Napoleon's Polish Troops

OS P RE Y · M EN -AT -ARM S SER IES

apoleons 'Polish CJfoops Text blOTTO VON I' IV K A Colour plalrs bl

M IC HAEL ROFFE

~ IE N - A T - A R~ IS

ED I T O R :

~ I,\R T I X

SE R IE S W I X DRO W

ALBA :>' 1I0 0 K H RVIC r.s

'Polish CJfoops T,,·, by OT T O VON P I VKA Colour plates by

~IIC HAEL

ROFFE

OS P R EY P U BLI S HI NG LIM ITED

Publabed in 19 74 by Ckprey Publish ing Li d , P.O . Boll :.1 5, 107 Oxford ROiId, Readin g, Berkshir e Cop)Tighl 19 74 Os prey Publi shin g I.td This book is co pyrigh ted u nd er the Heme Convenuon. All r i~hu reser...ed. A ~rt from ~ ny fair dealing for t he pu rpose of pri ...at e S1 ud)', researcb, eriuc icm o r re...iew, a s permitted und er th e Copyright Ar t, 1956, no part of th is pu blica tion ma y be reproduced , stor ed in a re tr ieval Iyst em, o r lr.. nsmi tt ed in an)' form or b y a ny means elec tronic, elec teicul, chemical, mechanical, optical, photoforyin~, reco rd ing: or o th erw ise, w ithout t he pr ior permission of t he cop yri'l:hl own er. En quiries should be addre..sed to the Publishe rs. ClI~ ~per

edition tsBS 085045 'J.J. 7 9 edinon bB~ 0 850~5 198 1

Pr in ted in Great Britain by JarTold . Sons Lid, ::\"orwich

lJlf/Y}flt/rfiol/ 25 Xovem ber 1795 the kingdom of Poland fell 10 her stro nger neig hbours, Russia , Pr ussia Aust ria, a nd 'he third partition of t ha t uny, turbulen t sta te took place. Tbe elected King of Polan d, Sranisla s Augustu s, forced 10 a bd ica te and retired to R ussia with prnsion of 200,000 ducats a year . HI"dirt! at 5 1 M1enburg (now Leningrad ] on 12 Febr ua ry 1798 . HiI old kingdom was redistributed as follo...."I: \.ustria took the la rg er part of t he pala tina te of ~.,

the pa latinates of Sandomir and Lublin

part of the d istr ict of Ch dm and th ose pa rts tht- pa la tina tes of Brzecz, Podl ach ie a nd it' which lay all the left bank of the Ri ver

Pru.ia look those parts of Podlachie and -it' which lay on t he right bank of the Bug;

the palatinates of T ro ki a nd Sam ogitie on the left bank of the Xiemen a nd one t of the palatinate of Krakow . ia took the rest of Lithuania up to th e _iiemen, the rNI of the palatinates of Breece 'ovogrod("k and the greater part of Sa mogi rie tht' rema ins of Wo lhynir-, Courland an d

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a result o f Napoleon's victories in Italy. After the victory of Lodi, the Cispadane a nd Tran spadan e Rep ublics were combined in to rhe Cisa lpi ne Rep ublic, and the government of Ihis new 5[011(", being un a ble to raise its own army, decided 10 enlist th e a id of foreign troops. Dom brow ski arrived in Mil an on 2 Decem ber 1796 and presented his sch eme 10 Napoleon. On 4 January 1797 Napoleon wrot e to th e Council of Stat e of Lom bard y 10 say t ha i Gen rra l Do mbro wski was willing to raise a Po lish II"gion to help rhe people of Lombardy. Xa poleon added that he wo uld gladly la ke all measures necessary for this operation. T his offer was well received and on 9 J an uary 1797 a conve nnon was signed by which Domb rowski gua ran teed the s('rvices of his compatriots to the republic in exchange for which his men became Lombard citizens and received rhe same pay and privileges as the other national troops. The Poles retained their own unifonns and comma nds were given in Po lish. T hey wore the French cockade and com re-epauleues in Lom bar d y's national co lours with th e inscription ' Gli uo mini liberi sono Iratelli' (Free men arc br others},

nDCr- alo ne had opposed Poland 's treatment ame Iht' natural refuge of all Polish exiles. Polish offic("rs and men were still held a s of ....·ar in T obolsk, P('I('rsburK, Mo scow , u.•.Magdeburg and ot her places, bUI among In Pari s was one General J ean-Hr-nri ",~ki who on II October 1796 formed the 1 eeion' with xapolecn's aid. cit" 287 of the French Cons rinnion d id it the pr C5('nce of foreign troo ps on d. Dom browsk i was sent 10 It aly to I l~ work in the new repu blic crea ted a s

3

a nd sixty ca nnon from the Army of Ita ly in o n! 10 un dertak.. a raid th rough Croatia, Transylv,u

an d H un ga ry up into Ga licia. This was aim . approved, and on 18 Apri l the Legion WaJ 4111 ,I Leob-n P.. u preparing 10 march when Xapolforbad .. th .. scheme on the grounds th at it wo u l not 5("("\... th .. political good of th .. Polish cause. At this time occurred the massacr.. 011 VtTOn and the troubles in V..nice; the Legion took at active part in the assault on ,"..rona. In \Ia y the Legion had so increased in sill" th a t it .....as reorganized into two infantry legions, Ih. first commandrd by (flonl:'Tal K nia ziewicz , the second by Ge n..ra l Wielho rski. Each co nsisted of th ree ba ttalions of ten companics, eac h co mpany haying 12.) men. The corps also had th ree companies of artillery co mmanded by C he f de ba ta illon Axamirowski. French regu latio ns were used for ga rrison d uties; d rill and d iscipline wer e acco rdi ng to old Poli sh regulation s but cor po ra l pun ishment was fo rbid den, a. was the case in t he French Arm y of th.. d ay. I n J uly t 79 7 Dom bro wski a nd the grena di..r ba tta lion went 10 supp ress the insurrection al Reggi e du ring w hich the Poles much distinguished

w-•••, 1M ....... laiat:d.o... 01 rot..od.u.......u. (w .) ....... s...-,. (rieJul _ • 50 _ _ coo.. I. 1107 .... __ 1 a ~ C a " " ' .

O n 20 Janua!)· 179 7 Dom br o....~k i published a proc lamation in four lan gu ages ca lling on Poles 10 t n t..r his n..w tegion. T wo weeks lat ..r th.. Legio n co nsi te-d of 1,:200 me-n in Po lish uniform {kur tka , panta loons and czapka in blu.. cloth . \ Ian y o f hi men ca me from rh.. A usman Army which indud r d in its ra n ks ollier rs a nd sold iers origin ally from G alicia an d ma llY othe rs were Polish ..x-prison..n of wa r an d d eseners. I n \ Iarch th .. Legio n was sen! to th .. fort ress of Ma nt ua , wh.. r.. it was joi ned hy a n..w ba tta lion . At t h.. sam .. lim e its arril l..ry w as orga nized a t \Iilan. II did not receive its bap tism o f fire u nt il th e insurr..ct ion 4111 Brescia . By April, Dombrowski had .),000 me-n r nrolled. Dom bro....·ski, anxious for action, wan ted his l..gio n augmen ted by 2,000 infantry, 500 cavalry

4

themselves. .\t th ....nd of 17~ the Xeapolitan Arm} invaded th c Papal stat.. to expel th .. Franco, Polish forces und ..r GC"ner,d Championn r t. K n iaziewicz commanded the Polish Legion during Domb ro wski·s able-nee and on .. December th .. Xea pc litans wert" dc f..an-d at the Sault of Civira Castellana. From th.. captured stocks ofhonn and ha rness found in Ga ..l.. arsenal after this battle, a regim..n r of ca v alry .....a. added to the Polish Leg ion . T he n..w regirn enr was commanded by Colonel Ka rwowski; Elie T remo a nd Biern ack i wr-re nom inate d Cht' fs d 'E scad ron s. Organi zati on was no t co m ple te, ho we ver , before the a rmi stice of I I J a nua ry. On 23 J a nua ry Na ples ca pit ula ted and as a ma rk of respec t to the Polish services, Gene ra l Kniaziewicz was sent to p a ris hy G..nera l C hampionn et to lake back a ll the trophies capiu red d uring th e campaign. A new ann- French coalition was quickly formed and considerable Ausrro-R ussia n fOTC.., under the oommand of the- Russia n Feld M arschall Leutnant

E., le o f Ihe 131h Infaall'}' ...d ( riSb l) ....1. . .Jd ... o f lb• .... 011..... UI &11&110.., 1..1" Inf .nl l'}'.

____ _ _ _ _ J -arc w soon advanced to threaten the young blics founded in Italy. For-cn available for their defence wrre few. The French troops were in Egypt with Napoleon : co mman d of the Army of I ta ly was held b)' incom pe ten t Scherer; Championner had gone ~ was replaced as commander of the army of . 'aples by Macd onald . The Polish Legions, commanded by Widhorski ADd Rynk iewica, were garrisoned in .\I a ntua at the sta rt of the campaign and were employed dis persed amongst the Fr ench uni ts. Co nstantly eng aged in different battles, they suffered heavily ; fro m 26 " la rch 10 5 Ap ril (a n er t he Battle of . lagnano where General R yn kiewice was killed ). Of the 4,000 men who had set OUI, only 2,000 effecu ves remained. The Second Legion retired in to Mantua with their artillery under the comma nd of W irl ho n ki. .M antua was commanded by Ge nera l Foissac-Larour and was besieged and capitulated (m uch against the wishes of the Poli h officers) on 28July. The Austrians demanded the retu rn 10 their service of all Poles corning from

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Folluwin/it Illl' disasters which d1iKKI'd Ib, French in Italv the Cisalpine Republic eli appeared and the homele-ss debris of III.. l'Riull found thrmsrhi" in France wht'rr tht')' prompt" set about raising a new lCJ::wn. Conditions in France had cha nged : 8unapartt' Irll f4tYpt l('Cf('lIy and landed at Freju on :2 October 1799. On 9 !\O\'em!xr he changed Ih t' form of French government and was proclaimed First Consul. He decreed that foreign troops could be' taken into Frrnch service and ordered the formation of Dew l("J{ions. On to Fl'hrual)' 1800 the remnants of thl" Polish- It alia n Legions were rcorRiinill"d at ~br· scill" and renamed 'La l.iKion ltalique'. Kn ia ziewicz meanwhile had received orders 10 form another Po lish legion ; this forrnanon, rhe 'Legion of the Da nube' , was organized as follow s: batla lion~ of infanlry each of len companies of 1:13 men One r~imt':lIt of C3"alry of four squadrons One balll'ry of hone artillery

Four

from , R.".hul_..,. ........ I. _n........ h.ln A_ria. i '..,. ...... ' • •n.c:k 11MF...-ell.

s.e.-

It s stre ngth w as 5.970 men and the commanders were: Au trian-comrolled Galicia and all had to revert Lt:gion commander Gnteral KniaLit'wW:'z to the rank of private rtg;lrdlns of what position Chief of Suff GaWTO'W'ki tht')· had anained in the ILgMJJl. .:\xa.mito~lr.i and Old" de BriI(D Sokolnicki 150 men of the Legion escaped 10 I.)'ons disguised Chefs de baOlillons 1'-IJZU, Druwiecki, in French uniforms. General Widhonki, ~b.jor Kralevnki .nd \\'uikwr.ki Kosinski and the ofiicen were imprisoned in Arlillery Nltel)' R

6

Ma...._ . 0 - cLt RJvoli, pn-. " ' E••U.. ,; hi. . , P ort.. . .1 I.. 18 10 _ . kah Hl loy 1M U .... of

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Pawl ikowski, lancier de la cavaleric polo naise, pendant le bataille de 12 frimai re de I'an I X R epublique, fit 57 prisonniers. ' campa ign ended on 25 December 1800. xnbrowski. meanwhile, was organizing the Legion' in Man eillt's after the 1799 ca m. Co nsisting of 9,000 men, t he Legion had nI infant ry battalions and five co mpa nies of

