www.foreverspace.com.m
www.foreverspace.com.m
uuwpf? ?uuwpfonf jrefrmEdkifiH urf;&dk;wpf av~mufY awG\7aom ta7;-u;D o...
49 downloads
1212 Views
4MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
www.foreverspace.com.m
www.foreverspace.com.m
uuwpf? ?uuwpfonf jrefrmEdkifiH urf;&dk;wpf av~mufY awG\7aom ta7;-u;D onfh pm;ig; wpfrsK;d jzpf I vlodrsm;onf? Tig;onf yg+aA' tvdkt7 iawmufw/l uojrif;/ ipifpyf ponfw\Edk iS t fh wl ‘ygpD'’kd rsK;d 7if;wGif yg0ifonf? uuwpf. ud, k o f nf jym;I tenf;i,f 7Snfvsm;onf? ESmwHwkdI atmufar; a7S\o\kdaigxGuaf eonf? acgif;.ab; wpfzufwpfcsuf wGif -uD;rm;aom rsuv f ;kH ESpv f ;kH 7So d nf? ausmql;awmif ESpfckygI a7S\ql;awmifwGif rmausmaom ql;&kd;rsm; yg7Sdonf? tjrD;rSm xdyf0dkif;rsKd;jzpf.? ta-u;rsm;rSm r-uD;ri,fjzpfI tem;-urf;ta-u;rsKd; jzpfonf? Tig;. ta7mifrSm rGJjyma7mif jzpfI/ ausmydkif;wGif tpdr;f a7mif 0rf;ydu k w f pfav~mufwiG f tjzLa7mif oef; aeonf? uuwpfonf omreftm;jzifh wpfaycGJom 7Sad omfvnf;/ wpfcgwpf7H t7Snf 5 ay tav;csdef 55 yd©mcef\txd 7SEd idk o f nf? Tig;. pnfazmif;rsm;rS tawmftoihf aumif;rGefaom ig; pnfazmif;aumfudk jyKvky7f 7SEd ikd o f nf[k od7onf?
jzpfawmfro l nf? xkjd rwfpmG bk7m;. tCom0u wynfh ESpyf g;um; 7Si0f "d 7l ESifh 7Sio f Vd 0D wk\djzpfonf? tvkyf tau`; (wynf)h um; 7SiAf
uukoefjrwfpmG bk7m;? ? bk7m;ig;qlyiG 7fh m Tb] uBmtwGi;f yGiafh wmfrcl jhJ yD; bk7m;av;qlteuf yxr qH;k yGiafh wmfral om bk7m;7Sijf zpfonf? acrHjynfrS tCd'šyk#m;ESifh 0domcgyka#;rwk\. d om; jzpf.? t7G,af 7mufaomf oifjh rwfaom owd\korD;ESihf vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;.? om;awmfOW7udk zGm;jrifjyD; aemuf avmuD pnf;pdru f kd pGe\fy,fum awmxGuaf wmf rlonf? 7Spv f -umr~ 'kU7p7d,m usiafh wmfrjl yD;aemuf ukUKd aAm"dyif7if;0,f o£nKwOm+fawmfukd 7I bk7m;
uul7H ? ? uuk7o H nf yifv,fig;rsKd; jzpfI 7ckid f jynfzufwiG f ivufcmG [k›if;/ xm;0,fzufY iuG, J if [k›if; wGio f nf? Edik if jH cm;wGirf l tdN, d qmref[k ac:avh7Sd-uonf? yg+aA' tvdkt7 uuk7Honf iyk#m;ESihf twl ‘ay:vDeDrD'dk’ rsKd;7if;wGif yg0ifI/ Tig;ESpfrsKd;vHk;yif jrefrmEkdifiHY vl-udKufrsm;ojzifh ta7mif;7 wGiu f s,favonf? uuk7o H nf ajcmufay ausmaf usmt f xd 7SnEf ikd o f nf? ESma,mifyI G 0dik ;f onf? rsuv f ;kH -uD;onf? yg;pyf-uD;I
vlodrsm;onfh uuwpf
1
www.foreverspace.com.m
uul7H
uau;tkdyif
yg;pyfayguf eufonf? ausmql;awmif ESpcf yk gI xif 7Sm;ay:vGio f nf? tjrD;cGeufonf? tem;-urf;rsK;d jzpf onfh ta-u;rsm;rSm ao;i,fI axmifvu kd af ygufaom ql;awmifzsm; txdyif zH;k tkyaf ewwfonf? Tig;. ta7mifrmS tpdr;f ESifh aiGa7mif a7mpyfxm;aom ta7mif rsKd; jzpfI udk,feHab;ESihf 0rf;ydkufydkif;wGif jzL0ga7mif od\k ajymif;oGm;onf? ausmESifh tjrD;ql;awmifxyd zf sm; wk\drmS rnf;I ao;i,faom trnf;ajymuf uav;rsm; ygonf? 0rf;ESifh ptkq d ;l awmifw\. dk tem;wpfav~muf rSm t0gEka7mif oef;ae.? yg;[ufz;kH ay:wGif trnf; uGuf wpfcpk D yg7So d nf? uuk7u H kd tqdyt f awmuf uif;onfqu kd m vlzsm;vlemrsm; pm;oH;k Edik af om ig;rsK;d pm7if;wGif xnfo h iG ;f xm;onf? uuk7u H kd jrefrmEdik if H yifv,frS tajrmuftjrm; zrf;qD;7rdavh7o dS nft h wkid ;f / vwfvwf a7mif;cs7efxuf ydv k ~Haeaom ig;rsm;udk ig;ykyfajcmufrsm; ig;ajcmufrsm; jyKvkyfI a7mif;cs pm;aomufavh7-dS uonf? uau;tdkyif? ?pydefvlrsKd;rsm; tar7duwkdufodk\OD; pGma7mufpOfu rUqDudke,frS wdkif;7if;om;wkd\onf uau;tdyk ifr7S aom taphre= jf zihaf zsmx f m;onfh t7nf cg;cg;udk aomufoHk;vsuf7Sda-umif; awG\7onf? xkdwdkif;7if;om;wkd\u Tt7nfcg;udk acsmuvuf[k ac:I uau;tdkyifrS7a-umif; ajymjyojzihf ,ae\ wkdif xdktyifudk uau;tkdyif[lIvnf;aumif;/ xkd tyif.toD;rS 77Sdaomtaphr=efESihf o-um;a7mpyf xm;onfudk acsmuvuf[lIvnf;aumif; trnf wGifvsuf7Sdayonf?aumfzDvufzuf ajcmufwdk\uJhokd\ vlwkd\aomufoHk;-uaom udkudk;r=ef\rSm uau;tdkoD; taphre= rf sm;yifjzpfonf?(udu k ;kd · &=?) uau;tkyd ifrsm;. rlvaygufa7muf7mt7yfrmS t ar7duwku d , f OfpeG ;f wef;rsm;twGi;f 7Sd yljyif;pGwpf akd om a'orsm;jzpfonf? xkdt7yfa'orSwpfqihf tmz7du wdu k f ESifh tm7Swu kd 7f dS yljyif;aomtydik ;f wd\kwiG f uau;tdk yifukd pdu k yf sK;d vmcJ-h uonf? ,cktcgwGif tmz7duwdu k f Y uau;tdyk ifukd tajrmuftrsm; pdu k yf sK;d vsuf 7Sad v onf? uau;tdyk ifrmS q,fEh pS 7f moDprd ;f vef;aom tjrJ pdr;f yifjzpfonf? tjrihaf y 20rS ay40 txd7I dS wpfEpS f ywfvHk; tyGihfrsm; yGihfonf? uau;tdyk ifut kd jcm;t yif-uD;rsm;u umuG,f xm;rSomv~if oD;or~toD; wkid ;f atmifjrifrnf jzpf ojzifh tcsdK\ uau;tdjk cHrsm; wGif iSufaysmyifrsm;udk t7dyf7ap7ef a7mIpdkuf
yifpnfYoD;aeaom uau;tkdoD;rsm;? xl;jcm;onfrSmuau; tko d ;D wk\donf yifpnfEiS t fh ukid ;f rsm;wGif ,cifut7Gux f u G jf yD; ae7mrsm;rS oD;-u.?
ysKd;wwf-u onf? uau;tdk tyGifhESihftoD;rsm;onf yifpnfrv S nf;aumif;/ tudik ;f 7if-h uD;rsm;rSvnf;aumif; xGuI f yGi-fh uoD;-uonf? toD;rsm;rSm ocGm;oD;ti,fpm;t7G,7f I dS rd\=o;D uJo h hkd toD;awmihfrsmjzpfonf? tpyxrwGif toD;rsm; rSmta7mifpdrf;aeI rSnhfvmonfhtcg 0gnpfnpf ta7mifokd\ajymif;oGm;onf? uau;tdkcif;xJwGif toD;rsm;rSnfhcsdefonf tvkyftrsm;qHk; tcsdefjzpf.? toD;rSnhfrsm;udk vdkufvHIqGwfcl;olwkd\onf vuf vSrf;rrDaom toD;rsm;udk wHcsLjzifh csL,l-uonf? uau;tdo k ;D cGu H ckd mG vdu k v f ~if t7omcsKdaom twGi;f om;tESpfaysmhxJY uau;tdkaphaygif; 29 aphrS 50 xd 7Sw d wfonf? uau;tdak phrsm;onf Ag'rfapht 7G,fcef\ jzpfonf? tESpzf wfrsm; wG,u f yfaeaom t aph rsm;udk 3 7ufcef\pyk I kH xm;-u.? TtawmtwGi;f taphrsm; uaZmfaygufvmojzihf t7om cg;ouf ouf jzpfvmonf? 37ufu ausmfvGefvmv~if xkd taphrsm;udk aeylxw J iG jf zef\I tajcmufvrS ;f -uonf? 2
www.foreverspace.com.m
uau;tkyd if rdk;rsm;vGef;aom t7yfa'orsm;Yrl zdkrsm;wGif taph rsm;udk tajcmufcHxm; -uonf? udkudk;/ odk\r[kwf acsmuvufjyKvkyrf nfh puf&rkH sm;7S7d mt7yfo\dk rwify\kd rD uau;tdkaphrsm;udk aumif;pGmajcmufaoG\atmif jyKvkyf7onf? ,if;odk\ rjyKvkyfcJhv~if vrf;c7D;wGif uau;tdkaphrsm; rd=wuf wwfonf? puf&Hkrsm;okd\ a7mufonft h cg xkd taphrsm;udk tr=e\fjzpfatmif-udwI f udkudk;r=ef\ acsmuvuf ponf wkd\jyKvkyf-uonf? puf&rkH sm;wGif OD;pGmyxruau;tdak phukd zH;k xm;aom tcGyH g;udk cGmypfvu kd o f nf? uau;tdak phrsm;wGif vlw\dk twGuf tm[7"gwfukd txl;jzpfapEdik o f nfh qDwpfrsK;d yg7So d nf? xdq k aD -umihf acsmuvufonf vlw\dktwGuf tm[m7ESijfh ynhpf o kH nfh tpm;tpmwpf7yfjzpfawmhonf? xkq d . D ta7mifrmS ndKnpfnpfjzpfonf? acsmuvufwiG f TuJhodk\ tm[m7"gwfjynhfpHkpGm yg7Sdojzihf/ ppfom; rsm;ESihf a7opfajropf 7SmazGolrsm;tzdk\ tvGef toHk; usaomtpmwpf 7yfjzpfayonf? ,cifacwftcgu vlw\dkpm;oH;k vsuf7adS omacsm u vufrSm uau;tdkaphrS7aom tr=ef\udk e*dktcg;"gwf aysmufjy,foGm;atmifo-um;udk vdkor~ a7mpyfI jyKvkyfxm;onfh tpmr~om jzpfonf? odk\aomf ,ck acwfwGifcsKd7if;pGJqDtjyif csKdcsOfcJzG,f vkyfolwkd\onf acsmuvufwGif udkudk;qDtydkudk aqmif;Ixn-fhu avonf? (acsmhuvuf· &=? ) xkda-umifh tcsKd\ acsmuvufrsm;rSm tpma-uEdik cf o J nf? TuJo h \kd acsm uvuf vkyfief;wGif udkudk;qDudk toHk;rsm;vmonfh tavsmuf udu k ;kd r=e\f vyk if ef;rSmvnf; ydrk I kd -uD;us,f vmawmhonf? ta-umif;qdak omf omrefuu kd ;kd r=e\fwiG f udu k ;kd qDrsm;vGe;f ojzifh udu k ;kd azsm7f nfY qDa0h aeonfukd awG\7ayrnf? xkad csmuvufjyKvky7f mY vdrk nfh udu k ;kd
twGif;om;cGJjyxm;aom uau;tkdoD;
qDtydt k wGuf udu k ;kd r=e\frsm;rS 7or~qu D pkd ufjzifh wpfzef -udwn f p| , f l -u7jyefonf? ,if;od\k77Sad omqDukd trsm; tm;jzif hacsmuvuf jyKvkyf7mYtoHk;cs-uonf? odk\ aomf wd7>mef tpmESihfa7arF;uJhodk\ tarF;t-udKif yPnf;rsm; jyK vky7f mYvnf; xkq d u D t kd oH;k cs-uonf? aq; zufEiS o hf ufqikd o f nfh qDwpfrsK;d udyk if xdu k u dk ;kd qD jzihf jyKvyk -f uonf? vufzufajcmufEiS fh umzDre= \fw\ku d o hJ \kd udu k ;kd r=eu f t kd oH;k rsm;-u.? uau;td k y if r sm;ud k y sKd ; cif ; rsm;wG i f yxrysKd ; axmifIpdu k 7f onf? tyifouf5 ESpcf ef\7rdS S toD;rsm; oD;onf? uau;tdyk ift-uD;tus,pf u kd yf sK;d onhw hf idk ;f Edik if H wk\drmS rUqDu/kd tufumG a'g/ Aife;D ZG;D vm;/ A7mZD;/ usL;Ag;/yGg;wdk7Dudk;/ a[;wD;/ 'dkrifeDuef7DywfAvpf/ x7if;eD'uf/*sar;um;/*dk;vudk\/ ay:wl*D ta7S\tm z7due,fEiS fh oD[}kd u f `e;f rsm;jzpf -uonf?
uuau;tkdjcHwpfjcH. wpfpdwfwpfa'o awmiftar7duwkduf tufuGma'gEkdfifiHY pkdpGwfI ajr-oZmaumif;onfha'owGif uau;tkdjcHrsm;ukd txufygtwkid ;f pku d yf sK;d xm;-u.? ajr-oZmaumif; aoma-umihf tukdif;rsm;ukd csKd;pkduf&Hkjzihf vkdovdk xyfrHwkd;yGm;apEkdifayonf/?
3
www.foreverspace.com.m
jrefrmhtEkynmwpf7yfjzpfaomZmwfobifrS ESpfyg;oGm; tu ESpfyg;oGm;tcef;onf jrefrmZmwfobifwGif ta7;-uD;onhfu@wpfckjzpf.? EkdifiHausmf bk7m;'g,um OD;zkd;pdefESihf 'kwd,,kd',m; rodef;arwkd\onf ESpfyg;oGm;tuukd Tokd\ykdifEkdif,Ofaus;pGm toHk;awmfcH-uonf?
4
www.foreverspace.com.m
xm0pOfwnfjrJonfhokckrynmw7yf
,Ofaus;onfjzpfap/ &dik ;f pdik ;f onfjzpfap/rnfonfv h rl sK;d wGirf qdk rdrw d \kd.pdww f iG ;f o@mefudk tujzifah z:jyonfh "avh7adS yonf? Tta-umif;7yfwiG f uckejf cif;.t"d_g,f/vltrsK;d rsK;d wk\d. uyHu k enf;rsmESifh ujcif;.tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;udk az:jyxm;onf? uckefjcif;? ?uckefjcif;qdkonfrSm udk,ft*®gtpdwf tydkif;rsm;udk tcsufusus v=yf7Sm;jcif;jzpfIxkdodk\ v=y7f mS ;r=wikd ;f wGif oabmo&kyt f "d_g,ftrsK;d rsK;d yg7Sd avonf?uckefonfhtcg aw;oDcsif;rsm;udkoDqdkjyD; v~ifvufckyfvuf0g;wD;I pnf;csufvdkufay;7onf? od\kr[kwf wl7, d m*Dwrsm; wD;r=waf y;7onf?tcsK\daom a7S;acwftutckew f \dkwiG f acgif;ajcaxmuf/ ausm/cg;/ vufarmif;/vufacsmif;ponfh ud, k t f *®g tpdwt f ydik ;f tm;vH;k udv k y= 7f mS ;I wyifwyef;vdraf umufcek af ygufu -u7.? tcsKd\aomtursm;wGifum; ajcvufrsm;udk v=yf onfq&kd rkH ~vy= 7f avonf? a7S;acwf uckejf cif;wk\w d iG f -unfh olEpS o f ufr7= 7efxuf uol aysm7f iF af useyfr7= 7efrmS t"du tcsuyf ifjzpfonf? wGzJ ufI ujcif;tavhonf taemufEikd if rH sm;wGif ydkI acwfpm;vm7um; uckefjcif;onf zdkrquf qHa7;ESio fh m vk;H 0qufo, G af eonf[k tcsK\du xifjrif -uonf? xkd xifjrifcsurf mS ;,Gi;f a-umif;udk uBmay:&Sd vlrsK;d toD;oD;wk\d.uckerf "= avhx;kH pHrsm;udk avhvmjcif; jzifh od7dS Ekid o f nf? tutcke[ f o l a7G\wiG f zdrk qufqaH 7; oabm jzpfaom umr*k+ftm&HkpdwfvH=\aqmfr=rsm; ruif;aomfvnf; xkv d \=Haqmfrr= mS ta-umif;7if;r[kw/f tqG,t f yGm; tjcif; t7mwpf7yfomv~if jzpfacsonf? om"ujy7aomf rif;om; rif;orD;ESpf yg;oGm;tu rsm;wGif zdkrqufqHa7; oabmrsm; ouf0ifyg 7Sdaomfvnf; t"dutm;jzihf -unhf oluolESpfzuf faomvlwkd\ pdwfayghyg;7FifjrL;jcif; twGif; oMmefudk ay:vGiaf paom trlt7mwpf7yfyifjzpfonf? vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f wGiu f ;D rm;aomqNESpcf 7k 7dS m/ wpf ckrmS xifay:vdkaomqNjzpfI tjcm;wpfckrSm vltrsm;ESihf a7maESmqufqHvdkaomqNjzpfonf?uckefjcif;onf vlwpfO;D wpfa,muftm; xkq d N-u;D ESpcf pk vH;k udk wpfjyKd if wnf;jynfh0apEdkifonf?tb,fa-umifhqdkaomf uacs onfwpfO;D onf y7dowfa7S\wiG f rdr. d tpGr;f udjk yojcif; jzihf rdrdukd,fudkxifay:atmif jyKvkyfEdkifonf\enf; wl/ trsm;ESihf a7maESmjcif;jzifhvnf; xifay:r=udk 77Sd Edik af yonf?wpfcgwpf7H ud, k x f ;D tpGr;f jyr=onfyI kd ay:
vGifwwfvsuf/ wpfcgwpf7HwGifrl trsm;ESifha7maESm qufqHr=onf ydkIay:vGifwwfavonf? odk\7mwGif rsm;aomtm;jzihf xkt d csuEf pS 7f yfpvH;k yifur= ckerf w = \dkY tusK;H 0ifvsu7f o dS jzih/f qN-uD;ESpcf pk vH;k udk wpf-udrf wnf;ESiyhf if jznfph rG ;f Edik o f nfomjzpfavonf? od\ktm; avsmfpGmvlwkd\. qNvdkbjynfh0r=udk ay;pGrf;aom uckefjcif;onf vl\avmuwGif a7S;ya0+DacwfrSpI ,ae\widk af tmif acwfpm;vsu7f adS eawmhonf? uckefjcif;onf jrL;wl; aysmf7Fifr=udk t7if;cH xm;onf[k qkcd ahJ omfvnf; tcsK\daom uckejf cif;wk\donf umr*k+ftm&Hkpdwfudk ododomom vH=\aqmfay;.? ,if;rSmiSurf sm;/ wd7>mefrsm;wGif awG\jrif-u7onfh tutckefrsm;udk twk,l xm;[ef wlavonf? om"u jy7aomf -opa-w;vD;,m;wku d Ef iS f h e,l;*if;eD u`e;f pyf
tdNd,EkdifiH ta7S\ykdif;rS pHkwGJtuursKd;
5
www.foreverspace.com.m
uckejf cif;
ukd,f[efrl7mjzihf o&kyfazmfonhf A,favtu
AmvDu`ef;tuwpfrsKd;rS olZmtysKdESihfrd>maumif
qGD'ifEkdifiH pawmh[krf;jrdK\7Sd tyef;ajzyef;jcHwpfcktwGif;rS ,ae\wkdifr&kd;Ekdifaom acwfa[mif;a7S;&kd;tu
6
www.foreverspace.com.m
uckejf cif; -um;7Sd awm7uf a7vuf-um;rSuGsef;pkrsm;wGif xl; qef;aom a7S;&d;k xH;k pHwpfc7k . dS ?xkx d ;kH pHrmS rde;f rysKdu av;rsm;onf vlysKw d pfpu k ckeaf e-uonfuakd pmih-f unfh -ujyD;aemuf/rdrdwkd\oabmusoludk a7G;cs,fvsuf ycH;k udv k ufEiS w fh \dk I ac:,lomG ;aomxH;k pHyifjzpfonf? xdkr~ruao;vlwkd\onfwd7>mefrsm;ukdtwk,lI uckefjcif;jyKwwf-u.xkduJhokd\aom tursKd;udkjref rmZmwfyrJG sm;wGif awG\jrif-u7ayonf? wd7>mefuo hJ \dk u7mwGirf suEf mS zH;k rsm;udpk yG I f vnf;aumif;;qdik 7f mwd7>mef ESiw hf al tmif jyKvkyx f m;aom ud, k cf ¶mtwkxo J \dk0ifI
(tay:) jrefrmuav;wpfpk. aysmfrqHk;onhf tkd;pnf0dkif; (vuf0J) pnf;yHk vnf-um 'Gm'7mwpfpHkjzihf jrefrmtrsKd;orD;ud³mtu
vnf;aumif;;ujyu.?wpfcgwpf7Hwd7>mefESihf wlatmif jyKvkyf7ef yPnf;r7Sdonfhtcg trl t7mESiyfh if wd 7>mefEiS w fh al tmifjyKvkyI f ujy-u ao;onf? bDv;l u/arsmufu/[o®mu/vdyjf ymu/ ud³7muwkd;e7m;u paomtursm;rSm jrefrmwkd\ twGuf wd7>mefrsm;rS twkc;kd onft h ursm; jzpf-u onf? *sm;Ag; uGse;f ol uGse;f om;rsm;vnf; wd7>mef twkc;kd onfh tursm;udk uckeaf vh7-Sd u.? wdAuf Edik if EH iS fh w&k w f E d k i f i H r sm;wGiu f m; raumif;qd;k 7Gm; tursm;udk uckew f wf-uonf? ta7S\wikd ;f tursm;onf t"d_m,feufeJ I pdwfyg0ifpm;zG,f7m aumif;avonf? aysmf&Fif r=twGuo f mv~if r[kwb f J omoema7; ta-umif; rsm;udk o&kyfaz:um Zmwfvrf;ZmwftdrfzGJ\I cif;usi;f jyavh7adS vonf? omoema7;tursm;rS tqihq f ihaf jymif; vJ ay:xG e f ; vmaom vl r sKd ; qd k i f 7 tursm; onf ta7S\wkdif;rsm;wGifomru taemufEdkifiH rsm;Yvnf; awG\7SdEdkifayonf? odk\tm;jzihf Adk[;D
,kd;',m;Zmwfobifjycef;wpfcef;rS ,Ofrif;ysKdESihf ukd,Qwkd\. a7S;rlrysuf [efa7;jypHkwGJtu
7
www.foreverspace.com.m
uckejf cif; twGi;f od\k a7muf7v dS mcJ7h m/ ,d;k ',m; uajconfrsm; ESifh ,k;d ',m; tuynmvnf;yg0ifavonf? ,ckacwf wdkifatmif jrefrm*DwESifh ZmwfobifavmuwGif acwfpm;vsu7f adS om ,d;k ',m;oDcsi;f / wD;vk;H / wD;uGu/f tuponfwdk\rSm ,dk;',m;vlrsKd;rsm; xHrS77SdcJhonfh ,Ofaus; r=tarGtESprf sm;yif jzpfayonf?
,kd;',m;uajconffwpfOD;. wyifwkdiftu
jrefrmt7yfoluav;rsm;,drf;
rD;,m;/ [efa*7D/ tDwvD/ pyde/f ydv k ef/ t*®vefpaom taemufEdkifiHrsm;wGif a7S;&dk;tursm;onf aus;vuf a'orsm;wGif ,ckwikd af tmif acwfpm;vsuf7-dS u.? taemufEdkifiHrsm;wGif o&kyfaz:tu ‘A,fav’rSm 157mpkESpfwGifay:aygufacwfpm;cJhonf?(A,fav„7= ),ckacwfpm;vsu7f adS om a0ghZpHw k u JG enf;rSm eydv k , D ef vufxufwGifrS xif7Sm;vmcJhonf? ,ckacwfwGif uBmt7yf7yfY acwfpm;vsu7f adS om taemufEikd if pH w kH JG uenf ; rsm;rS m azgh p xa7mh / wef * d k / 7G r f ; Ag;/ *spw f mAwfpaom uenf;rsm;jzpf-u.? Edik if jH cm;rsm;rSmuJo h \kyd if jrefrmtuynmonfvnf; a7S;acwfvlwkd\. omoema7; tursm;rS ay:ayguf vmaomobifr= wpf7yfjzpfayonf? ,Ofaus;r=e,fy,f us,f0ef;vmcJhonfESihftr~/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;r=onf taemufzuf7dS tdN, d Edik if . H ,Ofaus;r=EiS afh ygif;pyfrd avonf?odk\7mwGif jrefrmh,Ofaus;r=. rl7if;toGif tjyifrSmum; aysmufuG,foGm;jcif;r7SdcJhacs? jrefrm tuynmonfvnf; jrefrmyDyyD if wnf7cdS ahJ yonf? dyif7ifah emifvufxuf 16 7mpkEpS t f wGi;f pd;k pHcuau;tk ahJ om bk ESifh 18 7mpkEpS t f wGi;f pd;k pHcahJ om tavmif;bk7m;vuf xufwkd\wGifjzpfyGm;cJhaom,dk;',m;„jrefrmppfyGJrsm; a-umif\,;kd ',m; ,Ofaus;r=rsm;onf jrefrmEdik if aH wmf
jrefrmuajconfwpfOD;. wyifwkdiftu
8
www.foreverspace.com.m
uckejf cif;
(tay:) *syeftrsKd;orD;cs,f7D,drf; (tv,f„0J) AmvDu`ef;ol,drf; (tv,f„,m) Zif;r,ftrsKd;orD;,drf; (atmuf) tar7duefausmif;ol,drf;
9
www.foreverspace.com.m
jrefrmEdik if aH wmf.ajrmufzufwcH g;r 7J7ifah jzmifrh wfvsuo f PmoH;k aomppfom;aumif;wd\k xeG ;f um;onfu h csiv f rl sK;d wk\d twGuo f ;D jcm;jynfe,fukd jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyf a7;7jyD;aemuf 7uftenf;i,ftwGif; xlaxmifvmcJhayonf?ucsifjynfe,f obm0yPnf;wk\djzifjh ynfEh u S v f su7f o dS nft h wkid ;f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H tm;xm;7ma'ojzpfavonf? ucsijfynfe,f? ?ajrmufzuf orydkif;ZkeftwGif; jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufzsm;wGif wnf7Sdaom ucsijf ynfe,frSm {7m0wDESifh csif;wGif;jrpfzsm;jrpf0Srf; a'oajrjyef\ rsm;ESihfawmawmif a7mjyGrf;vsuf7Sdonfh jynfe,fwpfcjk zpfonf? jrihfrm;ndK\rd=if;aom awmif xGwfawmifwef;-uD;rsm; euf&i=d ;f aom xlxyfaomopf awm-uD;rsm;/ -unfvifat;jraom jrpfacsmif;a7wHceG rf sm;/ tif;tdkif-uD;rsm;ESihf wefqmqifxm;vsuf7Sd ay7m obm0tm;jzifph rd ;f vef; om,mvSayonf? ajrmufbufvWDw'G f 'D*7D233^ESifh 2825ta7S\ bufavmif * sD wG'f 'D*7D96 H4^ wdk\.t-um;/ ajrmufbufEiS t f h a7S\bufwiG f w&kwEf id k if H taemufbufwiG f uomc&dkif/ txufcsif;wGif;c&dkif em*awmifwef; ESif h tmoHjynfw\kd 0ef;7Hvsufwnf&o dS nf? jynfe,ft wGif;wGifjrpfuD;em;c&dkifESihfAef;armfc&dkifwkd\yg0ifI tus,t f 0ef;rSm pwk7ef;rdik af ygif; 39900cef\7o dS nf?
rsm;wdk\jzifhjynf\ESufae7um; ukef;vrf;c7D;oGm;7ef cJ ,Of;vSaomfvnf; txufwGifqdkcJhaom jrpfacsmif; rsm;. taetxm;wkd\a-umifh awmifESifhajrmufodk\ vnf;aumif;/ ta7S\EiS t hf aemufo\v kd nf;aumif;/ a7vrf; c7D;wGif avSi,frsm;jzifu h ;l vl;qufo, G Ef ikd -f uonf? jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmfwiG f t-u;D qk;H jzpfaom tvsm;14rdik f teH^rdik 7f dS tif;awmf-uD;tdik o f nf Tjynf e,ftwGi;f rd;k aumif;acsmif;zsm;cH7mY7Sad yonf? ( tif; awmf-u;D 7=) csi;f wGi;f jrpf.jrpfzsm;cH7m [l;aumif; ajrjyef\/ rvdcjrpf.jrpfzsm;cH7m ylwmtdak jrjyef\w\kdrS wyg;jynfef ,f. useaf 'owk\rd mS awmifxx l yfvsu7f . dS ? txl;ojzifah rcESihf rvdcjrpf2oG,pf yf-um;&dS -wd*eH ,f rSmjrifrh m;vSaom awmifwef;-u;D rsm; 7S7d um;vlol t a7muftayguf enf;yg;onf? vla7Saus;vuf wpfpw d f wpfa'oESihf -w*d eH ,f[;l aumif;awmi-u f m;wd\krmS vGecf hJ onfh ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;urS tkycf sKyrf p= nf;0kid ;f twGi;f od\k a7muf7v dS m-uavonf?
ajrrsuEf mS jyifEiS 7hf moDOwk ucsifjynfe,frSm ukef;jrifha'ojzpfonf\tavsmuf yifv,fa7jyifxuf ysrf;r~ay3000cef\jrifhonf? wpfEpS v f ~iyf sr;f r~ rd;k a7csed v f ufr 80cef\7mG oGe;f onf? jynfe,f. ajrmufzufyikd ;f rd;k trsm;qH;k aom a'orsm; rSmwpfESpfv~if vufr160 xd7GmoGef;onf? tylqHk; tcsdew f iG f zg7if[u kd 9f 8'D*7 D tat;qk;H tcsdew f iG zf g 7if[u kd 5f 5'D*7D7I dS 7moDOwkrmS r~wayonf? jynfe,f. ajrmufbuftpGeaf 'orSm {7m0wDjrpfEiS hf csi;f wGi;f jrpfw\kd jrpfzsm;cH7ma'ojzpfonf? ta7Sb h uf ydik ;f wGif {7m0wDjrpf. vufwufrsm;jzpf-uaom ar ESih f rvdcjrpfwo \k d nfvnf; aumif;taemufbuf wGicf si;f wGi;f jrpfEiS , h f if;. vufwufjzpf aomO&kacsmif;onfvnf;aumif;/ ajrmufbufrS awmifbufo\kpd ;D qif;vm-uonf? erf; wyufacsmif;ESif w h ydejf rpfw\kdonf ta7S\bufrmS jrpfzsm; cHI {7m0wDjrpfxo J \kd pD;0if-uonf? rd;k aumif;acsmif; ESihf aumufauG\acsmif;wd\konf taemufbufrmS jrpfzsm;cHI {7m0wDjrpfxJodk\ pD;0if-uonf? Tjynfe,frSm awmifxGwfawmifurf;yg;-uD;rsm;v~dK-uD;ajrmif - uD;
vlO;D a7ESiv hf rl sK;d pkrsm; 1941ckESpf oef;acgifpm7if;t7 ucsifjynfe,f. vlO;D a7rSm 428000cef\jzpf.? ysH\E\HS aexkid yf rHk mS jrpf-uD; em;c&kdifwGif pwk7ef;wpfrdkifv~if14a,muf/ Aef;armf c&kdifY29 a,mufr~pD jzpf.? jynfe,ftwGif;wGif ucsi/f 7Sr;f /vdv k rkd q kd kd /jrefrm /jrefrmwd\k.a7S;tEG,rf sm;/ oufvlrsKd;rsm;aexdki-fuonf? 1948ckESpfoef; acgifpm7if; rsm;t7 ucsiftrsKd;om; OD;a7rSm 220000 ausmf7Sd a-umif;od7onf? usefvlrsKd;pkrsm; . OD;a7udkrl 1931ckESpf oef;acgifpm7if; t7om od7Sd7onf? xdkpm7if;t7 7Srf;trsKd; om;100000eD; yg; /jrefrmESit hf ZD/ v7S/D rm&l;/rdik ;f om/zGepf aom jrefrf m wd k \ . a7S ; tEG , f r sm; ^0000ausmf / vd k v d k r d k q dk 8000eD ; yg;/ ouf t pk 0 if r sm; 4000r~/w7k w f 7000r~7So d nf[o k 7d onf? (csiv f rl sK;d 7= ) ordik ;f tusO;f csKyf ucsifvlrsKd;wdk\rSm wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0ifrsm;jzpfI 10
www.foreverspace.com.m
www.foreverspace.com.m
ucsijf ynfe,f
jrpf-uD;em;c&kdif tif;awmf-uD;wGif -unfndKzG,f7mzl;ar~mf7aom a7Fr¢LapwD
jrefrmwdk\ESifh wEG,fwnf;rS qif;oufvmolrsm;jzpf -uonf? wdAufjrefrm tEG,f0ifwdk\onf jrefrmEdkifiH wGi;f o\kd wokwjf yD;wokwf a&F\ajymif;qif;oufvm7m 117mpkESpftwGif;u jrefrmEdkifiH ajrmufzsm;tpGef;odk\ a7muf7Sdvm-uI 15 7mpkESpfwGif jynfe,ftwGif;odk\ a7mufvm tajcpdu k -f uonf[k ,lqzG,7f m7So d nf? yk*HacwftwGif;u ucsifjynfe,fwGif yg0ifaom a'owd\krmS yk*aH cwfjrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f yg0ifc. hJ ? wm; wm;wd\k 0ifa7muf wdu k cf u kd I f yk*rH if;qufysufjyKef; aomtcg Tjynfe,fa'o wpf0u kd w f iG af rm7Sr;f wd\k-u;D pd;k cJo h nf? awmifial cwfra7mufrD acwfv,fwpfav~muf vkH; arm7Srf;wdk\rSm Tjynfe,f a'oomrutquf jzpfaom taemufykdif;7Sda'orsm;ud v k nf; -uD;pdk;Edkifch J onf? wcgw7H awmifzuf jrefrmEdik if w H iG ;f od\v k nf;aumif; ta7S\zuf w&kwjf ynftwGi;f od\kvnf;aumif; 0ifa7muf wdu k cf u kd t f m+m jzef\c-hJuojzif -h u;D us,af om ppfra= 7;7m rsm;ukd ay:aygufapcJhonf? xdkpOfuarm7Srf;wdk\ tcsuf tcsma'orSm rdk;aumif;jzpfonf? 1536ckESpf avmufwiG f awmifirl aS eI jrefrmEdik if H jyefvnfpnf; vkH;xlaxmifpOfu/ ucsifjynfe,f a'owpf0dkufrSm jrefrmEdik if EH iS hf wyl;waygif;wnf; jyefvnfjzpfco hJ nf? xdk aemufaomf ucsijf ynfe,fa'orSm jrefrmEdik if t H wGif; wpnf;w&k;H wnf; wnfwyhH g0ifc. hJ ? jrefrmEdik if u H kd
jAdwo d ~wk\d odr;f jyD;aemuf1885 ck 'DZifbmvtjyD;28 7ufae\wiG f Aef;armfjrdK\ukd odr;f yku d cf o hJ nf? xdpk Ofu jynfe,fa'otwGi;f 7Sd jrefrm/7Sr;f ucsiw f \kd yl;aygif;um jAw d o d ~w\. kd tkycf sKyrf u = kd umvtwe-u f m awmfvSefwdkufckdufcJh-uonf? ckdifjrJpGmzdESdyftkyfcsKyfEdkif a7;twGuf jAdwo d ~w\dkonf 1895ckEpS f 'DZifb f mvtxd 10ESprf ~ wku d cf u fdk cf \J7onf? xdak emufaomf ucsiv f rl sK;d wd\ktm; e,fjcm;a'otkycf sKyfa7;pepfatmufwiG f xm; cJo h jzifh jynfrtkycf sKyfa7;ESihf uGjJ ym;cJah vonf? xdt k yk cf sKyaf 7;pepfwiG f jrefrmjynfb7k ifcu H wdu k f &kduftkyfcsKyfI txufwef;t7m7Sdrsm;udkrl t*‡vef jynf7dS tdN, d Ekid if q H idk 7f m twGi;f 0efu cef\tyfavonf? ucsifawmifwef;a'o tygt0if 7Sr;f jynfajrmufyidk ;f a'oukd 7Sr;f jynfajrmufyidk ;f e,fjcm;0efaxmufutkyf csKyf7avonf? ucsifawmifwef;a'o tkycf sKyfa7; Oya'rsm;rSm ,if;"avhxkH;pHrsm;tay:rSD;I a7; qGJxm;aom pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzpfavonf? 1930jynfh ESpw f iG x f w k jf yefaom ‘ucsiaf wmifwef;om;rsm;qkid 7f m pnf;rsO;f Oya'rsm;’ESif ‘h ucsijf ynfe,fvufpJG ’pmtkyf rsm;rSm xif7mS ;aomOya' pmtkyrf sm; jzpf-uonf? yifvn Hk v D mcH 194^ ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmif 11
www.foreverspace.com.m
ucsijf ynfe,f aom zqyvtpdk;7tzGJ\wufvmaomtcg/oD;jcm; uif;vGwfaeaom awmifwef;a'orsm;udk jrefrmjynf r-uD; twGif;odk\ odrf;oGif;vdkojzifh awmifwef;om; rsm;ESifh pum;urf;vSrf;cJhavonf? odk\jzifh 194^ ck azazmf0g7Dv 12 7ufae\wiG f yifvjHk rdK\Y usi;f yaomyif vkH nDvmcH-uD;wGif awmifwef;a'acgif;aqmif-uD; rsm;ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; trŒ;jyKaomjrefrm acgif;aqmif-uD;wd\konf awmifwef;a'orsm;tm; jref rmjynfr-uD;ESihf yl;aygif;7efukd wnDwnGww f nf; qk;H jzwf-uavonf? (yifvkHnDvmcH „ &=) tqdkyg oabmwlnDcsuft7 194^ZGefv 17uf ae\wiG f pwifusif;yaom wkid ;f jynfjyKvFwaf wmfraS 7; qGt J wnfjyKay;cJo h nf h Ekid if aH wmfz\JpG nf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccH Oya' tcef;(1)tykd'f(6)wGif jrpf-uD;em;ESifhAef; armfc&kdifrsm;[lI ,cifuac:wGifcJhaom e,fajrrsm; udk jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;wGif jynfaxmifpk tzG\J0ifwpfck tjzpfz\JGpnf;7rnf? xdjk ynfaxmifpt k zG\J0if udk TrSaemiftzdk\wGif‘ ucsifjynfe,f ’[kac:7rnf [lI twdtvif;a7;om; az:jyxm;ayonf? 1948ckZefe0g7Dv4 7ufae\wGif jrefrmEdkifiHvGwf vyfa7; 77Sjd yD;aemufZefe0g7Dv10 7ufae\wiG f ucsif jynfe,fupkd wifz\JGpnf;vdu k af vonf?
*syfckwf7ufuef; 7ufaeaom ucsiftrsKd;orD;
pktwGi;f rS cGx J u G Ef idk cf iG 7hf adS omfvnf; ucsijf ynfe,frmS xdkuJ\ odk\cGJxGufEdkifcGifhtm+mrsm; r,lxm;acs? xGuu f ek yf Pnf;rsm; ucsifjynfe,frSm ajray:ajratmuf o,HZmw yPnf;wkd\ ukHvkH-uG,f0aom jynfe,fjzpfonf? pdrf;pdk xlxyfaom opfawm-uD;rsm;rSm tzdk;wefaomusGef; opfrsm;/ tjcm;opfrmrsm;tjyif opfawmxGuyf Pnf; rsm;7So d nf? wd,uBmppfrjzpfru D opfawm-uKd;0dik ;f tjzpfowfrSwfum opfrsm;udkarG;jrLxm;onfh ajr {uaygif ; 12000ausmf & S d a vonf ? Aef ; armf c7dkifrSxGufaom uGsef;opfwdk\onf tjcm;a'orsm;rS xGufaom uGsef;opfwdk\xuf ykdrdkfaumif;rGeftzdk;xdkuf wefayonf? jynfe,ftwGi;f v,f,mpdu k yf sKd;cJah om ajr{uaygif;rSm 156000r~7Sdonf? pdkufysKd;vufp 7SdvsufESifh rpdkufyJxm;cJhaom {uaygif;rSm 33000 r~ 7Sdonf? ysrf;r~jcif;tm;jzifh ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; pyg; wefcsed f 84000r~ xGu7f o dS jzifh jynfe,ftwGi;f 7Sd vlOD;a7twGuf vkHavmuf&kHomru ykdvsuf7Sdonfukd awG7\ ayonf? jynfe,ftwGi;f v,f,mrsm;udv k nf;aumif;/ opfawmrsm;udv k nf;aumif; wd;k cs\v J yk u f ikd rf nfqv kd ~i{f u aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmudyk if wd;k cs\v J yk u f ikd Ef idk af o;onf? jynf e,frx S u G af om ajratmuf o,HZmwtzd;k wefyPnf; rsm;rSm ausmufprd ;f / y,if;jr/eDvm/jrdKifped /f yWjrm;ESifh a&Fwdk\jzpf-uonf? xkdyPnf;wdk\ukd acwfrDpepfjzifhwl; az:xkwf,ljcif; r7Sdao;ay? y,if;udk[l;aumif; ajrjyef\ESifh rkdif;uGrf;wdk\wGifawG\7onf? ausmufpdrf; wG i ;f rsm;rS m jrpf-uD;em; ta7S\ajrmufbuf7dS armvk;H / cifuefpDESifh -wd*He,frsm;wGif7Sdonf? ausmufeD ESifh
tkycf sKyfa7; ucsijf ynfe,fukd tkycf sKy7f efrq J Nt7 a&G;aumuf wifajr|mufonfh jynfol\udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifaom ucsijf ynfe,faumifpw D pfc7k . dS ? xkad umifpw D iG t f rwf 19OD;7SdI ucsifvlrsKd;r[kwfaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; vnf; yg0ifonf? ucsifjynfe,faumifp. D axmuf cHcsuft7 ucsiftrsKd;om;trwfwpfOD;udk EkdifiHawmf oRw-uD;u ucsifjynfe,f0ef-uD; tjzpfcef\tyfxm; onf? ucsijf ynfe,f0ef-u;D onf ucsijf ynfe,fOUX vnf;jzpfonf? olonfucsifjynfe,f pD7iftkyfcsKyf a7;udPwkd\ udkwm0ef,laqmif&Guf7onf? ucsif trsKd;om; r[kwo f rl sm;ESihf oufqidk af om udPrsm;udk aqmif&Guf7mY ucsiftrsKd;om;r[kwfaom ukd,fpm; vS,rf sm;. qNuko d ;D jcm;7,ljy;D rSom aqmif&u G af vonf? ucsifjynfe,f zGJ\pnf;xm;ykHwGif tjcm;e,frsm; zGJ\pnf;xm;ykHESifh rwlyJ xl;jcm;aom tcsufwpfckrSm tjcm;tjcm; jynfe,frsm;onf zGJ\pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya' tm+mwnfjy;D 10 ESpt f vGeYf jynfaxmif 12
www.foreverspace.com.m
ucsijf ynfe,f r7SdbJ tcsKd\ukefpnfrsm;udk xkwfcGifh/ oGif;cGifhrsm;ay; Edik af vonf?
ywjrm;wd\krmS eef;,mqdyaf 'orS xGuaf omfvnf; ,ck tcgY wl;az:jcif;r7Sdacs? jynfe,ftwGif;7Sd jrpf acsmif;rsm;rS a&FudkusifI 7Ekdifaomfvnf; pD;yGm;a7; vkyfief; vkyfudkifEkdifavmufatmif rrsm;vSay? ucsifjynfe,ftpd;k 7onf "gwfoWKw;l az:vkyu f idk af 7; udk zG\HjzdK;ap7ef7nfoefI "gwfoWK7mS azGw;l az:a7;tzG\J wpfczk \JGpnf;jyD;v~if "gwfoWKwl;az: a7;vkyif ef;rsm; ukd pepfwusjyKvkyf 7efprD pH ikd ;f jyif;vsuf 7Sad vonf?
acwfopfucsijf ynfe,f jynfe,fwiG f vlrsm;pkjzpfaom ucsiv f rl sK;d rsm;onf wdk;wuf-uD;yGm;vdkaompdwf7SdI odvG,fwwfajrmuf vG,faom vlrsKd;rsm;jzpf-uonf? ucsifvlrsKd;wdk\rSm tpOftvmtm;jzifh ewfudk;uG,faom vlrsKd;rsm; jzpfaomfvnf; vGecf ahJ omESpt f enf;i,fu Ak
vrf;yef;qufo, G af 7;ESiu hf ;l oef;a7mif;0,fa7; jynfe,ftwGi;f wpfae7mrSwpfae7mod\k oGm;vm7ef vrf;aumif;rsm; vkHavmufpGmr7Sdacs? vm;odk\r[kwf qifrsm;rSm ul;oef;oGm;vmolrsm;twGuf orm;&d;k us ukefwif oW0grsm;jzpfonf? jrpf-uD;em;jrdK\rSmrM av;jrdK\ESifh rD;7xm;vrf;rdkifaygif;33^ rdkif a0;uGmI rD;oab‡mrsm;tjrJwap 0ifxGufoGm;vmaeaomjrdK\ jzpfonf? jrpf-uD;em;jrdK\rq S ifbo dk \kd oab‡mjzifo h mG ;vm Ekid af o;onf? jrpf-uD;em;/ Aef;armfEiS yhf w l mtdjk rdK\rsm; wGif avqdyrf sm;7S7d m 7efuek jf rKd \EiS f 7h ufoWwpfywfv~if 2-udru f squfo, G yf so H ef;vsu7f o dS nf? a7vrf;/ avvrf;rsm;tjyif ta7;-uD;tokH;0if aom awmif-um;vrf;rsm;vnf;7Sdao;onf? jrpf-uD; em;rSr;kd aumif;/ rdik ;f uGr;f wd\kujkd zwfI tdN, d Edik if t H wGi;f 7Sd vD'jkrd Kd \ov \k d nf;aumif;/ jrpf-u;D em;rS qGeyf 7mbku H k d jzwfI ylwmtdk od\kvnf;aumif;/ w&kwEf idk if eH ,fpyfteD;7Sad om a0gjrdK\o\kd vnf;aumif;/ awmif-um;vrf;rsm;&Sd onf? Aef;armfjrdK\rS wydefjrpf 0Srf; vrf;pOfjzifh w&kwfEdkifiHodk\ a7muf7EdS idk o f nf? xkdodk\ awmif-um;vrf; c7D;rsm;jzifh w&kwfEdkifiH/ tdNd ,Ek d i f i H r sm;od k \ quf o G , f E d k i f onf h t avsmuf ucsif j ynf e,f w G i f uk e f ; vrf ; ul ; oef ; a7mif;0,fr=rsm; wjznf; jznf; zGH\jzdK;Ivmonf? xGuf uk e f 0if u k e f u ef \ owf a 7;Oy a'rsm;ud k Tjynf e ,f t wG u f tenf ; i,f av~mh a ygh I jyif qif x m;7um; c&k d i f 0 ef r sm; u aiG v J v S , f j cif ; pH e pf aiG azmifzGJ\I ar~mcsvmaom ajymif ; vF J a y;jcif ; pH e pf r sm; 13
ucsifjynfe,fxGuf tzkd;wef u`ef;opfrsm;
www.foreverspace.com.m
ucsijf ynfe,f rsm; trsm;tjym;jyif wnfaxmifjy;D onf\ tjyifq7mjzpf oifo_d aH usmif;wpfcu k kd yifjrpf-uD;em;jrdK\Y pwifziG fh vSpv f u kd jf yjD zpf.? vlxyk nma7;udv k nf; pwifaqmif &Guaf eavjyD? ynma7;ESiphf yfvsO;f I 1951„52 ckEpS f wGif tokH;p7dwf7efykHaiG 120^280 owfrSwfxm; cJhonf? 1952„53ckESpfwGif 19^3630txdwdk;jr|ifh owfrw S f xm;cJah vonf? jyefvnfxal xmifa7; vkyif ef;rsm;wGif v,f,mpdu k f ysKd;a7;ESifh wd7>mefarG;jrLa7;vkyfief;rsm;onf ta7; ygt7ma7mufonfhtavsmuf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a7;ESifh wd7>d mefarG;jrLa7;twGuf ucsijf ynfe,ftpd;k 7u ESpf pOfESpfwdkif; trawmfaiGrsm; xkwfacs;cJhavonf? 1951„52ckEpS f twGi;f wGif v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a7;twGuf trawmfa-u;aiG 2odef;r~acs;cJhI wd7>mef arG; jrLa7;twGuf aiGaygif;48000r~ acs;iSm;cJah vonf? use;f rma7; vkyif ef;rsm;ESih f pyfvsO;f I jrp-u f ;D em;/ Aef;armfESifh ylwmtdkjrdK\rsm;wGif jynfol\aq;&kHrsm;7Sd onft h jyif umvom;a7m*g wdu k zf suaf 7;t zG\Jwpfz\JEG iS hf usef;rma7; tzG\J i,fuav;wpfcw k \kd rmS Aef;armfjrdK\ wGif pwifaqmif&u G v f suf7o dS nf? 7efukefjrdK\Y zGifhvSpfoif-um;vsuf7Sdaom vuf axmufuse;f rma7;rŒ; oifwef;ausmif;/ olemjyKq7mr twwfoifwef;/ ausmufx;kd q7moifwef;rsm;od\k u csijf ynfe,frS ausmif;om;rsm; tywfpOfapvFwo f if
-um; vsu&f 7dS m r-umrDtwGi;f use;f rma7;pDru H ed ;f rsm; udk taumif txnfaz:Ekid af yawmhrnf? ucsifjynfe,fwGif jynfawmfompDrHudef;t7 a7; qGJxm;aom vkyfief;aqmifwmwdk\rSm txl;yifpdwf 0ifpm;p7maumif;vSonf? TpDru H ed ;f t7 opfxw k f vkyfa7;tzGJ\ "gwfoWKwl;az:vkyfukdifa7;tzGJ\ pufr= vufr= xGe;f um;a7;tzG\J tp7Sad om tzG\J i,fuav; rsm;udkzGJ\pnf;vsuf ajray:ajratmuf yPnf;rsm;ukd pepfwus xkwv f yk af 7mif;csjyD; v~iaf cwfraD omjynf e,ftjzpf xlaxmif7efjzpfonf? ,ckjrpf-uD;em;jrKd \Y o -um;pufwpfcEk iS hf vufry= nmoifwef;wpfck zGiv hf pS f xm;jcif;rSm vkyif ef;tpysKd;jcif; r~om7Sad o;onf? xdrk w S pfyg; jynfe,ftES\Htjym;wGif pmoifausmif; rsm;zGiv hf pS af 7;/ aq;&kaH q;cef;rsm;zGiv hf pS af 7;/ vrf; a-umif;rsm;azmufvyk af 7; udPwd\k uv dk nf; wygwnf; pwif aqmif&u G v f su7f adS yonf? ,cktcgjrefrmjynfr 7Sd rW7mt7yfrS Aef;armfo\kd armfawmfum;vrf; azmuf vkyfawmhrnfjzpf7m/ ,cifu rMav;ESifhAef;armfrSm 7Sr;f jynfe,fbufrS armfawmfum;vrf;t7 378rdik rf ~ uGma0;cJah omfvnf; Tvrf;-uD; jyD;ajrmufaomtcg 265rdik rf ~om uGma0;ayawmhrnf? qdck ahJ ompDru H ed ;f rsm; a-umifh ucsijf ynfe,frmS ae\jcif;njcif;yif wu,f acwfrw D ;kd wufaom jynfe,fwpfck jzpfvmawmhrnf[k ,k-H unf7avawmhonf? OD;b7Sif
Aef;armfESihf a7F*ljrdK\t-um;wGif cef\nm;pGm wnf7Sdonhf{7m0wDjrpf. 'kwd,jrpfusOf;
14
www.foreverspace.com.m
ucsijf ynfe,f ucsifvlrsdK; ? ?jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ucsiv f rl sK;d wk\d aexkid 7f mtcsut f csma'orSm csi;f wGif; jrpfzsm;ESihf {7m0wDjrpfzsm;wkd\jzwfoef;pD;qif; 7m a'wpf0dkufjzpf.? ajrmufzufvWDwG'f23H3^'D*7D ESihf 28H25'D*7Dwkd\t-um; ta7S\buf avmif*sDwG'f 96'D*7DESihf 98H4^'D*7D t-um;jzpfaom tmoHjynf ta7S\ajrmufyikd ;f ESifh jrefrmEdik if aH jrmufyikd ;f w&kwjf refrm e,fpyf tvGef a'orsm;wGif ys\HE\HaS exkid -fu f onf? ucsif wkd\. vlOD;a7rSm wjznf;jznf;wkd;wufrsm;jym;vm cJh7m rkd;ukwfe,f udk;awmifa'o a7FvDjrpf0Srf;a'o vm;&d;= e,fEiS fh 7Sr;f jynfe,f ajrmufyikd ;f awmifzufusKid ;f wHke,ftxdysH\ESH\vsuf7Sd-uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. ty jzpfaom tmoHjynf ywfuGdKifawmif. taemufzuf awmifapmif;a'oESihf w&kwfEdkifiH ,leefjynfe,fwGif ta7S\zufavmif*sw D 'G f 99'D*7Dcef\ txda'owd\kwiG f vnf; ucsifvrl sKd;rsm;udk awG\7ayonf? 1931ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHoef;acgifpm7if;t7 jref rmEkid if t H wGi;f ae xdik u f aomucsiOf ;D a7rSm 153000 ausmf7Sd.? xdkta7twGufrSm oef;acgifpm7if;r aumuf,lEdkifcJhao;aom ylwmtdke,f [l;aumif;e,f 0e,farcESihf rvdcjrpfpyf-um;7Sd -wd*He,fwkd\wGif7Sd aomucsifOD;a7rsm; ryg0ifcJhay1931ckESpfujref rmEdkifiHtwGif; ucsifOD;a7 214000 r~7Sdvdrfhrnf[k u`r;f usio f w l \dku cdik v f pkH mG cef\reS ;f cJ-h uonf? xdpk Of tcgu tmoHjynfwiG u f csiftrsKd;om;aygif;3000 r~ &Sdonf[k tmoHoef;acgifpm7if;wGif az:jyxm; onf? Aef;armf ESihfjrpfuD;em;c&dkifrsm;tygt0ifjzpf aomucsijf ynf e,fa'otwGi;f Yyif 1948ckEpS f oef acgifpm7if;t7 ucsifOD;a7 221901a,muf7Sdonf [kod7ojzihf ucsifvlrsKd;wkd\rSm wjznf;jznf;vlOD;a7 wd;k wufvsuf7o dS nfukd odomEdik o f nf?
a7F\ajymif;aexkid v f myHk awmifbuf a'orsm;odk\ a7F\ajymif;vm-u7mwGif ucsiw f \dkonf w&kw/fjrefrm/wdAufEiS fh tmoHjynfw\dk. e,fpyfrsm;qHk7m awmawmifxlxyfvSaom a'o wpf0dkufwGif a7muf7SdvmjyD;aemuf/ xkda'orStcGifh omv~if omonfhtavsmuf awmifbufjrefrmEdkifiH twGi;f od\k wjznf;jznf; a7F\ajymif;vmcJ-h u[ef wlonf? olw\dk. a7F\ajymif;7mc7D;vrf;rSm cufcv J I S wpfa-umif;/ xkrd w S pfyg; olw\dk.tvsiu f a7F\ajymif;oGm;c-Ju h aom rGefcrmtEG,f0ifrsm;ESihf tjcm;tEG,fwl vlrsKd;rsm;u a7F\ajymif;7mvrf;wGif ydwfqkd\[ef\wm;bdouJhodk\ 7S d aecJhaoma-umihfwpfa-umif; ucsifwkd\rSm jrefrmEdkifiH wGif;odk\ a7\Fajymif;0ifa7muf7mwGif twefaemufus olrsm;jzpf-uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH wGif;odk\0ifa7muf cJh-ujyD;aemuf -wd*He,f(arcESifhrvdcjrpf2oG,fpyf -um;7SdoHk;axmifha'o)odk\a7mufaomtcgwGifa7S\ odk\ qufvuf a7F\ajymif;jcif; rjyKEdkifbJumvtwef -um tajcpdkufaexkdifcJh-u7[ef wlonf? ta-umif; rSmxkdpOfu jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufzsm;udk arm7Srf;wkd\-uD; pdk;cJh-uaoma-umifh[kqdkzG,f7m7Sdonf? arm7Srf;wkd\ tiftm; ,drf;,dkifaomtcgrS a7S\odk\qufvufa7F\ ajymif;I ,ckaexkdif7m a'orsm;odk\wjznf;jznf; a7mufvmcJ-h uonf? w&kwo f rdik ;f usr;f rsm;udk axmuf xm;jcif; tm;jzifh-wd*He,frS awmifbufodk\pwifa7F\ ajymif;onfrSm c7pfESpf157mpk tv,favmufu[k cef\reS ;f Ekid o f nf? jref rmEdik if w H iG ;f od\k pwif0ifa7muf onfrmS um; 117mpkEpS af vmuf jzpfwef7monf[k ,lq Edik af yonf? 157mpkEpS t f v,favmufupI vlwpfqufjy;D wpfquf a7F\ajymif;vm-upOfwGif ucsifwkd\rSm a7muf7SdjyD;jzpf aom 7Sr;f ESijfh refrmw\. dk ,Ofaus;r= tcsut f vufrsm; udk pwif77Scd -hJ uonf? xkrd w S pfyg; rdrw d \dkae7m77Sad 7; ponfwkd\twGuf a7muf7SdjyD;aom 7Srf;jrefrmpaom olw\dk EiS fh r-umc+ qko d uJo h \dk wku d cf u kd rf r= sm;jzpfymG ; cJh.? tiftm;enf;onfh a7muf7SdjyD;vlrsKd;rsm;udk awmifbufo\kd wGe;f xkwEf ikd cf -hJ u.? Tod\kjzifh q'H;k e,f wGif aecJah om yavmifw\kdrmS awmifbufa7FvjD rpf0rS ;f bufo\dk a7F\ajymif;vmcJI h ucsifw\dk rmS rl q'H;k e,fwiG f tiftm;ESihf tajcpdkufaevsuf7Sd-uavjyD? ucsif wkd\rSma7F\ajymif;-u7m wGifawmif&dk;udkvkduf-u.? tajcpdu k af exkid f -u7mYvnf; rsm;aomtm;jzihf awmif &dk; awmifpG,fwkd\udk ydkrdkESpfouf-uonf? jrefrmEdkifiH
ucsiw f \dk.rlvZmpfjrpf ucsifvlrsKd;wkd\rSm wdAufjrefrm tEG,f0ifrsm;jzpf -uI jrefrmvlrsKd;wkd\ESihf bkd;pOfabmifqufrSpI rsKd; &d;k wpfcw k nf; uqif;oufvmolw\kd jzpf-uonf? olw\. dk rl7if;a'orSm r*`dKif;7Sif*7bHk jzpfonf[krd&dk;zvm rSwo f m;xm;-uonf? xkpd um;. t"d_m,frmS obm0 tm;jzihf jyef\jyL;aeaom awmifxdyfjzpfonf? Tjyef\ jyL;aeaom awmifxdyfrSm wdAufjynfa7S\buf ESihf plc`efe,ft-um;7Sd ukef;jrifha'oyifjzpf[ef wl avonf? 15
www.foreverspace.com.m
ucsifvrl sKd; wGif;okd\ a7mufjyD;aemuf awmifwef;rsm;wpfav~muf awmifbuf qGeyf 7mbHo k \/kd qGeyf 7mbHrk o S nf awmifbuf awmif&dk;twkdif;vnf;aumif;/ taemufawmifbuf '&kcsuo f \kv d nf;aumif;/ xyfrcH o JG mG ;onfh vrf;wpfo, G /f -wd*He,ftwGif;7Sd awmifwef;twkdif; qufvmI arcjrpf7;dk wpfav~muf awmifbufo\kd qif;vmcJo h nf\ vrf;wpfo, G f Tod\kvrf;ESpo f , G u f jJG ym;um a7F\ajymif; ysH\E\HSc-hJ uonf[k ,lqzG,7f . dS ? trnf ucsi[ f al oma0g[m7rSm trSepf ifppf jrefrmwd\kac: aom a0g[m7omjzpfonf? ucsifvlrsKd;wkd\. pum; r[kwaf cs? ucsifvrl sKd;rsm;onf rdrw d \dk urkd rd w d \dk ‘*sif; azg’vlrsKd;rsm;[kom ajymqkd-uonf? vlwpfa,muf [kt"d_g,f7Sdonf? w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;url ucsifvlrsKd; rsm;udk‘a,*sif’[kac:qdk-uonf? t"d_g,frSmvl &dkif; [k77Sdonf? ,Ofaus;aom w&kwftrnfwckrSm‘ 7Sefxkd’jzpf.? awmifxdyfom;[k t"d_g,f7onf? tmoHjynfwiG f ucsiw f \dkukd ‘pifz;kd ’[kac:a0:-uonf? jrefrmrSww f rf;rsm;Y odr;f azg’[kyg7So d nf? 7Sr;f vlrsKd; wd\ku ucsiv f rl sK;d udk ‘cef*’[k ac:a0:-uonf? ,ckt cgvltrsm;uyif *sif;azgvlrsKd;udk ucsifvlrsKd; [k omod7Sdem;vnf-uonf? tvGefa7S;usaom jrefrm
taetxkdif &kd;om;-uaom ucsifrdom;pk
ausmufpmrsm;wGif ucsifqdkaompum; oHk;E=ef;xm; onfudkrawG\7ay? odk\7mwGifoU7mZf 804ckESpfxkd; anmifOD;a7Fpnf;cHk OnHe0ausmufpmwGif ‘ujcif’[k a7;xd;k xm;onfukd a7S;OD;pGm awG\7onf? ucsit f yk pf u k rJG sm; *sif;azgqdak om pum;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh ucsif rsm;udk ac:a0:aomfvnf; a'otvdu k q f v kd ~if awmif buf atmufbufwGif aexkdif-uaom ucsifrsm;ukd *sif;azg [kac:wGiI f txufzuf (0g)jrpfzsm;zuf wGif aexdkif-uaom ucsifrsm;udk‘cck’ [kac:-u avonf? cckqdkaomucsifpum;rSm jrpfzsm;[k t"d_g,f77So d nf? ucsifvlrsKd;wkd\. tpOftvmtm;jzifh olwkd\onf ‘0csuf0’qdkaom a7S;OD;zcif-uD;rS qif;oufayguf zGm;vm-uonf[k ,Hk-unf-u.? zcif-uD;0csuf0 rSm om;ig;OD;7Sd7m tqdkyg om;ig;OD;rS -uD;pOfi,f vkduf xif7Sm;aom vlrsKd;tkyfpk-uD; 5pkjzpfay:vm onf [ktqd7k o dS nf? xdo k w l \dk rmS (1)r7pf (2)vaxm (3)vzdik f (4)tifcrk Ef iS fh (5)r7rf wk\d jzpf-uonf? tpf udk t-uD;qH;k rS aygufzmG ;qif;oufaom r7pftyk pf rk mS olw\dkvrl sKd;pkw\kdxw J iG f 0gt7ifq h ;kH jzpfI vzdik t f yk pf rk mS tiftm;t-uD;qHk;jzpfonf? TvlrsKd;tkyfpk 5pkwkd\ onf a7S;,ciftcg vlrsKd;csif; a7m,Sucf gtwlwuG yifa7maESm aexkid af vh7-dS uonf? jyqdkcJhaom vlrsKd;tkyfpk5pktjyif zcif-uD; 0csuf0 qdo k . l nDi,f^OD;rS qif;oufaygufzmG ;onf qkad om
{nhfonftm; rkef\cGH{nhfcH7aom ucsifr*‡vmaqmifowkd\orD;
16
www.foreverspace.com.m
www.foreverspace.com.m
ucsifvrl sKd; tjcm;vlrsKd;tkyfpk 15pkvnf;7Sdao;onf? odk\aomf xko d w l \dkrmS xif7mS ;jcif;r7Sad cs?
ucsifpmudk wDxGifay;cJhonf? ucsifvlrsKd;wkd\onf rdrdwk\d bmompum;jzifh ajymIrjzpfaomtac: ta0:rsm;udk jrefrmpum;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ 7Sr;f pum;jzif\ vnf;aumif; ac:a0:-uonf?
"avhx;kH pHrsm; ucsiv f rl sK;d wk\donf tpOftvmtm;jzihf ewfuu kd ;dk uG,faom vlrsKd;rsm;jzpf-uonf? aus;7Gmrsm;wGif 'krq f qkad om ewfq7mrSm txl;yifta7;ygt7ma7muf aom ykCdKvfwpfOD;jzpfonf? r*®vmaqmifaomtcg wGif vnf;aumif; wpfpw k H pfa,mufaoqH;k I oj*K[ ‹ rf nft h cg wGiv f nf;aumif; 'krq f ewfq7mu nFejfya7S\aqmif7onf? aus;7Gmwdkif; aus;7Gmwkdif;wGifqvdkif;[k ac:aom t7yfvl-uD;rsm;7Sdonf? qvdkif;udk aygrd=if;[ktac: rsm;onf? xko d w l \dkonf rdrad us;7GmtwGi;f tr=tcif;/ oma7;/ ema7;udPrsm;Y jrefrmEdkifiHwGif q,ftdrfrŒ; rsm;enf ; wl / a7S \ aqmif n F e f j yavonf ? 'l ; 0g; [k ac:aomt-uD;tuJrsm;rSm aus;7Gmaygif; 20rS 100txd toD;oD;tkyfcsKyf-u7onf? t*®vdyf tpd;k 7vufxufY awmiftyk q f o dk rl sm;udv k nf; cef\xm; avonf? awmiftyk rf mS qvdik ;f (t7yf vl-u;D )ESifh 'l;0g; wkd\-um;wGif7Sdonf? awmiftkyf. wm0ef0W7m;rSm tkyfcsKyfr=wGif ajyjypfvG,fulap7ef aus;7GmvlxkESihf 'l;0g;wk\d ukd qufo, G af y;7oljzpfonf? ucsifvlrsKd;wdk\wGif rl7if;pmayrsm; r7Sd-uacs? c7pf ,ef omoemjyKykCdKvfrsm;u a7mrtQ7mrsm;jzihf
tqdt k uESiw fh 7l , d mrsm; ucsifvlrsKd;wkd\onf uckefjcif;/ oDqdkjcif;rsm;wGif txl;0goemxHkaom vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfonf? r*®vm yGrJ sm;wGiv f nf;aumif;/ tokb-uKHonft h cgY vnf;aumif; tjcm;ewfyGJrsm;wGifvnfaumiff;/ tpkvdkuftjyHKvdkuf oDqu dk ckeaf vh7-dS uonf? wpfa,mufwnf; ujyjcif; um; enf;yg;vSonf? a,mufsm;ESihfrdef;r wGJzufu -u7mwGif wpfOD;udkwpfOD;udkifwG,f jcif;r7Sd-uacs? wpfO;D ESiw fh pfO;D om;arG;,yfawmifrsm;jzihf qufo, G f avhom7Sd-uonf? ucsifjynfe,fY xif7Sm;ausmfapm vSaom yGJawmf-uD;wckrSm ‘raemyGJ’ac: ewfylaZmfyGJ -uD;yifjzpfonf? (raemyGJ 7=)ewfrsm;udk ylaZmf yoaom tavhtxrSm wdAufjrefrmvlrsKd;wk\d . "avhx;kH pHrsm; jzpf[efwlonf? jrpf-uD;em;jrdK\wGif raemewfpif -uD;aqmufvkyf7ef jynfaxmifpkjrefrm EdkifiHtpdk;7u aiGaygif; 111850d r~xw k af y;cJb h ;l onf? ucsifvlrsKd;wkd\onf rd&dk;zvmtm;jzif harmif;/ vif; uGi;f / yH7k n S Ef iS afh jyGw7l , d mrsm;udk wD;r=waf vh7-dS uonf? od\kaomf ,cktcgYw&kwEf ikd if /H tdN, d Edik if /H jrefrmjynfr
7JaoG;7Jrmef wuf-uGapaom ucsiftrsKd;om;wkd\. "m;okdif;tu
17
www.foreverspace.com.m
ucsifvrl sKd;
ucsifjynfe,f pdef;vHkubm;jrdK\wGif 5 7ufwpf-udrf pnfum;pGm a7mif;0,favh7Sdaom ‘5 7ufaps;’
wdk\ESihfrsm;pGm qufqHrd-ujyDjzpf7um; nd|K\-udK;wl7d ,mrsm;/ab;aygufajyGrsm;/ c7mrsm;udkr=wfwD;ae-ujyD jzpfonf?
acwfopfucsiv f rl sK;d ,cktcg a7S;&d;k t,l0g'wk\drmS wjznf;jznf; yaysmuf vmjyD;v~if rnfonfht7mudPwGifrqdk tusKd;ESihf ta-umif;w7m;rsm;udk qufpyfI awG;awmjyD;rS vuf cHoifo h nfuo kd m vufcv H m -uawmhonf? txl;ojzifh cwfynmwwf vli,fv7l , G w f \dkonf trSew f 7m;uko d m pdppf7mS azGvakd om qN7S-d uonft h avsmuf a[mif;EGr;f aom t,l0g'rsm;wGif ,Hk-unfpdwfr7Sd-uacs? rsm; pGmaom acwfynmwwf ucsifvli,frsm;onf ppf bufYvnf;aumif;/tkyfcsKyfa7;bufYvnf;aumif;/ 0ifa7muf tr=xrf;vsuf7-dS uonf? ucsifjynfe,ft wGuf a7S;,cifu a'oxH;k wrf;rsm;udrk ;DS I a7;om;xm; aom w7m;Oya'rsm;om7Scd 7hJ m/ ,cktcgwGirf l ucsiv f l rsK;d rsm;. ,Ofaus;r=w;dk wufvmonfEiS fh tr~ w7m;pD 7ifx;kH rsm;vnf; ajymif;vJIvmcJo h nf? ucsijf ynfe,f wGif puf7iS w f 7m;ol-uD;&H;k udk 1951ck{jyDv1 7ufae\u yif pwifzGifhvSpfcJhonf? Tw7m;&Hk;rSm jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. w7m;vFwfawmf vufatmufcH jzpfavonf? txufwGif az:jycJhaom ta-umif;jcif;7mrsm; a-umifh ucsifvlrsKd;wkd\rSm rsm;r-umrDtwGif; jynf axmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif txl;yif ta7;ygt7m a7mufaom vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;tjzpfESihf awG\jrif7awmhrnf rSm rvGJwnf;? OD;b7Sif
vufry= nmrsm; ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;onf vufr=ynm7yfrsm;wGif EHkcsm vSorl sm; r[kwaf cs? ES;D jzif7h ufvyk 7f aom ,Ge;f xnf yPnf;rsm;/ awmif;/ yvH;k / tdro f ;kH ud7, d mrsm;rSm vufp vufe acsmarG\vo S nfjh yif cdik cf ahH umif;rGeo f nf? "g;t rsK;d rsK;d / vS/H aoewfEiS afh rmif;rsm;udk a7S;umv -umjrihf pGmuyif cdik cf v Hh yS atmif vkyw f wf-uonf? -udK;wHwm; rsm;aqmufvyk jf cif;/ opfom;wHwm;/ 0g;wHwm; rsm; aqmufvkyfjcif;/ tdrfomaqmufvkyfjcif;tp7Sdaom vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; u`rf;usif vdRmvSojzifh aooyfaumif;rGepf mG aqmufvyk w f wf-uavonf? t,l0g' ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;aov~if olwdk\oif;csK‹if; ywfywf vnfwGif usKH;ozG,fwl;ajrmif;rsm; wl;xm;jyD;v~if oif;csK‹if;tay:wGif cdkifcHhaom wif;ukyfrsm;aqmuf vkyfum trdk;rdk;I xm;wwf-uonf? olwdk\aojyD; aemuf olw\dk0n d mOfrsm;rSm a7S;tbd;k tbGm;rsm;.0dnmOf rsm;7Sd7modk\ oGm;a7mufyl;aygif;-uonf[k t,l7Sd-u onf? ucsifwpfOD;aov~if olae\pOf oHk;avhoHk;x 7Sdaom"g;/ vSH/ aoewfESihft0wftpm;rsm;udk olESihf twljrK|yEf aHS vh7o dS nf? 18
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;oli,fESihfupm;jcif;
uav;rsm;udk -udrv f ;kH ESi&hf u kd rf OS m+fxu G rf nf[k a7S;tcguvltrsm;,H-k unfc-hJ u./,ckacwfynm7Sw d \dkurl/ xdpk eH pfq;kd udk oabmrusbJ Om+fynmydrk zkd \HGjzdK;wGiu f s,af p7ef uav;rsm;pdww f idk ;f usupm;jcif;udt k m; ay;-uonf? rnfuJhodk\ tusKd;7Sdvmonfudk odem;vnfaomtcg vl-uD;rsm;yif udk,fvuf v=yf7Sm;upm;jcif;udk tavh tusihf jyKvky-f uavonf?
upm;jcif;.ta7;-uD;yHk ? ?uav;rsm; ynm oif-um;a7;Y upm;jcif;onf pmoif-um;ay; jcif;ESihf xyfwlxyfr~ ta7;-uD;avonf? upm;jcif; tm;jzihf u av;wk\d Y um,Avomru Om+Avyg zGH\jzdK;wkd; wufEdkifavonf? (uif'g*gwif „ &=?) u av;wkdif; upm;jcif;jzifhom tcsdefukefvGefvkd-uI/ upm;7rnfqv dk ~if rnfonfu h av;r~ jiif;y,fvrd rhf nf r[kwaf cs// vlw\. kd e*dpk w d o f nfyif uav;t7G,Yf upm; 7efom pdwt f m;xufoef.? uav;rsm;. uk, d t f *®g tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;Y7Sad om tiftm;rsm;onf vdo k nf xuf ydak eojzifh xdt k m;ydrk sm;udt k oH;k cs7ef upm;ay;7onf [kqakd vonf? rupm;aomuav;onf usef;rma7; Yvnf;aumif;/Om+fynmzG\HjzdK;a7;Yvnf;aumif;/csK\dwhJ wwfonf? upm;7rnft h 7G,w f iG f upm;ay;rS omt7m 7m wd;k wufEikd af yrnf? vlw\kdonf trdarG;uwnf;u ykcufwiG ;f 0,fajcvuf v=y7f mS ;upm;vmcJ-h uI wjznf; jznf;ajy;umvFm;umESihf upm;wwfvmjyD;aemuf/ -uD;jyif;vmaomtcg upm;uGif;rsm;Y pepfwus upm;-uavawmhonf? xko d \dk upm;oGm;,if;ESirfh rd Yd
uav;pdwEf iS w hf 7d >mefw\kdpw d f uav;oli,frsm;udk tusKd;jzpfxGef;aprnfh udk,f vufv=yf7Sm;upm;jcif;Y0goemygatmif oGefoifay; 7eftxl;vkdtyfayonf?pdwfynmyg7*lrsm;onf u av;wk\d.pdwu f rkd pHpk rf;rD wd7>mefuav;rsm;. pdwu f kd tvsif avhvm-unfh-u.?xkdodk\avhvm-unfh7mwGif uav;rsm;jyKr=yEkH iS fh wd7>mefrsm; jyKrlyo kH nf rjcm;em; vSa-umif;udkawG\7.? wd7>mefi,fuav;rsm;onf vnf; uav;rsm;enf;wlupm;7efom pdwo f ef-u.? obm0uyif uav;rsm;tzdk\ upm;7rnfhtajctae rsKd;udk zefw;D xm;7m uav;wkid ;f upm;oifah yonf? xd\k jyif olw\dk onfxo dk \kd upm;7jcif;rSm aemifv-l uD; jzpfvmaomtcg vlru = Pd vkyif ef; t00wk\dY u`r;f usif
uav;avmuY r&kd;Ekdfifaom 0kdif;-uD;ywfywf vufcsif;wGJI 0kdif;-uD;ywfywf 'la0a0[k oDqkdum aysmfyg;pGm 0kdif;vSnhf upm;ae-uonhf uav;wpfpk
19
www.foreverspace.com.m
upm;jcif;.ta7;-uD;yHk [if;csufwrf;/ t&kyu f av;rsm;jzihf uav;xde;f wrf; paom rdef;rr=ESihfqdkifonfh upm;enf;rsm;udk upm; avh7Sd.? a,mufsm;uav;rsm;uvnf; opfyifwuf wrf; /upm;p7maoewf/ wkw/f "g;rsm;udik I f ppfwu kd f wrf;/ eyef;vH;k wrf;ponfjzihf upm;wwf-u.? Tod\k upm;jcif;rSm wpfenf;tm;jzifh aemifa7;twGuf avhusif jcif;jzpfonf[k qd7k ayrnf? i,f7, G pf OfwiG f vl-uD;rsm; jyKrlvkyfudkifonfwkd\udk twk,lum trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk upm;jcif;jzihf olw\kd YOm+fyiG v hf if;jcif;/ ajrmfjrifwwf jcif;/ pdwf"gwfydkrdkcdkifrmvmjcif;paom tusKd;xl;rsm; 7Edik af vonf? waysmfwyg; av~mpD;upm;ae-uonhf uav;rsm;
pdwyf sKrd u S , kd Ef k ud, k cf ¶muse;f rm oefprG ;f rSom pdw"f mwfonf-unf vif7iF v f ef;Ekid . f ? uk, d Ef iS phf w d o f nf 'Gew f aJG eaom a-umifh ukd,fuv=yf7Sm;rS wukd,fvkH;7Sd aoG;om;rsm; aumif;pGm vSnyhf wfomG ;vmEkid jf yD;v~if OD;aESmufonf tvkyv f yk Ef idk af yrnf? xkad -umifu h pm;jcif;onf OD; aESmuf tvkyf aumif;aumif;vkyfEkdif7eftwGuf txl; vkt d yfojzifh ynmoif-um;a7;Y upm;jcif;ukyd g xnfh oGif;xm;-uavonf? wpfenf;qkd7aomf upm;jcif; ukdrSD;I ynmoif-um;ay;onf? upm;jcif; ukdrSD;I ynmoif-um;ay;onf [kq7dk mwGif tvkyo f abmrygbJ tupm;oufoufEiS hf tcsed jf zKef;jcif;jzpfonf[k rxif rSwo f ifah y? vky7f rnft h vkyf ukjd iD;jiD;aiG\aiG\ nnf;nnf;
vdRmvmap7ef jzpfonf[kqdkEdkifayonf? wd7>mef uav;rsm;udk -unfhrnfqdkv~if a-umifuav; onf odk;arG;vHk;udk wkd\umajr|mufum upm;aejcif; onf aemifol-uD;jyif;vmaomtcg ol\tpmjzpfaom -uGuu f kd rnfuo hJ \kzd rf;,lum uspD ,fupm;7rnfukd ,ck uyif oifaeouJhodk\jzpf.? acG;i,fuav;rsm; wpfaumifay:wpf aumifxyfI owfykwfwrf;vdkuf wrf;ajy;wrf; upm;jcif;onf aemif-uD;jyif;vmI 7eforl sm;ESihf 7ifqikd 7f onft h cg ckcaH 7Smifwrd ;f wwfatmif avhusiahf eonfEiS hf wlawmhonf? vl\obm0wGiv f nf; wd7>mefuav;rsm;uJo h \kyd if jzpf7m rdef;uav;rsm;onf tdk;ykwfuav;rsm;jzifh xrif;
tar7duefuav;wpfpk opfwHk;rsm;jzihf upm;aejcif;? Tupm;enf;onf vlukdoefpGrf;apI pdwful;—m+f 7ihfoefaponf?
20
www.foreverspace.com.m
upm;jcif;.ta7;-uD;yHk nLnLESifh pdwfryghwygr[kwfbJ aysmfaysmf7Fif7FifESifh cyfwiG w f iG jf yD;atmif jyKvkyaf y;jcif;om jzpfavonf? a7S;acwfu uav;rsm;ukd vGwv f yfpmG upm;ckid ;f xm; jcif;jzifh ynmwwfrnfr[kw[ f x k ifc-hJ u.?a7S;vl-uD; rsm;u uav;wk\donf tk;d cGurf sm;ESiyhf rmwlI ‘p7nf; tkd;cGuf-uD;pGmv~ufvsifwefpufusrsm; jynfhaom vm;od\[ k al ompum;t7 ae\pOfEiS t hf r~ olw\pdk w d yf g onf jzpfap rygonfjzpfap/ A[kokway;7rnf? okd\rSom ynma7tkd; jynfhjzdK;vmrnf {uefjzpfonf? uav; wkd\onf bmr~rodwwfaom trkduftrJrsm;jzpfonf ESit hf nD wHzsmESiEhf u S rf S Om+fynmxGurf nf[, k -kH unfcJh -u.? Todk\jzifhuav;rsm;tay:wGif pmusufv~if usuf rusuv f ~iEf u S rf nf[al om t"RpHepfonf a7S; u -uD;pk;d cJah vonf? aemufrS uav;rsm;.pdw"f mwf tajctaewk\d udk pl;prf;avhvmcJo h nfh ynma7;qkid 7f m
wef;vFJ upm;jcif;ukdvnf; uav;rsm; cHkrif-uonf?
jyKjyifa7;orm;jzpfaom z7m;A,fEiS hf rGew f ufq;dk 7D; wk\. d a[majymcsufrsm;a-umifh/ uav;rsm;.pdwf"mwf ukd ykdrdkem;vnfvmojzifh t-uifemzufum t-urf; 0g'rsm;ukyd ,fazsmufjyD;v~if uav;.pdw"f mwfEiS hf nd| E=dif;I ESpfjcdKuf7mukdzefwD;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh ynmc7D; ykdrdkwGifus,frnf jzpfa-umif;ukd oabmykdufrd-uav onf ? (z7m;A,f / rG e f w uf q k d ; 7D ; „7= )ok d \ j zif h uav;pdww f idk ;f us upm;jcif;ESi, hf OS rf ;SD aom ynmoif enf;ukpd xGicf -hJ u.? ynma7;Y upm;jcif;onftvGef tok;H us ta7;-uD;a-umif;ukad cwfryD nm7Sirf sm; -u yif0efcH-uavonf? uav;vl-uD;tm;vkH; tupm; ESit hf vkyf woabmwnf;usaomtcg tm;oefI pdwf ygvufygjyKvkyaf qmif7u G w f wf-uonf?vl-uD;yifjzpf
acGukd,fpDESihf auseyfae-uaom uav;oHk;OD; uBmhtdkvif;ypfae\wGif 7efukefjrdK\ atmifqef;upm;uGif;Y t-udwfte,fEFJaeonhf aAmfvD abmyGJaumif;wpfckukd Todk\awG\7.?
21
www.foreverspace.com.m
upm;jcif;.ta7;-uD;yHk
upm;p7mrsm;
ap ol 0goemygonft h vkyw f pfcu k dk vkyaf e7v~iyf ifyef; onf[o k abmrxm;/ tysif;ajyupm;ae7onf[yk if xifrw S w f wf.? ESpjf cdKu7f mtvkyu f dk vkyaf e7v~iaf ysmf ykdufvmI pdwful;—m+ful;rsm;vnf; qwufxrf;ykd; wk;d wufvmrnfjzpfayonf? pdwyf g0ifpm;aoma-umifh tvkyfwGif tm&Hkpl;pkdufEkdifjyD;v~if -uH7nfzef7nfrsm; xkwu f m -uD;yGm;wk;d wuf7mvrf;ukd pxGiEf idk af vonf? xkda-umifh uav;rsm;ukd olwkd\pdwftygqkH;jzpfonfh upm;jcif;jzifhom ynmoifay;v~if tvGefyifoifh avsmfavonf? Tokd\pdwfygr=ukd zefwD;ay;Edkifonfh tcsurf sm;rSm jyKvyk 7f rnfjzpfaom tvkyo f nfvnf;aumif;/ vkyef nf;onfvnf;aumif; uav;wk. \d pdw"f mwfEiS h f uku d n f D
0g;prsm;ESihf jyKvkyaf om upm;p7mrsm;jzifv h nf; om; orD;i,frsm;ukd ESpo f rd ahf pcJ-h uavonf? *smreDESifh qGpfZmvefEkdifiHwkd\onf a7S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm upI uav;upm;p7mrsm;ukd uBmtES\Htjym;ok\d wif yk\d a7mif;cscJ-h uonf? xkw d idk ;f jynfrsm;rS acwfpm;aom t&kyrf sm;rSm aumf&yk u f av;rsm;ESihf armfawmfum;/ rD; 7xm;/ pufb;D ponft h &kyu f av; rsm;jzpfonf? uav; rsm;wufp;D Ekid af om v=yjf rif;&kyrf sm;/ ESpaf ,mufp;D csm; 7[wfrsm;ukd uBmt7yf7yf7Sd rnfonfhuav;r~rESpf oufbrJ aeEkid af y? *syefEidk if /H csuu f q kd vkAd g;uD;,m; Ekid if w H \dkrv S nf; pUL/ 0g;/ xif7LS ;om; /a-uG/ 7F\HusaJG umf ponfw\dkjzifh jyKvkyx f m;onfh upm;p7mrsK;d pku H dk uBm tES\Htjym;ok\d t-uD;tus,f wify\dka7mif;cscahJ vonf? upm;p7mvkyfief;onf pD;yGm;a7;vkyfief;jzpfonfh twkid ;f upm;p7m jyKvyk af omolw\do k nf rdrw d \d. k ukeu f dk wGiu f s,pf mG a7mif;csEidk 7f eftwGuf upm;p7mrsm;ukyd rdk dk aumif;rGeaf tmif wDxiG Ef idk 7f ef tjrJ-udK;pm;cJ-h uonf? -udK;pm;onfh twkid ;f vnf; ,cktcg od_yH nmESi, hf OS f aom pufwyfupm;p7m tqef;tjym;rsm; ay:ayguf vmayjyD? a7xJwiG f ckwaf rmif;Ekid af om oab‡m&kyu f av;rsm;/ oHywfjzifo h mG ;aom armfawmfum;&kyu f av; rsm;/oHvrf;ay:wGif ywfajy;aomrD;7xm;&kyfuav; rsm;/ avxJwGif ysH0JEkdifaom av,mOfysH&kyfuav; rsm;rSm uav;oli,frsm;omru vl-uD;rsm;yif ESpjf cdKuf oabmusp7mjzpfayonf? uav;upm;p7m trsKd;rsKd;7Sd7mwGiftcsKd\rSm v=yf7Sm; Ekdifjcif;r7Sdaom t&kyfaorsm;omjzpfonf? tcsKd\rSm v=yf7Sm;Ekdif/ ckwfarmif;Ekdifaom t&kyf7Sifrsm;jzpfonf?
a7S;qefaomfvnf; rwdrfaumEkdifonhf 7FH\&kyfrsm;
apjcif;/ uav;wkd\. b0ESifh7if;ESD;apjcif;/7nf 7G,fcsuf7Sdjcif;/ t"d_g,f7Sdjcif;wkd\ jzpfavonf?( jref rmuav; upm;enf;rsm;/t*vdyfupm;enf;rsm; 7= ) upm;p7mrsm; ? ?upm;p7mrsm;onf vlwpfrsK;d ESiw fh pfrsK;d wpfEidk if EH iS w hf pfEidk if H uGv J aJG umif;uGv J rJG nf jzpfaomfvnf;/ a7S;ya0+Duyif ay:aygufcahJ yonf? ok\d 7mwGif vlw\dk.acwfonf trsK;d rsK;d ajymif;vJcJ o hJ nfh twkid ;f uav;upm;p7mrsm;onfvnf; acwftvku d f trsKd;rsKd; wkd;wufajymif;vJvmcJh-uayonf? txl; ojzifph ufrE= iS o hf _d yH nm xGe;f um;vmonfh tcgrSpI uav;upm;p7mrsm;. tqift h wef;rSm odoo d mom wkd;wufIvmcJhayonf? a7S;acwfvlwkd\onf 7FH\ESifh jyKvkyaf omjrif;&ky/f EGm;&kyrf sm;/ 0g;yifusLyifrS jyKvkyf aom ajyGuav;rsm;jzifh rdrdwkd\om;orD;rsm;. pdwf aysmf7iF rf u = dk zefw;D ay;cJ-h u.? t0wfpw k rf sm;/opfwdk
t&kyfavmuY twef;pm;jrihfonhf oHywfpuf&kyfrsm;
22
www.foreverspace.com.m
upm;p7mrsm;
jrefrmhvuf7mjzpfaom bDvl;acgif;/ewfacgif;/,Ofrif;&kyf/oli,fawmf&kyf/zkd;b&kyf/jrif;&kyfponfrsm;
tcsKd\rSmrl uav;rsm;pdwful;—m+f xufoefwkd;wuf a7;twGuf zefw;D ay;I uav;rsm;uk, d w f idk f wyfqif jyKvky7f aom upm;p7mrsm; jzpfayonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGifvnf; uav;upm;p7m jyKvkyfa7mif; csolrsm;7Sdonf? OD;b&kyf(zkd;b&kyf) ypfwkdif;axmif
ESiw hf uG rif;om;&ky/f rif;orD;&ky/f jrif;&ky/f usm; &kyrf sm; wGif -udK;wyfxm;aom &kyfao;&kyfrsm;rSm ,ae\wkdif atmifyifr&k;d Ekid af o;acs? t0wfp/ pULpwk\djzifh jyKvyk f xm;aom bDv;l acgif;/ usm;acgif;ponfrsm; vnf;7Sd onf? t&kyfrsKd;pkHukd rsm;aomtm;jzifh bk7m;wef
vuf7majrmufvSonhf *syefjrif;pD;ol7Jaumif;&kyf
uav;wkdif; rESpfoufbJraeEkdifonhyf v=yfjrif;&kyf
23
www.foreverspace.com.m
upm;p7mrsm;
upm;&Hk/tm; upm;&kH/tm; ? ?tm;upm;&ku H dk t*‡vyd v f *dk sif raeZD,rf[k ac:onf? *sifraeZD,rf qkdonfh pum;onf *sirf aemh[al om *7dpum;rS qif;oufvmI uk d , f w k H ; vk H ; [k t"d _ g,f 7 onf ? a7S ; acwf * 7d vli,frsm;onf uk, d v f uf-uHch ikd af 7; oifwef;qif;csed f wGif rdrw d \dk0wfqifxm;aom t0wfrsm;ukcd sG wI f upm; -uonf? tm;upm;&kw H iG f uk, d v f uf -uHch idk af 7;/ aygh yg;zswfvwfa7;/ ukd,ft*‡gtpdwftykdif;rsm; tcsKd; tqpfajyjypfa7; ponfwkd\twGuf avhusifhupm;Ekdif aom yPnf;rsm;xm;7S7d .? rsm;aomtm;jzifh ausmif; rsm;wGif upm;&kHrsm;xm;7SdjyD;v~if ausmif;om;vli,f rsm;tm; ukd,fvufusef;rmzGH\jzdK;vmatmif enf; vrf;wus oifjyay;avh7adS yonf? tm;upm;&krH sm;wGif vufESifhqGJwuf7ef -udK;rsm;ESifh avSum;rsm;ukdvnf; aumif; /uGi;f Ag;(7if;Ag;)/ wwef;Ag;/ ESpw f ef;Ag;rsm;ukd vnf ; aumif ; / 'rf A ,f A g;AJ a c: tav;rsm;ES i f h tif;'D;,ef;uvyfac: wif;ykwfrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;;/ vufo;D xk;d usifph 7m abmvk;H ESihf vufaxmuf ckejf yD; upm;7aom jrif;Ag;rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/upm;p7m yPnf;trsK;d rsK;d ukd awG\jrifEidk af yonf? tm;upm;avhusifh7mwGif ukd,fvuft*‡gtm;vkH;ukd wpfcEk iS w hf pfck tqifajyatmif v=y7f mS ;Ekid rf E= iS hf tHuu dk f tcsufusatmif v==yf7Sm;Ekdifr=onf ta7;t-uD;qkH;
7efukefwUodkvf tm;upm;&HktwGif; ESpfwef;Am;ay:Y uif; jrD;aumufaxmifaeaom wUodkvfAvarmifwpfOD;
aqmif;7Sd qkid rf sm;ESiyhf aJG ps;wef;rsm;Y a7mif;csavh7-dS u onf? ,ckacwfwGifrl upm;p7mrsm;ukd qkdifrsm;zGifh vSpI f yif a7mif;csae-ujy?D xkq d idk rf sm;wGif upm;p7mrsm; trsK;d pkv H o S nfjh yif a7S;acwf upm;p7mrsm;xuf rsm;pGm tqifhtwef; jrifhvmonfukdvnf; awG\7ayonf? uav;pD;pufb;D uav;rsm;/ armfawmfum;uav;rsm; ESifh jrif;&kyfuav;rsm;rSm uav;wkdif; vdkcsifrufarm avmufatmifyif aumif;rGe-f uayonf? xku d o hJ \dk upm; p7mrsm;. tqift h wef;wk;d wufI vmjyDreS af omfvnf; EkdifiHjcm;xkwfukef tjzpfokd\um; ra7mufao;acs? upm;p7mvkyif ef;wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh tvky&f rHk sm;rS ykdv~H-uGif;usefaeaom yPnf;tptersm;ukd okH; -u onf? opfwo dk pfptwGuf opf&o Hk pfpufrsm;rS vnf; aumif;/ t0wfprsm;twGuf pufcsKyfaomXmersm;rS vnf;aumif; tajrmuftjrm; 0,f,l7ayonf? ,ckyifTr~ wk;d wufaeaom upm;p7mvkyif ef;onf tem*wfumvwGif ,ckxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm wk;d wuf vmOD;rnfrmS ,krH mS ;zG,rf 7Sad cs?(yHpk H vnf;7=)
usef;rma7;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;twGufvnf; ta7;-uD;.? TyHkwGif taemufEkdifiHausmif;oltcsKd\ -udK;avScg; -udK;wef; rsm;jzihf usef;rma7;avhusihfaepOf Tokd\awG\7onf?
24
www.foreverspace.com.m
upD
uqkefv
jzpf.? Tok\dvy= 7f mS ;Ekid 7f efrmS omrefvw l \dktwGuf cuf cJrnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ tm;upm;&kw H iG f qkid 7f myPn;fu7d ,mrsm;jzifh pepfwusavhusifhxm;oltzkd\rSmrl rnf okd\r~cufcJjcif;r7Sday? tm;upm;enf;rsm;ukd avhusifh ay;jcif;jzifh uk, d . f usef;rmr=uo dk mr[kw/f pdwu f sef; rmr=uv dk nf;7apEkid o f nf? xk\da-umifyh if Ekid if w H idk ;f vkv d Ydk txl;ojzifh ausmif;rsm;wGif tm;upm;&krH sm; xm;7Su d m vli,frsm;tm; tm;upm;enf;rsm;ukd pHepfwus avhusio hf ifjyay;vsu7f adS yonf?(ud, k v f uf-uH\cidk af 7; vnf;7=) upD ?
