Napoleon's Hussars

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MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES· 76

ussars Texl by

EMIR BUKHARI Colourplates by

A G S McBRIDE

ME:-l-AT -ARMS SERIES EDITOR: MARTI" WI"DROW

ussars Text by Colour plates by

EMIR BUKHARI

A GUS McBRIDE

OSPREY PUBLISH !:IIG LO. DO""

Published in 1978 by Osprry Publishin~ Ltd Mrmber compan~ of th(' Gl'()r~(' Philip (.roup 1'1.- q Long- ,\nc, London \\"C:lE qLP © Cop~ri~ht IQ780spr('\ Puhlishinl!; Lid Reprimro 1981, 1982, 1983, 1981 This book is copyrighted under the Berne Con\,("ntion. All right.:; reserved. Apart from any fair dealinl( for the purpose ofpriv3Lt study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1956, no part of this publication may be reproduced. slored in a retneval system, or transmiued in any fonn or by an) means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocop~inR, recordin~ or otherwise, without the prior penni ion ohhe COP) ri~hl owner. Enquiries d to Ihe Publisher.;. .hou1d be addr

Filmsc( by BA Prinlrrs Limitfd, Over \ValIop) Hampshire Printed in Hong Kong

The author would likr- to express hi gratitude for th<.' as: istance rendered him by the following persons in the preparation of this book: the mcmlxrs of the taO':') of thr- Musee de ('Annett. Paris. and the :"o:ational Army Museum, London; Gerry EmbletonjJean de Gerlache de Gomer)"; Richard Hook; Michel Risser; Caroline Lederrr; Maximilian da Luigi Lucccse; Chris Brennan. Finally and m~t importanLly: M. Lucien Rousselot whose researches and illustrations since the first quarter of this century have rendered the study of the Grandt Armit 01 the first quarter of the previous century possible in the style of this pr~nt series.

JVi1;oleolls :JiUssors

by the 500 men of the combined 5th and 7th

(9rgollisotioll

Hus."ars, the 6,ooo-strong Prussian garrison ,...·as bluffed into capitulating- its fortress at tenin alonR

Doubtl the most dislincti\'e of all fonn of lighl horse, the hussars originated in eastern Europe and, by means of their dress, their fOOts can be traced all the way back to a cavalry corps of the mighty'

with 160 cannon, the large-scale usc of flymg

Onoman Empire: the Gunalis, whose rather eccentric fur-covered, tall conical caps and fur-

lined jackets, perilously draped o\'er the lefl 'houlder, were to set a military fashion from Turkey to Hungary and thence, by way of Germany and France, to the rest of the world.

In contrast lO their fellow li!;ht ca\-alry, lhe numerous regiments of indigenous French chassfurs a ehnJal, the hussars consisled of only founeen regiments during the Empire, Six of these existed well before the massive reorganisations of 1791 and the rest were raised over the following years: the 7th and 8lh regiments in 1792; the 9lh, 10th and I Ilh in 1793; the 12th in 1794; the 13th in 1795; and, finally, the 14lh in 1814, These regiments were composed of four squad

4

rons, themselves comprising two companies each of which in turn consisted of two troops or ptltlons. See •\'apol,on', Dragoon' and Lanem and Xapol,oll', CuirosJ'tTs and CarabinitTs for the precise hierarchy of

inter-regimental command, enumerating company and ;Ial-major :-':CO and ollicers, In this

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tille the role oflighl cavall) will be examined in the

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same manner in which we studied that ofthe heavy and mt'dium.

Bolh the offensive and defensive roles of light ca"alry consisted ofreconnaissance on the one hand and advance, Rank and or rear and outpost protection of the main column on the other.

Althou!;h the hussars made their first real impact in 1806 with their astoni. hing pursuit of the Pru sians o"er I, J60kms from the river aale to the

Oder in twenly-five days capping this feat on arrh'al when, by dim of audacious demonstrations

CoJODd ft Juaiac of tlte 1St Hu...n ill full dress., 1107. TIlis colOlldJs uaiConn provides lUi witll a dasuc illustra-nc- of early ot6.~,dress. His dt.ako is basically tlte 1801 pattU'a but haa variatioaJi which fint appeared aroaad IBo2, suell .. a placed cockade aDd loop; tlte laeadcear tau. bodI the detachaJe peak aDd the turbu, which chaTacterUed the true 1801 m.odel. The uaifonn is of DOte for its iac:reasia&ly outdated c.t a..ad style: tile clalm.a was to become sJaarpu- ill cut, tlte pd.i.ue leu uck·like aad COIlSiduably shortu, aad the breechH WU'e ~ to pve way to ~ aad ovualls. (V- HuN. NAM)

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A lCJ.uadrOD ofhussartl in COhUD.D by fours. Drawn up in thU fonnation, a squadron would present a frontage oC -4 IDetres and extend approDnu.tely 1]8 IDette•• - The column by fo~, IUld even by two. when

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nece.sary. was 1D0st colllDloDly reverted to when the squadron or resiJneot was obliged to keep to the roach j on a fair surface, the column would travel at around 6 or 7 kilometru an hour.

Key to the figures on pp. 4 and 5: A: Adjutant (adjutant) AM: Adjut"nt-tnajor (regimental-sergeant-m.ajor) B: Brigad~r (corporal) Bf: Brigadier-fourrier (quarter-master corporal) C: Capitai.u (captain) L: Lieutnuud (lieutenant) M: Mareeltawus.logis (sergeant) Me: Mareelulwus-logis~lt~f(sergeant·m.ajor) 81: Sous-lieutnuJIlt (second lieutenant) T: Trom.pett~ (trum.peter)

• All measurements are calculated ex· elusive of outriders.

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A lead squadron of hUIIii&ar1i in

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colo"1U: pAr pekto,.... Of troop frontage, a column 80 ordered. would occupy a frontage of 12 metres. In

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order that the individual troops might be wheeled. right or left into line (see DrAgomu; AM uuu:er6, p. 28), they marched. at a nose--to-nOlie distance of 12 metres from one another. Overall length of this fo... mation would be about 42 metres. Trailing squadrolUl would march in the following order: first, third, fourth then Heand.

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A lead squadron of hussar. in colo""" pa". divino,.•. With the troops of eacb company DOW riding abreast, the squadron'. frontage would eJqNlDd to 2.i IDetres and its depth would contract to 30 rnetrH. Notice that tbecompaniesaredrawn up in such. m.anner a. to ~ble the rean:nost to wheel to right or left without bindra.ace.

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columns of blitzkrieg-style cavalry was never developed. Imaginative employment of highly mobile spearheads was confined to patrols or between twenty and a hundred men a'nd consequently when, in October 1806, twenty hussars led by a sous-lieulmanl walked unopposed into Leipzig, the bulk or the Grande Anne~ was bogged down 80kms away atJena, incapable or exploiting the opportunity.

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A lead squadron ofbu. . .n drawu up eN colo.. ft4 .err•• 1n order to COQtract the depth ortbe COIUDlD

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froat would DOW m.easure HOle 48 m.etre.., while the depth would shri.nJr. to • m.ere 6 m.etft••

Followins: squadron. would probably DOt allow Ie. . tha:o • troop'. lroDlase to aep&rate them froID the squadron ill front. 1D. this way, • rtgi.m.ea.t in colWDJl Dlilht Dot es.ceed a depth of 54 metres (. . .tuning ••tandard rcgitnent ofCour

squadrons).

Confined for the most part to scouring the countryside in the vicinity afthe main columns, the hussar regiments would deploy their squadrons in battle order and sweep the surrounding landscape. pon contact with the enemy, a troop of the leading squadron would disperse at the gallop to form a screen ofsharpshootcrs about the regiment'S fronl. If engaged, the hussar skirmishers would discharge their carbines at less than a hundred metres from a stationary position, their primary targets being enemy officers. Then, pistol in the right hand and drawn sabre hanging from the swordknot at the wrist, they would charge home, reserving the pistol ball LO the last moment, then passing the handgun to their left hand and settingto with cold steel. Where such a charge required the back-up ofthe entire regiment, the squadrons would advance in extended waves staggered obliquely to either right

or left, for maximum strike value. Their defensive role might be described as the same as above but in reverse: maintaining surveillance of the enemy by forcing a contact, thereby eliminating any element of surprise, and masking the true movement of the main column by feints and general harassment. This trouble-shooter role created a strong tJprit dt rorps which resulted in the light cavalry believing itself to be rather more than just a cut above the rest. Indeed, such was the audacity of the hussars that their arrogant indiscipline brought a specific rebuke from the Emperor: 'These hussars must be made to remember that a French soldier must be a horseman, infantryman and artilleryman, and there is nothing he may turn his back on!' Nowhere is evidence of their excesses, indulgences and pure egotism better illustrated than in their near-anarchic mode of dress.

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A squadron ofhus8arS in battle order.1D .iJnilar fonnauoD to the coloN'" lerri, a ~uadroD 110 ordered would find it. rep.m.ent deployed aloa.s.ide in either a .traight line or in echelon, reading froID ript to left: tint, HCOIld, third aDd fiaally fourth ~uadron.. It Mould not be a... .UDled, however, that fonnation of Ncb a battle order __ a prerequisite to comobati the preciH lD&DDer in which a partic:ular body of cavalry would enter the fray depended on it. un aDd ita preparedne•• -a rqimeat tn.ight, for in.tance, advance utended in echeloD with it. -.quaclrou fonned up in colOft,.. JHlr peUltnU (i.e. troop froDtaKe, uc Dra,fooru aNd LAuu:erl, p. 27).

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'Dress and equipment Hussar costume consisted' principally of a short shell-jacket, the dolman; tight Hungarian riding breeches; calf-length Hungarian boots; and a second jacket slung on the left shoulder the pelisse. Equipmenrcomprised a shako, musketoon, curved sabre, sabretachc, cartridge-pouch and attendant webbing. Accessories included short gloves, swordknot and barrel-sash. It is the enormous variety of these objects in their differing cuts, models and patterns that render hussar uniforms so complex; the following descriptions are therefore basic outlines, and readers are referred to the numerous black and white illustrations and their captions for further detail. This bewildering diversity of costumes represents just some of the costumes worn by just onc regiment in the span of eleven years. The hussar regiments were colourfully distinguished from one another by the different base cloths used in the manufacture of the dolmans, pelisses and breeches, and also by their facings and lace colours, as the chart below indicates.

Tunics Unlike the pelisse, the dolman was fastened along its entire length by eighteen half-round bultons and their corresponding braid loops; in contrast, the pelisse loops were cut so that only the top five were

long enough to be used. Both garments commonly had five rows ofbuttons except for those of the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 9th and loth Hussars, which had only three rows. The pelisse was secured on the shoulder

by a length ofdoubled-over cord which passed over the right shoulder and was then looped about a toggle sewn to the opposite side of the collar. For other than full-dress occasions, hussars wore

either the dolman or the pelisse beneath which they wore a sleeveless waistcoat. This garment was either single- or double-breasted and plain, or with miniature rows of buttons and braid identical to Colonel Rouvillod of the 1St Hunan in full dress 18o.t-S- He wears an 181)l_~ttern shako, minus flt""",,e but covered in scarlet cloth, W1.th a centrally placed cockade and shak~plate; although this was increasingly the fashionable mode, it is interesting to note that his plwne still reserves its old position 011 the right side of the headgear. The cords which loop about his left shoulder are just visible; their role was to become totally obsolete with the widespread introduction of chin· scales. His magnificent horse furniture is typical of that aH'ected by superior officers, comprising metal·studded harness and leopard-skin schabraque liberally festooned with silver lace:. (Benigoi. Courtesy NAM)

Dolman

Collar

Cuffs

Pelisse

Breeches

Lace

Sky blue

Sky blue

Sky blue

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Brown

Brown

3 4 5 6

Silver grey Indigo Sky blue Scarlet Dark green Dark green Scarlet Sky blue Indigo Scarlet

Silver grey Indigo Sky blue Scarlet Scarlet Scarlet Sky blue Scarlet Scarlet Sky blue/

Red Sky blue Red Scarlet White Scarlet Scarlet Scarlet Sky blue Scarlet Scarlet Scarlet/ sky blue Sky blue Scarlet

Silver grey Scarlet White Indigo Dark green Dark green Sky blue Sky blue Indigo Sky blue

Sky blue Sky blue Silver grey Indigo Sky blue Indigo Scarlet Scarlet Sky blue Sky blue Indigo Sky blue

White/silver White/silver Red/silver Yellow/gold Yellow/gold Yellow/gold Yellow/gold White/silver Yellow/gold White/silver Yellow/gold White/silver

Brown Dark green

Sky blue Scarlet

White/silver

Regt

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13 14

Brown

Dark green

Sky blue Scarlet

Brown

White/silver

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Legwear Riding breeches were of the tight-fitting Hungarian pattern with lace ornamenting the outer seams and the edges of the front flap which disguised the button-up fly, where it took the form of HUll garian knots) simple trefoils or bastlonloops. From Republican times, however, it was found more practical to envelop them in overalls in order to save wear and tear. Overalls were cut of blue, grey, green and even red material. They opened down the side by means of eighteen bone or pewter buttons along the outer seams. The inside leg and cuffs were reinforced with leather to varying degrees. For fatigues, they would be replaced by overalls of rough, unbleached cloth. The t8t2 Regulations specified that the ornamentation of the front flap of the breeches should consist 01 the simple bastion-loop. They also officially recognised the overalls and required them to be cul of dark green cloth with eighteen blackened bone buttons and leather cuffs rising to a heigh t of t tern. By this date, however, overalls had developed as a garment and we might more readily identify them nowadays as trousers; they were equipped with a fronl fly concealed by a flap, but frequently still bore lace or piping and/or buttons the length of the outer seams. Some examples have buttons at the calf to facilitate their use over the high riding bOOlS, others have the leather cuti" extended to the height of the boolS and the top scalloped in imitation of them.