.:k'l· The Polish troops now released from the fort ress . Ia ntua formed t he ca dres of th e 4th . 51h and ba ttalions of the Legion ; t he cad re for th e 7t h ttaHo n came from the I~t. and and grd ba traof the Legion. Karwowski's cavalry reg iment was sent to join Danube- Legion. The remai nde r of the new rui ts for both legions came fro m men of Polish aigin among the Austrian priso ners of war now Iadd in France. On 8 Novem ber 1800 the It alian Legion un de r Dombrowski joined the Arm y of It al y (comma ndt'd now by M assdna, who ha d repla ced Cha mpionm·t). T he-ir strengtb at this po int was - . ,nn men in fou r infa ntry bat talio ns an d one

aniIImp&D' PnchH-n aed ~1 &D t The Peac e of Lunn end ed t h(' war bu t d id liberation of Polan d . In proteSt, resigned his command of th e Danubf: Ge neral jablonowski took hi piau . Dom browski ret ained command of rbe Po It alian Legion and bot h thi s forma tion Legion of the Dan ube were revie w ed b~ him ill Mi lan on 2 1 March 1801 . At this time rhe I Wia.n Legion had 303 officers and 6.432 men : tM Dan ube Legion had abou t 6,000 all ranks . The tempo rary peaceful clima te in Europe did no thi ng to aid the Polish cause: on 21 Decem ber 1801 t he- French G overnment disbanded bo th Polish Le gions and co nve ned them into three for eign 'demi-b riga des' (a ne w term coined by G('n('ral Carnot, Frenc h Ar my reform er}. The It alian Legion (the old 1st Polish Legion became the 'I·' and 2" Demi- Brigade Etrangere', t he old Danu be Legion beca me th e '3· Dcmi8rigadf' Et ran gere' , By 18 .\ Iay 1802 th is latter formation. now ren umbered the '113" Dcm iBrigade and cons isting of 118 officers and 2,235

l"'1~-

r.alions command ed hy Zagarski, aed Plltru wier bvckl . wa forcibly em.&1 Lr.'OnIO for service in the French West ladiae cx*:my of Sa in t Domingue. Two French ::~:od<' had 'escort ed ' the Poles on to the :

T'1IIr

Dnni-Brigade Errangere suffered a like f'f'DWDOuni the I q ! Demi-Brigade, thev ~ 'nconcd' on to transports in Genoa with a of n gh ty-St'''t' n officers and 2,7.50 men 'W"l iI, a bo for Saint Domingue, at the ~ of Februarv 1803. Of Iftn,e two derni-brigades only about fifteen oftian an d 150 men returned to Europe; the rest had been killed in action or had died of yellow k\t'r or were now in the English pr ison h ulks. The I",r De mi-Br igade Eirangere was incorporared into th e 1St It al ian Di vision of th e army of t he newly formed Cisalpine R epubli c. T hey were prtSt'nt at t he blockade (If Ven ice under G eneral Sr Cyr and fought the Austria ns under rhe Duc de Rohan at t he Battle of Canel-Frenco. In 1806 they entered Naples with the corps of Oe aeral St Cyr to secure thai state for its new king. joseph, ..a poleo n' s youn~r brother. They were still there when the Prussians were crushed at jena and Auerstadt by Xapoleon on 14 October 1806. Dombrow ki was called to Pari to discuss with tM Emperor his plans for the reorganisation of Pobnd.

N.pol

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IU. G. . rd i .. II.. L".'prt"'... a.rlha., 1he SaaOD._P ru. . ... Ann" . 1 J"'. ... Itd

Alexan der I of Russia a nd Ki ng Friedrich W ilhd m I I I of Prussia on a raft moored in the ce ntre of the R iH'TNiemen. One of the results of this treaty wa s the creation of the 'Grand Duchy of Warsaw' under nominal control of the King of Saxony who had been promoted from his previous rank of Kurfursr (Prince-e lector of the Holy Roman Empire] by. lapoleon for his support in the recent campaign. The creation of the grand duchy was far below the aim set hy Dombrowski and his compatriots Joseph W)'bicki and Kosciuseko who had pressed Napoleon to reconsriture the independent Polish stale in her borders of 1795. I n exchange for a dubiously worded promise from Napoleon to give the Poles back their homeland, a guard of honour of about ant' hundred riders was formed in Posen in November 1806 and command of this unit was given to U mins ki who had bee n aide-de-camp to th c Polish General ~I ad a l i m k i in the 1795 campaign. Ha\-'ing effectively destroyed the Prussia n Ar my Napoleon's progrl"SS through the old Polish at Jrna. and forced Saxony and the Saxon d uchies areas was a series of delirious triumphs a nd the t .&baDdon Prussia and to become his allies, Posen 'Garde d 'honneur' replaced the Emperor's _-apokon proceeded to defeat Russia and the own French troops. rnnaanu of . he Prussian Anny at the battles of The French advanced guard of Devout's corps ~ h Eytau 7 and 8 February 1807) and entered Warsaw on 28 November, and Xapoleon followed on 17 December. Frirdb.Dd 14 J un e 1807). Tbr culmination of the campaign W3.$ the The ' Poli h honeymoon' was soon over ; the:' T "'nIY oC Tilsir, si~ro between Xapoleon, Tsar retreating Pru ians and Ru ians had destroyed

Cjtie (lrrllltl VI/ell)' of UJrI/Jf1W

8

stores which they could not carry away, but insisted that Ihf' country provide his army with supplies or he would hand ba ck to her previous opprnson. Poles had to find 100,000 rations of food cia, for thdr French liberators and a reserve 000 ralions was to be held in the depots. oeduct of the French troops in the duchy to a drastic cooling of Franco-Polish Dombrowski now srt about recruiting men for alMfl," forces of the duchy and this scheme was su pport ed by Napoleon. alt h of irregular units existed and Domformalized these into, initially, four an d two cavalry regiments. All officers o the ra n k ofcaptain had seen service under Polish eagle, only the junior offict'n Wt'1T nuli ta ry lift'. a Decem ber 1806 Dombrowski had 3° ,000 IDClud ing 600 ea va try concentra ted at Posen . _ ua ry 180 7 Xapcleon directed that tht' III ~s of the eight nt'wly formed Polish lint' reai me nrs were 10 go to Bromberg to join

the Grande Arrnre-, Each strong, and Dombrowski which was divided int o t wo General Axamitowski co~ I nfa nt ry Regimenu a nd t1K' (. Cheval ; the and Brigade Gtnt-ra. Fi the .Jlh-8t h Infantry Rtgimmt Chasseurs a. Cheval. T otal di\'w ona l 6,400 men including 300 cavalry. There one hattery of foot artillt'ry of six ~ A rt'Rimt'nt of ' Na t ional Cauillo squadrons eac h of 12 0 men and the ' Levee .. (th ree regiments of volunteers) a lso calT" Bromberg later to strengthen Dom cavalry. At the same rime, the old 'Italian (Ge neral Grabin~ki's demi-brieade abo je i thc army with three battalions of infant", c; 800 . tron R, and Colonel Roaniecki's N'gi mt'O l lancers. •\notht'r newly raised Polish force _-as 'Legion du • iord' of 2,51)0 men und er Priece ~fichd Rarlziwi11; this legion had been raised Ihl:' Rhine from Austrian and Prussian prUori

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Polish extraction. It was sent 10 jo in t he Siege lbnziJt. a dec ree of I f January 1807 Na poleon ern"'IT'd. the Po lish Go vern ment 10 negoeia te sett lements with Prussia and R ussia and on .l.Duary Dombrowski's divis ion was sent to bnha l Lefebvre 's X Corps at the Siege of . Ge neralZe jonczek, with four nrwly raisrd ban aho es (form ed at Kalisz . joined the h forces brsiC"Ring Graudenz and some days apol eon gavr Prince Poniatowski comma nd et her newlv formed Polish battalions for d uty in Wa rsa w. Th e Posen 'Ga rde Mur' was now anached 10 th e Imperia l as Ihr ' u l R ~ im~n t of Pol ish C heva u-

hil(' tht' main Fre nch Arm y was beari ng the sa l Pre ussisch Eyla u on 8 Februa ry 180 7. a nd X Corps were employed redu cing th ose n fi,rtrNiWs which still held ou t in his rear. fron t of Dan zig. Do m browski captu red II on '23 February 1807, ca pt uri ng se-ven

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Pri...,. J...f P-u.1--.1U, .fll'r . C'OD" u n po.....,. ...... ~ I. Dn.d.... NOIIII', ... , ...cUtlo_1 PoU .h ....dl_r - ~ , ... l......t·. Iacot . , I'" C'OlI ar (ad D _ I ,. _ eM

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ca nno n a nd 800 men . :O-;a po lffi n deeribcr ed tee n CTOUrS of the Lr gio n of Honour amon.: t Poles for th is ac tion. The forn', besieging Danz ig coraared of Dt: bro wsk i's division 6,000 men , the I Xord (2.500 me n • a division from Bad m 3,000 Fre nch troops. Da nzig capit ula ted on 26 ~ f a y t80i and qu en rlv beca me a n ind ependen t Trpu r th ou sand Poles from the Da nzig ~a rTllll* Dom browski's fO T("('. T he Polish C hevau-l egers R ~ mm r 10 the Imp eri al G uard was incorpor. i litt' bod y of t he French Ann\ decree of 6 Apri l 1807 isIuf"CI headq ua rt ers at Finken trio. as t • c hl' \"aultgC"T1 polonai se de La O n I.f Junf' l80i :\"a pokoa t he Banle of Fried la nd aDd (pan of ~f oT1 if'r' s corpo: ar1lni r their cond uct in lhieleven offict'n and 1

UNIT Eac h infantry regiment had th ree battalions each of six co m pa nies indudinll: one II: r~ n a­ dier, one vohi/(eur and four fusilier co mpa nies (t he sta ndard French (\ rmy sys t ~m), THE ISFAr."TRY R EGI'dEST

S taff of 0 regintln/ of inf o,,/o': One Colonel One Ma jor Three Ch~[~ d~ bataillon Onc Paymast~r Three Adjutant-majors One Colour bearer (Pt1r"I-oigle) One Surgeon lS I Class Two Surgeons and Class Three Surgeon s grd Class One Chaplain Six Adjutants K C.O.s Two ='I.Co. s (a nd and :lrd

Po,/t-oigu ) One R~lI:imcntal drum majo r Onc Battalion drum major Eight Mu si6ans Three Ma ster C raft smen {a r moure r, tailor and bootmaker) Olfi m s Qj /he th,tt battalions: Six Captains 151 Class Six Captains and Class Six Ca pta ins 3rd Class ;Xine Lieutenants 1St Class Nine Lieutenants end Class EiKhtee n Second Lieutenants

f A£h co rnp(m_~ consisted ojOne Captain

ORGA~I ZAT IOX

One Lieu tenant One Second Lieut e na nt One Sergean t-majo r (sicl Four Sergeants [.sic] One Fo urj-ier (com pa ny quarte rmas ter) EiKht Corporals T wo Drum mers I I 7 Soldiers TilE C A V A LR Y REGI'dENT

Each cavalry regi ment has fo ur sq uadrons each of two companies except the Kurassie r regime nt which only ha d two sq uadrons.

Four Lieutena n t.'! 1st Class Four Lieute na nt, lind Class Sixteen Second Lieutenants

Roch compl1.n), tOrlSu t(d of: One Captain O ne Lieutenant Two Second Lieutenants One Ma rechal des log-is chef (serg ea nt-majo r) Four Sergeants [sic I One Fourricr Eigh t Corpora ls One Farrier (blac ksm it h) Two Trumpeters 79 Troopers One of t he companies wa s tile 'elite company' ,

Rtgintlnlal stnif: One Colonel One Major Two Chefs d'escedron s One Pa ymaster Two Adjutant-majors O ne Surgeon I st Class Two Surgeons lind Class T wo SUflo1eons 3rd Class One Chaplain One Standard bearer Two Adjutant N.C,O ,s One T rumpet ma jor One Veterinarian Five Ma ster Craftsmen (a r mo ure r, tailor. bootmaker. breeches-maker and sa dd le r)

Tlu KUfasSln u gimmt of two squl1.d,ons had 1M following Ttgi. ntlnlo{ stoff: One Co lonel O ne Major One C hef d'escadron One Pa ymaste r One Surgeon 1St C lass One Surgeon and Class Two Surgeons 3rd Cla ss One Chapla in One Porte-etendard One Trumpet major One V eterinary su rgeon Five Ma ster C raftsmen (as for the other regime nts)

RegimrolalOffiCtTs: T hree Captains 1St Class Five Captains end Class

Each company had the sa me establishment as the other ca va lry companies.