? aumfre= \f 7=? vjrwfuqkefY aAm"dyifukd anmifa7 oGef;avmif;aepOf
uqkefv ? ?uqke[ f k ,ckta7;tac: jyKae aomv.trnfukd yk*Hacwfxkd; ausmufpmwkd\wGif ukqek [ f t k a7;rsm;onf? yk*aH cwfY tok;H wGif us,faom ukqek /f uqke[ f l aom ta7;ESpfrsKd;wGif ukqkefonfrlvjzpfI ,if;rS uqkeo f \dk a7G\avsmonf[k ,lq7ayonf? uk/ u.teufonf a7jzpfI/ qkef.teufrSm oGe;f avmif;onf[k jzpfaoma-umifh uqkev f udak 7oGe;f v/ a7avmif;v [kaumuf,7l onf? ukqek /f uqkef [laom v.tac:rSm tvGefa7S;usonfukdaxmuf aomf jrefrmEkdifiHokd\omoema7mufonfh tcgrSpI
anmifa7oGe;f yGaJ wmf usif;yjcif;tavhvnf; wpfjydKif wnf ; jzpf a y:vmonf [ k xif r S w f 7 avonf ? wefcl;/ uqkefpaom q,fhESpfvwkd\wGif uqkef/0gqkd/ 0gacgif/ oDwif;usGwf/ wefaqmifrkef;/ ewfawmf [lI ajcmufrsK;d aomtac:wk\drmS omoema7; uk;d uG,f ,k-H unfa7;ESihf oufqidk af vonf? Tuqkef v7moD wGif aet7Sdeftjyif;xefqkH; jzpfaoma-umifh a7rsm; yifcef;ajcmufavh77dS um;/ jrwfpmG bk7m; yGiahf wmfrl 7m aAm"dyifudk 7nfrw S u f m aAm"dyif tyGm; awmfrsm;ukd waysmfwyg; a7pifoeG ;f avmif;jcif;rsm; jyKcJ-h uojzifh
a7tkd;ukd,fpDESihf uqkefanmifa7yGJ qifEFJ-uol vSysKdjzLrsm;
25
www.foreverspace.com.m
uqkev f jynhaf e\
uaZmfaygufjcif; wufcsed w f iG f a*gwrbk7m; tavmif;awmfonf o¤nK w—m+fawmfudk 77Sad wmfrjl cif;? 4?r[moU7mZf 148ckuqkefvjynfhae\wGif rœm rif;wkd\. tif-uif;O,smOfY bk7m;7Sify7ded¤mefpH0if awmfrjl cif;wk\d jzpfavonf? xkduJhokd\bk7m;7Sif. tjzpfawmfpOfwGif xl;jcm;rSwf om;xkdufaom Tuqkefvjynfhae\tm; bk7m;ae\[k Ak
rD;xGef;7efESihf rD;arF;7ef toHk;jyK7onhf unifqDqkdif
uaZmfaygufjcif; ? ? o-um;rS t,fvukad [m (t7uf) jzpfvmjcif;/ t,fvukda[mrSwzef 7S7 um7nf(ykef;7nf)jzpfvmjcif;/opfoD;rsm; trSnfh vGefIykyfokd;oGm;jcif;/aygifrkH\rsm;yGvmjcif;/ EGm;Ekd\csOf oGm;jcif;paomtjzpfajymif;vJjcif;rsKd;ukd uaZmf aygufjcif;[kac:.?pyspfoD;/yef;oD;paom toD; rsm;rS7aomo-um;/aumufESHrsm;rS 7aomo-um; rsm;xJokd\ waq;xnfhvkdufaomtcg uaZmfayguf vmI t,fvukad [mESiu hf mAGe'f ikd af tmufqu dk f wk\d udk 7.? okd\aomfwaq;a-umifh wkduf&kduftm;jzifh Tokd\ ajymif;I t,fvukad [mjzpfvmonfr[kw?f waq;rS jzpfay:vmaom tifZkdif;a-umifhf o-um;ESifhwuG tjcm;yPnf;rsm;onf rlvtajcrSysufjym;um yPnf; opf tjzpfokd\ ajymif;vJoGm;7onf? waq;rSmap;I tjr|Kyf wufaeaomyPnf;jzpf.? ta7mifrmS tenf; i,f0gI AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;yg0if.? waq;ukd t7ufcsuf7m/ uaZmfazguf7m/ tcsOfazguf7mwkd\Y rsm;pGm tok;H jyK-u7avonf? EGm;Ekd\csOf/ axmywf/'defcJpaom yPnf;rsm;jzpfvm jcif;. ta-umif;7if;rSmvnf; tyifavmuqkdif7m yPnf;rsm;wGif t7if;cHaom Aufw;D 7D;,m;rsKd; tcsKd\rS jzpfay:vmonfh tifZkdif;u EGm;Ekd\ukd tajcajymif;vJ
vjynfhae\Y usif;yaomyGJawmf tcg-uD;ukduqkef anmifa7oGe;f yGaJ wmf[v k nf; ac:prSwjf yKcJ-h uonf? (uqkefvjynfhae\„ &= ) xkdr~ru cef;ajcmufaom tif;tkid /f a7uefw\dkrS ig;rsm;ukyd if a7rsm;7ma'o ok\d a7F\ajymif;ay;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf; ZD0dw'ge ig;vFwfyGJ rsm;ukd ,ckxufwkdif jyKvkyfvsuf7Sd-uonf? uqkev f onfjrefrwpfq,fEh pS v f wGi'f w k , d vjzpfI jy© d 7moDEiS hf wlno D nf? rk;d OD;uscgeD; jzpfonft h avsmuf rk;d oHavoHrsm; pwif-um;7avonf? uqkefvjynfhae\ ? ?uqkev f jynfah e\onf Ak
www.foreverspace.com.m
unifq f q D idk f
unifyif atmif e,fumoabmh7GufajcmufwGif oifh&kH xnfhI t7Gufcsif;acguftkyfjyD; v~if0g;ESD;jzifh vkHpGm 4„5 csufpnf;7onf? ,if;ukd unifqDwkdif/ unifqD xkyf/ unifqDacsmif; [kac:onf? unifqDwkdif. t7G,fyrm+rSm t7SnfokH;rdkufcef\/ vk;H ywf'*‡g;jym;cef\ 7So d nf? unifqw D pfyo d mv~if t wkid f 50cef\7Ekid o f nf? unifqu D dk eus,faumifrsm; -uKd uw f wfI 0g;usnu f v dk pHk mG ydw7f onf? tqk\drvkaH omf ck0d ifaeaom eus,af umifxu G I f twkycf 7H avh7o dS nf? unifqD wpfwikd v f ~if jym; 40„50 cef\ay;I 0,f ,l7onf?7Srf;ESifh u7ifvlrsKd;wkd\ trsm;tjym; vkyf ukid af 7mif;csavh7o dS nf?
oGm;apjcif;yif jzpfonf? xkda-umifh uaZmfayguf jcif;onf tifZkdif;rsm;u wkduf&kdufjzpfap/oG,f0kdufI jzpfap/ yPnf;rsm;ukd rlvtajcrSysujf ym;apjyD;v~if u aZmfaygufI yPnf;opftjzpfokd\ ajymif;vJapjcif;yif jzpf.? vlc¶muk, d w f iG ;f Yvnf; "mwfobm0tm;jzifh tifZkdif;rsm; jzpfvmI xkdtifZkdif;rsm;onf vlwkd\ pm;vkdufaom tpm;tpmrsm;ukd a-unufaponf? (waq;?AufwD;7D;,m;?t,fvukda[m?7=) unifqDwkdif ? ?unifqw D idk o f nf jrefrmaus;7Gm rsm;Y rD;xGef;7efESifhrD;arF;7eftokH;jyKaomyPnf;jzpf onf?unifyifr7S aom unifqjD zifjh yKvkyx f m;onf? unifqDukd xkwf,lykHrSm awmawmifY aygufa7muf aom vkH;ywf5awmifrS8awmif txd-uD;rm;onfh unifyif-uD;wGif atmufajctjrpfrS txuf3awmif uGmcef\Y jyuf2 awmif/ apmuf 2 awmifcef\ "g;ykqed f ESihf xGi;f azmufI wGi;f *vkid 1f awmifcef\ tus,7f v~i/f opfpopfaygufrsm;ukd z,f7Sif;I opfukdif;ajcmuf rsm;jzifrh ;D wku d 7f onf? wpfae\EiS w hf pfnOfh wku d af omfr;D avmifjyD;wGi;f *vkid x f o J \dk unifqrD sm; ,kpd ;D usonfudk cyf,7l onf? tyif-uD;v~if 5 ydomrS ^ ydomtxd 77SdItyif i,fv~if 2ydomrS 3 ydomtxd 77dSonf? 7aom unifqDukd -uaomif;0g;usnfjzifhjzpfap/ usGJcsKdcGHjzifh jzpfap xnf7h onf? ajrtk;d jzifh rxnf7h acs? xkad emuf anmifom;/ aygufom;/ atmufcsi;f pm om;/ usno f m;/ o7ufom;/ opfyif tajcmuf taqG; rsm;ukd xkacsI opfom;ysOaf y:wGif unifqED iS hf or
unifyif ? ?unifyifrsKd;wGifunifeD/ unifjzL/ unifysH/ unifukyf/ unifa-umifacs;/ unif0uf awmif;[lI trsK;d rsK;d uGjJ ym;vsuf 7Sad oma-umifh tyif ukdvnf;aumif;/ cGJpdwfjyD;unifom;ukdvnf;aumif;; jrif&rHk ~jzifrh nfonfh unifyifrsK;d jzpfonfudk wduspmG cGjJ cm;odEidk 7f ef cJ,Of;onf? txufjrefrmjynfY unif eDyifrsm;ukd trsm;tjym; awG\7I atmufjrefrmjynfY unifjzLyif rsKd;ukd trsm;tjym; awG\Ekdifonf? jcKHI ajym7v~if unifyifwkd\onf tvGef-uD;rm;aom t yifrsK;d jzpfonf? tcsK\donf tjrifah y 150 cef\/ yifpnfv;Hk ywf 15 aycef\txd7w dS wfonf? xku d o hJ \dkjrifrh m;aomt yif-uD;rsm;wGif t7if;ykid ;f ay^0 rS ay100 avmuft xdrmS tukid ;f tcufrsm; uif;pifum ajzmifph if; aewwf onf? tacguftayG;rSm tvGefacsmrGwf.? unif yifonf tpkvu dk rf aygufbJ ajymufusm; aygufavh7I dS jrefrmEkid if YH tjrJprd ;f awmrsm;wGif awG\jrifEidk o f nf? unifom;onf eDnpfnpf ta7mif7I dS tifom;xuf tenf;i,fno hH nf? tom;-urf;I tawmftwef ckid f cHah omfvnf; jrefrmEkid if H 7moDOwk'+fudk cHEidk 7f nf r7Sad cs? jcvnf; tpm;vG,o f nf? xkad -umifh tom;aoatmif jyKvkyfjyD;rS tokH;csoifhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif unif om;ukd avSrsm;ESihf aoWmrsm; vky7f mY tok;H rsm;onf? unifom;ukd opfuu G v f cS if;jcif;twGuo f ;Hk Ekid o f nfh tjyifu7Dtpdk w k q f D okwaf y;v~if -um7Sncf aH oma-umifh Ekid if jH cm;ok\da7mif;csEidk zf , G 7f m tvm;tvmrsm;pGm&So d nf? unifyifr7S &Sad omtqDut kd cs\kdawm7yfrsm;Y a7eHqD tpm; rD;xGe;f -uonf? unifqw D idk rf sm;trnfjzifrh ;D arF;
*vkdifxGif;jyD; rD;wkdufenf;jzihf unifqDxkwf,laepOf
27
www.foreverspace.com.m
unifyif
unGwfyif
7efa7mif;csaom aumufnif;usnf awmuf 7G,f7Sd xef;7GufponfESifh xkyfpnf;xm;onfh tawmifhukd awG\zl;okH;zl; -uayrnf? xkdunifqDwkdifrSm opfaqG; tpuav;rsm;ukd unifqED iS hf e,fxm;onfh yPnf;yif jzpfonf? (unifqDwkdif„7=) unifqDwkdifukd rD;&SL; rD;wkid t f jzpfvnf; oH;k Ekid o f nf? ,Of;aeaom temrsm; ukd okwv f rd ;f ay;Ekid o f jzifh aq;zufvnf; 0ifonf?
vnf; unGwu f dk -udKuEf pS o f uforl sm;I tpmxl; tpm qef;wpf7yftjzpfjzifh aps;-uD;ay;I 0,f,lpm;okH;-u onf? a7mrbk7ifrsm; -u;D pk;d onfah cwf rSpI unGwu f t dk pm aumif;wpfct k jzpfjzifh pku d yf sK;d cJ-h u.? unGwrf mS ESpf -umcHyifrsK;d jzpf7musepGm jyKjyifxm;onfh pdu k cf if;wGif taphrsm;ukd pku d yf sK;d I tyifrsm; aeom;wus jzpfvm v~if ESppf OfEpS pf Of tyifp\dkrsm; xGuaf y:vmrnfjzpf.? okd\aomf tyifrsm; oefpGrf;pGmxGufEkdif7ef ajr-oZm tpOf jznfhavmif;ay;7onf? taemufEkdifiH rsm;wGif aqmif;ESifhaEGt-um; py7if;Owk (aEGul;Owk)rSm unGwaf y:csed jf zpfonf? unGwyf ifp\dkrsm; ajrjyifrS ay:xGuv f mI 6 vufr ok\dr[kwf 8vufr jrifv h monft h cg pm;ok;H 7ef twGuf xdt k yifi,f rsm;ukjd zwf,-l uonf? tu,fI tyifudk -uD;jyif;atmifxm;vkdufv~if iSufarG;iSufawmifuJhokd\ aom tcuft7Gurf sm;jzifh tvGew f ifw h ,fonft h yif jzpfvmayrnf? tyGifhuav;rsm;rSm jzLI teDa7mif toD;rsm;oD;onf? xkad -umifh tcsK\dunGwyf ifrsK;d wk\dudk jcH O ,smOf r sm;wG i f tvS t ytwG u f ouf o uf pkdufysKd;xm; wwf-uonf? unGwfyifrsKd;aygif; 120
rkd;OD;ay:onhf t7omxl;uJaom [if;vsmunGwf
xm;0,fe,fwiG f unifqu D dk atmufyg ESpef nf;jzifh xkw, f -l uonf? yxrenf;rSm -uufaygifap; xkw, f l ouJo h \dk 37ufwpf-udrf 47ufwpf-udrf yifpnfudk "g;jzifh xpfI qDxw k , f el nf;jzpfonf? wpfEpS t f wGi;f unif yifwpfyifrS av;vcef\ xku d o hJ \dk qDxw k Ef idk I f pkpak ygif; unifqyD srf;r~ 15 ydomcef\ 7Ekid o f nf? 'kwd,enf;rSm yifpnfukd 'g;jzifh xpfjyD;oumv ,kx d u G f vmaom unifqED iS hf opf7u G af jcmufrsm;ukd a7mI tyif7if;ukd rD;jrdK| uaf y;7onf? rD;jrdK| ujf yD; 27uf t-umwGif xkt d yifrS ,dx k u G v f maom qDrsm;ukd pkord ;f 7onf? xk\daemuf 27ufr~ tem;ay;jyD;v~if wpfzefr;D jrdK| uI f qDxw k , f jl yefonf? xked nf;twkid ;f 'DZifbmvrS arvtxd unifqDukd xkwf,lEkdifonf? okd\aomf yxrenf;avmuf oef\pifjcif; r7Sad y?
unGwfyifvSD;jzwf7ef (u) enf;rSm; (c) enf;rSef
ausm7f I dS tcsK\d widk ;f jynfrsm;wGif unGw&f idk ;f yifrsm;ESihf unGwEf , G yf ifrsm;vnf; 7So d nf? unGwyf ifudk pku d yf sKd;7mY ysKd;cif;wGif aygifrsm;jyK vkyI f twef;vku d f rsK;d aphrsm;ukd oH;k vufrpD cGmvsuf ysK;d -uJonf? twef;wpfcEk iS w hf pfck 3 aycef\ uGmaeap7 onf? xku d o hJ \dk rsK;d aphuydk sK;d jyD; wpfEpS -f umrS unGwyf if pk\drsm;ukw d ;l az:I tjrJwrf; pku d x f m;rnfph u dk cf if;ok\d a7F\ ajymif;ay;7onf? xkpd u kd cf if;wGif wpfwef;ESiw hf p w f ef; 4ayrS5ayxd uGmapI wpfyifESifhwpfyif 2 aycef\cGm
unGwyf if ? ?wpfEpS v f ~if wpf-urd o f m 7moDtvku d f ay:onfhtjyif t7omxl;aom [if;oD;[if;7Gufyif jzpfonfh unGwyf ifudk vlrsm;tjrwfwEk;d 0,f,l pm;ok;H -uonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif rkd;OD;usp vrsm;Y unGwf rsm;ukd aps;xJY a7mif;cs-uonf? taemufEkdifiHwkd\Y 28
www.foreverspace.com.m
uwk;d aumif
uxdef rsm; ukd jzpfap ‘†rHp0D 7Ho• H ©a'rd’Tou‡e;f udo k H •m awmfrsm;tm; vŒ'gef;yg.[k av~mufxm;I qufuyf vŒ'gef;-uavonf? om0šdjynf aZw0efausmif;awmfY oDwif;ok;H ae awmfral om jrwfpmG bk7m;ociftm; zl;ajr|m7f ef b]0CD 7[ef;ok;H usyd f wk\donfrrd w d \dk 0gqk0d guyf7mjzpfaom au wjynfrS 0gu`wfaomtcg ajcvsif c7D;jzifh -uGvm -u.? xkt d cg rk;d -uD;onf;xefpmG 7GmoGe;f ojzif7h [ef; rsm; rk;d a7 pkpd w G f -uukeo f nf? xko d \dk rk;d a7pdpk w G af om ou‡ef;jzifhyif ylaZmf-u7onfukd jrwfpGmbk7m;ocif jrifawG\7aomtcg xkcd 7D;onf7[ef;wk\d udk ta-umif; jyKI yl7rd 0guyfjcif;Yjynfph aHk om 7[ef;wk\dtm; uxdef cif; cGijhf yKa-umif; ynwfawmfrcl ahJ vonf? uxdeyf aJG wmfudk ‘rk;d vukepf J uxdeyf ’JG [laom qk&d ;dk ESit hf nD/ oDwif;u`wf vjynfah usmf wpf7ufae\rw S ef aqmifrek ;f vjynfah e\txd cif;usi;f 7onf? jrefrmEkid if H wGif a7S;yk*aH cwftcguyifv~if tpjyKI uxdecf if;yGJ usif;ycJh-uonf? ,ckacwf uxdefcif;7mwGifr7SdEGrf; yg;aom 7[ef;tm;jzpfap/ t-uD;qkH; rax7ftm;jzpf apuyfvSL7ef Owfou‡ef;tjyif tjcHt7H vŒzG,f yPnf;rsm;ukd xnfo h iG ;f vSL'gef; avh7o Sd nf? uxdecf if; 7mY oH•u d ppfppf jzpfoifo h nfh twGuf tvŒ\wum rsm;u rnfonfhyPnf;um; oH•duyPnf;/ rnfonfh yPnf;um; ykCvduyPnf; jzpfonf[k cGJjcm;av~muf
vsuf xm;7onf? rsKd;aphukd pkdufysKd;jyD; 5 ESpf-umrS unGwyf if aygufrsm;ukd pm;ok;H 7eftvk\dimS jzwf,El idk f onf? xkad -umifv h nf; unGwu f dk 7Ekid cf aJ om[if;oD; [if;7Gut f aeESihf vlw\dkonf tzk;d om;em;ay;I 0,f,l pm;ok;H -uavonf? uwk d ; aumif ? ?uwkd;aumifonf [dr0Mm awmifuek ;f jrifh opfawmrsm;wGif 7Sad om '7,f wpfrsK;d jzpfI ,if;ukd vufwifbmomjzifh armhcsyaf rmhcszD g7m [k ac:onf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh wpfaumifwnf; ae wwf.? wpfcgwpf7H zkrd wGI J aeonfuadk wG\7.? ok\d7m wGif tpkttkyfzGJ\Ium; raeacs? t7G,fa7mufaom taumifrmS tvsm;3 aycef\7I dS yck;H wGif vufr 20cef\ jrifo h nf? ta7mif trsK;d rsK;d 7Sad omfvnf; rsm;aomtm; jzifh atmufyidk ;f jzLI/ tay:ykid ;f onf rD;ck;d a7mif/ ok\dr [kwf tndKa7mif jzpfonf? tzkdESifhtr ESpfaumifpvkH;Y OD;csKd r7Sdacs? okd\aomf tzkd.tay:ar;&kd;wGif atmufokd\xkd;xGufaeaom tpG,rf sm; 7SI d ckcu H muG,7f mY xkt d pG,rf sm;ukd tok;H jyKEkid o f nf? tvGef arF;-udKifaom uwk;d qDtwGuf xkd oW0gwkd\ukd axmifacsmufjzifh zrf;,l-u.? uwkd; qDudk txD;0rf;Aku d f atmufwiG 7f adS om*vif;tdwrf 7S 7Sd onf? *vif;tdwrf mS oHy7k moD; t7G,cf ef\ 7SI d uwk;d qD wpfatmifpcef\yg7S. d ? uwk;d eH\onf tvGepf ;l &Sum wm &Sncf aH oma-umifh uwk;d ukd tvGet f zk;d wefaom yPnf; wpfck tjzpfjzifh ta&S\widk ;f wGit f ok;H jyK-uonf? uwGwyf if ? ?uwGwyf ifonf anmifyifrsK;d wGif yg0ifI tjrJprd ;f vef;um csKzH w k f t-uD;pm;uJo h \dk wnf7dS onf? tacguf / t7G u f / toD ; ES i f h w uG w yif v k H ; wG i f tarG;Ekrsm;7So d nf? t7Gucf si;f tn|mqkid o f nf? toD;rSm qD;jzLoD; t7G,cf ef\7I dS ta7mifrmS 0gjyD;v~if tndKa7mif tarG;Ekrsm; zk;H vFr;f aeonf? jrefrmEkid if 7H dS opfawmwkid ;f vkv d rdk mS yif uwGwyf if rs m;ukdawG\7I txl;ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHatmufykdif;Y ykrd akd wG\77dS onf? uwGwfoD;rSnfhukd vwfvwfaomfvnf;aumif;/ ,kx d ;dk Iaomfvnf;aumif; pm;ok;H -uonf? uxdef ? ?0gwGi;f ok;H vywfv;Hk 0grusK;d rysub f J y0g 7+mjyKaom 7[ef;7S7d m ausmif;wku d Yf uxdecf if; -uonf? uxdecf if;7mY ou‡e;f wpfxnfujdk zpfapt
rdk;vukefpJ uxdefyGJY awG\7aom Owfou‡ef; ya'omyif
29
www.foreverspace.com.m
u'l;vlrsKd;
uaepkdyif/yifv,f
wif-um;oifhayonf?uxdefcif;I ou‡ef;77Sdaom 7[ef;wkd\rSm uxdeftmedoifig;yg; cHpm;7a-umif; usrf;*efrsm;wGif rde\f qadk vonf?
ueckyd if ? ?ueckyd ifudk rjrifb;l aomf&7dS rnf? jyif;xefpmG "mwfomG ;apwwfaom ueckd toD;qef(0g) ueckad ph. oWdurdk l uk, d af wG\jzifah omfvnf;aumif;/ ajymoH-um; jzifah omfvnf;aumif; jrefrmEkid if YH odol rsm;ayonf? ueckdyifrsm; rlvayguf7ma'orSm yo~L;u`ef;pk jzpf I jrefrmEkdifiHtESH\tjym;&Sd awm&Gmrsm;Y jcHpnf;&kd;&Gm pnf;&kd;wav~mufwGif ,if;wkd\ukd pkdufysKd;xm;wwf -uonf? ueckyd ifonf tjrJprd ;f opfyifi,frsKd;jzpfI tjrifh 15ayrSay20cef\/ yifpnfv;Hk ywf wpfaycGrJ S 2ay cGJcef\txd&Sdonf? yifpnftacguf acsmrGwfI rGJjym a7mif &So d nf? opfom;ta7mifjzLI rmausm.? t&Guf rsm; &Snv f sm;vsm; jzpfonf? awmfovif;v avmuf wGif ao;i,faom tyGifhrsm;yGifhonf? tjyifcGHacsm aeaom toD;rsm;rSm wpfvufreD;yg;&SnI f ok;H ajr|mifh jzpfjyD;v~if twGif;Y taphrsm;ygonf? taphrsm;rSm acsmrGwv f suf vufr0ufcef\ &Snu f m yko H !meftm;jzifh ajryJaphEiS hf tvGew f . l ? xkt d aphrsm;onf txufwiG f az:jycJo h nft h wkid ;f jyif;jyif;xefxef "mwfomG ; apwwf aom oabm&So d jzifh ,if;wk\d udk 0rf;Ekwaf q;rsm;wGif xnfo h iG ;f az:pyfavh &S-d uonf?
u'l;vlrsK;d ? ?u'l; vlrsK;d rsm;rSm a&S;usvaS om ouf vlrsKd;pkwGifyg0ifI xkdvlrsKd;pk0if vlrsKd;i,f 5rsKd; teuf vlOD;a7trsm;qkH;jzpfonf? 1931 ckESpf oef; acgifpm7if;t7 vlrsKd;tm;jzifh vlOD;a7 36000cef\ 7dSI u'l;bmompum;ukd ajymqkdolOD;a7rSm 20000 r~7Sdonf? (oufvlrsKd; 7=) u'l;wk\d onf rdrw d \dk u, dk u f dk t„ouf/ ouf [lI onm wyfac:-uonf? yk*aH cwfausmufpmwk\dwiG f xkd olwkd\ukd uML[k a7;om;az:jyI/ w&kwfrSwfwrf; wk\dwiG u f m; csKid w f [ k k a7;om;onf? yk*aH cwf ausmuf pmrsm;t7 xkad cwfu u'lw\ko d nf waumif;jrdK\ywf0ef; usijf zpfaom oif;wGJ jynfEiS hf rl;jrpf0rS ;f txufyidk ;f 'Dy7J if; a'owk\d wiG f aecJ-h ua-umif; od7onf? 13 7mpkESpf tOD;ykdif; yk*HacwftwGif;u jrefrmEkdifiH tv,fykdif;wGif jrdK\jyjynf7Gm wnfaxmif cJhjyD;aom jrefrmwk\d onf ajrmufzufo\dk ys\H E\HSa7F\ajymif; aexkid -f u 7mY u'l;wk\d. a'oukyd g odr;f oGi;f cJ-h u.? xkt d csed f rSpI u'l;wk\d EiS hf qufo, G rf = ykrd rdk sm;jym; vmcJo h nf? jrefrmEkid if H txufyidk ;f ukd jAdwo d ~w\dk wku d cf u dk f odr;f ,ljyD;aemuf u'l;wkd\onf 0ef;okda'orS ajrmufbuf okd\ wjznf;jznf; a7F\ajymif;aexkdifvmcJh-uonf? ,cktcgwGif olwkd\ukd uomc&kdifwGif;7Sd {7m0wDjrpf taemufbufurf; a'oYtrsm;qk;H awG\7onf? ajrmuf bufAef;armf c&kid /f jrpf-uD;em; c&kid Ef iS hf taemufajrmuf buf txufcsi;f wGi;f c&kid w f \dkYvnf; ys\HE\HSaexkid v f suf 7S-d uonf? u'l;wkd\onf tm;vkH;vkdyif Ak< omoemawmfukd ouf0if,-Hk unf-uonf? jrefrmvlrsK;d / &Sr;f vlrsK;d wd\kEiS hf a7maESm aexkid -f uojzifh xkv d rl sK;d wk\d. ,Ofaus;r=x;Hk pH"avhtcsKd\ukd 7&Sdxm;olrsm; jzpf-uonf? u'l;wk\dajymqkad om bmompum;wGif jrefrmpum; trsm;yif yg0ifaeonfukdawG\7.? aps;tokH;tE=ef;/ a7wGurf = tok;H tE=e;f wk\dwiG u f m; &Sr;f bmompum;ukd trsm;qk;H ok;H pG-J uonf? ok\d7mwGif olw\dk. rl7if;bm om pum;rSm jrefrmpum;/ &Srf;pum; wkd\ESifhrwlay? u'dk; ?
ueckd toD;t7GufESihf taphrsm;? cGJjcm;xm;aom ajryJaph ESihfwlonhf t7mrsm;rSm ueckdaphuav;rsm;jzpf.?
uepkyd if/yifv,f ? ?yifv,f uepkyd ifudk a7uepkyd if [kvnf; tcsKd\u ac:-uonf? a7csKdESifh quf
?(c7mwHy;fkd u'd;k „ 7=) 30
www.foreverspace.com.m
uepkyd ifv,f
uaepkd;yif -uonf? xkt d csed Yf wpfyifv;Hk 0g0if;vkrwwf vSypGm wG7J &Go J ;D aeaom uepk;d oD;wk\drmS jrif7olrsm;tzk\d oGm; 7nfusp7m jzpfawmh.? pyspo f ;D ckid u f o hJ \kd tjyGwv f u dk /f tckid v f u dk o f ;D ojzifh t*‡vyd v f rl sK;d wk\du jrefrmpyspo f ;D yif[I l yif trnfay;xm;-uonf? uepk;d oD;onf rrSnahf o;rDtcsdew f iG f tpdr;f a7mif &SI d rSnv hf maomtcgrS 0gvmonf? tcG0H g twGi;f &Sd ESif;qDa7mifazsmhazsmh tjrFmokH;ckukd vlwkd\pm;okH;-u onf? tjrFmrsm;twGi;f Y taphwpfaphpyD g&S. d ? uepk;d oD;wGiftcsKd okd\r[kwf csKdcsOfrsKd;ESihf tcsOfrsKd;[lI ESprf sK;d xif&mS ;&So d nf? jrefrmEkdifiHY taphrsm;ukdom pkdufysKd;-uonf? 'yfcs ta&S\tdNd,u`ef;pkwGifrl tukdif;qufenf;jzifhrsKd;yGm; apouJo h \dk jrefrmEkid if YH vnf; prf;oyf-unfo h ifah yonf? rk;d OD;us Owkajymif;csed w f iG f uav;oli,frsm;onf uepk;d oD;ukd tvGet f u`pH m;rd7mrS 0rf;uku d jf cif;/ "mwf av~mjcif;rsm; jzpfymG ;wwfojzifh vl-uD;rdbvkyo f rl sm; owdxm;zk\dvo dk nf? uepk;d om;rSm vltzk\d tok;H r0ifvo S jzifh Ttyifudk toD;77eftwGuo f m pku d yf sKd;avh&-dS uonf?
pyfaeaom {7m0wD jrpf0useG ;f ay:a'o/ weo‡m7Durf; &kd;ESifh 7ckdifurf;&kd; wav~mufwkd\wGifaygufonf? xkd tyifonf tjrJprd ;f yifrsK;d jzpfI jrefrmEkid if YH xif;qku d f 7ef taumif;qk;H opfyifwpfrsKd; jzpfonf? yifv,f uepkyd if-uD;rsm;onf tjrifah y 60 rS ^0 txd/ yifpnfvkH;ywf 5 ayrS6aytxd &Sdwwfonf? xif;tjzpf ckwv f jJS yD;aomtcg tyifvu dk f xkw, f 7l ef cJ,Of;ojzifh wpfaycef\pD jzwfjyD;rS avSrsm;vSn;f rsm;jzifh jrdK\ta7muf wify\dk a7mif;csavh&-dS uonf?
xif;qkduf7aom uepkdyif. t7GufESihftzl;rsm;
yifv,fuepkdom;onf ckdifrmI tvGefav;onf? tpdr;f vku d cf pJG w d rf S vG,u f o l nf? tom;. ta7mifrmS eD npfnpfjzpf.? uepko d m;ukd wHwm;wkid rf sm;ESiahf vSu, dk f xnfrsm;tjzpf tokH;jyK7efvnf; txl;aumif;onf? vSn;f bD;/ avSmw f uf/ &Guw f idk f ponfrsm;tjyif ykqed /f vufukdifuJhokd\ ckdifcHhaom vufukdifESifht&kd;rsm; jyKvk y f 7 ef t wG u f v nf ; tvG e f o if h a vsmf a om tom;jzpfonf? uepkdyifonf taygufjrefI taphukdaomfvnf; aumif;/ ukid ;f jywfuadk omfvnf;aumif; pku d yf sK;d Ekid o f nf? uepkd;yif ? ? uepk;d oD;ukd jrefrmEkid if YH uav; vl-uD; rusef pm;zl;-uojzifh uepk;d yifudk vlwidk ;f yif od-uayrnf? uepkd;yifonf tjrJpdrf;yifrsKd;jzpfI txufESifhatmufjrefrmjynf rkd;rsm;aom a'orsm; wGifaygufonf? t&G,frSm tvwfpm;rsKd; jzpfojzifh tjrifhay 40rS50txd/ yifpnfvkH;ywf 3 ayrS 5 ay txdom &Sd-uonf? uepkd;om;. ta7mifrSmndKI toifhtwifhrmonf? wykd\wGJESifhwaygif;vrsm;wGif yef;yGifhI wefcl;ESifh uqkefvrsm;wGif toD;rsm; rSnfh
0g0g0if;I pm;csifpzG,faumif;onhf uepkd;oD;wGJ
31
www.foreverspace.com.m
uEkurm
urmcGHb0rS vufr=ynmtpGrf;jzihf uEkurm tvSukefyPnf;rsm;tjzpfodk\ ajymif;vJoGm;aomtcg
uEkurm ? ?ck;H urm a,mufomG ;paom c&kcGH rsm;wGif txyf 3 xyf&Sdonffhteuf tcsKd\aom c&kcGH wk\dY atmufq;Hk od\kr[kwf twGi;f zuftusq;Hk txyfrmS acsmrFwaf jymifvufI ykvaJ 7mif xaeonfudk awG\b;l -uayrnf? TtxyfrmS uEkurmtxyfjzpfI Ttxyf rsKd; yg&Sdonfhc&kcGHrsm;ukd uEkurm[kac:-uonf? uEkurmtxyfwiG f yg0ifaomyPnf;rsm;rSm ykvw J iG f yg0ifaomyPnf;rsm;ESihf twlwlyifjzpfonf? xkH; "mwfygaomyPnf;ESihf OD;csKu d o hJ \dkrmaomyPnf;wk\donf tqifhqifhtxyfxyf wnfae-uonf? xkdtxyfrsm; ay:okd\ tvif;usa7mufaomtcg txyfwkd\. vGwf aeaom tpGef;rsm;u tvif;ukd ,kdifapaoma-umifh pdr;f / eD/ 0g/ jympaom oufwahH 7mifrsm; jzpfay:vmI vSyaomuEkurma7mif xGuv f monf? uEkurm txyfygaom c&kcGHrsm;ukd uBm\tylykdif; a'orsm;. urf;&kd;wef;rsm;wGif awG\7wwfonf? awmifyifv,fu`ef;rsm; (ypdzdwfawmifydkif;u`ef; rsm;)/ zdvpfykdifu`ef;pk/ -opa-w;vD;,m;wkduf/ yem; rm;EkdifiH/ umvDzkd;eD;,m;jynf awmifykdif;/ *syefu`ef; w0ku d Ef iS rhf œm,ku`e;f qG,f (yo~LK;u`e;f pG,)f wk\dwiG f txl; aygrsm;onf?jrefrmEkdifiH yifv,f urf;&kd;wef; wav~mufwGifvnf; awG\7onf? taumif;qkH; uEk urmrsm;ukd -opa-w;vD;,m;wkdufESifh oD[kd–f u`ef; wk\d r7S onf? yem;rm;Ekid if rH S 7aom uEkurmrSm ao; i,fI tom;xlonf? ajrmuftar7duwkduf/ rP pyDjrpfESifh tjcm;jrpfrsm;&Sd a7csKdckH;aumif;rsm;rSvnf; uEkurmrsm;ukd 7&Sw d wfayonf?
uEkurmjzifh 7ifx;dk / -u,fo;D / vnfqpJG aom vuf 0wfwefqmrsm;ukv d nf;aumif;/ aq;vdycf u G /f jymyef; uef/ "g;&k;d / xD;&k;d / "gwfyaHk bmifpaom vl\tok;H taqmif rsm;ukv d nf;aumif; jyKvyk -f uonf? opfom;/ ,Ge;f xnf ponfw\Edk iS hf zufpyfIvnf; wl7, d mESihf tdro f ;Hk y7dabm* rsm;wGif yef;uGufrsm; az:7mY uEkurmukd tokH;jyK -uao;onf? jrefrmEkid if w H iG f uEkurmjzifh jyKvyk af om yPnf; tokH;taqmifrsm;ukd txl;ojzifh jrdwfe,frS jyKvkyf a7mif;csavh&o Sd nf? ,cktcg yvyfpwpfjzifhvnf; Ekurmtwkukd jyKvkyf-u7m uEkurmtwkrSm uEkurmppfuJhokd\yif vSyI uEkurmppfxuf tzkd;csKdonf? (urm/c&kcGH/ ykvJ„ vnf;7=)
twGif;om; ykvJa7mifxaeonhf uEkurmcGH
32
www.foreverspace.com.m
jznf; jrifw h ufvsuf awmifzuftidk -f uD;ig;tkid Ef iS hf pdef avm7ifhjrpftxd us,fjyef\pGmwnf&dSonf? tus,f t0ef;tm;jzifh uae'g. ok;H ykEH pS yf cHk ef\&I dS opfawmrsm; jzifhzkH;tkyfvsuf&Sdonfhjyif a7tkdifrsm;vnf; txl;ayg rsm;onf? xku d ek ;f jyifjrif. h xuf0ufcef\rmS ay 1000 yif rjrifw h wf-uaomfvnf; tcsK\dae7mwk\dYrl ay 6000 txd jrifhavonf? ajrmufbufzsm;rSm 7moDOwk tvGefat;Iopfyif-uD;rsm; raygufEkdifonfh twGuf uswfw;D jyifa' o[k ac:-u.? ajr-oZm acgif;yg; ojzifh v,f,mvkyif ef; rxGe;f um;aomfvnf;/ wGi;f xGufyPnf;tm; jynfhpkHjcif;/ opfawmrsm;rS opfaysmh zwfESifh om;arG;aumifrsm; 7&Sdjcif;/ a7tm; oHk;v~yf ppf"mwftm; -uG,0f jcif; wk\da-umifh xku d ek ;f jyifjrifo h nf uae'gEkid if t H wGuf txl;ta7;ygavonf? tWvMdwf urf;ajca'owGifurf;&kd;wef; e,frsm; jzpfaom e,l;A7efZpG /f EsL;azgif;vef;/ EkAd gpuk;d &Sm;ESihf y7ift h uf'yG u f sGe;f rsm; yg0if-u.? tufyvufcsD,ef awmif. tqufjzpfaom awmif&kd;awmifukef;rsm; &So d jzifh ajrrsuEf mS jyifrmS rnDnmvSbJ v=id ;f x uJo h \dk jzpfaeonf? EsL;azgif;vef;onf vm;A7ma'g a7at; pD;a-umif; &So d nft h wGuf tvGeaf t;aomfvnf;/ usef
uae'gEkdifiH ? ?uae'gEkid if o H nf tar7duef jynf axmifp. k ajrmufzufwiG w f nf&I dS taemufzufpeG ;f 7Sd tvmpume,f rSwyg; ajrmuftar7dwu dk . f ajrmuf ydik ;f a'o tm;vk;H yg0ifaom Ekid if jH zpfonf? ta&S\EiS hf taemufrSm rkdif2^00 ausmf&Snfvsm;I ajrmufbuf ESifh awmifbufrSm (tmwdwf u`ef;pkrsm;ryg) rkdif 1600 cef\&dS jyD;v~if/ {7d,mtm;jzifh pwk7ef;rdik af ygif; 3843144 rkdifcef\r~ us,f0ef;onf? Oa7mywkdufESifh tus,ft0ef;wlr~vsuf us,fjyef\I tzkd;xdkufwef aom opfawm-uD;rsm;&Sjd cif;/ ajrwGi;f ajrywGif obm0 yPnf;tm; jynfhpkH-uG,f0jcif; wkd\a-umifh oef;aygif; 200 cef\r~aom vlrsm;yif acsmifcsdpGmaexkdif touf arG;Ekdifonf? okd\7mwGif uae'gEkdifiH. ,ckvuf&Sd vlO;D a7rSm 14 oef;ausmfr~om jzpfonf? uae'gEkid if . H oGijf yiftaetxm;ukd obm0a'o -uD; 5 ckjzifh cGaJ 0ykid ;f jcm;Ekid o f nf? ,if;wk\drmS avm7if; &Se;f uke;f jyifjrif/h tWvMdwf urf;ajca'o/ pdeaf vm7if jrpf0Srf;a'o/ ya77D vGifjyifa'oESifh taemufbuf awmifwef;a'owk\d jzpf-u.? avm7if;&Se;f uke;f jyifjrifo h nf tmwdwo f rk]7murf; ajcESifh ['fqefyifv,fatmf urf;ajcwkd\rS wjznf; 33
34
www.foreverspace.com.m
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae'gEkid if H e,frsm;wGif 7moDOwk r~wnDnw G o f nf? tzk;d wefopf awmrsm; &So d nfjh yif/ ajr-oZmaumif;aom ae7muGuf rsm;vnf; tES\H tjym; &So d nf? urf;ajcwav~mufwiG f euf&id= ;f aumif;rGeaf om oab‡mqdyrf sm; aygrsm;.? pdeaf vm7ifh jrpf0rS ;f a'oonf uae'g. obm0 a'owk\dwiG f ti,fq;Hk jzpfaomfvnf; vlO;D a7trsm;qk;H aexkdif7ma'o jzpfonf? v,f,m vkyfief;twGuf aumif;rGeaf oma'o jzpfonfjh yif a7tm;aygrsm; ojzifh pufr=vkyfief; xGef;um;onf? uDGAufjrdK\/ rGef; x7D;atmjrdK\/ atmhw0jrdK\ uJhokd\aom jrdK\-uD;rsm;onf xkjd rpf0rS ;f a'oY &S-d u.// ya77DviG jf yifa'oonf avm7if;&Se;f uke;f jyifjrifh qk;H 7m 0ifeyD ufjrKd \. ta&S\zufem;rS a7m\u;D awmifwef; rsm; txd rkid af ygif; 800cef\ us,jf yef\.? xkad 'owGif reDw;dk Ag;e,f/ qufpuufcs0D rfe,fEiS hf t,fvAg;wm; e,frsm;yg0if-uonf? ajrmufbufyidk ;f wGif opfawm rsm;aygufa7mufI awmifbufykdif;onf nDnmysH\ysL; avonf? ajr-oZm aumif;rGefxufoefonfh t avsmuf v,f,mvkyif ef;xGe;f um;onfh tcsut f jcm a'o-uD;jzpf7m xkad 'oonf uae'gEkid if t H zk\d ajr-uD; rS a&Fo;D 7mt7yfyif jzpfonf? taemufbuf awmifwef;a'oonf jAw d o d ~uv kd ºD; ,m;e,f/ ,l;uGe;f e,fEiS t hf ,fvAg;wm;e,f temuf bufe,fpyf wav~mufwGif usa7mufI awmifpOf awmifwef;rsm; ,SOjf yKd iv f suw f nf&o dS nf? ta&S\bufq;Hk awmifwef;rSm a7m\uD;awmifjzpfI taemufzufrS ,SOfaeaom awmifwef;rsm;rSm qJvuwfawmif ESifh urf;&kd;wef;awmifrsm; jzpfonf? a7m\uD;awmifwef; rSm ay ^000 rS 13000 ausmftxd jrifh.?(a7m\uD; awmifwef; 7=) okd\7mwGif tjrifhqkH; awmifxdyfrsm; rSm ,l;uGef;e,fwGif &Sdaomvkd*efawmifxdyf (ay 119850)ESihf pdet f v D idk ;f ,ufawmifxyd f (ay 18000) wkd\jzpf-u.? jAdwdo~ukdvºD;,m;e,fwGif ajr-o Zmaumif;aom csKdifh0Srf;a'o &Sdojzifh opfoD;yifrsm; pku d yf sKd;-uI Ek\d xu G yf Pnf; xkwv f yk -f uonf? ypdzdwf ork]7mESifh tWvMdwfork]7mzufwGif rkdifaygif; 13000 cef\&Snfaom urf;&kd;wef;&Sdvsuf/ tWvMdwfork]7m zuf&Sdurf;&kd;wef;rSm tauG\ taumuf tvGerf sm;.? ['fqefyifv,fatmfEiS hf pdef avmh7ifhauG\wdk\rS uae'gEkdifiH. tv,fA[kdcef\okd\ a7mufatmif a7a-umif;c7D;jzifh tvG,fwul oGm; a7mufEidk o f nf? uae'gEkid if w H iG t f xif&mS ;qk;H aom jrpf
rSm pdefavmh7pfjrpf jzpfonf? rkdif 19000 cef\&SdI tWvMdwf ork]7mxJokd\ pD;0if.? e,fvqif jrpf/ csmcsjD rpfEiS hf qufpuuf cs0D rfjrpfrsm;onf ['fqef yifv,fatmfxJokd\ pD;0if-uI 2514 rkdif &Snfaom rUifZDjrpf onftmwdwfork]7mxJokd\pD;0if.? t aemufbufwiG f ukv d ºD;,m;jrpf/za7ZmjrpfEiS hf ,l;uGe;f jrpfwkd\onf ypdzdwf ork]7mxJokd\ pD;0if-uonf? uae'gEkdifiHwGif awmifbufe,fpyf&Sd tkdif-uD; ig; tkid t f jyif uke;f wGi;f a7tdik f tajrmuftjrm;vnf; &S. d ? xkdtkdifrsm;rSm tif;i,f/ tkdifi,fuav;rsm;rS rkdif aygif;rsm;pGm us,f0ef;onfh a7tkdif-uD; rsm;txd t&G,ftpm;pm; jzpf-uonf? xif&Sm;aom tkdif-uD; rsm;rSm reDw;dk Ag;/ 0ifeyD uf/ *7dwAf , J m;/ *7dwq f avh ponfwkd\ jzpf-u.? tawmftwef-uD;rm;aom a7csKdtkdifrsm;pGmvnf; &Sdao;onf? uae'gEkdifiHwGif jrpfrsm;/ tkid rf sm;. pkpak ygif; tus,t f 0ef; rSmpwk7ef; rkdifaygif; 228000 r~&Sdavonf?(* 7dwf vdwf a'o„ 7=) uae'gEkid if o H nf -uD;rm;us,0f ef;I tmwdwZf ek Ef iS hf orykdif;Zkefwkd\wGif usa7muf wnf&Sdonfh tavsmuf 7moDOwk trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;onf? a,bk,stm;jzifh a'otrsm;wkd\rSm aqmif;tcgwGif tvGefat;I aEG tcgwGif twef yljyif;-uonf? ajrmufbufzsm; usaom ,l;uGe;f e,f/ taemufajrmuf e,fEiS hf uDAG uf e,f ajrmufyidk ;f wk\d wiG f tmwdw7f moDOwkudk 77S-d uI ['fqef yifv,fatmf onf wpfEpS v f ~if uk;d vr~a7cJ avonf? Tokd\jzihf uae'gajrmufykdif;wav~muf wGif ESif;rsm;om tusrsm;I rkd;t&Gmenf;.? awmifbufusaom a'orsm;wGif ylaEG;r~waom 7moDOwkukd 77dS-uonf? ta&S\bufY7Sdaom urf;&kd; wef;e,frsm;rSm aeusu J syJ l aomfvnf; taeawmfr~jzpf aom aEGOwkrsKd;ukd 7&SdI rkd;7GmoGef;jcif; rsm;onf? ya77DviG jf yifa'owGif at;jraom aqmif;Owkudk 7&Sd aomfvnf; a7m\uD;awmifwef; rsm;bufrS wkdufcwf vmaom ‘csd E G w f ’ ac:avyl r sm;a-umif h tat; '+frjyif;xefvSacs? okd\7mwGif a7m\uD;awmifwef; rsm;uyif ypdzw d b f ufrS wku d cf wfvmonfh a7ck;d a7aiG\ ygaomavwkd\ukd wm;qD;xm;jyefojzifh ya77D vGifjyifa'o. taemufawmifykdif;rSm rkd;acgifonf? ypdzdwfurf;ajc wav~mufwGifrl rkd;rsm;pGm7GmoGef;I ypdzw d o f rk]7mrSwu dk cf wfvmonfh ylaEG;aomava-umifh ta7S\zuf urf;ajca'owk\d xuf ykI d ylaEG;onf? 35
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae'gEkid if H ta&S\rStaemufokd\ uef\vef\jzwf wnf&Sdvsuf EkdifiH tus,t f 0ef;.ok;H ykw H pfyaHk usmu f dk zk;H vFr;f aygufa7muf aeaom opfawmrsm;rSmuae'gEkid if . H 'kw, d ta7; ygaom obm0yPnf;tm;yif jzpf.? opfxw k v f yk if ef; twGuf tok;H jyKvsu&f adS om opfawmrsm;. tus,f t0ef;rSm pwk7ef;rkid af ygif; 435000 cef\r~&I dS xkwv f yk f 7&Sdaom opfom;rsm;ukd pULvkyf7ef opfaysmhzwf twGuf tokH; cs-uonf? uae'gEkdifiHonf owif; pmpUL xkwfvkyfa7mif;csr=Y uBmwGif xdyfwef;rS vku d af e.? tzk;d wef opfawmrsm; ysujf yKef;wdraf um oGm;jcif;rS umuG,f7ef {uaygif; ^5 oef;ausmfukd opfawm-udK;0kid ;f tjzpf oD;oef\xm;&So d nf? uae'gEkid if o H nf ig;zrf;jcif;vkyif ef;rS 0ifaiG tajrmuf tjrm; 7&Sd.? ig;zrf;7mXmewkd\ukd ukef;wGif;jrpf acsmif; tif;tkdifwkd\Y zrf;aom a7csKdig;zrf;7mXme/ yifv,fY zrf;aom tWvMdwfig;zrf;7mXmeESifh ypdzw d if g;zrf;7m Xme[lI ok;H ae7m cGjJ cm;xm;onf? a7csKdig;zrf;7mXmerS 7aom a7csKdig;rsm;rSm jynfwiG ;f okH; jzpfoGm;-uaomfvnf; yifv,frS7aom ig;rsm; rSm uae'gEkdifiH. pD;yGm;a7;ukd txl; zGH\jzdK;aponf? tWvMdwf ig;zrf;7m XmerS aumh'ig;/ ykZeG w f yk -f uD; ESihf urmrsm;uk7d I ypdzw d f ig;zrf;7mXmerS qmref;ig;ukd trsm;tjym; 7&Sdonf? jAdwdo~udkvºD;,m;e,fESifh EkdAgpukd;&Sm;e,fwkd\wGif ig;aoWmvkyfief;rsm; xGef; um;.? om;arG;aumifrsm; arG;jrLaom vkyif ef;rSm y7ifh
a7mhuD;awmifwef; aemufcHESihf &=cif;omonhf rmvkdif; tkdif
uae'gEkid if o H nf pku d yf sK;d jcif;ESihf ok;d EGm; arG;jrLjcif; vkyif ef;rsm;txl;xGe;f um;ojzifh vlO;D a7 av;ykw H pfyrHk mS pku d yf sKd; arG;jrLol rsm; jzpf-uonf? ya77DviG jf yifrsm; wGif *sKH/ rka,mpyg;/ jrif;pm;*sKH/ bDoGmav~mf (ESrf; csyfav~mf)ESifh jrufa7pmrsm;ukd pkdufysKd;-uI okd;/ EGm; tajrmuftjrm; arG;jrL-uonf? ta&S\buf&Sd urf; &kd;wef;e,frsm;wGif tmvl;/ rkefvmO0dkif;ESifh o-um; rkev f mrsm;ukd txl;pku d yf sK;d -u.? opfo;D txGurf sm; aom e,frsm;rSm ta&S\bufwGif Edkrmpudk;&Sm;e,fESihf tGeaf w;7D,;kd e,f wk\djzpfI taemufbufwiG f jAdwo d ~ ukv d ºD;,m;e,f jzpfonf? tGeaf w;7D;,k;d e,f awmif ykdif;ESifh uDGAufe,fwkd\wGif aq;ukdt-uD;tus,fpkduf -u.? ok;d arG; trsm;qk;H xGuaf ome,frmS t,fvAg; wm;e,f jzpfonf? pku d yf sK;d arG;jrLjcif;vkyif ef;ukd jri| w hf if tm;ay;aom oabmjzifh tpkd;7 wkd\onf t at;"mwfokH; ukefavSmif&kHrsm;ESifh usDjrifhrsm;ukd ulnD aqmufvkyfay;cJhonfhjyif prf;oyf avhvmr=twGuf pk d u f y sKd ; jcH r sm;zG i f h a y;jcif ; /rD ; 7xm;vrf ; rsm;oG , f azmufay;jcif;rsm;ukv d nf;aqmif&u G cf ahJ vonf?
uae'gEkdifiH. 0ifaiGaumif;vSonhf ig;zrf;jcif;vkyfief;
36
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae'gEkid if H tuf'G yfuseG ;f / tGeaf w;7D;,k;d e,f/ uGAD ufe,fEiS hf reDw;dk Ag;e,fwkd\wGif xGef;um;I ta7;ygaom vkyfief; wpf7yfjzpf.? arG;jrLaom om;arG;aumifrsm;rSm ajracG;jzLrsm;/ ajrGyg-uD;rsm;/ ajrGygarG;&Snfrsm;/ ajrGygjzLrsm;/ ADAmzsrH sm;ESihf -uGuu f wk;d rsm; jzpf-uonf? om;arG;ta7mif;t0,frSm txl;aumif;rGefonfht avsmuf ,cktcg uae'g EkdifiHwGif om;arG;aumif arG;jrLaomjcHaygif; ajcmufaxmifausmf ckepfaxmifcef\ &Sad eavjyD? uae'gEkid if o H nf o,HZmwyPnf;rsm;vnf; aygrsm; -uG,f0.? t"duta7;-uD;aomoWKrsm;rSm a&F/ ausmufr;D aoG;/ epfu,f/a-u;eD/ oGy/f aiG/ cJ/ udak Amh ESihf ausmuf*rG ;f rsm; jzpf.? uBmay:&Sd a&Fxu G af om EkdifiHrsm;wGif uae'gonf wwd,vkdufonfhjyif uBmwGif tok;H jyKvsu&f adS om epfu,ftm;vk;H . 90 7mckid Ef e= ;f rSm uae'grS xGuaf vonf? uBmYok;H vsu&f dS aom ausmuf*Grf;rsm;ukdvnf; 7mckdifE=ef;tjynfh avmuf yif uae'grSxw k v f yk jf zef\cscD . hJ ? tGeaf w;7D; ,kd; e,fonf oWKwl;az:7m t"due,fjzpfvsuf xked ,frS a&FEiS hf a-u;eDw\dkudk trsm;tjym; 7&Sad vonf? tEk jk rLAk;H (tufwrfA;Hk ) vky7f mY txl; ta7;-uD;aom ,la7; eD;,rf;oWKukd *7dwfA,m;a7tkdif-uD;teD;Y awG\7.? ausmufr;D aoG;ukd ta&S\bufyidk ;f wGif EkAd gpud;k &Sm;e,fEiS f h e,l;A7efZpG ef ,fwY\d k vnf;aumif;/ taemufzufyidk ;f
,l;uGefjynfe,f uvGef;'kdufa'oY a7FusifaeolwpfOD;
wGif t,fvAg;wm;e,fESifh jAdwdo~ ukdvºD;,m;e,f wk\d Yvnf;aumif; wl;az:77S. d ? ok\d 7mwGif oHxu G I f oHvyk if ef;xGe;f um;aom tGeaf w;7D;,k;d e,fEiS hf uDAG uf e,fw\drk S rdik 1f 000ausm2f 000 eD;yg;r~ c7D;uGmvSr;f ojzifh ta7;ygoifhoavmuf rygvSacs? a7eHawG\&Sd wl;az: aome,frsm;rSm t,fvAg;wm;e,f/ taemufajrmuf e,f/ tGeaf w;7D;,k;d e,fEiS hf e,l;A7efZpG ef ,frsm; jzpf -uavonf? uae'gEkid if o H nf obm0 yPnf;tm; -u, G 0f onfjh yif a7tm;vnf; okH;rukefEkdifavmufatmif aygrsm;
uae'gEkdifiH taemufykdif;wpfae7mY jrif;qGJaumuf7dwfpufrsm;jzihf *sHKyifrsm;ukd 7dwfodrf;aepOf
37
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae'gEkid if H ojzifh pufrv = yk if ef;zufY tvm;tvm rsm;pGmaumif; rGev f o S nf? r-umvSao;aom ESprf sm;twGi;f u pufr= vkyfief;rsm; ododomom wkd;wufvmonfhtwGuf ,cktcg pufrv = yk if ef;xGuyf Pnf;rsm;. wefz;dk rSmv,f ,mvkyfief;xGuf yPnf;rsm;. wefzkd;xuftwefyif ydkvsuf&Sdonf? puf&kH-uD;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh pdef avm7ifh jrpf0rS ;f wav~muf/ tGeaf w;7D;,k;d e,fEiS hf uDAG uf e,f awmifbufe,fpyfwav~mufY &Sad omjrdK\-uD;rsm; wGifwnf&Sd-uonf? pufr=vkyfief;rsKd;pkH7Sdaom jrdK\-uD; 2 jrdK\rmS rGe;f x7D;atmjrdK\EiS hf wk7d eG w f jdk rdK\w\dkjzpfI tjcm; aom jrdK\rsm;rSma,bk,stm;jzifh vkyif ef;wpfrsK;d wpfrsK;d twGufom xif&Sm;-uonf? tGefaw;7D;,kd;e,f&Sd 0ifqmjrdK\wiG f armfawmfum;vkyif ef; -uD;us,I f [,f rDvwefjrdK\onf uae'gEkid if . H oHr+dvyk if ef;A[kXd me -uD;jzpfonf? uDGAufjrdK\onf pULpufrsm;twGuf xif&mS ;.? ya77DviG jf yifa'o&Sd 0ifeyD ufjrdK\/ tuf'ref wefjrdK\ESifh u,fv*g7DjrdK\rsm;wGif *sKHr=ef\-udwfjcif;ESifh trJom;pnfow G jf cif; vkyif ef;rsm; xGe;f um;avonf? ig;aoWmvkyif ef;twGuf xif&mS ;aomjrdK\w\drk mS jAdwo d ~ ukdvºD;,m;e,f7Sd Aeful;Ag;jrdK\ESifh e,l;A7efZGpfe,f&Sd pde*f `e;f jrdK\w\dk jzpf-uonf? uae'gEkid if w H iG f aexkid -f uaom vlrsm;rSm jAw d o d ~EiS hf jyifopfvrl sKd; tquftEG,rf sm; jzpfonf? jAdwo d ~vl rsKd;wkd\rSm tar7duefvGwfvyfa7;ppfyGJ jzpfyGm;pOfu uae'gzufo\dk ajymif;a&F\vm-uaom ukv d edk eD ,fopfxl axmifolrsm;jzpfI jyifopfvlrsKd;wkd\rSm 18 7mpkESpf twGif;u uae'gokd\ a7mufvm-uolrsm; jzpfonf? 'kw, d uBmppf-uD; rjzpfrED iS hf jzpfjyD;ptcsed w f \dw k iG f jAdwd o~u`e;f pkrS jAdwo d ~ vlrsK;d rsm;pGmwk\donf uae'gok\da7F\ ajymif;aexkid cf -hJ u.? uDAG ufe,frw S yg; useef ,ftm; vk;H wGif t*‡vyd b f momrSm &k;H ok;H bmomjzpfaomfvnf;/ vlOD;a7 av;ykHwpfykHausmfwkd\rSm jyifopfpum;ukdom ajymqkdokH;pGJ-uonf? vlOD;a7 14 oef;ausmf7Sdonfh teuf wkdif;7if;om;rsm;jzpf-uaom tufpuD;rkd;ESifh 7uftif';D ,ef;wk\drmS 125000cef\om&Sad vonf? uae'gEkid if . H ynma7;rSm txl;acwfro DS nft h m; avsmfpGm uBm\EkdifiH-uD;rsm;ESifh 7ifaygifwef;vkdufEkdif onf? jrdK\-uD;wkid ;f wGif txufwef;ausmif;rsm;/ aum vdyfausmif;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a7;ausmif; rsm;&SdIe,ft
oD;oD;wk\dYvnf; wUokv d af usmif;-uD;rsm; &Sad vonf? uae'gEkdifiH wUokdvfausmif; tm;vkH;Yausmif;om; OD;a7 wpfoed ;f ausmf7. dS ? wkid ;f jynf pnfum;wk;d wufap7ef 7nfoefvsuf tpk;d 7 wk\donf rD;7xm;vrf;azmufvyk jf cif;ukd txl;tm;ay; cJo h nf? uae'D,efypdzw d f rD;7xm;vrf;-uD;rSm 1885ck ESpw f iG f azmufvyk f jy;D pD;cJ. h ? yxr uBmppf-u;D twGi;f Y woD;ykCvykdif rD;7xm;vrf; tcsKd\ukd tpkd;7u odrf; ,ljyD;aemuf xkrd ;D 7xm;vrf;wk\d udk pkaygif;um 1923ck ESpw f iG f uae'D,efae&Sief ,f rD;7xm;tzG\J zG\Jpnf;vku d f onf? ava-umif; o,f,lykd\aqmifa7; vkyfief;rSm vnf; rsm;pGmwk;d wufvsu&f 7dS m tar7duefjynfaxmif pk/ Oa7myEkid if rH sm;ESihf tmwdwaf 'owk\do\dk ava-umif; jzifh oGm;vmEkdifonf? av,mOfysHrsm;rSm jynfwGif; jynfy o,f,yl \dak qmifa7; twGuo f mru uae'gEkid if H . tzkd;wefvSaomopfawm-uD;rsm;ukd rD;ab;rS umuG,7f mYvnf; rsm;pGmtok;H 0ifonf? 'kw, d uBm ppf-uD; twGif;Y armfawmfum;vrf;rsm;ukd wkd;wuf azmufvyk cf -hJ u.? e,ftoD;oD;&Sd uke;f vrf;rsm;ukq d uf oG,af y;vku d jf cif;jzifh uae'gEkid if w H pfzufzsm;rS wpfzuf zsm;ok\d aygufa7mufonf\f rkid f 5000cef\ &Snv f sm;aom Ekid if jH zwf rD;7xm;vrf;-uD;ukd 1942 ckEpS w f iG f zGichf . hJ ? uae'gEkid if o H nf jAdwo d ~"eo[m,tzG\J 0if Ekid if H jzpfvsuf ukd,fykdif tkyfcsKyffa7;ukd tapmqkH; 7&Sdaom 'drk eD , D efEidk if H jzpf.? zG\Jpnf;tkycf sKyyf Hk tajccH Oya'opf t7 ,lEu dk w f ufuif;'rf;Ekid if . H &Sib f 7k ifonf uae'g EkdifiH. bk7ifjzpfonf? xkdbk7if. ukd,fpm;uae'g 'krd eD , D efudk wm0efc7H olrmS bk7ifccH sKyf jzpfI e,ftoD; oD;wGifvnf; bk7ifcHrsm; xm;7Sdavonf? uae'g ygvDrefrSm atmh0jrdK\awmfY 7SdjyD;v~iff txufvFwf awmfESifh atmufvFwfawmfwkd\ yg0if-u.? txuf vFwaf wmf wGif trwf 96 a,muf&I dS / atmufvw F f awmfwiG f trwfaygif; 245 a,muf&o dS nf? 'drk eD , D ef wGifbk7ifcHcsKyfrSm t-uD;tuJjzpfaomfvnf; tkyfcsKyf r=a7;7mwGifrl ygvDrefrS wifajr|mufaom 0ef-uD;csKyf uomv~if -udK;ukid jf c,fv, S af vonf? vlrsKd; toD;oD;wGif trsKd;om;txdrf;trSwf &Sd-u onfh enf;wl uae'gEkid if w H iG f ‘ary,f7u G ’f rSm trsK;d om; txdrf;trSwf jzpfavonf?
38
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae'g.pdw0f ifpm;zG,t f wdwb f 0 vGecf ahJ omtESpw f pfaxmifcef\u Oa7mywdu k o f m;rsm;pwif awG\&cdS I hJ wpfcgu t*‡vyd Ef iS jhf yifopfw\kd pm;usuf vkco hJ nhf uae'gEkid if o H nf 'drk eD , D eftyk cf sKyfa7;udk Tod\k wqifjh yD; wqifh -udK;yrf;cJ7h ayonf? pGmawG\7dScJhonf[k qkd7ayrnf? (uJaAgha*s„vnf;7=) 149^ ckEpS w f iG tm7Swu dk o f \dk ta7S\ajrmufbufrS oGm; Ekid o f nfv h rf;ayguf7mS azG7ef t*‡vefjynfrS xGucf ahJ om *`efuJaAghonf ig;aygrsm;7m uae'gurf;ajcw av~mufokd\a7muf7SdcJhjyD;aemuf EsL;azgif;vefESifh udyf A7ufwefu`ef;rsm;ukd t*‡vdyftpkd;7ykdiftjzpf odrf; yku d cf ahJ omfvnf; xked ,fopfrsm;ukd t*‡vyd f tpk;d 7onf ta7;r,l cJah cs? uae'gEkid if . H twGi;f zuf a'orsm; ukdrl jyifopfvlrsKd;rsm; uom vSnv hf nfomG ;vm pl;prf; 7SmazGc-hJ u.? *`eu f aJ Agh.aemufwiG f uae'gEkdifiHokd\ a7muf7Sd vmolrSm jyifopfvlrsKd; ZufumwDa,;qko d jlzpf.? (umwDa,; vnf;„7=) umwDa,;onf 1534 ckESpfwGif pdefavm7ifhyif v,f a uG \ uk d a wG \ 7S d c J h I aemufwpfEpS w f iG f pdeaf vm 7ifjhrpf&;d k wpfav~mufud k qef wuf vSnfhvnfumxkd uae'gok\dpwifa7muf7dS a'o w0ku d u f dk jyifopfyidk f vmolrsm; tjzpf e,fopfwpfck xl ajrmuf t ar7d u wk d u f axmifcahJ omfvnf;/ 1542 wGif vljzLrsm; yxrqkH; ckESpfwGif ysufoGm;av pwif a7muf7Sdvm7m a'o onf? xkdaemuf tESpf rSm uae'gjzpfonf? xkd ^0cef\-umonfw h idk af tmif a'ookd\ at'D 10 7mpkESpf j y if o pf w \ d r k m S j y nfwiG ;f ppf rwkdifrDu aemhprefvlrsKd; rsm; jzpfymG ;aeojzifh e,f rsm;onf *7if ; vef u `ef ; opfrsm; qufvuf 7SmazG rSwpfqifh a7muf7Sd vmcJh *`ef u J a Amh o nf uae'gEk d i f i H u k d Tod k \ OD ; pG m awG \ 7 S d c J h . ? jcif; rjyKEkid cf -hJ uacs? ok\d onf [ k qk d - uonf ? ok d \ aomf jyifopf wHigonf aomf oufaocH taxmuf rsm;onf EsL;azgif;vef; txm; [l I tck d i f t rm u`ef ; teD ; ok d \ ig;zrf ; vmjrJ vmaecJh7mrS om;arG; rawG\7ao;acs? ok\djzpfI f t*‡vef jynf7h iS f oWr [if e7D bk7if. vufatmufwiG f tr=xrf;aom tDwmvsH ta7mif;t0,fvkyfief;onf tusKd;tjrwf7Sdaom dS mjyD;aemuf e,fopfrsm; oab‡mom; *seG u f aJ Agh omv~if uae'gEkid if u H dk a7S;OD; vkyif ef;wpfck jzpfa-umif; od7v uae'gEkid if o H rkid ;f ––––ESihf tkycf sKyfa7; ? ?uae'g EkdifiH. orkdif;um; pifppftm;jzifh uBmopfwGif t*‡vyd Ef iS hf jyifopfw\dk tiftm; jydKif-uonfrS pwifI uae'g Ekid if o H nf aemufq;Hk Y rnfo\dk rnfyHk vGwv f yf onfh Ekid if w H pfck jzpfvmonft h a-umif; jzpfonf? uae'g EkdifiH wkd;wufvmykHrSm tcsuftvuf rsm;pGmwkd\wGif tar7duef e,fopfrsm; vGwaf jrmufa7;twGuf -udK; yrf;ykHESifh qifwlonf? okd\aomf rwlonfhtcsufrSm tar7duefjynfaxmif pk E k d i f i H o nf awmf v S e f y k e f uefjcif;jzifh vGwfvyfa7; ukd7cJhI uae'g EkdifiHrSm uk d , f y k d i f t k y f c sKyf a 7;uk d wqifhjyD;wqifh wkd;wuf 77SdcJhjcif; jzpfayonf? u ae'g EkdifiHum; jAdwdo~ "eo[m,EkdifiHrsm;xJwGif yxrqkH; 'dkrDeD,efukd,fykdif tkyfcsKyfa7; 7cJhonfhEkdifiH jzpf.?
39
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae'gEkid if o H rkid ;f ESifh tkycf sKyfa7; xlaxmifum a7mif;0,f azgufum;I aexkid -f u jy;D v~if tk;d tdro f pf wnfc-hJ uonf?
avm7ifhponfh jrpfrsm;o\kd oGm;a7mufpkHprf; -uonfh ykCdKvfrsm;rSm jyifopfvlrsKd; 7uf'Dqef/ Zkd;va,;ESifh omoemjyK bkef;-uD; rmuuf/ pydefvlrsKd; 'D'kd;wkd;ESifh jyifopfvrl sKd; vmqJw\dk jzpf-uonf? 1642 ckEpS w f iG f rGe;f x7D;atmjrKd \udk omoemjyK A[kd pcef;tjzpf wnfaxmifcJhonf? jyifopfbk7if14 qufajrmuf vl0o D nf uae'gEkid if u H dk jyifopf jynfopf tjzpf 1663 ckEpS w f iG f odr;f yku d f tkycf sKyo f nf? jyifopf vlrsKd; trsm;tjym;ukv d nf; xkad 'orsm;Y oGm;a7muf tajcpkduf aexdkif7efapvFwfcJh7mrS ,ckuae'D ,efvlrsKd;rsm; qif;oufaygufyGm;vmonf?
tajcpku d 7f ma'ojzpfvmjcif; uae'gwGif e,fopfrsm; tajcwus pwifwnf axmifcJholumjyifopfvlrsKd; qrfrsL,,f 'g7Srfyvdef qko d jl zpfI ol\udk uae'gEkid if . H zcif[v k nf; ac:prSwf jyK-uonf? xkyd Ck Kd v-f u;D onf 1604 ckEpS Yf ,ckEAdk gpuk;d 7Sm;ac:onfh tmau;'D;,m;wGif e,fopfwpfcu k v dk nf; aumif;/ 1608ckEpS w f iG u f m; uDAG ufjrdK\uv dk nf;aumif; pwifwnfaxmifco hJ nf? xk\jd yif 7Sryf vdeo f nf pdeaf vm7ifh ESihf atmhw0jrpf rsm;ukd qefwufc7hJ m [sL7GeEf iS hf tGeaf w; 7D;,k;d tkid -f uD;rsm;udk awG\7cdS o hJ nf? xk\djyif ol\ut dk pGjJ yKI rSnahf c:cJah om 7Sryf vdeaf 7tkid -f uD; ukv d nf; awG\c. hJ ? 7Sr;f yvde. f aemufwiG f uae'gok\d a7muf7v dS mcJo h rl mS t*‡vdyfvlrsKd; [ife7D['fqef jzpf.? ['fqefonf taemufajrmufbufvrf;ukd 7SmazG,if;/ ['fqefjrpfEiS hf ['fqefyifv,fatmfwkd\ukd awG\7SdcJhonf? 1629 ckESpf wGif jyifopfukdvkdeDe,fopf uDGAufukd t*‡vdyfwkd\u wku d cf u dk o f rd ;f ,lcahJ omfvnf; r-umrD jyifopfw\dv k ufo\dk jyefI ay;tyfvu dk 7f onf? xkdaemufwGifum; rpfpPyD/atmhw0/ tkd[dkif;tdk pdef
jyifopfvufatmufwiG f jyifopfjynfopfukd tkycf sKy7f ef jyifopfb7k ifu bk7ifcH wpfO;D / -uD;-uyftyk cf sKyo f w l pfO;D ESihf c7pf,mef*+ kd ;f csKyf wpfO;D wk\dukd ce\x f m;cJo h nf? bk7ifc. H txl;aqmif7u G f 7aomwm0efrmS e,fopfwiG f aexkid o f rl sm;udk wkid ;f 7if; om; vl&ikd ;f rsm;jzpfaom tD&u dk KdG ifw\dk. ab;7efrS um uG,f ay;7jcif;jzpfayonf? ok\daomf aumif'h gz7Gew f m eufonf 16^2 ckEpS rf pS I bk7ifct H jzpf tkycf sKyf aomt cg xkv d &l idk ;f wk\d. 7efrmS at;jidr;f oGm;avonf? z7Gef wmeufrmS jyifopf jynfopfo\dk vma7muf tkycf sKy7f aom
uGDAufwkdufyGJrS jAdwdo~AkdvfcsKyfrSL; *sdrf;0k. aemufqHk;tcsdef? TwkdufyGJY ESpfzufpvHk;rS AdkvfcsKyfrSL;rsm; usqHk;-u.?
40
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae'gEkid if o H rkid ;f ESifh tkycf sKyfa7; bk7ifcH rsm;xJwGif tawmfqkH; ykCdKvfwOD; jzpf.? xkyd Ck Kd v-f u;D onf uae'gEkid if t H wGi;f bufo\dk vSnv hf nf oGm;vm pl;prf;7SmazGapjy;D aemuf e,fopfrsm;wnfaxmif apI tuGufusaom ae7mrsm;wGif cHwyfpcef;rsm; wnfaxmifum jyifopfEkdifiHawmf ykdrkdus,fjyef\atmif jyKco hJ nf? z7Gew f meufonf jyifopf jynfopf. bk7ifcH tjzpf 2 -udrw f idk w f idk f aqmif7u G cf o hJ nf? z7Gew f meuf yxrt-urd f bk7k ifct H jzpf aqmif7u G cf hJ pOfuyif t*‡vyd w f \dkEiS hf e,fvo k nfh tm;jydKirf -= uD; ay: aygufcJhonf? t*‡vdyfwkd\onf tD&kduGdKifvl&kdif;rsm;ukd jyifopfw\dktm; wku d cf u dk 7f ef ajr|muf ay;cJo h nf? 1690 jynfhESpfwGif t*‡vdyfwkd\zufrS qm0DvsHzpf onf EkAd gpuk;d 7Sm;ok\d csDwuf wku d cf u dk f odr;f ydu k cf jhJ yD;aemuf uGAD ufjrdK\o\kd csw D ufwu dk cf u dk cf ahJ aomfvnf; ratmifjrif cJhacs? aemifaomtcgY EkdAgpukd7Sm;ukd jyifopfwkd\okd\ jyefvnf ay;tyf7avonf? uae'gY xkdtcgut*‡vdyfwkd\. e,fopfrsm;rSm enf; yg;I jyifopfe,fopfrsm;om ykrd dk rsm;jym; jyD;v~if tkycf sKyfa7;vnf; aocsmusejyD; jzpfonf? jyifopfw\dk onf oWd7o dS rl sm;jzpfI tD&u dk u f KdG ifw\dk rw S yg; tjcm; aomvl&idk ;f rsm;ESihf cifrif7if;ES;D -u.? ok\daomf t*‡vyd f wk\d u vlO;D a7 rsm;onf? 1^11 ckEpS w f iG f t*‡vyd w f \dk onf EkdAgpukd;7Sm;ukd odrf;,lcJh.? ,l;x7ufpmcsKyf (1^13 ckESpf) t7/ EsLazgif;vef;/ EkdAgpukd;7Sm;ESifh ['fqefyifv,fauG\ w0ku d 7f dS a'orsm;ukd t*‡vyd w f \dk 7-uonf? jyifopfw\dk onf wjznf;jznf; e,fcsJ\vmcJh -u7m taemufzuf7dS a7m\u;D awmifajcok\dyif a7mufchJ avonf? tkid -f uD;rsm;a'ow0ku d Ef iS hf tk[ d idk ;f tkd jrpf0rS ;f wav~muf vl0;D ZD,³m; e,fo\dk wkid af tmif jyifopfw\dk onf cHwyfrsm;ukd aqmufvkyf chJ-uonf? okd\aomf z7Gefwmeuf.ae7mukd qufcH-uaom jyifopfbk7ifcHrsm;um; t7nftcsif;ESifh rjynfhpkH-u onfhjyif jyifopfwkd\vnf; ta-umif;a-umif;a-umifh uae'gwGif tajcpkdufaexkdif7ef vma7mufjcif; r7Sd awmhacs? xkda-umifh jyifopfwkd\tiftm;rSm wjznf; jznf; avsmhyg;vmawmhonf? Oa7mywku d Yf -op-wD; ,ef ; xD ; eef ; quf c H a 7;ppf y G J jzpf y G m ;aomtcg t*‡vyd ef ,fopfjzpfaom e,l;t*‡vef e,fom;wk\donf jyifopfw\dk. tckid rf mqk;H cHwyfjzpfonfh vGPAwfjrdK\udk wku d cf u dk o f rd ;f yku d -f u.? ok\daomf xkpd pfyt JG jyD;wGif jyif opfw\dko\dk jyeftyf7avonf? xkad emuf 1^54 ckEpS rf pS I wku d cf u dk rf r= sm; jzpfymG ;cJh
jyef7m Oa7mywku d Yf ckepfEpS pf pfyJG jzpfymG ;vmaom tcg uae'g7Sd t*‡vyd Ef iS hf jyifopfw\dk. tajctaerSm ykrd kd qk;d 7Gm;vmcJo h nf? Tt-udrrf mS uae'gwGif t*‡vyd w f \dk aemufq;Hk t-udrf tm;jydKirf -= uD;jzpfI jyifopfEiS hf tif';D ,ef;vl&idk ;f ppfy[ JG k ac:avonf? tpwGif jyifopfw\dk ta7;omcJah omfvnf; 1^50 jynfEh pS rf pS I ppfyrJG mS wpfrsK;d wpfzHk ajymif;vJomG ;onf? t*‡vyd w f \do k nf twGi;f zuf7dS jyifopfwkd\. tcsuftjcmXmersm;ukdvnf;aumif; vGPAwfjrKd \ ukv d nf;aumif;; odr;f ,lc. hJ ? 1^59 ckEpS w f iG f Akv d cf sKyfr;Œ 0k onf jyifopf ppfAv dk cf sKyf rGe;f urf; OD;pD; ckcu H m umuG,af eaom uDAG ufjrKd \o\dk csw D ufwu dk cf u dk 7f m jrdK\teD;7Sd atA7m[rfvGifjyif-uD;wGif wkdufyGJ jzpfyGm; avonf? wku d yf w JG iG f ppfAv dk Ef pS Of ;D pvk;H usq;Hk oGm;aomf vnf; t*‡vdyfwkd\ atmifyGJ7um uDGAufukd odrf;ykduf Ekid cf . hJ ? 1^60 jynfEh pS w f iG f rGe;f x7DatmjrdK\udk odr;f yku d f 77SdcJhonf? xkdaemuf yg7pfpmcsKyf (1^63 ckESpf)t7 jyifopfw\dk u uae'gukd t*‡vyd w f \dk vufo\dk ay;tyf 7avonf? jyifopfw\dkonf uae'gwGif qufvuf aexkid -f u 7m xkpd Ofu vlO;D a7rSm 60000 ausm7f o dS nf? yxrqk;H jAdwo d ~ uae'g ukd wm0efcH tkycf sKy7f olrmS Akv d cf sKyrf ;Œ *sd r f ; rma7; jzpf . ? rma7;onf j yif o pf w k d \ uk d w7m;r~wpGm tkyfcsKyfcJhonf? xkd\jyif jyifopfwkd\tm; omoema7; vGwf vyfciG u hf dk ay;cJ. h ? jyifopfw7m;r Oya'rsm;ukdvnf; av;pm;cJhonf? ol\aemufwGif bk7ifc7H mxl;ukd qufcH aom *kid ;f umvwefonfvnf; rma7;. pepftwkid ;f tkycf sKycf . hJ ? xkpd epfuydk if jAw d o d ~ tpk d ; 7onf 1^^4 ck E S p f u D G A uf t uf O ya'jzif h vufcHcJhavonf? *kdif;um vwefonf uae'gukd ESpaf ygif; 30 r~ vdRma7;jcm;pGm tkycf sKyfcahJ oma-umifh tar7duef vGwfvyfa7;ppfyGJ twGif;Y uae'gonf jAw d o d ~Eidk if aH wmf. oPmawmfudk apmifo h &d adk ocJah yonf? xkad -umifh 7Sryf vdeu f dk jyifopf uae'g zcif[k ac:qkd -uouJhokd\ umvweftm;vnf; jAdwdo~uae'g. zcif[k ac:qk-d uonf? tkycf sKyfa7;wk;d wufvmjcif; tar7duef vGwfvyfa7;ppfyGJ jzpfyGm;aomtcg tar7duefjynfe,frsm;rS jAdwdo~ tpkd;7tm;oPm razguf v k d o l t*‡ v d y f v l r sKd ; trsm;tjym;yif uae'gokd\ ajymif;a7F\vm-uonf? xkdolrsm;onf tGeaf w;7D;,k;d e,fawmifyidk ;f wGiv f nf;aumif;/ urf;&k;d wef; 41
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae'gEkid if o H rkid ;f ESifh tkycf sKyfa7; a'orsm;wGiv f nf;aumif;aexkid -fuonf? xko d w l \u d k m; tkyf xkdtawmtwGif; uae'gtaemufykdif;okd\vnf; pGef\ csKyaf 7;wGif vlxk uk, d pf m;vS,f yg0ifaqmif7u G Ef idk o f nfh pm;oGm;a7mufI e,fajropfrsm; qufvuf 7SmazGc7hJ m tcGifhta7;rsKd;ukd vkdvm;olrsm;jzpf.? xkda-umifh taemufbufwiG f ypdzw d o f rk]7mtxd›if;/ ajrmufzuf ,cifu77SdcJhaom tcGifhta7;rsKd;ukd r-umc+ wGif tmwdwaf 'orsm;txdvnf;aumif; c7D;aygufchJ awmif;qkdcJh7m jAdwdo~tpkd;7u 1^91 ckESpf uae'g -uonf? Tokj\dzifh 1811ckEpS t f poka\d 7mufv~if taemufyidk ;f tufOya'ukd jy}mef;ay;cJhonf? xkd tufOya't7 ESihf ajrmufyidk ;f uae'gwk\drmS vltrsm; vSnv hf nfp;l prf; uae'gEkid if rH mS txuf uae'gESihf atmufuae'g[lI 7SmazG aygufa7mufjyD; a'orsm; jzpfaeavjyD? ok\daomf ESpyf idk ;f uGo J mG ;onf? txufuae'grSm t*‡vyd v f rl sKd; xkad 'orsm;wGif om;arG;vkyif ef;twGuf a7mif;0,fa7; rsm;onfh jynfe,fjzpfI ,ck tGefaw;7D;,kd;e,f Xmersm;om 7Sad eay ao;onf? jzpfvmonf? xkpd Ofurl awm-uD;jrufraJ 'o jzpf.? atmufuae'gwGif jyifopf vlrsK;d rsm;I ,ck uGAD ufe,f 1812ckEpS pf pfyJG jzpfvmonf? xkdtufOya't7 ta7S\zuf yifv,f tar7duefvGwfvyfa7;ppfyGJ jyD;onfrSpI tar7d urf;&k;d wef;wpfav~mufwiG f urf;&k;d wef;e,frsm; [kac: uefjynfaxmifpEk iS fh uae'gwk\o d nf e,fpyfwiG f r-umc+ onfh EkdAgpukd;7Sm;/ e,l;A7efZGpf/ y7ifhtuf'Gyfu`ef; wkdufckdufr=rsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf? xkdrS wyg; uae'g ESihf udyAf 7ufwef wk\u d dk e,f onf vl&idk ;f rsm;tm; vuf opfrsm;tjzpf todtrSwf eufay;I ajr|mufay;ae jyKco hJ nf? onf[k tar7duef jynf e,fopfrsm;ukd bk7ifcH axmifpku xifjrifcJhonfh csKyf vufatmufcH bk7ifcH jyif / 0ajymom,monf h wpfO;D pD tkycf sKyo f nf? vFwf uae'gukd tar7duef uGef awmfEpS 7f yf yg0ifaom Oy *7ufvFwfawmfrS ppfvkd a'jyK tzG\Jrsm;vnf; 7S-d uI vm;olwpfpku odrf;oGif; atmufvFwfawmfrsm;okd\ vkdcJh.? xkda-umifh 1812 vlxku ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; ckEpS Yf Oa7mywdu k w f iG f eykd a7G;aumufwifajr|mufcGihf vD,efppfyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;ae 7avonf? okd\aomf xkd onfhtckduf uae'gESifht Oya'jyK tzGJ\rsm;. tcGifh ar7duefwkd\ ppfjzpfyGm;-u tm+mrS m tvG e f e nf ; onf? uae'grSm tar7d yg; vSayonf? txuf uefjynfaxmifpkxuf uae'g bk7ifcHrSm a*s/ vl t if t m;tvG e f e nf ; yg; *sD/ qifrukd;jzpfI atmuf aomfvnf; jAdwo d ~ tpkd;7 uae'g bk7ifcHrSm a*s/ ESifh wkid ;f 7if;om;wk\. d ulnD *sD/ qifrukd;jzpfI atmuf r=a-umifhtar7duefwkd\ukd uae'gbk7ifcHrSm *kdif;um ckcHEkdifcJhonf? xkdppfyGJtjyD; vwefyif jzpfavonf? wGifuae'g7Sd t*‡vdyfESifh uGDAufjrdK\ukd 7Srfyvdef vufeufcs ay;tyf7pOf awm-uD; jrufrJae7m t jyifopfw\rdk mS aoG;pnf;oGm;jy;D rsm;tpm; yg0ifaom t v~if 7 ef o l u k d E k d i f c J h o jzif h xuf uae'gudk bk7ifcH qifruk;d onf tcuftcJrsm; rdrdwkd\. tpGrf;tpukd ,kH-unfvm-uonf? t-um;rS xlaxmifco hJ nf? olonf e,fopfrsm; wnf axmifay;I w7m;&kH;rsm; zGifhvSpfay;cJh.? vrf;rsm; uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyfa7;77S7d ef-udK;yrf;r= azgufum wHwm;rsm; aqmufvkyfay;cJh.? ,ck wkd uae'gEkid if . H tkycf sKyaf 7;rSm wpwp wk;d wufvm 7Gew f [ dk w k iG 7f adS om a,mhjrdK\udk wnfaxmifc. hJ ? tar7d onf[k qkd7aomfvnf; uae'gjynfom;rsm;um; uefjynfaxmifpkEkdifiHrS vltrsm; ajymif;a7F\aexkdif7ef xkrd ~jzifh rauseyf-uao;acs? ta-umif;rSm olw\dkonf v=\H aqmf tm;ay;cJah vonf? 42
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae'gEkid if o H rkid ;f ESifh tkycf sKyfa7; uk, d pf m;vS,yf g0ifciG hf tkycf sKyaf 7;rsK;u d o dk m 77dI S wm0efcH tkycf sKyaf 7;rsK;d r77Sad o;aoma-umifh jzpf.? xkad -umifh 1812 ckEpS f ppfyt JG jyD;wGif tkycf sKyfa7;wk;d wuf 77S7d ef ,cifuxuf -uKd ;yrf;-uavonf? 1^91 ckEpS f uae'g tufOya't7 jAdwdo~bk7ifu cef\xm;aom bk7ifcH csKyfonf uae'gukd tkyfcsKyf7avonf? bk7ifcHcsKyf wkdifyif aqG;aEG;7eftwGuftxuf vFwfawmfrS a7G; cs,x f m;aom ykCKd vrf sm; yg0ifonfh tr= aqmif aumif pDtzGJ\wpfck 7Sdonf? txufvFwfawmf tzGJ\0ifrsm;rSm vnf; bk7ifcHcsKyf tqufqufu a7G;cs,fcef\xm; olrsm;jzpfI Oya'jyKtzG\Jvnf; rnfaom xkt d r=aqmif aumifpt D zG\J onf bk7ifccH sKyfo\dk wm0efcH 7avonf? bk7ifcHcsKkyfonf jAdwdef7Sd tm+mykdifrsm;okd\ wqifh wm0efc7H jyef7m tkycf sKyo f rl sm;ESihf vlxrk mS tqufuif; uGmvsuf7Sd.? xkd\jyif bk7ifcHcsKyfrsm;rSm rsufESmpdrf; rsm; jzpfonfjh yif ESpt f enf;i,fr~om tr=xrf;7ojzifh tkyfcsKyfa7;tm+mukd tr=aqmiftzGJ\uom -udK;ukdif vmawmhonf? xkdtcg tzGJ\0ifrsm;onf olwkd\. t aygif;toif;ESifh aqGrsKd;om;csif;wkd\ukd ta7;ygaom tpk;d 7 7mxl;rsm;wGicf ef\xm;-u.? ok\d jzpfI xkpd Ofu txuf uae'gwGif tkycf sKyaf 7;rSm vufoif7h m 7mxl; ay;I tkycf sKyfonfh om; wlnrD sm; tkycf sKyfa7;rsK;d [lI vnf;aumif;/ atmuf uae'gYum; tdraf wmf*+ dk ;f om; tkycf sKyaf 7; [lIvnf;aumif; rauseyfrr= sm; ay:ayguf vmcJ. h ? xkad -umifh 183^ckEpS w f iG f txufuaegY r UifZDacgif;aqmifI vnf;aumif;/ atmufuae'gY ygyDE;dk acgif;aqmifIvnf;aumif; olyek x f avonf? xkt d csed w f iG f urf;&k;d wef; e,frsm;uvnf; tEkenf;jzifh tkycf sKyfa7;ukd jyKjyifay;7ef awmif;qkcd o hJ nf? olykefrsm;ukd jAdwdo~tpkd;7 ESdrfESif;Ekdifaomfvnf; uae'gtkycf sKyfa7;ukd wk;d wufay;7ef pOf;pm;p jyKvm onf? xkad -umifh tajctaeukd axmufvrS ;f tpD7ifc7H ef nFe-f um;csufEiS w hf uG avmh'g7rfudk bk7ifccH sKyftjzpf cef\xm; apvFwfvkduf.? avmh'g7rfonf ig;vr~ om bk7ifcHcsKyftjzpf aqmif7GufcJhjyD;aemuf jAdwdo~ ajrmuftar7du ta7;rsm;qkdif7m tpD77ifcHpmukd a7;qGJI jAdwdo~tpkd;7okd\ wifjycJhonf? xkdt pDt7ifcHwGif uae'gukd wm0efcHtkyfcsKyfa7;rsKd; ay;tyf7efEiS hf txufEiS ahf tmufuae'gudk yl;aygif;7ef oifah vsmf a-umif;yg0ifonf? wm0efcH tkycf sKyaf 7; ay; tyf7mwGif atmufvFwfawmf trwfrsm;. axmuf cH csuu f 7dk aom uufAed uftzG\J xm;7S7d efEiS f t h xuf
vFwfawmfrSm atmufvFwfawmf[k xdef;odrf; 7aom tzGJ\r~omjzpfap7ef az:jyxm;onf? xkd\jyif e,fopf bk7ifcHrsm;onf Oya'jyKvFwfawmfwGif tiftm;t awmifhqkH;ygwDESifh oifhjrwfpGm aqmif7GufoGm;7efESifh xkdygwDrsKd;rS t-uHay;ykCdKvfrsm;ukd a7G;cs,f cef\xm; 7efuv dk nf; axmufcH cJo h nf? TaxmufcHcsufwkd\ukd tcsdef-umjrifhrS vufawG\ aqmif7u G cf . hJ ? txufEiS ahf tmuf uae'gwk\u d dk tkycf sKyf a7; wpfcw k nf;atmufwiG f yl;aygif;7ef[al om 'kw, d axmufcHcsufukd 1840 jynfhESpf yl;aygif;a7;tuf Oya't7 aqmif7u G cf o hJ nf? 1841 ckEpS rf pS I xkjd ynf e,frsm;rSm ta7S\uae'g/ taemuf uae'g[lI wGicf hJ onf? ok\daomf urf;&k;d wef;e,frsm;um; wpfo;D wpfjcm; pD 7Sdaeao;onf? yl;aygif;a7; tufOya'jy}mef; jyD; aemuf 6 ESpf-umrS wm0efcH tkyfcsKyfa7;rSm taumif txnfay:cJo h nf? xkt d csed w f iG f avmh'g7rf. om;ruf avmht,fv*sifonf bk7ifcHcsKyf jzpfavonf?t,f v*sifonf uae'D,efwkd\tm; wm0efcHtkyfcsKyfa7;ukd aqmif7u G Ef idk af tmif pGr;f aqmifco hJ nf? tkycf sKyaf 7;wGif jyifopfwkd\ukdvnf; yg0ifcGifhay;cJhonf? vFwfawmf. axmufccH su7f aom rnfonfyh gwD0if 0ef-uD;rsm;ESirhf qkd wGzJ ufI wdik ;f jynfut kd yk cf sKyfc. hJ ? ol.aqmif7u G f csurf sm;a-umihf uae'gEkid if H tkycf sKyaf 7;rSm t*‡vefjynf tkycf sKyfa7;rsK;d jzpfvmcJo h nf? jynfaxmifpjk zpfvmjcif; wm0efcH tkycf sKyaf 7;ukd urf;&k;d wef; e,frsm;wGio f m acsmarmpGm aqmif7GufEkdifcJhonf? yl;aygif;xm;onfh uae'gwGifum; wm0ef cHtkyfcsKyfa7;onf racsm armcJhacs? jyifopfESifh t*‡vdyfwkd\onf a'oqkdif7m ta7;udPuav;rsm;Yyif tjiif;yGm;r=rsm; ay:ayguf cJo h nfjh yif Oya'jyK vFwaf wmfY t*‡vyd Ef iS jhf yifopf uk, d f pm;vS,Of ;D a7rSm nDwl nDr~cef\yif 7Sad eonf? vlO;D a7 rsm;aom txuf uae'gukd vlO;D a7enf;onfh atmuf uae'gESifh ukd,fpm;vS,fwef;wlay;onfukdvnf; rauseyf-uacs? okd\jzpf7m uae'gukd jyefvnfI ESpyf idk ;f cG7J rnfuo hJ \dk 7Sad e.? xko d \dk cGv J u dk jf yefv~iv f nf; jynfe,f ESpcf v k ;Hk twGuf tusK;d wluPd rsm; aqmif7u G 7f m wGif tcuftcJrsm;awG\p7m ta-umif; 7So d nf? tcsK\du jynfe,fEpS cf v k ;Hk wGif jynfe,ftoD;oD;ESiq hf idk 7f m udP rsm;twGuf tpk;d 7oD;jcm;xm;7Su d m ESpcf v k ;kH ESihf ouf qdik af om udPrsm;twGuf A[kd tpk;d 7wckxm;7Sd tkycf sKyf 43
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae'gEkid if o H rkid ;f ESifh tkycf sKyfa7; 7ef t-uHay;-uonf? xk\djyif tar7duef jynfwiG ;f ppfyJG a-umifh uae'gjynfe,frsm;onf woD;wjcm;pD aejcif; xuf pnf;vk;H nDnw G pf mG 7Sv d ~if tiftm; ykrd adk wmifw h if; rnf/ ab;7efay:aygufaomf pnf;vk;H nDnw G pf mG ckcEH idk f rnf[k tcsKd\u ,k-H unf-uavonf? xko d \dk wpfpnf; wpfv;Hk wnf; 7Srd S a7S\tzk\dwiG f rsm;pGmwk;d wuf -uD;yGm;Ekid f rnf[v k nf; ,k-H unf-uavonf? xkdtawmtwGif; 1864 ckESpfwGif urf;&kd;wef;e,f rsm;onf rdrw d \dk tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;7ef tpnf;ta0; wpf7yfusi;f ycJ. h ? xkt d pnf;ta0;ok\d txufEiS ahf tmuf uae'gjynfe,frsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; wuf a7muf cJo h nf? xku d , dk pf m;vS,rf sm;u urf;&k;d wef;e,f rsm;yl;aygif;a7;wGif rdrdwkd\e,frsm; yg0ifyl;aygif;vkda a-umif; ajymqk-d u.? xkad -umifh yl;aygif;a7; tpnf; ta0;ukd uDAG ufjrdK\Y xyfru H si;f yum uae'g7Sed ,frsm; tm;vkH;ukdyl;aygif;I jynfaxmifpktzGJ\ zGJ\pnf;7ef Oya'wpf7yf a7;qGcJ -hJ u.? jynfaxmifpk tzG\Jtpnf; udkvnf; uae'g 'kdrDeD,efEkdifiH[k trnfay;7efa7G; cs,fco Jh nf? ok\d aomf xkpd pD Ofcsufukd EsLazgif;vef;ESihf y7ift h uf'yG ef ,frsm;u oabmrwlcahJ y? EkAd gpuk;d 7Sm;ESihf e,l;A7efZGpfe,frsm; uvnf; ESpfESpfr~ pOf;pm;jyD;rS oabmwlcJh.? 186^ ckESpfwGif pDpOfcsufudk tjyD;owfap7ef jAdwdo~ygvDrefu jAdwdo~ ajrmuf tar7du tufOay'ukd jy}mef;vku d . f ? uae'g'drk eD D ,efEidk if . H yxrqk;H 0ef-uD;csKyfrmS qma*s/ at/ rU a':e,f jzpfonf? tkycf sKyfa7; uae'gonf jAw d o d ~"eo[m, Ekid if rH sm;wGif yg0ifI *7dwjf Adwed Ef iS v hf nf;aumif;/ tjcm;aom 'drk eD , D ef Ekid if H rsm;ESihf vnf;aumif; wef;wlu, dk yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf 7; 77Sad om EkdifiHjzpfonf? okd\aomf 186^ ckESpfjAdwdo~ ajrmuft ar7du tufOya'wGiyf g0ifaom tajccHOya'ukd uae 'gygvDrefu xyfrH jyifEidk o f nfjh yif uae'gEkid if t H wGuf tjyD;owf t,lcH w7m;&kH;awmfrSm y7DAD aumifpDyif jzpfaeao;onf? rnfo\dkjzpfap txufygudPESpf 7yfp vk;H ukd uae'gygvDref. axmufccH su7f rSom oufqidk f 7mwk\d u aqmif7u G -f uavonf? uae'g'krd eD , D efEidk if t H wGi;f Y jynfe,fu;dk ckEiS hf e,f -uD;ESpcf 7k I dS tar7duefjynfaxmifpk Ekid if u H o hJ \dk jynfe,f rsm;ukd pkaygif;xm;.? okd\aomf tajccHOya'wGif jynfe,frsm;twGuf tm+mrsm;ukad z:jyI -uGi;f aom
tm+mrsm;ukd A[kt d pk;d 7ok\d tyfEiS ;f onf[k qkx d m;7m uae'gtpkd;7onf tar7duefjynfaxmifpk A[kdtpkd; 7xuf tm+mykdI 77Sdavonf? tkyfcsKyfykH pepfrSmjAd wdo~ pepftwkid ;f yifjzpfonf? jAdwo d ~b7k ifu xkEd idk f iHtm; tkycf sKy7f ef bk7ifccH sKyf cef\xm;aomfvnf; bk7if cHcsKyfrSm wefckd;tm+mr7Sday? uae'gtpdk;70ef-uD; rsm;. t-uHay;csuftwkdif;aqmif7Guf7oljzpfonf? uae'gEkid if H tkycf sKyaf 7;wGif tu,fyif wefc;dk tm+m t7SdqkH;rSm 0ef-uD;csKyf jzpf.? tpkd;7tzGJ\wGif 0ef-uD; 20 xufrenf;7SI d xko d w l \dkonf tkycf sKyaf 7;qkid 7f mXme rsm;. t-uD;tuJ wm0efcHrsm; jzpf-uonf? jynfy a7;7mXmeukd 0ef-uD;csKyfuom ukdifavh7Sdonf? uae'gygvDrefwiG f vFwaf wmfEpS 7f yf7o dS nf? txuf vFwaf wmfwiG f 7moufyefu, kd pf m;vS,f 102 OD; yg0ifI ,if;wkd\ukd uae'gy7DADaumifpD.t-uHay;csuft7 bk7ifcHcsKyfucef\xm;onf? atmufvFwfawmfrS twnfjyKjy}mef; wifykd\vkdufaom Oya'-urf;rsm;ukd txufvw F af wmfu y,fcsEidk cf iG hf wpfcsuv f w F t f m+m
uae'gEkdifiH. jrdK\awmfjzpfaom atmhw0jrdK\7Sd jynfaxmifpk ygvDref taqmufttHk-uD;
7Sad omf vnf; txufvw F af wmfwiG f Ekid if aH 7; tm+m tenf;i,f r~om7So d nf? atmufvFwfawmfrSm jynfolwkd\ua7G;aumufwif ajr|mufvu dk af om uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifonf? omref tm;jzifh oufwrf;rSm 5 ESpjf zpf.? 186^ ckEpS f jAdwo d ~ ajrmuftar7du tufOya't7 uDGAufe,f. uk, d pf m;vS,Of ;D a7ukd 65 OD; owfrw S x f m;onf? tjcm; jynfe,frsm;rSmvlOD;tvkduf ukd,fpm;vS,f rsm; apvFwcf iG 7hf avonf? 44
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae'gEkid if o H rkid ;f ESit fh yk cf sKyfa7;
uae'gpmay
'krd eD , D efEidk if w H iG ;f 7Sd jynfe,fwidk ;f Y bk7ifct H oD;oD; 7SI d Oya'jyKvw F af wmfrsm;vnf; 7So d nf? Oay'jyKvw F f awmfEpS 7f yf7adS om uDAG ufjynfe,frw S pfyg; tjcm;jynf e,frsm;wGif Oya'jyKvFwfawmf wpf7yfpDom7Sdonf? xk\djyif jynfe,fOy a' jyK vFwaf wmfo\dk wm0efc7H aom jynfe,f tpk;d 7tzG\Jacgif;aqmif 0ef-u;D csKyo f nf tu,f yif jynfe,f tkyfcsKyfa7; t-uD;tuJ jzpfavonf? txufwiG f qkcd o hJ nft h wkid ;f jynfe,frsm;. tm+m rsm; uku d ef\owfxm;onf? A[kt d pk;d 7u jynfe,f O ya'jyKvw F af wmfu jy}mef;aom tufOya'rsm;ukd y,f zsuEf idk o f nf? ok\daomfxo dk \dkum; jyKcv J o S nf? jynfe,f qkid 7f mudPrsm;ukd oufqidk 7f m jynfe,ftpk;d 7tzG\J rsm;u aqmif7GufI wpfEkdifiHvkH;ESifh qkdifaom udPrsm;ukd 'kd rDe, D ef tpk;d 7tzG\Ju aqmif7u G o f nf? xkt d pk;d 7tzG\JEiS hf bk7ifcHcsKyf &kH;xkdif7mXmerSm uae'gEkdifiH. jrdK\awmf atmhw0jrdK\jzpfI xkjd rdK\awmfwiG f uae'gEkid if H ygvDref taqmuf ttkH 7Sdavonf?