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Eaa..m.ples of rank distinctions (see LiM CIuu8ea.ra, p. 30). (A) Colorul. (B) Major'.lac:e ofaltemating silnr and gold on breeches (• )and on rear ofdobnan cuft'( 2:). (e) Typical combination of lace and piping on the outer HlLlD.8 of 8uperior officen' breeches. (D) Cluj tP ucuron'.1ace on front ofpelisse cuft'( I ), (2:). and on rear ofpelisse cuft'(3). (.f). (E) C.pit.ift4'. dobnan cuff froDl front (I) and rear (2). (F) Lace on outu seam. of subaltern'. breeches (.) and on froot of lieutenant'. (2). (G) SOJU-lu'demmt'. do1.m.an cuJf.

those on the dolman. For fatigue-duty, a dark green single- or double-breasted linen stable-jacket worn, occasionally equipped with shoulder-straps. The 18 I 2 Regulations prescribed the following changes: a slim braid shoulder-strap was to be sewn to the left shoulder of the dolman and pelisse to secure the webbing; the waistcoat, or gilet, was henceforth to be plain and single-breasted, fastening by means often cloth-covered buttons; and the stable-jacket was to be knitted and single-breasted with ten uniform buttons. Rank distinctions were indicated by chevrons of lace above the cuffs) as shown in the illustration on this page. FUrlherreference isavailable in Napoleon)s Line Chasseurs, p. 30.

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Capes and greatcoats Hussars were issued a cape with hood of immense proportions dating back to the Monarchy; reMariclud..d~",'ogUoCaceatreco.m.pa.nyandatrooperoCanelite co.m.pany. Recorded in lIaJnburg, 1806-7. The NCO, his status indicated by the single chevron oflace above each c:uJI', wean: a shako typicaJ of the period (160ID.D1 in height and ~ in d.i.uneter) suflicieatlyevolved fro.m. the 1801 .m.odel to bedubbed the .806pattera. TbedUtinctiveCeatureis the chinscaJes, which were by this date almost universal j this together with the olll.ission oC the nu.in characteristics of the earlier version, .m.ake this shako a headdress on its own, owing little to the past, with cords now redundant and sUnply decorative. The plain single-breasted waistcoat is non.regulation j the 'charivari' overalls, open at the side and have ftapped hip-pockets. The NCO). co.m.paa.ion wean the bearskin colpack accorded elite troops by the First Consul's decree of 18 Y nuUrnu..ire A" X (10 October 1801). Although the elite co.m.panies were not, in effect, created until the beginning of the following year, so.m.e regim.ents were obliged to cover shakos with bearskin prior to acquiring patteras of this distinctive variety (see colour plate A2). He wears fatigue overall. oCrough undyed cloth generally reserved CordriU and stable duties. (Van Huen. Courtesy NAM)

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Trooper and bripdier in driI1 uniform., 1807-10. These fipres afford us a Sood look at the boft_I de polw fatipe--cap CODI.IDOD to all troops of the GrlUUle Annie; althouSh heft sznartly tucked witb.i.a the turban of the cap, the IODsjLImnu was allowed to tuDlble e1esaatly about the shoulders when offduty. Both figures also wear the woollen stable-jacket, with Dlatchins' waist-pockets ofwhich the left ODe was siDJulated for the ....e of sym.s:netry. the twin chevrons of lace on the bripdier's cufl'proclaiJn hi. nmk; for briKadier. or 5e.rseaats they would be of cloth of the P.n1e colour as the lace OD the dobnan, whereas for Dlore exahed NCO. they would be the equivalent in either silver or sold. The chevron on hi.left upper-IU'DI represents between eisht and teD y_n' service in the lU'DIy J his splendid m.oustache ....d elegantly fa.hiODed hair act"t that those yean were certainly all with the lipt cavalry. [t was the custODl to interc-ine a pdtol ball in the ends of the side plaits in order that they m.iSht hang at a .trict vertical. (Benigni. Co.......y NAM)

sembling a modern poncho, it would be wrapped about the wearer's body or, when on horseback, left to hang about wearer and mount. It was awkward and untidy, and was later replaced by the manleaucapote, a long greatcoat with a short shoulder-cape attached, which enabled the wearer to place his crossbelts on the outside of the garment. Both models were entirely dark green. Officers wore similar patterns of cape and greatcoat, but, in addition, generally sported a double-breasted overcoat, or rtdingote, for foot-duty. Accessories Boots were the classic Hungarian variety with superior edge bordered with piping of white lace and a tassel, although some varieties were similarly ornamented but in black leather. Troopers generally wore clogs in their place for all fatigue duties. Officers' patterns were identical save that the decorative piping and tassel were of silver; for full dress they sometimes indulged in goatskin versions of red, green or even yellow. Both officers and men used wrist-length white gloves when riding.

Troope.r in canlpaisn dress, tao,. In keeping with the 1791 ReeuJ.atiODS, this trooper's 1806 model shako boasts a black plwne tipped. in the rqiraental colour. In aD equally outdated lD&IUler, his shoulde:rbeJta, ClU"tl'idJ:e-pouc:h, sworcIblolt, sabretache. sabre and Dluslr.etf'OD are all of 1,8b pattern, little o.:b.aDJed by the 1801 R~tioD8 save that the SWOrcumOI U DO 10Dser of black Ie.ther. SurprisinJ; as it OIay aeetn, the webbing was supposed to last at least twenty yean. (Biery. Boely. Courtesy NAM)

10

Headgear The variety ofhussar shakos is illustrated on p. 32 of Napoleon's Line Chasseurs. Around 1802 the 1801model shako, Igomm tall by 220mm in diameter, lost itsjlamme and detachable peak, and the cockade and plume were removed to the front. Soon after that came the addition of a shako plate placed beneath the cockade; the 1St, 6th and 12th Hussars are recorded with a lozenge-shaped plate out of which the regimental number has been cut. At this period the headgear was maintained in place by a strap which passed beneath the wearer's queue, and a cord was. attached to the uniform to prevent

, II

its loss should it be toppled. Around 1805 these were replaced by chinscales which were universally adopted by the close of 1806. By then the shako had become taller and more bell-shaped and, with the amendments mentioned above, is generally regarded as a model in its own right. Although redundant, shako cords were still employed in a decorative capacity. A circular dated 9 'o\'cmber 1810 required the final abolition of the shako cords, along with the much-prized tall plumes which' were replaced by a simple lentil-shaped pompon; unabashed, the commis:al] persisted in selling cords and l3.&Sels as latc as December 181 I and we may be sure that

their customers gladly parted with the price of one franc per sel. Further to the

Regulations, an in\'cntor: dated t7 September t8t2 indicates that shakos of centre companies werc to be devoid of the neckcovers folded inside the crown common to models in use allhis period. It further informs us that those of elite troops were to be identical to the shakos employed by the grenadiers in the infantry: lomm taller and wider than that of ordinary troopers, with upper and lower bands and side chevrons of scarlet. Elite troops, howevcr, persisted in weanng their bearskin colpacks till the end of the Empire if they had been previously issued them. Despite the 1812 Regulations, a new shako made its debut in 1812, the shako rouleau. This pattern was somewhat taller than its predecessor; it exceeded 20Qmm and consisted of a reinforced black felt cylinder, often covered in coloured fabric of which the most popular was red, black leather peak and fold-down neck cover at the rear. The 6th and 8th Hussars are known to have worn it during the Ru -ian campaign of 1812 and, by the end of the Empire, its popularity eclipsed that of the belltopped shako, although it never made regulation 1 ue. Off-duty, hussars would sport the bonntl dt polict or, after 1812, the pokalem "ariety of fatigue-cap; the bonntls dt polict, consisting of a turban and long jfammt with tassel, were of all combinations of the regimt>ntal colours. Beside:; their own patterns of all the above headgear. officers also wore a bicorn hat in everyday wear and, particularly in the early years, even on the battlefield.

12

1812

• BriS4die,...trompue and lruUlpeters in full dress, 1810. Trumpeters were e:JrprKsly clothed and equipped in such a m.anDer ... s to m.akethem. readily distiDguitlhable from the ra.ak and file. To this end their uniforms were most frequently of inverse colours to those of the men, their schabraques were of black in place of white sbeepskin and they were mounted on greys. The NCO is identified. by sky blue insignia on his scarlet peU..e. The centre trulnpeter's black plume indicateti that he belonss to. centre company; his col:D.panions' scarlet plumei' show that they belonsto anelite company. Weca.D conclude thaI the distribution of the elite symbol, a bearsk.i.a colpack, tt centre company lDusicia.ns was an utravasance on the parlor the repment's undoubtedly vain and competitive colond (Maletipina. Courtesy NAM)

Trooper in caJDpaip draa.. 1807-10. Unconlpromi.sinpy dem.oDJilrati.nc the reality behind the tinsel of the bu Bar iJna«e, this trooper is en.tirely clad in unifonn and eqvipmeat dU:tributed to the bus...... between 1806 and 1808. He wean the Kirulri tuD.ie, colD.IDon to the C1uu6eKr'. cluvd, as practical and coaUortable as tbepipeand tobacco hungOD thepom.m.dof his sabre is practical and com.fortinS. The sabre is the J.isht. cavalry pattern with copper guardand .-teel scabban:lj it n:aisht be either theANIXor AN XIlD.odd., both of which were is ued as of leo,. His overalls opeD laterally by meazu ofei«:bteen pewter buttons, which can only be seen because the aabretacbe is minins; it was COID.IDOD practice to leaye them. at the depot, but they were oftea lotlt in the field. (See colour fipre BlL) (Ben.ipi. Courtesy NAM)

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number encircled by a wreath of laurel leaves although later models incorporated an Imperial eagle. The Aap was covered in eloth ofa diversity of colours and the elaborately embroidered motifS were such as to make them almost works of art. Indeed they were so valuable that a leather cover was generally slipped over the Aap in order to protect it on the march and in action. Officers often possessed a second, plain, sabretache for wear \"ith C\'erything but parade dress; the embellishment on the Aap was confined to either the regimental number alone or a combination of this and a shield or Imperial eagle device of metal. The 1812 Regulations simplified the sabretache to this minimum requirement, but the troops possessing the older versions guarded them jealously and they remained common throughout the Empire.