AR.\IY O RGAX IZAT ION Ot;f';t; RA L STAF F

1ST DIVUiI ON

CommandtT-in-Chiif

PrinceJo:;cph Poniatowski G tniral de Division

G'hiif of Staff

G~ll tral de UriKade Kamienecki

Cemm. of /M . 1,/illtT)'

Gl:niral de nr i l( a d~ .-\ xa m itowski

Insp.-Gen.

of "ifan / ~y

Insp.-Gen. of CovalT)'

12

G~lleral

de Brigade Fiszer

Grniral de Brigade Roaniecki

Command": G tnrral de Division Chiif of Sioff: .\fajo r de Division

Prince Joseph Pon iatowski Colonel J. Pa sakow ski

lNfA/liTRY lI R IG AD E

Ge neral de Hril{ade rst Re Kiment and Re Kiment

Luc Biegansk i Colonel ~I i cjcl G rabowsk i Colo nel Cornie Stanislaus Potoc ki

j rd Re Kiment .fth Re,{iment

Co lonel Zultowski Co lonel ('. omte Felix Potocki Sta nislas Woj c-

I I th RegimeJlt 12th Rq(iment

zyns lr.i

CAVAUl Y B RIGADE

Colonel ~Iichd Dombrowski , IatCT I'n:ebendowski Co lonel Comte Thadee Ty szklewicz

C~",m6fUUT; GencraJ de Bril(ildc 5th Rcgimcnt of C haucun 6th R~imcnt of I....n an

CA V A LR Y BRI GAV r;

~: l it


Regiment of Cbasseurs

an d Regiment of Lancers

eoor A R T I L L E R '· I

t Battalion

"-"i

(

c •f

Co.

CoIond I> J) zicwa.n

fOOT AkTILLERY

3rd Batrahon

Chef de Kataillon

Hlirt i ~

AS F.S GINE ER Pf: TA< :HMk..lI.'

Ch ef de Bataill un

J.

Redel

E N e t N E E R DETACfnlLVT

and D IVIS IO N {;jnt-ral de Oivi ion Ch ef d' Eta t ~Iajor lajor d e Division

Zajon czc k Co lonel K 05.~ki Skorzewski (Pa ul)

IK ' A NT RY

(~ nha l

~th

loth Rcgimcnt

de Brigade Regi ment "

tKh Rcgi mcnt -th R~ mmt R~cnt

Comte Isidore Krasinski Colonel Pr ince ~Iichd Radziwill Co lon cl \'al en tin Skoru,"lr.i Co lonel Sobolewski ('.oloncl ("oOdcbsk i

A '· AL Il Y

Ge neral de Brigadc vd R~ imcn t of Lancers .fth Regiment of Cha~u n

:\iemojew'SJr.i ('.olond Lo nczynski ('.o Lond Kwasniew ski

T A Il.T I L L F.R Y

m d Battalion

Grneral de Oi,,·i ion

Kami enski . The o ld ' Polish-I talia n Legion ' arrived Silesia with Gcncral Grabinski a nd remained the kingdom of Wntfalia in order to reo~uW Comprising 6,000 men, it received the namc the ' Legion of th e Visrula' and w as divided ! three regiments each of two battalions :

Cbcf de Bataillon Gorski

aD DIVISION

~:

In 180 7 the army of th e Grand D uc hy of W comprised 3 1,7 '3 infantry, 6 ,035 cavalry guns including the horse a rt illcry batt"), at privat e cxpt'nSt' hy th e )'oung Count \\ Potocki. Three French officers were attach ed to organize the artillery and the engin eers. At Ihr sa m e time the re giment o f Chev a uofthc Guard was organized in the ca mp at. hr. colonel wa s th e Count Vincent Krasi nski aDl.i . four squadron commanders wer e Thom as Lc ski, J an Kceietubki, Ign ace Srolowsk i and H

ut

Jean Henri

R~iment

[)om hro~ki

---f of StD-I;

~I ajor

de Di vision

Colonel Cz Pak a.z

' A.VTR Y B RIG A D E

and Rcg imcn t

rr/1PI4nMr : Grll t'ral de Brigade

Amil car Kosinsk i Colonel Prince Antoine Sulkowski

Ih Regiment

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4>,.....,., ranr ... .ana"

il .... d rtnlained at ran*- ... 1.... 1 ~ in I.... J-Y U ..\1 Ibr II~ ctlllw cna!ion of Itw Grvod l>u
h ~ y ;e Pnl.k8'· 1....... Il,·c Pnl.and ' .... fren<:h <>tficcn In !he l.oI!'~">n

n~~,~:~ ~:!:J~ :' ~r::

dcmandrd

10

br

rrtainrd

I: ~~ ~i~~7n;:'~\~;

3rd Re giment

Co Jond Chlopicki ~lajor Kons inow\ ki Chcfs de & ta illon Ruthic Fon d zieb ki Colo nel Bialowlcj slr.i Maj or Szou C...l olld Swidcrsk.i Major Billing

The cavalry of th e Legion Lancers of who la ter beca me th e 7th Lancers Anny, received Coloncl K lick i as place o f Colon el Rc en iecki who brc:uDe General of th e Cavalry. At the bcgin ninK of XOHmt C ski receiv ed the ord er to rer re ~

to being incorporated into till' French Army. AI' officers and men chose to serve their own country. but Napoleon was adamant and the Legion wa sent 10 K assel in the S('rvicc of rhe newly forme d kingdom of Wn ilfalia. xt a rsbal D a vo u t, who had French and foreig n troops under his command, was in reality the mili tary viceroy of the G rand Duchy of Waru~ with supreme control over the civil au thorities. On I Sept em ber 1807 the G ra f von Schon feld, Mini ster Pleni poren riary of the King of Saxony, a rr ived in Wa ry w; on 5 September he assembled the Provisional Government, dissolved it and created by royal decree in its place a government of one ministry having six members, almost all the members of the old regime. Stanislas Malach owski was President of the Cou ncil , Prin ce Poniat ows ki retained. the folio of Wa r M inister , On 21 Septem ber 1807 the King of Saxony, Duke of \Va n aw, was received at the frontier by t he President of t he Council, the minis ters and by Gt'neral Dombrowski and arrived in state in the capital with his wife and daughter. Frederick Augustus liked the Poles and spoke their language weil ; he was good, just and pious bUI was no soldier, The- Saxon king re mai ned in Wa rsaw until 21 Decem ber 1&:17, a nd on his departure he reinst at ed th e ord er ' Vi rtut i Mil itari' which had been created by St a nislas-Aug usue, and decorated many officers into its various grades. He introduced a modification: the horsed warrior on th e reverse of the cross [the same as on the arms of Lithuania] was superseded by the motto 'Rex et

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patria'.

no.

01 • Poll_ -adIe.. ol 19730 u.o-iat: ..'-dy alUl ,.... 1,. • • II _ . t. 11107 n .."PC

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th e

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01

.........

He wa nted thus 10 avoid offending the Tsar of R ussia (Alexa nder I ) under whose co ntrol Lithu an ia now was, ..U (('r th e' king's depa rt ure: the d uchy co ntinued its reo rga niza tio n; in Apr il IBoB it was divided into 'depa rtments' o n the French model. In view of the reduction of the financial burden of the Polish Arm y which had 1.I«n a drain on the Im perial Chest, Xapoleon was able 10 pa' from h is own account a third of the sum whic h was required for the' raising and equipping of th e Poles, He abo ordered Ma rsh al De vo ut to pay at th e

---

..........d.. of A-p"' .... llor;t; ..... A•• u i • • ...p_DC a.._ ;.w.&l . -_1.- II.. rreDC''' I_ I .... boo....... do_"," 01

end of June all that was requ ired for the m a inte-

nance ofthr French Corps within the d uch y whose nJ)('n5C'S were originally to have been met by the Polish Treasury. This made a good impression on all as the Polish Treasury was not in any condition to meet all these chargee. Not unti l the begi nning of September 1808 di d the French troops retire into Silcsia, with Bresla u as their headquarters. The Marshal retained supn:me command eve r the Polish Army hut conferred direct control of the- thre-e- Polish divisions o n Prince- Poniatowski. lit' continued to exerc ise polit ica l survei lla nce over the d uchy and appointed one of hi s own officers, Celene! Saulnier, to be Commandant of Waf5;lw.

CJlie'Folfs illrJpllill At t he outset of the Spanish campaiKn in spring t 808 the Polish contribu tion numbered some 8,000 men of the Vistula Legion and the Chevau-legers of t he Guard, raised 10 16,000 in August by the arrival ofthe 4th, 7th and 9th I nfa nt ry R~iml:'nt5. The Yistula Legion infantry distinguished themselves at the two sieges of Saragossa: by the- final fall of th e cit y o n 20 February 1809 the Legion ha d lost 1,39l"l men - thirty per rent casualties. The la ncers of the Legion fought at Medina del R io 5«0. For the re-invasion of Spain in Xovem-

15

T he mos t famou s act ion of the \ 'i stula lan cer s i . Spain was their devasta ting charge at Albu er on 16 .\f ay 1811, when, with a French hu ss. regime m, Iht')' an ni hilated Colbome's Rri t i ~ t infa ntry brigade. The Chcvau -legers o f the' Guard entered Spa ll with Napoleon, with a strength ofeilth t cornpanie The)' dislinji!:uished themselves in a bloody chan: at Scmosierra on 30 Xcvember 1808, and too k part in the pursuit of Moore's British Ann)' II Astorga. Aftcr escorting the Emperor back It France Ih~· were stationed on the Franco-Spa nish fron der, returmn g to Paris in February IBog, I n February 18 10, newlv armed with lances an d redesignated C"'lXl,.-II~nJ lanciers, a de tachment re-mmed to northern Spain. T hey operated main h against gue rr illa bands in the area; present at Fuen tes d e Osoro in ~I ay 1811, they d id not in fact cha rge. In September T81 1, 315 strong, Ihis d etach men t retu rn ed to the p arent regi ment in Fr ance, In Febr ua ry 18 12 a ll Polish un its serving in Spai n were co ncen trated on the Ehro . Together the fuur regimen ts of the Vis rula Legion had 3,oor men ; th e fou r infa nt ry regiment s of the: duchy ber 1808 the Legion serve d wuh ~I onc~ y ' s III the' 4th, 7th a nd 9th - totall ed 2,400 ; and the 7th. Corps , a nd the ot her three infantry regim en ts 8th and 91h Lancers totalled 1,000. ThCSt: figur es with Le febvre 's 1\' Corps . The IV Corps regi- were on ly achieved after remforcemem drafts frOID menu fouJtht at Talavera on 28 July IB09. a nd at Warsa w. I Est im a tes o f Polish casualties in lhi. Almonacid on 10 Augus t: Ihey were prominen t bitter campaign run as high as 40,000 dead a in the victory at Ocana on '9 Xovember IBog. wounded; Ihey ccnsistenrlv fought with gre Meanw hil e the Leg ion had bee n employed in the de terminauon, and uften, it mUSI be' said, diseas tern provinces, under Suc he r. In ~I a rc h 18 10 p layed bestial cruelty. a fou rth regiment joined Ihe Legion infan tr-y; it had orill;inally bee n raised as a "and Legion of the Vistula' by a decree of8 July 1&9- The last ba tt le in which the Legio n loo k pari in Spa in was a t Sag unto 0 11 25 Octobe r 1811, whe re Ihey p ro vided th e back bon e of a French force of 18,noo which smashed 3U,I-""' Spaniards. T he Vistula Legion lanc ers served Sl'p ara ldy from the infan try. A second regiment was raised In th e spri ng of lBog Austria d ecla red war by decree on 7 Feb ruary 1811, under Col onel Fran ce', encouraged by signs of pa trio tic unr Lubien ski, la te of the Chevau-legera of rhe G uard ; a mong Fr ance's German vassals .•\t this stage t but on 18 June 1811 both regimen ls were inco r- a rmy of the D uch y o f Wa rsa w consisted of pcrared in to the French Army as the 71h a nd 8th following : twelve infantry regim ents each o f rhre Regi men ts of Lancers, a 91h rrgi m~ nl txing ba ttalions; six cava lry regimen ts (1St, 41h and 5t formed around drafls from t he ether IWO. O n ly C haucul"1 a Cheval, and, 3rd an d Srh Lancers Poles were admitted 10 these three regi me nts. three banaliorn of anille'')-, each of three c

16

nine ty- th ree cannon; three I"nginffr train co mpa nies. The 41h, 7th and 9th been detached for Spanish service, h, to th and 1 uh were in Modlin and This left tl,2'65 infanlry, 4,s&t u.valf)" a"i ll~f)' for Ih~ defmc~ of the duchy. were formed , each of four infantry cavalry rrgjml"nls and an ~"i1Il"f)" batrith the 1St Division also ha,;nll: a horse battery , Some 2,200 Saxon troops ~.I"~ ailabl~. This army w;u threatened by the VII Corps in Galicia. some 33,000 men tht Archduke Ferdina nd. a nd invaded the duchyon 15 April 1809 .

