 Hurricane Deck Formation (18.5 Ma basalt) Imperial Formation (Appendix 1, Table A4) Isidro Formation (part) (14.5 Ma), Mexico 2 Isidro Formation (lower), Mexico Iversen Basalt (24.3–22.6 Ma) 5 Jacalitos Formation 1 Jewett Sand King Peak subterrane (16.2 Ma) 6 La Cresta Formation, El Rosario Arriba, Mexico Kinnick Formation
Time slices (see note) 6
5
4
3
2
1
2.5–5 Ma
5–8 Ma
8–13 Ma
13–17 Ma
17–23 Ma
23–27 Ma
x x x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x x x x
x
x
x x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
continued
290
Appendix 1 TABLE A13. ASSIGNMENTS OF UPPER PALEOGENE-NEOGENE FORMATIONS TO TIME SLICES (continued)
Formation or rock unit (see references in Appendix 1, Tables A1–A6)
La Vida Member Puente Formation Ladera Sandstone Lafayette Tuff (8.2 Ma) Laird Sandstone Lambert Shale (lower) Lang Canyon volcanic rocks (23.8–23.0 Ma) Latrania Sandstone Member Imperial Formation Lawlor Tuff (4.1–2.5 Ma) 3 Lompico Sandstone Los Laureles Member Monterey Formation Los Tularcitos Member Chamisal Formation Lospe Formation (18–17 Ma) McLure Shale (11.8 Ma) Media Shale Member Temblor Formation Mehrten Formation (lower) (9.4 Ma) Mehrten Formation (uppermost) (4.1 Ma) 6 and 5 Merced Formation 6 Middle Pliocene rocks of Los Angeles region 5 Miguelito Member (lower) Pismo Formation 1 Mindego Basalt (23.7 Ma) Mint Canyon Formation (lower) Mint Canyon Formation 4 Modelo (basal) Formation 4 Modelo Formation (11.4–7.8 Ma) Monterey Formation (19–6 Ma) (DePaolo and Finger, 1991) 3 Monterey Formation (in part), Point Reyes Monterey Formation, type Luisian Stage Monterey Formation, type Relizian Stage Monterey Group Moraga Formation (10.1–8.8 Ma) Morales Formation Morongo Valley rocks Morro Rock–Islay Hill Complex (27.2–22.1 Ma) Mulholland lithofacies Sycamore Formation Neenach Volcanics 5 Neroly Formation (Stage) 6 Niguel Formation Nomlaki Tuff Tehama Formation (3.4 Ma) 3 Obispo Formation (16.5–15.3 Ma) 6 Ohlson Ranch Formation 2 Olcese Sand (lower and middle) 3 Olcese Sand (upper) (15.5 Ma) 4 Orinda Formation 3 Oursan Sandstone Page Mill Basalt (14.4 Ma) 1 Painted Rock Sandstone Member Vaqueros Formation 5 Pancho Rico Formation Panorama Hills Formation 6 Paso Robles Formation (4.0–3.94 Ma) Paularino Member Topanga Formation (15.4 Ma) 2 Pescadero volcanic rocks (23.0–21.0) Petaluma Formation Phoenix Member Santa Margarita Formation Pico Formation (6.0–5.4 Ma; see Table A5) Pillow basalt (Hall, 1981b) (18.8 Ma) Pine Creek volcanic rocks (26.6 Ma) Pinnacles Volcanics (25.5–23.5 Ma) Pinole Tuff (5.3 Ma) Pismo Formation 6 Pliocene rocks of Isla Maria Madre, Isolas Tres Marias, Mexico 6 Pliocene rocks of Simi Valley (4 lower Saugus Formation) Plush Ranch Formation (26.5–23 Ma) Point Arena Formation Point Sal Formation Portuguese Tuff Altamira Shale (14.9–13.1 Ma)
Time slices (see note) 6
5
4
3
2
1
2.5–5 Ma
5–8 Ma
8–13 Ma
13–17 Ma
17–23 Ma
23–27 Ma
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x x x
x x x
x
x x x
x x x x x
x x
x
x x x x x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x x x
x x continued
Appendix 1
291
TABLE A13. ASSIGNMENTS OF UPPER PALEOGENE-NEOGENE FORMATIONS TO TIME SLICES (continued) Formation or rock unit (see references in Appendix 1, Tables A1–A6)
Puente Formation 4 Puente Formation Pullen Formation 5 Purisima Formation (6.9–6.7 Ma) Putah Tuff (3.3 Ma) Quien Sabe Volcanics (11.6–9.1 Ma) Repetto Formation 1 Rincon Formation (lower) Rincon Formation (upper) Rincon Shale Rio Dell Formation Roblar tuff (6.0 Ma) Rosarito Beach Formation (16.2–15.5 Ma), Mexico 3 Round Mountain Silt Saint George Formation Salada Formation, Mexico Saltos Shale Saltos Shale Member Monterey Formation 6 San Diego Formation San Gregorio Formation (25.3 Ma) 6 San Joaquin Formation (4.6–4.5 Ma) San Luis Reservoir basalt (9.5–7.5 Ma) San Onofre Breccia 4 San Pablo Formation San Pablo Group Sandholdt Formation Santa Ana Formation (6.4 Ma) Santa Clara Formation (3.6 Ma basalt) Santa Margarita Formation (includes 7.9 Ma glauconite) 5 Santa Margarita Formation, subunits 2 and 3 4 Santa Margarita Formation east of San Andreas fault 4 Santa Margarita Formation interfingering with Monterey Formation Santa Rosa Basalt (11.2–8.7 Ma, and 6.7 Ma) Saucelito Member subunit 4 Santa Margarita Formation 6 Saucelito Member subunits 3 and 2 Santa Margarita Formation Sespe Formation (part) Simmler Formation (part) (24–22 Ma) Sisquoc Formation Skooner Gulch Formation 3 Sobrante Formation Monterey Group Soda Lake Shale Member Vaqueros Formation Sonoma volcanic rocks (3.9–3.0 Ma) Sonoma (lower) volcanic rocks (7.0–5.4 Ma) 6 Squire Member Pismo Formation Sycamore Canyon Member Puente Formation Sycamore Formation Tassajara Formation (4.1 Ma tuff) Tecuya volcanic rocks (22.2 Ma) Tehama Formation 3 Temblor Formation (Page et al., 1951) 3 Temblor Formation (T3) 3 Temblor Formation (“Big Blue Formation”) 2 Temblor Formation La Panza, San Juan, Santa Monica Mountains, Santa Cruz Island, Santa Ana (Temblor horizon) 2 Temblor Formation (21.5 Ma basalt) 1 Temblor Formation San Miguel and Santa Rosa Islands Tierra Redonda Formation 5 Tinaquaic Member Sisquoc Formation Todos Santos Member Sisquoc Formation Tolay Volcanics (10.5–9.5 Ma) 3 Topanga (Canyon) Formation (13.1 Ma tuffaceous conglomerate) 2 Topanga (Canyon) Formation Santa Ana Mountains 5 Towsley Formation Tranquillon Basalt Tranquillon Formation
Time slices (see note) 6
5
4
3
2
1
2.5–5 Ma
5–8 Ma
8–13 Ma
13–17 Ma
17–23 Ma
23–27 Ma
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x x x x
x
x x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x x
x
x x x
continued
292
Appendix 1 TABLE A13. ASSIGNMENTS OF UPPER PALEOGENE-NEOGENE FORMATIONS TO TIME SLICES (continued)
Formation or rock unit (see references in Appendix 1, Tables A1–A6)
3 Tranquillon volcanic rocks (17.8–16.5 Ma) Triple Basalt Caliente Formation (16.1–14.2 Ma) 6 Upper Almejas Formation, Ba´hia San Bartolome´ (Turtle Bay), Mexico Upper Edna Member Pismo Formation Upper Lambert Shale Upper Miguelito Member Pismo Formation 4 Valmonte Diatomite (lower) Monterey Formation 5 Valmonte Diatomite Member Monterey Formation 1 Vaqueros Formation Vaqueros Formation Vasquez Formation (25.5–23.5 Ma) Volcanic rocks, Isla Tiburon, Gulf of California, Mexico (12.9 Ma) 3 Volcanic rocks, San Clemente Island (16.5–15 Ma) 3 Volcanic rocks, Santa Barbara Island (16.8–14.8 Ma) Weaverville Formation Whiterock Bluff Shale Member Monterey Formation Wildcat Group Wilson Grove Formation (6.3–5.9 Ma, lower part of formation) Wilson Ranch Formation Wimer Formation Woodham Shale Member Monterey Formation Wymer Formation Yorba Member Puente Formation Zayante Formation (23.5–21.5 Ma)
Time slices (see note) 6
5
4
3
2
1
2.5–5 Ma
5–8 Ma
8–13 Ma
13–17 Ma
17–23 Ma
23–27 Ma
x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x
x
x x x x x x
x x
x x* x
x x
x
Note: Numbers 1–6 refer to time slices 27–23, 23–17, 17–13, 13–8, 8–5, 5–2.5 Ma, respectively. The fossils within these rock units provide the basis for the age limits of the time slices or stages. *Also older than 27 Ma.
Appendix 1
293
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
“Cancellaria” arnoldi Dall
Cancellaria arnoldi Dall
“Cancellaria” cf. “C.” altispira Gabb “Cancellaria” hemphilli Dall “Cancellaria” quadrata Moody “Cancellaria” rapa Nomland? “Cancellaria” rapa perrini Carson “Drillia” graciosana Arnold “Gyrineum” cf. “G.” elsmerense English “Lyropecten” sp. aff. “L.” conylomatus (Dall)
“Mitromorpha” intermedia Arnold “Nassa” mendica Gould “Nassa” mendica Gould cooperi Forbes “Nassa” moriana Martin
Cancellaria cf. C. altispira Gabb Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria quadrata Moody Cancellaria rapa Nomland Cancellaria rapa perrini Carson Ophiodermella graciosana (Arnold) Gyrineum elsmerense English Lyropecten sp. aff. L. conylomatus (Dall) (Smith, 1991a) Lyropecten sp. aff. L. dumblei (Gardner) 22– 19.5 Ma (Smith, 1991a) “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith (Agua Sandstone) Mangelia intermedia (Arnold) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin)
“Nassa” sp.
Nassarius sp.
“Nassa” waldorfensis Arnold “Nucula” n.sp.? “Pleurotoma” cf. “P.” coalingensis Arnold “Tellina” woodringi Adegoke ?Chlamys hericius (Gould)
Acanthina (Monoceros) norma Nomland Acanthina emersoni Hertlein and Allison Acanthina perrini Trask Acanthina punctulata (Sowerby) Acanthina sp. Acanthina spirata (Blainville) Acanthina tuberculata Gray Acetocina aff. A. culcitella (Gould) Acila (Acila) gettysburgensis (Reagan) Acila (Truncacila) conradi (Meek) Acila cf. A. castrensis (Hinds) Acila conradi (Meek) Acila conradi Meek Acila semirostrata (Grant and Gale)
Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) “Nucula” n.sp.? Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Tellina woodringi Adegoke Chlamys hastata hericius (Gould) 8 Ma– Holocene Cylichna temblorensis Keen (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Acanthina norma Nomland Acanthina emersoni Hertlein and Allison Acanthina perrini Trask Acanthina punctulata (Sowerby) Acanthina sp. Acanthina spirata (Blainville) Acanthina tuberculata (Gray) Acetocina aff. A. culcitella (Gould) Acila (Acila) gettysburgensis (Reagan) Acila (Truncacila) conradi (Meek) Acila (Truncacila) cf. A. (T.) castrensis (Hinds) Acila (Truncacila) conradi (Meek) Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds) Acila (Acila) semirostrata (Grant and Gale)
Acila sp. Acila? cf. A. castrensis (Hinds) Acmaea cf. A. digitalis Eschscholtz Acmaea cf. A. funiculata (Carpenter) Acmaea cf. A. scabra (Gould) Acmaea sp. Acmaea? cf. A. mitra Eschscholtz Actaeon sp. Acteocina aff. A. inculta (Gould and Carpenter) Acteocina cf. A. culcitella (Gould) Acteocina eximia Baird Acteocina n.sp. Powell Acteocina sp. Acteon sp.
Acila sp. Acila (Truncacila) cf. A. (T.) castrensis (Hinds) Collisella cf. C. digitalis (Rathke) Acmaea cf. A. funiculata (Carpenter) Collisella cf. C. scabra (Gould) Acmaea sp. Acmaea? cf. A. mitra Rathke Acteon sp. Acteocina aff. A. inculta (Gould and Carpenter) Acteocina cf. A. culcitella (Gould) Acteocina eximia Baird Acteocina n.sp. Powell Acteocina sp. Acteon sp.
“Lyropecten” sp. aff. “L.” dumblei (Gardner) “Macrochlamis” magnolia (Conrad) “Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith
?Cylichna sp. (Moore, 1963, p. 50)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California (see Keen, 1971) Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 48N–23N Genus not living N.D.* N.D. Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene Genus, 72N–1S 55N–25N; bays, intertidal to sublittoral 48N–23N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Genus, 55N–5S; intertidal to 370 m, on mud and sand Subgenus, 55N–25N Taxon not living, Oligocene to Pliocene Subgenus, 66N–3S; 20 to 165 m Genus, 72N–5S 60N–33N Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 48N–1S; intertidal, on rocks Genus, 48N–1S Genus, 48N–1S 37N–32N Genus, 48N–1S 48N–19N; at entrances to bays 48N–1S 58N–28N Genus, 60N–27N; 5 to 1281 m Genus, 60N–27N; 5 to 1281 m 60N–27N 60N–27N; 5 to 400 m 60.4N–27.2N; 5 to 400 m Genus, 60N–27N; subgenus, 45N, Japan to 20N Genus, 60N–27N; 5 to 1281 m 60N–27N 55N–19N; upper intertidal, splash zone 55N–25N 48N–23N; intertidal, rocky “reefs” Genus, 72N–16N 65N–33N; intertidal to sublittoral Genus, 37N–8N 37N–33N, in shallow bays through Gulf of California 58N–28N; genus, intertidal to 293 m, on sand 58N–37N Genus, 58N–8N Genus, 58N–8N Genus, 37N–8N continued
294
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Acteon (Rictaxis) weaveri Addicott
Acteon (Rictaxis) weaveri Addicott
Acteon aff. A. grandior Grant and Gale
Acteon (Rictaxis) aff. A. (R.) grandior Grant and Gale Acteon boulderanus Etherington Acteon boulderanus Etherington Acteon (Rictaxis) cf. A. (R.) punctocaelatus (Carpenter) Acteon cf. A. quercus? Anderson and Hanna Acteon (Rictaxis) punctocaelatus (Carpenter) Admete clatskaniensis Anderson and Martin Admete dilleri Martin Admete couthouyi (Jay) Admete rhyssa Dall Adula cf. A. gruneri (Philippi)
Acteon boulderana Etherington Acteon boulderanus Etherington Acteon cf. A. punctocaelatus (Carpenter) Acteon cf. A. quercus Anderson and Hanna Acteon punctocalatus (Carpenter) Admete clatskaniensis Anderson and Martin Admete dilleri Martin Admete gracilior (Carpenter) of Arnold Admete rhyssa Dall Adula cf. A. falcata (Gould) Aeidimytilus adamsianus Dunker Aequipecten andersoni (Arnold) Aequipecten andersoni (Arnold) subandersoni (Loel and Corey) Aequipecten andersoni clemonensis (Etherington) Aequipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) Aequipecten circularis (Sowerby) Aequipecten circularis bramkampi Durham Aequipecten circularis eldridgei (Arnold) Aequipecten circularis impostor (Hanna) Aequipecten discus (Conrad) Aequipecten impostor (Hanna) Aequipecten invalidus (Hanna) Aequipecten raymondi (Clark) Aequipecten raymondi (Clark) Aequipecten sp. Aequipecten sverdrupi Durham Aforia clallamensis (Weaver) Agasoma andersoni Wiedey Agasoma barkerianum Cooper Agasoma barkerianum Cooper santacruzanum Arnold Agasoma gravidum Gabb Agasoma kemianum Cooper Agasoma n.sp. or sp. a Agasoma oregonense Anderson and Martin Agasoma sanctacruzana Arnold
Brachidontes (Aeidimytilus) adamsianus (Dunker) Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) 27–23 Ma Pacipecten andersoni clemonensis (Etherington) 23–17 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey)? 27–23 Ma Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene Argopecten ventricosus bramkampi (Durham) 13?–2.5? Ma Argopecten ventricosus eldridgei (Arnold) 5– 2.5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus impostor (Hanna) 8– 2.5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus impostor (Hanna) 8– 2.5 Ma Argopecten invalidus (Hanna) 8–1 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Argopecten sp. (range of genus is Miocene to Holocene) Argopecten sverdrupi (Durham) 13–8 Ma Aforia clallamensis (Weaver) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper)
Agasoma sinuata (Gabb) Agasoma sinuatum (Gabb) Agasoma sp.
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Agasoma sp. Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Agasoma sinuatum (Gabb) Agasoma sinuatum (Gabb) Ficus (Trophosycon) sp.; or, Bruclarkia sp.
Agasoma stanfordensis Arnold Agathotoma hexagon (Gabb)
Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Agathotoma hexagon (Gabb)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, 37N–8N; genus, intertidal to 73 m, on sand 33N Genus, 37N–8N Genus, 37N–8N 37N–27N Genus, 37N–8N; Eocene species 37N–27N Genus, 71N–17N; 18 to 730 m Genus, 71N–17N 72N–33N 34N–32N 43N–28N; genus, intertidal to 18 m, boring into rocks, soft clay 34N–1S; intertidal on rocky shores Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S 34.4N–5.1S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Genus, 31N–5S Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 65N–48N Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Ficus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; or, genus not living Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 37N–33N continued
Appendix 1
295
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Agosoma sanctacruzanum Arnold
Taxonomy used in this study
Albina curta Woodring Alectrion churchi Hertlein Alectrion sp.
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Albina curta Woodring Nassarius (Catilon) churchi (Hertlein) Nassarius sp.
Aletes sp. Aletes squamigerus Carpenter Algadrilla? sp. Algadrillia n.sp. Powell Aligena (Aligena) diegoana Hertlein and Grant (Moore, 1992) Alvania sp.
Aletes sp. Serpulorbis squamigerus (Carpenter) Algadrilla sp. Algadrillia n.sp. Powell 5–2.5 Ma? Isorobitella diegoana (Hertlein and Grant) (Moore, 1992) Alvania sp.
Amauropsis sp. Americardia guanacastensis (Hertlein and Strong) Amiantis (?) cf. A. loeli Wiedey
Amauropsis sp. Americardia guanacastensis (Hertlein and Strong) Amiantis? cf. A. loeli Wiedey
Amiantis behri (Clark) Amiantis callosa (Conrad)
Pitar behri (Clark) Amiantis callosa (Conrad)
Amiantis callosa (Conrad) var. stalderi (Clark) Amiantis communis Nomland
Amiantis callosa stalderi (Clark) Amiantis communis Nomland
Amiantis dalli Clark Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson) Amiantis mathewsonii (Gabb) Amiantis sp. Amiantis stalderi (Clark) Amnicola longinqua Gould
Amiantis (Amiantis) dalli Clark Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson) Amiantis mathewsonii (Gabb) Amiantis sp. Amiantis callosa stalderi (Clark) Amnicola longinqua Gould (see Taylor, 1966, p. 30, p. 51) Amnicola sp. Amphissa cf. A. versicolor Dall Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Amphissa reticulata Dall Amphissa sp. Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Amphiura sanctaecrucis Arnold
Amnicola? sp. Amphissa cf. A. versicolor Dall Amphissa posunculensis Anderson and Martin Amphissa reticulata Dall Amphissa sp. Amphissa wahrhaftigi Adegoke Amphiura sanctaecrucis Arnold (Echinodermata, brittle star) Ampullina sp. Amusium lompocense (Arnold)
Amauropsis sp. Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold)
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) Anachis (Costoanachis) sp.
Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Anachis (Costoanachis) sp.
Anachis watsonae Keen Anadara (Anadara) concinna (Sowerby)
Anachis (Costoanachis) watsonae Keen Anadara (Anadara) concinna (Sowerby)
Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata calcarea Grant and Gale Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata trilineata (Conrad)
Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata calcarea Grant and Gale Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus not living Genus, 35N–15N, Atlantic Subgenus, 39N–5S Genus, 55N–5S, sheltered coves and estuaries Genus, 55N–1S 55N–1S; on rocks in protected areas Genus, Gulf of California–5S Genus, Gulf of California–5S Genus, 33.6N–23.2N, through Gulf of California; genus 92 to 238 m Genus, 57N–8N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 229 m Genus, 72N–60N Genus, 35N–15N Atlantic Genus, 35N–23N; intertidal to 18 m, in sand of exposed beaches Genus, 37N–18S; 45 to 220 m 34.4N–24.8N; below low-tide line along sandy beaches, to 20 m Species, 34.4N–24.8N Genus, 35N–23N; below low-tide line along sandy beaches, to 20 m Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N Species, 34.4N–24.8N Freshwater Freshwater 44N–28N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N 58N–33N Genus, 58N–28N; intertidal to 641 m Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N Distribution data unreliable Genus, 72N–60N; intertidal Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus not living Subgenus, 25N–5S, in Gulf of California; genus, intertidal, under rocks Subgenus, 25N–5S, in Gulf of California 29N in Gulf of California–3S; genus, 9 to 90 m, sand or mud substrate Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California continued
296
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Anadara (Cunearca) rivulata (Wiedey) Anadara (Larkinia) camuloensis (Osmont) Anadara (Larkinia) santana (Loel and Corey) Anadara (Scapharca) obispoana (Conrad)
Taxonomy used in this study
Anadara camuloensis (Osmont) Anadara devincta (Conrad)
Scapharca (Cunearca) rivulata (Wiedey) Larkinia camuloensis (Osmont) Larkinia santana santana (Loel and Corey) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Larkinia camuloensis (Osmont) Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad)
Anadara devincta montereyana (Osmont) Anadara devincta var. montereyana (Osmont) Anadara formosa Sowerby Anadara montereyana (Osmont) Anadara multicostata (Sowerby)
Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara (Rasia) formosa (Sowerby) Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Larkinia multicostata (Sowerby)
Anadara obispoana (Conrad)
Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Larkinia santana santana (Loel and Corey) Anadara (Anadara) sp. Anadara sp. Anadara thauma (Maury)
Anadara osmonti (Dall) Anadara santana (Loel and Corey) Anadara sp. Anadara sp. Anadara thauma (Maury) (Smith, 1989) Anadara topangensis Reinhart Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Anadara trilineata (Conrad) canalis (Conrad) Anadara trilineata calcarea (Grant and Gale) Anadara trilineata canalis (Conrad) Anatina (Raeta) plicatella (Lamarck) var. longior Grant and Gale Angulararca californiensis Noda (Noda, 1966, Pl. 1) Angulararca terminumbonis (Grant and Gale) (Noda, 1966, Pl. 1) Anodonta kettlemanensis Arnold Anodonta sp. Anodontia edentuloides (Verrill) Anomalocardia sp. cf. A. subimbricata Sowerby Anomalosipho sp. Anomia limatula Dall
Anadara (Anadara) topangaensis Reinhart Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata calcarea Grant and Gale Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Raeta longior (Grant and Gale)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–0 Genus, 34N–0 Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–0; depths to 128 m Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California; genus, 9 to 112 m Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California 28N–5S; 11 to 82 m Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California 34N–0; sandbars at low tide, free upon substrate, to 128 m Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–0 Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Panamic, but not listed by Keen (1971) or Bernard (1983) Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–21S; 25 to 45 m
Angulararca californiensis Noda (Noda, 1966, Pl. 1) Angulararca terminumbonis (Grant and Gale) (Noda, 1966, Pl. 1) Anodonta kettlemanensis Arnold Anodonta sp. Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Chione (Chione?) subimbriacata (Sowerby)
Genus not living
Colus sp. Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny
Genus, 72N–33N, deep water 37N–5S; on shells and rocks along open coast, intertidal to 120 m 36.6N–5.1S Genus, 37N–south of equator; intertidal to 120 m, on rocks and/or shells Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus not living
Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Anomia sp.
Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Anomia sp.
Anomia subcostata Conrad Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Anomia? sp. Anorthoscutum oregonense Grant and Hertlein (Echinodermata) Antigona carrizoensis Loel and Corey Antigona diabloensis (Anderson) Antigona sp. Antigona vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Antigona willisi P. D. Trask Antigona willisi Trask Antillophos dumbleana chehalisensis (Weaver) Antillophos posunclensis (Anderson and Martin) Antillophos woodringi Addicott
Anomia subcostata Conrad Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Anomia? sp. Scutellaster oregonensis (Clark) Globivenus carrizoensis (Loel and Corey) Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson) Globivenus sp.? Globivenus vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Globivenus willisi (Trask) Globivenus willisi (Trask) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) woodringi Addicott
Genus not living Freshwater Freshwater 30N–28N; 33 to 155 m 28N–5S; offshore to 9 m
Genus, 37N–3N; 10 to 73 m Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N continued
Appendix 1
297
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Antillophos? sp. Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Antiplanes sp. Antiplanes voyi (Gabb) Apolylmetis biangulata (Carpenter)
Phos (Antillophos) sp. Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Antiplanes sp. Antiplanes voyi (Gabb) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes)
Apolymetis cf. A. dombei (Hanley) Apolymetis sp. Arbacia incisa A. Agassiz (Echinodermata) Arca (Anadara) devincta Conrad
Leporimetis dombei (Hanley) Leporimetis sp. Arbacia incisa (A. Agassiz) Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad)
Arca (Anadara) devincta montereyana (Osmont) Arca (Anadara) devincta montereyana Osmont Arca (Anadara) obispoana Conrad
Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont)
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N 55N–30N; genus, 55 to 1460 m Genus, 59N–30N Genus, 59N–30N 34.5N–24.6N; sand and gravel along rocky areas, subtidal to 50 m 9N–4S; to depths of 22 m Genus, 35N–25N 28N–3S Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California; sand, mud, or mangroves Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont)
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Larkinia santana santana (Loel and Corey) Larkinia santana weddlei (Loel and Corey)
Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Arca (Anadara) osmonti Dall Arca (Anadara) santana Loel and Corey Arca (Anadara) santana weddlei Loel and Corey Arca (Anadara) sespeensis Wiedey
Scapharca (Cunearca) hamelini (Wiedey)
Arca (Arca s.s.) n.sp. (large) Arca (Arca) multicostata Sowerby Arca (Arca) mutabilis (Sowerby)
Arca (Arca) sp. Larkinia multicostata (Sowerby) Arca (Arca) mutabilis (Sowerby)
Arca (Arca) pacifica (Sowerby)
Arca (Arca) pacifica (Sowerby)
Arca (Arca) sisquocensis Reinhart Arca (Barbatia) n.sp. Loel and Corey Arca (Barbatia) sp. Arca (Barbatia) strongi Loel and Corey Arca canalis Conrad Arca galei Wiedey Arca impavida Wiedey Arca lakei Wiedey Arca leptogrammica Hall Arca microdonta Conrad Arca montereyana Osmont Arca montereyana var. barkeriana Clark? Arca osmonti Dall Arca perdisparis Wiedey
Arca (Arca) sisquocensis Reinhart Anadara (Anadara?) sp. Barbatia sp. Anadara (Anadara?) strongi (Loel and Corey) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Scapharca (Cunearca) rivulata (Wiedey) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) lakei (Wiedey) Arca (Arca) leptogrammica Hall Anadara (Anadara) topangaensis Reinhart Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana perdisparis (Wiedey) Scapharca (Cunearca) rivulata (Wiedey) Arca (Arca) santamariensis Reinhart Arca (Arca) sisquocensis Reinhart Anadara (Anadara) sp. Arca sp. Arca (Arca) terminumbonis Grant and Gale Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Archaeopneustes moorefieldi Hall
Arca rivulata Wiedey Arca santamariensis Reinhart Arca sisquocensis Reinhart Arca sp. Arca sp. Arca terminubonis Grant and Gale Arca trilineata Conrad Archaeopneustes moorefieldi Hall (Echinodermata) Architectonica compressa Wiedey Architectonica nobilis Bolten var. discus Grant and Gale Architectonica quadriceps Hinds Architectonica sp. Architectonica sp. Archohelia sp. (Cnidaria)
Architectonica compressa Wiedey Architectonica nobilis Bolten Architectonica nobilis Bolten Architectonica sp. Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Archohelia sp.
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–0 Genus, 34N–0 Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California; 25 to 90 m or intertidal to 137 m Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California 34N–0 25N–2S, Gulf of California; intertidal, under rocks to 82 m 28N–5S, Gulf of California; intertidal, under rocks to 137 m Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 35.5N–5S, and Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, West Indies near 23N, 38 m to 599 m Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; tideflats to 37 m 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; tideflats to 37 m 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus not living, Eocene–Miocene continued
298
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Arcopsis adamsi (Dall) Arene stephensoni Schremp Argobuccinum (Fusitriton) arnoldi Martin Argobuccinum (Fusitriton) cf. A. (F.) oregonense (Redfield) Argobuccinum (Fusitriton) coosense Dall Argobuccinum arnoldi Martin Argobuccinum dilleri Anderson and Martin Argobuccinum n.sp. Argobuccinum oregonensis Redfield Argobuccinum scotiaensis Martin Argopecten abieties (Jordan and Hertlein) Argopecten calli (Hertlein) Argopecten callidus (Hertlein) Argopecten circularis impostor (G.D. Hanna) Argopecten cristobalensis (Hertlein) Argopecten hakei (Hertlein) Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) Argopecten percarus (Hertlein) Argopecten sp. Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) Argopecten sverdrupi (Durham) Astarte sp. Astele aff. A. rema (Strong, Hanna, and Hertlein) Asterias remondii Gabb Astraea (Pachypoma?) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea (Pomaulax) n.sp. Addicott Astraea biangulata (Gabb) Astraea cf. A. (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea gradata Grant and Gale Astraea inaequalis (Martyn) Astraea morani Loel and Corey Astraea raymondi (Clark) Astraea sp. Astraea topangensis Arnold Astraea undosa (Wood) Astraea? n.sp.? Astralium arnoldi Nomland Astralium raymondi Clark Astralium sp. Astrangia coalingensis Vaughan Astrangia insignifica Nomland (Cnidaria) Astrangia sp. Astrodapsis altus antiquus Grant and Eaton (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis altus Kew Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis armstrongi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack
Taxonomy used in this study
Arcopsis adamsi conradiana (Dall) (? 4 Arcopsis solida [Sowerby]) Arene stephensoni Schremp Fusitriton arnoldi (Martin) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Fusitriton corbiculata (Dall) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Argopecten abieties (Jordan and Hertlein) 5– 2.5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus calli (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten callidus (Hertlein) 8–1 Ma Argopecten ventricosus impostor (Hanna) 8– 2.5 Ma Argopecten cristobalensis (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten hakei (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma Argopecten percarus (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten sp. (range of genus is Miocene to Holocene) Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6 Ma to 1.6 Ma Argopecten sverdrupi (Durham) 13–8 Ma Astarte sp. Calliostoma aff. C. rema Strong, Hanna, and Hertlein Asterias remondii Gabb Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea (Pomaulax) n.sp. Addicott Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea (Pomaulax) cf. A. (P.) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea inaequalis (Martyn) Astraea (Pomaulax) morani Loel and Corey Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea sp. Turbo topangensis Arnold Astraea (Pomaulax) undosa (Wood) Astraea (Pomaulax) sp. Astraea arnoldi (Nomland) Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Astraea sp. Astrangia (Astrangia) lajollaensis Durham Astrangia (Astrangia) lajollaensis Durham Astrangia sp. Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Species 35N–26N, Atlantic; 45 to 95 m. If A. solida, 33N to 9S; to 5 m Genus, 24N and Gulf of California–0; intertidal to 91 m Genus, 59N–33N; intertidal to 137 m 59N–33N Genus, 59N–33N 59N–33N Genus not living Genus not living 59N–33N 59N–33N Genus, 34N–6S; 1 m to 135 m; bays, sand or mud, below low tide Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Genus, 34N–6S Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 71N–48N; 18 to 229 m 24N–3S; 18 to 45 m Generic assignment unreliable Subgenus, 34N–10N; genus, intertidal to 73 m, on rocks Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N 48N–33N Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus, 48N–10N Genus, 28N–5S 34N–28N; intertidal to 80 m, on rocks Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus, 48N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus, 48N–10N Genus, 34N–25N Genus, 34N–25N Genus, 34N–3N, through Gulf of California Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living continued
Appendix 1
299
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Astrodapsis auguri Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond) Astrodapsis brewerianus bitterensis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis brewerianus diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis brewerianus emergens Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis brewerianus junior Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis californicus Kew Astrodapsis cierboensis branchensis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis clarki Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis coalingaensis grandis Kew Astrodapsis coalingaensis Kew Astrodapsis crassus Kew Astrodapsis cutleri Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis cuyamanus Kew Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis desaixi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis superior Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis elevatum Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis englishi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis fernandoensis Pack Astrodapsis galei Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis goudkoffi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis grandis Kew Astrodapsis gregerseni fragilis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis gregerseni Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis gregerseni varians Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis hertleini Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis hootsi Grant and Eaton (Eaton et al. [1941, Plate V. Fig. 11a]) Astrodapsis hootsi Grant and Eaton (Eaton et al. [1941, Plate V, Fig. 11b]) Astrodapsis isabellae Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis israelskyi Jordan and Hertlein Astrodapsis jacalitosensis Arnold Astrodapsis johnsoni Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis johnsoni similis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis laimingi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis major parens Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis margaritanus Kew Astrodapsis merriami Anderson Astrodapsis ovalis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis peltoides Anderson and Martin Astrodapsis perrini Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis quaylei Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis reedi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis salinasensis Richards Astrodapsis schencki mirandaensis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis schucherti affinis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis schucherti Grant and Eaton
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond) Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Genus not living Genus not living
Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Genus not living
Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Genus not living Grant not living
Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis fernandoensis Pack Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton
Genus not living Genus not living
Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond)
Genus not living Genus not living
Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew ( juvenile)
Genus not living
Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Merriamaster israelskyi (Jordan and Hertlein) Astrodapsis jacalitosensis Arnold Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis peltoides Anderson and Martin Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis jacalitosensis Arnold?
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Genus not living
Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Genus not living continued
300
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Astrodapsis scutelliformis Kew Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis tumidus cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis tumidus Re´mond Astrodapsis tumidus Re´mond (large variety) Astrodapsis tumidus subsp. cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis woodringi Grant and Eaton Astropecten armatus Gray (Echinodermata) Astyris gausapata Gould Astyris n.sp. Astyris pedroana Conrad Astyris richthofeni Gabb Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Atrina stephensi Hanna Aturia angustata (Conrad) Austrotrophon kernensis (Anderson) Axinopsida serricata Carpenter
Astrodapsis spatiosus? Kew Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astropecten armatus Gray Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Mitrella sp.? Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Atrina stephensoni Hanna Aturia angustata (Conrad) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Axinopsida serricata Carpenter
Axinopsis? sp Balanophylla elegans Verrill (Cnidaria) Balanus (Balanus) gregarius (Conrad) (Arthropoda) Balanus (Hesperibalanus) hesperius Pilsbry
Axinopsida? sp. Balanophyllia elegans Verrill Balanus gregarius (Conrad)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 33N–3S 60N–27N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus not living, Paleocene–Miocene Subgenus, 28N–5S 71.4N–28N, in Gulf of California; intertidal to 275 m Genus, 71.4N–28N; intertidal to 549 m 48N–34N; to 170 m Not living
Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) hesperius hesperius (Pilsbry) Balanus cf. B. gregarius (Conrad)
65N–48N; 60 to 180 m
Balanus cf. B. aqulia Pilsbry Balanus cf. B. gregarius (Conrad) Balanus cf. B. nubulis Darwin Balanus coosensis Dall
37N–32N; intertidal to 18 m Not living 55N–30N Not living Worldwide distribution Not living Not living
Balanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus) cocopoma (no author given) Balanus tintinnabulum cf. B. californicus (no author given) Balcis cf. B. micans (Carpenter) Balcis cf. B. oldroydi Bartsch Balcis conchita Keen Balcis lutzi Addicott Balcis petrolia Addicott Balcis rutila (Carpenter) Balcis thersites (Carpenter) Bankia cf. B. setacea (Tryon)
Balanus concavus Bronn Balanus gregarius (Conrad) Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) proinus (Woodring) Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin) (Newman and Ross, 1976) Megabalanus californicus (Linnaeus) (Newman and Ross, 1976) 37N–24N Balcis cf. B. micans (Carpenter) Balcis cf. B. oldroydi Bartsch Balcis conchita Keen Balcis lutzi Addicott Balcis petrolia Addicott Balcis rutila (Carpenter) Balcis thersites (Carpenter) Bankia cf. B. setacea (Tryon)
Barbarofusus arnoldi (Cossmann)? Barbarofusus barbarensis (Trask) Barbatia (Calloarca) n.sp. Powell
Fusinus arnoldi (Cossmann)? Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Barbatia (Calloarca) n.sp. Powell
Barbatia (Fugleria) illota Sowerby
Barbatia (Fugleria) illota Sowerby
Barbatia cf. B. bailyi (Bartsch) Barbatia pseudoillota Reinhart Barleeia? cf. B. orcutti Bartsch Barnea costata Linnaeus
Barbatia (Acar) cf. B. (Acar) bailyi (Bartsch) Barbatia (Fugleria) pseudoillota Reinhart Barleeia? cf. B. orcutti Bartsch Cryptopleura (Scobinopholas) costata (Linnaeus)
Balanus (Tamiosoma) cf. B. (T.) gregarius (Conrad) Balanus cf. B. aqulia Pilsbry Balanus cf. B. estrellanus Arnold Balanus cf. B. nubulis Darwin Balanus cf. B. tintinnabulum var. coosensis Dall Balanus concavus Bronn Balanus gregarius (Conrad) Balanus hesperius proinus Woodring
Not living
23N–8N
48N–27N 56N–3S; intertidal to 229 m Genus, 56N–3S Genus, 56N–3S Genus, 56N–3S 55N–25N 37N–30N 57.5N–32.7N; intertidal to 90 m, boring into wood 34N–33N 44N–33N Genus, 35.5N–5S, Gulf of California; intertidal to 120 m 29N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 70 m 35.5N–7.8N; intertidal to 5 m Genus, 35.5N–5S, and Gulf of California 25N–23N Genus, 28N–4S, Pacific; species, 42N–24 N, Atlantic; mud continued
Appendix 1
301
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Basterotia (Basterotella) hertleini Durham Bathytoma carpenteriana fernandoana Arnold
Taxonomy used in this study
Bathytoma keepi Arnold Bathytoma piercei Arnold
Basterotia (Basterotella) hertleini Durham Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) fernandoana (Arnold) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Bela santae-monicae Arnold Bela sp. Beringius cf. B. stantoni (Arnold) Beringius stantoni (Arnold) Bernardina? sp. Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum Gabb Bittium (Semibittium) quadrifilatum Carpenter Bittium asperum Gabb Bittium casmaliense arnoldi Bartsch
Lora sanctaemonicae (Arnold) Lora sp. Clinopegma cf. C. magna stantoni (Arnold) Clinopegma magna stantoni (Arnold) bernardinid? indet. Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Bittium (Semibittium) quadrifilatum Carpenter Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Bittium arnoldi Bartsch
Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Bittium cf. B. attenautum multifilosum Bartsch Bittium cf. B. vancouverense Dall and Bartsch Bittium filosum Gould Bittium frankelum Faustman Bittium rugatum Carpenter Bittium sp. Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Bittium trampasensis Clark Bittium? pabloensis Clark Boetica hertleini Kanakoff Boreotrophon cf. B. rotundatus Dall
Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Bittium cf. B. multifilosum Bartsch Bittium cf. B. vancouverense Dall and Bartsch Bittium (Stylidium) eschrichtii (Middenforff) Bittium frankeli Faustman Bittium (Semibittium) rugatum Carpenter Bittium sp. Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Bittium trampasensis Clark Bittium? pabloensis Clark Boetica hertleini Kanakoff Boreotrophon cf. B. rotundatus Dall (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Boreotrophon cf. B. sturati (Smith) (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Boreotrophon clathratus scalariformis (Linnaeus) (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Boreotrophon durhami Faustman (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Boreotrophon eucymata Dall (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Pseudomelatoma fleenerensis (Martin)
Boreotrophon cf. B. sturati (Smith) Boreotrophon clathratus scalariformis (Linnaeus) Boreotrophon durhami Faustman Boreotrophon eucymata Dall Boreotrophon fleenerensis Martin Boreotrophon multicostatus (Eschscholtz) Boreotrophon raymondi Moody Boreotrophon sp. Boreotrophon sp. (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Boreotrophon stuarti cierboensis Grant and Eaton Boreotrophon stuarti praecursor (Arnold) Bornia (Temblomia) frankiana Hertlein Bornia (Temblomia) triangulata (Anderson and Martin) Borsonia inculta Moody Borsonia sp. Botula? sp.
Boreotrophon multicostatus (Eschscholtz) (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Boreotrophon raymondi Moody (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Boreotrophon sp. (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Boreotrophon sp. (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Boreotrophon stuarti cierboensis Grant and Eaton (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Boreotrophon stuarti praecursor (Arnold) (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Bornia (Temblomia) frankiana Hertlein and Grant Bornia (Temblomia) triangulata (Anderson and Martin) Taranis incultus (Moody) Taranis sp. Botula? sp.
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) 24N–1S; genus, intertidal to 13 m Species, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, equator, salt tide pool, mangrove swamp Genus, 73N–30N Genus, 73N–30N Genus, 60N–50N, Japan Genus, 60N–50N, Japan Genus, 36.6N–27.9N; intertidal to 46 m 34N–27N 34N–27N 34N–27N 34N–27N Genus, 60N–23N; intertidal to 659 m; sublittoral under kelp Genus, 60N–23N 37N–34N 60N–48N 57N–48N Genus, 60N–23N 34N–32N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 34N–33N 57N 55N–33N 57N–33N (?) Genus, 72N–17N 33N Genus, 40N–25N; one species in Gulf of California; intertidal to 73 m 60N–33N Genus, 72N–17N Genus, 72N–17N Genus, 72N–17N Species, 55N–33N Species, 55N–33N Genus, 24N–6S; 18 to 37 m Genus, 24N–6S Genus, 55N–33N; 180 m Genus, 55N–33N Genus, 23N–1S continued
302
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Brachiodontes n.sp. Brachiodontes veronensis (Trask) Branchiolambrus altus Rathbun Brisaster towsendi woynari Hertlein and Grant (Echinodermata) Brissopsis pacifica (A. Agassiz)? (Echinodermata) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana forma santacruzana (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) santacruzanum (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) santacruzanum (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkerianum sanctacruzanum (Arnold) Bruclarkia geniculata (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonense (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) yaquinanum (Anderson and Martin) Bruclarkia sp. Bruclarkia yaquinana (Anderson and Martin) Buccinum? sp. Buccinum strigillatum Dall Bulla cantuanensis Anderson and Martin
Bruclarkia sp. Bruclarkia yaquinana (Anderson and Martin) Buccinum sp.? Buccinum strigillatum Dall Bulla cantuanensis Anderson and Martin
Bulla gouldiana Pilsbry
Bulla (Bulla) gouldiana Pilsbry
Bulla punctulata Adams in Sowerby
Bulla punctulata Adams in Sowerby
Bulla sp. Bulla striatus Bruguie`re Bullaria n.sp. ? Bullaria striata Bruguie`re Bullia (Molopophorus) anglonana Anderson Bullina sp. Bursa carinata Clark Bursa trampasenis Clark Cadulus (Platyschides?) addicotti Emerson (Scaphopoda) Cadulus cf. C. californicus Pilsbry and Sharp (Scaphopoda) Cadulus fusiformis Pilsbry and Sharp Caecum californicum Dall
Bulla sp. Bulla striata (Bruguie`re) Bulla sp. Bulla striata (Bruguie`re) Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Bullina sp. Mediargo trampasensis (Clark) Mediargo trampasensis (Clark) Cadulus (Platyschides?) addicotti Emerson (Emerson, 1957, p. 990) Cadulus cf. C. californicus Pilsbry and Sharp
Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter) Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter) angulatus (Arnold) Calicantharus fortis angulatus (Arnold)
Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter) Calicantharus angulatus (Arnold) Calicantharus angulatus (Arnold)
Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Calicantharus kettlemanensis (Arnold) Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Calicantharus rancherianus Addicott Calicantharus sp. Calicantharus woodfordi Addicott
Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Calicantharus kettlemanensis (Arnold) Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Calicantharus rancherianus Addicott Calicantharus sp. Calicantharus woodfordi Addicott
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Brachidontes sp. Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis Trask Branchiolambrus altus Rathbun Brisaster towsendi woynari Hertlein and Grant
Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Intertidal Species, 37N–8N
Brissopsis pacifica (A. Agassiz)?
34N–8N
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper)
Genus not living Genus not living
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper)
Genus not living Genus not living
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad)
Genus not living
Cadulus fusiformis Pilsbry and Sharp Caecum californicum Dall
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 72N–29N; 9 to 2928 m 48N–29N Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 46 m 34N–3S, through Gulf of California, intertidal, in bays 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; offshore beyond limit of low tide Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California 28N, Florida, Clearwater Harbor Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California 28N, Florida Genus not living Genus, Indo-Pacific Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 56N–1S; 11 to 1464 m 56N–1S; genus, 11 to 1464 m 37N–23N Genus, 23N–5N; intertidal to 64 m, among rocks Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living. Cantharus, intertidally to offshore, on rocks Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living continued
Appendix 1
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Callianassa longimana Stimson (Arthropoda) Callianassa sp. Calliostoma agustinensis Hertlein
Callianassa longimana Stimson Callianassa sp. Calliostoma augustinense Hertlein
Calliostoma annulatum Martyn Calliostoma carsoni Addicott Calliostoma cf. C. supragranosum Carpenter
Calliostoma annulatum Martyn Calliostoma carsoni Addicott Calliostoma cf. C. supragranosum Carpenter
Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma coalingense catoteron Woodring n. var. Calliostoma coalingense catoteron Woodring? Calliostoma coalingense privum Stewart Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma etchegoinensis Nomland Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma kerri Arnold Calliostoma ligatum (Gould)? Calliostoma obliquistriata Trask Calliostoma olssoni Maury Calliostoma sp.
Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma coalingense catoteron Woodring Calliostoma coalingense catoteron Woodring Calliostoma coalingense privum Stewart Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma kerri Arnold Calliostoma costatum (Martyn) Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb) Calliostoma olssoni Maury Calliostoma sp.
Calliostoma splendens (Cooper) diabloensis Clark Calliostoma splendens Carpenter Calliostoma splendens Carpenter diabloense Clark Calliostoma splendens Carpenter diabloensis Clark Calliostoma splendens diabloensis Clark Calliostoma virgineum (Dillwyn) Calliostoma? aff. C. cammani Dall Calliostoma coalingensis Arnold Callista (Amiantis) diabloensis Anderson Callista angustifrons Conrad (apparently Dione angustifrons Conrad) Callista sp.
Calliostoma splendens Carpenter Calliostoma splendens Carpenter diabloense Clark Calliostoma splendens Carpenter diabloense Clark Calliostoma carsoni Addicott Calliostoma virgineum (Dillwyn) Calliostoma? aff. C. cammani Dall Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson) Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad)
Callista subdiaphana Carpenter Callistochiton sp. (Amphineura) Callithaca tenerrima (Carpenter)
Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Callistochiton sp. Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter)
Callucina guincula Olsson Calyptogena lasia (Woodring)
Callucina guincula Olsson Vesicomya (Calyptogena) gibbera (Crickmay) (Coan et al., 2000, p. 338) Vesicomya (Calyptogena) sp. Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea coreyi Addicott Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes)
Calyptogena n.sp. Calyptraea (Calyptraea) inomata (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb)? Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea coreyi Addicott Calyptraea costellata (Conrad)
Calliostoma carsoni Addicott
Callista sp.
Calyptraea costellata (Conrad) panzana Loel and Corey Calyptraea diabloensis Clark Calyptraea fastigiata Gould Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea inomata (Gabb)
Calyptraea (Trochita) panzana Loel and Corey Calyptraea diabloensis Clark Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip
Calyptraea inomata (Gabb) Calyptraea inomata Conrad
Calyptraea inomata (Gabb) Calyptraea inomata (Gabb)?
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) burrow burrow Genus, 57N–8N; intertidal, on rocks and algae to 915 m 55N–33N; on blades of giant kelp or rocks Genus, 57N–8N 37N–26N; rocky areas, lower intertidal and sublittoral Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N 34N–23N; rocky areas intertidal Genus, 57N–8N 57N–33N Subgenus, 34N–10N Genus, 57N-8N Genus, 57N–8N, common in intertidal and sublittoral zones Genus, 57N–8N 37N–29N Species, 37N–29N Species, 37N–29N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 61N–30N If Callista, genus common in Adriatic Sea from 45N to 40N 61N–30N See Keen (1971, p. 873) 57N–28N; when living, commonly present with Saxidomus nuttalli Genus, 31N–16N; intertidal to 55 m Genus, 60N–9.7N Genus, 60N–9.7N Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–Chile 24N–15N Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California 24N–15N; clinging to surf-beaten rocks on exposed coasts Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–Chile 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 137 m Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California continued
304
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Calyptraea inomata Gabb Calyptraea inomata Gabb Calyptraea mamilaris Broderip? Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea martini Clark Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria (Cancellaria) n.sp.? cf. C. decussata Sowerby Cancellaria (Coptostoma) posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Crawfordina) kemensis Addicott Cancellaria (Crawfordina) weaveri Etherington Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) cassidiformis Sowerby Cancellaria (Euclia) circumspinosa Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) ocoyana Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) sp. Cancellaria (Euclia?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Narona) birchi Addicott Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria andersoni Arnold Cancellaria andersoni Arnold Cancellaria andersoni Clark Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria bakeri (Anderson) Cancellaria barkeri (Anderson in Hanna) Cancellaria cf. C. fernandoensis Arnold Cancellaria circumspinosa Addicott Cancellaria condoni (Cooper) Cancellaria condoni Anderson Cancellaria condoni Anderson (in part, in Anderson, 1905) Cancellaria crassa Nomland Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria dalliana Anderson Cancellaria dalliana Anderson (in part in Anderson and Martin, 1914) Cancellaria dalliana condoni (Anderson) Cancellaria elsemerenis English Cancellaria femandoensis Arnold Cancellaria femandoensis Arnold tribulis Nomland Cancellaria galei Addicott Cancellaria hamlini Carson Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria joaquinensis Anderson Cancellaria joaquinensis Anderson (pabloensis Clark) Cancellaria keenae Addicott Cancellaria lickana Anderson and Martin
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea inomata (Gabb) Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea martini Clark Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria (Cancellaria) n.sp.? cf. C. decussata Sowerby Cancellaria (Coptostoma) posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Crawfordina) kemensis Addicott Cancellaria (Crawfordina) weaveri Etherington Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) cassidiformis Sowerby Cancellaria (Euclia) circumspinosa Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) ocoyana Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) sp. Cancellaria (Euclia?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Narona) birchi Addicott Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria cf. C. fernandoensis Arnold Cancellaria (Euclia) circumspinosa Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad
25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–3S, southern part Gulf of California; offshore to 80 m Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 24N–5S; in depths to 128 m Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water; to 37 m Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water; to 37 m Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Cancellaria crassa Nomland Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California 38N–33N Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria elsemerenis English Cancellaria femandoensis Arnold Cancellaria femandoensis Arnold tribulis Nomland Cancellaria galei Addicott Cancellaria hamlini Carson Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria (Euclia) joaquinensis Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) joaquinensis Anderson
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Cancellaria keenae Addicott Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water; to 37 m
Subgenus, 38N–33N Subgenus, 38N–33N Gulf of California–5S; at extreme low tide to 37 m Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
continued
Appendix 1
305
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Cancellaria lickana Anderson and Martin (joaquinensis Anderson) Cancellaria lipara Woodring Cancellaria n.sp.? A Cancellaria nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria obesa Sowerby Cancellaria oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria pabloensis Clark Cancellaria pacifica Anderson Cancellaria planospira Grant and Gale Cancellaria posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria ramonensis Clark Cancellaria rapa Nomland Cancellaria sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria sanjosensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria siletzensis Anderson Cancellaria siletzensis Anderson Cancellaria simplex Anderson Cancellaria sp. A (Davis, 1998) Cancellaria sp. B (Davis, 1998) Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Cancellaria vetusta Gabb Cancellaria weaveri Etherington Cancellaria wynoochensis Weaver Cancer antennarius Stimpson (Arthropoda) Cancer magister Dana Cancer sp. aff. C. magister Dana Cantharus aff. C. ringens (Reeve) Cantharus fortis (Carpenter) (?) Cantharus sp. Cantharus? cf. C. elegans (Gray) Capulus sp. Capulus sp. Capulus? cf. C. californicus Dall Cardiomya cf. C. planetica Dall Cardiomya n.sp.? Powell Cardita (Cyclocardia) californica (Dall) Cardita californica (Dall) Cardita n.sp. aff. C. affinis (Sowerby) Cardita sp. Cardita sp. Cardita sp. aff. C. caribbeanensis Olsson Cardita sp. indet. Cardita ventricosa Gould? Cardites crassicostata (Sowerby) Cardium (Acanthocardia) reedi Loel and Corey? Cardium (Acanthocardia) sp. Loel and Corey Cardium (Cerastoderma) coosense Dall Cardium (Cerastoderma) meekianum Gabb Cardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii Conrad
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Cancellaria (Pryuclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria lipara Woodring Cancellaria sp. Cancellaria (Euclia?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria obesa Sowerby Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria (Euclia) pabloensis Clark Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria planospira Grant and Gale Cancellaria (Coptostoma) posunculensis Anderson and Martin Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria rapa Nomland Cancellaria (Barkeria) sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Barkeria) sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Crawfordina) kemensis Addicott Cancellaria (Crawfordina) siletzensis Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Cancellaria sp. a (Davis, 1998) Cancellaria sp. b (Davis, 1998) Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Cancellaria (Crawfordina) weaveri Etherington Cancellaria (Euclia) wynoochensis Weaver Cancer antennarius Stimpson Cancer magister Dana Cancer sp. aff. C. magister Dana Cantharus (Gemophos) ringens (Reeve) Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter) Cantharus sp.
Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water; to 37 m Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Cantharus (Gemophos) cf. C. (G.) elegans (Griffith and Pidgeon) Capulus sp. Capulus sp. Capulus? cf. C. californicus Dall Cardiomya cf. C. planetica Dall Cardiomya n.sp.? Powell Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cardita n.sp. aff. C. affinis Sowerby Cardita sp.
27N–3S; intertidal to 90 m Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California; 27 to 549 m Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 38N–33N Subgenus, 38N–33N Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, 38N–33N Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S N.D. N.D. N.D. 24N–3S; intertidal on rocks Genus not living Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal on rocks 25N–5S; intertidal on rocks
Cyclocardia sp. Cardita sp. aff. C. caribbeanensis Olsson Cardita sp. Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cardites crassicostata (Sowerby) Acanthocardia reedi (Loel and Corey)
Genus, 34N–29N Genus, 34N–29N; 37 to 46 m 34N–29N; 37 to 46 m 55.6N–7.1N; 25 to 3000 m Genus, 61N–1S; 5 to 3000 m 61N–28N 61N–28N 29N–4S; under rocks and in crevices to 27 m Genus, 29N–4S; sand, rocks, and mud, to 100 m Genus, 71N–9N, and 46S–20S Genus, 31N–15N, Gulf of Mexico Questionable identification 61N–28N 27N–2S; intertidal to 55 m Genus, Mediterranean and West Africa
Acanthocardia sp. Clinocardium coosense (Dall) Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad)
Genus, Mediterranean and West Africa Genus, 71N–33N; intertidal, in sand, to 150 m Genus, 71N–33N 63N–33N continued
306
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Cardium (Mexicardia) procerum Sowerby Cardium (Papyridea) n.sp.
Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby) Papyridea sp.
Cardium (Trachycardium) quadragenarium Conrad Cardium (Trachycardium) vaquerosensis Arnold Cardium (Trachycardium) woodringi Loel and Corey Cardium arcumbona Wiedey Cardium coosensis Dall Cardium corbis (Martyn) v. var.? Cardium corbis Martyn Cardium meekianum Gabb Cardium quadrigenarium Conrad
Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold)
Cardium schencki Wiedey Cardium sp. Cardium sp. Cardium vaquerosense Arnold Cardium vaquerosensis Anderson Carinifex sp. Carinodrillia n.sp. Powell
24N–14S Genus, 28N–4S; beaches, sandbars, and to depths of 175 m 37N–27N Genus, 37N–14S
Trachycardium woodringi (Loel and Corey)
Genus, 37N–14S
Trachycardium arcumbona (Wiedey) Clinocardium coosense (Dall) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey) Cardium sp. Clinocardium sp. Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Helisoma (Carinifex) sp. Carinodrillia n.sp. Powell
Genus, 37N–14S; tide flats, intertidal to 137 m Genus, 71N–33N 63N–33N 63N–33N Genus, 71N–33N 37N–27N
Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus) ellipticus Kew (Echinodermata) Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus) ynezanus Kew
Rhynchopygus californicus (Anderson)
Cassidulus mexicanus Kew Cassis sp.
Cassidulus mexicanus Kew Cassis sp.
Cassis subtuberosa Hanna Centrostephanus? sp. (Echinodermata) Cerastoderma corbis (Martyn)
Cassis subtuberosus Hanna Centrostephanus? sp. Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad)
Cerastoderma sp. Cerastoderma sp. Ceratostoma cf. C. monoceros (Sowerby) Ceratostoma delorae Hall Ceratostoma foliata (Gmelin) Ceratostoma foliatum (Gmelin) Ceratostoma nanna (Nomland) Ceratostoma nuttalli (Conrad)? Ceratostoma? aff. C. perponderosum (Dall) Cerithidae californica (Haldeman) Cerithiopsis aff. C. subloriosa Baker, Hanna, and Strong Cerithiopsis bolingerensis Clark Cerithiopsis n.sp. aff. C. carpenteri Bartsch Cerithiopsis n.sp. Powell Cerithiopsis sp. Cerithiopsis tumeri Clark Cerithium (Thericium) uncinatum (Gmelin) Cerithium arnoldi Anderson and Martin Cerithium incisum Sowerby
Cerastoderma ap. Clinocardium sp. Ceratostoma cf. C. monoceros (Sowerby) Ceratostoma delorae Hall Ceratostoma foliata (Gmelin) Ceratostoma foliata (Gmelin) Ceratostoma nanna (Nomland) Ceratostoma nuttalli (Conrad)? Ceratostoma? aff. C. perponderosa (Dall) Cerithidea californica (Haldeman) Cerithiopsis aff. C. subloriosa Baker, Hanna, and Strong Bittium bolingerensis (Clark) Cerithiopsis n.sp. aff. C. carpenteri Bartsch Cerithiopsis n.sp. Powell Cerithiopsis sp. Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Cerithium (Thericium) uncinatum (Gmelin) Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Liocerithium judithae Keen
Cerithium rodeoensis Clark Cerithium simplicus Grant and Gale?
Goniobasis rodeoensis (Clark) Cerithium (Thericium) simplicus Grant and Gale Cerithium sp. Cerithium sp.
Cerithium sp. Cerithium sp.
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Cassidulus ellipticus Kew
Genus, 37N–14S Questionable generic assignments of Cardium Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Freshwater Genus, 31N in Gulf of California–3S; gravel, rocks, and sand, to 80 m Genus, Gulf of California–0 Genus not living, Eocene to late Oligocene in California Genus, Gulf of California–0 Genus, 23N–3S, through Gulf of California; on sand in shallow water Genus, 23N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 23N–8N, and Gulf of California 63.1N–32.7N, intertidal to 55 m, common in esturaries Questionable generic assignment Genus, 71N–33N 27N–25N Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California 57N–33N 57N–33N Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California 37N–27N Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California 38N–27N; intertidal on mudflats Genus, 60N–5S; species, Gulf of California Genus, 60N–23N C. carpenteri, 34N–33N; usually on sponges Genus, 60N–5S; intertidal to 156 m Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 60N-23N Gulf of California–3S; mostly offshore to 37 m Genus, 60N–23N 25N–23N, through Gulf of California; intertidal under rocks Freshwater Genus, Gulf of California–5S; intertidal to 37 m Genus, Gulf of California–5S If Cerithium; genus, Gulf of California–5S continued
Appendix 1
307
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Cerithium sp. Cerithium topangensis Arnold Chama buddiana C. B. Adams Chama corallina Olsson Chama frondosa Broderip Chama pellucida (Sowerby)
Cerithium sp. Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Chama buddiana Adams Chama corallina Olsson Chama (Chama) frondosa Broderip Chama (Chama) arcana Bernard
Chama sp. Cheilea cepacea (Broderip) Chione aff. C. gnidia (Broderip and Sowerby)
Chama sp. Cheilea cepacea (Broderip) Chione (Chionista) aff. C. (C.) gnidia (Broderip and Sowerby) Chione (Anomalocardia) femandoensis English Chione semplicata Nomland Chione (Chione) allisoni Hertlein Chione (Chione) cf. C. (C.) undatella Sowerby
Chione (Anomalocardia) femandoensis English Chione (Chinopsis) semplicata Nomland Chione (Chione) allisoni Hertlein Chione (Chione) cf. C. (C.) undatella Sowerby Chione (Chione) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Chionopsis) coalingensis Adegoke Chione (Chionopsis) semplicata Nomland Chione (Chionopsis) sp. Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson)? Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. mariea (d’Orbigny) Chione (Lirophora) hannai Parker Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione (Securella) elsmerensis English Chione (Securella) ensifera (Dall) Chione (Securella) kanakoffi Hertlein Chione aff. C. latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione cf. C. elsmerensis English Chione cf. wilcoxi (Dall) Chione conradiana Anderson Chione conradiana F. M. Anderson Chione diabloensis Clark Chione elsmerensis English Chione femandoensis English
Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Chionopsis) coalingensis Adegoke Chione (Chionopsis) semplicata Nomland Chione (Chionopsis) sp. Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. (L.) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. (L.) mariea (d’Orbigny) Chione (Lirophora) hannai Parker Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione elsmerensis English Chione (Securella) ensifera (Dall)
Chione securis (Shumard) Chione semplicata Nomland Chione semplicatus Nomland Chione staleyi Gabb Chione succincta Valenciennes
Chione (Securella) kanakoffi Hertlein Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. (L.) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione cf. C. elsmerensis English Chione cf. wilcoxi (Dall) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Chione diabloensis Clark Chione elsmerensis English Chione (Anomalocardia) femandoensis English Chione juanensis Loel and Corey Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Amiantis mathewsonii (Gabb) Chione pabloensis Clark Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione richthofeni Hertlein and Jordan Chione schencki Loel and Corey (not C. vickeryi Wiedey) Chione securis (Shumard) Chione semplicata Nomland Chione semplicata Nomland Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Chione (Chione) californiensis (Broderip)
Chione temblorensis (Anderson)
Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson)
Chione juanensis Loel and Corey Chione latilaminosa Anderson Chione mathewsonii Gabb Chione pabloensis Clark Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione richthofeni Hertlein and Jordan Chione schencki Loel and Corey
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Questionable generic assignment Genus, 60N–23N 11N-0 23N–8N; dredged in 55 m 24N–2N; intertidal on rocks to a few meters 37.1N–9.7N; in bays attached to rocks, intertidal to 80 m Genus, 44N–5S; intertidal to 46 m 32N in Gulf of California 32N–6S; in bays and offshore to 33 m Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S 34N–5S; protected sandy beaches and offshore to 40 m Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 27N–4S; to 70 m Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 28N–5S 28N–3S, through Gulf of California; offshore to 110 m Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 28N–5S; to 110 m Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S; intertidal, sand or mud, to 110 m Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S; intertidal, sand or mud to 110 m Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 61N–20S 37.7N–16.9N; offshore, mud substrate to 50 m, and mudflats, bays Subgenus, 27N–4S continued
308
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Chione temblorensis (Anderson) Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chione vickeryi Wiedey Chlamys (?) sp. Chlamys (Argopecten) abietis abbotti Hertlein and Grant Chlamys (Argopecten) callida Hertlein Chlamys (Argopecten) circularis Sowerby
Taxonomy used in this study
Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chione vickeryi Wiedey Chlamys? sp.
Chlamys (Lyropecten) cerrosensis Gabb
Argopecten abietis abbotti (Hertlein and Grant) 5–1 Ma Argopecten callidus (Hertlein) 8–1 Ma Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene) Argopecten ericellus (Hertlein) 5–2.5 Ma Argopecten hakei (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten invalidus (Hanna) 8–1 Ma Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6 Ma to 1.6 Ma Chlamys hastata ellisi Hertlein and Grant 5– 2.5 Ma Chlamys hastata hericius (Gould) 8 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys jordani (Arnold) 5–1 Ma Chlamys opuntia (Dall) 8–1 Ma Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6 Ma to 1.6 Ma Crassadoma giganteus (Gray) Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Chlamys (Lyropecten) crassicardo (Conrad)
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Chlamys (Swiftopecten) parmeleei Dall
Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Chlamys aff. C. anapleus Woodring 5–1 Ma Chlamys aff. C. mollita (Reeve) 27? Ma– Holocene Chlamys bartschi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Chlamys (Argopecten) ericellus Hertlein Chlamys (Argopecten) hakei Hertlein Chlamys (Argopecten) invalida Hanna Chlamys (Argopecten) subdola Hertlein Chlamys (Chlamys) hastata ellisi Hertlein and Grant Chlamys (Chlamys) hastata hericius Gould Chlamys (Chlamys) hastata Sowerby Chlamys (Chlamys) jordani Arnold Chlamys (Chlamys) opuntia Dall Chlamys (Chlamys) rubida (Hinds) Chlamys (Chlamys) rubida Hinds Chlamys (Chlamys) subdola Hertlein Chlamys (Hinnites) multirugosus (Gale) Chlamys (Leptopecten) latiaurata Conrad
Chlamys (Swiftopecten) wattsi var. morani (Arnold) Chlamys aff. C. anapleus Woodring Chlamys aff. C. mollita (Reeve) Chlamys bartschi (Arnold) (Moore, 1984, p. B25) Chlamys branneri (Arnold) Chlamys cf. C. islandicus (Muller) Chlamys cf. C. proavus (Arnold) Chlamys corteziana (Durham) Chlamys corteziana Durham Chlamys discus (Conrad) Chlamys durhami Adegoke Chlamys egregius (Nomland) Chlamys etchegoni (Anderson) Chlamys hastata (Sowerby) Chlamys hastata forma hericia (Gould) Chlamys hastatus (Sowerby)
Chlamys branneri (Arnold) 27–17 Ma Chlamys islandica (Muller) 5 Ma–Holocene Chlamys cf. C. proavus (Arnold) Chlamys corteziana Durham 13–2.5 Ma Chlamys corteziana Durham 13–2.5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Chlamys hodgei (Hertlein) 13–5 Ma Chlamys egregius (Nomland) 5–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hericius (Gould) 8 Ma— Holocene Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 70N–1S; intertidal to 275 m, free swimming Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S 34.4N–5.1S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Species 60N–33N Species 60N–33N; rocky substrate, intertidal to 160 m 60N–33N Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S 60N–33N 60N–33N Genus, 34N–6S 60N–25N 38N–23N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus, 70N–1S Japan, 35N–27N Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S 70N–64N Genus, 70N–1S; species, Paleocene Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given 60N–33N 60N–33N 59.5N–32.7N; rocky substrate, sand, on shale, intertidal to 160 m continued
Appendix 1
309
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Chlamys hastatus Sowerby Chlamys hertleini Loel and Corey Chlamys hindsii (Carpenter) Chlamys hodgei (Hertlein) Chlamys islandicus hindsii (Carpenter) Chlamys islandicus jordani (Arnold) Chlamys lowei (Hertlein) Chlamys n.sp. aff. C. nipponensis Kuroda Chlamys nutteri Arnold Chlamys opuntia (Dall) Chlamys parmeleei (Dall) Chlamys parmeleei ethegoini (Anderson) Chlamys rubida (Hinds) Chlamys rubida (Hinds) subsp. jordani (Arnold) Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) Chlamys sespeensis var. hydei (Arnold) Chlamys sp. Chlamys swiftii parmeleei (Dall) Chlorostoma (Omphalius) dalli Arnold
Taxonomy used in this study
Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27–13 Ma Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys hodgei (Hertlein) 13–5 Ma Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys jordani (Arnold) 5–1 Ma Spathochlamys vestalis (Reeve) Chlamys n.sp. aff. C. nipponensis Kuroda Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma Chlamys opuntia (Dall) 8–1 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei ethegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys jordani (Arnold) 5–1 Ma Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Chlamys sespeensis hydei (Arnold) 17–13 Ma Chlamys sp. Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold
Chlorostoma (Omphalius) dalli inomatus Arnold Chlorostoma (Omphalius) dalli subnodosus Arnold Chlorostoma dalli Arnold
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli inomatus Arnold
Chlorostoma pacificum (Anderson and Martin)
Tegula (Chlorostoma) pacifica (Anderson and Martin) Neptunea (Neptunea) lirata (Martyn) Odostomia (Belsa) rotundomontana (Keen)
Chryosodomus liratus Martyn Chrysallida rotundomontana Keen Chrysodomus altispira Gabb Chrysodomus andersoni Martin Chrysodomus arnoldi Rivers? Chrysodomus buwaldi Clark Chrysodomus cf. C. diabloensis Clark Chrysodomus cierboensis Clark Chrysodomus coalingensis Nomland Chrysodomus diabloensis Clark Chrysodomus dirus meridiei Moody Chrysodomus eurekaensis Martin Chrysodomus halibrectus Dall Chrysodomus imperialis Dall Chrysodomus kernensis Anderson and Martin Chrysodomus lawsoni Martin Chrysodomus liratus Martyn var. rectirostris Carpenter Chrysodomus pabloensis Clark Chrysodomus portolaensis Arnold Chrysodomus scotiaensis Martin Chrysodomus sp. Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird Cidarina cidaris (A. Adams) n. var.? (Echinodermata)
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli subnodosus Arnold Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold
Neptunea (Neptunea) altispira (Gabb) Neptunea (Neptunea) andersoni (Martin) Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Neptunea buwaldi (Clark) Neptunea cf. N. diabloensis (Clark) Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Fusinus coalingensis (Nomland) Neptunea diabloensis (Clark) Lirabuccinum dira (Reeve) (Vermeij, 1991) Colus eurekaensis (Martin) Colus halibrectus (Dall) Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) lawsoni (Martin) Exilioidea rectirostris (Carpenter) Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Lirabuccinum portolaensis (Arnold) (Vermeij, 1991) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Chrysodomus sp. Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Cidarina cidaris (Adams)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) 60N–33N Genus, 70N–1S 59.5N–32.7N; 1 to 200 m Genus, 70N–1S 60N–33N Genus, 70N–1S 33.4N–1.3S Genus, 70N–1S Genus not living Genus, 70N–1S Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given 60N–33N Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N; intertidal Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N 71N–37N Genus, 60N–3S; subgenus, 24N and Gulf of California Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus not living Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 50N–3S; intertidal to 185 m Genus, 72N–33N 56N–37N; intertidal, on rocks Genus, 72N–33N, deep water 55N Subgenus, 33N–5S Genus not living Genus, 72N–33N; intertidal to 1555 m 56N–30N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 56N–37N or northeast Pacific Ocean; intertidal, on rocks 59N–33N Questionable generic assignment 51N–33N, 84 to 436 m 55N–30N continued
310
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Cidarina cidaris (Adams in Carpenter) Cidaris sp. Cidaris sp. Cidaris thouarsii (?) Valenciennes (Kew)? Cidaris thouarsii ? Valenciennes (Kew) Clathrodrillia (Moniliopsis) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Clathrodrillia (Moniliopsis) kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Clathrodrillia antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Clathrodrillia buwaldana (Anderson and Martin) Clathrodrillia coalingensis (Arnold) Clathrodrillia howei (Anderson and Martin)
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Cidarina cidaris (Adams) Cidaris sp. Eucidaris sp. or Hesperocidaris sp. Eucidaris thourasii (Valenciennes) Eucidaris thouarsii (Valenciennes) Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin)
55N–30N Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Eucidaris, Gulf of California–3S Gulf of California–0 Gulf of California–0 Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans
Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Turricula? buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S; low tide to 10 m Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Subgenus, 66N–3S Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus, 25N–3S
Clathrodrillia n.sp. Clathrodrillia ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Agathotoma (Agathotoma) howei (Anderson and Martin) Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Ophiodermella sp. Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Clathrodrillia temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Clathromangelia interfossa? (no author) Clathromangelia variegata (Carpenter) Clathurella sp. Clava rodeoensis (Clark) Clavatula cf. C. labiata Gabb
Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Clathromangelia interfossa? (Carpenter) Mangelia variegata Carpenter Clathurella sp. Neptunea? rodeoensis (Clark) Turricula cf. T. piercei (Arnold)
Clavus (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Clavus (Clathrodrillia) elsmerensis (English) Clavus aff. C. pallidus (Sowerby)
Drillia (Clathrordillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) elsmerensis (English) Calliclava cf. C. pallida (Sowerby)
Clavus cf. C. (Cymatosyrinx) hemphilli (Stearns) Clavus coalingensis (Arnold) Clementia (Compsomyax) cf. C. (C.) subdiaphana Carpenter Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) elongata Wiedey Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) sp. Clementia dariena (Conrad)
Globidrillia cf. G. hemphilli (Stearns)
48N–31N, lowtide to sublittoral Alaska or 37N–24N Genus, 42N–32N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, 46 to 280 m Subgenus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 66N–3S 16N–10N; 10 to 25 m; genus, intertidal to 70 m 34N–23N; genus, 10 to 45 m
Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Compsomyax cf. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter)
Subgenus, 66N–3S 61N–30N, 2 to 500 m
Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia? elongata Wiedey Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson)
Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0
Clementia (Egesta) sp. Clementia dariena (Conrad)
Clementia martini (Clark) Clementia pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia pertenuis conradiana (Anderson) Clementia pertenuis conradiana (F. M. Anderson) Clementia sp. Clementia sp. Clinocardium blandum (Gould)
Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson)
Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 30N–15N, Florida and Gulf of Mexico– West Indies Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0
Clathrodrillia kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Clinocardium comoxense (Dall) Clinocardium lispum Roth and Talmadge (Roth and Talmadge, 1975)
Clementia (Egesta) sp. Clementia sp. Clinocardium (Keenocardium) blandum (Gould) Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) ciliatum (Fabricius) Clinocardium lispum Roth and Talmadge (Roth and Talmadge, 1975)
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S Genus, 48N–23N Genus, equator, salt tide pool, mangrove swamp Genus, 48N–23N
Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 28N–0 57N–39N; 20 to 80 m 71N–48.9N; 10 to 150 m Genus, 71N–33N
continued
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb)
Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb)
Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) myrae Adegoke Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium praeblandum Keen Clinocardium pristinum Keen (Keen, 1954) Clinocardium sp. Clypeaster bowersi Weaver (Echinodermata) Clypeaster carrizensis Kew Clypeaster deserti Kew Cochiolepsis? schoonerensis Moore
Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) myrae Adegoke Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium praeblandum Keen Clinocardium pristinum Keen Clinocardium sp. Clypeaster bowersi Weaver Clypeaster carrizoensis Kew Clypeaster deserti Kew Cochiolepsis? schoonerensis Moore
Cockerella conradiana (Gabb) Codakia (Codakia) californica (Conrad)
Cockerella conradiana (Gabb) Epilucina californica (Conrad)
Codakia (Codakia) distuguenda (Tryon) Codakia colpoica Dall Codakia sp. cf. C. orbicularis (Linnaeus) (Smith, 1989) Coleophysis harpa (Dall); also as Retusa (Retusa) harpa (Dall) Collisella sp.
Codakia (Codakia) distuguenda (Tryon) Codakia (Codakia) distuguenda (Tryon) Codakia (Codakia) distuguenda (Tryon)
Columbella (Astryis) constantia Moody Columbella (Astyris) pittsburgensis Clark Columbella (Astyris) richthofeni (no author given) Columbella sp. Colus recurvus (Gabb) Colus sp. indent. Comitas? spencerensis Moore Composmyax angustifrons (Conrad) Compsomyax sp. Compsomyax sp. Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Conchocele disjuncta Gabb Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus (Leptoconus) multiliratus walli Mansfield Conus (Lithoconus) cf. C. (L.) regularis Sowerby Conus (Lithoconus) hayesi Arnold Conus aff. C. recurvus Broderip Conus bramkampi Hanna and Strong (Hanna and Strong, 1949) Conus californicus (Hinds)
Mitrella gouldii (Carpenter) Mitrella pittsburgensis (Clark) Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb)
55N–30N; gravel, low tide to sublittoral; genus, 18 to 549 m Genus, 34N–5N, through Gulf of California; intertidal 55N–24N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 70N–5N
Mitrella sp. Colus(Aulocofusus) recurvus (Gabb) Colus sp. Comitas? spencerensis Moore Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad) Clementia (Egesta) sp. Compsomyax sp. Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus (Leptoconus) multiliratus walli Mansfield Conus (Leptoconus) cf. C. (L.) regularis Sowerby Conus (Lithoconus) hayesi Arnold Conus (Leptoconus) recurvus Broderip Conus bramkampi Hanna and Strong
Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 72N–33N, deep water Genus, 72N–33N, deep water Genus, medial Miocene, New Zealand Genus, 61N–30N; 2 to 500 m Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 61N–30N 61N–30N 57N–40.8N; 50 to 750 m, in mud Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 145 m 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 90 m Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California 25N–5N; offshore at depths of 35 to 145 m Genus, 38–south of equator
Conus (Chelyconus) californicus Reeve, ex Hinds Conus (Chelyconus) californicus Reeve, ex Hinds conus (Lithoconus) cf. C. (L.) hayesi Arnold
38N–24N
Conus californicus Reeve Conus cf. C. fergusoni Sowerby
Acteocina harpa (Dall) Collisella sp.
Conus durhami Hanna and Strong (Hanna and Strong, 1949) Conus fergusoni Sowerby
Conus durhami Hanna and Strong Conus (Lithoconus) fergusoni Sowerby
Conus haysei Arnold Conus n.sp.? cf. C. purperascens Sowerby
Conus (Lithoconus) haysei Arnold Conus n.sp.? cf. C. purperascens Sowerby
Conus oweniana Anderson
Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson
Genus, 71N–33N; esturaries and sheltered waterways Genus, 71N–33N 63N–33N; intertidal to 180 m Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 23N–0, Gulf of California Genus, 23N–0, Gulf of California Genus, 23N–0, Gulf of California 29N–24N Atlantic; living under the scales of a large annelid worm 37N–5S 41.8N–25N; living in gravel in rocky areas, low tide sublittoral to 80 m 25N–9N; on tide flats at extreme low tide 25N–9N 25N–9N
38N–24N; intertidal to 46 m Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California; intertidal to 165 m Genus, 38N–south of equator 28N–3S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 165 m Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California 25N–3S, through Gulf of California; tide pools and rocky ledges Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California continued
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Conus owenianus Anderson
Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson
Conus planiliratus Sowerby
Conus planiliratus Sowerby
Conus regularis Sowerby Conus sp. Conus spurius Gmelin (Smith, 1989) Corbicula dumblei Anderson Corbicula dumblei F. M. Anderson Corbicula gabbiana (Henderson) Corbicula kettlemanensis (Arnold) Corbicula sp. Corbis n.sp.? Corbula (Bicrobula?) n.sp. Powell
Conus (Leptoconus) regularis Sowerby Conus sp. Conus spurius Gmelin Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Polymesoda gabbiana (Henderson) Polymesoda? kettlemanensis (Arnold) Polymesoda sp. Corbula? sp. Corbula (Bicrobula?) n.sp. Powell
Corbula (Caryocorbula) luteola Carpenter Corbula (Caryocorbula) n.sp. Corbula (Caryocorbula) oreopendula Olsson Corbula (Corbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale
Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter) Corbula (Caryocorbula) sp. Corbula (Caryocorbula) oreopendula Olsson Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Juliacorbula aequivalvis fossilis (Pilsbry)
Corbula (Julicorbula) aequivalvis fossilis Pilsbry Corbula (Lentidium) luteola Carpenter Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Corbula (Varicorbula) speciosa Reeve Corbula gibbiformis Grant and Gale Corbula luteola Carpenter
Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter) Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Corbula (Varicorbula) speciosa Reeve Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter)
Corbula sp. Corbula tenuis Moody
Corbula sp. Corbula (Tenuicorbula) tenuis Sowerby
Cosmioconcha n.sp.
Cosmioconcha n.sp.
Crasatellites granti (Wiedey) Crassatella collina Conrad?
Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Crassatella collina (Conrad)?
Crassatella granti (Wiedey) Crassatella sp. Crassatellites n.sp. Crassinella branneri Arnold
Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Eucrassatella sp. Eucrassatella sp. Crassinella pacifica (Adams)
Crassinella cf. C. mexicana Pilsbry and Lowe Crassinella mexicana Pilbry and Lowe Crassinella n.sp.? aff. C. adamsi Olsson Crassinella pacifica mexicana Pilbry and Lowe Crassinella virians (Carpenter) Crassispira zizyphus (Berry) Crassispira aff. C. montereyensis (Steams) Crassispira n.sp. Powell
Crassinella cf. C. pacifica (Adams) Crassinella pacifica (Adams) Crassinella n.sp.? aff. C. adamsi Olsson Crassinella pacifica (Adams) Crassinella virians (Carpenter) Crassispira zizyphus (Berry) Crassispira aff. C. montereyensis (Steams) Crassispira n.sp. Powell
Crassispira n.sp.? cf. C. ericana Hertlein and Strong Crassispira olcesensis Addicott Crassispira semiinflata (Grant and Gale) Crassispira sp. Crassitelites sp. Crassitellites subgibbosus Hanna
Strictispira cf. S. ericana (Hertlein and Strong) Crassispira olcesensis Addicott Crassispira semiinflata (Grant and Gale) Crassispira sp. Eucrassatella sp. Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) subgibbosa (Hanna)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California; intertidal to 50 m Genus, 38N–south of equator east. Pacific; species, 24N Florida 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 38N–south of equator Genus, 38N–south of equator Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S; intertidal to 73 m, among rock rubble 37N–23N Subgenus, 37N–14S Subgenus, 37N–14S Subgenus, 27N–3N, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–2S 37N–23N Subgenus, 27N–3N, through Gulf of California 27N Gulf of California–7N Subgenus, 27N–3N, through Gulf of California 36.7N–22.9N, Gulf of California; rocky rubble, low tide, sublittoral to 60 m Genus, 37N–14S 8N–3S; not reported outside Panama area (Keen, 1971, p. 268) Genus, 24N–south of equator; intertidal to 205 m Genus, 34N–5S Questionable generic assignment; Eocene species Genus, 34N–5S; intertidal to 64 m Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S 33.9N–1S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 160 m 34N–1S 34N–1S 23N–3S 34N–1S 28N–3S Genus, 37N–3S 37N–23N Genus, 37N–3S; on sand, rocks, and under kelp, 17 to 65 m 31N in Gulf of California–3S; intertidal and “offshore” Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S; also, 34N–32N of authors Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 34N–5S Subgenus, 33N–5S
continued
Appendix 1
313
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Crassostrea ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea cf. C. eldridgei (Arnold) Crassostrea cierboensis (Grant and Eaton) Crassostrea eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea freudenbergi Hertlein and Jordan? Crassostrea howelli (Wiedey) Crassostrea sp. Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan prior (Grant and Eaton) Crassostrea titan subtitan (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Crawfordiana cf. C. weaveri (Etherington) Crawfordiana fulgeri (Arnold) Crawfordina? n.sp.? Crenella cf. C. porterensis Weaver Crenella columbiana Dall Crenella decussata (Montagu) Crenella inflata (Carpenter) Crenella inflata Carpenter Crenella sp. Crenomytilus coalingensis (Arnold)
Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Striostrea? freudenbergi (Hertlein and Jordan)
Genus, 60N–5S Genus not living Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 24N–4S
Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) howelli (Wiedey) Crassostrea sp. Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Cancellaria (Crawfordina) kemensis Addicott Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall Cancellaria (Crawfordina) sp. Crenella cf. C. porterensis Weaver Solamen columbianum (Dall) Crenella decussata (Montagu) Crenella divaricata (d’Orbigny) Crenella divaricata (d’Orbigny) Crenella sp. Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Crenomytilus expansus (Arnold)
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin)
Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin)
Crepidula adunca Sowerby
Crepidula adunca Sowerby
Crepidula bractea Addicott Crepidula cf. C. aculeata (Gmelin)
Crepidula bractea Addicott Crepidula cf. C. aculeata (Gmelin)
Crepidula cf. C. excavata Sowerby
Crepidula cf. C. excavata Sowerby
Crepidula cf. C. praerupta Conrad Crepidula diminutiva Loel and Corey Crepidula navicelloides Nuttall Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula pabloensis Clark Crepidula perforans Valenciennes Crepidula praerupta Conrad Crepidula princeps Conrad
Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula diminutiva Loel and Corey Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula pabloensis Clark Crepidula perforans Valenciennes Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula princeps Conrad (if Hoagland [1977] then C. praerupta) Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula sp. Crepipatella cf. C. dorsata (Broderip) (McLean, 1996) Crucibulum (Dispotaea) papulum Addicott Crucibulum sp.?
Genus not living Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S Subgenus, 38N–33N 38N–33N Subgenus, 38N–33N Genus, 71N–4S; intertidal to 458 m 52N–33N 71N–3.5S; intertidal to 200 m 34N–2S 34N–2S; 4 to 450 m Genus, 71N–4S; intertidal to 458 m Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N intertidal, rocks Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N 34N–34S, through Gulf of California; intertidal, on rocks or shells 48N–23N; on gastropod shells, protected outer coasts, intertidal Genus, 72N–5S; intertidal to 168 m 34N–34S, through Gulf of California; sublittoral zone 37N–8N; on other shells, especially Polinices spp. Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 65N–23N 65N–23N 34N–3S; bays and lagoons, intertidal to 70 m Genus, 72N–5S; intertidal to 168 m 65N–23N (?) Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S
Crepidula rostralis Conrad Crepidula rostrata Conrad Crepidula sp. Crepipatella cf. C. lingulata (Gould) Crucibulum (Dispotaea) papulum Addicott Crucibulum (Disptaea) n.sp. Crucibulum (Disptaea) n.sp. Crucibulum cf. C. scutellatum (Wood) Crucibulum sp.
Crucibulum sp. Crucibulum (Crucibulum) cf. C. (C.) scutellatum (Wood) Crucibulum (Crucibulum) sp.