olwkd\. Zmwdrmefrsm;ukdaz:xm;onf? uae'gpm aywGif wkid ;f jynf. obm0/Ekid if aH 7;tajcESihf e,fopf wnfaxmif7onft h jzpf/ Tok;H csuu f t dk xl;ojzifh t om;ay;I a7;om;xm;avonf? obm0rSm olwkd\ t"duxm;I a7;om;aom tcsufwpfcjk zpf.? wkid ;f jynf 7moDOwkEiS hf yx0D0ifudk tajccHI a7;-uonf?Ekid f iH a7;7mrsm;ukd jyifopfw\du k rsm;pGm a7;om;I e,fopf wnfaxmifa7;ukd t*‡vyd w f \dku rsm;aomtm;jzifh a7; -uonf? uae'gpmayY jyifopfw\o dk nf jyifopfbmom ESihf a7;I t*®vdyf wdk\uvnf; t*®vdyfbmomESihf a7;-u7m bmom pum;uGjJ ym;r=a-umifh pmaycsi;f vnf; woD;wjcm; jzpfaeawmhonf? uae'gEkid if 7H dS jyifopfpmayrSm jyifopfEidk if rH sm;ESihf rsm;pGm qufo, G af eavonf? tawmfq;Hk / txl;cseG q f ;Hk aom uae'gjynfom; jyifopfpma7;q7mrsm; onf jyifopfEidk if 7H dS jyifopftu,f'rD. yef;EG,o f 7zludk 77Sd -u.? uae'gEkdifiH7Sd jyifopfpmayrSm 1^63 ckESpf rwkid rf u D wd;k wufjcif; rsm;pGm r7Sv d aS o;acs? xkpd Ofu jyifopfvrl sKd;rsm;onf e,fopf7mS azGa7; aeom;wus 7Sad tmif jyKjyif pDraH 7;/ omoemjyKvkyif ef;ukd -udK;yrf; xrf;aqmifa7;/ om;arG;ukeful;I pD;yGm;7Sma7;wkd\ a-umifh tcsdefrtm;vyfatmif 7Sdae-u.? pmay vkdufpm;7ef tcsdefr7-uacs? xkdtcg umwDa,;ESifh 7Srfyvdefwkd\ e,fopf7SmazG7mY awG\-uKH7aom tjzpf tysufrsm;ESifh c7pf,ef omoemjyKykCdKvf tcsKd\. rSwfwrf;rsm;ukdom pmaytjzpfjzifh awG\7avonf? (umwDa,;? &Srfyvdef„ vnf;7=)1^63ckESpfwGif uae'gEkdifiHonf jAdwdo~ vufatmufokd\ usa7muf cJ7h m t,l0g'ESihf bmompum; uGjJ ym;r=a-umifh jyifopf wk\donf rsm;pGm pdwrf csr;f omcJ-h uacs? xkad -umifh 1800 jynfhESpfokd\a7mufrS uae'gEkdifiH7Sd jyifopfpmay onf xGef;um;vmavonf? jyifopfwkd\onf jyifopf ,Ofaus;r=EiS hf t,l0g'ponfw\du k dk jyifopfpmayjzifo h m armfueG ;f wnf7pfatmif-udK;pm; jyKpk-uavonf? uae'gEkid if . H jyifopfpmaye,fwiG f orkid ;f ta7; tom;rSm t"du pmay jzpfonf?1^60 jynfEh pS f rwkid rf D uyif orkid ;f ta7;tom;rsm; 7Scd . hJ ? ok\d7mwGif 1830 ESifh 1840 jynfhESpfrsm;t-um;wGif txl;wkd;wuf vmcJhonf? uae'gEkdifiH7Sd jyifopfvlrsKd;wkd\. rsKd;cspf pdwx f ufoefy/Hk Zmwdrmefwuf-uGyw Hk \dkrmS olw\dk.orkid ;f Y xif7mS ;pGmawG\7avonf? orkid ;f ukrd w l nfI pmay ta7;tom; pjcif;rSm jyifopfw\dkonf olw\dk. aqmif
uae'gpmay ? ?uae'gEkdifiHonf ajrmuf tar7duwku d . f ajrmufzufyidk ;f wGiw f nf7o dS nf? 16 7mpkEpS t f wGi;f Oa7mywku d o f m;rsm; jynfopfe,fopf 7SmazGxlaxmif-uaom tcgupI wkdif;opfjynfopf wpfck jzpfco hJ nf? ok\d7mwGif Oa7mywku d o f m;wk\d a7muf 7Sjd y;D I ESpaf ygif; ESp7f m eD;yg;txd jynfopf xlaxmifa7; ESihf &=yaf xG; aeaoma-umifh pmayzufwiG f wk;d wufrr= 7Scd hJ acs? 18 7mpkEpS o f \dk a7mufaomtcg wkid ;f oljynfom; rsm;onf tajcwus 7Sdvm-uojzifh pmayukd pwif avhvmEkid o f nf? uae'gEkid if 7H dS vlrsm;onf awm&kifd ;f rsm;ukd ckwx f iG v f suf jrdK\jy wnfaxmifonft h a-umif; rsm;ukd pwif a7;om;-u.? uae'gEkid if . H pmayuk-d unfv h ~if jyifopf,Ofaus;r= qkdif7m twwfynmrsm;uwpfzuf/ t*‡vefjynf. tpOftvm ynm7yfrsm;uwpfzuf[I l ESprf sKd; awG\7 onf? ok\d7mwGif umv-umjrifah omf uae'g,Ofaus;r= twwfynmrsm; oufoufomv~if jzpfvmavonf? uae'g pmayoufouf[lI r7Sd? uae'gpmay[k ac:qkd7aom pmrsm;rSm uae'gEkdifiH7Sd jyifopfESifh t*‡vyd w f \dk a7;om;aompm rsm;om jzpfonf[v k nf; tcsKd\u qkd-uonf? rnfokd\yifjzpfap/ xkdpmrsm;um; *k+ft*‡g vQ+mrsm;ESifh tawG;tac: t,lq rsm;wGif uae'gqef.? uae'gEkid if u H dk aemufcu H m; jyKxm;I uae'gjynfom;wk\. d b0ESihf olw\. dk pdwx f m;/ 45
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae'gpmay 7Gucf suf olw\dk.pGr;f 7nfw\dkudk uBmodatmif *k+, f l az:jyvkad om qNtmoDoa-umifh jzpfonf? jyifopfvl rsKd; tuf(z)/ tdyf(p)/ *gEkd; a7;om;aom uae'g Ekid if o H rkid ;f rSm taumif;qk;H ESit hf rSeq f ;Hk jzpfI ,ckxuf wkid f jyifopfw\dk pHxm;7aomorkid ;f jzpf.? xk\d jyifEidk if H a7;orm;rsm;ESihf ppfrx = rf; ykCKd vfw\dk . tšK_Wdrsm; ukd a7;om;aom Aif*srif&=ESifh tufaA;uufp*7def; paom pma7;q7mwkd\vnf; xGef;um;ao;onf? jyifopfw\d. k a7S;tusq;Hk pmayonf vufO;D tpwGif owif;pmrCZif;rsm;Y twdt k xGm ygwwfonf? 1800 jynfEh pS w f idk af tmif owif;pm*sme,frsm;onf pmay. a7S\awmfajy;tjzpfESifh 7SdaecJh.?,cktcgwGif uae'g EkdifiHYpme,fZif;rsm;onf jyifopfvlxk.tm;ukd;7m vufeufozG,f tok;H us tzk;d wefaeavonf? jyifopfpmayta7;tom;wGif vlw\dk tESpo f ufq;Hk ESihf taumif;qkH; vuf7mrsm;ukd 0šKwdkuav;rsm;Y awG\7.? Tjyifopf0šKwu dk av;rsm;rSm a7S;rla[mif; ukd jyefajymif;atmufarh owd7apjy;D v~if wpfcgwpf7jH ird hf ajimif;om,mI wpfcgwpf7HY&kef\7if;-urf;wrf;aom 7,f7iF zf , G f tcef;uav;rsm;jzifh pmzwfow l \dk pdwEf v S ;Hk ukd 7Fijf yKH;apavonf? ok\d7mwGif 0šKwkd a7;7mY jyifopf wk\d . —m+ftjrifrmS rus,f0ef;vSacs? 0šKa-umif; cH7mY topf tqef;rxGib f J a7;&k;d a7;pOf twkid ;f om a7;om;avonf? trsm;tm;jzifh xkH;a[mif;ykHjyifrsm; ESihf wkid ;f 7if;om; vl&idk ;f ppfyrJG sm;ta-umif;uko d mrS;D jirf; jyKIa7;-u.? wpfcgwpf7H omoemjyKykCdKvfrsm;ESifh c7D;xGuf e,fopf7mS azGorl sm;. pGe\fpm;cef;rsm;ukd a7; -u.? tcsKd\ 0šKwdkuav;rsm;rSm uae'gEkdifiH7Sd jyifopfvlrsKd;wkd\. obm0tavhtxESifh awmifol ,mvkyfwkd\. ta-umif;rsm;ukd o&kyfaz:xm;onf? tcsKd \ y k H 0 šKwk d u av;rsm;rS m uav;rsm;twG u f oufouf jzpfonf? 1800 jynfhESpf rwkdifrD jyifopfwkd\ a7;om;aom 0šK7Snf-uD;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh a0:vwm paumh a7;aomorkid ;f 0šKrsKd;omjzpf.? 1900 jynfEh pS t f xd 0šK7Snfta7;tom;onf rsm;pGmwkd;wufjcif; r7SdvS ao;acs? orkdif;a-umif;ukd aemufcHxm;I a7;om; aom tavhrmS uae’gEkid if jH yifopfvrl sK;d wk\d. 0goem wpf7yfyif jzpfavonf? ok\7d mwGif ,cktcg tjrifus,f vmjyDjzpfIorkdif;a-umif;rSty tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh ajymif;vJIa7;om;vm-u.? 0šKY Zmwfaumifrsm; ukd xif7Sm;pGmo&kyfaz:jcif;/ ZmwfuGufukdrdrd77
a7;jcif;wk\dY rsm;pGm wk;d wuf vmavonf? jyifopf0šK a7; q7mrsm;rSm‘r7D,mcsuf y'gvdef;’ 0šKukda7;ol vk0d aD [;rGet f jyif zdvpf'g*uf pay;ESihf a*77if vm*`Kd if wkd\ jzpf-u.? uae'gEkid if 7H dS jyifopfvrl sK;d wk\d pyfqadk om uAsmrsm; wGif rsK;d csppf w d ”f gwfEiS hf omoema7;rSm t"du r@Kdif jzpfavonf? 1890 jynfhESpftxd Tta-umif;t7m ESpfckukd zGJ\qkdomuAsmrsm;om acwfpm; cJhavonf? atmhawhua7;rufZD. oDcsif;wpfyk'frSm jyifopfrsm; ,ckxufwkdifESpfjcdKufaeao;aom taumif;qkH;vuf 7myif jzpf.? obm0ta-umif;ukd zG\J E\JG onfu h Asmyif jzpfvifu h pm; vlrsKd;a7;ESihf omoema7;uku d m; vuf rvFw-f uacs? 1860 rS 1900 jynfEh pS t f wGi;f uAsmta7;tom; wk;d wufrt = wGuf v=\Haqmf-uaom ykCKd vrf sm;rSm uDAG uf pmay*kd+f;rS ua7;rufZDESifh tJvz7uf*gEkd;wkd\ jzpf avonf? olwkd\ESpfOD;acgif;aqmifI pma7;q7mrsm; trsm;tjym;yif uAsmzGJ\qkd-u.? xl;csGefaom uAsm q7mrsm;rSm yrf;zD;av;arESifh vl0Dza7;csufwkd\ jzpf onf? av;aronfajrta-umif;uku d AsmzG\J qI dk za7; csuu f rdwaf qGta-umif;/ obm0ESihf rsK;d csppf w d "f gwf rf sm;udk zG\Jqo kd nfh tcspEf iS q fh ikd af om uAsmrsm;rSm tvGef enf;yg;avonf? TacwfwiG f rsK;d csppf w d x f ufoefr/= omoema7;ukd av;pm;r=wkd\ukd wkdufwGef; v=H\aqmf aomuAsmrsm; xGe;f um;.? rGe;f x7D;atmpmay*k+ d ;f rS pmqkdrsm;url rsKd;cspfpdwf7ifhoefr=ESifh t,l0g'ukd uAsma7;7mY t"du rxm;awmhbJ avmua-umif; qkid 7f mrsm;uko d m tajccHI zG\Jqdk oGm;-u.? xko d rl sm; rSm atrD;e,fv*D ef/ tJvAwfvZdk ;dk ESihf aygrk7d ifw\dk jzpf onf? xko d rl sm;onf vl\avmu jy©em trsKd;rsKd;ukd ajz7Si;f 7efEiS hf vlw\dkpw d "f gwfEiS q hf idk o f nfh ta-umif; 7yf rsm;udk zG\J q-dk uavonf? at;rDe,fv*D efonf ol.tawG;tq t,l0g'rsm;ukd uAsmjzifh o&kyfaz:a7;om;7m xdkacwf pmqkdrsm;. a7S\aqmifjzpfcJhonf? xkdacwfrSmyiff ay:aygufaom pmqkad wmf tJvAwfvZdk ;dk . vuf7mrSmtvGef odraf rG\ El;nHh.? aygrkd7ifonf ta7S\EkdifiH. ,Ofaus;r=ukd rlwnfI uAsm—m+f uGe\f jrL;cJo h nf? trsKd;orD;pmqkd Avef\vmrGew f ef\onf uae'gjynfojl ynfom;wk\d. aeykH xkid yf /Hk pdwaf epdwx f m;ukd ESpo f pfz, G 7f m o&kyaf z:cJ. h ? uae'gEkdifiH jyifopfpmay ta7;tom;rSm Tr~ avmufom xGef;um;cJh.? 46
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae'gpmay
uae'gtaemufajrmufe,frsm;
uae'gEkid if H t*‡vyd pf may ta7;tom;uk-d unfv h ~if t*‡vyd Ef iS phf aumhw\dk . ta7;tom; rlaemufo\dk rsm; pGm EF,o f nfuadk wG\7.? xkad emuf wjznf;jznf; tdref ;D csif;jzpfaom tar7duef jynfaxmifpkta7; tom; zufo\dk ,dr;f oGm;avonf? jyifopfpmayuJo h \dk t*‡vyd f pmayrSmvnf; a7S;OD;pGm orkid ;f a-umif;rsm;/ pGe\fpm;r=rsm; ESihf awmawmif aexkid af 7;wk\d uo dk m a7;om;-u.? omoemh0efxrf;wpfO;D .ZeD; rPpfA7Gwo f nf xkt d cg u jrdK\opf7mG opf wnfaxmifaexkid yf rHk sm;ukd 0šKoGm; tjzpfa7;om;cJ. h ? xk0d šKwiG f wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D pmay;pm ,ljyK7mrS Zmwfvrf;az:oGm;avonf? qmt,fvuf ZNmrUZDonf ajrmufykdif; tmwdwfork]7m a7jyif us,fudk pGe\f pm;oGm;a7muf 7SmazGc7hJ mY awG\-uKHco hJ r~ wk\dudk rSww f rf;wifco hJ nf? t,fvufZNm[ife7Donf wkdif;7if;om;vl&kdif;rsm; aexkdifaom a'orsm;Y vSnfhvnfI awG\jrifor~pmtkyfukd a7;om;cJh.? wkid ;f opfjynfopf tajcwus7adS omtcg Oa7mywku d f om;wk\drS aygufymG ;qif;ouforl sm;onf uae'D,efvl rsKd; jzpfvm-uonf? uae'D,efxJrS a7S;OD;pGm 0šK a7;cJo h rl mS *seG 7f pfcswq f efjzpf.? ol.0šKrsm;rSm wdik ;f jynf. xk;H pH"avh taetxkid rf sm;ukd ay:vGiaf ponf? trsK;d orD; 0šKa7;q7m rPpfqq l efemrl'. D 0šKrsm;rSm wkid ;f opfjynfopf wnfaxmifcgpu awG\7onf\tcuf tcJ a-umufrufz, G f pGe\f pm;cef;0šKrsm; jzpfonf? 1800 jynfEh pS cf ef\wiG f ay:aygufaom pma7;q7m wpfO;D rSm aomrwfcse'f vm[,fvAD g;wefjzpf.? [,f vDAg;wefonf vlw\dk. cGsw, f iG ;f csuu f v dk nf;aumif; omoema7;udv k nf;aumif; pmrsm;jzifo h a7mfxm;.? olonf vl\obm0 awG\7aom tjypfrsm;ukd &kyfvkH; az:IjycJo h nf? 19 7mpkESpfwGifuae'gEkdifiHY t*‡vdyfuAsmta7; tom;rsm; pwifxeG ;f um;cJah vonf? csm;qef;pwm; .uAsmrsm;rSm rsKd;cspfpdwfukd v=H\aqmfay;I uae'g EkdifiH. awmawmifa7ajr om,mykHukd zGJ\qkdxm; avonf? csm;[JAD;qufESifhaomrwf'gpDruf*D;wkd\. uAsmrsm;rSm tvu®m7oESihf jynfhpHkonf? okd\aomf olw\kd. uAsm rsm;udk uae’gEkid if H jzpf[k rac:Ekid af cs? [JA;D quf. uAsmrsm;rSm t*‡vyd q f efI 'gpDruf*;D . uAsmrsm;rSm tkid 7f pfqefavonf? uae'gEkid if o H nf 'krd eD , D eftqift h wef;uk7d 7Sad om tcg oD;jcm;aom,Ofaus;r=EiS hf vlrsK;d .xk;H pH"avhrsm;ukd xlaxmifvm-uonf? csm;a7mAwfESifh tmcsDaAg vifh
yrefw\o dk nf uae'gEkid if . H om,myku H dk zG\q J 7dk mwGiaf 7S;u zGJ\qkdcJhbl;onfESifhrwl/ xl;jcm;aumif;rGefavonf? vifyh ref. uAsmrsm;rSm t*‡vyd pf mqkd *`eu f . d uAsm rsm;uJo h \dk aumif;vSonf[k jcD;usL;cH7avonf? Avpf umrefonf aus;vufawm7Gm awmawmifa7ajr jrpfacsmif;rsm; ta-umif;ukd uAsmzG\Jqcdk . Jh ? trsK;d orD; pmqkd rma*smf7Dypfaomonf pmayavmuwGif r-uHK bl;atmifxl;uJaom tESpfom7ESifh jynfhpkHonfh tvu‡mrsm;ukad 7;cJ. h ? avmu.om,m-unfE;l zG,f wk\dudk 0DvqefrUa':e,fu o&kyaf z: rSww f rf; wif cJhonf? uae'g EkdifiHajrmufykdif; "gwfoWKwl;az: vkyu f idk af oma'o. awmawmif om,myk/H xkad 'oY aexkid af omolrsm;ESiphf eG \fpm;7J7if-h uyHw k \du k dk a7mAwf 0DvsH qm;Apfonf uAsm oDcsi;f rsm;jzifh touf oGi;f cJo h nf? ppftwGi;f olemjyKwyfwiG f tr=xrf;cJph Ofu tawG\t -uHKrsm;ukv d nf; uAsmpyfc. hJ ? *`erf Ua7;. ppfuAsm rsm;rSm tvGefaumif;rGefI pmaye,fwGif ausmfapm avonf? 20 7mpkacwfY pum;ajy ta7;tom; ajrmufjrm;pGm xGef;um;cJhonf? 1900 jynfhESpfcef\uyif uae'g EkdifiHwGiforkdif;ESifhtšK_Wdpmayrsm; ay:xGef;cJh7m a*sp'D ifah 7;aom uaegEkid if H txufyidk ;f orkid ;f rSm tzk;d twefqkH;jzpfonf? uae'gpmayonf jyifopfpmay tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;/ t*‡vdyfpmaytjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif;wk;d wufvsuf7adS yonf? uae'gtaemufajrmufe,frsm; ? ?uae'gEkid if H taemuf ajrmuf b uf 7 S d e,f r sm;uk d p k & k H ; I taemuf ajrmufe,frsm;[k ac:onf? ,if;onf ya77Dac: jrufcif;vGijf yifa'orsm;rStmwdwo f rk]7mtxd us,f jyef\I teD;tem; w0ku d 7f dS uGse;f pk-uD;rsm; yg0ifonf? xked ,frsm;rSm uae’gwpfjynfv;Hk .ok;H ykH wpfycHk ef\7I dS tus,ft0ef;rSm pwk7ef;rkdif 1304903 cef\ 7Sdonf? taemufajrmufe,frsm;ukd uD0gwif/ rUZDESifh z7efuvif[lI e,fokH;e,fcGJjcm;xm;onf? xkda'o tm;vk;H ukd 18^0 jynfEh pS f txd ['fqef aA;uk$+Du ykid q f idk cf ahJ omfvnf; ,cktcg uae'gtpk;d 7u cef\xm; aom wkid ;f rif;-uD;u pDrt H yk cf sKyfonf? taemufajrmufe,frsm;. vlO;D a7rSm1951 ckEpS u f 16004 cef\7SdI trsm;tm;jzifh tufpuD;rdk;ESifh 7uf tif'D;,ef;rsm;jzpf-u.? Ta'oY aexkdif-uaom 47
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae7Du`e;f pk
uae7DiSuf
vlw\do k nf trJvu dk jf cif;/ om;arG;a7mif;0,fjcif;/ ig;zrf; jcif; ponfw\dkjzifh toufarG;-uonf? taemufajrmufe,frsm;7Sd tcsKd\a'orsm;rSm vGef pGmacwf aemufusI 7moDOwk qk;d 7Gm;vSonfh vGiw f ;D acgif v[mjyifrsm;om jzpfojzifh jrdK\-uD; jy-uD;rsm; [lI r7SdbJ ukefonf pcef;rsm;om 7Sdonf?taemuf ajrmufe,frsm;wGiyf g0ifaom u`e;f rsm;teuf Aufzif u`ef;rSm t-uD;qkH;jzpfI tjcm;u`ef;rsm;rSm tJvZ rD,mESifh 0dwkd7d,u`ef;wkd\ jzpfonf? taemufajrmuf e,frsm;.ajrmufbufwGifum;ajrmuf0if&kd;pGef;om 7Sad wmhonf? xked ,frsm;onf obm0yPnf;wk\djzifh aygrsm; -u, G 0f aomfvnf; ,if;wk\dudk wGiu f s,pf mG xkw, f l ok;H pGjJ cif; rjyKvkyfEkdifcJh-uao;acs? tmwdwfork]7m/ ['fqef yifv,fatmf/ *7dwfAJ,m;a7tkdif ponfwkd\Y ig;t ajrmuftjrm; zrf;,lEidk o f nf? a7eHw;l az:jcif;ukd 1914 ckEpS u f pwifjyKvyk cf -hJ u.? ok\d7mwGif o,f,yl \dkaqmif 7mY p7dwf tukeftusrsm;jym;vSaoma-umifh a7eH vkyif ef;rSm c7D;wGiu f s,o f ifo h avmuf rwGiu f s,cf ahJ y? tjcm;wGi;f xGuo f WKrsm;rSm aiG/ a-u;eD/ cJ/ a7'D,rf/ ,la7;eD;,rf;ESihf a7Ftenf;i,f jzpfonf?
oW0grsm;rSm enf;yg;vSonf? okd\7mwGif iSufrsKd;pkH vifI pdw0f if pm;zG,af umif;onf? qnfajrmif;r7Sad om ae7mrsm;wGif pkdufysKd;a7; rzGH\jzddK;acs? tavhusayguf aom tyifi,frsKd;rsm;pGmteuf7mckdifE=ef; 30 cef\rSm uae7Du`e;f Yom aygufa7mufaom tyifrsK;d jzpfonf? uae7Du`e;f pko\dk yxrqk;H a7mufvmaomOa7mywku d f om;rsm;rSm pydev f rl sKd;rsm; jzpfonf? xkpd Ofu aexkid f vsuf7Sdaom wkdif;7if;om; *Grf;acs; okd\r[kwf *GrfcsKd vlrsKd;rsm;rSm ,cktcgvlrsKd;wpfrsKd;taejzifh r7Sdawmh acs? ,ck aexkid v f su7f adS om u`e;f olu`e;f om;rsm;rSm pydev f rl sK;d rsm; xuftenf;i,f tom;rnf;onfrt S y rsm;pGm rjcm;em; vSacs? a,musfm;rsm; t7yftarmif; taeawmf 7 S d I oef r mawmif h w if ; aom uk d , f vkH;udk,fayguf 7Sdavonf? pydefbmompum;udkom toH;k jyK-uonf? uae7Du`e;f pk. t"duxGuu f ek rf mS iSuaf ysmESicfh 7rf; csOo f ;D jzpfonf? -uufoeG /f tmvl;/ aq;ESifh ig;vnf; toiht f wifx h u G o f nf? qdyu f rf; jrdK\-uD;rsm;rSm vmyg; vrm;ESihf qefwmu&kwdk\ jzpf-uavonf? u`e;f rsm;ay:wGif vlO;D a7pkpak ygif; ^45000 (1946 ckESpf)cef\7SdI ig;zrf;jcif; toD;tESH pkdufysKd;jcif; wkd\jzifhtoufarG;-uonf? tkyfcsKyfa7; vG,fulap7ef u`ef;pkwiG jf rdK\awmfEpS jf rdK\ xm;7Sad vonf?
uae7DuseG ;f pk ? ?uae7Du`e;f pkonf pydef ykid u f `e;f pk jzpfI tWvMdwfork]7mtwGif; wnf7Sdonf? tmz7duwku d f taemufajrmufurf;ajcrS rkid f 60 cef\ uGma0;.? u`e;f tm;vk;H . tus,t f 0ef;rSm pwk7ef; rkid af ygif; 280^ 7SI d ta7S\rS taemufo\dk 288 rkid cf ef\ 7Snv f sm;onf? xku d `ef;pkwiG f u`ef;i,fuav;rsm;pGm ESihf u`e;f -uD; ckepfu`e;f yg0if 7m u`e;f -uD;ckepfu`e;f rSm wif;em;7pf/ *7if; uae7D/ yg;vrm;/ ,m;&k;d / *kad r;7m;/ vefom&dk;aw;ESifh zGmawAifwl;7m;wkd\ jzpf-uonf? uae7Du`e;f rsm; tm;vk;H vkv d rdk mS yif urf;yg;apmuf rsm;7Sd-uI csKdifh0Srf;rsm;jzifh jynfhESufaeonf? u`ef; rsm;ay:wGif tjrJwrf;pD;aeonfh jrpfacsmif;rsm; r7Sad cs? ta7S\bufwiG u f m; a77Sm;vS.? a7rsm;aom u`e;f rsm; Yyif qnfajrmif;rsm; jyKvkyaf y;7onf? 7moDOwkrSm ajcmufaoG\aomfvnf; rylvGef;ojzifh aeomxkid o f m7So d nf? taemufbufurf;ajcrsm;wGif rk;d a7csed f ysr;f r~ 16vufrrS 18vufrtxd 77SI d ajcmuf aoG \ a omtv,f y k d i f ; rsm;wG i f 9 vuf r rS 12 vufrcef\txd 77So d nf? u`ef;rsm;ay:wGif aexkid u f sufpm;aom Ek\d wu dk f
uae7DiSuf ? ?uae7D[k trnfwiG o f nfih u S u f dk pydeftykdifjzpfaom uae7Du`ef;pkwGif rlvyxr awG\ 7onf? 16 7mpkEpS af vmufwiG f xkid u S rf sm;ukd avSmiftrd f iSurf sm; tjzpfjzifh uae7Du`e;f rS tDwvD Ekid if o H \dkpwif ,laqmifvm-uonf? ,cktcgwGif wpfuBmvk;H rSmyif uae7DiSuf rsm;ukd avSmiftdrfoGif;I tvSarG;-u.? uae7DiSufonfzifhpm uav;rsKd;7if;wGif yg0ifonf/ t&kid ;f b0wGif olw\dk.ta7mifrmS ndK0g0g ok\dr[kw0f g pdr;f pdr;f jzpfonf? uae7D iSurf -uD;onf toku d af qmuf vkyfI Orsm;ukd 0yfay;onf? Orsm;rSm tjyma7mifjzpf I wpfjrKHv~if Oav;ig;vkH; 7Sdwwfonf? iSufzkdurl iSuaf ygufpuav;rsm;ukd tpm7Smau`;onf? uae7DiSufonf obm0tavsmuf oDcsif;tqkd aumif;aom iSufjzpfonf? oDcsif;rsm;ukd -unfvif jywfom;pGmqkdwwfonf? tjcm;iSufrsm;. toHrsm; ukdvnf; tvG,fwul twkckd;Ekdif.? csKdvGifpGm aw; qkw d wfaoma-umifh uae7Diu S u f dk vlord sm;onf? tcsK\d uae7Diu S rf sm;ukrd l olw\dk. vSyaomtawmif 48
www.foreverspace.com.m
uae7Diu S f
uaemifrif;om; avSmiftdrfwGif;7Sd aomufa7ESifh csKd;a7rsm;ukd r-umc+ vJay;7.? uae7DiSufrsm;onf t&kdif;b0wGif tqiftaoG; trsK;d rsK;d aqmifI avSmiftrd Yf arG;jrLaomtcg tenf;i,f ajymif;vJomG ;wwfonf?
rsm;a-umifh *&kwpdu k af rG;jrL-uonf? xko d \dak rG;jrL-u7mY rSefrSef*&kpkdufzkd\vkdonf? avSmiftdrfukdvnf; tjrJ wrf;oef\7iS ;f atmif jyKvyk x f m;7onf? uae7Diu S f rsm; twGut f oifah wmfq;Hk tpmrSm jrufyifrsKd;aph/ yku d q f H yifrsKd;aphESifh pdrf;pkdaom tpm;tpmrsm;yif jzpfonf?
acwfa[mif;ukdawmfvSefaomjrefrmrif;om;-uD;
jrefrmEkid if o H nf uk, d rhf if;uk, d cf sif;b0ESiahf epOfuyif Ekid if aH wmfudk acwfopfEidk if w H ck jzpfajrmufatmifu, dk x f d vufa7muf -udK;yrf;cJo h nfh jrefrmrif;om;-uD; wpfyg;ay:xGe;f cJ. h ? olum; uaemifrif;om;-uD;jzpf7m xkrd if; om;-uD;om a7wdrw f iG rf epfcahJ omf jrefrmEkid if H orkid ;f onf ,ckEiS w hf al omfrS wlayrnf? 1852 ck 'DZifbmvtwGi;f wGif yk*rH if;. txde;f awmf [o‡mwjrKd \pm; rd7. JG nDrrdz. J tdru f dk "g;jywku d 7f m wGif uaemifrif;ESihf rif;wke;f rif;wk\d.vlrsm; yg0ifonf [k pGypf u JG m uaemifrif;om;-uD;. t-uD;pma7;ponf wk\dudk awmif;qkpd pfar;.? xkjd yif nDawmf/ aemifawmf ESpyf g; ck;d om;"g;jyarG;onf[k yk*rH if;.vlrsm;jzpfaom awmifxm;0,fAkdvf iwkwf/ yk#m;0efiukvm;wkd\u tr=7mS ojzifh nDaemifEpS yf g;wk\donf vlopl &k ;Hk I 1852 ck 'DZifbmv 1^ 7ufae\wiG f awmfveS f ykeu f ef-uonf? a7S;OD;pGm a7Fbu dk o kd rd ;f ,l tajcpdu k jf yD;aemuf aemufxyf vltiftm;pkaqmif;um tr7yl7jrdK\ukd vkyf-uH7mwGif uaemifri;fom;yif OD;pD; OD;aqmifjyK.? Tok\d awmfveS yf ek u f efr= jzpf7jcif;.ta-umif;7if;rSm yk*Hrif;. pDrHtkyfcsKyfr=nHhzsif;aoma-umifh jzpfonf? okd\jzpfIvnf; tr7yl7jrdK\ukd uaemifrif;om;wkd\vkyf -uHaepOf yk*rH if;tm;cpm;-uaom rauG;rif;-uD; trSL; &Sdonfh rSL;rwfrsm;u vkyf-uHwkdufckduf olwkd\zufrS uln-D uojzifh uaemifrif;wk\d 1853 ck azazmf0g7Dv 18 7ufae\wiG f atmify7JG cJo h nf? xkad emuf yVro*‡g,emwifrif;wke;f rif; txGwf txdyfokd\a7mufaomtcg uaemifrif;om;tm; oD7d y07r[mok"R7mZmbG\Jjzifh tdraf 7S\rif;om;t7m tyfEiS ;f avonf? xkrd w S yg; 'Dy7J if;/ awmifwiG ;f -u;D / yVmig;jrKd \/ pavjrdK\rsm;ukdvnf; pm;aponf? om,m0wDrif;. taemufeef;rawmfwiG f jrifonfh orD;awmfvid= jf rdK\pm; oD7o d jk rwfpmG 7wema'0DEiS v hf nf; xdr;f jrm;vufquf ay;onf? (v=id x f yd af cgifwif„vnf;7=?) tdrfa7S\pHyif jzpfvifhupm; uaemifrif;om;-uD;rSm -oZmwdUr jynfph I Hk wefc;dk tm+mxufjrufvo S nf? jynfa7;jynf7m pDrHcef\cGJ7mwGifvnf; OD;pD;OD;aqmif jyK7.? aemifawmf rif;wkef;rif;wGif om;awmforD;
uaemifrif;om;(jrefrm 1181„1281) ? ?vlo;H k ukefyPnf; xkwfvkyfr= enf;pHepf ajymif;vJjcif;ukd t a-umif;jyKI vl\orkdif;wGif acwfwpfacwfrS tjcm; acwfwpfacwfokd\ ajymif;vJvmcJh7onfjzpf7m jrefrm EkdifiHwGifvnf; 19 7mpk ESpfrsm; tv,favmufu acwfajymif;vJjcif;ukd zefw;D ay;onfh tjzpf tysurf sm; ay:aygufcahJ vonf? atmufjrefrmjynfwGif jAdwdo~wkd\ a7muf7Sd -uD;pkd; vmjcif;/ uk, d rhf if; uk, d cf si;f aeaom jrefrmEkid if H txuf ykdif;onf xkdpOftcgu wkd;wufvsuf7Sdaom Oa7my EkdifiHtcsKd\ESifh qufoG,fr=rsm; 77Sdvmjcif; a-umifh vl ok;H ukeyf Pnf; xkwv f yk rf = enf;pepfw\. dk tajccHjzpfaom topftqef; xGirf a= jymif;vJrw = \dkonf txuf jrefrm jynfokd\ a7muf7Sdvmum acwfukdajymif;vJapEkdifrnfh tcGit hf vrf;rsm; ay:aygufcahJ vonf? xkt d cGit hf vrf; rsm;udk tjrifus,pf mG ESihf tok;H jyK-uaom xkad cwfjref rmacgif;aqmifw\dkwiG f ta7; ykrd ykd g0ifco hJ u l dk 7SmazGv~if uaemifrif;om;-uD;ukyd if awG\7ayrnf? ukef;abmifacwf tryl7 'kwd,jrdK\wnf om,m 0wDrif; (183^„1846)ESifh oD7dokpNmrœmra[ awmifaqmif ausmufarmfjrdK\pm;rdzk7m;wkd\wGif om; awmfESpfyg;wkd\ xGef;um;cJh7m om;t-uD;rSm yVr o*‡g,em wif rif;wke;f rif; jzpfI ti,frmS owk;d rif;7J ausmfxif bGJ\cH uaemifrif;om; jzpfavonf?(rif; wke;f rif;„ 7=?) uaemifrif;om;onf oU7mZf 1181ck awmfovif; vjynfhausmf27uf we*‡aEGae\wGif zGm; jrif.? zGm;pOfu rD;aeaqmifo\rdk a7mufrD awmifaqmifY zGm;jrifojzifh crnf;awmfu armifawmifrif;[k uk, d w f idk f rSnfhac:cJh.? rif;om;vwfqifhwGif rif;wyfjrdK\ukd pm;cJhjyD;aemuf aemifawmfyk*Hrif; (1846„1853)xD; eef;qufcHawmfrlaomtcg uaemifjrdK\ukd pm;7onf? 49
www.foreverspace.com.m
uaemifrif;om;
ueef;
awmf t7G,af 7muforl sm;7S7d um; uaemifrif;om; 7Sad e aoma-umifh xD;eef;qufcHcGifh 7awmhrnfr[kwf [k pkd;7drf-uaom om;awmfrsm;onf rausreyf jzpf-u avonf? ok\djzpfI oU7mZf 1218 ck 'kw, d 0gqkv d jynfah usmf ^ 7ufae\wiG f (1866 ck ZGev f 18 7uf ae\wiG )f eef; awmf.tjyify ,m,DwJeef;Y rif;wkef;rif;ESifhwuG tdrfa7S\rif; vFwfawmf0ef-uD;rsm; ,m,DpHaeckduf rif;wke;f rif;. om;awmfrsm;jzpfaom jrifueG ;f ESihf jrif;
rDEkdifiH xlaxmifEkdifjcif;iSm tjcm;EkdifiH-uD;rsm;wGif wk;d wufxeG ;f um;vsu7f adS om acwf ynmt7yf 7yfudk avhvmqnf;yl;7ef ynmawmfoifaygif; 90 ausmfukd Ekid if -H uD;rsm;ok\d vpmaiG tvkt H avmufay;IapvFwf cJo h jl zpf.?xkyd nmawmfoifw\dkwiG f 'Dy7J if; 0efaxmuf OD;jrEJ iS hf nDO;D cJ/ zefcsu0f ef OD;zef/ ausmufajrmif; twGi;f 0ef OD;a7Ft;dk / jrif;0ef OD;atmifow l \dk yg0ifc. hJ ? acwfrv D ufeuf7rSd S Ekid if t H iftm; 7drS nfudk ,k-H unf onft h wkid ;f ppfuidk ;f zufY vufeufpuf&-Hk u;D ESp&f Hk wnf aqmufc. hJ ? a7FjrdK\awmf taemufajrmuf a7Fwacsmif; teD;wGif puf&w Hk pfcw k nfaqmufc. hJ ? vlo;Hk ukeyf Pnf; rsm;xkwfvkyfr= ajymif;vJa7;ukd jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jzpf ajrmufap7ef 7ufuef;puf/ aumfaZmpuf/ pyg;puf/ vFpuf/ yef;uefpuf/ o-um;puf ponfrsm;ukv d nf; EkdifiHjcm;rS 0,f,l xlaxmifcJh.? xkdpufrsm;ukd -uD; -uyftyk cf sKy7f ef rdru d , dk w f idk f tvky0f ef/ ynm0ef/ tvkyf Xme0ef-uD;/ twGi;f 0efw\dkudk pDrcH ef\co JG nf? Tok\d ynm awmfoifrsm;vFwjf cif;/ puf&Hk topftqef;rsm;ukd 0,f ,l wnfaxmifjcif;wk\dtwGuf ukeu f saomaiGudk tdraf 7Sh rif; tjzpf7aom a0yku H sjrKd \7mG e,fy,frsm;rS cef\c7JG 7So d nfh tcGeaf wmfaiGrsm;rS ok;H pGcJ o hJ nf? umuG,fa7;zufwGifvnf; ppfzufqkdif7m jyKjyifr= tajrmuftjrm;ukd aqmif7GufcJhao;.? xm0pOf ppfrx = rf;rsm;7So d nfh tajcok\da7mufapjcif;iSm vkrd zS \JpG nf; aom jrefrmppfwyfujdk yKjyifay;cJ. h ? ppfynmavhusio hf if -um;ay;7mwGiv f nf; Ekid if jH cm;om; jyifopf/ tDwmvsH vlrsK;d wk\d. tultnDjzifu h , dk w f idk -f uyfrwf vkyu f idk cf . hJ ? Ekid if w H iG ;f Y qufo, G af 7; ykrd v dk sijf ref aumif;rGeaf p7ef twGufvnf; jrefrmtQ7mjzifh a-u;eef;&kdufenf;ukd a,mtwGif;0efESifh wkdifyifvsuf wDxGiftokH; jyKcahJ vonf? TuJhokd\ vkyf7nfukdif7nfESifh jynfhpkHvSaom EkdifiH acgif;aqmif-u;D wpfO;D wdr;f yg; qk;H &=;H cJ7h onfrmS xkpd Ofu Ekid if t H wGi;f uav;vl-uD;rsm; qkpd rSwjf zpfonfh ‘qif ajymif -u;D ukd jzKwu f u dk I f ao’ [laom waygifpum;ESihf rsm;pGm ukdufnDavawmhownf;? OD;b7Sif?
a7S\a7;jrifonhf uaemifrif;om;-uD; acwfopfEkdifiH xlaxmif7ef pGrf;pGrf;wrH -udK;yrf;aeqJ Trif;om;-uD; wdrf;yg;cJh7jcif;rSm ESajrmzG,faumif;vS.?
ckw H idk rf if;om;wk\d tvpf0ifa7mufI wku d cf u dk -f uaom a-umifh uaemifrif;om; wdr;f yg;cJah vonf? Tokd\tm;jzifh acwfukdtrSDvkduf7ef -udK;pm; wm plvsuf 7Sad om xkad cwfjrefrmwk\drmS ‘avSavSmf aumif; qJ w uf u sKd ; ’ jzpf u m qk H ; &= H ; epf e mcJ h a vonf ? ta-umif;rSmuaemifrif;om;onf ynmvGefpGm xuf jrufvrd rf mI Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm;ESihf qufq7H mwGif uGsr;f usifyg;eyfvSaom acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpf.? acwf
uEkwf?
? jrefrmyef;csD„7=?
ueef; ? ?usEG yfk w f \dk odoavmuf a7oW0grsm;Y ajcaxmuf ygonfukd tvGefawG\7cJonf? rsm;aom tm;jzifh ajcaxmuf twkta,mifrsm;om yg7Sd-u 50
www.foreverspace.com.m
ueef; onf? ueef; (ykZeG v f ;Hk )wGiu f m; xl;jcm;pGm ajcaxmuf 10acsmif; yg7Sdonfukd awG\7.? ,if;wkd\teuf 8 acsmif;ukdom vrf;av~mufoGm;vm7ef tokH;csI ueef;vufrac: -uD;rm;oefpGrf;onfh yxrtpkHukdrl vufozG,ftokH;csonf? xkdvufr-uD;rsm;onf ueef;twGuf tumtuG,fvufeufvnf;jzpf.? ueef;. ausmukef;rSm tHhzG,faumif;avmufatmif rmausmaom tcGHxljzpfI TtcGH-uD;u ol. ukd,f c¶mukd umuG,f xm;onf? uk, d t f a7S\yikd ;f wGif 7iftyk f umoHcsyo f zG,f tumtuG,f yg7SI d ajcaxmuf 10 acsmif; pvkH;rSmvnf; rmausmaomtcGHrsm;jzifh toD;oD;zk;H tkyv f su7f adS yonf? ueef;onf 7efou l v dk uf rjzifh jrJjrHpmG n|yw f wfaoma-umifh ,if;wk\dudk owdEiS hf udik w f , G 7f monf/ ueef;. rsuv f ;Hk rsm;wGif tn|mwH yg7dI S ,if;wk\donf 0ifvu dk x f u G v f u dk f vkyw f wfaom a-umifh wpfenf;tm;jzifh 7,fz, G af umif;onf? ol. yg;pyfrSmvnf; tvGeftHh-ozG,faumif;onf[k qkd7 ayrnf? tb,fa-umifh qkad omf ,if;wGif prf;oyf7ef/ udu k zf 7hJ efEiS fh tpmudk 0g;acs7ef t*‡gtpdwt f ykid ;f rsm; aygif;pk yg0ifaoma-umifh jzpf.? ueef;onf rdrEd iS hf trsK;d awmfpyfaom ausmufyZk eG /f ykZGefxkyf-uD;rsm;ESifh qifwlonf? qifwlykHrSm tqkdyg a7oW0grsm;uJo h \dkyif ueef;Y tm&krH iS /f rsupf Ed mS wH/ ar;&kd;/ xl;qef;aomyg;pyf/ ukd,fzkH; tcGHrmESifh ajc axmuf 5 pkHpD yg7Sd-uonf? okd\aomf ykZGefwkd\uJhokd\ 0rf;Aku d rf -uD;acs? ueef;onf a7oW0gyif jzpfaomfvnf; uke;f ay:Y [kdrSonfrS av~mufoGm;7ef ESpfoufonf? tjcm;
vlwkd\[if;vsmtwGuf zrf;qD;-uonhf yifv,fueef;
aeEkid jf cif;rSm ,if;wk\d . yg;[ufrsm;ukd pGwpf jdk rJpw G pf dk atmif jyKkvkyfxm;Ekdifaoma-umifh jzpf.? a7usoGm; onft h csdew f iG f ur;fyg;oJaomifjyifay:wGif av~muf oGm;um tpm7SmazGaeaom ueef;tkyfukd jrif7onf rSmtvGef 7,fp7maumif;onf? aomifjyifay: wGif ig;aowpfaumif7Sdv~if ueef;onf tvGefteH\cH aumif;onfhtwkdif; xkdae7mokd\ csufjcif; a7mufoGm; onf? jydKifzufESifh awG\ygu tvkt,ufa0pkcGJ-u7m rSwpfcgwpf7H ueef;i,frsm;rSm tm;-uD;aomueef; wk\d. uku d o f wf pm;aomufjcif;ukyd if cH-u77Smonf? ueef;wGif trsKd;aygif; rsm;pGm7SdI tao;i,fqkH; aom ueef;uav;rsKd;rSm c&kcGH/ urmcGHxJwGif 0if aeEkdif avmufatmif ao;i,fonf? *syefyifv,fY awG\7aom yifhulueef;-uD;rsm;rSmrl ukd,ft7Snf 18 vufr/ jyuft us,f 12 vufrcef\txdyif7Sdwwf onf? trsKd;tpm; tvku d f jyKrlusif-h uH-uykcH sif;vnf; rwl-uay? tcsKd\ ueef;rsKd;onf vl7dyfvla,mif awG\7onfESifh wjydKifeuf uysmuoD wGif;xJokd\ 0if a7mufyek ;f atmif;I aewwf onf? tcsK\dum; aemuf ajcaxmufrsm;ay:wGif rmefygyg 7yfjyD;aomf ,if; wk\d. oefrmvSaom vufr-uD;rsm;jzifh 7efou l dk tjyif;txef ckcw H wfonf? ueef;wk\d onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh a7xJwiG o f m ae avh7dS -uonf? uke;f ay:Y aexkid u f supf m;aom uke;f ueef;rsm;yifv~if Otkcsed w f iG f yifv,fo\dk xGu-f uonf? a7aeueef;rsK;d onf yg;[ufjzifh touf&LS -uI uke;f ueef;rsKd;wGif yg;[uftpm; touf&SL7ef tqkwf ESihf wlnaD om t*‡gwpfrsK;d yg7So d nf? tcsK\dueef;rsK;d rSmrl
c&kcGHvGwftwGif; aexkdif77Smaom 0ifupGyfaumif
a7oW0grsm;enf;wl yg;[ufjzifh a7xJYtouf&SL aomfvnf; uke;f ay:wGif twef-um-um aeEkid o f nf? 51
www.foreverspace.com.m
ueef; uke;f a7 ESpXf mepvk;H rSmyif vG,u f pl mG aeEkid -f uonf? ueef;aygufp uav;rsm;rSm trdtzjzpfaom ueef; -uD;rsm;ESifh yHkyef;vkH;0 rwl-uacs? rdcif ueef;r-uD; onf rdru d , dk af tmufwiG f Orsm;uku d yfI vkjH cKpH mG o,f ,lomG ;avh7. dS ? ok\d aomf OrSaygufzmG ; vmaom om; i,ftay:Y wpfpw Hk pf7m pdw0f ifpm;jcif; r7Sad wmhbyJ if v,fatmufcif;ay:wGif xkt d wkid ;f yif ypfxm;avh7o dS nf?
rDyif ajcvuftopf aygufvmjyefonf? ueef;. oGm;ykH vmykrH mS vnf; tawmfx;l qef;.? wGm;oGm;jcif;vnf; r[kw/f ajy;oGm;jcif;vnf; r[kwb f J ab;wku d f *Gusus oGm;wwfonf? tcsKd\ ueef;rsKd;wGif avSwufESifhwl aom ajcaxmufjym;rsm;yg7SI d ,if;wk\djzifh a7aumif;pGm ul;Ekdifonf? tcsKd\ ueef;rsKd;onf [if;oD;[if;7Guf ukd pm;aomufjcif;jzifh toufarG;onf? tcsKd\u tjcm;oW0gi,fuav;rsm;ukd pm;aomufjcif;jzifh t oufarG;jrL-uonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifhum; aqG;jrnfh aeaom t7m0šKrsm;ukd pm;aomufjcif;jzifh tnpf ta-u; tr=u d o f &ku d rf sm;uko d ef\7iS ;f aponf? tcsKd\aom ueef;rsKd;wkd\onf rsKd;jcm;oW0gwpfOD; OD;ESifh twlwuG aexkdifavh7Sdonf? vlodtrsm;qkH; trsKd;rSm a,mufoGm;ckH;. tcGH-um;xJY 0ifa7muf aexkdifjcif;jzifh 7efol\ab;rS tumtuG,f7,lonf/ ckH;aumifukd tM7m,fjzpfaprnfh oW0grsm;ukdwzef tqkyd g ueef;u umuG,af y;onf? tcsK\d ueef;rsK;d rSm oMmaumiftyk pf k wGif 0ifa7mufaexkid . f ? yifu h l ueef; -uD;rsK;d url rdrw d \dk. uk, d af y:wGif a7nda| 7jr|Kyf ponf
vufrrsm;txd 8 ay7SdEkdifaom yihfulueef;
ueef; aygufpwkd\.t7G,frSm rD;jcpfqHacgif;r~ avmufom7SI d ,if;wpfaumifpu D dk tvif;ayguf t a7cGw H pfrsK;d jzifh 7pfywfz;Hk tkyv f suf 7So d nf? xkt d a7cGu H dk ueef; aygufp av;rsm;onf csujf cif;vkv d ydk if aqmifh uef&kef;xGufjyD;aemuf a7atmufajrjyifrS a7ay:okd\ wufvm-uonf? ueef; aygufpuav;wk\donf us,0f ef;vSaom a7 avmuwGif aysmfrqkH;atmif ul;cwfoGm;vm vsuf 7Spd Ofrsm;aomtm;jzifh ig;wk\d. yg;pyfwiG ;f ok\d oufqif; oGm;-uonf? ig;rpm;bJ touf 7Sifoefaeaom ueef;uav; rsm;rSm t-udr-f udrf ta7vJjcif;jzifh w jznf;jznf; -uD;rm;vm-uonf? twefi,f -uD;vm aomtcg ueef;-uD;rsm;ESihf o!mefwv l mI xkt d csed f wGif a7rul;awmhbaJ 7wdr7f mt7yfEiS hf a7pyfurf;yg;ok\d csOf;uyfvm-uonf? xkdtcsdefum; ,if;wkd\twGuf ab;tM7m,f trsm;qkH; tcsdef jzpfawmh.? tcsKd\rSm Zifa,mf/ AsKid ;f / vif;0ufpaom iSut f rsK;d rsK;d wk\d. xk;d owfjcif;ukd cH7.? tcsK\drmS ig;ESiw hf uG tjcm;a7oW 0gtrsKd;rsKd;wkd\. tpm;ukdcH-u7.? ,if;wkd\teuf Zmwfwlom;csif; ra7Smifaom ueef;-uD;wkd\. pm; aomufjcif;ukd cH7onfrmS vnf; renf;ay? ueef;wk\donf i,fi,fuwnf;u twku d t f cku d 0f g oemygvmonfhtwkdif; r-umc+yif '+f7mrsm; 7wwfonf? ok\daomf ajcvufw\dkwiG 'f +f7m7ygu/xkd ajcvufwpfcv k ;Hk ukjd zKwfypfvu dk I f xkad e7mwGif r-um
ypdzdwfu`ef;rsm;wGif awG\7onhf tkef;ueef;
wk\d aygufa7mufae7ef wrif-uHaqmif jyKvkyjf yD;v~if rdrde*kd&kyf ray:atmif &kyfzsufxm;wwf-uonf? 0if upGyaf umif( zifezD ifpyG f )ac: ueef;rsK;d wrsK;d rSm i,f 7G,fpOfu tjcm;ueef;rsm;enf;wl-uD;jyif;vmaomf vnf; aemifaomf c&kcv HG w G rf sm;ukd wpfcjk yD;wpfck prf; oyfjyD;aemuf rdru d , dk Ef iS t hf u H u kd o f nfh tcGu H adk wG\aom 52
www.foreverspace.com.m
ueef; tcg uk, d af emufyidk ;f ukx d ;dk oGi;f I aexkid af vh7dS onf? xkdokd\ukd,fwpfykdif;ukd tcGHxJokd\ xkd;oGif; aexkdif onfhtavsmuf -umaomf ueef;. 0rf;ykdufrSm aysmh aysmif;El;nHhvmum tcGHESifh tvkdufoifh 0uftl7pfykH jzpfomG ;avonf? ukef;ay:wGif vSnfhvnfusufpm;avh7Sdaom ukef; ueef;rsKd;ukd yltkdufaom a'owGif awG\7wwfonf? ypdzw d o f rk]7m awmifyidk ;f uGse;f rsm;wGif xl;qef;aom ueef; wpfrsKd;7So d nf? ,if;rSm "g;jyueef; ok\d r[kwf tke;f ueef;[k ac:aom ueef;rsK;d jzpf.? tke;f ueef; wk\donf tke;f oD;ukpd m;aomufI tke;f yiftwufvnf; tvGef usGrf;usifonf? taemuftdNd,usGef;pkwGif yifv,frS 3 rkid cf ef\ a0;aomt7yfY aexkid o f nfu h eef; wpfrsKd;rSm ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; aEGul;Owk a7mufvmaom tcg Otk7eftwGuf tkypf k zG\JI yifv,fo\dk xGuaf vh7dS -uonf? xkt d csdew f iG f txD;rsm;ua7S\aqmifvmaom ueef;tky-f u;D rSm wpfcgwpf7H ay 120 r~ us,I f tvsm; wpfridk cf ef\ 7Snv f sm;onfq. dk ? ,if;wk\dcsw D uf7mvrf; wGif v~Kdajrmifacsmufurf;yg; tdrf,mpaom tqD; twm;rsm; 7Sad pumrl *7krpku d b f J vk7d m c7D;ta7muf jzpfajrmufatmif oGm;wwfonf[k od7.? ykZeG /f ueef;ponfw\dk rmS ‘u7yfpaw;pD;’ ac: rsKd; aygif;wGif yg0ifonf? xkrd sKd;aygif;wGif tcGrH m zk;H um tqufygaom ajcvufrsm;yg7So d nfh ausm&k;d rJo hJ W0g rsm;yg0ifjyD;v~if ,if;wkd\onfrsm;aom tm;jzifh a7 oW0grsm;jzpfI yg;[ufrsm;jzifh touf&LS -uonf?
txef ckcHwkdufckduf.? xkdokd\ ckcH wkdufckduf7mwGif tuf' refonf ratmifjrifaomfvnf; t*‡vefjynfudk ESpyf idk ;f cGI J tkycf sKy7f ef uEGwb f 7k if. oabmwlncD suf 77Scd hJ avonf? ok\daomf 1016ckEpS w f iG f tuf'refb7k if uG,fvGefaomtcg uEGwfbk7ifonf tuf'ref. om;rsm;ukq d 'GD ifEidk if o H \dk yk\d vu dk jf yD;v~if tufo7J uf. rdz7k m;ukd odr;f ,lum t*‡vefjynftvk;H ukd uEGwb f 7k if -uD; [laom trnfjzifh tkyfpkd;avonf? uEGwb f 7k ifonf wefc;dk tm+m7Saom rif;wpfyg; jzpfI wpfjynfaxmifv;Hk ukd jidr0f yfyjd ym;atmif tkycf sKyf Ekid . f ? olonf w7m;r~wI vdrrf mpGm tkycf sKyfonf? xkd\jyif a7S;acwf qufZkefOya'rsm;ukd tajccHonfh Oya'wpf7yfukdvnf; jyKpkjy}mef;cJh.? t*‡vefjynf tkyfcsKyfa7;wGif 'def;rwfESifh aemfa0; vlrsKd;rsm;ukd 7m xl;7mcHray;bJ rdrw d \dkEidk if o H \dk jyefy\dkI qufZek rf sm;uko d m cef\tyfaoma-umifh wkid ;f oljynfom;rsm;u ol\tm;-unf ndKav;pm;-uonf? qG'D ifEiS ahf emfa0;Ekid if rH sm;ok\d oGm; a7mufaom tcgrsm;Yyif qufZkefrŒ;rwfppfonfrsm; jzifh jcH7I H xGuaf vonf? 1018 ckEpS w f iG f 'de;f rwfx;D eef;ukd 7I 1028 ckEpS w f iG f aemfa0;xD;eef;udk 7jyef
uEGwb f 7k if(c7pf 995 cef\„1035) ? ?uEGwf bk7ifonf 'def;rwfjynfh7Sif qGdef;bk7if. om;awmf jzpfI 995 ck E S p f c ef \ u zG m ;jrif o nf ? 1013 ck E S p f w G i f crnf;awmfESifhtwl t*‡vefjynfokd\oGm;a7mufI 0ufqufe,fudk wku d cf u dk o f rd ;f ,lonf? 1014 ckEpS w f iG f qGdef;bk7if uG,fvGefonfhtcg uEGwfrif;om;onf crnf;awmf.t&dkuft7mukdqufcHI t*‡vefjynfukd wku d cf u dk o f rd ;f ,lonf? crnf;awmfvufxufu ppf&;H= I jynfEiS cf 7H aom qufZek b f 7k if tufo7J uf jyefvm ojzifh wkdufckduf ESdrfeif;7av7m vef'efjrdK\rSwpfyg; t*‡vefjynftvk;H ukd tvkjd ynfah vonf? tufo7J uf bk7ifonf vef'efjrdK\wGif tckdiftvkHwyfpGJI aeav onf? 1016 ckESpfY tufoJ7uf uG,fvGefavaomf ol.om;awmf tuf'reftkdif;,ef;qkdufonf vef'ef jrdK\rS aeI uEGwfbk7iftm; qufvuf tjyif;
uEGwfbk7if. vufawG\qHk;rcef;rS ‘bk7ihfbkef;ESihf 'Da7’
53
www.foreverspace.com.m
uEGwb f 7k if
uydv0wfjynf
onf? ok\daomf 1035 ckEpS w f iG f ol uG,v f eG af omtcg Ekid if aH wmfrmS tpdwpf w d f tjrFmjrFm uGo J mG ;avonf? uEGwb f 7k ifEiS hf pyfvsO;f I '@m7DyjkH yif trsm;tjym; awG\7onft h eufwpfcrk mS Tod\jk zpf.? tcgwyg; uEGwf bk7iftm; rSL;rwfrsm;u bke;f -uD;aomt7Sijf zpfI rnf onft h 7mukrd qkjd yKu jzpfEidk af -umif; av~mufxm;-u onf? xkdtcgwpfae\ae\wGif xkdokd\ajr|mufyifh wwf aomrŒ;rwfrsm;tm; qkH;rrnf[k -uHpnfxm;aom uEGwb f 7k ifonf yifv,furf;pyfwiG f csxm;tyfaom 7mZyœifay: wGifxkdifvsuf wjznf;jznf; wufvm aom 'Da7ukd rwuf7ef trde\af y;.? ok\daomff 'Da7um; wufjrJwufI uEGwb f 7k if. ajcrsm;yif a7pkad vawmh onf? TwGif ol.tajcGt7Hrsm;zufo\dkvn S I hf bk7if wkd\. tm+mrSmrnfokd\r~ tzkd;rwefa-umif; ol\tm; rnfonfurdk qkd jyKu jzpfEidk af -umif;jzifh av~mufxm; olrsm;rSmvnf; rkdufrJpGm ajr|mufyifh aeolrsm;omjzpf a-umif; rde\f qadk vonf?
7mZj*dKvfjynfrS -uGvmjyD;aomf aqGawmf rsKd;awmft aygif;ukd w7m;a7at; tjrdKufaq; wkdufau`; awmfro l nf? jrwfpmG bk7m;tm; uydv0wfaejynfawmfo\dk -uGyg rnft h a-umif; zGm;zufawmf um–K'g,Dtrwfu *gxm 60jzifh oDukH;av~mufxm;a-umif; usrf;*efrsm;wGif tckid t f rmqko d nf? xko d \dk yifah v~mufyu Hk dk tif;0acwf wGif o~iftek ;f ndKu *gxmajcmufq,fysKd\wiG f tao; pdwf zwf&SkemaysmfzG,f 7SdatmifpyfqkdcJhonf? xkdenf; wl o~iOf Wrausmu f vnf; jrwfpmG bk7m;ocif 7mZmj*Kd vf jynfrS uydv0wfjynfo\d-k uGcef;ukd ‘pufqhJ ESpv f /D 'Gg'oD 0,f’csDaom awmvm;7wkjzifh oDukH;cJhao;onf? xk\d jyifvnf; *gxmajcmufq,f0šK 7Sad vao;onf? Ak<jrwfpmG onf uydv0wfjynfo\dk a7mufrqku d Yf yif rme wHceG x f v l aS om aqGawmfrsK;d awmfrsm;tm; a7tpk/H rD; tpkH ,rku d f jym™d[mukjd yoI Zmwf-uD;q,fapmif tygt0if a0©M7mZmwfawmfukd a[mawmfrlonf? xkjd yif eNmrif;om;[k ac:wGiaf om nDawmf rif;eefEiS hf om;awmf 7m[kvmwkd\tm; omoemhtarGtESpf ay; awmfro l nf? xkyd xrt-urd f bk7m;jrwfpmG onf uydv0wfjynfo\dk a7mufawmfro l nft h vm;/aemufxyfI t-udr-f udr-f uG a7mufz;l a-umif; usr;f *efrsm;t7od7onf? wpf-udrYf uydv0wfjynfom;rsm;ESihf aumvd,jynf om;wk\donf a7m[d+Djrpfa7ukd v,fa7aomuftjzpf twlwuG ok;H pG-J u7mrS tcsi;f jzpfymG ;-u7m jrwfpmG bk7m;onf-uG a7mufvmI jidrf;csrf;a7;ukd a[majyma-umif;/ aemufwpf-udrYf um; 0d™™Lbrif;. 7efp, G u f kd wm;jrpf tHah omiSg jrwfpmG bk7m;aejynfawmfo\dk a'opm7D jzef\csD a-umif; usrf;*efrsm;t7 od7onf? c7pf 4 7mpkEiS hf ^ 7mpkEpS rf sm;twGi;f tdN, d Ekid if o H \dk a7muf 7Sv d maom w&kwt f rsK;d om;zg[D,efEiS hf [ltif pefwkd\onf uydv0wfjynfESifh omoemawmfqkdif7m Xmersm;ta-umif; uk, d af wG\ rSww f rf;wifc-hJ uonf? uydv0wfjynfteD; vkºdeDt7yfwGif oD7d"Rm aomurif;-uD;onf vkºdeDausmufwkdifukd pkdufxlcJh onf? (oD7d"Rmaomurif;-uD; „ 7=?) uydv0wf jynf jrdK\awmfa[mif;ae7mukd twdtusrajymom ao;aomfvnf; eDayg EkdifiHtwGif;7Sd ydy7m0gtrnf wGifaom 7Gmae7myifjzpfrnf[k qkd-uonf? xkdt7yf wGif uydv0wf trnfygaom jrLwmtkd;rsm;udk wl; az:awG\77Sd avonf?
uydv0wfjynf ? ?uydv0wfjynfonf bk7m; tavmif;awmf od<šrif;om;. crnf;awmf oka
www.foreverspace.com.m
uykid yf if
u
uykdifyif ? ?uykid yf ifonf jrefrmEkid if H yifv,f urf;yg; awmcsKHrsm;wGif aygufavh7Sdaom opfyif i,fwpfrsK;d jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh weo‡m7Dwidk ;f awmif ykid ;f wGif vrkawm/ vrJah wmrsm;t-um;Y tawG\7rsm; onf? tom;rSmvdaRmf7ifha7mif eDIrmjyD;v~if toift h wifh wm7Sncf o H nf? ukAwpfayv~if tav; csdef 16 ydomcef\pD;onf? tdrfwkdif/xkyf/avsmuf/'kdif;/ jr|m;/ xGew f ;Hk vky7f eftwGuv f nf;aumif;/ rD;aoG;zkw7f ef ESifhxif;rD;tjzpf tokH;jyK7eftwGufvnf; aumif; tok;H 0ifonf? tacgufurdk l qk;d aq;tjzpf tok;H jyK7.? uykid yf ifudk ujydKi/f ujrdKi/f -uykid [ f I l vnf;aumif;/ ykid ;f awmif/h r"r[lIvnf;aumif; trnftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh ac:a0: -uonf?
Al; pd/AD
w7m;rsm;ukd avhvmvku d pf m;cJ. h ? 1831 ckEpS f wGipf pf wyfrS Ekwx f u G u f m awme,f7dS rdzrsm;ykid f jcH-uD;wGif aexkid jf yD;aomf jynfo\l ta7;rsm;ukd pwifaqmif7u G f avonf? xk\djyif yg7pfjrdK\/ vef'efjrdK\rsm;ok\d r-umc+ oGm;a7mufI Oa7myEkid if aH 7;7m A[kow k rsm;ukd 7SmrS;D cJhonf? xkdtcg pnf;rsOf;cH bk7ifhtkyfcsKyfa7; rsKd;ukd oabmusco hJ nfjh yif Ekid if aH 7; vGwv f yfro = nf pD;yGm;a7; zG\HjzdK;r=ay:wGif tajcjyKrSom wnfjrJEkdifa-umif; oabm aygufcahJ vonf? xkad -umifh v,f,mpku d yf sK;d a7; vkyif ef;jyKjyifa7;ukv d nf;aumif;/ rD;7xm;vrf;rsm;azguf vkyaf 7;ukv d nf;aumif; -uKd;yrf;cJah yonf? olonf Ekid if jH cm; rS qnf;yl;cJhaom vufawG\pkdufysKd;a7; A[kokw rsm;ukd tokH;jyKI ol\zcifvkyfief;rsm;ukd tkyfcsKyf vkyu f idk v f suf yD;'rGe\f e,f v,f,mpku d yf sKd;a7;toif;
uyD;G yif ? ?uyD;G yifonf jrefrmEkid if H 7ckid Ef iS hf weo‡m7D yifv,furf;&kd; wav~mufY aygufojzifh yifv,f uyDG;yif/ yifv,fxif;&SL;yif [lIvnf;trnfwGif onf? uyD;G rSm xm;0,ftrnfjzpf.? uyD;G yifonf opfyif-uD;rsK;d jzpfI tjrifah y100/ yif pnfv;Hk ywf 6ayr~7o dS nf? uyD;G om;. ta7mifrmS eDnKd a7mif7I dS tvGerf maoma-umifh jyKjyif7cufonf? ok\d7m wGif xif;twGuf tvGeaf umif;ojzifh tdN, d Ekid if aH wmif ykid ;f Y t-uD;tus,f pku d yf sKd;xm;-uonf? ckid cf hH jcif;/ ajzmifph if;jcif;/ EG\Jaysmif;jcif;/ ayghyg;jcif; paom*k+o f Wdrsm;7Sjd cif;a-umifh uyD;G om;udk avS7u G w f idk f 7Guaf ygif vuf/ avSmw f uf/ wufrponfrsm; jyKvkyEf idk o f nf?t acgufurdk l 0rf;udu k af ysmufaq;tjzpf tok;H jyK-uonf? uyD;G yifonf bef\ayG;yifEiS hf qifwo l nf? ok\d aomf yJc;l e,fzufY awG\7aom bef\ayG;yifEiS hf ae7mwum wGiw f o l nf r[kwaf cs? bef\ayG;rsK;d 0if opfyifwpfrsK;d um; jzpfEidk pf 7m ta-umif;7So d nf? uAl;pD/AD (c7pf 1810„1861) ? ?tDwvDEidk if H orkid ;f wGif xif7mS ;aom rsKd;cspfyCk Kd vf-uD; aumifu h Al; onf qm'if;eD;,m;EkdifiH yD;'rGef\jynfe,f rSL;rwfrsKd; &kd;rS qif;oufcJholjzpfI wsL;7if;jrdK\Y 1810 jynfhESpf wGif zGm;jrifco hJ nf? wsL;7if;jrdK\ ppftwwfoifausmif; wGif ynmoif-um; wwfajrmufcJhjyD;aemuf 1826 ckESpfwGif tif*sifeD,m wyfAkdvfwpfOD;jzpfvmI cHwyfrsm;pGmukd wnfaqmufcJhavonf? okd\aomf olonfvx l u k Ekd idk if H a7; vGwv f yfr= ay;7ef -uH7, G cf o hJ l jzpfI tcsdeftm;rsm;wGif t*‡vdyf EkdifiHa7; oabm
†wvDEkdifiH pnf;vHk;a7;ukd jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhol aumihf uAl;
-uD; ukv d nf; wnfaxmifco hJ nf? xk\djyif jynfe,fwiG ;f rD;7xm;vrf;rsm; azgufvkyfa7;ESifhwuG puf&kHrsm; aqmufvkyf a7;ukdvnf; aqmf-ocJhavonf? xkdodk\ 55
www.foreverspace.com.m
uAl; pD/AD
uAifx7DjrdK\
ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7; vG,u f cl v hJ ~if tDwvDrmS pnf; vk;H rdz, G 7f m ta-umif;7So d nfuv dk nf; odjrifc. hJ ? 184^ ckESpf wGif wsL;7if;jrdK\Y vlxktm; tkyfcsKyfa7;qkdif7m jyKjyifa7; t,ltqrsm;ukd xkwfaz:nFefjy7eftwGuf owif;pmwpfapmifudk xkwaf 0cJ. h ? 1848 ck Zefe0g7Dv wGif qPvDusGef;Y awmfvSefa7;-uD; ay:aygufcJh7m uAl;onf pnf;rsO;f cHb7k ift h yk cf sKyaf 7;ukd wDxiG 7f ef tcsed f awmfjyDjzpfa-umif;ESihf a[majymcJah vonf? ol. a[m ajym csufrsm;rSm tcsufusvSojzifh vlxkomru qm'if;eD;,m; bk7ifcsm;tJvAwfyifv~if oabm aygufvmjyD;v~if vGwv f yfr= tcGit hf a7;rsm;ukd ay;tyf cJah vonf? od\k7mwGif uAl;onf xko d \dk 77Scd ahJ om tcGihf ta7; rsm;t7 yxrqkH;zGJ\pnf;cJhaom tpkd;7 tzGJ\Y ryg0ifcahJ cs? xkt d csed u f tDwvDEidk if rH mS jynfi,f uav; aygif;rsm;pGm uGjJ ym;vsuf bk7iftqlqw l \d. k qk;d 7Gm;aom tkyfcsKyfr=ukd cHae7I -op-wD;,m;. taESmifh t,Suv f nf; aumif;pGm ruif;ao; aomtcgjzpf.? aumifhuAl;onf tpdwfpdwf uGJjydKvsuf7Sdaom tDwvDEidk if u H dk pnf;&k;H rdapvkad om pdw"f gwf7o dS l jzpf onfh tm;avsmfpGm xkdta7;ukd pdwfygvufyg pwif aqmif7u G af vonf? xkEd pS (f 1848) rwfvwGif rDvef e,fom;wk\donf -op-wD;,m;ukad wmfveS af omtcg ol . owif;pmrSaeI -op-wD;,m;ukd ppfausnm7ef v=H\aqmfcJhonf? r-umrD ppfa-unm wkdufckdufcJh.? ppf twGi;f uAl;onf qm'if;eD;,m;rS ygvDreftrwf tjzpf ta7G;cHcJh7avonf? okd\aomfxkdppfyGJwGif qm'if;eD;,m; EkdifiHonf ta7;edrfhI tJvAwfbk7if vnf; xD;eef;pGe\fc7hJ avonf? xkt d cg ol.om;awmf 'kw, d Apfwm tDref;EsLt,f eef;wufjyD;v~if jidr;f csr;f a7; jzpfajrmufatmif aphpyfvsuf pmcsKyfcsKyfqcdk 7hJ .? rnfo\dkyifjzpfap aumifu h Al;onf pdwrf ysub f J tDwvD EkdifiH. vGwfajrmufa7; pnf;&kH;a7;wkd\ukd qufvuf aqmif7u G af vonf? 1850 jynfEh pS w f iG f aumihu f Al;onf pku d yf sK;d a7;ESihf ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7;0ef-u;D jzpfvmavonf? xkad emuf 0ef-uD;csKyEf iS hf oabmuGv J rJG a= -umifh 7mxl;rS Ekwx f u G I f tD w vD t a7;wG i f Ek d i f i H j cm;wk d \ oabmxm;ud k od7Sd7eftwGuf jyifopfESifh t*‡vefjynfwkd\okd\ vSnfh vnfcJhonf? xkdokd\vSnfhvnf7mrS tjyefwGif 0ef-uD; csKy7f mxl; cef\tyfjcif; cH7.? xkt d csed rf pS I aumifu h Al; onf Ekid if w H iG ;f jyKjyifa7;vkyif ef;rsm;uk ad qmif7u G cf I hJ
EkdifiH.tiftm;awmifhwif;jyD;v~if EkdifiH-uD;rsm;u todtrSwjf yKjcif; cH7atmif tenf;enf;tzkzH Hk aqmif 7Gucf ahJ vonf/ xk\d jyif 1855 ckEpS w f iG f u&kid ;f rD;,m; ppfajrjyifo\dk qm'if;eD;,m;Ekid if rH S ppfwyfrsm; apvFwf ulncD ahJ oma-umifh t*‡vyd Ef iS f jh yifopfw\dk. csp-funf r=ukd 77SdcJhavonf? xkdaemuf Oa7myEkdifiH-uD;rsm;u todtrSwjf yKco Jh jzifh tDwvDEidk if H pnf;&k;H a7;wGiv f nf; rsm;pGm taxmuftyHh jzpfapcJah vonf? 1858 ckEpS w f iG f jyifopfEidk if H wwd, eykv d , D ef bk7ifEiS hf wdww f qdwf awG\qkH tcsdef;tcsufjyKI 1859ckESpfwGif -op-wD; ,m;ukd ppfausnmcJhonf? xkdppfyGJwGif atmifjrifr= a-umifh qm'if;eD;,m;ESihf avmifAg'De,frsm; aygif;rdI usef tDwvDe,frsm;vnf; wjznf;jznf; pnf;vkH; vmcJah vonf? xkad emuf 1861 ckEpS w f iG f *,f7aD Agv'D;ESihf tjcm; ykCKd vrf sm;.tultnDjzihf Aif;epfjrdK\EiS fh a7mr jrdK\rw S yg; tDwvD wpfEikd if v H ;kH pnf;vH;k rdavawmhonf? (*,f7DaAg'D;*sD„ 7=),if;odk\ tDwvDEdkifiHudk pnf;vHk; rdap7ef raerem; -udK;yrf;cJhaom rsKd;cspfykCdKvf-uD; uAl;onf yxrqHk; tDwvDygvDrefu tDwvD Edkif iHawmf wnfaxmifa-umif; ausnmjyD;aemuf/ oH;k v cef\t-um 1861ckESpf ZGefv6 7ufae\wGif Zmwd7yf jzpfaom wsL;7if;jrdK\Y uG,v f eG cf hJ avonf? uAifx7DjrdK\ ? ?uAifx7DjrdK\onft*®vefjynf 0g0pf&d=if,me,fwGif xif&Sm;aomjrdK\wpfjrdK\jzpf.? Amrif*rfjrdK\. ta7S\buf 18 rdik cf ef\tuGm &SmAGe;f jrpf ay:wGif wnf&o dS nf? ,cifu od;k arG;xnfrsm; 7ufvyk f jcif;a-umihf xif&Sm;cJhaomfvnf;/ ,cktcgwGif acwf opfpufr=vkyfief;ESihf v~yfppftvkyf&Hk-uD;rsm;zGH\jzdK; aeavonf? xif&Sm;aom xGufukefrsm;rSm armfawmf um;/ av,mOfys/H pufb;D / tyfcsKypf uf/ v~ypf pf"gwfr;D u7d,m/ a7wyftoH;k taqmif/ em7D/ yd;k wkEiS fh aumfaZm paom ukeyf Pnf;rsm; jzpf.? uAifx7DjrdK\onfa&S;jrdK\wpfjrdK\jzpfI ,cifu jrdK\&;kd rsm;yif &SdcJhavonf? ordkif;yHkjyifrsm;ESihf qufpyf vsuf7Sdonfhjyif/ a&S;usaomtaqmufttHkrsm;vnf; aygrsm;onf? 11 7mpkEpS t f wGi;f Y Aife'D pfwif; bke;f -uD;ausmif;udk tm;vD,kdz7pf aqmufvkyf vSL'gef;cJh onfhtcsdefuyif xkdjrdK\udkwnfcJhavonf? a&S;bk7m; &Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;teuf 14 7mpkESpftwGif;Y aqmuf vkycf ahJ om pderf u kd u f ,f bk7m;&Scd ;dk ausmif;-uD;rSm 56
www.foreverspace.com.m
uAifx7DjrdK\
uAif'pf tdyf
'kwd,uBmppftjyD;Y awG\7aom uAifx7DjrdK\v,fykdif;?pdefrkdufu,f bk7m;7Sdckd;ausmif;. trkd;c`efukd yHkwGifawG\Ekdif.?
tavsmuf "mwkaA'/ &lyaA' paom od_yH nm7yfrsm; uko d m pl;prf;avhvmaecJ. h ? touf 40 avmuftxd ol.zcifxHrS 7or~ axmufyHha-u;jzifhom r&Sdr&Sm; aexkdifcJhavonf? touf 40 ausmfwGif uAif;'pf onf tarGyPnf; tajrmuftjrm; qufcH7&Sdojzifh "etiftm;awmifhwif;ol wpfa,muf jzpfvmonf? ok\daomf uAif;'pfonf qif;7Jonfjzpfap/ csr;f omonf jzpfap ol. aeykx H idk yf u Hk u dk m; rajymif; cJah cs? uAif;'pf aexkid yf rHk mS tvGef xl;qef;onf? olonf vlrsm;rsm;ESifh a7maESmI raevkdacs? wpfukd,fwnf; rdr0d goem pl;pku d 7f m od_yH nm7yfrsm;uko d m pl;prf; &Sm azGaeavh&Sdonf? od_Hynm7yf ESifhpyfvsOf;I uAif; 'pf prf;oyfawG\&SdcJhonfh A[kokwrsm;rSm ,ckacwf "mwkaA'ynm. tajccHrsm; jzpfayonf? uAif; 'pftm; trSwfw7jzpfap7ef udrf;A7pfwUokdvf ausmif;wGif uAif;'pf &lyvufawG\prf;oyf&kH-uD; ukd aqmufvkyfxm;avonf? ol. prf;oyf awG\7cdS surf sm;xJwiG f a7Yyg0ifaom "mwfrsm;. twkid ;f tqukd vufawG\ &SmazGawG\&jdS cif; rSm "mwkaA'ynm7yforkid ;f wGif xl;uJaom wk;d wufr= wpf7yf jzpfonf? uAif;'pfonf zefA;l wckxw J iG f [ku d f '&k*d si"f gwfaiG\EiS hf atmufq*D sif "mwfaiG\rsm;ukd xnfI h
txl;xif&mS ;.? 'kw, d uBmppf-uD;twGi;f Y *smrefw\dk Ak;H -uJwu dk cf u dk o f jzifh jrdK\v,fyidk ;f rSm t-uD;tus,f ysuf pD;oGm;7m xkpd ed rf u dk u f ,f bk7m;&Scd ;dk ausmif;-uD;rSmvnf; rsm;pGmxdckdufcJhavonf? ,cktcgwGif trkd;c`efESifh ar~mfpif-uD;omv~if rysufrpD;bJ usef&adS wmhonf? 1^ 7mpktwGif; t*‡vef jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;cJh pOfu bk7if*h + dk ;f om;rsm;tm; xkjd rdK\Y tcsKyfcs xm;cJh onfudk ta-umif;jyKI ‘uAifx7Do\dk y\dk onf’ [laom pum;ukd jrefrmvlrsKd;wkd\. ‘rJZmukd ykd\onf’[laom ynwfpum;uJo h \dyk if t"d_g,faumuf,u l m ok;H pGv J suf &S-d uavonf? uA,fx7DjrdK\. vlO;D a7rSm 240000 cef\ &S. d ? uAif;'pf tdyf (c7pf 1^31„1810) ? ?uBm ajr. odyfonf;jcif;ukd tOD;qkH;pl;prf;&SmazGcJhol[k xifay: ausmaf pmaom [ife7DuAif;'pfonf wwd, 'sLbG\J7 'ufAeG &f id= , f mjrdK\pm;. wlawmfonf? 1^13 ck atmufwkdbmv 10 7ufae\wGifeD;pjrdK\Y zGm;jrifI udrf;A7pf wUokdvfY ocs‡mESifh &lyaA'ynm7yfrsm; ukd 3 ESpfr~ oif-um;chJavonf? 1^53ckEpS w f iG f [ife7DuAif;'pfonf udr;f A7pf wU okv d rf S 'D*7Db\JG r,lbJ ausmif;xGuf jyD;aemuf 0goem 57
www.foreverspace.com.m
uAif;'pf tdyf zefA;l ukd csed w f , G rf w S o f m;xm;onf? xkad emuf xk"d mwf aiG\ rsm;ukd v~yfppf"mwfjzifrh ;D avmifaponf? ,if;ok\d "mwfaiG\rsm;ukd v~ypf pf"mwfjzifh rD;avmifaponft h cg zefA;l xJrS "mwfaiG\rsm;onf t7nftjzpfo\dk ajymif;oGm; a-umif; awG\&7dS .? xkt d 7nfrmS yuwda7uJo h \dk teH\ t7omr&Sd ta7miftqif;r&Sb d J zefA;l .tav;csed v f nf; ,cifutwkid ;f &So d nfudk uAif;'pf awG\&7dS avonf? xko d \dt k m;jzifh uAif;'pfonf a7Y [ku d 'f &k*d si"f mwfaiG\EiS hf atmufq*D si"f mwfaiG\rsm; yg&Sd a-umif;ESihf xk"d mwfaiG\ wk\. d twkid ;f tqukd vufawG\wu G cf suf jyEkid cf ahJ yonf? xkrd w S yg; Eku d x f 7pftuf qpfqo dk nfrmS rnfonft h 7m jzpfa-umif;ukv d nf;aumif; avxJwiG f yg0ifonfh "mwf rsm; ta-umif;udv k nf;aumif; &SmazGawG\&cdS ahJ vonf? uAif;'pfonf "mwkaA'ynmzufwiG o f m xif&mS ; ausmfapmonfr[kwf/ &lyaA'ynmzufwGifvnf; t awmfyif xif&Sm;ausmfapmavonf? 187mpkESpf ukef cgeD;wGif olonf uBmajr. odyo f nf;jcif;ukd prf;oyf &SmazG-unf7h m 5 'or 448 jzpfa-umif; awG\&cdS o hJ nf? ,ckacwfwiG f pl;prf;&SmazGawG\&jdS yD;jzpfaom uBmajr. odyo f nf;jcif;rSm 5 'or 5 jzpf.? acwfrD u7d,m wefqmyvmrsm;r&Sb d EJ iS hf xkrd ~reS u f efatmif uAif;'pf wGucf suf Ekid jf cif;rSm rsm;pGmcs;D rGr;f zG,af umif;ayonf? uAif;'pfonf tvGe&f u S af -umufwwfI rde;f rrsm; udk tvGefrkef;wD;ol jzpfojzifh tdrfwGif ckdif;apaom rde;f r tapcHrsm;ukd pma7;Iom rSm-um;avh &So d nf? rnfonhftcgr~ rsufESmcsif; rqkdif7acs? vlysKd-uD;b 0ESiyhf if uG,v f eG 7f 7Smavonf? xk\jd yif olonf pum; tvGeef nf;oljzpfonf? aqGrsK;d rsm;ESifhvnf; qufqH r=enf;onf? ol. tarGcHt arGpm;jzpfol avmha*smhu Aif;'pf ukdyif wpfESpfv~if wpfcgom rdepftenf;i,f awG\qcHk iG ahf y;onf? ok\daomf olonf awmf0iftoif;. tpnf;ta0; rsm;ok\dreS rf eS f wufa7mufco hJ nf? 1^60 jynfEh pS w f iG f awmf0iftoif;0if vl - uD ; wpf O D ; jzpf v mI -um oyaw;ae\ w k d i f ; toif;0ifv-l uD;rsm;ESihf npm pm;avh7. dS ? rvFrJ uif;omI wpfcgwpf7H {nfo h nfrsm;ukd zdwaf c: aus;G arG;7onfh tcgrSmvnf; {nfo h nfrsm;twGuf tpm; taomuf zG,zf , G 7f m7m&Sad tmif pDraH y;7ef tckid ;f tap wkd\tm; rajymqkdwwfacs? wpfcgY olonf awmf0if toif;rS toif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdtdrfY xrif;pm;7ef zdwaf c:cJah vonf? xk{d nfo h nfrsm;twGuf rnfonfh [if ; vsmuk d csuf j yKwf a usG ; arG ; 7ef o if h r nf u k d
xrif;csufu ar;aomtcguAif;'pfu okd;ajcwpf acsmif;qkd v~ifawmfjyD[k ajymonf? xrif;csufu {nfo h nf av;a,muf vmrnfqv dk ~if ok;d ajc wpfacsmif; wnf;ESifh vkHavmufrnfrxifyg[k jyefajymaomtcg 'gjzifh ESpaf csmif;0,f[k ajzvku d af vonf? uAif;'pfonf vko d nfxufyI dk ajymqkad vhr&Sad cs? vef'efjrdK\ uvuf[rf uGerf eG ;f 7yfuu G &f dS tdrw f iG f aexkid af omfvnf; vef'efjrdK\x&J dS AvGe;f pAg7D7yfuu G Yf tdrfwpfaqmif xm;avonf? ol.pm-unfhwkdufukd qkd[kd;7yfuGufYxm;&SdI wu,fh pmayavhvmvkdol wk\dtm; rdrpd mtkyrf sm;ukd xkwif mS ;avh&o dS nf? uAif;'pf onf pnf;urf;-uD;oljzpfojzifh pm-unfw h u dk rf S olu, dk f wkdif pmtkyfxkwf,lonfhtcgYyif pmtkyf,la-umif; vufrw S jf zwfyidk ;f ukd tjrJ a7;om;xm;cJah vonf? uAif;'pfonf touf&iS pf Of wpfu, dk w f nf;om aevkd ouJo h \dk aoonfh tcsed Yf vnf; wpfa,mufwnf; qdwf jidrpf mG aovko d jl zpf.? aocgeD;wGif tapcHudk tcef; wGi;f rSxu G af p.? em7D0uft-um tcef;wGi;f jyef0ifvm onfhtcg uAif;'pfrSm aoqkH;aeavjyD? xkdae\rSm 1810 jynfEh pS f azazmf0g7Dv 24 7ufae\ jzpfayonf?
uBmausmf o_Hq7m-uD; [ife7D uAif;'pf
58
www.foreverspace.com.m
aw;*DwyrmzGJ\oDxm;aompmyef;ukH;rsm;
pmqku d 0dw\dkonf rdrw d \dkpw d Yf xdawG\ cHpm;7aom t7omukd olwyg;wk\dtm; uAsmvu‡mwk\djzifu h ;l quf ay;.? xkduAsmvu‡mukd tb,fykH zefwD;-uoenf;? uAsmvu‡m ? ?uAsmvu‡m [lonfum; vlwkd\ ae\pOf okH;pGJajymqdkaeaom omrefpum;rsm;ukd aw;*Dwyrm ajyjypfacsmarmpGm csKo d mjidrahf jimif;atmif pDu;Hk a7;om; xm;aompm jzpfonf? xk\djyif y'a'go/ 0gusa'go paom a'gowk\drS uif;vGwI f yom'*k+/f -oZ*k+pf aom *k+w f \dkEiS hf jynfph aHk tmif zG\J ou D ;Hk or~ aom oU™bmom r*"bmomwGif *gxm/ jrefrm bmomwGif vu‡moDcsif;rsm;ukd uAsmvu‡m[k ac: a0:-uonf? uAsmvu‡mukd jrefrmbmom pmayomr[kwf/ uBmay:7Sd bmompmay toD;oD;wk\dYvnf; awG\7EdS idk f onf? xko d \dkjzpfaomf uAsmvu‡monf rnfuo hJ \dk pwif ay:aygufvmoenf;[k pOf;pm;zG,f7Sdonf? uAsm vu‡mudk rnfou l pI a7;vku d o f nfudk u`Eyfk w f \dk twd tus rajymEkdifacs? okd\aomf uAsmvu‡m rnfokd\ pwifjzpfay:vmonfukdrl cef\rSef; csdefqEkdifayonf? uAsmvu‡m[lonf aw;*Dwyrm csKdomjidrfhajimif; atmif pDu;Hk xm;aom pmjzpfonf[k txufuqkcd jhJ yD? xk\da-umifh uAsmvu‡m. a7aomufjrpfjzpfaom aw; *Dwrsm;ukd jyefvnf pOf;pm; oifah yonf? aw;*Dwrsm; rnfuo hJ \dk pwifay:aygufvmoenf;? uBmavmu-uD;Y om,maomtoH qdwfokef; aeonfh tcsed [ f I l rnfonfh tcgur r7Scd ahJ cs? oW avmu-uD;rjzpfwnfrD avmu"gwf-uD;wpfciG v f ;Hk a7 jyiftwd zk;H vFr;f aeaom uBmysuaf ecsed Yf yif a7,mOf v=id ;f wk\dcyG o f /H v~ypf pfjyufI rk;d -udK;xpfoH paom toH rsm; 7SdcJhayonf? xkdaemuf a7rsm;cef;ajcmufI ajrjyifay:xGe;f vmaomtcg avjzifh wku d cf wftyfaom a7v=id ;f oHo H nfvnf;aumif;/ yifxufrS opf7u G f opf cufuav;rsm; v=yf7Sm;oHonfvnf;aumif;/ acsmif; ajrmif; tif;tkdifwkd\rS a7yGufoHonf vnf;aumif;/ ydk;rFm;wd7>mef wkd\. atmfjrnfoHonfvnf;aumif;/ aus;iSuf om7umwkd\. 7ifh&loHonf vnf;aumif; toD;oD; 7Scd -hJuayonf? xkt d oHrsm;rSm pifppf obm0. aw;*Dwyif jzpfavonf? *DwoHEF,fonfh om,m jidrahf jimif;aom xko d bm0oHudk uBmOD;olw\dk tm&kjH yKrd -uonf? uav;oli,frsm;onf tdrfYarG;xm;aom a-umifuav;/ acG;uav;wkd\. toHukdtwk,l
atmf-unfh-uouJhokd\ uBmOD;ol wkd\onfvnf; xkd obm0 *DwoHrsm;ukd twk,l-uonf? OD;pGm olwkd\ teD;ywf0ef;usif7Sd wd7>mefrsm; atmfoHukd twk,l onf? txl;ojzifh iSuu f av;rsm;.toHudk rwl wl atmif avhusihf -unf-h u.? iSujf rnforH mS vlw\dktwk ,l7ef tvG,q f ;Hk aom toHjzpfavonf? uBmOD;olw\o dk nf wpfae\v;Hk trJv J u dk f ig;r~m;ponf jzifh tpm7SmazGc7hJ I yifyef;EGr;f vs-uonfh tavsmuf ncsrf;tcsdef0,f pka0;vsuf aus;iSuftoH/ rkd;oH/ avoH/ opfyifopf7u G f v=y7f mS ;oHpaom obm0 *Dw oHw\du k dk wpfa,mufwpfvn S phf D twk,al tmfjrnfI azsmf ajz-uayvdrhfrnf? tcsKd\aom olrsm;uvnf; tem; ,lcsdefwGif rdrdwkd\wpfae\wm -uKHawG\cJh7aom tjzpf tysuf A[kow k wk\dudk wpfqifph um; wpfqifeh m;a7muf atmif ajym-um; -uayrnf? ,if;ok\d ajym-um;7mwGif ywf0ef;usif obm0*DwoHudk tm;usI &k;d &k;d pum; ESihf rajymbJ *DwoHaESmonfh pum;vk;H wk\d jzifh -uHzef ajymonfhtavh jzpfvmcJh[efwlonf? 0kdif;zGJ\ pum; ajym7mwGif aysmf7FifjrL;wl;-uonfh tavsmuf vufcyk w f ;D jcif;/ ajcaqmifjh cif;/ pnf;vku d jf cif;/ avc`ef jcif;paom tr=w\dkujdk yKvsuf pum;ajymoluvnf; *D woHEF,fonfh csKdomaom pum;rsm;ukd ajymayvdrfh rnf? Tok\d pum;&k;d &k;d rS *DwoHurdk ;DS vsuf om,mem aysmzf , G jf zpfatmif pDumywfu;Hk ajymjcif;onfyifv~if uAsmvu‡m oa¶pGJvmaejyD[kqkd7ayrnf? okd\aomf Tonfum; E=wu f Asm omv~if jzpfao;.? pmtQ7m ray:aygufrDuyifv~if vlwkd\onf rdrdwkd\ pdwfESvkH;Y awG\-uKHcHpm;r=wkd\ukd xkwfaz:ajymqkd-uaom uAsm aw;rsm; 7SdcJh-uonf? xkd\a-umifh tQ7mpmrsm; ay: aygufvmaomtcg uAsmvu‡m ta7;tom;[lI ay:xGef;vmrnfrSm usKd;a-umif; qufpyf-unfhu odEidk af yonf? rdrpd w d Yf cHpm;r=/ v=y7f mS ;r=/ awG;-uHrw = \dkudk olwyg; pdwfY xkdenf;ESifESif awG\-uKHcHpm; v=yf7Sm;vmEkdif atmif ul;qufay;aomt7mum; uAsmvu‡myif jzpf onf? ,if;ok\d rdrcd pH m;7r=udk olwpfyg;uk, d af wG\ cHpm;r= jzpfoGm;atmif ul;ajymif;ay;7onfrSm rvG,fulacs? 59
www.foreverspace.com.m
uAsmvu‡m rdro d o d vkd olwpfyg;odatmif/ rdrjd rifovkd olwpfyg; jrifatmif jypm;zk\d7m vufeufaumif; vkad yonf? xkd vufeufaumif;um; uAsmvu‡mwnff;[laom wef qmjzpfajrmufatmif axmufrulnDay;aom toH um7ef/ pyfy[ Hk yfy/Hk pykcH syHk teuft"d_g,f ponfw\djk zpf -u.? uAsmvu‡m[lonf um7efuav;rsm; [yfxm;&kEH iS hf uAsmvu‡majrmufjyD[k rqkdomacs? o]vu‡m7/ tWvu‡m7 paomwefqmrsm;jzifh a0a0 qmqm qifjref;ay;zkd\ vkdao;onf? rnfonfh bmompmayY rqkd um7efcsw d q f ufy/Hk toHaetoHxm;,ly/Hk tvu‡m 7oay:atmif zGJ\ykHpaom uAsmOya'pnf;urf;rsm;7Sd ayonf? xkdpnf;urf;rsm;jzifh pHepfwus ukHvkHjynfh 0atmif zG\J po D u D ;Hk wwfro S m uAsmvu‡m jzpfayrnf? uAsmpmqko d nf xkx d dk vufeuf u7d,mrsm;ukd rSeu f ef atmif okH;wwfygrS pmqkdukd,fwkdif od7SdcHpm;7aom t7omukd pmzwfolonf wif;jynfhusyfjynfh cHpm; Ekdifayrnf? um7efomnDI uAsm\t7om rxdrdaom uAsmuav; wpfy'dk u f dk ykpH jH yvko d nf?
pyfqx dk m;.? vESijhf r/aeESiahf jr/pGeEf iS rhf eG /f ok;H csupf vk;H rd.? teuf"d_g,fum;7Sif;vS.? tcg7moD t avsmuf vlu rac`7bJESifh tvkdvkdyifxufrS EGrf; ajcmuf a-uGusvmaom o7zDyef;ESihf ydawmufyef;yGihf wkd\rSm ajrjyifay:0,f wykHwacgif;-uD; yHkvsufom; jzpfaeonfudk uGuu f u G u f iG ;f uGi;f odjrifEidk o f nf? TY pmqkd jyovkdaomol. yef;u$vm ajrarG\7mukd pm zwfoo l nf pmqk. d vufeufaumif;jzpfaom uAsm\ t7majrmufonfh pmvk;H uav;rsm;ukd ok;H oyf&EHk iS hf pmqkd jrifouJo h \dk jrifEidk af yonf? uAsmvu‡m pyfq7dk mY um7efomru r-wm(rDwm) [kac:onfh toHuv dk nf; owdrl 7ayao;onf? 7Snf aom'D•oH/ wkad om 7©oH/ av;aom *&ko/H ayghaom v[koHponfrsm;ukd nDnmajyjypfatmif xnfhoGif; pyfqkdrSvnf; uAsmvu‡m rnfayrnf? pmqkdwkd\onf uAsmvu‡m zG\J7mY um7ef a7G;ouJo h \dyk if toHuv dk nf; a7G;cs,f 7avonf? 7Snaf om'D•oHjzifh zG\JE\JGI teuf ay:atmif az:xm;aom atmufyguAsmvu‡mukd -unfEh idk af yonf?
wk\d ausmif;awmifu pdeyf ef;awm/ tysKdav;awG vufe\J acgvk\d / a7Frak XmwJw h if-u7Sm?