JoIaJ-_ kWl.. . .... P

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011

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w.

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a nd the first serious dash took place at Raseyn, some ten miles south-east of Wa rsaw, on 20 April. Poniatowski withdrew into w arsa w that night, and at this point the Saxon troops were reca lled: the: Poles had only 9.500 dfl"£li,'t'S left, and had to abandon Warsaw and retire into Medlin. A treaty was concluded making Warsaw a neutral rily. and Poniatowski galhl"JTd strength. Austrian attempts to capture the Polish bridgehead which remained on their side of the Visrula at Praga were repulsed, and a succ essful coumer-auack was mounted. Ferdinand nl"xl attacked Thorn, bUI withdrew when tbe Poles promptly threatened his rear in Galicia by taking Sandomir. ~b.ny ofthl" 4,000 Austrians ejected were new local recrui ts, an d some 800 immediately ca rne ever 10 the PoIM. On 19/20 ~ la y Zamosc fdl to the Poles; and the jrd, 6th and reth Polish infantry, with ca valry and artilll"f)" support, succt'SSfully resisted a n attempt by 8,000 Austrians under Schau roth to recapture Sandomir. In rhe fact' of thrx repea ted set-backs, and gTowing local rnUtancl", Ferdina nd abandoned Wanaw o n 2 Jun~ 1809The situ a tion beca me more <,omplicat l"d wben

17

ing thi s ca m paign , consisted on 14 Xovember 18l" of th e following : Infan t ry ul Rtgl . (Col. Casi mir ~I alachowlk i ) , 2.690 meu :nul Rtgl . (Col. Stanislas Potocki), 3.0]0; :lfd Rt,( 1 (Col. Edouard Zohowlkil, 2,6-11; II/' Rtl" (Col Wien l>imk i), 2,2.11 - two boatt.a.lions in Spain jt/' RtA' . (CuI . Prince ~l iche1 Radz iwill), 2, 10-1 6t1t. H.tA'. (Col. J ul ~ n Sierawski), 2,67); illt. RtA' (Col. Jakubowicz), 1,095 ~ two boattalions in Spai n; Blit. Rt,'. (Col. Stuart), 2,302;9d Rt,', ((".01. Priner: Antoine SulkowU.i), 2,050 - two hattaHolU in Spain ; l ot ll RtA" (Co!. IJownarowiczl, 1,QQ6 - tw o battalions in Da nzig ; Ill. Rt f l. (Co l. ~1 1r:lz.)" nski ) , 2, "15 - two ba ltalions in Danzig; 1211t. &". (Co l Weyumhof ). 2,60t. 28,387 me n .

·r.,41

Ca val ry tsl CJuuurm {Col. Praebendowski), 937 me n ; 2rUI IANni (Co l. T)'ukiewicz ), 1,163; 3'4 IANni (C.ol. Lo nceynski), 1,015; ItII C/uJJstlm (Co l. Kw asn iew ,

ski), 687 - in German y; j ilt Cluustwrs (Co l. Cu Turno), 1,097; 611t. JAI/IC,,"S (Co l. Dom Dziewanowski), 1,0<:)9 . T l'lal 5,998 men. Artilluy, Enginee rs and T rain, hJlal 2,620 men . Grand T otal, 37,00,'jmen. FR "NU>-CALlC IA N ARM Y

s.IoaII. oJ •• • HiiC'O'r

01 H ••_ ....

R ussian troops moved against the A ustrians in W ara.aw on the same day. in support of the Pol es ; but this support was lirnhed and uncoordinated, and Pc n ia ro.....ski was forced on to the defensi ve again in th e second week of J un e. A seco nd A ustrian assau lt on Sa ndo mir failed blood ily on t5 Jun e, but on th e 18th th e garrison wasforced to capi tulate - with full honours - throug h lack of a m mu nition. M eanw hile Pon ia towski's for e" wer e growi ng in str ength, reach ing a to tal of sorne 24.000 th roug h th e rais ing of si:ot new infant ry and ten cavalry regiments in Galicia . Krakow was reta ken from the Austr ian s o n 1.1 J uly; and Iwo d ays later D('WI of the a rmistice of Zn aim be tw ee n Austri a and France reac hed Krak ow , en ding th e ca mpaign. T he subsequent T re at y of Sc ho nb ru nn brought to the duchy west Ga licia, the a rea su rrou ndi ng K ra kow. and the area o f Z.amosc. T he army of the Du ch y of warsa w, includ ing the ne w ' Franeo-Gahcian' formauora raised d ur-

18

Infaalry u t Rtgt. (Col. Sl neidr:r), 3,t25 mr:n; :nul Rtlt. (Co l. S i~m ion0W5ki), 2,852; 31d H.r!!,l. (Co l. ~f iaskowsk i ) , 3,t22; pit. &". (Co l. Kencz}" cki), 2,338; jIlt. & AI. (Col. Prince Comtantin Cza rtOf)"l ki), 2,56 1; 61' Rtl t. (Col. Homowu.i), 1,985. T.t4l 16,583 men The 41h Rr:l(iment was bter d isban ded , and the m, end, 3rd, ,'jth and 6th beca me the Pol ish 13th to 17th Regimen ts respecrivdy. Caval ry ~I (Co l. 7....wad l ki). 8.to men; IfttI I _ m (Co l. Ro:zwadowslo.i). 954 ; :Fd l..tuttm (Col Prz)"sychowaki), 936 ; 4llt l...41tur1 (Co l. Potodi) 699; 5,AI l..tuttm (Col. Ryszc.zewski), 943 ; 6,. J.-cm (Col. Treeciecki), 9 16; ;Ur. I... .ms (Col Tarnowski). 66 1; 8tll H MlJtlTl (Col. Tolim kil, 1,049, ¢t H VSS4f1 ((".01. L'milUki), 8oJ; l(jllt. A/i,unm ~Co\. ~bhc.how\\.i.), fou). Thn(: Ul\\\\ \a.\u b«.aTl'\ll: th e 7th to t6th Polish (:a\'alry regimr nl5. Gra"d Tl'tal FrllttC-.GtJ/it;i1l1l lrllOfJJ : 25, 193 mr:n GrllM T ot41 Pl'lislt f()fw: 6'2, 198 men. Dt'lItlwi forus: Spa in 6,2 65 men ; Da nzig - 3,024 men Germany - 68ti men . "'

In ~I a y IBog Ponia towski created .1co mp any of Guides from G a lician noble famil ies, co m p ri.,inr four office rs, tw elve N ,C .O. s, two trumpeters an d sixty soldiers. It ma y be ad ded th at the Cheva u- legere of the Fr en ch Impe rial G uard ..... e~ p resen t a t tht Rau le of W agram (5-0 J oly . Bog), and overt h re w the Austri an Sc b wa ree nberg L"hl.aI15 in one charge.

The scope of this campaign was so vast, and the r:ontribu lion of'the Polish units so widespread , tha t for reasons of'space it is im po ssible 10 go in to details this hoo k. A su mmary of units engaged, a nd a f list ofsomc of their most no table actions must

e. the bt'g inning of xt a rc h 1812 Prince tc wski, Ci-tn -C. of th e army of the Duchy Warsaw. recci v ed o rd ers from the Emperor to re to march. W ith the absorption of the nncc>G a licia n units. the forces of the duchy to ta lled 74.700 men, 22.850 hones and 165 :anna n. The entire V Co rps of the G rand e Armee composed of Po lish troops, o rga nized as IoWI: I

V' ~

c.,pJ CtnrrnuuuJn: Prince PoniatoW1k.i; Chid oj SLtJff, Gen . Fiszer-; /NptdJ Ch~f of S14.ff, Gen .

Ra utensrrauch .

,6l/r ~,, : Commander, G en. Zajo nczck ; Chief of Staff, Col. Weysscnhoff: Ilril{ade Comman den, Gem. ~ lidziIUki and Pouzkowski. 3rd, 15th and rfith Infantry Regiments; t qth Light Cavalry Brigade (Gen. T )"skiewicz); 4th C hasseurs; 12th Lancers. '7th Di~n : Commander, Gen . Dombrowski ; Chief of Staff, Col. Codrowsu; Brigade Comma n
Cha.cun. 18th Di~ : Commander, Gen . Kniaz iewicz; Chiefof Sta ff, Col. :'\owicki j Brigade Commanders, Gens. Bi~nski and Grabowski. and , Bth and nth Infa ntry Regiments ; aorh Light Cavalry Brigade (Gen. Prince Antoine Sulkowski) ; 5th Cha s~\lrs and 13th H uu a n ; Ligh t Cava lry nri ~ad e (Gw . ~iemoje .....ski) j 6th and 8th Lancers ; Light Cava lry BriRade (Gen . Axamitowski ); loth Hussars. 41h Po/uh Litht CdlJtl.lry D irUimr: Commander, Gen . Rcrniecki. 28th Light Ca\·alry Brigade {Gen. Dziewarowski ) j:lnd and t t th I.itln«:n : 29th LiJl:ht Ca \·alry Brigade (Gen . Turno) j 3rd and 16th Lancen. Cnder comma nd, lith Polish Kimusicn.

In addition to t hese formations, the 4th , 7th and qth Polish In fa nt ry Regimen ts were attached to

Fl ftd

1_

hal "",lay 01.. T"",.. como i.-s ....... _ . ...

of 1M I I

of R. ...ia'. ca ... paip.

Girard ', division of I X Corps: and Princr Michael Radxiwill's b rigade (5th. 10th and rn h Polish Infantry] were in Dan xig as part of M acdon a ld ', X Corps. The Legion of the Visrula, in two b rigades con sisting of the 1St and 3rd Regiments and the and and 4th Regimcnls. served in Claparede's divi sion of the Yo ung Gu ard under ~I ort i er. In August 181:l a b rigade formed from the 13th I nfa n try and a regiment o f the Xarional Guard of Warsa w, co m ma nd ed by Gencral Kw asnie wski. j oined a Saxon d ivision in Reynicr's VII Corps.

19

M .... t..l Ikn.doo l ... ... be • • ~ I. d ... .,...- of S......Ina; la 181J h . led. t.--p- .. pl••1 1t.1. l o r m • ., ma. IU, N..pol-.