Crucibulum spinosum Sowerby
Crucibulum spinosum (Sowerby)
Crucibulum? cf. C. imbricatum (Sowerby)
Crucibulum (Crucibulum) cf. C. (C.) scutellatum (Wood)
Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 60N–8N; genus, intertidal to 180 m, on rocks Subgenus, 24N–3S Genus, 42N–6S or Chile; intertidal mudflatss, on rocks to 55 m Genus, 42N–6S or Chile 28N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–Chile, through Gulf of California 42N–Chile; intertidal, rocks and shells; offshore to 55 m 28N–3S, through Gulf of California; intertidal mudflats to offshore 27 m continued
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica magna Dall Cryptomya ovalis Conrad Cryptomya quadrata Arnold
Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad)
Cryptomya quadrata Carpenter
Cryptomya californica (Conrad)
Cryptomya sp. Cryptonatica aleutica Dall Cryptonatica clausa (Broderip and Sowerby) Cryptonatica oregonensis (Conrad)
Cryptomya sp. Natica (Cryptonatica) russa Gould Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica (Cryptonatica) oregonensis Conrad
Ctena n.sp. Powell Ctenoides floridana Olsson and Harbison
Ctena n.sp. Powell Ctenoides floridana Olsson and Harbison
Cuma biplicata Gabb Cumingia californica Conrad
Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Cumingia californica Conrad
Cumingia californica Conrad? Cumingia sp. Cunearca n.sp. Cuspidaria (Cardiomya) pectinata Carpenter Cyathodonta sp. Cyathodonta undulata (Conrad) Cyathodonta undulata Conrad Cyclinella cyclica (Guppy)
Cumingia californica Conrad Cumingia sp. Scapharca (Cunearca) n.sp. Powell Cardiomya pectinata (Carpenter) Cyathodonta sp. Cyathodonta undulata (Conrad) Cyathodonta undulata (Conrad) Cyclinella cyclica (Guppy)
Cyclocardia aff. C. barbarensis (Steams) Cyclocardia californica (Dall) Cyclocardia montereyana Arnold Cyclocardia sp.
Cyclocardia aff. C. barbarensis (Steams) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia montereyana (Arnold) Cyclocardia sp.
Cyclocardia subtenta (Conrad) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia ventricosa Gould Cyclocardia? sp. Cyclopecten (Delectopecten) cf. C. (D.) randolphi (Dall) Cyclopecten pemomus (Hertlein)
Cyclocardia subtenta (Conrad) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia? sp. Delectopecten cf. D. vancouverensis (Whiteaves) 5 Ma–Holocene Cyclopecten pemomus (Hertlein) 5 Ma– Holocene Cylichna sp. (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140; and C. alba [Brown]) Cylichna cf. C. attonsa Carpenter
Cylichna aff. alba (Brown) n.sp? Cylichna cf. C. attonsa Carpenter Cylichna n.sp. in Loel and Corey (1932) Cylichna petrosa Conrad Cylichna petrosa Conrad (of Etherington, 1931) Cylichna sp. Cylichna temblorensis Keen Cylichna? loismartinae Keen Cylichnella alba Brown Cymakra gracilior (Tryon) Cymatium elsmerense (English) Cymatium n.sp. Addicott Cymia heimi Hertlein and Jordan Cypraea cf. cervinetta Kiener
Cylichna temblorensis Keen (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Cylichna temblorensis Keen Cylichna temblorensis Keen (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Cylichna sp. Cylichna temblorensis Keen Cylichna? loismartinae Keen Cylichna alba (Brown) Cymakra gracilior (Tryon) Gyrineum elsmerense English Cymatium n.sp. Addicott Cymia heimi Hertlein and Jordan Macrocypraea cf. M. cervinetta Kiener (Groves, 1997)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) 60N–6S 60N–6S 60N–6S 59.5N–5.8S; burrowing in sand, associated with Callianassa 60N–6S; common in bays and sublittoral zone of open coast Genus, 60N–6S; intertidal to 80 or 92 m 71N–33N 72N–54N Genus, 72N–23N; intertidal to 1647 m, living on soft substrate Genus, 31N–2S; intertidal to 120 m Genus, 35N–15N Atlantic; deep water, e.g. 220 m Genus not living 41.8N–26.3N; intertidal to 65 m, in rock crevices and gravel 42N–26N Genus, 37N–3S Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California 60.9N–36.7N; 5 to 1000 m Genus, 37N–4S; 25 to 73 m 31N–4S; 3 m to 110 m 31N–4S Genus, 27N–9S, Pacific; species, 35N–15N, Atlantic; to 30 m 33.5N; 350 to 2211 m 61N–28N Genus, 71N–9N Genus, 71N–9N and 46S–20S; subgenus of Cardita (Keen, 1971) Genus, 71N–9N 61N–28N 61N–28N Genus, 58N–9N 60N–27N 28N–3S, through Gulf of California; to depths of 355 m Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California 48N–32N (Palmer, 1958, p. 242, see discussion) Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California; shallow bays to 2320 m 71N–32N (Keen, 1937, p. 34) 37N–30N Genus not living Genus, 34N–5S; beach to 100 m Genus, 10N–3S; on rocks between tides 31N–5S, through Gulf of California continued
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Cypraea femandoensis Arnold Cypraea n.sp. A (Loel and Corey) Cypraea n.sp. C (Loel and Corey) Cyrena (Corbicula) californica Gabb Cyrena (Corbicula) dumblei Anderson Cyrena californica Gabb Cyrtopleura (Scobinopholas) costata Linnaeus Cytherea (Cytherea) n.sp. Cytherea diabloensis Anderson Cytherea sp. A. Dallinella occidentalis (Dall) (Brachiopoda) Daphnella sp. Delectopecten aff. D. randolphi tillamookensis (Arnold) Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Gabb) Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Trask) Delectopecten cf. D. randolphi (Dall) Delectopecten harfordus (Davis) Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) of Arnold Delectopecten pedroanus (Trask) Delectopecten randolphi tillamookensis (Arnold) Dendostrea folium (Linnaeus) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Taxonomy used in this study
Zonaria (Neobernaya) spadicea (Swainson) femandoensis (Arnold) (Groves, 1997) Zonaria (Zonaria) sp. (L.T. Groves, 2000, written commun.) Zonaria (Zonaria) sp. (L.T. Groves, 2000, written commun.) Polymesoda gabbiana (Henderson) Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Polymesoda gabbiana (Henderson) Cyrtopleura (Scobinopholas) costata (Linnaeus) Globivenus sp.? Arniantis diabloensis (Anderson) Arniantis sp.? Terebratalia occidentalis (Dall) Daphnella sp. Delectopecten aff. D. vancouverensis tillamookensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Delectopecten cf. D. vancouverensis (Whiteaves) 5 Ma–Holocene Delectopecten harfordus (Davis) 17–13 Ma Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Delectopecten pedroanus (Trask) Delectopecten vancouverensis tillamookensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Dendostrea folium (Linnaeus) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Dendraster (Merriamaster) arnoldi Twitchell (Echinodermata) Dendraster (Merriamaster) perrini (Weaver) Dendraster arnoldi Twitchell
Merriamaster arnoldi (Twitchell)
Dendraster ashleyi Arnold Dendraster ashleyi ynezensis Kew Dendraster casseli Grant and Gale Dendraster cedrosensis Israelsky Dendraster cf. D. viscainoensis Grant and Hertlein Dendraster coalingaensis macer Stewart Dendraster coalingaensis Twitchell Dendraster coalingensis gibbosus Kew? Dendraster diegoensis Kew? Dendraster elsmerensis Durham Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholz) Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond) Dendraster gibbsii humilis Kew Dendraster gibbsii mirus Stewart Dendraster pentagonalis Israelsky Dendraster sp. Dendrophyllia cf. D. oldroydi Faustino (Cnidaria) Dendrophyllia sp. Dentalium (Dentalium?) pseudonyma Pilsbry and Sharp (Scaphopoda) Dentalium (Rhabdus) schencki Moore
Dendraster ashleyi (Arnold) Dendraster ashleyi ynezensis Kew Dendraster casseli Grant and Gale Dendraster cedrosensis Israelsky Dendraster cf. D. viscainoensis Grant and Hertlein Dendraster coalingaensis macer Stewart Dendraster coalingaensis Twitchell Dendraster coalingensis gibbosus Kew? Dendraster diegoensis Kew? Dendraster elsmerensis Durham Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz) Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond) Dendraster gibbsii humilils Kew Dendraster gibbsii mirus Stewart Dendraster pentagonalis Israelsky Dendraster sp. Dendrophyllia cf. D. oldroydi Faustino
Merriamaster perrini (Weaver) Dendraster arnoldi Twitchell
Dendrophyllia sp. Dentalium (Dentalium?) pseudonyma Pilsbry and Sharp Dentalium (Rhabdus) schencki Moore
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Species, 37N–28N; ledges at low tide and sublittoral Subgenus, 26N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidally under rocks Subgenus, 26N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 23N–5S; in mud Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 28N–4S, Pacific; species, 42N–24 N, Atlantic Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N 38N–23N Genus, 25N–3S, though Gulf of California; 20 to 200 m Species, 60N–27N Genus, 60N–27N; 25 to 2000 m Genus, 60N–27N 60N–27 N; 25 to 2000 m Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 60N–27N nomen dubium, genus, 60N–27N Species, 60N–27N; 25 to 2000 m Indo-Pacific Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 54N–23N; sandflats of bays and estuaries Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 33N Genus, 33N-cosmopolitan Genus, 57N–3S; 9 to 1190 m Genus, 57N–3S continued
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Dentalium cf. D. pretiosum Nuttall Dentalium cf. D. rectius Carpenter Dentalium cf. D. semipolitum Broderip and Sowerby Dentalium conradi Dall Dentalium conradi Dall Dentalium neohexagonum Sharp and Pilsbry
Dentalium cf. D. pretiosum Nuttall Dentalium cf. D. rectius Carpenter Dentalium cf. D. semipolitum Broderip and Sowerby Dentalium conradi Dall Dentalium conradi Dall (striated form) Dentalium neohexagonum Sharp and Pilsbry
Dentalium petricola Dall Dentalium sp. Dermatomya tenuiconcha Dall Diadora arnoldi McLean
Dentalium petricola Dall (smooth form) Dentalium sp. Poromya (Dermatomya) tenuiconcha (Dall) Diodora arnoldi McLean
Diadora aspera (Eschscholtz) Diadora cf. D. aspera (Eschscholtz in Rathke) Diadora sp. Diala cf. D. marmorea Carpenter Dichocoenia cf. stokesi (Vaughan) (Cnidaria)
Diodora fontainiana (d’Orbigny) Diodora fontainiana (d’Orbigny) Diodora sp. Barleeia marmorea (Carpenter) Dichocoenia cf. D. stokesi (Vaughan)
Dichocoenia merriami (Vaughan) Dichocoenia merriami crasisepta Vaughan Diodora (Diodora) n.sp.
Dichocoenia merriami (Vaughan) Dichocoenia merriami crasisepta Vaughan Diodora (Diodora) n.sp. Addicott
Diodora aff. D. aspera (“Eschscholtz” Rathke) Diodora aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Diodora cayenensis (Larmarck) Diodora murina (Arnold) Diodora murina (Carpenter in Arnold) Diodora n.sp.? aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Diodora sp. cf. D. subelliptica (Nomland) Diodora? n.sp. Diplodonta (Diplodonta) orbella Gould
Diodora aff. D. fontainiana (d’Orbigny) Diodora aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Diodora alternata alternata Say Diodora arnoldi McLean Diodora arnoldi McLean Diodora n.sp.? aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Diodora sp. cf. D. subelliptica (Nomland) Diodora (Diodora) n.sp. Addicott Diplodonta (Diplodonta) orbella (Gould)
Diplodonta (Felaniella) cornea Reeve
Diplodonta sericata (Reeve)
Diplodonta buwaldana Anderson and Martin
Diplodonta (Diplodonta) buwaldana Anderson and Martin Diplodonta cf. D. subquadrata (Carpenter) Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta (Diplodonta) orbella (Gould) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sp. Discinisca aff. D. lamellosa (Broderip)
Diplodonta cf. D. subquadrata Carpenter Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta orbella (Gould) Diplodonta parilis (Conrad) Diplodonta parilis Conrad Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sp. Discinisca aff. D. lamellosa Broderip (Brachiopoda) Discinisca cumingi Broderip Discinisca loeli Hertlein and Grant Discinisca sp. Divalinga ebrunea (Reeve) Divalinga? sp. Divaricella eburnea Reeve Donax (?) triangulata Anderson and Martin Donax (Serrula) gouldii Dall
Discinisca cumingii (Broderip) Discinisca loeli Hertlein and Grant Discinisca sp. Divalinga (Divalinga) ebrunea (Reeve) Divalinga? sp. Divalinga (Divalinga) ebrunea (Reeve) Bornia (Temblomia) triangulata (Anderson and Martin) Donax gouldii Dall
Donax californicus Conrad
Donax (Paradonax) californicus Conrad
Donax n.sp. Donax triangulata Anderson and Martin
Bornia sp. Bornia (Temblomia) triangulata (Anderson and Martin)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) 57N–28N 56N–8N 34N–10N, through Gulf of California; 2 to 45 m Genus, 57N–3S Genus, 57N–3S 37N–23N; 29N–23N Gulf of California; 7 to 256 m, and sandy mud Genus, 57N–3S Genus, 57N–3S 55N–36N; genus, 73 to 2928 m 42N–21N, in Gulf of California; sublittoral below 10 m 5S 5S Genus, 60N–4S 48N–25N; genus, intertidal to 46 m “Reef-corals,” living in Caribbean; common 15 m, rare 150 m “Reef-corals,” living in Caribbean “Reef-corals,” living in Caribbean Genus, 60N–4S; intertidal to 180 m; rocky shore, open coast 5S 34N–4S 40N–15 N, Atlantic 42N–21N, in Gulf of California 42N–21N, in Gulf of California 34N–4S Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 60N–4S 36.6N–24.5N; under rocks in intertidal and sublittoral zones 34N–4S; not common north of 27N; intertidal to 75 m Genus, 71N–4N; excluding Diplodonta inconspicua 26N–2N; on mudflats and to 137 m offshore Genus, 71N–4S 37N–25N; intertidal to 46 m 34N–4S 34N–4S 34N–4S; sand and mud Genus, 71N–4S 34N–Chile; intertidal, attached to rocks in sandy mud 34N–Chile Genus, 34N–Chile Genus, 34N–Chile 25N–5S; intertidal to 55 m Genus, 26N–5S; intertidal to 55 m 25N–5S Genus, 24N–6S 37.1N–24.1N; beaches and hydroid colonies, intertidal to 5 m 35.3N–3.5S; common in bays and intertidally in protected areas Genus, 24N–6S Genus, 24N–6S continued
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Donax? n.sp.
Donax? sp.
Dosinia (Dosinella) margaritana Wiedey Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami Clark Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami occidentalis Clark Dosinia (Dosinia) whitneyi (Gabb) Dosinia (Dosinidia) margaritana (Wiedey) projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia (Dosinidia) margaritana Wiedey Dosinia (Dosinidia) mathewsoni (Gabb) Dosinia (Dosinidia) whitneyi (Gabb) Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia cf. D. montana Conrad Dosinia conradi Gabb Dosinia dunkeri Philippi Dosinia jacalitosana Arnold Dosinia longidens Grant and Gale Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia margaritana var. projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia mathewsoni Gabb Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia merriami occidentalis Clark Dosinia merriami var. occidentalis Clark Dosinia ponderosa (Gray) var. longidens Grant and Gale Dosinia ponderosa diegoana Hertlein Dosinia ponderosa Gray
Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia merriami Clark
Genus, 37N–3S; intertidal to 27 m, in sand of exposed beaches Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S
Dosinia whitneyi (Gabb) Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S
Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia whitneyi (Gabb) Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia cf. montana Conrad Dosinia conradi Gabb Dosinia dunkeri Philippi Dosinia jacalitosana Arnold Dosinia longidens Grant and Gale Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S; on mudflats to 60 m Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 25N–3S; on mudflats and offshore to 55 m Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S
Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia ponderosa longidens Grant and Gale
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Species, 28N–5S Species, 28N–5S 28N–5S; offshore to 60 m
Dosinia santana Loel and Corey Dosinia sobrantensis Lutz Dosinia sp.
Dosinia ponderosa diegoana Hertlein Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher. 1817; not Gray, 1838) Dosinia santana Loel and Corey Dosinia sobrantensis Lutz Dosinia sp.
Drillia antiselli Anderson and Martin Drillia buwaldana Anderson and Martin
Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Turricula? buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Drillia columbiana Anderson and Martin Drillia fleenerensis Martin Drillia howei Anderson
Drillia mercedensis Martin Drillia ochsneri Anderson and Martin
Drillia columbiana Anderson and Martin Pseudomelatoma fleenerensis (Martin) Agathotoma (Agathotoma) howei (Anderson and Martin) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin) Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Drillia ocoyana Anderson and Martin
Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Drillia temblorensis Anderson and Martin Drillia wilsoni Anderson and Martin
Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Echinarachinus gabbi (Re´mond) var. tenuis Kew (Echinodermata) Echinarachinus andersoni (Twitchell) Echinarachnius cf. E. interstriata Blake Echinarachnius excentricus Eschscholtz
Echinarachinus gabbi (Re´mond) kleinpelli Grant and Gale Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Scutellaster oregonensis major Kew Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz)
Drillia incisa Carpenter Drillia inermis Hinds Drillia kernensis Anderson
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S, Pacific; 40N–15N, Atlantic. Mudflats to 60 m Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 40N–25N Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus, 25N–3S 48N–32N 48N–32N Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, equator, salt tide pool, mangrove swamp Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan Genus not living Genus not living 54N–23N; low intertidal zone of rocky shores, bays, and estuaries continued
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Echinarachnius fairbanksi Arnold Echinarachnius fairbanksi santanensis Kew Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Echinarachnius gibbsii Re´mond Echinarachnius kewi Grant and Eaton Echinarachnius norrisi (Pack) Echinarachnius norrisi Pack Echinarachnius sp. Echinarachnius sp. Echinarachnius vaquerosensis (Kew) Echinarichnius merriami Anderson Echinocharna californica Dall Echinolampas? Echinometra sp. Elaeocyma empyrosia (Dall) Elaeocyma hemphilli (Stearns) Encope sp. aff. tenuis Kew (Echinodermata) Encope tenuis Kew Ensis myrae Berry
Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia fairbanksi santanensis (Kew) Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond) Vaquerosella kewi (Grant and Eaton) Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) Vaquerosella coreyi Durham Kewia sp. Vaquerosella sp. Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Arcinella californica (Dall) Cassidulus? mexicanus Kew Echinometra sp. Elaeocyma empyrosia (Dall) Elaeocyma hemphilli (Stearns) Encope sverdrupi Durham Encope tenuis Kew Ensis myrae Berry
Ensis sp. Epitonium (Cirsotrema) clallamense Durham Epitonium (Cirsotrema) posoense Anderson and Martin Epitonium (Cirsotrema?) sp. Epitonium (Gyroscala) barkerianum Addicott Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. eelense Durham
Epitonium cf. E. indianorum (Carpenter)
Ensis sp. Epitonium (Cirsotrema) clallamense Durham Epitonium (Cirsotrema) posoense Anderson and Martin Epitonium (Cirsotrema?) sp. Epitonium (Gyroscala) barkerianum Addicott Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. (N.) eelense Durham Epitonium (Nitidiscala) indianorum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Nitidscala) tedfordi Addicott Opalia (Opalia) wroblewskyi (Mo¨rch) Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch Epitonium cedroensis Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. (N.) eelense Durham Epitonium (Nitidscala) tedfordi Addicott
Epitonium contrerasi Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium dallasi Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium efferum Bramkamp in Durham Epitonium fallaciosum Dall?
Epitonium contrerasi Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium dallasi Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium efferum Bramkamp Epitonium (Nitidscala) tinctum (Carpenter)
Epitonium hemphilli (Dall) Epitonium indianorum Carpenter Epitonium posoensis Anderson and Martin
Eucrassatella digueti Lamy Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey)
Epitonium (Boreoscala) hemphilli (Dall) Epitonium (Nitidscala) indianorum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Cirsotrema) posoense Anderson and Martin Epitonium sp. Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Erato (Hespereato) cf. E. (H.) scabriuscula Gray Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) subgibbosa (Hanna) Eucrassatella aff. E. fluctuata (Carpenter) (Crassatella fide McLean [1978]) Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) digueti (Lamy) Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey)
Eucrassatella n.sp. Powell
Eucrassatella n.sp. Powell
Epitonium (Nitidiscala) indianorum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Nitidscala) tedfordi Addicott Epitonium borealis Gould Epitonium california Anderson Epitonium cedroensis Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium cf. E. eelense Durham
Epitonium sp. Epitonium tinctum (Carpenter) Epitonium williamsoni Anderson and Martin Erato cf. E. scabriuscula Gray Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) subgibbosa (Hanna) Eucrassatella aff. E. fluctuata (Carpenter)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan Genus, 54N–23N Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 28N–6N; 22 to 46 m Genus, Gulf of California–0 27N–0, through Gulf of California 34N–33N Genus, 34N–23N; intertidal to 92 m Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, Gulf of California 36.6N–27.2N; genus, intertidtal to 46 m; species, 5 to 25 m Genus, 37N–3S Subgenus, 28N–0 in Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–0 in Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–0, in Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3S; intertidal to 365 m Subgenus, 55N–23N 55N–24N 49N–23N Subgenus, 55N–23N 55N–32N Subgenus, 33N–8N, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3S Subgenus, 55N–23N Subgenus, 55N–23N, if E. indianorum, 55N– 24N Genus, 72N–3S Genus, 72N–3S, Pacific; 41N–15N, Atlantic Genus, 72N–3S 49N–23N; near base of anemones, exposed at low tide Subgenus, circumboreal 55N–24N Subgenus, 28N–0, in Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3S 49N–23N Genus, 55N–25N; subgenus not living Gulf of California south of equator Subgenus, 33N–5S 34.1N–32.9N; on rocky sublittoral substrate or 10 to 320 m 30N–3N; rare intertidal, 13 to 64 m Genus, 34N–5S; on rocky sublittoral substrate or 10 to 320 m Genus, 34N–5S continued
Appendix 1
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Eucrassatella n.sp.? Eulima aff. E. rutila Carpenter Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin)
Eucrassatella sp. Balcis aff. B. rutila (Carpenter) Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin)
Eulimella californica Anderson and Martin Eulimella ochsneri Anderson and Martin Eusmilia solida (Nomland) Euspira diabloensis (Clark) Euvola keepi (Arnold) Exilioidea rectirostris (Carpenter) Fasciolaria princeps Sowerby Felaniella (Felaniella) cornea Reeve Felaniella (Felaniella) harfordi (Anderson) Felaniella (Felaniella) sp. Felaniella (Zemysia) parilis (Conrad) Felaniella (Zemysia) sericata (Reeve) Felaniella sp. Ferminoscala durhami Keen
Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch Pyramidella (Syrnola) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Eusmilia carrizensis Vaughan Polinices (Euspira) diabloensis (Clark) Euvola keepi (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Exilioidea rectirostris (Carpenter) Fasciolaria (Pleuroploca) princeps Sowerby Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta sp. Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sp. Amaea (Scalina) durhami (Keen)
Ferminoscala whitei Keen Ficus (Ficus) cf. modestus (Conrad)
Amaea (Scalina) whitei (Keen) Ficus (Ficus) cf. F. (F.) modesta? (Conrad)
Ficus (Ficus) sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana Cooper Ficus (Trophosycon) n.sp. A (large) Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyanus (Conrad) Ficus cf. F. modesta (Conrad) Ficus decussata Wood Ficus kerniana (Cooper) Ficus kernianum Cooper Ficus kernianus (Cooper) Ficus modesta (Conrad) Ficus nodiferus Gabb Ficus nodiferus Gabb Ficus ocoyana (Conrad) Ficus pyriformis (Gabb) Ficus rodeoensis English Ficus sp. Ficus stanfordensis Arnold Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby)
Ficus (Ficus) sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Ficus) cf. F. (F.) pyriformis Gabb Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Ficus) modesta (Conrad) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Ficus) pyriformis Gabb Ficus (Trophosycon) rodeoensis (English) Ficus sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby)
Fissurella rixfordi Hertlein
Diodora (Diodora) rixfordi (Hertlein) Addicott (1970a, p. 40) Fissurella sp. Fissurellidea bimaculata (Dall) Diodora arnoldi McLean Diodora subelliptica (Nomland) Flabellipecten n.sp. Powell Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Leporimetis rostellata (Clark) Leporimetis sp. Fluminicola kettlemanensis Pilsbry? Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Forreria carisaensis mirandaensis (Grant and Eaton)
Fissurella sp. Fissurellidea bimaculata (Dall) Fissuridea murina Carpenter Fissuridea subelliptica Nomland Flabellipecten n.sp. Powell Florimetis biangulata (Carpenter) Florimetis rostellata (Clark) Florimetis sp. Fluminicola kettlemanensis Pilsbry? Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Forreria belcheri (Hinds)? Forreria cancellaroides Arnold Forreria carisaensis (Anderson and Martin) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) mirandaensis (Grant and Eaton)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, 34N–5S 55N–25N Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California; 5 to 110 m Subgenus, 33N–8N, Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus living in Japanese waters “Reef-corals,” genus living in Caribbean Subgenus, 51N–28N Genus, 38N–22.9N; intertidal to 155 m 56N–30N; genus, 55 to 825 m Gulf of California–5S; “offshore” 34N–3.5S; intertidal to 75 m Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 34N–4S 34N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California; genus, 10 to 1485 m Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal and “offshore” Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; beach and “offshore” Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 33N–3S; intertidal to 37 m 55N–24N 42N–21N, in Gulf of California Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 38N–4S 35N–25N Genus, 35N–25N Genus, 35N–25N Freshwater 34N–28N 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–28N continued
320
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Forreria coalingensis (Arnold) Forreria emersoni Addicott Forreria gabbiana (Anderson) Forreria gabbianum (Anderson) Forreria gabbianum (Anderson) cancellarioides (Arnold) Forreria gabbianum cancellarioides (Arnold) Forreria lawsoni (Clark) Forreria magister (Nomland) Forreria magister munda Stewart Forreria sp. Forreria wilkesana (Anderson) Forreria wrighti Jordan and Hertlein Fossarius dalli Anderson and Martin Fulgoraria (Psephia) oregonensis (Dall) Fulgraria oregonensis (Dall) Fusinus (Barbarofusus)? barbarensis Trask Fusinus (Priscofusus) geniculus (Conrad) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Fusinus empireensis Anderson and Martin
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Forreria coalingensis (Arnold) Forreria emersoni Addicott Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold)
Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N; intertidal to 135 m Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, living in Japanese waters 46N–33N Genus not living 44N–33N Genus not living
Fusinus fabulator Nomland Fusinus geniculus Conrad Fusinus n.sp. Fusinus stanfordensis (Arnold) Fusitriton oregonensis (Redfield) Fusitriton sp. Fussinus hecoxae (Arnold) Fusus (Hemifusus) wilkesana Anderson Fusus sp. Gadinia reticulata Sowerby Galerus inomatus? Gabb Galerus sp. Gari alata Gabb Gari californica (Conrad)
Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria magister (Nomland) Forreria magister munda Stewart Forreria sp. Forreria wilkesana (Anderson) Forreria wrighti Jordan and Hertlein Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Priscofusus empireensis (Anderson and Martin) Fusinus fabulator Nomland Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Fusinus sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Fusitriton sp. Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Fusinus sp. Trimusculus reticulatus (Sowerby) Calyptraea inomata (Gabb) Calyptraea sp Sanguinolaria alata (Gabb) Gari (Gobraeus) californica (Conrad)
Gari edentula (Gabb) Gari edentula (Gabb)? Gari fucata (Hinds) Gari sp. Gibbula (Tumulus?) baileyi Addicott
Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Gari sp. Gibbula (Tumulus?) baileyi Addicott
Glans n.sp. aff. G. radiata (Sowerby)
Cardita (Carditamera) aff. C. (C.) radiata Sowerby Glans carpenteri (Lamy) Glottidia albida (Hinds) Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis Middendorff Glycymeris (Axinactis) delessertii (Reeve) Glycymeris (Axinola) aff. G. (A.) septentrionalis Middendorff Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) profunda Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis Middendorff Glycymeris (Glycymeris) maculata (Broderip) Glycymeris (Tucetona) n.sp. aff. G. (T.) multicostata (Sowerby) Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis Middendorff
Glans subquadrata (Carpenter) Glottidia albida Hinds (Brachiopoda) Glycimeris septentrionalis Middendorf Glycymeris (Axinactis) delessertii (Reeve) Glycymeris (Axinola) aff. G. (A.) subobsoleta (Carpenter) Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) profunda Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) subobsoleta (Carpenter) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) maculata (Broderip) Glycymeris (Tucetona) n.sp. aff. G. (T.) multicostata (Sowerby) Glycymeris (Tucetona?) septentrionalis (Middendorff)
Genus, 50N–3S Genus not living Genus, 50N–3S Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 59N–33N Genus, 59N–33N Genus not living Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 50N–3S 41N? or 37N–18N Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 30N–4S; intertidal. 60.8N–24.6N; sand, gravel, rocky areas, sandflats of bays, to 280 m 34N–25N 34N–253N 34N–25N Genus, 61N–2S Genus, 37N–33N; subgenus, European waters; intertidal 28N–3S; on mudflats to 24 m 53.9N–27.7N; intertidal to 100 m 37N–18N 60N–25N 23N–2N 60N–25N; intertidal to 400 m Subgenus, 60N–23N 34N–33N; 46 to 365 m 60N–25N; intertidal to 400 m 31N–4S 31N in Gulf of California–3S; in depths to 90 m 60N–25N
continued
Appendix 1
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Glycymeris aff. G. subobsoleta (Carpenter) Glycymeris branneri Arnold Glycymeris cf. G. grewingki Dall Glycymeris cf. G. whaleyi Nicol Glycymeris coalingensis (Arnold) Glycymeris gabbi Dall Glycymeris gigantea Reeve Glycymeris grewingki Dall Glycymeris profunda (Dall) Glycymeris septentrionalis (Middendorff) Glycymeris sp. Glycymeris subobsoleta Carpenter Glyphostoma carinata Addicott Glyphostoma cf. G. gabrielense Pilsbry Glyphostoma conradiana (Gabb) Glyphostoma conradiana Gabb Gobraeus edentulus Gabb Gonidea sp. Goniobasis kettlemanensis Arnold Gouldia california Dall Gregariella chenui (Recluz) Gyrineum dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Gyrineum elsmerense Arnold Gyrineum lewisii Carson Gyrineum mediocre lewisii Carson Gyrineum sp. Haliotis (Padollus) pourtalesii Dall Haliotis (Sulculus) rufescens Swainson Haliotis assimilis Dall? Haliotis cf. H. kamtschatkana assimilis Dall Haliotis fulgens Philippi Haliotis lasia Woodring Haliotis palaea Woodring Haliotis sp. Halistylus pupoideus (Carpenter) Haminoea petrosa Conrad
Taxonomy used in this study
Glycymeris (Axinola) aff. G. (A.) septentrionalis Middendorff Glycymeris (Glycymeris) branneri Arnold Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Glycymeris?) cf. G. (G.?) whaleyi Nicol Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Glycymeris) gabbi Dall Glycymeris (Glycymeris) gigantea (Reeve) Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) profunda Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis Middendorff Glycymeris sp. Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis Middendorff Lioglyphostoma carinata (Addicott)
Haminoea virescens Sowerby
Glyphostoma cf. G. gabrielense Pilsbry Glyphostoma conradiana Gabb Glyphostoma conradiana Gabb Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Gonidea sp. Goniobasis kettlemanensis Arnold Gouldia california Dall Gregariella chenui (Recluz) Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Gyrineum elsmerense English Ranella lewisii (Carson) Ranella lewisii (Carson) Gyrineum sp. Haliotis (Padollus) pourtalesii Dall Haliotis (Sulculus) rufescens Swainson Haliotis assimilis Dall Haliotis assimilis Dall Haliotis fulgens Philippi Haliotis lasia Woodring Haliotis palaea Woodring Haliotis sp. Halistylus pupoideus (Carpenter) Cylichna temblorensis Keen (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Haminoea virescens Sowerby
Hastula gnomon Keen Heliacus rotundata (Gabb) Hemifusus dalli Clark Hemifusus wilkesana Anderson Hemifusus wilkesanus Anderson? Hemithiris sp. (sic: Hemithyris) (Brachiopoda) Hemitoma (Montfortia) emarginata Blainville Here excavata (Carpenter) Hesperato vitellina (Hinds) Hespercidaris? sp. (Echinodermata) Hesperocidaris perplexa H.L. Clark Heteromacoma rostellata (Clark)
Hastula gnomon Keen Heliacus rotundata (Gabb) Ocenebra dalli (Clark) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Frieleia, Hispanirhynchia, or Neorhynchia Hemitoma (Montfortia) emarginata Blainville Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Hesperato vitellina (Hinds) Hespericidaris? sp. Hesperocidaris perplexa (H.L. Clark) Leporimetis rostellata (Clark)
Hiatella arctica Linnaeus
Hiatella arctica Linnaeus
Hiatella? sp
Hiatella? sp.
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) 60N–25N Subgenus, 31N–4S Subgenus, 60N–23N Subgenus, 31N–4S Subgenus, 60N–23N Subgenus, 31N–4S 31N–25N; 5 to 20 m Subgenus, 60N–23N 34N–33N 60N–25N Genus, 60N–4S, Pacific; 35N–15N, Atlantic; intertidal to 400 m 60N–25N Genus, 37N–5N and Gulf of California; 30 to 120 m Genus, 37N–5N; 20 to 280 m 37N–33N 37N–33N 34N–25N Freshwater Freshwater 26N–8N; mostly offshore to 160 m 37N–5S; 30 to 90 m Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 25N, Florida; 164 m 42N–23N 37N–33N; relatively deep water 37N–33N 38N–23N; low tide to 8 m Genus, 57N–23N; intertidal to 92 m, on rocks Genus, 57N–23N; intertidal to 92 m, on rocks Genus, 57N–23N 55N–8N; 18 m to 73 m Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California 55N–3N; intertidal to 18 m, on rocks and algae Genus, 20N–3N; intertdial to 110 m Genus, 34N–3S; extreme low tide to 2320 m Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Questionable taxonomic assignment Subgenus, 25N–20N; 18 to 73 m 34N–24N 38N–24N Gulf of California–3S Gulf of California–19N Genus, 35N–25N; intertidal to 50; gravel, bays, rocky coastlines 71.4N–10N; low tide to sublittoral, intertidal to 1190 m Genus, 71N–10N; intertidal to 1190 m continued
322
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Hinia? lincolnensis (Anderson and Martin) Hinnites benedicti Adegoke Hinnites cf. H. crassa (Conrad)
Priscofusus medialis (Conrad) Crassadoma benedicti (Adegoke) 13–8 Ma Crassadoma cf. C. giganteus (Gray)
Hinnites cf. H. crassa Conrad Hinnites cf. H. giganteus (Gray) Hinnites giganteus (Gray) Hinnites multirugosus (Gale) benedicti Adegoke Hinnites multirugosus crassiplicatus (Gale) Hinnites multirugosus var. crassiplicatus (Gale) Hinnites sp. Hinnites? cf. H. giganteus (Gray) Hippnoe californica Kew Hipponix cf. H. barbatus Sowerby Hipponix sp. Loel and Corey
Crassadoma cf. C. giganteus (Gray) Crassadoma cf. C. giganteus (Gray) Crassadoma giganteus (Gray) Crassadoma benedicti (Adegoke) 13–8 Ma
Hipponix tumens Carpenter Hipponix? sp. Holodarka cf. H. salmonea (Carpenter)
Crassadoma giganteus (Gray) Crassadoma giganteus (Gray) Crassadoma sp. Crassadoma giganteus (Gray) Tripneustes californicus (Kew) Hipponix cf. H. pilosus (Deshayes) Hipponix sp. Loel and Corey Hipponix tumens Carpenter Hipponix? sp. Neolepton (Stohleria) cf. N. (S.) salmonea (Carpenter) Homalopoma (Leptothyropsis) maiqueutiana (Weisbord) Homalopoma cf. H. luridum (Dall) Homalopoma paucicostatum (Dall) Homalopoma radiatum (Dall) Homalopoma? sp. Humilaria perlaminosa (Conrad) (Arnold, 1907a) Huxleyia munita (Dall) Delectopecten aff. D. vancouverensis tillamookensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Crepidula sp. Irusella lamellifera (Conrad)
Homalopoma (Leptothyropsis) maiqueutiana (Weisbord) Homalopoma cf. H. carpenteri (Pilsbry) Homalopoma paucicostatum (Dall) Homalopoma radiatum (Dall) Homalopoma? sp. Humilaria perlaminosa (Conrad)? (Arnold, 1907a) Huxleyia munita (Dall) Hyalopecten aff. H. randolphi tillamookensis (Arnold) Ianacus? sp. Irus lamellifer (Conrad) var. prelamellifer Grant and Gale Irusella lamellifera (Conrad) Iselica fenestrata (Carpenter) Jaton (Shaskyus) festivus (Hinds) Jaton cf. J. carpenteri (Dall)
Irusella lamellifera (Conrad) Iselica ovoidea (Gould) Pteropurpura festiva (Hinds) Ceratostoma cf. C. carpenteri (Dall)
Jaton cf. J. festivus (Hinds)
Pteropurpura cf. P. festiva (Hinds)
Jaton eldridgei (Arnold) Jaton festiva (Hinds)
Pteropurpura eldridgei (Arnold) Pteropurpura festiva (Hinds)
Jaton? sp. Katherinella (Katherinella) angustifrons (Conrad) Katherinella sp. Katherinella subdiaphana (Carpenter) Kelletia (Kelletia) kelleta (Forbes) Kelletia (Kelletia) kettlemanensis (Arnold) Kelletia danvillensis (Clark) Kelletia kelletii (Forbes) Kelletia lorata Addicott Kelletia posoensis (Anderson and Martin) Kelletia vladimiri Kanakoff Kellia laperousii (Deshayes)
Ceratostoma sp. Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad)
Kellia laperousii Deshayes
Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu)
Compsomyax sp. Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Kelletia (Kelletia) kelletii (Forbes) Kelletia (Kelletia) kettlemanensis (Arnold) Kelletia (Kelletia) danvillensis (Clark) Kelletia (Kelletia) kelletii (Forbes) Kelletia lorata Addicott Kelletia posoensis (Anderson and Martin) Kelletia vladimiri Kanakoff Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus not living Genus, 60N–25N 60N–25N, Gulf of California; intertidal to 80 m, common 6 to 10 m 60N–25N 60N–25N 60N–25N Genus, 60.2N–24.6N; low tide to 80 m, high latitudes close to shore 60N–25N 60N–25N Genus, 60N–25N 60N–25N Genus not living Gulf of California–3S Genus, 48N–3S, and Gulf of California; intertidal to 73 m 42N–24N Genus, 48N–3S, and Gulf of California 53.5N–25N; 20 to 60 m, also reported from intertidal to 92 m Genus, 57N–8N; intertidal to 92 m 57N–28N; lowtide to sublittoral 37N–31N, sublittoral Genus, 57N–31N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 60N–37N; intertidal to 37 m 48.1N–27.2N; 37 or 70 to 750 Species, 60N–27N; 25 to 2000 m Genus, 72N–5S 40N–31N 39.7N–30.5N; intertidal to 100 m 48N–23N 34N–27N; intertidal to 137 m, on rocks Genus, 57N–5S; through Gulf of California; intertidal on rocks to 64 m 34N–27N; mud and rock in bays, at low tide on exposed coasts Genus, 38N–8N; intertidal to 137 m, on rocks 34N–27N, large specimens common in muddy areas in bays Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–30N Genus, 61N–30N 61N–30N 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N; intertidal to 37 m Genus, 34N–30N; intertidal to 37 m 34N–30N; intettidal to 37 m Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N 60.8N–3.7S; intertidal to 20 m (also reported to 64 m) 61N–4S continued
Appendix 1
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Kennerlia sp. Kewia blancoensis (Kew) (Echinodermata) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia? fairbanksi santanensis (Kew) Knefastia cf. K. funiculata (Valenciennes) Knefastia garcesana Addicott Knefastia olivacea (Sowerby)
Pandora sp. Kewia blancoensis (Kew) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia fairbanksi santanensis (Kew) Knefastia cf. K. funiculata (Valenciennes) Knefastia garcesana Addicott Knefastia olivacea (Sowerby)
Knefastia sp. Koilopleura sinuata (Gabb) Lacuna carpenteri Anderson and Martin
Knefastia sp. Agasoma sinuatum (Gabb) Lacuna carpenteri Anderson and Martin
Lacuna cf. L. carinata Gould Lacuna sp. Lacuna vincta Montagu Laevicardium (Cerastoderma) cf. L. (C.)corbis (Martyn) Laevicardium (Cerastoderma) meekianum (Gabb) Laevicardium centifilosum (Carpenter)
Lacuna cf. L. carinata Gould Lacuna sp. Lacuna vincta Montagu Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad)
Genus, 60N–4S Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 24N–15N; offshore to depths of 50 m Genus, 28N–3S; low tide to depths of 70 m 28N in Gulf of California–3S; at low tide to depths of 50 m Genus, 28N–3S Genus not living Genus, 64N–19N; intertidal to 366 m, in eelgrass and algae 48N–33N Genus, 64N–19N 64N–48N 63N–33N
Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb)
Genus, 71N–33N
Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Laevicardium cf. L. substriatum (Conrad)
59N–28N
Laevicardium cf. L. substriatum (Conrad) Laevicardium quadragenarium (Conrad) var. fernandoense Arnold Laqueus californianus Koch (Brachiopoda) Laqueus sp. Laqueus vancouverensis diegensis Hertlein and Grant Lasaea subviridis Dall (Moore, 1992) Leda cahillensis Arnold Leda furlongi Trask Leda ochsneri Anderson Leda oschneri Anderson and Martin Leda sp. Leda taphria Dall Lepthothyra pabloensis (Clark) Lepton ? Lepton sp. Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold) Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold) n. var. a Leptopecten discus (Conrad) Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) (not found in collections) Leptopecten praevalidus (Jordan and Hertlein)
Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Laqueus californianus (Koch) Laqueus sp. Laqueus vancouverensis diegensis Hertlein and Grant Lasaea adansoni (Gmelin) (Moore, 1992) Nuculana (Saccella) cahillensis (Arnold) Nuculana (Saccella) furlongi (Trask) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Nuculana sp. Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Thais (Stramonita) ponderosa (Gabb) Lepton ? Lepeta sp. Pacipecten andersoni barkerianus (Arnold) 27–17 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Antipecten? praevalidus (Jordan and Hertlein) 8–5 Ma Thais (Stramonita) ponderosa (Gabb) Homalopoma danvillensis (Clark)
Leptothyra pabloensis Clark Leptothyra pabloensis Clark (sic Leptothyra danvillensis Clark) Letechinus sp. (Echinodermata) Lima (Limaria) orcutti Hertlein Lima caribbaea (d’Orbigny)
Letechinus sp. Limaria orcutti (Hertlein) Lima caribbaea (d’Orbigny)
Lima cf. L. dehiscens Conrad Lima hamlini Dall
Limaria cf. L. hemphilli (Hertlein and Strong) Acesta (Acesta) hamlini (Dall)
Lima hemphilli Hertlein and Strong
Limaria hemphilli (Hertlein and Strong)
34N–24N; intertidal to 40 or 137 m, on sand bottoms, in bays 36.7N–27N; intertidal to 50 m; sandflats, bays, and sandy substrate 48N–33N Genus, 48N–33N Genus, 48N–33N 57.1N–6.7S Subgenus, 58N–6S Subgenus, 58N–6S Subgenus, 58N–6S Subgenus, 58N–6S Genus, 72N–6S 37N–28N; 5 to 145 m, in sand and clay Subgenus, 33N–5S Genus, 23N–south Genus, 72N–37N Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S 38N–23N Genus not living Subgenus, 33N–5S Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 33N–3S Genus, 37N–9N; intertidal to 100 m Genus s.I., western Atlantic, 35N–15N, deep water 37N–17N Acesta mori (Hertlein), 37N–35N; genus, deep water, .500 m 36.6N–9N; intertidal to 100 m continued
324
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Lima sp.
Lima (Lima) sp.
Lima sp. Lima vedderi Moore Limaria sp. Limatula aff. L. “subauriculata (Montagu)”
Lima sp. Lima (Lima) vedderi Moore Limaria sp. Limatula (Limatula) aff. L. (L.) satuma (Bernard) Limatula (Limatula) aff. L. (L.) satuma (Bernard) Limatula sp. Limopsis nitens (Conrad) Limopsis (Felicia) phrear Woodring Lingula sp.? Glottidia sp. Linthia sp.
Limatula aff. L. subauriculata (Montagu) Limatula sp. Limopsis nitens (Conrad) Limopsis phrear Woodring Lingula sp. Lingula sp. (Brachiopoda) Linthia n.sp. Liomesus sp. Liomesus sulculatus Dall Liotia carinata Carpenter Liracassis petrosa (Conrad) Lithophaga (Diberus) plumula (Hanley)
Liomesus sp. Pseudoliomesus sulculatus (Dall) Iselica ovoidea (Gould) Cylichnina petrosa Conrad (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Lithophaga (Diberus) plumula (Hanley)
Lithophaga plumula (Hanley)
Lithophaga (Diberus) plumula (Hanley)
Lithophaga sp.
Lithophaga sp.
Litorhadia astoriana (Henderson) Littorina mariana Arnold
Litorhadia astoriana (Henderson) Littorina mariana Arnold
Littorina petricola Dall Littorina pittsburgensis Clark Littorina planaxis Philippi Littorina remondii Gabb Littorina scutulata Gould Littorina scutulata Gould Littorina sp.
Littorina petricola Dall Nematurella pittsburgensis (Clark) Littorina planaxis Philippi Littorina remondii Gabb Littorina scutulata Gould Littorina scutulata Gould Littorina sp.
Littorina varia Sowerby Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) Lora harpularia (Couthouy) Lora oldroydi (Arnold) Lora turricula (Montagu) Lora viridula (Fabricius) Lovenia hemphilli Israelsky (Echinodermata) Lucina (Epilucina) californica Conrad Lucina (Here) excavata Carpenter Lucina (Here) excavata temblorensis Adegoke Lucina (Here) richthofeni Gabb Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttalli Conrad Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttalli antecedens Arnold
Littorina varia Sowerby Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Lora harpularia (Couthouy) Glyptaesopus oldrodyi (Arnold) Lora turricula (Montagu) Lora viridula (Fabricius) Lovenia hemphilli Israelsky Epilucina californica (Conrad) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) temblorensis Adegoke Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttalli Conrad Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttalli antecedens Arnold
Lucina (Lucinoma) acutilineata Conrad Lucina (Lucinoma) annulata Reeve
Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve)
Lucina (Miltha) xantusi Dall Lucina (Myrtea) californica Conrad Lucina (Myrtea) nuttallii Conrad Lucina (Mytrea) acutilineata Conrad Lucina (Parvilucina) tenuisculpta intensa Dall
Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Epilucina californica (Conrad) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Parvilucina tenuisculpta intensa (Dall)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Subgenus, 30N–2S; 9 to 110 m, free swimming or in nets Questionable taxonomic assignment Subgenus, 30N–2S Genus, 37N–9N 57N–23N 56.5N–22.9N; 30 to 675 m Genus, 57N–9S Genus, 54N–6N; 55 to 1464 m Subgenus 56S–33S Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 37N–18N Genus not living, Eocene to late Oligocene in California Genus, 72N–55N; 18 to 220 m Genus, 72N–55N 48N–23N Genus not living 37N–1S, also in Gulf of California; intertidal to 40 m 36.6N–1S, in Gulf of California; boring, Spondylus and corals, to 40 m Genus, 40N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 46 m, boring Genus not living Genus, 72N–5S; intertidal, on rocks near high-tide line Genus, 72N–5S Genus not living 48N–0; “rocky reefs” in splash zone Genus, 72N–5S 58N–19N 58N–19N; upper intertidal Genus, 72N–5S, abundant on rocky reefs in the spash zone 8N–5S Genus not living 72N–37N 27N–25N; 5 to 10 m 72N–48N 72N–37N; 591 m Genus, 34N–3N 42N–25N 34.4N–24.4N; 25 to 125 m Species, 34N–24N 34N–24N 37N–22N Species, 37N–22N; sandflats at low tide and offshore Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 60.8N–25.7N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 665 m 26N–25N; 55 m or deeper 42N–25N 37N–22N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Species, 61N–28N continued
Appendix 1
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Lucina (Pleurolucina) n.sp. Powell Lucina acutilineata Conrad
Lucina (Pleurolucina) n.sp. Powell Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad)
Lucina annulata (Reeve) Lucina annulata (Reeve) Lucina borealis Lamarck Lucina californica Conrad Lucina edentuloides Hanna Lucina edentuloides Verrill Lucina excavata Carpenter Lucina nuttallii Conrad
Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Epilucina californica (Conrad) Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad
Lucina richthofenii Gabb Lucina sp. Lucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Lucina wattsi Loel and Corey?
Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucina sp. Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Lucina wattsi Loel and Corey
Lucina? sp. Lucinisca menuda Keen Lucinisca nuttalli (Conrad) Lucinisca nuttallii antecedens (Arnold) Lucinisca sp. Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma acutilineatus (Conrad) Lucinoma aff. L. aequizonata (Stearns) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma sp.
Lucina? sp. Lucina (Lucinisca) menuda (Keen) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii antecedens Arnold Lucina (Lucinisca) sp. Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma aff. L. aequizonata (Stearns) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma sp.
Lucuna cf. L. divaricata Fabricus Lunatia cf. L. caurina (Gould) Lunatia lewisii (Gould) Lunatia sp. Lutaria traskii Conrad Lutraria traski Conrad Lyonsia californica Conrad
Lacuna cf. L. divaricata Fabricus Polinices (Lunatia) cf. P. (L.) caurina (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) sp. Raeta traskii (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Lyonsia californica Conrad
Lyropecten andersoni (Arnold) Lyropecten catalinae (Arnold)
Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Lyropecten catalinae (Arnold) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb)
Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo nomlandi Hertlein
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo vaughni (Arnold)
Lyropecten vaughni (Arnold) 27–23 Ma
Lyropecten dilleri Dall Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Lyropecten catalinae (Arnold) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten gallegosi (Jordan and Hertlein)
Lyropecten gallegosi (Jordan and Hertlein) 12–6.5 Ma (Smith, 1991a) “Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith (Jewett Sand) “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Lyropecten magnolia (Conrad) Lyropecten magnolia (Conrad) Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Subgenus, 31N–22N; 7 to 70 m Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California; 55 to 1836 m 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 42N–25N 30N–28N 30N–28N 34N–24N 36.7N–22.4N; intertidal to 46 m, also reported as 10 to 75 m, in sand 34N–24N Questionable taxonomic assignment 61N–28N If subgenus Callucina, 31N–16N; intertidal to 55 m Questionable taxonomic assignment Subgenus, 37N–5S; intertidal to 82 m, in sand 37N–22N Species, 37N–22N Subgenus, 37N–5S Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 34.4N–34N; 400 to 650 m 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 1836 m 64N–34N 64N–33N 51N–28N Subgenus, 51N–28N Genus, 34N–21S 57N–25N 55N–17N; intertidal to 128 m, beneath surface of mud substrate Genus, 31N–5S; below low-tide line to 128 m Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 continued
326
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold)
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) Lyropecten modulatus (Hertlein) Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein)
Vertipecten kemensis (Hertelein) 27–17 Ma Lyropecten modulatus (Hertlein) 13.5–7.2 Ma (Smith, 1991a) Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Lyropecten sp.
Lyropecten sp.
Lyropecten terminus (Arnold)
Lyropecten terminus (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten (or Macrochlamis) magolia (Conrad) Macoma cf. M. tenera Leach Macoma (like sabulosa Spengler) Macoma (Macoma) eliminata Dunnill and Coan Macoma (Macoma) inquinata Deshayes
“Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Macoma (Macoma) calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma aff. M. subulosa Spengler Macoma (Macoma) eliminata Dunnill and Coan Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Macoploma) medioamericana Olsson Macoma (Psammacoma) siliqua Adams Macoma (Rexithaerus) copelandi Wiedey Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter
Macoma (Macoploma) medioamericana Olsson Macoma (Psammacoma) siliqua C. B. Adams Macoma (Rexithaerus) copelandi Wiedey Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata tenurirostris Dall Macoma (Rexitherus) secta (Conrad)? Macoma addicotti Nikas Macoma affinis Nomland Macoma affinis plena Stewart Macoma albaria (Conrad) Macoma andersoni Clark Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma astori Dall Macoma balthica (Linnaeus) Macoma brota Dall Macoma brota Dall var. lipara Dall Macoma calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma calcarea Gmelin Macoma cf. edentula Broderip and Sowerby Macoma cf. M. expansa Carpenter
Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter
Macoma irus (Hanley) Macoma jacalitosana Arnold Macoma kelseyi Dall
Macoma (Rexithaerus) panzana (Wiedey) Macoma addicotti Nikas Macoma affinis Nomland Macoma affinis plena Stewart Mactromeris albaria (Conrad) Macoma andersoni Clark Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma astori Dall Macoma balthica (Linnaeus) Macoma (Macoma) brota Dall Macoma (Macoma) lipara Dall Macoma (Macoma) calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma (Macoma) calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma (Macoma) brota Dall Macoma (Rexithaerus) cf. M. (R.) expansa Carpenter Macoma (Macoma) lama Bartsch Tellina congesta Conrad Macoma (Rexithaerus) copelandi Wiedey Macoma diabloensis Clark Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma irus (Hanley) Macoma jacalitosana Arnold Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad)
Macoma kelseyi Jordan and Hertlein Macoma kerica Hendrickson Macoma nasuta (Conrad)
Macoma kelseyi Jordan and Hertlein Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad)
Macoma cf. M. planiuscula Grant and Gale Macoma congesta Conrad Macoma copelandi Wiedey? Macoma diabloensis Clark Macoma indentata (Carpenter) Macoma inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma inquinata (Deshayes) subsp. arnheimi Dall Macoma inquinata Deshayes
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene 71.4N–44.6N; 10 to 360 m Genus, 71N–4S 60N–34N 57N–34N; genus, intertidal to 549 m Gulf of California–5S; intertidal to 80 m 31N–9N; 70 to 110 m Subgenus, 60N–25N 41N–28N, intertidal to 100 m, bays, offshore on sandy bottoms 41N–28N; 12 m Subgenus, 60N–25N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 70N–38N 71N–48N 64.6N–33.8N; 20 to 260 m 71N–45N 71N–45N 71N–48N; 10 to 260 m 60N–35.1N; intertidal to 30 m 71N–53N; intertidal to 185 m Genus, 72N–5S Subgenus, 60N–25N Genus, 71N–4S 41N–28N 57N–34N 56.6N–34.1N; intertidal to 50 m 57N–34N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 60N–28N, bays, lagoons, esturaries, mud of bays Genus, 71N–4S 60N–6S; intertidal to 80 m 60N–28N, abundant at mid- to high-tide levels continued
Appendix 1
327
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Macoma nasuta forma kelseyi Dall Macoma nasuta kelseyi Dall
Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad)
Macoma ocoyana Conrad Macoma pabloensis Clark Macoma panzana Wiedey Macoma piercei Arnold
Tellina ocoyana Conrad Macoma pabloensis Clark Macoma (Rexithaerus) panzana Wiedey Macoma piercei Arnold (see Keen and Bentson, 1944, p. 61) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) panzana (Wiedey) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad)
Macoma secta (Conrad) Macoma secta (Conrad) panzana (Wiedey) Macoma secta Conrad Macoma secta panzana (Wiedey) Macoma sespeensis Loel and Corey Macoma sp. Macoma vanvlecki Arnold Macoma wilcoxi Hall and Ambrose Macoma wilsoni (Anderson and Martin) Macoma yoldiformis Carpenter Macrarene diegenesis McLean Macrocallista (Chionella) newcombiana Carpenter Macrocallista (Megapitaria) aff. M. (M.) squalida (Sowerby) Macrocallista cf. M. maculata (Linnaeus) Macrocallista densa Moody Macrocallista sp. Macrocallista sp.? Macron aethiops (Reeve)
Macoma (Rexithaerus) panzana (Wiedey) Macoma sespeensis Loel and Coey Macoma sp. Macoma vanvlecki Arnold Macoma (Psammacoma) yoldiformis Carpenter Tellina wilsoni Anderson and Martin Macoma (Psammacoma) yoldiformis Carpenter Macrarene diegenesis McLean Pitar newcombianus (Gabb)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) 60N–28N 60.2N–27.7N, intertidal to 50 m, mud of bays, mud offshore Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 71N–4S Subgenus, 60N–25N Genus, 71N–4S 54N–25N Subgenus, 60N–25N 54N–25N; sand near bay mouths, beyond surf zone Subgenus, 60N–25N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 57.1N–27.7N; intertidal to 100 m Genus, 72N–5S 57N–28N 38N–15N 37N–33N
Megapitaria aff. M. squalida (Sowerby)
31N–4S; sandy mudflats to 120 m
Megapitaria cf. M. squalida (Sowerby) Megapitaria densa (Moody) Macrocallista sp. Megapitaria sp. Macron aethiops (Reeve) (Addicott, 1970a, p. 94–95) Macron merriami Arnold (1907a, p. 529) Macron sp. Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall)
31N–4S Genus, 31N–4S; sandy mudflats to 120 m Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 31N–4S Genus, 25N, rare in Gulf of California; common on outer coast Genus, 25N, rare in Gulf of California Genus, 25N, rare in Gulf of California Genus, 45N–40N, Japan 36N–26N
Mactra cf. M. dolabriformis (Conrad) Mactra coalingensis Arnold Mactra densata Conrad Mactra falcata Gould Mactra montereyana Arnold Mactra pabloensis (Packard) Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Mactra sp. Mactra trampasensis Packard Maeundra bowersi (Vaughan)
Mactromeris albaria (Conrad) Mactra beali Hall and Ambrose Mactrotoma (Micromactra) californica (Conrad) Simomactra cf. S. dolabriformis (Conrad) Mactromeris coalingensis (Arnold) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Simomactra falcata (Gould) Mactra? montereyana Arnold Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Mactra sp. Mactra trampasensis Packard Maeundra bowersi (Vaughan)
Malea ringens (Swainson)
Malea ringens (Swainson)
Malela ringens Swainson Mangelia (Agathotoma) howei Anderson and Martin Mangelia (Cacodaphnella?) kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Mangelia (Notocytharella) kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Malea ringens (Swainson) Agathotoma (Agathotoma) howei (Anderson and Martin) Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma
Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 37N–1S; intertidal to 22 m, in sand 36.6N–8.9N, Gulf of California; sandflats, bays, intertidal to 15 m 33N–9N; intertidal to 10 m Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 45N–40N, Japan 54.2N–30.5N; intertidal to 50 m Genus, 37N–1S Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 37N–1S Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 37N–1S “Reef-corals,” present-day genus living in Caribbean 31N, Gulf of California–5S; rock at extreme tides and sand bars 31N, Gulf of California–5S Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus, 25N–3S; genus, 18 to 92 m Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Macron merriami Arnold Macron sp. Mactra (Pseudocardium) densata (Conrad) Mactra (Spisula) hemphilli Dall (or catilliformis Conrad?) Mactra albaria Conrad Mactra beali Hall and Ambrose Mactra californica Conrad
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S continued
328
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Mangelia (Notocytharella?) hartensis Addicott Mangelia aff. M. variegata Carpenter Mangelia barbarensis Oldroyd Mangelia cf. M. kernensis Anderson and Martin Mangelia cf. tabulatus Carpenter Mangelia howei Anderson and Martin Mangelia interlirata Stearns Mangelia kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Mangelia kernensis Anderson and Martin Mangelia painei Arnold Mangelia sp Mangelia sp. Mangelia sp. Mangelia variegata Carpenter Mangilia muricidea Moody Marcia angustifrons (Conrad) Marcia oregonensis (Conrad) Marcia subdiaphana (Conrad) Margarita condoni Dall Margarita johnsoni Arnold Margarita pupilla Gould Margarites (Lirularia) condoni Dall Margarites johnsoni (Arnold) Margarites pupillus (Gould) Margarites sp. Marginella cf. M albuminosa Dall Marginella sp. Maxwellia cf. M. eldridgei (Arnold) Maxwellia eldridgei (Arnold) Maxwellia gemma (Sowerby) (Jaton, Murex, Purpura of authors) Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Mediargo mathewsoni (Gabb) Mediargo? cf. M. mathewsoni (Gabb) Megabalanus (Megabalanus) californicus (Pilsbry) Megacrenella columbiana (Dall) Megapetalus cf. M. leniodes Clark (Echinodermata) Megapetalus lovenioides Clark Megapetalus sp. Megapitaria densa (Moody) Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby) Megapitaria squalida Sowerby Megasurcula aff. M. cooperi (Arnold) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) fernandoana (Arnold) Megasurcula carpenteriana tryoniana (Gabb) Megasurcula cf. M. cooperi (Arnold)
Taxonomy used in this study
Notocytharella? hartensis (Addicott) Mangelia aff. M. variegata Carpenter Mangelia barbarensis Oldroyd Notocytharella cf. N. kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 13–8 Ma Propebela tabulata (Carpenter) Agathotoma (Agathotoma) howei (Anderson and Martin) Mangelia interlirata Stearns Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Mangelia painei Arnold Mangelia sp. Glyptaesopus sp. Notocytharella sp. Mangelia variegata Carpenter Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff) (McLean, 1996) Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad) Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Margarites (Lirularia) condoni Margarites johnsoni (Arnold) Margarites (Pupillaria) pupillus (Gould) Margarites (Lirularia) condoni Dall Margarites johnsoni (Arnold) Margarites (Pupillaria) pupillus (Gould) Margarites sp. Prunum (Microspira) labiatum (Kiener, ex Valenciennes) Marginella sp. Pteropurpura cf. P. eldridgei (Arnold) Pteropurpura eldridgei (Arnold) Ceratostoma gemma (Sowerby)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S Alaska or 37N–24N 34N–23N, Gulf of California Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S; low tide to 10 m Alaska or 37N to 24N Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus, 25N–3S 37N–33N Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S Genus, 72N–1S Genus, 72N–1S Genus, 27N–3S, through Gulf of California; sandflats at low tide to 20 m Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S Alaska or 37N to 24N 55N–33N; intertidal, rare in sublittoral Genus, 61N–30N Genus, 37N–18S 61N–30N 72N–29N Genus, 72N–29N 60N–32N, deep water 72N–29N Genus, 72N–29N 60N–32N, deep water Genus, 72N–29N Caribbean Genus, 37N–1S; intertidal to 230 m, on rocks Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 38N–8N 34N–27N
Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Mediargo mathewsoni (Gabb) Mediargo cf. M. mathewsoni (Gabb) Megabalanus (Megabalanus) californicus (Pilsbry) Solamen columbianum (Dall) Megapetalus cf. M. lovenoides H.L. Clark
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Intertidal
Megapetalus lovenoides H.L. Clark Megapetalus cf. M. lovenoides H.L. Clark Megapitaria densa (Moody) Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby) Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby) Megasurcula aff. M. cooperi (Arnold) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb)
Genus not living, Miocene–Pliocene Genus not living, Miocene–Pliocene Genus, 31N–4S 31N–4S 31N–4S Genus, 38N–28N; 18 to 370 m 38N–28N, 27 to 100 m, common on sandy bottoms Species, 38N–28N
Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) fernandoana (Arnold) Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) (syn. of M. carpenteriana fide McLean, 1978) Megasurcula cf. M. cooperi (Arnold)
52N–32.7N; 20 to 500 m or 29 to 530 m Genus not living, Miocene–Pliocene
34N–32N, 15 to 64 m, sandy bottoms Genus, 38N–28N, common on offshore sandy bottoms continued
Appendix 1
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Megasurcula condonana (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula howei Hanna and Hertlein Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula remondii (Gabb) Megasurcula sp. Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) Megasurcula wynoocheensis (Weaver) Megathura crenulata (Sowerby) Megathura crenulata (Sowerby)? Megathura sp. Melampus cf. M. olivaceus Carpenter Melanella (Eulima) rutila Carpenter Melanella (Melanella) gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Melongena californica Anderson and Martin
Taxonomy used in this study
Megasurcula condonana (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula howei Hanna and Hertlein Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula steamsiana (Raymond) Megasurcula sp. Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) Megasurcula wynoocheensis (Weaver) Megathura crenulata (Sowerby) Megathura crenulata (Sowerby) Megathura sp. (or Terebra sp.) Melampus (Melampus) cf. M. (M.) olivaceus Carpenter Balcis rutila (Carpenter) Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Melongena californica Anderson and Martin Melongena sanjuanensis Anderson and Martin Merriamaster arnoldi (Twitchell)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N 34N–32N Genus, 38N–28N 37N–24N 37N–24N Megathura, 37N–28N 34N–23N, through Gulf of California; above high-tide line in bays 55N–25N Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California Genus, northern Gulf of California–8N; sand and mudflats Genus, northern Gulf of California–8N
Melongena sanjuanensis Anderson and Martin Merriamaster arnoldi (Twitchell) (Echinodermata) Merriamaster cf. M. israelskyi Jordan and Hertlein Merriamaster pacificus Kew Merriamaster perrini (Weaver) Metalia spatagus? Linnaeus Metis alta Conrad Metis excavata Sowerby
Merriamaster cf. M. israelskyi (Jordan and Hertlein) Merriamaster pacificus (Kew) Merriamaster perrini (Weaver) Metalia spatagus? (Linnaeus) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Leporimetis cognata (Pilsbry and Vanatta)
Metis sp. Micranellum crebricinctum (Carpenter) Microglyphus breviculus (Dall) Milneria cf. M. kelseyi Dall
Leporimetis sp. Micranellum crebricinctum (Carpenter) Microglyphis breviculus (Dall) Milneria cf. M. kelseyi Dall
Milneria minima Dall
Milneria minima Dall
Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Miltha sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Miltha sp. Miltha sp. Miltha xantusi Dall Miodontiscus prolongatus Carpenter Miopleiona oregonensis Dall Miopleiona sp. Mirachelus imperialis Schremp Mitra (Atrimitra) andersoni Addicott
Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Miltha (Miltha) sp. Miltha sp. Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Miodontiscus prolongatus Carpenter Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Psephaea (Miopleiona) sp. Mirachelus imperialis Schremp Mitra (Atrimitra) andersoni Addicott
Mitra (Atrimitra) idea Melvill Mitra idae Melvill Mitra sulcata Swainson Mitrella (Columbellopsis) alta Addicott Mitrella (Columbellopsis) n.sp. Mitrella (Columbellopsis) richthofeni (Gabb) Mitrella anchuela Keen
Mitra (Atrimitra) idea Melvill Mitra idae Melvill Mitra orientalis Griffith and Pidgeon Mitrella (Columbellopsis) alta Addicott Mitrella (Columbellopsis) alta Addicott Mitrella (Columbellopsis) richthofeni (Gabb) Mitrella anchuela Keen
Mitrella carinata (Hinds)
Mitrella carinata (Hinds)
Mitrella carinata (Hinds) var. gausapata (Gould) Mitrella carinata gausapata (Gould)
Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996)
Genus not living Genus not living 24N–8N 35N–25N 30N–4S; Florimetis dombei (Keen, 1971, p. 227) Genus, 35N–25N 55N–28N; intertidal to 73 m 37N–30N; genus 65 to 1820 m 37N–27.1N; intertidal to 40 m, nestling under rocks 50.8N–29N; intertidal to 30 m, nestling under rocks Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 26N–25N 26N–25N 60.8N–32.7N; 5 to 210 m Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, 10N–0; 91 to 183 m Subgenus, 25N–3S, Gulf of California; 5 to 73 m 39N–28N 39N–33N 42N–south of equator Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus Mediterranean Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus Mediterranean Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus, Mediterranean Genus, 70N–5N; intertidal to 549 m, chiefly sublittoral 38N–23N, littoral to 64 m, among rocks and eelgrass 60N–27N
Astyris gausapata (Gould)
60N–27N
Genus not living Genus not living
continued
330
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Mitrella gausapata (Gould) Mitrella gouldi (Carpenter) Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Mitrella sp. Mitrella sp. A (Davis, 1998) Mitrella sp. B (Davis, 1998) Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter) Mitrella tuberosa Carpenter Mitrularia equestris Linnaeus Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolus) cf. M. (M.) modiolus (Linnaeus) Modiolus (Modiolus) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolus) lagunanus Loel and Corey Modiolus (Modiolus) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis temblorensis Adegoke Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis Trask Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus Arnold Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus garzaensis Adegoke Modiolus (Modiolus?) sacculifer Berry Modiolus capax Conrad
Astyris gausapata (Gould) Mitrella gouldii (Carpenter) Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Mitrella sp. Mitrella sp. a (Davis, 1998) Mitrella sp. b (Davis, 1998) Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter) Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter) Cheilea equestris Linnaeus Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolus) cf. M. (M.) modiolus (Linnaeus) Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolus) lagunanus Loel and Corey Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis temblorensis Adegoke Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis Trask Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus Arnold Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus garzaensis Adegoke Modiolus (Modiolusia?) sacculifer Berry Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad)
Modiolus directus (Dall) Modiolus directus Dall Modiolus flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus furlongi Trask Modiolus gabbi Clark Modiolus gabbi subconvexus Trask
Modiolus ynezianus lagunanus Loel and Corey Modulus modulus Linnaeus
Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Nuculana (Saccella) furlongi (Trask) Brachidontes (Aeidimytilus) gabbi (Clark) Brachidontes (Scolimytilus?) subconvexus (Trask) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia?) sacculifer Berry Modiolus sp. Musculus niger (Gray) Modiolus unidens Lister Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis temblorensis Adegoke Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis Trask Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus Arnold Modiolus (Modiolus) lagunanus Loel and Corey Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus garzaensis Adegoke Modiolus (Modiolus) lagunanus Loel and Corey Modulus modulus Linnaeus
Modulus? n.sp.
Modulus? n.sp.
Molopophorus anglonana (Anderson) Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Molopophorus matthewi Etherington Molopophorus sp. Monia machroschisma (Deshayes)
Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Molopophorus matthewi Etherington Molopophorus sp. Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Ophiodermella electilis (Keen)
Modiolus rectus (Conrad) Modiolus rectus Conrad Modiolus sacculifer Berry Modiolus sp. Modiolus stalderi Martin Modiolus unidens Lister Modiolus veronensis temblorensis Adegoke Modiolus veronensis Trask Modiolus ynesianus Arnold Modiolus ynezianus (Arnold) lagunanus Loel and Corey Modiolus ynezianus garzaensis Adegoke
Monia macroschisma Deshayes Moniliopsis electilis Keen
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) 60N–27N 55N–24N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus Mediterranean Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 70N–5N 55N–23N 55N–23N 35N–15N Atlantic; 498 to 622 m 37N–5S 57.8N–36.6N; intertidal to 200 m 54N–30N Genus, 73N–5S; intertidal to 73 m, attached to rocks or in sand 54.1–5.1S; mudflats, intertidal to 15 m Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S 34N–33N; 35 to 50 m 37N–5S, intertidal to 200 m, common in bays on pillings 54N–30N 54N–30N 54N–30N Subgenus, 58N–6S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S 54N–5S 54N–5S 34N–33N Genus, 73N–5S 71N–47N Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, Gulf of California–3S; 35N–15N, Atlantic; mudflats Genus, Gulf of California–3S; 35N–15N, Atlantic; rocky shores Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 71N–24N 71N–24N Genus, 48N–23N; 9 to 72 m continued
Appendix 1
331
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Moniliopsis graciosana (Arnold) var. mercedensis (Martin) Moniliopsis incisa (Carpenter) var. quinquecincta Grant and Gale Moniliopsis mercedensis (Martin) Monoceros engonatum Conrad Morula (Morunella) granti Addicott Mulinia densata Conrad Mulinia densata Conrad minor Arnold Mulinia densata var. A. Mulinia pabloensis Packard Mulinia panzana Loel and Corey Murex (Ocenebra) dalli Clark Murex (Ocenebra) selbyensis Clark Murex (Ocinebra) dalli Clark Murex (Ocinebra) edmondi (Arnold) Murex (Ocinebra) packardi Clark Murex (Ocinebra) selbyensis Clark Murex (Ocinebra) topangensis (Arnold) Murex dalli Clark Murex perangulatus Nomland
Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin)
Genus, 48N–23N
Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) quinquecincta (Grant and Gale) Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin) Acanthina spirata (Blainville) Morula (Morunella) granti Addicott Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium densatum minor (Arnold) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Pseudocardium panzanum (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra dalli (Clark) Ocenebra selbyensis (Clark) Ocenebra dalli (Clark) Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Ocenebra packardi (Clark) Ocenebra selbyensis (Clark) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra dalli (Clark) Eupleura perangulata (Nomland)
Species, 48N–32N
Murex rodeoensis (Clark) Murex sp. Murex sp.
Ocenebra rodeoensis (Clark) Murex sp. Murex sp.
Murex sp. Murithais eldridgei (Arnold) Murithais wilkesanaus (Anderson) Musashia (Nipponomelon) oregonensis (Dall) Musculus (Musculus) stalderi (Martin) Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Mya (Arenomya) fujiei MacNeil
Ocenebra sp. Pteropurpura eldridgei (Arnold) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Musashia (Nipponomelon) oregonensis (Dall) Musculus niger (Gray) Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Mya (Arenomya) fujiei MacNeil
Mya (Arenomya) macneili Adegoke Mya (Cryptomya) ovalis Conrad Mya (Platydon) (sic: Platyodon) cancellatus Mya arenaria Linnaeus
Mya (Arenomya) macneili Adegoke Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Platyodon cancellatus (Conrad) Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus
Mya dickersoni Clark Mya japonica Jay
Mya dickersoni Clark Mya japonica Jay (probably M. arenaria Linnaeus) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Mya sp. Mya truncata Linnaeus Mya truncata Linnaeus Myadesma pacifica Hall and Ambrose Lopha angelica (Rocheburne) Lopha angermanni (Hertlein and Jordan)
Mya ovalis (Conrad) Mya sp. Mya truncata Linnaeus Mya truncata Linnaeus Myadesma pacifica Hall and Ambrose Myrakeenae angelica (Rocheburne) Myrakeenae angermanni (Hertlein and Jordan) Mysella (Rochefortia) tumida (Carpenter)
Rochefortia tumida (Carpenter)
Mysella tumida Carpenter Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis (Arnold)
Rochefortia tumida (Carpenter) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis sternbergi Hertlein Mytilus (Mytiloconcha) coalingensis Arnold
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) sternbergi Hertlein and Grant Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Mytilus (Mytiloncha) trampasensis Clark
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) trampasensis Clark
Genus, 48N–23N 48N–19N Subgenus, 25N–3N, through Gulf of California Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Subgenus, 25N–5S Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 33N–8N, throughout Gulf of California; 27 m Genus, 59N–19N Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 28N–3S, throughout Gulf of California; to depths of 75 m Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 59N–19N N.D. 71N–46.6N; intertidal to 150 m 70N–33N Genus, 71N–33N; intertidal to 37 m, sandy mud, black mud, bays Genus, 71N–33N 60N–6S 53.6N–28.3N; intertidal, boring in clay to 20 m 70.3N–32.7N; intertidal, mudflats, lagoons, back bays, and estuaries Genus, 71N–33N 71N–37N 60N–6S Genus, 71N–33N 71.4N–47.9N 71.4N–48.4N; intertidal to 100 m Genus not living 29N–3S Genus, 29N–3S 71.4N–32.7N, in Gulf of California; intertidal to 973 m 71N–33N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N continued
332
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Mytilus (Mytilus) edulis Linnaeus
Taxonomy used in this study
Mytilus californianus Conrad
Mytilus trossulus Gould (Coan et al., 2000, p. 159) Mytilus (Mytilus) californianus Conrad
Mytilus cf. M. kewi Nomland
Mytilus (Mytilus?) cf. M. (M.?) loeli Grant
Mytilus cf. M. middendorffi Grewingk Mytilus coalingensis (Arnold)
Mytilus (Plicatomytilus) cf. M. (P.) middendorffi Grewingk Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Mytilus coalingensis Arnold
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Mytilus edulis Linnaeus Mytilus expansus Arnold
Mytilus trossulus Gould (Coan et al., 2000, p. 159) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Mytilus harnlini Loel and Corey Mytilus highoohiae Mandra Mytilus kewi Nomland
Mytilus (Mytilus?) loeli Grant Mytilus highoohiae Mandra Mytilus (Crenomytilus) kewi Nomland
Mytilus loeli Grant Mytilus mathewsoni Gabb expansus Arnold
Mytilus (Mytilus?) loeli Grant Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Mytilus mathewsonii Gabb
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) mathewsonii Gabb
Mytilus merriami Clark Mytilus middendorffi Grewingk Mytilus perrini Clark
Modiolus? (Modiolus?) clarki Moore Mytilus (Plicatomytilus) middendorffi Grewingk Mytilus (Crenomytilus?) perrini Clark
Mytilus schencki Hanna and Hertlein
Nassa cooperi (Forbes) Nassa fossata Gould
Mytilus (Crenomytilus?) schencki Hanna and Hertlein Mytilus sp. Nassarius (Caesia) aff. N. (C.) perpinguis (Hinds) Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Demondia) cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius (Caesia) fossatus (Gould)
Nassa hamlini Arnold Nassa mendica Gould Nassa miser iniqua Stewart Nassa moraniana Martin
Nassarius (Catilon) hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Catilon) iniquus (Stewart) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin)
Nassa moriana Martin
Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin)
Nassa ocoyana Anderson and Martin
Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) pabloensis (Clark) Nassarius sp.
Mytilus sp. Nassa aff. N. perpinguis Hinds Nassa antiselli Anderson and Martin Nassa antiselli Anderson and Martin Nassa arnoldi Anderson Nassa blakei Anderson and Martin Nassa california (Conrad) Nassa californiana Conrad Nassa californica Conrad Nassa chehalisensis Weaver
Nassa pabloensis Clark Nassa sp.
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) 72N–33.5N; intertidal on rocks 59.2N–18.8N; upper intertidal, attached to rocks by byssus, to 50 m Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N 72N–33.5N; intertidal on rocks Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–19N 48N–28N; intertidal, in lagoons, and offshore in shallow water Subgenus, 39N–5N Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5N Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N 48N–33N 49N–27N; bays, lagoons, sandy substrate, offshore to 7 m Subgenus, 39N–5S 55N–25N Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 39N–5S Genus, 55N–5S continued
Appendix 1
333
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Nassa whitneyi Trask
Nassarius (Caesia) whitneyi (Trask)
Nassarius salinasensis Addicott Nassarius (?Uzita) hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) coalingensis (Arnold)
Nassarius (Catilon?) salinasensis Addicott Nassarius (Catilon) hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) coalingensis (Arnold)
Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall)
Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall)
Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) addicotti Adegoke Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin)
Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus addicotti Adegoke Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin)
Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Demondia) grammatus (Dall)
Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall)
Nassarius (Deomondia) forma indisputabulis (Oldroyd) Nassarius (Phrontis) harrellensis Addicott Nassarius (Phrontis) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Phrontis) smooti Addicott Nassarius (Phrontis?) posoensis Addicott Nassarius (Schizopyga) fossatus Gould Nassarius (Schizopyga) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Schizopyga) mendicus (Gould) cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius (Schizopyga) moranianus (Martin)
Nassarius (Deomondia) forma indisputabulis (Oldroyd) Nassarius (Arcularia) harrellensis Addicott Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Arcularia) smooti Addicott Nassarius (Arcularia) posoensis Addicott Nassarius (Caesia) fossatus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) cooperi (Forbes)
Nassarius antiselli (Anderson and Martin)
Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Caesia) cf. N. (C.) perpinguis (Hinds) Nassarius (Catilon) cf. N. (C.) stocki Kanakoff Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Demondia) cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall)
Nassarius arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius blakei (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius californianus (Conrad) Nassarius cf. N. perpinguis (Hinds) Nassarius cf. N. stocki Kanakoff Nassarius churchi (Hertlein) Nassarius cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius grammatus (Dall)
Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin)
Nassarius hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius hildegardae Kanakoff Nassarius iniquus (Stewart) Nassarius insculptus (Carpenter) Nassarius mendicus (Gould) Nassarius mendicus forma indisputabilis (Oldroyd) Nassarius moranianus (Martin)
Nassarius (Catilon) hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius (Catilon) hildegardae Kanakoff Nassarius (Catilon) iniquus (Stewart) Nassarius (Catilon) insculptus (Carpenter) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould)
Nassarius ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Nassarius pabloensis (Clark) Nassarius sp. Nassarius stocki Kanakoff Nassarius whitneyi (Trask)
Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) pabloensis (Clark) Nassarius sp. Nassarius (Catilon) stocki Kanakoff Nassarius (Caesia) whitneyi (Trask)
Natica (Euspira) diabloensis Clark Natica (Euspira) galianoi (Dall)
Polinices (Euspira) diabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Euspira) galianoi Dall
Nassarius ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin)
Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 48N–34N Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California 49N–27N 55N–25N 48N–33N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 55N–25N 48N–28N Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S 48N–33N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S 39N–28N 55N–25N 55N–25N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 39N–5S Genus, 55N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 51N–28N continued
334
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Natica (Euspira) kirkensis Clark Natica (Euspira) orbicularis Nomland Natica (Natica) teglandae Hanna and Hertlein Natica (Naticarius?) posuncula Hanna and Hertlein Natica (Neverita) arnoldi Clark
Polinices (Euspira) kirkensis (Clark) Polinices (Euspira) orbicularis (Nomland) Natica (Natica) teglandae Hanna and Hertlein Natica (Naticarius?) posuncula Hanna and Hertlein Polinices (Neverita) arnoldi (Clark)
Natica (Neverita) pabloensis Clark
Polinices (Neverita) pabloensis (Clark)
Natica (Neverita) recluziana Petit Natica (Tectonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica (Tectonatica) russa Gould Natica arnoldi Clark
Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica (Cryptonatica) russa Gould Polinices (Neverita) arnoldi (Clark)
Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 24N–3S Genus, 71N–5S; subgenus, Florida and West Indies Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 72N–54N
Natica callosa Gabb
Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Natica clausa Broderip and Sowerby
Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Polinices (Euspira) diabloensis (Clark) Natica inezana Conrad Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould)
Natica consors Dall Natica diabloensis Clark Natica inezana Conrad? Natica lewisii Gould Natica posuncula Hanna and Hertlein Natica recluziana andersoni Clark Natica recluziana Petit Natica russa Gould Natica sp. Natica sp. Natica uber Valenciennes Natica unifasciata Lamark Natica vokesi Addicott Navicula sp. Nemocardium (Arctopratulum?) cf. N. (A.) griphus Keen Nemocardium centifilosum (Carpenter) Neptunea (Colus) cf. N. (C.) recurva (Gabb) Neptunea (Neptunea) andersoni (Martin) Neptunea (Neptunea) lirata (Martyn) subsp. altispira Gabb Neptunea (Neptunea) pribiloffensis (Dall) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) scotiaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) subsp. colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) var. colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) lawsoni (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) stocki (Howe) Neptunea altispira Gabb Neptunea buwaldi (Clark) Neptunea cf. N. smirnia (Dall) Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Neptunea coalingensis Arnold Neptunea colmaensis Martin
Natica (Naticarius?) posuncula Hanna and Hertlein Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Natica (Cryptonatica) russa Gould Natica sp. Polinices sp. Polinices (Polinices) uber (Valenciennes) Natica (Natica) unifasciata Lamark Natica (Natica) vokesi Addicott Arca (Arca) sp. Nemocardium (Arctopratulum?) cf. N. (A.) griphus Keen Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Colus (Aulacofusus) cf. C. (A.) recurvus (Gabb) Neptunea (Neptunea) andersoni (Martin) Neptunea (Neptunea) altispira (Gabb) Neptunea (Neptunea) pribiloffensis (Dall) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) scotiaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) lawsoni (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) stocki (Howe) Neptunea (Neptunea) altispira (Gabb) Neptunea buwaldi (Clark) Neptunea cf. N. smirnia (Dall) Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) colmaensis (Martin)
71N–33N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 72N–54N 72N–54N Subgenus, 51N–28N Genus, 71N–5S 51N–28N; in bays and lagoons, also on sandy substrate offshore Genus, 71N–5S; subgenus, Florida and West Indies 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 71N–33N Genus, 71N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 32N–5S, through Gulf of California 10N–5S Subgenus, 24N–3S Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 58N–28N; 18 to 137 m 59N–28N Genus, 72N–33N, deep water, 18 to 2013 m Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N 56N–54N Genus, 72N–33N 51N–33N Species, 51N–33N Species, 51N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N 60N–48N Genus, 72N–33N Subgenus, 66N–3S Species, 51N–33N continued
Appendix 1
335
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Neptunea eatoni Grant and Quayle
Taxonomy used in this study
Nerita (Theliostyla?) joaquinensis Addicott
Neptunea (Sulcosipho) eatoni Grant and Quayle Colus eurekaensis (Martin) Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Neptunea (Neptunea) lirata (Martyn) Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Neptunea purisimaensis (Martin) Colus (Aulacofusus) recurvus (Gabb) Neptunea sp. Clinopegma magna stantoni (Arnold) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) colmaensis (Martin) Nerita (Theliostyla?) joaquinensis Addicott
Nerita beali? Loel and Corey
Nerita beali? Loel and Corey
Nerita cf. bernhardi Recluz
Nerita (Theliostyla) funiculata Menke
Nerita scabricostata Lamarck
Nerita (Ritena) scabricostata Lamarck
Nerita sp. Neritina picta Sowerby
Nerita sp. Theoduxus (Vittoclithon) luteofasciatus Miller
Nettastomella rotrata (Valenciennes) Neverita (Glosaulax) andersoni (Clark)
Netastoma rotrata (Valenciennes) (see McLean [1978, p. 92]) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Neverita (Glossaulax) alta (Arnold)
Polinices (Neverita) alta Arnold
Neverita (Glossaulax) jamesae Moore
Polinices (Neverita) jamesae (Moore)
Neverita (Glossaulax) reclusiana (Deshayes)? Neverita andersoni (Clark)
Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) (see Keen [1971, p. 482]) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Neverita arnoldi (Clark)
Polinices (Neverita) arnoldi (Clark)
Neverita callosa Conrad
Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Neverita convexa (Nomland)
Polinices (Neverita) convexa (Nomland)
Neverita kirkensis Clark Neverita pabloensis (Clark)
Polinices (Euspira) kirkensis (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) pabloensis (Clark)
Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes)
Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes)
Neverita reclusiana callosa Gabb
Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Neverita recluziana (Deshayes) Neverita recluziana Petit
Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes)
Neverita sp.
Polinices (Neverita) sp.