Edged weapons

Colonel iD. £ull dra., .810. Thia superior officer wears the ofliCft'S' pattttD. of the .S.o-lDodel shako. loftier and wider than

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preceding ea&JDple and posse••inK two further

distinguUhiDs fNtur'ftj unlike its predecessor, it reverted to the sim.ple cockade and loop oCthe 1801 pattena, and,iastead of chiAsca1es which were by thna UDiversat, it boasted a chinstrap COIDpoo.ed or iIltttlockins rUas:& upo-. • bed of leather. IA this UubUlce it is also enravapndy anbroidered .bout the croWD... The IDetal deviee. vUible OD bd croubdt W~ &eqUeDtly ~ valuable that D:l&Dy officers were oblised to ftlc:aH the cutift belt and c:artrid&e-pouch iD. • Iett.ther cover when on active aervice i.a ordu to prot.ec:t their iDvHtmeat. (RoulFet. Court..,. NAM)

Webbing Comprising sword belt and slim~s, sabretache, and the musketoon and cartridge-pouch cro belts, it conformed to the Decree of 4 Brumairt An X 27 October 1801 and was little different from that issued previously save that the sword knot previously of black leather was now of white buff. (See p. '3 of ,\'a/Mlton's Lint Chasstu,s for specifications, which ,..:ere idenucal to those of the hussars. The sabretache also differed little from preceding models, the Aap usually bearing the regimental 14

Hussars were armed with either lhe 1786-pattern curved sabre, with copper guard and fittings on the black leather-covered scabbard, or the All IV model, with iron hilt and scabbard fittings, in the early years. Around 18°7, however, the An IX and All Xl models of light-cavalry sabre began to be distributed, with their distinctive :'\-shaped copper basket guard and iron scabbard. Officers' patterns were similar save that all copper fittings were gilded. (See .Napoleoll's Lint Chasseu,s for further detail.

Firearms Discounting musketoons offoreign origin with which many hussars were doubtless armed, troopers carried both the 1766 and 1786 models at the dawn of the Empire, along with many others of rather doubtful Republican manufacture. The 1786 pattern is certainly the most frequently represented during the Empire period as a whole, but it gradually ga\'e way to the All IX model. The 487mm bayonet which, in principle, accompanied them provides something ofan enigma. The author has yet to see a contemporary illustration of 3 hussar with bayonet fixed or in the bayonet frog of the swordbclt. On reflection, it is perhaps rather dlfhcult to imagine Its use as, when it came to close action, the trooper was more likely to rely on hIS sabre, which was always looped by the swordknot to his right wrist even when he was firing. However,

the Regulations of t VrndimiaiTt An XII specifically ordered their issue, and records exist from the 1St Hussars, dated January 1808, requesting them. That they were issued is in little doubt and yet no mention is made of them in the 1812 Regulations nor is there a reference to a bayonet-frog in the description of the hussar swordbelt. To confuse the issue, a general inventory of J 7 September 1812 refers to \uinturons Ii jJorlt-bai'onLllt' lswordbelts with bayonet frogs as items of hus-l\ar paraphernalia. They were therefore an item of equipment with which the hussars were certainly supposed to be armed, but whether they actually used them or not and where they kept them is not known. ~COs" trumpeters' and officers' armament did not include the muskcLOon, instead they were, in theory, equipped with pistols as firearms. Unfortunately, the holsters with which the Hungarian saddle was fitted were as often as not empty. All hussars were supposedly issued a brace of pistols apiece but even prior to the Empire these were in shorlSupply: those issued included the 1763 model, \'arious patterns 'bodged' together from bits and pieces during the Republic, and antiques dating back to the first half of the 18th century, newly dusted and polished. Excluding those acquired from captured arsenals after 1805, these types remained in service throughout the Empire along with the newer and very scarce All X/II model

last minute might have had less to do with sallg-froid than the poor range of the weapon, but well-armed light cavalry were full ofpotential that had yet to be cultivated and developed. Instead, muskcloons and carbines \-,-ere more readily distributed to the infantry who, in the closing years of the Empire, were desperately short of firearms. Had the masses of cavalry, impotently facing the British squares at Waterloo, been deployed in skirmishing order with pouches full of cartridges and the newly developed riAed carbine, the outcome might have been quite different.

lOwards the end.

It should be concluded that firearms were seemingly considered a poor second to the sabre as far as the cavalry was concerned, despite their obviously crucial benefit in such instances as the classic impasse of cavalry versus infantry square or even versus fellow cavalry; consider the following revealing extract from an eyewitness' memoirs, referring to an incident at Eylau in 1807:

'Colonel Castex asked if the carbines were loaded ... he ordered "Present carbines!" ... and when the Russians [dragoons] were only six paces away the Colonel gave the order, rapidly, "Fire!". The order was executed by the regiment as if on an exercise. The eH'ect of the discharge was terrible: nearly the whole of the first rank of the dragoons was put out ofaction . ..' Souvmirs

d, Capita in, Parquia, 1892. Admittedly the necessity for reserving fire until the

Cluf d'ucadrcm in full dress, 1810. Officers' dress revea.ls a see:mingly ine.haustible appetite for hub _trava~ce. Although initially l"aerved Hldy for ofli«n of elite COOlpaq.ies, the beankiD. colpack proved too delicious a OlOnd for the tastes of their brother oflicers to ignore and., by 1808, it was de riKeNr for every Ugbt cava1rylD&D of rank, irrespective of company. This superior ofli«r's sabretache, COldtructed of scarlet Mol'occo leathel' and faced. with richly anbroidel"ed fabric, bas the added anbdlialunent of coiled lIIetaI CriIlges about iu perim.ete... Such was the a:pea.H oftbese iadulgences that lIIost oflicers possuaed two wardrobes, GIle for full4resS parades a.od the otbe.. for the more Rrious -.peets of thril' profession. (M.O. Courte.y NAM)

15

M.,.icluUfS-4U.-Jo,ril of an wl-e and a eftltre ccnnpany ia. full dress. c.1810. E.cept for their ilver ran.k chevrons. these NCO. denaonstrate full4resS .ttire for all ranks of h .....ar. The peU..es wert oripnally to be lined with sheep kin but this proved too difficult and vtpeDsive, so it waa renrved (or the CaciDS. aloDe and the interior was inuead lined in white flannel. Note that tile tOllle and loop aJfa.ir by which m.ean.s the pdisse was hung on the hovldu law the raqtUUU and t.ud. with which it is all too frequeatly m ....tralecL AlthOU.lb officers' pdU__ SOlDethnes bore theID, they were boulbt at penoaal ~ aDd were by ItO 1Deaa. an i.Dt~ part ofthe p n n _ L (VvoDd d'Auhia. Courtny NAM)

cJaddlesalld 3iJrlless Because of the attractions of the men's costume, horse furniture is generally neglected in most publications and this in turn has led to nCRlcCl of the hor;e> themselves and an underestimation of their importance. Indeed they wefe generally trrated bener than the men and were ct.·nainly more expensive and less easily obtained. Such ,,"as the dc\'astating effect of the massive abuse of horseflesh during the Napoll'Onic Wars that European stocks suffer to this day. 16

Hussars were mounted on horses of al1 colours. with musicians having first claim to ~eys. At the beginning of the Republican \\'ars, the minimum height for a light ca\'all) horse \\ill> 147cm and. by An XU, it was 1 48cm ; but, by their end, stocks \,:ere so short that in 1805 .'apoleon had to drop the height requirement to 138cm, and Ihis still lelt Ihe Grand, • Irozet short ofmounts. \Vith the conquests of large chunks of Europe during the years 1807 13, the army was able to raise the standard to 14ocm. but we may be sure that replacements were still a continuous headache considering the numben; of horses necessal) to shift the enonnou. bulk of the Grandt Armi,'s caval,,' and goods. The proportion of men to horses in the Grandt Armit of 1812 \\ as 400,000 to 13°,000, of which 80,000 wefe cavall)' mounts and 50,000 were draught animals. This campaign serves as a typical example of hideous \\astage. Within the first eight days 8,000 of the beill>ts had died, and these were the be,t horses Europe had to offer. After t\.. . enty-four da)~. ~lurat's cavalry of 22,000 mounted troops was only able to mount 14.000. Such \.. . as the exhaustion of the ill-u. ed animals (the French never walked b~id(" their hOTSei. but remained constantly in the .addle, that during the bailIe of\\'inkowo, a mere thirty days from the start of the campaign, a great many of the horsemen were obliKed to dismount and drag their mounts by the bridle back to their rallying points. At Borodino the casualties numbered 6,000 and worse was to come. Despite liix weeks' rest, the retreat from ~1oscow took a ghastl) toll: the first 130km of the way to Smolen. k produced the staggering figure of 30,000 10"",", which works out at an a\'crage of around onc Bri&.dier i.D. full clrft-, c.18100 AIt.hoUSh dated as late .. 1810 by Martinet, this corporal neatly reprnenu the classic hid..... stereotype (or most o( the Emp~ period, (rom the top o( his 18o&mode1 shako to the tip o(his 1,860-,.ttern hu.....r aabre. He is UDcloubtedly furthu armed with • 1,86 hUSAr-pattern muaketooD aad a brace o( 1763-model pistols. In Cact, hldAn IltIIeraUy left OD c:ampaip with oaIy the dobnaD. aad breech" or the peliue aad overalls. Frequltlltly, whole detaduneou would OWD. DO 1Dore thaD. • dobnaD. aad • pair o( Catipe ovualla apiece i.D. the _y oCUDiform.. A. to mua.ket~ aDd pUtolsl tile 1,l6-pattenl1DaaketOOll _ s . hiply valued rarity -.mODI the prepoDde.r&Ilce oC Comp or RnolllltioD.&ry. m.aaulaetlllftd models (the latter bei.a.B CODStnIeted from a variety o( ocLU &:ad each). Pistols Wft"e i.D. such ahort. supply that ~ a troop- to receive evnI _e o(the pair, he would be lucky iCit proved to be the 1763 model; other thaD. that there w-e oaIy thoM retrieved £rom, the bart1dield, those comm.aadeered £rom, the civiliaD populatiOll or the CrejlllVftl.&teer models clatiDl back to the first half o( the 18th ClI!'Iltury with which the conacripts o( 18'3 and 1814 we.re equipped. (lka.ipi. CoUrt.Hy NAM)

-

....

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17

cadaver every four metres. :Murat's cavalry was were permanently damaged by the negligent use of reduced to 1,200 horses; thereafter, it is sad to too thin a horse blanket. Although there was one report that the survivors '\-'ent into the cooking-pot veterinary surgeon per 500 head, the falling for the most part. standard of trained riders in the later years, The terrible conditions of the Russian campaign combined with the fact that the mounts were badly left 200,000 men with J 5,000 horses for the broken-in, resulted in the observation that a new campaign of ,8'3. None of these mounts was detachment of cavalry was most immediately saddle-trained and, by the beginning of hostilities, recognizable by the pungent odour of the horses' it is estimated that only 3,000 were at all suitable as suppurating saddle sores. Attached to the tree were cavalry mounts. This shortage of cavalT) un- a pair of leather pistol-holsters, a leather case for pocketing spare shoes and natural-leatherstraps for doubtedly cost France the Empire. The horse furniture was of Hungarian pattern securing the portmanteau, greatcoat and musand has been extensively illustrated and docu- ketoon in position. The portmanteau was a mented in Na,,"/eon's Line Clwsseurs. It consisted of cylindrical valise strapped behind the cantle, the a wooden tree with a suspended seat and a sheep- round ends were edged in lace and often bore the skin schabraque trimmed in scalloped lace of the regimental number. The Hungarian-style bridle regimental colour. The wooden tree was naturally was composed of black leather with white metal extremely hard, and many good animals' backs and copper fittings. Officers' horse furniture was similar save that the tree boasted leather side-panels, pommel and cantle were covered in Morocco leather matching the schabraque, bronzed spurs and pistol-holsters were tipped in gold- or silver-plate. Although examples of schabraques with a false seat of black sheepskin are known, the mo.st common were entirely of cloth, reinforced with leather at the girth. In everyday usc, a plain schabraque with piping of coloured goats' hair was employed, but, for more formal occasions, superior officers would adopt the leopard-skin schabraque; while their subordinates utilised the standard cloth variety, trimmed with lace and ornamented with devices in the corners. The 18 J 2 Regulations regularised the excesses thus: a 50mm-wide lace about the perimeter of the cloth for colonels and majors, with a concentric lace of J5mm-width within it, of identical colour for colonels but of opposite colour for majors; a single strip of 50mm-width for che] d'lscadrons; a 45mm-strip for captains; and single strips of 40mm and 35mm for lieutenants and second-lieutenants respectively. The comers of the schabraque were to bear the regimental number inscribed in lace to a height of 80mm. The portmanteau came in for equally precise treatment Tl'UJDpetu in rull dress•• 8.D. An interatins 6.pre with light with the decorative lace confined to a 35mm-width blue peli. .~. breeches, racing.. and fl-rnnw on hi. white colpack. His dol.m.a.n is scarlet, as is his plUIDe, designating his for superior officers, 20mm for all others, and the dite-ccnnpany status. The bone furniture is _usual i.a that in regimental number no taller than 35mm. place or the sheepskiD. schabraque one associates with other ranlu, he possesses. scarlet: cloth schabraque and ttlatcb.ing In closing the sections on dress, equipment and woollftl portm.aDteau, both edged La. white lace. (Benipi. horse furniture it is important to stress that in the Courtesy NAM) 18

first instance hussars travelled without the encumbrance of their entire kit, leaving the depots on campaign in either dolman or pelisse and riding breeches or overalls. Secondly, it should not be assumed that the hussars were ever as fully equipped as official inventories of available stocks might suggest, the regiments did not dispose of unlimited funds and a fully equipped regiment was not only a rarity but probably a myth. Inspection reports for the year I80g indicate arriving detachments joining the Grande Annee with combinations of the following dress: dolman and breeches; dolman and overalls; some in pelisses; others in fatigue overalls, and a very few with both breeches and overalls. The classic fully dressed and fully armed hussar of popular imagination, all too frequently repeated in print, is a figure, therefore, belonging more to the theatre than the battlefield.