20

On 23 Ju n ~ 1812 th e Grande Arm e~ crossed the Niemen on to Russian soil; for months beforehand the Duchy of Warsaw had been a vast cam p and assembly area, and rhe population wen nu doubt hear tily glad to be rid of some of thei r guests. Few, indeed , would pass that way again . The army ran into difficulties straight away : ahhough the Russians retreated before them, they poisoned the wells and streams and removed or destroyed all grain. Hundreds of men died from heat prostration every day, and the young Polish conscripts suffered particularly badly . T he poor forage available soon began to kill off cavalry mounts in tho usands. On ::13 June V Corps numbered 3°,000 men ; by ::18 J uly it mustered only 22,000, although no major actions had yet bun fought. On 27June the Poles entered Wilna, Lithuania - a Polish possession unti l 1795 - and were welcomed as liberators. In response to local requ ests a federation of Lithuania with the duch y was proclaimed on I July. and the raising of five infantry and four lancer regimenu was put in hand. These w ere designated the 18th to aand Infantry and 17th to seth Cavalry R egi m~n u of the anny of the duchy - although they never reached full strength, and most of them perished in the horror of the Russian winte r. Napoleon also formed a guard of honou r from young Lit hua nian nobles which became the grd Cbevau-legers La nd e rs de la Garde. On 9 July at Mi r, on 10 July at Koralice and on 14 J uly at !'\icswiez, the Polish cavalry w ere rough ly handled by Russian forces amo ng whom Pla tcw's Cossacks were prominent. The Pain took some measure of revenge on 25 July, when the 6th and loth Cavalry smashed the Russian Ingermannland Dragoons. On 13 August the Polish 17th Division and the and, 7th and 15th La ncers were detached to act as a link with Saxon and Austrian forces on the southern flank. of the army, leaving V Corps with but 15,000 men. On 16 August the Poles were heavily commined to bitter fight ing at Smclen sk, with mort than 2,000 casualt ies, including four generals and sixty officers. Late in August the fint elements of the new Lithuanian infantry regiments arrived with the 17th Division : at about the same time Victo r sent the 4th, 7th and qt h Polish I nfantry Regiml'nts to

. At Bo rodino on 5-7 Sept ember the Poles aga in heavily enga ged . O n 5 Sep tember towski led the bulk of the Polish units foron the right Rank of th e ar my, whe re they the Schwcradino redou bt. On 7 Sr-pn-mber rt her flank ing movement dev eloped o n the • a nd the Polish infan try foug ht around th e e of Uticza ; the cavalry were also ac tive in sector, taking Pasa raew. T he Vistula Le gion ht on the left flank unde r Claparede. In the second halfofth e month, while Xapoleo n pied the smo king ru ins of ~foscow and ed on his d ilem ma. t he Polish corps was sent clea r strong Russia n forces th reatening the lines co mm unication . They foug ht at Podo lsk on Se ptembe r, then followin g the ene my as he fell k towa rds K a luga, figh ting several further «lions. Losses had bee n ex tremely hea vy, an d the lish infa ntry regi ments were now reorganize d "t h two battalions eac h instead of thr ee. At about time the Vistula Legion joined th e o the r Pa lish un its. T he lu ll in ope ra tions be tween lat e Se ptember an d m id-October en ded on 18 O ctob er , whe n Iwavy Ru ssian pressure developed aga inst M ur a t's OUtposts; t he K ing of Na ples was forced to withdraw inside a Polish infan try sq uare. By the time the y had fough t t heir way back to Woron owo the Poles had lost a no ther 500 dead (includ ing C enera l Fiszer ) a nd 1,000 wounded (includ ing Prince Anton Sul kowski), and the V Corps was down to 12,000 men. On 18/19 O cto ber the re trea t from M oscow began. It s miseries have been chro nicled too often to merit repe tition her e; suffice it to say th a t the Polish troops suffered as bad ly as a ny dement in the dwin dling a nd wretched army. Aft er fighting a t Borowsk an d Wiasma, V Co rps - so-cal led - ha d but 800 eflecrlves under arms. The Vistula Legion. which had jo ined the G ra nde Arm ee 7.000 stro ng, was reduced to 1,500 by t he tim e th e army reac hed Smolcnsk on 9 Xovember. The 3rd (Li th ua nia n) Lancers of the G ua rd were wiped out at Slonim o n 3 Nove mbe r. The detached 17th Divisio n under Dom browski was still 4,000 strong , bu t it su ffered heavily at Boriesow o n the Beresina while vain ly tryin g to save the vita l bri dge from Tschemichew's R ussian s. Whi le the ghost of th e G ran de Arm ee stragg led ac ross the two rickety

Brrthl~r,

Napo1.-.'a t D-.I.. a bl~ chid of a' a fr.

bri dge s which were improvised at Studienka on 27 Novem be r, the no w-reuni ted V Corp s under Zajonczck held off a Russ ian advance u p t he west ba nk of the Bereslne. Poni a towski, who was sick a nd tr avelli ng in a carriage, only escaped ac ross t he river with difficulty. Co m mand of V Corps passed rap id ly from Zajcnczek to K nia aicwicz to Kra sinski, as t he gene ra ls were wounded one by one. O n the night of 6 November the Polish Lan cers of th e G uard and th e 7th Polish Lan cers escor ted Napoleon as he deserted the ra b ble of his ar my . O n 9 N ovem be r t he remains of V Corps crossed th e N iemen an d entered their homeland o nce again. Ponia towski reviewed them at Warsaw on Christmas Day; apart from Dom browski's 17th Division, th ey nu m ber ed 400 men - but the y still had th eir eagles and forty cannon.

21

pa__ a:;" or 1.... RJv .... Ni ..1 a oa :14Jua.. 1813, a l 110e _t a rt or til.. ra1dlll Ru__1aa onpaICa..

~

26th Infant,y Division (Gen . Kam ieniecki): I n,igad, (Gen. Sieraw~ki), 1St and 16th IntantrT Regiments; 2nd B, igaM (Gen. Ma lachowski), and 15th In fantry Re giments. 27th Inf antry Dioision (Gen. Kr a.i nski) : I B , igade (Gen. Grabow~ki ) rarh Infant ry Rcg"imcn 2nd B rigade (Gen. Lonczynski) lind and I,J In fant ry R egiments [ex-Dom b rowski's d ivision}. The R ussia ns flood ed into th e Du chy of W a rsaw in the ea rly mon ths of 18 13; th ey occupied the city on 9 February, and Ponia towski began th e painfu l bu sine ss o f reorganizing his forces from Krakow. Element s of Poli sh units were sca tte red all ov er northern Eur op e, and it was not un til t he victo ry of LUtzen br ought a brief respite with th e armistice of Pleiss witz th at a Polish corps could be assembled . By thi s time the Russian advance had pu shed Poniatowski back to Ziuau in Saxony. From composite uni ts of surv ivors , raw conscripts, renumbered regiment s, retu rned pr isone rs and o ther 'od ds and ends', Napoleon an d Poni at ow ski created V I II Corps, a s follow s:

22

The cavalry became th e 4th R eserv e Cavaln Corps under Gener al Kellerman, Co mte Valmy, as follow s: Advanced Guard (Gen. Lminski) : 14th K urasai (Co l. Dziek onski}; Krakw (Maj . Rzuchow 8th Light CalJtll~ ~ Division (Gen. Pri nce Sul ko.... 1St, 3rd and 6th C ha.~un, in two bril{a.do man ded by Gens. Weys.o,enhof and 'Furno. UJ:hl Cat'airy Dit,isiOri (Gen. Sokolnicki ) : 8th 16th Lance rs and 13th Hussars in two bri comma nded by Ge ns. To linski and Kwa.\Ilie~ki

The lind and 4th Cavalr y, ex-Dombrowski's sio n, we re b riga de d und er G ('n('r al K ruko.... ·

attached 10 VIII Corps. Various isolated . h regtmenu were still in existence in Da nzig, osc, Modlin and Hamburg. At WittemlW'rJt two regiments now in French pay : the R~i­ t of the Yistula, a t wo-banalion remnant of o ld Legion, and the '4~ Rc:gim('nt Polonaise', co m posite of t he uld 4th, 71h and 9 th Infa ntry , re that ma ny of t he uni ts of\' 1II Co rps, above, e' no direct relationship to the prr.1813 n- gi• . e nIS of the' same numerical designation. After the victory of Dresden (:l6 August 1813 release of Polish prisoners brought \' 111Corps' IItn"ngth up 10 12,000. The new formation was Wooded at Ka tzbach on 26 August. K ru kowiec kt's ca valry br iga de - and and 4th Regi ments - distinCUishcd t hemselves a r Denn ewirz o n 6 September. On 16 October th ere ope ned the last great banle of Xa polcon's Po lish allies - Leipzig, the Battle of tbt Xarions. At first based at xt a rk-Kl ce burg, the 000 Poles were pu hed back 10 Dolitz by an a llack by 18,000 R ussia ns and Prussians under K leist , Tha t night Poniatowski was no min a ted Manhal of France. T he Poles remained at Doli rz t hro ugho ut ' 7 O cto ber, apart from element s .... hic h held the suburb of Halle and areas to the no rth. Tbe ci lY had beoorne a trap in the middle of a ring of co nverging Allied armies, a trap with o nly one way out - a single bridge over the Eisler, The heavy trains wert sent out over the bridge on the night of 17- 18 October: it was then prepared for eve ntual de moli tion. O n 18 O cto ber t he Allies renewed thei r assaults, and bitter fight ing took place, Tha i nig ht Na poleon o rdered the evacuation of th e city, and during the following day conditions within the areas of French occupation deteriorated as the rearguard formations tried 10 fight off the Allied prcssUf(' and panic began to infect those units which had not )'t'l managed to withdraw eve r the bridge. W h("n the Russ ians forced th eir wa), in to the city, a fter blood y fighti ng in which t he Po ll'S played a desperate part, chaos gripped t he bridgehead - and at thai poin t the Elste r bridge was prematurely blown, leaving 20,000 Fr ench , German and Polish troops trapped in Leipzig. Amo ng them were Ponia towski and the remna nts of \' 11I Corps. Most fell into enemy hand s; m an y a ttempted to swim to safety across the EISler, an d were drowned , Amon g these latter was M arsh al Pri nce Ponia to wski - a nd with him

died, for a ll practical purposes, the G ran d Duch y of " 'a naw. One by one, isolated fortresses all OHr northern Gennany capitula led, and many PolC'S were among the garrisons. Those f("w thousands who rema ined with the French forces as they retreated towards Fran ce were on ly kep t in t he ran ks with grea t di lllculty afte r th e news of Pon ia towski's death spread. Eventually, and in violation of a promise made to Dombrowski, Napoleon ordered t he incorporation of all Polish units into the French Arm)'. Isola ted units, inspi red by personal loyalty to the Emperor, distinguished themselves during the French campaign of 1814, The T rea ty of Pa ris was signed o n I I l\pr i11814, a nd the wa r was over. Napoleon bec a me r uler of Elba and was permit ted to la ke wit h hi m a battalion of grenadiers of the Guard and a squadron of 120 men of the Polish Chevau-legers of the Guard. This squadron was formed completely of volunteers and was commanded by J erm a nowski. Art icle '9 of the Trea ty of Pa ris

T10e r ......... Gno..-.l Kleb t ..- NoIt,....lorft.

23

TIoe _ .... n

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v.....__• .., e-..m. _

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A..- 181lt all... , ... ""'" eI K..Jm.

defined the future position of the Poles who had fought 10 valiantly for 10 long for the Emperor : 'Polish troops of all amu are at liberty to rl:tum to their homelands having terminated their honourable service. 'OffICCR, :X.C.O., and men may retain the dttOralions which Ihey have been awarded and ""i11 ecminue 10 receive the pensions auached to thn(' decorations.'

UJlifOrJIIS In.f_u~,.