-unfI h rjrif/ ac:v~ifr-um;/ tdraf 7S\zsm;a-umif/h oem;p7m ikad -uG;7Sm.? Tpma-umif;Yum7efom nDonfr[kw/f toHtm; jzifv h nf;odraf rG\onfh teufudk az:xm;avonf? jrif/ v~i/f -um;/ zsm;/oem;/ p7m/ 7Sm[laom um7efrsm;rSm toH7n S f toHav; rsm;csnf;jzpfojzifh 7Gwq f 7dk mwGif qGiJ if7n S w f I JG pmqkjd yvkad om oem;zG,f tjzpfEiS hf odrf arG\onft h eufudk 7Si;f vif;pGm jrifod Ekid af vonf?
TYum7efuo dk m nDatmifpyfxm;I teuft"d_g,f vk;H 0ray:cJah cs? awm/ acgESihf aXmwk\d rmS um7ef [yf rdaomfvnf; vufe\Jacgqkad om pum;rSm t"d_g,fr7Sd acs? tWvu‡m7 ray:aompmjzpf.? Tok\d t"d_g,f r7So d nfh pum;vk;H uko d ;Hk jcif;jzifh bmompum;ukd rsm; pGmxdckdufayonf? uAsmvu‡mokd\vnf; rusa7muf onfudk owdjyKz, G jf zpfonf? um7efvnf;rd/o]vu‡m7/ tWvu‡mwkd\ESifhvnf;jynfhpkH/ uAsmh t7omvnf; ajrmufvaS omuAsmwpfy'k u f dk ykpH jH yOD;tH?hH
tzefzefv~if/ woa¶a"/ wayvsOf;vsOf; wn|Of;qkd;qkd;/wn|dK;vsvs/wwvGrf;vGrf;/worf; [,f[,f/wwG,fwmwm/w[mv=dufv=duf/ w&=dufiifiif/ wyifyef;yef;/ w0ef;vsm;vsm;?
vaetpGef/ jrajrrGef0,f/ avoGefyifhr=wf/ 7Guf7ifhjyKwfu/ aus;E=wfzl;qifh/ vGwfusL;wifhonf/ El;cGifhcgrSD/ o7zDvnf;/ 7moDodqkH;/ pDbdukH;okd\/ awmvkH;v~rf;armuf/ yef;ydawmufrl/ EGrf;ajcmufa-uG a7mf/ rac`aomfvnf; ajray:twd/ ykHvsuf7dS.?
TuAsmykd'frSm o]vu‡m7ESifh jynfhpkHvSI txl; ojzifh toHrsm;ukd r"k7wm*k+af jrmufatmif csKo d mpGm zJ\Gpx D m;ayonf? teuftm;jzifv h nf; rcsK\dw/hJ bmom pum;vkH;rsm;ukdvnf; a7vJESifh qifhxufuJ vSvS -u;D ok;H xm;ayonf? uAsmwGif um7efji&d o Hk m r[kwb f J toHrsm;ukd qkdvkdonfh t"d_g,fESifh nDnGwfatmif a7G;cs,fo;kH xm;yku H dk atmufygykpH YH awG\7.?
TY um7efrsm;rSm ESpcf sufo;kH csufyif rdatmif
60
www.foreverspace.com.m
uAsmvu‡m ,Ofaus;r=. zk;d at[k ac:qk7d aom *7dEiS hf a7mrEkid if H rsm;. tquftEG,rf sm;ukd awG\7ayonf? *7dpmaywGif atmh ' D q D a c: vu‡ m -uD ; rS m a7S ; ppf w k d u f c ef ; / pGef\pm;cef;rsm;ukd zGJ\qkdxm;ojzifh xkdvu‡m -uD;rsKd;ukd tufypf7w J if; vu‡m [lI ac:qkx d m; avonf? xkd vu‡m-uD;ukOd a7my pmaywGif bmomrjyef 7ao;aom bmom[lI r7Sdacs? pmay tarGtESpftjzpf cH,l-u avonf? u`Efkyfwkd\ ta7S\EkdifiHY oU™bmomjzihf a7;pyfxm;aom 7mr,e vu‡m-uD;rSmvnf; tuf ypfvu‡m trsKd;tpm;yif jzpfonf? atmh'dqDESifh 7mr,evu‡m-uD;rsm;rSm uBmwGif ,ckwkdif ausmf -um;vsuf 7Sdavonf? 7moDOwk awmawmif a7ajrwkd\ukdzGJ\qkd-u7mY ewfrsm;yifzefqif;ouJhokd\vnf;aumif; rkd;ewfom;/ avewfom;ponfw\dk xif7mS ;pGm7So d uJo h \dkvnf;aumif;/ zG\Jq-dk u.? a7S;*7d vlrsK;d rsm;onf rk;d OD;us7moD yef;rsm; yGifhonfukd bkRpkd;ewforD;. cspforD; aorif;xHrS jyefvmI aysmf7Fifaom txdrf;trSwfjzifh yGifhav[ef zGJ\qkd cJhavonf? ta7S\wkdif;EkdifiHYvnf; tol7mESifh od-um;wk\d ppfwu dk f -uI rk;d 7Gmav[ef zG\J q-dk uonf? 7moDbGJ\/ awmbGJ\/ awmifbGJ\/ r,fbGJ\/ armifbGJ\paom tzGJ\trsKd;rsKd;wkd\udk jrefrmpmayY 7SdouJhokd\ tjcm; pmayrsm;Yvnf; 7Sad yonf? xkx d t dk zG\JrsK;d ukd *7dwidk ;f om; wkd\u vpf7pf[lI trnfwyfxm;.? jrefrmpmayY aw;xyf[laom uAsmtrsKd;tpm;rsKd;ukd taemuf wkdif;pmayY qGef;euf[lI awG\7.? qGef;eufrSm pm a-umif; a7 14 a-umif;jzif um7ef/ toH/ pnf;rSef atmif pyfq7dk aom uAsmrsKd;jzpf.? jrefrm aw;xyf wGiv f nf; 18 yk'd jf ynfah tmif tcHttkyf um7efrsm;jzifh pepfusatmif zG\Jqdk 7ayonf? xk\dtjyif jrefrmtJcsi;f / tkdifcsif;/ aw;t&kd;tqef;rsm;ESifh cyfqifqifwlaom taemufwkdif; uAsmwpfrsKd;ukd AJvuf[k ac:xm; a-umif; awG\7avonf? Tokd\v~if bmompmay trsKd;rsKd;Y uAsmtrsKd;trnf trsKd;rsKd;7Sdavonf? pyfy[ Hk yfyHk pnf;pHepfEiS hf trsK;d trnfrsm; uGjJ ym;jcm;em; aomfvnf;bmom pmaywkdif;. uAsmvu‡mrSm om ,memaysmzf , G jf zpfatmif ynm7Sw d \dk zG\Jpo D u D ;Hk xm;aom pm[kyif t"d_g,f wnDwnf; 7avonf? ynm7Srd sm; zG\Jpnf;xm;aom uAsm vu‡m. t7om ukd cHpm;Ekdifaomenf; 7Sdygoavm[k pOf;pm;p7m jzpfayonf? bmompmayra7G;uAsm/ vu‡m[laom t7omukd odEkdif7ef cHpm;Ekdif7efenf;7Sda-umif;awG\
ig.cGeftm;/ wef;ckd;rsm;ukd xif7Sm;-unfh-u/ auo7okd\/ r]eef;vkH;/ 7FH\a-umufcsKH;atmif/ vuf&kH;ESpf7yf/ ajzmif;ajzmif;cwfvsuf/ qifjrwf,Ofom/ ausmufukef;rSmv~if/ ybmukdwif/ ajrjyifwvif;/ ppfyGJusif;onf igrif;uko vmjyDwnf;?
Tpmyk'd . f um7ef toHrsm;ukd -unfv h ~if a7S;OD;pGm tm;/ rsm;/ 7Sm;[laom 'D•oH7n S jf zifh tpjyKI &kwjf cnf; yif -u/ 7/ '[laom v[koHayghwkd\okd\ ajymif;um vk;H / csK;H / &k;H / 7yf/ cwf/ jrwf[al om toHav;rsm;jzifh o,f,o l mG ;jy;D aomf toH7n S f om/ rSm/um wk\dxnfo h iG ;f vsuf wzef *&k toHav; jzpfaom vif;/ usif;/rif; wk\d jzifh tqk;H owfxm;avonf? TwGif *&kot H oH av;rsm;/ jywfawmif;aom 7©toHwkdrsm; 'D• oH7n S rf sm; r~wpGm teufay:atmif az:pyfomG ;ojzifh ukorif;. 7J7ifhaom -uKH;0g;oH ukdpmzwfolwkd\. em;xJY pmqkd -um;apvkdouJhokd\ xifxif7Sm;7Sm; -um;aebd.? Tod\k cHpm;7ayonf? pmqk. d pdwEf v S ;Hk Y cHpm;7aom tm&krH sm;ukd ol. pum;vkH;toHrsm;u t"d_g,faz:ay;aprSom uAsm vu‡m tppfjzpfEidk af yonf? uAsmvu‡m trsKd;tpm; rsm;rSm bmompmaytoD;oD;ukv d u dk I f trsK;d rsK;d uGjJ ym; avonf? jrefrmpmaywGif uAsmvu‡m trsKd;tpm; rsm;rSm bmompmay toD;oD;ukv d u dk I f trsK;d rsK;d uGjJ ym; avonf? jrefrmpmaywGif uAsmvu‡mukd vu‡mESifh oDcsif;[lI ESpfrsKd; cGJjcm;xm;onf? vu‡mrSm (1) vu‡m/ (2) ysKd\/ (3) armfuGef;/ (4) oHykdif;/ (5) orkdif;/ (6) 7Jwif;/ (^) wrf;csif;/ (8){csif;oHwkdif/ (9) {csi;f oHayguf/ (10) 7wk/ (11) vl;wm;/ (12)tef/ (13) oHayguf/ (14) 0J&kduf0JoGif;[lI 14 rsKd; 7Sd.? oDcsif;wGi(f 1) 7uef/ (2) a[mpm/ (3) omcsif;/ (4) umcsif;/(5) tJcsif;/ (6) tkdifcsif;/ (^) av;csKd;/ (8) oHcsKd/ (9) ,kd;',m;/ (10) ywfysKd;/ (11) -udK;/ (12) bG\J/ (13) abmv,ft&k;d /(14) aw;t&k;d tqef;/ (15) ojzeft&kd;tqef;/ (16) ikdcsif;t&kd;tqef;/ (1^) wkH;csif; t&kd;tqef;/ (18) [efcsif; t&kd; tqef;/ (19) avScsi;f t&k;d tqef;/(20) ewfo/H (21) rSmwrf;/ (22) Zmwfpum;pyfy[ Hk I l 22 rsKd;yg0ifonf? uBmay:wGif ajymqkdoHk;pJG-uaom bmompum; rsm; uGJjym;aomfvnf; uAsm\—m+f tmabmfrsm;rSm rltm;jzifh cyfqifqif wlonfudk awG\7onf? taemuf Ekid if . H uAsmvu‡mrsm;uk-d unfv h ~if taemufavmu 61
www.foreverspace.com.m
uAsmvu‡m 7onf? csKcd sOcf zJ , G w f \dk. t7omonf v~mY xif.? tqif;onf rsupf Yd xif.? xked nf;ESiEf iS f uAsm vu‡m t7omonf em;Y xif.? *DwoHrsm;ukd em;vnf Ekdif7ef/ *Dwt7omukd cHpm;Ekdif7ef avhusifhxm; 7ouJhodk\ uAsmt7omukd odEkdif7efvnf; em;ukdyif avhusix hf m;7ayrnf? xkad -umifv h nf; uAsmpyfq7kd mY o] vu‡m7*k+u f dk xnfo h iG ;f xm;ayonf? uAsm[l onf pdwx f u J zwf&EHk iS hf t7om rjynfph aHk cs? olwpfyg; toHxw k I f zwf-um;jcif;ukd em;axmifjcif;/ uk, d w f idk f toHxGufI zwfjcif;wkd\ukd jyKrSomv~if jynfhpkHaom t7om ay:Ekdifavonf? uAsmvu‡m toHrsm;onf rnfr~c7D;a7mufonfudk txufY az:jycJjh yD;avjyD? xk\d aemuf uAsm/vu‡m[lonf pmvk;H pum;rsm;xuf pdwf tay:wGiyf I dk wnfonf[k qk-d uonf? pdwu f ;l onf uAsmvu‡mjzpfI pm/pum;ponfwkd\rSm xkdpdwful;ukd taumiftxnf jzpfapaom vufeufr~om jzpf avonf? xkad -umifh bmompum; uGjJ ym;-uapumrl uAsm—m+f pdwful;rSm twlwljzpfonfukd awG\cJh-u7 onf? usGEkfyfwkd\. jrefrmpmay tvu‡m usrf;rsm;Y yg7Sad om Oypm/ 7o*k+w f \dkrmS r*"bmomrsm;rS qif; ouf77So d uJo h \dk taemufwidk ;f uAsm pmayrsm;wGif *7d a7mrbmomwk\drS qif;oufvmaom Oypmwifpm; enf; tok;H tE=e;f wk\d 77S-d uavonf? pmaytrsKd;rsKd;ukd E=id ;f 7Snfhavhvmaomtcg uAsm—m+fpdwful;rsm; wlykHukd awG\7dS-u7onf? jrefrmpmayorkdif;wGif 7wkta7;
tom;Y wHceG pf u kd cf ahJ om awmifib l 7k ifewf7iS af emif. 7wk wpfy'dk w f iG ?f ESpfjydKufzuf7Sm/ 0w‰omrS/ pH7mpHxm; a7G;cJhjcm;I/ od-um;wr~/ jydKifvSmovnf; aomfwmha7mifoGif/ -u,fES,fxif[k/ ocifuukd/ rsm;rdef\qkdvdrfh?
[lI awG\7.? Tae7mwGirf ed ;f rwpfO;D .tvS ukd rsuv f ;Hk / rsucf ;Hk / ESmwH/ uk, d af euk, d x f m;paom t*‡g tpdwftydkif;wkd\ukdwkduf&kduf csD;usL;jcif; rjyKbJ xkd rde;f uav;. tvS&yk umukd *k+w f ifI wpfenf;vnf; wifpm;I od-um;rif;pH7m/ 0w‰omrS/ ewfunm. tvSEiS hf E=id ;f 7Snv hf ~if rde;f uav; tvSuyif omayvdrhf rnf[k zJ\Gqx dk m;onfudk awG\7onf? Tum; wifpm; zG\Jqadk om enf;jzpf.? a7S;*7dpmqkd [k;d rm;zG\J qadk om atmh'q D D vu‡m-uD; wGif vnf;[,fvifrzd 7k m; vSyyku H dk oab‡m wpfaxmif ukd ppfwu dk 7f ef vFiahf paomrsuEf mS [k wifpm; xm;onf ukd awG\7onf? rde;f uav; wpfa,muf. tvS*+ k rf mS pmqk. d pdwu f ;l ay:Y wnfae ayonf? rnfonfph mqkd rqkd pmqko d w l \d. k pdwu f ;l csi;f rSm qifqifyif jzpfonf? olwkd\. tawG;ESifh tjrifrSm omrefvlrsm;ESifhrwl xl;jcm;aeayonf? eHeufcsed cf g xGujf yLvmaom aerif; -uD;ukdomrefvl. rsufpdwGif t0kdif;o!mefrS 0g0g
a7Fbkdc&kdif ubkd7GmteD;rS rl;jrpfa7ukdvFJ,lxm;I wpfc&kdifvHk;. pkdufysKd;a7;twGuf zlvHkapaom ubkda7vFJqnf
62
www.foreverspace.com.m
uAsmvu‡m ta7mifrsm; xGufaeonf[kyif omref jrifayrnf? uAsmhpmqk. d rsufpYd um; Tok\d &ek \f 7if;pGm rjrif/ ,k *¶dK7fawmifxdyfzsm;rS ae7xm;p-umonf a7mifrsKd; axGjzm xGuaf y:vmI uBmol uBmom; trsm;tm; E=wfqufonfhtvm;uJhokd\ 7Sdonf[k jrifayrnf? xdk\ a-umifh uAsmukd -um;emavhvmjcif;jzifh rdrdwkd\ -um; bl;aeus pum;vkH;rsm;/ toHrsm;ESifh jrifbl;aeus yHkH!mefrsm;onf toGifwpfrsKd; ajymif;I tjrif opf wpfrsK;d jrifvmEkid af yonf? uAsmvu‡m pmyk'd rf sm;rSm vl. pdwu f dk ppfc7moH wHy;dk uJo h \dw k uf-uG v=\HaqmfEidk af om oWdvnf; 7So d nf? vl. pdwfukd ,kdzdwfatmif nGwfEl;apEkdifaom oWdvnf; 7do S nf? T oWdw\drk mS pmqk. d pdwu f ;l rsm; om jzpfavonf? uAsmvu‡monf wcrf;wem;7Snf vsm;pGm zGJ\qkdxm;rSom uAsmvu‡m jzpfonf[k rqkd 7acs? rnfr~yif wkdapumrl uAsm*k+f ajrmufatmif zGJ\qkdv~if uAsmvu‡mjzpfEkdifonf? uAsmvu‡mrSm t7om7Sdaom pmayrsKd;jzpfI vl.pdwfukdol-udKuf onfhzufokd\ ,drf;,kdifvmatmif qGJiifEkdifaom oWd xl;vnf; 7Sad yonf? ,if;ok\d t7om awG\Eidk af om pm ay. trsKd;rsKd;aom t7omwk\d udk usGEyfk w f \dk odxm;zk\d aumif;.? om,mr=rmS vl\obm0. t-uKd uyf ifjzpf7m/ om,mpGm zGJ\EGJ\ pDukH;xm;aom uAsm vu‡mudkvnf; vlw\dk -uKd uEf pS o f uf pGv J rf;-uayrnf? xk\da-umifyh ifv~if
ck 7Sad om 455 ay7Sno f nfh ausmufqnftjyif/ wpf zufwpfcsuw f iG f tus,af y 40 7Sad om a7xkwf ayguf wHcg;-uD; 4 ckESifh tus,fay30 7Sdaom a7xkwf aygufwHcg; -uD; 2 ck yg0ifonf? 1906 ckEpS cf ef\u pwif tok;H jyKcJah om a7Fbdk wl; ajrmif;odk\ 5 ay pDr~ us,fonfh tayguf 20 7Sdaom qnfxdyf a7wHcg;-uD; rSa7ay;oGif; avonfay 4 vufr pD 7Sad om a0gvwef wHcg; 3ckjzifh a7ay;oGi;f avonf? a7Fb/dk a7OD;wl;ajrmif; vkyif ef;ukd usyaf ygif; 153^8000tuket f uscu H m aqmif7u G cf o hJ nfh twkid ;f ajrmufykdif;a'o tenf;i,frSwyg; a7Fkbkd wpfc&kdif vk;H wGif pku d yf sKd;a7;twGuf a7zlvaHk vonf?
pmay0šK/ 7wkuAsm/ysKd\vu‡mESi/hf omonfo h cD sif; tJapmif;jiif;ESirhf uif;rjywf//zwf7w G af vhusu/f wD;r=wfvsufom/ aeaumif;pGm?
e*kdtwkdif; awG\7aom ykvJxGufonhf urmwpfrsKd;
[k 0ef-uD; ya'o7mZmonf jrGuq f cdk aJh vonf?
urm ? ?urmonf tcGEH pS jf crf;7Sad om c&krsK;d jzpf I xkt d cGEH pS jf crf;ukd &ke;f Ekid /f -uK\HEidk af om ta-um wpfcu k wpfae7mwGif yWmozG,fqkdif;xm;onf? a,bk,s tm;jzifh tay:zuftcGo H nfjym;I/ atmufzuftcGo H nf cGufjyD;v~if xkdtcGufxJY urm.ukd,fc¶m wnf 7do S nf? urmonf tylyidk ;f ZkeEf iS hf orykid ;f Zke7f dS yifv,f urf;ajcwpfav~muf a7wdrf7m t7yfrsm;wGif aexkdif onf? at;vGe;f aom 0if&;dk pGe;f a'o7Sd yifv,f urf;ajc rsm;wGirf l rawG\7acs? urmwGift7G,f/ ykHo!mef/ tavhtx/ t7om/ tm[m7"gwf tenf;trsm; ponfw\dkuv kd u dk I f trsK;d aygif; wpf7mausmrf ~7. dS ? (c&krsK;d „7= ) ok\daomf pD;yGm; a7;t7 ta7;t-uD;qkH;aomtrsKd;rsm;rSm tar7duef/
ubkda7vFJqnf ? ?a7FbkdjrdK\ ajrmufbufwGif 7Sdaomxef;wyif blwmrS taemufbuf 5 rkdifcef\ tuGmwGif ubk7d mG wnf7o dS nf? xk7d mG teD;Y rl;jrpfa7ukd vF, J al om a7vFq J nfudk ubkad 7vFq J nf[k ac:onf? xkda7vFJqnfrS ta7S\bufwGif a7Fbdkwl;ajrmif;okd\ vnf;aumif;/ taemufbufwGif a7OD;wl;ajrmif;okd\ vnf;aumif;/ a7ay; oGif;avonf? wl;ajrmif; rsm; tay:wGif trDjS yKaeonfh a7aomuf {7d,m 313000 ukd pkpkaygif; rkdif 360 r~ 7Snfvsm;aom ajrmif;cGJ toG,o f , G w f \dkjzifh a7jzef\jzL; ay;a0onf? ubdak 7vFq J nf. qnfxyd -f uD;rSm a7wHcg;7Sif 91 63
www.foreverspace.com.m
urm Oa7my/-opa-w;vD;,m;/*syef/ay:wl*/D w&kw/f ypdzw d f urf;ajc ESihf tdN, d urmrsK;d rsm;om jzpfonf? ykvx J u G f onfh urmrsm;rSmwpfrsKd;jzpfI a7iefurmrsKd;tjyif a7csKu d rmrsK;d vnf; 7Sad o;onf? ykviJ yk o f nfh vkyif ef; ukd tcsKd\EkdifiHrsm;wGif t-uD;tus,f jyKvkyf-uonfh teuf jrefrmEkid if YH jrdwef ,fwiG f tawmftwef jyKvyk f ayonf? xm;0,fe,fwiG v f nf; 'kw, d uBmppf rjzpf rDu tenf;tusOf; jyKvkyfchJzl;.? jrdwfESifh xm;0,f zufwiG f ykviJ yk jf cif;ukd rkwif yk o f nf[I l vnf; qkad vh7dS -uavonf? urmukd vdiftm;jzifh ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm; cGJjcm;Ekdifonf? yxrtrsK;d rSmtzkEd iS t hf r wpfvn S phf jD zpfomG ;aom trsK;d jzpfI TtrsKd;wGif Oa7my/ypdzw d /f *syefEiS hf -opa-w; vD;,m;urmrsK;d wk\d yg0if.? TtrsK;d 0if urmwk\donf a,bk,stm;jzifh a7S;OD;pGm tzkdjzpfwwf7mrS aemif aomfwpfEpS jf y;D wpfEpS f tzdEk iS t hf rwpfvn S phf D jzpfomG ;wwf onf? tcsK\drmS wpfEpS t f wGi;f ok;H -udrrf ~ vdiaf jymif;vJ wwfonfvnf;7d. S ? aemufwpfrsK;d rSm yxr aygufzmG ; csdefwGif trsm;tm;jzifhtzkd rsm;jzpf-u7mrS aemuf ayguf zGm; csdef vGeaf jrmufaomtcg tzkb d 0rS tcsKd\ vdifajymif;um trb0okd\ ul;ajymif; oGm;wwfonfh trsKd; jzpfavonf? TtrsKd;wGif tar7duef urm wrsK;d / -opa-w;vD;,m; urmwpfrsK;d ESihf *syefrS urm -uD;rsKd;wk\d yg0if-u.?
wpfzef aygufzmG ;-uD;jyif;yku H dk vku d I f vnf; urmukd ESpfrsKd; ESpfpm;cGJjcm;Ekdifjyefonf? wpfrsKd;wGif OESifhw uGOrSaygufcgp om;i,frsm;ukd rdcifurm. tcGt H wGi;f Y twef-umatmif xdef;xm; jyD;rSom;i,frsm;ukd a7YvFwI f -u;D jyif;aponf? tjcm; wpfrsK;d rSmrl Orsm;ukd a7xJYwku d &f u dk f tkcsaomtrsKd; jzpfonf? OrS aygufcgp om;i,frsm;wGif tcGrH mygrvm acs? om;i,fwkd\onf OrSaygufjyD;aemuf em7Dtenf;i,f twGi;f Y [k[ d dk onfonf ul;cwfjyD;aomf xkad e\rmS yif udk,fay:Y ESpfjcrf;pyftcGHrm jzpfay:vmonf? xkd tcsdefwGif 'Da7a-umifhjzpfap/ yifv,fa7a-umif; a-umifjh zpfap/ urmaygufpwk\donf wpfcgwpf7 cH 7Da0; okd\ygoGm;wwf-uonf? okd\aomf trsm;tm;jzifhum; a7atmuf7d S tjcm;oW0grsm; tpm;cH7Iaomfvnf;aumif;/ nGew f iG ef pfI aoqk;H jcif;a-umifah omfvnf;aumif;/ tenf; i,fom touf7iS u f se7f pfavh 7Sad yonf? toufrao useaf ecJah om om;i,ftcsK\donf 7ufoWywf tenf; i,f-umaomtcg a7atmuf7dS ausmufaqmif ausmuf wkH; ponfwkd\Y xm0pOf wG,fuyf-uawmh.? xkdokd\ wG,f uyfjy;D aemuf r-umrDyif a7xJY ul;cwf oGm;vm Ekid af om t*‡gtpdwf tykid ;f rsm;ESihf ajcaxmufrsm;vnf; aysmufuG,f oGm;avonf? urm wpfaumifonf aygufymG ;csed f wpfcsed f twGi;f Y taumifuav;rsm;ukd odef;oef;ESifhcsDI aygufzGm;Ekdifonf? t7G,f-uD;aom
jrefrmEkdifiH jrdwfyifv,furf;ajcwGif qvHktrsKd;orD;wpfOD; tom;pm;7onhf urmukdxkcGJI tom;xkwfaepOf
64
www.foreverspace.com.m
urm trsKd;jzpfu ykdrdk rsm;jym;pGmaygufzGm;EkdifI om;i,f wkd\onf aEG;aom a'orsm;Y ykdI vsifjrefpGm -uD; jyif;vG,af vonf? urmwkd\. tpmrSm a7atmuf7Sd rsufpdjzifhrjrif Ekid af vmufatmif ao;i,fonft h yifEiS hf a7yk;d a7rFm;rsm; jzpf-uI ywf0ef;usif a7aEG;vsuf7SdcsdefwGif tpmukd trsm;qk;H pm;Ekid -f uonf? aqmif;wGi;f Y a7.tylcsed f tvGef avsmhomG ; aomtcg tcsKd\rmS tpmtpm;7yfI rv=yfr,Suf aqmif;atmif; oGm;wwf-uonf? urmwkd\. tpmwGif tm[m7 jzpfapwwfaom oH"gwfESifh a-u;eD"gwf ajrmufjrm;pGm yg0if.? xkd a-umifhvnf; aoG;tm;enf;olrsm;tm; urmaumif rsm;ukd aus;G arG;jcif; jzpfayonf? urmwGif tkid t f 'kd if;/ y&kw d if;/ umAk[ d u dk 'f 7dw/f azghpazg7yfEiS hf u,fvqD,rf "gwfrsm;tjyif ta7;-uD;aom ADwmrif"gwf rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? urmwkd\. -uD;xGm;r=onf t"dutm;jzifh rdrdwkd\ aexkid 7f m a7.tylcsde/f tpm tenf;trsm;ESihf 7moD
obm0ykvJonf urmaumiftwGif;Y Tokd\wnf7Sd.?
urmwkd\wGif touf7Sifaeor~ umvywfvkH; 7ef olaygif;rsm;pGmESihf tjrJ awG\-uKaH e-u7ayonf? tcGrH m rzk;H rD a7xJY ul;cwfomG ;vmaeqJ om;i,fb0wGio f m 7efol7Sdonfr[kwf/ tcGHrmzkH;jyD;aemuf -uD;jyif; onfh t7G,fwGifvnf; 7efolrsm; 7Sdonf? om;i,f b0 wGiif g;ESiw hf uG tjcm; a7oW0grsm;tjyif urm -u;D wk\d.tpm;ukcd 7H .? -u;D jyif;onfh t7G,w f iG rf l tcsK\d ig;rsKd;u urmcGHukd[Iaomf vnf;aumif;/ tcsKd\u tcGHukd ukdufazgufI aomfvnf;aumif; urm. tom;ukd pm;aomufwwf-u.? xko d \dk tpm;cH7ojzifh wpfEpS w f pfEpS w f iG f a7mif;0,fazgufum;Ekid o f nfh urm aygif;rsm;pGmyifq;Hk &=;H onf? uBmt7yf7yfY aiGtm;vltm;jzifhurmvkyfief;ukd t-uD; tus,f jyKvkyfae-u7mwGifykvJ 77Sda7;xuf vlw\dkpm;ok;H 7ef [if;vsmtwGuf vkyjf cif;u ykI d -uD; us,o f nf? urmvkyif ef;ukd Ekid if aH ygif; 30 ausmw f iG f vkyfukdifvsuf 7dSonfhteuf tar7duefjynfaxmifpk/ jyifopf/ a[mfvef/ jAdwo d ~usGe;f pk/ -opa-wD;vD;,m;/ 'de;f rwf/ *syef/ e,l;ZDvef/ uae'gESihf rUqDuw dk \dkrmS t-uD;us,q f ;Hk jzpfI trsm;qk;H xGuaf omEkid if rH mS tar 7duef jynfaxmifpjk zpfonf?wpfEpS f wpfEpS w f iG f wpfuBm vkH;rSm urm aygifcsdef 12 uka™r~xGufI tar7duef jynfaxmifpk wpfEkdifiHwnf;rS xGufonfh aygifcsdefrSm 10 uka™ausmo f nf? urmvkyif ef;ukd t-uD;tus,f vkyu f idk o f nfh Ekid if H trsm;rSm yifurmaumifrsm;ukd t-uD;tus,f pHepf wus arG;jrL-uonf? Tok\darG;jrL7mwGif t"dutm;jzifh av;qifh7SdI xkdtqifh av;qifhrSm urmrsm; ayguf yGm;aexkdif7ef atmufcHajrukd rmausmatmiftjyif tr=u d o f &ku d Ef iS hf 7eforl sm; uif;7Si;f atmif jyKjyifprD aH y;
[if;vsmurm. tom;wGifyg7Sdaom yPnf;rsm;ESihf ,if;wkd\. tcsKd;tpm;rsm;
Owkwkd\ tay:wGif wnfayonf? trsm;tm;jzifh aEG; aom a'orsm;wGif -uD;vG,-f u.? urmaumifw\dk. t7G,rf mS trsK;d ukd vku d I f 2ESp3f ESpt f wGi;f wpfvufrcGrJ S 5 vufr t7G,fcef\txd 7Sdonf? zrf;qD;pm;aomuf jcif;rjyKbJxm;v~if xkx d uf-uD;xGm; Ekid I f tar7duef urmrsKd;xJY 14 vufrtxd -uD;xGm;onfyif 7Sdbl; onf? urmwk\d. oufwrf;ukv d nf;twdtus rajym Ekdifay? okd\aomf tar7duef urmrsKd;xJY 25ESpfausmf touf7SifqJ jzpfaom urmrsm;ukd awG\7onf? 65
www.foreverspace.com.m
urD,ydk ef;ajymuf
urJv, D m;yif
7jcif;/ urmaumifrsm; pGu J yf7ef twGuf oef\7iS ;f aom urmcGrH sm; ausmufw;Hk rsm; opfcufrsm;ukd csay;7jcif;/ -uD;jyif; vG,fatmif jyKjyifxm;aom ae7mopfokd\ ajymif;a7F\ ay;7jcif;ESifh zGH\jzdK;I a7mif;yef;vSatmif jyKpkay;7jcif;wk\d jzpfonf? urm arG;jrLonfh vkyif ef;ukd ,ckrS r[kw/f a&S;y a0+Duyif pwifc-hJ uonf? w&kwEf idk if YH tvGef a&S; usaom tcgwpfyg;u Tvkyif ef; xGe;f um; cJb h ;l I †wvDEidk if YH bDpD 100 avmufwiG f pwifcahJ vonf? wpfco k wdjyK7efrmS urmwk\donf a7atmufYaepOf urmaumifwkd\. twGif;om;Y vlwkd\tm; a7m*g jzpfapEkid o f nfh Aufw;D 7D;,m;rsm; pGu J yfygvmwwf7m xkdurmrsKd;ukd pm;okH;rdolrsm; a7m*g7wwfonf? xkd\ a-umifh urmukd a7mif;ukef[if;vsmtjzpfESifht-uD; tus,f arG;jrLa7mif;csaomEkdifiHwkd\wGif urmaumif rsm; aexkid 7f ma7rS tpjyKI urmaumifrsm;ukd tcGrH S cGm,lonftxd use;f rma7;XmerS tjrJwap usyw f nf; pGm prf;oyfppfaq;vsuf 7Sad yonf?
r[l7mausmufwpfrsKd;ay:wGif urD,kdyef;ajymuftwwfjzihf t-uG xGif;xkxm;onhf vuf7maumif;wpfck
wkid af tmif urD,dk yef;ajymufudk tok;H jyKvm-uonf? urD,kdyef;ajymuftwwfrSm yef;yk &kyfvHk;xGif;jcif; twwfY tusKH;0ifaomfvnf;/ yef;yk &kyv f ;kH xGi;f jcif; ausmufrsufwkd\tay:wGif tvGef Eke,fpGm yHkazmf ,l7ojzihf oD;oef\ tEkynm7yfjzpfayonf?
urD,kdyef;ajymuf ? ?vlw\dk tqift,if wefqm tjzpf tok;H jyK-uaom yPnf;trsKd;rsKd;wGif rdrw d \dk ESpf ouf7m ukd;uG,f7m txdrf;trSwfjyK7m &kyfykHrsm;ukd t-uG xGif;xkxm;aom ausmufrsufjzifh jyKvkyfonfh yPnf; rsm;vnf;yg0ifavonf? xkd ausmufrsurf sm;ukd ‘urD,kd’ [kac:I tcsKdifhxGif; ausmufrsufrsm;ukd ‘tifwv J ,k’d [k ac:onf? urD,ydk ef;ajymufukd ok;H aomtavhtxonf vlw\dk wGif a7S;tcgrSpI 7SdcJh.? a7S;u ausmufrsufrsm; wGio f mru a,mufomG ;cGrH sm;/ c&kcrHG sm;/ uEkurmrsm; ay:wGifvnf; ykH-uGrsm;az:I 0wfqifcJh-uonf? ausmufrsufrsm;ukd ykH-uGaz:7mwGif ta7mifESpfrsKd;okH; rsK;d xyfvsu7f adS om ausmufrsurf sm;onf tvGeaf umif; .? tay:,Hta7mifwiG f vk7d mykpH u H dk xkvyk I f rvkad om tykid ;f ukd xGi;f ypfvu kd af omtcg atmufxyf7dS ta7mif onf aemufcHum;ozG,f jzpfaeayonf? ta7mif wpfrsK;d wnf;7Sad om ausmufrsurf sm;ay:wGif jyKjyifzef wD;xm;aom urD,ydk ef;ajymufonf a7mifuJG ausmuf rsufrsm;rSmuJo hJ \dk rvSyacs? a7S;a[mif;qlrmvlrsK;d wk\d. acwfrS a7mrEkid if aH wmf -uD; ,dr;f ,kid jf ydKucJG sed t f xd urD,dk yef;ajymufrsm;onf rsm;pGm acwfpm;cJhonf? xkdaemuf twwfynm jyef vnf qef;opfacwfjzpfaom acwfqef;csderf S ,ae\
urJvD,m;yif ? ?urJv, D m;yifonf vufzuf yifrsKd;jzpfaom ‘oDa,;pD;’ rsKd;7if;wGif yg0ifonf? rsK;d pdwaf ygif; 10 rsK;d cef\ 7do S nf? xdt k yif rsK;d rSmw&kw/f *syefESifh tdNd,EkdifiHwkd\wGif ueOD;aygufI 1^39 ck ESpw f iG rf S t*‡vefjynfo\dk rsK;d ,l pku d yf sK;d avonf? xkd tcsed u f c7pf,mefbek ;f -uD;wpfyg;jzpfol *sK;d ZufurJu xkdtyifta-umif;ukd pwif az:jyojzifh xkdbkef;-uD; ukd tpGJjyKI urJvD;,m;[k trnfay;xm;onf? urJv;D ,m;yef;rSm csppf zG,f aumif;aom yef;rsK;d jzpf onf? xkyd ef;ukd ‘*syefEiS ;f qD’ [lIvnf;ac:.? ok\d7m wGif t*‡vyd Ef iS ;f qDuo hJ \dk teH\r7Sad cs? xkyd ef;yifrsm;onf tjrJprd ;f vef;aomcsKzH w k /f ok\dr[kwf opfyifrsm;ay:wGif ayguf a 7muf - uonf ? t7G u f r sm;rS m xl I euf ajymifonf? tyif&idk ;f tjzpfEiS hf 7Spd OfwiG f ESi;f qD&idk ;f rsm; uJo h \dk teDa7mif tyGirhf sm;yGio hf nf? pku d yf sK;d aom trsK;d tpm;rSm ta7twGuf 2q3qcef\ ykdI yGifh-uonf? txl;ojzifh yGifhjzLrsm;omjzpfaomfvnf; yGifh0grSpI teD7ifha7mifrsm;txd ta7mif trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;onf? tcsK\d trsK;d tpm;rsm;rS7aomtaphwiG f qDajrmufjrm; pGm yg7SI d ta7S\Eidk if rH sm;Y a7mif;0,f avh7o dS nf? 66
www.foreverspace.com.m
ok"Eka'G;r,faemfwkd\pHaysmf7ma'o vlol ta7muftayguf enf;aomfvnf; jrefrm pmaywGif aiGawmifjynf[k xif7Sm;cJhonfh u,m;jynfe,fukd jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa7;r7cifu u7ifeDe,f[k ac:wGifcJhonf? u,m;jynfe,fonf ajray:ajratmuf o,H Zmw yPnf;rsm;jzifh jynfh0onfhtavsmuf a7S\okd\ wkd;wuf-uD;yGm;rnfh t7dyfta7mifrsm; wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufvsuf 7Sdavonf?
aom awmifukef;awmifwef;wkd\u rsm;jym;I jrpf0Srf; ajrjyef\w\dkuenfyg;ayonf? u,m;jynfe,f. ta7S\yikd ;f wGif oHviG jf rpf0rS ;f ESifh yGeaf csmif;0Sr;f wd\k 7S. d ? taemufyikd ;f rSm bDv;l acsmif;. awmifbuf acsmif;0Srf;a'o jzpfonf? ta&Shydkif;wGif jrifharmufaomawmifwef;-uD;rsm; euf&d=if;aom acsmufrsm;/ csKid 0hf rS ;f rsm;/ v~Kad jrmifrsm; 7So d nf? r,fp/hJ 7Gmopf/ 7Sm;awm/ apmvHkpaom uGufIay:aygufae onfh ajrjyef\wkd\rSwpfyg; usefa'otm;vHk;rSm awm awmifacsmufajrmifrsm;om jzpf-u.? taemufydkif;jzpfaom bDvl;acsmif; awmifbuf a'orSm tawmftwef jyef\jyL;I a7rd;k aygrsm;onf? tcsK\da'orSm nGejf yifrsm; yifjzpfaeonf? Tjrpf0rS ;f . ta7S\zuf a'owGif vG,faumfESihf aiGawmifa'owkd\ wnf7I dS taemufbufyikd ;f wGirf l aemifyv k /J eef;r,fckH e,frsm; &So d nf? Ta’o. awmifbuf wqufwnf; jzpfaom yGefacsmif;ESihf ,if;. vufwufjzpfaom
u,m;jynfe,f ? ?jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if aH wmf wGiyf g0ifaom u,m;jynfe,fonf 7Sr;f jynfe,f awmif buf/ u7ifjynfe,f. ta7S\bufESifh ajrmufbuf/ ajrmufbuf vWDw'G 1f 8 'or 50 'D*7DEiS hf 19 'o r 55'D*7DESifh ta7S\buf avmif*sDwG'f9^ 'or 10 'D*7DEiS hf 9^'or 50'D*7Dw\dk. -um;wGif wnf7o dS nf? ajrmufzufwiG f 7Sr;f jynfe,f. rk;d jAJ/ oxk/H armufr,f e,frsm;/ taemufbuf wGirf ;dk jAeJ ,fEiS hf u7ifjynfe,f. oHawmife,f awmifbufwiG f u7ifjynfe,f. oHviG f c&kdifESifh ta7S\zufwGif ,kd;',m;EkdifiHwkd\ 7Sdonf? u,m;jynfe,f. tus,t f 0ef;rSm pwk7ef; rkid af ygif; 4820 cef\ jzpf.? vlO;D a7ESiv hf rl sK;d rsm; 1941 ckEpS f oef;acgifpm7if;t7 u,m;jynfe,f. vlO;D a7rSm^0493 7S. d ? pwk7ef;wpfrikd v f ~if 15a,mufr~ om7So d nf? 7Sr;f jynfe,f/ u7ifjynfe,fEiS fh ,k;d ',m;Edik f iHw\dk 7Hvsu7f o dS nfjh yif/jynfrESifh eD;pyfqufo, G f aeaom a-umifh u,m;jynfe,fae jynfe,fom;wd\kwiG f vlrsK;d toD;oD; yg0ifonfukd awG\7onf? xdv k Ol ;D a7teuf u,m;trsKd;om; OD;a7rSm trsm;qHk;jzpfonf? 7Srf;t rsKd;om;/ tif;om;/ ytdk\trsdK;om;ESihf tjcm;awmif ay: om;rsm;jzpfaomy7J\/ *Jc;dk / rEkraem/ bG/J ya'gif/ ,if;abmf/ ,if;wvJ/ yul; paom vlrsKd;rsm; tjyif jrefrmESifh ,k;d ',m;vlrsKd;rsm;vnf; 7Sad o;onf? ajrrsuEf mS oGijf yif u,m; jynfe,frSm uMm70wDe,f(pwk7ef;rdkif 3000)/ -u,fz;kd -u;D e,f (pwk7ef;rdik f ^00)/ abmvcJe,f (pwk7ef;rdkif 300) eef;r,fcHkESihf aemifykvJe,fwdk\udk pkaygif; zG\Jpnf; xm;aom jynfe,fjzpfonf? omreftm; jzihf jynfe,fukd ta7S\yikd ;f ESifh taemufyikd ;f [k ESpyf ikd ;f cGEJ ikd o f nf? ta7S\yikd ;f wGif uMm70wDe,f 7SI d taemufyikd ;f wGif usefe,frsm;7So d nf? yx0D0if tm;jzifhqkdaomfu,m;jynfe,frSm 7Srf; uke;f jyifjrih. f awmifzuf tqG,yf ifjzpfonf? jrihrf m;
u,m;jynfe,f uMm70wDjrdK\OD; armfuGef;wkdif
67
www.foreverspace.com.m
u,m;jynfe,f
a7S;u aiGawmifjynf[k trnfwGifcJhaom u,m;jynfe,f7Sd xif7Sm;ausmf-um;onhf aiGawmifapwD
r,fydkif/ r,fz/ r,fpJhacsmif;rsm; jzpfI,dk;',m;EdkifiH ajrmufydkif;wGif jrpfzsm;cH-uonf?vusfmbufwGif yGeaf csmif;/ cJrjzLacsmif;/ eef;iESifh eef;zJacsmif;rsm; pD;0if -uonf? bDvl;acsmif;rSm tif;av;uefwGif jrpfzsm;cHI 7Sr;f jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f anmifa7F/ Ad;k jAJpaom e,frsm;udk jzwfum jynfe,f wGif;odk\taemufajrmuf a'oqDrS pD;0ifvmonf? Tacsmif;ay:wGif vG,af umfjrdK\ wnf 7Sdonf? awmifbufodk\ a7mufaomf ajratmufwGif acsmif;&d;k aysmufomG ;aomfvnf; yGeaf csmif;wGi;f od\k pD; 0ifavonf? Tacsmif;rSm udkuf50 r~us,fI 100 „150 0if avSrsm; oGm;vmEdkifonf? yGefacsmif;rSm 7Srf;jynfawmifydkif; oxHkESihf armufr,fe,fwkd\. pyf -um; rS uMm70wDe,f twGif;odk\ pD;0ifonf? rdkif 80r~ pD;jyD;aomf zg;apmif;. txufwGif oHvGifjrpf wGi;f od\k pD;0ifonf? Tacsmif;rSm ausmufaqmifausmuf wH;k -u;D rsm;jzihf jynhEf u S af e7um; a7pD; romay? avSrsm; oGm;vmjcif; rjyKEidk o f nfomru opfar~m7mYyif ausmuf aqmifrsm;wGif wifaewwfI qifrsm;jzihq f cJG s7onf? Tacsmif;rSm udu k f 100 r~ us,I f rd;k y umvwd\kwiG f ajcvsif jzwful;Edkifonf? ,if;. vufwufrSm xl;acsmif; jzpf.? u,m;jynfe,f. qd&k ;kd pum; wpfcrk mS ‘zm;atmfrS rd;k 7Gm/ rk;d 7GmrS ig;armh/ ig;armhrS a7-uD;/ a7-uD;rS qifq/JG
xl;acsmif;wk\d pyf-um;a'owGif jyef\jyL;aomuke;f jrifrh sm; 7Sad vonf? jynfe,frSm awmifxlxyf vSonf? yGefacsmif;ESihf oHviG jf rpf pyf-um;7Sd awmifwef;wk\drmS ysr;f r~jcif;tm;jzihf yifv,fa7jyifxuf ay5000r~ jrihfonf? oHvGifjrpf ta7S\buf&dS vG,v f if awmifwef;rSmrl tjrifq h ;kH ae7m Y ay ^000 ausmf7SdI jynfe,fudk ,dk;',m;EkdifiHESihf cGJjcm;xm;onfh wHwkdif;-uD;ozG,f wnfaeavonf? bDvl;acsmif;. taemufzufwGif awmifjrihfwef; wpfck 7Sad o;onf? Tawmifjrifw h ef;rSm ajrvwfa'o uke;f jrih. f tqufyifjzpfonf? xdak wmifjrihw f ef;wGif rif;orD;awmif[k t"d_g,f7aomay 5000 r~jriho f nfh vG,ef efz awmifxyd 7f o dS nf? a7S;jrefrmpmaye,fwiG f xif7Sm;aom aiGawmifjynf teD;Y aiGawmifESihf a7F awmifw\dk &So d nf? xdak wmifw\dkrmS u,m;jynfe,fow l \dk txl; udkif;&d=if; av;pm;um tjrwfwEdk;xm;aom awmifrsm;aywnf;? jynfe,ftwGi;f jzwfp;D aom jrpfw\kdwiG f oHviG jf rpf rSm t-uD;qHk;jzpfonf? ajrmufbuf armufr,fe,frS pD;vmI jynfe,fta7S\ydkif;uM70wDe,fudk rdkif 100 r~ jzwfoef;um awmifbuf zgyGecf &dik t f wGi;f ok\d pD;qif; onf? oHvGifjrpf. Ttydkif;wGif avS-uD;rsm;yif oGm;vmEkid . f ? jynfe,ftwGi;f pD;0ifaom oHviG jf rpf. vufwuf wd\krmS vuf0zJ ufwiG f r,fpw,f/ r,fv,k/ 68
www.foreverspace.com.m
u,m;jynfe,f qifqrJG S opfus/opfusrS jynf0’ jzpfonf? Tpum; t7yif u,m;jynfe,f. ta7;ygqHk;aom pD;yGm; a7; vkyif ef;rSm opfvyk if ef; jzpfayonf? tzk;d twef qH;k aom opfawmwd\k rmS oHviG jf rpf. ta7S\bufurf; wGi&f o dS nf? yGeaf csmif;urf;wpfzuf wpfcsuaf 'o/ xl; acsmif;0Sr;f / -u,fz;dk -uD;ESifh abmvcJe,fw\dk wiG v f nf; tenf;ESihftrsm; opfawmrsm;7Sdao;.? uMm70wD e,f oHvGifjrpf ta7S\zufurf;a’o7Sd opfawmwdk\rSm wpfESpfv~ifopfvHk;a7 20000 r~yif xGufEdkifonf[k cef\ rSe;f 7.? ESppf Of opfv;kH 9000 r~om xkw, f yl grl opfawmudk rnfo\krd ~ qkw, f w k f xdcu kd af prnfr[kw[ f k opfawmu`r;f usio f w l \du k cef\reS ;f -u.? ESp7f n S v f rsm; ESpfpOfqufI xkwfoGm;Edkifrnf[k qkdvdkayonf? usefopfawmrsm;rS xkwf,lEdkifrnfh opfvHk; OD;a7rSm rqdpk avmufay? jAdwo d ~wk\d vufxufuyif u,m; jynfe,fonf vGwv f yfco hJ jzihf tpd;k 7taejzihf oD;oef\ xm;aom -udK;0dik ;f opfawmrsm; r7Sad y? u`e;f opftjyif ysO;f uwk;d / opfuwd;k / tif/ opf,m/ tif-uif;/ xif;&SL; ESihf tjcm; opf&dkif;rsm; aygufa7mufonf? opfawmrsm;rS opftjyif 7Sm;ESihf csdyfwkd\udkvnf; xkwf,l-uao;onf? 7Sm;yifwkd\rSm yGefacsmif;0Srf;wGif trsm;tjym; aygufa7muf.? oHvGifjrpfta7S\buf
jrpfurf;ESifh eD;uyfaoma'o wk\dwiG v f nf;trsm;tjym; 7So d nf? csdyfrsm;udk ayguf/ -udK\ESihfanmifyifrsm;wGifwifI arG;jrLxkw, f -l uonf? Tcsyd rf sm;jzifh rdrw d \kd. t0wf txnfrsm;udk teD qkd;-uojzihf u,m;jynfe,fom; wk\d ukd a7S;u u7ifeD vlrsK;d [k ac:a0:cJjh cif;jzpfonf? csdyu f kd xGuu f ek yf Pnf;tjzpfvnf; a7mif;cs -uonf? u,m;jynfe,fwGif;7Sd armfcsDoWKwGif;rsm;rSm uBmausmf oWKwGif;rsm; jzpf-uonf? jynfe,frS cJrjzL/ 0l;z7rf/ caemufprd ;f ESifh oH&ikd ;f rsm; xGuo f nf? ausmufrD;aoG;tEkrsm;udk jynfe,ftwGif; awG\7Sd aomfvnf; pD;yGm;a7; vkyfEdkifavmufatmif ta7; rygvSay? vrf;yef;qufo, G af 7; jynfe,ftwGi;f ok\d awmifirl S oHawmife,fukd jzwfI azgufvkyfxm;aom armfawmfum;vrf;7Sdonf? xdk armfawmf um;vrf;rSm armfcsDoWKwGi;f rsm;udk jzwfI oHviG jfrpfurf;ay:7Sd cJrjzLtxdvnf;aumif; cJrjzLrS ajrmuf bufvrf;r-u;D wpfc7k I dS abmvcJjrKd \rS vG,af umfujkd zwf um jynfe,ftjyif y7Srf;jynfawmifydkif; awmif-uD; jrKt \d xdvnf;aumif; vrf;rsm;7So d nf? wzefv, G af umfrS rd;k jAJukd
u,m;jynfe,f uMm70wDjrdK\7Sd apmzspHjref;onhf a[mfeef;
69
www.foreverspace.com.m
u,m;jynfe,f apmvHkjrdK\wGif a[mfeef; pdkufxlI ta7S\u7ifeDe,fudk tkycf sKyv f mcJah vonf? xkt d csed rf pS I uM70wD/ -u,fz;kd -uD;/ aemifykvJ/ eef;r,fcHk/ aiGawmifjynf ponfjzifh e,frsm; tpdwpf w d u f u JG m ay:aygufco hJ nf? (uMm70wD e,f/ -u,fz;dk -uD;e,fvnf;„7=) zaz:-uD;ukd qufcHaom zaz:uav; vufxuf wGif tif;0 jrefrm bk7ifrsm;xH 0ifa7mufcpm;I oHviG f jrpf taemufbufe,frsm;udk pdk;rdk;pm;ydkifcGifh awmif; ,l 77SdcJhonfqkd.? u,m; trsKd;om;wdk\rSm wjznf; jznf; tiftm;rsm;jym;vmojzihf u,m;jynfe,f ty jzpfaom 7Sr;f jynfe,frsm;udk 0ifa7muf wdu k cf u kd f cJ-h u7m 1845 ckEpS u f jrefrmbk7ifapvFwaf om jrefrm wyf 7Srf;wyfrsm;ESifh wdkufcdkufr= jzpfyGm;cJhonf? xkdaemufaomf u,m;jynfe,f taemufydkif;a'o7Sd t-uD;tuJwkd\onf jrefrmbk7ifrsm;xHrS wHqdyfbGJ\xl; rsm;udck , H 7l 7Scd -hJ uonf? zaz:uav;udk qufcHaomt-uD;tuJwkd\teuf apmvaz: vufxufwiG f rif;wke;f bk7iftm; ykeu f ef oGm;onfh jrifuGef;rif;om;onf u,m;jynfe,fodk\ cdv k v =H mum eef;r,fcu kH kd A[kd jyKIvltiftm; pkaqmif; avonf jrifueG ;f rif;om;udk ESrd ef if;7ef 1866 ckEpS f wGif jrefrmbk7if. oDayge,frS wyfrsm; apmvHjk rdK\o\kd csDwuf vmonf? apmvaz:onf jrefrmbk7ifzufrS vkdtyfaomtultnDrsm;udk ay;onfomru rdrd. u,m;wyfrsm;ukd yl;aygif;wkdufcdkufaponf? Todk\ ulnDaoma-umifh jrifuGef;rif;om;ESihf ol.aemuf vdu k rf sm;rSm rcHr7yfEikd af wmhbJ u,m; jynfe,frS xGuf cGmoGm;7onf? 1868 ckESpfwGif apmvaz: udk,fwdkif rMav;odk\oGm;a7mufI rif;wkef;bk7ifxH nDvmcH 0ifco hJ nf? xdt k csderf pS I apmvaz:onf uMm70wD jrdK\pm;tjzpf todtrSwjf yKjcif;udk cH7onf? xdak emufaomf apmvaz:onf rdr-d oZmtm+mudk u,m;jynfe,ftaemufyikd ;f wGif vFr;f rd;k Edik 7f ef-udK;pm; cJh.? T-udK;pm;cdkufwGif abmvcJ/ aiGawmife,f ponfw\dk EiS fh ta7;tcif; jzpfymG ;cJo h nf? aemufq;kH Y 1880 jynfEh pS w f iG f apmv0D qdo k t l m; oDaygbk7ifxH tcpm;0ifapI jrefrmbk7if. todtrSwu f kd cH,al v onf? 18^2ckEpS w f iG f vG,af umfYvnf;aumif;/eef;r,fckH Yvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmbk7if. wyfrsm;udk csxm;cJ. h ? atmufjrefrmEdkifiHudk tkyfpdk;ae-uaom jAdwdo~wdk\. uef\uu G cf suaf -umifh vG,af umfEiS fh eef;r,fcw kH iG 7f adS om wyfw\dkukd 18^6 ckEpS w f iG f &kyo f rd ;f cJ7h avonf?
vG,faumfjrdK\ awmifzuf7Sd awmifuGJapwDawmf
jzwfumuavm/ atmifyef; txdvrf;7Sdonf? vG,f aumfjrdK\wiG f avqdy7f I dS jynf wGi;f ava-umif;o,f,l yk\ad qmifa7; av,mOfysHrsm;jzifh oGm;vmEkid o f nf? ordik ;f tusOf; jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH tapmydkif;orkdif;rSm EdkifiH twGif;okd\ wdkif7if;om;rsm; a7F\ajymif; aexdkifvm yHkESihf qufpyfaeouJhokd\yif u,m;jynfe,f. a7S; tusqHk; ordkif;rSmvnf; u,m;jynfe,ftwGif;odk\ wdkif;7if;om;rsm; a7F\ajymif;vmum tajcpdkufae xkdif-uonfh ta-umif;ESihfom qufpyfaeayonf? u,m; wkdif;7if;om;wkd\. tpOftvmrSwfom;xm; csufrsm;t7 yVrajrmuf t-uD;tuJjzpfaom zd;k jzLvS vufxufwGif abmvcJe,fonf u,m;jynfe,f wpfcv k ;kH udk vFr;f rd;k tkycf sKycf o hJ nf? zd;k jzLvS vufxuf armifarmif zke;f qdo k l rGet f rsK;d om;wpfO;D onf u,m; jynfe,ftwGi;f ok\d 0ifa7mufaexdik v f mum wynhv f uf om; wjznf;jznf; wk;d wufrsm;jym;vmI -oZmtm+m 77SdcJhonf? jynfwpfjynfwGif t-uD;tuJESpfOD; r7Sd oihf[k oabmydkufrdonfESifh zdk;jzLvSonf yGefacsmif; ta7S\ bufa'oudk tkycf sKyf7ef armifarmifzek ;f tm;ay; cJ. h ? xkt d csed rf pS I uMm70wDe,f ay:ayguf vmcJ. h ? armifarmifzkef;onf zaz:-uD; bGJ\trnfudk cH,lum 70
www.foreverspace.com.m
u,m;jynfe,f aoG;aqmifr=udkawmfvSefy,fzsuf7efvnf;aumif;/ atmifjrifpmG -uKd ;pm;aqmif7u G -f uI jynfaxmifpk oRw jrefrmEkid if EH iS fh yl;aygif;aqmif7u G cf -hJ uonf? od\k7mwGiu f ,m;jynfe,fukd jynfe,f oD;jcm;tjzpf xm;7S7d efxuf u,m;jynfe,f/ oHviG cf &dik w f \kdEiS fh Edik if H awmfoRwu cef\xm;onfh txl;aumfr7Sit f zG\Ju qH;k jzwf owfrSwfaom u7if trsKd;om;rsm;aexkdif7m qufpyfaeaom a'owdk\wGif aexdkifolrsm;ESihf xdka' o tyjzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiHY aexdkif-uaom u7if trsKd;om;rsm;teuf rsm;7mu tvdk7SdcJhaomf jynf axmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;wGif jynfaxmifpktzGJ\0if jynfe,f wpfcktjzpf zGJ\pnf;7rnf? xkdjynfaxmifpk tzGJ\0ifudk u7ifjynfe,f[k ac:7rnf[k EdkifiHawmf zG\Jpnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya'u owfrw S x f m;cJah yonf? u,m;jynf e,fom;wk\donf u7ifjynfe,ftwGif; oGwo f iG ;f jcif; rcHv-kd uojzihf ygvDrefpeH pft7 -udK;pm; aqmif7GufcJh7m 1950 jynfhESpfwGif u7ifvlrsKd; txl;pHkprf;a7; aumf r7Sifwckudk EdkifiHawmfoRwu zG\Jpnf;cef\xm; vku d jf y;D v~if xdak umfr7Si. f tpD7ifcpH mudk tajc jyKI ygvDrefu 1951 ckESpf zGJ\pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' jyifqifcsuf tufOya'udkjyKvkyfum u,m;jynfe,fukd oD;oef\ wnfcahJ p avonf? xkOd ya'
u,m;jynfe,f.vGwv f yfa7; u,m;jynfe,f taemufyikd ;f 7Sd e,fw\dk. vGwv f yf a7;udk todtrSwfjyK7ef/ av;pm;7efESihf e,frsm;wGif 0ifa7mufpu G zf ufjcif; rjyK-u7ef rif;wke;f bk7ifEiS hf jAdwd o~wkd\ 18^5 ckESpfwGif pmcsKyfcsKyfqdk-uonf? xkdpm csKyfwiG f jAdwo d ~wd\k zufrS qm a'guf*vyfazgqdu k u f vufrSwfxdk;I jrefrmbk7ifbufrS uif;0efrif;-uD;u vufrw S af 7;xk;d onf xdt k csed rf pS I u,m; jynfe,frmS omref tm;jzihf vGwfvyfaom jynfe,fwpfcktjzpf wnf cJah vonf? od\k7mwGif xkv d w G v f yfrr= mS trnfr~ omjzpf.? ta-umif;rSm jAdwdo~wkd\onf u,m; jynfe,f7dS t-uD;tuJw\dktm; qme'f trde\fpmc`ew f \dkjzifh csKyfaESmifxm;ojzihf u,m;jynfe,f t-uD;tuJw\dkrmS &kyaf o;&kyrf ~om tcGit fh m+m 7Scd o hJ nf? xkd trde\fpmc`ef 12 7yfw\dkwiG f u,m;jynfe,fu y#mawmf qufoiG ;f 7jcif;/ jynfyjynfe,frsm;ESifh rcGirfh 7bJ qufo, G cf iG hf r77Sjd cif;/ ta7S\u,m;jynfe,f udPwGiv f nf;aumif;;/ e,fpyf ta7;udPwk\dwiG v f nf;aumif;/ jAdwo d ~w\dk nFef -um;csut f wkid ;f om aqmif7u G 7f jcif;/ jAdwo d ~w\dk tcGifh r7bJ u,m;jynfe,fom; r[kwfolrsm;udk u,m; jynfe,fwGif tr=xrf;cGihf rjyK7jcif; ponfwkd\ yg0if cJo h nfomru jAdwo d ~ t7if;7Siw f \dk -uD;pd;k aom armfcsD oWKwGi;f uk$+DEiS fh rU7Dum/ bHak bbm;rm; ponfh opfu$k +Drsm;. vuf0g;-uD; tkyjf cif;udv k nf; vlcsi;f rwl olcsif;rr~ b0a7mufatmif cHc7hJ onf? 'kw, d uBmppf uBmta7S\zsm;od\k ul;pufvmaom tcsdefwGif rsKd;cspfykCdKvf u,m;trsKd;om;wkd\onf jAd wdo~w\kd. csKyfcs,rf r= S vGwu f if;Ekid 7f ef awmfveS af 7; wyfrsm;tm; ulnD cJh-uonfomru qdk;oGrf;aom *syefzufqpf tkycf sKyrf u = kd awmfveS 7f mwGiv f nf; 7J0phH eG \f pm;pGm yg0ifqifEJF wdu k cf u kd cf -hJ uavonf? xdak wmfveS af 7;. aemufyikd ;f wGif zdEydS cf sKyfcs,jf cif; cH7aomtrsKd;om;wk\d rmS ydrk kd Ed;k -um;vmum ZmwdaoG; Zmwdref xufoefvm-uonf? 'kwd, uBmppfjyD; onfh aemufwpfacwfwGif u,m;trsKd;om;wkd\udk acgif;aqmif vmcJh-uaompyf0#/OD;pdef/ atjrav;/ odkif;A[ef/ OD;ausmf0if;/ apmv0D/ apmi,f'l; paom acgif;aqmifw\dk. vH;k yef;r=a-umifh u,m;jynfe,fom; wd\krmS Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef;. pDpOfrt = wdik ;f / jAw d o d ~w\k. d awmifwef;a'oudk jrefrm Edik if rH S cGx J w k 7f ef vH;k yef;cJh jcif;udv k nf;aumif;/ ajrjyef\ u7iftrsK;d om;tcsK\dw\kd.
u,m;tvHawmf/ r*‡vmzm;pnfESihf acwfopftrsKd;orD;
71
www.foreverspace.com.m
u,m;jynfe,f rxkwfjyefrDuaomf u,m;jynfe,frSm u7ifjynf e,fwiG f ygrnfuo hJ \kd 7Scd . hJ ? u,m; trsKd;om;wk\d rmS vnf; u7iftrsKd;om;wkd\wGif u7ifeDvlrsKd;rsm;tjzpf yg0ifcJh-uavonf? odk\7mwGif az:jyyg aumfr7Sif axmufccH sufrsm;t7 ya'gif/ Z,de;f /,if;abmf/ *Jc;kd / ,if;wvJEiS fh rEkraem vlrsKd;rsm;udk u7ifvrl sKd;pkwiG f xnhfoGif;jcif; rjyK7ef qHk;jzwfavonf? xdkrSwpfyg; txufaz:jyyg 1951 ckEpS f zG\Jpnf; tkycf sKyfykH tajccH Oya' jyifqif csuf trSwf (62) t7 u7ifeD [laom a0g[m7tpm; u,m; [laom a0g[m7udk oH;k pGcJ o hJ nf?
ysK;d a7; wd\ktwGuf avsmu f ef oihjf rwfaom ajr-oZmESifh 7moDOwk 7Sdavonf? pm;oHk;ukef yPnf;rsm;jzpfaom uGrf;/uGrf;oD;/ aq;/ vufzufajcmuf/ tkef;/ -uHESihf opfoD;opfyifrsm;udkvnf; wkd;wufpdkufysKd;Edkif7ef tcGit hf vrf;rsm; 7Sad yonf? vufry= nmbufwiG u f ,m; vlrsK;d wk\donf 7ufuef; vkyif ef;(txl;ojzifh aiGawmife,fwiG )f / aiGxnfvyk if ef; zg;pnfrpS I jcL/ acgif;avmif;/ armif;/ ya'gif trsKd; orD;rsm;vnfwiG f qGyJ wfonfh a-u;acGrsm; ponfw\dk jyKvkyaf om a-u;vkyif ef;wk\d wiG f uGsrf;usif-uonf? xdv k yk if ef;rsm;tjyif pyg;pdu k yf sK;d r=/ opfvyk if ef;/ csyd f vkyif ef;/ oWKwGi;f vkyif ef;/ ponfw\dkvnf; vkyu f ikd f -uonf? jynfaxmifpk umuG,fa7;ESihf jidrf;csrf;a7; twGuf u,m;jynfe,fom;wk\donf jrefrmwyfrawmf wGif›if;/tjcm;umuG,fa7;wyfrsm;wGif›if;/pdwftm; xufoefpmG yg0ifqifEv JF su7f -dS uonf? a7S;acwf ,Of aus;r=rrl sm;udk raysmufapbJ acwfay:,Ofaus;r= t csut f vufw\du k v kd nf;vufcw H x D iG v f suf 7S-d uayonf? rSwfcsuf? ?rdk;jAJe,f. tkyfcsKyfa7; udPt00wkd\udk u,m;jynfe,ftpdk;7u wm0efcHtkyfcsKyfvsuf 7Sad omfvnf rk;d jAeJ ,fukd u,m;jynfe,ftwGi;f od\k w7m; Oya't7 ajymif;vFJjcif; rjyK7ao;acs? ,if;uJhodk\ ajymif;vFo J ifh roifrh mS rd;k jAJe,fvx l . k qNtay:wGif wnfaeojzifh vlx. k qNudk pHpk rf;7ef pdik ;f jyif; vsuf 7So d nf? xdak -umihf u,m;jynfe,fajryHw k iG f xnho f iG ;f xm;aom rk;d jAeJ ,fudk jcm;em;odomap7ef jzwfrsO;f rsm;jzihf az:jyxm;jcif; jzpfavonf? OD;b&Sif
aemifwpfacwf u,m;jynfe,f u,m;jynfe,frSm ajray:ajratmuf o,HZmw yPnf;wk\d7adS omjynfe,f jzpfonft h wdik ;f / jynfaxmifp kjrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a7; wkd;wufr= aqmif7Gufcsuf wkd\tm;jzihf ta7;yg t7ma7mufonfh jynfe,fwpfck jzpfvmEdik 7f ef tcGiv fh rf;rsm;pGm7S. d ? txl;ojzifh a7tm; udk toH;k jyKum v~ypf pf"gwf xkw, f al 7;twGuf toH;k 0ifrnfh a7wHceG rf sm; 7Sad oma-umifh pD;yGm;a7; vkyif ef; wGif vG,u f al om taxmuftyHrh sm; 7Ekid rf nfrmS rvGaJ y? bDv;l acsmif;0Sr;f wGif v,f,mpdu k yf sKd;r= 7Scd ahJ omfvnf; 7moDOwkrrSefr=a-umifh wdk;wufoifhoavmuf rwkd; wufay? od\k 7mwGif bDv;l acsmif;wGif omru tjcm; pdrpfh rf; acsmif;ajrmif;rsm;udk qnfI wl;ajrmif; azgufum a7oG,fay;jcif;tm;jzihf pdkufysKd;r=vkyfief; wdk;wuf Ekid zf , G 7f m 7Sad yonf? usEJG mG ;arG;jrLa7;/ oifyif/ *Hak v~mf yif/ vufzuf/ aumfzD/ Zm'd£dKvf/i&kyfaumif; pdkuf u,m;jynfe,f zm;vd=if7GmrS ya'giftrsKd;orD;rsm;
u,m;wkd\. a7S\ajy;edrdwfa[monhf -uuf&kd;
72
www.foreverspace.com.m
www.foreverspace.com.m
u,m;vlrsKd; -uonf? u,m; [laom a0g7[mrSm olw\dk bmom t7 vl[t k "d_g,f7I u,m;vd [laom a0g7[mrSm vleD [kt"d_g,f7.? uGif;u7ifwkd\url olwkd\tm; ta7S\pGef; u7if[kt"d_g,f7aom bJGraem[laom trnfjzifh ac:a0:-uonf?
u,m;vlrsKd; ? ?u,m;vlrsK;d wk\drmS jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if w H iG f tygt0if jzpfaom u,m; jynfe,fwiG f vlrsm;pk tjzpfaexkdif-uolrsm; jzpfonf? ,cifu olwkd\tm; u7ifeD ac:a0:cJh-u.? ajymqdkaombm om pum;wkd\. eD;pyfr=udk axmufxm;I u,m; vlrsKd;wkd\rSm wdAufjrefrmtpk0if u7iftpkcGJY yg0if aom vlrsKd;wpfrsKd; jzpfonf[k bmoM7yg7*lwk\du qH;k jzwf-u.? u7ifvrl sKd;wd\k wiG f uGi;f u7if/ awmifay:u7if[k t-urf; tm;jzifh ESpfrsKd;uGJjym;7m/ awmifay:u7ifwkd\ udk pdppf cGjJ cm;7mY rPwmawvmu bGyJ 7J\ tpki,f/ ya'gif tpki,fEiS fh u7if tpki,f[3k pkcx JG m;onf? awmifay:u7ifwkd\. oGifjyif o!mefudk,fvuf t*®gwkd\rSm uGif;u7if rsm;jzpfaom paumu7if/ ydk; u7ifw\Edk iS fh rwlbJ wpfrjl cm;vsuf 7So d nfukd awG\7onf? okd\jzpfIvnf; ar*sm *7if;uawmifay: u7ifwkd\rSm v0wkd\rS qif;oufonf[k ,lq7aom,efquf/ ,efvrfw\dEk iS fh tEG,w f o l nf[k qdjk cif;jzpfonf? uGi;f u 7if wd\kEiS fh ajymqko d nfh bmompum;wGif eD;pyfr7= o dS nf rSwpfyg;awmifay: u7ifw\dkrmS rGecf rmtpk0if jzpfaom yavmif0 tpkcEJ G iS fh ydrk ekd ;D pyfonf xifa-umif;ESifh rPwm awvmuyif ,lq jyefonf? rnfonf, h q l csuf rSeo f nfjzpfap/ rdrw d \kdEiS q fh ufqH 7onfh tjcm;tjcm; vlrsKd;rsm;udkvdkufI vlenf;pk jzpfaom uGi;f u7ifEiS fh awmifay:u7ifw\dkrS yHyk ef; o !mefwiG v f nf;aumif;/ ajymqko d nfh bmompum;wGif vnf;aumif;/ xk;H wrf;"avhwiG f vnf;aumif;/ umv -umjrihfonf ESihftnD uGJjym;ajymif;vJvm7onfrSm "Rwmyif jzpfonf? od\k jzpfaoma-umihv f nf; uGi;f u 7ifw\dkrmS aemufrS 0ifa7muf vm-uaom rGe*f t kd EG,0f if vlrsK;d rsm;ESifh eD;pyftoGiw f -l uI awmifay:u7if wk\drmS rl/ tvGeaf 7S;usvaS om -op-wpf tpk0if pum;rsm;udk ajymqko d nfh rGe*f rkd [kwaf om vlrsKd;tpkw\dk EiS efh ;D pyf-u onfrmS xif7mS ; vSayonf? xkad -umifh awmifay:u7if wpfrsK;d [k qd7k rnfh a7S;u u7ife[ D k wGicf ahJ om u,m; vlrsKd;wd\k rmS uGi;f u7ifw\dk EiS fh toGit f m;jzifh rwlaom jynfaxmifpo k m;rsm;jzpfonf[k pdwcf spmG qdEk ikd o f nf? (u7ifvrl sK;d „vnf;7=?) 0wfqifaom t0wftxnfwkd\. eDaomta7mif taoG;ukv d u dk I f jrefrmwk\du u,m;jynfe,fom;wk\dudk a7S;tcgu u7ifeD[kac:a0:-uonf? olwkd\url rdrw d \dku, dk u f dk u,m; ok\dr[kwf u,m;vd[k ac:a0:
u7iferD u S ,m;ok\d jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf zGJ\pnf;tkkyfcsKyfykH t ajccHOya' wGiu f 7ifjynfe,f zJ\Gpnf;aomtcgY u7ifeD jynfe,fukd xnfhoGif;7ef7nfrSef;csuf 7dSonfjzpf7m xkdokd\ xnfhoGif;jcif;udk rvdkvm;-uaoma-umifhwpf a-umif; u7ifeD trsKd;om;wkd\onf u7ifeD[laom trnfrS u,m; [laom trnfo\dk ajymif;vF7J ef -udK; pm;cJ-h u7m 1951 ckEpS f twGi;f u xkt d rnfajymif;vGJ a7;ESihf u,m;jynfe,f oD;oef\ wnf7adS 7; wk\dtwGuf ygvDrefrS tufOya'jyKvyk u f m zG\Jpnf; tkycf sKyyf Hk tajccH Oya'wGif vkt d yfaom yk'rf rsm;ukd jyifqifciG hf 77Scd o hJ nf? aexkid 7f ma'oESiv hf Ol ;D a7 u,m;jynfe,fwGif u,m;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifhtwl ya'gif/ y7J\/ rEkraem/ ,if;wvJ/ *Jc;dk paom tjcm;vlrsK;d rsm;vnf; aexkdif-uonf? u,m;wkd\ukdrl jynfe,f ta7S\ykdif; vG,faumfjrdK\ ta7S\awmifbufa'ouMm 70wDe,f/ oHviG jf rpfurf; ESpzf ufw\dkY trsm;qk;H awG\7 onf? ya'gif/ y7J\paom vlrsKd;rsm;ukdrl jynfe,ft aemufyidk ;f wGif trsm;qk;H awG\7onf? u,m;jynf e,f twGi;f tjcm;a'orsm;wGiv f nf; ys\HE\HS aexkid -f uonf? 1931 ckESpf oef;acgifpm7if;t7 u,m;trsKd;om; OD;a7rSm 31500 ausmrf ~ 7Sad vonf? ok\d7mwGiu f ,m; jynfe,f tpkd;7u u,m;ac:wGifaeaom u7ifeDvl rsK;d wk\dwiG f ,if;wvJ/ ,if;abmf/ ya'gif/ y7J/h rEkraem/ *Jckd;/ *Jyg;rsm;yg0ifonf[k qkH;jzwf xm;onfjzpf7m tqkyd g vlrsK;d rsm; yg0ifrnf qkyd gu vlO;D a7 48000 eD;yg;r~ 7Sad yrnf? (u,m;jynfe,f„ 7=?) ,Ofaus;r=EiS x hf ;Hk wrf;pOfvm tvGeaf 7S;usaom xk;H wrf;pOfvm tavhtxrsm;ukd u,m;vlrsKd;wk\d . ,Ofaus;r=wiG f awG\7EdS idk f ayonf? ,cktcgwGif Ak
www.foreverspace.com.m
u,m;vlrsKd; a7S;usaom u,m;wkd\ jzpfpOfb0rSm ewfukd;uG,f jcif;/ ewfyojcif;/ &k;d 7mtvdu k f wpkw&k;H pm;aomuf aysm7f iF f -ujcif;wk\djzifh qufpyfvsu7f o dS nfudk awG\7.? u,m;vlrsK;d wk\d. arG;zGm;csed /f em;xGi;f csed /f a-umif;vrf; aphpyfcsdef/ vufxyfcsdef/ uG,fvGefcsdef uJhokd\aom ta7;-uD;csed f wkid ;f Yvkyd if &k;d 7mtvku d f yopm;aomuf -ujcif;/ vufaqmifyPnf; ay;-ujcif;/ txl;ojzifh uG,v f eG cf sed w f iG f aemufq;Hk tav;jyKaomtm;jzifh ao ewfrsm; ypfazgufjcif;/ armif;rsm;wD;jcif; ponfw\dkudk jyKvky-f uavonf? u,m;wk\donf vlEiS ihf u S t f rsK;d tEG,jf zpfaom ud³ 7m/ ud³7Dw\dkrS qif;ouf aygufzmG ; vmaom vlrsK;d jzpf onf[k ,k-H unf-uonft h wkid ;f ud³7m ud³7Dw\dk aysmf jrL;7ma'ojzpfonfh aiGawmifjynfokd\ a7muf7Sd7ef qk awmif; -uonf? jynfe,f. tvHwiG v f nf; ud³7m yku H dk xnfo h iG ;f xm;avonf? uG,v f eG o f . l OD;acgif; ukdvnf; aiGawmifjynfokd\ vSnfhI xm;-uonf? trsKd;om; trsKd;orD; qufqHa7;wGif ukd,fusifh w7m;ukd rsm;pGmtav; *&kjyK-uonf? azgufjyefro = nf uGm7Sif;a7;. ta7;-uD; tcsufwpfcsufjzpf.? azgufjyefru = dk jyKvkyo f u l avsmaf -u;ay;7rnfjzpf.? oa,muf xm;aom trsKd;orD;rsm;ukd em;jzwfI t jypf ay;avh7Sd.? okd\7mwGif em;jywfaeaom trsKd; orD;rsm;ukd awG\7cJ.? okd\jzpfI u,m;trsKd;orD;wkd\ rSm oPm7Sdaom ukd,fusifhw7m;aumif;aom trsKd; orD;rsm; jzpfonf[k qkpd rSw7f -Sd uonf? vGwfvyfa7;r7rDu u,m;trsKd;om;wkd\ usif;y aom yG-J uD;vrf;-uD;rsm;rSm 2 ckom 7S. d ? wpfcrk mS ESpf pOf{jyDv avmufwiG f usi;f yaom ulx;dk yk;d ac: wHceG f wkid f yGaJ wmfEiS -hf o*kwv f avmufwiG f usi;f yaom ay:rD ok\dr[kwf 'D;ul;ac: aumufni| ;f xkyyf aJG wmfrsm;jzpf-u onf? yxryGJ usi;f y7mY ay 20„30 r~7n S af om wkid f wpfwidk u f dk xdyw f iG f yef;ykxI k wkid af xmifonfyh JG jzpf onf? wkid af xmifjy;D aemuf wkid yf wfywfvnfwiG f zg;pnf armif;rsm;wD;I aysmf7FifpGmuckef-uonf? xkdyGJwGif tom;/ t7ufrsm;ukd 0vifpGm pm;aomufaysmfyg; avh7-dS u.? ay:rD od\kr[kwf 'D;ulyrJG mS pyg;pku d jf yD;csed w f iG f t7Gm 7GmrS rdwaf qGo*‡[rsm; pk&;Hk usif;yaomyGJ jzpfonf? 4 vufrr~ jrifah om wkid af y:wGif jrif; ok\dr[kwf qif &kyyf -Hku;D xkI wifxm;onf? qeft7uf/ opfo;D / yef;rsm; jzifh t&kyaf 7S\wiG f yojyD;aemuf aysmfyJG 7Fiyf rJG sm;jyKvkyf
u,m;tEG,f0if ya'gifvlrsKd;wpfpk 0kdif;IucHkae-upOf
-uonf? ,kH-unfr=rSm wd7>mef&kyfwkd\onf u,m;t rsKd;om;wkd\tay:Y usa7mufaom ab;tM7m,frsm; ukd u,m;jynfe,ftyok\d ,laqmifomG ;onf [laom tcsuyf ifjzpf.? vGwv f yfa7;7jyD;onfah emufaomf wk;d wuf vsu7f adS om u,m;trsK;d om;wk\dEiS hf uku d n f aD om ESpo f pf uvl r*‡vmyGaJ wmfudk 1951 ckEpS rf pS I {jyDv wkdif; usif;y vmcJhonf? TyJGrSm u,m;jynfe,f wpfjynfv;Hk pk&;Hk usi;f yaomyGaJ wmfjzpfonf? uvlyaJG wmf qkad om pum;t"d_g,frmS zg;pnfyaJG wmf oabmouf a7mufonf? tdro f pf aqmufvyk f jy;D pD;aomtcg tpOf tvmt7 rk;d rusrD ESppf OfEpS w f idk ;f usi;f jyKvyk af vh7adS om tdrw f ufr*‡vmjzpfonfh zg;pnf yGaJ wmf[k qk7d ayrnf? (uvlr*‡vmyGaJ wmf„7=?) TyGaJ wmfo\dk u,m;jynfe,fol jynfe,fom;tm; vk;H vlrsK;d ra7G;wufa7muf-uonf? xkrd w S pfyg; u,m; trsK;d om;wk\d vdv k m; tyfaom trnfajymif;jcif;/ u7if jynfe,fwGif;okd\ r0if7awmhbJ oD;oef\ ae-ujcif;wkd\ 77Sjd yD;aemuf Ekid if aH wmf 0ef-uD;csKyu f owfrw S af y;onfh twkid ;f Zefe0g7Dv 15 7ufae\udk u,m; jynfe,fae\[k a7G;cs,I f xkad e\x;l ae\jrwfwiG v f nf; u,m;jynfe,f emru7+r*‡vm yGJawmfopftjzpf usif;yvm cJ-h uavonf? bmompum; u,m;vl r sKd ; wk d \ a jymqk d a om bmompum;uk d avhvm7SmazGjyD;jS zpf7um; xkb d mom pum;. tajcjy 74
www.foreverspace.com.m
u,m;vlrsKd; o]gwpfapmifudk uufywdeAf a7mif;qko d u l 1900 jynfh ESpw f iG af 7;xkwf cJjh yD;jzpfavonf?jynfe,fom; tcsi;f csif; ajymqkd-u7mYu,m;pum;ukd okH;-uaomfvnf; a7mif;a7;/ 0,fa7;/ tjcm; vlrsKd;wkd\ESifh qufqHa7; ponfw\dkY 7Sr;f / jrefrm a0g[m7rsm;ukd ok;H E=e;f -u.? &kH;okH;bmompum;rSmrl a7S;tpOftqufuyif jrefrm tQ7mpmay oufoufuo dk m ok;H pGcJ -hJ uavonf?
yPnf; jzpfonfh zg;pnfac: a-u;eufpnf-uD; rsm;ukd vnf;aiGawmife,fY oGef;vkyfcJh-u.? ,cktcgwGif Ekd;-um; vmjyDjzpfaomu,m;jynfe,ftrsKd;om;rsm; onf EkdifiHawmf. vufeuf ukdifwyfrsm;wGif 0ifa7muftr=xrf;vsuf 7So d nfudk awG\7avonf? tvS t y tEk t ,Of tqef ; t-u,f w k d \ j zif h wefqmqifum az:jyaom a7S;jrefrm ysKd\uAstcsKd\w\dk wGif u,m;jynfe,f7dS aiGawmife,fukdtajccHxm;I Zmwfuu G f qifxm;onfudk awG\7ayonf? a7S;tcgu aiGawmife,fa'orSm ,Gef;xkd;jcif;/ a7FZ0g a7;jcif;/ rSepf aD 7Fcs/ opfap;om;&k;d ukid jf cif;paom tEkynm vufr= ynmrsm; xGef;um;cJhonf? u,m; trsKd;om; trsKd; orD;wkd\rSm acwfESifh 7ifaygifwef; vdkufEkdif7ef txl; vk;H yef; -udK;pm; vsu7f 7dS m vlrsK;d .yif7if; ,Ofaus;r= ay:wGif tajcwnfum ta7;-uD;aom ,Ofaus;r= tcsut f vufrsm;jzpfonf0h wfpm;qif,ifr/= uk;d uG,f ,kH-unfr=pmaywkd\ukd acwfrSDatmif jyKjyif ajymif;vJ vsuf 7S-d u.? ESppf OfEpS w f idk ;f 7efuek jf rdK\wiG u f si;f yaom jynfaxmifpak e\ tcrf;tem;Y vSywifw h ,f &=csizf , G f 7mjzpfaom u,m;trsK;d om; trsK;d orD;rsm;ukd awG\jrif Ekdifayonf? OD;b&Sif
tvkyt f ukid Ef iS t hf oufarG;0rf;ausmif; jynfe,f. t"dupD;yGm;a7; vkyif ef;rSm opfvyk if ef; jzpf7m u,m; vlrsKd;wkd\onf rsm;aomtm;jzifhopf xkwv f yk af 7;/ opfawmxGuyf Pnf;rsm; jzpfaom 7Sm;/ csdy/f opfap; ponfh yPnf;rsm;xkwv f yk af 7;wk\d jzifh t oufarG; 0rf;ausmif;-uolrsm; jzpfonf? jynfe,f. taemufyidk ;f a'oY ajrjyef\wiG f v,f,m pku d yf sK;d a7;vkyf ukid f pm;aomuf -uonf? wl;ajrmif;wk\djzifh a7oG,, f l um pkdufysKd;jcif;/ awmif,m pkdufysKd;jcif;wkd\ukdvnf; jyKvyk -f uonf? aiGawmife,fY 7ufvyk af om aiGawmif vG,t f w d w f \dk rmS xifay:vSonf? u,m;wk\d rmS rdrw d \dk 0wfqif7ef0wfpu Hk dk rdrw d \dkzgom 7ufvyk -f uolrsm; jzpf onf? u,m; jynfe,f. xl;jcm;aom txdr;f trSwf
taemufwkdif;qefonf[k xif7aomfvnf; rdrdwkd\. trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r=ukd rysufapbJ wDxGifvkdufaom acwfopf u,m;armif r,fwkd\. pHkwGJu[ef
75
www.foreverspace.com.m
u70du/o~if
u7a0;yif
u7uwfiu S f ? ?u7uwfonf 0rf;bJwpfrsK;d jzpf.? uBmta7S\yidk ;f a'orsm;wGif aexkid I f a7tkid f a7uef rsm;wGif usufpm; avh7o dS nf? jrefrmEkid if YH tjrJwrf; aexkid af om iSuw f pfrsKd; jzpf.? TiSuo f nf tvsm; 13 vufr cef\7I dS 0rf;bJrsKd; wGif ti,fq;Hk jzpfonf? tarG;tawmif pkjH y;D aom iSuzf dk onf OD;acgif;ndKrnf;I wpfu, dk v f ;Hk jzLazG;aeonf? vnfyif;atmufyidk ;f wGif rnf;eufaom t7pf-uD; wpfck yg7Sdonf? ukd,ftxufykdif;rSm tpdrf;ESifhc7rf;a7mifEk jzpf.? ajcaxmufESifh E=wfoD;rnf;I rsufpd eDonf? tzkdESifhtrrSm tenf;i,fom uGmjcm;I iSufuav; rsm;rSm iSurf ESiyhf I dk wl-uonf? u7uwfonf jrpfjyifEiS w hf uG opfyifcsKzH w k f aygrsm; aom tif;tkdif acsmif;ajrmif;rsm;wGif tkyfoif; zGJ\I aewwfonf? a7jyifa7atmuf7Sd ykd;rFm;rsm;ESifh a7 ay:yifrsm;ukd pm;aomuf -uonf? a7ikyf usiv f sio f nf? ysHoef;7mY vsifjrefI awmifyH&kdufwwfonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh a7jyifwiG f uyfI yso H ef;jyD;v~if opf ikwf csKzH w k pf onfw\dkudk usiv f sipf mG wdr;f a7Smif oGm;Ekid f onf? yso H ef;pOf tvGeq f n l pH mG vnf; atmfwwfonf? toku d rf sm;ukd opfuidk ;f / jruf/ iSuaf rG;/ iSuaf wmif rsm;jzifha7pyf7Sd ajrjyifrS 10 ay 15 ayce\fjrifhaom opfacgif;rsm;wGif jyKvkyaf vh 7So d nf? wjrKHv~if O 8 vHk;rS 14 vkH; txd7SdwwfI wpfcgwpf7H 22 vkH; txdyif 7Sw d wfonf? Orsm;rSm jzLI ajymifvufacsmrGwf aeonf? O.t7G,frSm ysrf;r~ tvsm; 1 'or ^ vufrESifh jyuf 1 'or 29 vufrcef\ 7Sdwwfonf?
pmqdkonf oU7mZf1110 jynfhESpfwGif bk7m;a[m 0dowdedygwfvm bœmwd, ZmwfawmfudkrSD;‘nGefzl; a0a0/ u`ef;oajy.’ tpcsDaom rif;vS,OfEkysKd\udk zG\J qo dk nf? xkyd sKd\wiG „f aomfuxGwx f u G /f zufqw G v f wfvwf/7ifcwfa7Fa7F/ rd;k apGeeD /D o7zDxyfxyf/ ZvyfarF;arF;/ rkav; qihq f ih/f -umyGihf0g0g/ ,if;rmvef;vef;/ teef;7Sm;7Sm;/ pum; 0if;0if;/ tif-uif;7Fif7Fif/ oZifvlvl/ r¢L vd=ifvd=if/ yef;cdik cf ikd Ef iS /fh ponfjzihf pum;vH;k rsm;udk a0qm Edik ef if;pGm zG\J E\JG xm; onf? pum;vHk;-uG,f0I pum;wefqmqifEdkifpGrf; 7Sv d o S nf? pmqdkonf rif;7JausmfpGm av;xyf ausmif;wnf armfueG ;f rsm;ESifh 7wkrsm;udv k nf; pyfqcdk ahJ vonf?
u70du/o~if ? ?o~iu f 70duonf anmif7rf; acwf oU7mZf 991 ckESpf tif;0jrdK\Y eef;wufawmfrlaom omvGefrif;w7m;-uD; vufxufwGif xif7Sm;aom pmqkad wmfwpfO;D jzpfonf? ZmwdrmS ykcef;-uD; jrdK\aus; ydkifoif7Gm jzpfonf? o~ifu70duonf yxrausmf atmifpx H m;q7mawmf. wynfw h pfO;D jzpf.? oU7mZf 996 ckEpS w f iG f ‘wufxeG ;f v~0H g’ cs7D wk yd'k pf o kH ;kH yd'k u f kd oGi;f onf? ,if;7wkukd bk7ifu ESpo f uf awmfrlI/ a7FusnfawmufwGif oGif;ESH odrf;qnf;um tvdu k 7f wk rsm;udak 7;om; avhusuo f nf[k qdo k nf? Tpmqdkonf e7ywd a7vm; 7wkydk'fpHk udkvnf; a7;onf? yk*jH rKd \b\Jv G ;l wm; udv k nf;a7;onf[k qko d nf? xkdvl;wm;pmrludk rawG\7ao;aomfvnf; vl;wm;a7; cJh&dk;rSefv~if ta[mif;qHk;vl;wm; jzpfayrnf?
teD;uyf &kduful;xm;aom u7a0;7GufESihf tzl;rsm;
u7a0;yif ? ?u7a0;yifonf jrefrmEdik if H tES\Ht jym;Y aygufaomf vnf; weo®m7D awmifyikd ;f wGio f m tajrmuftjrm; awG\7onf? Ttyifonf opf-urf;yd;k rsK;d 0if tyifwpfrsK;d jzpfI/ opf-urf;yd;k yifEiS fh cyfqifqif wlonf? tjrifrh mS ay 30 rS 40 txd7. dS ? txufjrefrm jynf awmifuek ;f a'orsm;wGiq f ifbef;u7a0; [kac: aom u7a0;yifwpfrsKd; aygufonf? u7a0;7Guf. yHo k !mefrmS vSo H mG ;yH7k I dS -uGyq f wfonf? u7a0;yifudk vlwkdif; jrifbl;-urnf r[kwfacs? od\kaomf u7a0;7Guf tajcmufrsm;udrk l vlwikd ;f awG\jrif 76
www.foreverspace.com.m
u70dwif u S f
u70dwfazmif
bl;&Hrk u/ rnfo\dk toH;k csEikd yf u kH kd od-uayonf? [if;cwf tarF;t-udKirf sm;wGif u7a0;7Guyf g0ifonf? axmywf xrif;/ 'efaygufxrif;ponfw\dk wiG f u7a0;7Gurf yg v~if rjyD;acs? b,aq; az:7mYvnf; u7a0;7Guf yg0ifonf? u7a0;om;.ta7mifrSm vdaRmfndKa7mif jzpfI prkepf yg;eH\ oif;vsuf7o dS nf? vSyI toift h wifrh m ojzihf tdraf qmuf7ef tjyif/ysOt f w k -f uGyEf iS fh bD&pkd aom tdrt f oH;k taqmifrsm; jyKvyk f Edik o f nf? u7a0;om;udk tom;aoatmif jyKvyk jf yD;rS toH;k csoiho f nf? od\kaomf omref tajcmuf c H e nf ; jzif h tom;aoatmif jyKvkyfygu aumufauG; uGJtuf wwfaoma-umifh/ aygif;wif tajcmufceH nf;udo k m toH;k jyKoifo h nf?
rnfolr~ wyftyfaocsmpGm rod-uay?(u70dwf azgif „vnf;7=? ) u70dwfazgif ? ?a7S;jrefrm rif;wk\d a7a-umif; xGuf pHy,fawmfr7l mY avSawmfazgifawmf trsK;d rsK;d udk pD;eif; oH;k aqmifavh7-dS uonf? wd;k azgifawmf/ pmr7D azgifawmf/ u70dwaf zgifawmf[I l azgifawmf trsK;d rsK;d 7S7d mY u70dwaf zgifonf xif7mS ;I vlord sm; avonf? u70dwfazgif[k trnfwGifjcif;rSm u70dwfiSuf. yHko!meftwdkif; xkvkyf rGrf;rHxm;aoma-umifh jzpfonf? azgifOD;wGif u70dwfiSuf. OD;acgif;ESihf wlpGm zefwD;I yJhacsmifwGifum; tjrD;ozG,faumhI wufaponf? azgifawmfay:wGif bHt k qihq f ih7f adS om jym©m'f wpfaqmifrS oH;k aqmiftxd txGww f ifxm; onf?xkad zgifawmfukd bk7if{u7mZfEiS fh rdz7k m;acgif-uD; rsm;om toH;k jyK-uonf? ppfcsw D uf7mY u70dwf azgif udk toH;k rjyKacs? rif;yGo J bif qif,if usi;f y7mYom u70dwaf zgifukd pD;eif;avh 7So d nf? u70dwaf zgifonf ,ckacwf yifv,fu;l Zdro f ab®m-uD;rsm;ozG,f us,f jyef\I oGm;vm7mY oufomacsmifcso d nf? rif; yGo J bif tcrf;tem;rsm;wGif rif;rdz7k m;wk\d wufa7muf pD;eif; aom u70dwfazgifawmfudk avSmfum;rsm;u-udK;jzihf csdwq f w JG , JG l -uavonf?