Niso antiselli Anderson and Martin Niso cottonwoodensis Addicott Niso n.sp. Powell Nodipecten arthriticus (Reeve)
Niso antiselli Anderson and Martin Niso cottonwoodensis Addicott Niso n.sp. Powell Nodipecten arthriticus (Reeve) 8–5 Ma
Neptunea eurekaensis (Martin) Neptunea humerosa Gabb Neptunea imperialis (Dall) Neptunea kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Neptunea lyrata (Gmelin) Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Neptunea purisimaensis (Martin) Neptunea recurva Gabb Neptunea sp. Neptunea stantoni (Arnold) Neptunea tabulata colmaensis (Martin)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N, deep water Genus not living Subgenus, 33N–5S; intertidal Genus not living 71N–37N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N, deep water Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 60N–50N, Japan Species, 51N–33N, 84 to 436 m Subgenus, 28N–5S, through the Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal, on rocks 28N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal, on rocks 28N–3S, through Gulf of California; wave splash zone at high tide Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Gulf of California–5S; margins of mangrove and on mudflats 50N–27N; intertidal to 46 m, boring into rocks Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 46 m Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 46 m, sandflats Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California, also on mud Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California, intertidal to 2815 m Genus, 33N–3S; 9 to 200 m Genus, 33N–3S Genus, 33N–3S Genus, 32N–5S; washed onto beaches but living in deeper water continued
336
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby)?
Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby)
Norrisia? sp. Nucella collomi (Carson) Nucella elsmerensis (Grant and Gale)
Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby) Nucella lamellosa collomi (Carson) Nucella elsmerensis (Grant and Gale)
Nucella emarginata (Deshayes) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin)
Nucella emarginata (Deshayes) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin)
Nucella lamellosa collomi (Carson) Nucella lamellosa shumanensis (Carson) Nucella lima (Gmelin) Nucella lima (Gmelin) Nucella packi talea Stewart Nucella rankini Grant and Eaton Nucella sp. Nucula (Ennucula) balboana Hertlein Nucula (Ennucula) birchi Keen Nucula (Ennucula?) nuculana (Dall) Nucula (Lamellinucula) exigua Sowerby
Nucella lamellosa collomi (Carson) Nucella lamellosa shumanensis (Carson) Nucella lima (Martyn) Nucella lima (Martyn) Nucella packi (Clark) Nucella rankini Grant and Eaton Nucella sp. Ennucula tenuis (Montagu) Ennucula birchi (Keen) Ennucula nuculana (Dall) Nucula (Lamellinucula) exigua Sowerby
Nucula (Leionucula) balboana Hertlein Nucula (Leionucula) birchi Keen Nucula cf. N. washingtonensis Weaver
Ennucula tenuis (Montagu) Ennucula birchi (Keen) Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) washingtonensis (Weaver) Nucula sp. Nucula (Lamellinucula) exigua Sowerby Nuculana (Nuculana) aff. N. (N.) leonina (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Nuculana (Nuculana) aff. N. (N.) minuta (Muller) Nuculana (Saccella?) aff. N. (S.?) ramonensis (Clark) Nuculana cf. N. extenuata (Dall) Nuculana (Thestyleda) cf. N. (T.) hamata (Carpenter) Nuculana (Nuculana) cf. N. (N.) leonina (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) chehalisensis (Weaver) Nuculana epacris Moore Nuculana (Nuculana) fossa (Baird) Litorhadia astoriana (Henderson) Nuculana sp. Ennucula nuculana (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis Trask Nuttallia jamesi Roth and Guruswami-Naidu (Roth and Guruwami-Naidu, 1974) Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad)
Nucula sp. Nucula suprastriata Carpenter Nuculana (Nuculana) aff. N. (N.) leonina (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Nuculana aff. N. minuta (Fabricius) Nuculana aff. N. ramonensis Clark Nuculana cf. N. extenuata (Dall) Nuculana cf. N. hamata (Carpenter) Nuculana cf. N. leonina (Dall) Nuculana chehalisensis (Weaver) Nuculana epacris Moore Nuculana fossa (Bair) Nuculana impressa (Conrad) Nuculana n.sp. Nuculana nuculana (Dall) Nuculana ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Nuculana taphria (Dall) Nuculana veronensis (Trask) Nuttallia jamesi Roth and Guruswami-Naidu Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad) Nuttallia salina Roth and Guruswami-Naidu Ocenebra aff. O. fraseri (Oldroyd) Ocenebra atropurpurea Carpenter Ocenebra barbarensis (Gabb) Ocenebra beta (Dall) Ocenebra cf. O. tenuiscuplta (Carpenter) Ocenebra cierboensis (Grant and Eaton)
Nuttallia salina Roth and Guruswami-Naidu (Roth and Guruwami-Naidu, 1978) Ocenebra aff. O. fraseri (Oldroyd) Ocenebra atropurpurea Carpenter Ocenebra barbarensis (Gabb) Ocenebra beta (Dall) Ocenebra cf. O. tenuiscuplta (Carpenter) Ocenebra cierboensis (Grant and Eaton)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) 37N–28N; intertidal, on rocks and algae; offshore on kelp Genus, 37N–28N Species, 65N–34N Genus, 66N–3S; intertidal, among bamacles and mussels 58N–16N; in rock creives near mussle beds Genus, 66N–3S 65N–34N, intertidal, bays, estuaries, rocky shores, low wave action Species, 65N–34N Species, 65N–34N 66N–28N 66N–28N Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S 71N–33N Genus, 71N–Chile Genus, 71N–Chile 33.7N–3.7S, through Gulf of California; 10 to 140 m 71N–32.7N; 10 to 900 m Genus, 71N–Chile; 10 to 900 m Subgenus, 58N–6S Genus, 60N–5S or Chile; 7 to 4060 m 34N–4S, through Gulf of California 55N–32.7N; 350 to 2500 m Subgenus, 58N–6S 71.4N–33.3N; 4 to 1900 m Subgenus, 58N–6S 54N–49N; 2000 to 2900 m 48N–25N 55N–33N Subgenus, 58N–6S Genus, 72N–6S; 3 to 3660 m 58N–33N; 20 to 600 m Genus not living Genus, 72N–6S Genus, 71N–Chile Subgenus, 58N–6S 37N–28N Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 38N–25N 38.3N–24.6N, intertidal and foreshore, in sand and gravel Genus, 38N–25N 49N; genus, intertidal to 100 m 57N–31N 37N–34N, rocky bottoms 37N–34N Genus, 59N–19N; intertidal to 92 m Genus, 59N–19N continued
Appendix 1
337
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Ocenebra clarki Addicott Ocenebra coryphaena (Woodring) Ocenebra depoensis Moore Ocenebra dorrancei? (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra foveolata (Hinds) Ocenebra gabbiana (Anderson) Ocenebra interfosa Carpenter Ocenebra lurida (Middendorff)
Taxonomy used in this study
Ocinebra topangensis Arnold Oculina panzana Loel and Corey (Cnidaria)
Ocenebra clarki Addicott Ocenebra coryphaena (Woodring) Ocenebra depoensis Moore Ocenebra? dorrancei (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra foveolata (Hinds) Ocenebra gabbiana (Anderson) Ocenebra interfossa Carpenter Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff) (McLean, 1996) Ocenebra milicentana (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra sp. Ocenebra subangulata waldorfensis Arnold Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff) (McLean, 1996) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Oculina panzana Loel and Corey
Odostomia (Belsa) rotundomontana (Keen)
Odostomia (Belsa) rotundomontana (Keen)
Odostomia (Chrysallida) n.sp. Powell Odostomia (Chrysallida?) sequoiana Addicott Odostomia (Evalea) aff. O. (E.) donilla Dall and Bartsch Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch Odostomia (Evalea) tenuisculpta Carpenter Odostomia (Menestho) n.sp. Powell Odostomia (Menestho) repenningi Addicott Odostomia cf. O. farallonensis Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. lastra Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. phanea Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. pratoma Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. valdezi Dall and Bartsch Odostomia sp. Oenopota reticulata Brown Oliva californica Anderson Oliva futheyana Anderson
Odostomia (Chrysallida) n.sp. Powell Odostomia (Chrysallida?) sequoiana Addicott Odostomia (Evalea) aff. O. (E.) donilla Dall and Bartsch Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch Odostomia (Evalea) tenuisculpta Carpenter Odostomia (Menestho) n.sp. Powell Odostomia (Menestho) repenningi Addicott Odostomia cf. O. farallonensis Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. lastra Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. phanea Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. pratoma Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. valdezi Dall and Bartsch Odostomia sp. Oenopota reticulata Brown Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson
Oliva simondsi Trask Oliva sp. Oliva spicata (Bolten) Oliva spicata (Bolten) Olivella sp. Olivella (Callinax?) santana Loel and Corey Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen
Oliva simondsi Trask Oliva sp. Oliva (Oliva) spicata (Ro¨ding) Oliva (Oliva) spicata (Ro¨ding) Olivella sp. Olivella (Olivella) santana Loel and Corey Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen
Olivella baetica Carpenter
Olivella baetica Carpenter
Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella biplicata Conrad
Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella biplicata (Sowerby)
Olivella biplicata Sowerby Olivella biplicata Sowerby (O. futheyana Anderson) Olivella gracilis Broderip and Sowerby
Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella biplicata (Sowerby)
Ocenebra milicentana (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra sp. Ocenebra subangulata waldorfensis Arnold Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Ocenebra wilkensana (Anderson) Ocinebra lurida (Middendorff)
Olivella (Olivella) gracilis (Broderip and Sowerby)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N 38N–25N Genus, 59N–19N 56N–32N 55N–34N; intertidal to 15 m, rare in sublittoral, rocky areas Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Species, 38N–34N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N 55N–34N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, eastern Pacific, fossil only at 12N and California Genus, 60N–3S; subgenus, 24N and Gulf of California Subgenus, 25N–3S Subgenus, 33N–3N, and Gulf of California Subgenus, 33N–8N, Gulf of California Subgenus, 33N–8N, and Gulf of California 48N–24N Subgenus, 32N–8N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 32N–3N, and Gulf of California 38N 34N–33N 37N 34N 48N–33N Genus, 72N–23N; intertidal to 640 m Circumboreal-33N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal, sandspits Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Through Gulf of California–8N Through Gulf of California–8N Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 57N–south of equator; intertidal to 92 m 57N–23N; lagoons at low tide, offshore in shallow water, sand or mud 49N–25N 49N–25N; common at lagoon entrances, offshore in shallow water 49N–25N 49N–25N 28N–8N, through Gulf of California continued
338
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Olivella intorta Carpenter Olivella ischnon Keen Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Olivella pedroana (Conrad) subpedroana Loel and Corey Olivella pedroana Conrad Olivella pedroana Conrad Olivella pedroana Conrad (in Anderson and Martin, 1914) Olivella santana Loel and Corey Olivella sp. Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Opalia n.sp.? Opalia varicostata anomala Steams Opalia varicostata Steams Opalia williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Opalia wroblewskyi (Moerch) Ophiodermella cancellata (Carpenter) Ophiodermella electilis (Keen) Ophiodermella graciosana (Arnold) Ophiodermella grasiosana (Arnold) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Ophioplocus sp.? (Echinodermata) Ophiurites (Ophiuroglyphus?) sp. Oppenheimopecten hartmanni (Hertlein)
Taxonomy used in this study
Olivella (Callianax) intorta Carpenter Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Olivella pedroana (Conrad) (synonym of O. baetica?) Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen
25N–23N, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–south of equator 55N–23N
Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen
Genus, 57N–south of equator 55N–23N Genus, 57N–south of equator
Olivella (Olivella) santana Loel and Corey Olivella sp. Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Opalia n.sp.? Opalia (Opalia) varicostata anomala Steams Opalia (Opalia) varicostata Steams Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Opalia (Opalia) wroblewskyi (Mo¨rch) Ophiodermella cancellata (Carpenter) Ophiodermella electilis (Keen) Ophiodermella graciosana (Arnold) Ophiodermella grasiosana (Arnold) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Ophioplocus sp.
Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 55N–25N; subgenus not living
Ostrea (Agerostrea) megodon (Hanley) Ostrea altatemblorensis Grant and Eaton Ostrea arnoldi Adegoke Ostrea ashleyi Hertlein Ostrea atwoodii Gabb
Ophiurites (Ophiuroglyphus?) sp. Oppenheimopecten hartmanni (Hertlein) 23– 17 Ma and 8–5 Ma Oppenheimopecten heimi (Hertlein) 23–17 Ma and 8–2.5 Ma Oppenheimopecten lecontei (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Ostrea (Ostrea) atwoodi Gabb
Ostrea bourgeoisii Re´mond Ostrea californica Marcou
Striostrea? bourgeoisii bourgeoisii (Re´mond) Crassostrea columbiensis (Hanley)
Ostrea cerrosensis Gabb
Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) (Ostrea [Lopha] of authors) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) heermanni (Conrad) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) ynezana (Loel and Corey) Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) ynezana (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea? englekyi Hertlein Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) erici (Hertlein) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Striostrea? freudenbergi (Hertlein and Jordan) Ostrea? haitiensis Sowerby
Oppenheimopecten heimi (Hertlein) Oppenheimopecten lecontei (Arnold)
Ostrea cf. heermanni Conrad Ostrea cierboensis Grant and Eaton Ostrea eldridgei (Arnold) ynezana Loel and Corey Ostrea eldridgei Arnold Ostrea eldridgei yneziana Loel and Corey Ostrea englekyi Hertlein Ostrea erici Hertelein Ostrea eucorrugata Hertlein Ostrea freudenbergi Hertlein and Jordan Ostrea haitiensis Sowerby
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Genus, 57N–south of equator
Genus, 55N–25N Genus, 55N–25N; intertidal to 92 m, on rocks Genus, 55N–25N Genus, 55N–25N; subgenus not living 55N–32N 48N–32N Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 48N–23N 48N–32N Genus, 48N–23N Questionable taxonomic assignment; intertidal to .200 m Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 28N–4S Genus, 28N–4S Genus, 28N–4S 28N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 57N–8N; intertidal to 70 m, on firm substrate Genus, 24N–4S 28N–5S; intertidal, attached to rocks or mangroves 28N–5S Genus not living Genus, 60N–5S Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 60N–5S Genus not living Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 24N–4S Atlantic Ocean; taxonomy in question continued
Appendix 1
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Ostrea heermanni Conrad Ostrea hertleini Adegoke Ostrea howelli Wiedey Ostrea iridescens Gray Ostrea ligminuta Grant and Eaton Ostrea loeli Hertlein Ostrea lurida Carpenter Ostrea megodon Hanley Ostrea mexicana Sowerby
Taxonomy used in this study
Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) heermanni (Conrad) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) howelli (Wiedey) Crassostrea columbiensis (Hanley) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) loeli (Hertlein) Ostreola conchaphila (Carpenter) Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) Saccostrea palmula (Carpenter) (Ostrea palmula in Keen, 1971, p. 84) Acutostrea? miguelensis (Hertlein) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea sp. Ostrea sp. Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey)
Ostrea miguelensis Hertlein Ostrea panzana Conrad Ostrea sp. Ostrea sp. Ostrea titan (Conrad) subtitan Loel and Corey Ostrea titan (Conrad) subtitan? Loel and Corey Ostrea titan cf. O. subtitan Loel and Corey Ostrea titan Conrad Ostrea titan Conrad Ostrea titan Conrad andersoni Adegoke Ostrea titan Conrad n. var. Ostrea titan corrugata Nomland Ostrea titan prior Grant and Eaton Ostrea titan s.s. Conrad Ostrea titan var. eucorrugata Hertlein Ostrea titan? Conrad Ostrea vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Ostrea veatchii Gabb Ostrea venturana Loel and Corey
Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) Ostreola? venturana (Loel and Corey)
Ostrea vespertina (Conrad) loeli (Hertlein) Ostrea vespertina Conrad
Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) loeli (Hertlein) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Ostrea vespertina Conrad sequeris Arnold
Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Ostrea vespertina loeli (Hertlein) Ostrea vespertina sequens Arnold
Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) loeli (Hertlein) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Ostrea wiedeyi Hertlein Pachydesma gabbi (Clark) Pachydesma sp. Pachydesma stultorum (Mawe) Pachydesma trigonalis (Nomland) Pachypoma cf. P. gibberosum (Dillwyn) Pachypoma cf. P. precursor Dall Palaeopneustus holmani Grant ant Hertlein Pandora (Cliodphora) punctata Conrad Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Pandora (Pandorella) billirata Conrad
Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) wiedeyi (Hertlein) Tivela gabbi Clark Tivela (Pachydesma) sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe) Tivela trigonalis Nomland Astraea gibberosa (Dillwyn) Astraea cf. A. inaequalis (Martyn) Megapetalus holmani (Grant and Hertlein) Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Pandora (Pandorella) bilirata Conrad
Pandora bilirata Conrad Pandora filosa Carpenter Pandora grandis Dall Pandora punctata Conrad Pandora scapha Gabb Pandora sp. Panomya ampla Dall
Pandora (Pandorella) bilirata Conrad Pandora (Pandorella) filosa (Carpenter) Pandora (Pandorella) wardiana A. Adams Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Pandora scapha Gabb Pandora sp. Panomya ampla Dall
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus not living Genus, 60N–5S Genus not living 28N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus not living 31N–8N (Agerostrea of Bernard [1983, p.23]); intertidal to 92 m 28N–5S 25N–2S; mangrove roots or rocks, reefs, in depths to 7 m Genus not living Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S N.D. Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S (Agerostrea of Bernard [1983, p. 23]) Genus not living Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus not living Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus not living Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S 38N–25N Genus, 38N–4S 50N–25N; rocky substrate, to 25 m 48N–33N Genus not living, Miocene–Pliocene 50N–26N 50N–26N 58.3N–23N, Gulf of California; subtidal to 250 m 58N–23N 60.0N–31.8N; 20 to 300 m 71.4N–48.4N; 40 to 200 m 49.9N–26.2N, subtidal to 50 m Genus, 60N–4S; species, Paleocene Genus, 60N–4S; 3 to 366 m 71.4N–47.5N; 10 to 50 m continued
340
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Panomya beringiana Dall Panomya cf. P. beringiana Dall Panomya cf. P. beringianus Dall Panomya chrysis Dall Panomya sp. Panope (Panope) abrupta (Conrad) Panope (Panope) generosa (Gould) Panope estrellana Conrad Panope generosa (Gould) Panope generosa Gould Panope oregonensis Howe Panope tenuis Wiedey Panopea abrupta (Conrad)
Panomya priapus (Tilesius) Panomya cf. P. priapus (Tilesius) Panomya cf. P. priapus (Tilesius) Panomya ampla Dall Panomya sp. Panopea (Panopea) abrupta (Conrad) Panopea (Panopea) abrupta (Conrad) Panopea estrellana (Conrad) Panopea (Panopea) abrupta (Conrad) Panopea (Panopea) abrupta (Conrad) Panopea oregonensis Howe Panope tenuis Wiedey Panopea (Panopea) abrupta (Conrad)
Panopea estrellana (Conrad)
Panopea estrellana (Conrad)
Panopea generosa Gould Panopea ramonensis Clark Panopea tenuis Wiedey Paphia cf. staleyi (Gabb) Paphia jacalitosensis Arnold Paphia sp. Paphia staleyi Gabb Paphia staminea (Conrad) Paphia staminea Conrad Paphia tenerrima (Carpenter) Papyridea crockeri (Strong and Hertlein) Paracyanthus stearnsii Verrill (Cnidaria) Parvammusium astoriana Moore
Panopea (Panopea) abrupta (Conrad) Panopea ramonensis Clark Panope tenuis Wiedey Protothaca cf. P. staleyi (Gabb) Miltha (Miltha?) jacalitosana (Arnold) Protothaca sp. Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Papyridea crockeri (Strong and Hertlein) Paracyanthus stearnsii Verrill Parvammusium astoriana Moore
Parvamussium alaskense (Dall)
Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) 8 Ma– Holocene Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) 8 Ma– Holocene Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) 8 Ma– Holocene Parvilucina mazatlanica Carpenter Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Lituyapecten falorensis (MacNeil) 8–5 Ma
71N–60N 71.4N–59.5N; 10 to 50 m 71N–60N 71N–48N Genus, 71N–48N; 10 to 100 m 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N; subtidal to 100 m 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 58N–27N 57.6N–33.6N (to 28N according to some authors); subtidal to 100 m Genus, 58N–27N; intertidal, buried about 1 m in sand or mud 58N–34N; sand mud of bays Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 61N–20S 61N–23N 61N–23N 57N–28N 28N–23N; in depths to 175 m 48N–34N 60N–32.7N (to 25 according to some authors); 15 to 1530 m 60N–33N
Parvamussium alaskensis (Dall) Parvamussium riversi (Arnold) Parvilucina mazatlanica Carpenter Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Patinopecten (Lituyapecten) falorensis MacNeil Patinopecten (Lituyapecten) turneri (Arnold) Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) Patinopecten cf. P. coosensis (Shumard) Patinopecten dilleri (Dall) Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) Patinopecten oregonensis cancellosus Moore Patinopecten purisimaensis (Arnold) Patinopecten sp. Pecten parmeleei Dall Pecten (? Patinopecten) merriami Arnold Pecten (Aequipecten) andersoni Arnold Pecten (Aequipecten) discus Conrad Pecten (Aequipecten) discus Conrad (raymondi Clark) Pecten (Aequipecten) latiauratus Conrad Pecten (Aequipecten) percarus Hertlein
60N–33N 60N–33N 29N–1S; 4 to 1024 m 60.9N–28.2N; subtidal to 300 m Genus not living
Lituyapecten turneri (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma– Holocene Lituyapecten cf. L. coosensis (Shumard) 8– 2.5 Ma Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten oregonensis cancellosus Moore Lituyapecten purisimaensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten sp. Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Flabellipecten? merriami (Arnold) 5–2.5 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Genus not living 59N–36N
Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Argopecten percarus (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma
38N–23N; intertidal to 250 m
Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 34N–6S
Appendix 1
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continued TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Pecten (Aequipecten) tumbezensis d’Orbigny
Taxonomy used in this study
Pecten (Amusium) lompocensis Arnold
Pacipecten tumbezensis (d’Orbigny) 5 Ma– Holocene (Leptopecten of authors) Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Pecten (Amusium) sp. Pecten (Amussiopecten) lompocensis Arnold
Delectopecten sp. Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Pecten (Argopecten) subdolus Hertlein
Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6 Ma to 1.6 Ma Chlamys aff. C. sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27–13 Ma Chlamys opuntia (Dall) 8–1 Ma Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Chlamys sp. Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) of Arnold 32–8 Ma Flabellipecten stearnsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma Crassadoma giganteus (Gray) Flabellipecten stearnsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma Leptopecten bellilamellatus (Arnold)
Pecten (Chlamys) aff. P. (C.) sespeensis (Arnold) n.sp.? Pecten (Chlamys) hastatus Sowerby Pecten (Chlamys) hertleini Loel and Corey Pecten (Chlamys) opuntia Dall Pecten (Chlamys) sespeensis (Arnold) Pecten (Chlamys) sp. Pecten (Delectopecten) peckhami Gabb Pecten (Flabellipecten) stearnsii Dall Pecten (Hinnites) giganteus Gray Pecten (Janaria) stearnsii Dall Pecten (Leptopecten) bellilamellatus (Arnold) Pecten (Leptopecten) latiauratus Conrad Pecten (Leptopecten) praevalidus Jordan and Hertlein Pecten (Lituyapecten) dilleri Dall Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo Conrad n. var. Pecten (Lyropecten) bowersi Arnold (Loel and Corey) Pecten (Lyropecten) cerrosensis Gabb
Leptopecten bellilamellatus (Arnold) 8–5 Ma Antipecten? praevalidus (Jordan and Hertlein) 8–5 Ma Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo Conrad
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo Conrad n. var. Pecten (Lyropecten) estrellanus Conrad
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten (Lyropecten) gallegosi Jordan and hertlein Pecten (Lyropecten) magnolia Conrad
Lyropecten gallegosi (Jordan and Hertlein) 12–6.5 Ma (Smith, 1991a) “Macrochlamis ” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma “Macrochlamis ” magnolia ojaiensis Smith 30– 26 Ma (Smith, 1991a) Chlamys? mediacostata mediacostata (Hanna) 13? or 5–2.5 Ma Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Pecten (Lyropecten) magnolia Conrad Pecten (Lyropecten) mediacostatus (G. D. Hanna) Pecten (Lyropecten) miguelensis Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) miguelensis submiguelensis Loel and Corey Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) sespeensis Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) subnodosus Sowerby
Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Vertipecten kemensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) 35–22 Ma Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) transitional with V. kemensis (Hertlein) Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Nodipecten subnodosus subnodosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma to Holocene
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) 31N–5S, Gulf of California; below low-tide line to depths of 128 m Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; Caribbean; 55 to 1481 m Genus, 60N–27N Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 70N–1S 60N–33N Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 38N–4S 60N–25N Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–23N; rocks, bays, on debris offshore, 5 to 220 m Genus, 38N–23N Genus not living Genus not living Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene Genus, 70N–1S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 70N–1S 32.4–24.2; intertidal to 110 continued
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Pecten (Lyropecten) vaughani Arnold
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Pecten (Lyropecten) vaughani Arnold
Lyropecten vaughni (Arnold) 27–23 Ma
Pecten (Lyropecten) veatchii Gabb Pecten (Oppenheimopecten) vodgesi Arnold
Nodipecten veatchii (Gabb) 13–2.5 Ma Oppenheimopecten vodgesi (Arnold) 5 Ma– Holocene Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma
Pecten (Pallium) swiftii bernardi nutteri Arnold Pecten (Pallium) swiftii bernardi var. etchegoini Anderson Pecten (Pallium) swiftii bernardi var. nutteri Arnold (?) Pecten (Patinopecten) aff. P. (P.) coosensis Shumard Pecten (Patinopecten) caurinus Gould Pecten (Patinopecten) dilleri Dall Pecten (Patinopecten) haywardensis Lutz Pecten (Patinopecten) healeyi Arnold Pecten (Patinopecten) healeyi sanclementensis Susuki and Stadum Pecten (Patinopecten) kemensis Hertlein Pecten (Patinopecten) lohri Hertlein Pecten (Patinopecten) purisimaensis Arnold Pecten (Pecten) aletes Hertlein Pecten (Pecten) bellus Conrad Pecten (Pecten) bellus hemphilli Dall Pecten (Pecten) carrizoensis Kew Pecten (Pecten) hawleyi Hertlein Pecten (Pecten) hemphilli Dall Pecten (Pecten) juanensis Grant and Stevenson Pecten (Pecten) keepi Arnold Pecten (Pecten) lecontei Arnold Pecten (Pecten) refugioensis Hertlein Pecten (Pecten) stearnsii Dall Pecten (Pecten) vanvlecki Arnold Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni Arnold Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni barkerianus (Arnold) Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni barkerianus Arnold Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni subandersoni Loel and Corey Pecten (Plagioctenium) calli Hertlein Pecten (Plagioctenium) callidus Hertlein Pecten (Plagioctenium) circularis Sowerby Pecten (Plagioctenium) cristobalensis Hertlein Pecten (Plagioctenium) deserti Conrad Pecten (Plagioctenium) hakei Hertlein Pecten (Plagioctenium) invalidus G. D. Hanna Pecten (Plagioctenium) mendenhalli Arnold Pecten (Plagioctenium) subdolus Hertlein
Lituyapecten aff. L. coosensis (Shumard) 8– 2.5 Ma Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma– Holocene Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten haywardensis (Lutz) 17–13 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Vertipecten kemensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Lituyapecten purisimaensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Pecten (Pecten) aletes Hertlein 5–2.5 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Flabellipecten carrizoensis (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Flabellipecten? hawleyi (Hertlein) 27–23 Ma Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma Oppenheimopecten juanensis (Grant and Stevenson) 13–8 Ma Euvola keepi (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Oppenheimopecten lecontei (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Euvola refugioensis (Hertlein) 5–2.5 Ma Flabellipecten stearnsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni barkerianus (Arnold) 27–17 Ma Pacipecten andersoni barkerianus (Arnold) 27–17 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) 27–23 Ma Argopecten ventricosus calli (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten callidus (Hertlein) 8–1 Ma Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene Argopecten cristobalensis (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten deserti (Conrad) 13–2.5 Ma Argopecten hakei (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten invalidus (Hanna) 8–1 Ma Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6 Ma to 1.6 Ma
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 32N–5S 28N–1S; 4 to 420 m; Keen (1971, p. 87) reported from 155 m Genus not living Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus not living Genus not living 59N–36N Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N; 10 to 275 m, mixed sand and mud substrate Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N Genus not living Subgenus, 38N–1S Subgenus, 38N–1S Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, 38N–4S; 13 to 155 m Genus, 38N–4S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 28N–4S Genus, 38N–23N Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, 38N–23N Genus, 38N–4S Genus not living Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Genus, 34N–6S 34.4N–5.1S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S continued
Appendix 1
343
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Pecten (Plagioctenium) cerrosensis var. mendenhalli Arnold Pecten (Propeamusium) levis Moody
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma
Genus, 34N–6S 60N–33N
Pecten (Pseudamusium) lompocensis Arnold
Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) 8 Ma– Holocene Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) 8 Ma– Holocene Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Pecten (Pseudamusium) peckhami Gabb Pecten (Swiftopecten) etchegoini Anderson subsp. wattsi Arnold Pecten (Swiftopecten) sp. ident.
Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Swiftopecten sp.
Pecten (Vertipecten) bowersi Arnold Pecten (Vertipecten) nevadanus Conrad
Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma; 23– 17.5 Ma (Smith, 1991a) Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) 27–23 Ma Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Pecten (Propeamussium) riversi Arnold
Pecten andersoni Arnold Pecten andersoni gonicostatus Trask Pecten andersoni? Arnold Pecten ashleyi Arnold Pecten bellus forma hemphilli Dall Pecten bellus hemphilli Dall Pecten bilineatus Clark Pecten bowersi Arnold Pecten branneri Arnold Pecten carrizoensis Arnold Pecten caurinus Gould Pecten cerrosensis Gabb Pecten cf. P. auburyi Arnold Pecten cf. P. crassicardo (Arnold) Pecten cf. P. meeki Conrad
Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Pacipecten bilineatus (Clark) 13–8 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Chlamys branneri (Arnold) 27–17 Ma Flabellipecten carrizoensis (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma– Holocene Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma Pecten (Pecten) cf. P. (P.) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Pecten crassicardo (Conrad)
Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma– Holocene Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene Oppenheimopecten coalingaensis (Arnold) 5– 2.5 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten crassicardo Conrad
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten crassicardo Conrad
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Pecten crassicardo Conrad n.var.
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten crassiradiatus Clark Pecten deserti Conrad Pecten dilleri Dall Pecten discus Conrad
Argopecten? crassiradiatus (Clark) 13–8 Ma Argopecten deserti (Conrad) 13–2.5 Ma Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23– 13 Ma Argopecten ventricosus eldridgei (Arnold) 5– 2.5 Ma
Pecten cf. P. peckhami Gabb Pecten cierboensis Clark Pecten circularis Sowerby Pecten coalingaensis Arnold
Pecten eldridgei Arnold
60N–33N Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus, 60N–27N Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Subgenus, 38N–1S Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, 31N–5S Genus not living Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 38N–4S 59N–36.3N; 10 to 200 m Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 59N–36N Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 31N–5S 34.4N–5.1S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Genus, 28N–4S; 18 to 274 m; shallow seas (Moore, 1984) Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus not living Genus, 31N–5S Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m continued
344
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Pecten estrellanus Conrad
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Pecten estrellanus Conrad
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Pecten estrellanus Conrad catalinae Arnold
Lyropecten catalinae (Arnold) 13–5 Ma
Pecten estrellanus Conrad terminus Arnold
Lyropecten terminus (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Pecten estrellanus? Conrad
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten hastatus Sowerby
Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Patinopecten haywardensis calaverasensis (Hall) 17–13 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Chlamys hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27–13 Ma Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten haywardensis calaverasensis Hall Pecten healeyi Arnold Pecten hemphilli Dall Pecten hertleini Loel and Corey Pecten hindsiiCarpenter Pecten holwayi Clark Pecten invalidus Hanna Pecten keepi Arnold Pecten latiauritus Conrad Pecten lawsoni Arnold Pecten lompocensis Arnold Pecten magnolia Conrad
Argopecten invalidus (Hanna) 8–1 Ma Euvola keepi (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby), 13 Ma– Holocene Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Pecten mendenhalli Arnold Pecten miguelensis Arnold
“Macrochlamis ” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32–17 Ma Chlamys? mediacostata mediacostata (Hanna) 13? or 5–2.5 Ma Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Pecten miguelensis Arnold
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Pecten miguelensis submiguelensis Loel and Corey Pecten miguelensis submiguelensis Loel and Corey Pecten nevadanus Conrad? Pecten nutteri Arnold Pecten oweni Arnold Pecten pabloensis Conrad
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Pecten mediacostatus Hanna
Pecten peckhami Gabb Pecten pedroanus (Trask) Pecten pedroanus Trask Pecten perrini Arnold Pecten perrini Arnold Pecten propatulus Conrad Pecten purpuratus Lamarck Pecten raymondi brionianus Trask Pecten raymondi Clark Pecten ricei Trask
Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Pacipecten pabloensis (Conrad) of Arnold 13– 8 Ma Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Delectopecten pedroanus (Trask) Delectopecten vancouverensis femandoensis (Hertlein) Vertipecten kemensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) 35–22 Ma Patinopecten propatulus (Conrad) 18–10.5 Ma (Smith, 1991a, p. 38) Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck) 5 Ma– Holocene Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 60N–33N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Subgenus, 38N–1S Genus, 70N–1S 60N–33N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 38N–23N 38N–23N 60N–33N Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 60N–27N nomen dubium; genus, 60N–27N Species, 60N–27N Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 59N–36N 30N–6S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 continued
Appendix 1
345
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Pecten sancti-ludovici Anderson and Martin Pecten sancti-ludovici Anderson and Martin in Hanna Pecten sespeenis Arnold Pecten sp. Pecten sp. nov. aff. P. mendenhalli Arnold Pecten sp. nov. aff. P. paucicostatus Carpenter Pecten steamsii Dall Pecten subnodosus Sowerby
Taxonomy used in this study
Chlamys sanctiludovici (Anderson and Martin) 13–8 Ma Chlamys corteziana Durham 13–2.5 Ma
Genus, 70N–1S
Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Pecten sp.
Genus, 70N–1S Questionable taxonomic assignment for Pecten sp. Genus, 34N–6S 31N–5S
Pecten vanvlecki Arnold Pecten vaughani Arnold
Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma Pacipecten aff. P. tumbezensis (Sowerby) 5 Ma–Holocene Flabellipecten stearnsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma Lyropecten tiburonensis Smith 14 or 13 Ma to 11.2 or 10.2 Ma Pacipecten tolmani (Hall and Ambrose) 13–8 Ma Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Pecten veatchii Gabb Pecten vickeryi Trask
Nodipecten veatchii (Gabb) 13–2.5 Ma Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Pecten wattsi Arnold
Pegoghipema edentuloides (Verrill) Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Penitella conradi Valenciennes
Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Pacipecten weaveri (Clark) 13–8 Ma Isognomon (Isognomon) panzana (Loel and Corey) Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Penitella conradi Valenciennes
Penitella penita (Conrad)
Panitella penita (Conrad)
Periploma cf. P. discus Stearns Periploma clarki Nomland Periploma cryphia stenopa Woodring Periploma discus Stearns Periploma planiuscula Schumacher
Periploma cf. P. discus Stearns Periploma clarki Nomland Periploma stenopa Woodring Periploma discus Stearns Periploma planiusculum Sowerby
Periploma sanctaecrucis Arnold? Periploma stenopa Woodring Petaloconchus montereyensis Dall
Periploma sanctaecrucis Arnold Periploma stenopa Woodring Petaloconchus montereyensis Dall
Petricola (Rupellaria) caritoides Conrad Petricola buwaldi Clark Petricola carditoides (Conrad) (buwaldi Clark) Petricola caritoides (Conrad)? Petricola cylindracea Deshayes Petricola sp. Phacoides (Callucina) cf. californicus Conrad
Petricola (Rupellaria) carditoides (Conrad) Petricola buwaldi Clark Petricola (Rupellaria) carditoides (Conrad) Petricola (Rupellaria) carditoides (Conrad) Petricola (Rupellaria) carditoides (Conrad) Petricola sp. Epilucina cf. E. californica (Conrad)
Phacoides (Codakia?) n.sp. Phacoides (Here) richthofeni Gabb Phacoides (Lucinoma) acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Phacoides acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides annulata Reeve Phacoides annulatus (Reeve) Phacoides annulatus Conrad Phacoides nuttalli (Conrad) Phacoides richthofeni Gabb Phacoides santaecrucis Arnold
Codakia sp. Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold)
Pecten tolmani Hall and Ambrose
Pecten weaveri Clark Pedalion panzana Loel and Corey
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Genus, 70N–1S
Genus, 38N–4S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 31N–5S Genus not living Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, 32N–5S Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 34N–2S; intertidal and shallow water 30N–28N 30N–28N 49.8N–27.7N; intertidal to 20 m; genus, intertidal to 73 m 60.9N–26.2N; intertidal to 10 m, bores, clay or sandstone, open coast 37N–23N Genus, 71N–4S; intertidal to 380 m Genus, 71N–4S 37N–23N 34N–4S; offshore from surf zone along exposed beaches Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 37N–34N; rock at low tide and sublittoral; genus, to 275 m 57N–26N Genus, 57N–5S; intertidal to 73 m 57N–26N 57.1N–26.2N; intertidal to 46 m 57N–26N Genus, 57N–5S 41.8N–25N; living in gravel in rocky areas, low tide sublittoral to 80 m Genus, 25N–1S 34N–24N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 37N–22N 34N–24N Genus, 26N–25N; 55 m or deeper continued
346
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Phacoides sp. Phacoides tenuisculpta Carpenter Phacoides xantusi Dall Pholadidea ovoidea (Gould)
Phacoides sp. Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Chaceia ovoidea (Gould)
Pholadidea penita (Conrad) Pholadidea sp.
Penitella penita (Conrad) Pholadidea sp.
Pholadomya candida dalli Olsson Pholadomya kernensis Wiedey Pholadopsis pectinata Conrad Pholas sp. Phos (Antillophos) dumbleana Anderson in Hanna Phos dubleanus Anderson and Hanna
Pholadomya candida dalli Olsson Pholadomya? kernensis Wiedey Jouannetia pectinata (Conrad) Zirfaea sp. Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Vesicomya (Calyptogena) gibbera (Crickmay) (Coan et al., 2000, p. 338) Atrina sp. Pinna (Pinna) latrania Hanna Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Atrina bicuniata (Nomland) Pinna (Pinna) latrania Hanna Pinna (Pinna) mendenhalli Hanna Pinna sp. Pinna sp. Pinna (Pinna stocktoni) Loel and Corey Calicantharus angulatus (Arnold) Pitar (Lamelliconcha) sp. Pitar (Pitarella) n.sp. Powell Arniantis diabloensis (Anderson) Pitar newcombianus (Gabb) Pitar newcombianus (Gabb) Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Pitar sp. Pitar behri (Clark) Amiantis callosa stalderi (Clark) Placunanomia californica Arnold Placunanomia granti Hertlein Placunanomia hannabili Jordan and Hertlein Placunanomia sp. Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Platyodon cancellatus (Conrad) Platyodon colobus Woodring Platyodon piedraensis Wiedey Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Phos dumbleana (Anderson) Phos dumbleanus Anderson Phos. sp. Phraegena lasia Woodring Pinna (Atrina) sp. Pinna (Pinna) latrania Hanna Pinna alamedensis Yates Pinna bicuneata Nomland Pinna latrania Hanna Pinna mendenhalli Hanna Pinna sp. a. Grant and Eaton Pinna sp. b Pinna stocktoni Loel and Corey Pisania fortis Carpenter angulata Arnold Pitar (Lamelliconcha) sp. Pitar (Pitarella) n.sp. Powell Pitar diabloensis (Anderson) Pitar newcombianus (Gabb) Pitar newcombianus Gabb Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Pitar oregonensis Conrad Pitar sp. Pitaria behri Clark Pitaria stalderi Clark Placunanomia californica Arnold Placunanomia granti Hertlein Placunanomia hannabili Jordan and Hertlein Placunanomia sp. Plagioctenium cf. P. raymondi (Clark) Platyodon cancellatus Conrad Platyodon colobus Woodring Platyodon piedraensis Wiedey Pleurotoma (Bathytoma) keepi Arnold Pleurotoma (Bathytoma) piercei Arnold Pleurotoma (Clathurella) dumblei Anderson Pleurotoma (Dolichotoma) keepi Arnold Pleurotoma coalingensis Arnold Pleurotoma perversa Gabb Pleurotoma sp.
Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) sp.
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Questionable taxonomic assignment 61N–28N 26N–25N 37.9N–27.7N; intertidal to 46 m, boring in shale and rocks at low tide 61N–26N Genus, 28N–1S; boring into soft sandstone or shale along shore Genus not living Genus not living 32N–7S; burrowing into rock Genus, 70N–25N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N; offshore, 37 to 402 m Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N Genus, 60N–9.7N Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 28N–10N; on mud bars Genus, 34N–5S; to 125 m, offshore mudflats Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 28N–10N Genus not living Subgenus, 31N–5S; intertidal to 110 m Subgenus, 31N–5S; 4 to 80 m Genus, 35N–23N 36.6N–32.9N; 45 to 220 m 37N–33N Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 37N–18S Species, 34.4N–24.8N Genus, 26N–1S; intertidal or offshore to 46 m Genus, 26N–1S Genus, 26N–1S Genus, 26N–1S Genus, 31N–5S 54N–28N Genus, 55N–2S; intertidal. Genus, 55N–2S Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N Genus, 38N–28N Subgenus, 66N–3S 55N–30N Subgenus, 66N–3S continued
Appendix 1
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Plicatula penicillata Carpenter
Plicatula penicillata Carpenter
Plicifusus (Latifusus) indomitus Talmadge (Talmadge, 1971) Plicifusus sp. Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus cepio (Gray)
Plicifusus (Latifusus) indomitus Talmadge (Talmadge, 1971) Plicifusus sp. Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus (Monia) cepio (Gray)
Pododesmus cf. P. macroschisma (Deshayes)
Pododesmus n.sp.
Pododesmus (Monia) cf. P. (M.) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus sp.
Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Neverita) ocoyana Conrad
Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Polinices (Neverita) reclusiana (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) reclusianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluziana alta Arnold
Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) alta Arnold
Polinices (Neverita) recluziana andersoni Clark Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus callosus (Gabb) Polinices (Polinices) diabloensis (Clark) Polinices andersoni (Clark)
Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Pododesmus macroschisma Deshayes Pododesmus macroschismus (Deshayes)
Polinices canalis Moore Polinices galianoi Dall Polinices lewisi (Gould) Polinices lewisii (Gould) Polinices lewisii (Gould)
Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Euspira) diabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Polinices) victoriana Clark and Arnold Polinices (Euspira) galianoi Dall Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould)
Polinices orbicularis (Nomland)
Polinices (Polinices) victoriana Clark and Arnold Polinices (Polinices) victoriana Clark and Arnold Polinices (Neverita) orbicularis (Nomland)
Polinices reclusianus andersoni Clark
Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Polinices recluziana Deshayes Polinices recluzianus (Deshayes) andersoni Clark Polinices recluzianus andersoni (Clark)
Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Polinices sp.
Polinices sp.
Polinices uber (Valenciennes)
Polinices (Polinices) uber (Valenciennes)
Polinices victoriana Clark and Arnold Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Polystira englishi Addicott
Polinices (Polinices) victoriana Clark and Arnold Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Polystira englishi Addicott
Polytropa etchegoinensis (Arnold) Polytropa funkeana Adegoke
Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Nucella funkeana (Adegoke)
Polinices lewisii Gould?
Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) 2S north to 0; in rock crevices or inside shells of dead mollusks Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N; 18 to 1098 m 71N–24N 58N–28N; intertidal to 90 m, attached to rocks or other shells 70.6N–23.5N; intertidal to 90 m, attached to rocks or other shells 71N–24N 71N–24N Genus, 71N–4S; intertidal to 90 m, rocks or other shells 51N–28N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 32N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S; subgenus, 51N–28N 51N–28N 51N–28N, intertidal to 46 m, sand flats and estuaries, mud flats Subgenus, 32N–5S, through Gulf of California; 980 to 3055 m Subgenus, 32N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S; intertidal to 3055 m, on mud or sand 32N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal and 4 to 90 m Subgenus, 32N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 28N–3S, and Gulf of California; 20 to 225 m Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S continued
348
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Polytropa lamellosa (Gmelin) Polytropa sp. Pomaulax gradatus (Grant and Gale) Porites carrizensis Vaughan (Cnidaria) Poromya gabbiana Anderson and Martin Portlandia (Portlandella) reagani (Dall) Portlandia camerosensis (Clark) Portlandia cooperi Gabb supramontereyensis Arnold Portlandia cooperii (Gabb) Portlandia temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Potamides sespeensis Loel and Corey
Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella sp. Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Porites carrizensis Vaughan Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Portlandia reagani (Dall) Yoldia (Kalayoldia?) camerosensis (Clark) Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cooperii Gabb Yoldia (Yoldia?) temblorensis Anderson and Martin Rhinocoryne sespeensis (Loel and Corey)
Pratulum centifilosum (Carpenter)
Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosm (Carpenter) Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Fusitriton sp. Fusitriton oregonense angelense (Arnold)
Pratulum? cf. P. centifilosum (Carpenter) Priene n.sp. Priene oregonensis Redfield angelensis Arnold Priene oregonensis var. angelense Arnold Priscofusus carlsoni (Anderson and Martin)
Fusitriton oregonense angelense (Arnold) Calicantharus kemensis (Anderson and Martin) Priscofusus cf. P. coli (Dall) Priscofusus cf. P. geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus medialis (Conrad)
Priscofusus cf. P. coli (Dall) Priscofusus cf. P. hecoxi (Arnold) (?) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus lincolnensis (Anderson and Martin) Priscofusus medialis (Conrad) Priscofusus n.sp Pristes oblongus Carpenter
Priscofusus medialis (Conrad) Priscofusus sp. Pristes oblongus Carpenter
Progabbia cf. P. cooperi (Gabb) Progabbia cf. P. oregonesis (Conrad) Progabbia sp. Propeamussium cf. P. clallamensis (Arnold) Propebela sp. Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima Carpenter
Cancellaria cf. C. cooperi Gabb Priscofusus cf. P. geniculus (Conrad) Cancellaria sp. Propeamussium cf. P. clallamensis (Arnold) Lora sp. Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima Carpenter
Protothaca (Leucoma?) n.sp. aff. P. (L.?) asperrima (Sowerby) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca aff. P. grata Say Protothaca grata (Say) tarda (Stewart) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) hannibali (Howe)
Protothaca (Leukcoma) aff. P. (L.) asperrima (Sowerby) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Tropithaca) aff. P. (T.) grata (Say) Protothaca grata (Say) tarda (Stewart) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca laciniata (Carpenter) hannibali (Howe) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Gari sp. Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes)
Protothaca staminea (Conrad) Protothaca tenerrima (Carpenter) Psammobia edentula Gabb Psammobia sp. Psammotreata (Florimetis) biangulata (Carpenter) Psammotreata obesa (Deshayes) Psamosolen gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Psephaea (Miopleiona) indurata (Conrad) Psephaea (Miopleiona) weaveri (Tegland ) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Psephidia barbarensis Arnold
Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Psephaea (Miopleiona) indurata (Conrad) Psephaea (Miopleiona) weaveri (Tegland) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Nutricola barbarensis (Arnold)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) 65N–34N Genus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 34N–10N “Reef-corals,” genus living Gulf of California Genus, 28N–4S Genus, 70.4N–54N; 10 to 100 m Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N 40.4N–31.8N; 5 to 40 m Subgenus, 71N–40N Genus, Gulf of California–Chile; estuaries and offshore to 27 m 58.7N–27.7N; 30 to 150 m 59N–28N Genus, 59N–33N Species, 59N–33N Species, 59N–33N Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 33N–27N; intertidal, in mantle cavity of Stenoplax (chiton) 37N–28N; offshore sandy substrate Genus not living Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 45N–6N; 18 to 4500 m Genus, 73N–30N 57.1N–27.6N; intertidal to 30 m, firm sandy mud, bays, and sloughs Gulf of California–5S 61N–23N 27N–20S Species, 27N–20S Genus, 61N–20S Species, 37N–27N 61N–23N 57N–28N 34N–25N; 5 to 137m, sand or mud Genus, 61N–2S; intertidal to 280 m 35N–25N 35N–25N; placed in Florimetis by McLean (1978, p. 84) Genus, 28N–4S Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, 61N–1S; intertidal to 150 m continued
Appendix 1
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Psephidia cf. P. salmonea (Carpenter) Psephidia cymata Dall Psephidia lordi (Baird) Psephidia lordi (Baird) subsp. ovalis Dall Psephidia n.sp.? Psephidia sp. Psephidia stephensae Hertlein and Grant Psephis lordi Baird Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) gabbii Re´mond Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) minor (Arnold) Pseudocardium densatum minor (Arnold) Pseudocardium gabbi Re´mond Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Pseudocardium panzanum (Loel and Corey) Pseudocardium sp. Pseudochama exogyra (Conrad)? Pseudochama sp. Pseudomelatoma aff. P. moesta (Carpenter) Pseudomelatoma aff. P. semiinflata Grant and Gale Pseudomelatoma n.sp.? aff. P. grippi (Dall) (see Keen [1971, p. 907]) Pseudomelatoma penicillata (Carpenter) Pseudorotella? cf. P. supravallata (Carpenter)
Taxonomy used in this study
Neolepton (Stohleria) cf. N. (S.) salmonea (Carpenter) Nutricola cymata (Dall) Nutricola lordi (Baird) Nutricola ovalis (Dall) Nutricola n.sp.?
54N–25N
Nutricola sp. Nutricola stephensae Hertlein and Grant Nutricola lordi (Baird) Pseudocardium densatum (Conard) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad)
34N–25N 59N–26N 39.5N–27.7N; 20 to 150 m Genus, 61N–1S; in shallow water and offshore to 150 m Genus, 57N–25N 34N–27N; 15 to 90 m 59.2N–26.2N; intertidal to 22 m Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan
Pseudocardium densatum minor (Arnold)
Genus, 45N–40N, Japan
Pseudocardium densatum minor (Arnold) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Pseudocardium panzanum (Loel and Corey) Pseudocardium sp. Pseudochama exogyra (Conrad)? Pseudochama sp.
Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan 38.3N–22.9N; intertidal to 25 m Genus, 44N–6S; intertidal to 137 m, common intertidal to 55 m 34N–25N
Pseudomelatoma aff. P. penicillata (Carpenter) Pseudomelatoma aff. P. penicillata (Carpenter) Crassispira n.sp.? aff. C. martinensis Dall Pseudomelatoma penicillata (Carpenter) Teinostoma cf. T. supravallataum (Carpenter)
Pseudostoma sp. Pseudotoma cf. P. keepi (Arnold) Pseudotomella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Pteria berryi Adegoke
Megasurcula sp. Megasurcula cf. M. keepi (Arnold) Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Pteria berryi Adegoke
Pteria hertleini Wiedey Pteria jordani Wiedey Pteria rositae Hertlein Pteropurpura trialata (Sowerby) Pterynotus sp.
Pteria hertleini Wiedey Pteria jordani Wiedey Pteria rositae Hertlein Pteropurpura trialata (Sowerby) Pterynotus sp.
Puncturella cf. P. cooperi (Carpenter) Puncturella cooperi aphales Woodring Puncturella cucullata (Gould) Puncturella galeata (Gould) Pupillaria aresta (Berry) Pupillaria cf. P. optabilis (Carpenter)
Puncturella cf. P. cooperi Carpenter Puncturella cooperi aphales Woodring Cranopsis cucullata (Gould) Puncturella galeata (Gould) Margarites (Pupillaria arestus (Berry) Margarites (Pupillaria) cf. M. (P.) optabilis (Carpenter) Margarites (Pupillaria pupillus (Gould) Nucella canaliculata (Duclos) Ceratostoma aff. C. foliata (Gmelin) Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Ocenebra milicentana (Loel and Corey) Purpura sp. Ceratostoma nanna (Nomland) Nucella lima (Martyn) Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson)
Pupillaria pupilla (Gould) Purpura canaliculata Duclos Purpura cf. P. foliata Martyn Purpura edmondi Arnold Purpura milicentana Loel and Corey Purpura n.sp.? Loel and Corey Purpura nanna Nomland Purpura saxicola Valenciennes Purpura topangensis (Arnold) Purpura topangensis (Arnold)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
34N–25N; intertidal and offshore, among rocks at low tide 34N–30N, uncommon on rocky bottoms under kelp 34N–25N; intertidal and offshore 37N–through Gulf of California; genus, intertidal to 64 m Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S Genus, 34N–5S; in shallow water, in diving range of pearl divers Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S 34N–32N Genus, w. coast Baja California; 27N in Gulf of California–3S; 22 to 110 m 55N–33N Genus, 58N–23N; intertidal to 146 m 58N–23N 54N–34N 72N–29N; intertidal to 229 m 34N–32N 60N–32N, deep water 57N–37N 57N–33N Subgenus, 25N–5S Genus, 59N–19N Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California 66N–28N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N continued
350
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Purpura trophonoides (Anderson and Martin)
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Ocenebra turris (Nomland) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) heermanni (Conrad) Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch
Genus, 59N–19N
Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin)
Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus living in Japanese waters Subgenus, 37N–3S, and Guf of California; intertidal to 26 m Genus, 37N–3S, intertidal to 36 m, on eelgrass Subgenus, 37N–3S, and Gulf of California
Pyramidella n.sp. Powell Pyramidella sp. Pyrene sp.
Pyramidella (Syrnola) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella (Longchaeus) cooperi Anderson and Martin Pyramidella (Syrnola ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella (Longchaeus) cooperi Anderson and Martin Pyramidella n.sp. Powell Pyramidella (Longchaeus) sp. Columbella sp.
Raeta? n.sp. Ranella californica Hinds
Raeta? sp. Bursa californica (Hinds)
Rapana imperialis Hertlein and Jordan
Rapana vaquerosensis imperialis Hertlein and Jordan Rapana vaquerosensis (Arnold) Rapana vaquerosensis imperialis Hertlein and Jordan Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Rimula cancellata Schremp Rissoina n.sp. Powell
Purpura turris Nomland Pycnodonte heermanni (Conrad) Pyramidella (Eulimella) californica (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella (Eulimella) gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella (Eulimella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella (Longchaeus) cooperi Anderson and Martin Pyramidella (Syrnola) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella cooperi Anderson and Martin
Rapana vaquerosensis (Arnold) Rapana vaquerosensis imperialis Hertlein and Jordan Rectiplanes rotula (Dall) Rimula cancellata Schremp Rissoina n.sp. Powell Rochefortia tumida (Carpenter) Saccella amelga Moore Saccella calkinsi Moore Saccella cellulita (Dall) Saccella cellulita (Dall)? Saccella orcutti (Arnold) Saccella oschneri (Anderson)
Genus, 59N–19N Genus not living Subgenus, 33N–8N, Gulf of California
Genus, 37N–3S Subgenus, 37N–3S, and Gulf of California Genus, 33N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal, under rocks Genus, 33.7N–21.4S; 2 to 20 m 37N–28N; gravel pockets between rocks, and sandy substrate Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 55N–30N Genus, 28N in Gulf of California; 30 to 80 m Genus, 28N in Gulf of California–5S; intertidal to 137 m, rocks 71N–33N Subgenus, 58N–6S Subgenus, 58N–6S 56N–48N 56N–48N Subgenus, 58N–6S Subgenus, 58N–6S
Saccella redondoensis (Burch) Saccella sp. Sachella taphria (Dall) Sanguinolaria alata Gabb Sanguinolaria cf. toulai Hertlein and Jordan Sanguinolaria nuttalli Conrad Sanguinolaria nuttallii Conrad Sanguinolaria sp.
Rochefortia tumida (Carpenter) Nuculana (Saccella) amelga Moore Nuculana (Saccella) calkinsi Moore Nuculana (Saccella) cellulita (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) cellulita (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) orcutti (Arnold) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Nuculana (Saccella) hindsii (Hanley) Nuculana (Saccella) sp. Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Sanguinolaria alata (Gabb) Sanguinolaria cf. S. toulai Hertlein and Jordan Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad) Nuttallia nuttallii Conrad Nuttallia sp.
Saxicava? cf. S. pholadis (Linnaeus) Saxidomus barlowi Loel and Corey
Saxicava? cf. S. pholadis (Linnaeus) Saxidomus barlowi Loel and Corey
Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad
Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad
Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad var. giganteus (Deshayes) Saxidomus nuttalli latus Stewart Saxidomus nuttalli (Conrad) Saxidomus sp. Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold
Saxidomus giganteus (Deshayes)
28N–8N Subgenus, 58N–6S 37N–28N Genus, 30N–4S Genus, 30N–4S 38N–25N 38N–25N Genus, 38N–25N; intertidal and foreshore, in sand 72N–8N. If Hiatella, intertidal to 390 m Genus, 60N–28N; intertidal to 36 m, in sand or mud 40.7N–27.7N; sandy areas of bays, sand, intertidal to 10 m 60N–37N; intertidal to 40 m
Saxidomus nuttalli latus Stewart Saxidomus nuttalli (Conrad) Saxidomus sp. Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold
Species, 41N–28N 41N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–28N continued
Appendix 1
351
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Scalina durhami (Keen) Scalina whitei (Keen) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander sp. Schizaster? n.sp. (Echinodermata)
Amaea (Scalina) durhami (Keen) Amaea (Scalina) whitei (Keen) Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander sp. Schizaster? n.sp.
Schizopyga californiana coalingensis (Arnold)
Nassarius (Caesia) coalingensis (Arnold)
Schizopyga moriana (Martin)
Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin)
Schizothaerus n.sp. Schizothaerus nuttallii (Conrad) Schizothaerus nuttallii (Conrad) var. pajaroanus (Conrad) Schizothaerus nuttallii pajaroanus (Conrad)
Tresus sp. Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad)
Schizothaerus pajaroanus Conrad Scutaster vaquerosensis kewi Loel and Corey (Echinodermata) Scutaster vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Scutella (Clypeaster) gabbi Re´mond Scutella andersoni Twitchell Scutella andersoni Twitchell Scutella fairbanksi (Arnold) Scutella fairbanksi (Arnold) santanensis Kew Scutella fairbanksi Arnold Scutella gabbii Re´mond Scutella gabbii var. tenuis Kew
Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad)
Searlesia n.sp. (large)
Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad) Vaquerosella vaquerosensis kewi (Loel and Corey) Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew) Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia fairbanksi santanensis (Kew) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Echinarachinus gabbi (Re´mond) kleinpelli Grant and Gale Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella coreyi Durham Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) Scutellaster sp. Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew) Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) Scutellaster oregonensis major Kew Scutellaster oregonensis (Clark) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Searlesia diegoensis Dall Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Searlesia sp.
Searlesia sp. Searlesia? carlsoni (Anderson and Martin) Securella elsmerensis (English) Securella margaritana (Anderson and Martin) Securella panzana (Anderson and Martin) Securella securis (Shumard) Securella staleyi (Gabb) subsp. hannibali (Howe) Seila montereyensis Bartsch
Calicantharus sp. Calicantharus carlsoni (Anderson and Martin) Chione elsmerensis English Chione margaritana Anderson and Martin Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione securis (Shumard) Protothaca laciniata (Carpenter) hannibali (Howe) Seila assimilata (Adams)
Selia n.sp. Powell
Selia n.sp. Powell
Semele flavescens (Gould) Semele ashleyi Hertlein
Semele flavescens (Gould) Semele ashleyi Hertlein
Scutella interlineata Stimpson Scutella merriami (Anderson) Scutella merriami F. M. Anderson Scutella norrisi Pack Scutella norrisi Pack Scutella sp. Scutella vaquerosensis Kew Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) Scutellaster interlineatus (Stimpson) Scutellaster major (Kew) Scutellaster oregonensis (Clark) Searlesia carlsoni (Anderson and Martin) Searlesia diegoensis Dall Searlesia kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S; 2320 to 5200 m Genus, 25N–5S; 2320 to 5200 m See discussion in Grant and Hertlein (1938, p. 119–121) Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–25N 57N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Genus, 60N–25N; bays, intertidal to 80 m, in sand Genus, 60N–25N Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 56N–37N Genus not living Genus, 56N–37N, intertidal, rocky area along open coast Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Species, 36.8N–26.8N, lintertidal to 5 m, sand or sandy mud in bays 37N–8N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 119 m Genus, 37N–8N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 119 m 30N–2S; intertidal Genus, 60N–3S; intertidal to 92 m continued
352
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Semele cf. S. sylviaensis Weaver Semele fausta Nomland Semele formosa Sowerby Semele rubropicta Dall
Semele cf. S. sylviaensis Weaver Semele fausta Nomland Semele formosa Sowerby Semele rubropicta Dall
Semele sayi Toula Semele sp. Semele? sp. Septifer bifurcatus Conrad
Semele sayi Toula Semele sp. Semele morani Anderson and Martin? Septifer bifurcatus Conrad
Septifer coalingensis Arnold
Septifer (Septifer) coalingensis Arnold
Septifer margaritana Nomland
Brachidontes? (Scolimytilus?) margaritana (Nomland) Septifer sp. Vermetus cf. V. coreyi (Wiedey)
Septifer sp. Serpula cf. careyi Wiedey (typographical error for coreyi) Serripes gro¨nlandicus Becks Siderastrea californica Vaughan
Serripes groenlandicus (Brugie`re) Siderastrea californica Vaughan
Siderastrea mendenhalli minor Vaughan
Siderastrea mendenhalli minor Vaughan
Siderastrea mendenhalli Vaughan
Siderastrea mendenhalli Vaughan
Siderastrea sp.
Siderastrea sp.
Sigaretus perrini Arnold Sigaretus scopulosum Conrad Siliqua cf. S. alta (Broderip and Sowerby)
Siliqua lucida (Conrad) Siliqua lucida Conrad
Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Siliqua (Siliqua) cf. S. (S.) alta (Broderip and Sowerby) Siliqua (Siliqua) cf. S. (S.) alta (Broderip and Sowerby) Siliqua (Siliqua) lucida (Conrad) Siliqua (Siliqua) lucida (Conrad)
Siliqua nutalli Conrad Siliqua oregonia Dall Siliqua patula (Dixon) Siliqua sp.
Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua sp.
Sinum (Sigaretus) trigenarium Trask
Sinum scopulosum (Conrad)
Sinum debile Gould
Sinum debile Gould
Sinum perrini Arnold Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum sp.
Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum sp.
Sinum trigenarium Trask Siphonalia danvillensis Clark Siphonalia gilberti Moody Siphonalia kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Siphonalia kettlemanensis (Arnold) Siphonalia posoensis Anderson and Martin Siphonalia rodeoensis Trask Siphonalia sp. Siphonalia sp. Siphonalia sp. Solariella n.sp.? Solariella peramabilis Carpenter Solecurtus borggii gatunensis Toula
Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Kelletia (Kelletia) danvillensis (Clark) Kelletia gilberti (Moody) Kelletia kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Kelletia (Kelletia) kettlemanensis (Arnold) Kelletia posoensis (Anderson and Martin) Kelletia (Kelletia) rodeoensis (Trask) Kelletia (Kelletia) sp. Kelletia sp. Kelletia? sp. Solariella sp. Solariella peramabilis Carpenter Solecurtus borggii gatunensis Toula
Siliqua cf. S. media (Sowerby)
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 60N–3S 31N in Gulf of California–2S 60N–28N, intertidal to 100 m, beaches of clean gravel, sheltered Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 60N–3S 36.6N–22.9N; intertidal, attached to rocks by a byssus, to 50 m Subgenus, 40N–5S; intertidal, attached to rocks by a byssus Genus, 34N–5S; intertidal to 31 m Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 49N, through 31N–23N in Gulf of California 71.4N–48N; intertidal to 80 m “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic 37N–32N 37N–32N 72N–35.4N; intertidal to 85 m 72N–35N 38N–25N 38.3N–25.3N; intertidal to 50 m, sand beaches and bays 59N–35N 59N–35N 59N–35N Genus, 72N–25N; intertidal to 55 m, sandy, surf-swept beaches 37N–32N; shallow bays, sandy substrate offshore 34N–3N; on tide flats and offshore to depths of 48 m 37N–32N 37N–32N Genus, 37N–Chile; intertidal to 170 m, on sand or mud 37N–32N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 72N–0, through Gulf of California 55N–23N; .180 m through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–4S; 37 m to 110 m continued
Appendix 1
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Solemya (Acharax) ventricosa Conrad Solemya aff. S. johnsoni Dall Solemya ventricosa Conrad
Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Acharax johnsoni (Dall) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon)
Solen cf. S. rasaclus Carpenter
Solen (Ensisolen) cf. S. (E.) rostriformis Dunker Solen (Ensisolen) cf. S. (E.) rostriformis Dunker Solen conradi Dall Solen curtis Conrad Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Solen gravidus Clark Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Solen perrini Clark Solen (Ensisolen) rostriformis Dunker
Solen cf. S. rosaceus Carpenter Solen conradi Dall Solen curtis Conrad Solen gravidus (Clark) baileyi Loel and Corey Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Solen gravidus Clark Solen gravidus? Clark Solen perrini Clark Solen rosaceus Carpenter
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, 28N–4S 59N–35N 57N–12S; genus, 7 to 3294 m 59.2N–35.4N; intertidal to 55 m, open sandy, surf-swept beaches 35.4N–23.2N; intertidal to 50 m 35N–23N Genus, 72N–2S; intertidal to 72 m Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S 35.4N–23.2N; intertidal to 50 m; also in sandy areas of bays 54N–30N Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S 54N–30.4N; intertidal, bays “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S; intertidal to 46 m 28N–5S; intertidal to 73 m Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 37N–28N Fresh and brackish water Fresh and brackish water Fresh and brackish water 40N–4S; intertidal to 64 m, nestling in cavities 55N–33N Genus, 37N–3S, common in deep water, e.g., 733 to 2323 m 55N–30N Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N 36N–26N Genus, 71N–4S 70.8N–46N Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N 38N–28N
Solen sicarius Gould Solen sicarius Gould (cf. var. perrini Clark) Solen sp. Solena gravida (Clark) Solena sicarius Gould Solenastrea fairbanksi minor Vaughan (Cnidaria) Solenastrea fairbanksi (Vaughan)
Solen (Ensisolen) sicarius Gould Solen perrini Clark Solen sp. Solen gravidus Clark Solen (Ensisolen) sicarius Gould Solenastrea fairbanksi minor Vaughan
Solenastrea fairbanksi columaris (Vaughan)
Solenastrea fairbanksi columaris (Vaughan)
Solenastrea fairbanksi normalis Vaughan
Solenastrea fairbanksi normalis Vaughan
Solensteira anomala (Reeve) Solenosteira merriami Loel and Corey Solenosteria anomala Reeve Solenosteria sp. Spatangus rarus Israelsky Sphaerium? sp. Sphaerium cooperi Arnold Sphaerium sp. Sphenia luticola (Valenciennes) Spiroglyphus lituellus (Mo¨rch) Spirotropis calodius Moore
Solensteira anomala (Reeve) Solenosteira merriami (Anderson and Martin) Solenosteria anomala (Reeve) Solenosteria sp. Spatangus rarus Israelsky Sphaerium striatianum (Lamarck) Sphaerium striatianum (Lamarck) Sphaerium sp. Sphenia luticola (Valenciennes) Spiroglyphus lituellus (Mo¨rch) Spirotropis calodius Moore
Spirotropis perversa (Gabb) Spirotropis washingtonensis Etherington Spisula (Hemimactra) brevirostrata Packard Spisula (Hemimactra) catilliformis Conrad Spisula (Hemimactra) hemphilli (Dall) Spisula (Hemimactra) mossbeachensis Glen Spisula (Hemimactra) voyi (Gabb) Spisula (Mactromeris) albaria (Conrad) Spisula (Mactromeris) catilliformis Conrad Spisula (Mactromeris) cf. S. (M.) planulata Conrad Spisula (Mactromeris) hemphillii Dall
Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Spirotropis washingtonensis Etherington Mactromeris brevirostrata (Packard) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Mactromeris mossbeachensis Glen Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson) Mactromeris albaria (Conrad) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Simomactra cf. S. planulata (Conrad)
Spisula (Mactromeris) mercedensis Packard Spisula (Spisula) aff. S. (S.) catilliformis Conrad Spisula (Spisula) catilliformis Conrad Spisula (Spisula) cf. S. (S.) planulata Conrad
Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris aff. M. catilliformis (Conrad)
35.5N–26.2N; intertidal to 95 m, common offshore 38N–28N 38N–28N
Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Simomactra cf. S. planulata (Conrad)
38N–28N 38N–27.9N; intertidal to 95 m
Solenastrea fairbanksi (Vaughan)
Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall)
continued
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Spisula (Spisula) falcata (Gould) Spisula (Spisula) falcata brioniana Trask Spisula (Spisula) hemphilli (Dall) Spisula abbotti Wiedey
Simomactra falcata (Gould) Simomactra falcata brioniana Trask Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Mactromeris abbotti (Wiedey)
Spisula abscissa Gabb Spisula aff. catilliformis Conrad
Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris aff. M. catilliformis (Conrad)
Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula albaria cf. ramonensis Packard
Mactromeris albaria (Conrad) Mactromeris albaria cf. M. ramonensis Packard Mactromeris albaria (Conrad) Mactromeris albaria (Conrad) Mactromeris selbyensis Packard Mactromeris brevirostrata (Packard) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris coalingensis (Arnold) Simomactra falcata brioniana Trask Simomactra falcata (Gould) Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris mossbeachensis Glen Mactromeris selbyensis Packard Spisula sp. (Mactromeris or Simomactra) Mactromeris sp. cf.M. rushi (Wagner and Schilling) Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson) Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson) Spondylus bostrythes Guppy Spondylus calcifer Carpenter
Spisula albaria Conrad Spisula albaria coosensis Howe Spisula albaria selbyensis Packhard Spisula brevirostrata Packard Spisula catilliformis (Pack) Spisula coalingensis Arnold Spisula falcata brioniana Trask Spisula falcata Gould Spisula granti (Wiedey) Spisula hemphilli (Dall) Spisula mercedensis Packard Spisula mossbeachensis Glen Spisula selbyensis Packard Spisula sp. Spisula sp. cf. S. rushi Wagner and Schilling Spisula voyi (Gabb) Spisula voyi Gabb Spondylus bostrychites Guppy Spondylus calcifer Carpenter Spondylus crasiquama Jordan and Hertlein Spondylus perrini Wiedey Spondylus scotti Brown and Pilsbry Spondylus sp. Spondylus sp. aff. S. ursipes Berry (Smith, 1989) Spondylus victoriae Sowerby fide Durham (1950) Standella nasuta (?) Gould Strioterebrum aff. S. martini (English) Strioterebrum cooperi (Anderson) Strioterebrum martini (English) Strombiformis riversi Bartsch Strombina carlosensis Durham? Strombina sp. Strombus cf. gran acutus Mawe
Spondylus crasiquama Jordan and Hertlein Spondylus perrini Wiedey Spondylus scotti Brown and Pilsbry Spondylus sp. Spondylus sp. aff. S. ursipes Berry Spondylus victoriae Sowerby Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Terebra martini English Terebra cooperi Anderson Terebra martini English Eulima raymondi (Rivers) Strombina carlosensis Durham
Strombus cf. S. gatunensis Toula
Strombina sp. Strombus granulatus Swainson acutus Durham Strombus cf. S. gatunensis Toula
Strombus galeatus Swainson
Strombus (Tricomis) galeatus Swainson
Strombus gracilior Sowerby
Strombus (Strombus) gracilior Sowerby
Strombus granulatus Mawe
Strombus granulatus Swainson
Strombus obliteratus Hanna Strombus sp.
Strombus obliteratus Hanna Strombus sp.
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) 54N–31N Species, 54N–31N 36N–26N Genus, 71N–4S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 95 m Genus, 71N–4S 37.9N–27.8N; 5 to 20 m, sloughs and sheltered areas of outer coast Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–28N Genus, 71N–4S Species, 54N–31N 54N–31N Genus, 34N–5S 36N–26N 38N–28N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S or N.D. Genus, 71N–4S 71N–46N 71N–46N 31N–5S; 7 to 30 m 31N–5S; can be 15 cm across and weigh more than 1 kg Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S, Pacific; 35N–15N, Atlantic Genus, 31N–5S 29N Gulf of California 30N–26N. (Keen, 1971, p. 96–97; not listed as living) 57N–24.6N; bays, and offshore to 30 m Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California; extreme low tide to 100 m Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Species, northern end Gulf of California–3S Northern end Gulf of California–5S; beaches, low-tide to 75 m Northern end of Gulf of California–3S; just below low-tide line Gulf of California–5S; sandflats, lagoons, and offshore to 45 m Northern end Gulf of California–3S; beaches, rock, sand, and to 75 m Genus, northern end Gulf of California–5S Genus, northern end Gulf of California–5S continued
Appendix 1
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Strongylocentrotus franciscanus A. Agassiz (Echinodermata) Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Stimpson
Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (A. Agassiz)
57N–28N; singly in deep pools and channels
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson)
Strongylocentrotus sp. Sulcoretusa? israelskyi Addicott Surcula (Bathytoma) keepi (Arnold) Surcula buwaldana Anderson and Martin
Strongylocentrotus sp. Sulcoretusa? israelskyi Addicott Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Turricula? bulwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Surcula oschneri Anderson and Martin
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Surculites (Megasurcula) cf. carpenterianus (Gabb) Surculites (Megasurcula) remondii (Gabb) Surculites remondi (Gabb) Surculites sinuatus (Gabb) Swiftopecten adekunbiana Adegoke
Megasurcula cf. M. carpenteriana (Gabb)
57N–28N; bores shallow, cuplike depressions in soft rock Genus, 57N–28N Genus, 24N–0; 28N in Gulf–24N; 18 to 34 m Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic 38N–28N
Swiftopecten etchegoini (Anderson)
Megasurcula steamsiana (Raymond) Megasurcula steamsiana (Raymond) Megasurcula sinuata (Gabb) Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Swiftopecten hamlini (Arnold)
Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Swiftopecten n.sp.
Swiftopecten sp. Genus, 13? or 8–1.6 Ma
Swiftopecten nutteri (Arnold) Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall)
Tachyrhychus erosus forma major Dall Tagelus (Mesopleura) peruvianus Pilsbry and Olsson Tagelus (Tagelus) californianus (Conrad)
Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Syntomodrillia n.sp. Powell Pyramidella (Syrnola) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Tachyrhychus major Dall Tagelus (Mesopleura) peruvianus Pilsbry and Olsson Tagelus (Tagelus) californianus (Conrad)
Tagelus (Tagelus) subteres (Conrad)? Tagelus californianus (Conrad) Tagelus californianus Conrad Tagelus clarki Loel and Corey Tagelus clarki? Loel and Corey Tagelus sp. Tagelus subteres (Conrad)? Tamiosoma gregaria Conrad (Arthropoda) Tapes sp. Tapes staleyi Gabb Tapes staminea (Conrad)
Tagelus (Mesopleura) subteres (Conrad) Tagelus (Tagelus) californianus (Conrad) Tagelus (Tagelus) californianus (Conrad) Tagelus clarki Loel and Corey Tagelus clarki Loel and Corey Tagelus sp. Tagelus (Mesopleura) subteres (Conrad) Balanus gregarius (Conrad) Protothaca sp. Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad)
Tapes tenerrima Carpenter Taranis incultus (Moody) Taranis strongi (Arnold) Taras buwaldanus (Anderson and Martin)
Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Taranis incultus (Moody) Taranis strongi (Arnold) Diplodonta (Diplodonta) buwaldana Anderson and Martin Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sp. Toxopneustes cf. T. roseus (Agassiz)
Swiftopecten swiftii parmeleei (Dall) Swiftopecten wattsi (Arnold) Syntomodrillia n.sp. Powell Syrnola scandix Keen
Taras harfordi (Anderson) Taras parilis (Conrad) Taras sp. Taxohneustes cf. T. foseus (no author given) (Echinodermata)
Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 If Swiftopecten, genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B.59) Genus not living Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus, 8N; 5 to 10 m Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus living in Japanese waters 72N–55N; genus, 20 to 300 m 35N–5S; intertidal, in sand or mud 40.7N–10.8N; intertidal, sandy mudflats of bays 35–27N 41N–11N 41N–11N Genus, 43N–43S; intertidal to 5 m, bays Genus, 43N–43S Genus, 43N–43S 35.4N–26.8N; intertidal, bays Intertidal Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 61N–20S 60.8N–22.9N; intertidal to 10 m, abundant in sandy bays 57N–28N Genus, 55N–33N 55N–33N; 180 m Genus, 71N–4N; intertidal to 220 m (to 1360 m?) Genus, 71N–4S 34N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 25N–3N continued
356
Appendix 1
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli inornatus Arnold
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli inornatus Arnold
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli subnodosus Arnold
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli subnodosus Arnold
Tegula (Chlorostoma) danvillensis Clark
Tegula (Chlorostoma) danvillensis Clark
Tegula (Chlorostoma) malibuensis Loel and Corey Tegula (Chlorostoma) nashi Clark
Tegula (Chlorostoma) malibuensis Loel and Corey Tegula (Chlorostoma) nashae Clark
Tegula (Chlorostoma) thea Nomland Tegula (Chlorostoma) varistriata Nomland Tegula (Omphalius) dalli arnoldi Addicott
Tegula thea Nomland Tegula varistriata Nomland Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli arnoldi Addicott
Tegula (Omphalius) laevis Addicott
Tegula (Chlorostoma) laevis Addicott
Tegula aff. T. aureotincta (Forbes) Tegula cf. T. funebralis (Adams) Tegula dalli Arnold
Tegula aff. T. aureotincta (Forbes) Tegula cf. T. funebralis (Adams) Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold
Tegula funebralis (A. Adams) Tegula gallina (Forbes) Tegula lahondaensis (Arnold)
Tegula funebralis (Adams) Tegula gallina (Forbes) Tegula lahondaensis (Arnold)
Tegula ligulata (Menke) Tegula malibuensis Loel and Corey Tegula montereyi (Fischer) Tegula regina (Stearns) Tegula sp. Tegula thea Nomland Tegula varistriata Nomland Tegula? cf. T. dubiosa Grant and Gale Teinostoma (Teinostoma?) lens Keen
Tegula ligulata (Menke) Tegula (Chlorostoma) malibuensis Loel and Corey Tegula montereyi (Fischer) Tegula regina (Stearns) Tegula sp. Tegula thea Nomland Tegula varistriata Nomland Tegula? cf. T. dubiosa Grant and Gale Vitrinella (Vitrinellops) lens (Keen)
Tellina (Angulus) buttoni Dall? Tellina (Cadella) salmonea Carpenter Tellina (Moerella) carpenteri Dall
Tellina (Angulus) modesta (Carpenter) Tellina nuculoides (Reeve) Tellina (Angulus) carpenteri Dall
Tellina (Olcesia) cf. (O.) piercei (Arnold) Tellina (Oudardia) modesta Carpenter
Macoma cf. M. piercei Arnold Tellina (Angulus) modesta (Carpenter)
Tellina (Peronidea) cf. T. (P.) lutea Wood Tellina (Peronidia) bodegensis Hinds
Tellina (Magangulus) cf. T. (M.) lutea Wood Tellina (Peronidia) bodegensis Hinds
Tellina (Peronidia) oldroydi Wiedey Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Tellina aff. radiata Linnaeus
Tellina oldroydi Wiedey Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Tellina aff. T. radiata radiata Linnaeus
Tellina aff. T. buttoni Dall
Tellina (Angulus) aff. T. (A.) modesta (Carpenter) Macoma arctata (Conrad) Tellina (Peronidia) bodegensis Hinds Tellina cf. T. aragonia Dall Tellina (Megangulus) cf. T. (M.) lutea Wood Tellina congesta Conrad Tellina diabloensis Clark Tellina emacerata Conrad Tellina englishi Clark
Tellina arctata Conrad Tellina bodegensis Hinds Tellina cf. T. aragonia Dall Tellina cf. T. lutea Wood Tellina congesta Conrad Tellina diabloensis Clark Tellina emacerata Conrad Tellina englishi Clark
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus,34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N 34N–24N 48N–28N; strictly intertidal Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N 48N–28N 38N–23N; midtidal zone Genus, 57N–5S; intertidal to 28 m, on rocks and algae 37N–17N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N 38N–34N 34N–24N; sublittoral, .10 m Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S Subgenus, 24N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 46 m 59N–28N 60N–32N 57.1N–7.2N; bays and sandy substrate; intertidal to 305 m Genus, 71N–4S 59.2N–27.7N; sandy substrate, intertidal to 100 m 72N–56.5N, intertidal to 100 m 57.1N–24.6N; sandflats in bays, sandy substrate, intertidal to 100 m Genus, 72N–5S 34N–33N 29N–15N, Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico 60N–28N; sandy substrate, to depths of 64 m Genus, 71N–4S 57N–25N Genus, 72N–5S; intertidal to 305 m 72N–52N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S continued
Appendix 1
357
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Tellina hannibali Clark Tellina idae Dall Tellina nevadensis Anderson and Martin Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tellina oldroydi Wiedey Tellina oregonesis Conrad Tellina oregonensis? Conrad Tellina piercei (Arnold) Tellina salmonea Carpenter Tellina sp. Tellina tenuistriata Davis Tellina wilsoni Anderson and Martin Tellina woodringi Adegoke Terebra (Fusoterebra?) adelaidana Addicott Terebra (Paraterebra) cf. T. (P.) lepta Woodring Terebra (Strioterebra) pedroana Dall Terebra (Strioterebrum) cf. T. wolfgangi Toula Terebra (Strioterebrum) gausapata Brown and Pilsbry Terebra (Strioterebrum) martini English Terebra (Strioterebrum) n.sp. Terebra (Strioterebrum) stirtoni Addicott Terebra (Terebra) cooperi (Anderson) Terebra cooperi Anderson Terebra elata Hinds Terebra gausapata Brown and Pilsbry Terebra martini English Terebra n.sp. Addicott Terebra pedroana Dall Terebra protexta Conrad Terebra santana Loel and Corey Terebra sp. Terebra sp. cf. T. variegata Gray Terebratalia arnoldi etchegoini Hertlein and Grant (Brachiopoda) Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia arnoldi subsp. etchegoini Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia cf. T. smithi Arnold Terebratalia hemphilli Dall Terebratalia occidentalis Dall Terebratalia occidentalis obsoleta Dall Terebratalia sp. Terebratalia transversa (Sowerby) Terebratalia transversa caurina Gould Terebratulina unguicula Carpenter Teredo sp. Thais (Nucella) canaliculata (Duclos) Thais (Nucella) cf. T. (N.) lima (Gmelin) Thais (Nucella) cf. T. shumanensis Carson Thais (Nucella) emarginata forma ostrina Gould Thais (Nucella) etchegoinensis Arnold Thais (Nucella) lamellosa (Gmelin) Thais (Nucella) packi Clark Thais (Nucella) trancosana Arnold
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Tellina hannibali Clark Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tellina oldroydi Wiedey Tellina oregonensis Conrad Tellina oregonensis? Conrad Macoma piercei Arnold Tellina nuculoides (Reeve) Tellina sp. Tellina insurana Hanna Tellina wilsoni Anderson and Martin Tellina woodringi Adegoke Terebra adelaidana Addicott Terebra cf. T. lepta Woodring
Genus, 72N–5S 34.4N–32.7N; intertidal to 100 m Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 71N–4S 60N–32N; intertidal to 100 m Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 34N–3S; intertidal to 280 m Genus, 34N–3S
Terebra pedroana Dall Terebra cf. T. wolfgangi Toula Terebra gausapata Brown and Pilsbry
34N–27N Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S
Terebra martini English Terebra sp. Terebra stirtoni Addicott Terebra cooperi Anderson Terebra cooperi Anderson Terebra elata Hinds Terebra dislocata (Say) Terebra martini English Terebra n.sp. Addicott Terebra pedroana Dall Terebra elata Hinds Clavocerithium santanum (Loel and Corey) (Squires, 1993) Terebra sp. Terebra sp. cf. T. variegata Gray Terebratalia arnoldi etchegoini Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia arnoldi subsp. etchegoini Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia cf. T. arnoldi Grant and Hertlein Terebratalia hemphilli Dall Terebratalia occidentalis (Dall) Terebratalia occidentalis obsoleta (Dall) Terebratalia sp. Terebratalia transversa (Sowerby) Terebratalia transversa caurina Gould Terebratulina unguicula (Carpenter) Teredo sp. Nucella canaliculata (Duclos) Nucella cf. N. lima (Marytn)
Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S 25N–0; intertidal to 90 m 33N–3N; intertidal to 18 m Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S 34N–27N 25N–0 Genus not living; note Terebra, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S 25N–3S Genus, 38N–23N Genus, 38N–23N Genus, 38N–23N
Nucella cf. N. lamellosa shumanensis (Carson) Nucella ostrina (Gould)
Genus, 38N–23N Genus, 38N–23N 38N–23N Species, 38N–23N Genus, 38N–23N 57.3N–34N 57.3N–28N 57N–23N Genus, 50N–23N; intertidal, boring into wood 57N–37N 66N–28N; intertidal, among barnacles and mussels Species, 65N–34N; intertidal, among barnacles and mussels 61N–31N
Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella packi (Clark) Nucella trancosana (Arnold)
Genus, 66N–3S 65N–34N Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S continued
358
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Thais (Nuclella) lima Martyn (in Loel and Corey, 1932) Thais (Stromonita) carrizoensis Loel and Corey Thais (Thaisella) blakei Anderson and Martin
Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Nucella packi (Clark)
Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water; to 37 m Genus, 66N–3S
Thais (Thaisella) blakei Anderson and Martin
Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold)? Thais blakei Anderson and Martin Thais canaliculata Duclos
Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Thais (Thaisella) blakei Anderson and Martin Nucella canaliculata (Duclos)
Thais carrizoensis Loel and Corey Thais cf. T. n.sp. Lutz Thais cierboensis Clark Thais collomi Carson Thais edmondi Arnold Thais elsmerensis Grant and Gale Thais emarginata (Deshayes) Thais etchegoinensis Arnold Thais imperialis (Dall) Thais kettlemanensis Arnold Thais lamellosa (Gmelin) Thais lamellosa Gmelin Thais lima Martyn Thais n.sp. Lutz
Nucella packi (Clark) Nucella packi (Clark) Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Nucella lamellosa collomi (Carson) Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Nucella elsmerensis (Grant and Gale) Nucella emarginata (Deshayes) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) Kelletia (Kelletia) kettlemanensis (Arnold) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella lima (Martyn) Nucella packi (Clark)
Thais ostrina (Gould) Thais panzana Anderson and Martin Thais papillus (Linnaeus)
Nucella ostrina (Gould) Thais panzana Anderson and Martin Nucella lima (Martyn)
Thais ponderosum (Gabb) Thais saxicola Valenciennes Thais sp. Thais sp. Thais sp. a. Thais trophonoides Anderson and Martin Thais vaquerosensis (Arnold) Thais wittichi Hertlein and Jordan Thesbia antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Thracia (Thracia) trapezoides Conrad Thracia kanakoffi Hertlein Thracia sp. Thracia trapezoidea Conrad Thracia trapezoides (Conrad) Thyasira barbarensis Dall Thyasira bisecta (Conrad) Thyasira bisecta Conrad Thyasira gouldii Philippi Tindaria? sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) diabloensis Clark Tivela (Pachydesma) gabbi Clark Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum Mawe
Thais (Stramonita) ponderosa (Gabb) Nucella lima (Martyn) Nucella packi (Clark) Ocenebra sp. Nucella sp. Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Rapana vaquerosensis (Arnold) Thais wittichi Hertlein and Jordan Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Thracia sp. Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Thyasira flexuosa (Montagu) Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) Thyasira flexuosa (Montagu) Tindaria? sp. Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela gabbi Clark Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe)
Subgenus, 25N–5S; mangrove swamps, feeding on oysters Subgenus, 25N–5S Subgenus, 25N–5S 57N–37N; intertidal, among barnacles and mussels Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 72N–33N Species, 65N–34N Subgenus, 25N–5S Genus, 66N–3S 58N–16N Genus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 33N–5S Genus, 34N–30N 65N–34N 65N–34N 66N–28N Genus, 66N–3S, intertidal to 15 m, rocky shore, protected 61N–31N Questionable taxonomic assignment 66N–28N; intertidal, among barnacles and mussels Subgenus, 33N–5S 66N–28N Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 59N–19N
Tivela (Tivela) cf. T. (T.) delesserti Deshayes
Tivela (Tivela) cf. T. (T.) delesserti Deshayes
Tivela crassatelloides (Conrad) Tivela diabloensis angulata Clark Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela diabloensis var. angulatum Clark Tivela gabbi Clark
Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe) Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela gabbi Clark
Genus not living Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans 57.4N–28.2N; 11 to 200 m 57.4N–28.2N Genus, 61N–4S; mud flats, intertidal to 750 m 57.4N–28.2N; 11 to 200 m 57.4N–28.2N 71N–33N; 20 to 3000 m 57.4N–28.2N; 11 to 200 m 57N–41N 71N–32.7N; 20 to 3000 m Genus, 48.3N–6N; 366 to 4130 m Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S 37.9N–24.6N; intertidal, in sand of exposed beaches to offshore 27N in Gulf of California–8N; on sand beaches 38N–25N Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S continued
Appendix 1
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Tivela inezana (Conrad)
Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad)
Tivela inezana? Conrad Tivela merriami Trask Tivela merriami Trask (?) Tivela sp. Tivela sp. Tivela stanfordia Hall Tivela stultorum (Mawe) Tivela trigonalis Nomland Trachycardium (Dallocardia) senticosum (Sowerby) Trachycardium aff. T. consors (Sowerby) Trachycardium arcumbona (Wiedey) Trachycardium n.sp. Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad)
Tivela inezana? Conrad Tivela merriami Trask Tivela merriami Trask Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Tivela sp. Tivela stanfordia Hall Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe) Tivela trigonalis Nomland Trachycardium (Dallocardia) senticosum (Sowerby) Trachycardium aff. T. consors (Sowerby) Trachycardium arcumbona (Wiedey) Trachycardium n.sp. Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Nutricola? joaquinensis Anderson and Martin
Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey) Trachycardium vaquerosensis (Arnold) Trachycardium vaquerosensis Arnold Transennella? joaquinensis Anderson and Martin Transennella californica Arnold Transennella cf. T. tantilla (Gould) Transennella joaquinensis Anderson and Martin Transennella tantilla (Gould) Transennella tantilla Gould Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad) Tresus sp. Trichotropis sp.