At the beginning of 1807 the infantry wore d.ark blue Ir.unlr.as with crirmon facings; black felt cupka decorated with a br. sun-burst plate , Th~ ll uad rft1 Day. dark blue or white trousers, brown gr('atcoat. At the beginning of April 1815 it was decreed Plume, pompon, epanleues and cords as follows: thai five foreign r('gimenu shou ld be formed for grl:nadiefl red, vohigeurs )'ellow; fusiliers light service with Xapoleon'e a rmy . The grd Foreign blue. Regiment .....as formed ot'Poles u nde r '-I ajo n 5lUIc This uniform w as modified by a decree of and Golcseew..ki. The men came mainly from the a M a rch 1807 as folio",.. lall kurtkas dark blur}: old Legjon of We \"istula. Tbe Elba Squadron of III Dil'iJu,II: Lapels yellow, collar and cuff, nod, Polish Ca"'alry became rhe ut Squadron of the yellow buttons bearing the nogiml:ntaJ number; Regiment of Chevau-legers Lanciers de la Garde, trousers worn over bocu, closed at the bottoms and foughl wdl at Waterloo. On I Oc tober 1815 .....ith eight buttons and dght kx>ps. On dutjIbis squadron JWII'Cd into Rua ian JnVice in the ofTlCrn wore gilt go~u with silver eagles; gilt new kingdom of Pola nd . belt with lilnr eagle. Field officers wore dark blue

21

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an d gold silk sashes; junior officers, white leat her belts. Degen with steel grip. 2rlJ Dit1sion: Crimson lapels, collar and cuffs, white buttons and upplates : otherwise as 1St Division. 3'J Division: Lapels, collar and cuffs white, yellow buttons and cap-plate, otherwise as 1St Division. In undress, officers wore dark blue frock-coau with collars of the same colour, and bicoms. The cockade was white like that of the ancient Polish republic. Napoleon imposed the French cockade on the Franco-Polish regiments in lB09, but Prince Ponia to wski rein troduced the white cockade when these troops were incorporated into the ar my of the Duchy of Wanaw on I J anua ry 1810.

In the decree of 3 September 1810 it was directed that all regiments of infantry wou ld wear the same facings . 0ffiurs' FiliI Dress: Dark blue coat, white waistcoat and trousers; collar closed and piped in crimson (volugeu rs - yellow unpiped eolian). White lapels, straight cuffs ....-ith crimson flaps and

w hite piping. The coat was closed by means ol hooks an d oJX'n on the thighs. Ho rizonta l, threepointed poc ket Raps with crimson piping. n.r skirts were hooked back to show the white with, in the corners, embroidered hunting llor-. for the ~ltigeun, stan for the fusilien ... grenades for the grenadiers. Yello w metal t.utbearing in relief the number of the r~ Seven small bu ttons on eac h side of ~ th ree large butto ns belo..... on the left side t hree buttonholes on the righ t. Two large _ _ in the sma ll of the back , t hree on each pockn one small button for eac h epaulene. Tbe showed benea th th e coat and was cJo..d, sma ll but tons; t hree on each podcL breeches, H unga rian boots . Blac k ACId white. Black bicom edged in black ;_ a double loop of gold half .ilQ inch . . gold button) which fixed rbe c:ockMk.. Officers wear beankins with red ""_.. _~ cords. The bearskin is of the JaIN' of the men . Voltixnlrs: Q ffic""

w...r

yellow pompon fourteen centi metres high. FlLfilin: Officers have a black pompon above the cockade. Ojfiur$' {""d,m: Dark blue- frock-coat with similar collar a nd lapels, closed with nine large buttons, Dar k blue trousers. Grenadier officers have- a red hat pompon. SlUlotll: Dark blue- wirh seven large buttons on e-ach la pel; unde-r this, waistcoat and trousers of whi te- d imity or na nkeen as desired . }/.C.O.s olld So/dins: Dar k blue coa t, whi te la pels bu ttoned back an d closed with hoo ks; below th e plastro n the kurtka is closed with two larg e buttons. Dar k blue trousers for everyday we-ar, white for parades, the latter worn with white gaiters unde-r them . CunadU1S: Bea rskin bonne t (mostly shown with a sma ll black pea k edged in yellow metal] leaning slightly forward. Brass plat e with whi te metal eag le and bea ring the numbe r of the regiment betwee n two flan king grenades. T op of the bears kin red with a whit e cross, red cords and plume. Lo ng moustaches are worn. Red epauteucs. l'oJtignus: Shako with yellow cords, above- the coc kade a }"rHow and green plume.

26

Short moustaches arc worn. Green epaulenes. Fusi/ins: Czapka ofhlack felt, nine inches high and ten inches sq ua~, while metal eagle above a yellow metal plate bearing the regimental number. Black Ie-ather pe-ak edged in brass. Above the eagle a while cockade surmounted by a black. pom pon. Whilc cords, terminating in tasK'1s which are silve-rand crimson for X.C.O.s. While leather work. Da rk blue shoulder-straps, The fusiliers were clean -shaven. Bldck leather pouch with a regimental number in brass for the fusilirrs, number wi thin a hunting horn for vohigeurs and number and a grenade for the grenadiers. Dark blue forag(' cap with red piping and tassel. On the march, the forage cap was carried rolled up unde-r the pouch and t he plume (in its case) was strapped 10 the sabre shea th. Whil e waistcoa t for fatigues (colla r, cuffs and pip ing crimson?), grry greatcoat. Sapptu1J: Gr ena dier's bearsk in; on the uppt'r arms of th e kur tka a. badge of two crossed ax" with a gren ad e in red clot h . Wh ile lea ther apron, wide white band olier and black pouch for the axe, small pouch with the sappeu r's badge, gauntlet. The sab re has a brass grip terminating in a cock's head and dragoon carbines are carried. Sappeurs wore full beards. •\{IUUUnu: Drummers and musicians wore a great variety of dress following the whim of their commander. Rad Ce'tiI o f Ra.ak OJlims (indica ted by epaulenes}: Co/nt/ - two epaulettes with bullion fringes, no e-mbroidery on the straps• .\Iojar - the same epautenes but with th e top in silver . ~/nta"/-c%M/ - on the Ie-ft an epaulerte with bullion fringes, on the right a con ue-epaulet te without fringes. CtJptllin - on the left a fringed epeu lene, on the right a centreepau lctte. utukllalll - as for a captain, but with a line of cri mson, one-eigh th of an inch wide alon g the stra ps. SIJUJ-/uuttnant - the same epauleues, but with two lines of crimson silk zigl.agging alon g t he straps. Adjlltallt-trUJjar - on the right a fringed epaulene, on the left a corure-epaulerte. Epa ulettes were gold for all infantry officers, the ptJrk-lpit and hat cords silver, the gorget gold with a silver Polish eagle . ~\·.C.OJ: CorptJraJ - t.....o stripes of yellow cloth two inches above the culTs. !'.'nINllt - one gold stripe on e-ach ann and one on the stra p of the epauleue or shoulder-strap. &rgtO"'-

1Nl]or - t"''O gold stripes. FtnlTfin - one gold chevron four inches above the elbow. All KC.O.s have a gold top band one inch wide to their sha kos or czapkas. Armam~dt

All fusilier officers carry French-pattern Dege-n with gilt plate and grip; black she-ath, leather belt . Mounted officers carry sabres with ye-llow grips and . hr a ths, trimmed in black leat her; silver spun . Gre nadier a nd voltigeur officers also ca rry sab res. KC.O.s, grenadiers and voltigeurs ca rry sa bres as well ill muskets an d bay onets, the fusiliers on ly t he muske t a nd bayonet.

infantry. At th e tumbaek comers, gold ernbroidered flaming grenades. Riding boo ts, silver spurs, gilt fittin gs and buckles . U"drm: Dark green, single-b reas ted frock-c oa t, black velvet colla r a nd cuffs with red piping. Black o r grl"t'n trousers. Cut as for th e infantry. SUTIsId: As for und ress, bu t do ub le-breasted with seven lar ge buttons on eac h lapel. Below this, wa istcoat a nd trousers of whi te dimity or nankeen acco rding to cho ice. ,X.C.OJ tVU1 Grmnns: Dark gree n kurtka with black collar, la pels and cuffs piped in red. Gree n trousers or whi te tro users and gai ters. Red epaulenes. Sh ako with yellow chin scales an d yellow metal plat e bea ring a flaming gre na de a nd two crossed ca nno n ba rre ls, a ll surmo unted by a whit e met al eagle. Red cords, pompon a nd plume. Vt SU Ih emit (Faligutja ektl ): White with grttn collar and cuffs and green piping round the pockets. Foragt Cap: Dark green edged in yellow. Conductturs (D rivns): G rey /blu e kur tkas wit h grey trousers (with leather insets); dark blue czapka trimmed with black astra kha n . On the left upper a rm a n ova l brass plate bea ring the nu m ber of th e vehicle and of th e division. Badgts of Rad: : As for the infa ntry . A" rt.am.f'1fI: As for th e infantry except tha t N.C.O.s and men have dr agoon ca rbines a nd sabres with red straps. Traill tl'lrpnJNIgt: Dress as for the artillery, but the kunka is blue/grt')' with ligh t yellow colla r and cuffs. Buttons, epautenes, etc., are white,

Kiira.siers Fall Dress: Dar k blue coat faced in red, red collar

closed with th ree hooks, squa re red cuffs with dark blu e piping. T wo gre nades in th e tumback cc mers, poc kets in th e folds of th e skir t. The coat closed by nin e buttons a nd th e skirt projected nine inches below the kurass. Three buttons on eac h pocket, two at the rear of th e waist and o ne for eac h epaulene . The buttons a re flat and yellow a nd bea r in re lief the number of t he regim ent . \"'hile waistcoat nOI visible beneath the coat; whil e Foot Artm~ry OJfims' Full Dress: Dar k gTCt'n coa ti colla r, la pels leather breeches closing with four buttons belo w and cuffs black velvet with red edg ing: whit e th e knee, whi te cloth knee-c uffs reachin g to fo ur waistcoat and trousers; yellow me tal buttons bea r- inc hes above th e knee a nd closing with four ing in relief a flaming grenade above crossed buttons. Cuffed boots rising to three inches above cannon barrels. Style of coat, number of buttons, the knee, long, buc kle-on steel sp urs. S teel ko rass hooks. Itock, hat and cockade as for offiurs of with front and back pla te with brass rivets , leather

27

da. 01 the Btrr...u... in Nov.....t..r 181 ~ 110.. o( II.,. G ...... de Ann& auemp' 10 _ ..... the.... _Iv,"",. TIle FoU.b Co"P.., reduc:ed to .. ( 'Ow bWldrPd m ,...,

TIle ., rIO

(0""1:101 I: .. naoll,. 08 11010

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stra ps covered in brass scales. The kurass is edged with red cloth th ree inches wide the outer edge of which has a silver edging one inch wide. Frenchstyle helmet with red plume 00 the left side (steel body, brass combe, horse-hair crest and tuft, yellow chin scales, black fur turban extending over peak, which is edged in brass. No neck shield). Black stock edged in white', white leather gau ntlets wit h cuffs seven inches high. Undress: Dar k blue frock-coat faced in red and closed by nine yellow buttons. Red collar closed with three hooks. Pointed cuffs outlined in red pipi ng and closed with three small buttons. Grenades on the turnbacks; vertical pockets with three points edged in red pip ing. Plain dark blue trousers, same boots as for full dress. Bicom as for the Chasseurs 11 Cheval with red plume . Surtout: Dark blue with similar collar and cuffs, pockets in the folds of the skirt ; seven buttons on each lapel. Greatcoat: White cloth, closed collar with yellow meta l loops and red piping; circu lar cape collar (rotondt) nine inches high. Red lining twelve inches wide. N.C .O.s and soldiers have the same uniform as the officers, according to regulations.

28

Badgts of Roni: Gold epaulenes as for infantry officers; portt-lpll one and a half inches wide terminating in a silver tassel (b ullion fringes for field officers). Armamml: French model Pallasch with yellow hilt, polished steel sheath ; steel fitted pistols. White leatherwork with yellow metal fittings. White leather bandolier with yellow buckle worn over the kurass. Chane-ul's • Che-val Full Dress: Dark green kurtka lined in dark green, collar closed with three hooks, pointed cuffs. Seams on the rear of the coat one inch wide, pockets in the folds. Th e kurtka is closed with nin e round brass buttons and there are two on each pocket. Long breech es with a double side-stripe of one-inch-wide br aid in the facing colour. The breeches close at the bottoms with six hooks and one button covered in green cloth. Black leather instep straps. Collar, cuffs and piping in the regimental facing colour. White waistcoat under the kurtka. The elite company and the officers wear busbies; the bag of the busby is in the facing colour and the top lining is gathered under a larg e central gold button. Black stock edged white .