u70dwfiSuf ? ?u70dwf iSuo f nf [dr0Mm O-o wpfrsKd; jzpfonf[q k o kd nf? tvGeo f m,maom toH rsm;udk u70dwo f /H -udK;-umoHrsm;ESifh Edi= ;f ,SOaf vh7jdS cif; udak xmufaomf u70dwif u S o f nf tvGef toHomaom iSurf sK;d jzpf[efwal yonf? u70dwaf zgif [kac:aom a7,mOfwiG f u70dwif u S f . o!mefwnfaqmufavh 7S-d uaomfvnf;/ E=wo f ;D 7iftyk f tawmifEpS zf ufEiS fh iSuw f pfaumif tjzpfuo kd m omreftm;jzifh od-u7I trSwt f om; twdtus r7Sd acs? TiSu. f O/ todu k Ef iS fh tavhtx rsm;udv k nf;
a7S;jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufu rif;yGJobifY toHk;jyKcJhonhf azmifawmfukd twkckd;xm;aom ,ckacwf u70dwfazmif
77
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7mcsDjrdK\
u7m;aumhjrdK\
u7mcsdjrdK\ ? ?u7mcsdjrdK\onf tdNd, usGef;qG,f taemufbufydkif; od¶Ke,f7Sdoab®mqdyfjrKd\ jzpfI/ yguPwefEikd if . H jrdK\awmfjzpfjyD;v~if tdNKjrpf0useG ;f ay: a'o. ajrmufbufwGif wnf7Sd.? xkd\a-umifh tdNKjrpfxGufaom 0g*Grf;/ qm;/ om;a7pdrf;/ odk;arG; t-urf;ESifh *sKpH yg;wk\dukd u7mcsjd rdK\rw S qihf tjcm;jrdK\e,f Edik if rH sm;od\k wify\kad vonf? xko d \kd u7mcsjd rKd \onf twGi;f zuf7Sd e,frsm;twGuf xGufaygufjzpfojzihf ukefpnf ul;oef; a7mif;0,fa7;Y xif7mS ;aomjrdK\jzpfonf? ygu Pwef Edik if t H wGuf Oa7mywku d Ef iS fh teD;qH;k oab®mqdyf ESifh avqdypf cef;vnf;jzpfI tjcm;jrdK\-uD;rsm;ESifh rD;7 xm;jzihf qufo, G v f suf7o dS nf? xkjd rdK\rS [du k 'f 7Awf e,fEiS fh tdNKjrpf0rS ;f wpfav~mufo\kd rD;7xm;jzifv h nf; aumif; a7vrf;rSvnf;aumif; ul;oef;oGm;vm Edkif avonf? u7mcsjd rdK\EiS fh 3 rdik cf ef\ uGma0;aom uD,mrm7DuseG ;f wGif t-uD;qH;k aom oab®musif;rsm;udk wnfaqmuf xm;.? xkjd rdK\wiG f bdvyfajrvkyif ef;ESifh wHigvkyif ef; rsm;rSm xif7mS ;aom vkyif ef;-uD;rsm;jzpfavonf? u7mcsjd rdK\. tus,t f 0ef;rSmpwk 7ef;rdik f 812jzpfI vlOD;a7rSm 1952 ckESpf oef;aumifpm7if;t7 1118000 jzpfonf?
u7m;aumhjrdK\ ? ?u7m;aumhjrdK\onf ydkvefEkdifiH. jrdK\awmfa[mif; jzpfI APwsLvjrpf. vuf0b J ufurf; ay:wGifwnf7Sdonf? a7a-umif; toGm;tvmjzpf aom jrpf&;kd a'o. xdyw f iG f wnf7o dS jzih/f pD;yGm;a7;zuf ESihf EdkifiHa7;zufwdk\wGif ta7;ygavonf? rD;7xm; vrf; qHjk rKd \ jzpfojzihv f nf; ul;oef;a7mif;0,f7m A[dXk m e-uD;jzpfaeonf? u7m;aumh jrdK\e,fY7Sad om aAsvu d qm;wGi;f rsm;rSm xif7mS ;-u.? u7m;aumhjrdK\ teD;wpf 0dkufwGif oGyf/ cJ/ ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; awG\7Sdvsuf/ "gwfyPnf;rsm;/ v,f,mqdik 7f mu7d,mrsm;/ puf u7d ,mrsm;ESifh txnftvdyrf sm;udk jyKvyk af 7mif;cs -uonf? APwsLvjrpf. txufzufwGif 7Sdaom ausmuf awmifukef;ay:wGif a7S;taqmufttHkrsm;udk awG\ Ekid . f ? 14 7mpkEpS u f aqmufvyk x f m;aom bk7m;7Scd ;kd ausmif;-uD;rSm a7S;ydv k efb7k if tqufqufw\dkbo d u d f cH,7l mae7m jzpfonfjh yif/ ydv k eftmZmenf ykCKd vfrsm; udkjr|KyfESHaom ae7mvnf;jzpfonf? u7m;aumh wU odkvf ausmif;-uD;rSm 1364 ckESpfY zGihfcJhI tvGefa7S; usaom ESpaf ygif;500 cef\u xif7mS ;cJah om emrnfausmf eQwfq7m-uD; aumhyg;eduyf. ausmuf&kyfudk xm;7Sad vonf? 'kwd, uBmppf-uD;twGif; 1939 ckESpfY *smref
yguPwefEkdifiH. jrdK\awmfjzpfaom u7mcsDjrdK\7Sd t,fvzifpwkef vrf;rwpfav~mufrS &=cif;wpfck
78
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7m;aumhjrdK\
u7du`ef;
ykdvefEkdifiH. jrdK\awmfa[mif;jzpfaom u7m;aumhjrdK\. wpfpdwfwa'oukd pdefar7Dbk7m;7Sdckd;ausmif;ay:rSausmfI jrif7yHk?
zsm;ok\d jzwfI wnf7adS ejyD;v~if ajrmufbufo\kd ajyjypf pGmedrhfav~moGm;aomfvnf;/ awmifbufodk\rl yif v,furf;ajc ausmufaqmif urf;yg;-uD;rsm;txd euf apmufaom awmifeH7H-uD;ozG,f usqif; oGm;av onf? xkad wmifwef;-uD;. tv,fA[dw k iG 7f adS om yqD vd7k w D D awmifxyd rf S ayaygif;8000 r~jrih. f ? xdak wmif xdy. f a7S;trnfrmS tdu k 'f gawmifxyd f jzpfvsu/f Zkewf rif;. arG;7m a'o[k qdkavonf? rsm;pGmaom v~Kd ajrmifawmif-um;wkd\rSm euf&d=if;vSojzifh twGif;odk\ rnfonfhtcgr~ aea7mifrxkd;Edkifacs? awmifajcESihf ajredrfhuGif;jyifwkd\wGif pyspf/ oHvGif/ vdaRmf/ a7Smuf tp7Sdaom tyifrsm; xlxJpGm aygufa7muf-uonf? yifv,furf;ajc wpfav~muf7v dS iG jf yifrsm;wGif aq;ESifh 0grsm;udk pdu k yf sKd;-u.? awmifaygonft h avsmuf t zk;d wef oWKrsm;7S7d m oH/cJ/ref*ed/uef\/a-u;eDEiS fh oGyf wk\d ukd wl;az:vkyu f ikd -f uavonf? u7du`e;f wGif vlO;D a7 438239 7So d nft h euf/ oH;k yHk ESpyf ckH ef\w\dkrmS *7dtquftEG,rf sm;jzpfI *7d,-kH unf r=ukd vdu k ef m -uonf? u7du`ef;olu`ef;om;wd\k onf a7S;qefqef jzpf-uI/ pmzwf pma7;wwfol enf;onf? wl7uDrsm; vufatmufo\dk usa7mufcphJ Ofu/ vltrsm; yif rGwfpviftjzpfodk\ ul;ajymif;cJh-uonf? xkdtcg rSpI ,ckacwfwikd af tmif c7pf,mefEiS t fh Pvmrf t,l 0g'uGo J nfh u7dusGe;f olusGe;f om; tcsif;csif;wk\d onf r-umc+ wku d cf u kd af vh7-dS u.? v,f,mvkyif ef;txl;
wkd\onf u7m;aumhjrdK\udk odrf;ydkuf cJhuaomfvnf;/ ppfa-umifh jrdK\Y tysuftpD;rsm;pGm rjzpfvaS cs? 1945 ckEpS w f iG f &k7pS pfwyfrsm;u jyefvnford ;f ydu k I f / ydv k ef wkd\vufokd\ jyeftyfvdkufavonf? u7m;aumhjrdK\. cef\reS ;f ajc vlO;D a7rSm 350000 cef\jzpf.? u7duGsef; ? ?ajrxJyifv,fta7S\yikd ;f wGi7f adS om u7du‘ef;onf tvsm; rdik 1f 60/ tus,f ^ rdik rf S 35 rdkiftxd7SdI/ {7d,mtm;jzihf pwk7ef;rdkif 3235 us,f 0ef;.? ajrxJyifv,fwiG f pwkš t-uD;qH;k aomuseG ;f jzpfonf? tD;*s;D ,ef; yifv,fjyif. awmifbufyikd ;f udk uef\ve\jf zwfwnf7v dS su/f *7dEikd if EH iS hf rdik f 60cef\umG I/ tm7Srdkif;em;ESihf rdkif100ausmfcef\ uGma0;onf? Oa7mywdkufrS tm7SwdkufESihf tmz7duwdkufrsm;okd\ oGm;7m a7vrf;c7D; ay:wGifwnf7Sdojzifh ta7;yg xif7Sm; avonf? u7duseG ;f onf'@m7DyjkH yifEiS fh ordik ;f rsm;wGif vGecf hJ aom ESpaf ygif;ig;axmif ausmaf vmufuyif xif ay: ausmaf pmcJo h nf? tD*spEf ikd if EH iS fh tm&Swu dk rf S ,Of aus; r=EiS w fh uG twwfynmtrsK;d rsK;d wk\d Oa7mywdu k o f \kd ul; puf jyef\ymG ;cJph Ofu/ vrf;ckvwfY 7Sad omuseG ;f jzpf onfh tm;avsmpf mG / Edik if o H rdik ;f qkid 7f m okawoDrsm; twGuf txl;pdw0f ifpm;zG,7f ma'o jzpfavonf? u7duseG ;f onf awmifxx l yfaygrsm;I qD;ESi;f zH;k tkyf avmufatmif jrihrf m;aom awmifxyd f rsm;pGm7So d nf? awmifwef;-u;D wpfco k nf u`e;f .wpfzufzsm;rS wpfzuf 79
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7du`ef;
u7dtkdpkwf
a7S;acwf,Ofaus;r= xGef;um;cJhaom u7du`ef;7Sd zufpawmhjrdK\onf ,cktcg Tokd\ysufpD;,kd,Gif;I aeayjyD?
twGi;f Y *smrefw\dk onf avxD;wyfom;rsm;udk toH;k jyKI 'v-urf; wku d cf u kd jf yD;v~if u7duseG ;f udk odr;f ydu k f vdkuf-u.? r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf 1945 ck arv a7mufro S m u7duseG ;f udk jyefvnf odr;f ydu k Ef ikd -f uonf? ,cktcg a7S;acwf u7d ,Ofaus;r=. tarGtESprf sm; udk a7S;a[mif;yPnf; 7SmazGw;l az:a7; tzG\Jrsm;.vH\kv a-umifh trsm;tjym;yif jyefvnf awG\7Sd-u7avjyD? a7S;u7d jrdK\awmfjzpfaom aemhqyfjrdK\ ae7ma[mif;udk wl;az:cJh7m/ u7dbk7if rdkif;aemh. 0u®yg o!mef eef;awmfa[mif;udk awG\7cdS -hJ uonf? ,ckacwfwGif xif7Sm;aomjrdK\rsm;rSm umeD,mESihf uef'D,mwkd\ jzpf-u.? umeD,mjrdK\onf xdkusGef;. jrdK\awmf jzpfvsuf/ vlOD;a728000 ausmfcef\ 7Sdonf? uef', D mjrdK\onf acwfrDS oab®mqdyaf umif; 7So d nfjh yif/ ta7mif;t0,f -uD;us,fojzihf u7dusGef;wGif t-uD; qHk;jrdK\-uD; jzpfonf? vlOD;a7 42500cef\.? u7d usGef;. t"du vkyfief;rsm;rSm qyfjymcsufvkyfjcif;/ 'decf v J yk jf cif;/ oHviG q f ED iS fh opfo;D rsK;d pHw k \dkukd Edik if jH cm;od\k tajrmuftjrm; wify\kd jcif;wk\d jzpfavonf? u7d,m ? ? ( wefqmyvm„7=? )
ojzihf oHvGifyif pdkufysKd;jcif;rSm trsm;vkyfudkifaom tvkyjf zpfonf? bDpD 1000 jynfEh pS cf ef\uyif *7d vlrsK;d wd\konf tD;*s;D ,ef; ,Ofaus;r=udkzsufqD;I u7du`ef;udkygpdk;rkd;chJ-u onf? xdktcgrSpI u7dvlrsKd;wkd\onf uBmhordkif; wGif arS;rdSefoGm;cJhavonf? xdkaemufbDpD 6^ ckESpf wGif a7mrvlrsKd;rsm; u7du`ef;okd\ a7mufvmI odrf; ydu k v f u kd -f uonf? a7mrEdik if aH wmf-uD; jydKuGo J mG ;aom tcg/ u7du`e;f onf qm7qifvrl sK;d wk\d. vufatmuf odk\ usa7mufoGm;jyD;aemuf rGwfpvif yifv,f"g;jy pcef;wpfct k jzpfo\kd oufav~mcJah vonf? at'D 960 jynhEf pS w f iG f Akid Zf if;wkid f Ekid if aH wmf. tpdwt f ykid ;f wpfck jzpfcJhjyD;aemuf pwkšt,l0g' wkdufyGJtwGif; at'D 1204 ckESpfwGif ADeD;7Sef;wkd\. EdkifxufpD;eif;tkyfcsKyf jcif;udk cH7jyefonf? 1669 ckESpfwGif wl7uDwkd\onf tESpf 20 -umr~ 0ef;7H vky-f uH-ujyD;aemuf u7dusGe;f udk odr;f ydu k v f u kd -f u.? wl7uDw\dk. vufatmufwiG f ,if;wkd\. 7ufpufaom tkyfcsKyfenf; wkd\a-umifh›if;/ tPvmrft,l0g' c7pf,meft,l0g'[lI t,l0g' uGjJ ym;vmjcif;a-umif›h if;/ ykeu f efx-uGrr= sm;ESifh t"du &k+f;rsm; r-um c+ay:aygufcJhavonf? okd\7mwGif 1913 ckEpS Yf aAmfvuef ppfyrJG sm;tjyD;wGif wl7uDonf u7du`e;f udk *7dw\dktm; vFaJ jymif;ay;vku d 7f 7m/ xkt d cg rSpI *7dydkifjzpfvmavonf? 'kwd,uBmppf-uD;
u7Dtdkpkwf ? ?jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ajrwGif;Y jrKyfxm; 7onfh opfom;udjk zpfap/ ajrjyifay:Y xm;7onfo h pf 80
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7Dtpdk w k f
u7D;qyfb7k if
om;udk jzpfap/ -um7Snf cHatmif a7eHow k v f rd ;f xm; wwfonfh enf;wl/ taemuf EdkifiHrsm;wGif opfESihf ausmufrD;aoG;rS xkwf,l77Sdaom u7Dtkdpkwf qDjzihf opfom;rsm;udk okwv f rd ;f wwf-u.? txl;ojzihf rD;7xm; oHvrf;atmufcH ZvDzg;wH;k rsm;rSm tyltat;'+fukd tjrJcH ae7onft h jyif ae\pOf ckwfarmif; vsuf7Sdaom rD;7xm;wGJrsm;. tav;csdef tm;a-umifh aqG;jrnfh ysufpD;vG,fwwf.? okd\jzpfI ZvDzg;wH;k rsm; -um7Sncf aH tmif u7Dtpdk w k q f jD zihf okwf vdr;f xm;avh7o dS nf? "gwfr;D wdik f a-u;eef;wkid f ponf rsm;udkvnf; xdkqDjzihf okwfvdrf;xm;avh7Sd-uonf? ausmufr;D aoG;rSjzpfap/ opfom;rSjzpfap/ xkw, f l jyD;cgpY u7Dtdkpkwf qDonf ta7miftqif; r7Sdacs? od\k7mwGif tcsed t f wef-umvmonft h cg ndKoGm;onf? xdq k . D teH\rmS tvGepf ;l 7S.? oif;0ifom;rS xkw, f 7l 7So d nfh u7Dtpdk w k q f rD mS tem cGJpdwf7mY jzpfap/ oGm;rsm; uko7mY jzpfap/ tvGef toH;k 0ifaom tefwq D ufywpf (tykyEf idk af q;/ tem;r ,Of;aq;) jzpfayonf? ausmufrD;aoG; uW7mrS xkwf,l 77Sdaom u7Dtpdk w k f qDrmS t7nfyspfonf? ppf&=H;bk7if u7D;qyftm; rD;pifwif&=d\7ef jyifqifaepOf
u7D;qyfbk7if(bDpD 560„546) ? ?u7D;qyf bk7ifonf tD;*s;D ,ef; yifv,f urf;ajcay:7Sd taemuf ydkif; tm7Srdkif;em;wGif t0iftygjzpfaom vpf'D;,m; Edik if u H kd aemufq;kH pd;k pHco hJ nfh bk7ifjzpfonf? xdak cwf tcgu csr;f om -uG,0f qH;k aom bk7ifwpfyg; jzpfcI hJ / ol. *k+o f wif;rSm ta0;teD; ausm-f um;cJah vonf? vpf'D;,m; a7FwGif;rsm;rS a7Ftajrmuftjrm; 7 onfjh yif/ yufw;kd vyfjrpftwGi;f 7Sd oJrsm;udk usi, f jl cif; jzifhvnf; a7Ftrsm;tjym; 77SdonfhtwGuf u7D;qyf bk7if. b@mawmfwu dk rf mS a7Frsm;jzifh jynhv f ~rf;ae cJhonf?tvGef-uG,f0onfh tjzpfudk az:jyvdkonfh tcg‘aZmwduolaX;’ESihf cdkif;Ed=if;I jrefrmrsm; ajymavhajymx7SdouJhodk\/ taemufEdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; ‘u7D;qyfvkd csrf;omav7J’h [k wifpm;ajymavh 7S-d u .? tm7Srikd ;f em; urf;ajcwpfav~mufwiG 7f adS om *7djrdK\ rsm;udk pd;k rd;k 7ojzih›f if;/ *7dEikd if EH iS fh ul;oef; a7mif;0,f cJ7h ojzifh u7D;qyfb7k ifonf *7dw\dEk iS t hf xl; 7if;ES;D cJ. h ? ul;oef; a7mif;0,fa7; xGef;um;cJhojzifh wkdif;jynf pnfyif om,m7Scd o hJ nfjh yif/ wdik ;f oljynfom; wk\dvnf; csrf;omwd;k wufc-hJ uonf? xdrk if;vufxufwiG f a7F
*®g; ESiafh iG'*®g;rsm;udk yxrqH;k oGe;f vkyf oH;k pGcJ o hJ nf [k tqk7d adS vonf? vpf'D;,m;EdkifiH. jrdK\awmfjzpfaom qm'pfjrdK\wGif u7D;qyfbk7if. crf;em;vSaom eef;awmf-uD;7Sd7m/ ausmf-um;vSojzihf 7yfa0;a'owkd\rS vltrsm; vm a7muf-unhf&= -uavonf? xkdodk\ vma7muf-unhf &=olrsm;xJwGif *7dvlrsKd; Oya'jyK ynm7Sd-uD; qkdvGef vnf; yg0if.? ynm7St d aygif;ESihf jidrahf jimif; om,m pGmaevdak om u7D;qyfonf wpfae\aomf yg7Sm;bk7if qdik ;f 7yf. e,fcs\JpufuiG ;f twGi;f usqif;cJ7h avonf? ppf7dyfppfaiG\rsm; oef;vmaomtcg u7D;qyf bk7ifonf 'Jvzdik jf rKd \7dS ewfueG ;f ok\pd pfwu kd o f ifh rwdu k o f ihf a[mude;f xkwaf y;7efapwref vFwI f ar;jref;vdu k . f ? 77Sv d maom tajzrSm u7D;qyf ppfwu dk cf ahJ omf wefc;kd -uD;aom Edik if aH wmf-uD; ysupf ;D vWH\[k jzpfojzihf u7D; qyfonf 7efol yg7Sm;Edik if t H m; acsr=e;f Edik rf nf[k t xifa7mufcahJ vonf? od\k7mwGif qm'pfppfyYJG yg;7Si;f wkd\u tEdkif7 vdkufojzifh ol.EdkifiH-uD;om ysufpD; oGm;77Smavonf? 81
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7D;qyfb7k if
u&l;qkd; a7mfAifqef
yg;7Sm;bk7if qdik ;f 7yfonf u7D;qyftm; t7Sif vwf vwf rD;&d=\owf7ef trdef\csrSwfvdkuf.? rD;pifay:odk\ a7mufaeaom u7D;qyfonf rD;awmufrD;v~H -uD;I -uD;I vmonfwGif/ qkdvGef.trnfudkoHk;-udrfoHk;cg jrnfwrf; vku d af vonf? xkt d cg qdik ;f 7yfb7k ifonf u7D;qyftm; aotHhqJqJrS tb,fa-umifh qkdvGefudk wrf;w 7oenf;[kar;.? u7D;qyfu olonf ol. csrf;om -uG,f0jcif; pdwfaysmf&Fifjcif;wkd\ESihfpyfvsOf;I qdv k eG t f m; -uGm;0gcJb h ;l a-umif;/ qdv k eG u f uH-uRmwk\d rSmqef;us,v f o S jzifh vlwpfO;D wpfa,muftm; aovGef rSom aysmf7Fifjcif; 7Sd/ r7Sd csD;rGrf; Edkifrnf[k jyefvnf acsybl;a-umif; ponfjzihf ajz-um;avonf? qdkif; 7yfbk7ifvnf; tajzudk-um;onfhtcg pdwfwGif xdckdufoGm;7um;/ u7D;qyftm; ao'+frSvFwfI ol.eef;awmfwiG f aumif;pGm jyKpkxm;cJah vonf?
wpfu`ef;Y csxm;cJh7ef ajymavonf? xkdtcsdefwGif 7Gufoab®monf awmifydkif; ypdzdwfa'o7Sd *sLtef zgeef;'ufu`e;f uav;teD;rS jzwfomG ; vsu7f o dS jzifh qJvuwfukd xdu k `ef;ay:Y csxm;cJo h nf? oab®mudk urf;rS cGmawmhrnftjyKwiG f qJvuwfonf ol.trSm; udkaemifw7um ol\udk xm;rypfcJhbJ jyefac:oGm;7ef awmif;yefjyefonf? od\7k mwGif u_Dwefonf ol.awmif; yefcsufukd rvdu k af vsmbJ oab®mudk urf;rScmG I c7D; qufvuf xGucf ahJ vonf? Tod\kjzihf vlou l if;rJah om u`ef;uav;ay:wGifqJvuwfonf wpfa,mufxD; wnf; aexkdifcJh77m av;ESpfESifh av;vajrmufaom 1^09ckZefe0g7DvwGifrSxdku`ef;uav;teD;odk\jzwf oef;oGm;aomt*®vdyf 7Gufoab®m wpfpif;u awG\7o dS jzihf u,fq,fc7hJ avonf? xkdav;ESpfausmf umvtwGif;Y qJvuwfonf u`ef;uav; teD;rS oab®mrsm; r-umc+ jzwfoef; oGm;onfudkvSrf;I jrif7aomfvnf;/ xkdoab®mrsm; ay:rSvlrsm; -um;odatmif atmf[pfac:iif7efr wwfEikd o f jzifh aomifwif vsuaf ecJ. h ? wpfcgYum; oab®mwpfpif;onf u`e;f uav;. urf;ajcod\k tvGef eD;uyfpmG qdu k u f yfvmonfwiG /f qJvuwfonf 0rf; omtm;7 ajy;I-unfv h u dk 7f m 7efol pydeEf ikd if rH S oab®m jzpfaeaoma-umifh/ tultnD rawmif;0Hh&Hkomru oab®mom;rsm; ol\udkrjrifap7ef opfyif-uD; wpfyif ay:ok\dyif wufa7muf yke;f atmif;I aecJ7h bl;avonf? wpfae\aomf ‘'sK’trnf7Sd jAdwdo~ 7Gufoab®m wpfpif;onf uHtm;avsmpf mG xku d ‘ef;teD;od\k a7muf7dS vmjyD;aemufu_Dwefu oab®mom;tcsKd\udk aomuf a77Sm7ef tvd\kigS u`e;f ay:od\k apvFwv f u kd 7f m oab®m om;rsm;onf xkdu`ef; ay:Y om;a7rsm;udk qifjref; xm;aom vl&ikd ;f wpfa,mufukd awG\jrif -u7avonf? xkdvl&dkif;um; qJvuwfyifjzpf.? oab®m u_Dwef 0ka7mh*sm;onf qJvuwf. tjzpfoepftvH;k pHu k kd ar; jref; pHpk rf;I rSww f rf;wif xm;jyD;aemuf ESpt f enf;i,f twGif;Y ‘yifv,fc7D;jzifh uBmvSnhfcJhjcif;’ ac: pm tkyfwGifqJuvwf ta-umif;udk xnfhoGif; a7;om; cJah vonf? qJuvwfonf u`e;f ay:Y wpfu, kd w f nf; use7f pf cJph Of ol\wiG 7f adS omyPnf;rsm;rSm ol.t0wftpm;rsm;/ tdyf7mvdyfwpfck/ wlrD;aoewfwpfvuf/ cJ,rf;rD; ausmufEiS fh aq;7Gut f enf;i,f/ ykqed w f pfvuf/ armif;cs "g; wpfacsmif;/ vufzuf7nfu7m; wpfv;kH /usr;f pmtkyf
u&l;qdk;a7mfAifqef ? ? 'ef;e,J 'Dzkd; a7;om; aom a7mfAifqef u&l;qd;k 0šKudk -um;bl;-uayrnf? xdk0šKrSm pma7;q7m. xkd;xGif;Om+f ouf oufjzifha7;om;aom 0šKr[kwfbJ wu,f tjzpf tysuf wpfcu k kd rlwnfvsuaf 7;om;jcif;jzpfonf? 0šK wGif Zmwftdrfwnfxm;aom u`ef;uav;rSm awmif tar7duwdu k f csv D ED ikd if H urf;ajcrS rdik f 400 tuGmwGif 7Sdaom *sLtefzgeef;'ufu`ef;pkwGif yg0ifavonf? 'Dz;kd onf a7mfAifqefu&l;qd;k 0šKukd a7;om;7mwGif xdu k `e;f uav;ok\d uk, d w f idk f a7muf7I dS aexdik cf 7hJ aom t,fvufZNm qJvuwf. ud, k af wG\ pGe\fpm;cef;wk\dukd rSDjirf;jyKI a7;om;xm;a-umif; od7.? xkda-umifh u&l;qdk;onf qJvuwf jzpfa-umif; xif7Sm;onf? t,fvufZNm qJvuwfum; 16^6 ckESpfwGif arG; zGm;I1^21 ckESpfwGif tedP a7mufcJhaom jAdwdo~vl rsKd; oab®mom;wpfO;D jzpfavonf? qJvuwfonf t*®vefjynf zdu k &f i=d , f me,f vm;*d;k aus;vufwGif zGm;jrifI/ vlvm; ajrmufaomtcg oab®mom;tjzpf toufarG;cJ. h ? xkt d csdew f iG f t*® vefEiS hf pydeEf ikd if w H \do k nf ppfjzpfvsu7f -dS u7m/ qJvuwf onfvnf; 7efopl ydeo f ab®mrsm;udk wku d cf u kd 7f mYulnD aqmif7u G 7f ef awmifyifv,f[k ac:wGiaf om ypdzw d f ork]7mok\d xGucf mG vmcJo h nf? wzef 1^04 ckEpS w f iG f t*®vyd 7f u G o f ab®mwpfpif;Y rmvdet f jzpf tr=xrf;I yifv,f c7D;xGucf jhJyef7m/ vrf;c7D;wGif oab®m u_Dwef ESifh roifhrjrwf jzpfaoma-umifh rdrdtm; eD;7mu`ef; 82
www.foreverspace.com.m
u&l;qkd; a7mfAifqef ESifh tjcm;ao;Ekyaf om yPnf;tenf;i,f jzpf.? tqkyd g yPnf;rsm;wGif twkdif;twm twGuftcsuf qdkif7m wefqmyvmrsm;ESihf pmtkyftcsKd\vnf; ygao;7m xkdpmtkyfrsm;udk zwf&=,if;jzifhysif;7dtm;i,fr=udk ajz azsmufc7hJ avonf? qJvuwfonf aexdik 7f ef wJi,f wpfcu k kd ygvmaom u7d,m wefqmyvmwk\djzifh rjzpf jzpfatmif aqmufvkyfI trdk;udkjrufajcmuf rsm;jzihf rkd;onf? usGef;ay:wGif 7dQm[lIr7Sdojzihf awm&dkif; wd7>mefrsm;udk ypfcwfzrf;,lI rD;uifpm;aomuf7.? Todk\jzifh ae xdkifvmcJh7m tenf;i,f r~om ygvmaom ,rf ; rsm; vnf; ukecf ef; cJah vjyD? xkdtcg wd7>mefrsm;udk t vG,w f ul ypfcwfzrf; ,ljcif; rjyKEdkif&Hkr~ru rD;tvdk\iSgyifv~if opf om;ESpfacsmif;udk wyif wyef; yGww f u dk , f 7l av onf? om;aumifrsm; udk wpfaeukef wpfaecef; acsmif;ajrmif; zrf;,lrS om wpf7ufpm ESpf7uf pm vHkavmuf&Hkr~ 77Sd onf? odk\jzpfI ,cif u uJhodk\ t0 rpm;Ekdif awmh b J tvG e f w 7m qmavmif rGwfodyfrS om pm;7 awmhonf? ig;rsm;udkrl vkdo aus;iSufa-umifacG; wkd\ukdom avmuf zrf;,l77SdEkdif .? okd\7mwGif 7uf-um 7SnfcHatmifqm;e,fxm;7ef qm;r7Sad oma-umifh ig;tpm; ykZeG w f yk f rsm;udo k m zrf; ,lavawmhonf? qJvuwfonf aeom;usvmaom tcgyifv,f vdyrf sm;udk 7SmazGI pm;aomufonfjh yif awmqdwrf sm; udkaemufrS twif;ajy;vdkufI zrf;qD; owfjzwfEdkif onftxd zswfvwf vsifjrefvmonf? ygvmaom t0wftpm;rsm;udk ae\pOf 0wfqif ae7aoma-umifh r-umrDyif a[mif;EGrf; pkwfjywf-u onfwiG f ypfcwf zrf;,l7&Sad om awmqdw&f ikd ;f rsm;. om;a7jzihf tu®sDabmif;bDESihf OD;xkyfrsm; csKyfvkyf onf? xkdom;a7rsm;udk csKyfvkyf7mY t0wftpm; 83
a[mif;rsm;rS 77Sdaomcsnfyifwkd\jzifhvnf;aumif; ajc tdwfa[mif;rsm;rS 77Sdaom odk;arG;csnfyifwkd\jzifh vnf;aumif; tyfrygbJ cJ,Of;pGm csKyfvkyf7.? a7mfAifqefu&l;qdk;0šKwGif pma7;q7m 'Dzkd;u u&l;qd;k onf -uufwal 7G; uav;rsm;ESifh qdwu f av; rsm;udk taz:tvk\digS ,Ofyg;atmif arG;jrLxm;onf[k qkad vonf? qJvuwfrmS rlum; olaexkid af om u`e;f uav;wGif -uGurf sm; aomif;use;f vSojzihf a-umifrsm; arG;jrLI xkd-uGufwkd\.7efudkokwfoif7onf[kqkd.? xkad -umifrsm;rSm,cifu xku d `e;f uav;ok\d wpfcgwpf7H qku d u f yf vmwwfaom oab®mrsm; rS usef7pfcJh [ef7Sdonfh a-umif rsm; rSqif;ouf ayguf zGm;vmI vlESihftae a0;ojzifh wjznf;jznf; awmpdwf0ifoGm; onf [k qdkavonf? qJv uwfonf ysif;7daom tcgrsm;Y ol a rG ; jrL xm; aoma-umifrsm; qd w f i ,f u av;rsm; ESihfyif upm; aysmfyg; 7avonf? a7mfAifqef u&l ; qd k ; 0šKY yg7d S ouJhodk\ xkdu`ef; ay: wGif wpfcgwpf7H vlom;pm; vl&dkif;rsm; vma7muf wwfa-umif;/ tazmfjyKcJh77Smol u&l;qkd; ‘zd k ; aom-um’ ac: wynhfausmf 7Sda-umif; ponfwkd\um; qJvuwf. wu,fh tjzpftysuf pGe\fpm;r=rsm;wGif ryg0ifc-hJ uacs qJvuwfonf ,Ofaus;aom vlavmu-uD;ESihf ESpf twef-umr~ tqufjywfaecJo h jzif/h ol\tm;u,fq,f aom oab®mom;rsm;ESifh awG\aomtcg rdr. d bmom 7if; pum;udk em;rvnfoavmuf jzpfae.? tpm;t aomufwkd\udkvnf; rpm;wwfoavmuf jzpfaeawmh onf? qJvuwfonf t*®vefjynfo\kd jyefvnf a7muf 7SdjyD;aemuf/ 1^11 ckESpf txd u_Dwefa7mh*sm; vuf atmufwiG yf if tr=xrf;cJ. h ? xdak emufoab®mwpfpif; wGif 0ifa7muftr=xrf;,if;yif 1^21 ckEpS Yf uG,v f eG f tedPa7mufcahJ vonf?
www.foreverspace.com.m
t,l0'a-umifjh zpfymG ;7aomppfyrJG sm; ocifa,&= zGm;jrif7m *s&;l qvrf;jrKd \ukd ydik q f ikd af 7;twGuf tESpf 200 twGi;f Y c7pf,mefw\do k nf rGwpf vifw\kEd iS fh 8 -udrrf ~aoG;acsmif;pD; wku d cf u kd cf -hJ u.? xdk ppfyrJG sm;a-umifh tysuef mcJo h avmuf tusK;d vnf; rsm;cJah yonf? yxru&l;qdwfppfyGJrSm 1069 ckrS 99 ckESpftwGif; jzpfymG ;cJ. h ? *s&;l qvrf;Y c7pf,mefw\dktm; qm7qif rsm; u n|O;f yef;yHu k kd xkt d wdik ;f -unfah ev~i/f uJonf xufuv J mI c7pf,eft,l0g'tm; vFr;f rd;k oGm; rnfukd pd;k 7dr7f ojzif/h uvm;rGejf rdK\wiG f t,l0g'qkid 7f m tpnf; ta0;-u;D usi;f yI qm7qifw\t dk m; wdu k cf u kd f ESrd Ef iS ;f 7ef qH;k jzwf-uonf? xkt d a7;wGif yDwm„o„ [mrpfonf t,l 0g'apmfum;ol qm7qifwkd\tm; wdkufcdkufacs r=e;f 7ef Oa7my wpfciG o f \kd vSnv hf nfI vHa= qmfcahJ vonf? Oa7myrS vltrsm;onf ygvufpwdkif;jynfodk\ csD wufI *s&;l qvrf;jrKd \ukd odr;f ydu k 7f ef wyf-u;D ESpw f yfukd zGJ\pnf;cJhonf? wyfwpfwyfudk yDwm„o„[m rpfu acgif; aqmifI usefwyfwpfwyfukd a0:vwm „o„ yJev D uftrnf7dS ol7aJ umif;u acgif;aqmif avonf? yDwm acgif;aqmifaomwyfrmS uwku d u f &du k f wyfz\JG I xGuv f m-uojzif/h tpDtpOfvnf;ruse/ vufeuf vnf; rjynfph akH cs? xk\d jyifta7S\ Edik if rH sm;ok\d csw D uf7m vrf;c7D;onf yifyef;cufcv J I S / ygvufpwdik ;f ok\d ra7muf
u&l;qdwfppfyGJrsm; ? ?Ak< t,l0g'Dw\dkonf jrwf pGmbk7m; yGiafh wmfr7l m Ak<*g,mudk txGwt f jrwfxm; I bk7m;zl; oGm;-uouJhokd\/ c7pf,mefwkd\onfvnf; ocifa,&= zGm;jrifawmfr7l ma'ojzpfaom *s&;l qvrf; jrdK\ udk txGwt f jrwfxm;vsuf bk7m;zl;oGm;avh7-dS uonf? tv,facwftwGi;f Oa7my wdu k o f m;wk\d *s&;l qvrf;jrKd \ ok\d bk7m;zl;oGm;-upOfu/ *s&l;qvrf;jrdK\wnf77dS m yg vufpwdik ;f jynfukd tkypf ;kd vsu7f adS om tm7yfrw G pf vif wd\konf c7pf,mefb7k m;zl;rsm;ukd taESmift h ,Suf rjyKchJ acs? okd\aomf 11 7mpkESpfwGif *s&l;qvrf;jrdK\onf xkad cwfu qm7qifac:onfh qJv*sw G w f 7ufw\dk vuf atmufo\dk usa7mufomG ;ojzifh c7pf,mef bk7m;zl;rsm;rSm tm7yfrw G pf vifw\dk vufxufuuJo h \kd r[kwrf b l J n|O;f yef;ESyd pf ufjcif;udck -H u7.? xdt k cg c7pf,mefwo k\d nf rcH r7yfEikd jf zpfI rdrw d \kdtxGwt f jrwfxm;7mjzpfaom aoOf jrudk qm7qifw\kv d ufrS jyefvnford ;f ydu k Ef ikd 7f ef -uKd ;pm; -uuke. f ? Tok\djzihf 11 7mpkEpS rf S 13 7mpkEpS w f idk af tmif u&l;qdwf ppfyaJG ygif; 7Sp-f udrrf ~ jzpfymG ;cJah vonf?
yxru&l;qdyfppfyGJY *s&l;qvrf;jrdK\wGif;okd\ a*ghz7D acgif;aqmifaom u&l;qdwfwyfom;rsm; 0ifa7mufvmpOf
84
www.foreverspace.com.m
u&l;qdwfppfyGJrsm; rDuyif wyfom;rsm; aoa-u ysuf pD;-uojzihf ta7;rvScJhacs? odk\7m wGif a0:vwm acgif;aqmifonfh wyfum; uGefpwefwDEdky,fjrdK\t a7muf csw D ufEikd cf ahJ vonf? xkw d yf 2wyf xGuo f mG ;jy;D rS rif;nD rif;om;rsm;ESihf ol7Jaumif;ajrmuf jrm;pGm acgif;aqmifyg0ifonfh pepf wus usifhom;7jyD;aomwyfrsm; onf ygvufpwkid ;f jynfbufo\kd quf vufcsw D uf-uonf? ,if;od\k csw D uf wdu k cf u kd 7f m vrf;wpfav~uw f iG f c7pf ,mef w k d \ zuf r S tustqH k ; rsm; oavmuf qm7qifwkd\bufrSvnf; wwd,u&l;qdwfppfyGJrS 7pfcsufbk7ifESihf wyfom;rsm; tysuftpD;emvSonf? vrf;wp av~muf 7 S d jrd K \ - uD ; rsm;ud k od r f ; fh *®vefjynfb7k if yxr ydu k Ef ikd I f 1099 ckEpS w f iG f rdrw d \d. k 7nf7, G cf suf yef;wkid f 7mZfb7k if/ jyifopfb7k if zdvpfEiS t f \djk zpfavonf? z7uf'7pfAgA a7mhqmrSm tm7S jzpfaom *s&l;qvrf; jrdK\-uD;udk aoG;acsmif;pD;r~ wku d f 7pfcsww cdkufjyD;aemuf odrf;ydkuf-uonf? xkdtcgwGif u&l; rdik ;f em;od\ka7mufI jrKd \wpfjrKd \ord ;f jy;D rS jrpfwpfjrpfukd jzwf qdwpf pfwyfrsm;zufrS acgif;aqmif wpfO;D jzpfaom Al,eG f ul;pOf a7epfIuHuek af vonf? xkad -umihf 7pfcswEf iS fh jrKd \om; a*ghz7Dtm;*s&;l qvrf; bk7iftjzpf wifajrm| ufI zdvpf ESpfOD;om acgif;aqmifI *s&l;qvrf; jrdK\odk\ k -f ujyD; aoOfajrudk umuG,f apmifah 7Smuf7ef xm;cJ-h uonf? csDwufc-hJ u7onf? ok\d aomf {ujrdK\ukd odr;f ydu xdpk Ofu u&l;qdwpf pfwyfrsm;wGif yg0if qifEo JG rl sm; aomf xdkacgif;aqmifbk7ifESpfOD;wkd\ oabmuGJvGJ rSm *k+x f ;l bG\Jx;l ESifh ausmaf pmjcif;udk omru/ v,f,m -uojzifh zdvpfonf wyfacgufI jyefvmcJhonf? rd;k ajr a7FaiGtrsm;vnf; 77S-d uonf? xkad -umifh aemif 7pfcswf wOD;wnf; ygvufpwdkif;wGif usef7pfcJhI k cf u dk af ejyD;aemuf ajr|mv f ifch suf r7Sv d S acwfrsm;Y u&l;qdwf ppfwyf-uD;rsm;wGif vdu k yf gwdu k f qufvuf wdu cdu k v f o kd rl sm; tawmfyif aygrsm;cJ. h ? od\kaomf xko d rl sm; ojzifh qJv'if;ESifh ppfajyjidr;f a7; pmcsKyf csKyaf vonf? rSm t,l0g'twGuf wku d cf u kd jf cif;xuf rdrw d \dkausmaf pm xkpd mcsKyjf zihf c7pf,mefb7k m;zl;rsm;tm; rGwpf vifw\dku f u S 7f ef qJv'if;xHrS uwd7cJh avonf? udW7d rdS /= csw D uf7mvrf;rS jynfe,frsm;udk vk,ufwu dk f raESmih, pwkš u&l;qdwfppfyGJwGif zvef;'g;e,fpm; cdu k v f rdk r= sm;twGuf vku d yf golu ydI k rsm; jym; avonf? 114^ckEpS rf S 49ckEpS w f iG f 'kw, d u&l;qdwpf pfyJG jzpfymG ; aumihaA:v'Gif acgif;aqmifI ygvufpwdkif; jynf jyefonf? xkpd pfyw JG iG f jyifopfbek ;f -u;D pdeAf g;e'fu aqmf zufodk\ csDwufaomfvnf;/ Aif;epfjrdK\ta7mufwGif -oI/ *smreDEikd if rH S wwd,uGe;f 7'fb7k ifEiS hf jyifopfEikd if H uGefpwefwDEdky,fjrdK\rS ppfulac:ojzihf xkdjrdK\odk\oGm; oWrvl0w D \kyd g0ifaom u&l;qdww f yf-u;D onf ygvuf a7mufum {u7mZfbk7iftm; eef;jyefwifa7;udk pwdik ;f zufo\kd csw D ufc. hJ ? od\kaomf pDrH cef\crJG = nHzh si;f jcif; uln7D avonf? xkad -umifh ygvufpwdik ;f od\kyif ra7muf bJ uGepf wefwED ykd ,fjrdK\ukd u&l;qdwf wyfom;rsm;u a-umifh ygvufpwdik ;f od\k ra7muf rDyif r&=rvSta7;edrI hf wdkufcdkuf vk,uf -u.? {u7mZf bk7if uG,fvGef jyefvnfqw k cf mG vmcJ-h u7onf? h cg aAmfv'Gio f nf xD;eef;udk qufcaH vonf? xkad emuf tESpaf v;q,fcef\wiG f xif7mS ;vSaomrGwf onft yVru&l;qdwfppfyGJ (1228„29) wGifum; acgif; pvifacgif;aqmif qJv'if;bk7ifu *s&;l qvrf;jrdK\ udk wkdufcdkufodrf;ydkufojzifh wwd,u&l;qdwfppfyGJ (1 aqmif jzpfol *smreDjynf7h iS f z7uf'7pfonf c7pf ,mef aoOfajrudk ydik af om tD*spfb7k ifEiS fh aphpyfa7; pmcsKyf 189„1191) jzpfymG ; 7jyefonf? (qJv'if;„ 7=? )xkt d -udru f acgif;aqmiforl sm;rSm z7uf'7pfAgAa7mqm{u 85
www.foreverspace.com.m
u&l;qdwfppfyGJrsm;
ua7qD;wkdufyGJ
rsm; csKyq f jkd cif;tm;jzihf ppfrwdu k 7f bJ *s&;l qvrf;jrdK\ukd 7cJah vonf// od\kaomf 1244 ckEpS w f iG f wl7uDw\du k c7pf,mefaoOf ajrudkodrf;ydkuf-ujyefojzihf/ jyifopfbk7if e0rvl0D acgif;aqmifjyD;v~if qXru&l;qdwpf pfy(JG 124^„1254) udq k ifEJF -ujyefonf? xdpk pfyw JG iG f xkpd Oftcg uygvuf pwdkif;okd\ wufa7muf7m tcsuftjcmjzpfonfh tD *spfEdkifiHodk\ csDwuf wkdufcdkufavonf? xdkppfyGJwGif c7pf ,mefw\dzk ufrt S a7;edrI hf vl0b D 7k ifu, kd w f ikd f tzrf; cH7jyD;v~if a-u;aiG tajrmuftjrm;ay;a7G;rS vGwf ajrmufcahJ vonf? jyifopfb7k if pdev f 0l ED iS fh t*®vefjynfb7k if yxrtuf 'Gyrf if;om;wd\k acgif;aqmifIoWr u&l;qdwpf pfyu JG kd pwif -ujyefonf? od\kaomf pdev f 0l rD mS ppfwu kd af e,if; yvdyaf 7m*gjzihf uG,v f eG f oGm;I/ c7pf,mefo7l aJ umif; rsm; xdef;odrf;apmifha7SmufcJhaom ygvufpwdkif;jynf 7Sd jrdK\-uD;rsm;onfvnf; wpfjrdK\jyD;wpfjrdK\ rGwfpvif rsm;vufo\kd usa7muf-uavonf? 1291 ckEpS f tvGef wGif u&l;qdyfppfyGJrsm; r7Sdawmhacs? ESpaf ygif;ESp7f mcef\twGi;f u&l;qdwpf pfy-JGu;D rsm; wpfck jyD;wpfck jzpfymG ;cJo h nf? t,l0g'udk ta-umif;jyKvsuf pGe\fpm;vdrk /= wku d cf u kd , f if; yPnf;OPm wku d cf u kd v f , k v l kd r=/ emrnfausm-f um;vkrd /= e,fajrrsm;77Sv d rkd = wk\da-umifh u&l;qdwf ppfy-JG uD;rsm; jzpfcahJ vonf? xko d \kd jzpfap7ef vnf; ta-umif;7SmI-udK; pm;cJ-h u.? xdak cwf tcgu u&l;qdwfppfwyfrsm; tvGefacwfpm; cJh-uonf? xkd\ a-umifh 1212 ckEpS cf ef\wiG f uav;rsm;yif u&l;qdwpf pf wyfwpfwyf zG\Jpnf;cJh avonf? xku d av;rsm;rSm *smreD ESifh tDwvDw\drk S jzpf-uI ajrxJyifv,fukd jzwfoef;um ygvufpwdik ;f jynfukd csw D ufomG ;-u.? uav;rsm;tm; bk7m;ocifu apmifha7SmufulnDojzifh olwkd\. 7nf 7G,fcsuf jynfhpHkvdrhfrnf[k ar~mfvifh -uaomfvnf;/ uav;tajrmuftjrm;yif ysufpD;aoqHk;I tcsKd\rSm aiG0,fuseG t f jzpf a7mif;pm;jcif; cH-u7avonf? ,if;ok\djzifh u&l;qdwf ppfyrJG sm;rSm t&H;= rsm;cJo h nf[k qk7d ayrnf?od\kaomf tjrwfxu G o f nfh tcsurf sm;vnf; qdak y ao;onf? ,if;od\krmS xdak cwfxt kd cgu wpfO;D udk wpfO;D wku d cf u kd o f wfjzwf aecJah omOa7mjynfe,frsm; onf7nf7, G cf suf wpfcw k nf; twGuf aygif;pnf; vm -uonf? ,Ofaus;r= tqift h wef;edru hf scahJ om Oa7my taemufyikd ;f Edik if rH sm;onf ,Ofaus;r=tqiht f wef;jrihf onfh ta7S\bufEikd if rH sm;ESifh qufqv H m-u7ojzifh ,Of
aus;r= wk;d wuf vmonf? ta7S\Eikd if rH sm;uJo h \kd aumif; aumif;ae aumif;aumif;pm;vsuf pnf;pdrf cHpm;7rSe;f odvmonf? xkda-umifh ,cifu rawG\rjrifbl;onfh
oWru&l;qdwfppfyGJrprD aumif;jcD;cH,laeaom pdwfvl0D
yPnf;rsm;udk oH;k pGv J m-uI ta7S\Eikd if rH sm;ESifh ukeo f , G f r=rsm; jyKvkyv f mavonf? ukepf nf a7mif;0,fjcif;jzihf vnf; wefc;dk -uD;rm;vmaom Aif;epf/ *s;D Ed;k 0g; ponfh jrdK\-uD;rsm; ay:aygufvmavonf? xk\djyif ta7S\Eikd if rH sm; . tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;udk pOf;pm;vm-u.? ,if;od\jk zihf 15 7mpkEpS af vmufwiG f Oa7mywku d Yf twwf ynm jyefvnfqef;opfacwfjzpfaom acwfqef;csdef ay:ayguf7ef tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm; wjznf;jznf; csco Jh nf[k qkEd ikd o f nf? xdak -umifh u&l;qdwf ppfyrJG sm; onf Oa7my. tajctae jyKjyifajymif;vJa7; . tajccHtw k cf syfrsm;[kqv kd ~if rSm;rnfr[kwaf cs? ua7;qD;wdu k yf JG ? ?ua7qD;wku d yf o JG nf jyifopfEiS fh t*®vdyfwkd\ jzpfyGm; -uonfh ESpfwpf7mppfyGJrS wkdufyGJ wpfyjJG zpfI/ 1346 ck -o*kwv f 26 7ufae\wiG f jyifopf 86
www.foreverspace.com.m
ua7qD;wku d yf JG Edik if H ta7S\ajrmufbuf ar;jrpfurf;ay:7Sd xkpd Ofu u a7qD;7Gm uav;teD;wGif jzpfymG ;cJ. h ? ,cktcgwGirf l xkd7Gmuav; rSm jrdK\uav;wpfjrdK\ jzpfaejyD;v~if/ ua7qD;wku d yf aJG -umifh xif7mS ;avonf? xdw k u kd yf rJG mS t*®vefjynf7h iS f wwd, tuf'yG f bk7if ESifh jyifopfjynf7h iS f qXr zdvpfb7k ifw\dk vufxufwiG f jzpfymG ;aom ppfyJG jzpfonf? tuf'yG b f 7k ifonf rdr. d wyfrsm;udk aemfref'eD ,frS jzwfIcsw D ufapjyD;v~i/f -o *kwv f 25 7ufae\wiG f ua7qD;teD; ae7maumif;wpfck wGif wyfcsaeavonf? t*®vyd pf pfwyfrsm; csw D ufvm a-umif; od7aom jyifopfwyfrsm;onf t*®vdyfrsm; udk wdkufcdkuf7ef trSDvdkufvm-uonf? tuf'Gyf bk 7ifonf jyifopfw\dk vdu k v f ma-umif;odojzihf ckcw H u dk f cdu k 7f ef toifjh yifqif xm;onf? -o*kwv f 26 7ufae\ eHeufapmapmwGif t*®vyd w f \7dk 7dS m a'ozufo\kd jyifopfw\dk a7muf7v dS maomtcg/ jyifopfw\dk. wyfrsm;rSm z&dzk 7J jzpfae.? od\kaomf zdvpfrmS rdr. d olaumif;rsm; wku d f wGe;f csuaf -umif/h wyfukd aumif;pGmem;cGirfh ay;bJ t*® vdyfwkd\udk pwifwkdufcdkuf avonf? jyifopfw\. dk tiftm;rSm t*®vyd w f \. dk tiftm;xuf
oHk;av;qru omaomfvnf;/ wyfrsm;rSm pnf;urf; ao0yfjcif; trdef\&dkaousKd;EGHjcif;rsm; r7Sday? xkd\jyif qdck o hJ nft h wkid ;f t*®vyd w f \dkrmS awmifuek ;f qifajcav~m ay:rS ae7maumif;7xm;I -udKwif jyifqifxm;r= vnf;7S. d ? t*®vyd w f \dkzufrS ppfa-umif;oH;k a-umif; cGJ xm;7m/ tuf'yG b f 7k ifu, kd w f idk f wpfa-umif;udu k yG u f J I/ wpfa-umif;udk touf16ESprf ~om 7Sad o;aom om; awmf tdraf 7S\Oy7mZm Avufy7ihu f tkycf sKyfavonf? usefwpfa-umif;udrk l rŒ;rwfrsm;utkycf sKyfonf? xdpk pfyw JG iG f av;jrm;rsm;jzifh pwif wku d cf u kd -f u7m t*®vyd w f \zdk ufu jrm;a7;omavonf? xkad -umifh aemuf bufrS jyifopfjrif;wyf ol7aJ umif;wk\drmS t*®vyd w f \dkukd vlcsi;f ,SOf wku d Ef ikd 7f ef a7S\o\kd twif;wd;k wGu7f m/ ud, k fh wyfukd ud, k jf yefeif;rdI jyifopfwyfom;rsm;pGm qH;k &H;= 7avonf? ,if;ok\d jyifopf ajcvsiw f yfEiS fh jrif;wyfw\dk &ke;f 7if;qefcwf jzpfaepOf/ t*®vyd w f \dzk ufrS csuaf umif; ,lI jrm;aygif;rsm;pGmjzifh '7pyf ypfcwfojzihf jyifopfw\dk twHk;t&Hk; usqHk; avonf? xdw k u kd yf rJG mS wpfzufEiS fh wpfzuf oJorJ rJ J wku d cf u dk -f u7m rsm;pGmjyif;xefvo S nf? Avufy7ihrf if;om;um; xkd
jyifopftay: t*‡vdyfwkd\Ekdfifvkdufaom ua7qD;wkdfufyGJ
87
www.foreverspace.com.m
u&krd , D rf
u&kda7S;Zmxkd;enf;
wku d yf w JG iG f xl;cseG pf mG wku d cf u kd af tmifjrifc. hJ ? wku d yf rJG mS xkad e\ nzufwiG jf y;D qH;k 7m jyifopfw\zdk ufrS wyfv;kH jyKwrf ~ usqHk;avonf? xkdtxJwGifjyif opfbk 7if. r[mrdwfbk7ifrsm;/ rif;nDrif;om; trsm;tjym;yif usq;kH onf? t*®vyd w f \kb d ufrS tustqk;H um; enf;yg; vS.? ua7qD;wku d yf rJG mS ESpw f pf7mppfyYJG t*®vyd w f \du k jyifopfw\dt k ay: uke;f zufwiG f yxrqH;k atmifjrifvu kd f aom wdu k yf JG jzpfI Edik if o H rdik ;f wGif xif7mS ;cJah vonf?
ESihf rpm;Edkifaoma-umifh ,cifu tvGefacwfpm;cJh aom epfu,f7nfprd jf cif;udk toH;k rrsm;awmhbJ u&drk D ,rf 7nf pdrfjcif;udk rsm;pGmtoHk;jyKvm-u./ u&dkrD ,rf7nf pdrfxm;aom yPnf;rsm;.rsufESmjyifrsm; onf tyGwf twdu k u f kd aumif;pGm cHEidk . f ? u&drk u kd f ac: u&drk , D rf oWK&ikd ;f udk oWK usKzd rdk sm;. twGi;f cH yPnf; tjzpfjzihf toH;k jyK-u.? u&drk , D rf[o l nfrmS *7dpum; ‘u&dkrm’ rSqif;ouf vmI ta7mif[k t "d_g,f7.? u&krd , D rf j'yfaygif;rsm;Y ta7mif trsKd; rsK;d &d-u S .? jr/ eDvm/ yWjrm; paom wGi;f xGuaf usmuf rsufwdk\. ta7mif uGJjym;jcm;em;r=onf xkdausmuf rsu7f w JG \kdwiG f yg0ifaom u&drk , D rfoWK tenf;trsm; ay:wGif ta-umif; jyKonf? u&dkrD,rfj'yfaygif;rsm; jzpf-uaom aA7D,rfu&drk w d /f vufu&drk w d /f Zifu h &drk w d f wk\d rS ta7miftrsKd;rsKd;7Sad om jc,faq;rsm;ud7k 7S. d ? u&drk , D rf oWK&dik ;f jzpfaom u&drk u kd u f kd tmz7du awmifydkif;awmif&dk; 'D;ZD;,m;e,f/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;/ usL;Ag;/ e,l;u,fv'dk ;D eD;,m;/ wl7uDEiS fh &k&ES ikd if w H \dk wGif t"duwl;az:77So d nf? u&drk w d rSm tvGef tqdyf jyif;xefaoma-umifh vufEiS fh udik w f , G 7f mwGif txl;yif owdjyK7onf? udk,fc¶may:wGif xd7m7S7mrsm; 7SdI/ xkdxd7m 7S7mrsm;rSaoG;xJodk\ u&dkrdwf 0ifoGm;v~if aoG;eDO rsm;udk zsufq;D ypfwwfonf?
u&dkrD,rf ? ?u&drk , D rfonf rmI aiGa7mifuo hJ \kd jzLjymajymifvufaom oWKjzpf.? rdv k pf'eD rf/ wefpwif ESifh ,la7;eD;,rf; j'yfpifrsm; tpkwiG yf g0ifI oWKpyf rsm; jyKvkyf7mY rsm;pGmyif toHk;0if.? u&dkrD,rfudk o,HZmw tjzpfjzifh 77SI d / OUm rsm;wGiv f nf; tenf; i,fr~awG\7wwfonf? ok\daomf u&drk u kd af c: u&drk , D rf oWK&dkif;rsm;wGif trsm;tjym; awG\7.? u&dkrD,rf ošKukd ošK&ikd ;f rS xkw, f 7l mY tvGecf ufcI J p7dwpf c vnf; tvGerf sm; aoma-umifh ToWKrmS rxif7mS ;bJ 7SdcJhonf? vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; oHk;q,favmufurS u&dkrD,rfudk vlodrsm;vm -ujyD;v~if pufr= vkyfief; trsKd;rsKd;wk\d wiG f pwiftoH;k jyKvm-uonf? tpGe;f cH oHr+duo hJ \dk oHacs;rwuf/ tpGe;f rxifEidk f aom oWKpyfrsm;udk jyKvyk 7f mY u&drk , D rfonfta7;yg t7ma7mufq;kH aom oWKwpfcjk zpf.? oHacs;wufwwf aom oHEiS o fh rH +drsm;ukd u&drk , D rf od\kr[kwf epfu,f a7mxm;aom u&drk , D rfEiS fh a7mpyfvu dk af omtcg tvGef tzkd;wefaom oWKpyfjzpfvmI oHacs;wufjcif;/ oHacs;pm;jcif;/ tufqpf pm;jcif;wk\d ukd cHEikd v f monf? Tod\k xl;uJaom *k+o f Wd7adS oma-umifh oHacs; rwuf Edik af tmif wm7Snx f m;7rnfh yPnf; [lor~uu d &drk , D rf oWKpyfjzifh jyKvyk -f u.? epfu,fEiS u fh &drk , D rf oWKEpS f rsK;d udk a7mpyf jyKvyk x f m;aom oWKpyfonf tvGejf yif; aom tyl'+fukd cHEikd 7f nf7. dS ? rnfr~yif tyljyif;aomf vnf; tvG,fwulESihf ravmifusGrf; Edkifacs? xkd\ a-umifh tDvufx7pfa7'Da,wmac: v~ypf pfjzifh tyl aiG\ay;aom u7d,mrsm;twGi;f 7Sd eef;-udK;uav;rsm;udk epfu,fEiS hf u&drk , D rfw\kdjzifh a7mpyf jyKvkyx f m;onf? xk\djyif oHr+dukd u&drk , D rfEiS fh a7mpyfaomtcg tvGef rmvmaoma-umift h ajrmufqef usnq f efrsm;/ aAgA,f 7ifrsm;/ armfawmfum; *D,mrsm; jyKvky7f mwGif rsm;pGm toH;k jyK-uavonf? u&drk , D rfoWKonf tvGerf mI tufqpfv, G v f , G f
u&dka7S;Zmxdk;enf; ? ?‘u&dak 7S;’ qdak om pum;rSm jyifopfpum; ‘ua7mh’rS qif;oufvmI ‘csw d ’f [laom teufuakd qmifavonf? TZmxkd;enf;wGif tzsm;Y csdwfygaom oHr+d od\kr[kwf t&d;k qHx;dk tyfwpfacsmif;jzifh Zmyef;uGuaf y: atmif az:,l7avonf? Zm-urf;aygufrsm;udk azguf 7ef t&dk;jzifh jyKvkyfaom Zmxkd;tyfudktoHk;jyKI/ Zm Ekrsm;udk azguf7ef oHr+dZmxkd;tyfudk toHk;jyK-u onf? tkdif,mvefZmrsm;rSm vuf7mtvGefEkaom Zmrsm;jzpf.? u&dak 7S;Zmxk;d 7mY tajccH -udK;wef; tjzpfjzifh a7S; OD;pGm zGwfjrD;xkd;I pwif rlwnf7onf? xdkaemuf vkd7mZmyHkpH uGufay:atmifZmxkd;tyf tzsm;7Sdcsdwf jzifh csnfr~ifudk 7pfum ausmhum csdwfI ,l7onf? xkad emuftajccH -udK;wef;ay:wGif wdik f pdu k 7f .?wkid f pdu k 7f mwGif -uKd ; wpfcgwif ESpcf gwif ponfjzifh vko d vkd -udK;udk wif7.? Tok\daom wdik pf u kd ef nf;jzifh vd7k mZm ESihf tusˆ yHkpHrsm;udk tuGufaz:I xkd;Ekdifonf? 88
www.foreverspace.com.m
www.foreverspace.com.m
www.foreverspace.com.m
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHyGihfopfpyef;wpfyGihf
zGJ\pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH Oya't7 xlaxmif7ef qHk;jzwfcJhaomu7ifjynfe,fudk jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. ta7S\awmifbufwGif pGifhpGifhiGg;iGg; ay:vGifxif7Sm;pGm awG\jrif7 ayawmhrnf? yef;csDaq;r=ef;ouJhodk\aom obm0 &=ar~mfcif;wkd\jzifh a0a0qmqm 7SdvSayonf?
ajrmufbufY 7Srf;jynfe,fESihf u,m;jynfe,f/ta7S\ bufY oHviG jf rpfEiS fh ,if;.vufwufjzpfaom aomif 7if; jrpfw\dk tjcm;jzpfonfh ,d;k ',m;Edik if /H awmifbufY usKdQrDc&dkifwGifyg0ifaom a7;jrdK\e,ftaemufbufY awmificl &kid w f iG f yg0ifaom a7wm7Sn/f awmifi/l xef; wyif/ ausmuf-u;D ESifh a7Fusijf rKd \e,frsm;/ oxHk c&dik w f iG f yg0ifaom bD;vif;/ oxHEk iS fh aygifjrdK\e,frsm;/ usKQ d rD c&dik w f iG f yg0ifaom usKu d rf a7m/ rk'/kH usKQ d rDEiS fh a7; jrdK\e,frsm;7So d nf? jynfe,f. tus,ft0ef;rSm pwk7ef;rkdif 9341 jzpf.? c&dkifjrdK\e,ftvdkuf tus,ft0ef;rSmoHvGif 2666/ vd=if;bGJ\ 1^64/bm;tH 100^/ aumhu7dwf 1963/ -umtif; 1238/ oHawmif^03 pwk7ef;rkdif toD;oD; jzpfonf?
u7ifjynfe,f ? ?jrefrmEdik if o H nf vGwv f yfa7; 7I jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if u H kd wnfaxmifvmaom tcgY zG\Jpnf; tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya't7 aumfoal v; [laom trnfjzifh oHviG cf &dik u f kd tajcjyKum u7ifjynfe,fukd vsmxm;ay;cJhonf? 1949 ckESpfrSp I autif'Dtdk trnfcH u7if olyek w f \kd. awmfveS f aomif;use;f r=rsm; ay:ayguf v mcJ h o nf h w k d i f a tmif jynf a xmif p k jrefrmEdik if aH wmftpd;k 7onf 1951 ckEpS f zG\Jpnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya'jyifqifcsuftufOya' (1951 ckESpf tufOya'trSwf 61)udk ygvDrefwiG f jyXmef;I/ oHviG f c&dik u f kd jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H twGi;f wGif jynfaxmifpk tzG\J 0ifwpfck tjzpfjzihzf \JGpnf; vsuf u7ifjynfe,f[k wGifapcJhonf? xdkrS wpfyg; u7ifjynfe,fudk yxrtqifhtaejzihf wdk;csJ\7ef awmifil c&dkifrS oHawmifjrdK\e,f oxHkc&dkifrS vd=if;bGJ\ESihf bm;tH jrdK\e,frsm;/ usKdQrDc&dkifrS aumhu7dwfESihf -umtif; jrdK\e,frsm;udk u7if jynfe,fwiG f yl;aygif;yg0ifap7ef 1952 ckEpS w f iG f u7ifjynfe,f wd;k cs\Jowfrw S af 7;ya' udk jy}mef;cJjh yefonf? Twd;k csJ\owfrw S af 7; Oya'rSm EdkifiHawmfoRwu trdef\a-umfjim xkwfjyefI owfrSwfonfh ae\rSpIom tm+mwnf7rnfjzpf 7m/ 1953 ckESpf ukefvkeD; tcsdefa7mufonfh wkdif atmif jynfe,fa'owGif aomif;usef; qlylr=rsm; 7Sdaeaoaoma-umifh tm+m wnf7ef owfrSwfEdkif jcif; r7Sdao;I oHvGifc&dkifrSwpfyg; jynfe,f. usefa'owkd\rSm u7ifjynfe,f tpdk;7. tkyfcsKyfr= atmufo\kd ra7mufao;ay?
vlO;D a7 1948 ckESpf oef;acgifpm7if;t7 u7ifjynf e,f. vlOD;a7rSm52^986 jzpf xdkvlOD;a7teuf u7if trsKd;om;vlOD;a7rSm 3542^4 a,mufjzpf7m vlOD;a7 tm;vHk;. 6^ 7mcdkifE=ef; ausmfausmfr~ jzpf onf? u7if trsK;d om; rsm;tjyif/ rGe/f jrefrm/ awmifol rsm;/ oHviG cf &dik w f iG f 7Sr;f rsm;ESifh tjcm;vlrsK;d rsm;vnf; aexdik -f uonf? ajrrsuEf mS jyif jynfe,f. ajrmufydkif;a'ojzpfaom oHawmif e,fEiS fh zmyGecf &dik w f \kdrmS awmawmif xlxyfv. S ? jrihf rm;aom awmifxGwf awmifxdyfrsm; awmifwef; rsm;ESihf euf&d=if; 7Snfvsm;aom awmif-um;rsm;ayg rsm;vSonf? awmifxw G w f \dkrmS yifv,fa7jyifxuf ay 4000ausmfrS 6000 ausmftxd jrihfrm;-u.? opf awm-uD; rsm;rSmvnf;odyfonf; xlxyfvS.? oH awmife,fwiG f ppfawmif;jrpf. ta7S\buf vufwuf jzpfaom aomufa7cyfacsmif;ESihf ,if;.vufwuf rsm; jzwfp;D I oHviG cf &dik Yf rl oHviG jf rpf. vufwuf jzpfaom rJoavmufacsmif;/ ,Gef;Zvif;acsmif;ESihf ,if;. vufwufi,frsm;ESifh bDvif;jrpfw\kd 7Sad vonf?
wnfae7mESit fh us,t f 0ef; u7ifjynfe,fonf jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H ta7S\ awmifzsm;wGif ajrmufbuf vWDwG'f 'D*7D 15 H15 (a7;jrdK\EiS fh wpfwef;wnf;)ESifh 'D*7D 19 3H 0 (a7eDjrdK\EiS hf wpfwef;wnf;) ta7S\buf avmif*sDwG'f 'D*7D 96 H 15 ESihf 'D*7D 98 H55 pyf-um;wGif taemufajrmuf rS ta7S\awmifqo D \kd cyf,eG ;f ,Ge;f usO;f ajrmif;auG\aumuf 7Snv f sm;pGmwnfaeonf? e,ferd w d rf mS ajrmufbufY 7rnf;oif;c&dik /f ta7S\ 89
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7ifjynfe,f jynfe,f. awmifbuf a'orsm; jzpfaom bm;tH e,f/ vdi= ;f bG\Je,f/ aumhu7dwef ,fEiS fh -umtif;e,fw\kd rSmrl ,d;k ',m;„jrefrme,fpyf7dS a'ge awmifwef;-uD;ESifh xkad wmifwef;-uD;. awmifp, G w f \dk 7S7d mrS wpfyg; t aemufzufydkif;7Sd usefa'owkd\rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ajrjyef\rsm; jzpf-u.? xkdajrjyef\wdk\wGif rsm;pGmr jrihaf om awmif&;kd awmifuek ;f rsm; uGuw f u d u G f -um; 7S-d uonf? -umtif; jrdK\e,fwiG af wmifyakH wmif/ tvH wpf7m awmifwef;ESihf awmifnKd awmifwef;wk\d 7S-d u.? a'o. ta7S\bufydkif;wGif opfawm-uD;rsm; 7SdI opf a wm-ud K ;0d k i f ; trsm;yif x m;7S d a vonf ? Ttydik ;f wGif jrpf-uD;jrpfi,f toG,o f , G w f \dkonf ajrmufrSawmif/ awmifrS ajrmuf/ ta7S\rS taemuf/ pD;qif;vsuf 7S-d u.? xif7mS ;aomjrpfw\dkrmS oHviG jf rpf/ xdjk rpf. vufwuf jzpfaomaomif7if;jrpfEiS fh ,if;jrpf. vufwufrsm;/ ybacsmif;/ vd=if;bGJ\acsmif; a[mif oa7mjrpfEiS fh ,if;wk\dqI kH jzpfvmaom *sKid ;f jrpf/ tš 7Hjrpf. jrpfvufwufrsm; jzpfI/ -umtif;jrdK\e,fudk awmifraS jrmufo\kd jzwfp;D aom Zrdacsmif;ESifh 0if;a,m acsmif;wk\djzpf-uonf?
u7ifaus;7Gmukd ywfIum7Hxm;aom 0g;wyf. wHcg;0
buf oHawmife,fwGif awmifilrS oHawmifokd\vnf; aumif; xkv d rf;rScI JG abm*vd-u;D udjk zwfum ta7S\buf u,m;jynfe,f armfcsD oWKwiG ;f rsm;qDo\dk vnf;aumif; uW7map;vrf; wpfck 7So d nf? oHawmifEiS fh vdyo f u kd kd qufxm;onfh EGm;0efwifvrf; 7So d nf? oHviG f c&dik w f iG f bD;vif;rS ajrmufp;l pl;ok\d vmaomvrf;ao; wpfco k nf zgyGeu f jkd zwfI ajrmufbuf ,d;k ',m;e,fpyf7dS ausmuf n|yf txda7mufonf? wpfzef zgyGerf S awmifbufo\kd u'dik w f d udjk zwfI urmarmif;od\k a7mufaomf vrf;ao; wpfck 7Sad o;onf? jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f wGif oxHrk v S m aom vrf;r-uD;onf 'l;7if;qdyfwGif 'Hkordacsmif;udk jzwfI bm;tHwpfzufurf; oHviG jf rpfay:7Sd ul;qdyo f \kd aygufonf? bm;tHrS ajrmufbuf vdi= ;f bG\J ukd jzwfI a&F*eG ;f od\kvnf;aumif; / awmifbuf aemifvo kH \kdvnf; aumif;/ vrf;aumif;7So d nf? aumhu7dwef ,fwiG f *sKid ;f jrpfay:7Sd usKH ';kd rS ta7S\buf aumhu7dwu f jkd zwfI ,d;k ' ,m;e,fpyf jr0wDtxdvnf;aumif;/ xdkvrf;rScGJI -umtif;qdy-f u;D txdvnf;aumif;/ vrf;aumif;7So d nf? armfvjrdKif oHjzLZ7yf vrf;ay:7Sd rk'rkH S ta7S\bufo\kdvm aomvrf;onf tš7Hjrpfukd jzwfum rJoa7mho\dk vnf; aumif; / rJoa7mhrw S pfqihf ta7S\buf usKu d 'f o kH \kv d nf; aumif; vrf;wpfvrf; 7Sad o;onf? xdv k rf;rsm; tjyif jynfe,ftwGif;wGifvnf;aumif; jynfe,f tyokd\
vrf;yef;qufo, G af 7; jynfe,ftwGif rD;7xm;vrf;rsm; azmufvyk x f m;jcif; r7Sdao;ay? ajrrsufESmoGifjyif cufcJr= vG,fulr=udk vdu k I f jynfe,fujkd zwfum azmufvyk f xm;aom vrf; t-uD;ti,f trsKd;tpm; trsm;yif 7Sdonf? ajrmuf
*syfckwf7ufuef; 7ufaeaom u7iftrsKd;orD;
90
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7ifjynfe,f vnf;aumif;/ oGm;Edkifaom EGm;0efwifvrf; uav; rsm;7So d nf? jrpfrsm;aygrsm;onft h avsmuf xdjk rpfw\dkwiG f a7a-umif;jzihf c7D;oGm;vmEdik o f nf? zgyGecf &dik f twGi;f 7Sd ,Ge;f Zvif;acsmif;udk zgyGet f xdvnf;aumif;/ bDvif; jrpfa-umif;wGif ajrmufzuf azg0g;xmtxdvnf;aumif;/ oHviG jf rpfa-umif; wpfav~mufwiG v f nf;aumif;/ avS -uD;avSi,frsm; oGm;vmEdik o f nf? oHviG jf rpfwiG f urm armif;txd jynfwGif;a7a-umif; o,f,lydk\aqmifa7; oab‡mrsm; oGm;vmedkifonf[kod7onf? *sKdifjrpf/ a[mifoa7mjrpf/ Zrdacsmif;wkd\wGifvnf; tenf;ESihf trsm; a7a-umif;oGm;vmr=rsm; 7S-d uonfjzpf7m *sKid ;f jrpf wpfav~uf usKH'dk;txdvnf;aumif;/ tš7Hjrpf/ Zrd a csmif ; wpf a v~muf -umtif ; qd y f - uD ; txd vnf;aumif;/ rD;oab®mrsm; oGm;Edik o f nf? a7S;jrefrmrif;rsm; jrefrmEdkifiHtyodk\ ppfcsD7mjzpf aom ppfa-umifvrf;-uD; 2 vrf;rSm Tjynfe,f twGif;rS jzwfoef; oGm;onf? yxrvrf;rSm usKH'dk;rS aumhu7dwfudkjzwfI jr0wDodk\ oGm;aomvrf;jzpfI 'kw, d vrf;rSm oHjzLZ7yfrS Zrdacsmif;&d;k wpfav~muf jzwf oef;oGm;aom bk7m;oH;k ql awmif-um;vrf; jzpfonf? T'kwd,vrf;a-umif; wpfav~mufwGif *syefwkd\ -uD; pd;k pOfu vltao taysmufrsm;vSonf[k emrnf-uD; cJah om ,d;k ',m;Edik if EH iS fh qufvufazgufvyk x f m;onfh oHjzLZ7yf rD;7xm; vrf;7Scd o hJ nf? xGuu f ek yf Pnf;rsm; jynfe,f. yx0D taetxm;udk vdu k I f awmawmif rsm;/ opfawm-uD;rsm;ESifh ajrjyef\ro S bm0 yPnf;rsm; xG u f 7 S d o nf ? jynf e ,f w pf c k v H k ; wG i f v,f , m pdkufysKd;r= ESihf opfawmxGufyPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfr=udk vkyu f ikd f -uonfjzpf7m/ oHviG cf &dik w f iG f vlO;D a7 ^0 7mcdik Ef e= ;f rSm awmif,mvkyif ef;udk jyKvyk -f uI 16 7mcdik f E=e;f rSm v,f ,mvkyif ef;udk vkyu f ikd -f uonf? oHawmif e,fEiS fh oHviG f c&dw k \dkwiG f opfawmrsm; xlxyfaygrsm; onfh tavsmuf opfvkyfief;udk vkyfudkif-uonfu rsm;.? bm;tHwiG f v,f,mpdu k yf sKd;r=ukd trsm;tpm; jyKvyk af omfvnf; r-umc+a7-uD;aoma-umifv h ,f,m pdu k yf sK;d r=ukd rsm; pGm xdcu kd cf ahJ pavonf? qnfajrmif; XmerS azgufvkyf xm;aom wl;ajrmif;rsm; r7Sdaomf vnf; v,form;wk\du, kd w f idk f vdt k yfaom ae7mrsm;wGif wl;ajrmif;rsm;jzihf a7oG,I f pdu k yf sK;d -uonfrmS bm;tH e,fwGif pwk7ef;rdkif 38r~7Sdonf? awmifbuf aumh u7dwEf iS fh -umtif;e,f wd\kwiG f wl;ajrmif;wk\djzifh a7oG,f
umpdkufysKd; vkyfudkif-uaomfvnf; c7D;ra7mufvSay? bm;tHjrdK\rmS ywf0ef;usiw f iG f v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d r= rxGe;f um; vSaomfvnf; pyg;a7mif;t0,fY wGiu f s,af om jrdK\wpfjrdK\jzpfonf? aumhu7dwEf iS fh -umtif;e,frsm;wGif pyg;pdkufysKd;aom a'orSm pwk7ef;rdkif 303 jzpf onf? xkad 'o7Sd awmifurf; yg;,Hw\dw k iG v f nf; awmif ,mpdu k yf sKd;r= tES\H tjym;7So d nf? v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a7;tjyif opfo0D vH pdu k yf sK;d r=rsm; vnf;7S7d m zgyGeef ,fwiG f oHy7mESiyfh ;kd pmyifrsm;udk vnf; aumif;/ awmifbufydkif;wGif 'l;7if;/ vdrfarmf/ 0gESihf aq;wkd\udk vnf;aumif;pdkufysKd;-uonf? opfawmrsm; jynfe,f.ta7S\buf wpfav~mufEiS fh ta7S\ajrmuf buf/ ajrmbuf awmifbufpeG ;f a'owk\dwiG f opfawm -u;D rsm;7SI d / opfawmXmeu opfawme,frsm; zG\Jjy;D v~if tkyfcsKyf vkyfudkifcJhonf? opfawm-udK;0dkif;rsm;tjzpf ofrSwfxm;aom a'orsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;yif 7So d nf? a'geawmifwef; ta7S\bufjzpfaom vdi= ;f bG\JjrdK\ e,fa'oonf aomif7if; opfawme,frsm;. wpfpw d f wpfa'ojzpfI xdak 'o. opfawme,ftus,rf mS pwk 7ef;rdik f 236 jzpf.? vdi= ;f bG\Je,fwiG f apmifah 7Smufxm; aom opfawm-uKd ;0kid ;f 3ck/bm;tHe,fwiG f 3ck/ pkpak ygif; pwk7ef; rkid af ygif; 101 7S/d opfawm-uKd ;0kid ;f 6 ck7o dS nf?
awmif,mvkyfief;cGifodk\ xGufcGmvmaom u7ifrdom;pk
91
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7ifjynfe,f aomif7if;opfawmrSm jynfe,f. awmifbufjzpf aom a[mifoa7m jrpf0rS ;f txd us,0f ef;onf? jynf e,f. awmifyikd ;f wGif a'geawmif ta7S\bufY apmifh a7Smufxm;aom opfawm-udK;0dik ;f 9ck7o dS nf? x-ku d Kd ; 0dik ;f rsm;tjyif {uaygif; ^000 ausmf us,af om rJyvJh „ aomif7if; -udK;0dik ;f rsm;vnf; 7Sad o;onf? xk-d udK; 0kdif;wkd\Y usGef;rsm;ukdom pkdufysKd;xm;onf? tš7H jrpf0rS ;f Yvnf; tš7Hopfawme,f 7Sad o;onf? xdo k pf awmrSm Zrdacsmif;0Srf;ESihf a[mifoa7mjrpf0Srf; a'o rsm;txd jzpf.? txufyg aomif7if; opfawme,fEiS fh tš7Hopfawme,fw\kdrS 77Sad om ESppf OftcGeaf wmf 0if aiGrS 1919„20 ckESpfrS 1932„33 ckESpftxd ESpfpOf ysr;f r~ 64545usyf jzpfonf? Topfawmwk\d rS xGuaf omopfw\dkrmS trsK;d pHv k aS y onf? *&kwpdkuf apmifha7SmufpdkufysKd; xkwf,laom opfrmS useG ;f jzpf.? ysO;f uwdk ysO;f r/ ou®e;f / unif/ opf,m/ tif/ ydawmufEiS fh 0g;rsm;vnf;xGu. f ?opfv;kH rsm;udk eD;pyf7m jrpfrsm;/ acsmif;rsm;rS ar~mcs-uonf? Topfawmrsm;udk bHkabbm;rm;uk$+DESihf pwD;b 7m;om; uk$+Duvuf0g;-uD; tkycf -hJ u.? opfawm xGuf tjcm;vlo;kH yPnf;wk\drmS opfap;ESifh oufi,fw\dk jzpf-uonf? 1953 ckEpS w f iG f xkwaf 0aom jrefrmEdik if H pD;yGm;a7;ESifh pufr= vufr= pHpk rf;7SmazGa7; tpD7ifcpH mt7
aomif7if; opfawme,fwGif apmifha7Smufxm;aom opfawm -udK;0dik ;f . tus,ft0ef;rSm 526000 {u jzpfI tš7Hopfawme,fYrl 640000 {u jzpfonf? "mwfoWKrsm; jynfe,ftwGif; rnfonfh"mwfoWKrsKd;rsm; xGuf onfukd pepfwus xda7mufpmG 7SmazGppkH rf;jcif;rjyKEdik f cJah o;ay? oHviG cf &dik w f iG f oHEiS cfh J awG\77dS onf[v k nf; aumif;/ -umtif;e,f rd*owfacsmif;wGif a-u;eD/ awmifnKd awmifta7S\bufwiG f oHjzL/ jynfe,f ta7S\bufpeG ;f ojyK e,fwiG f caemufprd ;f / aomif7if;a'owGif oHEiS fh ausmuf rD;aoG;rsm;awG\77dS onf[v k nf;aumif;qdo k nf? a'geawmif &d;k wGif pHpk rf;7SmazGrnfqydk gu oHjzLESifh wefpwifoWK rsm; awG\7EdS ikd o f nf[k cef\reS ;f a-umif; 1953 ckEpS x f w k f jrefrmEdkifiH pD;yGm;a7;ESifh pufr=vufr= pHkprf;7SmazGa7; tpD7ifcHpmwGif az:jyxm;ayonf? jynfe,frS vrf; cif;ausmuf trsm;tjym; xGufonf? tkycf sKyfa7; aomif;usef;olwkd\. aESmifh,Sufr= rjidrf;csrf;ao; onfvnf; wpfa-umif;/ oHviG cf &dik rf t S y jynfe,fwiG ;f 7Sd usejf rdK\e,frsm;udk jynfe,f tpd;k 7ok\d vFt J yfa-umif; oRw-u;D . trde\af -unmcsuf rxkwjf yef7ao;onfu wpfa-umif;a-umifh jynfe,f udk pD r H t k y f c sKyf c ef \ cG J r = r sm;rS m 1953 ckESpf ukefvkeD;onfhwkdif atmif tajcwnf r d j cif ; r7S d ao;ay? odk\7mwGif jynfe,frS 77S d E d k i f o nf h tcG e f a wmf p onf h 0if a iG r sm;/ jynf e ,f t wG u f uk e f u srnf h toH k ; p7d w f w k d \ u d k cef \ rS e f ; aom 7oH k ; aiG w d k \ ud k rlwnfI ygvDrefrS jynfe,f. 7oHk;aiGwkd\udkcef\rSef;owf rSwfay;cJhavonf? tjcm;jynf e,f r sm;rS m uJ h o d k \ yif 7aiG E S i h f oH k ; aiG rr~onf h t wG u f Ed k i f i H awmf t pd k ; 7u jynf e ,f t m; 1952„53 ckESpfwGif axmufyHh aiG 15odef;/ 1953 „54ckESpf wG i f 2 5od e f ; ay;cJ h o nf ? jynf e,f . trsm;qH k ; aomcef \ rS e f ;
u7if'Hk;,drf;tu
92
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7ifjynfe,f
u7ifvlrsKd;
ajc 0ifaiGrSm opfawmESihf ajrcGefrSjzpf.? trsm;qHk; aiGukef usrnf[k cef\rSef;xm;aom vkyfief;wkd\rSmrl t7yf7yf pDpOftkyfcsKyfr=ESihf ynma7;vkyfief;rsm; jzpf onfukd 1953„54 ckEpS f cef\reS ;f ajc 7oH;k aiGpm7if;Y awG\ 7Sd7onf? jynfe,ftwGif; jidrf;csrf;r= 77SdonfESihftr~ jynfe,f.pnfyifom,mwk;d wufrnfrmS rkcsjzpfayonf? OD;b&Sif
r~/ rtlyif c&dik w f iG f 110000 ausm/f usKd QrD c&dik w f iG f 100000 ausmf/ awmifilc&dkifwGif 90000 r~ toD; toD;7S-d uonf? ,d;k ',m;Edik if w H iG f u7if 50000 ausmf 7So d nf[k cef\reS ;f 7onf? oHviG cf &dik Ef iS hf u,m;jynfe,f rSwpfyg; useaf 'owd\w k iG f a'otvdu k f u7ifw\o dk nf jref rm/ rGef/ 7Srf;/ ,dk;',m ponfh vlrsKd;wdk\ESihf a7maESm aexkid -f uonf?
u7ifvlrsKd; ? ?u7iftpk0if bmompum; ajym qkd aom vlrsK;d wk\drmS jrefrm Edik if 7H dS wdik ;f 7if;om;wk\dteuf 'kwd, vlOD;a7trsm;qHk;jzpfonf? 1931ckESpf oef;acgif pm7if;t7 u7ifvrl sKd; OD;a7rSm 136^6^3 jzpf.? 1911 ckEpS u f wpfoef;r~om7Scd 7hJ m u7ifvrl sK;d OD;a7 wkd;wufvsuf 7Sdonf[k qkd7rnf? u7ifvrl sK;d wk\o d nf jynfc&dik rf aS wmifbufo\dk yifv,f xd›if;/7rnf;oif;c&dik Ef iS fh 7Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f rS weo®m 7Dwikd ;f jrw d cf &dik x f ›d if;/ ys\HE\HaS exkid -f uonf? ,ck u,m; jynfe,fac: u7ifeDe,fESihf ,cku7ifjynfe,fwGif yg0ifaom oHviG cf &dik w f \rdk w S pfyg; tjcm;c&dik w f \w dk iG f u7if wd\k rmS vlenf;pkrsm; jzpf-uonf? u,m;jynfe,fwiG f 45000 r~/ oHviG f c&kid w f iG f 46000 r~p7D I dS oxkcH &kid Yf 300000 eD;yg;/ 7Sr;f jynf awmifyikd ;f wGif 180000 r~/ ykord f c&dik w f iG f 130000 r~/ ajrmif;jrc&dik w f iG f 120000
u7ifw\dk.tEG,f ajymqkad om bmompum;tvdu k f u7ifw\. dk yif7if; tEG,u f kd owfrw S 7f mY bmoM7ynm7Sif wd\o k nf 0d0g' uGv J suf 7S-d uonf?‘tdN, d Edik if H bmoM7ppfwrf;-uD;’ wGif u7ifpum;onf reftpk0if jzpfrnf[k ,lq.? rPwmrm7S,u f rl xkid ;f „w&kwt f EG,0f if[k qdo k nf? a7S;usonfh awmifay:u7if pum;rsm;udk avhvm wwf ajrmuf a om ygarmQ *sD / td y f / vk ( p)u u7ifpum;rSm jrefrmpum;uJhodk\yif wdAuf jrefrm tpk0if[k qH;k jzwf xm;onf? aA:ndKu`e;f 7Sd u,efw\rdk mS u7ifyif jzpfonf [k wcsKd\u,lq rSm;-uonf? u,efw\drk mS ',ufw\dEk iS fh tEG,w f rl sm;jzpfI u7ifw\dEk iS fh rnfo\kdrS rqufo, G af y? u7ifw\u dk kd awmifay:u7if/uGi;f u7if[k ESppf ck EJG idk 7f m wpfpEk iS w hf pfprk mS bmompum;Y›if;/ yHyk ef;o!efY›if;/ uGJjym;-uonf? ar*sm *7if; u awmifay: u7ifwkd\onf a7S;usaom rGefcrmpum;udk ajymqdk onfh 0/ v0wkd\ESihf t oGiw f o l nf[k ,lqonf? uGif;u7ifwkd\rSmrl rGefwkd\. rsufESmyHk 7Sdaomfvnf; wpfcg wpf7H xlaom E=wcf rf; 7So d rl sm; udk awG\7wwfonf? tvGefa7S;usaom um v uwnf;u jrefrmEdkifiH wGif;okd\0ifa7mufcJhI tcsKd\ rSmawmifuek ;f rsm;wGiv f nf;aumif;/ tcsKd\rSm uGif;wGif›if;/ a7muf 7SdjyD; vlrsm;tjyif aemufxyf a7muf7Sdvmolrsm;ESihf a7m aESmaexkdifvmcJh -uojzihf a7maESm aexdkifonfh vlrsKd; rsm;udk vdkufI yHkyef;o!mef
a7S;&kd; u7ifapmif;aumufESihf paumu7if vkvifysKd
93
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7ifvrl sKd; ajymif;vJvmjcif; jzpfwef 7monf odk\jzpfI jref rmwkd\ESifha7maESm aeaom u7ifwkd\rSm jrefrmu7if (paum)/ rGew f \dkEiS afh 7maESm aexkid af omu7ifw\krd mS rGef u7if(yd;k )ponfjzihf trsK;d trnf uGjJ ym; vmcJjh cif;jzpfI/ rl7if;tm;jzifh u7ifwdk\rSm wdAuf„jrefrmtpk0if bmompum;udk ajymqdk-uaom rGef*dk vlrsKd;pk0ifrsm; jzpfonf[k qdEk ikd af yonf?
u7ifw\dk.jzpfpOf u7ifvrl sK;d rsm; ay:aygufvmyHEk iS fh jrefrmEdik if H wGi;f od\k a7muvmyHu k kd olw\kd ,H-k unf ajymqd-k uaom a7S; a[mif;'@m7D wk\drt S y/twdtus cdik v f pkH mG rod7ao; ay? rl7if; a'orSm wdAuf„jrefrmtpk0ifw\dk . rl7if; a'oyif jzpfcJh[ef wl.? tcsKd\wdkif;7if;om;rsm;0if a7mufonfh enf;wl jrefrmEdik if H ta7S\ajrmuf a'oqDrS oHviG jf rpfa-umif; wpfav~muf 0ifa7mufchJ -u[efwl onf? tcsdefrsm;pGmydkI rapmapumrl u7ifwkd\onf jrefw\kdxuf OD;pGm jrefrmEdik if H wGi;f od\k a7mufvmolrsm; jzpfonf? 0ifa7muf vm7mwGif 7Srf;jynfukef;jyifjrifh taemufawmifydkif;avmufwGif tajcpdkufjyD;aemuf/ tcgtcGiEhf iS afh vsmn f pD mG xkad 'oqDrS taemuf awmif bufESihf awmifbuf7Sd ajrjyef\rsm;odk\ wjznf;jznf; qif;ouf aexdkifvmcJh-uonf[k qdkEdkifonf? ysH\ESH\ aexkdifyHkudk -unfhjcif;tm;jzihf ajrjyef\odk\ OD;pGma7muf olwkd\rSm ydk;rsm;jzpfI olwkd\aemufrS paumrsm; qif; oufvmonf? ytdak c: awmifow l \dkrmS a7F\ajymif; qif; oufqjJ zpf7m xuf0ufr~ ajrjyef\o\kd a7mufaeayjyD? ysLwkd\.EdkifiHjzpfaom oa7acW7m ysuf7jcif;t a-umif;udk az:jy7mY ipaumppfonfrsm; vmjyD[k xdwv f ef\aoma-umifh jzpfonf[k jrefrm7mZ0if usr;f wkd\Y qkdxm;7m xkdipmaum ppfonfrSm paumu7if ppfonfrsm;avm[k awG;7efjzpfonf? yk*aH cwf ukejf yD; aemuf awmifiludk u7ift-uD;tuJrsm; wnfaxmif cJha-umif; od7onf? jrefrmbk7ifrsm;vufxufwGif u7ifrsm;7ma'oudk u7ifjrdK\pm; 7Gmpm;/ apmfuJrsm; cef\tyfjcif;jzihf u7ifw\dktm; cs;D jr|ichf ahJ yonf?
u7if[al omtrnf u7if[laom trnfrSm jrefrmwkd\u ac:a0:aom a0g[m7 jzpfonf? t"d_g,fESihf t7if;tjrpf twd tusudkrl r-uHq Edkifay? urf;,H[laom a0g[m7/ aA:ndKusGe;f 7Sd ',ufvrl sKd; wpfrsKd;. trnfjzpfaom u,ef[laoma0g[m7/ wdAuf„jrefrm tpk0ifwkd\ w&kwfjynf wGif7SdpOf ac:a0:onfh ‘csef’[laom a0g [m7rS qif;oufonfh trnf jzpfvrd rfh nf[k toD;toD; ,lq-uonf? u7ifvlrsKd;wdk\onf trsKd;tvdkuf rdrd wk\d ud, k u f kd ac:a0:aom trnfrsm;7S7d m u7ifev D rl sK;d wk\du rdrw d \dku, kd u f kd u,m;[kac:a0:I u7if[al om a0g[m7rSm xkd u,m;[laomtrnfEiS fh rsm;pGm eD;pyf vsuf 7Sad yonf? yk*H ausmufpmwkd\wGif u7if [laoma0g[m7udk rsm;pGm rawG\7aomfvnf; pa-um/ awmifol trnf rsm;udk um; cyfrsm;rsm; awG\7onf? yk*H a7FuGif;cs ausmufpmwGif ‘ykjcnfcgqD 38/ u7if xrDajymuf’ [k u7ifxrDD ajymufudk az:jyxm;.? u7iftrsKd;uGo J mG ;yHk u7ifw\kd wiG f awmifay:u7if uGi;f u7if[k 2 rsKd; cGjJ cm;Edik o f nf? uGi;f u7ifw\dkwiG f paum(5 ode;f ausm)f yd;k (5 ode;f r~)ESifh ytdak c: awmifox l uf0uf (wpfoed ;f r~)wk\d yg0ifonf? awmifay:u7ifw\dkwiG f u,m;ac: u7ifeD/ bGJac: b*dkif/y7Jh/ u7ifjzL/ ya'gif/ *Jckd;/ ,if;abmf/ ,if;wvJ/ Z,de;f / armfaebGm;ESifh xuf0uf ausmaf om ytdak c: awmifow l \ykd g0ifonf? awmifay:u 7ifw\dkrmS vlO;D a7rrsm;vSay? u,m; (31500)/ ya'gif (16500)/ u7ifjzL (15500)ESifh awmifol (wode;f ausm)f wd\komv~if vlO;D a7tawmftwef rsm;ay onf? ,kd;',m;EkdifiH7Sd u7ifwkd\rSm ydk;ESihf bGJac: b*dkif trsK;d rsm; jzpf-uon ,d;k ',m;Edik if H taemufbufEiS fh taemuf awmifbuf awmifrsm;ay:wGif awG\7I jrefrmEdik if rH S wpfqihf a7mufvmolrsm;om jzpfonf?
ud;k uG,, f -kH unfr= rl7if;tm;jzifh u7ifwkd\rSm ewfpm;-u.? -uuf &dk;xkd;onfh tavhtxudk ,Hk-unf-u.?(-uuf&dk; xk;d jcif;„ 7=) tcsK\d rmS Ak
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7ifvrl sKd; jAdwo d ~w\dk.yxre,fcs\JppftjyD; 7cdik Ef iS fh weo®m7Dw\dk jAw d o d ~w\dk vufwiG ;f od\kusqif;I c7pf,mef omoemjyK vljzLrsm;ESihf ydrk ekd ;D uyfpmG pwif awG\q-kH u7mY/ a7S;w abmift7 a7mufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k ,Hk-unf-u onfhtwkdif; u7ifwkd\twGuf c7pf,mefomoem jyK jcif;rSm rsm;pGmvG,u f l atmifjrifcahJ vonf? jrefrmEdik if H wpfcv k ;kH udk jAdwo d ~w\dk odr;f ydu k f jyD;onfah emuf cGjJ cm; tkyfcsKyfonfh enf;pepft7 tkyfcsKyfvmcJh7mwGif jAdwd o~w\dkonf c7pf,mef jzpfv, G o f nfh u7ifw\dkudk rsm;pGm tcGit hf a7;ay;ojzifh c7pf,meft,l0g'D u7ifO;D a7rSm ydkrdkwdk;wufcJhavonf? c7pf,mef omoemjyKwkd\wGif tar7duefrS ESpfjcif;omoemjyK/ t*®vdyfa7zsef; om oemjyKEiS fh A7if*so D moemjyKw\dk yg0if-uonf? paum u7ifwkd\wGiftar7duef ESpfjcif;*dk+f; xGef;um;I awmifay: u7ifwkd\wGif A7if*sD*kd+f; xGef;um;onf? ,Hk-unfr= topftqef;tjzpf c7pf,meft,l0g' a7muf7v dS m vihu f pm; u7ifO;D a7 1300000 ausmw f iG f c7pf,meft,l0g' ouf0if,-kH unfol 210000 r~om 7Sad vonf? usef 11ode;f ausmrf mS Ak
ykd;u7iftrsKd;orD;?
u7ifEpS o f pfu;l ae\ vlrsKd;wkid ;f wGif rdrw d \dk wpfrsKd;om;vH;k ESifh qdik af om ESpfopful;ae\rsm; 7SdpjrJ jzpfonfhtwdkif; u7iftrsKd; om;rsm; tzd\kwiG f vnf;u7if ESpo f pfu;l ae\ [lI a7S; ya0+Duyif 7SdcJhonf? u7iftrsKd;om;wkd\. ESpfopf ul;ae\rmS jymodv k qef; wpf7ufae\ jzpfonf? xkad e\wiG f u7iftrsKd;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdk\. awmif,myJcif;rS 7aom pyg;ESihf tjcm;toD;tESHrsm;udk csufjyKwfI pm;OD;pm;zsm; rsm;udk vl-uD;rdb q7morm;rsm;tm; uefawmh -ujyD;v~if rdwo f *®[rsm;ESifh aysmyf g;pGm pk&;kH pm;aomuf-uonf? xkdESpful;ae\ r*®vmtcgwGif wpfEpS w f u G f 0rf;pmrsm;udk uso D iG ;f odak vSmifjcif;/ vGecf hJ onfhESpfu aoqHk;aom vlaotavmif;rsm;udk rD;o®j*dK[fI jymrsm;udkaqmif;OD; av&l;wGif vFifh-uJ azsmufzsujf cif; ponfw\du k v kd nf; jyKvyk f avh7-dS uonf? pmayESib fh mompum; c7pf,mef omoemjyKrsm; ra7mufrD u7ifvrl sK;d wk\d teuf ytdak wmifol wk\dYom ud, k yf ikd pf may 7Scd o hJ nf? 1830 jynfEh pS af vmufu a'gufwm0dwaf c: tar7duef ESpfjcif; omoemjyK q7mwpfa,mufonf*sKdif;jrpf 0Sr;f 7Sd u7iftrsK;d om;wk\dtm; c7pf,meft,l0g'udk a[m ajympOfwiG f paumu7if pum;ukd pmjzihf pxGiaf 7;om; cJ. h ? a7;om;7mY jrefrm tQ7mrsm;udk toH;k jyKc. hJ ? Todk\ c7pf,ef t,l0g'qdkif7m usrf;rsm; paum u7if bmomjzifh ay:ayguf vmcJhayonf? 1841 ckESpfwGif a'gufwmarqifac: tar7duefomoem jyKq7monf xm;0,fjrdK\Y ‘rdk;aomuf-u,f’ [l
paumu7iftrsKd;orD;?
ykd;u7iftrsKd;om;?