Nutricola tantilla (Gould) Nutricola tantilla (Gould) Tresus nutallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad) Tresus sp. Trichotropis sp.
61N–28N 60.8N–28.2N; intertidal to 120 m 57N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Genus, 72N–30N; also Arctic Ocean to Japan; 11 to 1190 m Genus, 72N–30N; also from Arctic Ocean to Japan Genus, 38N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 70 m Genus, 30N–4S eastern Pacific; species, Caribbean, 4 to 334 m Genus, 30N–4S eastern Pacific; species, Caribbean, 24N–15N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 41N? or 37N–18N; intertidal, on rocks 37N–30N 34N–27N; mud and rock in bays, at low tide on exposed coasts Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Tricolia? sp.
Tricolia? sp.
Trigoniocardia aff. T. antillarum (d’Orbigny)
Trigoniocardia aff. T. antillarum (d’Orbigny)
Trigoniocardia cf. T. haitensis (Sowerby)
Trigoniocardia cf. T. haitensis (Sowerby)
Trigonostoma sp. Trimusculus reticulatus (Sowerby) Triphora pedroana (Bartsch) Triremis festiva Hinds
Trigonostoma sp. Trimusculus reticulatus (Sowerby) Triphora pedroana (Bartsch) Pteropurpura festiva (Hinds)
Tritiaria (Antillophos) dumblei Anderson
Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Ocenebra interfossa Carpenter Tritonalia cf. T. yneziana Loel and Corey (Ocenebra of authors) Ocenebra? dorrancei (Loel and Corey) Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff) (McLean, 1996) Neptunea praenominata (Hanna) Ocenebra sp. Ocenebra temelenta (Hanna) Ocenebra tethys (Nomland) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra ynezana (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra? sp.
Tritonalia praenominata (Hanna) Tritonalia sp. a Tritonalia temelenta (Hanna) Tritonalia tethys (Nomland) Tritonalia topangensis (Arnold) Tritonalia ynezana Loel and Corey Tritonalia? sp.
31N–1S; tide flats to 45 m Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S 37N–27N (southern range, southern Baja California [McLean, 1978, p. 76]) Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 61N–1S 61N–28N 60.8N–28.2N; intertidal to 120 m Genus, 61N–1S
Trichotropis tricarinata Addicott
Tritonalia dorrancei Loel and Corey Tritonalia lurida (Middendorff)
Genus, 37.9N–4S; intertidal, sand, exposed beaches to 30 m Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S 38N–25N Genus, 38N–4S 24N–5S; shallow muddy substrate
Nutricola tantilla (Gould) Nutricola cf. N. tantilla (Gould) Nutricola joaquinensis (Anderson and Martin)
Trichotropis tricarinata Addicott
Tritonalia cf. T. interfossa (Carpenter) Tritonalia cf. T. yneziana Loel and Corey
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
56N–32N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N 55N–34N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N continued
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Tritonalia? sp. Tritonofusus halli Dall Triumphis? n.sp. Addicott (Addicott, 1970a) Trivia cf. T. sanguinea (Gray) Trivia n.sp. Trivia n.sp. Powell Trivia ritteri Raymond Trivia sanginea (Sowerby) Trochita cf. T. spirata (Forbes) Trochita cf. T. trochiformis (Born) Trochita costellata Conrad Trochita filosa Gabb Trochita radians (Lamarck) Trochita radians Lamarck Trochita sp. Trochita trochiformis (Born) Trochita? n.sp. Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis medialis Addicott Trophon (Boreotrophon) raymondi Dall Trophon (Boretrophon) stuarti E. A. Smith Trophon (Forreria) bartoni Arnold Trophon (Forreria) carisaensis (Anderson) Trophon (Forreria) gabbianum Anderson Trophon (Forreria) gabbianum cancellaroides Arnold Trophon (Forreria) gabbianum F.M. Anderson Trophon (Forreria) perelegans Nomland Trophon belcheri Hinds Trophon carisaensis Anderson Trophon carisaensis Arnold Trophon carisaensis mirandaensis Grant and Eaton Trophon clarki cuyamanus Grant and Eaton Trophon daviesi Trask Trophon dickersoni Clark Trophon dickersoni Clark nomlandi Adegoke Trophon gabbianum Anderson Trophon gillulyi Grant and Eaton Trophon gracilis clarki Trask Trophon gracilis Perry var. pabloensis Clark Trophon kernensis Anderson Trophon lawsoni Clark Trophon magister Nomland Trophon multicostata (Eschscholtz)
Taxonomy used in this study
Tritonalia? sp. Colus halli (Dall) Triumphis? n.sp. Addicott (Addicott, 1970a) Trivia (Pusula) cf. T. (P.) sanguinea (Sowerby ex Gray) Trivia sp. Trivia n.sp. Powell Trivia ritteri Raymond Trivia (Pusula) sanguinea (Sowerby ex Gray) Calyptraea (Trochita) cf. C. (T.) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) cf. C. (T.) trochiformis (Born) Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis (Born) Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis (Born) Calyptraea (Trochita) sp. Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis (Born) Calyptraea (Trochita)? sp. Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis medialis Addicott Boreotrophon raymondi Moody (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Boreotrophon stuarti Smith (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Trophon (Austrotrophon) bartoni Arnold Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria perelegans (Nomland) Forreria belcheri (Hinds)
Trophon muriciformis Dall
Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Forreria carisaensis mirandaensis (Grant and Eaton) Forreria cuyamanus (Grant and Eaton) Trophon (Austrotrophon) daviesi (Trask) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Ocenebra gabbiana (Anderson) Trophon gillulyi Grant and Eaton Trophon gracilis clarki P. D. Trask Trophon gracilis clarki P. D. Trask Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria magister (Nomland) Boreotrophon multicostatus (Eschscholtz) (or Trophon (Boreotrophon) . . . ) Eupluera muriciformis (Broderip)
Trophon oregonensis Anderson and Martin Trophon perelegans Nomland Trophon ponderosum diabloensis Clark Trophon ponderosum Gabb Trophon sp.
Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Forreria perelegans (Nomland) Thais (Stramonita) ponderosa (Gabb) Forreria avita (Nomland) Trophon sp.
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, 59N–19N 60N–33N Genus, 19N–5N 34N–16N; offshore and intertidally under rocks Genus, 37N–5S Genus, 37N–5S; intertidal to 92 m 37N–33N 31 N in Gulf of California–3S; offshore and rare intertidally Subgenus, 24N–Chile Chile north to 1S 24N–15N Subgenus, 24N–Chile; surf zone on rocks Chile north to 1S Chile north to 1S Subgenus, 24N–Chile Chile north to 1S Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 72N–17N 55N–33N Subgenus, 28N–5S; 37 to 135 m Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N 34N–28N; intertidal to 135 m; sandy bottoms in shallow water Genus, 34N–28N Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N 60N–33N 28N–3S, through Gulf of California; intertidal and offshore, on “reefs” Subgenus, 28N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Subgenus, 33N–5S Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 72N–5S continued
Appendix 1
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Trophon sp. cf. Forreria belcheri (Hinds) of Durham and Addicott (1965) Trophosycon cf. T. ocoyanum (Conrad) Trophosycon clallamensis (Weaver) nodibulbosa (Grant and Gale) Trosphosycon kernianum (Cooper) Trophosycon kernianum Cooper Trophosycon nodifera (Gabb) Trophosycon nodiferum (Gabb) Trophosycon ocoyana (Conrad) ruginodosa (Grant and Gale) Trophosycon oregonense (Conrad) Trophosycon sp. Trophosycon stanfordense (Arnold) Trychycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Tucetona (Bellaxinea) n.sp. Powell Turbo (Senectus) mounti Schremp Turbo topangensis Arnold Turbonilla (Chemnitizia) hannai Addicott Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) muricatoides Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla (Chemnitizia) n.sp. Powell Turbonilla (Mormula) ambusta Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla (Ptycheulimella) edisonensis Addicott Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) bravoensis Keen Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) hormigacuesta Addicott Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) n.sp. Powell Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) alderi Dall and Bartsch in Arnold Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) mariposa Keen Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) torquata (Carpenter) Turbonilla (Tragula) greenhomensis Addicott
Forreria belcheri (Hinds)
34N–28N
Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper)
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper)
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad ) Glycymeris (Tucetona sp. Turbo (Senectus) mounti Schremp Turbo topangensis Arnold Turbonilla (Chemnitizia) hannai Addicott Turbonilla (Chemnitizia) muricatoides Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla (Chemnitizia) n.sp. Powell Turbonilla (Mormula) ambusta Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla (Ptycheulimella) edisonensis Addicott Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) bravoensis Keen Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) hormigacuesta Addicott Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) n.sp. Powell Turbonilla alderi Dall and Bartsch
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 37N–27N (Keen, 1971; among Panamic taxa)
Turbonilla (Turbonilla) cf. T. (T.) diegensis Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. antestriata Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. arnoldi Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. halia Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. latifundia Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla kelseyi Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla sp. Turcica caffea brevis Stewart Turcica imperialis brevis Stewart Turcicula cf. T. bairdii Dall Turricula (Antiplanes) piercei (Arnold)
Turbonilla (Turbonilla) cf. T. (T.) diegensis Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. antestriata Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. arnoldi Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. halia Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. latifundia Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla kelseyi Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla sp. Turcica caffea brevis Stewart Turcica caffea brevis Stewart Bathybembix (Bathybembix) bairdii (Dall) Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Turricula (Turricula) libya Dall
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula? buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula cf. T. maculosa (Sowerby)
Hormospira cf. H. maculosa (Sowerby)
Turricula cf. T. maculosa (Sowerby)
Strombina (Strombina) cf. S. (S.) maculosa (Sowerby) Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) mariposa Keen Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) stylina (Carpenter) Turbonilla (Tragula) greenhomensis Addicott
Subgenus, 31N–3S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 34N–3S, Gulf of California 37N Subgenus, 34N–3S, Gulf of California 34N–33N Subgenus, 25N–10N, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 25N–5S, Gulf of California Genus, 60N–5S, Gulf of California; intertidal to 137 m Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–15N 34N–33N Genus, 60N–5S, Gulf of California; subgenus, European seas 34N–33N 35N–33N Genus, 60N–5S, Gulf of California 34N–33N Genus, 60N–5S, Gulf of California 34N–32N Genus, 60N–5S, Gulf of California Species, 37N–23N; 18 m to 64 m Species, 37N–23N 55N–15N; genus, 55 to 1460 m Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Gulf of California–3S; to depths of 30 m on sandy substrate Northern Gulf of California–8N, mudflats to 37 m Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic continued
362
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Turricula piercei (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Turricula piercei babykingensis Adegoke
Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Turricula temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Turricula wilsoni (Anderson and Martin)
Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula? sp.
Turricula sp.
Turricula? sp.
Turricula? sp.
Turris (Bathytoma) carpenteriana (Gabb) Turris (Bathytoma) tryoniana (Gabb) Turris (Drillia) mercedensis (Martin) Turris (Drillia) modestus Moody Turris albida? Perry Turris cammani Dall Turris keepi (Arnold)? Turris kirkensis Clark Turris n.sp (large) Turris n.sp. (large)? Turris n.sp. of Loel and Corey (1932) Turris perversa (Gabb) Turris perversa Gabb Turris sp. Turritella (Torcula) inezana santana Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula?) cf. T. (T.?) padronesensis Grant and Eaton Turritella aff. T. freya Nomland
Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Polystira albida (Perry) Priscofusus cammani (Dall) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Ophiodermella kirkensis (Clark) Megasurcula n.sp.? Megasurcula howei Hanna and Hertlein Megasurcula howei Hanna and Hertlein Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Turris sp. Turritella (Torcula) inezana santana Loel and Corey Turritella cf. T. padronesensis Grant and Eaton
Turritella carisaensis ss. Anderson and Martin Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella cooperi Carpenter
Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella cooperi Carpenter
Turritella cooperi Carpenter fernandoensis Arnold Turritella cooperi nova Nomland Turritella freya Nomland
Turritella cooperi fernandoensis Arnold Turritella cooperi nova Nomland Turritella freya Nomland
Turritella gonostoma forma hemphilli Merriam
Turritella vanvlecki Arnold hemphilli Applin
Turritella gonostoma hemphilli Applin
Turritella vanvlecki Arnold hemphilli Applin
Turritella hoffmannii Gabb
Turritella (Torcula) inezana forma hoffmannii Gabb Turritella imperialis Hanna
Turritella imperialis Hanna Turritella inezana (Conrad) altacorona Loel and Corey Turritella inenzana (Conrad) bicarina Loel and Corey Turritella inezana (Conrad) santana Loel and Corey Turritella inezana (Conrad) sespeensis Arnold Turritella inezana (Conrad) var. Turritella inezana alta corona Loel and Corey Turritella inezana (Conrad)
Turritella aff. T. freya Nomland
Turritella (Torcula) inezana altacorona Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana bicarina Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana santana Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana sespeensis Arnold Turritella (Torcula) inezana Conrad Turritella (Torcula) inezana altacorona Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana Conrad
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic 38N–28N 34N–32N Genus, 48N–23N 48N–32N 28N–15N, Caribbean; 48 to 225 m Genus not living Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N 55N–30N 55N–30N Questionable taxonomic assignment Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Genus, 37N–3S, tropical Gulf coast (T. altilira); 18 to 180 m Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S 37N–28N; sand and mud substrate, 20 m or more Species, 37N–28N Species, 37N–28N Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Genus, 37N–3S, fossils Gulf of California region, “tropical” stock Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N continued
Appendix 1
363
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Turritella inezana forma hoffmanni Gabb
Taxonomy used in this study
Turritella jewettii Carpenter Turritella kernensis Addictott
Turritella (Torcula) inezana forma hoffmannii Gabb Turritella (Torcula) inezana forma hoffmannii Gabb Turritella (Torcula) inezana pervulgata Merriam Turritella jewettii Carpenter Turritella kernensis Addicott
Turritella margaritana Nomland Turritella montereyana Wiedey Turritella moodyi Merriam Turritella n.sp. (T. broderipiana stock)
Turritella margaritana Nomland Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella moodyi Merriam Turritella n.sp. aff. T. gonostoma Valenciennes
Turritella nova Nomland Turritella ocoyana (Conrad) bosei (Hertlein and Jordan) Turritella ocoyana (Conrad) wittichi (Hertlein and Jordan) Turritella ocoyana bosei (Hertlein and Jordan)
Turritella cooperi nova Nomland Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella inezana hoffmannii Gabb Turritella inezana pervulgata Merriam
Turritella ocoyana Conrad Turritella ocoyana forma topangensis Merriam Turritella ocoyana topangaensis Merriam Turritella oregonensis (Conrad) Turritella oyoyana bosei Hertlein and Jordan Turritella sp. Turritella sp. aff. T. altilira Conrad Turritella temblorensis tritschi Hertlein Turritella temblroensis Wiedey Turritella topangensis Richards Turritella tritschi Hertlein Turritella vanvlecki Arnold Turritella variata Conrad Turritella variata Conrad Tyhis (Talityphis) lampada Keen Undulostrea megedon (Hanley) Upogebia cf. U. pugetensis Weymouth (Arthropoda) Urosalpinx dumblei (Anderson) Uzita? arnoldi (Anderson) Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) (Echinodermata) Vaquerosella coreyi Durham Vaquerosella durhami Adegoke Vaquerosella fairbanksi (Arnold) Vaquerosella kewi (Grant and Eaton) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) Vaquerosella sp. Vasum caestum Broderip
Turritella ocoyana Conrad Turritella ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam Turritella ocoyana Conrad Turritella ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam Turritella ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam Turritella oregonensis (Conrad) Turritella ocoyana Conrad Turritella sp. Turritella (Torcula) sp. aff. T. (T.) altilira Conrad Turritella temblorensis forma tritschi Hertlein Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam Turritella temblorensis forma tritschi Hertlein Turritella vanvlecki Arnold Turritella (Torcula) inezana pervulgata Merriam Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Tyhis (Talityphis) lampada Keen Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) (Agerostrea of authors) Upogebia cf. pugetensis Weymouth
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N 34N–16N Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S; see Allmon et al. (1992) Species, 37N–28N Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Genus, 37N–3S Subgenus, Gulf of California–8N 28N–5S; shallow water, offshore to 110 m 60N–30N
Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell)
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Vaquerosella coreyi Durham Vaquerosella durhami Adegoke Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Vaquerosella kewi (Grant and Eaton) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) Vaquerosella sp. Vasum caestus (Broderip)
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 23N–3S; in sand under rocks at extreme low tide
Subgenus, 39N–5N Genus not living
continued
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TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Vasum pufferi Emerson (Smith, 1989) Venerella (Compsomyax) cf. subdiaphana (Carpenter) Venerella (Compsomyax) subdiaphana (Conrad) Venericardia castor Dall Venericardia montereyana Arnold Venericardia subtenta Conrad Venericardia subtenta var. quadrata Conrad Venericardia ventricosa Gould Venerupis (Protothaca) staminea(Conrad) Venerupis grata tarda Stewart Venerupis laciniata hannibali (Howe)
Taxonomy used in this study
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
Vasum pufferi Emerson (Smith, 1989) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter)
Genus, 23N–3S 60.8N–30.4N, in Gulf of California; 5 to 500 m
Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter)
61N–30N 61N–28N Genus, 71N–9N; 180 to 1800 m Genus, if Cardita, 29N–4S Genus, if Cardita, 29N–4S 61N–28N 61N–23N Species, 27N–20S Species, 37N–27N
Venerupis staleyii (Gabb) Venerupis staminea (Conrad) Ventricolaria carrizoensis (Loel and Corey) Ventricolaria fordii (Yates) Ventricolaria vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Ventricolaria welchensis Hall Ventricolaria willisi (Trask) Ventricordia (Trigonulina) ornata d’Orbigny Ventricordia n.sp. Powell Venus (Chione) securis Shumard Venus (Chione) sp. Venus brioniana Trask Venus martini Clark Venus pertenuis Gabb Venus sp. Venus virginiana Loel and Corey
Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia montereyana (Arnold) Cardita subtenta (Conrad) Cardita subtenta var. quadrata (Conrad) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca grata (Say) tarda (Stewart) Protothaca laciniata (Carpenter) hannibali (Howe) Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Globivenus carrizoensis (Loel and Corey) Globivenus fordii (Yates) Globivenus vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Globivenus welchensis Hall Globivenus willisi (Trask) Trigonulina pacifica Jung Trigonulina n.sp. Powell Chione securis (Shumard) Chione sp. Clementia brioniana (Trask) Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) sp. Mercenaria? virginiana Loel and Corey)
Vermetus (Thylaeodus) n.sp.
Vermetus (Thylaeodus) sp.
Vermetus (Vermetus, s.l.) creyi (Wiedey)
Vermetus coreyi (Wiedey)
Vermicularia ebumea (Reeve) Vermicularia pellucida Broderip and Sowerby Vertipecten fucanus (Dall)
Vermicularia pellucida ebumea (Reeve) Vermicularia pellucida Broderip and Sowerby Vertipecten fucanus (Dall) 23–17 Ma; 22–17.5 Ma (Smith, 1991a) Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Vertipecten kernensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma
Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) of Grant and Eaton Vitrinella (Vitrineollops) lens (Keen) Vitrinella stearnsi Bartsch Volsella capax (Conrad) Volsella cf. V. inezana (Conrad) Volsella cf. V. modiolus (Linnaeus) Volsella furlongi (Trask) Volsella gabbi (Clark) Volsella recta (Conrad) Volsella recta (Conrad) var. flabellata (Gould) Volsella recta flabellata (Gould) Volsella sp. Voluta n.sp. Loel and Corey Voluta sp. Volutopsius eurekaensis Martin (?) Volvulella cylindrica Carpenter Volvulella gluma Keen
Vitrinella (Vitrinellops) lens (Keen) Vitrinella stearnsi Bartsch Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad) Mytella cf. M. inezensis (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolus) cf. M. (M.) modiolus (Linnaeus) Nuculana (Saccella) furlongi (Trask) Brachidontes (Aeidimytilus) gabbi (Clark) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus sp. Voluta sp. Voluta sp. Volutopsius eurekaensis Martin Volvulella (Volvulella) cylindrica Carpenter Volvulella gluma Keen
Genus, 61N–20S 61N–23N Genus, 37N–3N 37N–27N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N 36.6–12.1S; 15 to 170 Genus, 37N–12.1S; 15 to 170 m Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 28N in Gulf of California and Atlantic Ocean Genus, 49N, through 31N–23N in Gulf of California; intertidal Genus, 49N, through 31N–23N in Gulf of California 34–8N, through Gulf of California; intertidal 8N–and southward; intertidal Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Subgenus, 24N–5S, through Gulf of California 37N 36.6N–5.1S; at low tide; shallow sublittoral, protected areas Genus, 29N–4S; intertidal to 5 m, mudflats 58N–37N in Pacific; 70N?–35N in western Atlantic Subgenus, 58N–6S Genus, 34N–5S 54N–5S 54N–30N 54N–30N Genus, 73N–5S Questionable taxonomic assignment Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 72N–55N; intertidal to 1464 m 48N–24N Genus, 48N–8N; 27 to 549 m continued
Appendix 1
365
TABLE A14. LATE PALEOGENE-NEOGENE MACROINVERTEBRATE FAUNAS, TAXONOMY OF AUTHORS, GEOGRAPHIC ENDPOINTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOTES ON EXTANT TAXA (continued) Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Volvulella joaquinensis Addicott Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Xylotrya sp.
Volvulella joaquinensis Addicott Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) (“Xylotrya” sp.) or Xylotrya? sp.
Xylotrya sp. a. Yabepecten condoni (Hertlein) Yoldia (Cnesterium) scissurata Dall Yoldia (Kalayoldia) sp. Yoldia (Kalayoldia) submontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold
Yoldia tenuissima Clark Yoldia thraciaformis (Storer) Zirfaea dentata Gabb Zirfaea gabbi (Tryon)
Xylotrya? sp. Yabepecten condoni (Hertlein) 5–2.5 Ma Yoldia (Cnesterium) seminuda Dall Yoldia (Kalayoldia) sp. Yoldia (Kalayoldia) submontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Megayoldia) montereyensis (Dall) Yoldia (Megayoldia) montereyensis (Dall) Yoldia (Kalayoldia?) carnerosensis (Clark) Yoldia (Cnesterium) cf. Y. (C.) seminuda Dall Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cooperii Gabb Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia? gala Woodring Yoldia impressa Conrad Yoldia oregona Shumard Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia sp. Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia (Kalayoldia) submontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Yoldia?) temblorensis Anderson and Martin Yoldia (Kalayoldia) tenuissima Clark Yoldia (Megayoldia) thraciaformis (Storer) Zirfaea dentata Gabb Zirfaea pilsbryii Lowe
Zirfaea pilsbryi Lowe Zirfaea sp.
Zirfaea pilsbyrii Lowe Zirfaea sp.
Zirphaea dentata Gabb Zirphaea sp. Zonaria (Neobernaya) spadicea (Swainson) Zonaria (Zonaria) emmakingae Groves
Zirfaea dentata Gabb Zirfaea sp. Zonaria (Neobernaya) spadicea (Swainson) Zonaria (Zonaria) emmakingae Groves
Yoldia (Megayoldia) beringiana Dall Yoldia beringiana Dall Yoldia carnerosensis Clark Yoldia cf. Y. scissurata Leach? Yoldia cooperi Gabb Yoldia cooperii Gabb supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia cooperii supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia gala Woodring Yoldia impressa Conrad Yoldia oregona Shumard Yoldia scissurata Dall subsp. strigata Dall Yoldia scissurata Dall var. strigata Dall Yoldia scissurata strioata (Dall) Yoldia scissurata var. strigata Dall Yoldia sp. Yoldia striagata Dall Yoldia submonteryeana Arnold Yoldia supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia temblorensis Anderson and Martin?
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters) Genus, 48N–8N Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Type specimen lost; tube; questionable taxonomic assignment Tube; questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, living Japan 71N–34N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N 57N–37N 56.5N–36.7N; 200 to 400 m Subgenus, 40N–28N 71N–34N; 15 to 375 m 40N–32N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N Genus, 71N–7N Genus, 71N–7N; intertidal to 1800 m Genus, 71N–7N Subgenus, 71N–34N Subgenus, 71N–34N Subgenus, 71N–34N Subgenus, 71N–34N Genus, 71N–7N Subgenus, 71N–34N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 71N–40N Subgenus, 40N–28N 61.5N–37.7N; 25 to 760 m Genus, 70N–24N 69.7N–24.6N; intertidal to 125 m, in dense mud of bays 70N–25N Genus, 70N–25N; intertidal to 125 m, burrowing in mud or shale Genus, 70N–24N Genus, 70N–25N 37N–28N; ledges at low tide and sublittoral Subgenus, 26N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidally under rocks
Note: Some taxa listed with an upper age limit of 2.5 Ma may range through the late Pliocene and into the Pleistocene; some taxa with a lower age limit of 27 Ma may range from the early Oligocene Epoch. *N.D. 4 Geographic range unknown or taxonomy questionable.
Acetocina aff. A. culcitella (Gould) Acharax johnsoni (Dall) Acila (Acila) gettysburgensis (Reagan) Acila (Acila) semirostrata (Grant and Gale) Acila (Truncacila) castrensis (Hinds) Acila (Truncacila) cf. A. (T.) castrensis (Hinds) Acila (Truncacila) cf. A. (T.) castrensis (Hinds) Acila (Truncacila) conradi (Meek) Acila (Truncacila) conradi (Meek) Acila sp. Acmaea cf. A. funiculata (Carpenter) Acmaea sp. Acmaea? cf. A. mitra Rathke Acteocina aff. A. inculta (Gould and Carpenter) Acteocina cf. A. culcitella (Gould) Acteocina eximia Baird Acteocina harpa (Dall)
Acteocina n.sp. Powell
8? Ma–H 5 Ma–H 23–17 Ma 8–1? Ma 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 23–13 Ma N.D. 5? Ma–H N.D. 8? Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5? Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H
N.D.
30–26 Ma
30–26 Ma
30–26 Ma
32–17 Ma
32–17 Ma
32–17 Ma
32–17 Ma
27–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 5 Ma–H N.D.* 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 27–23 Ma N.D. 5–2.5 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Acetocina aff. A. culcitella (Gould) Solemya aff. S. johnsoni Dall Acila (Acila) gettysburgensis (Reagan) Acila semirostrata (Grant and Gale) Acila conradi Meek Acila cf. A. castrensis (Hinds) Acila? cf. A. castrensis (Hinds) Acila conradi (Meek) Acila (Truncacila) conradi (Meek) Acila sp. Acmaea cf. A. funiculata (Carpenter) Acmaea sp. Acmaea? cf. A. mitra Eschscholtz Acteocina aff. A. inculta (Gould and Carpenter) Acteocina cf. A. culcitella (Gould) Acteocina eximia Baird Coleophysis harpa (Dall); also as Retusa (Retusa) harpa (Dall) Acteocina n.sp. Powell
“Nucula” n.sp.? Acanthina emersoni Hertlein and Allison Acanthina (Monoceros) norma Nomland Acanthina perrini Trask Acanthina punctulata (Sowerby) Acanthina sp. Acanthina spirata (Blainville) Monoceros engonatum Conrad Acanthina tuberculata Gray Cardium (Acanthocardia) reedi Loel and Corey? Cardium (Acanthocardia) sp. Loel and Corey Lima hamlini Dall
Lyropecten magnolia (Conrad)
“Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith
Pecten (Lyropecten) magnolia Conrad
Pecten magnolia Conrad
Pecten (Lyropecten) magnolia Conrad
Lyropecten (or Macrochlamis) magnolia (Conrad)
Lyropecten magnolia (Conrad)
“Macrochlamis” magnolia (Conrad)
Taxonomy of authors
Taxon not living, Oligocene to Pliocene Genus, 48N–1S Genus, 48N–1S; intertidal, on rocks Genus, 48N–1S 37N–32N Genus, 48N–1S 48N–19N; at entrances to bays 48N–19N 48N–1S Genus, Mediterranean and West Africa Genus, Mediterranean and West Africa Acesta mori (Hertlein), 37N–35N; genus, deep water, .500 m 58N–28N 57N–12S; genus, 7 to 3294 m Genus, 60N–27N; 5 to 1281 m Genus, 60N–27N; subgenus, 45N, Japan to 20N 60.4N–27.2N; 5 to 400 m 60N–27N 60N–27N 60N–27N; 5 to 400 m Genus, 60N–27N; 5 to 1281 m Genus, 60N–27N; 5 to 1281 m 55N–25N Genus, 72N–16N 65N–33N; intertidal to sublittoral 37N–33N, in shallow bays through Gulf of California 58N–28N; genus, intertidal to 293 m, on sand 58N–37N 55N–30N; gravel, low tide to sublittoral; genus, 18 to 549 m Genus, 58N–8N
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Genus not living, Oligocene to Pliocene
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA
“Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32– 17 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32– 17 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32– 17 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32– 17 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia magnolia (Conrad) 32– 17 Ma “Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith 30–26 Ma (Smith, 1991a) “Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith (Agua Sandstone) “Macrochlamis” magnolia ojaiensis Smith (Jewett Sand) “Nucula” n.sp.? Acanthina emersoni Hertlein and Allison Acanthina norma Nomland Acanthina perrini Trask Acanthina punctulata (Sowerby) Acanthina sp. Acanthina spirata (Blainville) Acanthina spirata (Blainville) Acanthina tuberculata (Gray) Acanthocardia reedi (Loel and Corey) Acanthocardia sp. Acesta (Acesta) hamlini (Dall)
32–17 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
366 Appendix 1
Amaea (Scalina) durhami (Keen) Amaea (Scalina) whitei (Keen) Amaea (Scalina) whitei (Keen) Amauropsis sp. Amauropsis sp. Americardia guanacastensis (Hertlein and Strong) Amiantis (Amiantis) dalli Clark Amiantis callosa (Conrad)
Amiantis callosa stalderi (Clark) Amiantis callosa stalderi (Clark)
17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma N.D. N.D. 8–5 Ma
13–8 Ma 17? or 13 Ma–H
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
Amaea (Scalina) durhami (Keen)
Acteon cf. A. quercus Anderson and Hanna Acteon sp. Actaeon sp. Ostrea miguelensis Hertlein Admete clatskaniensis Anderson and Martin Admete gracilior (Carpenter) of Arnold Admete dilleri Martin Admete rhyssa Dall Adula cf. A. falcata (Gould)
Acteon cf. A. quercus? Anderson and Hanna Acteon sp. Acteon sp. Acutostrea? miguelensis (Hertlein) Admete clatskaniensis Anderson and Martin Admete couthouyi (Jay) Admete dilleri Martin Admete rhyssa Dall Adula cf. A. gruneri (Philippi)
17–13 Ma
Acteon boulderanus Etherington
Acteon boulderanus Etherington
5 Ma–H 8–5 Ma N.D. N.D. 5–2.5 Ma? 5 Ma–H N.D.
Acteon punctocalatus (Carpenter) Acteon (Rictaxis) weaveri Addicott Acteon boulderana Etherington
Amiantis stalderi (Clark) Amiantis callosa (Conrad) var. stalderi (Clark)
Scalina durhami (Keen) Ferminoscala whitei Keen Scalina whitei (Keen) Ampullina sp. Amauropsis sp. Americardia guanacastensis (Hertlein and Strong) Amiantis dalli Clark Amiantis callosa (Conrad)
Ferminoscala durhami Keen
Agathotoma hexagon (Gabb) Albina curta Woodring Aletes sp. Algadrilla? sp. Algadrillia n.sp. Powell Aligena diegoana Hertlein and Grant Alvania sp.
Mangelia howei Anderson and Martin
Drillia howei Anderson
Aforia clallamensis (Weaver) Agasoma sinuatum (Gabb) Agasoma sinuata (Gabb) Koilopleura sinuata (Gabb) Agasoma n.sp. or sp. a Mangelia (Agathotoma) howei Anderson and Martin) Clathrodrillia howei (Anderson and Martin)
Acteon cf. A. punctocaelatus (Carpenter)
Acteocina sp. Acteon aff. A. grandior Grant and Gale
Acteocina sp. Acteon (Rictaxis) aff. A. (R.) grandior Grant and Gale Acteon (Rictaxis) cf. A. (R.) punctocaelatus (Carpenter) Acteon (Rictaxis) punctocaelatus (Carpenter) Acteon (Rictaxis) weaveri Addicott Acteon boulderanus Etherington
Aforia clallamensis (Weaver)? Agasoma sinuatum (Gabb) Agasoma sinuatum (Gabb) Agasoma sinuatum (Gabb) Agasoma sp. Agathotoma (Agathotoma) howei (Anderson and Martin) Agathotoma (Agathotoma) howei (Anderson and Martin) Agathotoma (Agathotoma) howei (Anderson and Martin) Agathotoma (Agathotoma) howei (Anderson and Martin) Agathotoma hexagon (Gabb) Albina curta Woodring Aletes sp. Algadrilla? sp. Algadrillia n.sp. Powell 5–2.5 Ma? Aligena cokeri Dall Alvania sp.
23–17 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D. 23–13 Ma
8–5 Ma–H 17–13 Ma 17–13 and 8? Ma 17–13 and 8? Ma 17–13 Ma N.D. N.D. 27–23 Ma 17–13 Ma 5 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H
8–5 Ma–H
N.D. 5 Ma–H
continued
Genus, 35N–23N 34.4N–24.8N; below low-tide line along sandy beaches, to 20 m Species, 34.4N–24.8N Species, 34.4N–24.8N
37N–33N Genus, 35–15N, Atlantic Genus, 55N–1S Genus, Gulf of California–5S Genus, Gulf of California–5S 31N–3S; genus, 92 to 238 m Genus, 57N–8N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 229 m Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California; genus, 10 to 1485 m Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–60N; intertidal Genus, 72N–60N Genus, 35N–15N Atlantic
Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus, 25N–3S
Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus, 25–3S
Genus, 37N–8N; Eocene species Genus, 37N–8N Genus, 37N–8N Genus not living Genus, 71N–17N; 18 to 730 m 72N–33N Genus, 71N–17N 34N–32N 43N–28N; genus, intertidal to 18 m, boring into rocks, soft clay Genus, 65N–48N Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus, 25N–3S; genus, 18 to 92 m Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus, 25N–3S
Genus, 37N–8N
37N–27N Genus, 37N–8N; genus, intertidal to 73 m, on sand Genus, 37N–8N
37N–27N
Genus, 58N–8N 33N
Appendix 1 367
Anadara devincta (Conrad) Arca (Anadara) devincta Conrad Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad) Arca lakei Wiedey
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) 27–13 Ma Anachis (Costoanachis) sp.
Anachis (Costoanachis) watsonae Keen Anadara (Anadara) concinna (Sowerby)
Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad)
Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad)
Anadara (Anadara) devincta (Conrad)
Anadara (Anadara) lakei (Wiedey)
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma N.D.
17–13 Ma 13 Ma–H
23–13 Ma or 8? Ma 23–13 Ma or 8? Ma 23–13 Ma or 8? Ma 23–17 Ma
Anachis watsonae Keen Anadara (Anadara) concinna (Sowerby)
Amussiopecten vanvlecki (Arnold) Pecten (Pecten) vanvlecki Arnold Pecten vanvlecki Arnold Anachis (Costoanachis) sp.
Pecten (Pseudamusium) lompocensis Arnold
Pecten (Amussiopecten) lompocensis Arnold
Pecten (Pseudamusium) lompocensis Arnold
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold)
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold)
Amnicola? sp. Amphissa cf. A. versicolor Dall Amphissa reticulata Dall Amphissa sp. Amphiura sanctaecrucis Arnold (Echinodermata) Pecten (Amusium) lompocensis Arnold
Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Amiantis mathewsonii (Gabb) Chione mathewsonii Gabb Amiantis sp. Cytherea sp. A. Amiantis (?) cf. A. loeli Wiedey
Amiantis mathewsonii (Gabb) Amiantis mathewsonii (Gabb) Amiantis sp. Amiantis sp.? Amiantis? cf. A. loeli Wiedey
23–13 Ma
Cytherea diabloensis Anderson
Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson)
N.D. 5? Ma–H 8 Ma–H N.D. 13–5 Ma 23–13 Ma
Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson)
Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson)
Amnicola longinqua Gould
Callista (Amiantis) diabloensis Anderson
Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson)
Amnicola longinqua Gould (see Taylor, 1966, p. 30, 51) Amnicola sp. Amphissa cf. A. versicolor Dall Amphissa reticulata Dall Amphissa sp. Amphiura sanctaecrucis Arnold Amusium lompocensis (Arnold) 23–13 Ma
Antigona diabloensis (Anderson)
Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson)
5 Ma–H
Pitar diabloensis (Anderson)
Amiantis diabloensis (Anderson)
27? or 23–13 Ma 27? or 23–13 Ma 27? or 23–13 Ma 27? or 23–13 Ma 27? or 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma N.D. N.D. 17–13 Ma
Pitaria stalderi Clark Amiantis communis Nomland
Taxonomy of authors
Amiantis callosa stalderi (Clark) Amiantis communis Nomland
Taxonomy used in this study
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Freshwater 44N–28N 58N–33N Genus, 58N–28N; intertidal to 641 m Distribution data unreliable Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; Caribbean; 55 to 1481 m Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus not living in eastern Pacific Ocean; 30N–15N Caribbean Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Subgenus, 25N–5S, in Gulf of California; genus, intertidal, under rocks Subgenus, 25N–5S, in Gulf of California 29N in Gulf of California–3S; genus, 9 to 90 m, sand or mud substrate Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California; genus, 9 to 112 m Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California; sand, mud, or mangroves Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N Genus, 35N–23N; intertidal to 18 m, in sand of exposed beaches Freshwater
Genus, 35N–23N
Genus, 35N–23N
Genus, 35N–23N
Genus, 35N–23N
Species, 34.4N–24.8N Genus, 35N–23N; below low-tide line along sandy beaches, to 20 m Genus, 35N–23N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
13–8 Ma 13–5 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
368 Appendix 1
Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) osmonti (Dall) Anadara (Anadara) sp. Anadara (Anadara) sp. Anadara (Anadara) topangaensis Reinhart Anadara (Anadara) topangaensis Reinhart Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata calcarea Grant and Gale Anadara (Anadara) trilineata calcarea Grant and Gale Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara?) sp. Anadara (Anadara?) strongi (Loel and Corey) Anadara (Rasia) formosa (Sowerby) Anadara sp. Anadara thauma (Maury) (Smith, 1989)
Angulararca californiensis Noda (Noda, 1966, Pl. 1) Angulararca terminumbonis (Grant and Gale) (Noda, 1966, Pl. 1) Anodonta kettlemanensis Arnold Anodonta sp. Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny
Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Anomia sp.
Anomia subcostata Conrad Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Anomia? sp. Antipecten? praevalidus (Jordan and Hertlein) 8– 5 Ma Antipecten? praevalidus (Jordan and Hertlein) 8– 5 Ma Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Antiplanes perversa (Gabb)
23–13 or 5? Ma 23–13 or 5? Ma 23–13 or 5? Ma 23–13 or 5? Ma 23–13 or 5? Ma 23–13 or 5? Ma 23–13 or 5? Ma 23–13 Ma N.D. N.D. 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma
5–2.5 Ma
13 Ma–H N.D.
13–8 Ma 27–23 Ma N.D. 8–5 Ma
8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H
8–5 Ma
5–2.5 Ma N.D. 13 Ma–H
8–5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma N.D. 27–23 Ma 13? Ma–H N.D. 13–8 Ma
13–2.5 Ma
Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont) Anadara (Anadara) montereyana (Osmont)
23–13 or 5? Ma 23–13 or 5? Ma 23–13 or 5? Ma 23–13 or 5? Ma 23–13 or 5? Ma
Pecten (Leptopecten) praevalidus Jordan and Hertlein Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Rectiplanes rotula (Dall) Spirotropis perversa (Gabb)
Anomia subcostata Conrad Anomia vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Anomia? sp. Leptopecten praevalidus (Jordan and Hertlein)
Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Anomia sp.
Angulararca californiensis Noda (Noda, 1966, Plate 1) Angulararca terminumbonis (Grant and Gale) (Noda, 1966, Plate 1) Anodonta kettlemanensis Arnold Anodonta sp. Anomia limatula Dall
Anadara trilineata (Conrad) canalis (Conrad) Arca canalis Conrad Anadara (Anadara) trilineata canalis (Conrad) Anadara trilineata canalis (Conrad) Arca (Barbatia) n.sp. Loel and Corey Arca (Barbatia) strongi Loel and Corey Anadara formosa Sowerby Anadara sp. Anadara thauma (Maury)
Arca (Anadara) devincta montereyana (Osmont) Anadara osmonti (Dall) Arca montereyana var. barkeriana Clark? Arca osmonti Dall Arca (Anadara) osmonti Dall Anadara (Anadara) osmonti(Dall) Arca osmonti Dall Arca impavida Wiedey Arca sp. Anadara sp. Arca microdonta Conrad Anadara topangensis Reinhart Anadara trilineata (Conrad) Arca trilineata Conrad Anadara (Anadara) trilineata trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata (Conrad) Anadara (Anadara) trilineata calcarea Grant and Gale Anadara trilineata calcarea (Grant and Gale)
Anadra montereyana (Osmont) Arca (Anadara) devincta montereyana Osmont Anadara devincta var. montereyana (Osmont) Anadara devincta montereyana (Osmont) Arca montereyana Osmont
55N–30N; genus, 55 to 1460 m 55N–30N 55N–30N
Genus not living
continued
Freshwater Freshwater 37N–5S; on shells and rocks along open coast, intertidal to 120 m 36.6N–5.1S Genus, 37N–south of equator; intertidal to 120 m, on rocks or shells Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus, 37N–south of equator Genus not living
Genus not living
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California 28N–5S; 11 to 82 m Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Panamic, but not listed by Keen (1971) or Bernard (1983) Genus not living
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California
Appendix 1 369
Arca (Arca) pacifica (Sowerby)
Arca (Arca) santamariensis Reinhart
Arca (Arca) sisquocensis Reinhart Arca (Arca) sisquocensis Reinhart Arca (Arca) sp. Arca (Arca) sp. Arca (Arca) terminumbonis Grant and Gale Arca sp. Archaeopneustes moorefieldi Hall
Architectonica compressa Wiedey
Architectonica nobilis Bolten
Architectonica nobilis Bolten Architectonica sp. Archohelia sp. Arcinella californica (Dall) Arcopsis adamsi conradiana (Dall) (? 4 Arcopsis solida [Sowerby]) Arene stephensoni Schremp
Argopecten abieties (Jordan and Hertlein) 5–2.5 Ma Argopecten abietis abbotti (Hertlein and Grant) 5–1 Ma Argopecten callidus (Hertlein) 8–1 Ma Argopecten callidus (Hertlein) 8–1 Ma Argopecten callidus (Hertlein) 8–1 Ma Argopecten cristobalensis (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten cristobalensis (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten deserti (Conrad) 13–2.5 Ma Argopecten deserti (Conrad) 13–2.5 Ma Argopecten ericellus (Hertlein) 5–2.5 Ma Argopecten hakei (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten hakei (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten hakei (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten invalidus (Hanna) 8–1 Ma
13 Ma–H
8–2.5 Ma
5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma N.D. N.D. 8–5 Ma N.D. 8–5 Ma
23–13 Ma
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H N.D. N.D. 13 Ma–H 13–8 Ma
5–2.5 Ma
8–1 Ma 8–1 Ma 8–1 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–1 Ma
5–1 Ma
13–8 Ma
Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Antiplanes perversa (Gabb) Antiplanes sp. Antiplanes voyi (Gabb) Arbacia incisa (A. Agassiz) Arca (Arca) leptogrammica Hall Arca (Arca) mutabilis (Sowerby)
Taxonomy used in this study
Chlamys (Argopecten) abietis abbotti Hertlein and Grant Chlamys (Argopecten) callida Hertlein Pecten (Plagioctenium) callidus Hertlein Argopecten callidus (Hertlein) Pecten (Plagioctenium) cristobalensis Hertlein Argopecten cristobalensis (Hertlein) Pecten (Plagioctenium) deserti Conrad Pecten deserti Conrad Chlamys (Argopecten) ericellus Hertlein Chlamys (Argopecten) hakei Hertlein Argopecten hakei (Hertlein) Pecten (Plagioctenium) hakei Hertlein Aequipecten invalidus (Hanna)
Argopecten abieties (Jordan and Hertlein)
Arene stephensoni Schremp
Architectonica nobilis Bolten var. discus Grant and Gale Architectonica quadriceps Hinds Architectonica sp. Archohelia sp. (Cnidaria) Echinochama californica Dall Arcopsis adamsi (Dall)
Arca sisquocensis Reinhart Arca (Arca) sisquocensis Reinhart Navicula sp. Arca (Arca s.s.) n.sp. (large) Arca terminubonis Grant and Gale Arca sp. Archaeopneustes moorefieldi Hall (Echinodermata) Architectonica compressa Wiedey
Arca santamariensis Reinhart
Arca (Arca) pacifica (Sowerby)
Pleurotoma perversa (Gabb) Turris perversa (Gabb) Turris perversa Gabb Antiplanes sp. Antiplanes voyi (Gabb) Arbacia incisa A. Agassiz (Echinodermata) Arca leptogrammica Hall Arca (Arca) mutabilis (Sowerby)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; tideflats to 37 m 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; tideflats to 37 m 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus not living, Eocene–Miocene 28N–6N; 22 to 46 m Species 35N–26N, Atlantic; 45 to 95 m. If A. solida, 33N to 9S; to 5 m Genus, 24N and Gulf of California–0; intertidal to 91 m Genus, 34N–6S; 1 m to 135 m; bays, sand or mud, below low tide Genus, 34N–6S
55N–30N 55N–30N 55N–30N Genus, 59N–30N Genus, 59N–30N 28N–3S Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–2S, Gulf of California; intertidal, under rocks to 82 m 28N–5S, Gulf of California; intertidal, under rocks to 137 m Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 137 m Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, West Indies near 23N, 38 m to 599 m
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H 13–8 Ma 13 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
370 Appendix 1
Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma Argopecten percarus (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten percarus (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck) 5 Ma– Holocene Argopecten sp. Argopecten sp. Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6 Ma to 1.6 Ma Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6 Ma to 1.6 Ma Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6 Ma to 1.6 Ma Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6 Ma to 1.6 Ma Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein) 23?, or 8 or 6 Ma to 1.6 Ma Argopecten sverdrupi (Durham) 13–8 Ma Argopecten sverdrupi (Durham) 13–8 Ma Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma– Holocene Argopecten ventricosus bramkampi (Durham) 13?–2.5? Ma Argopecten ventricosus calli (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus calli (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus calli (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus eldridgei (Arnold) 5–2.5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus eldridgei (Arnold) 5–2.5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus impostor (Hanna) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus impostor (Hanna) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten ventricosus impostor (Hanna) 8–2.5 Ma Argopecten? crassiradiatus (Clark) 13–8 Ma Astarte sp. Asterias remondii Gabb Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb)
13–1 Ma 13–1 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H
13–8 Ma N.D. 13–8 Ma 27? or 17–2.5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma
5–2.5 Ma
13? or 5–2.5? Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma
8 Ma–H
8 Ma–H
8 Ma–H
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 8 Ma–H
23? or 8–1.6 Ma
23? or 8–1.6 Ma
23? or 8–1.6 Ma
23? or 8–1.6 Ma
N.D. N.D. 23? or 8–1.6 Ma
Argopecten invalidus (Hanna) 8–1 Ma Argopecten invalidus (Hanna) 8–1 Ma Argopecten invalidus (Hanna) 8–1 Ma Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) 13–1 Ma
8–1 Ma 8–1 Ma 8–1 Ma 13–1 Ma 13–1 Ma 13–1 Ma
Pecten crassiradiatus Clark Astarte sp. Asterias remondii Gabb Architectonica sp.
Argopecten circularis impostor (Hanna)
Aequipecten impostor (Hanna)
Aequipecten circularis impostor (Hanna)
continued
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 71N–48N; 18 to 229 m Generic assignment unreliable Subgenus, 34N–10N; genus, intertidal to 73 m, on rocks
Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m
Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m
Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m
Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m
Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m
Pecten (Plagioctenium) calli Hertlein Argopecten calli (Hertlein) Pecten (Plagioctenium) calli Hertlein Pecten eldridgei Arnold Aequipecten circularis eldridgei (Arnold)
Species, 34.4N–5.8S; 1 to 55 or 135 m
34.4N–5.1S; 1 to 55 or 135 m
34.4N–5.1S; 1 to 55 or 135 m
34.4N–5.1S; 1 to 55 or 135 m
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S 34.4N–5.1S; 1 to 55 or 135 m
Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S 30N–6S
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
Aequipecten circularis bramkampi Durham
Pecten circularis Sowerby
Pecten (Plagioctenium) circularis Sowerby
Chlamys (Argopecten) circularis Sowerby
Aequipecten sverdrupi Durham Argopecten sverdrupi (Durham) Aequipecten circularis (Sowerby)
Pecten (Plagioctenium) subdolus Hertlein
Pecten (Argopecten) subdolus Hertlein
Chlamys (Chlamys) subdola Hertlein
Chlamys (Argopecten) subdola Hertlein
Aequipecten sp. Argopecten sp. Argopecten subdolus (Hertlein)
Chlamys (Argopecten) invalida Hanna Pecten (Plagioctenium) invalidus G.D. Hanna Pecten invalidus Hanna Argopecten mendenhalli (Arnold) Pecten (Plagioctenium) mendenhalli Arnold Pecten (Plagoctenium) cerrosensis var. mendenhalli Arnold Pecten mendenhalli Arnold Pecten sp. nov. aff. P. mendenhalli Arnold Argopecten percarus (Hertlein) Pecten (Aequipecten) percarus Hertlein Pecten purpuratus Lamarck
Appendix 1 371
Astraea biangulata (Gabb) Astraea raymondi (Clark) Astralium raymondi Clark Calliostoma obliquistriata Trask Calliostoma obliquistriata Trask Astraea cf. A. (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea gradata Grant and Gale Pomaulax gradatus (Grant and Gale) Astraea morani Loel and Corey Astraea (Pomaulax) n.sp. Addicott Astraea n.sp.? Astraea undosa (Wood) Astralium arnoldi Nomland Pachypoma cf. P. precursor Dall Pachypoma cf. P. gibberosum (Dillwyn) Astraea inaequalis (Martyn) Astraea sp. Astralium sp. Astrangia insignifica Nomland (Cridaria)
Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb)
Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb)
Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb)
Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb)
Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb)
Astraea (Pomaulax) cf. A. (P.) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea (Pomaulax) gradata Grant and Gale Astraea (Pomaulax) morani Loel and Corey Astraea (Pomaulax) n.sp. Addicott Astraea (Pomaulax) sp. Astraea (Pomaulax) undosa (Wood) Astraea arnoldi (Nomland) Astraea cf. A. inaequalis (Martyn) Astraea gibberosa (Dillwyn) Astraea inaequalis (Martyn) Astraea sp. Astraea sp. Astrangia (Astrangia) lajollaensis Durham (Cridaria) Astrangia (Astrangia) lajollaensis Durham Astrangia sp. Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond)
Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond) Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew ( juvenile)
Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton
23? or 17–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma
17? or 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma
5–2.5 Ma N.D. 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 8–5 or 2.5? Ma 8–5 or 2.5? Ma 23? or 17–8 Ma
Astrangia coalingensis Vaughan Astrangia sp. Astrodapsis altus Kew (Echinodermata) Astrodapsis antiselli Conrad Astrodapsis margaritanus Kew Astrodapsis tumidus Re´mond Astrodapsis tumidus Re´mond (large variety) Astrodapsis crassus Kew Astrodapsis arnoldi Pack Astrodapsis hootsi Grant and Eaton (Eaton et al., 1941, Pl. V, Fig. 11a) Astrodapsis brewerianus (Re´mond) Astrodapsis cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis tumidus cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis tumidus subsp. cierboensis Kew Astrodapsis hootsi Grant and Eaton (Eaton et al., 1941, Pl. V, Fig. 11b) Astrodapsis clarki Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis desaixi Grant and Eaton
Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb)
Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb)
13? or 8–2.5 Ma 13? or 8–2.5 Ma 13? or 8–2.5 Ma 27–17 Ma N.D. N.D. 5 Ma–H 8–5 Ma 8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H N.D. N.D. 5–2.5 Ma
Astraea (Pachypoma?) biangulata (Gabb)
Astraea (Pomaulax) biangulata (Gabb)
27? or 17–2.5 Ma 27? or 17–2.5 Ma 27? or 17–2.5 Ma 27? or 17–2.5 Ma 27? or 17–2.5 Ma 27? or 17–2.5 Ma 27? or 17–2.5 Ma 13? or 8–2.5 Ma
Taxonomy of authors
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 34N–25N Genus, 34N–3N, through Gulf of California Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N Subgenus, 34N–10N 34N–28N; intertidal to 80 m, on rocks Genus, 48N–10N 48N–33N 50N–25N; rocky substrate, to 25 m 48N–33N Genus, 48N–10N Genus, 48N–10N Genus, 34N–25N
Subgenus, 34N–10N
Subgenus, 34N–10N
Subgenus, 34N–10N
Subgenus, 34N–10N
Subgenus, 34N–10N
Subgenus, 34N–10N
Subgenus, 34N–10N
Subgenus, 34N–10N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
372 Appendix 1
Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis davisi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew
Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis fernandoensis Pack Astrodapsis jacalitosensis Arnold Astrodapsis jacalitosensis Arnold?
Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis peltoides Anderson and Martin Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis spatiosus? Kew Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astropecten armatus Gray (Echinodermata) Astyris gausapata (Gould) Astyris gausapata (Gould) Astyris gausapata (Gould) Astyris gausapata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Atrina bicuniata (Nomland) Atrina sp.
17? or 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13? or 8–5 Ma 13? or 8–5 Ma 13? or 8–5 Ma
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 8–5 Ma 13? or 8–5 Ma 13? or 8–5 Ma 13? or 8–5 Ma 13–8 or 5? Ma 13–8 or 5? Ma 13–8 or 5? Ma 13–8 or 5? Ma 13–8 or 5? Ma 13–8 or 5? Ma 13–8 or 5? Ma 13–8 or 5? Ma 13–8 or 5? Ma 13–8 or 5? Ma 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D.
Astrodapsis englishi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis goudkoffi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis gregerseni fragilis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis gregerseni Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis gregerseni varians Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis isabellae Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis johnsoni Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis johnsoni similis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis major parens Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis quaylei Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis altus antiquus Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis armstrongi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis auguri Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis brewerianus bitterensis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis brewerianus diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis brewerianus emergens Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis brewerianus junior Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis cierboensis branchensis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis diabloensis Kew Astrodapsis diabloensis superior Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis galei Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis ovalis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis reedi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis schucherti affinis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis schucherti Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis fernandoensis Pack Astrodapsis jacalitosensis Arnold Astrodapsis schencki mirandaensis Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis cutleri Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis pabloensis (Kew) Astrodapsis elevatum Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis peltoides Anderson and Martin Astrodapsis salinasensis Richards Astrodapsis spatiosus Kew Astrodapsis scutelliformis Kew Astrodapsis californicus Kew Astrodapsis coalingaensis grandis Kew Astrodapsis coalingaensis Kew Astrodapsis cuyamanus Kew Astrodapsis grandis Kew Astrodapsis hertleini Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis laimingi Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis perrini Grant and Eaton Astrodapsis whitneyi Re´mond Astrodapsis woodringi Grant and Eaton Astropecten armatus Gray (Echinodermata) Mitrella gausapata (Gould) Mitrella carinata (Hinds) var. gausapata (Gould) Mitrella carinata gausapata (Gould) Astyris gausapata Gould Pinna alamedensis Yates Atrina alamedensis (Yates) Pinna bicuneata Nomland Pinna (Atrina) sp. continued
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 33N–3S 60N–27N 60N–27N 60N–27N 60–27N Genus, 34N–5S; to 125 m, offshore mudflats Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Appendix 1 373
Atrina stephensoni Hanna Aturia angustata (Conrad) Axinopsida serricata Carpenter
Axinopsida? sp. Balanophyllia elegans Verrill (Cnidaria) Balanus cf. B. aqulia Pilsbry (Arthropoda) Balanus cf. B. gregarius (Conrad) Balanus cf. B. gregarius (Conrad)
Balanus cf. B. nubulis Darwin Balanus concavus Bronn Balanus coosensis Dall (Newman and Ross, 1976) Balanus gregarius (Conrad) Balanus gregarius (Conrad) Balanus gregarius (Conrad) Balcis aff. B. rutila (Carpenter) Balcis cf. B. micans (Carpenter) Balcis cf. B. oldroydi Bartsch Balcis conchita Keen Balcis lutzi Addicott Balcis petrolia Addicott Balcis rutila (Carpenter) Balcis rutila (Carpenter) Balcis thersites (Carpenter) Bankia cf. B. setacea (Tryon) Barbatia (Acar) cf. B. (Acar) bailyi (Bartsch) Barbatia (Calloarca) n.sp. Powell
Barbatia (Fugleria) illota Sowerby Barbatia (Fugleria) pseudoillota Reinhart Barbatia sp. Barleeia marmorea (Carpenter) Barleeia? cf. B. orcutti Bartsch Basterotia (Basterotella) hertleini Durham Bathybembix (Bathybembix) bairdii (Dall) Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin) Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin) Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin) bernardinid? indet. Bittium (Lirobittium asperum (Gabb) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Bittium (Semibittium) quadrifilatum Carpenter Bittium (Semibittium) rugatum Carpenter Bittium (Stylidium) eschrichtii (Middenforff) Bittium arnoldi Bartsch
N.D. 5 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma 17–13 Ma 13–2.5 Ma
8 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 8–5 Ma
17–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma 5 Ma–H 17 Ma–H 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8? Ma–H 8? Ma–H N.D.
5 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma N.D. 5 Ma–H 17? Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 13–8 Ma 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8? or 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 13? or 8–2.5 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Barbatia (Fugleria) illota Sowerby Barbatia pseudoillota Reinhart Arca (Barbatia) sp. Diala cf. D. marmorea Carpenter Barleeia? cf. B. orcutti Bartsch Basterotia (Basterotella) hertleini Durham Turcicula cf. T. bairdii Dall Batillaria ocoyana (Anderson and Martin) Clathrodrillia ocoyana (Anderson and Martin) Drillia ocoyana Anderson and Martin Bernardina? sp. Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum (Gabb) Bittium asperum (Gabb) Bittium (Lirobittium) asperum Gabb Bittium (Semibittium) quadrifilatum Carpenter Bittium rugatum Carpenter Bittium filosum Gould Bittium casmaliense arnoldi Bartsch
Balanus (Balanus) gregarius (Conrad) Balanus gregarius (Conrad) Tamiosoma gregaria Conrad Eulima aff. E. rutila Carpenter Balcis cf. B. micans (Carpenter) Balcis cf. B. oldroydi Bartsch Balcis conchita Keen Balcis lutzi Addicott Balcis petrolia Addicott Melanella (Eulima) rutila Carpenter Balcis rutila (Carpenter) Balcis thersites (Carpenter) Bankia cf. B. setacea (Tryon) Barbatia cf. B. bailyi (Bartsch) Barbatia (Calloarca) n.sp. Powell
Axinopsis? sp Balanophylla elegans Verrill (Cnidaria) Balanus cf. B. aqulia Pilsbry (Arthropoda) Balanus cf. B. estrellanus Arnold Balanus (Tamiosoma) cf. B. (T.) gregarius (Conrad) Balanus cf. B. nubulis Darwin Balanus concavus Bronn Balanus cf. B. tintinnabulum var. coosensis Dall
Atrina stephensi Hanna Aturia angustata (Conrad) Axinopsida serricata Carpenter
Taxonomy of authors
Not living Not living Not living 55N–25N 48N–27N 56N–3S; intertidal to 229 m Genus, 56N–3S Genus, 56N–3S Genus, 56N–3S 55N–25N 55N–25N 37N–30N 57.5N–32.7N; intertidal to 90 m, boring into wood 35.5N–7.8N; intertidal to 5 m Genus, 35.5N–5S, Gulf of California; intertidal to 120 m 29N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 70 m Genus, 35.5N–5S, and Gulf of California Genus, 35.5N–5S, and Gulf of California 48N–25N; genus, intertidal to 46 m 25N–23N 24N–1S; genus, intertidal to 13 m 55N–15N; genus, 55 to 1460 m Genus, equator, salt tide pool, mangrove swamp Genus, equator, salt tide pool, mangrove swamp Genus, equator, salt tide pool, mangrove swamp Genus, 36.6N–27.9N; intertidal to 46 m 34N–27N 34N–27N 34N–27N 34N–27N 34N–27N 57N–48N Genus, 60N–23N; intertidal to 659 m; sublittoral under kelp
55N–30N Worldwide distribution Not living
Genus, 34N–5S Genus not living, Paleocene–Miocene 71.4N–28N, in Gulf of California; intertidal to 275 m Genus, 71.4N–28N; intertidal to 549 m 48N–34N; to 170 m 37N–32N; intertidal to 18 m Not living Not living
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
13–8 Ma 23–17 Ma 5 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
374 Appendix 1
13–8 Ma
N.D. N.D. 5 Ma–H
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
5–2.5 Ma 23–13 Ma
5 Ma–H
5–2.5 Ma
13–8 Ma
N.D.
N.D.
5–2.5 Ma
5–2.5 Ma
8 Ma–H
8 Ma–H
5 Ma–H
5–2.5 Ma
5 Ma–H
8 Ma–H
13–8 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8? Ma–H 8? Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma N.D. 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 8–5 Ma 5 Ma–H
Bittium bolingerensis (Clark) Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Bittium cf. B. multifilosum Bartsch Bittium cf. B. vancouverense Dall and Bartsch Bittium frankeli Faustman Bittium sp. Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Bittium trampasensis Clark Bittium? pabloensis Clark Boetica hertleini Kanakoff Boreotrophon cf. B. rotundatus Dall (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon cf. B. sturati (Smith) (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon clathratus scalariformis (Linnaeus) (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon durhami Faustman (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon eucymata Dall (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon multicostatus (Eschscholtz) (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon multicostatus (Eschscholtz) (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon raymondi Moody (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon raymondi Moody (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon sp. (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon sp. (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon stuarti cierboensis Grant and Eaton (or Trophon [Boreotrophor] . . . ) Boreotrophon stuarti praecursor (Arnold) (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Boreotrophon stuarti Smith (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] . . . ) Bornia (Temblornia) frankiana Hertlein and Grant Bornia (Temblornia) triangulata (Anderson and Martin) Bornia (Temblornia) triangulata (Anderson and Martin) Bornia (Temblornia) triangulata (Anderson and Martin) Bornia sp. Botula? sp. Brachidontes (Aeidimytilus) adamsianus (Dunker) Brachidontes (Aeidimytilus) gabbi (Clark) Volsella gabbi (Clark)
Donax n.sp. Botula? sp. Aeidimytilus adamsianus Dunker
Donax triangulata Anderson and Martin
Bornia (Temblornia) frankiana Hertlein Bornia (Temblornia) triangulata (Anderson and Martin) Donax (?) triangulata Anderson and Martin
Trophon [Boreotrophon] stuarti E. A. Smith
Boreotrophon sp. (or Trophon [Boreotrophon] sp.) Boreotrophon stuarti cierboensis Grant and Eaton Boreotrophon stuarti praecursor (Arnold)
Boreotrophon sp.
Trophon [Boreotrophon] raymondi Dall
Boreotrophon raymondi Moody
Trophon multicostata (Eschscholtz)
Boreotrophon multicostatus (Eschscholtz)
Boreotrophon eucymata Dall
Boreotrophon durhami Faustman
Boreotrophon clathratus scalariformis (Linnaeus)
Boreotrophon cf. B. sturati (Smith)
Cerithiopsis bolingerensis Clark Bittium casmaliense Bartsch Bittium cf. B. attenautum multifilosum Bartsch Bittium cf. B. vancouverense Dall and Bartsch Bittium frankelum Faustman Bittium sp. Bittium topangensis (Arnold) Cerithiopsis tumeri Clark Cerithium arnoldi Anderson and Martin Cerithium topangensis Arnold Bittium trampasensis Clark Bittium? pabloensis Clark Boetica hertleini Kanakoff Boreotrophon cf. B. rotundatus Dall
Genus, 34N–5S
Genus, 24N–6S Genus, 23N–1S 34N–1S; intertidal on rocky shores
Genus, 24N–6S
Genus, 24N–6S
Genus, 24N–6S; 18 to 37 m Genus, 24N–6S
55N–33N
Species, 55N–33N
Species, 55N–33N
Genus, 72N–17N
Genus, 72N–17N
Genus, 72N–17N
Genus, 72N–17N
60N–33N
60N–33N
33N
Genus, 72N–17N
57N–33N (?)
55N–33N
Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N 37N–34N 60N–48N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 60N–23N Genus, 34N–33N 57N
continued
Appendix 1 375
Brissopsis pacifica (A. Agassiz)?
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper)
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper)
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper)
Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkeriana (Cooper) santacruzana (Arnold) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad)
Bruclarkia sp. Bruclarkia yaquinana (Anderson and Martin) Buccinum sp.? Buccinum strigillatum Dall Bulla (Bulla) gouldiana Pilsbry Bulla cantuanensis Anderson and Martin
Bulla punctulata Adams in Sowerby
Bulla sp. Bulla sp. Bulla striata (Bruguie`re) Bulla striata (Bruguie`re)
5 Ma–H
27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–17 Ma
N.D. 27–23 Ma N.D. 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 17–8 Ma
13 Ma–H
N.D. N.D. 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
27–17 Ma
27–17 Ma
27–17 Ma
N.D. 13–8 Ma
17 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Bullaria n.sp.? Bulla sp. Bulla striatus Bruguie`re Bullaria striata Bruguie`re
Bulla punctulata Adams in Sowerby
Agasoma andersoni Wiedey Agasoma oregonense Anderson and Martin Bruclarkia oregonense (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) Bruclarkia oregonensis (Conrad) yaquinanum (Anderson and Martin) Bruclarkia sp. Bruclarkia yaquinana (Anderson and Martin) Buccinum? sp. Buccinum strigillatum Dall Bulla gouldiana Pilsbry Bulla cantuanensis Anderson and Martin
Agosoma sanctacruzanum Arnold
Agasoma sanctacruzana Arnold
Branchiolambrus altus Rathbun (Arthropoda) Brisaster towsendi woynari Hertlein and Grant (Echinodermata) Brissopsis pacifica (A. Agassiz)? (Echinodermata) Agasoma barkerianum Cooper santacruzanum Arnold Agasoma gravidum Gabb Bruclarkia barkeriana forma santacruzana (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) santacruzanum (Arnold) Bruclarkia geniculata (Conrad) Bruclarkia barkeriana(Cooper) Agasoma barkerianum Cooper Bruclarkia barkerianum (Cooper) santacruzanum (Arnold) Bruclarkia barkerianum sanctacruzanum (Arnold)
Brachiodontes n.sp. Septifer margaritana Nomland
Modiolus gabbi Clark Modiolus gabbi subconvexus Trask
Taxonomy of authors
Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 72N–29N; 9 to 2928 m 48N–29N 34N–3S, through Gulf of California, intertidal, in bays Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 46 m 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; offshore beyond limit of low tide Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 34N–5S, through Gulf of California 28N, Florida, Clearwater Harbor 28N, Florida
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living
Genus not living
Genus not living
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living
34N–8N
Intertidal Species, 37N–8N
Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S; intertidal to 31 m
Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
Brachidontes (Aeidimytilus) gabbi (Clark) Brachidontes (Scolimytilus?) subconvexus (Trask) Brachidontes sp. Brachidontes? (Scolimytilus?) margaritana (Nomland) Branchiolambrus altus Rathbun (Arthropoda) Brisaster towsendi woynari Hertlein and Grant
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
376 Appendix 1
Chrysodomus kernensis Anderson and Martin Neptunea kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Priscofusus carlsoni (Anderson and Martin) Searlesia carlsoni (Anderson and Martin) Searlesia kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Calicantharus kettlemanensis (Arnold) Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Calicantharus rancherianus Addicott Calicantharus sp. Searlesia sp. Calicantharus woodfordi Addicott Callianassa longimana Stimson (Arthropoda) Callianassa sp. Clavus aff. C. pallidus (Sowerby) Astele aff. A. rema (Strong, Hanna, and Hertlein)
Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Calicantharus kettlemanensis (Arnold) Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Calicantharus portolaensis (Arnold) Calicantharus rancherianus Addicott Calicantharus sp. Calicantharus sp. Calicantharus woodfordi Addicott Callianassa longimana Stimson Callianassa sp. Calliclava cf. C. pallida (Sowerby) Calliostoma aff. C. rema Strong, Hanna, and Hertlein Calliostoma annulatum Martyn Calliostoma augustinense Hertlein
Calliostoma carsoni Addicott Calliostoma carsoni Addicott
Calliostoma carsoni Addicott Calliostoma cf. C. supragranosum Carpenter Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma coalingense catoteron Woodring
Calliostoma coalingense catoteron Woodring Calliostoma coalingense privum Stewart Calliostoma costatum (Martyn)
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma 17? Ma–H 13? or 8–2.5 Ma 13? or 8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma
5–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma 5 Ma–H
5 Ma–H 27–13 Ma
Calliostoma carsoni Addicott Calliostoma splendens (Cooper) diabloensis Clark Calliostoma splendens diabloensis Clark Calliostoma cf. C. supragranosum Carpenter Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma coalingense Arnold Calliostoma coalingense catoteron Woodring n. var. Calliostoma coalingense catoteron Woodring? Calliostoma coalingense privum Stewart Calliostoma ligatum (Gould)?
Calliostoma annulatum Martyn Calliostoma agustinensis Hertlein
Searlesia? carlsoni (Anderson and Martin) Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter) Cantharus fortis (Carpenter) (?) Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Chrysodomus arnoldi Rivers? Neptunea humerosa Gabb Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Calicantharus carlsoni (Anderson and Martin) Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter) Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter)? Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Calicantharus humerosus (Gabb) Calicantharus kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Calicantharus angulatus (Arnold)
Calicantharus fortis (Carpenter) angulatus (Arnold) Pisania fortis Carpenter angulata Arnold
Calicantharus angulatus (Arnold)
8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma 13? or 8–5 or 2.5? Ma 13? or 8–5 or 2.5? Ma 13? or 8–5 or 2.5? Ma 23–17 Ma 8–1.6 Ma 8–1.6 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 27? or 23–13 Ma 27? or 23–13 Ma 27? or 23–13 Ma 27? or 23–13 Ma 27? or 23–13 Ma 27? or 23–13 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 13? or 8–2.5 Ma 13? or 8–2.5 Ma 27–23 Ma N.D. N.D. 17–13 Ma 5 Ma–H N.D. 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H
Cadulus (Platyschides?) addicotti Emerson (Emerson, 1957, p. 990) Cadulus cf. C. californicus Pilsbry and Sharp Cadulus fusiformis Pilsbry and Sharp Caecum californicum Dall Calicantharus fortis angulatus (Arnold)
Cadulus (Platyschides?) addicotti Emerson (Scaphopoda) Cadulus cf. C. californicus Pilsbry and Sharp Cadulus fusiformis Pilsbry and Sharp Caecum californicum Dall Calicantharus angulatus (Arnold)
17–13 Ma
Bullina sp. Ranella californica Hinds
Bullina sp. Bursa californica (Hinds)
N.D. 13 Ma–H
Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N 57N–33N continued
Genus, 57N–8N 37N–26N; rocky areas, lower intertidal and sublittoral Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N
55N–33N; on blades of giant kelp or rocks Genus, 57N–8N; intertidal, on rocks and algae to 915 m Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living burrow burrow 16N–10N; 10 to 25 m; genus, intertidal to 70 m 24N–3S; 18 to 45 m
Genus not living
Genus not living
Genus not living
Genus not living
Genus not living
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living
56N–1S; genus, 11 to 1464 m 37N–23N Genus, 23N–5N; intertidal to 64 m, among rocks Genus not living. Cantharus, intertidally to offshore, on rocks Genus not living
Genus, Indo-Pacific 37N–28N; gravel pockets between rocks, and sandy substrate Genus, 56N–1S; 11 to 1464 m
Appendix 1 377
Calliostoma splendens Carpenter Calliostoma splendens Carpenter diabloense Clark Calliostoma splendens Carpenter diabloense Clark Calliostoma virgineum (Dillwyn) Calliostoma? aff. C. cammani Dall Callista sp.
8 Ma–H 13–5 Ma
Calyptraea (Trochita) sp. Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes)
Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis (Born) Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis (Born) Calyptraea (Trochita) trochiformis (Born) Calyptraea (Trochita)? sp. Calyptraea coreyi Addicott Calyptraea diabloensis Clark Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea martini Clark Calyptraea sp.
N.D. 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H
27 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H N.D. 27–23 Ma 13–8 Ma 27–5 Ma 27–5 Ma 27–5 Ma 27–5 Ma 27–5 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D.
27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 27–23 Ma
Callistochiton sp. (Polyplacophora) Callucina guincula Olsson Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Calyptraea) mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea (Trochita) cf. C. (T.) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) cf. C. (T.) trochiformis (Born) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea (Trochita) panzana Loel and Corey
N.D. 13–8 Ma 17 Ma–H 17 Ma–H 17 Ma–H 17 Ma–H 17 Ma–H 27–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H
5–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma N.D.
13–5 Ma
Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma kerri Arnold Calliostoma olssoni Maury Calliostoma sp.
Taxonomy used in this study
Trochita costellata Conrad Trochita radians Lamarck Trochita radians (Lamarck) Trochita trochiformis (Born) Trochita? n.sp. Calyptraea coreyi Addicott Calyptraea diabloensis Clark Calyptraea (Calyptraea) inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea inornata Conrad Calyptraea inornata Gabb Galerus inornatus? Gabb Calyptraea martini Clark Galerus sp.
Trochita filosa Gabb Calyptraea (Trochita) filosa (Gabb)? Calyptraea filosa (Gabb) Calyptraea costellata (Conrad) panzana Loel and Corey Trochita sp. Calyptraea (Trochita) spirata (Forbes) Calyptraea costellata (Conrad)
Callistochiton sp. (Polyplacophora) Callucina guincula Olsson Calyptraea inornata Gabb Calyptraea inornata (Gabb) Calyptraea fastigiata Gould Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip? Trochita cf. T. spirata (Forbes) Trochita cf. T. trochiformis (Born)
Calliostoma splendens Carpenter Calliostoma splendens Carpenter diabloense Clark Calliostoma splendens Carpenter diabloensis Clark Calliostoma virgineum (Dillwyn) Calliostoma? aff. C. cammani Dall Callista sp.
Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma etchegoinense Nomland Calliostoma gemmulatum Carpenter Calliostoma kerri Arnold Calliostoma olssoni Maury Calliostoma sp.
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, 24N–Chile 24N–15N 24N–15N; clinging to surf-beaten rocks on exposed coasts 24N–15N Chile north to 1S Chile north to 1S Chile north to 1S Subgenus, 24N–Chile Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 24N–Chile; surf zone on rocks Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 24N–Chile Subgenus, 24N–Chile
Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N If Callista, genus common in Adriatic Sea from 45N to 40N See Keen (1971, p. 873) Genus, 31N–16N; intertidal to 55 m 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 137 m 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–Chile Chile north to 1S
Species, 37N–29N
Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N 34N–23N; rocky areas intertidal Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N Genus, 57N–8N, common in intertidal and sublittoral zones 37N–29N Species, 37N–29N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 8 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D.
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
378 Appendix 1
Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad
Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria (Euclia) pabloensis Clark Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) sp. Cancellaria (Euclia) wynoochensis Weaver Cancellaria (Euclia?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Euclia?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Narona) birchi Addicott
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 13–5 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma N.D. 23–17 or 8? Ma 23–13 or 8? Ma
17–13 Ma
23–13 or 8? Ma
Cancellaria (Euclia) joaquinensis Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) ocoyana Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad
Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria (Barkeria) sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Barkeria) sanjosei Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Cancellaria) n.sp.? cf. C. decussata Sowerby Cancellaria (Coptostoma) posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Coptostoma) posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Crawfordina) kernensis Addicott Cancellaria (Crawfordina) kernensis Addicott Cancellaria (Crawfordina) kernensis Addicott Cancellaria (Crawfordina) siletzensis Anderson Cancellaria (Crawfordina) sp. Cancellaria (Crawfordina) weaveri Etherington Cancellaria (Crawfordina) weaveri Etherington Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) cassidiformis Sowerby Cancellaria (Euclia) circumspinosa Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) circumspinosa Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) joaquinensis Anderson
23–8 Ma 17–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma
17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 23–8 Ma
17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 23–17 Ma N.D. 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 17? Ma–H
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
13 Ma?-H
23–8 Ma
N.D. 23–8 Ma
Cancellaria (Narona) birchi Addicott
Cancellaria siletzensis Anderson Cancellaria (Crawfordina) kernensis Addicott Crawfordiana cf. C. weaveri (Etherington) Cancellaria siletzensis Anderson Crawfordina? n.sp.? Cancellaria weaveri Etherington Cancellaria (Crawfordina) weaveri Etherington Cancellaria (Euclia) cf. C. (E.) cassidiformis Sowerby Cancellaria (Euclia) circumspinosa Addicott Cancellaria circumspinosa Addicott Cancellaria condoni (Cooper) Cancellaria (Euclia) condoni Anderson Cancellaria condoni Anderson Cancellaria dalliana condoni (Anderson) Cancellaria (Euclia) dalliana Anderson Cancellaria dalliana Anderson Cancellaria joaquinensis Anderson (pabloensis Clark) Cancellaria joaquinensis Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) ocoyana Addicott Cancellaria (Euclia) oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria andersoni Clark Cancellaria condoni Anderson (in part, in Anderson, 1905) Cancellaria dalliana Anderson (in part in Anderson and Martin, 1914) Cancellaria oregonensis Conrad Cancellaria ramonensis Clark Cancellaria pabloensis Clark Cancellaria andersoni Arnold Cancellaria (Euclia) pacifica Anderson Cancellaria pacifica Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) simplex Anderson Cancellaria vetusta Gabb Cancellaria simplex Anderson Cancellaria (Euclia) sp. Cancellaria wynoochensis Weaver Cancellaria (Euclia?) nevadensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria nevadensis Anderson and Martin
Cancellaria (Cancellaria) n.sp.? cf. C. decussata Sowerby Cancellaria (Coptostoma) posunculensis Anderson and Martin Cancellaria posunculensis Anderson and Martin
Cancellaria sanjosensis Anderson and Martin
Calyptraea sp. Cancellaria sanjosei Anderson and Martin
Subgenus, 24N–5S; in depths to 128 m
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S Subgenus, northern Gulf of California–5S
continued
Subgenus, 38N–33N Subgenus, 38N–33N Subgenus, 38N–33N Subgenus, 38N–33N Subgenus, 38N–33N Subgenus, 38N–33N Subgenus, 38N–33N Gulf of California–5S; at extreme low tide to 37 m
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
25N–3S, southern part Gulf of California; offshore to 80 m Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 56N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California; 27 to 549 m Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Appendix 1 379
5 Ma–H
27–23 Ma 8–5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 17–13 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H 8–5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 13? or 8–2.5 Ma 13? or 8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma N.D. N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma N.D. N.D. N.D. 5 Ma–H
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H 13? or 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 13–5 Ma 13? or 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
Cancellaria (Pryuclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria arnoldi Dall Cancellaria cf. C. altispira Gabb Cancellaria cf. C. cooperi Gabb Cancellaria cf. C. fernandoensis Arnold Cancellaria crassa Nomland Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Cancellaria elsemerenis English Cancellaria fernandoensis Arnold Cancellaria fernandoensis Arnold tribulis Nomland Cancellaria galei Addicott Cancellaria hamlini Carson Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria keenae Addicott Cancellaria lipara Woodring Cancellaria obesa Sowerby Cancellaria planospira Grant and Gale Cancellaria quadrata Moody Cancellaria rapa Nomland Cancellaria rapa Nomland Cancellaria rapa perrini Carson Cancellaria sp. Cancellaria sp. Cancellaria sp. a (Davis, 1998) Cancellaria sp. b (Davis, 1998) Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Cancer antennarius Stimpson Cancer magister Dana Cancer sp. aff. C. magister Dana Cantharus (Gemophos) cf. C. (G.) elegans (Griffith and Pidgeon) Cantharus (Gemophos) ringens (Reeve)
Taxonomy used in this study
Cantharus aff. C. ringens (Reeve)
Cancellaria lickana Anderson and Martin (joaquinensis Anderson) Thais (Nuclella) lima Martyn (in Loel and Corey, 1932) “Cancellaria” arnoldi Dall Cancellaria arnoldi Dall “Cancellaria” cf. C. altispira Gabb Progabbia cf. P. cooperi (Gabb) Cancellaria cf. C. fernandoensis Arnold Cancellaria crassa Nomland Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall Crawfordiana fulgeri (Arnold) Cancellaria bakeri (Anderson) Cancellaria barkeri (Anderson in Hanna) Cancellaria dalli (Anderson and Martin) Fossarius dalli Anderson and Martin Cancellaria elsemerenis English Cancellaria fernandoensis Arnold Cancellaria fernandoensis Arnold tribulis Nomland Cancellaria galei Addicott Cancellaria hamlini Carson “Cancellaria” hemphilli Dall Cancellaria hemphilli Dall Cancellaria keenae Addicott Cancellaria lipara Woodring Cancellaria obesa Sowerby Cancellaria planospira Grant and Gale “Cancellaria” quadrata Moody “Cancellaria” rapa Nomland? Cancellaria rapa Nomland “Cancellaria” rapa perrini Carson Cancellaria n.sp.? A Progabbia sp. Cancellaria sp. A (Davis, 1998) Cancellaria sp. B (Davis, 1998) Cancellaria tritonidea Gabb Cancer antennarius Stimpson (Arthropoda) Cancer magister Dana Cancer sp. aff. C. magister Dana Cantharus? cf. C. elegans (Gray)
Cancellaria lickana Anderson and Martin
Cancellaria (Pyruclia) lickana Anderson and Martin Cancellaria andersoni Arnold
Taxonomy of authors
24N–3S; on rocks intertidal
Genus, 56N–3S through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California 27N–3S; intertidal to 90 m Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California N.D. N.D. N.D. 25N–5S; intertidal on rocks
Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California 37N–28N; offshore sandy substrate Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California 38N–33N 38N–33N Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 56N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water; to 37 m
Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water; to 37 m
Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water; to 37 m
Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water; to 37 m
Subgenus, Gulf of California–5S, deep water; to 37 m
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
380 Appendix 1
Capulus sp. Capulus sp. Capulus? cf. C. californicus Dall Cardiomya cf. C. planetica Dall Cardiomya n.sp.? Powell Cardiomya pectinata (Carpenter) Cardita (Carditamera) aff. C. (C.) radiata Sowerby Cardita n.sp. aff. C. affinis Sowerby Cardita sp. Cardita sp. Cardita sp. aff. C. caribbeanensis Olsson Cardita subtenta (Conrad) Cardita subtenta var. quadrata (Conrad) Cardites crassicostata (Sowerby) Cardium sp. Carinodrillia n.sp. Powell
Cassidulus ellipticus Kew
Cassidulus mexicanus Kew Cassidulus? mexicanus Kew Cassis sp.