'War~ordsand

,%imental:7iistories The

1St

Hussars

Regimental history: 17'10: Raised by and named after Count LadislasIgnace de Bercheny in Turkey. 179' : Renamed the I er Regiment de H ussards. 1814: Became the Regiment de Hussards du Roi. 1815: Renamed the I er Regiment de H ussards and disbanded later that same year. War record: 1805: With the Grande Armee at Vim and Austerlitz. 180&-7: With the' Grande Armee at Jena, Eylau, Friedland and Heilsberg. 1808-12: With the Armees d'Espagne and du Portugal at Braga, Santillo, Sabugal and Monasterio. 1813: The 1st Squadron served with the Grande Armee atJuterbock, Leipzig and Hanau. 1814: Part of the Armee d'ltalie: Mincio. 181S: Engaged at Namur. The 2nd Hussars

Regimmtal history: 1735: Created partly of Hungarian volunteers in Strasbourg on 25 January. and named Chamborant.

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'

Lieutea.a.a.t of the elite COlDpany in full dresa. 1810-12. This individual, though elegantly dressed, is considerably 1D0re soberly attired thaD 1D0st of the officers seen so far. Aside frosn his COlDpanLtively low raak, the reaSOD could be that, having hit a peak ofoutlaadish costum.e between lSog and 1810, hussar officers were at last begiDaiDg to dretlslDore lDodestly for both fuaa.ncial and practical reasons. Indeed, as early as 1810 an official circular was usued siIDplifying the headdress of officers of centre COIDpauU.etii by prohibiting (albeit without any inunediately Doticeable effect) all cords, rllfpUUf!., tassels and plu.rnes; further, Bardin's 1D0tive for the rationalisatioD of officers' and other ranks' dress in the 1812 Regulations was to curbthecnonnousexpaaseinhereotinawanlrobesocluttered with unoecessary itents of dress and equiplDcnt. Finally, five continuous years of wa.rf'a.re obliged even the officers to cut down OD baggage, which doubtless accounts for this officer's siIDple searlet schabraque devoid even ofentbroidered devices in the angles. (Vallet. Courtesy NAM)

1791 : Renamed the 2eme Regiment de H ussards. 18'4: Became the Regiment de Hussards de la Reine. 1815: Renamed the 2cme Regiment de Hussards and disbanded in September of that year.

War record: 1805-8: With the Grande Armee at Austerlitz, Halle, Crewitz, Mohrungen, Osterode and Friedland.

19

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Bnl4dim ola eea.tR aDd . . mte COIDpuly iIlf'u1l dress, .810-12. The two m.ajor poillt. olillteres:t ill these fiprn are the dlako or the NCO on the lete aad both their nudI iosipi_ The CftltR company Imgtuiin hu acquired wbat hu DOW been. dubbed the Ilho-m.odel shako: officially clesc:ribed 00 9 Nove:mbe:r oC that year . . . toweriDfl; 22Om.m ill heipt aDd lI'7OD:l.D1 ill diam.eter; it w thoupt to have aet1la1ly heeD. lIOm.ewhat pnaJJer . .d aarrower. It bore the dUtioctive lm.perial eape posed 00 a Hmk::ircle as a cut~ut plate. TunUos to the nudI i.nPpia: dnpite the face that the Nco. reviewed 110 far have had droevro.... oC the sam.e colour as their will'orm. lace, both or these individual.' chevro~ are .carlel. Although there are lOme other in.laDcn oC this in other regim.eoes, there i. Hem.iogly DO uplanatioD Cor it. (&iudier. Courtny NAM)

1814: Renamed the Regiment de Hussards de Monlileur 1815 Renamed the {erne Regiment de Hu ards and disbanded in September of that same year. U 'or rtlord·

1805: \\'ith the Grande Armee at Auslerlilz.

1808 13 Saw service in the Peninsula: Medellin. .\!cabon. Ronda, Sierra de Cazala, Gebora, Lm ,';antCh. Albufera and Somanis. 18'3. With the Grande Armee at Leipzig. 18'4.: Fought at ~10ntereau. 18'5: Attached to the Corps d·Observation du jura defence of Belfort. The 3rd Hussars

Rtgimmto/ hutory: q6+ ~ Created by and named after Count Esterhazy, and fClrmed from a sq uadron from each of the }J('rcheny, Chamborant and ~a sau hussars. 1791. Rfnamed the 3eme Regiment de Hu~ards. 18'4: Ikcame the Regiment de Hus~rds du Dauphin. 1815; Renamed the 3eme Regiment de Hussards and disbanded later that same year.

••

't "or ruord:

1805 7: With the Grande Armee at Vim, jena, ~1a~dl'bourg,Gollup, Bartenstein, Langcnheim, Hoff and Guu.')tadt. 1808 13: Service in the Peninsula: Tudela, Astorga, Tanorili. Banos, Tamanies, Alba-de-Tormes, CiudadRodri~o, Almeida. Lena, A1coluto, Redinha. Fuentes d·Onoro. ~ Arapilos and Viuoria. 1813 With Lhe Grande Armee at Leipzig. 1814 Fought al Brienne, ~1ontereau and Shanne. 1815 Engaged al Belfort. The 4th Hussars

Rtgimt1lto/ hzstory: 'i83: Created by Royal Ordonnance of 31 july for the Due de Charlres, for whom the title of ColonelGenfral of Hussars .....as created in 1779. Fonned from on squadron from each of the Bercheny. Chamborant. ConHans and Esterhaz~ hU\i.sars, and named Colonel-General. li9'· Renamed the 5eme Regiment de Hussards. 1793: Became the 4eme Regiment de Hussards by Convention Decree of 4june when the original4eme Regimem (ex-Hussards de Saxe) emigrated.

BriXtuIier-jONrrWr in full dress, 1811-12. HavinS DOted hd curioWl way oCtudcins hd .h.a.ko'. chio.scaln out oCtht> way, thU quarter-m.a.tercorporal ia oCinteretle Corhd ra.n.k i.nsipia : typical briXtuIier'. twi.D chevro~ at the cufI', bue a distinctive diagonal .trip oC lace where we might m.ore readily expecc: Hrvice chevroD. 00 hi. ldt upper-arm.. (Van Huen. Courte.y NAM)

21

Trooper ill C&.IDpUp dress, Spain, 18IJ-I2. Probably ret1lJ"Il,o forac:ial a:peditioa, tbe proceeds of which we caJl __ sluac beaeath the port:ll1aIlteau ofm. saddle, this c:aswtlIyclad bu ...... shako po...... roup. cloth cover, tied iA bows.t the rear, and a l_til-shapecl polDpoD of red with • while Cftltre. Note the water S0urd of browa leather al-. over his ript shoulder and tucked beneath his left arID. (Benipi. Courtesy NAM)

ins &om a

1806- 7: Remained with the Grande Armee: Schleiz, Jena, Lubeck, Liebstadt and Mohrungen . •tso8 13: \Vith the Armee d'Espagne at Alcanuz, Belchite, Stella, Chiclana, Sagonte, Veda and the Ordal Pass. 1813: \\'ith the 3eme Corps de Ca\'alerie of the Grande Armee at Groos·Beeren and Leipzig. 1814. Part of the 6eme Corps de Cavalerie of the Arm' e de Lyon at Loos-Ie- aulnier, aint-Georges and Lyon. 1815' Fought at Li~ny and \\'aterloo. The 5th Hussars

Rt.gimmtal history . 1783. Created by Ordonnance of 14 September from the cavalry of the Legion de Lauzun formed in 1778 and ne'o\h returned from the American \Var of Independence and named the Lauzun hussars. 1791 Became the 6eme Regiment de H ~rds. 1793 Renamed the seme Regiment de Hussards by Decree of 4June. 181.t: Became the Regiment de Hussardsd'Angouleme. 1815: Renamed the seme Regiment de Hussards and disbanded on I November. I Var rtcord:

1805 7 \\'ith thr Grande Armee at Austerlitz, Crewitz, Golymin, \\'atterdorf, Stettin, Eylau, Heilsberg and Konigsberg. 1809: Part of the Armee d'Allemagne at Eckmuhl and \\'a~am

1812: \\'ith the Grande Annee at Borodino, \\'inkowo and the Berezina. 1813: \Vilh the Grande Armee at Bautzen, Leipzig and Hanau. 1814: Fought a1 Arcis-sur-Aube. 1815: \\'ith the Armee du Nord at Ligny, \Vaterloo and V rrsailles. M.,.ie~p,uppn-,18IO-I2.C.valry~_ul_er­

ally au.m.bered oaly Carriers &m.0Dl their d£ectivn-apan &olD thedraJooas wbose uppers were. traditioa carried over froID their IDOunted iafantry orip.-bu.t b ....ur rqim_u were recorded with uppers &m.onS the raab ia .--era1 ia ta.a~. The volu.m.iaous beard and ~ ~ e devi~ on their aleeves were b.Umuu of their trade, aloal with the flaIDiaS grenade sYlDbol uaivenal to elite troops. This iadividual's rank is iadicated by the chevrons above the c:uJrs and the siagJechevroaoa the left uppe.....nn, all ofsi1ver laceoa • • carlet ground. (Vila Huen. Courtesy NAM)

22

The 6th Hussars

Rtgtmmtot history: 179:l: Created as the 7eme Regiment de Hussards by Convention Decree of 23 .\'ovember rrom the Boyer li~h1 horse a freecorps alternatively known as the Hussards DHenseurs de la Liberte et de l'Egali1t raised in September of 1792) .

23

1809 ,,'jtlt the Armee d'llalie at La Pian. Raab and \\·agram.

,8Il: \\'ith the.' Grande Armee at Kra"n~. Smolen:k and Borodino. 1813 ~ Part of the Grande Armee at Modern, Lutzen. Baulzell, Reichenbach, Dresden and LcipziR:. 1814: FouR:ht at La Rothierc, Champaubert, Yauchamj>:). Athies. Relms, La Fe:'re-Champt."nOl.,e and Paris. 1815; With th(" Anne de :\"ord at LiR:ny and Rocqueocourt.

The 7lb Hussars RrgJmmtal hi.lto~ 179'2: Formt."d at Compiegne further to the Convention Decree of 23 X"ovember, the regiment .....as initiallv dubbed the Hussards de Lamothe before lxcoming the Bernt Rc'timent de Hussards. '793: Rtnumbcred tht ;('me R~im('nt de HU\S3rd< follo..... inR: lh Decree of 4June. '794, AUR:mented by the cavalry of the LCKion de Kellermann (into which the 4th Squadron of the Regiment Saxe-Hu!t~ards ~:"\o. 4) had been drafted upon lhe regiment'S defection I. 1814: Renamed the R~iment de H ussards d'Orieans, 18'5: Became the Colonel-General Hussards prior to being renamed the 7cme Regiment de Hlb)3rds. Disbanded in . °m'ember of that same year

T I'1I.tDpetU' ia c:aDlpUp clrHs, SpUD. .8. 1-12. 'I'b.U iaterntiJac fipre wean a Karlec dolm.aD.., faced in sky blue, aDd sky blue ovft'a1b with H&ID. reUUorced in KlU'Iec. lace. Note the twin ch~ OD hi. ld"t upper4rID which proclaiaJ betw_ abrteen and twenty years' H;rvice. He q arm.~ with • 1'Q&. .-ttn-D. hu...r ..bre &Dd, tucked ialO the Khabraque strap OD hU left,. 1'763-lDodel pistol The hOrN furniture coui .s or. bf'OWll sbeepsld.a acb.ab~ue. Huapriaa -.ddJe, oa aD. odlre aaddle-b1.aakd trim..med III blue, . . - haraes. embdlishecl with tasHi. oC m.i...ecl tItreacb of ydlow. red aDd blue. (Bucquoy. Courte.y NAM)

'793· Renumbered by Decree of 4- June 3$ lhe 6eme Regiment de H ussards. 1814.: Renamed the Regiment de Ilussards de Berry. 1815' Renamed the 6eme Regiment de Hw. arch. and disbandffi that same year. J~'ar

,(cord' 1805: "'hit the Grande Armee at elm and Alt nmarkt.