95
paumu7iftrsKd;om;?
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7ifvrl sKd; aomtrnfjzifh paumu7if owif;pmwpfapmifukd &du k f ESdyf xkwfa0cJh.? xkdowif;pmudk *syefwkd\ jrefrm Edik if w H iG ;f ok\d 0ifa7muf wdu k cf u kd o f nftxd ESpf 100eD; yg; xkwaf 0 cJo h nf? yd;k u7ifpmudk pxGio f rl mS rPwm Aa7wefjzpfI 1840 jynfEh pS af vmufu jzpfayonf? qdkcJhjyD;onfhtwdkif; u7ifpum;rSm wdAuf„jrefrm tpkwiG f tygt0if jzpfonf? pum;tm;vH;k rSm wpfv;kH csif; toHxGufIt”d_g,f7Sdonf? ajymqdk7mwGif tm vkyo f yH gI toHrmonf? toHrmS 6 rsKd;7Sw d wfonf? 0gustxm; todkrSm rGefESihf t*®vdyf pum;rSm uJhodk\ uWm;/ 0gpu/ uH tpOf tvku d f jzpfonf? yd;k pum; rSm paumpum;xuf emodu toHydkrsm;.? toH wkdI pl;onf? paumESifhydk; pum; 14 vHk;wGif 13 vH;k rSm ‘"gwf’ twlwyl if jzpfonf[k qdo k nf? ytdk (awmifo)l pum;rSm yd;k pum;ESifh ydI k eD;pyfonf?u awmifay:rjcm; u7ifpum;wkd\rSm wajy;wnf; wlnDaomtcsuf7Sdaomfvnf; uGif;u7iftcsif;csif; aomfvnf;aumif;/ awmifayu7if tcsif;csif;aomf vnf;aumif; uGi;f u7ifEiS fh awmifay:u7ifaomfvnf; aumif;/ trsK;d rwlyJ rdrw d \kd bmompum;t7 ajymqdv k ~if em;vnf7ef cJ,Of; -uonf? od\kjzpfI u7if pum;wk\drmS jrefrm/ 7cdkif/ xm;0,f/ tif;om;pum;wkd\uJhokd\ bm omwl toHuJG r[kwb f J tajccHwal omfvnf; bmom uGaJ eaom pum;rsKd;rsm; jzpfonf[k qdEk ikd af vonf?
a7GvSI vG,fulpGm qufqHEdkifolrsm;jzpfonf? udk,f vuf-uH\ckdifI oWd7SdjyD;v~if yifyifyef;yef;vkyfudkif pm;aomuforl sm; jzpf.? ud, k yf ikd f ,Ofaus;r=7I dS wk;d wufvsuf7o dS nf? awmifay:u7ifwkd\wGif ta7;ygvSI vsifjrefpGm wkd;wufvsuf7Sdaom olwkd\rSm u,m;rsm; jzpfonf? (u,m;vlrsKd;„7= ) trsK;d orD;wd\k vnfyif;7Snrf S vSonf[k ,H-k unfI vnfyif;7Snaf tmif a-u;acGrsm;udk wpfacGjy;D wpfacGqihI f vnfY 7pfywfwefqmqif-uonfh tavhtx 7Sad om ya'gifw\dkonf awmifit l a7S\buf/ u,m;jynfe,fEiS fh 7Srf;jynf awmifydkif;a'o pyf-um;wkd\wGifysH\ESH\ aexdkif -uonf? az:a7GI yifyef;pGm vkyu f ikd pf m;aomuf-uonf? yul;wkd\rSm bmompum;wGif paumu7ifESifh eD; pyfonf? vlOD;a7 8500 ausmf7SdI awmifile,f awmifrsm;ESihf 7Sr;f jynfe,fawmykid ;f wk\dY awG\7onf? yul;wk\drmS bmompum;Y paum u7ifw\dEk iS fh eD;pyf tEG,fwlaom awmifay: u7ifwpfrsKd;rSmarmfae bGm; wkd\jzpfonf? vlOD;a72000 ausmfr~om7SdI awmificl &dik af wmifrsm;ay:wGif awG\7onf? awmifay:u7if wpfrsK;d jzpfaom y7Jw h \dkrmS vlO;D a7 6500 ausm7f o dS nf? u,m;jynfe,f/ abmvcJ/ -u,f zkd;-uD;e,frsm;ESihf 7Srf;jynfawmifydkif; rdk;jAJe,fwkd\. taemufbuf awmifilc&dkif ta7S\bufESihf ajrvwf awmifbuf pyf-um;wGif7Sdaom awmifxlxyfonfh a'owGif pwk7ef;rdik f 600 twGi;f ys\HE\HS aexdik -f uonf? y7Jw h \du k v kd ul; [kvnf; ac:onf? rEkraem/ awmifyikd ;f y7J\/ ajrmufydkif;y7J\[k 3 rsKd;uGJonf? rEkraemwdk\rSm y7JEh iS hf u,m;wk\rd S aygufzmG ;olrsm; jzpf[efw. l ? awmif ydkif;y7Jhwkd\rSm pm;a7; aomufa7; rvHkavmufojzifh -uHKvSDI/ pm;a7; aomufa7; vHkavmufpGm 77Sdaom ajrmufyikd ;f y7Jh wk\d rmS oefprG ;f -uonf? awmificl &dik f awmifrsm;ay:wGif awG\7aom u7if wpfrsK;d rSm bGw J \dkjzpf-uonf? rdrw d \dku, kd u f dk b*dik [ f ak c: -uI 7Srf;jynfawmifydkif;ESihf u,m;jynfe,fYvnf; awG\7onf? vlOD;a7 6000 r~7SdI y7J\rsm;/ u7ifjzL rsm;ESihf eD;pyftEG,w f o l rl sm; jzpfonf? u7ifjzLac: awmifay:u7if wpfrsKd;udk awmifil c&dkif7Sd awmrsm;wGif trsm;qHk;awG\7onf? ajrmuf buf 7rnf;oif;c&dik 7f dS awmifrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;/ ta7S\buf u,m;jynfe,ftxd vnf;aumif;/ ysH\ESH\aexkdif -uonf? u7ifjzLwkd\wGif bGJudk wpfcg wpf7H xnfhoGif; wwf-uonf? olwkd\udk rJyk
u7iftrsKd;rsm; vlO;D a7 trsm;qH;k jzpfaom paumu7ifw\drk mS 7rnf; oif; c&dik rf S awmifbuf jrdwcf &dik t f xd trsm;qH;k awG\ 7onf? {7m0wD jrpuseG ;f ay:a'owGiv f nf; tES\H tjym; 7So d nf? 'kw, d vlO;D a7 trsm;qH;k jzpfaom yd;k u7ifw\d. k tcsut f jcma'orSm {7m0wD jrpf0useG ;f ay:a'ojzpfI/ xdka'owGif paumu7ifwkd\xuf 2q rsm;onf? ydk; u7ifw\w dk iG f Ak
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7ifvrl sKd; [kvnf;ac:-uonf? aygif;avmif; jrpf0rS ;f vG,v f w kH iG f vnf; awG\7.? rJykac: u7ifjzLwkd\udk ysOf;rem; ta7S\ajrmufbuf awmifrsm;ay:wGif awG\7onf? olwkd\. toGiftjyifrSm awmifolwkd\ESihf ydkIwl.? vlO;D a7 4000r~ &Sad omZ,de;f wd\kukd &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f ajrmufbuf vG,fvHkESihf awmifbuf rdk;jAJwdk\. eD; pyf7m7Sd 7Gmaygif;267GmY awG\7onf? tcsK\drmS awmifol wkd\. xHk;pH"avhudkvkdufemI tcsKd\rSm yavgif/ 0wkd\ ESifh aoG;aESm[ef7o dS nf? olw\dkukd acgif;wd/k uGeaf qmif od\kr[kwf aqmifwek [ f v k nf; ac:-uonf? acgif;wd[ k k ac:7jcif;rSm em;ESpzf uf tay:avmuf7dS acgif;atmuf ydik ;f u csev f yS I f OD;jynf;7dwaf om tavhtx 7Sad om a-umihf jzpf[efwo l nf? olw\krd mS vdiu f Pd wGif t7Sut f a-umuf-uD;vS.? od\jk zpfIvnf; tysK[ d idk ;f vlysK[ d idk ;f trsm;yif7I dS tdraf xmifa7;pnf;urf;rSm qef;-u,fv. S ? awmifil ta7S\buf vdyo f akd wmif7dS udpk yvdk wGif awG\7aom awmifay: u7ifwpfrsK;d rSm *Jc;dk jzpf.? 7Sr;f jynf awmifydkif;Yvnf;awG\7onf? vlOD;a7 4000 r~om 7SI d ya'gif/ ,if;abmfw\dk EiS t fh EG,f wl[ef 7S. d ? rdb k mG ;[laom awmifay: u7ifwpfrsK;d 7Sad o;onf? olw\dk ta-umif;udk aumif;pGm rod7ao;ay?awmificl &dik f oHawmifY awG\7.? vlO;D a72900 r~om7Sad om awmifay: u7if wpfrsK;d jzpfonfh,if;abmfwdkudk awmifilc&dkif vdyfokdawmif rsm;ay:7Sd ,m'dEk iS fh u,m;jynfe,fw\dk wiG f awG\7. vlO;D a7tm;jzihaf omfvnf;aumif;/ tqiht f wef; tm;jzifh aomfvnf;aumif;/u7ifvrl sK;d wkr\d mS wk;d wufvsu7f ad S om olrsm; jzpf-uonf? txl;ojzihcf 7pf,meft,l0g'D tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfaom olwkd\rSm pmaywkd\udk avhvmoif-um;olrsm; 7Sjd cif;wk\da-umifh omref touf arG;0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef; wkd\tjyif EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa7; umuG,fa7;zufY vnf;aumif;/tjcm;Xmersm;/vkyif ef;rsm;wk\dYvnf;aumif; yg0ifaqmif7u G f tr=xrf; vmcJ-h uavjyD? u7ifvrl sK;d wk\drmS zgodzgom aewwfjcif;/ &d;k om;I oPm7Sdjcif;paom *k+fyk'fwkd\jzihf jcD;usL;jcif;cH7aom olrsm; jzpfonf? ok\d7mwGif aoG;cGpJ epf. ajr|mufx;dk yihf aumf jyKjcif;udkcH7aoma-umifh acwfynmwwfvihf upm; tjrifrus,faom u7iftcsKd\wkd\. vrf;vFJ vdu k rf a= -umifh 1949 ckEpS w f iG f jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H awmfudkawmfvSef ykefukefaom u7if ykefuefr= ay: aygufco hJ nf? Edik if aH wmf zG\Jpnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya' wGif jynfaxmifpktwGif; u7ifjynfe,f owfrSwf
Ak
xm; jy;D jzpfjcif;/ u7ifjynfe,f taumiftxnf raz:rD uwnf;uyif tkycf sKyaf 7;/ umuG,af 7; zuf7dS tcsuf tjcmae7mrsm;wGif omru 0ef-uD;tzG\JYyifv~if u7if trsKd;om;wkd\tm;tcGifhta7; ay;xm;jcif;wkd\yif 7Sv d ihu f pm;/ au/tif/'D/tdk trnf cH u7ifoyl ek w f \o kd nf vlOD;a7tm;jzihf rqkdpavmufyif jzpfaomfvnf; jyef vnfxal xmifa7;/ Edik if pH nfyifa7; vkyif ef;wk\. d t7Sed u f kd [ef\wm;Edik af vmufatmif taESmift h ,Suf ay;cJ-h u.? tjcm; wkdif;7if;om;rsm;omru u7if trsKd;om;wkd\ vnf; epfemqH;k &H;= cJ7h .? Tod\kjzifh emrnfaumif;7xm; aom u7ifvrl sKd;wk\d . orkid ;f wGif Ta-uuG0J rf;enf; zG,f aumif;vSaom trJpuf-uD; pGef;cJh7.? u7if vlenf;pkwkd\. azmufjyefr=udk jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfonfEdkifeif;pGm ESdrfeif;cJh.? ykefuefolwkd\rSm u7ifvlenf;pk jzpf7um;oPm7Sd u7ifvlrsKd;rsm;pk. tcGit fh a7;ESifh tusK;d udk rxdcu kd af p7ef Edik if aH wmftpd;k 7onf tajccH Oya'wGif vsmxm;onft h wkid ;f u7if jynfe,f udk owfrw S jf yD;v~if wd;k cs\J ay;jcif;/ u7ifw\dk 77Sdaom tcGihfta7;rsm;udk qufvufay;jcif;wk\djzihf Edik if aH wmfordik ;f wpfav~mufv;kH 'd;k wlaygifzuf vufwJG aecJhaom u7ifwkd\tm; tjcm;jynfaxmifpkom;wdk\ESihf wyl; waygif;wnf; cspcf if7if;ES;D pGm aqmif7u G o f mG ;Edik 7f ef zefw;D Ekid pf rG ;f cJah yonf?(u7ifjynfe,f„7= )? OD;b7Sif u7if-ooH ? ?u7if-ooHrmS u7ifvrl sK;d wk\d. bm ombm0 ajymqdk [pfa-uG;aom toHrsm;udkrSDI om,mzG,f jzpfatmif a7;zGJ\xm;aom jrefrmoDcsif; -uD; tzG\JtEG\J wpfrsK;d jzpfavonf? xdo k cD si;f rsK;d udZk mwf 97
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7if-ooH
u&kdif;rD;,m;e,f (aysmfp7mavcif;cif;/ vma[hoil ,fcsif;csif;)2? (odkif;eif;av[efcsD/ aysmfwJheef;azgh7D)2? (a-uG awGpD/ J ufv\kd 0wftuˆs/ qifqifonf/ ,Of,Ofonf)2? wGb wkd\ESvkH;rSm „a0? ckeftkef;rnfav;/ oli,fcsif; wk\d a7„ta0;? ? &d\=r;D xdev f iG af v;? uGi;f jyifv,fuiG ;f / ysK;d p7m7Si;f ? &dk;wmuefoif;? wdk\awmolavav„awmifol/ w\dk awmifol csi;f 7,fav„ta0;? a7mifoif;ajr-uLavav;/ &d;k urlwef;/ wJ7mpcef;/ vSw J mvrf;/ vkyu f ikd 7f m/ wvif;jye\f nDpmG /avS\pifrmS / oHk;acsmif;qdkifum/ rsKd;7dQmvSrf;w,fav„ta0;? ? awmwef;awmifajcav;? 0g-udrfawGaESm/ ocGm; z&kaH yg/ pm;rukeaf yg/ tkv d eG o f marmbG,af v;„ ta0;? azmfaESmpkHvifav;? ESpfpOfaysmfjrJ/ &kd;aumufyGJ/ jzdK; armufu/J jcdrjhf cdro hf v J \dk qlqjl imjim? acgifa7tk;d ESihf awmif&kd;omom/ tpma7pmaygayg/ wkd\qDvGef0ajym ajym/ tkd,mawmv,fav„ta0;?
obifrsm;wGif u7ifvrl sK;d rsm; ta-umif;udk ujy7mY xnho f iG ;f wD;r=wf avh7o dS nf? tzG\JtEG\J pmom;rSmvnf; u7if vlrsK;d wk\d. ,Ofaus;r=EiS fh pyfqidk o f nft h a-umif; t7mrsm;om trsm;qH;k yg0ifonf? jrefrm oDcsi;f -u;D rsm;wGif toHukd 7Sn-f umpGm qGiJ ifI oDqdk7aom od*®goH/ tavmif;ydkuf/ wyfydk\/ paom oDcsi;f rsm;ESifh oDqydk ckH si;f tenf;i,f qifwl aomfvnf;/ u7if-ooHwGif wD;uGuf topftqef;rsm; zGJ\oGif; yg7Sdojzifh toH7Snf oDcsif;opf wpfrsKd;zG,f jzpfae avonf? u7if-ooHukd jrifpikd ;f od\kr[kwf ig;aygufoH xD;oHpOfjzifh oDqkd wD;r=waf vh7o dS nf? u7if-ooHrsm;onf uke;f abmif rif;w7m;-u;D vuf xufwiG rf pS wif ay:ayguf vmcJo h nf[k ,lq7ayonf? r[m*Dw usr;f rsm;wGif a7S;a[mif; acwfrsm;u u7if -ooHrsm;udk rawG\77dS ay? uke;f abmifacwf rif;vufxuf om,m0wD O D ; 0d k i f ; a7; u7if - ooH tcsKd \ u d k o m awG\7Sd7onf? xkd u7if-ooHrsm;udk awmvm;/ u7if -o vGr;f oH[I l vnf; ac:qkad vonf? -ooHrmS toH -oI oDqdk7jcif;a-umifhyif ac:wGifjcif;jzpf.? awm vm;[k qkd7avmufatmifyif awmobm0rsm;udk o&kyaf z:xm;a-umif; awG\7avonf? awG\7Sd7or~ u7if-ooHrsm;rSm ‘ wausmr=Hjym ’ tpcsD -ooHEiS /fh ‘jrdKiw f ef;arSmifa0av;’ tpcs-D ooH rsm; yif jzpfonf? xkd -ooHrsm;udkroDqkdrD ajcqif; ed'gef;ozG,f a7S;OD;pGm oDqadk vh7adS om ‘awmif,mawm v,f’tpcsD cGe;f axmufojzef wpfy'k v f nf;7SI d u7if obm0bG\Jyif jzpfayonf? Zmwfobifrsm;wGif oDqkd wD;r=wzf efrsm;I trsm;E=wf iH7k rwwf7adS eaom jrdKiw f ef;arSmifa0av; tpcs-D ooHrmS atmufygtwkdif;jzpf.? xkd-ooHrS toH-oqdk7aom at’ um7efpum;vH;k rsm;ESifh u7ifvrl sK;d wk\d. obm0udk owdjyK rSwfom;oifhayonf? -ooHtm;vHk;. rlao aw;oGm;um; r7Sad y? wpfy'k v f ~if wpfrsK;d pD toHrw S I f / ywfysKd;/ ,dk;',m;wkd\uJhodk\ wD; r=wf7avonf?
u&dik ;f rD;,m;e,f ? ?Oa7myESihf &k&eS ,ferdw7f dS yifv,f euftwGi;f ok\d ajrmufbuf urf;ajcbufrS xd;k 0ifvsuf 7Sdaom av;axmifho!mef usGef;qG,fuav;rSm u&dkif;rD;,m; usGef;qG,f jzpf.? tus,ft0ef;rSm pwk7ef;rdik af ygif; 9952 jzpfI/ uke;f r-uD;ESiq fh ufvsuf 7Sad om ay;a7;aumhuseG ;f qufuav;onfo;kH rdik cf ef\ om us,. f ? av;axmifyh 7kH Sd useG ;f qG,. f ta7S\ bufaxmifh rS xk;d xGuaf eaom useG ;f qG,u f av;onf &k7ES ikd if EH iS hf xdvrk wwf 7Sad eI/ yifv,feufEiS fh at;aZmh yifv,f wk\dukd ydik ;f jcm;xm;ouJo h \dk7. dS ? ,cktcg ajrmufbufrS usGe;f qG,f udk jzwfI wl;ajrmif; azgufvyk x f m;aom
jrdKiw f ef;arSmifa0av; jrdKifwef;arSmifa0av;? awmifaovmausm/ vGrf;bG,fawm/omcGm;ayg?wkd\awmif,mawmrSm/ vGr;f bG,af wGaygvSygoav;? ta0;? ? a[mfeef;aAGil/ wkd\awmifolav? a0„pkvdk\&Hk;?(bm omxHk;/ acgifa7oHk;)2? wkd\awmif,mukef; rSm„av? (wHk;usnfayG\udk tcgcg/ ckef-uwkd\bmom„om)2?
'kwd,uBmppftwGif; a,mfvwmjrdK\Y awG\qHkcJh-uaom r[m rdwfacgif;aqmif-uD; 3 OD; „ csmcsD/&l;pAJhESihf pwmvif
98
www.foreverspace.com.m
u&kdif;rD;,m;e,f
u&kdif;rD;,m;e,f yifv,feufurf;ajc7Sd usef;rma7;twGuf tyef;ajzpcef;jzpfaom a,mfvwmqdyfurf;jrdK\
a-umifh/ u&dkif;rD;,m;rSm u`ef;uav; wpfu`ef; [kyifac:qkd Edik af yonf? ta7S\awmifbuf urf;ajcwpf av~mufwiG f awmifwef;rsm;7SI d / ajrmufyikd ;f rSm ajredrrhf sm; jzpfonf 7moDOwk aumif; rGeI f pdu k yf sK;d a7; atmifjrif zG\HjzdK;onf? u`e;f qG,f wpfcv k ;kH . 35 7mcdik Ef e= ;f aom ajruGurf sm;wGif aumufyo J ;D ESH pdu k yf sK;d vkyu f ikd f vsuf 7Sd.? aqmif;wGif;pdkuf *sKH/ rka,mpyg;ESihf jrif;pm;*sKH wk\drmS t"du toD;tESH jzpf-uI aEG7moDwiG f ajymif;rSm t"dutoD;tESH jzpf.? pyspjf cHrsm;/ aq;/ z7J/ ocGm;/ ESr;f / 0g*Gr;f ESifh bDomG av~m(f ESr;f csyaf v~mf ) rsm;udv k nf; 7moDtvdu k f pdu k yf sK;d vkyu f ikd f -uonf? pm;usuaf umif; rsm;7Sdojzihf odk;rsm;/ jrif;rsm; t-uD;tus,f arG;jrL -u.? ta7S\bufo\x kd ;kd xGuaf eaom u`e;f qG,af y:7Sd uwfcs jrdK\wGif oHrsm;wl;az:77SdI ,lu7def;e,f7Sd tvkyf&Hk rsm;od\k wify\kdonf? ,lywd;k 7D;,m; jrdK\teD; qufa7tkid f wGif qm;csuv f yk if ef;rsm; jzpfxeG ;f onf? urf;ajc wpf av~mufwiG v f nf; wHigvkyif ef;rsm;wGiu f s,o f nf? o ab®mwnfaqmufaom vkyif ef;/ *sK-H uw d v f yk if ef;/ oHr+d vkyif ef;/ ,dEk iS o hf eyfvyk if ef;/ pnfoyG v f yk if ef;/ om;a7 vkyif ef;ESifh od;k arG;vkyif ef;rsm; 7So d jzifh e,fajrusO;f o avmuf vkyif ef;wGif us,af ygrsm;ayonf? jrdK\-uD;rsm; rSm jrdK\awmfjzpfaom qifzg&dkydkjrdK\tjyif/ taumif;qHk;
aom qdyu f rf;jrK\Ed iS afh 7wyfpcef;wpfcjk zpfonfh qDAwfpwdk yd/k use;f rma7;twGuf tyef;ajz7m jrdK\vnf;jzpf 'kw, d uBmppf-uD;twGi;f u r[mrdww f \dk.acgif;aqmif-uD; rsm; 1945ckEpS w f iG f awG\qpkH nf;a0; aqG;aEG;7mjrdK\vnf; jzpfaom a,mfvwmESihf,lywkd;7D;,m;/ oD,kd'dk&Sm;ESihf uwfcspaom tjcm;qdyfurf;jrdK\rsm; jzpfavonf? &k7S ynfbufrS ajrmuf buf7dS u`e;f quf wpfav~muf ta7S\yikd ;f uwfcsjrKd \ txdwpfvrf;/ taemuf ajrmufyikd ;f qDAwfpwkyd dk jrKd \txdwpfvrf;/ rD;7xm;vrf;rsm;jzifh quf oG,f xm;onf? xk\djyif ,lywd;k 7D;,m;jrdK\o\kdvnf; vrf; cGJ wpfc7k . dS ? vlO;D a7rSm ^60000 cef\ jzpfavonf? Tu`e;f qG,w f iG f a7S;a7S; tcgu aexkid cf o hJ rl sm;rSm uJv h rl sK;d rsm;jzpfI/ bDpD ^7mpkEpS t f wGi;f qDo, D efvrl sK;d wkd\ 0ifa7muf wkdufcdkufojzifh xGufajy;chJ-u7onf? tcsKd\rSm awmifwef;rsm;wGif cdk0ifaexkdif-u7I/ usef aeolrsm;rSm awm7d vlrsKd;[kwGifonf? xkdESpfwGifyif *7dw\kv d nf; 0ifa7mufaexkid cf -hJ ujyef.? at'D 250jynfh ESpw f iG f a*ghovlrsK;d rsm; 0ifa7muf pd;k rd;k jyD;aemuf 3^6 ckESpfwGif wzef [ef;vlrsKd;rsm;. pdk;rdk;jcif;udk cH7jyef onf? 1016 ckEpS w f iG f Adik Zf if;wdik f *7dvrl sK;d wk\d pd;k ydik cf I hJ / 123^ ckESpfwGif rGef*dkvlrsKd;rsm;u ydkifqdkifcJhjyefonf? 14^5 ckEpS w f iG f atmhwrdk efw7ufw\dku wku d cf u kd f odr;f ,lI xku d `e;f qG,w f pf0u kd w f iG f atmhwrkd ef tiftm;pk[k 99
www.foreverspace.com.m
u&kdif;rD;,m;e,f
u7pfuufupm;jcif;
wefc;kd -uD;vmcJ7h m/ 1^^^ ckEpS o f \kda7mufrS &k7w S \dkuodr;f ,lI &k7S vufatmufcH jzpf7av onf? 1946 ckEpS w f iG f qdAk , D ufq7dk , S v f pf jynfaxmifpo k RwEdik if . H wpfpw d f wpfa'o jzpfvmcJo h nf? 1854 ckEpS w f iG f &k7w S \d. k e,fcs\Jrt = 7if;cHaom t,l 0g'qdik 7f m t&=yf taxG;a-umifh u&dik ;f rD;,m;useG ;f qG,f wGif wl7uDEiS hf &k7w S \dk ppfrufjzpfymG ;-uavonf? wl7uD zufrS jyifopf/ jAdwed f ESihf qm'if;eD;,m;(tDwvD)wk\du uln. D ? useG ;f qG,af y:7Sd t,fvrmjrpf AgvmuvmAg ESihf tifumreft7yfwkd\wGif wdkufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;onf? 1856ckEpS Yf &k7w S \d. k tcdik cf q hH ;kH cHwyfjrKd \jzpfaom qDAwf pwdyk kd usaomtcg u&dik ;f rD;,m; ppfyJG tjyD;od\k a7muf avonf? xkpd pfyEJG iS fh pyfvsO;f I Edik if o H rdik ;f wGif xif7mS ; aom ta-umif;t7mrsm;pGm use7f pf&rkH u/ ppfajrjyifY '+f7m7olrsm;tm; pGe\fpeG \fpm;pm; vdu k v f jH yKpkaom/ rD; tdr&f iS rf ac: zavmf7ihf Edu k w f ifa*;.ta-umif;onf vnf; O'gef;wGi7f pfavonf? u7pfuufupm;jcif; ? ?u7pfuuf upm;jcif; onf t*®vdyfvlrsKd;wkd\. trsKd;om;upm;enf;jzpfI xku d pm;enf;udyk if *k+, f -l uavonf? t*®vefwpfjynf vH;k ESiw fh uG/ -opa-wvD;,m;/ e,l;ZDvef/ awmiftm z7dujynfaxmifpkESihf tdNd,EdkifiHrsm;wGif u7pfuuf upm;jcif;onf vGefpGm acwfpm;vsuf7Sdonf? u7pf uuf upm;jcif;rSm aEG7moD jyifyuGi;f upm;jcif;wpfrsK;d jzpfI/ nDnmaom upm;uGi;f wGif upm;-uavonf?
u7pfuuf upm;uGi;f wGif jrufcif;udn k n D mpGm ndx | m; I/ wpfzufEiS w hf pfzuf 22udu k t f uGmwGif 0pfuufwidk rf sm; udk pdu k x f x l m;onf? 0pfuufwikd f wpfcv k ~if 2^vufr tjrif7h adS om opfom;wkid af jzmifh uav;oH;k wdik yf g.? xkw d ikd u f av;oH;k wkid u f kd pDI pdu k x f m;7m/ yxrwdik Ef iS fh wwd,wkid rf mS 8vufrrS 9vufrtxd uGma0;I 'kw, d wdik rf mS tv,fwnfw h nfw h iG f 7So d nf? wdik u f av;rsm; .xdyfwGif 4vufrpD7Snfaom yGwfvHk;wef;uav; 2ckuw kd ifI qufxm;onf? xkw d ikd u f av;oH;k wdik yf g aom0pfuufwidk u f t dk v,fwiG x f m;vsuf 8ay/8vufr 7SnfaomrsOf;jzLwpfa-umif;ukd ajzmifhwef;pGm qGJxm; onf? 0pfuufwidk . f ta7S\4ay tuGmwGiv f nf; yxr rsOf;a-umif;ESihf rsOf;jydKifjzpfaom 'kwd, rsOf;a-umif; wpfck qGx J m;jyefonf? u7pfuuf &dkuf7mwGif toHk;jyKaom AufwHudk rd;k rcom; jzihf jyKvky. f ? tvsm;rSm 38 vufr xuf ryd7k acs? Aufw. H vuf udik rf mS 14 vufrcef\7n S I f -udrjf zihf jyKvkyx f m;onf? abmvH;k ud&k u kd 7f aom Auf wH tjym;rSm jyuf 4 vufrxuf ryd7k acs? rsm; aom tm;jzifh Aufww H pfacsmif;onf tav;csed f 21²4 rS21²4 aygiftxd7Sdavonf? u7pfuuf&dkuf7mwGif toHk; jyKaom abmvH;k udk azghjzihjf yKvkyI f / tjyifrx S I l cdik f rmaom om;a7eDtkyfI csKyfxm;onf? abmvHk;.t av;csed rf mS 5 1²2 atmifprS 5 3²4 atmifp txd7o dS nf? u7pfuufupm;7mY abmvH;k uefouJo h \ykd ifwpfzuf v~if 11 a,mufpD ae7.? pwifrupm;rDtoif;
awmiftmz7dutoif;ESihf atmufpzkd\wUodkvftoif;wkd\ ,SOfjydKifupm;-uaom u7pfuufAkdvfvkyGJ
100
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7pfuufupm;jcif;
u7ef;rm; wD
acgif;aqmifESpfOD;u arsmufyef;vSefI tvSnhf a7G; 7onf? wpfzufu AufwjH zif&h u kd o f nhf tvSnu hf , kd rl nf qkv d ~if usew f pfzufu abmvH;k ypfonfh tvSnu hf , kd 7l onf? AufwHudkifI &dkufrnfholonf ajcovHk;rS'l; acgif;txd zH;k aeaom 'l;umrsm;ESifh vuftw d rf sm;udk wyfqifI 0pfuufwikd w f iG f apmihaf e7.?xkt d cgwpfzuf rSvu l wpfjcm;0pfuufwidk . f aemufraS eI Aufwu H ikd f xm;olbufo\kd abmvH;k udk ypf7onf? Aufwu H ikd x f m;ol.wm0efrmS wpfzufryS pfvu kd af om abmvH;k onf rdrad pmifah eonhf 0pfuufwidk u f kd rxdreS f ap7ef vufx7J b dS ufwEH iS q fh ;D I &du k jf y;D v~i/f rdr&d u kd v f u kd f aom abmvH;k udk wpfzufrS upm;olrsm;u vSr;f Irzrf; EdkifrD tjcm;0pfuufwdkifodk\ ajy;oGm;jcif;jzihf trSwf 7,l7efjzpf.? rdrd&dkufvkdufaom abmvHk;onf owf rSwx f m;aom e,ferdwu f kd xdreS v f ~i/f od\kr[kwf ausmf vGeo f mG ;v~i/f od\kr[kwf zrf;olEiS t fh wl ausmv f eG o f mG ; v~ifvnf; trSwf7avonf? rsuEf mS csi;f qdik w f iG 7f o dS nfh abmvH;k ypfou l ypfvu kd f aomabmvHk;onf 0pfuufwkdifudk xdrSefaomtcgY vnf;aumif;/ bufwu H ik d o f &l u kd v f u kd o f nfh abmvH;k udk ajr-uD; ESirfh xdrD wpfzufrS upm;olrsm;xJrS wa,mufa,mufu trdzrf;,lEikd o f nft h cgwGiv f nf;aumif;/Aufwu H ikd o f o l nf abmvH;k udk &du k v f w F f vdu k pf Of 0pfuufwikd af 7S\&dS pnf;udk ausmo f mG ;onft h cgwGiv f nf;aumif;/abmvH;k udrk &du k rf b d J teD;wGi7f adS om 0pfuikd w f idk u f kd &du k rf o d jzifh wdik v f o J mG ; onft h cgwGiv f nf;aumif;/wpfzufryS pfvu dk o f nhf abmvH;k onf 0pfuufwikd u f kd {uefxrd eS rf nfjzpfygvsuf bufwu H ikd f olu ajcaxmufESihfjzpfap udk,fc¶mtpdwftydkif; wpfcck Ek iS jfh zpfap qD;wm;umuG,f xm;onf[k 'dik v f l -uD;u qHk;jzwfaomtcgwGifvnf;aumif;/ AufwH udik o f u l xGuaf y;7avonf? Aufwu H ikd o f o l nf txufyg ta-umif;rsm;a-umifh xGurf ay;7rjcif; abmvH;k udk &du k Ef ikd f cGi7fh . dS ? upm; oif;wpfoif;v~if 11a,muf 7So d nft h euf abmvH;k &du k f jcif;wm0efudk wpfa,mufjyD;wpfa,muf qufI 10 a,muf xGufay;7onftxd upm;7onf? abmvHk; ypfol wpfa,mufv~if abmvH;k udk 6 -udrf txdypfEikd f onf? 6 -udraf phaomtcg tjcm;wpfa,mufu 0ifI ypf7.? abmvH;k ypf jyD;aomtcg wpfcsD jyD;jyD[k rSwf ,l7onf? -op-wD;,m; wkdufwGifum; abmvHk; 8 -udrf ypfjyD;rS wpfcsD[kac:onf? abmvHk;ypfolrS wpfyg; usef 10 a,mufaom upm;olrsm;onf uGi;f
xJwGif qkdif7mae7m toD;oD;wkd\Y 7yfae7.? wpfa,mufaomolrmS 0pfuuf wdik af pmihjf zpfonf? ol. wm0efrSm AufwHudkifol r&dkufrdbJ vGwfvmaom abmvH;k udk apmifzh rf;7ef jzpfavonf? u7pfuufupm;7mwGif 0pfuufwikd w f pfwikd 7f dS AufwH udik o f o l nf abmvH;k udk &du k x f w k v f u kd jf yD;aemuf tjcm; 0pfuufwikd 7f dS bufwu H ikd o f El iS fh ae7mcsi;f vJvu dk af om tcg wpfacguf7jyD[k rSw, f 7l onf? ,if;odk\ 7onfh tacgufaygif;jzifh t&H=;tEdkifudk qH;k jzwfavonf? upm;yGJ wpfck od\kr[kwf upm;vSnhf wpfvn S v fh ~if t acgufa7 rnfr~ 7S7d rnf[k twdtus owfrSwfxm;jcif; r7Sday? upm;olrsm;. oabm wlnDcsuf twkdif;om jzpfavonf? ausmif;rsm;/ toif;rsm;wGif upm;-uaom u7pfuuf upm;yGrJ sm;rSm wpfyw JG pfvn S hf vky&f ;kd xH;k pH7. dS ? -uD;us,af om upm; yGrJ sm;wGiu f m; ESpyf rJG S wpfvn S hf jzpfavonf? oH;k 7uf qufI upm;aom ESpfyGJwpfvSnfh upm;yGJrsm;wGif 'kw, d tvSnw fh iG rf S abmvH;k &du k cf iG 7fh aom upm;oif; onf/ ,SOfjydKifupm;aomtoif;xuf tacgufa7 150 xuf renf;avsmah ev~if aemufxyf wpfyu JG pm; Edkifonf? ESpf7uf-umonfh upm;yGJrsm;wGifum; t acgufa7 100 xufrenf; avsmhaev~ifwpfyGJxyfI upm;Ekid af vonf? u7pfuuf upm;yGrJ sm;wGif wpfEidk if EH iS fh wpfEikd if H upm; aom jydKifyGJrsm;ESihf c&dkif wHcGefpdkufyGJrsm;rSm yGJ-uD; yGJaumif;rsm; jzpf-u.? xk\dtjyif taysmfwrf; upm; olrsm;ESihf a-u;pm; upm;olrsm; upm;aomyGJ/ wUodkvfausmif; tcsif;csif; upm;aom yGJrsm;rSm vnf; yGaJ umif;rsm;yif jzpf-uonf? u7ef;rm;wD(c7pf 1489„1556) ? ?jAw d o d ~ EdkifiH ordkif;wGif xif7Sm;aom uefwmAm7D *dk+f;csKyf aomrwfu7ef;rm;onf 1489 ck Zlvkdifv2 7uf ae\wGif aemhwif*rf&d=if,m e,fwGif zGm;jrifonf? udrf;A7pfwUodkvf/ *sD;qyfaumvdyfausmif;wGif ynmoif-um; cJhjyD;aemuf/ 1523 ckESpfwGif A7if*sD bkef;-uD;tjzpfudk cH,ljyD;aomf rsm;r-umrD t,l0g' ynm 7yfqdkif7m yg7*lbGJ\udk 7avonf? xkdtcgwGif wUodv k Yf t,l 0g'ynm7yfqikd 7f mpmppfojl zpfvm.? 1529 ckEpS w f iG f u7ef;rm;onf e,fwpfe,fo\kd oGm; a7mufcJh7mY t}r [ife7Dbk7ifESihf uHtm;avsmfpGm awG\qHkcJhonf[k qdk.? xdktcg t}r [ife7D bk7if
101
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7ef;rm; wD
aomrwfu7ef;rm;tm; EkdifiHawmfoPmazmufr=jzihf vef'efar~mfpif tcsKyfaxmifodk\ zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;pOf
onf yxrrdz7k m; tm7*Gef rif;orD; uufo7if;udu k mG I tef;Al;vif;tm; vufxyf7ef ta7;wGif t,l0g'qdik 7f m tcsKyftwnf;rsm;a-umifh pdwf&=yfaxG; aecdkufjzpf avonf? u7ef;rm;ESifh awG\qckH 7hJ mwGif yxrrdz7k m;udk uGm&Sif;Ekdifaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk u7ef;rm;u ajym jycJo h nf? xkt d cgwGif bk7ifonf oabmusI u7ef; rm;tm; ol.xHwiG f tr=xrf; ap jyD;aomf rdz7k m;-uD; uufo7if;tm; uGm7Si;f Edik af 7; twGuf aqmif7u G af p avonf? a7S;OD;pGm u7ef;rm;onf uGm7Sif;Edkif a-umif;ESihf usrf;pmrsm;rS taxmuftxm;rsm; 7 ,ljyD;aemuf/ usr;f wpfapmif wpfz\JGjyKjyD;aomf udr;f A7pf ESifh atmufpzd\k wUodv k rf sm;od\k wifjy aqG;aEG;cJah v onf? 1530 jynfhESpfwGif a7mrjrdK\odk\ t*®vdyf oHtzGJ\ESihftwl oGm;a7mufI/ rdzk7m;-uD;tm; uGm7Sif; a7;udk rnfo\dk rnfykH oabmxm;-uonfukd penf;emcJh avonf? 1531 ckEpS w f iG f Oa7mywku d f Edik if H toD;oD;7Sd wUodkvfrsm;odk\ oGm;a7mufum rdzk7m; -uD;ESihf uGm7Sif;a7;udk0g'jzef\,if;/ xkdudPwGif rnfodk\ oabmxm;onfukd pHpk rf;cJah vonf? xkEd pS f ukecf geD;wGif *smreD Edik if o H \kd oHtjzpf apvFwjf cif; cH7jyefonf? u7ef; rm; onf 1532 ckEpS w f iG f *smreDjynfow l pfa,mufEiS hf
vufxyfcJh.? 1533ckESpfwGif uefwmAm7D *dk+f;csKyf tjzpf cef\tyfjcif; cH7avonf? xkdtcgwGif [ife7D bk7iftm; rdz7k m;-uD; uufo7if;ESihf uGm7Si;f cGijhf yKI tef;Al;vif;tm; rdz7k m;ajr|mufonfudk todtrSwf jyK vku d . f ? Tok\djzifh u7ef;rm;onf t}r[ife7Db7k if. vufxyfa7;ESifh uGm7Sif;a7; udPrsm;ukd jzpfajrmuf atmif aqmif7u G af y;cJah v onf? q}rtuf'yG b f 7k ifvufxuf 1549 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1552 ckEpS w f \dkwiG f jyKpck aJh om qkawmif;csuf pmtkyEf pS t f yk rf mS rsm;aomtm;jzifh u 7ef;rm;. vuf7mrsm; jzpfonf? tuf'yG b f 7k if ewf7mG pHI xD;arG eef;arGudk ar7Drif; orD;ESihf av'D*sed ;f *a7;wk\d vk-u7mwGif u7ef;rm;onf av'D*sde;f *a7;tm; eef;wif7ef -uHpnf -udK;yrf;cJah v onf? okd\7mwGif ar7Drif;orD;u ta7;omoGm;aom a-umifh 1553 ckESpfwGif xD;eef;ukd qufcH aomtcg av’D*sed ;f *a7; ZeD;armifEHS wk\dEiS t hf wl aomrwf u7ef; rm;tm;zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifxm;jyD;aomf EkdifiHawmf oPmazmufrj= zifh ppfaq;aponf? u7ef;rm;tm; tr=ppfaq; aepOftwGif; atmuf pzk\do\dk ajymif; a7F\ csKyx f m;cJ. h ? olEiS t hf wl tcsKycf aH e7 aom ol.rdwaf qG ESpf a,mufw\dkrmS 1555 ckEpS w f iG f
102
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7ef;rm; wD
u7Grfwef tuf(p)
ao'+fay;jcif; cH-u7avonf? u 7ef;rm;. tr=udk aemufwufvmonfh *k+ d ;f tkyf -uD;rŒ;aom t,l0g'cH&k ;kH u ppfaq;cJh7m/ jypfr=rsm; xif7Sm;a-umif;jzifh a7mr jrdK\7dS yky7f [ef;rif;xHo\kd tpD7ifcH aoma-umifh yky7f [ef; rif;. trde\fjzifh 1556ckEpS w f iG f oydwaf rSmuf uHjyKjcif;/ 7mxl;rS av~mcsjcif;wk\u d kd cH7 avonf? xko d \kd cH7jy;D onfh aemufwGif u7ef;rm;onf ao'+fudk a7SmifuGif;7ef 7nf7G,fI ol. t,ltqrsm;rSm;,Gif; cJha-umif; ausnmcsurf sm;udk xkwjf yefao;.? od\k7mwGif xkad us nmcsurf sm;udk pdeaf r7D bk7m;7Scd ;kd ausmif;-uD;Y y7dowf a7S\wiG f xkwaf z: ausnm7ef ac:aqmif oGm;onft h cg u7ef;rm; onf xkad usnmcsurf sm;rSm rdrd ao7rnfukd a-umuf7\o GH nfEiS fh pdwrf wnfjird af oma-umihf xkwjf yefchJ aom ausnmcsufrsm; jzpfa-umif;/ rdrd t,ltqudk rpGe\f vw F af -umif;/ at;aq; wnfjidrpf mG twdtvif; xkwaf z:ajymqdck ahJ vonf? rnfo\dkyifjzpfap ol.r,f awmftm; uGm7Sif;a7;wGifvnf;aumif;/ ol\tm; w7m;r0ifaom orD;awmftjzpf a7mufapa7;wGiv f nf; aumif;/ OD;pD;yg0if aqmif7u G cf o hJ nfukd tcJra-uEdik f cJah om ar7Db7k ifr-uD;um; ol. toufuckd sr;f omay; rnfr[kwaf cs? u7ef;rm;onf 1556ck arvwGif t7Sif vwfvwf rD;&d\=I owfjcif;udk 7J0phH mG cH,o l mG ;avonf? u7Grfweftuf(pf)(c7pf 1^53„182^) ? ?7uf uef;vkyif ef; jyKjyifajymif;vJvm7ef yxrzefw;D ol oH;k OD; pvHk;yif t*®vefjynf vefu&d=if,me,frS jzpf-u onf? yxr qH;k zefw;D ol [m;*7D;onf ‘pyif;eif;*sief ’D ac: Adik ;f iifpufux kd iG f cJI h / 'kw, d zefw;D oltwfu&du k f u pyif;eif;*sief x D uf aumif;rGeaf om Adik ;f iifph ufopf wpfcu k kd xGicf o hJ nf? [m;*7D;. pufxuf twfu&du k f . pufu csnfr~ifaygif;rsm;pGm xGuaf pEdik o f nfh jyif/ rmI acsmaom csnrf ~irf sm;udk iifEikd o f nf? ‘t-uw H v l ~if aemufvl ompjrJ’[laom pum;twdkif; u7Grfwef onf txuf yg puf ESprf sK;d wk\d. c`w, f iG ;f csurf sm;udk jyKjyif jznfhpGufI Adkif;iifh pufopfwpfckudk xajrmuf atmifjrifpmG jyKvkyf cJah vonf? ,ckacwfwiG f toH;k jyKaeaom pufrsm;rSm/ u7Grw f ef. pufukd tenf;i,f xyfavmif;I jyKjyifxm;jcif;r~om jzpfayonf? qrfrsL,,f u7Grw f efonf 1^53ck 'DZifbmv 37uf ae\wiG f vefu&di= , f me,f zg;0k7mG uav;wGif zGm;jrif onf? rdb ESpyf g; qif;7J EGr;f yg;ojzifh u7Grw f efonf uav;b0uyif csnif ifpuf&w kH pf&YkH tvkyv f yk u f ikd cf 7hJ
onf? touf 16 ESpt f 7G,w f iG f zcifjzpfol uG,v f eG f oGm;7m/ rdom;pk. wm0efudk xrf;aqmif7 7Smonf? u7Gefwefonf Tr~ -uD;av;aom tdrfaxmifr= wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifaepOf/ aiG0ifvrf;7Sad p7ef Adik ;f iifph uf&w kH iG f ae\pOf tvkyf qif;7avonf? tvkyv f yk f 7mwGif pdwftm&HkpGJjrJpl;pkdufol jzpfojzifh/ [m;*7D;ESihf twf u &d k u f w k d \ xG i f c J h a om Ad k i f ; iif h p uf w k d \ . csw G , f iG ;f csurf sm;udk awG\jrifonf?od\ktwGuf ydI k aumif; aom txnfacsmrsm; 7ufvyk f Edik 7f eftwGuf jcnfiif pufopf wpfckudk -uHpnfavonf? ae\cif;tcsdefwGif tvkyv f yk 7f aom vkycf onf ol. tdraf xmiftwGuf rvkaH vmufojzif/h uset f csed w f iG f uyG&J w kH pf&YkH wa7m xk;d um tyd0k ifaiGukd 7SmcJ7h I tm;vyfcsed w f iG f csnif if puf topf jyKvkyaf 7;udk -uHpnfavonf? u7Grw f efonf 6 ESprf ~ rem;rae -uKd ;yrf; tm;xkwf jyKvkyf cJh7m 1^^9 ckESpfavmufwGif csnfiifpufopf wpfcu k kd jyKvyk f jy;D pD;avonf? u7Grw f ef. pufopfjzifh iifaom csnfr~ifrsm;onf ,ckacwfwGif ay:xGuf aeaom ydwaf csmrsm;yif 7ufvyk f Edik pf rG ;f 7So d nf? trSef tm;jzihf qkdaomf u7Grfwef.pufonf [m;*7D;. pufESihf twfu&dkuf. pufESpfckudk yl;aygif;jyKjyifI vkyu f ikd x f m;jcif;yif jzpf.? u7Grw f efonf ol. pufukd ‘pyifeif;rsL;’ [k trnfay;avonf? Adik ;f iifph ufopf pyif;eif;rsL;udk 18 7mpkEpS u f xGif cJah omfvnf;/ ,ck 20 7mpkEpS t f xdyifv~if TpufrsK;d udk toHk;jyKae-uao;onf? wdk;wuf jyKjyifcsufrsm;udk tenf;i,fr~om jyKvkyEf ikd cf -hJ uonf? od\k7mwGif Tr~ ta7;yg toHk;0ifI tzdk;wefaompufudk zefwD;cJhol u7Grw f efum; tusK;d ay;EHck smvS.? aiGa-u; usyw f nf; vSojzifh ol\puf. v~Kd \0u S cf suu f kd a7mif;cs7mwGif aygif 60 r~om 77So d nf? 1800 jynfEh pS w f iG f u7Grw f eftwGuf 7efyHkaiG zGifhvSpfcJh7m aygif 500 cef\ 77Sd.? okd\aomf u7Grw f efum; aiGusyw f nf;jrJ 7Sad ejcif;a-umifh ol\twGuf a7S\vyk if ef;rsm;wGif aESmifah ES;cJah v onf? 1812 ckESpfwGif jAdwdo~ygvDrefu u7Grfweftm; aygif 5000 xkwaf y;jyD;v~if Akid ;f iifph ufuw kd ;dk wuf aumif;rGeaf tmif -uHaqmifvyk u f ikd af ponf? xkad iGrmS vnf; tvkyw f iG f 0ifomG ;ojzihf qH;k yg;oGm;avonf? 1824 ckEpS rf pS I ol.rdwaf qGrsm;u ESppf Of 63aygifus axmufychH -hJ uonf? ok\d aomf xdak xmufyhH a-u;rsm;udk -umjrifph mG rcHpm;7bJ/ 182^ ck ZGev f 26 7uf ae\wiG f Adv k wefjrdK\Y aoqH;k oGm;avonf?
103
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7Grf;0J tdk u7Grf;0Jtkd(c7pf 1599„1658) ? ?atmfvAD g u7Gr;f 0Jukd t*®vefjynf. o7zlraqmif;aom bk7if[k ac:-u.? u7Grf;0Jonfol\udk t*®vefjynf. bk7if
t*‡vef. o7zlraqmif;aombk7if atmfvDAm u7Grf;0J
tjzpf tkypf ;kd 7ef wifajr|mufchJ -uaomfvnf; vufrcHchJ ay? t*®vef/ paumhwvefEiS fh tkid , f mvefw\dk yg0ifonfh "eo[m,Edik if u H kd umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f ol ‘avmhy&dw k uf wm’[laom bGJ\udkom cH,lcJhavonf? u7Gr;f 0J. rdzbk;d ab;wk\rd mS t*®vyd f bk7ifrsm; ajrm| uf pm;jcD;jr|ifhjcif;cH7aom ajrydkif7Sifrsm; jzpf-uonf? u7Gr;f 0Jonf [ef wif'efwiG f arG;zGm;I awme,fwiG f taersm;onfh ta-umif;rSwpfyg;/ ol. i,fpOfutjzpf tysurf sm;udk aocsmpGm rod-u7acs? 7yf7mG o]gausmif; wGif ynmoifum;cJI h udr;f A7pfwUokv d w f iG f 2 ESpf r~om ynm qufvufoif-um; cJah vonf? xdak emuf zcifjzpfol uG,v f eG o f jzihf ausmif;rSxu G I f rdz. vuf ikwjf zpfaom v,f,mtvkyu f kd vkyu f ikd cf ahJ vonf? 1620 jynfEh pS w f iG f yPnf; tawmftwef -u, G 0f aom t,fvpf ZAuf Alcs, D m trnf7dS trsK;d orD; wpfO;D ESifh vufxyf.? 1628 ckEpS w f iG f [efwif'efe,frS ygvDref trwftjzpf ta7G; cH7onf? xkdpOfu u7Grf;0Jtm; aemifwpfae\wiG f acgif;aqmifaumif;-uD; wpfO;D jzpfvm rnfh tajctaersKd;udk rawG\7acs? zswfvwfI pdwf ydik ;f jzwfonft h wdik ;f rjzpfraevkyw f wfaom tusn;f wefonfh vlwpfa,muf taejziho f m *&kjyKr-d uonf?
xkx d ufyI kd vlord sm;onfrmS t,l0g'Y tvGe-f unf ndKav;pm;aom ysL7Dwef wpfO;D jzpfonfh ta-umif;ay wnf;? olonf t,l0g't wGufqdkv~if ysL7Dwefwkd\ bufrS yg0ifaqmif7u G rf nf jzpfa-umif;udk ygvDref t pnf;ta0;rsm;wGif r-umc+ xkwfaz: ajymqdkcJh onf? t,l0g'vGwv f yfru = kd vGepf mG vdv k m;oljzpfI/ wpf-udraf omf t*®vefjynfwiG f raeawmhbJ tar7du wdu k 7f dS ysL7Dwefw\k. d e,fopfo\kd oGm;a7muf aexdik 7f ef yif -uH7, G cf b hJ ;l avonf? 1640jynfEh pS w f iG f oufwrf;wdyk gvDrefo\dk a7G;aumuf wifajrm| ufjcif; cH7I/ 1642ckEpS f oufwrf;7Snf ygvDref wGiv f nf; trwftjzpf ta7G;cH7jyefonf? xkyd gvDref tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif u7Grf;0Jonf OD;pD;OD;aqmif rjyKcJhaomfvnf; ta7;-uD;aomudPrsm;udk aqG;aEG; 7mYum; yg0ifcJhavonf? 1642 ckESpfwGif bk7ifESihf ygvDrefw\kd tcsif;rsm;-uI jynfwiG ;f ppf pwifjzpfymG ; onft h cgY u7Gr;f 0Jonf acgif;aqmifwpfO;D tjzpf xif 7Sm;vm.? xdt k csed w f iG f u7Gr;f 0JrmS toufav;q,f ausmfavjyD? u7Grf;0Jonf ppfqifa7;wGif A[kokwESihf tavh tusifh r7Scd ahJ omfvnf; yg7rD xl;oljzpfonf? ygvDrefEiS fh bk7ifw\dk oabmuGJ vGI J vufeufpu GJ ikd -f uaomtcg/ u7Gr;f 0Jonf ygvDrefzufrS yg0ifun l 7D ef qH;k jzwfvu kd f .? xd\kaemuf ppfwyfwpfwyfukd ol\pw d w f ikd ;f us pk&;kH avh usihaf y;vsuf jynfwiG ;f ppfY 0ifa7mufwu kd cf u kd f av onf? u7Gr;f 0J.ppfwyfwiG f t,l0g'udak v;pm;I 7JprG ;f oWd7adS om olrsm;udo k m vufccH ahJ vonf? oRmusr;f rSm ol\wyfom;wkdif;. taqmifjzpf.? ol\wyfwGif A7if*sD *d+ k ;f 0ifrsm;rSwpfyg; tjcm;*d+ k ;f 0ifrsm;udk awG\Eikd f onf? u7Gr;f 0Jonf ol\ppfwyfrsm;udk pepfwus zG\Jpnf; xm;ojzifh wdu k yf w JG idk ;f Y atmifjrifco hJ nf? xkad -umifh ol. wyfom;rsm;onf ‘tdik ;f ,ef;qdu k ’f ac: oHr+d wyfom;rsm;[k wGiaf vonf? xdo k rH +d wyfom;rsm;. pGr;f 7nfukd rmpwef rl;0g; wdkufyGJ (1644 ck Zlvdkifv 2 7uf)ESihf ae\ZADwdkufyGJ (1645 ck ZGefv 14 7uf)rsm;wGif xl;jcm;pGm awG\7 ayonf? xkw d u kd yf rJG sm;wGif bk7ihw f yfrsm;udk tjywft owfEdkifvdkufojzifh bk7ifh*dk+f;om;rsm; tnHhcH7 av onf? u7Gr;f 0Jum; xkjd ynfwiG ;f ppftwGi;f Y wjznf;jznf; xif7mS ;vmcJ7h m ygvDref *d+ k ;f om;rsm;. ppfzufXmewGif ta7;tygqHk;ykCdKvf-uD; jzpfvm.?ygvDref*dk+f;udk vnf; ppfzufu -oZmvFrf;rdk;vmcJhonf? 1646 ckrS
104
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7Grf;0J tdk 1648 ckEpS t f xd u7Gr;f 0Jonf ygwDtm;vH;k u vufcH Edkifaom tkyfcsKyfa7;udk 7Sdap7ef aphpyfcJh.? odk\aomf 'kw, d jynfwiG ;f ppfyJG jzpfymG ;cJI h t*®vefo\dk csw D ufvm aom bk7ihf*dk+f;om; paumhrsm;udk y7ufpwefwGif ESdrfeif; 7jyefonf? aphpyfa7;onfvnf; ysufjy,f oGm;avonf? xkt d cg ygvDref *d+ k ;f wGiyf 7uf ZADw;D 7D; ,ef;ESifh tif'yD if;'if[ h I l ESp*f + kd ;f uGJ cJ7h mY/ u7Gr;f 0J onf ppfwyftiftm;aumif;aom tif'yD if;'if*h + kd ;f 0if jzpfvmonf? xk\daemuf y7ufZADwD;7D;,ef;wkd\u csm;bk7ifudk jyefvnfeef;wifrnf pdk;ojzihf ygvDrefrS y7ufpADw;D 7D;,ef;wk\dukd armif;xkwf vdu k o f nf? xk\djyif olu, kd w f idk f yg0ifaom txl;w7m;vFwaf wmfukd zG\Jpnf; jyD;v~if csm;bk7ifupkd pfaq;I tqH;k pD7ifvu kd . f ? xd\k aemuf bk7ifhtkyfcsKyfa7;ESifh txufvFwfawmfwdk\udk zsuo f rd ;f I oRwEdik if H xlaxmif cJah vonf? ok\daomf tkid , f mvefEiS fh paumhwvef jynfrsm;wGif bk7ihf *d+ k ;f om;rsm; tiftm; aumif;aeao;I/ 1651 ckESpfokd\ a7mufru S 7Gr;f 0Jonfb7k ih*f + kd ;f om;rsm;udk tjyD;owf jzdKcGi;f cJah yonf? oufwrf;7Snyf gvDrefonf 12 ESprf ~ wnfjrJaecJph Of
atmfvDAmu7Grf;0J ‘avmhy&kdwufwm’ bGJ\ukd cH,laepOf
,if;. rzG,f7mr=rsm;a-umihf oRwEdkifiHrSm emrnf ysucf 7hJ .? ok\djzpfI u7Gr;f 0Jonf tm+m7Sif qefqef t-urf;enf;jzifh xdyk gvDrefukd zsuo f rd ;f vku d af vonf? xk\daemuf t&d;k usJ ygvDrefac: ygvDreftopfwpf7yfukd qihfac:aomfvnf;/ EdkifiHa7; t,lonf;r=rsm;a-umifh jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf raqmif7GufEdkifacs? xkd\a-umifh t&d;k usJygvDrefukd zsuford ;f I ppfwyfu tkycf sKyfa7; udk -udK;udik jf yD;v~if tajccHOya'opfwpf7yfukd a7;qGcJ hJ avonf? u7Grf;0Jvnf; ‘avmhy&kdwufwm’ bGJ\ukd cH,al vonf?u7Gr;f 0Jonf ygvDreftopfwpf7yfukd qihf ac:jyefao;onf? odk\7mwGif ygvDref trwfrsm;rSm ygvDreftpnf;ta0;ok\d wuf7efrw S pfyg; tjcm;7nf7, G f csuf r7So d jzihf zsuford ;f vku d 7f avonf? xkad emufwiG u f m; u7Gr;f 0Jonf ppfwyf tultnD jzihf wkid ;f jynfukd tkycf sKycf . hJ ? wpfzef 1656 ckEpS w f iG f ygvDreftzG\Jukd aemufq;kH t-urd f qihaf c:7m/ xkyd gvDref u u7Grf;0Jtm; bk7iftjzpf wifajr|mufcJhaomfvnf; vufrcHcahJ y?t*®vef/paumhwvef/tdik , f mvefw\dk yg0if onhf "eo[m,Edik if H rzG\Jpnf;rD ESpt f enf;i,fcef\u t*®vefjynfudk wdkif;-uD;jynf-uD;wpfck r[kwfawmh ouJo h \dk tjcm;Edik if rH sm;u xifrw S cf -hJ u.?ok\daomf u 7Gr;f 0Jonf t*®veftm; tjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;u av;pm; cef\nm;vmatmif jyKEdik cf o hJ jzih/f u7Gr;f 0J tedPa7muf csdew f iG f t*®vefrmS wefc;kd xGm;vsuf 7Sad ecJah vonf? u7Gr;f 0Jonf tm+m7Sif qefqef tkypf ;kd 7ef rvdv k m; aomfvnf;/ wkid ;f jynf. tajctaeudk vdu k I f tm+m 7Sipf epfukd wpfcgwpf7t H oH;k jyKc7hJ avonf?od\ak omf ,if; okd\jyK7mY wkdif;jynf tusKd;7Sd7efukdom aqmif7GufcJh avonf? u7Grf;0Jonf t,l0g'udk tvGef-unfndK av;pm;ol jzpfaomfvnf;/ uckefjcif;/ trJvdkufjcif;/ oHv;kH vSrd jhf cif;/ aq;vdyEf iS fh bD,muJo h \dk rjyif;vSaom t7ufrsm;aomufjcif; ponfw\dkudk 7Hzef7cH g jyKvyk jf cif; jzifh ol.pdwv f ufukd 7Fiv f ef;aponf? xk\da-umifh tcsK\d xifrw S -f uouJo h \kd u7Gr;f 0Jonf t,l0g'onf;ol ouf oufum; r[kwf&Hkr~ru oabmxm;jrifhjrwfol jzpf avonf? xko d \dk wkid ;f usK;d jynf0efukd tm;oGeI f aqmif7u G cf 7hJ mrS u7Gr;f 0Jonf 1658ck pufwifbmv 37ufae\wiG f tedP a7mufomG ;avonf? om;jzpfol 7pfcswt f m; u7Gr;f 0J. ae7mudk qufcaH pcJah omfvnf;/ zcif.ajc7mudk reif; Edik o f jzifh 1660 jynhEf pS w f iG f 'kw, d csm;onf t*®vef jynf7h iS f jzpfvmavonf?
105
www.foreverspace.com.m
u7rufyif
uvref;pkd; *sD/tD
uvrufyif ? ?uvrufyifonf teH\arF;aom tom;7So d nfh tyifjzpfI xkt d om;onf eH\omeD/ eH\om jzL/ tausm/f pHyg/ uvruf[k qdt k yfaom eH\omrsK;d 5 yg;wGif yg0ifojzihf xif7mS ;onf? ‘uvruf’ [laom a0g[m7rSm yo~L;pum; jzpfonf[q k . kd ? uvrufukd u7ruf [kvnf; ac:-uonf? ‘rde;f rwd\ktouf uv ruf’ [lI qd&k ;kd pum; 7So d nft h wkid ;f / jrefrmtrsK;d orD; -u;D i,f taygif;wk\o d nf uvrufuakd oG;I vdr;f us-H u&Hk r~ru/ aomufvnf;aomuf-uonf? ok\ad omf uvruf wGif ‘jrdwfuvruf’ ‘awmifuvruf’[lI ESpfrsKd; 7Sd7mY ESpfrsKdpvHk; tom;eH\arF;-uaomfvnf; &kQ aA' tvdkt7 trsKd;csif; rwl-uacs? txufyg uvrufEpS rf sK;d pvH;k yif yifvwfrsK;d jzpf -uI/ jrefrmEdik if YH txl;ojzifh weo®m7Dwikd ;f wGif t avhusayguf-uonf? od\k aomf uvrufom;udk jynf wGif;xGufESihf rvHkavmufI yo~L;u`ef;qG,fESihf ,kd; ',m;Edik if rH sm;rS wifoiG ;f 7ao;onfukd axmufojzih/f uvrufyif wk\donf xkad 'o xkEd ikd if rH sm;Yvnf; ayguf a-umif; xif7mS ;onf? jrdwfuvrufyifwkd\onf jrefrmEkdifiHY weo®m7D awmifydkif; awmeuf7ma'orsm;wGif aygufI/ jrdwf e,frS xGufavh7Sdojzifh jrdwfuvruf[kwGifonf?
jrdwfuvrufyif cufzsm;7Sd t7GufESihf t0gyGihfrsm;
tom;a7mif ndKnpfnpf 7Sd I ‘vdyfonf; uvruf’ [kvnf; wGifonf? udk,fwGif aoG;Ivdrf;xm;v~if a7csKd;onfw h ikd af tmif teH\oif;oif; pGu J sef7pfwwfo jzifh ‘a7csKd;cH uvruf’ [lIvnf; trFrf;wifum ac:-uao;.? uvrufEpS rf sKd;teuf tom;ndKaom jrdwfuvrufu awmifuvrufxufydkI aq;zuf 0ifonf[k tqd7k adS vonf? Tuvrufom;udk qkcd o hJ nft h wdik ;f aoG;vdr;f 7efEiS fh aoG;aomuf7ef rSwpfyg;/ tjcm; yPnf;toH;k taqmif rsm; jyKvyk af vhjyKvyk x f 7S[ d efrwlacs? tom; xkw, f l yHrk mS rl tyifukd awmxJY oif;owfI jzpfap/ ckwv f I SJ jzpfap/ ypfxm;jyD;aemuf 2 ESpcf ef\ vGeaf jrmufI tom; aqG;avmufonfh tcsed u f srS t7G,af wmf jzwfpw d u f m ,liif -u7onf? xl;qef;onfrmS uvrufom; vwf vwfY teH\r7Sd? tom;aqG;rS teH\xGufvmjyD;v~if tom;aqG;av teH\arF;av jzpfa-umif; od7ayonf? awmifuvrufwiG f pN0gyif/ rdwyf if/ rSwaf usmuf yifponfjzihf trnfuGJ rsm;7Sdonf? tom;eH\ arF;I jrefrmEdik if w H iG f weo®m7Dwikd ;f awmifay: opfawmrsm; Y trsm;tm;jzifh awG\7aoma-umifh/ xkdtyifrS7aom tom;udk awmif uvruf[k ac: qk-d u[ef wlonf? tom;ta7mifrmS ndKnpfnpf yifjzpf.? od\kaomf jrdwf uvrufom;xuf ta7mifajzmhum eH\omjzLa7mif zuf od\k ygaoma-umifh ‘eH\om uvruf’ [kvnf; wGio f nf? awmif uvrufom;onf vSyonf? aumif;pGm tom; aoonf? jyK jyif7 vG,o f nf? ajymifvufvmatmif yGww f u kd f ay;Edik f onf? xk\da-umifh Ttom;jzihf tvS ty toH;k taqmifrsm;udk jyKvky7f ef oihaf wmfav7m/ 18^8 ckESpfu jrefrmawmifuvrufom; tcsKd\udk t*®vefjynf vef'efjrdK\o\dk wify\kda7mif;csczhJ ;l avonf? uvref;pd;k *s/D tD(c7pf 1841„1929) ? ?jyifopf Edik if H jyK okcrdef-uD; a*smh,l*sif;uvref;pkd;onf 1841 ck pufwifbmv 28 7ufae\wiG f jyifopfEikd if H A7pfw³De,f vmAef;a';jrdK\wiG f zGm;jrifonf? rdzrsK;d &d;k tvdu k f aq; ynmudk oif-um;wwfajrmufcJhjyD;v~if/ yg7pfjrdK\wGif q7m 0eftjzpfjzihf toufarG; aexkid cf o hJ nf? uvref;pd;k onf Edik if aH 7;wGif pdwyf g0ifpm;cJI h / oRwEdik if u H kd o abmusESpfoufol jzpf.? olonf rSefonfxifv~if ra-umufr7G\H xif7mudk ajym7J/ vky7f /J a7;7Jaom oWd7dS ol jzpfonf? {u7mZf wwd,eydkvD,ef vufxuf wGif oRwEdik if H vkv d m;olwOD;tjzpf ol.qlyv l y= 7f mS ;
106
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvref;pkd; *sD/tD r= rsm;a-umifh zrf;qD;t usOf; csxm;jcif; cHcJh7.? 1866 ckEpS w f iG f axmifrv S w G af omtcg/ uvref;pd;k onf tar7duef jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHokd\ oGm;a7mufaexdkifI owif;pmrsm;wGif tar7duef jynfwiG ;f ppfEiS hf qkid af om aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd a7;om;cJhav onf? xko d \adk exkid pf Of tar7duefol wpfO;D ESihf vufxyfc. hJ ? 1869ckEpS w f iG f jyifopf jynfwiG ;f a7; tajctae &=yaf xG; aea-umif; um;od7onfEiS w hf pfjyKd ief uf/jyifopf EkdifiHokd\ tjrefqkH;jyefvmjyD; EkdifiH a7;7mudPrsm;wGif udk,fxdvuf a7mufyg0if aqmif7u G cf ahJ vonf? 1870jynf\EpS w f iG f yg7pfjrKd \awmf rGe\f rmwmjrLeDpy,f. jrKd \awmf0eftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrmS ufjcif;cH7onf? 18^0„ ^1 ckEpS w f iG f jzpfymG ;aomjyif opf *smref ppfab;a-umifh yifyef; 'kQa7mufvsu7f adS om yg7pfjrKd \ojl rKd \ a*smh ,l*sif; om;wd\k ukd wwfEikd o f r~ umuG,f apmifah 7Smufc. hJ ? 18^1 ckEpS w f iG f yg7pfrsLeDpyD ,f tzG\J0ifwpfO;D jzpfvmonf? aemufig;ESpf cef\-umaomtcg jynfo\lvw F af wmfo\dk rGe\frmwme,f. udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wuf a7mufcJhavonf? 1893 ckEpS t f xd jynfo\v l w F af wmf trwftjzpf aqmif7u G cf phJ Of/ ol oabmrusaom Edik if aH 7;orm;rsm;udk jyif;jyif;xef xefyw k cf wf ajymqkw d wfonf t h avha-umif/h ol\tm; ‘usm;-uD;’[k ajymif avSmif ac:a0:cJah vonf? olonf vFwaf wmftwGi;f 7uf'u D ,f 7DywfAvpfuefygwD. acgif;aqmiftjzpf aqmif7u G cf . hJ ? 1880jynfEh pS w f iG f ‘w7m;rSe’f trnf7adS om owif;pmwpfapmifukd xkwf a0cJo h nf? xko d wif;pmrSm tpd;k 7tzG\Jukd tjyif;txef a0zef7mwGif xda7mufvo S jzifh tpd;k 7jzKwf owif;pm [kyif trnfwGifcJhonf?1893 ckESpfwGif yem;rm;wl; ajrmif; t&=yt f axG;ESipfh yfvsO;f I uvref;pd;k rSm rw7m; pGyfpGJjcif;cH7ojzifh/ a7G;aumufyGJwGif ta7;edrfhcJhav onf? ok\d 7mwGif uvref;pk;d onf pdwrf ysub f J ol. owif;pmwGif tcsdefjynfh tm&HkpdkufI a7;om;cJh.? 1896 ckEpS w f iG f jyifopfppfwyfrS Adv k -f uD; tJvz7uf 'a7;zyf. tr=EiS pfh yfvsO;f I/ uvref;pd;k onf pma7; q7m-u;D atrD;Zkv d mESit fh wl 'a7;zyfzufrS ckcu H muG,f jyD; a7;om;cJah vonf?
uvref;pd;k onf owif;pmrSaeI tpd;k 7tzG\Jukd tjrJ wrf; a0zefa7;om;cJah omfvnf;/ olu, kd w f ikd t f pk;d 7tzG\J wGif yg0if7efrsm;pGm rvdv k m;cJah cs? od\k7mwGif tajct aet7 1906 ckEpS Yf qDew d f vFwaf wmf trwftjzpfjzifh aqmif7GufaepOf jynfxJa7;0ef-uD; tjzpfaqmif7Guf cJh7jyD;v~if/ xkdESpf ukefcgeD;rS 1909ckESpftxd 0ef-uD; csKyf t jzpf aqmif 7 G u f c J h a vonf ? 1911 ckESpfwGif uvref;pkd;onf t xufvFwfawmftrwf tjzpfESihfyif jynfwGif; tajctaeESihf EdkifiHjcm;a7; jy©emrsm;wGif tajrmftjrif7Sdol jzpfonft h wdik ;f / *smreD. 7efudk pd;k 7drf 7a-umif; jyifopftpdk;7tm; twd tvif;owday;cJh.? okd\7mwGif tpdk; 7u wpfpw kH pf7m ta7;r,lbaJ eojzih/f 1913 ckESpfwGif ‘vGwfvyfol’trnf7Sd owif;pm wpfapmifudk xkwfa0jyD; aemuf/ xkdowif;pmrSaeI *smref uvrefpkd; 7efudk ckcHEdkif7eftwGuf jyifopfvlxk tm; ppftwwf avhvmoif-um; 7efEiS fh vufeuftiftm;rsm; wk;d cs\J pak qmif;7ef tjyif; txef Ed;= aqmfa7;om;cJah vonf? 1914ckEpS w f iG f yxruBmppf-uD;jzpfymG ;7m/ *smrefw\dk . tvH;k t7if;ESiw fh u dk cf u kd jf cif;'+fukd jyifopfw\dk tvl; tvJc7H avonf? xkt d cg uvref;pd;k onf tpk;d 7tm; ol.-udKwifowday;csufukd vufrcHI rSm;cJah -umif; ESifh ppfatmifEikd af 7;twGuf jyKjyifoifo h nfh tcsurf sm; udk xkwaf z:I tjyif;txef&w = cf s a7;om;jyef7m/ xdk owif;pmudk tpk;d 7u ydwx f m;vku d af vonf? od\kaomf uvref;pd;k onf csujf cif;yif ‘rvGwv f yfo’l trnfjzifh owif;pmwpfapmifukd xkwf a0jyefavonf? 1916 ESi1fh ^ ckEpS f rsm;wGif jyifopfvx l o k nf ppf'+f udk rcH Edik -f uawmhojzifh ppfjyD;7ef vkv d m;vsu7f adS omf vnf;/ uvref;pd;k . owif;pmrSmrl ppfatmifEikd af 7;udk om aoG;xkd;a7;om;vsuf7Sdavonf? xkdtcsdefwGif EdkifiHudk OD;pD;rnfh acgif;aqmifaumif; vkdtyfojzifh/ jyifopfoRw-uD;yGeu f a7;u uvref;pd;k tm; 0ef-uD; csKyf ESihf ppf0ef-uD; 7mxl;udk tyfESif;cJhonf? xkdtcg uvref;pk;d onf rdrEd iS pfh w d o f abmcsi;f wdu k q f ikd af om tjcm;acgif;aqmif-uD;rsm;ESihf ppfatmifEdkifa7; tpdk;7 tzG\u J zk d \pJ G nf;jy;D v~i/f ppfwyfwiG v f nf;aumif;/tkycf sKyaf 7;zufY
107
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvref;pkd; *sD/tD
uvomtkd;
vnf;aumif;/ t7nftjcif;ESihf rjynfhpHk[k xif7 oltm;vH;k udk csujf cif; 7mxl;rS Ekwyf pfavonf? ppfwyf udv k nf; wpfEikd if v H ;kH u av;pm;r=7v dS map7ef *k+jf yK jr|iw hf ifc. hJ ? ppfrufa7;7m tm;vH;k udk rm7S,af zghtm; tyfEiS ;f I pDrcH ef\caJG ponf? Tod\k uvref;pd;k onf jyif opfEikd if u H kd ppfEikd af tmif pGr;f aqmif ay;cJah vonf? yxruBmppf-uD;jyD;qHk;I ppfajyjidrf;a7; nDvmcH -uD;udk yg7pfjrKd\awmfwiG f usi;f yaomtcg/ uvref;pd;k tm; OUX-u;D tjzpf wifajrm| uf-uonf? olonf *smref wdk\tm; tenf;i,fr~ ,Hk-unfpdwfcsjcif; r7Sdojzihf/ xkn d v D mcHwiG f *smrefw\dx k rH S vufeufc, J rf; rD;ausmuf tm;vHk;udk odrf;qnf;7ef t-uHay;cJhavonf? xkdppf ajyjidr;f a7; nDvmcH. qH;k jzwfcsuft7/ jyifopfEikd if H onf *smreDxHrS t,fvqufESihf vdk7ef;e,frsm;udk jyefvnf77Scd o hJ nf? 1919 ckESpftukefwGif usif;yaom jyifopfa7G; aumufy-JG uD;wGif 0ifa7muf ta7G;cH7ef trnfwifoiG ;f cJ. h ? od\k aomf ol.trnfukd jyefvnfEw k o f rd ;f vku d f jyD;v~if Edik if aH 7;rStem;,laecJah vonf? touft7G,f -uD;7ifhvmojzifh EdkifiHa7;udk pGefvFwfcJhaomfvnf;/
uvref;pd;k rSm use;f rmoefprG ;f I zswv f wfayghyg;vsuf yif7adS eao;.?pmay0goemygonft h avsmuf pmtkyf aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm a7;om; jyKpkcahJ vonf? touf 80 ausmYf yif tdN, d / jrefrmESifh tar7duefEikd if rH sm;od\k oGm;a7muf vnfywfcahJ o;onf? Edik if jH cm;rS jyefa7muf vmjyD;aemuf/ rdrad rG;7m7yfajrwGif pmaya7;om;vsuf 7Spd Of 1929 ck Ed0k ifbmv 14 7ufae\(touf 88 ESpf t7G,)f wGif uG,v f eG af vonf?
[dNLbk7m;7Sdckd;ausmif; rkwfxdyf07Sd uvomtkd;rsm;
uvref;pkd;onf ppfajrjyifokd\ Tokd\ ukd,fwkdifqif;cJh.
uvomtkd; ? ?[dNL bk7m;7Scd ;kd ausmif;wk\d. rkw0f xdyYf jzpfap/ acgifwef;ay:Y anmifa7td;k uJo h \dk aom uvomtdk;udk awG\jrifEdkifayonf? uvomtdk; udk tjrdKuf7nfxnh7f m tk;d tjzpf [dNLusr;f *efrsm;wGif az:jyxm;avonf? xkt d ;kd . yHo k !mefrmS ,ckacwf [dNL trsK;d orD;rsm; toH;k jyKvsu7f adS om a7cyfa-u;td;k uJo h \dk yif jzpf.? jrefrmpmayY uvomtd;k ta-umif; rawG\7aomfvnf; yk*aH cwf ausmufpmrsm;Y uvom tkd;[laom a0g[m7udk tenf;tyg; awG\7ayonf? oU7mZf 585 ckEpS w f iG f a7;xk;d aom yk*jH rdK\ av;axmifh ueft7yf av;rsuEf mS bk7m; ausmufpmwGif ‘wefwikd ;f wGi;f Edu = u f m; uoom;td;k ta,mifEiS w fh al om wihf w,fpGmaom p-uŠxuf ulvnf;wnf.’[k yg7Sdav onf? xkdwGif p-uŠqdkonfrSm trdk;tum7Sdaom vl oGm;vrf; cHkjrihfjzpfI p-uŠay:wGif uvomtkd; yHo k !mefEiS w hf al om ulwnfxm;a-umif; od7avonf? 108
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvD*sKvmbk7if
uvD,kdyg;x7m; ausmufwkdif
uvD*sLvmbk7if pdwfwkdif;us rGrf;rHxm;aponhfavS-uD;
uvD*sLvmbk7if (c7pf 12„41) ? ? uvD*sLvm onf 12 ckESpfwGif *7dEdkifiHtuf7SrfjrdK\YzGm;jrifI/ 3^ ckESpfrS 41ESpftxd a7mrEdkifiHawmf. wwd,{u 7mZfb7k iftjzpf pd;k pHonf? i,fpOfu ol\zcif. a7mrppf wyfwiG f -uD;jyif; cJ7h .? uvDac: a7mr ppfzed yf-uD; udk 0wfqifavh7Sdaoma-umifh uvD*sLvm[k trnf wGifcJhonf? ol.trnf7if;rSm a*;,yfqDZm jzpf.? olonf a7mrEdkifiHawmf. 'kwd, {u7mZfbk7if wdkufAD;7D;,yf. ajr;awmfpyfoljzpfI/ wkdufAD;7D;,yf uG,v f eG af omtcg a7mr{u7mZfb7k if jzpfvmonf? uvDusLvmonf bk7ifjzpfpwGif oufn|mpGmESihf w7m;r~wpGm tkycf sKyrf a= -umifh wdik ;f ol jynfom;trsm;u aomif;aomif;jzjz aumif;jcD;ay;cJh-uaomfvnf;/ aemifaomf ol. tjyKtrlrsm;rSm pdwrf ES\H ol wpfO;D . jyKrlykH rsK;d uJo h \kdjzpfvmaoma-umifh rsm;r-umrDyif wpf Edik if v H ;kH jiKd jiif vm-uonf? tcsK\du olonf wpfcgwGif tjyif;txef zsm;jyD;aemuf pdwfrESH\ jzpfoGm;onf[k qkdonf? ol.jrif;udk w7m;ol-uD;tjzpfcef\tyfjcif;/ ppfwdkuf7mrStjyefwGif jyifopfurf;ajcrS c&kcGHrsm;udk ewfrsm; yo7eftwGuf ppfom;rsm;tm; aumufcdkif; jcif;/ ol\tm;ewfwpfyg; tjzpf wkdif;oljynfom;rsm; ud;k uG,Ef ikd 7f eftwGuf Adrmef-uD;wpfcu k kd aqmufvyk f apjcif;paom tjyKtrlwdk\u uvDusLvm. pdwfrESH\ r=udk az:jyayonf? xkdr~ ruao; wkdufAD;7D;,m; vufxufrS pk aqmif;chaJ om wkid ;f jynf. b@mrsm;udk jzKef;wD;ypfjyD;v~i/f aqGrsK;d om;csi;f t7if;tcsmrsm;ESifh a7mrjrdK\ol jrdK\om;rsm;udk ta-umif;rJh aoG;acsmif;pD; atmif owfjzwfavao;onf? Tod\k jzifh av;ESprf ~ y7rf;ywm tkycf sKyfc7hJ m wkid ;f oljynfom;rsm;vnf; rcHr7yfEikd jf zpfvmI aemufq;kH Y vky-f uH owfjzwf cH7avonf?
uvD,kdyg;x7m;ausmufwkdif ? ? a7S;ESpaf ygif; 3500 cef\u tD*spfEikd if w H iG f wwd, aomhorD;bk7if -uD;onf [Dv, D ykd v kd pfjrdK\Y pHaeawmfrcl . hJ ? [Dv, D ydk kd vpf. t"d_g,frmS a7jrdK\awmfjzpfavonf? aomhorD;bk7ifonf ,cktcg Edik ;f jrpfay:7Sd tuf qGrf;jrdK\ teD;qdkiftD;eD; ausmufusif;rsm;rS wefcsdef 200 cef\p7D adS om tvGe-f uD;rm; 7Snv f sm;onfh vH;k csi;f ausmufwkdifwpfpHkudk wl;,lapI jrpfokd\ta7muf ol. aus;useG rf sm;udk qG, J al pcJ. h ? xkad emuf jrdK\awmf okd\a7mufatmif jrpfa-umwpfav~muf azgifjzifhar~m ,lcJhonf? jrdK\awmfokd\ a7mufaomtcg bk7if.bkef; wefcdk; xif7Sm;ap7efESihf aeewfom;udk ylaZmfyo7ef xkdausmufwkdif-uD;rsm;udk pdkufxlap cJhavonf? xkd ausmufwidk -f uD;rsm;udk uvD,ykd g;x7m; Zmxk;d tyfrsm; [lI ac:a0:orkwf -uaomfvnf;/ xkb d 7k ifrESihf wpfpkH wpf7m roufqkdifay? xkdausmufwdkifrsm;onf av; ajrm| ihf jzpfjy;D v~i/f tzsm;zufo\dk &SL;oGm;um cseG af eojzifh Zmxk;d tyf[w k ifpm;I ac:jcif; jzpfavonf? 'kw, d 7rfr;D qD;bk7if vufxufo\dk a7mufaomtcg xdkausmufwkdifwzufwGif tšKyWdudk u$nf; xd;k cJo h nf? atmf*yfpwyfb7k if vufxufo\kad 7mufaomtcg xdk ausmufwikd -f uD;rsm;udk t,fvufZjND;,m;jrdK\7dS eef;awmf ok\d a7F\ajymif; pdu k x f x l m;cJo h nf? xkjd rKd \wiG f ESpaf ygif;200 eD;yg;r~ wnfaecJhjyD;aemuf/ jydKvJojzifh ajrzHk;oGm;7m xkad usmuf wdik rf sm;onf ESpaf ygif;twef-umr~ wdrjf rKyf aecJah vonf? 1801ckEpS o f \akd 7mufrS qm7yftuf Agu7Grf ADonf xkad usmufwidk rf sm;udk wl;azmfawG\7cdS o hJ nf/ tuf Amu7GrAf o D nf xkad usmufwidk rf sm;ukd t*® vefjynfo\dk ,laqmifjyD;aemuf/ ol.atmifjrifru = kd trSww f 7jzpf apjcif;iSm txdr;f trSwf wkid t f jzpfjzifph u kd f xlxm;vk. d ? xko d \dko,f,7l ef pm;7dwpf m;ctwGuf olEiS fh ol\rw d af qG rsm;onf aygif ^000yif pkaqmif;xm;cJ-h u.? ok\daomf qm7yf.t-uHtpnfum; txrajrmufbJ 7Scd . hJ ? xkrd ~avmuf xkxnf -uD;rm;I 7Snv f sm;aom ausmufwikd -f uD;udk tD*spEf ikd if rH S t*®vefjynfo\dk o,f,l oGm;7efrmS rvG,u f l vSay? t*®vefjynfwiG f pwkš a*smb h 7k if eef;wufpOfu tD*spb f 7k ifcH ar[DrwftvD onf a*smhbk7iftm; eef;wufyGJ txdrf;trSwf vufaqmiftjzpf xkad usmufwikd -f uD;udk ay;tyfb;l 7m/ a*smh bk7ifu jiif;y,fcahJ vonf? 18^^ ckESpfodk\ a7mufaomtcg qm tD7ufZrrf
109
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvD,kdyg;x7m; ausmufwkdif 0Dvqefqo kd u l p7dwaf -u;aiG pdu k x f w k af y;ojzifh qm *sdrf; t,fvufZNm onfxkdausmufwkdif-uD;udk t*®vefjynfo\kd o,f,7l ef wm0ef ,lcahJ vonf? xkad usmufwikd -f uD;udk tvGecf , J Of;pGm o,f,cl 7hJ .? t,fvufZjND;,m;jrdK\qyd u f rf;wGif ausmufwikd u f ikd I kH ajymif;o!meftacgif; 7Snf tdr-f uD; (0g)aoWm-uD; jyKvyk f jyD;v~i/f atmufwiG f oab®m{7muJo h \dk {7mcHay;
jyD;aemuf wufrvnf; wyfqifay;7onf? xkad usmuf wkdifudk vl 6 a,mufxdef;vsuf twlvkdufygEdkif7ef tcef;wpfcu k v kd nf; aqmufvyk f ay;7onf? xkad emuf rD;oab®m ESppf if;jzifh qG, J 7l efppD OfcahJ vonf? od\kaomf yifv,fo\kd ra7mufrD ausmufwikd -f uD;onf a7S;a[mif;oif;csKdi;f wGi;f -uD; wckxo J \kd usoGm;cJ. h ? wGi;f xJrS cJc, J Of;,Of;xkw, f jl yD;aemuf/ yifv,fxo J \dk qG, J o l nfh tcg/ ausmufaqmifwpfcEk iS fh wdu k rf o d jzifeh pf jrKyfomG ;jyef7m wpfzef q,fwif7jyD;v~i/f tysuf tpD; rsm;udk jyifqifIt*®vefjynfokd\ oab®mjzifh wjznf; jznf; qG, J cl 7hJ avonf? od\k 7mwGif t*®vefjynfo\kdra7mufrD vrf;c7D;Y Ap au; yifv,fatmfo\kd a7mufaomtcg vdi= ;f av tvGef jyif;xefojzihf qJ, G v l maom oab®monf-uKd ;udk jzwfI xkdaoWm7Snf-uD;udk ar~mvdkuf7onf? odk\aomf uHtm;avsmpf mG tjcm;t*®vyd f oab®mwpfpif;u awG\I qG, J v l mojzih/f xkad usmufwidk -f uD;onf t*®vefjynfo\kd acsmarmpGm qku d af 7mufomG ;avonf? xkdausmufwkdif-uD;onf tvsm; 68 aycGJ7SnfI 186 wefcef\ pD;jyD;v~if ESif;qDaoG;7Sdaom ESrf;zwf ausmufrsKd; jzpfonf? xkdausmufwkdifudk vef'efjrdK\7Sd 0dw7dk , d wmay:wGif 18^8 ck pufwifbmv12 7uf ae\Y pdu k x f jl yD;v~if atmufcw kH pfzufwpfcsufY a-u; ndKpzif&h yk f wpf&yk pf x D m;7So d nf? tD*spfEdkifiHY usef7pfcJhaom tvm;wlausmufwkdif wpfcu k kd tar7duef jynfaxmifpEk ikd if H e,l;a,mhjrdK\o\kd 18^9 ckESpfwGif ,laqmifcJhI/ 1881 ckESpfwGif pif x7,fywf O,smOftwGi;f Y pdu k x f x l m;7m/ xkad usmuf wdik rf mS 6^ ay cef\ jrifah vonf? TausmufwkdifrSm tar7d uefa7muf a7S;a[mif;uvD ,kyd g;x7m;ausmufwidk f jzpf I e,l;a,mufjrKd \ pifx7,f ywfO,smOftwGi;f Y pku d x f l xm;onf? tjrihf 6^ ay cef\7Sd.? 68 „12 aycef\jrihf aom tvm;wl a usmuf wkid w f pfwidk u f dk t*‡vefjynf vef'efjrdK\ 0dwkd7d,wmay: wGif pku d x f x l m;onf? ,if; wk\. d oufwrf;rSm ESpaf ygif; 3500 cef\7SdayjyD
110
www.foreverspace.com.m
tvSxdyfwifrm,m7SiftD*spfbk7ifr
-urf;-uKwfcufxefaom xdyfoD;a7mr ppfAdkvf-uD;ESpfOD;tm; ol.&lyg&HkausmhuGif;jzifh trdzrf;um ol\vkd7modk\apEdkifcJh avmufatmifrm,m-uG,fjcif;a-umifh uvD,dk yg;x7m; bk7ifronf a7S;acwfuBmhorkdif;wGif xif7Sm;cJhayonf? xl;jcm;aom uBmh trsKd;orD;wOD;yifwnf;?