Cassis subtuberosus Hanna Centrostephanus? sp. Cerastoderma ap. Ceratostoma aff. C. foliata (Gmelin) Ceratostoma cf. C. carpenteri (Dall)
Ceratostoma cf. C. monoceros (Sowerby) Ceratostoma delorae Hall Ceratostoma foliata (Gmelin) Ceratostoma foliata (Gmelin) Ceratostoma gemma (Sowerby)
Ceratostoma nanna (Nomland) Ceratostoma nanna (Nomland) Ceratostoma nuttalli (Conrad)? Ceratostoma sp. Ceratostoma? aff. C. perponderosa (Dall) Cerithidea californica (Haldeman) Cerithiopsis aff. C. subloriosa Baker, Hanna, and Strong Cerithiopsis n.sp. aff. C. carpenteri Bartsch Cerithiopsis n.sp. Powell Cerithiopsis sp. Cerithium (Thericium) simplicus Grant and Gale? Cerithium (Thericium) uncinatum (Gmelin) Cerithium sp. Cerithium sp. Cerithium sp. Chaceia ovoidea (Gould)
N.D. N.D. 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. 5 Ma–H 8? Ma–H
13? Ma–H N.D. N.D. 23–17 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H N.D. N.D.
27–23 Ma
N.D. 27–23 Ma N.D.
13–8 Ma N.D. N.D. 17? or 8 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma
5? Ma–H 17–13 Ma 17? or 8 Ma–H 17? or 8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 8 Ma–H N.D. 27–23 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 17–13 Ma
17–13 Ma N.D. N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H N.D. N.D. N.D. 5 Ma–H
Cantharus sp.
N.D.
Ceratostoma cf. C. monoceros (Sowerby) Ceratostoma delorae Hall Ceratostoma foliata (Gmelin) Ceratostoma foliatum (Gmelin) Maxwellia gemma (Sowerby) (Jaton, Murex, Purpura of authors) Ceratostoma nanna (Nomland) Purpura nanna Nomland Ceratostoma nuttalli (Conrad)? Jaton? sp. Ceratostoma? aff. C. perponderosum (Dall) Cerithidae californica (Haldeman) Cerithiopsis aff. C. subloriosa Baker, Hanna, and Strong Cerithiopsis n.sp. aff. C. carpenteri Bartsch Cerithiopsis n.sp. Powell Cerithiopsis sp. Cerithium simplicus Grant and Gale? Cerithium (Thericium) uncinatum (Gmelin) Cerithium sp. Cerithium sp. Cerithium sp. Pholadidea ovoidea (Gould)
Cassis subtuberosa Hanna Centrostephanus? sp. (Echinodermata) Cerastoderma sp. Purpura cf. P. foliata Martyn Jaton cf. J. carpenteri (Dall)
Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus) ellipticus Kew (Echinodermata) Cassidulus mexicans Kew Echinolampas? Cassis sp.
Cardita n.sp. aff. C. affinis (Sowerby) Cardita sp. indet. Cardita sp. Cardita sp. aff. C. caribbeanensis Olsson Venericardia subtenta Conrad Venericardia subtenta var. quadrata Conrad Cardites crassicostata (Sowerby) Cardium sp. Carinodrillia n.sp. Powell
Capulus sp. Capulus sp. Capulus? cf. C. californicus Dall Cardiomya cf. C. planetica Dall Cardiomya n.sp.? Powell Cuspidaria (Cardiomya) pectinata Carpenter Glans n.sp. aff. G. radiata (Sowerby)
Cantharus sp.
continued
C. carpenteri, 34N–33N; usually on sponges Genus, 60N–5S; intertidal to 156 m Genus, 60N–27N Genus, Gulf of California–5S; intertidal to 37 m Gulf of California–3S; mostly offshore to 37 m Genus, Gulf of California–5S If Cerithium; genus, Gulf of California–5S Questionable generic assignment 37.9N–27.7N; intertidal to 46 m, boring in shale and rocks at low tide
Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California 37N–27N Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California 38N–27N; intertidal on mudflats Genus, 60N–5S; species, Gulf of California
Genus, Gulf of Californiaz–0 Genus, Gulf of California–0 Genus, 23N–3S, through Gulf of California; on sand in shallow water Genus, 23N–3S, through Gulf of California Genus, 23N–8N, and Gulf of California Questionable generic assignment 57N–33N Genus, 57N–5S; through Gulf of California; intertidal on rocks to 64 m 27N–25N Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California 57N–33N 57N–33N 34N–27N
29N–4S; under rocks and in crevices to 27 m Questionable identification Genus, 29N–4S; sand, rocks, and mud, to 100 m Genus, 31N–15 N, Gulf of Mexico Genus, if Cardita, 29N–4S Genus, if Cardita, 29N–4S 27N–2S; intertidal to 55 m Questionable generic assignments of Cardium Genus, 31N in Gulf of California–3S; gravel, rocks, and sand, to 80 m Genus, Gulf of California–0
Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal on rocks Genus, 34N–29N Genus, 34N–29N; 37 to 46 m 34N–29N; 37 to 46 m 55.6N–7.1N; 25 to 3000 m Genus, 61N–1S; 5 to 3000 m 60.9N–36.7N; 5 to 1000 m 28N–3S; on mudflats to 24 m
Appendix 1 381
Chama (Chama) frondosa Broderip Chama buddiana Adams Chama corallina Olsson Chama sp. Cheilea cepacea (Broderip) Cheilea equestris Linnaeus Chione (Anomalocardia) femandoensis English
Chione (Anomalocardia) fernandoensis English Chione (Chione) allisoni Hertlein Chione (Chione) californiensis (Broderip)
Chione (Chione) cf. C. (C.) undatella Sowerby
Chione (Chione?) subimbriacata (Sowerby) Chione (Chionista) aff. C. (C.) gnidia (Broderip and Sowerby) Chione (Chionopsis) coalingensis Adegoke Chione (Chionopsis) semplicata Nomland Chione (Chionopsis) sp. Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. (L.) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. (L.) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. (L.) mariea (d’Orbigny) Chione (Lirophora) hannai Parker Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione (Securella) ensifera (Dall)
Chione (Securella) kanakoffi Hertlein Chione cf. C. elsmerensis English Chione cf. wilcoxi (Dall) Chione diabloensis Clark Chione elsmerensis English Chione elsmerensis English Chione elsmerensis English Chione juanensis Loel and Corey Chione margaritana Anderson and Martin Chione pabloensis Clark Chione panzana Anderson and Martin Chione panzana Anderson and Martin
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H N.D. 5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13? or 8–2.5 Ma
13? or 8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 17? or 5 Ma–H
5 Ma–H
5 Ma–H 8? Ma–H
23–17 Ma
5–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 27–23 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma
27–13 Ma
5 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma 27–13 Ma
5 Ma–H
8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma N.D. 23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma 5 Ma–H
Chama (Chama) arcana Bernard
Taxonomy used in this study
Chione (Securella) kanakoffi Hertlein Chione cf. C. elsmerensis English Chione cf. wilcoxi (Dall) Chione diabloensis Clark Chione (Securella) elsmerensis English Chione elsmerensis English Securella elsmerensis (English) Chione juanensis Loel and Corey Securella margaritana (Anderson and Martin) Chione pabloensis Clark Securella panzana (Anderson and Martin) Chione panzana Anderson and Martin
Chione (Securella) ensifera (Dall)
Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione (Lirophora) aff. C. mariea (d’Orbigny) Chione (Lirophora) hannai Parker Chione (Lirophora) latilaminosa Anderson and Martin Chione latilaminosa Anderson
Chione (Chionopsis) coalingensis Adegoke Chione (Chionopsis) semplicata Nomland Chione (Chionopsis) sp. Chione (Chione) temblorensis (Anderson) Chione (Chionopsis) temblorensis (Anderson)? Chione temblorensis (Anderson) Chione aff. C. latilaminosa Anderson and Martin
Anomalocardia sp. cf. A. subimbricata Sowerby Chione aff. C. gnidia (Broderip and Sowerby)
Chione (Chione) cf. C. (C.) undatella Sowerby
Chione fernandoensis English Chione (Chione) allisoni Hertlein Chione succincta Valenciennes
Chama frondosa Broderip Chama buddiana C. B. Adams Chama corallina Olsson Chama sp. Cheilea cepacea (Broderip) Mitrularia equestris Linnaeus Chione fernandoensis English
Chama pellucida (Sowerby)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 34N–6S; intertidal, sand or mud, to 110 m Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
Subgenus, 28N–5S
28N–3S, through Gulf of California; offshore to 110 m Genus, 34N–6S Subgenus, 28N–5S; to 110 m
Subgenus, 28N–5S
Subgenus, 27N–4S; to 70 m Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 27N–4S Subgenus, 28N–5S
37.1N–9.7N; in bays attached to rocks, intertidal to 80 m 24N–2N; intertidal on rocks to a few meters 11N–0 23N–8N; dredged in 55 m Genus, 44N–5S; intertidal to 46 m 32N in Gulf of California 35N–15N Atlantic; 498 to 622 m Genus, 34N–6S; intertidal, sand or mud to 110 m Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S 37.7N–16.9N; offshore, mud substrate to 50 m, and mudflats, bays 34N–5S; protected sandy beaches and offshore to 40 m 28N–5S; offshore to 9 m 32N–6S; in bays and offshore to 33 m
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
23? or 13 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
382 Appendix 1
Chlamys bartschi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Chlamys branneri (Arnold) 27–17 Ma Chlamys branneri (Arnold) 27–17 Ma Chlamys cf. C. proavus (Arnold) Chlamys corteziana Durham 13–2.5 Ma Chlamys corteziana Durham 13–2.5 Ma Chlamys corteziana Durham 13–2.5 Ma
Chlamys egregius (Nomland) 5–2.5 Ma Chlamys hastata ellisi Hertlein and Grant 5–2.5 Ma Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hastata (Sowerby) 13 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hericius (Gould) 8 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hericius (Gould) 8 Ma– Holocene Chlamys hastata hericius (Gould)? 8 Ma– Holocene
8–2.5 Ma 27–17 Ma 27–17 Ma 65 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma
5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma
8? Ma–H
8? Ma–H
8? Ma–H
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
32–23 Ma
13–8 Ma 5–1 Ma 27? Ma–H
27–23 Ma
17–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma N.D. 27–23 Ma
Chione richthofeni Hertlein and Jordan Chione schencki Loel and Corey (not C. vickeryi Wiedey) Chione securis (Shumard) Chione securis (Shumard) Chione securis (Shumard) Chione semplicata Nomland Chione semplicata Nomland Chione semplicata Nomland Chione sp. Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chione vickeryi Wiedey Chlamys aff. C. anapleus Woodring 5–1 Ma Chlamys aff. C. mollita (Reeve) 27? Ma– Holocene Chlamys aff. C. sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma
27–23 or 5? Ma 27–23 Ma
Chlamys (Chlamys) hastata hericius Gould
?Chlamys hastata forma hericia (Gould)
?Chlamys hericius (Gould)
Pecten lawsoni Arnold
Pecten hastatus Sowerby
Pecten (Chlamys) hastatus Sowerby
Chlamys hastatus Sowerby
Chlamys hastatus (Sowerby) 59.5N–32.7N
Chlamys hastata (Sowerby)
Chlamys (Chlamys) hastata Sowerby
Pecten (Chlamys) aff. P. (C.) sespeensis (Arnold) n.sp.? Chlamys bartschi (Arnold) (Moore, 1984, p. B25) Pecten branneri Arnold Chlamys branneri (Arnold) Chlamys cf. C. proavus (Arnold) Chlamys corteziana (Durham) Chlamys corteziana Durham Pecten sancti-ludovici Anderson and Martin in Hanna Chlamys egregius (Nomland) Chlamys (Chlamys) hastata ellisi Hertlein and Grant Chlamys (Chlamys hastata Sowerby
Chione temblorensis subtemblorensis Loel and Corey Chione vickeryi Wiedey Chlamys aff. C. anapleus Woodring Chlamys aff. C. mollita (Reeve)
Chione securis (Shumard) Venus (Chione) securis Shumard Securella securis (Shumard) Chione (Chinopsis) semplicata Nomland Chione semplicata Nomland Chione semplicata Nomland Venus (Chione) sp. Chione temblorensis (Anderson)
Chione richthofeni Hertlein and Jordan Chione schencki Loel and Corey
continued
Species 59.5N–32.7N; rocky substrate, intertidal to 160 m
59.5N–32.7N
59.5N–32.7N
59.5N–32.7N
59.5N–32.7N
59.5N–32.7N
59.5N–32.7N
59.5N–32.7N
59.5N–32.7N; rocky substrate, sand, on shale, intertidal to 160 m 59.5N–32.7N
Genus, 70N–1S Species 60N–33N
Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S; species, Paleocene Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S
Genus, 70N–1S
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 70N–1S Japan, 35N–27N
Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
Genus, 34N–6S Genus, 34N–6S
Appendix 1 383
Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson)
27–13 Ma
N.D. 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
Cidarina cidaris (Adams) Cidaris sp. Clathromangelia interfossa? (Carpenter) Clathurella sp. Clavocerithium santanum (Loel and Corey) (Squires, 1993) Clementia (Egesta) sp. Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson)
Chlamys hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27–13 Ma Chlamys hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27–13 Ma Chlamys hertleini (Loel and Corey) 27–13 Ma Chlamys hodgei (Hertlein) 13–5 Ma Chlamys hodgei (Hertlein) 13–5 Ma Chlamys islandica (Muller) 5 Ma–Holocene Chlamys jordani (Arnold) 5–1 Ma Chlamys jordani (Arnold) 5–1 Ma Chlamys jordani (Arnold) 5–1 Ma Chlamys n.sp. aff. C. nipponensis Kuroda Chlamys opuntia (Dall) 8–1 Ma Chlamys opuntia (Dall) 8–1 Ma Chlamys opuntia (Dall) 8–1 Ma Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys rubida (Hinds) 8 Ma–Holocene Chlamys sanctiludovici (Anderson and Martin) 13–8 Ma Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) 32–23 Ma Chlamys sespeensis hydei (Arnold) 17–13 Ma Chlamys sp. Chlamys sp. Chlamys? mediacostata mediacostata (Hanna) 13? or 5–2.5 Ma Chlamys? mediacostata mediacostata (Hanna) 13? or 5–2.5 Ma Chlamys? sp. Chrysodomus sp. Cidarina cidaris (Adams)(Echinodermata)
Taxonomy used in this study
Clementia sp. Chione conradiana Anderson Chione conradiana F. M. Anderson Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia pertenuis (Gabb)
Chlamys (?) sp. Chrysodomus sp. Cidarina cidaris (A. Adams) n. var.? (Echinodermata) Cidarina cidaris (Adams in Carpenter) Cidaris sp. Clathromangelia interfossa? (no author) Clathurella sp. Terebra santana Loel and Corey
Pecten mediacostatus G.D. Hanna
Pecten (Lyropecten) sespeensis Arnold Chlamys sespeensis (Arnold) Pecten (Chlamys) sespeensis (Arnold) Pecten sespeenis Arnold Chlamys sespeensis var. hydei (Arnold) Chlamys sp. Pecten (Chlamys) sp. Pecten (Lyropecten) mediacostatus (G.D. Hanna)
Pecten hertleini Loel and Corey Chlamys hertleini Loel and Corey Pecten (Chlamys) hertleini Loel and Corey Chlamys hodgei (Hertlein) Chlamys durhami Adegoke Chlamys cf. C. islandicus (Muller) Chlamys islandicus jordani (Arnold) Chlamys rubida (Hinds) subsp. jordani (Arnold) Chlamys (Chlamys) jordani Arnold Chlamys n.sp. aff. C. nipponensis Kuroda Pecten (Chlamys) opuntia Dall Chlamys opuntia (Dall) Chlamys (Chlamys) opuntia Dall Chlamys (Chlamys) rubida (Hinds) Chlamys (Chlamys) rubida Hinds Chlamys hindsii (Carpenter) Chlamys islandicus hindsii (Carpenter) Chlamys islandicus hindsii (Carpenter) Chlamys rubida (Hinds) Pecten hindsii Carpenter Pecten sancti-ludovici Anderson and Martin
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, 28N–0
Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0
55N–30N Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean 48N–31N, lowtide to sublittoral Genus, 42N–32N Genus not living; Terebra, 34N–3S
Genus, 70N–1S; intertidal to 275 m, free swimming Questionable generic assignment 55N–30N
Genus, 70N–1S
Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S
Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S 70N–64N Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S Genus, 70N–1S 59.5N–32.7N; 1 to 200 m 60N–33N 60N–33N 60N–33N 60N–33N 60N–33N 60N–33N Genus, 70N–1S
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
5 Ma–H N.D. 5 Ma–H N.D. 27–23 Ma
N.D. N.D. 5 Ma–H
13? or 5–2.5 Ma
32–23 Ma 32–23 Ma 32–23 Ma 32–23 Ma 17–13 Ma N.D. N.D. N.D.
27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 5 Ma–H 5–1 Ma 5–1 Ma 5–1 Ma 8–5 Ma–H 8–1 Ma 8–1 Ma 8–1 Ma 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 13–8 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
384 Appendix 1
Clementia sp. Clementia? elongata Wiedey Clinocardium (Ciliatocardium) ciliatum (Fabricius) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad)
Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad)
Clinocardium (Keenocardium) blandum (Gould) Clinocardium coosense (Dall) Clinocardium coosense (Dall) Clinocardium lispum Roth and Talmadge (Roth and Talmadge, 1975) Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb)
Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) myrae Adegoke Clinocardium praeblandum Keen Clinocardium pristinum Keen (Keen, 1954) Clinocardium sp. Clinocardium sp. Clinocardium sp. Clinopegma cf. C. magna stantoni (Arnold) Clinopegma magna stantoni (Arnold) Clinopegma magna stantoni (Arnold) Clypeaster bowersi Weaver(Echinodermata) Clypeaster carrizoensis Kew Clypeaster deserti Kew
N.D. 23–17 Ma 5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
5 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma
8–5 Ma
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D. N.D. N.D. 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 13–8? Ma 13–8? Ma N.D.
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma
Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) conradiana (Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia (Egesta) sp. Clementia (Egesta) sp. Clementia (Egesta) sp. Clementia (Egesta) sp. Clementia brioniana (Trask) Clementia dariena (Conrad)
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 13–8 Ma 23–17 Ma
Cardium corbis (Martyn) n. var.? Cardium corbis Martyn Cardium corbis Martyn Cerastoderma corbis (Martyn) Clinocardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii (Conrad) Laevicardium (Cerastoderma) cf. L. (C.) corbis (Martyn) Clinocardium blandum (Gould) Cardium coosensis Dall Cardium (Cerastoderma) coosense Dall Clinocardium lispum Roth and Talmadge (Roth and Talmadge, 1975) Cardium (Cerastoderma) meekianum Gabb Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) Laevicardium (Cerastoderma) meekianum (Gabb) Clinocardium meekianum (Gabb) myrae Adegoke Clinocardium praeblandum Keen Clinocardium pristinum Keen Cardium sp. Cerastoderma sp. Clinocardium sp. Beringius cf. B. stantoni (Arnold) Neptunea stantoni (Arnold) Beringius stantoni (Arnold) Clypeaster bowersi Weaver (Echinodermata) Clypeaster carrizensis Kew Clypeaster deserti Kew
Clementia sp. Clementia (Egesta) elongata Wiedey Clinocardium comoxense (Dall) Cardium (Clinocardium) nuttallii Conrad
Clementia pertenuis conradiana (Anderson) Clementia pertenuis conradiana (F. M. Anderson) Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia (Egesta) martini (Clark) Clementia martini (Clark) Venus martini Clark Clementia (Egesta) pertenuis (Gabb) Clementia pertenuis (Gabb) Venus pertenuis Gabb Clementia sp. Compsomyax sp. Clementia (Egesta) sp. Venus sp. Venus brioniana Trask Clementia dariena (Conrad)
continued
Genus, 71N–33N; intertidal, in sand, to 180 m Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 60N–50N, Japan Genus, 60N–50N, Japan Genus, 60N–50N, Japan Genus, 23N–0, Gulf of California Genus, 23N–0, Gulf of California Genus, 23N–0, Gulf of California
Genus, 71N–33N
Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N
57N–39N; 20 to 80 m Genus, 71N–33N; intertidal, in sand, to 150 m Genus, 71N–33N; esturaries and sheltered waterways Genus, 71N–33N
Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Subgenus, 28N–0 Genus, 28N–0 Genus, 30N–15 N, Florida and Gulf of Mexico–West Indies Genus, 28N–0 Genus, 28N–0 71–48.9N; 10 to 150 m 63.1N–32.7N, intertidal to 180 m, common in esturaries 63.1N–32.7N 63.1N–32.7N 63.1N–32.7N 63.1N–32.7N 63.1N–32.7N 63.1N–32.7N
Appendix 1 385
Cockerella conradiana (Gabb) Codakia sp. Codakia (Codakia) distuguenda (Tryon) Codakia (Codakia) distuguenda (Tryon) Codakia sp. cf. C. orbicularis (Linnaeus) (Smith, 1989) Collisella cf. C. digitalis (Rathke) Collisella cf. C. scabra (Gould) Collisella sp. Columbella sp.
Colus (Aulacofusus) cf. C. (A.) recurvus (Gabb) Colus (Aulacofusus) recurvus (Gabb) Colus (Aulacofusus) recurvus (Gabb) Colus eurekaensis (Martin) Colus eurekaensis (Martin) Colus halibrectus (Dall) Colus halli (Dall) Colus sp. Colus sp. Comitas? spencerensis Moore Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad)
Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad) Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad) Compsomyax angustifrons (Conrad) Compsomyax cf. C. subdiaphana (Carpenter)
Compsomyax sp. Compsomyax sp. Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter)
Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) Conus (Chelyconus) californicus Reeve, ex Hinds Conus (Chelyconus) californicus Reeve, ex Hinds Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson
5 Ma–H N.D. 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13–8 Ma
8? Ma–H 17? Ma–H N.D. N.D.
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. N.D. 23–17 Ma 23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 8 Ma–H
N.D. N.D. 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H
8 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H
27–8 Ma
13? or 8 Ma–H
Cochiolepsis? schoonerensis Moore
Taxonomy used in this study
Conus owenianus Anderson
Conus californicus Reeve
Neptunea (Colus) cf. N. (C.) recurva (Gabb) Neptunea recurva Gabb Colus recurvus (Gabb) Chrysodomus eurekaensis Martin Neptunea eurekaensis (Martin) Chrysodomus halibrectus Dall Tritonofusus halli Dall Anomalosipho sp. Colus sp. indent. Comitas? spencerensis Moore Callista angustifrons Conrad (apparently Dione angustifrons Conrad) Composmyax angustifrons (Conrad) Katherinella (Katherinella) angustifrons (Conrad) Marcia angustifrons (Conrad) Clementia (Compsomyax) cf. C. (C.) subdiaphana Carpenter Katherinella sp. Compsomyax sp. Callista subdiaphana Carpenter Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter) Katherinella subdiaphana (Carpenter) Marcia subdiaphana (Conrad) Venerella (Compsomyax) cf. subdiaphana (Carpenter) Venerella (Compsomyax) subdiaphana (Conrad) Conchocele disjuncta Gabb Thyasira bisecta Conrad Thyasira bisecta (Conrad) Conus californicus (Hinds)
Acmaea cf. A. digitalis Eschscholtz Acmaea cf. A. scabra (Gould) Collisella sp. Pyrene sp.
Cockerella conradiana (Gabb) Phacoides (Codakia?) n.sp. Codakia (Codakia) distuguenda (Tryon) Codakia colpoica Dall Codakia (Codakia) distuguenda (Tryon)
Cochiolepsis? schoonerensis Moore
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California; intertidal to 50 m
38N–24N; intertidal to 46 m
60.8N–30.4N, in Gulf of California 57N–40.8N; 50 to 750 m, in mud 57N–41N 57N–41N 38N–24N
Genus, 61N–30N, in Gulf of California Genus, 61N–30N, in Gulf of California 60.8N–30.4N, in Gulf of California 60.8N–30.4N, in Gulf of California 60.8N–30.4N, in Gulf of California 60.8N–30.4N, in Gulf of California 60.8N–30.4N, in Gulf of California
55N–19N; upper intertidal, splash zone 48N–23N; intertidal, rocky “reefs” Genus, 34N–5N, through Gulf of California; intertidal Genus, 33N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal, under rocks Genus, 72N–33N, deep water, 18 to 2013 m Genus, 72N–33N, deep water Genus, 72N–33N, deep water Genus, 72N–33N, deep water Genus, 72N–33N, deep water 55N 60N–33N Genus, 72N–33N, deep water Genus, 72N–33N, deep water Genus, medial Miocene, New Zealand Genus, 61N–30N, in Gulf of California; 2 to 500 m Genus, 61N–30N, in Gulf of California Genus, 61N–30N, in Gulf of California Genus, 61N–30N, in Gulf of California 60.8N–30.4N, in Gulf of California
29N–24N Atlantic; living under the scales of a large annelid worm 37N–5S Genus, 25N–1S 25N–9N; on tide flats at extreme low tide 25N–9N 25N–9N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
23–17 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
386 Appendix 1
Conus (Leptoconus) recurvus Broderip Conus (Leptoconus) regularis Sowerby Conus (Lithoconus) cf. C. (L.) hayesi Arnold
Conus (Lithoconus) fergusoni Sowerby Conus (Lithoconus) hayesi Arnold Conus (Lithoconus) haysei Arnold Conus bramkampi Hanna and Strong (Hanna and Strong, 1949) Conus durhami Hanna and Strong (Hanna and Strong, 1949) Conus n.sp.? cf. C. purperascens Sowerby
Conus planiliratus Sowerby
Conus sp. Conus spurius Gmelin (Smith, 1989) Corbula (Bicrobula?) n.sp. Powell
Corbula (Caryocorbula) oreopendula Olsson Corbula (Caryocorbula) sp. Corbula (Tenuicorbula) tenuis Sowerby
Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Corbula (Varicorbula) speciosa Reeve Corbula sp. Corbula? sp. Cosmioconcha n.sp. Cranopsis cucullata (Gould) (McLean, 1996) Crassadomo benedicti (Adegoke) 13–8 Ma
Crassadomo benedicti (Adegoke) 13–8 Ma Crassadomo cf. C. giganteus (Gray)
Crassadomo cf. C. giganteus (Gray) Crassadomo cf. C. giganteus (Gray) Crassadomo giganteus (Gray) Crassadomo giganteus (Gray) Crassadomo giganteus (Gray) Crassadomo giganteus (Gray) Crassadomo giganteus (Gray) Crassadomo giganteus (Gray) Crassadomo sp. Crassatella collina (Conrad)?
5 Ma–H 23? or 13 Ma–H 23–13 Ma
13 Ma–H 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 13–8 Ma
13? Ma–H
13 Ma–H
N.D. 13–8 Ma N.D.
13? or 5–2.5 Ma N.D. 5 Ma–H
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 13? or 5 Ma–H N.D. N.D. N.D. 5 Ma–H 13–8 Ma
13–8 Ma 27 Ma–H
27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H N.D. 8–5 Ma
13–8 Ma
Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus (Leptoconus) cf. C. (L.) regularis Sowerby Conus (Leptoconus) multiliratus walli Mansfield
27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 23? or 13 Ma–H 13? or 5–2.5 Ma
Hinnites cf. H. crassa Conrad Hinnites cf. H. giganteus (Gray) Chlamys (Hinnites) multirugosus (Gale) Hinnites giganteus (Gray) Hinnites multirugosus crassiplicatus (Gale) Hinnites multirugosus var. crassiplicatus (Gale) Hinnites? cf. H. giganteus (Gray) Pecten (Hinnites) giganteus Gray Hinnites sp. Crassatella collina Conrad?
Hinnites benedicti Adegoke Hinnites cf. H. crassa (Conrad)
Corbula gibbiformis Grant and Gale Corbula (Varicorbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Corbula (Corbula) gibbiformis Grant and Gale Corbula (Varicorbula) speciosa Reeve Corbula sp. Corbis n.sp.? Cosmioconcha n.sp. Puncturella cucullata (Gould) Hinnites multirugosus (Gale) benedicti Adegoke
Corbula (Caryocorbula) oreopendula Olsson Corbula (Caryocorbula) n.sp. Corbula tenuis Moody
Conus sp. Conus spurius Gmelin Corbula (Bicrobula?) n.sp. Powell
Conus planiliratus Sowerby
Conus n.sp.? cf. C. purperascens Sowerby
Conus durhami Hanna and Strong
Conus fergusoni Sowerby Conus (Lithoconus) hayesi Arnold Conus haysei Arnold Conus bramkampi Hanna and Strong
Conus aff. C. recurvus Broderip Conus regularis Sowerby Conus cf. C. fergusoni Sowerby
Conus oweniana Anderson Conus (Chelyconus) owenianus Anderson Conus (Lithoconus) cf. C. (L.) regularis Sowerby Conus (Leptoconus) multiliratus walli Mansfield
continued
25N–3S, through Gulf of California; tide pools and rocky ledges Genus, 38N–south of equator eastern Pacific; species, 24N Florida Genus, 38N–south of equator Genus, 38N–south of equator Genus, 37N–14S; intertidal to 73 m, among rock rubble Subgenus, 37N–14S Subgenus, 37N–14S 8N–3S; not reported outside Panama area (Keen, 1971, p. 268) Subgenus, 27N–3N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 27N–3N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 27N–3N, through Gulf of California 27N Gulf of California–7N Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 24N–south of equator; intertidal to 205 m 58N–23N Genus, 60.2N–24.6N; low tide to 80 m, high latitudes close to shore Genus, 60N–25N 60N–25N, Gulf of California; intertidal to 80 m, common 6 to 10 m 60N–25N 60N–25N 60N–25N 60N–25N 60N–25N 60N–25N 60N–25N 60N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Questionable generic assignment; Eocene species
Genus, 38N–south of equator
Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 38N–3S, Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 90 m Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 145 m 25N–5N; offshore at depths of 35 to 145 m 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California; intertidal to 165 m 28N–3S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 165 m Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–3S, Gulf of California Genus, 38N–south of equator
Appendix 1 387
Pseudomelatoma n.sp.? aff. P. grippi (Dall) (see Keen, 1971, p. 907) Crassispira olcesensis Addicott Crassispira semiinflata (Grant and Gale) Crassispira sp. Ostrea californica Marcou Ostrea iridescens Gray Crassostrea sp. Ostrea sp. Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan prior (Grant and Eaton) Ostrea ligminuta Grant and Eaton Ostrea panzana Conrad Ostrea titan Conrad Ostrea titan Conrad andersoni Adegoke Ostrea titan prior Grant and Eaton Ostrea titan s.s. Conrad Ostrea titan? Conrad Crassostrea ashleyi (Hertlein) Ostrea altatemblorensis Grant and Eaton Ostrea arnoldi Adegoke Ostrea ashleyi Hertlein Ostrea hertleini Adegoke Ostrea englekyi Hertlein Crassostrea cierboensis (Grant and Eaton) Crassostrea eucorrugata (Hertlein) Ostrea cierboensis Grant and Eaton Ostrea eucorrugata Hertlein Ostrea titan corrugata Nomland Ostrea titan var. eucorrugata Hertlein Crassostrea vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Ostrea vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Crenella cf. C. porterensis Weaver Crenella decussata (Montagu) Crenella inflata Carpenter
Crassispira n.sp.? aff. C. martinensis Dall
Crassispira olcesensis Addicott Crassispira semiinflata (Grant and Gale) Crassispira sp. Crassostrea columbiensis (Hanley) Crassostrea columbiensis (Hanley) Crassostrea sp. Crassostrea sp. Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea titan (Conrad) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea? ashleyi (Hertlein) Crassostrea? englekyi Hertlein
Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea? eucorrugata (Hertlein) Crassostrea? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey)
Crassostrea? vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey)
Crenella cf. C. porterensis Weaver Crenella decussata (Montagu) Crenella divaricata (d’Orbigny)
8? Ma–H
17–13 Ma 5–2.5 Ma N.D. 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H N.D. N.D. 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma 27–17 or 13? Ma 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 27–23 or to 13? Ma 27–23 or to 13? Ma 23–17 Ma 5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
Crassinella pacifica mexicana Pilbry and Lowe Crassinella virians (Carpenter) Crassispira zizyphus (Berry) Crassispira aff. C. montereyensis (Steams) Crassispira n.sp. Powell
Crassinella pacifica (Adams) Crassinella virians (Carpenter) Crassispira zizyphus (Berry) Crassispira aff. C. montereyensis (Steams) Crassispira n.sp. Powell
17 Ma–H 13? or 5 Ma–H 5–2.5? Ma 8? Ma–H N.D.
Crassinella cf. C. mexicana Pilsbry and Lowe Crassinella n.sp.? aff. C. adamsi Olsson Crassinella mexicana Pilbry and Lowe Crassinella branneri Arnold
Taxonomy of authors
Crassinella cf. C. pacifica (Adams) Crassinella n.sp.? aff. C. adamsi Olsson Crassinella pacifica (Adams) Crassinella pacifica (Adams)
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus, 71N–4S; intertidal to 458 m 71N–3.5S; intertidal to 200 m 34N–2S; 4 to 450 m
Genus, 60N–5S
Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S
Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S; also, 34N–32N of authors Genus, 37N–3S 28N–5S; intertidal, attached to rocks or mangroves 28N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S Genus, 60N–5S
34N–1S 23N–3S 34N–1S 33.9N–1S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 160 m 34N–1S 28N–3S Genus, 37N–3S 37N–23N Genus, 37N–3S; on sand, rocks, and under kelp, 17 to 65 m 34N–30N, uncommon on rocky bottoms under kelp
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
17 Ma–H 13? or 5 Ma–H 17 Ma–H 17 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
388 Appendix 1
Crepidula adunca Sowerby
Crepidula bractea Addicott Crepidula cf. C. aculeata (Gmelin) Crepidula cf. C. excavata Sowerby Crepidula diminutiva Loel and Corey Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula pabloensis Clark Crepidula perforans Valenciennes Crepidula princeps Conrad Crepidula princeps Conrad (following Hoagland [1977] 4 C. praerupta) Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula rostralis (Conrad) Crepidula sp. Crepidula sp. Crepipatella cf. C. dorsata (Broderip) (McLean, 1996) Crucibulum (Crucibulum) cf. C. (C.) scutellatum (Wood) Crucibulum (Crucibulum) cf. C. (C.) scutellatum (Wood) Crucibulum (Crucibulum) sp. Crucibulum (Dispotaea) papulum Addicott Crucibulum sp. Crucibulum sp.?
Crucibulum spinosum (Sowerby)
Cryptomya californica (Conrad)
Cryptomya californica (Conrad)
Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya californica (Conrad) Cryptomya sp. Cryptopleura (Scobinopholas) costata (Linnaeus)
Ctena n.sp. Powell Ctenoides floridana Olsson and Harbison
Cumingia californica Conrad
Cumingia californica Conrad
13 Ma–H
17–13 Ma 17–5 Ma 5 Ma–H 27–23 Ma 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13–8 Ma 5 Ma–H 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma
23? or 13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H N.D. 13? or 5–2.5 Ma
N.D. 13 Ma–H
8 Ma–H
8 Ma–H
N.D. 17–13 Ma N.D. N.D.
17 Ma–H
17 Ma–H
23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma N.D. N.D. 5 Ma–H
Crenella divaricata (d’Orbigny) Crenella sp. Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin)
13 Ma–H N.D. 8? or 5 Ma–H
Cumingia californica Conrad? 42N–26N
Cumingia californica Conrad
Ctena n.sp. Powell Ctenoides floridana Olsson and Harbison
Cryptomya ovalis Conrad Cryptomya quadrata Arnold Cryptomya quadrata Carpenter Macoma kerica Hendrickson Mya (Cryptomya) ovalis Conrad Mya ovalis (Conrad) Cryptomya sp. Barnea costata Linnaeus
Cryptomya californica magna Dall
Cryptomya californica (Conrad)
Crucibulum spinosum Sowerby
Crucibulum sp. Crucibulum (Dispotaea) papulum Addicott Crucibulum (Disptaea) n.sp. Crucibulum (Disptaea) n.sp.
Crucibulum cf. C. scutellatum (Wood)
Crucibulum? cf. C. imbricatum (Sowerby)
Crepidula praerupta Conrad Crepidula rostralis Conrad Crepidula rostrata Conrad lanacus? sp. Crepidula sp. Crepipatella cf. C. lingulata (Gould)
Crepidula bractea Addicott Crepidula cf. C. aculeata (Gmelin) Crepidula cf. C. excavata Sowerby Crepidula diminutiva Loel and Corey Crepidula navicelloides Nuttall Crepidula nummaria Gould Crepidula onyx Sowerby Crepidula pabloensis Clark Crepidula perforans Valenciennes Crepidula cf. C. praerupta Conrad Crepidula princeps Conrad
Crepidula adunca Sowerby
Crenella inflata (Carpenter) Crenella sp. Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin)
continued
Subgenus, 28N–Chile, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–3S Genus, 42N–6S or Chile Genus, 42N–6S or Chile; intertidal mudflatss, on rocks to 55 m 42N–Chile; intertidal, rocks and shells; offshore to 55 m 59.5N–5.8S; burrowing in sand, associated with Callianassa 60N–6S; common in bays and sublittoral zone of open coast 60N–6S; intertidal to 80 m 60N–6S 60N–6S 60N–6S 60N–6S 60N–6S Genus, 60N–6S; intertidal to 80 or 92 m Genus, 28N–4S, Pacific; species, 42N–24N, Atlantic; mud Genus, 31N–2S; intertidal to 120 m Genus, 35N–15N Atlantic; deep water, e.g., 220 m 41.8N–26.3N; intertidal to 65 m, in rock crevices and gravel
28N–3S, through Gulf of California; intertidal mudflats to offshore 27 m 28N–3S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 60N–8N; genus, intertidal to 180 m, on rocks
34N–2S Genus, 71N–4S; intertidal to 458 m 34N–34S, through Gulf of California; intertidal, on rocks or shells 48N–23N; on gastropod shells, protected outer coasts, intertidal Genus, 72N–5S; intertidal to 168 m 34N–34S, through Gulf of California; sublittoral zone 37N–8N; on other shells, especially Polinices spp. Genus, 72N–5S 65N–23N 65N–23N 34N–3S; bays and lagoons, intertidal to 70 m Genus, 72N–5S; intertidal to 168 m 65N–23N (?) Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S
Appendix 1 389
Cyclocardia aff. C. barbarensis (Stearns) Cyclocardia montereyana (Arnold) Cyclocardia montereyana (Arnold) Cyclocardia sp. Cyclocardia sp.
Cyclocardia subtenta (Conrad) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia? sp. Cyclopecten pernomus (Hertlein) 5 Ma– Holocene Cylichna alba (Brown) Cylichna cf. C. attonsa Carpenter Cylichna sp. Cylichna sp. (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140; and C. alba [Brown]) Cylichna temblorensis Keen (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Cylichna temblorensis Keen (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Cylichna temblorensis Keen (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Cylichna temblorensis Keen (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Cylichna temblorensis Keen (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Cylichna temblorensis Keen (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Cylichna? loismartinae Keen
Cylichnina petrosa Conrad (see Addicott, 1970a, p. 140) Cymakra gracilior (Tryon) Cymatium n.sp. Addicott Cymia heimi Hertlein and Jordan Cyrtopleura (Scobinopholas) costata (Linnaeus)
8 Ma–H 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma N.D. N.D.
23–17 Ma 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H N.D. 13? or 5 Ma–H
23–17 Ma
5 Ma–H N.D. 23–17 Ma 13? or 5 Ma–H
17–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. 27–23 Ma
Cumingia sp. Cyathodonta sp. Cyathodonta undulata (Conrad) Cyathodonta undulata (Conrad) Cyclinella cyclica (Guppy)
Taxonomy used in this study
Cymakra gracilior (Tryon) Cymatium n.sp. Addicott Cymia heimi Hertlein and Jordan Cyrtopleura (Scobinopholas) costata Linnaeus
Liracassis petrosa (Conrad)
Cylichna? loismartinae Keen
Haminoea petrosa Conrad
Cylichna temblorensis Keen
Cylichna petrosa Conrad (of Etherington, 1931)
Cylichna petrosa Conrad
Cylichna n.sp. (in Loel and Corey, 1932)
?Cylichna sp. (Moore, 1963, p. 50)
Cylichnella alba Brown Cylichna cf. C. attonsa Carpenter Cylichna sp. Cylichna aff. alba (Brown) n.sp.?
Cyclocardia subtenta (Conrad) Cardita (Cyclocardia) californica (Dall) Cardita californica (Dall) Cardita ventricosa Gould? Cyclocardia californica (Dall) Cyclocardia ventricosa (Gould) Cyclocardia ventricosa Gould Venericardia castor Dall Venericardia ventricosa Gould Cyclocardia? sp. Cyclopecten pernomus (Hertlein)
Cyclocardia aff. C. barbarensis (Stearns) Venericardia montereyana Arnold Cyclocardia montereyana Arnold Cardita sp. Cyclocardia sp.
Cumingia sp. Cyathodonta sp. Cyathodonta undulata (Conrad) Cyathodonta undulata Conrad Cyclinella cyclica (Guppy)
Taxonomy of authors
37N–30N Genus, 34N–5S; beach to 100 m Genus, 10N–3S; on rocks between tides Genus, 28N–4S, Pacific; species, 42N–24 N, Atlantic
Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California; shallow bays to 2320 m Genus not living
Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California
Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California
Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California
Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California
Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California
Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California
Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–4S; 25 m to 73 m 31N–4S; 3 m to 110 m 31N–4S Genus, 27N–9S, Pacific; species, 35N–15N, Atlantic; to 30 m 33.5N; 350 to 2211 m Genus, 71N–9N; 180 to 1800 m Genus, 71N–9N Genus, 71N–9N and 46S–20S Genus, 71N–9N and 46S–20S; subgenus of Cardita (Keen, 1971) Genus, 71N–9N 61N–28N 61N–28N 61N–28N 61N–28N 61N–28N 61N–28N 61N–28N 61N–28N Genus, 58N–9N 28N–3S, through Gulf of California; to depths of 355 m 71N–32N (Keen, 1937, p. 34) 48N–32N (Palmer, 1958, p. 242, see discussion) Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3N, Gulf of California
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
N.D. N.D. 13? or 5 Ma–H 13? or 5 Ma–H 13? or 5 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
390 Appendix 1
Delectopecten aff. D. vancouverensis tillamookensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Delectopecten aff. D. vancouverensis tillamookensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Delectopecten cf. D. vancouverensis (Whiteaves) 5 Ma–Holocene Delectopecten cf. D. vancouverensis (Whiteaves) 5 Ma–Holocene Delectopecten harfordus (Davis) 17–13 Ma Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) 32–8 Ma Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) of Arnold 32–8 Ma Delectopecten pedroanus (Trask) Delectopecten pedroanus (Trask) Delectopecten sp. Delectopecten vancouverensis fernandoensis (Hertlein) Delectopecten vancouverensis tillamookensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Dendostrea folium (Linnaeus) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
8–2.5 Ma
Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Dendraster arnoldi Twitchell (Echinodermata) Dendraster ashleyi (Arnold) Dendraster ashleyi ynezensis Kew Dendraster casseli Grant and Gale Dendraster cedrosensis Israelsky Dendraster cf. D. viscainoensis Grant and Hertlein Dendraster coalingaensis macer Stewart Dendraster coalingaensis Twitchell Dendraster coalingensis gibbosus Kew Dendraster diegoensis Kew Dendraster elsmerensis Durham Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz)
Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz) Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond) Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond)
23–2.5 Ma
23–2.5 Ma
8–5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma
5 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma
8–5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma 5 Ma–H
Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
23–2.5 Ma
13 Ma–H 23–2.5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma
13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma N.D. 5–2.5 Ma
17–13 Ma 32–8 Ma 32–8 Ma 32–8 Ma 32–8 Ma
5 Ma–H
32–8 Ma 32–8 Ma 32–8 Ma 5 Ma–H
8–2.5 Ma
Daphnella sp.
N.D.
Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholz) Dendraster gibbsii (Re´mond) Dendraster gibbsii humilis Kew
Dendraster arnoldi Twitchell (Echinodermata) Dendraster ashleyi Arnold Dendraster ashleyi ynezensis Kew Dendraster casseli Grant and Gale Dendraster cedrosensis Israelsky Dendraster cf. D. viscainoensis Grant and Hertlein Dendraster coalingaensis macer Stewart Dendraster coalingaensis Twitchell Dendraster coalingensis gibbosus Kew? Dendraster diegoensis Kew? Dendraster elsmerensis Durham Echinarachnius excentricus Eschscholtz
Ostrea vespertina sequens Arnold
Ostrea vespertina Conrad sequeris Arnold
Ostrea vespertina Conrad
Dendostrea folium (Linnaeus) Dendostrea? vespertina (Conrad)
Delectopecten randolphi tillamookensis (Arnold)
Delectopecten pedroanus (Trask) Pecten pedroanus (Trask) Pecten (Amusium) sp. Pecten pedroanus Trask
Cyclopecten (Delectopecten) cf. C. (D.) randolphi (Dall) Delectopecten harfordus (Davis) Delectopecten peckhami (Gabb) of Arnold Pecten peckhami Gabb Pecten (Pseudamusium) peckhami Gabb Pecten (Delectopecten) peckhami Gabb
Hyalopecten aff. H. randolphi tillamookensis (Arnold) Delectopecten aff. D. randolphi tillamookensis (Arnold) Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Gabb) Delectopecten cf. D. peckhami (Trask) Pecten cf. P. peckhami Gabb Delectopecten cf. D. randolphi (Dall)
Daphnella sp.
continued
Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N 54N–23N; low intertidal zone of rocky shores, bays, and estuaries 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N
Indo-Pacific Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus, tropical and partly tropical (Moore, 1987, p. C25) Genus, 54N–23N; sandflats of bays and estuaries Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N
Species, 60N–27N; 25 to 2000 m
nomen dubium, genus, 60N–27N nomen dubium; genus, 60N–27N Genus, 60N–27N Species, 60N–27N
Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 60N–27N
60N–27N
Genus, 60N–27N; 25 to 2000 m Genus, 60N–27N Genus, 60N–27N 60N–27 N; 25 to 2000 m
Species, 60N–27N
Genus, 25N–3S, though Gulf of California; 20 to 200 m Species, 60N–27N; 25 to 2000 m
Appendix 1 391
Dentalium petricola Dall (smooth form) Dentalium sp. Dichocoenia cf. D. stokesi (Vaughan)
Dichocoenia merriami (Vaughan) Dichocoenia merriami crasisepta Vaughan Diodora (Diodora) n.sp. Addicott
Diodora (Diodora) n.sp. Addicott Diodora (Diodora) rixfordi (Hertlein) Diodora (Diodora) rixfordi (Hertlein) Addicott, 1970a, p. 40) Diodora aff. D. fontainiana (d’Orbigny) Diodora aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Diodora alternata alternata Say Diodora arnoldi McLean Diodora arnoldi McLean Diodora arnoldi McLean Diodora arnoldi McLean Diodora fontainiana (d’Orbigny) Diodora fontainiana (d’Orbigny) Diodora n.sp.? aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Diodora sp. Diodora sp. cf. D. subelliptica (Nomland) Diodora subelliptica (Nomland) Diplodonta (Diplodonta) buwaldana Anderson and Martin Diplodonta (Diplodonta) buwaldana Anderson and Martin Diplodonta (Diplodonta) orbella (Gould)
Diplodonta (Diplodonta) orbella (Gould)
17–13 Ma 27 Ma–H 13? or 5–2.5 Ma
13? or 5–2.5 Ma 13? or 5–2.5 Ma 27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
17 Ma–H 8? Ma–H 13? or 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 17 Ma–H 17 Ma–H 8? Ma–H N.D. 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 27–13 Ma
27 Ma–H
27 Ma–H
27–13 Ma
23–17 Ma 17–13 Ma 8 Ma–H
23–17 Ma 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H
Dendraster gibbsii humilis Kew Dendraster gibbsii mirus Stewart Dendraster pentagonalis Israelsky Dendraster sp. Dendrophyllia cf. D. oldroydi Faustino (Cnidaria) Dendrophyllia sp. Dentalium (Dentalium?) pseudonyma Pilsbry and Sharp (Scaphopoda) Dentalium (Rhabdus) schencki Moore Dentalium cf. D. pretiosum Nuttall Dentalium cf. D. rectius Carpenter Dentalium cf. D. semipolitum Broderip and Sowerby Dentalium conradi Dall Dentalium conradi Dall (striated form) Dentalium neohexagonum Sharp and Pilsbry
Taxonomy used in this study
Diplodonta orbella (Gould)
Diplodonta (Diplodonta) orbella Gould
Diplodonta buwaldana Anderson and Martin
Diodora aff. D. aspera (“Eschscholtz” Rathke) Diodora aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Diodora cayenensis (Larmarck) Diadora arnoldi McLean Diodora murina (Arnold) Diodora murina (Carpenter in Arnold) Fissuridea murina Carpenter Diadora aspera (Eschscholtz) Diadora cf. D. aspera (Eschscholtz in Rathke) Diodora n.sp.? aff. D. inaequalis (Sowerby) Diadora sp. Diodora sp. cf. D. subelliptica (Nomland) Fissuridea subelliptica Nomland Taras buwaldanus (Anderson and Martin)
Diodora? n.sp. Addicott Fissurella rixfordi Hertlein Fissurella rixfordi Hertlein
Dichocoenia merriami (Vaughan) Dichocoenia merriami crasisepta Vaughan Diodora (Diodora) n.sp. Addicott
Dentalium petricola Dall Dentalium sp. Dichocoenia cf. stokesi (Vaughan) (Cnidaria)
Echinarachnius gibbsii Re´mond Dendraster gibbsii mirus Stewart Dendraster pentagonalis Israelsky Dendraster sp. Dendrophyllia cf. D. oldroydi Faustino (Cnidaria) Dendrophyllia sp. Dentalium (Dentalium?) pseudonyma Pilsbry and Sharp (Scaphopoda) Dentalium (Rhabdus) schencki Moore Dentalium cf. D. pretiosum Nuttall Dentalium cf. D. rectius Carpenter Dentalium cf. D. semipolitum Broderip and Sowerby Dentalium conradi Dall Dentalium conradi Dall Dentalium neohexagonum Sharp and Pilsbry
Taxonomy of authors
36.6N–24.5N; under rocks in intertidal and sublittoral zones 37N–25N; intertidal to 46 m
Genus, 71N–4N; excluding Diplodonta inconspicua
5S 34N–4S 40N–15 N, Atlantic 42N–21N, in Gulf of California; sublittoral below 10 m 42N–21N, in Gulf of California 42N–21N, in Gulf of California 42N–21N, in Gulf of California 5S 5S 34N–4S Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 71N–4N; intertidal to 220 m (to 1360 m?)
Genus, 57N–3S Genus, 57N–3S 37N–23N; 29N–23N Gulf of California; 7 to 256 m, and sandy mud Genus, 57N–3S Genus, 57N–3S “Reef-corals,” living in Caribbean; common 15 m, rare 150 m “Reef-corals,” living in Caribbean “Reef-corals,” living in Caribbean Genus, 60N–4S; intertidal to 180 m; rocky shore, open coast Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 60N–4S
Genus, 57N–3S 57N–28N 56N–8N 34N–10N, through Gulf of California; 2 to 45 m
Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 54N–23N Genus, 33N Genus, 33N-cosmopolitan Genus, 57N–3S; 9 to 1190 m
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
8–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma N.D. 5–2.5 Ma N.D. 23–17 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
392 Appendix 1
Diplodonta cf. D. subquadrata (Carpenter) Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Diplodonta sp. Diplodonta sp. Diplodonta sp. Diplodonta sp. Discinisca aff. D. lamellosa (Broderip)
Discinisca cumingii (Broderip) Discinisca loeli Hertlein and Grant Discinisca sp. Divalinga (Divalinga) ebrunea (Reeve) Divalinga (Divalinga) ebrunea (Reeve) Divalinga? sp. Donax (Paradonax) californicus Conrad
Donax gouldii Dall
Donax? sp.
Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia cf. montana Conrad Dosinia conradi Gabb Dosinia dunkeri Philippi Dosinia jacalitosana Arnold Dosinia longidens Grant and Gale Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey
Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia mathewsonii Gabb Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher) Dosinia ponderosa (Schumacher, 1817) (not J.E. Gray, 1838)
5 Ma–H 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 13? Ma–H
17? or 13 Ma–H 17–13 Ma N.D. 17? or 13 Ma–H 17? or 13 Ma–H N.D. 5 Ma–H
5 Ma–H
N.D.
13–5 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 13? or 5 Ma–H 8–5 Ma 17–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H
Dosinia arnoldi Clark Dosinia cf. D. montana Conrad Dosinia conradi Gabb Dosinia dunkeri Philippi Dosinia jacalitosana Arnold Dosinia longidens Grant and Gale Dosinia margaritana projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia margaritana var. projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia (Dosinidia) margaritana (Wiedey) projecta Loel and Corey Dosinia margaritana Wiedey Dosinia (Dosinella) margaritana Wiedey Dosinia (Dosinidia) margaritana Wiedey Dosinia mathewsoni Gabb Dosinia (Dosinidia) mathewsoni (Gabb) Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami Clark Dosinia (Dosinella) merriami occidentalis Clark Dosinia merriami Clark Dosinia merriami occidentalis Clark Dosinia merriami var. occidentalis Clark Dosinia ponderosa Gray Dosinia ponderosa Gray
Donax? n.sp.
Donax (Serrula) gouldii Dall
Diplodonta cf. D. subquadrata Carpenter Diplodonta harfordi Anderson Felaniella (Felaniella) harfordi (Anderson) Taras harfordi (Anderson) Diplodonta (Felaniella) cornea Reeve Diplodonta parilis (Conrad) Diplodonta parilis Conrad Diplodonta sericata (Reeve) Felaniella (Felaniella) cornea Reeve Felaniella (Zemysia) parilis (Conrad) Felaniella (Zemysia) sericata (Reeve) Taras parilis (Conrad) Taras sp. Felaniella (Felaniella) sp. Felaniella sp. Diplodonta sp. Discinisca aff. D. lamellosa Broderip (Brachiopoda) Discinisca cumingi Broderip Discinisca loeli Hertlein and Grant Discinisca sp. Divalinga ebrunea (Reeve) Divaricella eburnea Reeve Divalinga? sp. Donax californicus Conrad
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 28N–5S; offshore to 60 m 28N–5S continued
34N–Chile Genus, 34N–Chile Genus, 34N–Chile 25N–5S; intertidal to 55 m 25N–5S Genus, 26N–5S; intertidal to 55 m 35.3N–3.5S; common in bays and intertidally in protected areas 37.1N–24.1N; beaches and hydroid colonies, intertidal to 5 m Genus, 37N–3S; intertidal to 27 m, in sand of exposed beaches Genus, 28N-5S; on mudflats to 60 m Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S 25N–3S; on mudflats and offshore to 55 m Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S
26N–2N; on mudflats and to 137 m offshore Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 34N–3.5S; intertidal to 75 m 34N–4S 34N–4S 34N–4S 34N–4S 34N–4S; not common north of 27N; intertidal to 75 m 34N–4S; sand and mud 34N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 34N–Chile; intertidal, attached to rocks in sandy mud
Appendix 1 393
Dosinia santana Loel and Corey Dosinia sobrantensis Lutz Dosinia sp.
Dosinia whitneyi (Gabb) Dosinia whitneyi (Gabb) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) elsmerensis (English) Drillia (Clathrodrillia) sp. Drillia (Clathrordillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Drillia columbiana Anderson and Martin Echinarachinus gabbi (Re´mond) kleinpelli Grant and Gale (Echinodermata) Echinarachinus gabbi (Re´mond) kleinpelli Grant and Gale Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Echinometra sp. Elaeocyma empyrosia (Dall) Elaeocyma hemphilli (Stearns) Encope sverdrupi Durham (Echinodermata) Encope tenuis Kew Ennucula birchi (Keen) Ennucula birchi (Keen) Ennucula nuculana (Dall) Ennucula nuculana (Dall) Ennucula tenuis (Montagu) Ennucula tenuis (Montagu) Ensis myrae Berry
Ensis sp. Epilucina cf. E. californica (Conrad)
Epilucina californica (Conrad) Epilucina californica (Conrad) Epilucina californica (Conrad) Epilucina californica (Conrad)
Epitonium (Boreoscala) hemphilli (Dall) Epitonium (Cirsotrema) clallamense Durham
27–23 Ma 17–13 Ma N.D.
23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 13? or 8–5 Ma N.D. 8–5 Ma 17–13 Ma 13–8 Ma
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 5–2.5 MA 5–2.5 Ma 13? or 5–2.5 Ma 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 23–17 Ma 23–17 Ma 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H
N.D. 27? or 13 Ma–H
27? or 13 Ma–H 27? or 13 Ma–H 27? or 13 Ma–H 27? or 13 Ma–H
8–2.5 Ma 27–23 Ma
13–8 Ma
Dosinia ponderosa diegoana Hertlein Dosinia ponderosa longidens Grant and Gale
Taxonomy used in this study
Epitonium hemphilli (Dall) Epitonium (Cirsotrema) clallamense Durham
Lucina (Epilucina) californica Conrad Lucina californica Conrad Lucina (Myrtea) californica Conrad Codakia (Codakia) californica (Conrad)
Ensis sp. Phacoides (Callucina) cf. californicus Conrad
Scutella (Clypeaster) gabbi Re´mond Scutella gabbii Re´mond Echinarachnius gabbi (Re´mond) Echinometra sp. Elaeocyma empyrosia (Dall) Elaeocyma hemphilli (Stearns) Encope sp. aff. tenuis Kew (Echinodermata) Encope tenuis Kew Nucula (Leionucula) birchi Keen Nucula (Ennucula) birchi Keen Nucula (Ennucula?) nuculana (Dall) Nuculana nuculana (Dall) Nucula (Leionucula) balboana Hertlein Nucula (Ennucula) balboana Hertlein Ensis myrae Berry
Dosinia (Dosinidia) whitneyi (Gabb) Dosinia (Dosinia) whitneyi (Gabb) “Pleurotoma” cf. “P.” coalingensis Arnold Clathrodrillia coalingensis (Arnold) Clavus (Clathrodrillia) elsmerensis (English) Clavus coalingensis (Arnold) Neptunea coalingensis Arnold Pleurotoma coalingensis Arnold Pleurotoma sp. Clavus (Clathrodrillia) coalingensis (Arnold) Drillia columbiana Anderson and Martin Echinarachinus gabbi (Re´mond) var. tenuis Kew (Echinodermata) Scutella gabbi var. tenuis Kew
Dosinia ponderosa diegoana Hertlein Dosinia ponderosa (Gray) var. longidens Grant and Gale Dosinia santana Loel and Corey Dosinia sobrantensis Lutz Dosinia sp.
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan 27N–0, through Gulf of California 34N–33N Genus, 34N–23N; intertidal to 92 m Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, Gulf of California Genus, 71N–Chile; 10 to 900 m Genus, 71N–Chile Genus, 71N–Chile Genus, 71N–Chile 71N–32.7N; 10 to 900 m 71N–33N 36.6N–27.2N; genus, intertidtal to 46 m; species, 5 to 25 m Genus, 37N–3S 41.8N–25N; living in gravel in rocky areas, low tide sublittoral to 80 m 42N–25N 42N–25N 42N–25N 41.8N–25N; living in gravel in rocky areas, low tide sublittoral to 80 m Subgenus, circumboreal Subgenus, 28N–0 in Gulf of California
Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan
Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S, Pacific; 40N–15N, Atlantic. Mudflats to 60 m Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 66N–3S; 20 to 165 m Subgenus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 66N–3S Subgenus, 66N–3S Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 56N–48N, and Japan
Species, 28N–5S Species, 28N–5S
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
5–2.5 Ma 13–8 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
394 Appendix 1
Crassatella granti (Wiedey) Eucrassatella aff. E. fluctuata (Carpenter) Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey) Eucrassatella n.sp. Powell Spisula granti (Wiedey) Crassatella sp. Crassitelites sp. Crassatellites n.sp. Eucrassatella n.sp. ? Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin)
Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Nitidscala) tedfordi Addicott Epitonium (Nitidscala) tedfordi Addicott Epitonium cedroensis Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium contrerasi Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium dallasi Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium efferum Bramkamp Epitonium sp. Erato (Hespereato) cf. E. (H.) scabriuscula Gray Eucidaris sp. or Hesperocidaris sp. (Echinodermata) Eucidaris thouarsii (Valenciennes) Eucidaris thourasii (Valenciennes)? Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) digueti (Lamy) Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) subgibbosa (Hanna) Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) subgibbosa (Hanna) Eucrassatella aff. E. fluctuata (Carpenter) (Crassatella fide McLean, 1978) Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey)
Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey)
Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey)
Eucrassatella granti (Wiedey)
Eucrassatella n.sp. Powell Eucrassatella sp. Eucrassatella sp. Eucrassatella sp. Eucrassatella sp. Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin)
Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin)
Eulima gabbiana (Anderson and Martin)
Eulima raymondi (Rivers) Eupleura perangulata (Nomland) Eupluera muriciformis (Broderip)
Eusmilia carrizensis Vaughan
27–23-rare 13 Ma 27–23-rare 13 Ma 27–23-rare 13 Ma 27–23-rare 13 Ma N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
5–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma 5 Ma–H
13–2.5 Ma
23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 8 Ma–H
Eusmilia solida (Nomland) (Cnidaria)
Melanella (Melanella) gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella (Eulimella) gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Strombiformis riversi Bartsch Murex perangulatus Nomland Trophon muriciformis Dall
Cidaris thouarsii? valenciennes (Kew) Cidaris thouarsii (?) Valenciennes (Kew)? Eucrassatella digueti Lamy Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) subgibbosa (Hanna) Crassitellites subgibbosus Hanna Crasatellites granti (Wiedey)
Epitonium tinctum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Nitidscala) tedfordi Addicott Epitonium cf. E. indianorum (Carpenter) Epitonium cedroensis Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium contrerasi Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium dallasi Jordan and Hertlein Epitonium efferum Bramkamp in Durham Epitonium sp. Erato cf. E. scabriuscula Gray Cidaris sp. (Echinodermata).
Epitonium indianorum Carpenter Epitonium (Nitidiscala) indianorum (Carpenter) Epitonium fallaciosum Dall?
Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. eelense Durham
Epitonium (Cirsotrema?) sp. Epitonium (Gyroscala) barkerianum Addicott Epitonium cf. E. eelense Durham
5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 13? or 5–2.5 Ma N.D. 5 Ma–H N.D.
5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H
8–5 Ma
N.D. 17–13 Ma 8–5 Ma
23–13 Ma
Epitonium (Cirsotrema) posoense Anderson and Martin Epitonium posoensis Anderson and Martin
Epitonium (Cirsotrema) posoense Anderson and Martin Epitonium (Cirsotrema) posoense Anderson and Martin Epitonium (Cirsotrema?) sp. Epitonium (Gyroscala) barkerianum Addicott Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. (N.) eelense Durham Epitonium (Nitidiscala) cf. E. (N.) eelense Durham Epitonium (Nitidiscala) indianorum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) indianorum (Carpenter) Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum (Carpenter)
23–13 Ma
continued
Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California Genus, 33N–8N, throughout Gulf of California; 27 m 28N–3S, through Gulf of California; intertidal and offshore, on “reefs” “Reef-corals,” genus living in Caribbean
Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California
Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California; 5 to 110 m Genus, 23N–5N, through Gulf of California
Genus, 34N–5S
Genus, 34N–5S; on rocky sublittoral substrate or 10 to 320 m Genus, 34N–5S
Gulf of California–0 Gulf of California–0 30N–3N; rare intertidal, 13 to 64 m Subgenus, 33N–5S Subgenus, 33N–5S 34.1N–32.9N; on rocky sublittoral substrate or 10 to 320 m Genus, 34N–5S; intertidal to 64 m
55N–24N 55N–24N 49N–23N; near base of anemones, exposed at low tide 49N–23N 49N–23N Subgenus, 55N–23N Subgenus, 55N–23N, if E. indianorum, 55N–24N Genus, 72N–3S Genus, 72N–3S Genus, 72N–3S, Pacific; 41N–15N, Atlantic Genus, 72N–3S Genus, 72N–3S Gulf of California south of equator Eucidaris, Gulf of California–3S
Subgenus, 55N–23N
Subgenus, 28N–0, in Gulf of California Genus, 72N–3S; intertidal to 365 m Subgenus, 55N–23N
Subgenus, 28N–0, in Gulf of California
Subgenus, 28N–0 in Gulf of California
Appendix 1 395
Euvola keepi (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Euvola keepi (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Euvola keepi (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Euvola refugioensis (Hertlein) 5–2.5 Ma Exilioidea rectirostris (Carpenter) Exilioidea rectirostris (Carpenter)
Fasciolaria (Pleuroploca) princeps Sowerby Ficus (Ficus) cf. F. (F.) modesta? (Conrad)
Ficus (Ficus) cf. F. (F.) pyriformis Gabb Ficus (Ficus) modesta (Conrad) Ficus (Ficus) pyriformis Gabb Ficus (Ficus) sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper)
Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper) Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana (Cooper)
Ficus (Trophosycon) rodeoensis (English) Ficus (Trophosycon) sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) sp. Ficus (Trophosycon) sp.; or, Bruclarkia sp.
Ficus sp. Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby) Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby)
Fissurella sp. Fissurellidea bimaculata (Dall) Flabellipecten carrizoensis (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Flabellipecten carrizoensis (Arnold) 13–2.5 Ma Flabellipecten n.sp. Powell Flabellipecten stearnsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma Flabellipecten stearnsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma
13 Ma–H 27–13 Ma
17–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma
27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma
13–8 Ma N.D. N.D. N.D.
N.D. 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
N.D. 5 Ma–H 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma N.D. 8–1 Ma 8–1 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Fissurella sp. Fissurellidea bimaculata (Dall) Pecten (Pecten) carrizoensis Kew Pecten carrizoensis Arnold Flabellipecten n.sp. Powell Pecten (Flabellipecten) steamsii Dall Pecten (Pecten) stearnsii Dall
Ficus sp. Ficus decussata Wood Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby)
Ficus cf. F. modesta (Conrad) Ficus modesta (Conrad) Ficus pyriformis Gabb Ficus (Ficus) sp. Agasoma kernianum Cooper Agasoma stanfordensis Arnold Ficus (Trophosycon) kerniana Cooper Ficus (Trophosycon) n.sp. A (large) Ficus (Trophosycon) ocoyanus (Conrad) Ficus kerniana (Cooper) Ficus kernianum Cooper Ficus kernianus (Cooper) Ficus nodiferus Gabb Ficus ocoyana (Conrad) Ficus rodeoensis English Ficus stanfordensis Arnold Fusinus stanfordensis (Arnold) Trophosycon cf. T. ocoyanum (Conrad) Trophosycon clallamensis (Weaver) nodibulbosa (Grant and Gale) Trophosycon kernianum (Cooper) Trophosycon nodifera (Gabb) Trophosycon nodiferum (Gabb) Trophosycon ocoyana (Conrad) ruginodosa (Grant and Gale) Trophosycon oregonense (Conrad) Trophosycon stanfordense (Arnold) Trophosycon sp. Agasoma sp.
Euvola keepi (Arnold) Pecten (Pecten) keepi Arnold Pecten keepi Arnold Pecten (Pecten) refugioensis Hertlein Exilioidea rectirostris (Carpenter) Chrysodomus liratus Martyn var. rectirostris Carpenter Fasciolaria princeps Sowerby Ficus (Ficus) cf. modestus (Conrad)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Ficus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; or, genus not living Questionable taxonomic assignment 25N–5S, through Gulf of California 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; beach and “offshore” Genus, 33N–3S; intertidal to 37 m 55N–24N Genus, 38N–4S; 13 to 155 m Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S
Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Gulf of California–5S; “offshore” Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal and “offshore” Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 38N–22.9N; intertidal to 155 m Genus, 38N–23N Genus, 38N–23N Genus, 38N–23N 56N–30N; genus, 55 to 825 m 56N–30N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
396 Appendix 1
Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Forreria lawsoni (Clark) Trophon (Forreria) carisaensis (Anderson) Trophon carisaensis Anderson Trophon dickersoni Clark Trophon dickersoni Clark nomlandi Adegoke Trophon lawsoni Clark Trophon carisaensis mirandaensis Grant and Eaton Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) mirandaensis (Grant and Eaton) Forreria coalingensis (Arnold) Trophon clarki cuyamanus Grant and Eaton Forreria emersoni Addicott Forreria magister (Nomland) Trophon magister Nomland Forreria magister munda Stewart Trophon (Forreria) perelegans Nomland Trophon perelegans Nomland Forreria sp. Forreria wilkesana (Anderson) Forreria wrighti Jordan and Hertlein Hemithiris sp. (sic: Hemithyris) (Brachiopoda) Barbarofusus arnoldi (Cossmann)? Barbarofusus barbarensis (Trask) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Fusinus (Barbarofusus)? barbarensis Trask Chrysodomus coalingensis Nomland Fusinus fabulator Nomland Fusus sp.
Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold)
Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson)
Forreria carisaensis (Anderson)
Forreria carisaensis (Anderson)
Forreria carisaensis (Anderson)
Forreria carisaensis (Anderson)
Forreria carisaensis (Anderson)
Forreria carisaensis (Anderson)
Forreria carisaensis (Anderson)
Forreria carisaensis mirandaensis (Grant and Eaton) Forreria carisaensis mirandaensis (Grant and Eaton) Forreria coalingensis (Arnold) Forreria cuyamanus (Grant and Eaton) Forreria emersoni Addicott Forreria magister (Nomland) Forreria magister (Nomland) Forreria magister munda Stewart Forreria perelegans (Nomland) Forreria perelegans (Nomland) Forreria sp. Forreria wilkesana (Anderson) Forreria wrighti Jordan and Hertlein Frieleia, Hispanirhynchia, or Neorhynchia Fusinus arnoldi (Cossmann) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Fusinus barbarensis (Trask) Fusinus coalingensis (Nomland) Fusinus fabulator Nomland Fusinus sp.
23–13 or 8? Ma 13–8, rare to 5 Ma 13–8, rare to 5 Ma 13–8, rare to 5 Ma 13–8, rare to 5 Ma 13–8, rare to 5 Ma 13–8, rare to 5 Ma 13–8, rare to 5 Ma 13–8, rare to 5 Ma 13–8, rare to 5 Ma 13–8, rare to 5 Ma 8–5 Ma 13–8 Ma 27–23 Ma 8–5 or 2.5? Ma 8–5 or 2.5? Ma 8–2.5 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D. 13–8 Ma 8–2.5 Ma N.D. 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8–5 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D.
Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold) Forreria cancellaroides (Arnold)
23–13 or 8? Ma 23–13 or 8? Ma 23–13 or 8? Ma 23–13 or 8? Ma
23–13 or 8? Ma 23–13 or 8? Ma 23–13 or 8? Ma
Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Forreria belcheri (Hinds)
8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H
Pecten (Janaria) stearnsii Dall Pecten stearnsii Dall Pecten (Pecten) hawleyi Hertlein Pecten (?Patinopecten) merriami Arnold Fluminicola kettlemanensis Pilsbry? Trophon ponderosum Gabb Forreria belcheri (Hinds) Forreria belcheri (Hinds)? Trophon belcheri Hinds Trophon sp. cf. Forreria belcheri (Hinds) of Durham and Addicott (1965; Forreria cancellaroides Arnold Forreria gabbiana (Anderson) Forreria gabbianum (Anderson) Forreria gabbianum (Anderson) cancellarioides (Arnold) Forreria gabbianum cancellarioides (Arnold) Trophon (Forreria) gabbianum Anderson Trophon (Forreria) gabbianum cancellaroides Arnold Trophon (Forreria) gabbianum F.M. Anderson Forreria carisaensis (Anderson and Martin)
Flabellipecten stearnsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma Flabellipecten stearnsii (Dall) 8–1 Ma Flabellipecten? hawleyi (Hertlein) 27–23 Ma Flabellipecten? merriami (Arnold) 5–2.5 Ma Fluminicola kettlemanensis Pilsbry? Forreria avita (Nomland) Forreria belcheri (Hinds)
8–1 Ma 8–1 Ma 27–23 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma 13–8 Ma 8 Ma–H
Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Questionable taxonomic assignment 34N–33N 44N–33N 44N–33N 46N–33N Genus, 50N–3S; intertidal to 185 m Genus, 50N–3S Genus, 50N–3S
Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N
Genus, 34N–28N; intertidal to 135 m Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N Genus, 34N–28N
continued
Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Freshwater Genus, 34N–28N 34N–28N; intertidal to 135 m; sandy bottoms in shallow water 34N–28N 34N–28N 34N–28N
Appendix 1 397
Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield) Fusitriton oregonense angelense (Arnold) Fusitriton oregonense angelense (Arnold) Fusitriton sp. Fusitriton sp. Gari (Gobraeus) californica (Conrad)
Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Gari (Gobraeus) fucata (Hinds) Gari sp. Gari sp. Gibbula (Tumulus?) baileyi Addicott
Glans carpenteri (Lamy) Gllobivenus sp. Gllobivenus sp.? Gllobivenus sp.? Globidrillia cf. G. hemphilli (Stearns) Globivenus carrizoensis (Loel and Corey) Globivenus carrizoensis (Loel and Corey) Globivenus fordii (Yates) Globivenus vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Globivenus vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Globivenus welchensis (Hall) Globivenus willisi (Trask) Globivenus willisi (Trask) Globivenus willisi (Trask) Glottidia albida (Hinds) (Brachiopoda) Glottidia sp. Glycymeris (Axinactis) delessertii (Reeve) Glycymeris (Axinola) aff. G. (A.) septentrionalis Middendorff Glycymeris (Axinola) aff. G. (A.) septentrionalis Middendorff Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall
8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma N.D. N.D. 8 Ma–H
27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H N.D. N.D. 17–13 Ma
5 Ma–H N.D. N.D. N.D. 13? or 8 Ma–H 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 5 Ma–H 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 5 Ma–H N.D. 13? or 5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
17–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma
13 Ma–H
Fusinus sp. Fusitriton arnoldi (Martin) Fusitriton corbiculata (Dall) Fusitriton oregonense (Redfield)
Taxonomy used in this study
Glycymeris (Axinola) aff. G. (A.) subobsoleta (Carpenter) Glycymeris (Axinola) grewingki Dall Glycymeris cf. G. grewingki Dall Glycymeris coalingensis (Arnold) Glycymeris grewingki Dall
Glans subquadrata (Carpenter) Antigona sp. Cytherea (Cytherea) n.sp. Ventricolaria sp.? Clavus cf. C. (Cymatosyrinx) hemphilli (Stearns) Antigona carrizoensis Loel and Corey Ventricolaria carrizoensis (Loel and Corey) Ventricolaria fordii (Yates) Antigona vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Ventricolaria vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Ventricolaria welchensis Hall Antigona willisi Trask Ventricolaria willisi (Trask) Antigona willisi P. D. Trask Glottidia albida Hinds (Brachiopoda) Lingula sp. Glycymeris (Axinactis) delessertii (Reeve) Glycymeris aff. G. subobsoleta (Carpenter)
Gari edentula (Gabb) Gari edentula (Gabb)? Gari fucata (Hinds) Gobraeus edentulus Gabb Psammobia edentula Gabb Psammobia sp. Gari sp. Gibbula (Tumulus?) baileyi Addicott
Fusinus n.sp. Argobuccinum (Fusitriton) arnoldi Martin Argobuccinum (Fusitriton) coosense Dall Argobuccinum (Fusitriton) cf. A. (F.) oregonense (Redfield) Argobuccinum arnoldi Martin Argobuccinum oregonensis Redfield Argobuccinum scotiaensis Martin Chrysodomus scotiaensis Martin Fusitriton oregonensis (Redfield) Priene oregonensis var. angelense Arnold Priene oregonensis Redfield angelensis Arnold Fusitriton sp. Priene n.sp. Gari californica (Conrad)
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, 60N–23N Subgenus, 60N–23N Subgenus, 60N–23N Subgenus, 60N–23N
60N–25N; intertidal to 400 m
59N–33N 59N–33N 59N–33N 59N–33N 59N–33N Species, 59N–33N Species, 59N–33N Genus, 59N–33N Genus, 59N–33N 60.8N–24.6N; sand, gravel, rocky areas, sandflats of bays, to 280 m 34N–25N; 5 to 137m, sand or mud 34N–253N 34N–25N 34N–25N 34N–25N Genus, 61N–2S; intertidal to 280 m Genus, 61N–2S Genus, 37N–33N; subgenus, European waters; intertidal 53.9N–27.7N; intertidal to 100 m Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N 34N–23N; genus, 10 to 45 m Genus, 37N–3N; 10 to 73 m Genus, 37N–3N; 10 to 73 m 37N–27N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N 37N–18N Genus, 37N–18N 23N–2N 60N–25N
Genus, 50N–3S Genus, 59N–33N; intertidal to 137 m Genus, 59N–33N 59N–33N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 8 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
398 Appendix 1
Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis Middendorff Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis Middendorff Glycymeris (Glycymeris) branneri Arnold Glycymeris (Glycymeris) gabbi Dall Glycymeris (Glycymeris) gigantea (Reeve) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) maculata (Broderip) Glycymeris (Glycymeris?) cf. G. (G.?) whaleyi Nicol Glycymeris (Tucetona) n.sp. aff. G. (T.) multicostata (Sowerby) Glycymeris (Tucetona) sp. Glycymeris sp.
Glyphostoma cf. G. gabrielense Pilsbry Glyphostoma conradiana Gabb Glyphostoma conradiana Gabb Glyptaesopus oldrodyi (Arnold) Glyptaesopus sp.
Gonidea sp. Goniobasis kettlemanensis Arnold Goniobasis rodeoensis (Clark) Gouldia california Dall Gregariella chenui (Recluz) Gyrineum elsmerense English Gyrineum elsmerense English Gyrineum elsmerense English Gyrineum sp. Haliotis (Padollus) pourtalesii Dall Haliotis (Sulculus) rufescens Swainson Haliotis assimilis Dall Haliotis assimilis Dall Haliotis fulgens Philippi Haliotis lasia Woodring Haliotis palaea Woodring Haliotis sp. Halistylus pupoideus (Carpenter) Haminoea virescens Sowerby Hastula gnomon Keen Heliacus rotundata (Gabb) Helisoma (Carinifex) sp. Hemitoma (Montfortia) emarginata Blainville Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter)
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 27–13 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H 13? or 5 Ma–H 23–13 Ma
8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H N.D.
N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 17–8 Ma 13? or 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma N.D. 13? or 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D. 13 Ma–H 17 M–Ha 17–13 Ma 13? or 5–2.5 Ma N.D. 13? or 5–2.5 Ma 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H
N.D. N.D.
17 Ma–H
Glycymeris (Axinola) profunda Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) profunda Dall Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis Middendorff Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis Middendorff Glycymeris (Axinola) septentrionalis Middendorff
8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
Gonidea sp. Goniobasis kettlemanensis Arnold Cerithium rodeoensis Clark Gouldia california Dall Gregariella chenui (Recluz) “Gyrineum” cf. “G.” elsmerense English Cymatium elsmerense (English) Gyrineum elsmerense Arnold Gyrineum sp. Haliotis (Padollus) pourtalesii Dall Haliotis (Sulculus) rufescens Swainson Haliotis cf. H. kamtschatkana assimilis Dall Haliotis assimilis Dall? Haliotis fulgens Philippi Haliotis lasia Woodring Haliotis palaea Woodring Haliotis sp. Halistylus pupoideus (Carpenter) Haminoea virescens Sowerby Hastula gnomon Keen Heliacus rotundata (Gabb) Carinifex sp. Hemitoma (Montfortia) emarginata Blainville Here excavata (Carpenter) Lucina (Here) excavata Carpenter Lucina (Here) richthofeni Gabb Lucina excavata Carpenter Lucina richthofenii Gabb Phacoides (Here) richthofeni Gabb
Glyphostoma cf. G. gabrielense Pilsbry Glyphostoma conradiana (Gabb) Glyphostoma conradiana Gabb Lora oldroydi (Arnold) Mangelia sp.
Glycymeris (Tucetona) n.sp. aff. G. (T.) multicostata (Sowerby) Tucetona (Bellaxinaea) n.sp. Powell Glycymeris sp.