24

11 'or r«ord " 1805: Part of the II I Corps of the Grande \rOlfe at Mariaull, Affienz and Austerlitz. 1806-7: \\'ith the Grande Armce at Cera. Zehdenick. Prentzlow. Stettin, Lubeck, Czenstowo, Gol\'min, Eylau, Heibberg and Konigsberg. 1809: \\'ith tht Armet d'Allema~e at Peis.in~, Ratbbonne, Raab, \\'agram and Znatm. 18,2 \\'ith the Grande Armce at Vilna, Smoleml, o.stro\\ no, Borodino, Winko.....o and ~1alojar~la\'('tz. 1813: Remained with the Grande Armee: Borna, Altenbourg, Leipzig and Hanau. 1814: FouRht at Vauchamps, ~1ont('rrau. Reims, Laon and Paris. 1815: \\'ith the Armee du );ord at Fleurus and \\'aterloo.

The 8th Hussars Rtglmmtal htltory. 1793: Formrd from the Eclaireurs de l'Armer (organised in October 1792 at Xancy by Colonel Fabrefonds further to the Convention Decree of 26 February, and named the 9f'me R~mcnt d(' Hussards. R('namro thC' 8<'me Regimtnt d(' Huss.ards by the .. June dtcree that samC' year.

3

1 Suus-lieutenant, 2nd Hussars. campaign dress, 1805 2 Trooper, 2nd Hwsars.full dress, 1801-2 3 Trumpeter,4th Hussars,full dress. 1804--5

ANGUS McBRIDE

A

I Lieutenant, 1st Hussars,servicedress, 1805-7 2 Trooper,lst Hussars,campaign dress, 1806·8 3 TruDlpeter, 5th Hussars,fulldress,1805

B

ANGUS McBRIO

I Major,Sth Hussan,service dress,c.lS09 2 Trooper, 9th Hussars, full dress,lS09 3 Tnunpeter,5th Hussars,servicedress,lS08-12

ANGUS McBRIDE

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I Lieutenant.6th Hussars.service dress.c. IKIO 2 Brigadier-foumer. 7th Hussars.campaign dress.1807-8 3 Trumpet major. 4th Hussars. campaign dress.c.181O

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ANGUS McBRIDE

I Captain, 4th Hussar5.fuU dress,I81D 2 Sapper, 5th Hussars.cantpaign dress, 1813 3 Trumpeter, 6th Hussars.campaign dress. 1812

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ANGUSMcBAIDE

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1 Chefd'escadron,5th Hussars.campaign dress.181Q-12 2 Sapper, 1st Hussa.n,full dress, 1810-12 3 Trumpeter.9th{bis) Hussars, campaign dress,1812-13

ANGUSMcBRID£

1 Captain,3rd Hussars, full dress, 1809-13 2 Brigadier, 12th Hussars,full dress, 1813-143 Trumpeter, 1st Hussars,servicedress,1812

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ANGUS McBRIDE

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I Lieutenant.6t.h Hussa.rs.servicedru•• 1814 2 Ma.recha1-des~logU. 4t.h Hu.ssan.fulI drus.1813-14 3 Trumpeter. 2nd Hu••a.rs.fuJJ dres•• 1812·14

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1814: Disbanded on 12 May.

War record: 180s: With the Grande Armee at Memmingen, Aicha and Austerlitz. 180& 7: Pan of the Grande Armee at Jena, Fakembourg, Eylau and the passage of the Passarge. 1809: With the Armee d'Allemagne at Ratisbonne, Essling, Cnzersdorf, 'Wagram and Znai'm. 1801 I': Attached to the Armee de Brabant in Holland. 1812- 13: With the Grande Armee at Ostrowno, Vilna, Borodino, Magdebourg, Altenbourg and Leipzig. 1814: Engaged in the defences of Danzig and Strasbourg and the action at Champaubert.

The 9th Hussars

RegImental history: 1793: Created by the Convention Decree of25 March as the loeme Regiment de Hussards from the 2eme Corps of the H ussards de la Liberte themselves created by the Decree of 2 September 1792 J. Further to the Convention Decree of 4June, the regiment was renamed the geme Regiment de Hussards. 1814: Disbanded on 12 May.

180&-7: With the Grande Armee at Saalfeld, Jena, Stcttin and Pultusk. 1809 II: \Vith the V Corps in Spain: Magalon, Pcrdiguera, Licinera, Saragossa, Ocana, Badajoz, Gebora and Albufera. 1813: \Vith the Grande Armec at \\'eissenfels, LiJlzen, Bautzen, Dessau, \Vachau and Leipzig. 1814: Engaged at La Rothierc, Montmirail, Craonne and Laon. The

II th

Hussars

Regimental history: '793: Formed at Amboisc 26 June from various freccorps units including the cuirassiers of the Legion Gcrmanique created in 1792 and named the 1Ierne Regiment de H ussards. 1803: Became the 2geme Regiment de Dragons.

War rteord: l80y With the Grande Armee at \Veningen, Amstetten, \Vischau and Austerlitz. 1806-7: Pan of the Grande Armee at aalfcld, Jena, Pultusk, Stettin, Ostrolenka, Danzig, Heilsbcrg and Friedland. 1809: With the Armce d'AlIemagne at Eckmuhl, Essling, Raab and Wagram. 1810-13: In Spain: Barbastro and Valencia. 1812-13: With the Grande Armee's 2eme Corps de Reserve at Borodino and Moja'isk. 1813: \Vith the II Corps of the Grande Armee at Bautzen, Reichenbach, Wachau, Leipzig and Hanau. 1814: Took part in the defence ofSchlestadt.

The

lOth

Hussars

Regimental history: 1793: Formed from the Hussards l'\oirs (also called the Hussards de 1a Mort), a freecorps organised in the Nord departement, and named the loemc Regiment de H ussards. 1814: Disbanded at Fontenay on I August. War record: 1805: Part of the V Corps of the Grande Armcc at Wertingen, Elchingen, Ulm, Braunau, Amstetten, Vienna, Hollabrunn and Austerlitz.

SOUI-Linde"a"' in aunpaign dre••, 1811-13. Thi. courier'. spring uniform., recorded in Spain, consists of an officers'· pattern 18IO-lDodelsha.ko, in theory UQD1ID tall and 27OIn1D in d.iaJ:neter, standard do.bna.n and scarlet zouave-style overalls. His cartridge-pouch crossbdt is encased in • crim.80n leather coverandhi.ornatefull-dre. . . .bretachei.replacedby.plain leather version bearing an eagle device. Hi• • rm.am.ent COlDprises an A" XI-pattern officers' sabre and • brace of pistols. (Benigni. Courtesy NAM)

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ColODd Merlin ia full draa, .8• MapWicendy tlu'Ded out for cIns. parade, thi5 colonel bas reverted to the daako ia place of the fas.biOGable bea.rUri.a colpac:k: it is the .JuaJco "nd~.N, or cyliadricaJ shako. Taller still than the .81G-pattel"ll bdI..topped Mako, it lIl&de its appeanuac:e ia 1812 and, despite be:iaK a DODrqaIatioD model, it was widely WOI"II du-oughout the remaiaiac years of the Em.pirt. As we caa He, the peli. .e was at t.h..d poiat very short iadeed, ia CODtra.-t to the early patterns. The doI m •• wu of correspoac:li.asly port cu.t and the barrd-sash ~u_t1y mounted very h.iJ.h OD the waist. (Beaipai. CoartHy

NAM)

1810: Recreated from the :2eme Regiment de Hussards HolJandais as the Ileme Regiment de Hussards. 1814: Disbanded.

War ricord: 1805 II: ee Napoleon's Dragoons and LanctTs, p. 34. 1812- 13: \Vith the Grande Armee at Borodino, Krasnoe, Berezina. Leipzig and Hanau. The 12th Hussars

Rtglmnrtal hIstory: 1794; Fonned 9 FebruaI) from the Hussards de I. ~lomagne, a freecorps created at Bayonne in 1793. 1803; Became the 30eme Regiment de Dragons on :20 eptember. 1813: Re-formed 17 February from the gemc bi\ Regiment de Hussards. The 9fme lbis had been created 8 january 1812 from three squadrons of the 9th Hussars detached in pain. 1814: Disbanded. IVar ricord: 1805 11: See Napoleon's Dragoons alld La1lCtrS, PP' 34 5· 1812 13: With the Armee d'Aragon at Barbastro. Diar and Borga. 1813: Three squadrons were with the Grande Armec.- at Gro-.: -Beeren, ~1edergersdorf, Leipzig and Hanau. 1814: \\'ilh the Armee de Lyon at Macon, Limonest and Saint-Donat.

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Trwnpeter ia full dres., 1813' Thi. fisure illustrate. the bu..... trulnpeters' full-dre•• UDifonn a. prescribed by the 18.2 Regulation•• The Imperial Livery he wean wu ia fact decreed . . early ••• 8.0 ia aD effort to .ta.DdardiH the clre5. of DlwciIuui of all thereby curbias the wont of iaterarepmeatal rivalry for best-dressed heach of colllDlll. Needles. to "y, ia the hus..,.. the order was either politely ipored altoKet.her or ~ y obeyed till the fu.. died down, at which poiat the braad-aew livery was deftDeci WOrD out and replaced by the COIODd'.latest creation. Cn-taialy, the truDlpet bumer illustrated here Dever lot further th.aa. the desiper'. desk; but the Imperial Livery itHlf is Imowa to have beat. isliued. (Bitry-Boily. Courtesy NAM)

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The 13th Hussars·

IUglrntntal hutory: 1795: Formed I September from the Hussards des Al~, a freecorps created on 3' january. 1796: Disbanded. 1813: Re-formed following the Imperial Decree of 28 january with recruits from Rome and Tuscany (dtpartmunts of France at this point!. Regiment was

then dissolved on 13 December and the men integrated into the 14cme Regiment de HU~l;ards. 1814: Re-formed 1 january from the Regiment de Hussards jerome-Napoleon, created 5 August 1813. The regiment was finally dissolved on 12 August. ~1-'ar

• Th~ appdlaliun or 13~m~ Regim~ntd~ HU!larns Wa.!. abo appliro 10 th(' Ugion Franch(' d~ Ca\"aI('ri~ de. Am('ricains ('( du Midi rrom its elUtion on 7 ~pt~mbtt 179:2. Th~ CoO\~ntion Dttrtt Or:21 f~bruan 1793 namro th(' unil th~ 13~m~ Regim~nt d(' ChaWRun a Ch~a)_

ruord: 1813: \Vith the Grande Armee at Belzig, Lubnitz and Leipzig. 1813: Part of the Armee d'ltaIie at Viareggio and Livomia.

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The 14th Hussars

Rtglmtntal history: 1813: Raised in Turin further to the Imperial Decree of 28 January and formed of recruits from Genoa and Piedmont. Disbanded on I I :\'ovember following the Alli("S' violation of the capitulation of Dresden. The regiment was then re-formed on '3 December in Turin from dissolved units of the 13th and 14th Hu~ars.

1814: Disbanded on 16July. War rtcord: 1813: Engaged in the defence of Drcsden as part of the Grande Armel'. 181.F Attached to the Armee d'ltalie.