uvD,ydk g;x7m;bk7ifr (bDpD 68„30) ? ?uvD,d k yg;x7m;onf u m; a7S ; acwf uBmh o rk d i f ; wG i f xif7mS ;cJah om tD*spb f 7k ifr jzpfonf? xl;jcm;pGm vSy aom tqif;t*®gESijfh ynfph o kH nfh bk7ifrjzpfojzih/f xkd acwfu txl;c‘efq;kH ykCKd vEf pS Of ;D tm; ol.&lyg&Hak usmh uGif;odk\ oufqif;apI/ olapor~udk woa0rwdrf; jyKvkyfay;-u7aomtajcodk\a7mufatmif pGrf;aqmif Edik cf ahJ vonf? xkrd ~omru ol.&lyg&Hu k eG 7f ufrS rxGuf Edik b f J 7Scd ahJ omxkt d mZmenfyCk Kd v-f u;D ESpOf ;D teuf wpfO;D rSm taoqd;k ESiafh oqH;k 7aom b0od\k a7mufatmifyif zefw;D cJah vao;onf? xkad -umifh uvD,ykd g;x7m;tm; ‘Edik ;f jrpfa'oajrGa[mufr’[lI ac:-uayonf? uvD,ydk g;x7m;rSm tD*spaf oG;ryg/ rufq'D ;kd eD;,ef; ESifh *7daoG;aESm7m tquftEG,0f if bk7ifr jzpfonf? tufvufZNm„o„*7dwf. EdkifiHawmfudk cGJa0tkyf csKy-f uaom ppfAv kd cf sKy-f uD;rsm;teuf/ awmfvrD trnf 7Sd AdkvfcsKyf-uD;onf tD*spfEdkifiHudk a0pk,lI xdkEdkifiH . bk7iftjzpf tkyfpdk;cJh.? xkdbk7ifrSpI pdk;pHcJhaom awmfvrD bk7ifrsm;wGif uvD,kdyg;x7m;. crnf; awmfrmS 11 qufajrmuf awmfvrDb7k if jzpf.? bDpD 51 ckESpfwGif xkdbk7if-uD; uHukefaomtcg/ 1^ ESpf t7G,7f dS orD;awmf uvD,ydk g;x7m;ESifh 10 ESpf t7G,f 7Sd om;awmf 12 qufajrmuf awmfvrD rif;om;wk\donf tD*spfEikd if u H kd wGzJ ufI tkypf ;kd cJ-h u.? odk\7mwGif bk7if-uD; ewf7GmpHI oHk;ESpfr~-umaom tcg/ armifawmfb7k ifi,fEiS fh taygif;ygwk\o d nf uvD,kd yg;x7m;tm; eef;csIwku d x f w k v f u dk -f uavonf? xkd tcsdefwGif a7mrAdkvfcsKyf-uD; *sL;v,yfqDZmonf yGeyf t D m; vku d v f H wku d cf u kd , f if;/ tD*spEf ikd if H t,fvuf ZjND;,m;jrdK\o\kd a7muf7v dS mcdu k jf zpfonf? xkdtcGifhaumif;udk uvD,dk yg;x7m;onf vufr vGwaf pbJ vomwke;f Adik ;f iifvu kd o f nf? rdr. d ud, k u f kd aumfaZmwGif xnfhI vdyfapjyD;aemuf/ qDZm. a7S\ arSmufo\kd a7mufatmif 0ifavonf? xkpd Ofu touf 20 cef\om7Sad o;I tvSaoG;wuf-uGaeaom uvD,kd yg;x7m;onf xD;eef;jyef7a7;wGifulnDaz;ray;7ef qDZmtm;jzm;a,mif; awmif;yefavonf? ppfom;
yDyD wnfwnf-uD; aeavh7Sdaom 52 ESpf7G,f qDZm -uD;yifv~if tvSb7k if uvD,ydk g;x7m;. nFwu f iG ;f rS vGwu f if;atmif ra7Smifwrd ;f Edik b f J uvD,dk yg;x7m; vko d r~udk aqmif7u G f ay;7avawmhonf? qDZmonf uvD,ykd g;x7m;tm; tD*spEf ikd if . H wpfO;D wnf;aombk7ifrtjzpf jyefvnf 77Sdatmif uvD,dk yg;x7m;. 7eforl sm;udk wdu k cf u kd o f w k o f ifay;cJo h nf? uvD,ykd g;x7m;onf qDZmESiafh ygif;oif;onfwiG f qD Zm7Gef; (qDZmuav;)trnf7Sdaom om;wpfa,muf 7.? bDpD 46 ckEpS w f iG f qDZm a7mrod\k jyefomG ;aom tcg/ uvD,kdyg;x7m;vnf; vkdufygoGm;avonf? bDpD 44 ckEpS w f iG f qDZmvky-f uHjcif; cH7aomtcg/ uvD ,dkyg;x7m;onf tD*spfEdkifiHokd\jyefvmcJhonf? qDZm uG,v f eG jf yD;aemuf a7mrwGif tm+mvkonf ph pfyrJG sm; jzpfymG ;ae7m/ uvD,kd yg;x7m;onf rnfonfh zufurkd ~ tm;ay;jcif;rjyKbJ aecJah vonf? xkb d 7k ifrum; a7mr vlrsKd;rsm;udk t&dkif;tpdkif;rsm;[k oabmxm;I rdrd tusKd; 7Sdr=twGufom toHk;jyKvdkoljzpfonf? uvD,dkyg;x7m;. &lyg&Hk ausmhuGif;odk\ 'kwd, oufqif;aom a7mr tmZmenf-uD;um; rwftefwekd D jzpfonf? qDZmuG,v f eG jf y;D aemuf rwftefwekd ED iS hf aemif wGif atmf*yfpwyfb7k if jzpfvmrnfh qDZm. wlawmf atmhaw;AD;,efw\dkonf a7mrEdik if aH wmf-uD;udk wGzJ uf tkypf ;kd cJ-h u.? rwftefwekd o D nf 7eforl sm;udk ESrd ef if; wdu k cf u kd , f if; ta7S\bufEidk if rH sm;ok\d a7mufvm.? wm; qyfjrdK\okd\ a7mufvmaomtcg/ uvD,dkyg;x7m;tm; 7efot l m;ay;tjzpf pGypf I JG xkt d a-umif;udk 7Si;f vif;acs y7ef uvD,dkyg;x7m;tm; qifhac:avonf? uvD,dkyg;x7m;um; xkdokd\ 7Sif;vif;7ef qihfac: onfudk tvsif;rwkefv=yf racsmufcsm;cJhacs? a7mr EkdifiHawmf-uD;udk qDZm. rdzk7m;tjzpfjzifh rpdk;pHcJh7 apumrl/ vl7nfcseG f rwftefwedk . D tultnDjzifh ajrxJ yifv,f ta7S\ wpfvmF ;wGif *7dEidk if o H pfukd wnfaqmuf I tkypf ;kd 7ef pdwu f ;l -uHpnfxm;aom uvD,ykd g;x7m; onf AD;eyfewforD;uJo h \kd vSypGm 0wfqifjyD;v~i/f rwf tefwekd x D o H \dk 0ifa7muf avonf? uvD,ykd g;x7m;. tvS'+fudk rcHEdkif7Smaom rwftefwkdeDonf tjypf
111
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvD,ydk g;x7m;bk7ifr
uvluGufiSuf
oabmESihf ppfa-um7efuykd if arhaysmufvsu/f uvD,kd onf? aemufygtajct G 7H uif;jyjD zpfaom tef wdek o D nf yg;x7m;. aemufo\kd t,fvuf ZjND;,m;jrdK\ta7muf uvD,ykd g;x7m; aemufo\kd vdu k yf g ajy;cJ7h avonf? vdu k yf goGm;avawmhonf? tufvufZjND;,m;jrdK\o\kd a7mufaomtcg/ uvD,kd t,fvufZjND;,m;jrdK\wGif tefwdkeDonf uvD,dk yg;x7m; aoqH;k jyD[al om owif;udk -um;od7ojzihf yg;x7m;ESit hf wl wpfEpS cf ef\ aysm7f iF pf mG aexkid jf yD;aemuf tefwekd o D nf rdru d , kd u f "kd g;ESifh xk;d owf av.? od\ak omf a7mrjrdK\o\kd jyefomG ;avonf? a7mrok\d a7mufaomtcg vSnphf m;xm;aom owif;jzpfa-umif;/ raocif od7o tefwdkeDonf wGJzuf jzihfuvD,dkyg;x7m; tkyfcsKyfol atmhaw; xHokd\ ydk\aqmifap7m/ AD;,ef;ESihf ydkrdkpnf;vHk; uvD,dkyg;x7m; . rdap7ef/ atmhaw;AD; vufay:wGifyif ,ef;. ESrESihf vuf touf a ysmuf o G m ; quf vdkufavonf? avonf? xkd twGi;f uvD,ykd g; uvD,dkyg;x7m; x7m;onf rwftef onf atmh a w;AD ; wdkeD. aoG;uav; ,ef;tm; rdrd. &lyg rsm;jzpf a om tjrG m &Hkjzifh acsmhjr|L7ef -udK; armifESrudk arG;zGm;cJh pm;ao;.? odk\aomf .? a7mrwGif av; atmh a w; AD ; ,ef ; ES p f c ef \ aexd k i f j yD ; um;qD Z mES i h f tef aemuf tefwdkeDonf wdek w D \kduo hJ \dk aysmrh us tD*spfEdkifiHokd\jyefvm acs? atmh a w;AD ; I uvD,dkyg;x7m; ,ef;onf rdrq d 7JG mod\k ESihfom tcsdefjzKef;ae ryg&Hkr~ru/ rdrdtm; avonf? a7mr EdkifiH oH-udK;ESihf csnfaESmif awmf .ta7;udk tarh um a7mrAdkvfyHk t -uD; arhvsuf/ uvD,dk v,f w G i f t7S u f c G J yg;x7m;. tvkdodk\ rnfudk odjrifaom vdkufI *7dEdkifiHawmf a-umih f / uvD , d k wnfaqmufa7; tpD uvD,kdyg;x7m;vkdufygvmonhf vufaqmifaumfaZmfvdyfukd *sL;v,yf yg;x7m;onf rdrw d iG f tpOfrsm;wGif em;0if toif h a qmif xm; qDZma7S\arSmufY ajzcsvkdufaomtcg oa,mif jzpfae aom ajrGayG;i,f tm; awmhonf? rdr. d 7ifukd udu k af pjyD; atmhaw;AD;,ef;onf ESrawmftm; tefwedk u D pGe\f v~if rdr. d toufukd tqH;k pD7ifvu kd . f ? uvD,ykd g; ypfomG ;onfukd vufpm;acsvo dk nfwpfa-umif;/ qDZm7Fe;f x7m; aoqH;k jyD;I r-umrDtwGi;f Yyif atmhaw;AD;,ef; ac: qDZmuav;. 7efpG,f 7efajimifhudk -udKwifum onf qDZm7Gef;ac: qDZmuav;tm; uGufrsufvdkuf uG,f vko d nfuwpfa-umif;wd\ka-umifh qDew d v f w F af wmf avonf? tm; rwftefwekd t D ay:wGif ppfausnm7ef wku d w f eG ;f avawmhonf? bDpD 31 ckEpS w f iG f tuf7rS af 7a-umif; uvluGufiSuf ? ?uvluu G u f kd a7-uufr[kvnf; wku d yf YJG tefwekd ED iS fh uvD,ykd g;x7m;wk\d. wyfrsm;onf ac:onf? TiSufukd ta7S\wdkif; a'orsm;wGifawG\ atmhaw;AD;,ef;. wyfrsm;udrk ,SOEf ikd b f J z&dzk 7J ta7; 7I/ jrefrmEdkifiHY 7moDOwk oihfavsmfaoma'rsm; edrhf-uavonf? uvD,dkyg;x7m;onf ol.oab®m wGif awG\jrifEdkifonf? tvsm; 12 vufr cef\7SdI/ wyfu&kd yk o f rd ;f I t,fvufZjND;,m;jrdK\o\kd jyef ajy;av OD;acgif;wGif rGjJ yma7mifjzpfonf? 112
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvlr*‡vmyGaJ wmf
uav;upm;enf;rsm;?jrefrm
uvluGufonf a7wGifusufpm;aom iSufjzpfI/ eHeufcif;ESifh naecif;wGif uke;f od\k wufum yd;k rFm;ESifh opfaphrsm;udk 7SmazGpm;aomufaewwfonf? teD;t em;od\k oGm;a7mufaESmuf,u S v f ~if/ ysHrajy;bJ csKHzw k f awmtkyfrsm;7Sd7modk\ ajy;vFm;ykef;atmif; wwfonf? rd;k 7moD om;aygufcsed w f iG t f vGeq f n l I H wpfcgwpf7H nOfv h ;Hk ayguf atmfaewwfonf? tokdufukd a7pyf7Sd csKHzkwfrsm;wGif jrufajcmuf/ 0g; 7Guaf jcmufrsm;jzifh jyKvyk -f uonf? wpfjrHKv~if O 4vH;k rS 8vHk; txd7Sdwwf.? OrSm tvsm; 1 h5^ vufr jyuf 1 1h 8 vufr7SI d / 7Snaf rsmjyD;v~if acsmrGwo f nf? uvlr*®vmyGJawmf ? ?uvlr*®vm yGaJ wmfonf jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf wdkif;7if;om;jzpfaom u,m; trsKd;om;wkd\. yGJawmfwpf7yf jzpfonf? u,m;bmompum;jzifh ac:qdjk cif;jzpfI/ jrefrmbmom pum;jzihf zm;pnfyGJawmf[k t"d_g,f7Sdonf? u,m; vlrsKd;wk\d . &d;k 7m ,Ofaus;r= xH;k pHtwkid ;f / ESpaf [mif; a-uGI ESpfopf ul;ajymif;jyD;onfh tcgor, rdk;OD;r usrD tcsdefumvwGif/ tdrfopfrsm; aqmufvkyfjyD;pD; aomtcgY tdro f pfwuf tcrf;tem;udk ESppf Ofr*®vm ,lI usi;f yavh7o Sd nf? r*®vmtcgwGif wD;r=wf7aom wl7d,mrsm;teuf zg;pnfonf usuo f a7r*®vm t7Sq d ;kH [lI rSw, f x l m; -uay7m/ xkt d rd o f pfwuf tcrf;tem;wGif zg;pnfukd wD;cwfojzihf zg;pnfyJG [kac:onf? zg;pnfukd u,m; trsKd;om;wkd\ txGwf tjrwfjyK-uonf? tr*®vm udPrsm;wGif rwD;cwf-uacs?
a&S;tcgu uvlr*®vmyGaJ wmf usif;yaom7ufukd uef\owf jy}mef;xm;jcif;r7So d jzih/f u,m;jynfe,f7dS e,ftoD;oD;wGif yGaJ wmfusi;f yonf7h ufrmS wpfe,fEiS fh wpfe,f rwln-D uay? jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf vGwv f yfa7; 77So d nfh 1948 ckEpS w f iG /f vGwv f yfaom u,m;jynfe,fonf jrefrm Edik if aH wmfEiS fh yl;aygif;jyD;aemuf/ 1951 ck azazmf 0g7Dv 22 7ufae\ vG,af umfjrdK\Y usi;f yaom tpnf; ta0;-uD;wGif/ uvl r*®vmyGJawmfudk ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; {jyDv 26 7ufae\Y usif;y7ef trsm;oabmwl qH;k jzwfowfrw S v f u dk o f nf? 1951 ck{jyv D 26 7ufae\rpS I uvlr*®vm yGaJ wmfukd vG,af umfjrKd \wiG f pwifusi;f y7m/ uMm70wD/ abmvcJ/ -u,fzkd; -uD;/ rdk;jAJESihf ya'gif;udk;7Gm/ ,m'dke,frsm;rS vlrsK;d pHEk iS jhf ynfaxmifpk wpf0eS ;f vH;k rS wdik ;f 7if;om;aygif; pHkwkd\ wufa7muf-uI/ ESpfaygif; 60twGif; tpnf um;qH;k yGaJ wmfjzpfco hJ nf? uvlr*®vmyGJawmfwGif vlxktpnf;ta0; usif; yjcif;/ wl7, d mrsm; wD;r=wI f uckef aysm7f iF jf cif;/ tvSL twef; 0wfrj= yKjcif;/ a'oM7 o,HZmwESihf xGuu f ek f rsm; cif;usif; jyojcif;/ 7ufuef;ESihf tdrfwGif;vuf r=ynmjydKifyGJrsm; usif;yjcif;ponf wkd\udkvnf; pnf um;pGm qif,ifusif;y-uonf? (u,m;jynfe,f? u,m;vlrsKd;„7=) uav;upm;enf;rsm;/jrefrm ? upm;enf;rsm;„&=? )
uvlr*‡vmyGJawmftcgY u,m;trsKd;om;rsm; aysmf7FifpGm wD;r=wfae-upOf
113
?(jrefrmuav;
www.foreverspace.com.m
vlrr,fb0rSvlvm;ajrmufvmyHk
z0g;vufEpS v f ;kH ycH;k vufEpS o f pft7G,rf S wpfqihjf y;D wpfqih-f u;D xGm; 7ifo h efum vl-u;D tjzpfo\kd a7mufvmyHrk mS obm0. tHzh , G w f pf7yf jzpf.? usGEyfk w f \dk onf Ttwkid ;f yif -uD;jyif; vm-u ayonf? uav;-uD ; jyif ; vmyH k ? ? ouf 7 S d [ l o a7G \ o nf wpfpwpfp -u;D jyif; vm-u7onfcsn;f jzpf.? ,if;wk\d -uD;jyif;vmyHkudk odvdkv~if/ arG;zGm;onfh tcsdefrSpI wjznf;jznf; touftm;jzifh›if;/t7G,f tm;jzifh›if;/ pdwaf eoabmxm;tm;jzih›f if;/ jyKr= vkyu f ikd yf t kH m;jzifh ›if;/ -uD;rm;ajymif;vJvmyHu k kd pl;l prf;unf&h o = ifo h nf? oW0gtaygif;wk\donf rodem;rvnfao;aom t aumifuav;b0udk vGeaf jrmufjyD;rSomv~if wwfod em;vnfaom taumif-uD;b0odk\ a7muf7pjrJjzpf onf? tqihftwef; tjrifhqHk;jzpfaom vloW0g rqdkxm;bd/ tedrfhqHk;jzpfaom wd7>mefrsm;yif t aumifuav;b0rS -uD;jyif;vm7.? odk\aomf vlwkd\ -uD;jyif;vmyHkESihf wd7>mefrsm;-uD;jyif;vmyHkrSmjcm; em;onf? vlwkd\onf wd7>mefrsm;xuf uav;b0 wGif -um-um ae7onf? oW0g tqihftwef; jrifh av/ -uD;jyif;atmif jyKpkapmifah 7Smuf7onft h csed yf -kd um avjzpf.? tqifhtwef;jrihfonfh oW0grsm;onf om;i,frsm;udk enf;yg;pGm aygufymG ;aomfvnf;/ tqifh twef;edrfhonfh oW0grsm;onfum; om;i,ftrsm; tjym; aygufymG ; avh7o dS nf? ok\d jzpfI tqiht f wef; jriho f nfh oW0grsm;onf uav;rsm;udk tcsed -f umpGm apmifah 7SmufarG;jrLEkid o f nf? yrmqdv k ~if tqiht f wef; edrfhaom ig;rsm;onf om;i,frsm;udk -uD;jyif;atmif
arG;pt7G,frS vlvm;ajrmufonftxd vlwkd\. yHkyef;ESihf tcsKd; tpm; ajymif;vJwkd;wufvmyHkukd E=dif;7Snhfazmfjyjcif;
arG;pt7G,fuav;i,f. tjypfuif;pifonhftjyHK;
arG;jrL7onf [lI r7Sad cs? wpf-urd v f ~if ig;uav;aygif; ajrmuf jrm; pGm aygufymG ;ojzifh ig;r-uD;rSm ,if;wk\dukd jyefI r-unfEh ikd af wmhay? tqiht f wef; tjrifq h ;kH jzpf aom vlw\rdk mS rlwpf-urd v f ~iw f pfa,muf/ wpfcgwpf7H ESpf a,mufom arG;aoma-umihf uav;udk tcsdef-umjrifh atmif arG;jrLapmifah 7SmufEikd o f nf? od\k aomf vlw\dkwiG f xl;uJpGm oHk; a,muf/ av;a,muf/ ig;a,muftxd arG;onf vnf;7Sdao;onf? vlwkd\onf uav;b0rS wjznf;jznf; -uD;jyif;vmI touf 21 ESpcf ef\ 7Sad om tcg t7G,fa7mufonf? wpfenf;qkdaomf vlwdk\. ysrf;r~ oufwrf;onf tESpf 60 r~omjzpf7m/ t7G,f a7mufonfh tcsed t f xd oufwrf; oH;k yHw k pfykH -umonf? wd7>mefrsm; tzk\dum; ajcmufyw kH pfyckH ef\om -umojzih/f vlonf rdzudk ydI k -umjrihpf mG rScD akd e7onf? udk,fc¶m-uD;xGm;vmyHk uav;rsm;onf trd0rf;wGif;Y y™doa¶ wnf onhf ae\rpS I wpfae\xufwpfae\ tajctae ajymif; vJw;kd wufvmonf? y™doa¶wnfpwGif uav;. t
114
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;-uD;jyif;vmyHk av;csdeo f nf watmifpudk tpdwf aygif; 56 oef;r~ pdwv f ~if wpfpw d o f m7SI d wpfae\wpfjcm; tav; csdef wkd;wufvm7m arG;zGm;aomtcg/ uav;rSm ysrf;r~ jcif;tm;jzihf ^ aygifcef\ 7dw S wfonf? ajcmufvom;cef\ 7Sad omtcg tav;csed o f nf ESpq f jzpfvmI/ tcgvnf om; 7Sad omtcg oH;k qjzpfvmonf? t7yfrmS vnf;21 vufrrS vufr 30 txd wkd;wufvmaoma-umifh/ uav;rsm;onf TEd\kp\kt d 7G,w f iG f tvGe-f uD; xGm;vG,f onf[k qk7d ayrnf? rwfwwf ajy;p t7G,af 7mufaomf yxrEdk\pdk\ t7G,fuavmuf wpf7Sdefwnf; wufI roGm;awmhacs? ud, k v f ;kH ESit hf 7yfrmS cyfreS rf eS o f m xGuf vm.? xkad -umifh 6 ESpf om;uav;. tav;csed rf mS arG;puxuf ajcmufqom7SdI/ 10 ESpfwGif q,fq/ 20 wGif tqESpfq,f om7Sdonf? t7yftarmif; rSm vnf; xked nf;ESiEf iS yf if cyfreS rf eS f xGuv f m.? od\kaomf xkdrSa7S\odk\ udk,fc¶m wdk;wuf -uD;xGm;jcif; r7Sdawmh onfh touf 20 t7G,w f iG f arG;put7yfxuf oH;k q 7SnfxGufvmonf? Ekd\pdk\t7G,fwGif 6 ESpfrS20 -um; t7G,w f iG f -u;D xGm;r= onf wjznf; jznf;aES;oGm;onf? rde;f uav;ESifh a,mufsm;uav; ESpOf ;D wGif rde;f u av;onf a,mufsm;uav;xufapmI t7G,fa7muf .? trsm;tm;jzifh ESpEf pS cf ef\apmonf? touf 14ESpcf ef\ t7G,f rde;f uav;wpfa,mufonf t7G,w f l a,mufsm;
uav;xuf ud, k t f av;csed w f iG v f nf;aumif;/ t7yft armif;wGiv f nf;aumif;/ omaea-umif;udak wG\7.? u av;rsm;-uD;xGm;vm7mY t&d;k tjcif OD;aESmufEiS u fh , kd f c¶m tcsKd ;tpm;wk\donf wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJaeonf? i,f7, G af omuav;rsm;. c¶mud, k f tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm; Y t&dk;Ekuav;rsm;om yg0ifaeonf? ,if;wkd\onf tvGeEf ek ,fojzif/h uav;i,frsm;udk udik w f , G o f nft h cg ayG\cso D nft h cgrsm;Y txl;owdxm; 7onf? vl-uD;rsm; . yuwd t&d;k uJo h \drk rmao;aom a-umif/h uav;rsm; onf rnfonft h 7mudrk qdk vufjzihf aumif;pGm rqkyu f ikd f Ekid af o;acs? olw\dk. ud, k cf ¶mrSm vnf; awmifah wmifh wif;wif; r7Sv d S ao;ojzifh cdik jf rJpmG rxkid Ef idk f r7yfEikd f acs? wjznf;jznf;ESihf uav;rsm;pm;aom tpmxJrS qm;"gwfw\do k nf olw\d. k t&d;k Ekuav;rsm;udk rmvmap I/ yuwdt&dk;tjzpfokd\ ajymif;vJoGm;aponf? uav;rsm;. OD;aESmufi,f7, G pf OftcgwGif tvGe-f uD; xGm;vG,. f ? touf 6 ESpt f 7G,7f dS uav;. OD;aESmuf onf vl-u;D .OD;aESmufEiS fh wpf7, G w f nf;jzpfonf? ud, k f c¶m tcsKd;tpm;rSmvnf; ajymif;vJvm aoma-umihf/ arG;cgpwGif uav;.OD;acgif;onf ud, k t f 7Sn. f av; yHw k pfyckH ef\7adS omfvnf; t7G,-f u;D vmaomtcg 7Spyf w kH pfykH om 7Sad wmhonf? xk\djyif rsuEf mS yHk yef;o!mefrmS vnf; xifxif7mS ;7Sm; ajymif;vJomG ;.? i,f7, G af om uav;
obm0tavsmuf upm;p7mukd pdwf0ifpm;pjyKvmaom av;zufwGm;t7G,f uav;i,f
115
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;-uD;jyif;vmyHk .ezl;onf ouf-u;D rsm;. ezl;xuf ydI k rdak rmufjy;D v~if ar;aphrSmrl ao;i,fonf? wjznf;jznf; -uD;jyif;vm aomtcg/ ezl;rSm ajyoGm; vsuf ar;aphonf ydI k ay: vGiv f m.? rsuEf mS oGijf yifrmS xko d \dk ajymif;vJomG ;aom a-umifh uav;rsuEf mS ESifh vl -uD;rsuEf mS rSm tawmfyif uGmjcm;ayonf? Tonfuykd if i,f&yk f aysmufomG ;onf [kq-dk uonf? vlwkd\onf i,f7mrS -uD;vm7m/ xkd-uD;vmyHkudk aocsmaphikpGm -unfh&=aomftvGef qef;-u,fa-umif; awG\7.? trd0rf;wGi;f Y uvva7-unfwnfO;D prS c¶m ysujf yKef; touf ukeq f ;kH 7onfh tcsed t f xd/ vlw\dk. tajctaeonf tjrJajymif;vJaeonf? touftvdu k f ydik ;f jcm;I -unfrh nfqakd omf/ arG;prS vrf;av~mufwwf onft h 7G,t f xdukd Ek\dp\kdt7G,/f 1ESprf S 3ESpt f xdukd rwf wwfajy;t7G,/f 3ESprf S 6ESpt f xdukd pum;oift7G,f [lI cGjJ cm;Ekid jf yD;v~i/f t7G,o f ;kH rsK;d pvH;k udk jcHKI a7S;OD; uav;b0[kac:-u.? tv,fuav;b0rSm 6 ESpf t7G,rf S 10ESpt f 7G,t f xdjzpfonf? aESmif;uav; b0 rSmrl 10 ESpt f 7G,rf pS I/ a,mufsm;uav;rsm;tzk\d 13 ESpfrS 16 ESpf t-um; 7SifjyKcsdeft7G,f/ rdef;uav;
trSDtwG,fukd7SmI rwfwyf7yfprf;aeonhfuav;
rsm; tzk\d 12 ESprf S 15 ESpf t-um; tysKzd se;f t7G,t f xd jzpfonf? ,if;onfah emufwiG f vlysKad z: tysKad z: 0if vm-ujyD;v~if/ 18 ESpf rS 20 t-um; t7G,ftxd tpGr;f ukef -uD;xGm;onf? touf 20 ausmf 30eD;yg; t7G,rf pS I um,Av/ Om+Av/ &lyAvpaom Av rsm; zG\HjzdK;vmjyD;v~i/f wjznf;jznf;xkAd vrsm; tm;enf; ,dr;f ,dik o f nfzh ufo\kd vSr;f vmaom touf 40 rS 60 t-um; t7G,ftxdrSm vl-uD;ydkif;jzpfonf? xkd\xuf -uD;7ifh vmonfhtcg/ tdkrif;rpGrf;jzpfvmjyD;v~if o il ,fjyef t7G,o f \kda7mufI/ aemufq;kH aoonft h csed o f \kd wjznf;jznf; a7G\omG ;avawmhonf? Tod\w k pfoufwmwGif arG;onfh tcsed rf S aoqH;k onfh tcsed t f xd/ vlw\dk. tajctaeonf wpfqihjf yD; wpf qihf ajymif;vJomG ;onf? xko d \kd tqifq h ihf ajymif;vJomG ; 7mwGifvnf;/ txufwGif az:jycJhonfhtwdkif; usm;/ r vdu k I f tenf;i,f uGjJ ym;.? xk\jd yif vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d ESihf wpfrsK;d onf -uD;xGm;yHck si;f wGif uGmjcm;onf? touf 10 ESpft7G,f7Sd uav;wa,muf.t7yfonf 4^ vufr 7Sdaomfvnf;/ olESihf7G,fwl trsKd;jcm;uav; wpfa,muf. t7yfonf 60 7Sad eonfukd awG\7onf? wpfcgwpf7H rsK;d wl7, G w f l uav;rsm;yif xko d \kd uGmjcm; aeonfukd awG\7jyef.? vl-uD;rsm;wGif tcsKd\rmS 5ay 7SnfI tcsKd\rSm 6ay7Snfonf?yrmjy7aomftar 7duefvrl sK;d wk\d onf tDwmvsv H rl sK;d wk\d xuf trsm;tm; jzihf t7yfyI kd jrih. f ? taemufwikd ;f om;rsm; onfvnf; a,bk,stm; jzihf jrefrmxuf t7yfjriho f nf? vlrsm; onf t7yftarmif;wGio f m uGmjcm;onf r[kw/f vl. tcsdK;tpm;ESihf tav;csdefwdk\wGifvnf; uGmjcm;ao; onf? Tod\k vlwpfrsK;d ESiw fh pfrsK;d tcsK;d tpm; rwljcif;/ tav;csdefrr~jcif;/ t7yftarmif;rEd=if;omjcif;wkd\rSm/ Zmwdcsufa-uG 7yfajrXmersm;. 7moDOwk tpm;t aomufEiS fh ywf0ef;usif tajctae ponfw\d. k zefw;D r=/ vlwpfOD;pD. usef;rma7; tajctae ponfwkd\ a-umihf jzpf7onf[q k o dk nf? uav;rsm; -uD;jyif;vm7mwGif udk,fc¶mtpdwft ydik ;f rsm; tqihq f ihaf jymif;vJ wk;d wufvmonfEiS t hf r~ xkdtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk olwkd\ toHk;cswwfvmyHkwkd\rSm/ yrmqkdaomf rsufpdudk toHk;cswwfvmyHk/ ajcvufOD; acgif; ponfw\du k kd toH;k cswwfvmyHw k \krd mS / txl;pdw0f if pm;zG,f aumif;ayonf? arG;puav;onf rnforl ~oif ray;7bJEiS fh Ed\kp\kw d wf.? rdcifonf om;i,fukd 7ifciG Yf ydu k u f m Ek\dukd yg;pyfxo J \kd xnfah y;vdu k o f nfEiS fh wpfjyKd if
116
www.foreverspace.com.m
upm;enf;jzihf vlr=udPrsm;ukd oif-um;ay;vsuf
pnf;urf;7Sdvmatmifvnf; avhusihfay;-u7onf?
euf/ uav;onf ol. tm[m7jzpfaom Ekd\ 7nfudk aumif;rGefpGm tm;yg;w7pdk\wwfonf? wpfv om;uav;onf ol. pQKt-unfwnf;[laom rsupf d tm&Hu k kd cHpm;7ef/ ta7mifawmufyI-uD;rm;aom t7m 0šKrsm;udk pl;pdu k I f -unfw h wfp jyKvmonf? ESpv f avmuf 7Sad omtcg/ a7G\ vsm;aeaom t7m0šKrsm;udk a7G\vsm;7m zufo\kv d u kd I f / ol. rsuv f ;kH uav;ESiw fh uG OD;acgif;udyk g apmif;iJI h vSnu fh mywfum-unfh wwf vm.? uav;onf ol\u, kd t f *®g uav;rsm;udk rnf uJhodk\ toHk;cs7rnfudk ol\bmom wpfpwpfpprf;I oifaejcif;yif jzpfavonf? uav;onf arG;cgpY vufrsm;7Sad omfvnf; udik 7f aumif;rSef; roday? odk\aomf vufz0g;ay:odk\ t7m 0šKwpfcck k csay;vku d v f ~if vufacsmif;uav;rsm;jzihf qkyx f m;wwf.? aemuf wjznf;jznf; olonf vufukd toHk;cs wwfvmjyD;v~if/ rsufpdjzihfjrifaeaom t7m 0šKrsm;udk ol\vufjzihf qG, J l udik w f , G f wwfvmonf? xkad emuf ajcaxmufuav;udk rnfuo hJ \kdvy= 7f mS ;7 rnf udkprf;-unhf jyef.? ig;vom; uav;wa,mufudk ajcrsm; axmufaeatmif csx D m;v~i/f olonf ajcrsm;udk wpfzufjyD;wpfzuf a7G\vsm;v=yf uef-unfhwwf onf? vl-uD;rsm; vrf;av~mufv~if b,fajcjyD;rS nmajc vSrf;/ nmajcjyD;rS b,fajcvSrf;ouJhodk\/ uav;onftp OD;pGmv=y7f mS ;uwnf;u ajcaxmufukd wpfzufjyD; rSwpf zufvFJIv=yfwwf.? wpfcg wpf7Huefavh7Sd.? ajcaxmufrsm;udk v=yfwwf vmaomtcg/ ud, k u f kd v=y7f mS ; wwfatmif wpfqihf wufI avhusihjf yef.? omreftm; jzihf uav;onf 7Spv f om;omomwGif av;zufwmG ;p jyKonf? tpwGif 0rf;vsm;arSmufum -urf;jyifay:Y tm;,ljyD;v~if/ ta7S\odk\ wkd;Iwkd;I oGm;-unfh.? aemufrS udk,fudk
-urf;u cGmum av;zufaxmufIoGm;onf? tcsKd\ uav;rsm;url zifa7F\um a7F\umESio fh moGm;wwf.? 0rf;vsm; xk;d wwf/ xdik w f wf av;zufwmG ;wwfjyD;aomf rwfwwf7yfEdkif7ef avhusihfjyef.? rwfwyf7yfoif aeaomuav;onf yxrwGif vuf7ef;udjk zpfap uk vm;xkid f pm;yGpJ aom olw\dk rSw D efoavmuf tm;jyKp7m yPnf;wpfckckudkjzpfap/ vufjzifh az;rudkifwG,f,if; ajcudw k pfvrS ;f csi;f prf;I av~muf-unf. h ? uav;onf ol\u, kd o f l tawmf[efEikd rf o S m vufvw F u f m pGe\f peG \f pm;pm; tultnDrygbJ prf;Iav~mufawmhonf? vrf; av~mufpt7G,w f iG f rdcif. -unf&h a= pmifah 7SmufjyKpkr= rsm;pGmvkd.? ajcaxmufrsm; vrf;av~mufaomtcg cGifraeatmif ajcudk tcsufusus vSrf;wwfatmif/ ajcznf,rf; rjzpf7atmif/ rdcifuoGefoif jyKjyifay; oih. f ? vrf;av~muf wwfjyD;aomuav;onf ol. tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvGefEdkifcJhjyD jzpfI/ 0rf;om tm;7ESifh [dkrSonfrS tjrJ ajy;vFm;Iom aevdkay onf? vrf;av~muf wwfcJhv~if ajy;wwf7ef rcJ,Of;awmhay? udk,fc¶mtwGif;7Sd v=yf7Sm;r=qkdif 7m ta-um-uGufom; ponfwk\drSm usihfom;7oGm;jyD jzpfaoma-umifh/ pdwftm&Hk rpl;pdkuf7awmhbJ tvdk tavsmuf pepf w us v= y f 7 S m ;Ed k i f vmonf ? trsm;tm;jzifh tcgvnfv~if uav;onf aumif;pGm vrf;av~mufwwf.? tcsKd\ uav;rsm;onf 14 v 18 vavmufrS aumif;pGm av~mufwwf.? uav;rsm;onf aemufwpfqihf wufI pum;ajym wwfatmif toHxu G w f wfatmif -udK;pm; 7jyefonf? uav;onf arG;v~iaf rG;jcif; toHjyKwwfonf? od\kaomf atmfI ido k nfrt S y/ ol\rmS tjcm;rnfo\dk r~ toHxu G f atmif jyKvkyEf ikd jf cif; r7Sad o;acs? wpfcgwpf7H 0l;0g; ESifh toHjyKwwf.? wpfEpS o f m;avmuf 7So d mG ;aomtcg
117
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;-uD;jyif;vmyHk olonf vl\avmuokd\ a7mufonfrSm tawmf-um oGm;jyDjzpfaoma-umifh/ vlwk\djyKor~ ajymor~wkd\udk tm&Hkig;yg;jzihf cHpm;7I twkcdk;vdkpdwfrsm; ay: vm.? rdcifEiS w fh uG ywf0ef;usi7f dS vlrsm; pum;ajymoH udk olonf ae\pOf-um;ae7m/ em;7nf0vmaoma-umifh xkd uJo h \kdaomtoHrsK;d udk olu, kd w f ikd f xGuw f wfcsiv f m onf? olonf toHukd zrf;wwfvmaoma-umif/h ol\ukd jr|Lacsmhaev~if TtoHonf ol\tm;aysmf&Fifr=udk zef wD; ay;a-umif; olem;vnfojzifh jyHK;7Fif7,farm.? acsmufveS \faigufief;v~if olonftoHukd usurf jd yD jzpf aoma-umifh rJ7h \Ju G mid7k efjyif.? wpfcgwpf7H tu,fyif idkonf? Todk\ toHta-umif; aumif;pGmodwwfvm aomt7G,w f iG f uav;onf pum;pwifIajym7ef-udK; pm;.? uav;onf tpyxrwGif &d;k &d;k tmacgif oHEiS fh wpfv;kH csi;f toHrsm;uko d m jyKwwf.?aemufrS t"d_m,f raygufao;aom ESpv f ;kH quf/oH;k vH;k quftoHrsm;ukd jyKwwfvmonf? xk\djyif ol\em;Y-um;aom toHrsK;d ukd twkcdk;I ryDuvm yDuvmESihf ajymwwfvmonf? uav;onf toHurkd eS ;f I wpfv;kH p ESpv f ;kH p prf;ajym -unhjf cif;jzpf.? uav;rsm;onf tvGet f wkc;kd aumif; onf? vl-uD;u ajymvdu k af om toHurkd w S I f xkt d oH udk xyfwvJvJ jyKjcif;jzifh uav;onf pum;vH;k rsm; udk ajymwwfvmonf? pum; rwwfwwwft7G,f wGif uav;onf oltvdk7Sdaom yPnf;rsm;udk 7,l vdI k jzpfap/ oljyKcjhJ yD;aom trlt7mudk jyvkI d jzpfap/ tkd;wdk;twESihf pum;ajymavh7Sd.? touf wjznf; jznf; -uD;vm aomtcg/ uav;onf t7m0šKrsm; wGif trnftoD;oD; 7So d nfukd 7dyrf v d mojzifh 'gbmvJ/ [d[ k mbmvJ ponfjzifh ar;prf;wwfvm.? T enf; jzifh ESpcf gvnfavmufwiG f uav;onf pum;udk ESpf vH;k quf oH;k vH;k quf ajymwwfvmum/ oH;k ESpcf aJG vmuf wGif aumif;aumif;pum;wwfvmI/ vG,fulonfh pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh olvdkcsifajymcsif or~udk ar;wwf vmonf? 3 ESpfESihf 4 ESpf-um; uav;rsm;onf tvGepf um;wwfv, G I f /xkt d 7G,Yf oifay;or~ -um; or~ a0g[m7 pum;vHk;rsm;udkvnf; olem;vnf vG,f.? 5 ESpfom;t7G,f ausmif;ydk\csdefodk\ a7muf aomtcg/ uav;rSm twkid ;f xuftvGef pum;-uG,f aejyD jzpfonf? pum;wwfvmaom uav;. todOm+ftajctae onf wjznf;jznf;wd;k wufvm.? txl;ojzifh touf 5 ESprf S 16 ESpf txd tcsed t f wGi;f wGio f m uav;rsm;.
todOm+fonf wk;d wuf zG\HjzdK;onf? xkt d oufrS ausmf vGefoGm;aomf udk,fum, zGH\jzdK;jcif; jznf;aES;oGm; ouJhodk\/ todOm+f wkd;wufr= onfvnf; aES;uef oGm;.? od\kaomf A[kow k / tvdRm/ pOf;pm; qifjcifr= ponfwkd\um; wkd;wufvmonf? pdww f ;dk wuf7ifo h efvmyHk Ekd\pdk\t7G,fuav;onf ol.udk,frSvGJv~if ywf 0ef;usifavmuudk tenf;i,fr~ pdwfr0ifpm;aom a-umifh/ ol\ udk,fudkyifol trsKd;rsKd; v=yf7Sm;upm;ae wwf.? vufuav;rsm;jzifh acgif;ukwf jcif;/ ezl;udk jcpfjcif;/ ajcrzsm;uav;udk yg;pyfxo J \kd xk;d oGi;f jcif; ponf jzih/f ol\u, kd cf ¶m tpdwt f ydik ;f udo k m oltoH;k csI pdwaf ysmf&iF rf u = kd zefw;D 7.? tenf;i,f -uD;jyif;vm aomf ol\pdwfonf ywf0ef;usifodk\ tm&Hkajymif;oGm; aoma-umif/h ol\teD;tem;7Sd t7m0šKwk\dukd udik w f , G f -unfjh cif;/ ol rjrifb;l ao;olrsm;udk pl;pl;pdu k pf u dk pf w d f 0ifpm;pGm-unfjh cif;/ jrifor~ t7mrsm;udk pyfpyfppk ak r; jref;jcif; ponfw\dkwiG pf w d x f ufoefvm.? 4 ESpf 5ESpf om;uav;.pdwfwGif udk,fESihfoufqdkifonfjzpfap/
upm;p7mrsm;jzihf pdwful;,Ofae-uaom uav;wpfpk
roufqikd o f nf jzpfap/ tvGef odcsiaf om tmomrsm; 7Sad ewwfonf? Tt7G,Yf uav;rsm;onf olw\kdtvdk rjynfrh jcif; vl-u;D rsm;udk em;ylem;qmjyKum ar;jref;wwf.? upm; p7m rD;7xm;wGJjzpfap/ armfawmfum;jzpfap/ 0,fay; xm;aomf olwkd\. odcsifpdwf aZma-umifh xkdyPnf;
118
www.foreverspace.com.m
uif;axmufuJhokd\aom 0efxrf;tzGJ\rsm;wGif yg0ifapjcif;tm;jzihf vli,fwkd\. pdwf"mwfukd jrihfjrwf7ihfoefaponf?
uav;rsm;udk zsuq f ;D ypfwwf.? wpfcgwpf7H upm;p7m tptersm;udk aumuf,I l olw\kdu, kd w f ikd f tdru f av; ozG,f aqmufvkyfjcif;/ oab®mozG,fjyKI a7pD; a-umif;rsm;Y ar~mumupm;jcif; ponfjzifh/ywf0ef; usiw f iG f jrifb;l onfh t7mrsm;ESihf rwlwal tmif o&kyf aqmifI upm;avh 7So d nf? Tt7G,f uav;rsm;. pdwYf o!mefvyk f o&kyaf y:vG,. f ? r[kwrf [wfukd wu,fxifwwf.? wpfcgwpf7H jrif;pD;vmoluakd wG\u/ tdrYf 7Sad om wHjrufpnf;udk cGp;D um ckeaf ygufajy;vFm; jcif;jzih/f olw\ku d , kd o f w l \dk wu,f jrif;-u;D pD;ae7ouJo h \kd pdwfxJY tvGefauseyfaewwfonf? wpfa,mufESihf wpfa,mufcg;udzk ufI rD;7xm;wGo J zG,f pDwef;qGo J mG ; 7v~if tu,fyifr;D 7xm;wG[ J k pdwx f YJ xifwwf-u.? xkd\a-umifh olwkd\udk '@m7DyHkjyifrsm; ajymjyaomtcg/ olwdk\pdwfxJY yHkxJwGifygaom tjzpftysufrsm;udk wu,fh tjzpftysurf sm;[k xifae wwfjy;D v~i/f xdyk u kH kd oabmusum xyfwvJvJom -um; vdk-u.? Tt7G,o f nf tvGet f wkc;kd wwfaom t7G,jf zpf.? vl-uD;rsm; jyKr=vyk u f ikd o f nfudk -unfI h / olw\kd uav; tcsif;csif; vl-uD;rsm; vkyfouJhodk\ twkcdk;um vkyf wwf-u.? upm;p7m yPnf;uav;rsm;udk pULuwf jym;rsm;jzifh vkyjf yaomf/ olw\dk. xufjrufaom—m+f pGrf;jzifh twk,lum rwlwlatmifvkdufvkyfEdkif-u.? touf 6 ESpfrS 10 ESpf 11 ESpf-um;7Sd uav;rsm;. tm&Hk ig;yg;onf tvGex f ufoef aeaoma-umih/f olw\dk
onf vl-uD;rsm;xuf uGjJ ym; pGm jrifwwf.? em;jzifh toHukd cGjJ cm;wwfvm.? ESmacgif;/ v~m ud, k t f awG\ ponfwkd\Yvnf;tm&Hkudk aumif;pGm cHpm;wwfvm onf? pdw. f v=y7f mS ;r=rsm; Ttouf t7G,w f iG f ay: vmwwf.? ausmif;od\ka7mufjyD jzpfaoma-umif/h olw\kd onfi,f7, G pf Ofu uJo h \kd rdz em;uyfI yGwo f ;D yGwo f yf raevdak wmhacs? oli,fcsif; taygif;taz:rsm;ESio fh m upm;aevd. k ? jydKifqikd v f pdk w d /f twkc;kd vkpd w d rf sm; jzpf ay:vm.? rdrdudk,fwdkif vkyfxm;aom t7mrsm;udk jypm;vdpk w d 7f v dS mjyD;v~if ud, k u hf , kd u f kd tm;ud;k ,H-k unf wwfvmonf? olw\dkukd cs;D rGr;f vdu k v f ~if tvGeaf useyf I/ qwufxrf;yd;k wk;d I aumif;atmifvyk w f wf.? olw\kd udk acsmufvSef\v~ifvnf; a-umuf7G\Hwwfonf? xkd\ a-umifh Tt7G,fuav;rsm;udk vdrfrm a7;jcm;7Sdvm atmif/ tcgtm;avsmpf mG -udrjf yI acsmufwefacsmuf/ qkjyI ajr|mufwefajr|muf7onf? uav;wk\d. rSwOf m+ftaumif;qH;k t7G,o f nf 6ESpf rS 16 ESp-f um;jzpfI/ olw\kd. wpfoufwmwGif toH;k usrnfh ynm7yfrsm;udk xkt d csdet f wGi;f tm;wdu k f cGef wku d o f if-um;ay;Edik af yonf? olw\dk OD;aESmufonf rnf onfurkd qdk umv-umatmif rSwrf Ed ikd o f nf? touf -uD;vmonft h cg xkpd rG ;f 7nfonf enf;yg;oGm;wwf.? 5ESpo f m;t7G,u f '@m7DyjkH yifrsm;udk ESpo f uf,-kH unf oavmuf ,ckt7G,w f iG f xkyd jkH yifrsm;udk rESpjf cdKuaf wmh acs? olwkd\Y pOf;pm; Om+fuav; 0ifvmjyDjzpfaom
119
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;acsmhuAsmrsm;?jrefrm
uav;pmay
a-umifh ajymwkdif;r,Hkawmhacs? wu,fhtjzpf tysuf rsm;udo k m -um;vd-k u.? wu,ftoH;k csEidk o f nfh t7m 0šKyPnf;rsm;udkomudkifwG,fvkd.? rnfonfudkrqkd avhusiv fh u kd v f ~if tvGe7f vG,f rSwrf v d , G af omtcsed f jzpfojzifh/ Tt7G,fwGif tusihfaumif;rsm; pGJoGm; atmif jyKjyifoeG o f ifay;7ef txl;yifvt kd yfonf? rkq;kd em;eD; rkq;dk / wHigem;eD; wHigqko d uJo h \kd olw\dkukd vlvd Rmuav;rsm; vl7nfcsGefuav;rsm; jzpfvmEdkifap7ef ywf0ef;usif tajctae aumif;rsm;ESihf eD;pyfatmif zefw;D ay;7ayrnf? olw\. kd pdwo f nf Eke,faeI ajymif;
vJv, G o f jzifh qG,o f nfzh ufukd ygEdik af v7m/ aumif;7m vrf;udq k , G 7f ef -udK;pm;7rnf? O'g[&k+/f olw\dkonf toif;tyif;zGJ\I rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh twloGm; twlvm aevdak ompdwf 7Sw d wfojzif/h ausmif;aepOfuyifuif; axmuftzGJ\/ uif;axmufr,f tzGJ\wkd\udk pepfwuszGJ\ pnf; ay;cJyh grl/ aemif-uD;jyif; aomtcg/ toif;tyif; or0g,rvkyif ef; ponfw\dkY 0goem ygoGm;ayrnf?
uav;pmay ? ?Oa7mywdu k w f iG f yHEk ydS pf uf ray: rDuyif uav;oli,frsm;tzkd\ pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm; 7Scd o hJ nf? tJvz7pfEiS fh tJvuGiw f \. dk *supf wm&d;k rEd;k 7rf ac: pum;xmrsm;/ oifcef;pmrsm;/ tDqGyf. '@m7D yHkjyifrsm; ponfwkd\udk touftenf;i,f -uD;aom uav;rsm; zwf&-= uavonf? xkpd mtkyrf sm;rSm txuf wef;usaom pm-uD; ay-uD;rsm;r[kwfapumrl ,if;
wkd\udk zwf&=ojzifh uav;rsm;onf vl\ta-umif; vl\ avmuordik ;f rsm;udk qm;jrJEikd af vonf? xdak emufwiG f ay:aygufcahJ om *`efAefnif. ‘a,musfm;uav;rsm; ESihf rdef;uav;rsm;tzkd\ pmtkyf’ ESihf ‘uav;rsm;tzkd\ awm7Gm bG\Jaw;uAsmrsm;’ onf uav;rsm;udk obm0 ESirfh w d q f ufay;onfjh yif/ aumif;jrwfaom ud, k u f sihf w7m;rsm;udkvnf; rsKd;aph csay;avonf? uav;
uav;acsmhuAsmrsm;/jrefrm ? ?(jrefrmuav;acsmh uAsmrsm; 7=)
120
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;pmay
a7FvrSm,kef0yfvdk\ qefzGwfonhftzkd;tkd
oli,frsm;onf a,mufsm; uav;jzpfap/ rde;f uav; jzpfap/ uAsmvu®mrsm;udk &d;k &d;k pum;ajyrsm;xufyI kd ESpo f uf-u.? xkad -umifh uav;wk\dt-udKuf p&du k u f kd vdkufI rdcifrsm;onf om;i,forD;i,frsm;udk acsmh jr|L onft h cg/ axG7mav;yg; pum;rsm;jzihf r[kwb f J uav;acsmhuAsmrsm; oDcsif;*Dwrsm;jzifhom acsmhjr|L um tdyfaq;udk ay;avh7Sdonf? pma7;q7mrsm;onf vnf; uav;wk\dtwGuf pmpyfrnf a7;rnf[k 7nf7, G f vdu k o f nft h cg/ olw\du k , kd w f idk f uav;rsm;ESit fh wl a7m aESmaysmf7FifaeouJh odk\pdwful;jyD;rS/ wd7>mefaus; iSuu f av;rsm; ta-umif;/ opfyif/ a7ajr/ awmawmif/ tmumoponfh -oumoavmu-uD; ta-umif;wk\u d kd uav;wk\d Om+ftjrif rSED ikd o f avmuf rsupf x d w J iG af y: vmatmif okwo d o H momjzifh a7;pyfavh7. dS ? a7S;&kdk;yHkjyifrsm;rSmuav;pmayaygufzGm;7m t7if; rlvjzpfonf[k qkdEkdifayonf? ,if;wkd\rSmvnf; a7S; vl-uD;rsm; ajym-um;avh7Sdaom ivufryHk/ armift -uD;yHk/ a7F,kefESihfa7Fusm; oufi,f7dwfoGm;/ -uufr -uD;ESihf-uufuav;/ pif'g7Jvm;( pNrmvm )/ pEdk; 0du = Ef iS fh vlyck ek pfaz: ponfw\djk zpf.? TyHu k av;rsm;rSm b,faomtcgr~ r&d;k Ekid b f 7J o dS nfjh yif/ i,f7, G af om u av; oli,frsm;tzk\d rSwo f m;twk,El ikd o f nfh oifcef;pm rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? uAsmrsm;rSmvnf; uav;pmay wGif tusK;H 0ifvsu7f I dS / ,if;wd\krmS zk;d vrif;/ a-umifEiS fh -uGu/f a-umif-uD; jrD;wHw/dk 0gqd0k gacgif/ Oykoaf pmih/f jyQ'de/f awmufwhJ tp7So d nfw\dk jzpf.? t*®vyd pf may wGifum; uav;uAsmrsm;pGm 7Sdav7m ‘*lpD *lpD*if'g/ ajcmufyeJ o d cD si;f /’ ‘*suf a[mfemuav;’‘rsurf jrif-uGuf
uav;oH;k aumif’ paom uAsmuav;rsm;rSm uav; wk\d E=wzf sm;wGio f ;D aeaom uAsmrsm; jzpfayonf? odrw S zf , G 7f m tjzmjzm[laom pmtkyu f av;rsm;rSm uav; oli,frsm;tzkd\ rdwfaumif;aqGaumif;rsm;ESihf wlavonf? rdwaf qGoil ,fcsi;f wd\konf rdrw d \kt d csi;f csi;f rdrdwdk\ESihfeD;pyf7m ta-umif;t7mrsm;tm;vHk;udk azgufonfcsojzifh od7EdS ikd o f uJo h \kd/ pmtkyrf sm; xJYa7; om;xm;aom xl;jcm;onfh ta-umif;t7mrsm;/ Ek,Of qef;opfonfh tawG;tac:rsm;/ tzk;d wef t-uHOm+f rsm;udk wqihf wqih7f 7So d jzihf A[kow k us,jf yef\vmEdik f ayonf? uav; oli,frsm;. yifu, kd t f odOm+fukd xkdxdk pmtkyfuav;rsm;rS ta-umif; t7mwkd\u xyf avmif;I ydrk x kd ufoefatmif jyKjyif ay;onf? avmu -uD;ta-umif;udk ud, k af wG\ rqnf;yl;Ekid af o;rD uav; rsm;onf pmawG\jzihf aumif;aumif; odem;vnf vmEkid f onf? uav; wpfa,mufpDwpfa,mufpDY t-udKuf wpfrsK;d pD &S-d u.? tcsK\duav;u obm0qefaom yHk jyifuAsmrsm;udk -uKd uI f tcsK\du 7J7iho f nft h jzpfoepfrsK;d udak z:jyaomyHrk sm; od\kr[kwo f 7l aJ umif;rsm; ta-umif; udk -udKufjyD;v~if/ tcsKd\uvnf; wa> ol7pJ onf wk\d
121
a[m -unhf yg qkd? „„„„
www.foreverspace.com.m
pEkd;0=dufcifESif;jzL vlykuav;ckepfa,muftm; E=wfqufaejcif;
yg0ifaom xdwfvef\p7m tHh-ozG,f7myHkrsKd;udk -udKuf avonf? pmtkyrf sm;rSmvnf; olw\kdt-udKuu f kd vdu k I f trsK;d rsK;d tzHzk kH a7;om;xm;.? uav;wk\d. pdw"f gwf udk qGJaqmifaom pmtkyfrsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ‘@m7DykHjyifrsm;/ xHk;a[mif; yHkjyifrsm;ESihf a7S;&dk;yHkjyif rsm;jzpfavonf? yoDyHkjyifrsm;rSm emrnf-uD;o avmufvnf;pmzwfolrsm;udk qGJaqmifEdkifavonf? ,if;wk\duzkd wfvu kd v f ~if pmzwfou l , kd w f ikd f qef;-u,f vSonfh wpfwidk ;f wpfEidk if o H \dk a7mufaebdouJo h \dk pdww f iG f xifjrifvmwwf.? a7mrESi*fh 7dw\d. k xH;k a[mif;yHjk yifrsm;wGif tdv k if;ywf awmifxufY pHjref;aom Zkewfrif;ESihfwuG ewfom; ewforD;rsm;.b0pcef;udk qef;jym;azGESnf pmrGef 7nfjzifh wifqufxm;av7m/ zwf7ol.pdww f iG f om"de rif;-uD;udk wm0w‰omrS od-um;rif;u ewf7xm; jzifhyifhoGm;I ewfavmuudk vSnfhvnfjyaebd ouJo h \dk xif7avonf? T*7dx;kH a[mif;yHjk yifrsm;wGif yg0ifaom ewfom; ewforD; rsm;ta-umif;udk uav; rsm; tvGeEf pS o f uf-u.?uav; t7G,o f nf rnfonf udrk qdk ajymv~if ,Hv k , G rf w S v f , G f tm&Hpk u kd f vG,af om t7G,jf zpfI '@m7DyjkH yifrsm;udyk ift[kwx f ifum zwf csifaom0goem/ em;axmifcsifaom qNrsm; wzGm; zGm; wuf-uGvmwwfonf? 0šKrsm;wGiv f nf; uav;rsm; twGuf ‘wGrAf a7mif; .ausmif;om;b0’/ ‘[yfu,fAJ7Dzif;. pGef\pm; cef;rsm;’/ ‘a7mAifqefu&l;qdk;’/‘*gvDAg.c7D;pOf’/
‘atrDEiS fh uav;pHak xmufrsm;’ paom 0šKrsm;tjyif/ ‘0rf;bJuav;yDwm’ paom vG,u f o l nfh yHw k u kd av; rsm;trsm;tjym; 7Sdayonf? TyHkwdk uav;rsm;rSm uav;rsm;em;vnfEidk o f nfh pum;vH;k rsm;ESifh a7;xm; I yHEk iS q fh aD vsmaf om t&kyrf sm;udk aq;a7mifpjkH zihf yHEk ydS f xm;7m/ &lyg&HkAef;jyjyD;v~if uav;rsm; pdwfudk qGJ aqmifxm;avonf? uav;t7G,fonf t&kyfESihft az: vkyu f maysm7f aomt7G,f jzpfonft h wdik ;f / t&kyq f kd v~if r-unfh7 raeEdkif/rudkif7 raewwfatmif pGJpGJ vrf;vrf; tmom7Sw d wf7um;/ olw\Ekd pS o f ufonfh t&kyf um;rsm;udk yHjk yifuAsmwk\d. t"d_g,f ay:r=EiS u fh av; pdw-f udKut f wGuf pmtkyrf sm;Y xnho f iG ;f ay;7avonf? uav;rsm;tm; olwkd\. trsKd;om;orkdif;udk em; vnfxm;ESihf ap7ef uav;rsm;twGuf orkdif;yHkjyif pmtkyfrsm;vnf; 7Sdayao;onf?,if;pmtkyfrsm;udk yH0k šKoabm od\k r[kwf jyZmwf oabmjzifh a7;om; xm;wwf-uonf? yrmtm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHorkdif;udk tenf;i,fodxm;ap7eftwGuf usefppfom;/ aemf7 xmrif;apm/ ewfo~iaf emif ponfw\dk. ta-umif;rsm; udk yH0k šKozG,f vG,u f l 7Si;f vif;onfph um;vH;k wk\djzifh a7;om;xm;avonf? xkjd yif rxD;wlr oBLv jyZmwf/ 0uf0Hrif;om;jyZmwfpaom udk,f[efvuf[ef trl t7m ESiahf jymjyEdik o f nf/h wpfenf;vnf; uav;rsm;ud, k f wdik Zf mwfaumifrsm;taeESifh yg0ifI o!mefvyk f o&kyf az:um ujyEdik o f nfh jyZmwfpmtkyrf sm;vnf; 7Sad vonf? uav;rsm;udk azsmfajz7ef t*®vefjynfY uav;
122
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;pmay
a7mfAifqefu&l;qkd;ESihf ol.wynhfausmf zkd;aom-um
pmtkyfrsm;udk 1^44 ckESpfwGif tOD;qHk;xkwfa0cJholrSm *seG Ef sL;AJ7D qdo k jl zpf.? od\kaomf Oa7mywdu k w f iG f '@m7D yHjk yifrsm;udk 169^ ckEpS Yf tOD;qH;k a7;om;Ixkwaf 0cJh olrSm yifopfEdkifiHrS csm;yJ&dk;qdkol jzpfonf? olonf jyifopfbk7if 14 qufajrmufvl0DvufxufwGif vl -udKufrsm;aom '@m7DyjkH yifrsm;udk a7;om;xkwaf 0cJh
onf? olonf pif'g7Jvm; (pNrmvm)/ rkwq f w d jf ymESifh zdeyf-uD;ESihf a-umifuav; paomyHkwdkuav;rsm;udk jyifopf bmomrS t*®vyd f bmom ok\d jyefqcdk ahJ v7m/ t*®vdyfpmwwf uav;rsm;yif jyifopfuav;rsm; enf;wlxydk jkH yifrsm;udk tonf;pGjJ zpfae-u.? ,if;wk\d udk jrefrmbmomokd\vnf; jyefqkdxm;jyDjzpf7m r-um rDtwGi;f jrefrmhuav;pmay jr|iw hf ifa7;twGuf yHjk yif rsm;/ uAsmrsm;/ jyZmwfrsm;/ tajrmuf tjrm;ay:xGuf vmzG,7f m ta-umif;7Sad yonf? uav;rsm;. pm7dWAvaumif;rGeaf p7ef tajccH aom yHkuav;rsm;udk emrnfausmfuav;yHkajym q7mr r7D,m tuf*s0yf u trsm;tjym;a7;om; xkwaf 0cJo h nf? ol.rdwaf qG aomrwfa'onf &l;qk;d .oabmw7m;rsm;udk rSDjirf;jyKI uav;yHkjyifpm tkyfrsm;udk -udK;-udK;yrf;yrf; a7;om;xkwfa0cJh.? ‘qif;zkd\ESihfrm;wef’ trnf7Sduav;rsm;tzkd\ yHkjyifrSm aomrwf. taumif;qH;k vuf7m jzpfI xif7mS ;vSay onf?aomrwfonf uav;rsm;tzdk\ aysmfawmfquf pmtkyfrsm;a7;7mY ›if;/oem;p7maumif;onfh yHkjyif rsm;a7;7mY›if;/ xl;c`efol jzpfavonf? aomrwf uJo h \dk yg7rDtxHk ygvmaom uav;uAsm pma7;q7m rsm;rSm tef;ESi*fh sed ;f awvm nDtpfrwk\djzpf.? olw\dk. vuf7mjzpfonfh ‘rSw d w f w k f rSw d w f w k f i,faom-u,f’ [laomuAsmuav;wpfy'k w f nf;ESiyfh if olw\dk.uAsm pGr;f 7nfukd aumif;pGmcsed q f Edik af yonf?
a7S;a7S;wkef;u a7F,kefESihfa7Fusm; oufi,f7dyfoGm;-u7m0,f
123
www.foreverspace.com.m
eufjzefEdkifiH0efudkxrf;7Guf-urnfholrsm; uBmt7yf7yfY ,cifu uav;oli,fwdk\. tem*wfta7;udk *&krpdkufcJh-uojzifh ,if;wkd\.tajctaerSm vGefpGm edrfhuscJh.? ,ckrl ,Ofaus;aomEdkifiHwdkif;rSmyif uav; oli,fwkd\. oufomacsmifcdsa7; -uD;yGm;wkd;wufa7; wdk\twGuf tzufzufrS aqmif7Gufae-uayjyD?
a,mufsm;uav;ESihf uav;rsm; ? ? , 14 ESpfatmuf rdef; ae\uav;oli,frsm;um; uav;wk\dut kd rd af xmif eufjzef Edik if 0H efukd ouf rcsxm;7ef Oya'jzihf qdkif7mzufrS xrf;7Guf wm;jrpf c J h a vonf ? -u7rnfh jynfoljynf tdNd,EdkifiH vufzuf om;rsm; jzpf-uonfh pdkuf7ma'owkd\ESihf oD tm;avsmfpGm/ us [d–k u f `ef;Y uav;ol a7muf7m wm0efwdk\udk i,fw\dkonf vufzuf ausyGefatmif aqmif cl;onfh tvkyw f iG f ol 7G u f E d k i f a 7;twG u f wk d \ .rd c if r sm;tm; uav;t7G,fvlrr,f ulnDvkyfudkif-u7.? b0 uyifv~if -uKd wifI ezl;odik ;f -udK; ESifh xde;f avhvmoif-um;r=rsm; xm;aom av;vHonfh rSm/ ,if;wdk\ rSDwif;ae vufzufyw dk \dkudk ausm xk d i f 7 m Ed k i f i H a 'ot ay:wGif rEdkifhwEdkif vdkuf uGJjym;jcm;em;I o,fydk;ae-u7aom ae-uayonf? uav;rsm;udk xkda' jrefrmEdkifiHonf yif owd\kwiG f trsm;tjym; jrefrmhenf;usus qHyifukdjyKjyifxm;onhf vHkri,f udk,ftm;jzifh v,f,m awG\ 7SEd ikd af vonf? vkyfief; xGef;um;aom *syefEikd if w H iG f oWKwGi;f ESipfh uf&rkH sm;Y rde;f rvkyo f m; EdkifiHjzpf.? okd\tm;avsmfpGm awmifukef; awmifwef; ESihfuav;vkyfom; tajrmuftjrm;7Sd-u7m/ vkyfom; ESiw fh uG vGijf yifa'owd\kY rSw D if;aexkid -f uaom wdik ;f rsm;pGmwkd\rSm ajratmuftvkyfcGifwkd\wGif 0ifa7muf 7if;om; taygif;wkd\onf awmifolv,form;rsm; vkyfudkif-u7avonf? qif;7Jom; vlwef;pm;wkd\. tjzpfjzifh toufarG;0rf; ausmif;-uonfursm;av om;orD;rsm;um;/ rdrdwkd\. y"getpmjzpfaom onf? jrefrmEdkifiH7Sd rsm;pGmaom uav;oli,fwkd\rSm qefpyg;udk zsupf ;D pm;aomufwwf-uonfh yd;k aumif awmifolv,form; om;orD;rsm; jzpf-uonfh rsm;. Ouav;rsm;udk 7SmazGow k o f ifaom tvkyw f iG f tavsmuf/ ausmif;tm;csdef/odk\r[kwf ausmif;rSxGuf ulnv D yk u f ikd -f u7onf? Adik ;f iifaom tvkyo f nf tdrf onfhtcgwkd\Y jruf7dwf EGm;ausmif;/ aus;vSef\ pm ol\Ag[d7 tvkyw f iG f tusK;H 0ifonft h avsmuf/ rde;f u acsmuf/ qefzyG af rmif;axmif;/ zsm7uf Adik ;f iif/aq;vdyf av;rsm;onf xdt k vkyu f kd i,fpOfuyif vkyu f ikd -f u7.? vdy7f ufuef;7uf paomtvkyrf sm;wGif vl-uD;rdbrsm; *syefEikd if w H iG f a,mufsm;uav;a7m rde;f uav;yg ulnD tm; uln0D ikd ;f 0ef;um vkyu f ikd -f u7avonf? vkyu f ikd 7f aomtvkyw f pfcu k m; td;k cGuv f yk if ef;yifjzpf.? tdNd,EdkifiHwGif a7S;acwftcgu t7G,fra7muf olwdk\.wm0efrSm zkwfvkyfjyD;aom tkd;rsm;cGufrsm;udk ao;aomuav;rsm;udk vufxyf xdrf;jrm;ay;onfh tjrifvaS p7ef aq;jc,fay;7jcif;yif jzpfonf? tavhtx7Scd . hJ ? 10ESpf 11 ESpt f 7G,af 7mufv~if rde;f tD7efEdkifiH(yg;7Sm;EdkifiH)wGif aumfaZmvkyfief;Y uav;rsm;udk tdrfaxmifcs xm;aom xHk;pHrSm 1930 uav;rsm;udk trsm;tjym; iSg;7rf;vkyfudkifaponf? jynhEf pS w f ikd af tmif7cdS . hJ ? xkad emufwiG rf l 18 ESpaf tmuf 124
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;rsm; xdv k yk if ef;. qd;k 7Gm;csuw f pfcu k m; tvif;a7mifzufukd ausmcdkif;xkdifapjyD;v~if txufvl-uD; nFefjy ajyqkd or~ukd vdu k I f vkyu f ikd af pjcif;yifjzpf.? tD7wfEdkifiHwGif pGefyvGHta7mif;t0,frSm -uD; us,o f nfv h yk if ef;jzpfI jynfyok\dwify\kd7ef pGeyf vGeo f ;D rsm;udk xkwfydk;7mwGif a,mufsm;uav; rdef;uav; wd\konf wpfaeukef wpfaecef; vky-f u 7onf? xko d \kd vky-f u7mwGif ysi;f 7dayghwefaeonfuakd wG\omG ;cJah omf/ emusnf;pGm &dkufESufjcif; cH-u7.? tD*spfEdkifiH7Sdaus;vufawm7Gmrsm;wGifa,mufsm; uav; rsm;onf odk;ausmif; qdwfausmif; tvkyfudk vkyu f ikd -f u7I/ rde;f uav;rsm;onf Adik ;f iifjcif; 7uf uef;7ufjcif; tvkyw f \dkukd ulnv D yk u f ikd -f u7avonf? qD;7D;,m;EdkifiHwGif ydk;r~ifiifjcif; tvkyfudk 10 ESpf 7G,f rdef;uav;rsm;onf tcsdefukefI nOfheufonfh wkid af tmifvyk u f ikd -f u7.? tDwvDEdkifiHwGif v,f,mvkyfief; xGef;um;onfh tavsmuf uav;oli,frsm;onf qdwfausmif;jcif;/ EGm;ausmif;jcif;/ jrufajcmufveS ;f jcif;/ opfo;D aumuf jcif;/ Adkif;iifjcif;paom tvkyfrsm;udkvl-uD;rsm;tm; ulnv D yk u f ikd af y;-u7.? aemfa0;Edik if 7H dS uav;rsm;rSmum; aEGaygufvmonfh tcg EGm;xdef;EGm;ausmif;jcif;/ jrufajcmufvSrf;jcif; tvk y f r sm;wG i f vl - uD ; rsm;tm;waysmf w yg; ulnv D yk u f ikd af y;avh7-dS uonf? csufudkqvdkAg;uD;,m;EdkifiH7Sd uav;oli,frsm; pGm wk\d onf upm;p7mrsm;udk wpfEpS yf wfv;kH vkyu f ikd -f u 7.? xkd upm;p7mrsm;um; ukd,fydkifupm;7ef r[kwaf cs? Edik if jH cm;od\k pD;yGm;jzpf a7mif;cs7efjzpfavonf?
vl-uD;rsm;u &kyv f ;kH az:xm;aom vl&yk /f acG;&ky/f EGm; &ky/f jrif;&ky/f iSu&f yk f ponft&kyrf sK;d pHw k \du k kd uav;rsm;u tacsmudkifum aq;jc,fay;-u7 avonf? Tum; uBm\a'otoD;oD;rS uav;wk\d. tajctaeaywnf;? uav;rsm;oufomacsmifcsad 7; 19 7mpkEpS f rukeq f ;kH rDu uBmt7yf7yfwiG f aexdik f -uaom av;oli,fwkd\.tajctaerSm rsm;pGmrS edru hf svI S oem;zG,af umif;onf? txl;ojzifh pufr= vufr=vkyfief;rsm; xGef;um;aom t*®vefjynfESihf Oa7my EdkifiHrsm;wGif uav;rsm;.b0rSm ydkrdkqdk;7Gm; vS.?touft7G,fEke,faom uav;oli,fwkd\rSm vl-uD;rsm;ESihf wef;wl puf&Hk-uD;rsm;wGif ae\a7mnyg em7Daygif;rsm;pGm vkyu f ikd -f u7onf? xkpd Ofu uav; tvkyform;rsm;tm; umuG,fay;onfh Oya'rsm; vnf; ajymyavmufatmif r7dSao;acs? ,ckacwfrSm uJhodk\ uav;jyKpka7;7mXmersm;/ uav;xdef;Xmersm; ay:aygufrnfukd rqdx k m;bd/ rdbrJu h av;rsm;ESihf cku d ;kd 7mrJu h av;rsm;udk apmifah 7Smuf xde;f odr;f onft h zG\J trsm; tpm; ray:aygufb;l acs? tenf;i,fr~om7Sad om rdbrJah usmif;rsm;wGiv f nf; uav; oli,frsm;rSm usyw f nf;usO;f ajrmif;pGmaexkid f -u7.? tpm;taomuf/t0wftxnfwkd\rSmvnf; vHkvHkavmufavmufr7Sdacs? xkdjyif olwdk\tay:Y pDrH tkyfcsKyfolrsm;rSm uav;rsm;tkyfcsKyfr=ESihf oufqkdif aomynm7yfrsm;udk pepfwus oif-um;wwfajrmuf jyD;aomykCKd vrf sm; r[kwb f J rdrw d \dku, kd w f ikd f tvky'f +f ydaeaom omrefvcpm; vufcpm;rsm;om jzpfo jzihf/ uav;rsm;udk vl[lI udk,fcsif;pmoabmr7Sd/
aemifwpfacwfwGif EkdifiHawmf. om;aumif;orD;aumif;rsm; jzpfvm-urnhf usef;rm7Fifvef;aom jrefrmuav;wpfpk
125
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;rsm; 7ufpufpmG &du k Ef u S q f ;kH ravh7o dS nf? xku d o hJ \dk jzpfysuaf e qihjf yD; wpfqihw f ;kd wufaumif;rGef vmapEdik 7f ef jyKjyif aom uav;wkd\. b0tajctaeudk t*®vdyfpma7; zefwD;ay;-uavonf? yrmtm;jzifh wcsKd\uav;rsm; q7m-uD; csm;'pfuif;u ‘atmfvDAgwGpf’/‘a';Apf udk pm7dWjyKjyifa7; ausmif;rsm;udyk \kdum tjcm;7G,w f l aumyg;zD;’ paom 0šKrsm;wGif o&kyaf z:cJah vonf? uav;rsm;ESihfa7maESmaexdkifap.? xkdausmif;rsm; 1900 jynfEh pS af emufyikd ;f Y uav; apmihaf 7Smufa7; wGif olwkd\tm; pmoifay;jcif;/ vufr=ynm7yfrsm;udk vkyif ef; rSm a7S;uxuf tenf;i,fyrkd kd aumif;rGev f mcJh oif-um;ay;jcif;wkd\jzifhausmif;rSxGufaomtcg ouf onf? uav;rsm;udk ,cifuuJo h \dk tdrw f ef;vsm;7Snf arG;0rf;ausmif;7ef vG,u f al pavonf? tcsKyfuq kd 7kd -uD;wGif jyGwo f yd rf xm;awmhb/J wJtrd if ,fuav;rsm; v~if ,ckacwfor,wGif uBmwpf0eS ;f vH;k Yyif uav; wGif vifr,m;ESpOf ;D wk\du rdbozG,f apmifah 7Smufxed ;f oli,frsm;usef;rma7;/ ynmwwfajrmufa7;ESifh ouf odr;f um oufomacsmifcspd mG aexdik -f u7onf? tpmpm; omacsmifcsad 7;wk\d ukd txl;-udK;pm; aqmif7u G af e-ujyD aomufonft h cgYvnf;aumif;/ ausmif;wufonft h jzpfI/ yPK_efacwf uav;oli,frsm;tzdk\uHaumif; cgYvnf;aumif;/ tdy7f mod\k 0ifonft h cgYvnf;aumif;/ vSonf[k qd7k ayrnf? pepfwus ud, k t hf wGEJ iS fh ud, k f pm;aomuf aexdik -f u jrefrmEdkifiHwGif uav;oli,frsm; usef;rma7;ESihf 7avonf? uav;rsm; aexkid f pm;aomufyw kH \du k kd ouf oufomacsmifcsda7;rsm;udk aqmif7GufaeyHkrSmvnf; qdik 7f mapwem0efxrf; tzG\J0ifv-l uD;rsm;u r-umc+ txl;tm;wufp7m aumif;vSonf? jrefrmEdkifiHawmf oGm;a7muf -unf&h p= pfaq;7onf? Tod\ktm;jzifh uav; zG\Jpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' yk'fr 3^ tydk'fi,f(2) oli,frsm;rSm aygif;oif;qufqaH 7;wGif tqiht f wef; wGif ‘Edik if aH wmfonf rD;zGm;a7;ESifh uav;apmihaf 7Smuf jrihv f monfomru/ jynfo h \lew D d usipfh Of rsm;udv k nf; a7; tzG\J rsm;/ uav;a*[mrsm;/ uav;xde;f ae\Xme em;vnfvm-uonf? rsm;udk zGiv fh pS jf cif;tm;jzif/h om;onftarESifh uav; vGecf ahJ omESpaf ygif; 50„60 cef\u 7mZ0wfrw = pfpkH wk\d. tusK;d udk apmifah 7Smuf7ef/xd\kjyif rD;rzGm;rDEiS hf rD; wpf7m usL;vGefrdaom uav;oli,fwkd\udk ouf-uD; zGm;jyD;umvrsm;twGuf vkyfcESihf em;cGifh77eftcGifht 7mZ0ifoiho f rl sm;ESiw fh ef;wl tjypf'+fay;avh7-dS uonhf a7;udk tcpm;vkyu f ikd af eaomrdcifw\dk 77Scd pH m; Edik af p7ef tjyif/ tusO;f axmifwckxrJ mS yif twlxm;I tvkyf 0g'xm;7dI S / xk0d g'twkid ;f txl;a7S\&a= qmif7u G 7f rnf -urf;rsm;udkvkyfapavonf? Todk\tm;jzifh uav; [k twdtvif; a7;om;yg7Sdayonf? Ttcsufudk axmifom;rsm;rSm vl-uD;rsm;xHrS tusifq h ;kd [lor~udk 77Sjd y;D v~i/f aemif -u;D jyif;vmonft h cg ydrk kd qd;k oGr;f aom vlrdkufvlqkd;-uD;rsm; jzpfvm-uavonf? ,ckacwftcgwGif,Ofaus;aom EdkifiH-uD;rsm;wGif t7G,f ra7mufaom uav;oli,frsm;onf tu,fI w7m;Oya'udak zgufzsuu f sL;vGerf o d nft h cg/ ppfaq; pD7if7ef uav;w7m;&H;k rsm;udk oD;jcm; xm;7S-d uonf? xkw d 7m;&H;k rsm;twGuf w7m; ol-uD;rsm;udk txl;a7G; cs,f cef\xm;7ayonf? tar7duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f xkd w7m;&Hk;awmfrsm;twGuf cef\xm;aom w7m;ol-uD; rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzihf trsKd;orD; w7m;ol-uD;rsm;jzpf -uonf? xkdw7m;ol-uD; rsm;onf uav;ta-umif; udk aumif;pGmem;vnfI uav;oli,frsm;tkyfcsKyf enf;/ qH;k renf;rsm;udk txl;usGr;f usifjyD;aom ykCKd vf rsm;jzpf-uonf? olw\kdonf jypfru = sL;vGeaf omoli,f tm; tjypf7adS om vlq;dk vlru kd f uav;wpfO;D taejzihf rjrifb/J ulnaD z;r7ef vkad eaom 'kQonf uav;wpf Zmyef;xkd;aeaom qGpfZmvefEkdifiHol vHkri,fuav; OD; taejzihjf rif-uonf? xkad -umifh jypfru = sL;vGeaf om uav;rsm;ukd El;nHhom,maom enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh wpf 126
www.foreverspace.com.m
tdNd,EkdfifiH uvifykefjrdK\7Sd wdAufausmif;rS ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;
vl-uD; toGifESihf rUqDuefuav;ESpfOD;?
uav;xdef;7aom w&kyfvHkri,f
pdwfvuf7FifjypGm aexkdifavh7Sdonhf yg;7Sm;EkdifiHrS uav;rsm;
tdNd,EkdifiHawmifykdif; x7pfcsDaemhykdvDjrdK\rS uav;wpfpk
127
&kd'D;ZD;,m;e,frS Zl;vl;uav;
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;rsm;
0wfaumif;pm;vSjzihf [efa*7DEkdifiHrS uav;ESpfOD;
axmuf&=jcif;tm;jzihf EkdifiHawmftpkd;7. rdcifESihfu av;rsm;tay: oabmxm;yHu k o dk o d mEkid af yonf? 'kwd,uBmppfjyD;qHk;aemuf trsKd;orD;ESihfuav; oli,frsm; oufomacsmifcsda7; bkwt f zG\J udk 194^ ck pufwifbmvwGif pwifz\JGpnf;cJo h nf? xkad emuf trsK;d orD;ESiu fh av;rsm; apmihaf 7Smufa7;ukd nFe-f um;a7;0ef wpfO;D xm;I aqmif7u G af ponf? ,cktcg vlra= 7;7m -uD;yGm;a7;Xme[k trnfrn S u fh m Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;. ZeD; a':cif-unfu nFef-um;a7;0eftjzpfjzihf aqmif 7Guv f su7f adS vonf? xkdXme. vkyfief;7yfrsm;ukd ig;rsKd;cGJjcm;I aqmif 7Gufvsuf7Sdonf? ,if;wkd\rSm „ 1? uav;rzGm;rD rdciftm; prf;oyfppfaq;jcif; 2? uav;arG;zGm;jyD;aemuf jyKpkppfaq;jcif; 3? uav;oli,f apmihfa7Smufa7;Xmersm; zGihfjcif; 4? uav;aq;ay;&Hkrsm; aqmufvkyfjcif; 5? uav;twGif;vlemrsm;ukd ukojcif; ,cktcg jrefrmEdik if H c&kid jf rdK\-uD;wkid ;f rSmyif rdcifEiS u fh av; apmihfa7Smufa7;tzGJ\tpnf;rsm; zGJ\pnf;jyD;jzpf onf? 194^ ckEpS u f uav;oli,frsm; jyKpak pmihaf 7Smuf a7; toif;rSm 35 oif;r~om7SdcJh7m/ 1952 ckESpfwGif toif;aygif; 136 oif;txd wk;d vmcJo h nf? xkt d zG\Jrsm; wGif oufqidk 7f ma'o7Sd q7m0efEiS fh olemjyKq7mrsm;
u ulnaD qmif7u G o f nf omru/rdcifEiS u fh av;oli,f rsm; apmihaf 7Smufa7;oifwef;rsm;ukd wufa7mufamtif jrifcahJ om q7mrsm;ukv d nf; cef\xm;onf? xkt d zG\Jrsm onf uav;oli,frsm;. use;f rma7;tajctaewk\dudk rjywfrvyfvn S v fh nf-unf&h -= u7onht f jyif/ qif;7JErG ;f yg;aom uav;rsm;twGuf Ekd\r=ef\ESihf t0wftpm; rsm; a0iSjcif;/ rdcifrsm;ukd usef;rma7;vrf;pOfrsm; nFef-um;jcif;/ tp7Sdaom vkyfief;rsm;ukd vkyfaqmif -u7onf? xkdtzGJ\tpnf;rsm;onf EkdifiHawmftpkd;7/ a'oM7tzGJ\rsm;/ -uufajceDtoif;rsm;ESihf apwem xufoefaom ykCdKvfrsm;xHrS aiGa-u;taxmuftyHh 7-uavonf? 1952 ckESpfwGif pmoifausmif;rsm;okd\ vSnhfvnf -unh&f 7= aom aq;tzG\J ^ zG\J7o dS nf? xkt d zG\Jwpfcv k ~if q7m0efwpfO;D / jynfo\luse;f rma7;olemjyKq7mr ok\dr [kwf usef;rma7;enf;jyq7mrwpfOD;/ aq;cef;vuf axmufwpfO;D pD yg0ifI olemjyKpu k o k 7ef u7d,mrsm; tjynfyh gaom um;wpfp;D ukd 77Sad vonf? 7efuek jf rKd \ay: wGif xm07pcef;jyKvkyI f ukoay;aom aq;tzG\J 2zG\J vnf; 7Sad o;onf? xkrd w S pfyg; 7yfuu G rf sm;wGif vSnfh vnf-unhf&=7ef uav;t7m7Sdrsm;ukdvnf; wkd;wuf cef\xm;ao;onf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif uav;oli,frsm;tm; ADpD*sDaq; xk;d ay;jcif;ESifh vlxt k vku d f "mwfreS &f u dk , f jl cif;rsm;ukd 1952 ckEpS u f yif pwifaqmif7u G cf ahJ vonf? 7efuek jf rdK\ ay:wGif uav;jyKpka7;XmeESihf uav;xdef;Xmersm; ukv d nf;tES\Htjym; zGiv hf pS v f su7f o dS nf? uav;jyKpak 7; Xmersm;wGif arG;prS ig;ESpftxd uav;rsm;ukd rdz aoqHk;oGm;Ijzpfap/ rdcifrusef;rmIjzpfap/ -unfh&= apmihfa7Smufrnhfolrsm; r7SdIjzpfap/ ac:,l apmihf a7Smuf au`;arG;xm;.? uav;xde;f Xmersm;url rdz rsm; toufarG;0rf;ausmif; 7SmazGvyk u f idk 7f efomG ;aepOf jyKpka7Smufrnhfolr7Sdaom 2 ESpfrS 5 ESpftxd u av;rsm;twGuf ae\tcsdefwGif wm0ef,lI arG;au`; apmihaf 7Smuf xm;-uonf? nae rdciftvkyjf yefcsderf S rdcifu ac:aqmifawmhonf? tvkyf&Hkrsm; puf&Hk rsm;teD;wGifvnf; tvkyform;rsm;ukd ulnDaomt aejzihf TXmersK;d oD;oef\ziG x fh m;avonf? jrefrmEkid if w H iG f rdbrJh cku d ;dk 7mrJu h av;rsm; xde;f odr;f u,fwifjcif;vkyif ef;ukd apwemxufoefol trsK;d orD; -uD; a':wDwv D k (p) u 1925 ckEpS cf ef\uyif tpysK;d cJjh yD;v~if 192^ ckEpS w f iG f rdzrJah usmif;ukd pwifxal xmif
128
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;rsm; cJo h nf? Edik if aH wmftpd;k 7/ &dw k 7Duvyf/7efuek f jrif;yGt J oif;tp7Sad om apwemxufoefonfh tzG\J tpnfrsm; . tultnDjzihf 7efuek f wUodv k t f eD; tif;,m;vrf; 7Sd a':wDwDvk(p). cdkudk;7mrJh oli,frsm;a*[mudk wk;d cJs\vmcJ7h m aemufq;kH wGif jypfru = sK;vGeaf om uav; oli,frsm; jyKjyifay;7mXme wpfck jzpfvmonf? TXme wGif cdu k ;kd 7mrJo h il ,frsm;/ rdbtkyx f ed ;f rEdik af om oli,f rsm;/ 7mZ0wftjypf'+fc7H aom oli,frsm;ESifh tr=ppf aq;cHae7qJ oli,frsm;udk aus;G arG; xde;f odr;f xm;jyD; v~if t*®vyd pf m jrefrmpmrsm;tjyif 7ufuef;7ufynm/ pmtkycf sKyyf nm/ yef;7efynm/ vuform;ynm7yfrsm;udk oif-um; ay;vsuf7Sdonf? xl;jcm;csufwpfckrSm T ausmif;wGif oif-um; jyoaeaom enf;jy vkvif uav;rsm;rSm ausmif;om; a[mif;csnf; jzpf-uonf? ,ck t cgxk d a usmif ; ud k uav;ol i ,f a xmuf y H h apmifah 7Smufa7;toif;u -uD;rŒ; tkycf sKyfvsu7f o dS nf? r[moD7o d "k R a':cif-unfrmS em,uykCKd vf wpfO;D jzpfonf? toif;.OUXrSm owd;k oD7o d "k R a*s/tuf (p)/zgeDA,fjzpfI a':wDwv D (k p)u twGi;f a7;rŒ; tjzpf jzifh aqmif7u G f vsuf7o dS nf? xkad usmif;ESit fh vm;wl tzG\Jtpnf;wpfcrk mS 7efuek f jrdK\ vli,frsm;a*[m xde;f odr;f a7;tzG\Jjzpfonf? 7efuek f jrdK\ vli,frsm; a*[mudk jrefrmEdik if aH e7Sief ,faumifpD trsKd;orD;toif;ESihf 0dkif„trf„pD„atac: c7pf,ef
aqtl;jrdK\awmfrS ukd7D;,m;uav;wpfpk
vli,ftoif;wk\du -uD;rŒ;vsuf 1929 ckEpS w f iG f pwif xlaxmifco hJ nf? vli,frsm; a*[mudk 7efuek jf rdK\ abmif '7Dvrf;wGif zGiv fh pS x f m;7SI d rdbrJ/h cdu k ;kd 7mrJEh iS fh avvGihf aeaom uav;pkpkaygif; 100 udk apmihfa7Smufxdef; odrf;um pma7;pmzwfESihfvufr=ynmrsm;udk oifay; ,if; jyKjyifay;vsu7f o dS nf? Ttoif;ESifh ra7S;raESmif;ay:vmaom tzG\J wpfck rSm Apf*sDvef;qdkpdkuf,ufwDac: rdbrJhuav;rsm;
cs,f7Dyef;yGihfcsdefyGJawmftcgY 0wfpm;qif,if tvSjyifxm;aom *syef\7ifaoG;av;rsm;
129
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;aq;&HkY uav;i,ftm; prf;oyfaejcif;?
uav;xdef;XmeY uav;rsm; tpmau`;csdef
umuG,f apmifah 7Smufa7; toif;yifjzpfonf? xkt d oif; udk tar7duef omoemjyK tzG\Jrsm;uaqmf -oa7S\aqmif um wnfaxmifco hJ nf? 'kw, d uBmppf rjzpfymG ;rDu Ttoif;onf ysufpD;aeaomtrsKd;orD;rsm; u,f q,f apmifah 7Smufa7;vkyif ef;wGif txl;xif7mS ;cJo h nf? ppf jyD;acwfwiG if ,f7, G af omcku d ;kd 7mrJ/h rdbrJrh ed ;f uav; rsm; xdef;odrf;apmifha7Smufay;onfhvkyfief;ukd 1946 ck ESpu f pwifaqmif7u G cf o hJ nf? oli,fruav;rsm;udk oif-um;jyKjyifay;yHk ay;enf;wkd\rSm 7efukefjrdK\vli,f rsm;a*[mESihf a':wDwDvk(p)ausmif;rsm; pepft wdik ;f yifjzpfonf? 'kw, d uBmppf jyD;qH;k jyD;aemuf trsK;d orD;rsm; xde;f odr;f apmifah 7Smufa7;vkyif ef;rsm;udk vltrsm;yif pdwf 0ifpm;vmonfhtavsmufapmihfa7Smufa7; Xmersm; vnf; toD;oD; ay:aygufvmcJhonf? 0ef-uD;csKyf uawmf a':jr7D-uD;rŒ;aom trsKd;orD;rsm;enf; jytkycf sKyfa7;XmerSm rdbrJrh ed ;f uav;rsm;ESifh cdu k ;kd 7mrJh rdef;uav;rsm;udk rysufrpD;7avatmif umuG,f apmihaf 7Smufay;jyD;v~if pma7;pmzwf ESifh vufry= nm 7yfrsm;udk oif-um;ay;vsuf 7do S nf? trsK;d orD; ygvDreftrwfa[mif; a':cifvS -uD;rŒ; aom trsKd;orD; umuG,fapmifha7Smufa7;tzGJ\csKyfESihf jrefrmtrsKd;orD; tzGJ\rS a':rr -uD;rŒ;aom cdkudk;7mrJh trsK;d orD;rsm; apmihaf 7Smufa7;Xmersm;rSm rdbrJh rde;f u av;rsm;/ cdu k ;kd 7mrhJ rde;f uav;rsm;ESifh jynhw f efqmESyd f uGyaf 7;Oya't7 w7m;pGq J jkd cif; cHae7olrsm;/ tjypf '+f ay;jcif;cH7olrsm;udk xde;f odr;f um tvm;wl ynm 7yfrsm; oif-um;ay;jcif;/ tusipfh m7dWjyKjyif ay;jcif; paom vkyif ef;rsm;udak qmif7u G v f suf 7Sad vonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f rsurf jrifEiS q hf \HGtem;yif;aom u
av; oli,frsm;tm; apmifah 7Smufaom ausmif;rsm;udk ESpfaygif;twef-umuyif zGihfvSpfcJhjyD;jzpfonf? xkd ausmif;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm; omoemjyKtzGJ\rsm;u pwif wnfaxmifcahJ omfvnf;/ ,cktcg Edik if aH wmf tpd;k 7ESifh apwemxufoefaomtoif;tzGJ\ ykCdKvf toD;oD;xH rS taxmuf tyHhrsm; 7vsuf7Sdonf? uav;oli,frsm; use;f rma7;ESifh oufomacsmifcsd a7;vkyfief;7yfrsm;rSm 1951 ckESpfwGif a7;qGJcJhaom EdkifiHawmftpdk;7. jynfo\usef;rma7;pDrHudef; ^ 7yf wGif tusKH;0ifaeayonf? TpDrHudef;t7 1954 ck ESpfwGif aus;7Gmusef;rma7;tzGJ\i,frsm; xm;7SdayOD; rnf[k od7avonf? aus;7Gmusef;rma7;tzGJ\rsm;udk aus;7Gm 5 7Gmv~if wpfcu k spx D m;ay;7efjzpfonf? xdt k zG\Jwpfcv k ~if vuf axmuf use;f rma7;rSL; wpfa,muf/ ausmufx;dk q7m wpfa,muf/ jynfol\usef;rma7; olemjyKq7mrwpf a,muf/ 0rf;qGJq7mr 2a,muf/ aygif; 5 a,muf yg0ifrnf? TpDru H ed ;f t7 jrefrmEdik if H wpf0eS ;f vH;k wGif uav;oli,frsm;. use;f rma7;/ oufom acsmifcsad 7; vkyif ef;rsm;udk tao;pdwaf qmif7u G 7f efyif jzpfonf? uav;jrdK\ ? ?uav;jrdK\onf txufcsif;wGi;f c&dkif csif;awmifawmifajc. ta7S\buf jrpfomjrpf ESihf 2rdkifcef\uGma0;aom ukef;jrifhay:wGif wnf7Sd onf? uav;jrdK\e,fwpfcv k ;kH . tus,t f 0ef;rSm pwk 7ef; rdkif892 cef\7SdI uav;jrdK\. tus,ft0ef;rSm pwk7ef; 24 zgvHk 7So d nf? 1953 ckEpS f oef;acgif pm 7if;t7 uav;jrdK\wiG f vlO;D a7 3158 cef\EiS fh tdraf jc 56^ cef\&o dS nf? uav;jrdK\onf a7S; jrefrmrif;wd\kvuf xufu wnfaxmifcJhaom jrdK\a[mif;wpfck jzpfonfh
130
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;jrdK\
uav;0jrdK\
tavsmuf jrdK\&;kd a[mif;/ usK;H a[mif;tp7Sad om ,k, d iG ;f aeonfh a7S;a[mif;yPnf;rsm;udk ,ckxufwikd f awG\jrif Edik af o;onf? uav;jrKd \rmS jrKd \yikd &f ;kH pdu k 7f mjrKd \ jzpfonft h jyif/ txuf wef;ausmif;wpfausmif;ESihf acwfrSDaom av,mOfysH uGi;f vnf;7So d jzif/h txufjrefrmjynfwiG f wd;k wuf pnf um;vmaom jrdK\uav;wpfjrdK\jzpfayonf? jrdK\ay:7Sd vlO;D a7. 5 yHk 3 yHrk mS awmifol v,fvyk rf sm;jzpfI/ jrdK\e,f7Sd vlxkrSmvnf; v,f,mvkyfief;ESihf touf arG;jrL-uolrsm; jzpf-uonf? uav;jrdK\EiS hf rdik f 20 cef\tuGmwGif ausmufr;D aoG; wGi;f wpfcu k akd wG\77dS ojzih/f Edik if aH wmftpd;k 7onf pwif wl;az: vkyu f ikd f vsuf7o dS nf? 'kw, d uBmppf jyD;qH;k onfah emuf/ uav;jrdK\ teD;wpf0u kd af us;7Gmrsm;ok\d csi;f awmifa'orS csif;vlrsKd;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; tdNd ,„jrefrme,fpyfrS vla7S (ac:) vl;qkid f csi;f vlrsK;d rsm; onfvnf;aumif; / tdraf xmifpt k vdu k f wpfow k jf y;D wpf okwf qif;vm-uI v,f,mudkif;u`ef;rsm; vkyfudkif vsuf7-dS u.? uav;jrdK\onf a7S;u iSuzf sm;a7m*g xlajymaom jrdK\wpfjrdK\jzpfaomfvnf;/ ,cktcg jrdK\ywf0ef;usifudk okwo f ifjyKjyifxm;jyD;jzpf7um; iSuzf sm;a7m*g r7So d avmuf enf;yg;oGm;jyD[k qkd7ayrnf?uav;jrdK\wGif oD7d"Rm aomurif;-uD; wnfxm;cJhonfqdkaom a7Fbo kH m apwDawmf 7Sad vonf?
uav;0jrdK\ ? ?txufcsi;f wGi;f c&dik f jrpfomjrpf ESifh csif;wGif;jrpfwkd\ aygif;qHk7mt7yfY uav;0jrdK\ wnf 7Sdonf? csif;wGif;jrpfa-umif;tm;jzihf uav;0jrdK\rSm uif;wyfjrdK\rS awmifbuf rdkif 40 tuGm csif;wGif; jrpf. vuf,murf;wGif wnf7SdI uav;0e,fESihf uav; 0jrKd \e,f &H;k pdu k 7f mjrKd \ jzpfonf? uav;0 jrKd \e,f wpfck vH;k rSm taemuf&;kd r awmifajcay:wGif wnf7I dS wpfESpf v~if ysrf;r~rdk;a7cdsef vufr ^0cef\ 7GmoGef; avonf? uav;0 jrdK\e,fukd 1901 ckEpS f oef;acgif pm7if; aumuf,ljyD;aemufrS jrdK\e,ftjzpftodtrSwf jyKcJh.? uav;0jrdK\. vlOD;a7rSm 2230 (1953 ck) jzpfonf? jrpfomjrpfrSm csif;awmif a'orsm;rS pD;qif;vm 7um; uav;0jrdK\rS a7vrf;c7D;jzihf txuf atmuf csi;f wGi;f c&dik rf sm;ESifh jrefrmEdik if H tv,fyikd ;f a'orsm; odk\ ul;oef;oGm;vmEdkifonfomru/csif;awmifa'o rsm;ESiv fh nf; tvG,w f ul ul;vl;qufqEH ikd o f nf? xkrd Swpfyg; jrefrmEdkifiH. taemufbufwHcg;jzpfaom wrl;awmif-um;vrf;ac: r+dy7l awmif-um;vrf;rSm uav;0jrdK\rS wrl;ESiyfh v k t J 7yfrsm;udk jzwfI r+dy7l jynfe,f tifzgjrdK\awmfodk\ a7mufEdkifonf? xdkawmif -um;vrf;udk 1942 ckESpf rSpI armfawmfum;vrf; tjzpfo\kd jyKjyifazgufvyk cf o hJ nf? 'k wd,uBmppftjy ;D wGif uav;0jrKd \on jf ynfwiG ;f jynfy ul;oef;a7mif;0,fr=rsm; wdk;wufvm cJhojzifh
twdwfacwfu ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;Y tvkyfvkyfae-uaom uav;rsm;
131
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;0jrdK\
uav;tvky-f urf;Oya'
txufcsi;f wGi;f c&dik w f iG pf nfyifz\HjG zKd ;aom jrKd \ -u;D wpfjrKd \ jzpfvmonf? jrdK\e,fvlxkrSm v,f,mudkif; u`ef; vkyu f ikd pf m;aomuf-uI aiGa-u; wwfEikd f olrsm;um; opfvyk if ef;udk vkyu f ikd -f uavonf? uav;tvkyf-urf;Oya'? ?19 7mpkESpfY t*®vef jynfwGif pufr= vufr= vkyfief;rsm; xGef;um; vmI puf&Hkrsm; tESH\tjym; ay:aygufvmcJhonf? (pufr=vufr=ta7;yHk„ 7=)xkdpuf&Hkrsm;Y tvkyfvkyf -uaom vkyo f m;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh uav;oli,f rsm;omjzpf-uI tcsK\d uav;rsm;rSm touf 4 ESpf t 7G,f r~om7S-d uonf? xkrd ~i,f7, G af om uav;oli,f rsm;onf puf&rkH sm;xJY w0D0v D nfaeaom bD;-uD;rsm; ESihf vsifjrefpGmoGm;vmaeaom pufywf-udK; rsm;t -um;wGif usyu f syf wnf;wnf; tvkyv f yk f -u7onf? olw\dkonf wpfae\v~if 12 em7D 14 em7DrS wpfcgwpf7H 15 em7D -umr~ tvkyfvkyf-u7I idkufrsOf; oGm;v~if aomfvnf;aumif;/ wpfpw kH pfck rSm;,Gi;f oGm;v~iaf omf vnf;aumif; acgif;t-uD;tuJrsm;. usmyGwEf iS 7fh uf pufpGm&dkufESufjcif;udk cH-u7avonf? ajratmuf ausmufr;D aoG;wGi;f rsm;Ytvkyv f yk 7f aom uav;rsm;. b0rSmydI k qd;k onf? olw\o dk nf olw\t dk iftm;ESirfh r~ onfh ausmufr;D aoG;vSn;f rsm;udk wGe;f 7jcif;paom tvkyrf sm; udk ae\pOf 12 em7D-umr~ qif;7J-uD;pGm vkyf-u7.? xko d \kd tvkyyf ifyef;pGm vky-f u7ojzifh uav;rsm; rSm csnfheJ\ao;auG;jyD;v~if usef;rma7; tjrJcsKd\wJhae -uonf? tcsKd\rSm aoqHk;oGm;I tcsKd\rSm woufyef vlpOfrrSDatmif usKd;uef; oGm;-uonf? odk\7mwGif tvkyf&Sifrsm;um; olwdk\twGuf ylyef a-umihf-ujcif; rjzpf-uacs? ta-umif;rSm uav;rsm;udk olwkd\onf rdzrJh ausmif;ESifh u,fq,fa7; pcef;rsm;rS aemufxyf vdkoavmuf 7Ekdifaoma-umihfjzpf.? uav;rsm;udk cdik ;f 7onfrmS tvky7f iS rf sm;tzk\d ydu k q f u H ek f oufomvS onf? olw\ku d kd aus;G arG;I ukeu f saomp7dwrf mS olw\dx k H rS7aom vkyftm;ESihfpmaomf rajymyavmufojzihf/ tjrwf-uD;pm; tvkyf7Sifrsm;onf uav;rsm;udkom zdIcdik ;f apcJ-h uonf? aemufq;kH Y uav; vkyo f m;rsm;. qd;k 7Gm;vSaom tjzpfukd t*®vefjynf7dS tcsK\dvrl sm; odjrifvm-u av onf? a7mAwfaqmufao;/t,fvpfZAuf Aa7mif;eif; paom uAsmq7mrsm;onf uav;rsm; oem;pzG,f 'kQ a7mufaeyHu k kd pyfqckd -hJ uonf? xkt d csed u f jAdwo d ~
tpdk;7onf taemuftdNd, u`ef;pkY u_vDfrsm; tm; u`eftjzpfckdif;apjcif;udk aiGodef;oef;tukefcHI ydwfyif7ef pDrHpdkif;jyif;vsuf7Sd7m/ aiG0,fu`efpepf xuf tqaygif ; rsm;pG m yd k r d k q d k ; 7G m ;vS a om uav;vkyfom;pepfudk vltrsm;u -um7SnfpGm vspf vsLr&=Edkifawmhacs? (aus;u`ef pepf„7=? ) avmh&Syf pAg7DESifh tjcm;ykCdKvf-uD;rsm;u xkdudPudkygvDrefY wifoiG ;f uef\uu G -f uavonf? udk,fusKd;udk,fhpD;yGm; oufoufudkom -unhfavh7Sd aom tvky7f iS rf sm;onf uav; vkyo f m;rsm;udk vuf rvFwv f -kd uacs? tcsK\dvrl sm;uvnf; tpd;k 7onf puf &Hyk ikd 7f iS rf sm;. udPwGif 0ifa7mufrpGuzf ufoih[ f k ,lq -u.? ok\d7mwGif pHpk rf;a7;aumfrwD tpD7ifcpH mrsm;t7 Zmxk;d yef;xk;d vkyif ef;wGif av;ig;ESp7f , G f uav; vlr r,frsm;yifwpfae\v~if 12 em7Dr~ tvkyv f yk f 7yH/k uav; vkyo f m;rsm;onf rD;cd;k acgif;wkid rf sm; xJo\kd0ifI usycf ;kd okw, f if; wpfcgwpf7H t7Siv f wfvwf rD;avmifaoqH;k 7yHk/ rnf;arSmifaeaom ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;euf-uD; rsm;xJY wpfaeukefwpfaecef; tvkyfvkyf7yHkrsm;udk -um;od7aomtcg/ ydrk I kd rcH r7yfEikd f jzpfvm-ujyD;v~if ygvDref rSaeI uav;vkyo f m;rsm;tm; cdik ;f apyHpk epfukd jyKjyif7ef twGuf r7yfrem; wku d yf q JG ifEcJF -hJ u.? t*®vefjynfonf uav;vkyo f m;rsm;. tcGit hf a7; udk umuG,fay;aom Oya'rsm; jy}mef;cJhonfh a&S;OD; Edik if jH zpfonf? 1802 ckEpS w f iG f 0g*Gr;f puf&rkH sm;Y uav; rsm;udk wpfae\v~if 12 em7D xufyI kd rcdik ;f 7ef Oya' jzifh wm;jrpfco hJ nf? 1819 ckEpS w f iG f 0g*Gr;f pufrsm;Y 9 ESpfatmufuav;rsm;udk rcdkif;7efESihf/ 16 ESpfxuf i,forl sm;udk wpfae\v~if 12 em7DxufyI kd rcdik ;f 7ef[l aomOya'udk jy}mef;cJo h nf? rde;f rrsm;ESihf uav;rsm; tm; ajratmufY tvkyrf cdik ;f 7ef Oya'wpf7yfukd 1842 ckEpS w f iG f twnfjyKavonf? t*®vefjynfwiG f ,cktcg 15 ESpfatmuf uav;vkyfom;rsm;rSm ajymyavmuf atmif r7Sad wmhacs? ta-umif;rSmuav;oli,frsm; pmr oifrae7 Oya't7 touf 15 ESpftxd ausmif; rsm;wGif pmoif-u7aoma-umifh jzpfonf? ,if;odk\ t*®vefjynfu pwifvyk u f ikd v f mcJ7h m/ tjcm;Edik if rH sm;u vnf; t*®vefenf;wl vku d ef mvkyaf qmifvm -uonf? txl;ojzifh 1919 ckEpS w f iG f Edik if aH ygif;csKyftoif; -uD;ESiw fh pfjydKief ufwnf; ay:aygufvmaom tdik /f t,f/ tdak c: tjynfjynfqidk 7f mtvkyo f rm; tpnf;t&H;k -uD; . aus;Zl;a-umifh uav;rsm;tm; umuG,fay;a7;
132
www.foreverspace.com.m
uav;tvky-f urf;Oya'
uavmyif
vkyfief;rsm;rSm ydkrdk xda7muf us,fjyef\vmcJhonf? puf&Hkrsm;wGif touf 14 ESpf atmufudk rcdkif;7ef / touf 18 ESpfatmufudk nOfhtvkyfrsm;Y rckdif;7ef/ wpfywfv~if tvkycf sed f 48 em7D owfrw S 7f ef/ Edik if aH ygif; 50 ausmfu oabmwlncD -hJ u.? tar7duef jynfaxmifpw k iG f 1910 jynfEh pS f cef\upI uav;vkyfom;rsm; oufom acsmifcsdaprnfh Oya' rsm;udk jyKvyk 7f ef -uKd ;pm;cJ-h uonf? od\k7mwGif zG\Jpnf;tkyf csKyfyHk tajccHOya'ESihf qef\usifaeojzihf ratmifjrif bJ7cdS o hJ nf? 1924 ckEpS w f iG f tajccH Oya'udjk yifqifjyD; aemuf Oya'rsm; jyXmef;vmcJo h nf? oRw z7efuvif &l;pAJh tpd;k 7 vufxuf 1933 ckEpS f rSpI puf&rkH sm;wGif 16 ESpaf tmufuav;rsm;udk rcdik ;f 7awmhacs? t*®vefjynfwiG f uav; vkyo f m;rsm;ESifh tusK;H 0if aom Oya'rsm; ay:aygufjy;D onfah emufwiG f tdN, d Edik if H Yvnf; vkdtyfovdktenf;i,fcef\ jyifqifxm;aom uav;tvky-f urf; Oya’rsm; ay:aygufvmcJ. h ?1922 ckEpS f tvky&f rkH sm; tufOya't7 ,cifucGijfh yKxm;aom 9 ESprf S 12 ESpf txd uav;rsm; tpm; 14 ESprf S 15 ESpf t7G,f uav;rsm;udkom tcsdefjynfh vkyfudkifcGihf ay;avonf? 7moDtvdu k f vkyu f ikd 7f aom tvky&f rkH sm; wGif wpfae\v~if tvkycf sed f 11 em7D/ wpfywf twGi;f tvkyf csed f em7Daygif; 60 &S7d rnf[k owfrw S cf o hJ nf? omreftvky&f rHk sm;wGif wpfae\v~if tvkycf sed f 10 em7D wpfywfv~if 54 em7Dr~ owfrw S af y;cJah vonf? xkrd S wpfyg; rdef;rrsm; nOhftcsdefwGif tvkyfvkyfudkifjcif; udv k nf;wm;jrpfco hJ nf? 1933 ckEpS w f iG f twnfjyKcahJ om uav;rsm;vkyt f m;a7mif;pm;jcif; Oya'rSm uav;ol i,frsm;udk twefyif tumtuG,f ay;cJah om Oya' jzpfonf? 1936 ckEpS Ef iS fh 1940„41 ckEpS rf sm;wGiv f nf; tvkyf&Hk Oya'rsm;udk jyifqifcJhao;onf? 'kxwd, uBmppftjyD;wGif tdNd,EdkifiHonf tdkif/ t,f/ tdk tpnf;t&H;k -u;D rS csrw S af om tajccH vrf;pOfrsm; twkid ;f uav;oli,fvyk o f m;rsm;twGuf Oya' trsK;d rsK;d wd\kukd twnfjyKc7hJ m/ ,cktcg tdN, d Edik if o H nf uav;tvkyf -urf; Oya'rsm; jyXmef;onfhzufwGifa7S\wef;odk\ a7muf7adS eavjyD? jrefrmEdik if u H kd tdN, d Edik if rH S rcGrJ D umvu tvkyo f rm; Oya'rsm;rSm tdN, d Edik if rH S Oya'rsm;ESifh txl;uGmjcm; jcif;r7SdcJhacs? a7S;tcgu jrefrmEdkifiHESihf tdkif/t,f/tdk qufo, G cf o hJ nfrmS vnf; tdN, d Edik if rH S wpfqihjf zpf.? tdN, d tvky&f rkH sm; tufOya'rSm jrefrmEdik if w H iG f 1911
ckEpS u f pI tm+m wnfjrJco hJ nfxpdk Ofu tvky&f rkH sm; qkid 7f m tifpydwaf wmf7mxl;(-uyfra7;t7m7S)d udk t*® vefrS cef\tyfvsuf jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;7 taxGaxGXme vufatmufwiG f xm;7Scd ahJ vonf? 1920 jynfEh pS w f iG f tvkyf&Hk rsm;qkdif7mtifpydwfawmfcsKyfXmeudk pwif zGifhvSpfvsuftdNd,tvkyf&Hk tufOya'rsm; twdkif; vdu k ef musio fh ;kH ap cho J nf? 1948 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa7; 77Sjd y;D aemuf EdkifiHawmtpdk;7onf tvkyform;rsm;ta7;udk txl; ta7;,lco hJ nf? 194^ck Zlvidk v f Y tvkyo f rm; Oya' jyKt-uHay;tzGJ\udk zGJ\pnf;cJhonf? xdktzGJ\.t-uH ay;csut f 7 0g+d%y™dyQ jyifqifcsut f ufOya' t enf;qH;k vkycf tufOya'/ oWKwiG ;f jyifqifcsuf tuf Oya'/ a7eHajr tvkyo f rm;rsm; oufom acsmifcsd a7; tufOya’/ tvkyf &Hrk sm; tufOya'/ tvkyo f rm;rsm; avsmfa-u;ay;a7; jyifqifcsuftufOya' ponfjzifh rsm;vSpGmaom Oya’rsm;udk jy}mef;cJh.? txl;ojzifh 1951 ckEpS f tvky&f rkH sm; tufOya'rSm uav;tvkyf orm;rsm;twGuf rsm;pGm tumtuG,f ay;cJhonf? xkOd ya't7 touf 13 ESpf rjynhaf o;onfh rnfonfh uav;udrk ~ tvky&f w kH pfcck w k iG f vkycf iG hf rjyK7acs? t ouf 13 ESpf jynfhapumrl q7m0efxHrS tvkyfvkyf 7efoifhavsmfa-umif; wm0efcHvufrSwf 77SdrSom v~iv f yk cf iG fh jyKonf? xkjd yif uav;rsm;udk wpfae\v~if 4 em7Dxuf ydrk cdik ;f 7ef aomf›if;/ nae 6em7DrS eHeuf 6 em7DtwGi;f rcdik ;f ap7efaomf›if;/ 15 ESpf jynhjf y;D aom vli,frsm;udkvnf; q7m0efxHrSoifhavsmfa-umif; axmufccH suf77Srd o S m tcsdejf ynfh vkyEf ikd af om v-uD; vkyo f m;tjzpf cdik ;f ap7ef›if;/ jy}mef; yg7Sad vonf? jynfaxmifpk jrefrm Edik if aH wmfonf 1948 ck rwfv uyif tdik /f t,f/ tdk tpnf;t&H;k -uD;. toif;0ifEikd f iHwpfck jzpfvmonftm;avsmpf mG tdik /f t,f/ tdk nDvmcH rsm;od\k ESppf Of ESpw f ikd ;f ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; apvFwcf o hJ nf? ,cktcg xdk tzGJ\csKyf nDvmcH rsm;rS qHk;jzwfcsuf axmufccH suf tajccHrsm;twkid ;f uav; tvky-f urf; Oya'rsm;ESifh tvkyo f rm; qdik 7f m tjcm; Oya'rsm;udk jy}mef;vsu7f adS yonf? uavmyif ? ?uavmyif[lIvnf;aumif;/ uavm cdyk if[I l ›if;/ trnfwiG o f nfh tyifwpfrsKd;udk jrefrm Edik if &H dS tjrJprd ;f awmrsm;wGiaf wG\jrif7onf? tyift7G,f rSm tvwfpm;rS t-uD;pm;txd&o dS nf? uavmyif.