Glycymeris (Axinola) profunda Dall Glycymeris profunda (Dall) Glycimeris septentrionalis Middendorf Glycymeris (Axinola) subobsoleta (Carpenter) Glycymeris (Tucetona?) septentrionalis (Middendorff) Glycymeris septentrionalis (Middendorff) Glycymeris subobsoleta Carpenter Glycymeris branneri Arnold Glycymeris gabbi Dall Glycymeris gigantea Reeve Glycymeris (Glycymeris) maculata (Broderip) Glycymeris cf. G. whaleyi Nicol
continued
Subgenus, 31N–3S Genus, 60N–4S, Pacific; 35N–15N, Atlantic; intertidal to 400 m Genus, 37N–5N; 20 to 280 m 37N–33N 37N–33N 27N–25N; 5 to 10 m Genus, 27N–3S, through Gulf of California; sandflats at low tide to 20 m Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater 26N–8N; mostly offshore to 160 m 37N–5S; 30 to 90 m Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 25N, Florida; 164 m 42N–23N 37N–33N 37N–33N; relatively deep water 38N–23N; low tide to 8 m Genus, 57N–23N; intertidal to 92 m, on rocks Genus, 57N–23N; intertidal to 92 m, on rocks Genus, 57N–23N 55N–8N; 18 m to 73 m 55N–3N; intertidal to 18 m, on rocks and algae Genus, 20N–3N; intertdial to 110 m Genus, 34N–3S; extreme low tide to 2320 m Freshwater Subgenus, 25N–20N; 18 to 73 m 34.4N–24.4N; 25 to 125 m 34N–24N 34N–24N 34N–24N 34N–24N 34N–24N
31N in Gulf of California–3S; in depths to 90 m
60N–25N 60N–25N Subgenus, 31N–4S Subgenus, 31N–4S 31N–25N; 5 to 20 m 31N–4S Subgenus, 31N–4S
34N–33N; 46 to 365 m 34N–33N 60N–25N; intertidal to 400 m 60N–25N 60N–25N
Appendix 1 399
Hipponix tumens Carpenter Hipponix? sp. Homalopoma (Leptothyropsis) maiqueutiana (Weisbord) Homalopoma cf. H. luridum (Dall) Homalopoma danvillensis (Clark)
Homalopoma paucicostatum (Dall) Homalopoma radiatum (Dall) Homalopoma? sp. Hormospira cf. H. maculosa (Sowerby)
Humilaria pertaminosa (Conrad) (Arnold, 1907a)
Huxleyia munita (Dall) Irusella lamellifera (Conrad) Irusella lamellifera (Conrad)
Iselica ovoidea (Gould) Iselica ovoidea (Gould) Isognomon (Isognomon) panzana (Loel and Corey) Isoorbitella diegoana (Hertlein and Grant) (Moore, 1992) Jouannetia pectinata (Conrad) Juliacorbula aequivalvis fossilis (Pilsbry) Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter)
Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter) Juliacorbula luteola (Carpenter) Kelletia (Kelletia) danvillensis (Clark) Kelletia (Kelletia) danvillensis (Clark) Kelletia (Kelletia) kelletii (Forbes) Kelletia (Kelletia) kelletii (Forbes) Kelletia (Kelletia) kettlemanensis (Arnold) Kelletia (Kelletia) kettlemanensis (Arnold)
5 Ma–H N.D. 13? or 5–2.5 Ma
5 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma N.D. 17 Ma–H
5–2.5 Ma
5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
13? or 8 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H 27–23 Ma
13 Ma–H 13–2.5 Ma 23? or 17 Ma–H
23? or 17 Ma–H 23? or 17 Ma–H 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma
5 Ma–H
5 Ma–H 13–8 Ma
5 Ma–H N.D. 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. 17 Ma–H N.D.
Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) Here (Here) excavata (Carpenter) temblorensis Adegoke Hesperato vitellina (Hinds) Hespercidaris? sp. (Echinodermata) Hesperocidaris perplexa (Clark) Hiatella arctica Linnaeus Hiatella? sp. Hipponix cf. H. pilosus (Deshayes) Hipponix sp. in Loel and Corey (1932)
Taxonomy used in this study
Corbula (Lentidium) luteola Carpenter Corbula (Caryocorbula) luteola Carpenter Kelletia danvillensis (Clark) Siphonalia danvillensis Clark Kelletia kelletii (Forbes) Kelletia (Kelletia) kelleta (Forbes) Kelletia (Kelletia) kettlemanensis (Arnold) Siphonalia kettlemanensis (Arnold)
Aligena (Aligena) diegoana Hertlein and Grant (Moore, 1992) Pholadopsis pectinata Conrad Corbula (Julicorbula) aequivalvis fossilis Pilsbry Corbula luteola Carpenter
Humilaria perlaminosa (Conrad)? (Arnold, 1907a) Huxleyia munita (Dall) Irusella lamellifera (Conrad) Irus lamellifer (Conrad) var. prelamellifer Grant and Gale Iselica fenestrata (Carpenter) Liotia carinata Carpenter Pedalion panzana Loel and Corey
Hipponix tumens Carpenter Hipponix? sp. Homalopoma (Leptothyropsis) maiqueutiana (Weisbord) Homalopoma cf. H. carpenteri (Pilsbry) Leptothyra pabloensis Clark (sic Leptothyra danvillensis Clark) Homalopoma paucicostatum (Dall) Homalopoma radiatum (Dall) Homalopoma? sp. Turricula cf. T. maculosa (Sowerby)
Hesperato vitellina (Hinds) Hespercidaris? sp. (Echinodermata) Hesperocidaris perplexa H. L. Clark Hiatella arctica Linnaeus Hiatella? sp Hipponix cf. H. barbatus Sowerby Hipponix sp. Loel and Corey
Phacoides richthofeni Gabb Lucina (Here) excavata temblorensis Adegoke
Taxonomy of authors
32N–7S; burrowing into rock Genus, 37N–2S 36.7N–22.9N, Gulf of California; rocky rubble, low tide, sublittoral to 60 m 37N–23N 37N–23N Genus, 34N–30N; intertidal to 37 m Genus, 34N–30N 34N–30N; intettidal to 37 m 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N; intertidal to 37 m Genus, 34N–30N
Genus, 33.6N–23.2N, through Gulf of California
48N–23N 48N–23N Genus, 34N–2S; intertidal and shallow water
48.1N–27.2N; 37 or 70 to 750 39.7N–30.5N; intertidal to 100 m 40N–31N
37N–31N, sublittoral Genus, 57N–31N Genus, 57N–8N Gulf of California–3S; to depths of 30 m on sandy substrate Genus, 60N–37N; intertidal to 37 m
57N–28N; low tide to sublittoral Genus, 57N–8N
38N–24N Gulf of California–3S Gulf of California–19N 71.4N–10N; low tide to sublittoral, intertidal to 1190 m Genus, 71N–10N; intertidal to 1190 m Gulf of California–3S Genus, 48N–3S, and Gulf of California; intertidal to 73 m 42N–24N Genus, 48N–3S, and Gulf of California Genus, 57N–8N; intertidal to 92 m
34N–24N Species, 34N–24N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
27 Ma–H 23–17 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
400 Appendix 1
Knefastia sp. Lacuna carpenteri Anderson and Martin
Lacuna cf. L. carinata Gould Lacuna cf. L. divaricata Fabricus Lacuna sp. Lacuna vincta Montagu Laevicardium cf. L. substriatum (Conrad)
Laqueus californianus (Koch) (Brachiopoda) Laqueus sp. Laqueus vancouverensis diegensis Hertlein and Grant Larkinia camuloensis (Osmont) Larkinia camuloensis (Osmont) Larkinia multicostata (Sowerby)
Larkinia multicostata (Sowerby) Larkinia santana santana (Loel and Corey) Larkinia santana santana (Loel and Corey) Larkinia santana santana (Loel and Corey) Larkinia santana weddlei (Loel and Corey) Lasaea subviridis Dall (Moore, 1992) Leperometis obesa (Dehayes) Lepeta sp. Leporimetis cognata (Pilsbry and Vanatta) Leporimetis dombei (Hanley) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes)
N.D. 23–17 Ma
5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H
5 Ma–H N.D. 5–2.5 Ma
5 Ma–H 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 8–5 Ma 17–13 Ma N.D. 13 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 27 Ma–H
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma
Kelletia (Kelletia) kettlemanensis (Arnold) Kelletia (Kelletia) rodeoensis (Trask) Kelletia (Kelletia) sp. Kelletia gilberti (Moody) Kelletia kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Kelletia lorata Addicott Kelletia posoensis (Anderson and Martin) Kelletia posoensis (Anderson and Martin) Kelletia sp. Kelletia vladimiri Kanakoff Kelletia? sp. Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu) Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu) Kewia blancoensis (Kew) (Echinodermata) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Kewia fairbanksi santanensis (Kew) Kewia fairbanksi santanensis (Kew) Kewia fairbanksi santanensis (Kew) Kewia sp. Knefastia cf. K. funiculata (Valenciennes) Knefastia garcesana Addicott Knefastia olivacea (Sowerby)
8–5 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27-13 Ma N.D. 13? or 8–5 Ma N.D. 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 17–10 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma N.D. 17 Ma–H 23–13 Ma 13 Ma–H
Arca (Arca) multicostata Sowerby Anadara santana (Loel and Corey) Anadara (Larkinia) santana (Loel and Corey) Arca (Anadara) santana Loel and Corey Arca (Anadara) santana weddlei Loel and Corey Lasaea adansoni (Gmelin) (Moore, 1992) Psammotreata obesa (Deshayes) Lepton sp. Metis excavata Sowerby Apolymetis cf. A. dombei (Hanley) Apolylmetis biangulata (Carpenter)
Laqueus californianus Koch (Brachiopoda) Laqueus sp. Laqueus vancouverensis diegensis Hertlein and Grant Anadara camuloensis (Osmont) Anadara (Larkinia) camuloensis (Osmont) Anadara multicostata (Sowerby)
Lacuna cf. L. carinata Gould Lucuna cf. L. divaricata Fabricus Lacuna sp. Lacuna vincta Montagu Laevicardium cf. L. substriatum (Conrad)
Knefastia sp. Lacuna carpenteri Anderson and Martin
Thais kettlemanensis Arnold Siphonalia rodeoensis Trask Siphonalia sp. Siphonalia gilberti Moody Siphonalia kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Kelletia lorata Addicott Siphonalia posoensis Anderson and Martin Kelletia posoensis (Anderson and Martin) Siphonalia sp. Kelletia vladimiri Kanakoff Siphonalia sp. Kellia laperousii (Deshayes) Kellia laperousii Deshayes Kewia blancoensis (Kew) (Echinodermata) Echinarachnius fairbanksi Arnold Kewia fairbanksi (Arnold) Scutella fairbanksi (Arnold) Scutella fairbanksi Arnold Vaquerosella fairbanksi (Arnold) Echinarachnius fairbanksi santanensis Kew Scutella fairbanksi (Arnold) santanensis Kew Kewia? fairbanksi santanensis (Kew) Echinarachnius sp. Knefastia cf. K. funiculata (Valenciennes) Knefastia garcesana Addicott Knefastia olivacea (Sowerby)
continued
Genus, 34N–0; depths to 128 m Genus, 34N–0 34N–0; sandbars at low tide, free upon substrate, to 128 m 34N–0 Genus, 34N–0 Genus, 34N–0 Genus, 34N–0 Genus, 34N–0 57.1N–6.7S 35N–25N Genus, 72N–37N 30N–4S; Florimetis dombei (Keen, 1971, p. 227) 9N–4S; to depths of 22 m 35N–25N; placed in Florimetis by McLean (1978, p. 84)
Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N Genus, 34N–30N 60.8N–3.7S; intertidal to 20 m (also reported to 64 m) 61N–4S Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 24N–15N; offshore to depths of 50 m Genus, 28N–3S; low tide to depths of 70 m 28N in Gulf of California–3S; at low tide to depths of 50 m Genus, 28N–3S Genus, 64N–19N; intertidal to 366 m, in ellgrass and algae 48N–33N 64N–34N Genus, 64N–19N 64N–48N 34N–24N; intertidal to 40 or 137 m, on sand bottoms, in bays 48N–33N Genus, 48N–33N Genus, 48N–33N
Appendix 1 401
Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes)
Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes) Leporimetis rostellata (Clark)
Leporimetis rostellata (Clark) Leporimetis sp. Leporimetis sp. Leporimetis sp. Lepton? Leptopecten bellilamellatus (Arnold)
Leptopecten bellilamellatus (Arnold) 8–5 Ma Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) 5 Ma– Holocene Letechinus sp. (Echinodermata) Lima (Lima) sp.
Lima (Lima) vedderi Moore Lima caribbaea (d’Orbigny) Lima sp. Limaria cf. L. hemphilli (Hertlein and Strong) Limaria hemphilli (Hertlein and Strong) Limaria orcutti (Hertlein and Grant) Limaria sp. Limatula (Limatula) aff. L. (L.) satuma (Bernard) Limatula (Limatula) aff. L. (L.) satuma (Bernard) Limatula sp. Limopsis (Felicia) phrear Woodring Limopsis nitens (Conrad) Lingula sp.? (Brachiopoda) Linthia sp.
Liocerithium judithae Keen
Lioglyphostoma carinata (Addicott)
Liomesus sp. Lirabuccinum dira (Reeve) (Vermeij, 1991) Lirabuccinum portolaensis (Arnold) (Vermeij, 1991) Lithophaga (Diberus) plumula (Hanley)
27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H
27 Ma–H 27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D 8–5 Ma
8–5 Ma 5 Ma–H
13–8 Ma 13 Ma–H N.D. 17 Ma–H 17 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma N.D. 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 23–17 Ma N.D. 27–23 Ma
13 Ma–H
17–13 Ma
N.D. 5 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma
13 Ma–H
N.D. N.D.
5 Ma–H
5 Ma–H
5 Ma–H
Leporimetis obesa (Deshayes)
Taxonomy used in this study
Lithophaga plumula (Hanley)
Liomesus sp. Chrysodomus dirus meridiei Moody Chrysodomus portolaensis Arnold
Glyphostoma carinata Addicott
Cerithium incisum Sowerby
Lima vedderi Moore Lima caribbaea (d’Orbigny) Lima sp. Lima cf. L. dehiscens Conrad Lima hemphilli Hertlein and Storng Lima (Limaria) orcutti Hertlein Limaria sp. Limatula aff. L. subauriculata (Montagu) Limatula aff. L. “subauriculata (Montagu)” Limatula sp. Limopsis phrear Woodring Limopsis nitens (Conrad) Lingula sp. (Brachiopoda) Linthia n.sp.
Leptopecten latiauratus (Conrad) (not found in collections) Letechinus sp. (Echinodermata) Lima sp.
Pecten latiauritus Conrad
Chlamys (Leptopecten) latiaurata Conrad
Pecten (Leptopecten) latiauratus Conrad Pecten (Aequipecten) latiauratus Conrad
Florimetis rostellata (Clark) Apolymetis sp. Florimetis sp. Metis sp. Lepton? Pecten (Leptopecten) bellilamellatus (Arnold)
Metis alta Conrad Psammotreata (Florimetis) biangulata (Carpenter) Psammotreata obesa (Deshayes) Heteromacoma rostellata (Clark)
Florimetis biangulata (Carpenter)
Taxonomy of authors
36.6N–1S, in Gulf of California; boring, Spondylus and corals, to 40 m
Genus, 33N–3S Subgenus, 30N–2S; 9 to 110 m, free swimming or in nets Subgenus, 30N–2S Genus, s.I., western Atlantic, 35N–15N, deep water Questionable taxonomic assignment 37N–17N 36.6N–9N; intertidal to 100 m Genus, 37N–9N; intertidal to 100 m Genus, 37N–9N 56.5N–22.9N; 30 to 675 m 57N–23N Genus, 57N–9S Subgenus, 56S–33S Genus, 54N–6N; 55 to 1464 m Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus not living, Eocene to late Oligocene or early Miocene in California 25N–23N, through Gulf of California; intertidal under rocks Genus, 37N–5N and Gulf of California; 30 to 120 m Genus, 72N–55N; 18 to 220 m 56N–37N; intertidal, on rocks. Genus, 56N–37N; intertidal, on rocks
38N–23N
38N–23N
38N–23N
35N–25N Genus, 35N–25N; intertidal to 50; gravel, bays, rocky coastlines Genus, 35N–25N Genus, 35N–25N Genus, 35N–25N Genus, 35N–25N Genus, 23N south Genus, 38N–23N; rocks, bays, on debris offshore, 5 to 220 m Genus, 38N–23N 38N–23N; intertidal to 250 m
34.5N–24.6N; sand and gravel along rocky areas, subtidal to 50 m 35N–25N 35N–25N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
27 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
402 Appendix 1
Lithophaga sp.
Litorhadia astoriana (Henderson) Litorhadia astoriana (Henderson) Littorina mariana Arnold Littorina petricola Dall Littorina planaxis Philippi Littorina remondii Gabb Littorina scutulata Gould Littorina scutulata Gould Littorina sp.
Littorina varia Sowerby Lituyapecten aff. L. coosensis (Shumard) 8–2.5 Ma Lituyapecten cf. L. coosensis (Shumard) 8–2.5 Ma Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) 8–2.5 Ma Lituyapecten falorensis (MacNeil) 8–5 Ma Lituyapecten purisimaensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Lituyapecten purisimaensis (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Lituyapecten turneri (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Lopha angelica (Rocheburne) Lopha angermanni (Hertlein and Jordan) Lora harpularia (Couthouy) Lora sanctaemonicae (Arnold) Lora sp. Lora sp. Lora turricula (Montagu) Lora viridula (Fabricius) Lovenia hemphilli Israelsky (Echinodermata) Lucina (Lucinisca) menuda (Keen) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii antecedens Arnold Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii antecedens Arnold Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad
Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttallii Conrad Lucina (Lucinisca) sp. Lucina (Pleurolucina) n.sp. Powell Lucina sp. Lucina wattsi Loel and Corey
Lucina? sp.
N.D.
23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H 17–5 Ma 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H N.D.
13 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H 13–8 Ma 5 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma N.D. N.D. 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma 17–13 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 27 Ma–H
27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H N.D. N.D. N.D. 27–23 Ma
N.D.
8–2.5 Ma
Lithophaga (Diberus) plumula (Hanley)
13 Ma–H
Lucina? sp.
Lucina (Myrtea) nuttallii Conrad Lucina nuttallii Conrad Lucinisca nuttallii (Conrad) Phacoides nuttallii (Conrad) Lucinisca sp. Lucina (Pleurolucina) n.sp. Powell Lucina sp. Lucina wattsi Loel and Corey?
Lituyapecten dilleri (Dall) Lyropecten dilleri Dall Patinopecten dilleri (Dall) Pecten (Lituyapecten) dilleri Dall Pecten (Patinopecten) dilleri Dall Pecten dilleri Dall Patinopecten (Lituyapecten) falorensis MacNeil Patinopecten purisimaensis (Arnold) Pecten (Patinopecten) purisimaensis Arnold Patinopecten (Lituyapecten) turneri (Arnold) Myrakeenae angelica (Rocheburne) Myrakeenae angermanni (Hertlein and Jordan) Lora harpularia (Couthouy) Bela santae-monicae Arnold Propebela sp. Bela sp. Lora turricula (Montagu) Lora viridula (Fabricius) Lovenia hemphilli Israelsky (Echinodermata) Lucinisca menuda Keen Lucinisca (Lucinisca) nuttallii antecedens Arnold Lucina nuttallii antecedens (Arnold) Lucina (Lucinisca) nuttalli Conrad
Littorina varia Sowerby Pecten (Patinopecten) aff. P. (P.) coosensis Shumard Patinopecten cf. P. coosensis (Shumard)
Nuculana impressa (Conrad) Litorhadia astoriana (Henderson) Littorina mariana Arnold Littorina petricola Dall Littorina planaxis Philippi Littorina remondii Gabb Littorina scutulata Gould Littorina scutulata Gould Littorina sp.
Lithophaga sp.
Lithophaga (Diberus) plumula (Hanley)
continued
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 29N–3S Genus, 29N–3S 72N–37N Genus, 73N–30N Genus, 73N–30N Genus, 73N–30N 72N–48N 72N–37N; 591 m Genus, 34N–3N Subgenus, 37N–5S; intertidal to 82 m, in sand Species, 37N–22N; sandflats at low tide and offshore Species, 37N–22N 36.7N–22.4N; intertidal to 46 m, also reported as 10 to 75 m, in sand 37N–22N 37N–22N 37N–22N 37N–22N Subgenus, 37N–5S Subgenus, 31N–22N; 7 to 70 m Questionable taxonomic assignment If subgenus Callucina, 31N–16N; intertidal to 55 m Questionable taxonomic assignment
Genus not living
37N–1S, also in Gulf of California; intertidal to 40 m Genus, 40N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 46 m, boring Genus not living Genus not living Genus, 72N–5S; intertidal, on rocks near high-tide line Genus, 72N–5S 48N–0; “rocky reefs” in splash zone Genus, 72N–5S 58N–19N 58N–19N; upper intertidal Genus, 72N–5S, abundant on rocky reefs in the spash zone 8N–5S Genus not living
Appendix 1 403
Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad)
Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma aff. L. aequizonata (Stearns) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve)
Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma sp.
Lyonsia californica Conrad
Lyropecten catalinae (Arnold) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten catalinae (Arnold) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten catalinae (Arnold) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb) 7–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H 23 Ma–H
23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H N.D.
5 Ma–H
13–5 Ma
13–5 Ma
13–5 Ma
7–2.5 Ma
7–2.5 Ma
7–2.5 Ma
7–2.5 Ma
7–2.5 Ma
7–2.5 Ma
18–8 to 5? Ma
18–8 to 5? Ma
18–8 to 5? Ma
18–8 to 5? Ma
18–8 to 5? Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo Conrad
Pecten (Lyropecten) crassicardo Conrad n. var.
Lyropecten crassicardo nomlandi Hertlein
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad)
Chlamys (Lyropecten) crassicardo (Conrad)
Pecten cerrosensis Gabb
Pecten ashleyi Arnold
Pecten (Pecten) hemphilli Dall
Pecten (Lyropecten) cerrosensis Gabb
Lyropecten cerrosensis (Gabb)
Chlamys (Lyropecten) cerrosensis Gabb
Lyropecten catalinae (Arnold)
Pecten estrellanus Conrad catalinae Arnold
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
Lyonsia californica Conrad
Lucina annulata (Reeve) Lucinoma annulata (Reeve) Phacoides annulata Reeve Phacoides annulatus (Reeve) Phacoides annulatus Conrad Lucinoma sp.
Lucina (Mytrea) acutilineata Conrad Lucina acutilineata Conrad Lucina borealis Lamarck Lucinoma acutilineata (Conrad) Lucinoma acutilineatus (Conrad) Phacoides (Lucinoma) acutilineatus Conrad Phacoides acutilineatus Conrad Lucinoma aff. L. aequizonata (Stearns) Lucina (Lucinoma) annulata Reeve
Lucina (Lucinoma) acutilineata Conrad
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California; 55 to 1836 m Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California 34.4N–34N; 400 to 650 m 60.8N–25.7N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 665 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California 61N–26N, through Gulf of California Genus, 61N–24N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 1836 m 55N–17N; intertidal to 128 m, beneath surface of mud substrate Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
27–2.5 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
404 Appendix 1
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Lyropecten gallegosi (Jordan and Hertlein) 12– 6.5 Ma (Smith, 1991a) Lyropecten gallegosi (Jordan and Hertlein) 12– 6.5 Ma (Smith, 1991a) Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) 27–17 Ma
Lyropecten modulatus (Hertlein) 13.5–7.2 Ma (Smith, 1991a) Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma (Smith, 1991a) Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein) 27–22 Ma
18–8 to 5? Ma
18–8 to 5? Ma
18–8 to 5? Ma
18–8 to 5? Ma
18–8 to 5? Ma
18–8 to 5? Ma
18–8 to 5? Ma
13–5 Ma
13–5 Ma
13–5 Ma
13–8 Ma
27–17 Ma
27–17 Ma
27–17 Ma
13–8 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
13–8 Ma
Lyropecten crassicardo (Conrad) 18–8 Ma
18–8 to 5? Ma
Swiftopecten hamlini (Arnold)
Pecten miguelensis submiguelensis Loel and Corey Pecten vaughani Arnold
Pecten miguelensis Arnold
Pecten estrellanus Conrad
Pecten crassicardo Conrad
Pecten cf. P. crassicardo (Arnold)
Pecten (Lyropecten) miguelensis submiguelensis Loel and Corey Pecten (Lyropecten) vaughani Arnold
Lyropecten pretiosus (Hertlein)
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold)
Lyropecten modulatus (Hertlein)
Pecten miguelensis Arnold
Pecten (Lyropecten) miguelensis Arnold
Pecten (Lyropecten) gallegosi Jordan and Hertlein Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold)
Lyropecten gallegosi (Jordan and Hertlein)
Pecten estrellanus Conrad
Pecten (Lyropecten) estrellanus Conrad
Lyropecten estrellanus (Conrad)
Swiftopecten adekunbiana Adegoke
Pecten vickeryi Trask
Pecten ricei Trask
Pecten holwayi Clark
Pecten estrellanus? Conrad
Pecten crassicardo Conrad n.var.
Pecten crassicardo Conrad
Pecten crassicardo (Conrad)
continued
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0
Appendix 1 405
Lyropecten sp. aff. L. conylomatus (Dall) (Smith, 1991a) Lyropecten sp. aff. L. dumblei (Gardner) 22–19.5 Ma (Smith, 1991a) Lyropecten terminus (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten terminus (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten tiburonensis Smith 14 or 13 Ma to 11.2 or 10.2 Ma Lyropecten vaughni (Arnold) 27–23 Ma
Lyropecten vaughni (Arnold) 27–23 Ma
Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes)
Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Heteromacoma) inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad)
Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Heteromacoma) nasuta (Conrad) Macoma (Macoma) brota Dall Macoma (Macoma) brota Dall Macoma (Macoma) calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma (Macoma) calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma (Macoma) calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma (Macoma) eliminata Dunnill and Coan Macoma (Macoma) lama Bartsch Macoma (Macoma) lipara Dall Macoma (Macoploma) medioamericana Olsson Macoma (Psammacoma) siliqua Adams Macoma (Psammacoma) yoldiformis Carpenter Macoma (Psammacoma) yoldiformis Carpenter Macoma (Rexithaerus) cf. M. (R.) expansa Carpenter Macoma (Rexithaerus) copelandi Wiedey Macoma (Rexithaerus) copelandi Wiedey Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter
Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter
Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter Macoma (Rexithaerus) panzana (Wiedey)
23–17 Ma
23–17 Ma
8–2.5 Ma
13–8 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 27 Ma–H
27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 23? Ma–H 23? Ma–H 23? Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 5 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H 27–13 Ma
23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 13 Ma–H
8–2.5 Ma
Lyropecten sp.
Taxonomy used in this study
Macoma indentata (Carpenter) Macoma secta panzana (Wiedey)
Macoma (Rexithaerus) copelandi Wiedey Macoma copelandi Wiedey? Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata tenurirostris Dall Macoma (Rexithaerus) indentata Carpenter
Macoma nasuta (Conrad) Macoma nasuta forma kelseyi Dall Macoma nasuta kelseyi Dall Macoma cf. edentula Broderip and Sowerby Macoma brota Dall Macoma cf. M. tenera Leach Macoma calcarea (Gmelin) Macoma calcarea Gmelin Macoma (Macoma) eliminata Dunnill and Coan Macoma cf. M. planiuscula Grant and Gale Macoma brota Dall var. lipara Dall Macoma (Macoploma) medioamericana Olsson Macoma (Psammacoma) siliqua C.B. Adams Macoma wilcoxi Hall and Ambrose Macoma yoldiformis Carpenter Macoma cf. M. expansa Carpenter
Macoma inquinata (Deshayes) Macoma inquinata (Deshayes) subsp. arnheimi Dall Macoma inquinata Deshayes Macoma (Macoma) inquinata Deshayes Macoma kelseyi Dall
Lyropecten crassicardo vaughni (Arnold)
Pecten (Lyropecten) vaughani Arnold
Pecten subnodosus Sowerby
Pecten estrellanus Conrad terminus Arnold
Lyropecten terminus (Arnold)
“Lyropecten ” sp. aff. “L.” dumblei (Gardner)
“Lyropecten ” sp. aff. “L.” conylomatus (Dall)
Lyropecten sp.
Taxonomy of authors
41N–28N; intertidal to 100 m, bays, offshore on sandy bottoms 41N–28N Subgenus, 60N–25N
Subgenus, 60N–25N Subgenus, 60N–25N 41N–28N; 12 m
57N–34N 56.6N–34.1N; intertidal to 50 m 60.2N–27.7N, intertidal to 50 m, mud of bays, mud offshore 60N–28N, bays, lagoons, esturaries, mud of bays 60N–28N, abundat at mid- to high-tide levels 60N–28N 71N–48N; 10 to 260 m 71N–48N 71.4N–44.6N; 10 to 360 m 71N–45N 71N–45N 60N–34N 71N–53N; intertidal to 185 m 64.6N–33.8N; 20 to 260 m Gulf of California–5S; intertidal to 80 m 31N–9N; 70 to 110 m 57.1N–27.7N; intertidal to 100 m 57N–28N 60N–35.1N; intertidal to 30 m
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 57N–34N; genus, intertidal to 549 m 57N–34N
N.D.
Genus, specifically, L. magnificus (Sowerby), 25N in Gulf of California–0 N.D.
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
N.D.
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
406 Appendix 1
Mactromeris abscissa (Gabb) Mactromeris aff. M. catilliformis (Conrad)
Mactromeris aff. M. catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris albaria (Conrad) Mactromeris albaria (Conrad) Mactromeris albaria (Conrad) Mactromeris albaria (Conrad) Mactromeris albaria (Conrad) Mactromeris albaria (Conrad) Mactromeris albaria cf. M. ramonensis Packard Mactromeris brevirostrata (Packard) Mactromeris brevirostrata (Packard)
13–8 Ma 27 Ma–H
27 Ma–H 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 27–2.5 Ma 17` to 13 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma
23–13 Ma N.D. 17–13 Ma 27–13 or 5? Ma N.D. 13–8 Ma 17–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
17–13 Ma
27–13 Ma N.D. 8–5 Ma 5 Ma–H N.D. 13 Ma–H
Macoma (Rexithaerus) panzana (Wiedey) Macoma (Rexithaerus) panzana (Wiedey) Macoma (Rexithaerus) panzana Wiedey Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma (Rexithaerus) secta (Conrad) Macoma addicotti Nikas Macoma aff. M. subulosa Spengler Macoma affinis Nomland Macoma affinis plena Stewart Macoma andersoni Clark Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma arctata (Conrad) Macoma astori Dall Macoma balthica (Linnaeus) Macoma cf. M. piercei Arnold Macoma diabloensis Clark Macoma irus (Hanley) Macoma jacalitosana Arnold Macoma kelseyi Jordan and Hertlein Macoma pabloensis Clark Macoma piercei Arnold Macoma piercei Arnold (see Keen and Bentson, 1944, p. 61) Macoma sespeensis Loel and Coey Macoma sp. Macoma vanvlecki Arnold Macrarene diegenesis McLean Macrocallista sp. Macrocypraea cf. M. cervinetta Kiener (Gorves, 1997) Macron aethiops (Reeve) (Addicott, 1970a, p. 94–95) Macron merriami Arnold (1907a, p. 529) Macron sp. Mactra beali Hall and Ambrose Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Mactra sp. Mactra trampasensis Packard Mactra? montereyana Arnold Mactromeris abbotti (Wiedey)
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 8–5 Ma 5 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 17–8 Ma 27–13 or 5? Ma 27–13 or 5? Ma 23? or 8 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 23–13 Ma 17–5 Ma 8 Ma–H 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 13–8 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma
Spisula (Spisula) aff. S. (S.) catilliformis Conrad Macoma albaria (Conrad) Mactra albaria Conrad Spisula (Mactromeris) albaria (Conrad) Spisula albaria (Conrad) Spisula albaria Conrad Spisula albaria coosensis Howe Spisula albaria cf. ramonensis Packard Spisula (Hemimactra) brevirostrata Packard Spisula brevirostrata Packard
Spisula abscissa Gabb Spisula aff. catilliformis Conrad
Macron merriami Arnold Macron sp. Mactra beali Hall and Ambrose Mactra sectoris Anderson and Martin Mactra sp. Mactra trampasensis Packard Mactra montereyana Arnold Spisula abbotti Wiedey
Macron aethiops (Reeve)
Macoma sespeensis Loel and Corey Macoma sp. Macoma vanvlecki Arnold Macrarene diegenesis McLean Macrocallista sp. Cypreaa cf. cervinetta Kiener
Macoma secta (Conrad) panzana (Wiedey) Macoma (Rexitherus) secta (Conrad)? Macoma panzana Wiedey Macoma secta Conrad Macoma secta (Conrad) Macoma addicotti Nikas Macoma (like sabulosa Spengler) Macoma affinis Nomland Macoma affinis plena Stewart Macoma andersoni Clark Macoma arctata (Conrad) Tellina arctata Conrad Macoma astori Dall Macoma balthica (Linnaeus) Tellina (Olcesia) cf. (O.) piercei (Arnold) Macoma diabloensis Clark Macoma irus (Hanley) Macoma jacalitosana Arnold Macoma kelseyi Jordan and Hertlein Macoma pabloensis Clark Tellina piercei (Arnold) Macoma piercei Arnold
continued
Genus, 25N, rare in Gulf of California; common on outer coast Genus, 25N, rare in Gulf of California Genus, 25N, rare in Gulf of California Genus, 37N–1S; intertidal to 22 m, in sand Genus, 37N–1S Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 37N–1S Genus, 37N–1S Genus, 71N–4S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 95 m Genus, 71N–4S 37.9N–27.8N; 5 to 20 m, sloughs and sheltered areas of outer coast 38N–28N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S
Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 38N–15N Questionable taxonomic assignment 31N–5S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 60N–25N Subgenus, 60N–25N Subgenus, 60N–25N 54N–25N; sand near bay mouths, beyond surf zone 54N–25N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 70N–38N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S
Appendix 1 407
Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad) Mactromeris coalingensis (Arnold) Mactromeris coalingensis (Arnold) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall) Mactromeris hemphilli (Dall)
Mactromeris mossbeachensis Glen Mactromeris mossbeachensis Glen Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson) Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson) Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson) Mactromeris selbyensis Packard Mactromeris selbyensis Packard Mactromeris sp. cf. M. rushi (Wagner and Schilling) Mactrotoma (Micromactra) californica (Conrad)
Maeundra bowersi (Vaughan) Malea ringens (Swainson)
Malea ringens (Swainson) Mangelia aff. M. variegata Carpenter Mangelia barbarensis Oldroyd Mangelia interlirata Stearns Mangelia intermedia (Arnold) Mangelia painei Arnold Mangelia sp. Mangelia variegata Carpenter Mangelia variegata Carpenter Margarites (Lirularia) condoni Dall Margarites (Lirularia) condoni Dall Margarites (Pupillaria) arestus (Berry) Margarites (Pupillaria) cf. M. (P.) optabilis (Carpenter) Margarites (Pupillaria) pupillus (Gould) Margarites (Pupillaria) pupillus (Gould) Margarites (Pupillaria) pupillus (Gould) Margarites johnsoni (Arnold)
27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 27? or 13 Ma–H 27? or 13 Ma–H 27? or 13 Ma–H 27? or 13 Ma–H 27? or 13 Ma–H
8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma 17–13 Ma
13? or 5–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma N.D. 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H
8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8–5 Ma
5 Ma–H
Mactromeris catilliformis (Conrad)
Taxonomy used in this study
Margarita pupilla Gould Pupillaria pupilla (Gould) Margarites pupillus (Gould) Margarita johnsoni Arnold
Malela ringens Swainson Mangelia aff. M. variegata Carpenter Mangelia barbarensis Oldroyd Mangelia interlirata Stearns “Mitromorpha” intermedia Arnold Mangelia painei Arnold Mangelia sp. Mangelia variegata Carpenter Clathromangelia variegata (Carpenter) Margarita condoni Dall Margarites (Lirularia) condoni Dall Pupillaria aresta (Berry) Pupillaria cf. P. optabilis (Carpenter)
Maeundra bowersi (Vaughan) Malea ringens (Swainson)
Mactra californica Conrad
Spisula (Mactromeris) catilliformis Conrad Spisula (Mactromeris) mercedensis Packard Spisula (Spisula) catilliformis Conrad Spisula catilliformis (Pack) Spisula mercedensis Packard Mactra coalingensis Arnold Spisula coalingensis Arnold Spisula (Mactromeris) hemphillii Dall Spisula (Hemimactra) hemphilli (Dall) Spisula hemphilli (Dall) Spisula (Spisula) hemphilli (Dall) Mactra (Spisula) hemphilli Dall (or catilliformis Conrad?) Spisula (Hemimactra) mossbeachensis Glen Spisula mossbeachensis Glen Spisula (Hemimactra) voyi (Gabb) Spisula voyi Gabb Spisula voyi (Gabb) Spisula selbyensis Packard Spisula albaria selbyensis Packard Spisula sp. cf. S. rushi Wagner and Schilling
Spisula (Hemimactra) catilliformis Conrad
Taxonomy of authors
60N–32N, deep water 60N–32N, deep water 60N–32N, deep water Genus, 72N–29N
36.6N–8.9N, Gulf of California; sandflats, bays, intertidal to 15 m “Reef-corals,” present-day genus living in Caribbean 31N, Gulf of California–5S; rock at extreme tides and sand bars 31N, Gulf of California–5S Alaska or 37N–24N 34N–23N, Gulf of California 37N–33N Genus, 72N–1S Genus, 72N–1S Genus, 72N–1S Alaska or 37N–24N Alaska or 37N–24N 72N–29N 72N–29N 72N–29N; intertidal to 229 m 34N–32N
Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 70.8N–46N 71N–46N 71N–46N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S
37.9N–27.8N; 5 to 20 m, sloughs and sheltered areas of outer coast 38N–28N 38N–28N 38N–28N 38N–28N 38N–28N Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 35.5N–26.2N; intertidal to 95 m, common offshore 36N–26N 36N–26N 36N–26N 36N–26N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
27 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
408 Appendix 1
Megabalanus californicus (Pilsbry) (Newman and Ross, 1976) Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin) (Newman and Ross, 1976) Megapetalus cf. M. lovenoides Clark (Echinodermata) Megapetalus cf. M. lovenoides Clark Megapetalus holmani (Grant and Hertlein) Megapetalus lovenoides Clark Megapitaria af. M. squalida (Sowerby)
8–5 Ma
Megasurcula cf. M. cooperi (Arnold)
Megasurcula cf. M. keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula condonana (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula howei Hanna and Hertlein Megasurcula howei Hanna and Hertlein Megasurcula howei Hanna and Hertlein Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula n.sp.? Megasurcula sinuata (Gabb)
8–5 Ma
23–13 Ma 27–17 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma N.D. 13–8 Ma
8–2.5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma
Megapitaria aff. M. squalida (Sowerby) Megapitaria densa (Moody) Megapitaria densa (Moody) Megapitaria sp. Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby) Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby) Megasurcula aff. M. cooperi (Arnold) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) femandoana (Arnold) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) fernandoana (Arnold) Megasurcula cf. M. carpenteriana (Gabb)
23? or 13 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma N.D. 23? or 13 Ma–H 23? or 13 Ma–H 8–5 Ma 13? or 8 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma
8–5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma 23? or 13 Ma–H
8–5 Ma
8–5 Ma
Margarites johnsoni (Arnold) Margarites sp. Marginella sp. Mediargo cf. M. mathewsoni (Gabb) Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Mediargo mathewsoni (Gabb) Mediargo trampasensis (Clark) Mediargo trampasensis (Clark) Megabalanus californicus (Pilsbry) (Arthropoda)
8–5 Ma N.D. N.D. 27–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 8 Ma–H
Pseudotoma cf. P. keepi (Arnold) Megasurcula condonana (Anderson and Martin) Megasurcula howei Hanna and Hertlein Turris n.sp. of Loel and Corey (1932) Turris n.sp. (large)? Bathytoma keepi Arnold Megasurcula keepi (Arnold) Pleurotoma (Bathytoma) keepi Arnold Pleurotoma (Dolichotoma) keepi Arnold Surcula (Bathytoma) keepi (Arnold) Turris keepi (Arnold)? Turris n.sp. (large) Surculites sinuatus (Gabb)
Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) fernandoana (Arnold) Surculites (Megasurcula) cf. carpenterianus (Gabb) Megasurcula cf. M. cooperi (Arnold)
Margarites johnsoni (Arnold) Margarites sp. Marginella sp. Mediargo? cf. M. mathewsoni (Gabb) Argobuccinum dilleri Anderson and Martin Argobuccinum n.sp. Gyrineum dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Mediargo dilleri (Anderson and Martin) Mediargo mathewsoni (Gabb) Bursa carinata Clark Bursa trampasenis Clark Megabalanus (Megabalanus) californicus (Pilsbry) (Arthropoda) Balanus tintinnabulum cf. B. californicus (no author given) Balanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus) cocopoma (no author given) Megapetalus cf. M. leniodes Clark (Echinodermata) Megapetalus sp. Palaeopneustus holmani Grant ant Hertlein Megapetalus lovenioides Clark Macrocallista (Megapitaria) aff. M. (M.) squalida (Sowerby) Macrocallista cf. M. maculata (Linnaeus) Macrocallista densa Moody Megapitaria densa (Moody) Macrocallista sp.? Megapitaria squalida Sowerby Megapitaria squalida (Sowerby) Megasurcula aff. M. cooperi (Arnold) Megasurcula carpenteriana (Gabb) Turris (Bathytoma) carpenteriana (Gabb) Bathytoma carpenteriana femandoana Arnold
continued
Genus, 38N–28N, common on offshore sandy bottoms Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N
38N–28N
Species, 38N–28N
31N–4S Genus, 31N–4S; sandy mudflats to 120 m Genus, 31N–4S Genus, 31N–4S 31N–4S 31N–4S Genus, 38N–28N; 18 to 370 m 38N–28N, 27 to 100 m, common on sandy bottoms 38N–28N Species, 38N–28N
Genus not living, Miocene–Pliocene Genus not living, Miocene–Pliocene Genus not living, Miocene–Pliocene 31N–4S; sandy mudflats to 120 m
Genus not living, Miocene–Pliocene
23N–8N
37N–24N
Genus, 72N–29N Genus, 72N–29N Genus, 37N–1S; intertidal to 230 m, on rocks Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 37N–24N
Appendix 1 409
Merriamaster arnoldi (Twitchell) Merriamaster cf. M. israelskyi (Jordan and Hertlein) Merriamaster israelskyi (Jordan and Hertlein) Merriamaster pacificus (Kew) Merriamaster perrini (Weaver) Merriamaster perrini (Weaver) Metalia spatagus? (Linnaeus) Micranellum crebricinctum (Carpenter) Microglyphis breviculus (Dall) Milneria cf. M. kelseyi Dall Milneria minima Dall Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Miltha (Miltha) sp. Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Miltha (Miltha) xantusi (Dall) Miltha (Miltha?) jacalitosana (Arnold) Miltha sp. Miodontiscus prolongatus Carpenter Mirachelus imperialis Schremp Mitra (Atrimitra) andersoni Addicott
5–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma
5–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 27–13 or 8? Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma N.D. 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 8–5 Ma N.D. 5 Ma–H 13? or 5–2.5 Ma 17–13 Ma
8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma
Melongena sanjuanensis Anderson and Martin Mercenaria? virginiana (Loel and Corey) Merriamaster arnoldi (Twitchell) (Echinodermata)
Megasurcula sp. Megasurcula sp. Megasurcula steamsiana (Raymond) Megasurcula steamsiana (Raymond) Megasurcula steamsiana (Raymond) Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) (synonym of M. carpenteriana [McLean, 1978]) Megasurcula wynoocheensis (Weaver) Megathura crenulata (Sowerby) Megathura sp. (or Terebra sp.) Melampus (Melampus) cf. M. (M.) olivaceus Carpenter Melongena californica Anderson and Martin
Taxonomy used in this study
Melongena sanjuanensis Anderson and Martin Venus virginiana Loel and Corey Dendraster (Merriamaster) arnoldi Twitchell (Echinodermata) Merriamaster arnoldi (Twitchell) Merriamaster cf. M. israelskyi Jordan and Hertlein Astrodapsis israelskyi Jordan and Hertlein Merriamaster pacificus Kew Dendraster (Merriamaster) perrini (Weaver) Merriamaster perrini (Weaver) Metalia spatagus? Linnaeus Micranellum crebricinctum (Carpenter) Microglyphus breviculus (Dall) Milneria cf. M. kelseyi Dall Milneria minima Dall Miltha (Miltha) sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Miltha sanctaecrucis (Arnold) Phacoides (Miltha) sanctaecrucis Arnold Phacoides santaecrucis Arnold Miltha sp. Lucina (Miltha) xantusi Dall Miltha xantusi Dall Phacoides xantusi Dall Paphia jacalitosensis Arnold Miltha sp. Miodontiscus prolongatus Carpenter Mirachelus imperialis Schremp Mitra (Atrimitra) andersoni Addicott
Melongena californica Anderson and Martin
Megasurcula wynoocheensis (Weaver) Megathura crenulata (Sowerby) Megathura sp. Melampus cf. M. olivaceus Carpenter
Megasurcula sp. Pseudostoma sp. Megasurcula remondii (Gabb) Surculites (Megasurcula) remondii (Gabb) Surculites remondi (Gabb) Megasurcula tryoniana (Gabb) Turris (Bathytoma) tryoniana (Gabb) Megathura crenulata (Sowerby)? Megasurcula carpenteriana tryoniana (Gabb)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 24N–8N 55N–28N; intertidal to 73 m 37N–30N; genus, 65 to 1820 m 37N–27.1N; intertidal to 40 m, nestling under rocks 50.8N–29N; intertidal to 30 m, nestling under rocks Genus, 26N–25N; 55 m or deeper Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 26N–25N 26N–25N; 55 m or deeper 26N–25N 26N–25N Genus, 26N–25N Genus, 26N–25N 60.8N–32.7N; 5 to 210 m Genus, 10N–0; 91 to 183 m Subgenus, 25N–3S, Gulf of California; 5 to 73 m
Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 38N–28N 37N–24N Megathura, 37N–28N 34N–23N, through Gulf of California; above high-tide line in bays Genus, northern Gulf of California–8N; sand and mudflats Genus, northern Gulf of California–8N Genus, 28N in Gulf of California and Atlantic Ocean Genus not living
Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N Genus, 38N–28N 34N–32N 34N–32N 37N–24N 34N–32N, 15 to 64 m, sandy bottoms
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
23–17 Ma 27–23 Ma 5–2.5 Ma
27–8 Ma
23–13 or 5? Ma 5 Ma–H N.D. 5 Ma–H
N.D. N.D. 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
410 Appendix 1
Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad)
Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolus) cf. M. (M.) modiolus (Linnaeus) Modiolus (Modiolus) cf. M. (M.) modiolus (Linnaeus) Modiolus (Modiolus) lagunanus Loel and Corey
Modiolus (Modiolus) lagunanus Loel and Corey Modiolus (Modiolus) lagunanus Loel and Corey
Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis temblorensis Adegoke Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis temblorensis Adegoke Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis Trask Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis Trask Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis Trask Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis Trask Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus Arnold Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus Arnold Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus garzaensis Adegoke Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus garzaensis Adegoke Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould)
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H 8 Ma–H
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma
17–13 Ma
23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
17–13 Ma
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 17–13 Ma
17–13 Ma
8 Ma–H
Mitra (Atrimitra) idea Melvill Mitra idae Melvill Mitra orientalis Griffith and Pidgeon Mitrella (Columbellopsis) alta Addicott Mitrella (Columbellopsis) alta Addicott Mitrella (Columbellopsis) richthofeni (Gabb) Mitrella anchuela Keen Mitrella carinata (Hinds) Mitrella gouldii (Carpenter) Mitrella gouldii (Carpenter) Mitrella pittsburgensis (Clark) Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Mitrella sp. Mitrella sp. Mitrella sp. a (Davis, 1998) Mitrella sp. b (Davis, 1998) Mitrella sp.? Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter) Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter) Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad)
5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 13? or 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 13–8 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma N.D. N.D. 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
Modiolus (Modiolus) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus directus (Dall) Modiolus directus Dall Modiolus flabellatus (Gould)
Brachiodontes veronensis (Trask) Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis Trask Modiolus veronensis Trask Nuculana veronensis (Trask) Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus Arnold Modiolus ynesianus Arnold Modiolus (Modiolus) ynezianus garzaensis Adegoke Modiolus ynezianus garzaensis Adegoke
Modiolus ynezianus lagunanus Loel and Corey Modiolus ynezianus (Arnold) lagunanus Loel and Corey Modiolus (Modiolus) veronensis temblorensis Adegoke Modiolus veronensis temblorensis Adegoke
Modiolus (Modiolus) lagunanus Loel and Corey
Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolus) cf. M. (M.) modiolus (Linnaeus) Volsella cf. V. modiolus (Linnaeus)
Modiolus capax Conrad
Mitra (Atrimitra) idea Melvill Mitra idae Melvill Mitra sulcata Swainson Mitrella (Columbellopsis) alta Addicott Mitrella (Columbellopsis) n.sp. Mitrella (Columbellopsis) richthofeni (Gabb) Mitrella anchuela Keen Mitrella carinata (Hinds) Columbella (Astryis) constantia Moody Mitrella gouldi (Carpenter) Columbella (Astyris) pittsburgensis Clark Astyris richthofeni Gabb Columbella (Astyris) richthofeni (no author given) Mitrella richthofeni (Gabb) Mitrella sp. Columbella sp. Mitrella sp. A (Davis, 1998) Mitrella sp. B (Davis, 1998) Astyris n.sp. Mitrella tuberosa Carpenter Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter) Volsella capax (Conrad)
54N–30N 54N–30N 54N–30N 54N–30N
Genus, 73N–5S
Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S
Genus, 73N–5S
Genus, 73N–5S
continued
Genus, 73N–5S; intertidal to 73 m, attached to rocks or in sand Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S
58N–37N in Pacific; 70N?–35N in western Atlantic
39N–28N 39N–33N 42N–south of equator Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus Mediterranean Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus Mediterranean Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus, Mediterranean Genus, 70N–5N; intertidal to 549 m, chiefly sublittoral 38N–23N, littoral to 64 m, among rocks and eelgrass 55N–24N 55N–24N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 70N–5N; subgenus Mediterranean Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 70N–5N Genus, 70N–5N 55N–23N 55N–23N 36.6N–5.1S; at low tide; shallow sublittoral, protected areas 37N–5S, intertidal to 200 m, common in bays on pillings 37N–5S 57.8N–36.6N; intertidal to 200 m
Appendix 1 411
Modulus? n.sp.
Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Molopophorus matthewi Etherington Molopophorus sp. Morula (Morunella) granti Addicott Murex sp. Murex sp.
Musashia (Nipponomelon) oregonensis (Dall) Musculus niger (Gray) Musculus niger (Gray) Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus
Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Mya (Arenomya) fujiei MacNeil
Mya (Arenomya) macneili Adegoke Mya dickersoni Clark Mya japonica Jay (probably M. arenaria Linnaeus) Mya sp. Mya truncata Linnaeus Myadesma pacifica Hall and Ambrose Mytella cf. M. inezensis (Conrad) Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold
N.D.
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 23–17 Ma N.D. 17–13 Ma N.D. N.D.
5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H 17–13 Ma
8–5 Ma 13–8 or 2.5? Ma 8 Ma–H
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma
N.D. 8 Ma–H 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 8–2.5 Ma
Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolusia) flabellatus (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolusia?) sacculifer Berry Modiolus (Modiolusia?) sacculifer Berry Modiolus sp. Modiolus sp. Modiolus unidens Lister Modiolus? (Modiolus?) clarki Moore Modulus modulus Linnaeus
Taxonomy used in this study
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis (Arnold) Mytilus (Mytiloconcha) coalingensis Arnold
Mya sp. Mya truncata Linnaeus Myadesma pacifica Hall and Ambrose Volsella cf. V. inezana (Conrad) Crenomytilus coalingensis (Arnold)
Mya (Arenomya) macneili Adegoke Mya dickersoni Clark Mya japonica Jay
Mya (Arenomya) arenaria Linnaeus Mya (Arenomya) fujiei MacNeil
Musashia (Nipponomelon) oregonensis (Dall) Musculus (Musculus) stalderi (Martin) Modiolus stalderi Martin Mya arenaria Linnaeus
Bullia (Molopophorus) anglonana Anderson Cuma biplicata Gabb Molopophorus anglonana (Anderson) Molopophorus anglonanus (Anderson) Molopophorus matthewi Etherington Molopophorus sp. Morula (Morunella) granti Addicott Murex sp. Murex sp.
Modulus? n.sp.
Volsella recta (Conrad) var. flabellata (Gould) Volsella recta flabellata (Gould) Modiolus (Modiolus) rectus (Conrad) Modiolus rectus (Conrad) Modiolus rectus Conrad Volsella recta (Conrad) Modiolus (Modiolus?) sacculifer Berry Modiolus sacculifer Berry Volsella sp. Modiolus sp. Modiolus unidens Lister Mytilus merriami Clark Modulus modulus Linnaeus
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 71N–33N 71.4N–48.4N; intertidal to 100 m Genus not living Genus, 29N–4S; intertidal to 5 m, mudflats Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N intertidal, rocks Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N
54N–30N 54N–30N 54.1–5.1S; mudflats, intertidal to 15 m 54N–5S 54N–5S 54N–5S 34N–33N; 35 to 50 m 34N–33N Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, 73N–5S Genus, Gulf of California–3S; 35N–15N, Atlantic; mudflats Genus, Gulf of California–3S; 35N–15N, Atlantic; rocky shores Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Subgenus, 25N–3N, through Gulf of California Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 28N–3S, throughout Gulf of California; to depths of 75 m N.D. 71N–46.6N; intertidal to 150 m 71N–47N 70.3N–32.7N; intertidal, mudflats, lagoons, back bays, and estuaries 70N–33N Genus, 71N–33N; intertidal to 37 m, sandy mud, black mud, bays Genus, 71N–33N Genus, 71N–33N 71N–37N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. N.D. 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
412 Appendix 1
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
17–13 Ma 23–13 Ma
23–17 Ma
8–1.6 Ma 23–17 Ma
8–1.6 Ma 8–1.6 Ma 8–1.6 Ma 8–1.6 Ma
23–13 Ma 8–5 Ma N.D. 17 Ma–H 17 Ma–H
27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 23–13 Ma
5 Ma–H
13–8 Ma 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 27–13 or 2.5? Ma 27–13 or 2.5? Ma 27–13 or 2.5? Ma 13–5 Ma 27–13 Ma 5–2.5 Ma Mytilus expansus Arnold Mytilus kewi Nomland Mytilus mathewsonii Gabb Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis sternbergi Hertlein Mytilus (Mytiloncha) trampasensis Clark Mytilus perrini Clark Mytilus schencki Hanna and Hertlein
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) kewi Nomland Mytilus (Crenomytilus) mathewsonii Gabb Mytilus (Crenomytilus) sternbergi Hertlein and Grant Mytilus (Crenomytilus) trampasensis Clark Mytilus (Crenomytilus?) perrini Clark Mytilus (Crenomytilus?) schencki Hanna and Hertlein Mytilus (Mytilus) californianus Conrad
Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Arcularia) harrellensis Addicott Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin)
Mytilus (Mytilus?) cf. M. (M.?) loeli Grant Mytilus (Mytilus?) loeli Grant Mytilus (Mytilus?) loeli Grant Mytilus (Plicatomytilus) cf. M. (P.) middendorffi Grewingk Mytilus (Plicatomytilus) middendorffi Grewingk Mytilus highoohiae Mandra Mytilus sp. Mytilus trossulus Gould Mytilus trossulus Gould (Coan et al., 2000, p. 159) Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma Nanochlamys nutteri (Arnold) 8–1.6 Ma
Crenomytilus expansus Arnold
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
Nassarius (Phrontis) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius blakei (Anderson and Martin)
Nassa ocoyana Anderson and Martin
Nassarius (Phrontis) harrellensis Addicott Nassa blakei Anderson and Martin
Nassarius antiselli (Anderson and Martin)
Swiftopecten nutteri (Arnold) Chlamys nutteri Arnold Pecten nutteri Arnold Pecten (Pallium) swiftii bernardi var. nutteri Arnold (?) Pecten (Pallium) swiftii bernardi nutteri Arnold Nassa antiselli Anderson and Martin
Mytilus middendorffi Grewingk Mytilus highoohiae Mandra Mytilus sp. Mytilus edulis Linnaeus Mytilus (Mytilus) edulis Linnaeus
Mytilus cf. M. kewi Nomland Mytilus hamlini Loel and Corey Mytilus loeli Grant Mytilus cf. M. middendorffi Grewingk
Mytilus californianus Conrad
Mytilus coalingensis (Arnold) Mytilus coalingensis Arnold Mytilus mathewsoni Gabb expansus Arnold
Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold Mytilus (Crenomytilus) coalingensis Arnold Mytilus (Crenomytilus) expansus Arnold
continued
Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 39N–5N
Genus not living Subgenus, 39N–5N
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–33.5N 72N–33.5N; intertidal on rocks
59.2N–18.8N; upper intertidal, attached to rocks by byssus, to 50 m Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–19N Genus, 72N–19N
Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N
Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N
Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N
Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N
Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N Subgenus, Japan and Philippines; genus, 72N–19N
Appendix 1 413
Nassarius (Caesia) cf. N. (C.) perpinguis (Hinds) Nassarius (Caesia) coalingensis (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) coalingensis (Arnold) Nassarius (Caesia) fossatus (Gould)
Nassarius (Caesia) fossatus (Gould) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus addicotti Adegoke Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Caesia) whitneyi (Trask) Nassarius (Caesia) whitneyi (Trask) Nassarius (Catilon) insculptus (Carpenter) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Catilon) arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius (Catilon) cf. N. (C.) stocki Kanakoff Nassarius (Catilon) churchi (Hertlein) Nassarius (Catilon) hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius (Catilon) hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius (Catilon) hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius (Catilon) hildegardae Kanakoff Nassarius (Catilon) iniquus (Stewart) Nassarius (Catilon) iniquus (Stewart) Nassarius (Catilon) pabloensis (Clark) Nassarius (Catilon) pabloensis (Clark) Nassarius (Catilon) stocki Kanakoff Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Catilon?) antiselli (Anderson and Martin)
8 Ma–H 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 5 Ma–H
5 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma
27–13 Ma
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 17–5 Ma 17–5 Ma 5 Ma–H 27–13 or 8? Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma 13? or 8–5 Ma 27–23 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13? or 8–5 Ma 27–13 Ma
17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 8 Ma–H
23–13 Ma
Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Arcularia) ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin) Nassarius (Arcularia) posoensis Addicott Nassarius (Arcularia) smooti Addicott Nassarius (Caesia) aff. N. (C.) perpinguis (Hinds)
Taxonomy used in this study
Nassa antiselli Anderson and Martin
Nassarius (Schizopyga) fossatus Gould Nassarius (Demondia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) Nassarius (Caesia) grammatus (Dall) addicotti Adegoke “Nassa” moriana Martin Nassa moraniana Martin Nassa moriana Martin Nassarius (Caesia) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius (Schizopyga) moranianus (Martin) Nassarius moranianus (Martin) Schizopyga moriana (Martin) Nassa whitneyi Trask Nassarius whitneyi (Trask) Nassarius insculptus (Carpenter) Nassarius churchi (Hertlein) Uzita? arnoldi (Anderson) Nassa arnoldi Anderson Nassarius arnoldi (Anderson) Nassarius churchi (Hertlein) Nassarius cf. N. stocki Kanakoff Alectrion churchi Hertlein Nassarius (?Uzita) hamlini (Arnold) Nassa hamlini Arnold Nassarius hamlini (Arnold) Nassarius hildegardae Kanakoff Nassarius iniquus (Stewart) Nassa miser iniqua Stewart Nassarius pabloensis (Clark) Nassa pabloensis Clark Nassarius stocki Kanakoff Nassarius antiselli (Anderson and Martin)
Nassarius cf. N. perpinguis (Hinds) Nassarius (Caesia) coalingensis (Arnold) Schizopyga californiana coalingensis (Arnold) Nassa fossata Gould
Nassarius (Phrontis?) posoensis Addicott Nassarius (Phrontis) smooti Addicott Nassa aff. N. perpinguis Hinds
Nassarius ocoyanus (Anderson and Martin)
Nassarius ocoyana (Anderson and Martin)
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, 39N–5S
Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California 39N–28N Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 39N–5S
Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California 48N–28N; intertidal, in lagoons, and offshore in shallow water 48N–28N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49–23N, through Gulf of California 49N–27N; bays, lagoons, sandy substrate, offshore to 7m 49N–27N Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 49N–23N, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 24N–3S, through Gulf of California
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
23–13 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
414 Appendix 1
Nassarius (Deomondia) forma indisputabulis (Oldroyd) Nassarius sp. Nassarius sp. Nassarius sp. Nassarius sp. Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica (Cryptonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica (Cryptonatica) oregonensis Conrad
5 Ma–H
17 Ma–H
17 Ma–H
23–17 Ma N.D. 13–8 Ma 23–17 Ma
17–13 Ma
8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 17–13 Ma 13 Ma–H 23–17 Ma 17–13 Ma
23–17 Ma
8 Ma–H
8 Ma–H
8 Ma–H
8 Ma–H
Natica (Cryptonatica) russa Gould Natica (Cryptonatica) russa Gould Natica (Cryptonatica) russa Gould Natica (Natica) teglandae Hanna and Hertlein Natica (Natica) unifasciata Lamark Natica (Natica) vokesi Addicott Natica (Naticarius?) posuncula Hanna and Hertlein Natica (Naticarius?) posuncula Hanna and Hertlein Natica inezana Conrad Natica sp. Nematurella pittsburgensis (Clark) Nemocardium (Arctopratulum?) cf. N. (A.) griphus Keen Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter)
Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius (Demondia) mendicus (Gould)
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 8 Ma–H
Nassarius (Catilon?) salinasensis Addicott Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassarius (Demondia) cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius (Demondia) cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius (Demondia) cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius (Demondia) cooperi (Forbes)
8–5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 17? or 5 Ma–H 17? or 5 Ma–H 17? or 5 Ma–H 17? or 5 Ma–H
Laevicardium centifilosum (Carpenter)
Natica inezana Conrad? Natica sp. Littorina pittsburgensis Clark Nemocardium (Arctopratulum?) cf. N. (A.) griphus Keen Pratulum centifilosum (Carpenter)
Natica (Tectonatica) russa Gould Cryptonatica aleutica Dall Natica russa Gould Natica (Natica) teglandae Hanna and Hertlein Natica unifasciata Lamark Natica vokesi Addicott Natica (Naticarius?) posuncula Hanna and Hertlein Natica posuncula Hanna and Hertlein
Cryptonatica oregonensis (Conrad)
Natica consors Dall
Natica clausa Broderip and Sowerby
Natica (Tectonatica) clausa Broderip and Sowerby Natica clausa Broderip and Sowerby
Nassarius salinasensis Addicott “Nassa” waldorfensis Arnold Nassarius californianus (Conrad) Nassa californiana Conrad Nassa california (Conrad) Nassa californica Conrad Nassarius (Demondia) californianus (Conrad) Nassa cooperi (Forbes) Nassarius cooperi (Forbes) “Nassa” mendica Gould cooperi Forbes Nassarius (Schizopyga) mendicus (Gould) cooperi (Forbes) “Nassa” mendica Gould Nassa mendica Gould Nassarius (Schizopyga) mendicus (Gould) Nassarius mendicus (Gould) Nassarius mendicus forma indisputabilis (Oldroyd) Nassarius (Deomondia) forma indisputabulis (Oldroyd) “Nassa” sp. Alectrion sp. Nassa sp. Nassarius sp. Cryptonatica clausa (Broderip and Sowerby)
59N–28N
58.7N–27.7N; 30 to 150 m
Genus, 71N–5S Genus, 71N–5S Genus not living Genus, 58N–28N; 18 to 137 m
continued
Genus, 71N–5S; subgenus, Florida and West Indies
Genus, 72N–23N; intertidal to 1647 m, living on soft substrate 71N–33N 71N–33N 71N–33N Subgenus, 24N–3S 10N–5S Subgenus, 24N–3S Genus, 71N–5S; subgenus, Florida and West Indies
72N–54N
72N–54N
72N–54N
72N–54N
Genus, 55N–5S; intertidal to 370 m, on mud and sand Genus, 55N–5S, sheltered coves and estuaries Genus, 55N–5S Genus, 55N–5S 72N–54N
48N–34N
55N–25N; bays, intertidal to sublittoral 55N–25N 55N–25N 55N–25N 55N–25N
Subgenus, 39N–5S Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 55N–25N Subgenus, 55N–25N 48N–33N 48N–33N 48N–23N 48N–33N
Appendix 1 415
Nerita (Theliostyla) funiculata Menke
13 Ma–H
8–5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma 8–5 Ma 5 Ma–H 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma N.D. 13–8 Ma 13 Ma–H
8–2.5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma
Neptunea (Neptunea) andersoni (Martin) Neptunea (Neptunea) andersoni (Martin) Neptunea (Neptunea) lirata (Martyn) Neptunea (Neptunea) lirata (Martyn) Neptunea (Neptunea) pribiloffensis (Dall) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) eatoni Grant and Quayle Neptunea (Sulcosipho) scotiaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) lawsoni (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) lawsoni (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) stocki (Howe) Neptunea buwaldi (Clark) Neptunea buwaldi (Clark) Neptunea cf. N. diabloensis (Clark) Neptunea cf. N. smirnia (Dall) Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Neptunea diabloensis (Clark) Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Neptunea praenominata (Hanna) Neptunea purisimaensis (Martin) Neptunea sp. Neptunea? rodeoenis (Clark) Nerita (Ritena) scabricostata Lamarck
Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Nemocardium (Keenaea) centifilosum (Carpenter) Neolepton (Stohleria) cf. N. (S.) salmonea (Carpenter) Neolepton (Stohleria) cf. N. (S.) salmonea (Carpenter) Neptunea (Neptunea) altispira (Gabb) Neptunea (Neptunea) altispira (Gabb) Neptunea (Neptunea) altispira (Gabb)
Taxonomy used in this study
Nerita cf. bernhardi Recluz
Chrysodomus lawsoni Martin Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) lawsoni (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho?) stocki (Howe) Neptunea buwaldi (Clark) Chrysodomus buwaldi Clark Chrysodomus cf. C. diabloensis Clark Neptunea cf. N. smirnia (Dall) Chrysodomus cierboensis Clark Neptunea cierboensis (Clark) Thais cierboensis Clark Chrysodomus diabloensis Clark Chrysodomus pabloensis Clark Neptunea pabloensis (Clark) Tritonalia praenominata (Hanna) Neptunea purisimaensis (Martin) Neptunea sp. Clava rodeoensis (Clark) Nerita scabricostata Lamarck
Neptunea tabulata colmaensis (Martin)
Chrysodomus altispira Gabb Neptunea altispira Gabb Neptunea (Neptunea) lirata (Martyn) subsp. altispira Gabb Chrysodomus andersoni Martin Neptunea (Neptunea) andersoni (Martin) Chryosodomus liratus Martyn Neptunea lyrata (Gmelin) Neptunea (Neptunea) pribiloffensis (Dall) Neptunea eatoni Grant and Quayle Neptunea (Sulcosipho) scotiaensis (Martin) Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) subsp. colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea (Sulcosipho) tabulata (Baird) var. colmaensis (Martin) Neptunea colmaensis Martin
Psephidia cf. P. salmonea (Carpenter)
Holodarka cf. H. salmonea (Carpenter)
Pratulum? cf. P. centifilosum (Carpenter)
Nemocardium centifilosum (Carpenter)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 72N–33N; intertidal to 1555 m Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N 60N–48N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N 28N–3S, through Gulf of California; wave splash zone at high tide 28N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal, on rocks
Species, 51N–33N
Species, 51N–33N
Species, 51N–33N
Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N 71N–37N 71N–37N 56N–54N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N 51N–33N, 84 to 436 m 51N–33N Species, 51N–33N, 84 to 436 m
Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N Genus, 72N–33N
53.5N–25N; 20 to 60 m, also reported from intertidal to 92 m 54N–25N
59N–28N
59N–28N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 23–17 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma
5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma
5 Ma–H
5 Ma–H
17 Ma–H
17 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
416 Appendix 1
Nerita sp. Netastoma rotrata (Valenciennes)(see McLean, 1978, p. 92) Niso antiselli Anderson and Martin Niso cottonwoodensis Addicott Niso n.sp. Powell Nodipecten arthriticus (Reeve) 8–5 Ma
N.D. 8 Ma–H
Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby)
Notocytharella cf. N. kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 13–8 Ma Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Notocytharella kernensis (Anderson and Martin) 23–13 Ma Notocytharella sp. Notocytharella? hartensis (Addicott) Nucella canaliculata (Duclos) Nucella canaliculata (Duclos) Nucella canaliculata (Duclos) Nucella cf. N. lamellosa shumanensis (Carson)
Nucella cf. N. lima (Marytn) Nucella elsmerensis (Grant and Gale)
Nucella elsmerensis (Grant and Gale) Nucella emarginata (Deshayes) Nucella emarginata (Deshayes) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold)
13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 8 Ma–H
8 Ma–H
23–13 or 8 Ma
13 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8–5 or 2.5? Ma
N.D. 17–13 Ma 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma
23–13 or 8 Ma
23–13 or 8 Ma
23–13 or 8 Ma
23–13 or 8 Ma
23–13 or 8 Ma
23–13 or 8 Ma
23–13 or 8 Ma
23–13 or 8 Ma
Nodipecten subnodosus subnodosus (Sowerby) 8 Ma to Holocene Nodipecten veatchii (Gabb) 13–2.5 Ma Nodipecten veatchii (Gabb) 13–2.5 Ma Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby)
8 Ma–H
23–13 Ma 17–13 Ma N.D. 8–5 Ma
Nerita (Theliostyla?) joaquinensis Addicott Nerita beali? Loel and Corey
17–13 Ma 27–23 Ma
Thais elsmerensis Grant and Gale Thais emarginata (Deshayes) Nucella emarginata (Deshayes) Thais etchegoinensis Arnold
Thais (Nucella) cf. T. (N.) lima (Gmelin) Nucella elsmerensis (Grant and Gale)
Mangelia sp. Mangelia (Notocytharella?) hartensis Addicott Thais canaliculata Duclos Thais (Nucella) canaliculata (Duclos) Purpura canaliculata Duclos Thais (Nucella) cf. T. shumanensis Carson
Pseudotomella kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Mangelia kernensis Anderson and Martin
Mangelia (Cacodaphnella?) kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Mangelia (Notocytharella) kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Mangelia kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Drillia kernensis Anderson
Clathrodrillia (Moniliopsis) kernensis (Anderson and Martin) Clathrodrillia kernensis (Anderson and Martin)
Mangelia cf. M. kernensis Anderson and Martin
Norrisia? sp
Pecten veatchii Gabb Pecten (Lyropecten) veatchii Gabb Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby)?
Pecten (Lyropecten) subnodosus Sowerby
Niso antiselli Anderson and Martin Niso cottonwoodensis Addicott Niso n.sp. Powell Nodipecten arthriticus (Reeve)
Nerita sp. Nettastomella rotrata (Valenciennes)
Nerita (Theliostyla?) joaquinensis Addicott Nerita beali? Loel and Corey
continued
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S 57N–37N; intertidal, among barnacles and mussels 57N–37N 57N–37N Species, 65N–34N; intertidal, among barnacles and mussels 66N–28N; intertidal, among barnacles and mussels Genus, 66N–3S; intertidal, among barnacles and mussels Genus, 66N–3S 58N–16N; in rock crevices near mussle beds 58N–16N Genus, 66N–3S; intertidal, among barnacles and mussels
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S
Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S; low tide to 10 m
Genus, 32N–5S Genus, 32N–5S 37N–28N; intertidal, on rocks and algae; offshore on kelp 37N–28N; intertidal, on rocks and algae; offshore on kelp Genus, 27N in Gulf of California–3S; low tide to 10 m
Genus, 33N–3S; 9 to 200 m Genus, 33N–3S Genus, 33N–3S Genus, 32N–5S; washed onto beaches but living in deeper water 32.4N–24.2; intertidal to 110
Subgenus, 28N–5S, through the Gulf of California Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal, on rocks Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California 50N–27N; intertidal to 46 m, boring into rocks
Appendix 1 417
Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Nucella funkeana (Adegoke) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin)
Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin) Nucella lamellosa collomi (Carson)
Nucella lamellosa collomi (Carson) Nucella lamellosa collomi (Carson) Nucella lamellosa shumanensis (Carson) Nucella lima (Martyn) Nucella lima (Martyn) Nucella lima (Martyn) Nucella lima (Martyn) Nucella lima (Martyn) Nucella ostrina (Gould) Nucella ostrina (Gould) Nucella packi (Clark)
Nucella packi (Clark) Nucella packi (Clark) Nucella packi (Clark) Nucella packi (Clark) Nucella packi (Clark) Nucella packi (Clark) Nucella rankini Grant and Eaton Nucella sp. Nucella sp. Nucella sp. Nucella trancosana (Arnold) Nucula (Lamellinucula) exigua Sowerby
Nucula (Lamellinucula) exigua Sowerby Nucula sp. Nuculana (Nuculana) aff. N. (N.) leonina (Dall) Nuculana (Nuculana) aff. N. (N.) minuta (Muller) Nuculana (Nuculana) cf. N. (N.) leonina (Dall) Nuculana (Nuculana) fossa (Baird) Nuculana (Saccella) amelga Moore Nuculana (Saccella) cahillensis (Arnold) Nuculana (Saccella) calkinsi Moore Nuculana (Saccella) cellulita (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) cellulita (Dall)
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D. N.D. N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H
5 Ma–H N.D. 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 23–17 Ma 27–23 Ma 23–17 Ma 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H
Taxonomy used in this study
Nucula suprastriata Carpenter Nucula sp. Nuculana (Nuculana) aff. N. (N.) leonina (Dall) Nuculana aff. N. minuta (Fabricius) Nuculana cf. N. leonina (Dall) Nuculana fossa (Bair) Saccella amelga Moore Leda cahillensis Arnold Saccella calkinsi Moore Saccella cellulita (Dall) Saccella cellulita (Dall)?
Thais (Nucella) packi Clark Thais (Stromonita) carrizoensis Loel and Corey Thais carrizoensis Loel and Corey Thais cf. T. n.sp. Lutz Thais n.sp. Lutz Thais sp. Nucella rankini Grant and Eaton Polytropa sp. Nucella sp. Thais sp. a. Thais (Nucella) trancosana Arnold Nucula (Lamellinucula) exigua Sowerby
Nucella collomi (Carson) Thais collomi Carson Nucella lamellosa shumanensis (Carson) Nucella lima (Gmelin) Purpura saxicola Valenciennes Thais lima Martyn Thais papillus (Linnaeus) Thais saxicola Valenciennes Thais (Nucella) emarginata forma ostrina Gould Thais ostrina (Gould) Nucella packi talea Stewart
Polytropa lamellosa (Gmelin) Thais (Nucella) lamellosa (Gmelin) Thais lamellosa (Gmelin) Thais lamellosa Gmelin Nucella lamellosa collomi (Carson)
Nucella etchegoinensis (Arnold) Polytropa etchegoinensis (Arnold) Thais (Nucella) etchegoinensis (Arnold) Polytropa funkeana Adegoke Nucella lamellosa (Gmelin)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S 65N–34N, intertidal, bays, estuaries, rocky shores, low wave action 65N–34N 65N–34N 65N–34N 65N–34N Species, 65N–34N, intertidal, bays, estuaries, rocky shores Species, 65N–34N Species, 65N–34N Species, 65N–34N 66N–28N; intertidal, among barnacles and mussels 66N–28N 66N–28N 66N–28N 66N–28N 61N–31N 61N–31N Genus, 66N–3S, intertidal to 15 m, rocky shore, protected Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S Genus, 66N–3S 33.7N–3.7S, through Gulf of California; 10 to 140 m 34N–4S, through Gulf of California Genus, 60N–5S or Chile; 7 to 4060 m 55N–32.7N; 350 to 2500 m 71.4N–33.3N; 4 to 1900 m 55N–33N 58N–33N; 20 to 600 m Subgenus, 58N–6S Subgenus, 58N–6S Subgenus, 58N–6S 56N–48N 56N–48N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
8–5 or 2.5? Ma 8–5 or 2.5? Ma 8–5 or 2.5? Ma 8–5 Ma 13 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
418 Appendix 1
Nutricola ovalis (Dall) Nutricola sp. Nutricola stephensae (Hertlein and Grant) Nutricola tantilla (Gould) Nutricola tantilla (Gould) Nutricola tantilla (Gould) Nutricola? joaquinensis Anderson and Martin Nuttallia jamesi Roth and Guruswami-Naidu Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad)
Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad) Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad) Nuttallia salina Roth and Guruswami-Naidu (Roth and Guruswami-Naidu, 1978) Nuttallia sp. Ocenebra aff. O. fraseri (Oldroyd)
5 Ma–H 23–17 Ma N.D. N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 27–17 or 8? Ma 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D.
5 Ma–H 863 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 27–17 or 8? Ma 5–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 8–5 Ma
N.D. 5 Ma–H
8 Ma–H
8–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 17?–13? Ma
27–13 or 5 Ma
27–13 or 5 Ma
27–13 or 5 Ma
27–13 or 5 Ma
17–13 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 5 Ma–H 27–13 or 5 Ma
Nuculana (Saccella) cf. N. (S.) washingtonensis (Weaver) Nuculana (Saccella) chehalisensis (Weaver) Nuculana (Saccella) furlongi (Trask) Nuculana (Saccella) furlongi (Trask) Nuculana (Saccella) furlongi (Trask) Nuculana (Saccella) hindsii (Hanley) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Nuculana (Saccella) orcutti (Arnold) Nuculana (Saccella) sp. Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella) taphria (Dall) Nuculana (Saccella?) aff. N. (S.?) ramonensis (Clark) Nuculana (Thestyleda) cf. N. (T.) hamata (Carpenter) Nuculana cf. N. extenuata (Dall) Nuculana epacris Moore Nuculana sp. Nuculana sp. Nutricola barbarensis (Arnold) Nutricola cf. N. tantilla (Gould) Nutricola cymata (Dall) Nutricola joaquinensis (Anderson and Martin) Nutricola lordi (Baird) Nutricola lordi (Baird) Nutricola n.sp.?
17–13 Ma
Sanguinolaria nuttalli Conrad Sanguinolaria nuttalii Conrad Nuttallia salina Roth & Guruswami-Naidu (Roth & Guruswami-Naidu, 1971) Sanguinolaria sp. Ocenebra aff. O. fraseri (Oldroyd)
Psephidia lordi (Baird) subsp. ovalis Dall Psephidia sp. Psephidia stephensae Hertlein and Grant Transennella tantilla Gould Transennella californica Arnold Transennella tantilla (Gould) Transennella? joaquinensis Anderson and Martin Nuttallia jamesi Roth and Guruswami-Naidu Nuttallia nuttallii (Conrad)
Nuculana cf. N. extenuata (Dall) Nuculana epacris Moore Leda sp. Nuculana n.sp. Psephidia barbarensis Arnold Transennella cf. T. tantilla (Gould) Psephidia cymata Dall Transennella joaquinensis Anderson and Martin Psephis lordi Baird Psephidia lordi (Baird) Psephidia n.sp.?
Nuculana cf. N. hamata (Carpenter)
Saccella orcutti (Arnold) Saccella sp. Leda taphria Dall Sachella taphria (Dall) Nuculana taphria (Dall) Nuculana aff. N. ramonensis Clark
Saccella oschneri (Anderson)
Nuculana (Saccella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Nuculana ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Leda oschneri Anderson and Martin
Nuculana chehalisensis (Weaver) Volsella furlongi (Trask) Leda furlongi Trask Modiolus furlongi Trask Saccella redondoensis (Burch) Leda ochsneri Anderson
Nucula cf. N. washingtonensis Weaver
continued
Genus, 38N–25N; intertidal and foreshore, in sand 49N; genus, intertidal to 100 m
54N–49N; 2000 to 2900 m Genus, 72N–6S; 3 to 3660 m Genus, 72N–6S Genus, 72N–6S Genus, 61N–1S; intertidal to 150 m 60.8N–28.2N; intertidal to 120 m 34N–25N Genus, 61N–1S 59.2N–26.2N; intertidal to 22 m 59N–26N Genus, 61N–1S; in shallow water and offshore to 150 m 39.5N–27.7N; 20 to 150 m Genus, 57N–25N 34N–27N; 15 to 90 m 60.8N–28.2N; intertidal to 120 m 61N–28N 61N–28N Genus, 61N–1S Genus, 38N–25N 38.3N–24.6N, intertidal and foreshore, in sand and gravel 38N–25N 38N–25N Genus, 38N–25N
48N–25N
Subgenus, 58N–6S Subgenus, 58N–6S 37N–28N; 5 to 145 m, in sand and clay 37N–28N 37N–28N Subgenus, 58N–6S
Subgenus, 58N–6S
Subgenus, 58N–6S
Subgenus, 58N–6S
Subgenus, 58N–6S
Subgenus, 58N–6S Subgenus, 58N–6S Subgenus, 58N–6S Subgenus, 58N–6S 28N–8N Subgenus, 58N–6S
Subgenus, 58N–6S
Appendix 1 419
5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma 17–13 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 23–17 Ma 8 Ma–H 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 27–17 Ma 27–17 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 8–5 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
Ocenebra atropurpurea Carpenter Ocenebra barbarensis (Gabb) Ocenebra beta (Dall) Ocenebra cf. O. tenuiscuplta (Carpenter) Ocenebra cierboensis (Grant and Eaton) Ocenebra clarki Addicott Ocenebra coryphaena (Woodring) Ocenebra dalli (Clark) Ocenebra dalli (Clark) Ocenebra dalli (Clark) Ocenebra dalli (Clark) Ocenebra depoensis Moore Ocenebra foveolata (Hinds) Ocenebra gabbiana (Anderson) Ocenebra gabbiana (Anderson) Ocenebra interfossa Carpenter Ocenebra interfossa Carpenter Ocenebra milicentana (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra milicentana (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra packardi (Clark) Ocenebra rodeoensis (Clark) Ocenebra selbyensis (Clark) Ocenebra selbyensis (Clark) Ocenebra sp. Ocenebra sp. Ocenebra sp. Ocenebra sp. Ocenebra subangulata waldorfensis Arnold Ocenebra temelenta (Hanna) Ocenebra tethys (Nomland) Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Ocenebra turris (Nomland) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocenebra ynezana (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra? dorrancei (Loel and Corey) Ocenebra? dorrancei (Loel and Corey)
Taxonomy used in this study
Ocenebra atropurpurea Carpenter Ocenebra barbarensis (Gabb) Ocenebra beta (Dall) Ocenebra cf. O. tenuiscuplta (Carpenter) Ocenebra cierboensis (Grant and Eaton) Ocenebra clarki Addicott Ocenebra coryphaena (Woodring) Hemifusus dalli Clark Murex (Ocenebra) dalli Clark Murex (Ocinebra) dalli Clark Murex dalli Clark Ocenebra depoensis Moore Ocenebra foveolata (Hinds) Ocenebra gabbiana (Anderson) Trophon gabbianum Anderson Ocenebra interfosa Carpenter Tritonalia cf. T. interfossa (Carpenter) Purpura milicentana Loel and Corey Ocenebra milicentana (Loel and Corey) Murex (Ocinebra) packardi Clark Murex rodeoensis (Clark) Murex (Ocenebra) selbyensis Clark Murex (Ocinebra) selbyensis Clark Tritonalia sp. a Murex sp. Thais sp. Ocenebra sp. Ocenebra subangulata waldorfensis Arnold Tritonalia temelenta (Hanna) Tritonalia tethys (Nomland) Purpura topangensis (Arnold) Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Purpura trophonoides (Anderson and Martin) Thais trophonoides Anderson and Martin Purpura turris Nomland Fusus (Hemifusus) wilkesana Anderson Hemifusus wilkesana Anderson Hemifusus wilkesanus Anderson? Murex (Ocinebra) topangensis (Arnold) Murithais wilkesanaus (Anderson) Ocenebra topangensis Arnold Ocenebra wilkesana (Anderson) Ocinebra topangensis Arnold Purpura topangensis (Arnold) Tritonalia topangensis (Arnold) Tritonalia ynezana Loel and Corey Ocenebra dorrancei? (Loel and Corey) Tritonalia dorrancei Loel and Corey
Taxonomy of authors
57N–31N 37N–34N, rocky bottoms 37N–34N Genus, 59N–19N; intertidal to 92 m Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N 38N–25N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N 56N–32N 56N–32N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Species, 38N–34N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 59N–19N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
420 Appendix 1
Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff ) (McLean, 1996) Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff ) (McLean, 1996) Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff ) (McLean, 1996) Oculina panzana Loel and Corey
Odostomia (Belsa) rotundomontana (Keen) Odostomia (Belsa) rotundomontana (Keen) Odostomia (Chrysallida) n.sp. Powell Odostomia (Chrysallida?) sequoiana Addicott Odostomia (Evalea) aff. O. (E.) donilla Dall and Bartsch Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch
Odostomia (Evalea) tenuisculpta Carpenter Odostomia (Menestho) n.sp. Powell Odostomia (Menestho) repenningi Addicott Odostomia cf. O. farallonensis Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. lastra Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. phanea Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. pratoma Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. valdezi Dall and Bartsch Odostomia sp. Oenopota reticulata Brown Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson
Oliva (Oliva) californica Anderson Oliva (Oliva) spicata (Ro¨ding) Oliva (Oliva) spicata (Ro¨ding) Oliva simondsi Trask Oliva sp. Olivella sp. Olivella (Callianax) intorta Carpenter Olivella (Olivella) gracilis (Broderip and Sowerby) Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen
Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen
Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen
Olivella (Olivella) santana Loel and Corey Olivella (Olivella) santana Loel and Corey Olivella baetica Carpenter
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 27–23 Ma
17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma N.D. 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma
5 Ma–H N.D. 17–13 Ma 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. 5 Ma–H 27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13–8 Ma N.D. N.D. 8 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 8 Ma–H
23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma
Ocenebra? sp. Ocinebrina lurida (Middendorff ) (McLean, 1996)
N.D. 13 Ma–H
Oliva californica Anderson Oliva spicata (Bolten) Oliva spicata Bolten Oliva simondsi Trask Oliva sp. Olivella sp. Olivella intorta Carpenter Olivella gracilis Broderip and Sowerby Astyris pedroana Conrad Olivella (Olivella) ischnon Keen Olivella ischnon Keen Olivella pedroana (Conrad) subpedroana Loel and Corey Olivella pedroana (Conrad) subpedroana Loel and Corey Olivella pedroana Conrad Olivella pedroana Conrad (in Anderson and Martin, 1914) Olivella (Callinax?) santana Loel and Corey Olivella santana Loel and Corey Olivella baetica Carpenter
Chrysallida rotundomontana Keen Odostomia (Belsa) rotundomontana (Keen) Odostomia (Chrysallida) n.sp. Powell Odostomia (Chrysallida?) sequoiana Addicott Odostomia (Evalea) aff. O. (E.) donilla Dall and Bartsch Epitonium california Anderson Eulimella californica Anderson and Martin Odostomia (Evalea) andersoni Bartsch Pyramidella (Eulimella) californica (Anderson and Martin) Odostomia (Evalea) tenuisculpta Carpenter Odostomia (Menestho) n.sp. Powell Odostomia (Menestho) repenningi Addicott Odostomia cf. O. farallonensis Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. lastra Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. phanea Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. pratoma Dall and Bartsch Odostomia cf. O. valdezi Dall and Bartsch Odostomia sp. Oenopota reticulata Brown Oliva futheyana Anderson
Tritonalia lurida (Middendorff ) Ocinebra lurida (Middendorff ) Mangilia muricidea Moody Oculina panzana Loel and Corey (Cnidaria)
Tritonalia? sp. Ocenebra lurida (Middendorff )
continued
Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 57N–south of equator 57N–23N; lagoons at low tide, offshore in shallow water, sand or mud
Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 57N–south of equator
Genus, 57N–south of equator
48N–24N Subgenus, 32N–8N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 32N–3N, and Gulf of California 38N 34N–33N 37N 34N 48N–33N Genus, 72N–23N; intertidal to 640 m Circumboreal-33N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal, sandspits Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Through Gulf of California–8N Through Gulf of California–8N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–south of equator 25N–23N, through Gulf of California 28N–8N, through Gulf of California Genus, 57N–south of equator; intertidal to 92 m Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 57N–south of equator
Subgenus, 33N–8N, Gulf of California Subgenus, 33N–8N, and Gulf of California Subgenus, 33N–8N, Gulf of California Subgenus, 33N–8N, Gulf of California
Genus, 59N–19N 55N–34N; intertidal to 15 m, rare in sublittoral, rocky areas 55N–34N 55N–34N 55N–33N; intertidal, rare in sublittoral Genus, eastern Pacific, fossil only at 12N and California Genus, 60N–3S; subgenus, 24N and Gulf of California Genus, 60N–3S; subgenus, 24N and Gulf of California Subgenus, 25N–3S Subgenus, 33N–3N, and Gulf of California Subgenus, 33N–3N, Gulf of California
Appendix 1 421
Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella biplicata (Sowerby)
Olivella pedroana (Conrad) Olivella pedroana (Conrad) (synonym of O. baetica?) Olivella sp. Opalia (Opalia) varicostata anomala Stearns Opalia (Opalia) varicostata Stearns Opalia (Opalia) wroblewskyi (Mo¨rch) Opalia (Opalia) wroblewskyi (Mo¨rch) Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Opalia n.sp.? Ophiodermella cancellata (Carpenter) Ophiodermella electilis (Keen) Ophiodermella electilis (Keen) Ophiodermella graciosana (Arnold) Ophiodermella graciosana (Arnold) Ophiodermella grasiosana (Arnold) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) quinquecincta (Grant and Gale) Ophiodermella kirkensis (Clark) Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin)
Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin) Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin) Ophiodermella mercedensis (Martin) Ophiodermella sp. Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin)
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
17? or 13 Ma–H 17? or 13 Ma–H
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma N.D. 23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
13–8 Ma 8–2.5 Ma
N.D. 8 Ma–H 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 23–13 Ma
Olivella biplicata (Sowerby)
Taxonomy used in this study
Ophiodermella temblorensis (Anderson and Martin) Turricula temblorensis (Anderson and Martin)
Drillia temblorensis Anderson and Martin
Opalia n.sp.? Ophiodermella cancellata (Carpenter) Moniliopsis electilis Keen Ophiodermella electilis (Keen) “Drillia” graciosana Arnold Ophiodermella graciosana (Arnold) Ophiodermella grasiosana (Arnold) Ophiodermella incisa (Carpenter) Turris (Drillia) modestus Moody Drillia incisa Carpenter Drillia inermis Hinds Moniliopsis incisa (Carpenter) var. quinquecincta Grant and Gale Turris kirkensis Clark Moniliopsis graciosana (Arnold) var. mercedensis (Martin) Drillia mercedensis Martin Moniliopsis mercedensis (Martin) Turris (Drillia) mercedensis (Martin) Clathrodrillia n.sp. Clathrodrillia temblorensis (Anderson and Martin)
Epitonium williamsoni Anderson and Martin
Olivella sp. Opalia varicostata anomala Stearns Opalia varicostata Stearns Epitonium borealis Gould Opalia wroblewskyi (Moerch) Opalia (Rugatiscala) williamsoni (Anderson and Martin) Opalia williamsoni (Anderson and Martin)
Olivella biplicata (Sowerby) Olivella biplicata Sowerby Olivella biplicata Sowerby (O. futheyana Anderson) Olivella pedroana Conrad Olivella pedroana (Conrad)
Olivella biplicata Conrad
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 48N–23N
Genus, 48N–23N
Genus, 48N–23N
Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 48N–23N
Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 48N–23N
Genus, 55N–25N 48N–32N Genus, 48N–23N; 9 to 72 m Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 48N–23N Genus, 48N–23N 48N–32N 48N–32N 48N–32N 48N–32N Species, 48N–32N
Genus, 55N–25N; subgenus not living
Genus, 55N–25N; subgenus not living
Genus, 57N–south of equator Genus, 55N–25N; intertidal to 92 m, on rocks Genus, 55N–25N 55N–32N 55N–32N Genus, 55N–25N; subgenus not living
55N–23N 55N–23N
49N–25N; common at lagoon entrances, offshore in shallow water 49N–25N 49N–25N 49N–25N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
13 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
422 Appendix 1
27–17 Ma
27–17 Ma
27–17 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
27–23 Ma 5 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
8–2.5 Ma N.D. 13–8 Ma 13 Ma–H
8–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H
23–17 & 8–2.5 Ma 13–8 Ma
23–17 & 8–5 Ma
Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) (Agerostrea of authors) Ostreola? megodon (Hanley) (Ostrea [Lopha] of authors) Ostreola? venturana (Loel and Corey) Pacipecten aff. P. tumbezensis (Sowerby) 5 Ma– Holocene Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni andersoni (Arnold) 23–13 Ma Pacipecten andersoni barkerianus (Arnold) 27– 17 Ma Pacipecten andersoni barkerianus (Arnold) 27– 17 Ma Pacipecten andersoni barkerianus (Arnold) 27– 17 Ma
Ophiurites (Ophiuroglyphus?) sp. (Echinodermata) Oppenheimopecten coalingaensis (Arnold) 5–2.5 Ma Oppenheimopecten hartmanni (Hertlein) 23–17 Ma and 8–5 Ma Oppenheimopecten heimi (Hertlein) 23–17 Ma and 8–2.5 Ma Oppenheimopecten juanensis (Grant and Stevenson) 13–8 Ma Oppenheimopecten lecontei (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Oppenheimopecten vodgesi (Arnold) 5 Ma– Holocene Ostrea (Ostrea) atwoodi Gabb Ostrea sp. Ostrea? haitiensis Sowerby Ostreola conchaphila (Carpenter)
N.D.