Baul. 01 Ui. ... ... or Gro ..-G6 r lK:"''''a., :I Ma,. III J .

White gauntlets for officers, gloves for the men. Short boots under the breeches; yellow metal screw-in spun. UJUlTtJJ: Dark green frock-coat with dark grttn lining; collar closed with three hooks; pointed cuffs in the collar colour closed with two buttons. Coat closnl with nine buttons in yellow metal. Vertical pockets in the skirts, trident shaped with three buttons. The skirts hooked back to form tumbach, gold hunting horns embroidered in the tumback corners. French-style white breeches or dark green breeches, Hungarian boots edged in black with a small tassel in the fron t. Breeches for everyday wear in dark green or grey cloth, fitted inside the l~s with black leathe r and on the left th igh to gua rd aga inst wear from the sabre. Black bieorn with a two-inch-wide black bind ing and on t he Itoft side a double gold bra id loop and a gold button hold ing the cockade. Surwut: Dark green as arc the collar and cuffs, seven yellow buttons on each lapel; vertical pockets in the rear skirts. GrtOwMt: White cloth, high collar (with piping in the facing colour) closed by three small buttons; the cape collar could be removed. N.C .O.• and IOldien wear the same uniform

as for the officers' full dress. The elite company wear busbies with red plumes and cords, the centre companies have shakos with white cords. White leatherwork, yellow scale epauleues with, for the ilite company, red fringes, for the other companies, white frinltcs. The regimental facing coloun were: nt Regiment: red; fth Regiment: crimson; 5th Regiment : orange. The trumpeters rode greys and wore white busb ies with yellow and grttn cords, white kurtkas with waistcoat Ii la H. mrrJt with braid in the regimental facing colour. Trumpet cords silver and crimso n. Badgn Df Rod : As for the infantry except that t he strap of t he epa ulette is covered in yellow metal scales; portt_/plt of woven black leather with silver tassel; silver cords a nd gold pompon to busby. N.C.o.s and soldiers are distinguished in the following manner: Corporal - two stripes of yellow cloth, edged in red, placed two inches above the culT. S"gtant - one silver stripe, edged in red, in the same position. S"gtanl-mojDr - two silver stripes edged in red as above. FDwnin - one gold chevron edged in red. Arma""",t: Sabre with yellow metal hilt, 1IC'e!

29

• I

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sheath with yellow fittings . Black pouch decorated Yellow filled pistols. Bandolier as for the Chasin gold with the number of the regiment betwee n seun a Cheval. Black leather belt three inches two wreaths. Bandolier of black polished lea ther wide with a half-inch-wide border along each three inches wide bordered wi th two gold laces edge, yellow buckle-plate with the Polish eagle. half an inch wide. Yellow metal buckle. Black The belt is worn over the buttoned kunka. leather belt two inches wide with gold deco raocn, slings one inch wide, For everyday wear the Lane.", offiun wore white polished leather bandoliers. FrJl lftm: Dark blue kurtka of Polish eUI, duk For the and, grd and 16th Regimenta the lance blue lining. Collar closed with three hooks, ~nnons are red over whitt'. For the 7th and 16th pointed cuffs. The kurtka closes by mean s of Regiment' (Fra nco-Galician) the lance ~nnons hooks. Vertical pockets in the rear skins. Pipin g arc in three colours , the triangular part which is to lape ls, cuffs and along seams on the rear of th e a ttached to the staff being blue, the top fly being jacket and the sleeves. Flat yellow metal buttons red and the bottom fly whit e. The 11th to 2151 bea ring the regimental number - seven on each Regiments (Lith ua nian) have blue ove r whit e lapel, three on each pocket, two at the rear waist lance pennons. a nd two for th e epaulettes. White waistcoat under Trump eters' dress was extremel y varied a nd at the ku rtka. Long da rk blue breeches worn over the discretion of the com mander. Gem-ra lly th ey the boots with double bands down each leg in th e wore whi te busbies a nd kur tkas, red plumes an d facing co lour, each band half an inch wide. ThC'1e rode greys. N .C.O.s and soldiers wore the same breec hes dose with six hooks and one button at dreu aJ the officen except that their greatcoats the base of the It'S in the facing colour. Black were white with eolian in the facing eolour. leather instep straps. Black ceapka nine inch es BaJltS ef RaIlA: As for the Chasseurs a Cheval. high and each top edge ten inches long . The AnMmnII : French -style light cavalry sabre with top part is separated from the round bottom part yellow three-bar hilt, steel sheath and fittings. by a two-inch-wide gold lace band. Each corn er

30

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""rl,,·hr l ftll/U" r H;·'mr,·f:.r "(In df'r lni'Zl.",;rrN"P"

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31

of the top part has a meta l ca p with a hook for the cords. O n the left-ha nd top side (in the middl e of tha t side) is the white Polish cockade un der a gold Malt ese c ross. In the front, OH."r the lace band, a gilt plate bearing thc number of the regimen t in relief. lUack lea ther peak edged in yellow meta l, yellow chi n scales, black plume fifteen inches high for junior officers, white plumes for field officers" Short boots with yellow screw-in spurs . White gloves. Blac k stock edged white. c.;"dnSJ: Da rk blue frock-coat lined in the same colou r a nd closed with nine semi-rou nd, yellow

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blue

Crimson Dark blue Cri mson

Dark blue Dark blue Dark blue Yellow Yellow Orange

ars

Da rk blue pelisse ( ~ f etlk) lined with white fur a nd edged in black fur with three rows each of eightee n 10 twenry buttons accordi ng to th e wear er ', siee: a dolman with crimson collar and th e same number of butto ns: Hun gari an sash with five sets of knot s: H ungari an breec hes with t high knots ; a sleeved waistcoa t for forag e duties a nd long grry breech es, reinforced with leath er a nd closing at the bott om with six butt ons. Polished Hun garian boots with st«1 sp urs. Light blu r sha ko with cords. OffiUTJ' FuJI Dress: rel i~ lined in crimson doth and edge d with white astrakhan; five rows eac h of eightee n to twenty buttons with silver lacing. The pelisse is edged wit h lace and has lace decoration 10 the rear . Crimson dolm an , same lace, buttons and ornaments as the pelisse. Light blue breeches with

32

buttons. Collar closed by three hooks. Pointed cuffs, with piping, closed by two small buttons; verti cal , tride nt-shaped pocke t fla ps. Skirts hooked toget her at the bot tom. Hungari an breeches and polished boots . Black bicorn. Su,touJ: Same cloth as above, seven buttons (yellow, half-rou nd ) on each la pel. G"dWtJt : Dar k blue clot h, high colla r a nd ca~ collar reaching to the waist-belt. Rc-gim('nts of lancers are distinguished by their buttons (which bear their number) and by thei r facing colour worn on collar, la pels, cuffs, trouser stripes and pipi ng as mown below.

lAP<' pipin,

Yellow White Crimson

R,d R,d White White White White Crimson en~

Crimson Yellow Yellow 0..00<

ClI.ffl

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Yellow Yellow 0....e

Coff fripitt, White White White

R
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Yellow Yellow Crimson Yellow

Rod R
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thigh knots; Hungaria n boots with lace tri m and tassel. H unga ria n sash in silver a nd cri mson. Ligh t blue shako with silver cords and decoration acco rdi ng to rank. U"d,t1J (fo r sum mer}: Da rk blue do lman, crimson collar edged with lace; five TO""" oflacc, three rows eac h of five buttons, etherwi se as for full dress. White waistcoat , long, grey breeches fined wit h grey leat her inserts, crimson side-stripes each having six white buttons. For winter a da rk blue pclisse edged in wh ite ast ra khan with five rows of silver and crimson lace. Light blue forage cap with silver pipin g as for th e French Army. White greatcoat. X .C.C J and So/dins: Light blue shakos and th eir pelisses arc trimmed with black lam b's-wool Trumpeters wear red fox fur busbies, white pelisses edged in red fox fur and having white and crimson lacing. The trumpeters of the I odl

no. f..-eta prri_ .. oIS, .nd.. I• ...,o rud bOlO ... pdriry I. 18 13 by P......I•• aad R. ..... troope. Hussars had a blue do lman, crimson breeches and yellow boots; those of the 13th Hussars a crimson dolman, blue breeches and red boots. The officers and men of the elite company wore black astrakhan busbies with light blue bags held by a la rge light blue button. The loth Hussars had gold lace, decorations, buttons, stripn, etc., but their sha ko cords remained silver, their pelissee were edged in black astrakhan and thei r sha kos were light blue. (T he- rgth H ussa rs we-re- as described in the main body of the text .) Badgts of Rank : Office-rs were- distinguished by the number of chevro ns over the cuff: SOUJ_ IituUlIallt - one-; Litulf1lanl - two; Capitaillt - th ree ; Cluj J'tJ(adron - four; .\fajor - five- (one in gold and four in silver for th~ 13th Hussars or nne in silver and four in gold for the loth H ussars}: Cololttl- five chevrons in silver or gold according to regiment . Portt-lpIt of woven black leather with silve-r or gold tassel {h eavy bullions for field officers}. .'rmomttlt: Sreel basket-hilted sabre and sheath,

silver-fined pistols, black It-athe-r bandolier with cagle a nd sma ll silver e-dging, black leather sabretache hcaring a silver eagle (officers have gold crow n, gold regimental number below the eagle and gold lace- edging}. Belt, slings, etc., of black leather with silver buckles. HOnJe A rtillery

Full Dms: Dark green kurtka of the same cut as for the Chasseurs and lined in dark green. Black velvet collar four inc hes high, piped in red and closed with four hooks. Gold grenades embroidered on e-achside of the collar. Pointed black velvet cuffs piped in red and closed with two small buttons. The kurtka is piped in red and closed with eight gold buttons. The skirts are nine inches long and decorated with embroidered gold grenade•. There are two buttons at the bottom of the tum backs, two a t the rear waist and two on the shoulders. T he buttons are yellow and semirou nd. Long dark grc~n breeches worn over the

lJ

boots with black velvet side-stripes two inches wide piped in red . The breeches close at the a nkles with seven hooks and one black velvet button a t the bott om. Black velvet waistcoa t with gold braid and buttons. Sho rt boots with steel, screw-in spurs. Black gauntlets. Black fur busby ten inches high and la rger at the top than a t th e bottom ; dark green bag held by a gold button . Gold lion's- head bosses, gold chin scales an d cord s, and pompon above the cockade with two sma ll silver cord s and tassels. Und ress: Coat of dark green cloth with similar lining; la pels with rou nded top corners each bearing seven buttons. Black velvet collar wit h red top pipin g bearing a gold- em broid ered gr enade on each side. The collar closes with th ree hooks. Cuffs as for the collar. Grenades embroidered on the skirt turnbacks; no buttons on the pocket flap s, two buttons a t t he rea r of th e waist and one on eac h shoulder for the e pau lettes. Gr ey breeches, Hu ngarian boots with gold tri m

and tassel. Nor ma l bicom. S ur/oul : Dark gr een and fastened with yellow semi-rou nd b utto ns, black velvet colla r. CTtatcoal : White , th e collar piped in red and beari ng two emb roidered gold grenades. Cape collar to th e waist. X .C.O. s and Soldiers: T he sa me uniform - busby with red pompo n an d co rds; bra ss scale epa uleues with red half moons a nd fringes; red aiguilleue, white leatherwork. Trumpeters wear whit e busbies; white kur tkas faced in black velvet and piped in red (originally thi s kurrka was red with white facing s). Badges oj RanA : As for the Chasseurs a Che val but with gold aiguille nes. Armament: Brass-hilled sabre in a steel sheath with brass fittin gs; almo st straight blade, black belt and slings. Black leather ba ndolier and pouch with gold orn am en ts, on th e pouch a steel grenade. The ba ndolier is thr ee inches wide (edged in gold ) and ha s a gih shield bea ring the Polish eagle in silver. Yellow mounted pistols. R egimeDt s servin g with the FreDch Army

T he 4th, jth and 9th Infantry Regimen ts, serving in Spai n in fre nch pa y, wore th e following unifo rms. T he 4th Regiment kep t its old 1807 unifo rm with a red collar edged in dark blue , yellow lape ls, red cu lfs with blue cuff-flaps and the same coloured epau lertes. At the beginn ing of 18 12 the three regiments wore French uniforms, the 4th Regiment also worc th e tricolour cockad e. The grenadiers had shakos edged in red a nd their officers also wore sha kos. Plum es were red for gre nadiers and yellow for the voltigeurs; fusilicrs wore pompons in colou rs acco rdi ng to com pa ny as follows: 1St Company - gr een ; end Company light blue ; grd Com pany - yellow; 4th Com pan y - violet. N.C .O. s wore rank stri pes, th e sergeantmajor had lace round his collar. O ffiCCTS of regimental headq ua rters a nd of the fusilier companies wore turn back badges in th e form of a crow ned 'N' ; grenadier officers wore grenades a nd voltigeurs wore hunting horn s. The 7t.h Regiment had dark blue collars edged crim son, crimson la pels, da rk blue cuffs and cuff-Raps ....itb crimson piping; whi te butt ons. The 9th Regiment had red collan edged dark blue , white la pels, red cuffs p iped wh ite wit h dark blue cuff flaps; wh ite buttons.