'lite'Plates A I Sous-litulmanl oj tilL 2nd Hussars in campaign drtss, 1805 Recorded by Baron Lejeune, a contemporary of the period, tltis is an officer in very typical service dress. Although issued a multitude of di£ferent uniform and equipment items) hussars \.. . ere rarely anythin~ like fully accoutred and, even in the instance of an officer personally purchasing his additional uniforms, he would leave all but necessaries behind him at the depot. The figure from which this illustration is drawn is mounted, with a black bearskin schabraque edged in scalloped light blue lace. /IluSlraoon after Benigni I

Hu.san in .table dre.. and overcoat, .813' The left.h.and trooper, in .table--jacltet of green wool, wears a Iipt blue fatigue-cap ill place of the old ~ t tk polU:~. Dubbed the 'pokaJem' cap, it had the benefit of .ide Raps which folded down to cover the ears and butto.. under the chin. His compaa.ion'. greatcoat u equally new in design., COllSutinS ofa button.up coat aad abort ahoulder-cape combined, it _ . far removed from it. predee-lIOr, aa im.m_ _ green cloak equipped with a hoocL The earlier model would be either wound about the body or left to fall £roD! the .houlders; thi.s looked tolerable on honeback, but on foot the wearer .--em.bled a bundle o£laundry. (Benigni. Courtetly NAM)

.12 Trooper oj Iht 2nd Hussars In Jull dms. 180 I 2 Formed in 1802 , the single elite company of each regiment was accorded a bearskin in imitation of grenadiers ofinfantry. This interesting early model is literally a fur-covered shako which this regiment retained in use as late as r805. Only this individual's cords and tassels inform us as to the occasion, he might othenvise be in marching order;

whole detachments are known to have left for campaign without overalls, waistcoats or dolmans, such being the strain on funds and distribution. His horse's schabraquc was ofwhite sheepskin trimmed in sky blue. His lance is a most irregular and unusual form of armament. Illustration after Rousselot Cottreau Coll .

Sapper ill Rrvice dress, .8.... Retai..a.iag hi. prized col.-ck in the lace of the .812 Regulations which prescribed aa U:Ua.atry.tyle v-dier'. Uako for elite light cavalry, this b....iu.e..like fellow i. armed with the old .786 hu..ar-pattera m ....etoQD. Hi. colpack'. ib'mnu _ould \Uua1Iy be tucked withia the JHoankin aad covered with a leather top for the march. Note the red-trim.m.ed black aheepakiD Khabraque m.tead of the white one reserved for all but mu.iciaD•. (1lempJ. Court~y NAM)

.13 Trumpeter of/ilL 4th Hussars inJull dress, 1804- 5 Dra\"'n from German sources this trumpeter's dress is confirmed by an entry in the Marckolsheim MS for 1807 8 in all respeclS save the headgear. nusual for so late a date, we can see that his 180 1model shako retains itsjiammt, an accessory which was universal to the headgear's predecessors but

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Tnunpeter in Hrvice dresa, .814- He wean a scarlet doth. covered .JuJco rG'Mle..., white peli.sH and red trousers with a strip of white lace clown the outer .-.ma. Initially these were overalb with ide opaUDS.i trousers had by now become a pnnentratherthanan&CCfl:soryandhadceaaedtobefa.uned alonl the outer-h~I, but rather by m.eans of a buttoa.-8y concealed behind a wide Sap at the CronL The trim on the scbabraque i. light blue and the red woollen portmanteau ia edged in white. The tru.m.pet corda are ofm...illed red and yellow threads. (Ben.ipi. Courtesy NAM)

which began to be omitted around 1802. The trumpeter of 1807-8 is similar e.xcept that he wears an 1806-model shako, covered in red cloth, bearing a lozenge-shaped shako plate out of which the regimental number has been cut. The trumpeter illustrated is the earliest recorded Empire musician of this regiment. Illustration after Roussclot B I Limtmant oftM 1st Hussars in strViu drtss, 1805-7 In contrast to the manner in which they are most frequently represented, hussars wore either the dolman or the pelisse except on full dress occasions on which the pelisse would be slung on the left shoulder. Prior to the introduction of chinscales in ,80S, a leather strap was looped beneath the queue of the wearer in order to maintain the headgear in position. This indi\'idual's horse furniture comprises sky blue schabraque and portmanteau edged in silver lace. lilustration after Rousselot B2 Trooper ojlh, lsi Hussars in campaign drm, 1806-8 The black and white illustrations in this title arc all of the 1st Hussars and readers are referred to the illustration on p. 13 for details of this interestingfigure's costume and equipment. (Illustration after Benigni

Tnunpeter of aD elite compaay ill HrVice drHa, 181f-ISo UllllSually, hia white ~nkia colpack bears a sky bhl.e phune ill place of the scarlet one we nUcht esped of aD elite cava1ryl:nan j additionally, the headgear'sflarnJn.e i. ofthe aune colour, in.tead of the familiar red. Hi. peliJise i. white with crimson braid. His red trousers are the new kind already deKribed, aDd were adopted by t:nany regi.m.enu for even full dress wear. Some varieties were reinforced with leather on the inside les in identica1lDlUlDer to the laterally openinl overalls, retaini"&: ill SOD1e instances a IIID&1.I Ht ofbuttOD at the cufl'to Cadlitate theirwear"over thetallHu.nprUus boot j thoH without leather protection were constructed with a double layer of tnaterial to prevent wear aDd tear. The truJ:npet cord and land. are recl. (Beai.gni. Courtesy N AM)

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B3 Trump'ler ojlh, jill Hussars inJull drm, 180j The 5th Hussars were the ex-Lauzun Hussars to whom, among others, Hoffmann ascribes red facings at their transformation date of 1793 from the 6th Hu"ars. Thus, although the Sth Hu"ars arc recorded as having sky blue uniform faced in sky blue and white, the red uniform is quite correct and authenticated, being of inverse colours to that of the troopers, in the popular fashion, despite its seeming inaccuracy. The regiment is known to have brieAy experimented with a red dolman for troopers around 1802. Illustration after Jean Kolbe

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C/ Major oj the 8th Hussars in smJict dms, c. /809 ~Iajo",

of all branches of the Grandt Annit were distinguished by a highly individual method: they wore identical insignia to that ofthe colonel of their regiment, except for the opposite lace colour to thal

employed by the rest of the regiment. If this figure were, for example, a major of the 7th Hussars whose uniform was of the same colours but whose

lace colour was yellow we would see gold lace where here we have silver and vice versa. Reconstruction

C2 Troop" oj the 9th Hussars '"Jull dms, /809 This rear view allows us the opportunity to describe the barrel-sash's composition: an unravelled total

length of 2oocm, it consisted of fifty doubled-over lengths of crimson wool, which were divided into two equal groups of 25 doubled lengths, and then threaded in pai", through a total of nine mobile cylindrical barrels, which prevented the lateral opening-out of the threads. Each end of the belt was permanently secured by immovable barrels; to onc end was attached a doubled-over length ofcord which terminated in a pair of tassels and had a series of four fi..xcd crimson knots along its length, the last being loem from the twin tassels; to the other extremity was fixed another, though considerably shorter, doubled-over cord, terminating in a 4cm-long toggle about which the looped end of the long cord was fastened. The free end ofthe long cord was then knotted loosely about itself after h3\'ing been slipped through the threads of the front of the sash. Illustration after Girbal

C3 T rumptt" oj tht 5th Hussars in Strvict d"ss, tlit, company This second trumpeter of the 5th Hussa", Isee 83 probably dates from between 1808 and 1812. He wears a :\0. 2 dress, long-tailed surtout, with the unusual addition of lapels, strongly reminiscent of the infantry office",' pattern 1812 habit-vult. His

Coload Cary ia full etres.., 1814- The coloa.el is attired. and accoutred ia similar style to his predecesson save that the .mform has progressed a stale further, lIloviat; away froID the classic bus.... look, with the iaclusioD of trousers ia the full-drus wardrobe. In the space of Ins thaD tea yean the COftum.e had developed from a style that bad I"tlDamed Wlchanced for virtually a century ia its ripd conformity to i~ clusical 0riJias, to ODe that incorporated the comforts aDd nqllirem.nIU; of civilian fashion. (Lnipi Courtesy NAM)

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0."" Lieu..teDallt of a.a. elite colDp&DY ia ca.mpaip dres.., dh.. In place of the prescribed infantry p-euadier-pattenI ahakOt with Karlet baads; and chevrons, a.a.d the cyliadric:a1 shako of bis troop, this: officer favours the noa-rquJatiOll bearskin colpack. Notice the Morocco leather cover protec::tiaJ both his c:rossbeh and e:artridle-pouch. On the ID&rCb, and i.a. actioa. leaerally, the decorative features of dress such as plUlDe. cordsandrAqMdtuwerepackedintheportm.anteau.Hisborse furniture compriHs a cloth .clIabraque embroidered with aD Hunpriaa knot and equipped with. black be:arskia cover atop the pistol bal.-ten. (8enipi. Courtesy NAM)

schabraque and portmanteau are sky blue and edged in yellow lace. The blue shako was adopted in 1808 and replaced in 1813 by a scarlet cylindrical pattern. Strange to say. the regiment at this point had trumpete", dressed in both the scarletinfluenced manner shown here and in the modernised inverse·colours: consisting of white dolman, sky blue facings and sky blue pelisse and breeches. Illustration after Jean, Kolbe

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Lituttnant oftht 6th HusJarJ in Jtrvia drtll, c.

1810

Reconstructed from existing garments, among other sources, this officer in marching order typifies the no-nonsense approach to practical campaign dress. His shako is his sole real extra\'agance and would doubtless be covered in a black oilskin cover at the least sign ofinclement weather. :\'ote that the oHral1s now open by means ofa front fly concealed behind a flap in similar manner to the riding breeches, our first indication of the development of trousers as a garment in their own right thus far. Reconstruction from existing relics, a contemporary portrait and Baldauf)

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D2 Brigadier-Jourrier oj the 7th Hussars in campaign dws, /8078 The quarter·master corporal was nominally in charge of the collective quarter-masters of each company of the regiment. "umbering a total of eight in a four-squadron regiment, their rank conferred upon them the organisational responsibilities ofdistributing food and drink, as well as billets to the members of their respective companies. The status of fourrt" proper was indicated by a single diagonal strip ofmetal lace the same colour as the buttons on the left upper arm, subsequent rank was designated by chevrons above the cuff in the normal manner. Note his charivan pattern overalls, complete with twin hip-pockets. Reconstruction)

D3 Trumpet-major '!f the 4th Hussars in campaign dress in Spain, c.

~""'~"" Tnunpeter in full dress, 1815- This colourful m.usicia.a's dress comprises a red .hako P"ONUIlIN with yellow pompon and white plum.e.a skybluedolm.a.a with red cuJfs and a whitepeli. .e. The IibakO trim. and cords are composed of m...b.ed white and criJnaoD threacb, as are the lace and braid on the dolman and pelisu. the coloan of the Bourbon livery lace. Further testim.ony to the brief returD ofFraace's m.onarchy is the Bearde-lis device on the . .bretache. (Benipi. Courtesy NAM)

1810

This trumpet-major, a martchal-dts-logis in rank, occupied a highly privileged position next to the regiment's colonel, from ,...·hose side he would never stray in order that he might translate the officer's orders instantaneously into trumpet calls that would then be communicated in turn to the troops by the company trumpeters under his command. The role of trumpeter should not be interpreted as 'musician' since they fulfilled a signals role in an era Hun.... in campaign dress, 1814. The leadins: trooper is

armed with the outdated 1,86 huaaar-pattel"ll m.uaketoon., 103CR1 in overall length.. and the A" Xllight-eavalry _bre. the blade of which was fully B.isrnm. Ions:. Note the fuhion of slinpnl the rruuaua»-capot~ 'eft I_tui,.· about the right shoulder instead of strappins it forward of the addle's pofWDd bnleath the schabraque; this aJrorded the wearer some protectiOD &om. cut and thru t weapoll$. (Benipi. c..u-yNAM)

ignorant of radio waves. Trumpeters received the billets of "COS and double the pay of a trooper, and it ,,;11 therefore be appreciated that this individual's rank of sergeant belied his true, con.,iderabl} higher status. Illustration after Rousselot'contemporary Spanish illustration) £/ Captain oJthe 4th Hussars inJull dress, /8/0 This high-ranking full-dress figure is of the classic hussar appearance we have endeavoured to avoid, but is no less worthy of comment for that. The alternating chevrons of rank measured 14mm and 23mm respectively, and the bearskin colpack, initially reserved solely for officers of elite companies, was by this time widely adopted by officers generally, irrespective of company. . 'ote the

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grenade-shaped plume holder at Its top. (Illustration after Hoffmann '~fartinet

£2 SapptT aJ11v 51h HussaTJ in campaign drm, 1813 The dolman of this colourful figure would ha\'e been sky blue with matching collar and white cullS, and its left upper-arm would bear identical devices to those indicated on the pclisse. His sheepskin schabraque was while with sky blue trim and portmanteau. His most interesting feature is the crossed-axe device on the sabrclache; but note also the cuffs on his overalls, cut high in imitation of

Hungarian boots. (Illustration after contemporary illustration

£3 T rumptltT ojIht 61h HussaTJ in campaign drw, 1812 The leather reinforcements to his overalls have developed to such an extent that only a tiny area of the base cloth remains visible. A further unusual

feature is the white fur of the bearskin and peli. e; relatively common in the early Empire. it was at this period a luxurious rarity. His schabraque is of black sheepskin, trimmed in scarlet, "";th a port-

manteau of light blue, edged in yellow, (lIIustration after Hessel Marckolsheim \1

F I Chtfd'tscadran if Iht 51h Hussars in campai.~n drm, 1810-12

Created in 1793, the title of dltf d'ucadron replaced that oflieutenam-colonel and, until the innovation

Coloaft Oudinot in full dres-, .BISo The return olLow.