5–2.5 Ma
Ophioplocus sp. (Echinodermata)
8–5 Ma
Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni barkerianus (Arnold) Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni barkerianus Arnold Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold)
Pecten discus Conrad
Pecten andersoni Arnold
Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni Arnold
Pecten (Aequipecten) andersoni Arnold
Lyropecten andersoni (Arnold)
Leptopecten andersoni (Arnold) n. var. a
Aequipecten raymondi (Clark)
Aequipecten andersoni (Arnold)
Ostrea venturana Loel and Corey Pecten sp. nov. aff. P. paucicostatus Carpenter
Ostrea cerrosensis Gabb
Ostrea megodon Hanley Ostrea veatchii Gabb Ostrea (Agerostrea) megedon (Hanley) Undulostrea megedon (Hanley)
Ostrea atwoodii Gabb Ostrea sp. Ostrea haitiensis Sowerby Ostrea lurida Carpenter
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
continued
Genus, 31N–5S; below low-tide line to 128 m
Genus, 28N–5S (Agerostrea of Bernard [1983, p. 23]) 31N–5S
28N–5S
Genus, 28N–4S 28N–1S; 4 to 420 m; Keen (1971, p. 87) reported from 155 m Genus, 57N–8N; intertidal to 70 m, on firm substrate N.D. Atlantic Ocean; taxonomy in question 31N–8N (Agerostrea of Bernard [1983, p.23]); intertidal to 92 m 28N–5S 28N–5S 28N–5S 28N–5S; shallow water, offshore to 110 m
Genus, 28N–4S
Pecten (Pecten) juanensis Grant and Stevenson Oppenheimopecten lecontei (Arnold) Pecten (Oppenheimopecten) vodgesi Arnold
Genus, 28N–4S
Genus, 28N–4S; 18 to 274 m; shallow seas (Moore, 1984) Genus, 28N–4S
Questionable taxonomic assignment; intertidal to .200 m Questionable taxonomic assignment
Oppenheimopecten heimi (Hertlein)
Oppenheimopecten hartmanni (Hertlein)
Ophiurites (Ophiuroglyphus?) sp. (Echinodermata) Pecten coalingaensis Arnold
Ophioplocus sp. ? (Echinodermata)
Appendix 1 423
Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten pabloensis (Conrad) of Arnold 13–8 Ma Pacipecten tolmani (Hall and Ambrose) 13–8 Ma Pacipecten tumbezensis (d’Orbigny) 5 Ma–H (Leptopecten of authors) Pacipecten weaveri (Clark) 13–8 Ma Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Pandora (Pandorella) bilirata Conrad Pandora (Pandorella) bilirata Conrad Pandora (Pandorella) filosa (Carpenter) Pandora (Pandorella) wardiana A. Adams Pandora scapha Gabb Pandora sp. Pandora sp. Panomya ampla Dall Panomya ampla Dall Panomya cf. P. priapus (Tilesius) Panomya cf. P. priapus (Tilesius) Panomya priapus (Tilesius) Panomya sp. Panope tenuis Wiedey Panope tenuis Wiedey Panopea (Panopea) abrupta (Conrad)
13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–8 Ma
13–8 Ma 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 17–13 Ma N.D. N.D. 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma 27 Ma–H
13–8 Ma 5 Ma–H
13–8 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
Pacipecten andersoni clemonensis (Etherington) 23–17 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) 27–23 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) 27–23 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey)? 27–23 Ma Pacipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey)? 27–23 Ma Pacipecten bilineatus (Clark) 13–8 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma Pacipecten discus (Conrad) 13–5 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Pecten weaveri Clark Pandora (Cliodphora) punctata Conrad Pandora (Heteroclidus) punctata Conrad Pandora punctata Conrad Pandora (Pandorella) bilirata Conrad Pandora bilirata Conrad Pandora filosa Carpenter Pandora grandis Dall Pandora scapha Gabb Kennerlia sp. Pandora sp. Panomya ampla Dall Panomya chrysis Dall Panomya cf. P. beringiana Dall Panomya cf. P. beringianus Dall Panomya beringiana Dall Panomya sp. Panopea tenuis Wiedey Panope tenuis Wiedey Panope (Panope) abrupta (Conrad)
Pecten tolmani Hall and Ambrose Pecten (Aequipecten) tumbezensis d’Orbigny
Pecten (Plagioctenium) andersoni subandersoni Loel and Corey Aequipecten andersoni subandersoni (Loel and Corey) Aequipecten andersoni (Arnold) subandersoni (Loel and Corey) Pecten bilineatus Clark Aequipecten discus (Conrad) Aequipecten raymondi (Clark) Chlamys discus (Conrad) Leptopecten discus (Conrad) Pecten (Aequipecten) discus Conrad Pecten (Aequipecten) discus Conrad (raymondi Clark) Pecten andersoni gonicostatus Trask Pecten cierboensis Clark Pecten raymondi brionianus Trask Pecten raymondi Clark Plagioctenium cf. P. raymondi (Clark) Pecten pabloensis Conrad
Aequipecten andersoni clemonensis (Etherington) Pecten andersoni? Arnold
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, 31N–5S 31N–5S, Gulf of California; below low-tide line to depths of 128 m Genus, 31N–5S 49.9N–26.2N, subtidal to 50 m 50N–26N 50N–26N 58.3N–23N, Gulf of California; subtidal to 250 m 58N–23N 60.0N–31.8N; 20 to 300 m 71.4N–48.4N; 40 to 200 m Genus, 60N–4S; species, Paleocene Genus, 60N–4S Genus, 60N–4S; 3 to 366 m 71.4N–47.5N; 10 to 50 m 71N–48N 71.4N–59.5N; 10 to 50 m 71N–60N 71N–60N Genus, 71N–48N; 10 to 100 m Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 58N–27N 57.6N–33.6N (to 28N according to some authors); subtidal to 100 m
Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Genus, 31N–5S
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
23–17 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
424 Appendix 1
Panopea estrellana (Conrad) Panopea oregonensis Howe Panopea ramonensis Clark Papyridea crockeri (Strong and Hertlein) Papyridea sp.
Paracyanthus steamsii Verrill (Cnidaria) Parvammusium astoriana Moore
Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) 8 Ma–Holocene Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) 8 Ma–Holocene Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) 8 Ma–Holocene Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) 8 Ma–Holocene Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) 8 Ma–Holocene Parvilucina mazatlanica Carpenter Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Parvilucina tenuisculpta intensa (Dall) Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma–Holocene Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma–Holocene Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma–Holocene Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) 8 Ma–Holocene Patinopecten haywardensis (Lutz) 17–13 Ma
Patinopecten haywardensis calaverasensis (Hall) 17–13 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma
Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) 8–2.5 Ma Patinopecten oregonensis cancellosus Moore Patinopecten propatulus (Conrad) 18–10.5 Ma (Smith, 1991a, p. 38) Patinopecten sp. Pecten (Pecten) aletes Hertlein 5–2.5 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Pecten (Pecten) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Pecten (Pecten) cf. P. (P.) bellus (Conrad) 8–1 Ma Pecten (Pecten) lecontei Arnold 8–2.5 Ma
27–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 27–23 Ma 5–2.5? Ma 27–23 Ma
5 Ma–H 23–17 Ma
8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 13? or 5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 17–13 Ma
17–13 Ma
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 23–17 Ma 17–8 Ma
8–2.5 Ma
N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 8–1 Ma 8–1 Ma 8–1 Ma 8–1 Ma 8–1 Ma 8–1 Ma
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma
Panopea (Panopea) abrupta (Conrad) Panopea (Panopea) abrupta (Conrad) Panopea (Panopea) abrupta (Conrad) Panopea (Panopea) abrupta (Conrad) Panopea (Panopea) abrupta (Conrad) Panopea estrellana (Conrad)
27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27–5 Ma
Pecten (Pecten) lecontei Arnold
Patinopecten sp. Pecten (Pecten) aletes Hertlein Pecten bellus forma hemphilli Dall Pecten bellus hemphilli Dall Pecten hemphilli Dall Pecten (Pecten) bellus hemphilli Dall Pecten (Pecten) bellus Conrad Pecten cf. P. auburyi Arnold
Patinopecten healeyi (Arnold) Pecten (Patinopecten) healeyi Arnold Pecten (Patinopecten) healeyi sanclementensis Susuki and Stadum Pecten healeyi Arnold Pecten (Patinopecten) lohri Hertlein Patinopecten lohri (Hertlein) Pecten oweni Arnold Patinopecten oregonensis cancellosus Moore Pecten propatulus Conrad
Pecten haywardensis calaverasensis Hall
Parvamussium alaskense (Dall) Parvamussium alaskensis (Dall) Parvamussium riversi (Arnold) Pecten (Propeamusium) levis Moody Pecten (Propeamussium) riversi Arnold Parvilucina mazatlanica Carpenter Lucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter) Phacoides tenuisculpta Carpenter Lucina (Parvilucina) tenuisculpta intensa Dall Pecten caurinus Gould Pecten (Patinopecten) caurinus Gould Patinopecten caurinus (Gould) Pecten cf. P. meeki Conrad Pecten (Patinopecten) haywardensis Lutz
Paracyanthus stearnsii Verrill (Cnidaria) Parvammusium astoriana Moore
Panope estrellana Conrad Panope oregonensis Howe Panopea ramonensis Clark Papyridea crockeri (Strong and Hertlein) Cardium (Papyridea) n.sp.
Panope (Panope) generosa (Gould) Panope generosa (Gould) Panope generosa Gould Panopea abrupta (Conrad) Panopea generosa Gould Panopea estrellana (Conrad)
Subgenus, 38N–1S
Genus, 59N–36N Subgenus, 38N–1S Subgenus, 38N–1S Subgenus, 38N–1S Subgenus, 38N–1S Subgenus, 38N–1S Subgenus, 38N–1S Subgenus, 38N–1S
Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N
Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N
continued
58N–34N 58N–34N; sand mud of bays 58N–34N 58N–34N 58N–34N Genus, 58N–27N; intertidal, buried about 1 m in sand or mud Genus, 58N–27N; subtidal to 100 m Genus, 58N–27N Genus, 58N–27N 28N–23N; in depths to 175 m Genus, 28N–4S; beaches, sandbars and to depths of 175 m 48N–34N 60N–32.7N (to 25 according to some authors); 15 to 1530 m 60N–33N 60N–33N 60N–33N 60N–33N 60N–33N 29N–1S; 4 to 1024 m 60.9N–28.2N; subtidal to 300 m 61N–28N 61N–28N Species, 61N–28N 59N–36.3N; 10 to 200 m 59N–36N 59N–36N 59N–36N Genus, 59N–36N; 10 to 275 m, mixed sand and mud substrate Genus, 59N–36N
Appendix 1 425
Penitella penita (Conrad)
Penitella penita (Conrad) Periploma cf.P. discus Stearns Periploma clarki Nomland Periploma discus Stearns Periploma planiusculum Sowerby
Periploma sanctaecrucis Arnold? Periploma stenopa Woodring Periploma stenopa Woodring Petaloconchus montereyensis Dall
Petricola (Rupellaria) carditoides (Conrad) Petricola (Rupellaria) carditoides (Conrad) Petricola (Rupellaria) carditoides (Conrad) Petricola (Rupellaria) carditoides (Conrad) Petricola buwaldi Clark Petricola sp. Phacoides sp. Pholadidea sp.
Pholadomya candida dalli Olsson Pholadomya? kemensis Wiedey Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin)
8 Ma–H
8 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H 13–8 Ma 13? or 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H
23–17 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13–2.5 Ma N.D. N.D. N.D.
13? or 5–2.5 Ma 23–17 Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma
27–13 or 8? Ma
27–13 or 8? Ma
27–13 or 8? Ma
27–13 or 8? Ma
27–13 or 8? Ma
27–13 or 8? Ma
27–13 or 8? Ma
Pecten sp. Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Penitella conradi Valenciennes
Taxonomy used in this study
Phos (Antillophos) dumbleana Anderson in Hanna Phos dubleanus Anderson and Hanna
Nassa chehalisensis Weaver
Cancellaria posunculensis Anderson and Martin
Antillophos posunclensis (Anderson and Martin)
Antillophos dumbleana chehalisensis (Weaver)
Amphissa wahrhaftigi Adegoke
Pholadomya candida dalli Olsson Pholadomya kemensis Wiedey Amphissa posunculensis Anderson and Martin
Petricola caritoides (Conrad)? Petricola (Rupellaria) caritoides Conrad Petricola cylindracea Deshayes Petricola carditoides (Conrad) (buwaldi Clark) Petricola buwaldi Clark Petricola sp. Phacoides sp. Pholadidea sp.
Periploma sanctaecrucis Arnold? Periploma cryphia stenopa Woodring Periploma stenopa Woodring Petaloconchus montereyensis Dall
Pholadidea penita (Conrad) Periploma cf. P. discus Stearns Periploma clarki Nomland Periploma discus Stearns Periploma planiuscula Schumacher
Penitella penita (Conrad)
Pecten sp. Anodontia edentuloides (Verrill) Lucina edentuloides Hanna Lucina edentuloides Verrill Pegoghipema edentuloides (Verrill) Pegophysema edentuloides (Verrill) Penitella conradi Valenciennes
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Questionable taxonomic assignment for Pecten sp. 30N–28N; 33 to 155 m 30N–28N 30N–28N 30N–28N 30N–28N 49.8N–27.7N; intertidal to 20 m; genus, intertidal to 73 m 60.9N–26.2N; intertidal to 10 m, bores, clay or sandstone, open coast 61N–26N 37N–23N Genus, 71N–4S; intertidal to 380 m 37N–23N 34N–4S; offshore from surf zone along exposed beaches Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S Genus, 71N–4S 37N–34N; rock at low tide and sublittoral; genus, to 275 m 57.1N–26.2N; intertidal to 46 m 57N–26N 57N–26N 57N–26N Genus, 57N–5S; intertidal to 73 m Genus, 57N–5S Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 28N–1S; boring into soft sandstone or shale along shore Genus not living Genus not living Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N; offshore, 37 to 402 m Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
N.D. 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 5 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
426 Appendix 1
Pitar newcombianus (Gabb) Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Pitar sp. Placunanomia californica Arnold Placunanomia granti Hertlein Placunanomia hannabili Jordan and Hertlein Placunanomia sp. Platyodon cancellatus (Conrad) Platyodon cancellatus (Conrad) Platyodon colobus Woodring Platyodon piedraensis Wiedey Plicatula penicillata Carpenter
Plicifusus (Latifusus) indomitus Talmadge (Talmadge, 1971) Plicifusus sp. Pododesmus (Monia) cepio (Gray)
Pododesmus (Monia) cf. P. (M.) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes)
13 or 5 Ma–H 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma N.D. 8–2.5 Ma 27–23 Ma 8–5 Ma N.D. 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma 27–23 Ma 13? or 5 Ma–H
5–2.5 Ma
13? or 8 Ma–H
13? or 8 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H
N.D. 13 Ma–H
N.D. 27–23 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–8 Ma 27–23 Ma N.D. N.D. 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13 or 5 Ma–H 13 or 5 Ma–H
27–13 or 8? Ma
27–13 or 8? Ma
27–13 or 8? Ma
27–13 or 8? Ma
27–13 or 8? Ma
Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) posunculensis (Anderson and Martin) Phos (Antillophos) sp. Phos (Antillophos) woodringi Addicott Pinna (Pinna) latrania Hanna Pinna (Pinna) latrania Hanna Pinna (Pinna) mendenhalli Hanna Pinna (Pinna) stocktoni Loel and Corey Pinna sp. Pinna sp. Pitar (Lamelliconcha) sp. Pitar (Pitarella) n.sp. Powell Pitar behri (Clark) Pitar behri (Clark) Pitar newcombianus (Gabb) Pitar newcombianus (Gabb)
27–13 or 8? Ma
Monia machroschisma (Deshayes) Monia macroschisma Deshayes Pododesmus (Monia) macroschisma (Deshayes) Pododesmus macroschisma Deshayes Pododesmus macroschismus (Deshayes)
Pododesmus cf. P. macroschisma (Deshayes)
Plicifusus (Latifusus) indomitus Talmadge (Talmadge, 1971) Plicifusus sp. Pododesmus cepio (Gray)
Antillophos? sp. Antillophos woodringi Addicott Pinna (Pinna) latrania Hanna Pinna latrania Hanna Pinna mendenhalli Hanna Pinna stocktoni Loel and Corey Pinna sp. a. Grant and Eaton Pinna sp. b Pitar (Lamelliconcha) sp. Pitar (Pitarella) n.sp. Powell Amiantis behri (Clark) Pitaria behri Clark Pitar newcombianus (Gabb) Macrocallista (Chionella) newcombiana Carpenter Pitar newcombianus Gabb Marcia oregonensis (Conrad) Pitar oregonensis (Conrad) Pitar oregonensis Conrad Pitar sp. Placunanomia californica Arnold Placunanomia granti Hertlein Placunanomia hannabili Jordan and Hertlein Placunanomia sp. Mya (Platydon) (Platyodon) cancellatus Platyodon cancellatus Conrad Platyodon colobus Woodring Platyodon piedraensis Wiedey Plicatula penicillata Carpenter
Urosalpinx dumblei (Anderson)
Tritiaria (Antillophos) dumblei Anderson
Pleurotoma (Clathurella) dumblei Anderson
Phos. sp.
Phos dumbleanus Anderson
Phos dumbleana (Anderson)
continued
Genus, 72N–33N; 18 to 1098 m 58N–28N; intertidal to 90 m, attached to rocks or other shells 70.6N–23.5N; intertidal to 90 m, attached to rocks or other shells 71N–24N 71N–24N 71N–24N 71N–24N 71N–24N
37N–33N Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 37N–18S Genus, 26N–1S; intertidal or offshore to 46 m Genus, 26N–1S Genus, 26N–1S Genus, 26N–1S 53.6N–28.3N; intertidal, boring in clay to 20 m 54N–28N Genus, 55N–2S; intertidal Genus, 55N–2S 2S north to 0; in rock crevices or inside shells of dead mollusks Genus, 72N–33N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N Genus, 28N–10N; on mud bars Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 28N–10N Genus, 28N–10N Subgenus, 31N–5S; intertidal to 110 m Subgenus, 31N–5S; 4 to 80 m Genus, 37N–18S; 45 to 220 m Genus, 37N–18S 36.6N–32.9N; 45 to 220 m 37N–33N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–5N
Appendix 1 427
Pododesmus sp.
Polinices (Euspira) diabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Euspira) diabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Euspira) diabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Euspira) diabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Euspira) galianoi Dall Polinices (Euspira) galianoi Dall Polinices (Euspira) kirkensis (Clark) Polinices (Euspira) kirkensis (Clark) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould)
Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould)
Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) orbicularis (Nomland) Polinices (Euspira) sp. Polinices (Lunatia) cf. P. (L.) caurina (Gould) Polinices (Neverita) alta Arnold
Polinices (Neverita) alta Arnold Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark)
Polinices (Neverita) andersoni (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) arnoldi (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) arnoldi (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) arnoldi (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) convexa (Nomland) Polinices (Neverita) jamesae (Moore) Polinices (Neverita) orbicularis (Nomland) Polinices (Neverita) pabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) pabloensis (Clark) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes)
17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma 17–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma 13? or 8 Ma–H
13? or 8 Ma–H
13? or 8 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma N.D. 5 Ma–H 17–13 Ma
17–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 8–5 Ma 23–13 Ma 8–5 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H
Taxonomy used in this study
Polinices (Neverita) recluziana alta Arnold Natica callosa Gabb Neverita (Glosaulax) andersoni (Clark) Neverita andersoni (Clark) Neverita callosa Conrad Neverita reclusiana callosa Gabb Polinices (Neverita) ocoyana Conrad Polinices (Neverita) recluziana andersoni Clark Polinices andersoni Clark Polinices reclusianus andersoni Clark Polinices recluzianus (Deshayes) andersoni Clark Polinices recluzianus andersoni (Clark) Natica (Neverita) arnoldi Clark Natica arnoldi Clark Naverita arnoldi (Clark) Neverita convexa (Nomland) Neverita (Glossaulax) jamesae Moore Polinices orbicularis (Nornland) Natica (Neverita) pabloensis Clark Neverita pabloensis (Clark) Natica recluziana andersoni Clark Natica recluziana Petit Neverita (Glossaulax) reclusiana (Deshayes)? Neverita reclusiana (Deshayes)? Neverita recluziana Petit
Polinices lewisi (Gould) Lunatia lewisii (Gould) Polinices (Euspira) lewisii (Gould) Natica (Euspira) orbicularis Nomland Lunatia sp. Lunatia cf. L. caurina (Gould) Neverita (Glossaulax) alta (Arnold)
Polinices lewisii (Gould)
Natica (Euspira) diabloensis Clark Natica diabloensis Clark Polinices (Polinices) diabloensis (Clark) Euspira diabloensis (Clark) Polinices galianoi Dall Natica (Euspira) galianoi (Dall) Neverita kirkensis Clark Natica (Euspira) kirkensis Clark Natica lewisii Gould
Pododesmus n.sp.
Taxonomy of authors
Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California, also on mud 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California
Genus, 71N–4S; intertidal to 90 m, rocks or other shells Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 51N–28N Genus, 72N–5S; subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 51N–28N 51N–28N; in bays and lagoons, also on sandy substrate offshore 51N–28N; intertidal to 46 m, sand flats and estuaries, mud flats 51N–28N 51N–28N 51N–28N Subgenus, 51N–28N Subgenus, 51N–28N 64N–33N Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 46 m Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
N.D.
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
428 Appendix 1
Polinices (Polinices) uber (Valenciennes)
Polinices (Polinices) uber (Valenciennes) Polinices (Polinices) victoriana Clark and Arnold
Polinices (Polinices) victoriana Clark and Arnold Polinices (Polinices) victoriana Clark and Arnold Polinices (Polinices) victoriana Clark and Arnold Polinices sp. Polinices sp. Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Polymesoda gabbiana (Henderson) Polymesoda gabbiana (Henderson) Polymesoda gabbiana (Henderson) Polymesoda sp. Polymesoda? kettlemanensis (Arnold) Polystira albida (Perry) Polystira englishi Addicott
Porites carrizensis Vaughan Poromya (Dermatomya) tenuiconcha (Dall) Portlandia reagani (Dall) Priscofusus cammani (Dall) Priscofusus cf. P. coli (Dall) Priscofusus cf. P. geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus cf. P. geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus empireensis (Anderson and Martin) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus medialis (Conrad) Priscofusus medialis (Conrad) Priscofusus medialis (Conrad) Priscofusus sp. Pristes oblongus Carpenter
Propeamussium cf. P. clallamensis (Arnold) Propebela tabulata (Carpenter) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter)
Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter)
13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H 27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma N.D. N.D. 27–5 Ma 27–5 Ma 27–5 Ma 27–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H 17–13 Ma
13? or 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H 23–17 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 23–17 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma N.D. 5 Ma–H
23–17 Ma 5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
N.D.
Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus (Deshayes) (see Keen, 1971, p. 482) Polinices (Neverita) sp.
27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H
Paphia tenerrima (Carpenter)
Propeamussium cf. P. clallamensis (Arnold) Mangelia cf. tabulatus Carpenter Callithaca tenerrima (Carpenter)
Porites carrizensis Vaughan (Cnidaria) Dermatomya tenuiconcha Dall Portlandia (Portlandella) reagani (Dall) Turris cammani Dall Priscofusus cf. P. coli (Dall) Progabbia cf. P. oregonensis (Conrad) Priscofusus cf. P. hecoxi (Arnold) (?) Fusinus empireensis Anderson and Martin Fusinus (Priscofusus) geniculus (Conrad) Fusinus geniculus Conrad Fussinus hecoxae (Arnold) Priscofusus geniculus (Conrad) Priscofusus lincolnensis (Anderson and Martin) Hinia? lincolnensis (Anderson and Martin) Priscofusus medialis (Conrad) Priscofusus n.sp. Pristes oblongus Carpenter
Polinices lewisii (Gould) Polinices lewisii Gould? Polinices victoriana Clark and Arnold Polinices sp. Natica sp. Cyrena (Corbicula) dumblei Anderson Corbicula dumblei F.M. Anderson Corbicula dumblei Anderson Polymesoda dumblei (Anderson) Cyrena californica Gabb Corbicula gabbiana (Henderson) Cyrena (Corbicula) californica Gabb Corbicula sp. Corbicula kettlemanensis (Arnold) Turris albida? Perry Polystira englishi Addicott
Natica uber Valenciennes Polinices canalis Moore
Polinices uber (Valenciennes)
Neverita sp.
Polinices (Neverita) reclusiana (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) reclusianus (Deshayes) Polinices (Neverita) recluzianus callosus (Gabb) Polinices recluziana Deshayes Natica (Neverita) recluziana Petit
continued
42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California 42N–21N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 46 m, sandflats Subgenus, 42N–21N, through Gulf of California, intertidal to 2815 m 32N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal and 4 to 90 m 32N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 32N–5S, through Gulf of California; 980 to 3055 m Subgenus, 32N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 32N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 32N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–5S; intertidal to 3055 m, on mud or sand Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 23N–5S; in mud Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 23N–5S Genus, 23N–5S 28N–15N, Caribbean; 48 to 225 m Genus, 28N–3S, and Gulf of California; 20 to 225 m “Reef-corals,” genus living Gulf of California 55N–36N; genus, 73 to 2928 m Genus, 70.4N–54N; 10 to 100 m Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living 33N–27N; intertidal, in mantle cavity of Stenoplax (chiton) Genus, 45N–6N; 18 to 4500 m Alaska or 37N–24N 57.1N–27.6N; intertidal to 30 m, firm sandy mud, bays and sloughs 57N–28N; when living, commonly present with Saxidomus nuttalli
Appendix 1 429
23–17 Ma N.D. 27–23 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma
N.D. N.D. 23? or 13–2.5 Ma 23? or 13–2.5 Ma 23? or 13–2.5 Ma 23? or 13–2.5 Ma 23? or 13–2.5 Ma 8 Ma–H
8–5 or 2.5? Ma
8–5 or 2.5? Ma
17? or 13 Ma–H 17? or 13 Ma–H 17? or 13 Ma–H 17? or 13 Ma–H 17? or 13 Ma–H 17? or 13 Ma–H 17? or 5 Ma–H 23? or 13–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 8–5 or 2.5? Ma
17? or 13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 17 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
Protothaca grata (Say) tarda (Stewart) Venerupis grata tarda Stewart Securella staleyi (Gabb) subsp. hannibali (Howe)
Tapes sp. Paphia sp. Tapes staleyi Gabb Chione staleyi Gabb Paphia staleyi Gabb Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) Venerupis staleyii (Gabb) Marginella cf. M. albuminosa Dall
Protothaca grata (Say) tarda (Stewart) Protothaca grata (Say) tarda (Stewart) Protothaca laciniata (Carpenter) hannibali (Howe) Protothaca laciniata (Carpenter) hannibali (Howe) Protothaca laciniata (Carpenter) hannibali (Howe) Protothaca sp. Protothaca sp. Protothaca staleyi (Gabb)
Protothaca staleyi (Gabb)
Protothaca staleyi (Gabb)
Protothaca staleyi (Gabb)
Protothaca staleyi (Gabb)
Prunum (Microspira) labiatum (Kiener, ex Valenciennes) Psephaea (Miopleiona) indurata (Conrad) Psephaea (Miopleiona) sp. Psephaea (Miopleiona) weaveri (Tegland) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad)
Psephaea (Miopleiona) indurata (Conrad) Miopleiona sp. Psephaea (Miopleiona) weaveri (Tegland) Fulgoraria (Psephia) oregonensis (Dall) Miopleiona oregonensis Dall Psephaea oregonensis (Dall) Fulgraria oregonensis (Dall) Mactra (Pseudocardium) densata (Conrad) Mactra densata Conrad Mulinia densata Conrad
Venerupis laciniata hannibali (Howe)
Protothaca staleyi (Gabb) hannibali (Howe)
Paphia staminea Conrad Paphia staminea (Conrad) Protothaca staminea (Conrad) Venerupis staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Venerupis (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca aff. P. grata Say Paphia cf. staleyi (Gabb)
Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima Carpenter Protothaca tenerrima (Carpenter) Tapes tenerrima Carpenter Protothaca (Leucoma?) n.sp. aff. P. (L.?) asperrima (Sowerby) Tapes staminea (Conrad)
Taxonomy of authors
Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad) Protothaca (Tropithaca) aff. P. (T.) grata (Say) Protothaca cf. P. staleyi (Gabb)
Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Protothaca (Callithaca) tenerrima (Carpenter) Protothaca (Leukcoma) aff. P. (L.) asperrima (Sowerby) Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Conrad)
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, living in Japanese waters Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan
Caribbean
Genus, 61N–20S
Genus, 61N–20S
Genus, 61N–20S
Genus, 61N–20S
Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 61N–20S Genus, 61N–20S
Species, 37N–27N
Species, 27N–20S Species, 27N–20S Species, 36.8N–26.8N, lintertidal to 5 m, sand or sandy mud in bays Species, 37N–27N
60.8N–22.9N; intertidal to 10 m, abundant in sandy bays 61N–23N 61N–23N 61N–23N 61N–23N 61N–23N 61N–23N 27N–20S Genus, 61N–20S
57N–28N 57N–28N 57N–28N Gulf of California–5S
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
430 Appendix 1
Pteria hertleini Wiedey Pteria jordani Wiedey Pteria rositae Hertlein Maxwellia cf. M. eldridgei (Arnold) Jaton cf. J. festivus (Hinds)
Pseudoliomesus sulculatus (Dall) Pseudomelatoma aff. P. penicillata (Carpenter)
Pseudomelatoma aff. P. penicillata (Carpenter) Pseudomelatoma fleenerensis (Martin)
Pseudomelatoma fleenerensis (Martin) Pseudomelatoma penicillata (Carpenter) Pteria berryi Adegoke
Pteria hertleini Wiedey
Pteria jordani Wiedey Pteria rositae Hertlein Pteropurpura cf. P. eldridgei (Arnold) Pteropurpura cf. P. festiva (Hinds)
Pteropurpura eldridgei (Arnold) Pteropurpura eldridgei (Arnold) Pteropurpura eldridgei (Arnold) Pteropurpura festiva (Hinds)
Pteropurpura festiva (Hinds) Pteropurpura festiva (Hinds)
Pteropurpura trialata (Sowerby) Pterynotus sp.
Puncturella cf. P. cooperi Carpenter Puncturella cooperi aphales Woodring Puncturella galeata (Gould) Purpura sp. Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) erici (Hertlein) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) ynezana (Loel and Corey) Pycnodonte (Pycnodonte) ynezana (Loel and Corey) Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Pycnodonte? (Crenostrea?) eldridgei (Arnold) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte) heermanii (Conrad) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) heemanni (Conrad) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) heermanni (Conrad) (4 P. [P.?] wiedeyi [Hertlein] Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) howelli (Wiedey)
8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma
5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma
5–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H 17–13 Ma
27–23 or 13? Ma 23–13 Ma 27–23 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 8 Ma–H
13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 8 Ma–H
8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H
5 Ma–H N.D.
5 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H N.D. 13–2.5 Ma 27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 13? or 5–2.5 Ma 13? or 5–2.5 Ma 27–23 Ma
27–13 Ma
Drillia fleenerensis Martin Pseudomelatoma penicillata (Carpenter) Pteria berryi Adegoke
Pseudocardium densatum minor (Arnold) Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Pseudocardium panzanum (Loel and Corey) Pseudocardium panzanum (Loel and Corey) Pseudocardium sp. Pseudochama exogyra (Conrad)? Pseudochama sp.
17–13 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma N.D. 5 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma
Crassostrea howelli (Wiedey)
Crassostrea cf. C. eldridgei (Arnold) Ostrea eldridgei Arnold Pycnodonte heermanni (Conrad) Ostrea heermanni Conrad (Ostrea cf.). heermanni Conrad
Puncturella cf. P. cooperi Carpenter Puncturella cooperi aphales Woodring Puncturella galeata (Gould) Purpura n.sp.? Loel and Corey (1932) Ostrea erici Hertelein Ostrea eldridgei (Arnold) ynezana Loel and Corey Ostrea eldridgei yneziana Loel and Corey
Pteropurpura trialata (Sowerby) Pterynotus sp.
Jaton (Shaskyus) festivus (Hinds) Triremis festiva Hinds
Murithais eldridgei (Arnold) Jaton eldridgei (Arnold) Maxwellia eldridgei (Arnold) Jaton festiva (Hinds)
Liomesus sulculatus Dall Pseudomelatoma aff. P. semiinflata Grant and Gale Pseudomelatoma aff. P. moesta (Carpenter) Boreotrophon fleenerensis Martin
Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium densatum minor (Arnold) Pseudocardium densatum minor (Arnold)
17–2.5 Ma 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma
Mulinia densata var. A. Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) gabbii Re´mond Pseudocardium gabbi Re´mond Mulinia densata Conrad minor Arnold Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) minor (Arnold) Pseudocardium densatum minor Arnold Mactra pabloensis (Packard) Mulinia pabloensis Packard Pseudocardium pabloensis (Packard) Pseudocardium panzanum (Loel and Corey) Mulinia panzana Loel and Corey Pseudocardium sp. Pseudochama exogyra (Conrad)? Pseudochama sp.
Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad) Pseudocardium densatum (Conrad)
17–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma
Genus not living
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living
continued
Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 34N–5S Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California 34N–27N; mud and rock in bays, at low tide on exposed coasts Genus, 57N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 38N–8N; intertidal to 137 m, on rocks Genus, 38N–8N 34N–27N, large specimens common in muddy areas in bays 34N–27N; intertidal to 137 m, on rocks. 34N–27N; mud and rock in bays, at low tide on exposed coasts 34N–32N Genus, w. coast Baja California; 27N in Gulf of California–3S; 22 to 110 m 55N–33N Genus, 58N–23N; intertidal to 146 m 54N–34N Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan 38.3N–22.9N; intertidal to 25 m Genus, 44N–6S; intertidal to 137 m, common intertidal to 55 m Genus, 72N–55N 34N–25N; intertidal and offshore, among rocks at low tide 34N–25N Genus, 40N–25N; one species in Gulf of California; intertidal to 73 m Genus, 40N–25N 34N–25N; intertidal and offshore Genus, 34N–5S; in shallow water, in diving range of pearl divers Genus, 34N–5S
Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan
Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan Genus, 45N–40N, Japan
Appendix 1 431
Raeta traskii (Conrad) Raeta? sp. Ranella lewisii (Carson) Ranella lewisii (Carson) Rapana vaquerosensis (Arnold) Rapana vaquerosensis (Arnold) Rapana vaquerosensis imperialis Hertlein and Jordan Rapana vaquerosensis imperialis Hertlein and Jordan Rhinocoryne sespeensis (Loel and Corey)
Rhynchopygus californicus (Anderson)
Rimula cancellata Schremp Rissoina n.sp. Powell
Rochefortia tumida (Carpenter) Rochefortia tumida (Carpenter) Rochefortia tumida (Carpenter) Saccostrea palmula (Carpenter) (Ostrea palmula in Keen, 1971, p. 84) Sanguinolaria alata (Gabb) Sanguinolaria alata (Gabb) Sanguinolaria cf. S. toulai Hertlein and Jordan Saxicava? cf. S. pholadis (Linnaeus)
17–13 Ma N.D. 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–17 Ma
27–23 Ma
13? or 5–2.5 Ma 13? or 5–2.5 Ma
5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 27–23 Ma 5 Ma–H
27–23 Ma
27–17 Ma
N.D. 13–8 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
N.D. 23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) howelli (Wiedey) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) loeli (Hertlein) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) loeli (Hertlein) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) loeli (Hertlein) Pycnodonte? (Pycnodonte?) wiedeyi (Hertlein) Pyramidella (Longchaeus) cooperi Anderson and Martin Pyramidella (Longchaeus) cooperi Anderson and Martin Pyramidella (Longchaeus) sp. Pyramidella (Syrnola) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella (Syrnola) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella (Syrnola) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella (Syrnola) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella n.sp. Powell Raeta longior (Grant and Gale)
Taxonomy used in this study
Gari alata Gabb Sanguinolaria alata Gabb Sanguinolaria cf. toulai Hertlein and Jordan Saxicava? cf. S. pholadis (Linnaeus)
Mysella (Rochefortia) tumida (Carpenter) Rochefortia tumida (Carpenter) Mysella tumida Carpenter Ostrea mexicana Sowerby
Rimula cancellata Schremp Rissoina n.sp. Powell
Cassidulus (Rhynchopygus) ynezanus Kew
Rapana vaquerosensis imperialis Hertlein and Jordan Potamides sespeensis Loel and Corey
Pyramidella (Eulimella) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Pyramidella n.sp. Powell Anatina (Raeta) plicatella (Lamarck) var. longior Grant and Gale Lutaria traskii Conrad Raeta? n.sp. Gyrineum mediocre lewisii Carson Gyrineum lewisii Carson Thais vaquerosensis (Arnold) Rapana vaquerosensis (Arnold) Rapana imperialis Hertlein and Jordan
Eulimella ochsneri Anderson and Martin
Pyramidella sp. Pyramidella (Symola) ochsneri (Anderson and Martin) Syrnola scandix Keen
Ostrea howelli Wiedey Ostrea loeli Hertlein Ostrea vespertina (Conrad) loeli (Hertlein) Ostrea vespertina loeli (Hertlein) Ostrea wiedeyi Hertlein Pyramidella (Longchaeus) cooperi Anderson and Martin Pyramidella cooperi Anderson and Martin
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, Gulf of California–Chile; estuaries and offshore to 27 m Genus not living, Eocene to late Oligocene or early Miocene in California Genus, 28N in Gulf of California; 30 to 80 m Genus, 28N in Gulf of California–5S; intertidal to 137 m, rocks 71.4N–32.7N, in Gulf of California; intertidal to 973 m 71N–33N 71N–33N 25N–2S; mangrove roots or rocks, reefs, in depths to 7m Genus, 30N–4S; intertidal Genus, 30N–4S Genus, 30N–4S 72N–8N. If Hiatella, intertidal to 390 m
Genus not living
Genus, 34N–21S Genus, 33.7N–21.4S; 2 to 20 m Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 34N–21S; 25 to 45 m
Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus living in Japanese waters
Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus living in Japanese waters
Genus, 37N–3S; subgenus living in Japanese waters
Subgenus, 37N–3S, and Gulf of California Genus, 37N–3S, intertidal to 36 m, on ellgrass
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Subgenus, 37N–3S, and Gulf of California; intertidal to 26 m Subgenus, 37N–3S, and Gulf of California
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
27–13 Ma 27–17 Ma 27–17 Ma 27–17 Ma 27–23 Ma 23–13 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
432 Appendix 1
Semele sayi Toula Semele sp. Septifer coalingensis Arnold
Scapharca (Cunearca) rivulata (Wiedey) Scapharca (Cunearca) rivulata (Wiedey) Scapharca (Cunearca) rivulata (Wiedey) Scapharca (Cunearca) sp. Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana obispoana (Conrad) Scapharca? (Scapharca?) obispoana perdisparis (Wiedey) Schizaster? sp. (Edhinodermata)
Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) (Echinodermata) Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) Scutellaster oregonensis (Clark) Scutellaster oregonensis (Clark) Scutellaster oregonensis major Kew Scutellaster oregonensis major Kew Scutellaster sp. Searlesia diegoensis Dall Searlesia sp.
Seila assimilata (Adams) Selia n.sp. Powell
Semele flavescens (Gould) Semele ashleyi Hertlein Semele cf. S. sylviaensis Weaver Semele fausta Nomland Semele formosa (Sowerby) Semele morani Anderson and Martin? Semele rubropicta Dall
Semele sayi Toula
Semele sp. Septifer (Septifer) coalingensis Arnold
23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma N.D. 23–8 Ma
5–2.5 Ma
5 Ma–H N.D.
5 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma 8–5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 13 Ma–H 23–13 Ma 8 Ma–H
13? or 5–2.5? Ma N.D. 17–13 Ma
5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma N.D. 5–2.5 Ma N.D.
N.D.
17–13 Ma
23–8 Ma
23–8 Ma
Saxidomus nutalli Conrad Saxidomus nuttalli latus Stewart Saxidomus sp. Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander sp. Scapharca (Cunearca) hamelini (Wiedey)
23 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma N.D. 27–13 Ma 27–2.5 Ma N.D. 27–23 Ma
Semele flavescens (Gould) Semele ashleyi Hertlein Semele cf. S. sylviaensis Weaver Semele fausta Nomland Semele formosa Sowerby Semele? sp. Semele rubropicta Dall
Seila montereyensis Bartsch Selia n.sp. Powell
Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) Scutellaster interlineata (Stimpson) Anorthoscutum oregonense Grant and Hertlein Scutellaster oregonensis (Clark) Echinarachnius cf. E. interstriata Blake Scutellaster major (Kew) Scutella sp. Searlesia diegoensis Dall Searlesia n.sp. (large)
Scutella interlineata Stimpson
Schizaster? n.sp. (Echinodermata)
Arca perdisparis Wiedey
Arca (Anadara) obispoana Conrad
Anadara obispoana (Conrad)
Anadara (Cunearca) rivulata (Wiedey) Arca rivulata Wiedey Arca galei Wiedey Cunearca n.sp. Anadara (Scapharca) obispoana (Conrad)
Saxidomus nuttallii (Conrad) Saxidomus nuttalli latus Stewart Saxidomus sp. Saxidomus vaquerosensis Arnold Scaphander jugularis (Conrad) Scaphander sp. Arca (Anadara) sespeensis Wiedey
Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad
23 Ma–H
Saxidomus barlowi Loel and Corey Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad var. giganteus (Deshayes) Saxidomus nuttalli Conrad
Saxidomus barlowi Loel and Corey Saxidomus giganteus (Deshayes)
27–23 Ma 5 Ma–H
continued
Genus, 60N–3S Subgenus, 40N–5S; intertidal, attached to rocks by a byssus
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus 56N–37N Genus, 56N–37N, intertidal, rocky area along open coast 37N–8N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 119 m Genus, 37N–8N, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 119 m 30N–2S; intertidal Genus, 60N–3S; intertidal to 92 m Genus, 60N–3S Genus, 60N–3S 31N in Gulf of California–2S Genus, 60N–3S 60N–28N, intertidal to 100 m, beaches of clean gravel, sheltered Genus, 60N–3S
See discussion in Grant and Hertlein (1938, p. 119– 121) Genus not living
Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
40.7N–27.7N; sandy areas of bays, sand, intertidal to 10 m 41N–28N Species, 41N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 60N–28N Genus, 25N–5S; 2320 to 5200 m Genus, 25N–5S; 2320 to 5200 m Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California; 25 to 90 m Subgenus, 29N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N–4S, through Gulf of California
Genus, 60N–28N; intertidal to 36 m, in sand or mud 60N–37N; intertidal to 40 m
Appendix 1 433
Septifer sp. Serpulorbis squamigerus (Carpenter) Serripes groenlandicus (Brugiere) Siderastrea californica Vaughan Siderastrea mendenhalli minor Vaughan Siderastrea mendenhalli Vaughan Siderastrea sp. Siliqua (Siliqua) cf. S. (S.) alta (Broderip and Sowerby) Siliqua (Siliqua) cf. S. (S.) alta (Broderip and Sowerby) Siliqua (Siliqua) lucida (Conrad)
Siliqua (Siliqua) lucida (Conrad) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon)
Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua (Siliqua) patula (Dixon) Siliqua sp.
Simomactra cf. S. dolabriformis (Conrad) Simomactra cf. S. planulata (Conrad) Simomactra cf. S. planulata (Conrad)
Simomactra falcata (Gould) Simomactra falcata (Gould) Simomactra falcata (Gould) Simomactra falcata brioniana Trask Simomactra falcata brioniana Trask Sinum debile Gould Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum sp.
Solamen columbianum (Dall) Solamen columbianum (Dall) Solariella peramabilis Carpenter Solariella sp.
N.D. 8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 13? or 5 Ma–H 13? or 5 Ma–H 13? or 5 Ma–H N.D. 8 Ma–H
13 Ma–H 23 Ma–H
23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H N.D.
8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H
5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 5 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H 27 Ma–H N.D.
8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 13 M–Ha N.D.
13 Ma–H
8 Ma–H
Septifer bifurcatus Conrad
Taxonomy used in this study
Megacrenella columbiana (Dall) Crenella columbiana Dall Solariella peramabilis Carpenter Solariella n.sp.?
Mactra cf. M. dolabriformis (Conrad) Spisula (Spisula) cf. S. (S.) planulata Conrad Spisula (Mactromeris) cf. S. (M.) planulata Conrad Mactra falcata Gould Spisula falcata Gould Spisula (Spisula) falcata (Gould) Spisula falcata brioniana Trask Spisula (Spisula) falcata brioniana Trask Sinum debile Gould Sigaretus perrini Arnold Sigaretus scopulosum Conrad Sinum (Sigaretus) trigenarium Trask Sinum perrini Arnold Sinum scopulosum (Conrad) Sinum trigenarium Trask Sinum sp.
Siliqua oregonia Dall Siliqua patula (Dixon) Solemya (Acharax) ventricosa Conrad Solemya ventricosa Conrad Siliqua sp.
Siliqua lucida (Conrad) Siliqua nuttalli Conrad
Siliqua lucida Conrad
Siliqua cf. S. media (Sowerby)
Septifer sp. Aletes squamigerus Carpenter Serripes gro¨nlandicus Becks Siderastrea californica Vaughan (Cnidaria) Siderastrea mendenhalli minor Vaughan Siderastrea mendenhalli Vaughan Siderastrea sp. Siliqua cf. S. alta (Broderip and Sowerby)
Septifer bifurcatus Conrad
Taxonomy of authors
54.2N–30.5N; intertidal to 50 m 54N–31N 54N–31N Species, 54N–31N Species, 54N–31N 34N–3N; on tide flats and offshore to depths of 48 m 37N–32N; shallow bays, sandy substrate offshore 37N–32N 37N–32N 37N–32N 37N–32N 37N–32N Genus, 37N–Chile; intertidal to 170 m, on sand or mud 52N–32.7N; 20 to 500 m or 29 to 530 m 52N–33N 55N–23N; .180 m through Gulf of California Genus, 72N–0, through Gulf of California
38.3N–25.3N; intertidal to 50 m, sand beaches and bays 38N–25N 59.2N–35.4N; intertidal to 55 m, open sandy, surfswept beaches 59N–35N 59N–35N 59N–35N 59N–35N Genus, 72N–25N; intertidal to 55 m, sandy, surf-swept beaches 33N–9N; intertidal to 10 m 38N–27.9N; intertidal to 95 m 38N–28N
72N–35N
36.6N–22.9N; intertidal, attached to rocks by a byssus, to 50 m Questionable taxonomic assignment 55N–1S; on rocks in protected areas 71.4N–48N; intertidal to 80 m “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic 72N–35.4N; intertidal to 85 m
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
5 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
434 Appendix 1
Solen (Ensisolen) sicarius Gould Solen (Ensisolen) sicarius Gould Solen conradi Dall Solen curtis Conrad Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Solen gravidus Clark Solen gravidus Clark Solen perrini Clark Solen perrini Clark Solen sp. Solenastrea fairbanksi minor Vaughan (Cnidaria) Solenastrea fairbanksi (Vaughan) Solenastrea fairbanksi columaris (Vaughan) Solenastrea fairbanksi normalis Vaughan Solenosteira anomala (Reeve) Solenosteira merriami (Anderson and Martin) Solenosteria anomala (Reeve) Solenosteria sp. Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) hesperius hesperius (Pilsbry) (Arthropoda) Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) proinus (Woodring) Spatangus rarus Israelsky (Echinodermata) Spathochlamys vestalis (Reeve) Sphaerium sp. Sphaerium striatianum (Lamarck) Sphaerium striatianum (Lamarck) Sphenia luticola (Valenciennes) Spiroglyphus lituellus (Mo¨rch) Spirotropis calodius Moore
Spirotropis washingtonensis Etherington Spisula sp. (Mactromeris or Simomactra) Spisula sp. (Mactromeris or Simomactra) Spondylus bostrythes Guppy Spondylus calcifer Carpenter
Spondylus crasiquama Jordan and Hertlein Spondylus perrini Wiedey Spondylus scotti Brown and Pilsbry Spondylus sp. Spondylus sp. aff. S. ursipes Berry (Smith, 1989) Spondylus victoriae Sowerby
Strictispira cf. S. ericana (Hertlein and Strong)
13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 23–17 Ma 23–13 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 17–2.5 Ma 17–2.5 Ma N.D. 13? or 5–2.5 Ma 13? or 5–2.5 Ma 13? or 5–2.5 Ma 13? or 5–2.5 Ma 13? or 5 Ma–H 27–23 Ma 13? or 5 M–Ha N.D. 5 Ma–H
23–17 Ma N.D. N.D. 13? or 5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H
8–5 Ma 27–23 Ma 23–17 Ma N.D. 13–8 Ma 13 Ma–H
8 Ma–H
5–2.5 Ma 13 or 8 Ma–H N.D. 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 23–17 Ma
5–2.5 Ma
Solecurtus borggii gatunensis Toula Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Solen (Ensisolen) cf. S. (E.) rostriformis Dunker Solen (Ensisolen) cf. S. (E.) rostriformis Dunker Solen (Ensisolen) rostriformis Dunker
13–2.5? Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H
Spondylus crasiquama Jordan and Hertlein Spondylus perrini Wiedey Spondylus scotti Brown and Pilsbry Spondylus sp. Spondylus sp. aff. S. ursipes Berry Spondylus victoriae Sowerby (fide Durham, 1950b) Crassispira n.sp.? cf. C. ericana Hertlein and Strong
Spirotropis washingtonensis Etherington Spisula sp. Spisula sp. Spondylus bostrychites Guppy Spondylus calcifer Carpenter
Spatangus rarus Israelsky (Echinodermata) Chlamys lowei (Hertlein) Sphaerium sp. Sphaerium? sp. Sphaerium cooperi Arnold Sphenia luticola (Valenciennes) Spiroglyphus lituellus (Mo¨rch) Spirotropis calodius Moore
Solena sicarius Gould Solen sicarius Gould Solen conradi Dall Solen curtis Conrad Solen gravidus baileyi Loel and Corey Solen gravidus? Clark Solen gravidus (Clark) baileyi Loel and Corey Solena gravida (Clark) Solen gravidus Clark Solen sicarius Gould (cf. var. perrini Clark) Solen perrini Clark Solen sp. Solenastrea fairbanksi minor Vaughan (Cnidaria) Solenastrea fairbanksi (Vaughan) Solenastrea fairbanksi columaris (Vaughan) Solenastrea fairbanksi normalis Vaughan Solenosteira anomala (Reeve) Solenosteira merriami Loel and Corey Solenosteria anomala Reeve Solenosteria sp. Balanus (Hesperibalanus) hesperius Pilsbry (Arthropoda) Balanus hesperius proinus Woodring
Solecurtus borggii gatunensis Toula Solecurtus gabbianus (Anderson and Martin) Poromya gabbiana Anderson and Martin Psamosolen gabbiana (Anderson and Martin) Solen cf. S. rasaclus Carpenter Solen cf. S. rosaceus Carpenter Solen rosaceus Carpenter
continued
31N in Gulf of California–3S; intertidal and “offshore”
Genus, 37N–28N 33.4N–1.3S Fresh and brackish water Fresh and brackish water Fresh and brackish water 40N–4S; intertidal to 64 m, nestling in cavities 55N–33N Genus, 37N–3S, common in deep water, e.g., 733 to 2323 m Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 71N–4S or N.D. Genus, 71N–4S or N.D. 31N–5S; 7 to 30 m 31N–5S; can be 15 cm across and weigh more than 1 kg Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S Genus, 31N–5S, Pacific; 35N–15N, Atlantic Genus, 31N–5S 29N Gulf of California 30N–26N. (Keen, 1971, p. 96–97) not listed as living
Not living
Genus, 28N–4S; 37 m to 110 m Genus, 28N–4S Genus, 28N–4S Genus, 28N–4S 35.4N–23.2N; intertidal to 50 m 35N–23N 35.4N–23.2 N; intertidal to 50 m; also in sandy areas of bays 54N–30.4N; intertidal, bays 54N–30N Genus, 72N–2S; intertidal to 72 m Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S Genus, 72N–2S “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic “Reef-corals,” present-day taxa living in Atlantic 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S; intertidal to 46 m 28N–5S; intertidal to 73 m Genus, 28N–5S 65N–48N; 60 to 180 m
Appendix 1 435
Strombina sp. Strombus (Strombus) gracilior Sowerby
Strombus (Tricomis) galeatus Swainson
Strombus cf. S. gatunensis Toula
Strombus granulatus Swainson
Strombus granulatus Swainson acutus Durham Strombus obliteratus Hanna Strombus sp. Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (A. Agassiz) (Echinodermata) Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson)
Strongylocentrotus sp. Sulcoretusa? israelskyi Addicott Swiftopecten n.sp. Genus, 13? or 8–1.6 Ma
Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei etchegoini (Anderson) 8–1.6 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma
N.D. 13 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
17 Ma–H
13 Ma–H
5–2.5 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D. 5 Ma–H
N.D. 17–13 Ma N.D.
8–1.6 Ma
13? or 8–2.5 Ma
13? or 8–2.5 Ma
8–1.6 Ma
8–1.6 Ma
8–1.6 Ma
8–1.6 Ma
8–1.6 Ma
5 Ma–H
23–13 Ma
Striostrea? bourgeoisii bourgeoisii (Re´mond) Striostrea? freudenbergi (Hertlein and Jordan) Striostrea? freudenbergi (Hertlein and Jordan) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Striostrea? subtitan (Loel and Corey) Strombina (Strombina) cf. S. (S.) maculosa (Sowerby) Strombina carlosensis Durham
Taxonomy used in this study
Chlamys parmeleei (Dall)
Chlamys (Swiftopecten) parmeleei Dall
Pecten (Pallium) swiftii bernardi var. etchegoini Anderson Pecten (Swiftopecten) etchegoini Anderson subsp. wattsi Arnold Swiftopecten etchegoini (Anderson)
Chlamys parmeleei ethegoini (Anderson)
Chlamys (Swiftopecten) wattsi var. morani (Arnold) Chlamys etchegoini (Anderson)
Strongylocentrotus sp. Sulcoretusa? israelskyi Addicott Swiftopecten n.sp.
Strombus cf. gran acutus Mawe Strombus obliteratus Hanna Strombus sp. Strongylocentrotus franciscanus A. Agassiz (Echinodermata) Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Stimpson
Strombus granulatus Mawe
Strombus cf. S. gatunensis Toula
Strombus galeatus Swainson
Strombina sp. Strombus gracilior Sowerby
Strombina carlosensis Durham?
Ostrea bourgeoisii Re´mond Crassostrea freudenbergi Hertlein and Jordan? Ostrea freudenbergi Hertlein and Jordan Crassostrea titan subtitan (Loel and Corey) Ostrea titan (Conrad) subtitan Loel and Corey Ostrea titan (Conrad) subtitan? Loel and Corey Ostrea titan cf. O. subtitan Loel and Corey Ostrea titan Conrad Ostrea titan Conrad n. var. Turricula cf. T. maculosa (Sowerby)
Taxonomy of authors
57N–28N; bores shallow, cuplike depressions in soft rock Genus, 57N–28N Genus, 24N–0; 28N in Gulf-24N; 18 to 34 m If Swiftopecten, genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B.59) Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given
Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California; extreme low tide to 100 m Genus, 28N–5S, through Gulf of California Gulf of California–5S; sandflats, lagoons, and offshore to 45 m Northern end of Gulf of California–3S; just below lowtide line Northern end Gulf of California–5S; beaches, low-tide to 75 m Northern end Gulf of California–3S; beaches, rock, sand, and to 75 m Species, northern end Gulf of California–3S Genus, northern end Gulf of California–5S Genus, northern end Gulf of California–5S 57N–28N; singly in deep pools and channels.
Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 24N–4S Genus, 24N–4S Northern Gulf of California–8N, mudflats to 37 m
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
23–8 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma 27–13 or 8? Ma 23 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
436 Appendix 1
Syntomodrillia n.sp. Powell Tachyrhychus major Dall Tagelus (Mesopleura) peruvianus Pilsbry and Olsson Tagelus (Mesopleura) subteres (Conrad)? Tagelus (Mesopleura) subteres (Conrad)? Tagelus (Tagelus) californianus (Conrad) Tagelus (Tagelus) californianus (Conrad) Tagelus (Tagelus) californianus (Conrad) Tagelus clarki Loel and Corey Tagelus clarki Loel and Corey Tagelus sp. Taranis incultus (Moody) Taranis incultus (Moody) Taranis sp. Taranis strongi (Arnold) Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli arnoldi Addicott Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli inornatus Arnold Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli inornatus Arnold Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli subnodosus Arnold
Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli subnodosus Arnold Tegula (Chlorostoma) danvillensis Clark Tegula (Chlorostoma) laevis Addicott Tegula (Chlorostoma) malibuensis Loel and Corey Tegula (Chlorostoma) malibuensis Loel and Corey
N.D. 5 Ma–H 13–8 Ma
5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma N.D. 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma 13–8 Ma 17–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma
N.D.
13? or 8–2.5 Ma
13? or 8–2.5 Ma
13? or 8–2.5 Ma
13? or 8–2.5 Ma
13? or 8–2.5 Ma
Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten parmeleei parmaleei (Dall) 13? or 8–2.5 Ma Swiftopecten sp.
13? or 8–2.5 Ma
Tegula (Chlorostoma) malibuensis Loel and Corey
Tegula dalli Arnold Chlorostoma dalli Arnold Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli Arnold Tegula (Omphalius) dalli arnoldi Addicott Chlorostoma (Omphalius) dalli inornatus Arnold Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli inornatus Arnold Chlorostoma (Omphalius) dalli subnodosus Arnold Tegula (Chlorostoma) dalli subnodosus Arnold Tegula (Chlorostoma) danvillensis Clark Tegula (Omphalius) laevis Addicott Tegula malibuensis Loel and Corey
Syntomodrilla n.sp. Powell Tachyrhychus erosus forma major Dall Tagelus (Mesopleura) peruvianus Pilsbry and Olsson Tagelus subteres (Conrad)? Tagelus (Tagelus) subteres (Conrad)? Tagelus (Tagelus) californianus (Conrad) Tagelus californianus (Conrad) Tagelus californianus Conrad Tagelus clarki Loel and Corey Tagelus clarki? Loel and Corey Tagelus sp. Borsonia inculta Moody Taranis incultus (Moody) Borsonia sp. Taranis strongi (Arnold) Chlorostoma (Omphalius) dalli Arnold
Pecten (Swiftopecten) sp. ident.
Swiftopecten wattsi (Arnold)
Swiftopecten swiftii parmeleei (Dall)
Swiftopecten parmeleei parmeleei (Dall)
Pecten wattsi Arnold
Pecten parmeleei Dall
Chlamys swiftii parmeleei (Dall)
continued
Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N
Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N
35.4N–26.8N; intertidal, bays 35–27N 40.7N–10.8N; intertidal, sandy mudflats of bays 41N–11N 41N–11N Genus, 43N–43S; intertidal to 5 m, bays Genus, 43N–43S Genus, 43N–43S Genus, 55N–33N; 180 m Genus, 55N–33N Genus, 55N–33N 55N–33N; 180 m Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N; intertidal Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–:28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–;28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N
Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus reported living (Moore, 1984, p. B59), no range given Genus, 8N; 5 to 10 m 72N–55N; genus, 20 to 300 m 35N–5S; intertidal, in sand or mud
Appendix 1 437
Tegula ligulata (Menke) Tegula montereyi (Fischer) Tegula regina (Stearns) Tegula sp. Tegula thea Nomland Tegula thea Nomland Tegula varistriata Nomland Tegula varistriata Nomland Tegula? cf. T. dubiosa Grant and Gale Teinostoma cf. T. supravallataum (Carpenter)
Tellina (Angulus) aff. T. (A.) modesta (Carpenter) Tellina (Angulus) carpenteri Dall
Tellina (Angulus) modesta (Carpenter)
Tellina (Angulus) modesta (Carpenter) Tellina (Megangulus) cf. T. (M.) lutea Wood Tellina (Megangulus) cf. T. (M.) lutea Wood Tellina (Peronidia) bodegensis Hinds
Tellina (Peronidia) bodegensis Hinds Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Tellina aff. T. radiata radiata Linnaeus Tellina cf. T. aragonia Dall Tellina congesta Conrad Tellina congesta Conrad Tellina diabloensis Clark Tellina emacerata Conrad Tellina englishi Clark Tellina hannibali Clark Tellina insurana G. D. Hanna Tellina nuculoides (Reeve) Tellina nuculoides (Reeve) Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tellina ocoyana Conrad Tellina ocoyana Conrad (common 23–17 Ma)
5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H 8–5 Ma
8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–5 Ma 13–5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H
23 Ma–H 5 Ma–H
23 Ma–H
23 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 17? or 8 Ma–H
17? or 8 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 17 Ma–H 8–5 Ma 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 23–17 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 23–17 Ma 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma 27–8 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Tellina bodegensis Hinds Tellina idae Dall Tellina (Tellinella) idae Dall Tellina aff. radiata Linnaeus Tellina cf. T. aragonia Dall Macoma congesta Conrad Tellina congesta Conrad Tellina diabloensis Clark Tellina emacerata Conrad Tellina englishi Clark Tellina hannibali Clark Tellina tenuistriata Davis Tellina salmonea Carpenter Tellina (Cadella) salmonea Carpenter Tellina nevadensis Anderson and Martin Macoma ocoyana Conrad Tellina ocoyana Conrad
Tellina (Angulus) buttoni Dall ? Tellina (Peronidea) cf. T. (P.) lutea Wood Tellina cf. T. lutea Wood Tellina (Peronidia) bodegensis Hinds
Tellina (Oudardia) modesta Carpenter
Tellina aff. T. buttoni Dall Tellina (Moerella) carpenteri Dall
Tegula ligulata (Menke) Tegula montereyi (Fischer) Tegula regina (Stearns) Tegula sp. Tegula (Chlorostoma) thea Nomland Tegula thea Nomland Tegula (Chlorostoma) varistriata Nomland Tegula varistriata Nomland Tegula? cf. T. dubiosa Grant and Gale Pseudorotella? cf. P. supravallata (Carpenter)
Tegula aff. T. aureotincta (Forbes) Tegula cf. T. funebralis (Adams) Tegula funebralis (A. Adams) Tegula gallina (Forbes) Tegula lahondaensis (Arnold)
Tegula (Chlorostoma) nashi Clark Chlorostoma pacificum (Anderson and Martin)
Taxonomy of authors
34N–24N 48N–28N; strictly intertidal 48N–28N 38N–23N; midtidal zone Genus, 57N–5S; intertidal to 28 m, on rocks and algae 37N–17N 38N–34N 34N–24N; sublittoral, .10 m Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S Genus, 57N–5S 37N–through Gulf of California; genus, intertidal to 64 m 60N–28N; sandy substrate, to depths of 64 m 57.1N–7.2N; bays and sandy substrate; intertidal to 305 m 59.2N–27.7N; sandy substrate, intertidal to 100 m 59N–28N 72N–56.5N, intertidal to 100 m 72N–57N 57.1N–24.6N; sandflats in bays, sandy substrate, intertidal to 100 m 57N–25N 34.4N–32.7N; intertidal to 100 m 34N–33N 29N–15N, Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico Genus, 72N–5S; intertidal to 305 m Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S 60N–32N; intertidal to 100 m 60N–32N Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S
Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N Subgenus, 34N–17N, head of Gulf of California–28N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
Tegula (Chlorostoma) nashae Clark Tegula (Chlorostoma) pacifica (Anderson and Martin) Tegula aff. T. aureotincta (Forbes) Tegula cf. T. funebralis (Adams) Tegula funebralis (Adams) Tegula gallina (Forbes) Tegula lahondaensis (Arnold)
13–8 Ma 23–13 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
438 Appendix 1
Terebra martini English Terebra martini English Terebra martini English Terebra martini English Terebra n.sp. Addicott Terebra pedroana Dall Terebra pedroana Dall Terebra sp. Terebra sp. Terebra sp. cf. T. variegata Gray Terebra stirtoni Addicott Terebratalia arnoldi etchegoini Hertlein and Grant
Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia arnoldi subsp. etchegoini Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia cf. T. arnoldi Grant and Hertlein Terebratalia hemphilli Dall Terebratalia occidentalis (Dall) Terebratalia occidentalis (Dall) Terebratalia occidentalis obsoleta (Dall) Terebratalia sp. Terebratalia transversa (Sowerby) Terebratalia transversa caurina Gould Terebratulina unguicula (Carpenter) Teredo sp. Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) Thais (Stramonita) imperialis (Dall) Thais (Stramonita) ponderosa (Gabb) Thais (Stramonita) ponderosa (Gabb) Thais (Stramonita) ponderosa (Gabb) Thais (Stramonita) ponderosa (Gabb) Thais (Thaisella) blakei Anderson and Martin
13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma N.D. 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H N.D. N.D. 5 Ma–H 17–13 Ma 8–2.5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H 13? or 8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 23–13 Ma
Tellina oldroydi Wiedey Tellina oldroydi Wiedey Tellina oregonensis Conrad Tellina oregonensis? Conrad Tellina sp. Tellina wilsoni Anderson and Martin Tellina wilsoni Anderson and Martin Tellina woodringi Adegoke Tellina woodringi Adegoke Terebra adelaidana Addicott Terebra cf. T. lepta Woodring Terebra cf. T. wolfgangi Toula Terebra cooperi Anderson Terebra cooperi Anderson Terebra cooperi Anderson Terebra dislocata (Say) Terebra elata Hinds Terebra elata Hinds Terebra gausapata Brown and Pilsbry
23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma 17? or 13–8 Ma N.D. 23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13? or 5–2.5 Ma
Tellina (Peronidia) oldroydi Wiedey Tellina oldroydi Wiedey Tellina oregonensis Conrad Tellina oregonensis? Conrad Tellina sp. Macoma wilsoni (Anderson and Martin) Tellina wilsoni Anderson and Martin Tellina woodringi Adegoke “Tellina” woodringi Adegoke Terebra (Fusoterebra?) adelaidana Addicott Terebra (Paraterebra) cf. T. (P.) lepta Woodring Terebra (Strioterebrum) cf. T. wolfgangi Toula Strioterebrum cooperi (Anderson) Terebra (Terebra) cooperi (Anderson) Terebra cooperi Anderson Terebra gausapata Brown and Pilsbry Terebra elata Hinds Terebra protexta Conrad Terebra (Strioterebrum) gausapata Brown and Pilsbry Strioterebrum aff. S. martini (English) Strioterebrum martini (English) Terebra (Strioterebrum) martini English Terebra martini English Terebra n.sp. Addicott Terebra (Strioterebra) pedroana Dall Terebra pedroana Dall Terebra (Strioterebrum) n.sp. Terebra sp. Terebra sp. cf. T. variegata Gray Terebra (Strioterebrum) stirtoni Addicott Terebratalia arnoldi etchegoini Hertlein and Grant (Brachiopoda) Terebratalia arnoldi Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia arnoldi subsp. etchegoini Hertlein and Grant Terebratalia cf. T. smithi Arnold Terebratalia hemphilli Dall Dallinella occidentalis (Dall) Terebratalia occidentalis Dall Terebratalia occidentalis obsoleta Dall Terebratalia sp. Terebratalia transversa (Sowerby) Terebratalia transversa caurina Gould Terebratulina unguicula Carpenter Teredo sp. Neptunea imperialis (Dall) Chrysodomus imperialis Dall Thais imperialis (Dall) Lepthothyra pabloensis (Clark) Thais ponderosum (Gabb) Leptothyra pabloensis Clark Trophon ponderosum diabloensis Clark Thais (Thaisella) blakei Anderson and Martin continued
Genus, 38N–23N Genus, 38N–23N 38N–23N 38N–23N Species, 38N–23N Genus, 38N–23N 57.3N–34N 57.3N–28N 57N–23N Genus, 50N–23N; intertidal, boring into wood Subgenus, 33N–5S; intertidal Subgenus, 33N–5S Subgenus, 33N–5S Subgenus, 33N–5S Subgenus, 33N–5S Subgenus, 33N–5S Subgenus, 33N–5S Subgenus, 25N–5S; mangrove swamps, feeding on oysters
Genus, 38N–23N Genus, 38N–23N
Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S 34N–27N 34N–27N Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S 25N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 38N–23N
Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 34N–3S; intertidal to 280 m Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S Genus, 34N–3S 33N–3N; intertidal to 18 m 25N–0; intertidal to 90 m 25N–0 Genus, 34N–3S
Appendix 1 439
Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Thracia (Homoeodesma) trapezoides Conrad Thracia sp. Thyasira flexuosa (Montagu) Thyasira flexuosa (Montagu) Tindaria? sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad)
Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Tivela (Pachydesma) sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe)
Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe) Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe) Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum (Mawe) Tivela (Tivela) cf. T. (T.) delesserti Deshayes Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela gabbi Clark Tivela gabbi Clark Tivela gabbi Clark Tivela inezana? Conrad Tivela merriami Trask Tivela merriami Trask Tivela sp. Tivela stanfordia Hall Tivela trigonalis Nomland Tivela trigonalis Nomland Toxopneustes cf. T. roseus (A. Agassiz) (Echinodermata) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad)
23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 23 Ma–H N.D. 8 Ma–H 5 Ma–H N.D. 27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma N.D. 8 Ma–H
8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 23 Ma–H 17–5 Ma 17–5 Ma 17–5 Ma 17–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 17–13 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D. 13–8 Ma 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 13? or 5 Ma–H
23 Ma–H
23 Ma–H
Thais (Thaisella) blakei Anderson and Martin Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold) Thais panzana Anderson and Martin Thais wittichi Hertlein and Jordan Theoduxus (Vittoclithon) luteofasciatus Miller
Taxonomy used in this study
Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum Mawe Tivela crassatelloides (Conrad) Tivela stultorum (Mawe) Tivela (Tivela) cf. T. (T.) delesserti Deshayes Tivela diabloensis angulata Clark Tivela diabloensis Clark Tivela diabloensis var. angulatum Clark Tivela (Pachydesma) diabloensis Clark Tivela gabbi Clark Pachydesma gabbi (Clark) Tivela (Pachydesma) gabbi Clark Tivela inezana? Conrad Tivela merriami Trask Tivela merriami Trask (?) Tivela sp. Tivela stanfordia Hall Pachydesma trigonalis (Nomland) Tivela trigonalis Nomland Taxohneustes cf. T. foseus (no author given) (Echinodermata) Cardium (Trachycardium) quadragenarium Conrad Cardium quadrigenarium Conrad
Tivela sp. Tivela (Pachydesma) inezana (Conrad) Pachydesma sp. Pachydesma stultorum (Mawe)
Thracia kanakoffi Hertlein Thracia trapezoides (Conrad) Thracia trapezoidea Conrad Thracia (Thracia) trapezoides Conrad Thracia sp. Thyasira barbarensis Dall Thyasira gouldii Philippi Tindaria? sp. Tivela inezana (Conrad)
Thais blakei Anderson and Martin Murex (Ocinebra) edmondi (Arnold) Purpura edmondi Arnold Thais edmondi Arnold Thais (Thaisella) edmondi (Arnold)? Thais panzana Anderson and Martin Thais wittichi Hertlein and Jordan Neritina picta Sowerby
Taxonomy of authors
36.7N–27N; intertidal to 50 m; sandflats, bays, and sandy substrate 37N–27N (southern range, southern Baja California [McLean, 1978, p. 76])
Subgenus, 25N–5S Subgenus, 25N–5S Subgenus, 25N–5S Subgenus, 25N–5S Subgenus, 25N–5S Questionable taxonomic assignment Questionable taxonomic assignment Gulf of California–5S; margins of mangrove and on mudflats 57.4N–28.2N; 11 to 200 m 57N–28N 57N–28N 57N–28N Genus, 61N–4S; mud flats, intertidal to 750 m 71N–32.7N; 20 to 3000 m 71N–32.7N; 20 to 3000 m Genus, 48.3N–6N; 366 to 4130 m Genus, 37.9N–4S; intertidal, sand, exposed beaches to 30 m Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S 37.9N–24.6N; intertidal, in sand of exposed beaches to offshore 38N–25N 38N–25N 38N–25N 27N in Gulf of California–8N; on sand beaches Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S Genus, 38N–4S 25N–3N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
23–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 23–17 Ma 23–17 Ma 13 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
440 Appendix 1
Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad) Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad)
Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad) Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad) Tresus sp. Tresus sp. Trichotropis sp.
Trichotropis tricarinata Addicott Tricolia? sp.
Trigoniocardia aff. T. antillarum (d’Orbigny)
Trigoniocardia cf. T. haitensis (Sowerby)
Trigonostoma sp. Trigonulina n.sp. Powell Trigonulina pacifica Jung Trimusculus reticulatus (Sowerby) Trimusculus reticulatus (Sowerby) Triphora pedroana (Bartsch) Tripneustes californicus (Kew) (Echinodermata) Tritonalia cf. T. yneziana Loel and Corey (Ocenebra of authors) Tritonalia? sp. Triumphis? n.sp. Addicott (Addicott, 1970a)
17 Ma–H 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 5 Ma–H 23–13 or 8? Ma 23–13 or 8? Ma N.D. 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
17 Ma–H 17 Ma–H 17 Ma–H 17 Ma–H 13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma
13–2.5 Ma 13–2.5 Ma N.D. N.D. N.D.
27–23 Ma N.D.
17 Ma–H
17 Ma–H
N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 13–8 Ma 23–17 Ma
N.D. 23–17 Ma
23 Ma–H
23 Ma–H
23 Ma–H
Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) senticosum (Sowerby) Trachycardium aff. T. consors (Sowerby) Trachycardium arcumbona (Wiedey) Trachycardium arcumbona (Wiedey) Trachycardium procerum (Sowerby) Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey) Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey) Trachycardium sp. Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium vaquerosense (Arnold) Trachycardium woodringi (Loel and Corey)
23 Ma–H
Tritonalia? sp. Triumphis? n.sp. Addicott (Addicott, 1970a)
Trigonostoma sp. Ventricordia n.sp. Powell Ventricordia (Trigonulina) ornata d’Orbigny Trimusculus reticulatus (Sowerby) Gadinia reticulata Sowerby Triphora pedroana (Bartsch) Hippnoe californica Kew (Echinodermata) Tritonalia cf. T. yneziana Loel and Corey
Trigoniocardia cf. T. haitensis (Sowerby)
Trigoniocardia aff. T. antillarum (d’Orbigny)
Trichotropis tricarinata Addicott Tricolia? sp.
Trychycardium (Dallocardia) quadragenarium (Conrad) Trachycardium (Dallocardia) senticosum (Sowerby) Trachycardium aff. T. consors (Sowerby) Cardium arcumbona Wiedey Trachycardium arcumbona (Wiedey) Cardium (Mexicardia) procerum Sowerby Cardium schencki Wiedey Trachycardium schencki (Wiedey) Trachycardium n.sp. Cardium (Trachycardium) vaquerosensis Arnold Cardium vaquerosense Arnold Cardium vaquerosensis Anderson Trachycardium vaquerosensis (Arnold) Trachycardium vaquerosensis Arnold Cardium (Trachycardium) woodringi Loel and Corey Standella nasuta (?) Gould Lutraria traski Conrad Schizothaerus nuttallii (Conrad) Tresus nuttallii (Conrad) Schizothaerus nuttallii pajaroanus (Conrad) Schizothaerus nuttallii (Conrad) var. pajaroanus (Conrad) Tresus pajaroanus (Conrad) Schizothaerus pajaroanus Conrad Tresus sp. Schizothaerus n.sp. Trichotropis sp.
Laevicardium quadragenarium (Conrad) var. femandoense Arnold Trachycardium quadragenarium (Conrad)
Genus, 59N–19N Genus, 19N–5N continued
Genus, 60N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Genus, 60N–25N Genus, 72N–30N; also Arctic Ocean to Japan; 11 to 1190 m Genus, 72N–30N; also from Arctic Ocean to Japan Genus, 38N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 70 m Genus, 30N–4S eastern Pacific; species, Caribbean, 4 to 334 m Genus, 30N–4S eastern Pacific; species, Caribbean, 24N–15N Genus, 25N–5S, through Gulf of California Genus, 37N–12.1S; 15 to 170 m 36.6–12.1S; 15 to 170 41N? or 37N–18N; intertidal, on rocks 41N? or 37N–18N 37N–30N Genus not living Genus, 59N–19N
57N–24.6N; bays, and offshore to 30 m 57N–25N 57N–25N 57N–25N Genus, 60N–25N; bays, intertidal to 80 m, in sand Genus, 60N–25N
31N–1S; tide flats to 45 m Genus, 37N–14S; tide flats, intertidal to 137 m Genus, 37N–14S 24N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S Genus, 37N–14S
24N–5S; shallow muddy substrate
37N–27N
37N–27N
37N–27N (Keen, 1971), among Panamic taxa)
Appendix 1 441
5 Ma–H 35N–33N 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H N.D. 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma
5–2.5 Ma
5 Ma–H
N.D. 5 Ma–H 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma N.D. 17–13 Ma 5 Ma–H 17–13 Ma
13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D. 13? or 5–2.5 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 5 Ma–H
Turbonilla cf. T. arnoldi Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. halia Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. latifundia Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla kelseyi Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla sp. Turcica caffea brevis Stewart Turcica imperialis brevis Stewart
Turbonilla cf. T. arnoldi Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. halia Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla cf. T. latifundia Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla kelseyi Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla sp. Turcica caffea brevis Stewart Turcica caffea brevis Stewart
Turbonilla cf. T. antestriata Dall and Bartsch
Turbonilla (Turbonilla) cf. T. (T.) diegensis Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) alderi Dall and Bartsch in Arnold Turbonilla cf. T. antestriata Dall and Bartsch
Trivia n.sp. Powell Trivia ritteri Raymond Trivia n.sp. Trophon (Forreria) bartoni Arnold Trophon daviesi Trask Austrotrophon kernensis (Anderson) Forreria carisaensis (Anderson) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon carisaensis Arnold Trophon kernensis Anderson Trophon oregonensis Anderson and Martin Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis medialis Addicott Trophon gillulyi Grant and Eaton Trophon gracilis clarki Trask Trophon gracilis Perry var. pabloensis Clark Trophon sp. Turbo (Senectus) mounti Schremp Turbo topangensis Arnold Astraea topangensis Arnold Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) hannai Addicott Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) muricatoides Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) n.sp. Powell Turbonilla (Mormula) ambusta Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla (Ptycheulimella) edisonensis Addicott Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) bravoensis Keen Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) hormigacuesta Addicott Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) n.sp. Powell Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) mariposa Keen Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) torquata (Carpenter) Turbonilla (Tragula) greenhornensis Addicott
Trivia sanginea (Sowerby)
Trivia cf. T. sanguinea (Gray)
Taxonomy of authors
Turbonilla (Turbonilla) cf. T. (T.) diegensis Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla alderi Dall and Bartsch
Trivia n.sp. Powell Trivia ritteri Raymond Trivia sp. Trophon (Austrotrophon) bartoni Arnold Trophon (Austrotrophon) daviesi (Trask) Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis Anderson Trophon (Austrotrophon) kernensis medialis Addicott Trophon gillulyi Grant and Eaton Trophon gracilis clarki Trask Trophon gracilis clarki Trask Trophon sp. Turbo (Senectus) mounti Schremp Turbo topangensis Arnold Turbo topangensis Arnold Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) hannai Addicott Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) muricatoides Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) n.sp. Powell Turbonilla (Mormula) ambusta Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla (Ptycheulimella) edisonensis Addicott Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) bravoensis Keen Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) hormigacuesta Addicott Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) n.sp. Powell Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) mariposa Keen Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) stylina (Carpenter) Turbonilla (Tragula) greenhornensis Addicott
N.D. 5 Ma–H N.D. 17–13 Ma 13–8 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
5 Ma–H
Trivia (Pusula) cf. T. (P.) sanguinea (Sowerby ex Gray) Trivia (Pusula) sanguinea (Sowerby ex Gray)
Taxonomy used in this study
Genus, 60N–5S, Gulf of California 34N–33N Genus, 60N–5S, Gulf of California 34N–32N Genus, 60N–5S, Gulf of California Species, 37N–23N; 18 m to 64 m Species, 37N–23N
Genus, 60N–5S, Gulf of California; intertidal to 137 m
Subgenus, 34N–3S, Gulf of California 34N–33N Subgenus, 25N–10N, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 28N–5S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 25N–5S, Gulf of California Subgenus, 30N in Gulf of California–15N 34N–33N Genus, 60N–5S, Gulf of California; subgenus, European seas 34N–33N
Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 72N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Genus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 34N–3S, Gulf of California 37N
31 N in Gulf of California–3S; offshore and rare intertidally Genus, 37N–5S; intertidal to 92 m 37N–33N Genus, 37N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S; 37 to 135 m Subgenus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S Subgenus, 28N–5S
34N–16N; offshore and intertidally under rocks
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
5 Ma–H
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
442 Appendix 1
Drillia buwaldana Anderson and Martin Surcula buwaldana Anderson and Martin Turricula buwaldana (Anderson and Martin) Turricula? sp.
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Turricula piercei (Arnold)
Turricula sp.
Turricula? bulwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula? bulwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula? buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula? buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula? sp.
Turris sp. Turritella cf. T. padronesensis Grant and Eaton
Turritella (Torcula) inezana altacorona Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana altacorona Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana bicarina Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana Conrad Turritella (Torcula) inezana Conrad Turritella (Torcula) inezana forma hoffmannii Gabb Turritella (Torcula) inezana forma hoffmannii Gabb Turritella (Torcula) inezana forma hoffmannii Gabb Turritella (Torcula) inezana pervulgata Merriam
23–13 or 8? Ma
23–13 or 8? Ma
23–13 or 8? Ma
23–13 or 8? Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
23–13 Ma
N.D.
27? or 23 Ma-13 Ma 27? or 23 Ma-13 Ma 27? or 23 Ma-13 Ma 27? or 23 Ma-13 Ma N.D.
N.D. 17–13 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–17 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
27–23 Ma
Clathrodrillia buwaldana (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
23–13 or 8? Ma
Turritella variata Conrad
Turritella inezana hoffmannii Gabb
Turritella hoffmannii Gabb
Turritella inezana (Conrad) bicarina Loel and Corey Turritella inezana (Conrad) var. Turritella inezana Conrad Turritella inezana forma hoffmanni Gabb
Turris sp. Turritella (Torcula?) cf. T. (T.?) padronesensis Grant and Eaton Turritella inezana (Conrad) altacorona Loel and Corey Turritella inezana alta corona Loel and Corey
Turricula? sp.