34

Tb. Kraku s These light cavalry We'ff a novelt y in the' Polish Army; instead of trumpeters Ihe'y had a trooper who carried a pike with a horse' tail attached 10 the head which was used to give signals . nus device was calkd a 'bunczuk' and its carrier rode' a gn)' 001'1('. ThC'rC' were othcr innovations in Ihe'ir uniform : the hat consis ted of a melon- like crimson 'beret' with a white cockade and plu me on IhC' left-hand side and a .trip of black aheepekln round the headband, on the' lOp was a whi te button and white laces came' radi all y from the button down 10 the headband. Instead ofa kurtka th('y wore a dark blue, sing le-b reasted , full-skirted coat with crimson collar a nd cuff. and white piping to all edges . T he wual cartridge pouc h was replaced by the ee...cIr.••tyle 'uchrrkn:s' which consisted of a It'l of five' meta l canridgn on each hrrast, rach with a cap on a silver chain lC'ading 10 a sil\'C'r button above the line of can.

ridges. Each group ofcartridge was encircled by a w hite lac e (sih·C'r for officl"n) and covered in crimson cloth. The overalls "'C'[C' dark blur with crimson side .tripn; and black lC'ather iRSC'M.I. ThC' greatcoat was replaced by a widr grry ca~ and a hood. Round thC' waist was a crim.m sash; their wC'apons WC't(' pistols, sabres and lance'S without pennants,

SOUR CE S C UEUl lsnl, j. VON AND M A U II. A N, A: 1.'.1"";, tht Dwlll d, I"Ml oW, '807-'5 (I'aris, 1913). G EMBA RZE W'IoKI, BRONln ",w : W"j solo Pols!;" (Wana w, 1964) · K p,; OTaL, H ERBERr AND SIEO, H t.. BI.Rr . Hadhell dn Uaif ( Ha m bu rg, 1966). LuxHARr, D. A!Im H l."MBr.aT, R.: IAI Cttif...-s M L',Arah F rUlfGu. Vol. \' ( Pa ris). 1.IsDu. KAROl.: WIjJU PJslN .Hw.t..,. (Wanaw, 19(7)·

35

qlic'Plf/les

colonels of regiments enjoyed considerable lat itu de in selecting uniforms for their musicians, hence this gaudy cost ume. The Polish heavy cavalry usually used Englis h-panern saddles while lancers an d hUS5af1 used th e Hu ngarian or 'Hod' sadd le. Horse a rtillery often used ligh t cavalry harn ess, as here,

The basic information on these uniforms is qu oted in the preceding section of the text; notes on the individual plait'S are therefore limited to brief

mention of special peculiarities. Al DriDn. J/j/il41] Traill The dark or 'slate' blue shown here is typical of

Polish uniforms of the eigbteemh as well as the nineteenth century. The brass arm-plate bart' the number of the column to which the driver was auached, and idC'ntifit'd him to military police, All military vehicles in the French - and Polish armies carried licence plates. .42 P""-4i,u, Grnultlin NJfft/JdIlJ,5,Ir b,jamry RIKilMJII. ,8,G-14 The "'ery strong influence of contemporary French designs is obvious; but note thai the eagle itself is of Polish df'Sign.

DI OJlien, H orst Arlillny,jtJl drrss This genera l colour combination had been traditional Polish and Saxon ar tillery unifor m since the early eighteenth century, but the black fur busby ofhussar pattern was a recent innovation.

D2 rolti~nu COUld, Ulio,. oftAt riJttJ., 1808 Xapolecn always tried to seep the Legion firmly under his control, and apart from the rest of the army of the Duchy. This 'dual nationality' is reflected in this uniform of Polish CU1, with French shako and voltigeur d istinctions. Banle signals were nonnally given on the con dw eJuuJt - comet or bugle-horn - in the vcldgeur companies and light infantry rl':giml':nls of the French Anny, just as the British Rift" used bugles, because the unwieldy drum was considered unsuitable for USl': by ligh t, fast troops.

A3 AiKU GII4,J

This sergeant is nne of the escort for the preceding figure: the small fanion on the bayonet was used to scare tht' horses of mounted artackers. The coat is of traditional Polish cut with French gre nadier distinctions. •'rcnch ra nk badges were worn, but note that Ma libran and Chelminaki show a deviat ion - a hor izontal go ld stripe on t he sergea nt's cuff in addition to the usua l diagonal stripes above it. B Trumptttr, 14th KilraHirfJ, parade dress

The trumpeters were the only members of this unit who wore a uniform readil y distinguisha ble from that of the French regimcn u of'this bra nc h. C TrwmjNln, 110m Arti/ltry,jwlJ dress The custom of mounting trumpeters on greys was international at this pcroid, as in later times;

36

Dj Trumptln, 5th CJuwnm d C/wM(, paradt drm O nce again, the licence enjoyed by unit commanders has produced a co lourfu l uniform. Note that the single-b reasted white coat does nOI ha v1': the usua l Polish-cu t front worn by d ismounted arms. 011 campaign gr('y buttoned overalls replaced the breech es, a nd th e expe nsive whit e busby was cove red wit h black o il-clo th,

£ 1 Drum Major, t u Jrifanlry Rtgimrnt The costume of d rum majors of a rmies of this period wou ld requ ire a sepa rate study of iLS own, 50 va ried and co lou rful were th e uniforms worn . T his figur e, after xt alibran an d Chdm insli, shows the tip of th e iceberg on ly! The d rum majoe wears a long-ta iled coal of officers' style, As a specia l distinction his sabre scabbard is brass {OI'

E.l ry of the AlUM _ _r .,h, lal. L.l .... I• • rl er 1M banle ." 16-1 8 Octobn' 18 1J .

gilt?} on gold slings; his crimson plJT(t-lpit is another mark of his office. T he crimson and gold sash was heavily decorated 011 the chest.

F.2 l'olti!:turStrgtont, 41h In/an/V Rtgimmt, 1810-11 Th e cea pka, the national headgear of Poland, is the most striking feature of this uniform ; it is int('n:-sling 10 note that this shape, in much modi fied and inhibited form, is still to be traced tod ay in Polish military headgear. The front ba nd bean the pierced regimental number. Ra nk is indicated by the gold top band and silver and crimson cords of the czapka; the silver a nd crimson epaulette fringes; the gold stripe round the cuff and the conventional diagonal striJX'S above ; and the silver and crimson poru-lplt. Th e two gold Itripes on the uppt"r left arm are length of service chev rons, again in the French style.

tJ

Tr oopn , 11th Kiira,S,Sim, ptJradt dm s, 1&7-14 Helmet, cuiras s, boots, gauntlets and sword are French-made item s suppl ied under a ' lend-lease' arrangement profitable 10 France! For campaign t he impressive boots would give way to short boots worn under grt'y overa lls. For parade the white lea ther equipment - including the breeches - was pipeclaved. Both men and horses were selected for thei r size and strength.

FI Tambour of Fxsiliers, Ith Inf an,.", Rtgimtnl, fuld

sacice maTdling OTd", l&xj T he uniform is conventional. The pack is of brown cowhide with white straps, as in the french Army. Brass drums began to replace the earlie r wooden patterns in about 1780, for the sake of lightness a nd case of movement. T he apron was worn by drummers of all nat ionaliti es.

37

lal_l..,. a.. 01 doe ~_ . . PoIaDd, Ilh,: ..Iol.",_ Wad< ............. cri_ _ __1. .1 drc-h, ...........rMad, _tIu.. d ~ ~ ..uYn' -ale. lOOn!.. ...... ~ ... 'Jloe R. Hl.. iafllIIeD« .. dftl'l doe _ Polin A......,. ..-lI.r_ f.u........d "'" R.Hl.. pan"'...... _D. ~....-.

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F2 SOUJ.lindmant , t3th llUlsars,juJi dress, /806-/4 The two Polish hussar regiments, the loth and 13th, were th e most decorative u nits in the anny this branch has had an image of unequalled glamour, in a ll national armies, since the la te yean of th e eigh teen th century. The colours reflect the nat ional colours of Poland. The allver lacing on th e thighs increased in size and nu m be r of lines acco rd ing to rank.

Fj Cwwdin, t3th Infantry JUgimttlt, t Boy- / 4 The whit e uniform was unique in the army of the du ch y; this regimem was raised ill IBog from Austrian prisoners from Ga lician areas - Leoregto ns which had belonged to t he kingdom of Poland before its partition be tween R ussia, Pruss ia and Austria. It is Iikdy that the white Austrian

single-breasted jackets were modified by simply sewing on false half-lapels, a nd cuff-naps co uld have ~II added in the sam e mann er. Gr CW"'", H",st ArliJ/ny, slablt dress The fine uniforms worn 0 11 pa rad e in Na poleonic days were recognized, even then, as bei ng a shad e imp ractical for such tasks as ' mucking out' the squadron sta bles, and a mu ch simpler everyd ay COSlUme was dev ised for th ese tasks. The slt'e\'es of the working-dress coats worn by some armies w('re only laced in position, and could be rem oved in summer.

G2 1'1'00,,", JA"CtTl , 1Mble dress T he zipjtfmfit.{t or for age cap was usually mad e up from old uniforms by the unit tailor s, and the

39

design often varied according to the colonel's taste . The overalls wou ld also be the norma l campaign dress, although breeches and high boots oflen accompanied the regiments in the baggage train; . .apoleon had strict ideas about the occasions on which his troops could property dispense with full uniform, and where circumstances allowed would order full dress on the battlefield.

C3 Troop", Kfiraml1'I, stdh dmI Due to the complexity of the code of facing colours within this branch, it is not possible to identify the regiment with which this man served from the scant distinctions visible on the working uniform.

/11 Brigadier- Tromptltt, C/uwlJ,-/igm Polonais dt 14

Garde, marching order, /810- 14 This corporal trumpeter wears the oil-clot h czapka cover, buttoned overalls, and buttonedacross crimson kur tka of marching order. Little need be said about this famous regiment, always the apple of Napoleon's eye; many of the men

followed their Emperor to Elba in 1814. T heir lesser-kno w n sister unit, the 3rd (Lith ua nia n) Lancers of the Guard, wore the same basic uniform, but with gold lace and metal replacing the silver, during their short career.

H2 Offiur, A"rakru, /812 Raised in Lithuania during the 18t:2 campaign, this unit was clothed in a uniform which displayed strong cossack influence. The colours employed once again reflect Polish national colours.

H3 Troopn, LithW1l1itJlI TtlrttZrs of tlu ClJ.t1rd, /812 The uniform of this regiment has long been the subject of controversy; since the v('ry limited number of original sources are at variance, it will probably remain so. The fact that this unit of almost Asiatic dress was raised in Pola nd in t8t:2 is a reminder that in centuries gone by Poland was a much stronger nation, with territories so widespread that she rivalled even Russia. Officers of this unit wore jackets with much more elaborate embroidery.

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