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of a major, was second only to the
ill .814 heralded the t:r1l.dJfonnatioJl. oC the 1eadiaS reeUnftlhl ofeach bnuacb oC the army iDto. kiaC. rqhneac, thas Coload OudiDot conuna:aded the HtU•• rt4 d. Roi at the tUne of

three officers of such rank within each hussar r~ment. In summer service uniform. this superior officer's horse furniture would consist of sky blue

Napo1_'. return (or the HWlClred Day.' Campaip. While nryalist nnblans such •• the white cockade were cert:a.ialy replaced by Imperial eqWvaJftlts durias the aDhappy e:at:Dpaip, it is e:xti uudy doubtful that such espeasive itan.s .. oflice:n' acco..trftnftlu, embWooed as hert with royal U"IIU aad 8eur-de-1.is, could have heeD.. Uaifona. at Waterloo m.ust CODMqDeatly have fnqu_tly borne royaldt devices. (Beaip.i.. Court..,. NAM)

schabraque and portmanteau, both liberally ed~ed in gold lace of 50mm and 35mm in width respectively. (lIIustration after Rousselot'

F2 SapptT iflht lsi Hussars inJull drw, 1810-/2 This elite trooper, his enormous beard and crossed-

axe patches defining his status ofsapper, would ride at the head ofthe column along with the regimental eagle, forming with his fellow safiturs a guard of honour about the standard for both parades and battlefield engagements. The fact that hussar regiments rather surprisingly numbered sappers in their ranks, in no way precluded them from counting the morc conventional farriers among

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TrooperoCanelitecompanyaadm.aricJa..l-.cl• ..JopoCae-tre com.panyiaCulldrfta, .alSo Thedrft oCthewthua~oCtiroe Em.pire period. u a plea.i..aJ: am.a1p.m. oC 18th. and Igtb-cftt.rury costume. The hiper-.waisted and slinuner cut oC the uniCorm, combiaed with the .luJco rowu '. heisbt and style, I_d. the dres•• m.odern Urwhich coat with the plaited and queued hair and outmoded equlpmeat. (Benipi. Courtesy NAM)

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thorn as wdl; givon the titlo of martchal-fmanl, thoir status was indicated by a scarlet horseshoe upon eithor the upper loft or ri!:lll sloew. l1luslration aftor Bucq uoy ) F3 T rump,l" oflht 91h (hu) Hus,ars in campaign dms, dit, company, 1812-13 The 9tm' (his) Hussards oxisted from January 1812 until February 1813, whon thoy becamo the 12th Hussars. C,.a"d from th,.o squadrons of lho 9th Hu sars in 'pain, their uniform was similar in the intervening period. This trumpeter's dolman would have hoen yellm, with scarlet facings. By' 1813 the trumpeters ,\-'ere newly equipped with whi" dolmans and peli es, with light bluo facings and scarlet lace, and light blue breeches ornamented with white lace. (Illustration after Knotd/Bucquoy)

G I Capta.. oj th, :p-d Hussars ..Jull drtSs, 180g-13 This extravagantly costumed officer would lead a company of two troops. This uniform would be strictly reserved for full dr occasiom and a cheaper, simpler version employed in the field. Such was the cnonnous expense of these dress uniforms that the Bardin 1812 Regulations were ostablished in order to rostrict officially [he huge sums sometimes required to kit Oul officers and heads of column in wasteful and impractical dress. When [hey came into force they wore not totally succossful, but thoy did prevont some of the wilder oxcosses of the oarly years being repeatod when the Empire was still loss able to afford it. Illustration after ROll. selot G2 BrigadieroJtht 12th Hussars inJull drtSs, 1813' 14 By this date overalls as shown here, being of rather better cut than their predeccssors, were perfectly acceptable for full dress wear. Although they have buuons down thc outer seams, these were by now redundant ~ the garment opened by means of a concealed bUllon-up fly at the front. On first receipt of the shakos roul~au, hus....ars were inclined to append their old plumes to thorn, but this practice was soon quashed, lea"in!: only the companycoloured pompon in its stead. A trooper of the elite company differed from this figure only in that his sleeves lacked the twin chevrons ofcorporals' rank,

38

and his shako roul~au was covered in scarlet cloth. Illustration after Martinet, Carl Coli.

G3 TrumPtILr oj th, lsi Hussars in smlCt drm, 1812 This trumpeter of a centre company contrasts considerably with thol;c described in the captions to illustrations on pp. 30 and 31, which describe this regiment's trumpeters in 1814. It could be that those represented in black and white are dressed in uniforms issued under the First Restoration, but it is rather more likely that they simply holonged to different companies or squadrons~ for, despite the express specifications of the 1812 Regulations. mu. icians' unifonn persisted in being as varied as before, save that it was now intermingled with elements ofthe Imperial Livery, confusing the issue still further. Illustration afler Feist

H/ Li~uttnant oJthe 6th Hussars in sm:ict dress, /8/4 This subaltern is clad in typical endoOf-Empire style, the classic silhouette of the hussar uniform all but lost within the practical and civilian-influenced outlino of the non-regulation cylindrical shako, slimmer-cut and _horter-than-ever pelis."e, and trousers, these last reinforced with a double layer of fabric on the inner leg in place of the cumbersome inset leather. Illustration after Rousselot

H2 Martchal-des-logu oj the 4th Hussars inJull dms, ,Iitt company, 181:J-14 This sergeant is dressed and accoutred in the manner prescribed by the 1812 Regulations and it is immediately noticeable, and somewhat ironic, that the regulations devised to mooemise and simplify the dross of the Imperial army appear a liule- to the right side of conservath'e in contrast to the up-to-the-minute fashions spor..d by tho majority of hussars at lhis period. Purely for the sake of including it, we have employed a little licence in representing an ?\CO with the new An IX' XllI-pallern musketoon; in fact, noither :vICO, or trumpeters were so anned, and nor, for that mauer, was a large number of troopers. Reconstruction H3 TrumPtI" of Iht 2nd HussarSlnJull drm, 1812 14 In similar manner to the previous figure, this trumpeter is illustrated according to the 1812 Regulations, in this instance in the Imperial

Troo~J-patte.rD Hunpriaa bridle (A) NId Addle (8): (I) Cantle (II) Pornm.d (3) w-teoat (4) Pistolho....er (5) SaddJe-ftap (6) Stirnlp-leathu (7) Pocket Cor .~ horseshoe (8) Stirrup (9) POrtDuulleau .....ps.

A

B

B

Early troopen'-pattem Hunpriaa aaddle and schabraque (A) aDd troopen'.pattern Hunpriaa Addle and Khabraque a. prescribed by tile 18111 Rqulati.... (8).

Li\·ery. Designed to rationalise the dress of musi- SOlJRCES cians throughout the Imperial army, it was only grudgingly accepted by the individual regiments, Anon., ,HanD~Ul'rtS de la COl'oltrit and oftcn replaced with the regiment's own H. Bouchot, L'Epopit du costumt TJlilitalTtfrmlfalsl Crnndt. Bucquoy Ed.), us Uniform!s du Itr Empire preferences within a very short time; consequently, French Ministry of War, Historiqul des corps de troupe de it only added to the considerable diversity of l'armitJran(aist musicians' uniforms. Reconstruction after Dr HouTlouille Ed.l, SoldaLJ tt uniformts du ItT Empire Bardin Boisselier Job, Tmut diS troupts de Frana

J. C. Quenne'\'at, us uralS soldats dt ~ \#apolion

lUATA

Colour fiK\1re1 .\2. D3. F3. and G3 art' illu~lratt'd ~earin~ pt"lu-o ckcorat«! ~ith fiv~ venieal rowsofbuttortJ. Lat~ infonnation indicatts th.u th~ fiK\1reJ should in fact Ix: d~pict«! with onl~ thl"ff rows of bUllons.

Col. H. C. B. Rogers, _"apolton', Army L. Roussdot, L'ormitfra1Jfalst Various issues ofthe periodicals La Gibtmt, U Passtpoi[ and La Gazttlt des L'nifonnts.

39

l.4en.des des planches en couleun

Farbtafdn

AI SouJ.bn.lt'IW.IIl du 1f'lllt Rqunml m Imur d",..uIl~ ,~s.m qu'll ~ m.anqut ..loKun \i1nnnll. tr.-e 011 bouton • la rrpranllauoa IIICIClnnr du H~. iJ n.&Il ran ck lrOu\n' dn ~ a ayam lau- habil1n.m1 1'1 Irur tqUIpt:rPmt au (lImpkt All H ~ du 1""'~ R~t nI ~ tnllw, 1801--2. Stull ~ cordon. C11~ IV(Uf'IInM III tJlll~ du 4('11lt Rf"II:imnll m ~ Imu(', 1804-5. II portt It .dt.ako .i lUmnw: decnt par I'arrrtt du 4 "&rumolin: An X qui, pcu apm .. col1$t'CT3.tioli. n'ttait dtJ.1. phil au goUI dujour,

AI Sou.-l.v1 l&JIl dn:l, H ~ UII FddanzUlll:' I 80s- <::>bsk'd _ mit ndm .tnrtucdmm l'mbmnt aUIIIR('Sl.Inn ... &f'('D, hall('lltbt' H....,.,..ldtal di.. \'olk AnuhI ihnT .... ~Ulll· ... ROUT dn :l H-.-m in ~ue. 18I:)I-:l, \tll .... ..-nahffif' dt1" Lt1nm und Troddel konnkd,t'W 8i1d ~ \bl"lCblIWI"\IIU1n« danldlm, A3 Trompt'tn" dt'l' i Husarm In PafIllkaru.ug. lBo..t 5· On- T..-.b.ak.o III dittnn .palm Dalum trIbjlft'Ch('nd unl)(lIICh. df'I'ln dl(' F'f"";,,w gC'l[m 18In au ra.U('n ist.

.1

I..il'ultmlnt du ItI" RC'gimtnt m ttnu~ dt \l"l'\'ic(', 1805 " Lot bonnel df' h.-rd, dtpOW'\o·u dt JU8ulilifT a\a111 ISo!.. twl mainltnu m pia« par un liI,·tl til cuir. pa.ant __ lei chn('\UI lin ('II qllCUt et fixe dt c~ur Met du nit . . . H-.d du ItI" iU-timnll ('II InllIt dt C&nI~, 1801). 8, . , Trompt1lt du ~ R~mmltIl~ Ienut. I~. 8im qutlt blnlcid ..lila roult'Urpropn' au ~ H-Jda.l·«arl.alt rul Ulw.t min' 1M (1. 1102

CI ta,.:wdu Iernr R~I", '"'_dt"1tT\1U "'1109- Lts_J''" dr 1'_ Iaoorpde trouptdt la GBDdt Attn« ~11ambtw:s lDItpcsdf' packqut les coIonda,. maa I t diaungu&Jmt par del pit-. d,. la coukut Invnw, C. HUlAI'd du gcmt Rqimml "' r-anc!t 1011K'. 1809 La crinlWT ('("harpe. un ttht'\:eau dt' tordonneta 'on« dt 16oan, n.&il pmit d'un nontd fixf' a chaq\H

n:lmnilt. C:J Tromptll(' du 5('11le Rtgimmt m trnut de ,""ief'. cumpagni(' d'du('. J)'apl'"Q ~ ('frt'1J, IIOUf POU\'OCII COflIUMT qu'il dal(' d(' I'tpoqu(' 1808 a 181:l.