Bathytoma piercei Arnold
Turricula piercei (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula (Antiplanes) piercei (Arnold)
Turricula piercei babykingensis Adegoke
Pleurotoma (Bathytoma) piercei Arnold
Turricula wilsoni (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
Turricula (Turricula) libya Dall
Surcula oschneri Anderson and Martin
Drillia wilsoni Anderson and Martin
Drillia ochsneri Anderson and Martin
Turricula ochsneri (Anderson and Martin)
23–13 or 8? Ma
Clavatula cf. C. labiata Gabb
Turricula cf. T. piercei (Arnold)
23–13 Ma
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
continued
Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, 46 to 280 m Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Genus, 55N–32N, Pacific Coast; if Fusiturricula, Panamic Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 37N–3S, tropical Gulf Coast (T. altilira); 18 to 180 m Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Appendix 1 443
Turritella ocoyana topangaensis Merriam Turritella topangensis Richards Turritella ocoyana forma topangensis Merriam Turritella ocoyana bosei (Hertlein and Jordan) Turritella oregonensis (Conrad) Turritella sp. Turritella temblorensis tritschi Hertlein Turritella tritschi Hertlein Turritella temblroensis Wiedey Turritella variata Conrad
Turritella imperialis Hanna
Turritella jewettii Carpenter Turritella kernensis Addicott
Turritella margaritana Nomland Turritella moodyi Merriam Turritella n.sp. aff. T. gonostoma Valenciennes
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam
Turritella ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam
Turritella ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam
Turritella ocoyana forma topangaensis Merriam
Turritella oregonensis (Conrad) Turritella sp. Turritella temblorensis forma tritschi Hertlein Turritella temblorensis forma tritschi Hertlein Turritella temblorensis Wiedey Turritella temblorensis Wiedey
13–2.5 Ma
5 Ma–H 17–13 Ma
13–8 Ma 23–13 Ma 8 Ma–H
27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma
27? or 23–13 Ma 27? or 23–13 Ma 27? or 23–13 Ma 27? or 23–13 Ma 23–17 Ma N.D. 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
Turritella ocoyana (Conrad) bosei (Hertlein and Jordan) Turritella ocoyana (Conrad) wittichi (Hertlein and Jordan) Turritella ocoyana Conrad
Turritella oyoyana bosei Hertlein and Jordan
Turritella margaritana Nomland Turritella moodyi Merriam Turritella n.sp. (T. broderipiana stock)
Turritella jewettii Carpenter Turritella kernensis Addicott
Turritella imperialis Hanna
Turritella carisaensis ss. Anderson and Martin Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella montereyana Wiedey Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella cooperi Carpenter fernandoensis Arnold Turritella cooperi nova Nomland Turritella nova Nomland Turritella freya Nomland
Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella carrisaensis Anderson and Martin Turritella cooperi Carpenter Turritella cooperi fernandoensis Arnold Turritella cooperi nova Nomland Turritella cooperi nova Nomland Turritella freya Nomland
23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma 23–8 Ma 13 Ma–H 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 8–5 Ma 13–8 Ma
27–23 Ma 23–17 Ma 13–8 Ma
27–23 Ma
Turritella inezana pervulgata Merriam Turritella (Torcula) inezana santana Loel and Corey Turritella inezana (Conrad) santana Loel and Corey Turritella inezana (Conrad) sespeensis Arnold Turritella sp. aff. T. altilira Conrad Turritella aff. T. freya Nomland
Taxonomy of authors
Turritella (Torcula) inezana pervulgata Merriam Turritella (Torcula) inezana santana Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana santana Loel and Corey Turritella (Torcula) inezana sespeensis Arnold Turritella (Torcula) sp. aff. T. (T.) altilira Conrad Turritella aff. T. freya Nomland
Taxonomy used in this study
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S 37N–28N; sand and mud substrate, 20 m or more Species, 37N–28N Species, 37N–28N Species, 37N–28N Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S, fossils Gulf of California region, “tropical” stock 34N–16N Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S; see Allmon et al. (1992) Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S, a “tropical” form or stock according to authors Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S Genus, 37N–3S
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N Subgenus, Atlantic, 35N–15N
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
27–17 Ma 27–23 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
444 Appendix 1
Turritella vanvlecki Arnold hemphilli Applin
Turritella vanvlecki Arnold hemphilli Applin
Tyhis (Talityphis) lampada Keen Upogebia cf. pugetensis Weymouth (Arthropoda)
Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) (Echinodermata) Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Vaquerosella coreyi Durham Vaquerosella coreyi Durham Vaquerosella coreyi Durham? Vaquerosella durhami Adegoke Vaquerosella kewi (Grant and Eaton) Vaquerosella kewi (Grant and Eaton) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) Vaquerosella sp. Vaquerosella sp. Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew) Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew) Vaquerosella vaquerosensis (Kew) Vaquerosella vaquerosensis kewi (Loel and Corey) Vasum caestus (Broderip) Vasum pufferi Emerson (Smith, 1989) Ventricolaria carrizoensis (Loel and Corey) Ventricolaria sp.? Ventricolaria sp.? Ventricolaria vaquerosensis (Loel and Corey) Ventricolaria welchensis Hall Ventricolaria willisi (Trask) Ventricolaria willisi (Trask) Vermetus (Thylaeodus) n.sp.
Vermetus cf. V. coreyi (Wiedey)
Vermetus coreyi (Wiedey) Vermicularia pellucida Broderip and Sowerby Vermicularia pellucida ebumea (Reeve) Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma
8–2.5 Ma
8–2.5 Ma
17–13 Ma 13 Ma–H
27–13 Ma
17–13 Ma
17–13 Ma 13? or 5 Ma–H 13 Ma–H 27–16 Ma 27–16 Ma 27–16 Ma
13 Ma–H 13–8 Ma 27–23 Ma N.D. N.D. 27–23 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma N.D.
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 23–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–17 Ma 27–17 Ma 27–17 Ma N.D. N.D. 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma 27–23 Ma
Turritella vanvlecki Arnold
8–2.5 Ma
Serpula cf. careyi Wiedey (typographical error for coreyi) Vermetus (Vermetus, s.l.) creyi (Wiedey) Vermicularia pellucida Broderip and Sowerby Vermicularia eburnea (Reeve) Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten (Vertipecten) bowersi Arnold Pecten (Vertipecten) nevadanus Conrad
Vasum caestum Broderip Vasum pufferi Emerson (Smith, 1989) Antigona carrizoensis Loel and Corey Cytherea (Cytherea) n.sp. Antigona sp. Antigona vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Ventricolaria welchensis Hall Antigona willisi Trask Antigona willisi P.D. Trask Vermetus (Thylaeodus) n.sp.
Tyhis (Talityphis) lampada Keen Upogebia cf. U. pugetensis Weymouth (Arthropoda) Echinarachinus andersoni (Twitchell) (Echinodermata) Scutella andersoni Twitchell Vaquerosella andersoni (Twitchell) Echinarachnius norrisi Pack Scutella norrisi Pack Vaquerosella coreyi Durham Vaquerosella durhami Adegoke Echinarachnius kewi Grant and Eaton Vaquerosella kewi (Grant and Eaton) Scutella merriami (Anderson) Scutella merriami F.M. Anderson Vaquerosella merriami (Anderson) Astrodapsis merriami Anderson Echinarichnius merriami Anderson Echinarachnius norrisi (Pack) Scutella norrisi Pack Vaquerosella norrisi (Pack) Vaquerosella sp. Echinarachnius sp. Echinarachnius vaquerosensis (Kew) Scutaster vaquerosensis kewi Loel and Corey Scutaster vaquerosensis Loel and Corey Scutella vaquerosensis Kew
Turritella gonostoma hemphilli Applin
Turritella gonostoma forma hemphilli Merriam
Turritella vanvlecki Arnold
continued
Genus, 49N, through 31N–23N in Gulf of California 8N–and southward; intertidal 34N–8N, through Gulf of California; intertidal Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
23N–3S; in sand under rocks at extreme low tide Genus, 23N–3S Genus, 37N–3N; 10 to 73 m Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 37N–3N Genus, 49N, through 31N–23N in Gulf of California; intertidal Genus, 49N, through 31N–23N in Gulf of California
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living
Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Genus, 37N–3S, closely related to T. gonostoma, Gulf of California–3S Subgenus, Gulf of California–8N 60N–30N
Appendix 1 445
Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma; 23–17.5 Ma (Smith, 1991a) Vertipecten fucanus (Dall) 23–17 Ma; 22–17.5 Ma (Smith, 1991a) Vertipecten kemensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Vertipecten kemensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Vertipecten kemensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Vertipecten kemensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Vertipecten kemensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma Vertipecten kemensis (Hertlein) 27–17 Ma
Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) 35–22 Ma Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) 35–22 Ma Vertipecten perrini (Arnold) transitional with V. kemensis (Hertlein) Vesicomya (Calyptogena) gibbera (Crickmay) Vesicomya (Calyptogena) gibbera (Crickmay) (Coan et al., 2000, p. 338) Vesicomya (Calyptogena) sp. Vitrinella (Vitrinellops) lens (Keen)
Vitrinella (Vitrinellops) lens (Keen) Vitrinella stearnsi Bartsch Voluta sp. Voluta sp. Volutopsius eurekaensis Martin? Volvulella (Volvulella) cylindrica Carpenter Volvulella gluma Keen Volvulella joaquinensis Addicott Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin)
Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Xylotrya? sp. Yabepecten condoni (Hertlein) 5–2.5 Ma Yoldia (Cnesterium) cf. Y. (C.) seminuda Dall Yoldia (Cnesterium) seminuda Dall Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia (Cnesterium) strigata Dall Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cooperii Gabb
27–16 Ma
35–22 Ma 35–22 Ma 27–23 Ma
17–13 Ma 5 Ma–H N.D. N.D. 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H 17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma 27–13 Ma
27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 27–13 Ma 17–2.5 Ma 5–2.5 Ma 5 Ma–H 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma 23 Ma–H
N.D. 17–13 Ma
8–2.5 Ma 8–2.5 Ma
27–17 Ma 27–17 Ma 27–17 Ma 27–17 Ma 27–17 Ma 27–17 Ma
23–17 Ma
Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma Vertipecten bowersi (Arnold) 27–16 Ma
Taxonomy used in this study
Vitrinella (Vitrineollops) lens (Keen) Vitrinella stearnsi Bartsch Voluta sp. Voluta n.sp. Loel and Corey Volutopsius eurekaensis Martin (?) Volvulella cylindrica Carpenter Volvulella gluma Keen Volvulella joaquinensis Addicott Clathrodrillia (Moniliopsis) antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Clathrodrillia antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Drillia antiselli Anderson and Martin Thesbia antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Xenuroturris antiselli (Anderson and Martin) Xylotrya sp. a. Yabepecten condoni (Hertlein) Yoldia cf. Y. scissurata Leach? Yoldia (Cnesterium) scissurata Dall Yoldia scissurata Dall subsp. strigata Dall Yoldia scissurata Dall var. strigata Dall Yoldia scissurata strigata (Dall) Yoldia scissurata var. strigata Dall Yoldia striagata Dall Portlandia cooperii (Gabb)
Calyptogena n.sp. Teinostoma (Teinostoma?) lens Keen
Calyptogena lasia (Woodring) Phraegena lasia Woodring
Lyropecten miguelensis (Arnold) Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten (Patinopecten) kemensis Hertlein Pecten perrini Arnold Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) of Grant and Eaton Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold Pecten perrini Arnold Pecten (Lyropecten) perrini Arnold
Pecten bowersi Arnold Pecten nevadanus Conrad? Vertipecten nevadanus (Conrad) Pecten miguelensis submiguelensis Loel and Corey Pecten (Lyropecten) bowersi Arnold (Loel and Corey) Vertipecten fucanus (Dall)
Taxonomy of authors
Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans Tube; questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, living Japan 71N–34N; 15 to 375 m 71N–34N Subgenus, 71N–34N Subgenus, 71N–34N Subgenus, 71N–34N Subgenus, 71N–34N Subgenus, 71N–34N 40.4N–31.8N; 5 to 40 m
Genus, 60N–9.7N Subgenus, 24N–5S, through Gulf of California; intertidal to 46 m Subgenus, 24N–5S, through Gulf of California 37N Questionable taxonomic assignment Questionable taxonomic assignment Genus, 72N–55N; intertidal to 1464 m 48 N–24 N Genus, 48N–8N; 27 to 549 m Genus, 48N–8N Genus, tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans
Genus, 60N–9.7N Genus, 60N–9.7N
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Genus not living
Genus not living
Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living Genus not living
Latitudinal range of extant taxa, Eastern Pacific Ocean, unless noted otherwise (geographic range of living species unless noted otherwise, and ecologic niche; if N.D. unknown or taxonomy questionable) (N, 8N Lat; S, 8S Lat; m, meters)
TABLE A15. TAXONOMY USED IN THIS STUDY: AGE RANGE OF FOSSIL TAXA AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF EXTANT TAXA (continued)
27–16 Ma 27–16 Ma 27–16 Ma 27–16 Ma
Time slice(s) assignment (H 4 Holocene)
446 Appendix 1
Zirfaea sp. Zirfaea sp. Zonaria (Neobemaya) spadicea (Swainson) Zonaria (Neobernaya) spadicea (Swainson) femandoensis (Arnold) (Groves, 1997), Zonaria (Zonaria) emmakingae Groves (Groves, 1994) Zonaria (Zonaria) sp. Loel and Corey (L.T. Groves, 2000, written commun.) Zonaria (Zonaria) sp. Loel and Corey (L.T. Groves, 2000, written commun.) (“Xylotrya” sp.) or Xylotrya? sp.
N.D. N.D. 5 Ma–H 8–5 Ma
Xylotrya sp.
Cypraea n.sp. C Loel and Corey
Cypraea n.sp. A Loel and Corey
Zonaria (Zonaria) emmakingae Groves
Pholas sp. Zirphaea sp. Zonaria (Neobemaya) spadicea (Swainson) Cypraea femandoensis Arnold
Zirfaea pilsbryi Lowe Zirfaea sp.
Yoldia impressa Conrad Yoldia oregona Shumard Yoldia sp. Yoldia gala Woodring Zirphaea dentata Gabb Zirfaea dentata Gabb Zirfaea gabbi (Tryon)
Yoldia temblorensis Anderson and Marti?
Yoldia camerosensis Clark Portlandia camerosensis (Clark) Yoldia beringiana Dall Yoldia (Megayoldia) beringiana Dall Yoldia thraciaformis (Storer) Portlandia temblorensis (Anderson and Martin)
Yoldia cooperi Gabb Yoldia (Kalayoldia) sp. Portlandia cooperi Gabb supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) submontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia cooperii Gabb supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia cooperii supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia submonteryeana Arnold Yoldia supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia tenuissima Clark
Subgenus, 26N–5S, through Gulf of California Intertidally under rocks Subgenus, 26N–5S, through Gulf of California Intertidally under rocks Subgenus, 26N–5S, through Gulf of California Intertidally under rocks Type specimen lost; tube; questionable taxonomic assignment
Genus, 71N–7N; intertidal to 1800 m Genus, 71N–7N Genus, 71N–7N Genus, 71N–7N Genus, 70N–24N Genus, 70N–24N 69.7N–24.6N; intertidal to 125 m, in dense mud of bays 70N–25N Genus, 70N–25N; intertidal 1 to 125 m, burrowing in mud or shale Genus, 70N–25N Genus, 70N–25N 37N–28N; ledges at low tide and sublittoral Species, 37N–28N; ledges at low tide and sublittoral
Subgenus, 71N–40N
Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N 56.5N–36.7N; 200 to 400 m 57N–37N 61.5N–37.7N; 25 to 760 m Subgenus, 71N–40N
Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N
40N–32N Subgenus, 40N–28N Subgenus, 40N–28N
Note: Some taxa listed with an upper age limit of 2.5 Ma may range through the late Pliocene and into the Pleistocene; some taxa with a lower age limit of 27 Ma may range from the early Oligocene Epoch. *N.D. 4 Geographic and geologic ranges unknown or taxonomy questionable.
17–2.5 Ma
23–17 Ma
27–23 Ma
17–13 Ma
Zirfaea pilsbyrii Lowe Zirfaea sp.
8 Ma–H N.D.
17–13 Ma 17–13 Ma N.D. 8–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 23–5 Ma 8 Ma–H
23–8 Ma
Yoldia (Kalayoldia) submontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) supramontereyensis Arnold Yoldia (Kalayoldia) tenuissima Clark
27–13 Ma 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma 17–8 Ma Eocene to 17– 13 Ma 13–8 Ma 13–8 Ma 5 Ma–H 5 Ma–H 8 Ma–H 23–8 Ma
Yoldia (Kalayoldia?) camerosensis (Clark) Yoldia (Kalayoldia?) camerosensis (Clark) Yoldia (Megayoldia) montereyensis (Dall) Yoldia (Megayoldia) montereyensis (Dall) Yoldia (Megayoldia) thraciaformis (Storer) Yoldia (Yoldia?) temblorensis Anderson and Martin Yoldia (Yoldia?) temblorensis Anderson and Martin Yoldia impressa Conrad Yoldia oregona Shumard Yoldia sp. Yoldia? gala Woodring Zirfaea dentata Gabb Zirfaea dentata Gabb Zirfaea pilsbryii Lowe
Yoldia (Kalayoldia) cooperii Gabb Yoldia (Kalayoldia) sp. Yoldia (Kalayoldia) submontereyensis Arnold
23 Ma–H N.D. 27–13 Ma
Appendix 1 447
448
Appendix 1 TABLE A16. ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND NOTES FOR PLATES 1–8
AI AnaVent Baker BCF BCS BCutF BF BLH Bol BPF BR Brad BSF CaF CajP Calc or Cali CalF* Cali or Calc Cap CarC Cas ChiF ChocM clr CM Coal Conc Covelo CrC CRF
CriF CSM CSZ CT CuF Cuya CVR DB DD DilF DumeF E
ElsF EMA ERP ETR Eur Fa Is Fal FC FCF EF FM Fms Fres GarF† GH
Anacapa Islands AnaVent depositional basin; acronym for region of deposition between Santa Ana and back-rotated Ventura regions (Fritsche, 1998) Bakersfield Blackburn Canyon detachment fault (Wood and Saleeby, 1998) Bitterwater Creek Shale Blue Cut fault Butano fault (younger than 3.5 Ma, Page et al., 1998) Ben Lomond highland Bolinas Big Pine fault (Hill and Dibblee, 1953) Bear River Bradley Bartlett Springs fault Caliente Formation Cajon Pass (see Woodring, 1942; Silver and James, 1989) Calipatria Calaveras fault, part of the Hayward–Green Valley–Concord–Greenville fault zone Calipatria Capitan Carson City Castaic Chino fault or Chino Hills fault Chocolate Mountains clockwise rotation Cape Mendocino Coalinga Concord Covelo Crescent City Coast Range fault (open barbs) (Jayko et al., 1987; Krueger et al., 1987). The late Mesozoic Coast Range ophiolite and Great Valley sequence were first juxtaposed against the Franciscan Complex during subduction. However, the tectonic history (compression, extension, and strike-slip faulting) along the Coast Range fault or fault zone is complex, involving imbricate thrust faulting, low-angle detachment, and high-angle reverse faulting. The present juxtaposition of the Coast Range ophiolite and Great Valley sequence with the Franciscan Complex is locally controlled by late Cenozoic high-angle faults. Cristianitos fault (Wright, 1991; Ingersoll and Rumelhart, 1997, 1999) Cape San Martin Cascadia subduction zone Cool Temperate Cucamonga fault Cuyama (see Ballance et al., 1983, for discussion of Nacimiento, south Cuyama, and La Panza faults) Conejo Volcanics Drakes Bay Devils Den Diligencia Formation Dume fault Eocene Butano Sandstone in Santa Cruz Mountains, offset from Point of Rocks (PtRk) (Clarke and Nilsen, 1973; Nilsen and Clarke, 1975; Nilsen and Link, 1975; Link and Nilsen, 1979; Nilsen, 1984b, 1987a; see also Graham and Berry, 1979). The Eocene offset pair of the German Rancho Formation near Point Arena and the Canuta Sandstone east of Monterey and the San Andreas fault is not depicted. Elsinore fault of Whittier-Elsinore fault zone. Slip of 12 5 2 km (Woyski et al., 1991; Hull and Nicholson, 1992; Fritsche, 1998; Woyski, 1998); 30 km right slip (Wright, 1991) El Modeno Andesite or volcanic rocks Eagle Rest Peak and Eagle Rest Peak igneous complex, 161 Ma (Ross et al., 1973; James et al., 1993) Eastern Transverse Ranges block (see references under Transverse Ranges [TR] for rotations) Eureka Farallon Islands Falor Formation False Cape Foxen Canyon fault (Hall, 1981a, 1981b, 1982) Edna fault, see Los Osos Valley fault (LOV). Faulting after deposition of Squire Member of Pismo Formation (after ca. 3.0– 2.8 Ma) Frazier Mountain Formations Fresno Garlock fault Gabilan highland continued
Appendix 1
449
TABLE A16. ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND NOTES FOR PLATES 1–8 (continued) Gil GP Gr gr & meta GVR HaF§ HB HelF HF HilF HmB Hol HV I (I) IB ImpF Ind IOP JCF JF Jo K KCF KiC KJf LSF L-SF LA LasV LCI LHF Log LOV-EF LPF LP LSF MaWF MB# MCF McKit MeFZ Mer MF MFZ MH MiB MintCF MoB Mode MoF Mon Monterey plate MRIHC MtP MuFZ MV NAVD or NSD** NB NeVR NGF N-IF Nor NSD** or NAVD ob OcM
Gilroy Gorda plate granitic or granitoid rocks granitic and metamorphic rocks Glendora Volcanic Rocks Hayward fault Huasna basin (Hall and Corbato´, 1967; Heasler and Surdam, 1984) Helendale fault Honda fault Hildreth fault Halfmoon Bay Hollister Hungry Valley (see Crowell, 1982b; Ramirez, 1983) Inglewood Imperial Formation Iversen Basalt Imperial transform fault Indio Inferred limit of Orocopia and Pelona Schists (see Bohannon and Geist, 1998, for presence of Catalina Schist in offshore region) Jawbone Canyon detachment fault (Wood and Saleeby, 1998) Jolon fault Jurassic ophiolite (160–166 Ma) (Hopson et al., 1975, 1981, 1986, 1991; Dickinson et al., 1996) Cretaceous rocks Kern Canyon fault King City Franciscan me´lange from exploratory well (Fishburn and McJannet, 1989; Fishburn, 1990a, 1990b) Laguna Salada fault (Axen and Fletcher, 1998) Lompoc-Solvang fault (Hall, 1981a, 1982) or Santa Ynez River fault Los Angeles Las Vegas Los Coranodos Islands (Isolas Los Coranodos, Mexico) Lions Head fault (Hopson et al., 1975) Logan gabbro, 161 Ma; offset from ERP (James et al., 1993) Los Osos Valley–Edna fault (Hall, 1973b; Killeen, 1988 [active reverse fault, with slip rate of 0.1–1.0 mm/yr], Lettis and Hall, 1994). Slip was initiated after ca. 3.0–2.8 Ma. Little Pine fault (Hall, 1981b) Lopez Point Laguna Salada fault, California-Mexico border (Pl. 1) Mammoth Wash fault (see Dickinson, 1996) Mojave block Malibu Coastal fault McKittrick Mendocino fracture zone Merced Munson fault Maacama or Mayacmas fault zone Montara highland Mindego Basalt Mint Canyon Formation Morro Bay Modesto Morales fault Monterey Monterey plate or microplate (see discussion of breakup of Farallon plate in Atwater and Stock, 1998, p. 9–12) Morro Rock–Islay Hill Complex (Ernst and Hall, 1974) Mount Pinos Murray fracture zone (see Dickinson, 1997) Morongo Valley (see Hungry Valley) Navarro structural discontinuity Newport Beach Neenach Volcanics (Matthews, 1973, 1976). Post-8 Ma right slip of 200 km (Sims, 1993) Northern Garlock fault Newport-Inglewood fault Northridge Navarro structural discontinuity olivine basalt Orocopia Mountains continued
450
Appendix 1 TABLE A16. ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND NOTES FOR PLATES 1–8 (continued)
OFF OrS O-WHF Ox OzF PaF PalA Paleog PCF PelS PelS-OrS PesP Pet PeVR PF PFZ PH PiB or PisB PigeP PiMF Pin PisB or PiB Plea PlRF PM Basalt PMF PMTF Pt St George PP PR or Pro PRF Pro or PR Pt Arena PtArg PtC PtDel†† PtRey PtRk PtS PtSal PVF QS RB Reno RF RHF RioD Riv RoseCF R-R-EHF RRS RS RuF SA Sac SAF§§ Sal Salinia## SaMa SanJ or SanJo SanJo or SanJ SaS SB
Orcutt frontal fault Orocopia Schist (Haxell, 1977; Haxell et al., 1986; Haxell and Jacobson, 1988) (see also Pelona-Orocopia Schist) Oceanic–West Huasna fault zone (Tennyson et al., 1991; McLean, 1993, 1994; Hall et al., 1995) Oxnard Ozena fault Pastoria detachment fault (Wood and Saleeby, 1998); ticks on fault Palo Alto Paleogene Palo Colorado fault Pelona Schist Pelona Schist–Orocopia Schist (Mahaffie and Dokka, 1986; Jacobson et al., 1988, 2000) Pescadero Point (see Hall et al., 1959) Petaluma Pescadero volcanic rocks Pilarcitos fault (a thrust fault according to some; likely a Pleistocene modification of the older San Andreas transform fault system, Dickinson, 1996); 105 km right-lateral offset (Jachens et al., 1998); 26–30 km or 22 km right-lateral offset on San Francisco Peninsula segment of the San Andreas fault (Griscom and Jachens, 1989; Jachens et al., 1998) Pioneer fracture zone (see Dickinson, 1997) Panorama Hills (west of Taft, southern San Joaquin Valley) Pismo Beach Pigeon Point Pinto Mountain fault (see Richard, 1993; Dickinson, 1996; Hopson, 1998) Pinnacles Volcanics, offset 315 5 10 km from NeVR (Matthews, 1973, 1976; Sims, 1993) Pismo Beach (see Nitchman and Slemmons, 1994, for Wilmar Avenue fault) Pleasanton Plush Ranch Formation Page Mill Basalt Pine Mountain fault (solid barbs, part of Sur-Nacimiento fault system [S-NF]) Paularino Member Topanga Formation Point Saint George on Plates 1, 2, 3 Pacific plate (see Atwater and Stock, 1998) Paso Robles Pancho Rico Formation Paso Robles Point Arena (see Elder, 1998, for several detailed papers on this area) Point Arguello Point Conception Point Delgada (west of San Andreas fault) (Delgada Fan, see Drake et al., 1987) Point Reyes Point of Rocks Formation (see references for Eocene [E] above) Point Sur (Hall, 1991; Hall et al., 1995) Point Sal (Hopson et al., 1975) Palos Verdes fault (Marlow et al., 2000) Quien Sabe Creek and Quien Sabe Volcanics Rosarito Beach Reno Rand detachment fault (Wood and Saleeby, 1998); ticks (tics) on fault Red Hills fault or Red Hills–San Juan fault: Sims (1993) proposed slip of 95 km, and Dickinson (1996) suggested 26–29 km of slip Rio Dell Riverside Rose Canyon fault Reliz–Rinconada–East Huasna fault. Right-slip offset of 46 5 6 km along fault (Graham, 1978; Graham et al., 1984; see Hall et al., 1995) (Dibblee, 1976, proposed 60 km of right-slip offset) Reef Ridge Shale (Siegfus, 1939; Church, 1972) Rand Schist (Wood and Saleeby, 1998) Russell Ranch fault (Dickinson, 1996) Santa Ana Sacramento San Andreas fault or fault zone; 315 km right slip north of Garlock fault; 255 km (Dickinson, 1996) right slip south along San Andreas fault south of Garlock fault during the past 5–6 m.y. Salinas Salinia, Southern California allochthon Santa Maria; note that Miocene volcanic rocks floor the deeper parts of the offshore Santa Maria basin (Ogle et al., 1987) San Jose San Jose San Simeon, east of the San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault system (SG-SS-HF) (Hall, 1975b, 1991; Hall et al., 1995) Santa Barbara continued
Appendix 1
451
TABLE A16. ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND NOTES FOR PLATES 1–8 (continued) Sbe SBI Sc SC-AMF Scat SCIF Sclem SCM Sco ScuF SD SdS Seba 17–13 Ma vr Sf SF SGF*** SguF SG-SS-HF††† SH SHF SiJF Sim SimF SJacF SJF SLO SM SM-R-HF SMI SMig SMRF
S-NF§§§ SNeF SNic SO SOB SR SRI SRS SS SSGF SSP StCr Stock SYF TCF TC-lMCF Tes-Ort TicF, Tics or Ticks TR
TuF UK VaF VeF Ven
San Bernardino Santa Barbara Island schist clasts in conglomerate in wells Salton Creek–Aztec Mines fault Santa Catalina Island Santa Cruz Island fault (Pinter et al., 1998; see also Kunitomi et al., 1998) San Clemente Island Santa Cruz Mudstone Scotia South Cuyama fault San Diego Sierra de Salinas Schist (Mattinson, 1978, 1986a, 1986b) Sebastopol Approximate limit of 17–13 Ma volcanic rocks in AnaVent basin submarine fan (e.g., Sullwold, 1958, 1960; Thomas et al., 1988, Fig. 3, dotted pattern; Wright, 1991, Fig. 39) San Francisco City and County San Gabriel fault; 60 km right slip (Crowell, 1982a), from 13 or 12 Ma to 6 Ma (Ingersoll and Rumelhart, 1997, 1999). 43–42 km right slip for all strands (Powell, 2001) San Guillermo fault San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault Simi Hills Sierra Hill fault (see Hall, 1991) Sierra Juarez fault Simmler Simmler Formation San Jacinto fault (Sharp, 1967, 1975, 1981; Bartholomew, 1970); 25 km right slip (Dickinson, 1996) San Juan fault (Smith, 1977) San Luis Obispo Santa Monica Santa Monica–Hollywood–Raymond–Hill fault (Dolan et al., 1993, 1997) San Miguel Island San Miguel Santa Maria River fault (see Hall, 1978, 1981a; Nitchman and Slemmons, 1994). Part of Santa Maria River, San Miguelito, Pismo, and Wilmar Avenue fault zone (see Lettis et al., 1994, p. 114); locally 250–300 m of uplift on northeast sides of normal faults within the zone and strike-slip offset is suggested by mapping, exploratory oil wells, and cross sections Hall (1978, 1981b) because the Obispo tuff is not present on southwest side of Santa Maria River fault Sur-Nacimiento fault system (solid barb) and sole of Southern California allochthon (Hall, 1991). Dip of fault plane subhorizontal to 658 5 208 Sierra Nevada fault San Nicolas Island (Vedder and Norris, 1963) San Onofre San Onofre Breccia (see Stuart, 1979a, 1979b) Santa Rosa Santa Rosa Island (Weigand, 1998) San Rafael Strait (Reid, 1978) Salton Sea (see Axen and Fletcher, 1998, regarding development of Salton trough) Southern branch San Gabriel fault (Dibblee, 1989). Considered by some to be the Sierra Madre fault (Rumelhart and Ingersoll, 1997; Fritsche, 1998; Fuis et al., 2001). Also considered to be the Cucamonga fault (Crouch and Suppe, 1993; Bock and Williams, 1998) San Simeon Point, west of SG-SS-HF (Hall, 1976). The Monterey Formation is present west of the SG-SS-HF. Within the fault zone are estuarine deposits of the Pliocene Careaga Formation. The Franciscan Complex crops out east of the fault zone. The SG-SS-HF can be traced through dune sands using infrared aerial photography. Santa Cruz Stockton Santa Ynez fault (McCulloh, 1981) Tule Creek fault Tick Canyon–lower Mint Canyon Formation Tesla-Ortigalita fault Tick Canyon Formation Transverse Ranges, western and eastern Transverse Ranges (Kamerling and Luyendyk, 1979, 1985; Luyendyk et al., 1980, 1988; Terres et al., 1981; Hornafius, 1984, 1985; Terres and Luyendyk, 1985; Hornafius et al., 1986; Carter et al., 1987; Luyendyk and Hornafius, 1987; MacFadden et al., 1990a, 1990b; Nicholson et al., 1994; Dickinson, 1996; Sorlien et al., 2000, Luyendyk, 2001) Tujunga fault (Dibblee, 1989); also as Sierra Madre fault (Crouch and Suppe, 1993; Bock and Williams, 1998) Upper Cretaceous rocks Vasquez Formation, fluvial and lacustrine deposits Verdugo–Eagle Rock fault Ventura continued
452
Appendix 1 TABLE A16. ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND NOTES FOR PLATES 1–8 (continued)
VF Vr VT Wea WF WHF WhitF WiF WWF Z-VF
Vergales fault volcanic rocks Vincent thrust (Mahaffie and Dokka, 1986) Weaverville (see Phillips and Aalto, 1989) White Rock fault West Huasna fault (Tennyson et al., 1991; McLean, 1993, 1994) Whittier fault Wimer Formation White Wolf fault Zayante-Vergales fault, Late Cretaceous–Paleocene and post-early Miocene faulting. The inferred, projected westward continuation of the Zayante fault does not truncate upper Miocene rocks (Wagner et al., 1990).
*Calaveras fault, part of the Hayward–Green Valley–Concord–Greenville fault zone (Wagner et al., 1990; Unruh and Lettis, 1998). Dickinson (1997) proposed right slip of 100 km along the Calaveras fault and 60 km along the Hayward fault. Anderson et al. (1995) suggested that there was movement along the Hayward fault after 10 Ma, and along the Calaveras fault after 6 Ma. California Division of Mines and Geology (1996) proposed a slip rate of 15 mm/yr on the Calaveras fault. Unruh and Lettis (1998) proposed that the cumulative slip rate on the Hayward fault is ;6–8 mm/yr, i.e., 60–80 km during the past 10 m.y. Freymueller et al. (1999) proposed a slip rate of 8 mm/yr on the Green Valley fault. The 174 km of right-lateral cumulative offset on faults in the east San Francisco Bay region suggested by Jachens et al. (1998), and the 100 and 60 km right-slip amounts suggested by Dickinson (1997) are seemingly incompatible with the distribution of Neogene rocks and shorelines. A composite amount of slip on the Calaveras (right-slip onset ca. 3.5 Ma) (Page, 1984, 1999) and Hayward faults (right-slip onset ca. 10 Ma) is taken to be 35 5 10 km (Graham et al., 1984; Dickinson, 1996), and this figure is used in the palinspastic restorations for Plates 5 and 6. Based on the research of others mentioned here, the amount of slip used in the reconstructions in this volume could be too small, but relative to offset paleoshorelines in the east San Francisco Bay area it provides a best fit for the palinspastic maps in this paper. Other estimates of slip that have been proposed are those of McLaughlin et al. (1990) of ;190 km, and Page (1990) and Sarna-Wojcicki (1992) of 60 km along the Hayward-Calaveras trend and Calaveras fault. Buising and Walker (1995) proposed net slips and time of slip onsets of 20 km and 3.5 Ma, and 43 km and 10 Ma for the Calaveras and Hayward faults, respectively. A proposed offset pair along the Hayward fault is the Tolay Volcanics, which are apparently offset 65 5 13 km northward from the Berkeley Hills volcanic rocks; the Tolay Volcanics have moved along the Hayward– Rodgers Creek fault trend. This offset is based on matching midpoints of the outcrop areas of the Tolay and Berkeley Hills volcanic rocks (see McLaughlin et al., 1996). † The amounts of slip used in the palinspastic reconstructions of the Garlock fault are 45 km in the west and 65 km in the east (Burchfiel and Davis, 1972, 1981; Davis and Burchfiel, 1973; Burbank and Whistler, 1987); these two different offsets are difficult to depict and they result from differences in extension north and south of the Garlock fault. Initial movement occurred ca. 10 Ma (Monastero et al., 1997). § Hayward fault (see Calaveras fault): Sedlock (1995) divided the faults in the eastern San Francisco Bay region into the Hayward–Rodgers Creek fault system, and the Calaveras-Concord-Greenville fault system. From Figure 3 of Wakabayashi and Hengesh (1995), it can be inferred that these authors would include the Maacama fault north of the Rodgers Creek fault in the same system. The Hayward, Rodgers Creek, and possibly the Tolay and Maacama faults may be a part of the same system, and the Calaveras, Concord, and Greenville faults a part of the same regional system or the same system; however, these faults are not continuous. Freymueller et al. (1999) proposed slip rates of 14 mm/yr on both the Rogers Creek and Maacama faults. Graymer (1999) proposed that there has been 93–130 km of offset along faults in the Hayward fault zone. See Koenig (1963) and Wagner and Bortugno (1982) for the surface relationships of these faults, and Lienkaemper et al. (1997) for the location and relationship to other faults within the region. Parsons and Hart (1999) proposed that the San Andreas and Hayward faults converge into a single fault zone in the upper mantle. McLaughlin et al. (1996) and Underwood et al. (1999, Fig. 16) included the San Andreas, Rogers Creek, Tolay-Bloomfield, Hayward, and Calaveras faults in the east San Francisco Bay region fault system that was initiated ca. 8 Ma when the Mendocino fracture zone moved eastward. # The geometry of the Mojave block is highly depictive owing to difficulties associated with cartographic restorations. There was transrotational shear from 13–12 to 6 Ma generated by deformation of the eastern Transverse Ranges (ETR), and the shear was unevenly transmitted throughout the Mojave block (MacFadden et al., 1990a, 1990b; Schermer et al., 1996; Dickinson and Wernicke, 1997; see also Schott and Johnson, 1998). **Navarro structural discontinuity (McCulloch, 1989b): the Point Arena basin is floored by Mesozoic granitic rocks and Franciscan me´lange, and the structural discontinuity or boundary is a seismic structural anomaly (Foland, 1998). Wentworth et al. (1998) (see also Brabb et al., 1998; Jones et al., 1998) suggested that the Cretaceous sedimentary rocks beneath the Point Arena basin, with a “basal ophiolite,” cannot be part of Salinia. However, the Cretaceous sedimentary rocks are separated from the ophiolite by a fault. In addition, elsewhere in the Coast Ranges (e.g., Hall et al., 1995, Plate 1), the Coast Range ophiolite is ,1 km from rocks within Salinia, it is tectonically in contact with Franciscan me´lange, and both the ophiolite and Franciscan me´lange are structurally beneath Cretaceous rocks within Salinia. The discontinuity separates granitic rocks from the Franciscan Complex (Foland, 1998). The discontinuity is considered here to be the sole of the Southern California allochthon and the S-NF, i.e., the fault that separates Cretaceous rocks from ophiolite. However, Burnham (1998c) concluded that the Navarro discontinuity is the offshore continuation of the Pilarcitos fault. Jachens et al. (1998, Fig. 12) and McLaughlin et al. (1998) palinspastically restored the Point Arena region or Gualala block with the Santa Cruz Mountains and inferred that Salinian granitic rocks have been underthrust by mafic masses or ophiolite. †† McLaughlin et al. (1994) and Underwood et al. (1999) questioned the location of the San Andreas fault and continuation of right slip along the fault east of Point Delgada and through Shelter Cove. Others have placed the San Andreas fault east of Point Delgada, through Shelter Cove, and they have credited the fault with an important role within the plate boundary system north of Point Arena (Brown, 1995; Hart, 1996, Thatcher et al., 1997, Prentice et al., 1999). The latter interpretation was used in the palinspastic reconstructions herein. Drake et al. (1987) proposed that the Delgada Fan (near lat 408N) grew between the latitudes of near San Francisco to near Petaluma (see Plate 8A) between 6 and 7 Ma and that by ca. 2 Ma it had moved northward 150–200 km. The slip rate on the San Andreas fault system using these figures was between 3 and 5 cm/yr. Allen (1999) proposed that the Wilson Grove Formation (Petaluma–Santa Rosa region, Plate 8A) has an age range of between 5 and 6 Ma, that the Delgada Fan was at the latitudes of the Wilson Grove Formation during the deposition of the formation, and that the San Andreas fault had separated the fan from the formation by ;200 km. The slip rate on the San Andreas–San Gregorio–San Simeon– Hosgri fault system using these figures was 3.3 cm/yr. Prentice et al. (1999) suggested that the Holocene slip rate on the San Andreas fault near Point Delgada is 1.4 cm/yr. continued
Appendix 1
453
TABLE A16. ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND NOTES FOR PLATES 1–8 (continued) Initial slip on the central part of the SAF began at 12 or 13 Ma, the approximate time of the initial movement on the San Gabriel fault (SGF). Slip on the northern part of the SAF could have begun later than 12 or 13 Ma (Plates 5A and 6A). Slip on the southern SAF initiated ca. 6 Ma (Plate 6B). Slip was related to transrotation of the western Transverse Ranges. Significant slip along the northern SAF and Reliz–Rinconada–East Huasna fault (R-R-EHF) is depicted after 10 Ma (Plates 6 and 7). Slip of 315 5 10 km along the central SAF (Stanley, 1987; Graham et al., 1989; Dickinson, 1996) and slip on the southern SAF of 240–270 km, which includes 26 5 2 km of slip on the San Jacinto fault (Sharp, 1967, 1975, 1981; Bartholomew, 1970) or 255 km (Dickinson, 1996; Oskin et al., 2001), are offsets used in the construction of the palinspastic maps in this volume. The principal offset along the SAF is depicted on the 5–2.5 Ma paleoshoreline map, based on offsets between the Oligocene– Miocene, Miocene, and Pliocene, Vasquez, Caliente, Mint Canyon, Hungry Valley Formations in the Mount Pinos, Frazier Mountain, and Hungry Valley areas, and their coeval counterparts in the Orocopia and Chocolate Mountains (e.g., Diligencia Formation and Morongo Valley regions; Crowell, 1962, 1982a, 1982b; Bohannon, 1975; Ehlig et al., 1975; Ramirez, 1983). Law et al. (2001, p. 217) questioned the correlation between the Diligencia, Vasquez, and Plush Ranch Formations. Ramirez (1983) favored a correlation between the upper Miocene and lower Pliocene Hungry Valley (HV) Formation and a conglomerate in the Morongo Valley (MV). However, the palinspastic reconstructions of the 8–5 Ma paleoshorelines do not support this correlation. The correlation between the Hungry Valley Formation and rocks in the Cajon Pass (CajP), proposed by Meisling and Weldon (1989), is used in this study. Their timing of movement and the related offsets best accommodate the palinspastic reconstructions for the 13–8 Ma and 8–5 Ma marine shorelines. However, compelling alternatives to this timing and offsets are in the detailed analyses of the San Andreas fault provided by Dickinson (1996, 1997) and Dickinson and Wernicke (1997) (see also Hill and Dibblee, 1953; Gastil, 1968, 1975; Suppe, 1970, 1972; Huffman, 1972; Ehlig et al., 1975; Gastil et al., 1978; Kistler and Peterman, 1978; James, 1986; Powell, 1982, 1986; Stanley, 1987; James and Mattinson, 1988; Graham et al., 1989; Dillon and Ehlig, 1993; James et al., 1993; Atwater and Stock, 1998; Wernicke and Snow, 1998). A more detailed map of the San Andreas fault system than depicted in Plate 1B south of lat 328N was provided by Fletcher and Munguı´a (2000). ## The sole of Salinia or the Southern California allochthon (Hall, 1991) is the Sur-Nacimiento fault (solid barbs). James et al. (1993) and Wentworth et al. (1998) did not include the Point Arena area within Salinia, whereas Mattinson (1990) did (see review in Whidden et al., 1998, p. 329; see also Ross, 1970, 1972a, 1972b, 1976, 1977a, 1977b, 1978, 1980, 1984; Wiebe, 1970a, 1970b; Silver, 1983, 1988; Silver and Mattinson, 1986; Silver and James, 1989; Champion and Kistler, 1991; Dickinson et al., 1991; Pickett and Saleeby, 1991; Whidden et al., 1991, 1998; Saleeby, 1997; and Dickinson and Butler, 1998). See Navarro structural discontinuity (NAVD and NSD). There was emplacement and crystallization of the granitic rocks in Salinia from 104.0 5 4.0 Ma to 117.0 5 12 Ma based on 206Pb/238U, Rb/Sr, and Th-Pb ages (Mattinson, 1978, p. 238). See palinspastically restored elements of the Salinian plutons (,83 Ma, 83–95 Ma, and 95–120 Ma) along San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault (Mattinson and James, 1985, p. 220). Hall (1991) concluded that the allochthon moved westward and northwestward along the Sur-Nacimiento fault between 65 and 67 Ma. This timing is consistent with the resetting of the crystallization ages of the granitic rocks in Salinia between 60 and 68 Ma or 60 and 74 Ma based on fission-track ages of sphene and apatite (Naeser and Ross, 1976; Mattinson, 1978). ***Slip along the San Gabriel fault was between 13 and 12 Ma (Ingersoll and Rumelhart, 1999) (Plate 5, B and C). Right slip of 60 5 5 km is inferred (Crowell, 1962, 1968, 1975, 1981, 1982a; Bohannon, 1975; Yeats et al., 1994). The nomenclature for this fault follows that of Dibblee (1989). Alternative nomenclature and interpretations of the San Gabriel fault zone were provided by Dolan et al. (1993, 1997, Fig. 1), Ingersoll and Rumelhart (1997, 1999), and Fritsche (1998). ††† San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault zone (SG-SS-HF is present from near San Francisco to near Point Conception (Plate 1). The length of the right-slip fault is 427 km. Powell (1993) proposed that initial movement on the SG-SS-HF began coevally with the San Gabriel fault, i.e., ca. 12 Ma. Clark et al. (1984) proposed that initial slip on the San Gregorio fault began between 12 and 11 Ma, but not before 10 Ma. Clark (1998) later concluded that the initial right slip began at 10 Ma. In this volume, right-lateral slip along the SG-SS-HF is considered to have begun between 13 and 8 Ma for purposes of the palinspastic reconstructions (Plate 6, A and B). The SG-SS-HF is an active fault. The fault or faults in the fault splay of the SG-SS-HF locally offset the lowest marine terraces and present-day soil horizons, the fault has locally beheaded streams, and its trace is locally manifested by springs, sag ponds, and pressure ridges (e.g., Greene et al., 1973; Weber, 1977; Hall, 1976, 1991; Hall et al., 1994). Along the northern, or San Gregorio, part of the SG-SS-HF there has been right-lateral slip of 150–160 km (Clark et al., 1984); or 100 km of slip since 8 Ma, i.e., 50–60 km between 10 and 8 Ma; 81 km between 8 and 3 Ma; and 19 km between 3 and 0 Ma (Clark, 1998). Burnham (1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999) concluded that there has been 150–185 km of right-lateral slip on the San Gregorio fault, and Stanley and Lillis (2001) have suggested 115 5 10 km of displacement after 7 Ma. There was Miocene–Pliocene right slip of 110–115 km along the central part of the SG-SS-HF (Graham and Dickinson, 1978a, 1978b; Dickinson, 1983, 1996); 87–95 km of slip along the south-central part of the fault (Hall et al., 1995); and 10.5 km of dextral slip near the southern terminus of the fault (Sorlien et al., 1999a). South of the town of Monterey, southwestnortheast compressive folding along the SG-SS-HF can account for the differences between inferred values of slip north and south of Monterey. Near the southern terminus of the fault zone right-slip offset is taken up by right-slip, westward-stepping faults offshore along the Santa Lucia Bank fault zone (Steritz, 1986; Steritz and Luyendyk, 1994). During the latest Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene the fault locally became a low-angle fault zone, e.g., near Point Sal (Crouch et al., 1984), and near Point Conception (solid barbs on Plate 1B) (Steritz, 1986; Steritz and Luyendyk, 1994; Sorlien et al., 1999a). Some researchers have inferred an upper crust, horizontal detachment surface, or de´collement in this region (Crouch et al., 1984). Steritz and Luyendyk (1994) and Sorlien et al. (1999b) concluded that the Hosgri and nearby Purisima and offshore Lompoc faults are truncated by the North Channel fault. Sedlock and Hamilton (1991) considered the geologic data that had been used to infer large right-slip offsets along the SG-SS-HF to be ambiguous. They concluded that there has been only 5–10 km of right slip on the SG-SS-HF based on their tectonic model outlining the structural evolution of California. However, Powell (1993) considered offsets of 80 or 150 to 160 km for the amounts of inferred right slip along the SG-SS-HF fault in his balanced palinspastic reconstruction of the pre-late Cenozoic paleogeology of California. Dickinson (1996; and modifications of his synthesis, Dickinson and Wernicke, 1997), in his model for the kinematics of the transrotation of the Transverse Ranges and the contributions of the transrotation of the Transverse Ranges and extension in eastern California to slip along the San Andreas fault system, concluded that at least 110 km of right slip along the SG-SS-HF fault was required to balance strike-slip offsets for the San Andreas fault system. Underwood et al. (1995) and Underwood and Laughland (2001), based on thermal maturity trends in the Franciscan Complex, concluded that: (1) there has been only 5–10 km of right slip on the SG-SS-HF, (2) the San Gregorio fault is linked to the Palo Colorado fault and not directly to the San Simeon fault, (3) the “San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault (?)” in the Point Sur area is part of the Sur fault zone, and (4) the “Sur fault zone appears to play a relatively insignificant role in the late Cenozoic evolution of central California” (Underwood et al., 1995, p. 839, Fig. 2). These four points are discussed in the following. §§
continued
454
Appendix 1 TABLE A16. ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND NOTES FOR PLATES 1–8 (continued)
1. Underwood et al. (1995) and Underwood and Laughland (2001) concluded that there has been only 5–10 km of right slip along the SG-SS-HF. This conclusion is in sharp disagreement with the 80 km or more of right slip along the SG-SS-HF that has been inferred based on (1) geophysical studies (Silver, 1974b, 1978; Mullins and Nagel, 1981; Nagel and Mullins, 1983; Griscom and Jachens, 1989); (2) offset stratigraphic pairs, pairs of stratigraphic sequences, and narrowly geographically distributed pairs of uncommon lithologic types across the SGSS-HF (Hall, 1975b; Graham and Dickinson, 1978a, 1978b; Clark and Brabb, 1978; Graham and Peabody, 1981; Clark et al., 1984; Hall et al., 1995; Sutherland, 1990; Brabb et al., 1998; Burnham 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999; Clark, 1998); (3) offset submarine geology (Greene, 1977); (4) geochemical studies across the fault (Champion and Kistler, 1991; Kistler and Champion, 1991); (5) provenance studies across the fault (Hall et al., 1995); and (6) palinspastic shoreline reconstructions (Hall et al., 1995; this study). See also Silver (1971, 1974a), Silver et al. (1971), Greene et al. (1973), and Ross (1984) for additional supporting data in order to demonstrate right slip measured in tens of kilometers along the SG-SS-HF. In contrast to this large body of geologic evidence that supports measured right slip of more than 80–150 km along the SG-SS-HF, Underwood and Laughland (2001, Fig. 10) inferred the locations of their 240 and 190 8C thermal maturity isotherms that they purported indicates only 105 km of right slip. Their interpretation lacks critical control in the offshore area west of the SG-SS-HF. For example, they have not provided data for the offshore area west of the SG-SS-HF, i.e., in the .60 km distance from near Point Sur to near Piedras Blancas, or for the offshore area west of the SG-SS-HF region anywhere south of San Simeon. Values of vitrinite reflectance can vary laterally and longitudinally over a short distance (Underwood and Laughland, 2001, Fig. 10, east of SG-SS-HF and north and south of lat 358308N). There is no firm basis for their isotherm spacing north of the Los Burros Gold District, specifically the location of their inferred 240 8C isotherm. South of Los Burros the “location and orientation of 190 8C contour inboard of the San Simeon fault are poorly constrained” (Underwood and Laughland, 2001, Fig. 10 caption). There is nothing in their Figure 10 to suggest a unique correlation of their isotherms. It is possible that the isotherms in the Point Sur area can be correlated with some geometry of isotherms in the Morro Bay region. These areas, on opposite sides of the SG-SS-HF, were correlated by Hall et al. (1995) Underwood et al. (1999, Fig. 16) depicted the San Gregorio–Hosgri fault as being more than 200 km long (the complete length of the fault is not shown in their figure), with Salinia west of the “San Gregorio–Hosgri fault.” They depicted the fault as a major tectonic boundary. The location of Point Reyes at 8 Ma is shown in their Figure 16. It can be inferred from their Figure 16 that Point Reyes has moved at least 138 km northward along the “San Gregorio–Hosgri fault” and San Andreas fault. Thus the inference drawn from the Underwood et al (1999) paper seems to be in conflict with the Underwood and Laughland (2001) paper that purports to show only 105 km of right slip. 2. Underwood et al. (1995) inferred that the San Gregorio fault is linked to the Palo Colorado fault. This inference is questioned because the Palo Colorado fault terminates 35 km southeast of the Monterey Bay coastline (Jennings, 1977, 1992; Majmundar, 1984; Roberts et al., 1990); Jennings and Saucedo, 1994). Ross (1976) and Hansen and Stuk (1993) depicted the Coast Ridge fault (not to be confused with the Coast Range fault) as a southeast continuation of the Palo Colorado fault, which could add another ca. 30 km of length to the system. The Palo Colorado fault cannot accommodate 100 to 150 km of right slip along the San Gregorio fault (see Clark, 1998), although some of the 150 km of right slip measured north of Monterey Bay could be accommodated in a Palo Colorado splay fault of the San Gregorio fault. Published geologic maps show the San Gregorio fault zone as a continuous structural feature south of Monterey Bay, and the zone is in line with the high-angle fault zone on land near Point Sur, a fault zone offshore from Cape San Martin, a fault zone onshore near San Simeon, and a fault zone in the offshore from near San Simeon to Point Sal (Jennings, 1977, 1992; Majmundar, 1984; McCulloch, 1989a, 1989b; McCulloch and Greene, 1990; Roberts et al., 1990; Jennings and Saucedo, 1994). The continuation of the SG-SS-HF offshore near and south of Point Sal is depicted as a continuous trace by Steritz and Luyendyk, 1994). The trace of the San Gregorio fault zone south of Monterey Bay in the offshore can also be inferred from aeromagnetic maps (Young, 1988; Mattinson and Young, 1989). 3. Underwood et al. (1995, Fig. 2) and Underwood and Laughland (2001, Fig 10) depicted the “San Gregorio–San Simeon–Hosgri fault (?)” in the Point Sur area as part of the Sur fault zone. Based on my detailed mapping of the Point Sur area their figures lead to an erroneous conclusion. A strike-slip fault in the Point Sur area brings the Sur Complex into juxtaposition with the Franciscan Complex and unconformably overlying lower to upper Miocene rocks between Hurricane and Grimes points on the Point Sur headland (Hall, 1991, Plate 1). The plane of this fault is vertical to near vertical, as observed in exposures along sea cliffs, and the trace of the fault is characterized in part by offset stream valleys, a beheaded stream, pressure ridges, and a sag pond. This active fault, part of the San Gregorio–San Simeon segment of the SG-SS-HF, is neither the Sur fault nor a part of the relatively low-angle Sur fault zone. The Sur fault separates Mesozoic and older rocks; it was active between 67 and 65 Ma (Hall, 1991), and it is older than 25 Ma (Page, 1970b; Hall et al., 1979, map sheet 3). The relationship of the SG-SS-HF to the Sur-Nacimiento fault was shown by Hall (1991) and is on Plate 1A herein. 4. Underwood et al. (1995, p. 839 and Fig. 2) concluded, “Sur fault zone appears to play a relatively insignificant role in the late Cenozoic evolution of central California.” This conclusion is agreement with the inference that the Sur-Nacimiento fault was active between 67 and 65 Ma (Hall, 1991) and can be no younger than 25 Ma (Page, 1970b). Sorlien et al. (1999a, p. 1039) noted that the Hosgri fault terminates to the southeast into folds and reverse-separation faults. They concluded from their three-dimensional map restoration that there has been no more than 10.5 km of post-Miocene right slip and dextral shear along the Hosgri fault. Sorlien et al. (1999a) did not imply that this is the maximum dextral slip along the SG-SS-HF, it is only the amount of slip that can be measured near the southern terminus of the fault zone. A partial summary of types of evidence and references for 80 km or more of right slip along the SG-SS-HF is provided in the previous paragraphs and cited references. Specific to the Hosgri fault, the unique offset stratigraphic pairs of ophiolite zones, green tuffaceous chert, Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous shale, redbeds and tuff of the Lospe Formation, Point Sal Formation, and distinct lithologic facies in the Monterey Formation near Point Sal and San Simeon provide compelling evidence for large right-slip (Hall, 1975; C. Hopson, 1999, personal commun. [regarding the similarity of the ophiolite zones at Point Sal and north of San Simeon Point across the SG-SS-HF]). Paleoshoreline reconstructions also support the notion of large right-slip offsets (Hall et al., 1995; this study). Steritz and Luyendyk (1994) noted the discrepancy between the inferred displacements north of the Hosgri fault and south of Point Sur. In order to account for the discrepancy they proposed 20 km of ductile shortening and thrust faulting east of the Hosgri fault, 60 km of right slip along northwest-southeast–trending splays of the Hosgri fault zone, and 60 km of post-medial Miocene right slip distributed on the Santa Lucia Bank fault system (see McCulloch, 1980) and the releasing-bend step of the Hosgri fault zone south of Point Sur (see Hoskins and Griffiths, 1971). Sorlien et al. (1999a, p. 1042) proposed an alternative solution to the discrepancy and concluded, “the Hosgri fault has propagated to the south as a tear fault or partitioned strike-slip fault in conjunction with south propagation of the western Transverse Ranges fold and thrust belt and reactivation of older structures.”
continued
Appendix 1
455
TABLE A16. ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND NOTES FOR PLATES 1–8 (continued) Sorlien et al. (1999a, p. 1042) concluded that their model “implies a lower earthquake hazard to facilities such as the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant.” Gawthrop (1978, p. 47 and Fig. 3) concluded that the epicenter of the Lompoc–Santa Barbara earthquake of 1927 (M 4 7.3) was on either the Hosgri fault or within the Santa Lucia Bank fault zone. He also noted that the epicenters of two 1969 earthquakes (mb 4 5.4 and 5.8) were within the Santa Lucia fault zone. Therefore, it would seem to be prudent to consider the 427 km length of the SG-SS-HF and evidence of movement along the fault zone that has taken place during the past 10 k.y. (Jennings and Saucedo, 1994), along with the proximity or location of epicenters of major earthquakes on the fault or segments of the fault zone in relation to nuclear reactors, as a potential geologic hazard. §§§ Sur-Nacimiento fault (solid barbs), sole of Southern California allochthon (Hall, 1991): the offshore location of the Sur-Nacimiento fault and Salinia is based on Mullins and Nagel (1981), Clarke et al. (1987), Crain and Thurston (1987), Wagner and Saucedo (1987), Clarke and Field (1989), McCulloch (1989b), Chapman et al. (1990), McCulloch and Greene (1990), Wagner et al. (1990), and Foland (1998). (See also Page, 1967, 1969, 1970a, 1970b, 1972, 1982; Gilbert, 1971, 1973; Hart, 1976; Silver, 1982, 1983, 1988; Silver and Mattinson, 1986; Yaldezian et al., 1983; Jennings, 1992; Page and Brocher, 1993; and Schott and Johnson, 1998.)
Appendix 2 Principal references used to assign absolute geologic ages to formations and other upper paleogene and neogene rock units The principal references that were used to assign absolute geologic ages to formations and other upper Paleogene and Neogene rock units (they are arranged alphabetically rather than chronologically for convenience when referring to References Cited list for this volume) are as follows: Aalto et al. (1995a, 1995b), Anderson et al. (1995), Ballance et al. (1983), Bartow and McDougall (1984), Beck (1952), Burke et al. (1982), Clark (1966, 1998), Clark et al. (1984), Cole and Basu (1995), COSUNA (1984), Dalrymple (1979, 1992), Ernst and Hall (1974), Fox (1983), Fox et al. (1985), Fritsche and Thomas (1990), Frizzell and Weigand (1993), Galloway (1977), Gastil (1968, 1975), Gastil et al. (1975, 1978), Graham and Peabody (1981), Hall (1981b), Harland et al. (1982), Hausback (1984), Kamerling and Luyendyk (1985), Keller et al. (1995), Loomis (1990c, 1992a, 1992b), Luyendyk et al. (1998a, 1998b), MacFadden et al. (1990a, 1990b), Mankinen (1972), Miller and Morton (1980), Minch et al. (1970, 1976), Nakata et al. (1993), Nilsen (1987a), Obradovich and Naeser (1981), Obradovich et al. (1978), Ponti et al. (1994), Sarna-Wojcicki (1976, 1992), Sarna-Wojcicki et al. (1979, 1991), Sims (1993), Smith (1984, 1991b), Smith et al. (1985), Stadum (1998), Stanley (1987), Stanley et al. (1990, 1991, 1994, 1996), Turner (1970), Vedder et al. (1979, 1991a, 1991b, 1994), Wagner (1978), Weigand et al. (1998), and Woodring et al. (1940) (Appendix 1, Tables A1–A6). The following references were also heavily relied upon when assigning ages to formations (again listed alphabetically rather than chronologically): Addicott (1965b, 1967a, 1969b, 1970a, 1972, 1973, 1976c, 1978a, 1978b, 1979), Addicott and Galehouse (1973), Addicott and Vedder (1963), Addicott et al. (1978a, 1978b), Adegoke (1967, 1969), Allen (1945, 1946), Almgren et al. (1988), Anderson and Russell (1939), Anderson and Land (1969), Atwill (1935), Avila and Weaver (1969), Axelrod and Deme´re´ (1984), Bandy (1967), Barbat and Galloway (1934), Barbat and Johnson (1934), Barron (1986a), Bartow (1978, 1984, 1985, 1987a, 1987b), Bartow and Pitman (1984), Beal (1948), Bedrossian (1971, 1974), Bent (1988), Bereskin and Edwards (1969), Berggren and Hollister (1974), Berggren and Van Couvering (1974), Berggren et al. (1985a, 1985b, 1995a, 1995b), Blake (1987, 1991), Blake et al. (1978), Bowen (1965a), Brabb et al. (1977, 1983), Bramlette and Daviess (1944), Bremner (1932, 1933), Brooke (1957), Burchfiel (1964), Callaway (1962, 1990), Canfield (1943), Church et al. (1957), B. Clark (1912, 1915, 1918), J. Clark (1981), Clark and Brabb (1978), Clark et al. (1974, 1979), S. Clark (1940), Conrad and Ehlig (1983), Crain and Thurston (1987), Crittenden (1951), Crowell (1952), Cummings et al. (1962), Dibblee (1950, 1961, 1962, 1966a, 1966b, 1968, 1971a, 1971b, 1973a, 1973b, 1974a,
1974b, 1974c, 1981, 1982a, 1982b, 1982c, 1986a, 1986b, 1989, 1993a, 1993b, 1993c, 1993d), Dickinson (1963), Dickinson and Lowe (1966), Dumont (1986), Dumont and Barron (1995), Dumont and Madrid (1987), Durham (1963, 1968, 1974), Durham and Addicott (1965), Durham and Yerkes (1964), Eaton et al. (1941), Eberly and Stanley (1978), Ehlig et al. (1975), English (1914, 1926), Faustman (1964), Foss and Blaisdell (1968), Fritsche (1969, 1993), Galehouse (1967), Gavigan (1984), Glen (1959), Graham (1979a, 1980, 1985), Graham et al. (1989), Graymer et al. (1994), C. Hall (1958, 1962a, 1966, 1973a, 1973b, 1974, 1976, 1991), Hall and Corbato´ (1967), Hall and Loomis (1992), Hall and Prior (1975), Hall et al. (1959, 1979, 1995), Haller (1980), Hammond (1958), Harris (1954), Hart (1976), Heikkila and MacLeod (1951), Henny (1930), Hertlein (1928, 1931, 1957, 1966, 1968), Hertlein and Allison (1959), Hertlein and Grant (1960a, 1960b, 1972), Hertlein and Jordan (1927), Higgins (1960), Hill (1979), Hill et al. (1958), Holmes et al. (1951), Hoots (1930, 1931), Hoots et al. (1954), Howe (1922), Hudson and Craig (1929), Huey (1948), Hughes (1963), Ingle (1967, 1973, 1976, 1980, 1981a, 1981b, 1987), Jenkins et al. (1985), Johnson (1952), Johnson (1909), Johnson (1959), Karp et al. (1972), Keen (1943), Keller (1992), Keller and Barron (1983), Kennedy (1973), Kern (1973), Kern and Wicander (1974), Kew (1919, 1924), Kilkenny (1948), Kleinpell (1938, 1980), Kundert (1952), Leith (1949), Loel and Corey (1932), Loomis (1990a, 1990b), Loomis and Ingle (1994), Lutz (1951), Manning and Ogle (1950), Martin (1912, 1916), Maxon (1933), McMasters (1943), Meisling and Weldon (1989), Merifield et al. (1971), Miller (1981, 1987), Mitchell and Repenning (1963), Moore (1963, 1984), Moxon (1988), Nilsen et al. (1973, 1974), Nomland (1917b), Ogle (1953), Olson (1988), Pack (1920), Pack and English (1915), Page and Holmes (1945), Page et al. (1951, 1996), Peck (1960), Poore (1980), Poore et al. (1981, 1984), Preston (1931), Primmer (1964), Prior (1974), Ramirez (1990), Reiche (1937), Reid (1995), Repenning and Vedder (1961), Rigsby (1998), Robinson (1956), Rose and Colburn (1963), Rowland (1972), Rudel (1965), Savage (1955), Schoellhamer et al. (1981), Schwalbach and Bohacs (1992), Simonson and Krueger (1942), Sloan (1987), H. Smith (1956), J. Smith (1991a), P. Smith (1960), Squires and Demetrion (1993), Squires and Fritsche (1978), Stanley and Surdam (1984), Stanley (1985), Stanton (1966), Stewart (1946), Stuart (1979b), Susuki (1951), Susuki and Stadum (1978), Thomas et al. (1988), Trask (1922), Vedder (1960, 1968, 1972, 1974), Vedder and Howell (1976), Vedder and Moore (1976), Vedder et al. (1967, 1973, 1983, 1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1986d, 1987, 1988, 1989a, 1989b, 1991a, 1991b), Wagner and Bortugno (1982), Wagner and Saucedo (1987), Wagner et al. (1990), Waterfall (1929), Watkins (1974), Weaver (1909, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1949), Weaver et al. (1944), Weaver and Doerner (1969), White and Buffington (1948), Willett (1946), Wilson (1943), Winterer and Durham (1962), Wissler (1943), Woodford (1925), Woodring (1930, 1938, 1942), Woodring and Bramlett (1950), Woodring et al. (1946), Wright (1948), Yancey (1978), Yerkes (1972), Yerkes and Campbell (1980), Yerkes et al. (1965, 1979), Zimmerman (1944), and Zinsmeister (1970).
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Appendix 6A
Appendix 3 Principal references used to compile the faunal lists in appendix 1, tables A7–A12 The principal references used to compile the faunal lists (listed in alphabetical order) used in Appendix 1, Tables A7–A12 are as follows: Addicott (1965a, 1967a, 1969b, 1970a, 1972, 1978b), Addicott and Galehouse (1973), Addicott and Vedder (1963), Addicott et al. (1978a), Adegoke (1969), Allen (1945, 1946), Anderson (1905), Anderson and Martin (1914), Arnold (1906, 1907a, 1907b, 1907c, 1908, 1909), Arnold and Anderson (1907, 1908, 1910), Atwill (1935), Avila and Weaver (1969), Back (1957), Beal (1948), Bedrossian (1971, 1974), Bell-Countryman (1984), Bereskin and Edwards (1969), Bowen (1965a), Branner et al. (1909), Bremner (1932, 1933), Briggs (1953), Brooke (1957), Christiansen (1957), Clark (1915, 1918), Clark (1981), Clark and Brabb (1978), Clark et al. (1979), Crowell (1952), Cummings et al. (1962), Davis (1998), Dibblee (1950, 1973a), Dickerson (1922), Dickinson (1963), Dickinson and Lowe (1966), Diller (1902), Durham and Addicott (1965), Durham and Yerkes (1964), Durham (1948, 1953), Eaton et al. (1941), English (1926), Etherington (1931), Fairbanks (1904), Faustman (1964), Fiedler (1944), Fritsche (1969), Galloway (1977), Gavigan (1984), Gester (1917), Glen (1959), Grant and Gale (1931), Grant and Hertlein (1938), Groves (1991), C. Hall (1958, 1960, 1962a, 1962b, 1964a, 1966, 1973a, 1973b, 1974, 1976, 1991), Hall and Corbato´ (1967), Hall and Loomis (1992), Hall and Prior (1975), Hall et al. (1959, 1979, 1995), Hanna (1926), Hart (1976), Hertlein (1928), Hertlein and Grant (1944), Hoots (1930), Huey (1948), B. Johnson (1952), R. Johnson (1959), Kern (1973), Kew (1919, 1924), Loel and Corey (1932), Lutz (1951), Manning and Ogle (1950), Martin (1912, 1916), Maxon (1933), Merriam (1916), Minch et al. (1970, 1976), Mitchell and Repenning (1963), Moore (1963, 1968, 1984), Nilsen (1987a), Nomland (1916a, 1916b, 1917a, 1917b), Osmont (1905), Peck (1960), Perri and Fritsche (1988), Powell (1988), Preston (1931), Primmer (1964), Prior (1974), Repenning and Vedder (1961), Richey (1943), Rose and Colburn (1963), Rowland (1972), Schoellhamer et al. (1981), Shapiro (1998), Smith (1984, 1991a), Soper and Grant (1932), Squires and Fritsche (1978), Stanton (1966), Stewart (1946), Susuki (1951), Susuki and Stadum (1978), Trask (1922, 1926), Vedder (1960), Vedder and Moore (1976), Vedder et al. (1967, 1979), Watkins (1974), Weaver (1949), Weaver and Doerner (1969), White (1985), White and Buffington (1948), Wilson (1943), Winterer and Durham (1962), Woodford (1925), Woodring (1926, 1938, 1942), Woodring and Bramlette (1950), Woodring et al. (1940, 1946), Wright (1948), Yerkes (1972), and Zimmerman (1944).
Appendix 4 References used to arrive at the taxonomy The references used to arrive at the taxonomy used in this volume (listed alphabetically) are as follows: Addicott (1965a, 1965b, 1974a, 1974b), Adegoke (1966, 1967), R. Arnold (1906), T. Arnold (1997), Bedrossian (1971), Bernard (1983), Burch (1944–1946), Carpenter (1866), Coan et al. (2000), Davies (1971), Durham (1941, 1950b, 1953, 1955), Durham and Morgan (1978), Durham and Wolfe (1958), Emerson (1957, 1964), Grant and Gale (1931), Grant and Hertlein (1938, 1956), Grant and Stevenson (1948), Groves (1994, 1997, 1998), C. Hall (1958, 1959, 1962a, 1964a, 1966), Hertlein and Allison (1959), Hertlein and Grant (1944, 1960b, 1972), Hoagland (1977), Jablonski and Valentine (1990), Keen (1937, 1943, 1955, 1961, 1963, 1971), Keen and Bentson (1944), Keen and Coan (1974), Kew (1920), Lyman
(1862), MacNeil (1965), Mandra (1949), Marincovich (1977), McLean (1964, 1978, 1996), Merriam (1941), Mitchell (1962), Mitchell and Repenning (1963), Moore (1983, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1992), Mount (1974) Newman and Ross (1976), Noda (1966), Olson (1985), Olsson (1961), Palmer (1958), Pilsbry and Lowe (1933), Powell (1985, 1988), Ricketts et al. (1985), Roth and Guruswami-Naidu (1974, 1978), Roth and Talmadge (1975), Schenck (1936), Smith (1984, 1991a, 1991b), Squires (1993), Squires and Demetrion (1993), Taylor (1966), Vermeij (1991), and Vokes (1964).
Appendix 5 References used to determine the endpoints of the geographic ranges and the ecological data for taxa in appendix 1, tables A7–A12, A14, A15 The references used to determine the endpoints of the geographic ranges and the ecological data for taxa used in Appendix 1, Tables A7–A12, A14, A15 are (listed alphabetically) as follows: Abbott (1974), Addicott (1965a, 1965b), Adegoke (1967), Bedrossian (1971), Bernard (1983), Bernard et al. (1991), Burch (1944–1946), Coan et al. (2000), Dall (1921), Dodd and Stanton (1981), Fitch (1953), Grant and Gale (1931), Grau (1959), Haderlie and Abbott (1980), C. Hall (1964a, 1966), Hedgpeth (1957), Hertlein (1959), Hertlein and Grant (1944, 1960b, 1972), Jablonski and Valentine (1990), Johnson (1934), Keen (1937, 1963, 1971), Keen and Coan (1974), Kuroda and Habe (1952), MacDonald (1969), MacGinitie (1934), MacGinitie and MacGinitie (1968), Marincovich (1977), McLean (1978), Moore (1983, 1984, 1987, 1988), Parker (1964), Ricketts et al. (1985), Ronan et al. (1981), Schenck (1936), Smith (1991a), Taylor (1966), Warme (1971), Weymouth and Thompson (1930), Weymouth et al. (1931), and White (1976).
Appendix 6A References essential to the development of the base map and palinspastic maps The following references, arranged chronologically because of the historic development of geologic mapping, were essential in the development of the base map (Plate 1) (Jennings, 1977) and palinspastic maps (Plates 2–8): California Division of Oil and Gas (1960), Crowell (1962, 1968, 1975, 1981, 1982a, 1982b), Dibblee (1962, 1976), Bailey et al. (1964, 1970), Brown (1968), Clarke and Nilsen (1973), Davis and Burchfiel (1973), Matthews (1973, 1976), Ross et al. (1973), Clark et al. (1974, 1984), Prowell (1974), Hopson et al. (1975, 1986), Clark and Brabb (1978), Graham (1978), Graham and Dickinson (1978a, 1978b), Page et al. (1978, 1998), Suppe (1978), Ross (1978, 1980, 1984), Link and Nilsen (1979), Ross and McCulloch (1979), Korsch (1982), Powell (1982, 1986, 1991, 1993), Nagel and Mullins (1983), Graham et al. (1984), Graham and Williams (1985), Jennings (1985), Matti et al. (1985), Stanley (1986), Blake et al. (1988), Butler et al. (1991), Legg (1991), Pickett and Saleeby (1991), Richard (1993), Anderson et al. (1995), Buising and Walker (1995), Dickinson (1996, 1997), Hagstrum and Murchey (1996), Bu¨rgmann (1997), Dickinson and Wernicke (1997), Monastero et al., (1997), Atwater and Stock (1998), Burnham (1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999), Clark (1998), and Jachens et al. (1998) (Plates 2 to 8). The overall base map for all of the maps used in the present study is from Jennings (1977, 1992), and associated fault activity map of California (Jennings and Saucedo, 1994).
Appendix 6C Appendix 6B References used to palinspastically restore the transverse ranges The Transverse Ranges were palinspastically restored to different orientations utilizing the following references: Jones et al. (1976), Hamilton (1978), Crouch (1979), Kamerling and Luyendyk (1979, 1985), Luyendyk et al. (1980, 1988), Burchfiel and Davis (1981), Terres et al. (1981), Hornafius (1984, 1985), Terres and Luyendyk (1985), Hornafius et al. (1986), Burbank and Whistler (1987), Carter et al. (1987), Luyendyk and Hornafius (1987), MacFadden et al. (1990a, 1990b), Crouch and Suppe (1993), Nicholson et al. (1994), Dickinson (1996), Schermer et al. (1996), Fritsche (1997, 1998), Ingersoll and Rumelhart (1997, 1999), Rumelhart and Ingersoll (1997), and Atwater and Stock (1998).
Appendix 6C References used to construct paleoshoreline maps (plates 2–8) The following sources, arranged chronologically, were heavily relied on for the construction of the palinspastic and paleoshoreline maps (Plates 2–8): Durham and Addicott (1964), Addicott (1967b, 1968, 1969b, 1978a), Fritsche (1969, 1993, 1997, 1998), Addicott and Galehouse (1973), Bandy (1972), Bandy and Arnal (1969), Graham (1976, 1979a, 1979b), Reid (1978, 1995), Cole and Armentrout (1979), Stanley (1986, 1987), Fritsche (1988), Thomas et al. (1988), Bartow (1991), Rumelhart and Ingersoll (1997), Rigsby (1998). In addition to these references, the following list of sources, arranged alphabetically, were used to construct the paleoshoreline maps (Plates 2–8): Aalto et al. (1995a, 1995b), Allen (1945, 1946), American Association of Petroleum Geologists Correlation Sections (1951, 1957, 1958, 1959), Anderson et al. (1995), Avila and Weaver (1969), Bachman and Crouch (1987), Bartow (1985, 1987a), Beal (1948), Bedrossian (1971), Behl and Ingle (1998), Bell-Countryman (1984), Bereskin and Edwards (1969), Blake et al. (1978), Bohannon (1998), Bohannon and Parsons (1995), Bohannon and Geist (1998), Bowen (1965a, 1965b), Bramlette and Daviess (1944), Briggs (1953), Brown (1968), Buising and Walker (1995), Burch (1971), Burch and Durham (1970), California Division of Oil and Gas (1960), Campbell and Yerkes (1976), Carter (1985), Chapman et al. (1990), Clark and Rietman (1973), Clark et al. (1984), Clark (1940), Clarke and Field (1989), Clarke et al. (1987), Clifton (1981), Cooley (1982, 1985), Cox (1987), Crandall (1961), Crittenden (1951), Crouch (1979, 1981), Crouch and Bachman (1987a, 1987b, 1987c), Crouch et al. (1984), Cummings et al. (1962), Curtis (1954), Dibblee (1968, 1971a, 1971b, 1973b, 1974a, 1974b, 1974c, 1982a, 1982b, 1982c, 1986a, 1986b, 1989, 1993a, 1993b, 1993c, 1993d, 1995); Dickinson (1963, 1966a, 1966b), Dickinson and Lowe (1966), Dillon (1976), Dillon and Ehlig (1993), Dolan et al. (1997), Durham (1963, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1974), Durham and Yerkes (1964), Ehlig (1958, 1975, 1981), Ehlig et al. (1975), Finger (1995), Fishburn (1990a, 1990b), Fishburn and McJannet (1989), Fuis and Mooney (1990, see particularly, “one former position of Mesozoic and (or) Cenozoic subduction-zone megathrust fault (?),” Figure 8.4), Fuis et al. (2001), Gealey (1950), Graham (1980, 1987, 1988), Graham et al. (1982, 1988, 1989), Graham and Williams (1985), Graymer et al. (1994), Greene and Clark (1979), Hall (1958, 1973a, 1973b, 1974,
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1976, 1978, 1981b, 1982, 1991), Hall and Corbato´ (1967), Hall and Loomis (1992), Hall and Prior (1975), Hall et al. (1959, 1979, 1995), Ham (1952), Harris (1954), Hart (1976), Holmes et al. (1951), Hopson et al. (1975, 1981), Huey (1948), Huffman (1972), Ingle (1976, 1980, 1981a, 1987), Jennings (1958a, 1958b, 1959), Koch (1933), Koenig (1963), Korsch (1982), Krueger et al. (1987), Kuespert (1985), Kuespert and Reid (1990), Kundert (1952), Link et al. (1990), Loomis (1988, 1989, 1990a, 1990c), Matthews and Burnett (1965), Matti and Morton (1993), Matti et al. (1985), Mattinson (1990), Mattinson and James (1985), McCulloch (1987a, 1987b, 1989a, 1989b), McCulloch and Greene (1990), McCulloch et al. (1982), McLean (1990, 1995), Nilsen (1981a, 1981b, 1984a, 1987a, 1987b), Nilsen and Clarke (1975, 1987), Ogle (1953), Page et al. (1978), Perri and Fritsche (1988), Phillips and Aalto (1989), Phillips (1983), Reiche (1937), Rogers (1966), Ross (1970, 1972a, 1972b, 1976, 1977a, 1977b, 1978, 1980, 1984), Ross and McCulloch (1979), Ross et al. (1973), Saul (1973), Schneider et al. (1996), Sedlock and Hamilton (1991), Seiders (1982, 1986, 1988, 1989a, 1989b), Seiders and Blome (1988), Seiders and Cox (1991), Seiders et al. (1983), Stanley et al. (1998), Stanton and Dodd (1972, 1976), Stuart (1979a, 1979b), Suppe (1978), Trehu and Wheeler (1987a, 1987b), Vedder et al. (1967, 1973, 1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1987, 1988, 1989a, 1989b, 1991a, 1991b), Wagner and Bortugno (1982), Wagner and Saucedo (1987), Wagner et al. (1990), Weaver (1949), Weaver and Doerner (1969), Wilson (1943), Wright (1991), Yerkes et al. (1979), and Yerkes and Campbell (1980).
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Nearshore marine paleoclimatic regions, increasing provinciality, molluscan extinctions, and paleoshorelines Anderson, F.M., 1908, A further stratigraphic study in the Mount Diablo Range of California: California Academy of Sciences Proceedings, ser. 4., v. 3, p. 1–40. Anderson, F.M., 1911, The Neocene deposits of Kern River, California, and the Temblor basin: California Academy of Sciences Proceedings, ser. 4, v. 3, no. 3, p. 73–148. Anderson, F.M., and Martin, B., 1914, Neocene record in the Temblor basin, California, and Neocene deposits of the San Juan District, San Luis Obispo County: California Academy of Sciences Proceedings, ser. 4, v. 4, p. 15–112. Andersen, N., Paul, H.A., Bernasconi, S.M., McKenzie, J.A., Behrens, A., Schaeffer, P., and Albrect, P., 2001, Large and rapid climate variability during the Messinian salinity crisis: Evidence from deturium concentrations of individual biomarkers: Geology, v. 29, no. 9, p.799–802. Anderson, R., and Pack, R.W., 1915, Geology and oil resources of the west border of the San Joaquin Valley north of Coalinga, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 603, 220 p. Andreasson, F.P., and Schmitz, B., 1996, Winter and summer temperatures of the early middle Eocene of France from Turritella d18O profiles: Geology, v. 24, no. 12, p. 1067–1070. Armentrout, J.M., Echols, R.J., and Ingle, J.C., Jr., 1984, Neogene biostratigraphic-chronostratigraphic scale for the northeastern Pacific margin, in Ikebe, N., and Tsuchi, R., eds., Pacific Neogene datum planes, contributions to biostratigraphy and chronology: Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, p. 171–177. Arnold, R., 1903, The paleontology and stratigraphy of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California: California Academy of Sciences Memoir, v. 3, 419 p. Arnold, R., 1906, The Tertiary and Quaternary pectens of California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 47, 264 p. Arnold, R., 1907a, New and characteristic species of fossil mollusks from the oil-bearing Tertiary formations of southern California: U.S. National Museum Proceedings, v. 32, no. 1545, p. 525–546. Arnold, R., 1907b, New and characteristic species of fossil mollusks from the oil-bearing Tertiary formations of Santa Barbara County, California: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 50, no. 4, p. 419–447. Arnold, R., 1907c, Geology and oil resources of the Summerland District, Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 321, 93 p. Arnold, R., 1908, Descriptions of new Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils from the Santa Cruz Mountains, California: U.S. National Museum Proceedings, v. 34, no. 1617, p. 345–390. Arnold, R., 1909 [1910], Paleontology of the Coalinga District, Fresno and Kings counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 396, 173 p. Arnold, R., and Anderson, R., 1907, Geology and oil resources of the Santa Maria oil district, Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 322, 161 p. Arnold, R., and Anderson, R., 1908, Preliminary report on the Coalinga oil district, Fresno and Kings counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 357, 142 p. Arnold, R., and Anderson, R., 1910, Geology and oil resources of the Coalinga District: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 398, 354 p. Arnold, R., and Johnson, H.R., 1910, McKittrick-Sunset oil region, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 406, p. 63–74. Arnold, T.S., 1997, Muracypraea in the Proto-Gulf of California: A review of prior reports and a report of new discoveries: Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report, v. 29, p. 11. Atwater, T., 1970, Implications of plate tectonics for the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of western North America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, no. 12, p. 3513–3535. Atwater, T., 1989, Plate tectonic history of the northeast Pacific and western North America, in Winterer, E.L., Hussong, D.M., and Decker, R.W., eds., The eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii: The geology of North America, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, v. N, p. 21–72. Atwater, T., and Molnar, P., 1973, Relative motion of the Pacific and North American plates deduced from sea-floor spreading in the Atlantic, Indian,
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and South Pacific Oceans, in Kovach, R.L., and Nur, A., eds., Proceedings of the conference on tectonic problems of the San Andreas fault system: Stanford University Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 13, p. 136– 148. Atwater, T., and Stock, J., 1998, Pacific-North American plate tectonics of the Neogene of southwestern U.S.–An update: International Geological Review, v. 40, no. 5, p. 375–402. Atwill, E.R., 1935, Oligocene Tumey Formation of California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 19, no. 8, p. 1192–1204. Avila, F.A., and Weaver, D.W., 1969, Mid-Tertiary stratigraphy, Santa Rosa Island, in Weaver, D.W., ed., Geology of the northern Channel Islands, southern California borderland: American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific sections, p. 48–67. Axelrod, D.I., 1939, A Miocene flora [Tehachapi and Anaverde floras] from the western border of the Mohave Desert [California]: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, v. 516, 128 p. Axelrod, D.I., 1944a, The Black Hawk flora: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, v. 553, p. 91–102. Axelrod, D.I., 1944b, The Mulholland flora: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, v. 553, p. 103–146. Axelrod, D.I., 1944c, The Sonoma flora: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, v. 553, p. 167–206. Axelrod, D.I., 1950a, A Sonoma florule from Napa, California: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, v. 590, p. 23–71. Axelrod, D.I., 1950b, The Anaverde flora of southern California: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, v. 590, p. 119–158. Axelrod, D.I., 1950c, Further studies of the Mount Eden flora, California: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, v. 590, p. 73–117. Axelrod, D.I., 1950d, The Piru Gorge flora of southern California: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, v. 590, p. 159–214. Axelrod, D.I., 1956, Mio-Pliocene floras from west-central Nevada: University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 33, 322 p. Axelrod, D.I., 1967a, Quaternary extinctions of large mammals: University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 74, 42 p. Axelrod, D.I., 1967b, Geologic history of the Californian insular flora, in Philbrick, R.N., ed., Proceedings of the symposium on the biology of the California Islands: Santa Barbara, California, Santa Barbara Botanical Garden, p. 267–315. Axelrod, D.I., 1971, Fossil plants from the San Francisco Bay region, in Lipps, J.H., and Moores, E.M., eds., Geologic guide to the northern Coast Ranges, Point Reyes region, California: Sacramento, Geological Society of Sacramento, Guidebook, p. 74–86. Axelrod, D.I., 1979, Age and origin of Sonoran desert vegetation: California Academy of Sciences Occasional Papers, v. 132, p. 1–74. Axelrod, D.I., 1980, Contributions to the Neogene paleobotany of central California: University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 121, 212 p. Axelrod, D.I., 1985, Miocene floras from the Middlegate basin, west-central Nevada: University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 129, 279 p. Axelrod, D.I., 1989, Age and origin of chaparral, in The California chaparral: Paradigms reexamined: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Science Series, no. 34, p. 1–19. Axelrod, D.I., 1991, The early Miocene Buffalo Canyon flora of western Nevada: University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 135, 76 p. Axelrod, D.I., 1992a, The middle Miocene Pyramid flora, western Nevada: University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 137, 50 p. Axelrod, D.I., 1992b, What is an equable climate?: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 91, p. 1–12. Axelrod, D.I., 1995, The Miocene Purple Mountain flora of western Nevada: University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, v. 139, 62 p. Axelrod, D.I., 1996, Diverse upland Eocene forests, western U.S.A.: Palaeobotanist, v. 45, p. 81–97.
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