DI u.rUlnlant du 6t'mt Rqirnf'lll ('n ImUf' d(' I(·"V){(,. V(On 1810. L'oo\t'Ttur(' du pt'1]! pont de _ pantalon dedlnl.l_ UiehqutqlK' «' \M('fOnI1 ~b1t df p1u.tIl phil aUll putWoN modtTnf D:a BripditT-k>umtTdu 7nIW R~t m Intutdccampqnr, 1807---c8. Lot ,,!oonpoK'Io:unl(,n.

wr_..,

FI OJd'd'acadrondu~.. RfWlmrrtlm Imu('d.. c.a.mpa.gnc, 181B- 12 Crffm 1791. k- ,End,. dt' chef d'('K~1roP ..tAil Uilh1<'U1' M"Ultmml • aha de ch~f d.. bril:adt. pnlC du In' R~mml m p;mdr Imlllt ,S'B- I ~ Dt Ia mbnt manI('f't q~ b sapnm d'Ulfa.nlt'nC, Its 1IIpnu'1 ~ h-..d. ~ I unr pnkautGUr du pDl'tf''' lla Inedt' la co6oonr F, Trompt'tltdugraat "' Ilqimmt m 1t"D... de c.ampakfte. comp-cnw d t1Ire. lSI ~ I (:1""' ('II JUIV1eI' 181:l. C(' rqJmmt ck\"1Dt It' l(ll1t Rqimcnt de H-m. m fn"rWl' 1813,

r.

GI c.pitaiDof' du 3('11l(' Rqimmt m J1'&-fId(' tnIu... I~ I' La Imu(' dn olirlendt h ~ ttanl kon COI.Itt'\M', It' ~l('lllmt d.. 181/. rmirt pat 1(' \bjol" &tdm. &\'&11 pour lfil('ntm la l.mpl.lhc:a1Kln dt I'hahlllcmmi afin ck M1pprimn' Its \rlrmenll tl In ilcc('80irn IUpt'TRIII. C. Bnllilditr du 12tm(' RrJlm~nl m grandc ICnUt, 181] 14. Unlimpl(' hUllatd dda C11ffi~i('d'rlll('aurailpond(' mOn(, unir..rmt' qut ce IOUI-offintr, DUI$ a\('f' Ir b.ako n:coU\·tTt dt drap 1'OU!t(' n a,·tt 1'('J[«p11llll des mA«nn d.. grack co, Tr'
•

81 Lotuln.ant d~r I Husarcn in FcldMlzug, 1805 7. \"or dt'l' Einruhrunl{ vun StunnrJ("fTIf'll In 18"5, wutde dl~ Kopfbcdttkung durch f'!ntn Lrdtrncm~n.dtt unlt'l'dtm Zopf d" Tragt'l1 uhn(', fnllcb.ahen . . ROltt ) Oblitlcicb d"'!1 Huaa.cme-ohnllch hunmdblaU<' Ln.bmcn tnIIm, habmltt'

IIITI 1]93 1802 IUt' Il.IhaU<"1lICI~en.

llop dn 8. HIIAITI1 inI Fddanzue. c. 1809· \t~ vaD allm (;atlUftItD Gr.M :t~ 1"'1'"' et-dbm ....bzrichnt all rhr R~IIObtm. mJlll'e*' d£r ICIeDgtvlZIm r arlit all \'011 dna Rftl dn Rt'(itnC1lU I't"rageII ... utd.. c.Rntf'l"dn"g. H....lTDim P""~, I~Oif'Lci.bbindtWU .lbocmLang n111 £ntgnnKhlnt Kqrdn an badm Endm. Trompelt'l' dt'l' g, H~ 1m fo~ldanzug, a~.hll(' Kompap'(, Di('l(' igur 'talTlml alii ckn J.h1TD

CI

1808-12.

D, Lcutnanl d('r b Husarcn im Fddanzug, c. 1810. Ote ('"I('n 8t':lIIkl('lda, di~ mil c1nt'l' \'ClrdtrlaIChf' au&uma,'h..n gmgen, ahn..ln ICIKtn mdtr I_,>hnl,dtm H.IIot"tI. Da B..,lIim1twTn1r dfT 7 Husarcn im hldanzug 180,..-8. Otr Rang J-nvr wutdr- durt'h cinm rinfachf"tn ~ Slrcifm am IinkC1l Obttvm ~ 0i0tT bcsW'ldalll McWltTe.t\1JOdcrlt'lbm Farbr all dl(, Ko..pr~ OJ Stabllrnmpt1O"dt1"., Huaa.cm.m t·~lnSpam('llC.1810 iJn'Trnmpr1C1' trpirlK die ...'id:taae RoIIt del Sl~. EI Hau~ dcr 4 HI8a.ITI\ In'I PaBdf..anzuc, IIIO.dK-kl.-..ht rq(W'f'l IW" P.ndc a.DII:t'lOI,.... H~ _ hobmi D t ~ F.a Pionm- dtT So HI.II&-«'D 1m ft'ldanzUl. 181' Bcacblnla\Oo'~ C'lKhnnt d.as \ttalt'l' \'011 krnm<'1l Axlm aufdn- SabdlMCbe und dit Aurx~ au(den BnDkJnrlcm, E, TrornptltT dt'l' 6. HUlalTn 1m Ftfdanzug, 181 ~ Obglt'ich m dtT &uh<'n:ll KaQtTlf'lt dcr wc-.t Fcll dtt B.alTnmUIZC und dC'll Pdzn D('It\hrh ublkh ~, war ('r zu dint'T UII all LUlIIUf !>t'lr1Ichltl, FI CItIJ d'..adr. dtT 5. H ....t('n im Feldiinzug 18Io-l~, Dt('Wr TIlt! ... utdt im ,7<11 rqrrundcl, und dn-dw/d',JUtbM lIand dcm dttj.~Mt unmllidbaroach. Ft Pi:>nttt-der I. H~ IIIl P~\lI18.o- l:l, Dtf'WT .lIIV"'ahlt(' Rt11('1" nil aut dan Rt'(irntn!ladln' an d<'r SpiUC dn' Kokinnc T3 TrtlInPt"tT dtT q bI. H ~ rm f·dd.anz ,allllnlihlk Kornpalflll(' 181~ :] Dior unhnt ... unit mJUlUAC 11,'1 aU~I ..UI. unci wurtk m Fdtruar 181] 111._ I ~ H~ ...... .u>dd, GI tbuptmanndtr" HuRrCnlm Pa~, 18oq- I,. DicsocPuaekanz. Wat'C11 10 unarlJnKT koItbu, Ii-. m 18t:l dit Bardin \'nudnulJIr"I t1D(1"f\1bn wtJrdf'II liM. um d.f' ~ l:bntricbmhritm lIU ~, c.. B~ ~ttr dtT n. H.-ITII 1m Paradnnzue:, 181]-14 EID RCllt'l'd('l" aUlV"".hIlt'n Kompa(nl(, ... utd~ J(lt'ieh aU8l'htn, aba' ottnt' dm d"ppehcn TNWmwinul und mil cin('lt\ mlucharlachrot('lll Tuch ~ T"'hako. C, Tn.mpt'ttl" d('r I tlusann 1m Fddanzug, 181:l Dcr L'mcnc:h.rd zwivh~n dtMtm Trompet..r unci dmrn;in &ncn 30 und]1 dUJrCllt('lltl:'n k"nnl~
Men-at-Arms Series Titles in Print ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL HXJI A~CIL"IT

ARMIES OF THE MIDDLE EAST '371 THE SCYfHIANS 700-300 B,C. 6q' THE GREEK A..."WD PERSIA.'I WARS $00--323 BO. 148 THE ARMY OF ALEXA~OER THE GREAT 1'21 ARMIES OF THE CARTHAGI:\IA='I WARS 265 146 BC, 46." HI:; ROMAN ARMY FROM CAESAR TO TRi\,k.'\ REVISED (93 THE ROMAN ARMY FROM HADRIAN TO COXSTAI\'lT\E 129 ROME'S ENEMIES: GER~lA.~ICS A..'1D DACIAXS 125' THE ARMIES OF ISLAM 7th 11th CE;\;TURIES 1')01 THt:. AGE OF CHARI.EMAG"if.

,89 BYlAl\iINE ARMIES 886-1118 :85, SAXON, VIKING AND NORMA.'1

75 1°51 (50) 151 (91 1361 140' III

144 113' 145' '.99

ARMIES OF THE CRUSADES THE MONGOLS MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN ARMIES THE SCO'ITISH AND WELSH WARS 1250--1400 THE SWISS AT WAR 1300 1500 ITALIAN MEDIEVAL ARMIES 1300-1500 AR\IIES OF' THE O'ITOMAN TtJRKS 1300- 1174 ARMIES OF CREey A:"O I'OITIERS ARMIES OF MEDIEVAL BURGUNDY 136+-1477 THE ARMIES OF AGINCOURT THE WARS OF THE ROSE MEDIEVAL HERALDRY

16TH AND rTm CENTURIES 58.' THE LAilJDSKNECHTS 101 THE COiIJQUISTADORES 14 ENGLISH CIVIL WAR ARMIES 110. NEW MODEL ARMY 164~ ,861 SA\1LKi\1 ARMIES 1550-1615 18TH CENnlRY 118, THE JACOBITE REBELLlOiIJS 1681--1745 1011 THE WILD GEESE

NAPOLEONIC WARS :871 NAPOLEON'S MARSHALS 64 NAPOLEON'S CUIRASSIERS AND CARABINIERS 55' NAPOLEON·S DRAGOOilJS AND LA.'JCERS 68, f'APOLEON·S LINE CHASSEURS ]61 f'APOLEON'S HUSSARS 83' f'APOLEON·S GUARD CAVALRY 141 NAPOLEON'S LINE INI-'A.'JTRY 146 'IIAPOLEON'S LICHT IM'AilJTRY ': 151' 'IIAPOLL:Or-;'S CL:ARD INFAXTRY 190) NAPOLEON'S GERMAN ALLIES 13 '106) NAPOLEON'S GERMAN ALLIES ,4 : 111111 NAPOLEON'S GERMAN ALLIES 151 ,881 ~APOLEON'S ITALIAN AND NEAPOLITAN TROOPS 1"111 PRl:SSIAN LINE INFANTRY 1792-1815 149' I'RCSSIAN LIGHT INFANTRY 1792 1815 114 WELLIXGTON'S INFANTRY I 119 WELLI'>GTOi\'S INFANTRY 12' 1116) WELLI!\GTON'S LIGHT CAVALRY 130i WELLINGTOX'S IlEAVY CAVALRY 196) ARTILLERY EQUII'MEI\'TS OF THE l'APOLEO:-.lIC WARS 115' FLAGS OF THE NAPOLEONIC WARS 13,

o 85045 246 5 £3.95 net in U K, only

19TI1 CENnlRY AND COLONIAL 67 THE INDIAN Ml;T1N' 57) THE ZULU WAR 59 THE SUDAN CAMPAIGNS 1881 98 195. THE BOXER REBELLION TIiE WORLD WARS .80: THE CERMAN ARMY 1914-18 :81 THE BRITISH AR.\IY 1914--18 117 THE POLISH ARMY 1939--45 1201 ALLIED COMMANDERS OF WORLD WAR II II~ BRITISH BATTLEDRESS 1937 61 1701 L'S ARMY 1941--45 REVISED 1114 THE PA...'JZER DIVISIONS REVISED 134) THE WArrEN,SS REVISED 139) GERMAN AIRBORNE TROOPS 1939--45 131 GERMANY'S EASTERN FROi'o'T ALLIES 1941 45 103) GERMANY'S SPANISH VOLUNTEERS 1941--45 147' fOREIGN VOLU1\'TI-:ERS OF THE WEHRMACHT 14i1 45 142' PARTISAN WARFARE 1941-15

MODERN WARFARE 132 THE MALAYAN CAMPAIGN 194860 (71 THE BRITISH ARMY 1965-ml 110, THE SPECIAL AIR SERVICE '133) BATTLE FOR THE FALKLANDS I LAND FORCES '134 BATTLE FOR THE FALKLANDS '2, NAVAL FORCE5 '1351 BATTLE FOR THE FALKLANDS 13, AIR FORCES '127) TilE ISRAELI ARMY IN THE MIDDLE EAST WARS IQ"'H3 '128; ARAB ARMIES Of THE MIDDLE EAST WARS 194a 3 '104 ARMIES OF THE VIETNAM WAR 1962 75 '143, ARMIES Of THE VIETNAM WAR 2, GENERAL (52 THE ROYAL GREEN JACKETS 107 BRITISH INFANTRYEQl,.;IP~It:NTS1808- 1908 108 BRITISH INFANTRY EQUIPMENTS 1908-80 138 BRITISH CAVALRY EQUIPMENTS 1800-1941 123 THE AUSTRALIAN ARMY AT WAR 1899-1975

Avec annotations en francais sur les planches en couleur Mit AuIuichnungen auf deutsch uber die Farbtafela