133
www.foreverspace.com.m
uavmyif
uavmjrdK\
toD;ESihftqD aq;zuf0ifonhf uavmyif
&kQaA'trnfrSm ‘w7ufwdk*sD;Edk; umZdkif;’jzpf.? acs;yifESihf uavmyifwkd\. toD;rsm;onf aq;zuf 0if-uojzihf ,if;wk\d ub kd ,aq; qdik rf sm;wGif a7mif; cs-uonf? uavmaphrS7aom uavmqDonf t a7jym;a7m*grsm; txl;ojzifh uk}Elem uko7mY toH;k 0ifaomaq;zufwpfckjzpfonf? uavmyif.tom; rSm rmIazsmhawmhah wmhta7mif&o dS nf?
uavmjrdK \ ? ? ompnfjrdK\ta&S\bufawmifpOf awmifwef;rsm;&Sd vdi= ;f wuf/ ,if;rmyif/ bk7m;oH;k ql paom 7Gmrsm;udak usmv f eG I f 0ufjzLawmifo\dk wa7G\a7G\ wufvmv~if/ opfawmrsm;rSm opf,m/ tif-uif;/ ydawmuf/ unif/ awmifo7uf/ awmify³d pJ aom opf awmrsm; r[kwfawmhbJ avxJJwGif w&SJ&SJjrnfavh&Sd aom xif;&SL;awm-uD;rsm;odk\ a7mufvmjyD;aemuf/ awmifxyd t f vGef ajrjyef\uu G u f s,w f pfcw k iG f ausmif; uefb7k m;apwDrsm;/ wdu k w f mtdr, f m;rsm;jzifh om,m vSyaom uavmjrdK\ukd awG\7ayrnf? uavmjrdK\onf &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f ompnfvrf;cGJ ta&S\buf rD;7xm;vrf;ay:wGif ompnfjrdK\rS 63 rdik f tuG m Ywnf & S d o nf ? armf a wmf u m;vrf ; twd k i f ; qdv k ~if rdik f 60 uGma0;onf? jrdK\. tus,ft0ef;rSm pwk7ef; 9 rkid cf cJG ef\&I dS vlO;D a7 5000 cef\ (1953) &Sd onf? uavmjrdK\onf yifv,fjyifrS tjrihfay 4300 cef\wiG w f nf&o dS nf? waygif; wefc;l vrsm;wGif tjrihf qHk;tylcsdefrSm ^4 'D*7Dcef\&Sd.? jymokd/ wykd\wGJvrsm; wGif tylcsdef 54 'D*7D r~om&SdI tvGefat;onf? jrdK\.yHo k @mefrmS ywfvnfwiG f awmifrsm;0ef;7HI ZvHEk iS fh wlaoma-umifh yavmifbmomjzifh uavmuf (ZvkH)jrdK\[k ac:wGif7mrS uavmjrdK\[k wGifvm a-umif; od7onf? a&S;uyavmif trsKd;om;rsm; wnfpu kd cf ahJ oma'o jzpfonf?
7Srf;jynfe,fawmifykdif;7Sd aEG7moDtyef;ajz7m awmifpcef;jrdK\jzpfaomuavmjrdK\
134
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvdAk myif
uvkd7if;
uavmjrdK\rSm &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;. awmifpcef;jrdK\ jzpfI a&S;tcgu Oa7mywkdufom;rsm;ESihf olaX; olu, G w f \kad EGtcg oGm;a7mufaexkid 7f mjzpfvsu/f wnf; cdpk m;aomuf7ef [dw k ,f-uD;wpfcEk iS fh a7ul;uef/ a*guf oD;upm;uGif;wkd\&Sdonf? ywf0ef;usif&Sdawmifukef; awmifwef;rsm;rSm xif;&SL;yif/ cs,f7Dyif/ydk;pmyifESihf opfawmho;D / yef;oD;/ qD;oD;paom oD;rsK;d pHk tyifrsm; jzihf zH;k vFr;f vsu&f o dS nf? uavmjrdK\ ta&SbufpeG ;f wGif awmifvm;acsmif; jzwfoef;pD;qif;7mteD;Y blwm&Hk wnf&o dS nf? uavmjrdK\onf awmifpcef;jrdK\ jzpfonfhtwdkif; aEG tcgwGif t7yf7yfrS {nfo h nfrsm; vma7mufvnfywf avh&o dS nf? t*®vyd f txufwef;ausmif;/ jrefrmpmoif ausmif;rsm;&So d nf? brf;y7GmteD;&SOd rif wpfcw k iG &f adS om a&F O rif b k 7 m;rS m xif a y:ausmf - um;I ES p f p Of bk7m;yGu J sif;ywkid ;f t7yf7yfrS bk7m;zl;rsm; txl;pnf um;pGm vma7muf-uonf? jrdK\ywf0ef;usiw f iG f qefpyg;tenf;i,fom pdu k yf sK;d I *sKEH iS t fh mvl;udk trsm;tjym; pdu k yf sK;d -uonf? uJsEG mG ; jrif;rsm;udv k nf; toiht f wihf arG;jrL-uonf? uvdkAgyif ? ?uvdkAgyJyifonf yJvHk;rsKd;7if;wGif yg0ifIt,fvzg;zg;yifuJhodk\ usGJEGm;pmtwGufESihf v,fcif;rsm; ajr-oZm xufoefvmap7eftwGuf pdu k yf sK;d -uonf? uvdAk gyJyif rsK;d pdwaf ygif; 400 ausmf r~&SdI Oa7mywdkufESihf ajrmuftar7duwkduf orydkif; a'orsm;wGif aumif;pGm jzpfxGef;-uonf? uvdkAg yJyifw\dk .t7Guw f iG f 7Gujf rGm oH;k 7Gupf yD g&SI d xkt d yif rsm;rS teDyiG fh tjzLyGiEfh iS fh -uufaoG;a7mift0ga7mif tyGirfh sm; yGi-fh uonf? uvd k A gyJ y if t ppf E S i h f t vG e f e D ; pyf q if w l o nf h uvdAk gtcsKyd ifrsm;udk ,cifu ysm;arG;jrLolw\dkom pdu k f ysKd;-uonf? xdktyifrsm;jzihf ysm;arG;jrLaomtcg t aumif;pm; ysm;7nfudk 7&SdEdkif./ ,cktcgawmifol v,form;rsm;vnf; TtyifrsK;d udk toH;k jyKvm-ujyD? uvkAd gyJyifrsm;udk pdu k yf sK;d jyD;v~if usEJG mG ;pmtwGuf yifpnfrsm;udkyxrt-udrf 7dwfodrf;-uonf? aemuf wpf-udrf taphrsm;twGuf 7dwo f rd ;f 7jyefonf? Tt yifrsm;ESihf oihfawmfonfh7moDOwk-um&SnfcJhaomf xyfrH rpdu k yf sKd;7bJ t-udr-f udrf 7dwo f rd ;f Edik o f nf? t,fvzg;zg;yifuJhokd\ uvdkAgyJyif.tjrpfrsm;onf vnf; &Snfvsm;-uojzihf ajrqDatmufcHvFmwGif&Sd
aom tyiftm[m7"gwfudk xkwf,l oHk;pGJEdkifonf? xk\jd yif tyif.tjrpfrsm;wGi&f adS om tzki,fw\dkY av xJrS Edu k x f &d*k si"f gwfukd pkw, f I l tyiftm[m7"gwf tjzpf ajymif;ay;onfh AufwD;7D;,m;rsm; aexdkif-u onf? (Edkufx&dk*sif 7=? ) ,if;odk\jzifh uvdkAgyJyif rsm; pdkufysKd;xm;onfh v,fcif;rsm;wGifEdkufx&dk*sif "gwf jynhfvmonf? tvsifESpfu uvdkAgyJyifrsm; pdkufysKd;cJhonfh v,fcif;wGif ajymif;zl;yifrsm;udk wpf vSnhfpdkufysKd;-unfh7m ajymif;zl;yifrsm;rSm oefpGrf;I ajymif;zl; txGuaf umif;vma-umif;udk awG\&7dS jcif;jzifh ajrjoZmjyKjyifa7;wGif TyJyifrsKd ;onf rsm;pGmta7;yg a-umif; xif7Sm;ayonf? uvkd7if; ? ?uvkd7if;onf pdrf;vJhvJhta7mifESihf touf&= usyaf paomteH\&I dS avxufyakd v;aom"gwf aiG\jzpf.? T"gwfaiG\onf [,fvdk*sif"gwfaiG\tpk wGif zvd7k if;/ A&drk if;ESifh tkid t f 'kd if"gwfaiG\ wd\kEiS t fh wl yg0if7m/ ,if;wk\d. *k+o f Wdcsi;f rSm qifw, l ;kd rSm;jzpf -uonf? [,fv*kd si"f gwfaiG\pw k iG f zvk7d if;"gwfaiG\onf "gwfaygif;pyf7mY txufjrufq;kH jzpfI uvd7k if;"gwf aiG\rSm 'kwd, txufjrufqHk;jzpf.? uvdk7if;"gwf aiG\u1kd ^^4 ckEpS w f iG f qG'D ifvrl sK;d "gwkaA'u0d a&S;v qdkolu tOD;qHk;awG\&SdcJhonf? xkdpOfu j'Afpifwpfck tjzpfjzihf rod&Sd-ubJ atmufpD*sifESihf a7mpyfae aom j'yfaygif; wpfc[ k o k m xifrw S cf -hJ u.? od\kaomf 1810 jynfhESpfodk\ a7mufaomtcg qm[rfz7Da'ADu uvdk7if;onf j'yfaygif;r[kwfbJ j'yfpifwpfckjzpf a-umif; xkwaf z:jyocJah vonf? uvd7k if;"gwfaiG\onf tvGet f qdyjf yif;xefI av xuf av;aoma-umif/h yxruBmppftwGi;f u tqdyf "gwfaiG\ tjzpf toH;k jyKcJb h ;l 7m vltajrmuftjrm;ao a-ucJ-h u7.? od\k aomf vlw\dk tm;tusKd;&Sad prnfh udP trsm;Y uvdk7if;onf rnfr~ta7;yg t7ma7mufpGm toH;k 0ifyu kH kd atmufwiG af wG\7ayrnf? uvdk7if;udk "gwfaiG\oef\oef\tjzpfjzihf obm0t avsmuf rawG\7acs? j'yfaygif;taeESihfom tawG\7 rsm;onf? txl;ojzihf qd'k , D rf/ ydw k ufq, D rf/ ruf*ed ZD,rfw\dk EiS hf aygif;pyfvsufawG\7onf? uvd7k if;ouf oufonf tqdyjf zpfaomfvnf;/ qd'k , D rfEiS afh ygif;pyf 7mrS jzpfay:vmonhf qdk'D,rfuvdk&dkuf j'yfaygif;rSm u`Eyfk w f \dk ae\pOf oH;k pGv J su&f adS om [if;cwfqm;yifjzpf.? uvd7k if;"gwfaiG\oef\oef\ukd v~ypf pfjzihf "gwfceJG nf;jzifh
135
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvk7d if;
uvk;d Apfb7k if
7&SdEkdifonf? [if;cwfqm; azsmf7nfxJwGifv~yfppf vFwfI "gwfcGJvdkufaomtcg uvdk7if"gwfaiG\onf "gwfzdkwdkifrS xGufvm.? uvdk7if;"gwfaiG\udk zdtm; aumif;aumif;jzifzh I d uvd7k if;t7nftjzpfo\kd ajymif; oGm;apjyD;v~if oHr+dpnf-uD; rsm;wGix f nfI h t-uD; tus,f a7mif;0,f-uonf? xku d vd7k if;t7nfukd jrdK\ -uD; jy-uD;rsm;Y aomufa7tjzpftok;H jyKaom a7rsm; wGif a7m*gydk;rsm;aoI oef\&Sif;ap7ef tenf;i,f cwfay;7onf? uvdk7if;onftjcm;"gwfaiG\rsm;/ oWKrsm;ESihf aygif;pyf7mYtvGef xufjruf.? [du k 'f &d*k siEf iS fh wku d f &du k af ygif;pyfaomtcg[du k 'f &d*k siu f vd&k u kd af c: [du k 'f &du k avm7pftufqpfukd 7I/ TtufqpfrmS pufrv = uf r=vyk if ef;wGiv f nf;aumif; / ud, k w f iG ;f tpmacsr=wiG /f vnf;aumif;tvGef ta7;-uD; toH;k 0ifonf? qd'k , D rf/ ydw k ufq, D rf/ ref*edpaom oWKrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfaom tcg qd'k , D rfuvd&k u kd /f ydw k ufq, D rfuvd&k u kd /f ref* eduvdk&dkufpaom uvdk&dkuf toD;oD;udk 7onf? uvd7k if;Y 0šKyPnf;rsm;rS ta7miftrsK;d rsK;d udk csw G f ypfEikd af omoWdvnf; &So d nf? ajcmufaoG\aom uvkd 7if;"gwfaiG\ xnfx h m;onfh zefA;l xJo\kd ajcmufaoG\aom opf7Gufpdrf;wpf7Gufudk jzpfap/ ajcmufaoG\aomyef;eD wyGiu hf jkd zpfap/ ajcmufaoG\aom t0wfteDukd jzpfap/ xnf h v d k u f a omtcg ta7mif y suf o G m ;onf u d k r awG\ 7acs? odk\aomfzefAl;xJ&Sd yPnf;rsm;pdkpGwfoGm; atmif a7tenf;i,f xnfhay;vdkufonfhESihfwpfjydKif euf/ xkdyPnf;wdk\. teDa7mif tpdrf;a7mifwdk\onf aysmufu, G I f jzLoGm;-uawmh.? ta7mifjzLoGm;7jcif; . ta-umif;rSm uvd7k if;onf xnhv f u kd af om a7xJrS [dkuf'&dk*sifESihf aygif;pyfoGm;jyD;aomf atmufpD*sifudk xD;wnf;usefaeaponf? xdkatmufpD*sifu ta7mif udk ysufatmifjyKojzihf ta7mifrsm;jzLoGm;7jcif;jzpf .? xkda-umihf uvdk7if;udk ta7mif csGSwfaq;rsm; az:pyf7mY rsm;pGm toH;k jyK-uonf? uvd7k if;onf qd;k aq;/ rD;owfaq;7nfEiS fh uvd&k kd azgif;ac: arhaq;rsm; az:pyf7mYvnf; rsm;pGmtoHk; 0ifayonf?
awmf.t&dkuft7mudk qufcHaomtcg touf 15 ESprf ~om &Sad o;.? xkpd Ofu z7ef\b7k ifrsm;onf rsK;d wl pkrsm;. t-uD;tuJrsm;om jzpf-uI uvd;k ApfrmS xdk z7ef\b7k iftrsm;wGif wpfyg; tygt0ifjzpfonf? 486 ckEpS w f iG f uvd;k Apfonf qGm;qGe;f teD;wdu k yf YJG a7mrwk\d udk atmifEikd v f u kd o f jzifh pde;f jrpf0rS ;f udk pd;k rd;k 7avonf? 493 ckEpS w f iG f uvd;k Apfonf uvdw k ;D v'g; trnf&dS Ag*ef'rD if;orD;udk rdz7k m;ajr|mufonf? uvdw k ;D v'g; rSm c7pf,efjzpfonfhtavsmuf bk7if-uD;tm; c7pf ,eft,l0g'odk\ul;ajymif;7ef r-umc+ wkdufwGef; cJh.? uvdk;Apfonf ol.om;awmf orD;awmfrsm; tm; a7ESpfr*®vm cH,lapcJhaomfvnf; oludk,fwkdif rSmrl *smref tEG,f t,fvref;Edik f vlrsK;d wd\ktm; wku d f cdkuf atmifjrifcJhjyD;onfhaemufrS c7pf,efjzpf vmcJah vonf? uvd;k Apf bk7ifonf bke;f vuf&;kH ESifh jynfph akH ombk7if jzpfonfhtavsmuf/ tuGJuGJtjym;jym; jzpfaeaom z7ef\Eikd if u H kd wpnf;wvH;k wnf; jzpfapcJo h nfomru/ ajrmufbufESihfta&S\bufwGif &dkif;jrpfrS awmifbuf yD;7eD; awmifwef; txd us,fjyef\aomEdkifiHudk wnf axmifco hJ nf? uvk;d Apfb7k if wnfaxmifcahJ omEdik if H rSmaemif tcgwGif jyifopfEikd if H jzpfvm7m/ yg7pfjrdK\rmS xkpd Ofuyif jrdK\awmfjzpfcahJ yonf? uvd;k Apfb7k ifonf 511 ckEpS w f iG f ewf7mG pHavonf?
uvdk;Apfbk7if (c7pf 466„511) ? ?uvdk;Apf bk7ifonf z7ef\ vlrsKd;rsm;. rsKd;wlpk wpfpkjzpfaom aq;v,ef;z7ef\wkd\. t-uD;tuJjzpfol csDv'g7pf bk7if. om;awmfjzpfonf? 481 ckESpfwGif crnf; 136
tdNd,wGif jAdwdo~tm+mukd tajcpkdufay;cJhol uvkduf
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvdkuf tm uvdkuftm(c7pf1^25„1^^4) ? ?aemiftcg wGif yvufqD;pm; AJ7GefbGJ\7ol a7mAwfuvdkufonf um; tdNd,EdkifiHwGif jAdwdo~wkd\vFrf;rdk;Edkif7ef pwif tajcpdu k af y;cJo h l jzpfayonf? xkyd Ck Kd vf-uD;onf tkyf csKyaf 7;wGi›f if;/ ppfra= 7;7mwGi›f if;/ xl;jcm;vSaom pGr;f 7nfoWdEiS fh jynhpf o kH v l nf; jzpfavonf? tcsK\du avmh aemhonf tar7duwkdufokd\ AdkvfcsKyfAg*GdKif;udkvFwf rnft h pm; uvdu k u f kd vFwcf v hJ ~if tar7duefvw G v f yf a7;ppfyGJonf wpfrsKd;wpfzHk tqHk;owfp7mta-umif; &So d nf[yk if qkad vonf? uvdu k o f nf &Sa7mh&i=d , f me,fwiG f 1^25 ck pufwif bmv 29 7ufae\Y arG;zGm;I ausmif;aepOftcgu qkq d ;kH rcufaom oli,fwpfO;D jzpf.? toift h wifrh ~om ynmoif-um;wwfajrmufcJhI 18ESpft7G,fwGif tdNd ,Edik if H ta&S\tNd , d uk$+Do\kd oGm;a7mufum pma7; tjzpf tr=xrf;chJonf? xdktcsdefum;ta&S\tdNd, uk$+Donf 8Gwf'[kyftil ta&S\buf&Sd jAdwdo~ydkif e,f opfrsm;udt k yk cf sKyf ae7pOftcgjzpf.? xk\jd yif tdN, d Edik if &H dS jAdwo d ~ESihf jyifopfta&S\tNd , d uk$+Drsm;onf tdNd,Ytm+mvFrf;rdk;7ef t-uHcsif;wlaeojzihf7efol rsm;jzpfvsuf rmefapmifae-uaomtcgvnf; jzpf.? 1^46 ckwGifum; jyifopfwkd\onf jAdwdo~wkd\tm; tdN, d rStjyD;tydik Ef iS x f w k 7f ef 7nf7, G cf sufjzihf r'7yf jrdK\udk wdkufcdkufcJhavonf?xkdtcg pma7;tvkyfjzifh ysi;f ysi;f 7d7t d r=xrf;ae7aom uvdu k t f zk\dwpfrsK;d wpfzkH tr=xrf;7ef tcgtcGi7fh &Scd . hJ ? jyifopfw\dk ujkd yefvnf ckcHwkdufcdkufaom uk$+D.ppfwyfwGif uvdkufonf tvHudkifAdkvf tjzpf0ifa7mufaqmif7GufcJhavonf? odk\aomf ppfr=a7;7mtpGrf;tpudk rjyvdkuf7ao;rD jyifopfEiS hf jAdwo d ~w\dk ppf7yfqv J u dk -f uonf? od\k7mwGif uvdu k o f nf ol.tpGr;f tpjyo7ef tcg tcGiu fh kd r-umrD 7&Scd ahJ vonf? wpfcgaomf jyifopfEiS fh jAdwo d ~w\dkonf wkid ;f 7if;om; apmfbmG ; e,fwpfe,f. &du k 7f mqufcaH 7;wGif wpfzufpD 0ifa7mufpu G zf uf-u7m rS ,SOfjydKifwkdufcdkuf-uaom tajctaeodk\yif qdkuf a7mufc-hJ uonf? jyifopfw\kduaxmufcaH om apmfbmG ; avmif;csNmqm[pfonf tiftm;enf;aom jAdwdo~ wyfpkwpfpk apmifha&Smuf xdef;odrf;xm;onfh x7pfcsD aemhyv kd jD rdK\ukd tvH;k t7if;ESifh wdu k cf u kd o f jzifh xkjd rdK\us qH;k vkqq J J &Sad eaomtcg/ csNmqm[pf. tiftm;jyKd uJG oGm;ap7ef 7nf7, G cf sujf zifh xkt d a7; pwif7m ume,f wpfe,f.jrdK\awf tm;aumhjrdK\udk tumtuG,f r&Sd
a7mAwfuvkduf atmifyGJ7vkdufaom yvufqD;wkdufyGJ
onht f cdu k /f Oa7mywdu k o f m; ppfonfawmf 200 ppfAg7D 300 r~ESifh uvdu k o f nf wdu k cf u kd o f rd ;f ,lavonf? xkdtcg csNmqm[pfonf tiftm;aumif;vSaom wyf-uD;wpfwyfukd ol\om;ud, k w f ikd Of ;D pD;apI tm;aumh jrdK\udkjyefvnfwdkufcdkufodrf;,l7efapvFwfvkduf7m/ uvdu k w f \dkvpl rk mS tiftm; tqrwef-uD;rm;aom 7efol wyf-uD;. 0dik ;f 0ef;wku d cf u kd jf cif;udk cHc7hJ .? od\k aomf uvdkufonf jrdK\udk7efolwkd\ vufodk\rusatmif odrf; ydkuf xm;cJhjyD;aemuf 53 7ufwdkifwkdif 7efolwdk\udk wGe;f vSef wku d x f w k Ef ikd cf o hJ nf? ,if;od\k tiftm;csi;f rr~ bJ rsm;jym;onfh 7efow l \dkukd wGe;f vSeEf ikd cf o hJ nft h wGuf u vdkuf. *k+fowif;rSm xif&Sm;ausmf-um;vm avonf? xkad emufyif 7efow l \dk. t0dik ;f cHae7aom x7pfcsD aemh ydkvDjrdK\udkvnf; uvkduf u,fwifcJhavonf? xkjd yif ud\kAavmif;ESihf csi*f vmywf cHwyfrsm;udv k nf; wdu k cf u kd f odr;f ydu k cf . hJ ? od\kEiS fh t*®vyd w f \dak xmufcaH om apmfbGm;avmif; r[mruftvDonf umeufwpfe,f em0yf apmfbmG ;tjzpf 7&So d mG ;avonf? 1^53 ckEpS w f iG f uvdu k o f nf t*®vefo\kdjyefvmjyD;
137
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvkduf tm aomf twef-um aexkid cf o hJ nf? od\kaexkid pf Of ygvDref trwftjzpf ta7G;cHcJh7.? 1^56 ckESpfwGif uvdkuf tm; tdNd,odk\ ,cktcg r'7yfjrdK\[kac:wGifonfh zdk\ pdeaf ';ApfjrdK\. bk7ifct H jzpf cef\xm;I apvFwcf o hJ nf? xkt d awmtwGi;f pl;7m;*sGwaf 'gifvmtrnf&dS b*® vm; e,fem0yfapmfbmG ;onumvWm;jrdK\ukd odr;f ydu k f cJhjyD;aemuf jAdwdo~vlrsKd; a,mufsm;rdef;rESihf uav; 146 a,mufw\dkukd umvuWm;&Sd tvHak xmiftwGi;f ydwaf vSmiftusO;f csxm;cJ7h m avaumif;pGm r&SL7aom a-umihf wpfntwGi;f yif vlaygif;123a,muf aoqH;k cJh-u7.? xkdudPudk ‘umvuWm; tvHkaxmifudP’ [k ac:a0:-uI jAdwdo~ wkd\rSm rsm;pGmrcHr7yfEdkif atmif jzpfc-hJ uavonf? xkad -umifu h vdu k rf mS r'7yf od\k a7mufv~if a7mufjcif;qko d vdyk if umvuWm;jrKd \ukd csDwufodrf;ydkuf7ef wm0efvFJtyfjcif;cH7ojzifh a7 a-umif;rScsDwufI umvWm;jrdK\udk atmifjrifpGm wkdufcdkuf odrf;ydkufcJhavonf? ,if;onhfta7;wGif tiftm; awmifhwif;vSaomapmfbGm;ppfwyf-uD;udk uvku d o f nf tiftm; tqrwef enf;yg;vSaom ol. wyfEiS fh wdu k cf u kd af tmifjrifcahJ yonf? Tod\kjzifh apmfbmG ;rSm ppfajyjidr;f 7ef pum;urf;vSr;f cJh7jyD;aomf/jAdwdo~wkd\tzdk\ tusKd;&Sdaprnfh ppfajyjidfrf; a7;pmcsKyfudk vufcHvdkuf7.? xkdaemuf jyifopfydkif csNe*dk7fjrdK\udkvnf; wkdufcdkufodrf;ydkufzsufpD;ypfvdkuf avonf? odk\aomf r-umrD uvdkufonf xkdapmfbGm; tm; 7mxl;rScsI apmfbmG ;. ppfaoemywd rD7m*suzf g; tm;/ apmfbmG ;. ae7mwGiw f if7ef tpDtpOfwpf7yfukd v~dK\0u S pf mG jyKvkycf hJ avonf? xkad -umifh 1^5^ ckEpS f wGif vl 3000 yg0ifaomwyfESihfapmfbGm; pl7m;*sGwf a'gifvmudk wku d 7f ef xGuv f mcJ7h m yvufq;D uGi;f jyif wGif vl 50000 ygaom apmfbmG ;wyf-uD;ESifh qHrk ad v onf? xkdokd\ tiftm;csif; rr~bJ jzpfaeaomfvnf; apmfbGm;-uD;.wyfrSmuvdkufppfwyf. 7Gyf7GyfcsGHcsGH wku d cf u dk rf u = kd rcH7yfEikd o f jzifh r&=rvSta7; &H;= edr7hf av onf? ,if;odk\ yvufqD;wdkufyGJwGif atmifyGJ7vdkuf jcif;jzihf uvku d o f nf tdN, d Edik if YH jAw d o d ~ wefc;kd tm+m udt k xGut f xdyo f \dk a7mufatmif pGr;f aqmifcahJ vonf xkjd yif uvku d . f tultnDa-umifh rD7m*sufzm;rSm b*®vm;e,f. em0yfapmfbmG ; jzpfvmav7m uvdu k f tm; aumif;pGmaus;Zl;qyfojzihf olaX;jzpfavmuf atmif yPnf;OPmrsm;7&Scd . hJ ? xkrd ~ruao; rD7m*suf zg;onf apmfbmG ;jzpfvmaomfvnf; uvdu k u f om pDrH
cef\cGJ tkyfcsKyfcJhavonf? 1^60 jynhfESpfwGifuvdkuf onft*®vefjynfo\dk jyefomG ;.? t*®vefo\kd jyefa7muf aomtcg txl;wvncsD;jr|ihfajr|mufpm;jcif;cH7 onfhjyif &S&l;pAg7De,frS ygvDref trwftjzpfvnf; a7G;aumuf wifajr|mufjcif;cH7onf? 1^62 ckESpfwGif AJveG t f qiht f wef;jzihf olaumif;jyKjcif; cH7avonf? 1^65 ckESpfwGif tdNd,EdkifiH&Sd jAdwdo~vlrsKd;wkd\. tajctaerSmtawmfyif qdk;7Gm;vmojzihf uvdkuf rSm tdNd,odk\ b*®vm;e,f.bk7ifcHESihfaoemywdt jzpf jyefomG ;7jyefonf? uvdu k af 7muf oGm;aomtcg r*d{k u7mZfb7k if &SmtvrfEiS fh oifw h ifph mG qufqEH ikd f atmifaqmif7u G cf . hJ ? xkad -umihv f nf; r*d{k u7mZfu ta&S\tNd , d uk$+Dtm; AD[m;/ -o7d©ESifh b*®vm;e,f wkd\rS tcGefaumufcHay;7ef apcdkif;jcif;cH7avonf? xdktcg ta&S\tdNduk$+DrSm xdke,frsm;udk tkyfcsKyf olrsm;ozG,f jzpfvmonfjh yif tusK;d tjrwfvnf; rsm; pGmcHpm;cJh7ayonf? xkdjyif uvdkufonf ppfwyfudk jyefvnf jyKjyifz\JGpnf;cJI h / b*®vm;e,f jrdK\jytkycf sKyaf 7; pepfrsm;udv k nf; wk;d wufaumif;rGeaf tmif jyKjyifay; cJah vonf? 1^6^ ckEpS w f iG f uvdu k o f nf t*®vefo\kd jyefomG ;jyef.? ,if;odk\ tdNd,Y jAdwdo~. tm+mpuf wnfwHh cdik jf rJa7;udk aqmif7u G cf jhJ yD; jyefvmcJah om uvku d t f m; tmufvGwfawmfwGif tdNd,Y oljyKcJhonfh tcsKd\aom udPrsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f Irvdo k rl sm;u vmbfpm;olwpfO;D tjzpfjzifv h nf;aumif;/ ud, k u f sK;d &SmolwpfO;D tjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif;/ pGypf aJG jymqdjk cif; jyKcJ-h uonf? xkad -umihf ygvDrefu pHkprf;a7;tzJG\zGJ\pnf; pHkprf;apvsuf ol. aqmif7u G cf sut f csK\dukd &=wcf sonht f qdrk sm; wifoiG ;f cJh aomfvnf; uvdu k rf mS jAdwo d ~ tifyikd , f m.tusK;d udk aqmifoltjzpf rSwfwrf;wifcH7onfhtjyif pGyfpGJcsuf rsm;rSmvnf; &Si;f vif; ajyvnfomG ;.? od\kaomf uvdu k f rSm tdN, d wGif tawmfyif -udK;-udK;yrf;yrf; aqmif7u G f cJah oma-umifh use;f rma7;csK\dwahJ ecdu k f xko d \kd pGypf aJG jymqkd ta7;,ljcif; cH7aomtcg pdww f iG f tawmfyifxcd u kd f oGm;&Ho k mru use;f rma7; tajctaerSm ydI k qk;d 7Gm;cJh av7m 1^^4 ck Ed0k ifbmv 22 7ufae\wiG f ol\u, kd o f l tqH;k pD7ifvu dk af vonf? ,if;ok\d jzihf tdN, d Edik if w H iG f jAdwdo~.tifydkif,m wnfaqmufay;cJhol wpfOD;rSm rdrd aqmif7Guf-udK;yrf;r=rsm;twGuf *k+fr,l7bJ &Supf w d -f uD;pGmjzihf b0odr;f oGm;7&Smavonf?
138
www.foreverspace.com.m
vku d jf rpf
uavmifwH
uvdkufjrpf ? ?uvdkufjrpfonf paumh wvefjynf awmifydkif; vif;emh&d=if,me,f7Sd avmufom; awmif ukef;rsm;rSjrpfzsm;cHI uvdkufZa'; csKdifh0Srf;a'oudk jzwfoef;jy;D v~if uvdu k jf rpf0us,x f o J \dk pD;0ifavonf? uvdu k Zf a';csKid 0hf rS ;f a'owpfav~mufwiG f xa7muf ig;zrf;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;ESihf vSyaom a7wHcGefrsm; 7Sdjcif;a-umifh xif7Sm;ausmf-um;onf? *vyfp*dk;jrdK\odk\ a7mufonft h cg uvdu k jf rpfonf jrpfa-umif;eufvmjyD; v~if ukefoG,fa7;vrf;a-umif;-uD;tjzpfjzifh xif7Sm; ausm-f um;onf? *vyfp*d;k jrdK\atmufwpfav~muf *7if; aemhjrdK\txd jrpfurf;wpfzuf wpfcsuw f iG f oab®musi;f rsm;ESifh oab®mwnf7m0if;rsm; wnf7adS vonf? xkad ' owpf0dkufrSm yifv,ful;oab®mrsm;/ ppfoab®mrsm; wnfaqmuf7ma'ojzpfonf? tvGef -uD;rm;crf;em;IuBmausm-f um;onfh ‘uGi;f ar7D’ ESifh ‘uGi;f t,fvpfZAuf’ trnf7adS om yifv,f ul; oab®m-uD;rsm;udk uvdkufjrpfwGif;7Sd tqdkyg oab®musi;f oab®m0if;rsm;Y wnfaqmufc-hJ uonf? *7if;aemhjrdK\atmufbufodk\ a7mufoGm;aomtcg tus,fridk f 40 tvsm;rdik f 60 cef\ 7Sad om jrpf0us,f -uD;tjzpf yifv,fxJodk\ pD;0ifavonf? xkdjrpfonf
iSufOwpfvHk;vHk;ukd rsKdcs7ef-uHaeonhf uavmifiSuf
jrpfzsm;rSrpf0txd106 rdkifr~ 7Snfvsm;I t*®vef jynfwGif odrf;jrpfrSvJGv~if ordkif;wGifavmufatmif xif7mS ;aom a7a-umif;vrf;r-uD;jzpfonf? uavmifiSuf ? ?iSufavmuxJwGif xl;qef;thH-o zG,af umif;aom iSuw f pfrsK;d rSm uavmifiu S f jzpf onf? xkdiSufOD;acgif;aemufwGif rnf;eufaomtawmif &Snrf sm;onf rwfaxmifvsuf xGuaf eav7m a&S;tcg u pma7;awmf-uD;rsm;.em;7GufwGif -uufawmif uavmifwrH sm; n|yx f m;ouJo h \dkxif7onf? xkad -umifh yifv~if ‘uavmifiu S ’f [laomemrnfx;l udk 7&So d nf? uavmifiu S w f iG f tvGe&f n S v f sm;aom ajcaxmuf rsm;&SdI 4 aycef\ t7yfjrifhonf? tjrD;rSm ajr-uD; ESihfxdaeonf? E=wfoD;rSmtvGefoefrmI ig;r~m;csdwf uJhokd\ aumufcsdwfaeonf? rsufvHk;ywfvnf&Sd ta7 jym;rSm vdraf rmfa7mifxaeonf? OD;acgif;/ vnfyif;ESifh ausmuke;f rSm rGjJ ymI atmufyikd ;f rSmrnf;eufonf? zg;/ yd;k rFm;/ tdraf jrm| if/ vdyu f av;rsm;ESifh ajrw G \do k nf uavmifiSuf.tpmjzpf.? tvGef tqdyfjyif;xef aom ajrGrsm;udkyif owfjzwfpm;aomufonf? ol. &Snfvsm;aom ajcaxmufrsm;jzifh ajrGrsm;udk rajy; Edkifatmif eif;xm;jyD;aemuf oefrmaomawmifyHrsm; jzihf ud, k u f u kd muG,x f m;av7m ajrGqyd rf S rpd;k 7dr7f acs? uavmifiu S o f nf ajcwH&n S o f avmuf vrf;av~muf jref tajy;jrefonf? jrif;ajy;oavmuf ajy;Edkif.? wpfcgwpf7HrSom ysHoef;aomfvnf; aumif;pGmysHEdkif onf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh ajr-uD;ay:Yomaeonf? -uD;rm;aomtodu k u f kd opfyifxufYjzpfap/ csKHzw k x f J wGijf zpfap jyKvyk af vonf? -o*kwv f wGif Otk7m Orsm; rSmjzLazG;I tndKa7miftpufrsm; yg&So d nf? uavmifiSuf.ae7if;a'orSm tmz7duwdkuf awmifydkif;jzpfonf?ajrmufbufwGif ql'efe,fESihf tufAq D ;D eD;,m;Edik if t H xd usupf m;onf? olwpfyg;. tom;udk owfjzwf pm;aomuf7mY toefrmqH;k aom iSufrsKd;jzpf.? vif;,kefESihf vif;wpfiSufrsKd;wkd\ESihf eD;pyfonf[k ,lq7onf? uavmifwH ? ?uavmifwu H kd vlwidk ;f vdyk if jrifb;l -uonf? uavmifwH odk\r[kwf rifwH[k ac:aom yPnf;um; pma7;7mwGif toHk;jyKaom u7d,mjzpf onf? uavmifwHudk a&S;acwftcgupI ,ckacwf wkid f toH;k jyKvsuf &S-d uonf? ,ckacwfwiG f toH;k jyK
139
www.foreverspace.com.m
uavmifwH onfEiS hf tr~ pma7;onfh u7d,mtrsK;d rsK;d vnf; wk;d wufvmcJh.? odk\7mwGif t ajccHoabmrsm;rajymif; vJcJhay? pULonf yydkif; 7yfusLpULrsm;jzpfI u avmifwHrsm;onfvnf; usL&dk;uavmifwHrsm;om jzpfonf? tm&SwkdufwGif um; uavmifwHudk rsm; pGm toH;k rjyKc-hJ ubJ a&S;ESpf aygif;rsm;pGmrSpI unpf ESifh pkww f rH sm;udo k m toH;k jyKcJh-uonf? pkwfwHudk w&kwEf idk if YH pwifo;kH pGcJ I hJ yykdif;7yfusLpUay:Y usL&kd;uavmifwHjzihf pma7;onhf a7S;tD*spf,Ofaus;r=acwf aemufrS tjcm;ta&S\EkdifiH rsmodk\ ysH\ESHoGm;[efwl vsuf&Sdaom &dk;&dk;uavmifwHrsm;rSm tzsm;wGif c`ef onf? pkwfwHudk tcsKd\ oHk;pGJvsuf yif &Sdao;onf? xufaomuavmifoGm;rsm; wyfqifxm;jyD;v~if rif jrefrmEkid if w H iG v f nf; uavmifwrH mS Edik if jH cm;om;rsm; wk\I d a7;om;aom vlo;kH yPnf; wpfcjk zpf.? a&S;tcgu ,laqmifvmaom pma7;u7d,mjzpfonf? a&S;jrefrm uavmifoGm;[lI oD;jcm;r&SdcJhacs? uavmifwHjyK wkd\onf pma7;7mwGifuavmifwHudkroHk;bJ uef\ul/ vkyfaom yPnf;udkom tzsm;cGsefatmifjyKvkyfI unpf/ pkwfponfh pma7;u7d,mrsm;udkom toHk; toH;k jyKcJ-h uonf? jyKcJ-h u.? ,ckacwfwiG u f m; uavmifwt H rsKd;rsKd;udk uavmifwHjzihf pma7;jcif;onf a&S;acwf tD*spf toH;k jyK-ujy;D v~if uef\u/l unpf/ pkwpf onfah &S;a[mif; EdkifiHYpwifay:aygufcJhonf?bDpD 2000 ausmfu pma7;u7d,mrsm;rSm wdraf umvke;D yg; jzpfaeavjyD? tD*spfvrl sKd;wk\d onf yydik ;f 7yfac: usLyifwpfrsKd;.tlrS uavmifwu H kd toH;k rsm;aom Edik if rH sm;rSm Oa7my jyKvkyfxm;aom pULay:Y pma7;avh&Sd-uonf? pm EkdifiHrsm; jzpfonf? usL&dk;uavmifwHrsm;jzifh pma7; a7;7mwGif usyfcdk;ESihf azsmfaomrifudk tzsm;csGefxm; om;jcif;onf tD*spfrStpjyKI tjcm;taemufEdkifiH aomusL&dk;jzihfwkd\I a7;-u.? xkdodk\ tzsm;csGefxm; rsm;od\k wpfqihjf yef\ymG ;oGm;onf? tv,facwfuek cf g aomusL&dk;rsm;rSm uavmifwH trsKd;rsKd;. tpyif eD;wGif Oa7mywku d Yf pmayta7;tom; wd;k wuf rsm; jzpfavonf? jym;vm7m uavmifwH trsKd;rsKd; zefwD;I toHk;jyKcJh tD*spEf ikd if rH w S pfqih, f Ofaus;r= ys\HE\Ho S mG ;aomtcg pm -uonf? od\kaomf a&S;pepfrsm;ESifh rsm;pGmrjcm;em;cJah y? a7;7mY enf;opftrsK;d rsK;d udk toH;k jyKvm-uonf? xkd Oa7mywku d f bke;f -uD;ausmif;rsm;wGif usrf;pmtkyrf sm; tcgwGif yydkif;7yfusLpULrsm;omru om;a7;jym; udk ul;,la7;om;7mY iSufawmifrsm;udk t7if;zuf za,mif;jym;rsm; ay:Yvnf; pma7;vm-u.? yydkif; rSc`efI rifwkd\ uma7;cJh-u.? xdkpepfonf tv,f 7yf usLpULESifh om;a7jym;ay:wGif a7;om;aomtcg acwf wpfav~mufv;kH wGio f mru twwfynmjyefvnf rmI c`ex f ufaom yPnf;trsK;d rsK;d udk uavmifwjH yKvyk f qef;opfacwfjzpfaom acwfqef;csdeYf yif rwdraf um IoHk;-uonf? za,mif;jym;rsm;ay:wGif pma7;aom cJhacs? iSufawmifrsm;ukd uavmifwHjzifh oHk;-u7m tcgYum; om;aumif t&dk;udk c`efxm;aom ‘pwkdif; wGif Oa'gif;/ ief;ponfh iSufrsm;. tawmifwkd\udk vyf’ac: unpfudk oHk;.? xkdaemuf a-u;eDacwfokd\ trsm;tm;jzifh toH;k jyKc-hJ uonf? iSuaf wmif. t7if; a7mufaomtcg a-u;eDunpfrsm; ay:aygufvm.? ydkif;jzpfaom t&dk;rmudk rD;Yu`rf;apjyD;aemuf "g;jzifh aemufacwfrsm;wGif pmaya7;om;r= wk;d wufvm jcpfypf vdkufaomtcgc`efaomtoGm;udk 7onf? xkd 140
www.foreverspace.com.m
uavmifwH toGm;csGefudk tv,frS rifpD;7ef tufa-umif;uav; wpfck cGaJ y;7onf? 18 7mpkEpS cf ef\wiG f iSuaf wmifu avmifwrH sm; odoo d momaumif;rGev f mcJo h nf? &d;k &d;k iSufawmiftcsGefrsm;udk toHk;ESihf vdkufzufatmif jyK jyifc-hJ u&Hrk u/ iSuaf wmifuikd u S af wmiftwdik ;f roH;k bJ tcsGef7SdaomtoGm;ydkif;udkom,lI twHudk opfom; ponhw f \dkjzifh wyfqifI tok;H jyK onf? xko d \dk opfom; ponfh twHwiG f iSuaf wmif&;dk toGm;wyfIa7;jcif;udk 1809 ckESpfu *sKd;ZwfA7m;rm;qkdolu xGifcJhonf? xkdacwfupI ,ckacwfoHk; uavmifwHrsm; pwif ay:aygufvmonf[k qkd7ayrnf? xkdaemuf u avmifwHrsm;rSm a&S;uxufododomom wdk;wuf vmjyD;v~if rsm;r-umrD oWK uavmifoGm;rsm; ay:ayguf vmavonf? 1818 ckEpS w f iG f csm;0yfqo dk o l nf iSuaf wmif&;kd &d;k tpm; oWKukd toGm;jyKvyk I f oH;k cJo h nf? xkt d csed rf mS Oa7mywdu k Yf pufrv = ufrx = eG ;f um;p jyKvmaom tcsed f jzpf7um; oWKuavmifomG ;rsm;udk 1822ckEpS w f iG f puf jzifjh yKvyk cf ahJ vonf? oWKuavmif oGm;rsm;jzifh pma7; 7mY yxrwGif rmausmyHck si;f rwlI tcsK\duiSuaf wmif jzifjh yKvyk af om uavmifwrH sm;udo k m qufvuf oH;k pGJ -u.? od\k 7mwGif oWKuavmifomG ;rsm; wpfpwpfp
wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmaoma-umifh 1830 jynfhESpf avmufwGif iSufawmifuavmifwHrsm; uG,faysmuf oavmufjzpfcJhonf? oWKuavmifoGm;rsm; wkd; wufaumif;rGefvmatmif jyKjyif7mwGif ,ckacwfoHk; jzpfaom azgifwdefyifrsm;udk 1819„20 ckESpfcef\u prf;oyfjyKvkyfcJh7m toifhwifh atmifjrifcJhavonf? od\k 7mwGif rifvu kd n f I D rifukd vkad omtcgrS xGuaf p 7ef xde;f xm;Edik af omazgifwed yf ifrsK;d udk 1884 ckEpS cf ef\ urSjzpfajrmufcJh.? xkdodk\ azgifwdefyifrsm; jzpfxGef; ay;aygufvmaomtcg *7dwjf Adwed Ef ifh tar7duefjynf axmifpkwGifazgifwdefyifvkyfief;rsm; zGH\jzdK;vmcJhonf? 1890 jynfEh pS cf ef\wiG f toGm;rsm;udk a7F od\kr[kwu f m 7uf a7FjzifhjyKvkyfI tzsm;Y rmausmacsmnufap7ef yvufweD rf od\kr[kwf tdik 7f pf', D rfoWKrsm;wifI oH;k cJ-h uavonf? uavmifomG ; vkyef nf;rsm;wGif Tenf; onf ,ckacwfwidk f taumif;qH;k jzpfavonf? ,ckacwfwGif uavmifwHESihf uavmifoGm;trsKd; aygif; rsm;pGm&SdI trsKd;rsKd;aomoWKrsm;jzihf jyKvkyf xm;onfudkawG\7ayonf? uavmifoGm;rsm;wGif t wH;k tcGsepf onfjzihf pma7;ol. oabmtwkid ;f vk7d mudk toH;k jyKEdik . f ? &d;k &d;k uavmifomG ;rsm;udk a-u;0g/ oH/ or+dponfh rmausmaomoWKwdk\jzifh jyKvkyfxm;
uavmifwH. tqihfqihfwkd;wufvmyHk (1) iSufawmifuavmif (2) oWKtoGm;wyfuavmif (3) yHkqGJuavmif
141
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvkid 'f pdk ukyf onf? tcsdK\azgifwdefyifrsm;wGif rif7nfroHk;bJ rifcrJ ifap;ponfw\u dk kd xnfI h oH;k jy;D v~if tzsm;Y oHr+d tvHk;uav;rsm; wyfxm;aom toGm;vHk;azgifwdef yifrsm;vnf;ay:aygufco hJ nf? azgifwdefyifrsm;udk trsm;tm;jzihf p,fvsLvdGKuf ac: aumfjzifhjyKvkyfI tcsKd\rSm rifudk azgufxGif;jrif Edkifap7ef rSefuJhodk\ -unfvifatmifjyKvkyfxm;onf? ,ckacwfwiG f azgifwed yf ifrsm;udk aps;E=e;f oufompGm 0,f,ltoHk;jyKEkdif-ujyDjzpf7m &dk;&dk;rifwkd\I a7;7aom uavmifwrH sm;rSm acwfrpm;vSawmhacs? aemufqHk; acwfopfay: azmifwdefyifrsm;
onf? txl;ojzifyh q kH q JG 7mwd\k oH;k ao uavmifomG ;rsm; udk oHr+djzihf vkyo f nf? azgifwed yf ifrsm;rSmrl pma7; 7mwGif awmufav~mufa7;oGm;Edkif7efESihf wm&Snf toHk;cH7eftwGuf rifYygaom tnpfta-u;jzifh tvG,fwul rzsufpD;Edkifaom a7F/ um7ufa7Fponf wkd\udk oHk;7av7m/ &dk;&dk;uavmifrsm;xuf wefzdk; rsm;onf? oH;k pG7J mwGiv f nf; ydrk w kd iG u f s,fI tcsdeu f kd acsGwm7mvnf; a7mufayonf? azgifwed yf ifrsm;udk a&S;OD;pGm wDxiG cf gpu toGm; ydik ;f ESirfh iftrd yf ikd ;f udk jzKwfEikd w f yfEikd af om tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;tjzpf jyKvkyfI/ rifxnhfvdkaomtcg jzKwfI rif xnhjf yD;v~if jyefwyf7onf? Tenf;udk ,ckacwfwikd f oH;k pGv J suyf if &Sad o;aomfvnf; xko d \drk jzKwb f J rifupkd w k f ,lEikd 7f ef pDrx H m;aom enf;opfrsm;pGmudv k nf; xGicf J -h uonf? xdek nf;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh av. zdtm;udk toH;k jyKaom enf;rsm;jzpfonf? avjzihpf w k , f al om azgifwed yf ifrsm;udk 1915„1916 ckESpfcef\u prf;oyf atmifjrifcJh-uonf? a&S;OD;pGm atmifjrifaomenf;rSm azgifwdeftwGif;Y a7mfbm ydkufi,fwyfqifxm;jyD;v~if xkdydkufi,fudk tjyif rS armif;jzifh zday;aomenf;jzpfonf? tjyifrS armif;jzifh zdvdkufaomtcga7mbmydkufonf jym;oGm;jyD;v~if t wGi;f &Sad vrsm;udk xkwyf pf.? xko d \dk jym;aepOf toGm; ydik ;f udk rift;dk YESpI f wpfzef armif;udv k w F v f u dk af omtcg a7mfbmydu k if ,fxo J \kd rif7nfrsm;0ifvmonf? xked nf;udk ,ckwidk o f ;kH vsuf &S-d uaomfvnf; av. zdtm;udo k ;kH onfh enf;opfrsm;pGmvnf; ay:aygufvsuf &Sad vonf? rifxnhef nf;rsm;omv~if qef;opfvmonfr[kw/f toGm;wyfyHkrsm;vnf; trsKd;rsKd;qef;-u,fvmcJh
uvdik 'f pkd ukyf ? ?uvdik 'f q kd o kd nfrmS vl-udKuf rsm;aom &kyfpHkrSefajymif;uav;yifjzpf.? -unfh aepOf rSefajymif;udk vSnfhay;aomtcg/ wpfckrSwpfckodk\ ajymif;oGm;aom awmufajymif vSyonfh a7mifpHkyHkpH trsKd;rsKd;udkawG\jrif7onf? xkdu7d,mudk qma';Apf A&l;pwm; qko d u l 181^ ckEpS w f iG f wDxiG cf ahJ vonf? uvdkif'dkpukyfonf upm;p7m jzpfaomfvnf; od_yH nmESi, hf OS af om upm;p7m[k qdEk ikd af yonf? t vsm; 12 vufr/ tcsif; 3vufrcef\&Sdaom ajymif; wpfc7k v~if uvdik 'f pkd ukyu f kd jyKvkyEf ikd . f ? xkad jymif; wGif &Snfvsm;vsm; jzwfxm;aoma-u;rHk (-unfhrSef) oH;k csyu f kd tem;csi;f xdI xnfx h m;yg? xkt d cg tqdyk g a-u;rHk oH;k csyo f nf ajymif;twGi;f Y -wd*yH kH (oH;k ajr|muf yH)k ajymif;ozG,&f adS evdrrhf nf? ajymif;0wpfzufwiG f twGi;f zufY -unfvifaomrSef wpfcsy/f tjyifzufY ta7mifredS rf edS w f pfcsyjf zihf tuef\u av;wpfcv k yk x f m;I/ xkt d uef\uav;xJY t7G,t f rsK;d rsKd; yHt k rsKd;rsKd;&So d nfh a7mifpzkH efuJG zefpuav;rsm;udk xnfhxm;onf? rsufpdjzifh -unfh7rnfhajymif;0wGif vnf; -unfvifaomrSew f pfcsyu f kd wyfqifxm;onf? xkdrSefcsyfudk tv,fwGif rwfvHk;cef\ taygufi,fyg aompULjzihf tkyfxm;IpULaygufrS-unfhv~ifjrif 7yHrk mS ydI k aumif;onf? uvdik 'f pkd ukyu f kd vSnafh y;pOf a7mifpykH pkH t H rsK;d rsK;d udk jrif7jcif;rSm vSnv hf u dk w f ikd ;f ae7ma7F\aeaom tqdyk g a7mifpHkzefpuav;rsm;udk a-u;rHkrsm;u xyfwvJvJ a7mifjyef[yfay;jcif;a-umifh jzpfayonf? uav;avm uwGif upm;p7mtaejzifh todrsm;aom Tu7d,mudk aumfaZm/ cef;qD;ponfw\dk twGuf a7mifpykH ef;yHpk x H iG f 7ol rsm;u yef;uGuyf pkH H trsKrsK;d az:,l7ef toH;k csavh&dS -uonf?
142
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvyf uvyf ? ?0goemcsif;wlnD-uaom udPwpfckudk aqmif7u G 7f efjzpfap/ tcsif;csif; 7if;ES;D pGm aygif;oif; qufqHI pdwfvufaysmf7Fifr= 7&Sdap7efjzpfap/ wnf axmifzGJ\pnf;xm;aom toif;tzGJ\rsKd;udk uvyf[k ac:onf? uvyfrmS t*®vyd pf um;jzpfI vlp[ k k teuf 7onf? 'kw, d uBmppftwGi;f u uvyfukd rdwq f uf&Hk [kjrefrmr=jyKcJ\zl;onf? tpOftvmtm;jzifh uvyf wckonf jynfol vltrsm;ESihf oufqdkifaom tzGJ\t pnf;rsK;d r[kwb f /J rdrw d \kd toif;0ifrsm;ESio fh m wku d &f u kd f oufqkdifaom toif;tyif;rsKd; jzpfonf? xkda-umifh uvyfpnf;rsO;f Oya'rsm;wGif toif;0if jzpfEidk o f nfh t7nftcsif;udk owfrSwfxm;avh &Sdonf? uvyfrsm;. ordik ;f tpudk avhvmv~if uvyfrsm; onf *7dEiS afh 7mrvlrsK;d wkad cwfuyif pwif ay:aygufchJ a-umif;awG\7onf? xkt d cgu uvyfrsm;rSm oufarG; 0rf;ausmif;ynm7yfrsm;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;/ t,l0g' ESiu fh ;kd uG,rf t = wGuv f nf;aumif; wnfaxmifc-hJ uonf? uBmt7yf7yfY ,cktcg xGe;f um;wnf&adS e-uaom uvyfw\dk onf 16 7mpkEiS fh 1^ 7mpkEpS rf sm;wGif acwf pm;cJhaom umzDqdkifrsm;/ uGef;axmufpcef;qkdifrsm;rS aygufymG ;vm-uonf? vef'efjrdK\wiG f tpOD;pGm wnf axmifcahJ om uvyfrmS A7ufvrf;&Sd rm;rdww f ufAef ac: a7olrqdik jf zpfonf? xku d vyfwiG f &Sw d pf yD;,m;/ Aif*seG q f ef/ Ad;k rGe\f/ zvufcsm;ESifh 'Ge;f tp&Sad om pmqdk -uD;rsm;onf toif;0ifrsm; jzpf-uonf? 16 7mpkEpS f
aemufyikd ;f Y t*®vefjynfwiG f uvyfaygif;ajrmufjrm; pGmay:aygufvmcJhonf? rm;rdwfwufAef/ tay:vkd uvyfESihf pmayuvyfwkd\rSm t*®vdyfpmqdk-uD;rsm;/ jyZmwfq7m-uD;rsm;/ pma7;q7m-uD;rsm; awG\qHk7m Xmersm; jzpf-u.? jAdwo d ~tpd;k 7vufxufwiG f t7m&S-d uD;rsm;ESifh Oa7m ywk d u f o m;uk e f o nf - uD ; rsm; jref r mEd k i f i H w G i f uvyfrsm;udk pwifwnfaxmifc-hJ uonf? 186^ ckEpS f wGif 7efuek jf rdK\&dS *smrefvrl sKd;wpfpu k *smrefuvyfukd wnfaxmif-uonf? xkdaemuf yJcl;uvyfESihf *sif rcgemuvyfrsm; ay:aygufvmonf? yJcl;uvyfudk 18^1 ckESpfwGif csdvrf;Y zGifhvSpfI 1882 ckESpfwGif jynfvrf;odk\ ajymif;a7F\cJhonf? 7efukefjrdK\wGif jrif; jydKiyf rJG sm;udk 188^ ckEpS cf ef\upwifusi;f ycJah omfvnf;/ 1900 jynfEh pS w f iG rf S umvuWm;wyf uvyf toif; . pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; vkdufemcJh-uonf? 'kw, d uBmppf rjzpfru D yJc;l uvyfEiS fh *sirf cgem uvyf wkd\rSmtxl; xif&Sm;ausmfapmcJhonf? xkd uvyfrsm;od\k Oa7mywdu k o f m;rsm;om 0ifciG 7hf ojzih/f jrefrmEdik if H pD;yGm;a7;/ Edik if t H yk cf sKyfa7;wk\d ukd xdu k vyf rsm;rSaeI tcsif;csif;ndE| d=if;um -udK;ukdifcJh-uonf[k ajymprSwfrl-uonf? jrefrmt7m&Sd-uD; rsm;yif tqdk yguvyfrsm;odk\ 0ifcGifhr7&SdonfESifh jrefrmt7m&Sd-uD; tcsKd\u-uD;rŒ;um tdk7D,ifhuvyfac: ta&S\wkdif;om; uvyfukd wnfaxmifc-hJ uonf?
,cifu bkwfuvyf[kwGifcJhaom 7efukefjrdK\ uefawmf-uD;apmif;7Sd jynfaxmifpkuvyf
143
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvyf
uvyfrufqGJ a*s
jrefrmEdik if w H iG f vlrsK;d ra7G;/ t,l0g'ra7G;/ toif; 0ifcGihf 7&SdjyD;v~if apwemh0efxrf;vkyfief;rsm;a-umifh emrnfausm-f um;vsuaf omuvyfwpfcrk mS 7efuek &f w kd 7D uvyfjzpfonf? xdu k vyfonf tjynfjynfqikd 7f m &dw k 7D uvyftzG\J0ifjzpfI 1929 ckEpS w f iG f wnfaxmifco hJ nf? 'kw, d uBmppf rjzpfru D rMav;/ vm&d;= ESifh [o®mwjrKd \ rsm;wGif tzG\J crJG sm;&Scd o hJ nf? Ttoif;u tvkyv f uf rJh jy©emrsm;udk ajz&Si;f ay;jcif;/ a7;ab; rD;ab;'kQ onfrsm;udk ulnaD pmifah &SmufcjhJ cif; ponfh vlr0= efxrf; tvkyfukd aqmif7GufcJhonfhtjyifwDbDvlemrsm;/ uk} vlemrsm;twGuf apmifha&Smufa7;tzGJ\rsm;zGJ\pnf;ay; jcif;/ rdbrJah usmif;rsm; zGiv fh pS af y;jcif; tp&Sad om 0ef xrf;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sd-u.? jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa7;7&Sjd yD;aemuf yJc;l uvyfEiS fh *sifrcgemuvyfrsm;rSm acwfrSdefoGm;awmhonf? xkd uvyfrsm;tpm; jynfaxmifpu k vyfonf xif&mS ;vm onf?jynfaxmifpu k vyfukd ,cifu bkwu f vyfac: uefawmf-uD; avStoif;a[mif;ae7mwGif zGiv fh pS x f m; onf? ,cktcg jynfol\uvyf/ twGif;0ef&Hk;uvyf 7cdkifqdk&S,fuvyf/ taumufXmeuvyf/ 7efukefqdyf urf;Xmeuvyf ponfjzifh t7yfa'otvdkufvnf; aumif;/ tvkyfXmetvdkufvnf;aumif;/ uvyfrsm; zG\Jpnf;xm;-uonf? 1950jynfEh pS af emufyikd ;f Y jrefrmEdik if H wGif uvyfrsm; txl;acwfpm;vmcJo h nf? rsm;pGmaom uvyf0ifrsm;rSm tm;vyfcsdew f iG f aysmf7iF rf 7= &Sad p&Ho k m r7nf7, G b f J aygif;oif;qufqrH e= ,f us,0f ef;ap7efEiS fh pD;yGm;a7;/ Edik if aH 7;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif taxmuftulrsm; 7&Sad p7eftwGuf toif;om;tjzpf yg0if -uavonf? uvyfrufqGJ/a*s(c7pf1831„18^9) ? ?1864 ck ESpfwGif ocs®mu0d *sdrf;uvyfrufqGJonf v~yfppf oHvu dk v f i=d ;f rsm; &Sad -umif;udk oc®smenf;jzihf wGucf suf I jyqdck ahJ v onf? ,cktcgwGif xkv d i=d ;f rsm;udk awG\&dS cJhaoma-umifh a7'D,dktoHvFifh/ toHzrf;pufrsm;/ w,fvDApf&Sif; &kyfvFifh &kyfzrf;pufrsm;/ a7'grsm;udk wDxiG f Edik -f uayjy?D uvyfrufqo JG nf xdv k ~ypf pfov H u dk f vdi= ;f . twkid ;f twmESifh *k+o f Wdw\dk uv kd nf; ocs®m enf;jzifh wGucf sujf yqdck ahJ o;onf? uvyfrufq. JG v~ypf pfov H u dk v f i=d ;f ESipfh yfvsO;f aom ,lqcsuf (oDtkd7D)udk r,Hk-unfolrsm;ojzifh ESpf aygif;tawmf-umacwfrpm;bJ wdrfjrKyfaecJhonf? od\kaomf 183^ ckEpS w f iG f ol. ‘v~ypf pfEiS fh oHvu dk "f mwf’
[laom pmtkyx f u G af y:vmrS ol.,lqcsuu f kd vuf cHc-hJ uavonf? xkrd w S pfyg; xl;jcm;onfrmS olEiS fh vkyf az:udik zf uf jzpfaom &lyaA'ynm&Siv f il ,frsm;onf ol. ,lqcsufrsm;udk pGJpGJjrJjrJ,Hk-unfcJhaomfvnf; xk, d q l csurf sm;udrk ;SD I vufawG\prf;oyfrr= sm;udk rjyKvyk f cJjh cif; yifjzpf.? xkjd yif od_u H 0dtrsm;tjym;yif ol. v~yfppfoHvkdufvd=if;/ oDtkd7Dukd vufrcHcJh-uacs? okd\ aomf aemufqkH;wGif *smrefvlrsKd; &lyaA' u0d[kdif; e7pf[ufZonf v~ypf pfov H u dk f v=id ;f rsm;udk awG\&adS om tcgrSom vufcHvm-uavonf? uvyfrufqGJudk 1831 ck Ek0d ifbmv 13 7ufae\wGif paumhw vefjynf tuf'ifAg7m jrdK\Y paumhvrl sKd; vlukH xH rdzrsm;rS zGm;jrif avonf? tuf'ifAg7m wU odkvfESihf udrf;A7pf w Uodkvfrsm;wGif ynm oif - um;cJ h j yD ; aemuf / *sdrf; uvyfrufqGJ tAg'if;jrdK\rm &S,af um vdyfausmif;Y obm0,xmblwynm(&lyaA') ygarmQ tjzpfjzihv f nf;aumif/ vef'efjrdK\ bk7ifah um vdyfausmif;Y &lyaA'ESihf eQWaA' ynm7yfrsm; qdkif7m yg armQtjzpfjzihfvnf;aumif;/ tr=xrf; cJah vonf? 18^1 ckEpS rf pS wifI udr;f A7pfwUodv k Yf &lyaA' okawoeygarmQ tjzpfjzifh aqmif7u G af ecJph Of/ uAif; 'pf "gwfccJG ef;udk aqmufvyk 7f ef pDrcH ahJ vonf? &lyaA' ynm7yfqikd 7f m tcsuftvufrsm;udk rlv pwifp;l prf;&SmazGcahJ om zg;7a';ESifh tuf'q D if ponfh ykCKd vw f \ko d nf &lyaA'ynm7yfqikd 7f m tcsut f vufrsm; udk ocs®menf;jzihf wGucf sufIr[kwb f J vufawG\prf; oyf &SmazGawG\&o dS jzifh od_yH g7*lrsm;tjzpf xif&mS ;vm cJ-h uavonf? uvyfrufqrJG mS rl ocsm® enf;jzifh obm0 ed,rrsm;udk &SmazGxkwfaz:jycJhol jzpfayonf? uvyfrufqo JG nf zg;7a';. v~ypf pfEiS o fh v H u dk "f mwf ta-umif; prf;oyfcsufrsm;wGif pdwf0ifpm;onfht avsmuf/ tvif;/ v~ypf pfEiS fh oHvu dk "f gwfw\d. k obm0 ed,rrsm;udk ocs®menf;jzifh&SmazGjyD;v~if wduspGm az:jycJah vonf? aemuftcgrsm;wGif od_yH nm&Siw f \dk onf uvufrufq. JG ocsm® enf;rsm;udrk ;DS I vufawG\
144
www.foreverspace.com.m
uvsm+Dausmufpm prf;oyfrr= sm;udk atmifjrifpmG jyKvkyEf ikd cf -hJ uavonf? uvyfrufqGJonf 18^9 ck Ekd0ifbmv 5 7ufae\ wGiu f , G v f eG af vonf? uvsm+Dausmufpm ? ?uvsm+D ausmufpm rSm oU7mZf 841 ckESpfwGif [Hom0wDbk7if "RapwD rif;-uD; xkd;pdkufcJhaom ausmufpmjzpfI/ ,cktcg yJcl;jrdK\taemufrsufESm rZif; acsmif;7yfuGuf a7Fom avsmif; bk7m;vrf; uvsm+Dord af wmf-uD;. awmif bufteD;wGif wnf&o dS nf? "RapwDrif;onf [Hom0wDom; rax7f-uD;rsm;udk awmif;yefIoU7mZf 83^ ck wyd\kwv JG wGif oD[u kd `e;f odk\apvFwfum odQmopf wifaponf? rax7f-uD; rsm;onf oU7mZf 838 ck 'kw, d 0gqdv k wGif jrwfpmG bk7m; a7oH;k oyfawmfrcl ahJ om uvsm+DjrpfY r[m0d [m70goD*+ kd ;f jrwf. tquftEG,jf zpfaom 7[ef;oH •mawmfrsm;xHrS 7[ef;tjzpf xyfrcH , H v l suf ewfawmf vqef; 8 7uf we*®aEGae\wiG f [Hom0wDo\kd jyefa7muf vmI uvsm+Dodrfudk orkwf-uonf? ,if;ukd t a-umif;jyKI "RapwDrif;u ausmufpmpdu k x f x l m;7m uvsm+Dausmufpm[k wGifonf? xkad usmufpmudk yg–dbmom/ rGeb f momwd\kjzifh a7; xkd;xm;onf? ausmufpmwkdiftjrihf ^ay/ tus,f 4 ay 2vufr/ xk 1ay 3vufr/ 2 rsufESmpDa7;/ wpf rsuEf mS v~if pma-umif;a7 ^0 &SI d wpfvufrtvsm;wGif pmvHk; 3 vHk;pD 0ifatmif a7;xkd;xm;onf? "RapwDrif; pkdufxl;xm;cJhonhf uvsm+Dausmufpm?
yJcl;jrdK\ rZif;acsmif;7yfuGuf7Sd uvsm+Dodrfawmf-uD;?
ajrmufbuf ausmufpmwkid f 3 csyw f iG f yg–dbmomudk jrefrmtQ7mjzihf a7;xdk;onf? awmifbuf ausmuf pmwdkif ^ csyfwGif yg–dbmomausmufpm 3csyf. t"d_g,fukd rGeb f momjzifh a7;xk;d xm;onf? xdak usmuf pmrsm;udk u$nf;ausmufpmXmerS ausmufpm&Hk aqmufvkyfum apmihfa&Smufodrf;qnf;xm;onf? ausmufpmxkd; oU7mZfrsm; twdwfomoem 2023/ tem*wfomoem 29^^/ twdwu f vd,*k Ef pS f 4580/ tem*wfuvd,k*fESpf42^420/ aumZm oU7mZf 840/ c7pfEpS f 14^9 toD;oD; jzpfonf? ,if;ausmufpmrsm;wGif r«dra'o omoem0if/ yk*o H moem0if/ [Hom0wD omoem0if/ uvsm+Dord f orkwjf cif;ta-umif;/ 7mrnwdik ;f apwDordik ;f / a7Farmf a"gapwDordik ;f ponfw\dkukd tus,w f 0ifh tao;pdwf a7;xkd; az:jyxm;ojzihf omoem0ifESihf ordkif;tzdk\ rsm;pGmtaxmuftyHh 7onf? uvsm+DausmufpmY yg&So d nfyh g–drsm;udk 7efuek jf rdK\ bk7m;jzLwkdufq7mawmf to~if7mZdNonf oU7mZf 1300 jynfhESpfwGifjrefrmbmomedo~ jyefqdkcJhonf? xdx k ufapmI oU7mZf 1111ckEpS u f vnf; yk*jH rdK\EiS fh jrpfwpfzufurf; wef\-unfhawmiftaemufawmifjrihf 7Gm oHk;xyfausmif; q7mawmfto~if"Rpm7D rax7f onfeo d ~ jyefqckd b hJ ;l onf? u0jrdK\ ? ?yJc;l jrdK\ awmifbuf yJc;l jrpfta&S\bufurf; ezl;ay:wGif u0jrdK\wnf&I dS jrdK\yikd &f ;kH pdu k o f nf? 7efuek „f
145
www.foreverspace.com.m
u0gvrdik ;f
uÆD7jynfe,f
yJc;l rD;7xm;vrf;rSomG ;v~if xH;k -uD;blwmrSqif;I wpf rdkifcef\ uW7map;vrf;twdkif; oGm;jyD;aemuf u0jrdK\ bufodk\ ul;wkd\ESihf ul;oGm;Ekdifonf? jrdK\.vlOD;a7 rSm1953 ckEpS f cef\reS ;f ajc oef;acgif pm7if;t7 2336 a,mufr~ &Sdonf? u0jrdK\e,fwiG f ol-uD;ydik af us;vuf 93 ydik &f o dS nf? u0jrdK\e,f. ta&S\buftusqHk; ae7mwpfae7mjzpf onfh oºefqdyf7GmrSm yifv,furf;ESihf uyfvsuf&Sdae onf? xk7d mG onfh oxHck &dik rf S usKu d x f ;D 7d;k awmif/ au vmo awmifrsm;ESifh rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f wnfv h su&f o dS nf? u0jrdK\e,f wpfcGifvHk;rSm ajrjyef\ uGif;jzpfI pyg;t -uD;tus,f pdu k yf sK;d onf? u0jrdK\e,frmS ppfawmif;jrpf ESifh yJc;l jrpft-um;wGiw f nf&o dS nf? yifv,furf;ajcESifh eD;uyfomG ;aom ae7mrsm;wGif qm;toift h wifh csuf vkyo f nf? u0jrKd \rS vG,t f w d Ef iS fh csnv f ckH snrf sm; xGuI f u0vG,ftdwfudk vlodrsm;onf? u0gvrdkif; ? ?uBmOD; tpydik ;f wGif aA'ifusr;f *ef rsm;Y tvGefu‘rf;usifwwfajrmufaom u0gvrdkif; trnfwiG o f nfh ykCKd vf wpfO;D ay:xGe;f cJ. h ? olonf eQwfusr;f aA’ifusr;f wk\dwiG f wpfzufurf;cyf wwf ajrmufaom †Nd0d< 7aoh-uD; 0ifpm;onf[kqdk.? u0gvrdik ;f .ynmpGr;f udk pHpk rf;tHah omiSg od-um; rif;onf vl.toGijf zihf vl\jynfo\dq k if;oufvmI ,ck tcsed Yf od-um;rif;onf tb,ft7yfwiG f &So d enf;[k u0gvrdik ;f tm;ar;.? u0gvrdik ;f onf aocsmusepGm wGufcsufjyD;aemuf od-um;rif;onf vl\jynfwGif&Sd a-umif;/ toifyifjzpfa-umif; a[m-um;avv~if rsm;pGmESpaf xmif;tm;7&Sad vonf? wpf7aH 7mtcg tmoDrnfaom jA¦mrif;ESio fh -d um; rif;wk\donf aA'ifqidk 7f m jy©emwpfct k wGuf tjiif; jzpfymG ;-u7m/ aemufq;kH Yvl\jynfrS u0gvrdik ;f q7m. tqH;k tjzwfukd cH,jl yD;aomf Edik o f u l &H;= olukd OD;acgif; jzwfpwrf;[k oabmwlnD-uonf? u0gvrdkif;u od-um;rif;. t,ltq rSeu f efa-umif; tqH;k tjzwf ay;vdu k . f ? od\kaomf od-um;rif;u jA¦mrif;.OD;acgif; udk rjzwfvakd oma-umif/h jA¦mrif;u t"d}mefjyKvsuf rdr. d OD;acgif;udk jywfap.? xkt d cg od-um;rif;onf jA¦m-uD;.ud, k w f iG f wyf qif7eftwGuf ajrmuft7yfrmS awG\aom oW0gwpfO;D . OD;acgif;udak qmif,cl 7hJ ef u0gvrdik ;f tm; ajym-um; onf? u0gvrdik ;f onf yd*v ® qif.OD;acgif;ud, k I l od
-um;rif;tm;ay;7mY od-um;rif;onfewfa7pifzsef;I jA¦mrif;. ud, k w f iG f wyfqifvu kd af omtcg r[myd³J ewf jzpfvmonf [kqo kd nf? r[myd³u J m; ewf-uD; ig;yg;tygt0ifwnf;? jA¦m-uD;.OD;acgif;udk ork]7mwGiyf pfaomf a7cef; ajcmufrnf?ajrjyifwiG f ypfaomf wpfavmuvH;k rD;[ke;f [kef; avmifusGrf;rnf? xdka-umifh od-um;rif;onf ajymU/ 7©umtp &Sdaom ewforD;ckepfazmftm; jA¦m-uD;. OD;acgif;udt k vSnu hf s ayG\csDxm;aponf? ewforD;wpfO;D vufrS wpfO;D od\k ajymif;vJaG y;aom um vrSm vlwkd\ta7twGuftm;jzifh wpfESpf jynfhajrmuf aomtcsed Ef iS fh nDr~avonf? xko d \kdajymif;vFaJ y;onfukd oU7mZf OD;acgif;ajymif;onf[k ac:prSwjf yKum twm o-u®eyf rJG sm;usif;ya-umif; az:jyxm;onf? Tta-umif;jcif;7mrSm usr;f -u;D usr;f cdik w f \dw k iG f rvm &Sad cs? a&S;pum;tjzpf tqihq f ifh rSwo f m; ajymqdjk cif; omjzpfonf? od\7k mwGif oH'}d o-ue® u f sr;f / pum;jyifopf/ o-u®efvuf&dk;aemufqufwGJponfwkd\Y u0gvrdkif; wGucf suef nf;[lI wGuef nf;wpfrsK;d awG\Eidk af vonf? uÆD7jynfe,f ? ?uÆD7jynfe,fonf tdN, d Edik if H . taemufajrmufzuf [dr0Mmawmifwef;a'owGif wnf&I dS awmifxx l yfonfjh yif awmifxyd af wmifxw G f wk\drmS ESi;f rsm;zH;k tkyv f suf &So d nf? uÆD7 jynfe,frmS tdN, d Edik if . H taemufajrmufbuf wHcg;aygufEiS fh quf pyfaeonfjh yif wdbufjynf/ qdAk , D ufEikd if /H Oa7mywdu k f ta&S\yikd ;f a'owd\kEiS v fh nf; ul;vl;qufq7H ef vG,o f jzifh yx0D0ift7vnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH 7;t7vnf;aumif;/ t xl;ta7;ygaom jynfe,fjzpfonf? xdjk ynfe,fukd a&S;t cgu [dNLrif;rsm;ESihfrGwfpvifrif;rsm; Edkif7mEdkif7m tkypf ;kd cJ-h uonf? 1586 ckEpS w f iG f r*db k 7k if tUAg.vuf atmufo\kd usa7mufco Jh nf? 1842 ckEpS w f iG f tR7pfqm pmcsKyft7 uÆD7jynfe,fudk *lvyfqif;.vufodk\ tyfvu kd o f nf? xkrd pS Iaemufq;kH pd;k pHaom r[m7mZm qm[7Dqif;vufxuftxd om;pOfajr;quf tkypf ;kd cJh -uonf? odk\aomf jAdwdo~tpdk;7wkd\. -oZmvFrf;rdk;r= ruif;onfhtjyif tdNd,bk7ifcHcsKyfESihfvnf; toifh twifh qufq7H avonf? xkjd ynfe,f. v~Kd ajrmifacsmufurf;yg;-uD;rsm;/ csKid hf 0Sr;f vGijf yif-uD;rsm;ESifh pdr;f pdak om opfawm-uD;rsm;rSm -unfEl;zG,faumif;aom&=cif;-uD;rsm; jzpf-uonf? tdNKjrpfEiS fh ,if;.vufwufrsm; jzwfoef;pD;qif;ojzifh
146
www.foreverspace.com.m
uÆD7jynfe,f
ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7;Y tcsuftjcmjzpfaom uÆD7jynfe,f.jrdK\awmf q7De*g
jrpf0rS ;f wpfav~mufY ajr-oZm aumif;rGeo f nf? uÆD 7jynfe,f.tus,t f 0ef;rSm pwk7ef;rdik af ygif; 82258 cef\&SdI 1950jynfhESpfoef;acgifpm7if;cef\rSef;ajct7 vlOD;a7 43^0000cef\r~&Sdonf? jrdK\awmfrSm q7De*g jzpfI vlOD;a7 2 odef; ^axmifausmfr~ rDSwif;aexkdif aom -uD;us,fpnfum;onfh jrdK\-uD;jzpfonf? uÆD7jynfe,fwGif atmufwdkbmvrS rwfv txdEiS ;f rsm;uswwfonf? aEGO;D aygufvrsm;wGif rd;k rsm; pGm7GmoGe;f avh&o dS nf? 7moDOwkrmS tyltat;r~w nD nGwfI usef;rma7;twGuf oihfavsmfonf? vSyom ,maom &=cif;rsm;a-umih›f if;/ r~wnDnw G af om 7moD Owka-umif›h if;/ uÆD7jynfe,fo\kd Oa7mywdu k o f m; rsm; ESiv fh cl sr;f omwk\d trsm;tjym;yif oGm;a7muf tyef;ajz avh&-dS uonf? xdt k a-umif;rsm;a-umifh uÆD7 jynfe,f udk ‘aysmfp7mcsKdifh0Srf;’[lIvnf;aumif;/ ‘tdNd,-u iSef;ewfbHkeef;’[lIvnf;aumif; ac:a0:-uonf? jynfe,ftwGi;f wGif rGwpf vifO;D a7rSm trsm;qH;k jzpf I [dNLt,l0g'/ Ak
ESpf jyifopf„y7yf&Sm;ppfyGJa-umifhtiwfab; qdkuf cJ7h m a&Smapmifvyk if ef;udk t-uD;tus,f xdcu kd cf ahJ v onf? odk\aomfaumfaZmvkyfief;jzihf tpm;xkd;vkyf udkifcJh-uonf?,cktcg uÆD7jynfe,fwGif ydk;xnf vyfief;rSm wdk;wufvsuf&Sdonf? yef;yk/ aiGxnfESifh pULvkyif ef;rsm;vnf; awG\Eidk o f nf? uÆD7vlrsKd;wkd\onf tEkynm7yfrsm;wGif 0goem xHI k a&S;a[mif;tEkynm7yfrsm;udk az:xkwjf cif;/ xde;f odr;f jcif;rsm;jyK-uonf? a&S;&d;k oDcsif;rsm;udv k nf; ESpf jcdKupf mG oDqw kd wf-uonf? 1945 ckEpS cf ef\u tEkynm aumvdyfausmif; 4 ausmif;ESihf ta&S\wkdif;ynmaum vdyfausmif;rsm; zGihfvSpfcJhonf?wUodkvfusmif;-uD; udrk l 1949 ckEpS w f iG f wnfaxmifziG v fh pS cf ahJ vonf? ,cifu tdN, d Edik if [ H w k iG cf ahJ om Edik if -H uD;udk yguP wefEikd if EH iS fh tdN, d Edik if [ H k cGjJ cm;owfrw S f vdu k jf y;D aemuf xkEd pS Ef idk if pH vH;k uyif uÆD7jynfe,fukd rdrw d \kdEikd if w H iG ;f odk\odrf;oGif;vdk-uonf? jynfe,fom;tcsKd\u tdNd, ESifh tcsK\duyguPwefEiS yfh al ygif;vd-k uonf? 194^ ckEpS w f iG f jynfe,fwiG ;f qlyrl r= sm; pwifvmcJh onf? taemufajrmuf e,fjcm;t7yfrS rGwpf vifrsm; onf jynfe,fwiG ;f &Sd rGwpf vifrsm;udk uln7D ef[k t a-umif;jyvsuf csi;f eif;0ifa7muf -uonf? xdak emuf
147
www.foreverspace.com.m
uÆD7jynfe,f
uÆD7jynfe,fY vlrsKd;pHkawG\7aom qyife*gjrdK\7Sd uBmausmf7SmvDrmO,smOf
vk,ufowfjzwf zsufqD;jcif;rsm;jyK-uonf? aemuf qH;k q7De*gjrdK\awmfuykd if xdyg;rnfv h Q+mrsm; xif &Sm;vmaomtcg xkEd pS f atmufwb dk mv 2^7ufae\wiG f tdNd,EkdifiHESihfyl;aygif;vdkufa-umif; a-unmI r[m 7mZm apmfbGm;onf *sRL;e,fodk\ wdrf;a&Smifaeav onf? xdkaemuf uÆD7 jynfe,f.vHkjcHKa7;twGuf tdN, d wyfrawmfu wm0ef,I l umuG,f apmifah &Smuf cJo h nf? xkt d awmtwGi;f tdN, d udk vkv d m;aom tP vrf t,l0g'Dorm; &Sw d rf [mruft£'lvm acgif;aqmif I tkyfcsKyfcJh.? wpfzef yguPwefESihf yl;aygif;vdkol qm'gr[mruftAD 7m[ifu tZwfuÆD7tpd;k 7tzG\Jukd pifjyKd if zG\Jpnf;avonf? od\kjzifh e,fjcm;a'owGif tdN, d wyfrawmfESifh usL;ausmfolwkd\ wdkufcdkufr=rsm; quf vufjzpfymG ;-uonf? Tod\k usL;ausmfapmfum;jcif;jyK olw\dk rmS yguPweftpd;k 7ESifh tquftoG,rf uif;[k uÆD7tpd;k 7ESifh tdN, d tpd;k 7wk\du pGypf cJG o hJ nf? 1948 ck Zefe0g7DvwGit f Nd , d tpd;k 7u TudPudk ukvorCvHk jcHKa7;aumifpo D \dk wkid w f ef;wifjycJo h nf? ukvorCrS ykCKd vf 5 OD;yg0ifaom pHpk rf;a7;tzG\Jwpfcu k kd apvFwcf hJ avonf? ukvorC.-udK;pm;csujf zifh ypfcwfr7= yfpJ a7;udk 'DZifbm 31 7ufae\rSpI yguPwef/ tdNd, ESpEf ikd if pH vH;k uyif vdu k ef mvufc-H uonf? od\kaomf t
jcm;usef&adS om jy©emrsm;um; rjyD;jywfao;acs? 1948„49 ckEpS w f iG f uÆD7jynfe,fY v,f,majr jyKjyifajymif;vJa7;twGuf v,fajr 22{u cGJxufydk rdyk ikd q f ikd af om ajrydik &f iS w f \dk.v,fajrudk odr;f ,lI xGef ,ufpu kd yf sK;d olppfppfw\kdtm;om a0iSay;7ef pDrx H m; avonf? TudPESipfh yfvsO;f I r[m7mZmapmfbmG ;-u;D ESifh 0ef-uD;csKyf&Sdwft£'lvmwkd\ oabmuGJvGJ-u7um; apmfbmG ;-uD;onf bHb k ikd jf rdK\o\kd xGucf mG oGm;avonf? 1952 ck Ed0k ifbmvwGif uÆD7jynfe,fY tpOftvm t7 apmbGm;tkyfcsKyfr=pHepfudk y,fzsufI jynfe,f OU}udk 5 ESpw f pf-udrf a7G;aumufwifajr|muf7ef wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKvFwaf wmfu qH;k jzwfcahJ vonf? yxrqH;k t -udrf jynfe,fOU}tjzpf a7Gaumufwifajr|mufjcif;cH7 olrmS wdik ;f jynfrx S u G cf mG oGm;aom r[m7mZmapmfbmG ; -u;D .om; touf 21 ESpo f m&Sad o;onhf um7efqif;jzpf onf? 1953ck -o*kwv f 9 7ufae\wiG f 0ef-uD;csKy&f w dS f t£'lvmESifh taygif;ygwpfpw k \dk onf uÆD7jynftm; oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom Edik if t H jzpf xlaxmif7ef-udK;pm; onf[lIvnf;aumif;/ jyifyvufeufEkdifiH-uD;rsm;. -oZmukcd , H 7l ef -uHpnfonf[I l vnf;aumif; pGypf zJG rf; qD;cH-u7ojzihf ygwDtiftm; taumif;qH;k jzpfol Auf&DS *lvrfr[mrufu tpd;k 7tzG\o J pfukd zG\pJ nf;vdu k af vonf?
148
www.foreverspace.com.m
uomc&kid f
uomjrdK\
uÆD7jy©emudk aq;at;pGm ajz&Sif;Edkif7ef tdNd, 0ef-uD;csKyfae&l;ESihf yguPwef 0ef-uD;csKyfr[mruf tvDw\kd r-umc+awG\qakH qG;aEG;cJ-h uonf? uÆD70ef -uD;csKyftzrf;cH7jyD;aemuf 0ef-uD;csKyfESpfOD;wkd\onf e,l;a'vDjrdK\Y awG\qakH qG;aEG-ujyefao;onf? aqG;aEG; r=rsm;tjyD; 1953 ckpufwifbmv 217ufae\wiG f aus nmcsufwpfapmifukd yl;wGx J w k af 0cJo h nf? xkad usnm csuw f iG f uÆD7jynfe,f tkycf sKyaf 7;udk vvlxq k NyGjJ zihf qHk;jzwf7ef oabmwl-uonfhtjyif/ qNay;yGJ -uD; -uyfa7; t7m&Su d kd 1954 ck {jyv D ukew f iG f cef\tyfrnf[k az:jyxm;avonf? uomc&dkif ? ?uomc&dik o f nf txufjrefrmjynf ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f tygt0ifjzpf.? c&dik . f tus,t f 0ef;rSm pwk7ef;rdkifaygif; 5941 &Sdonfh teuf/ pwk7ef;rdkif 3^00 cef\rmS a&S;uoD;jcm;e,f jzpfcahJ om 0ef;odek ,f jzpfonf? t*®vyd w f \dk txurefrmjynfukd odr;f ,lonfh tcg/ 0ef;odkapmfbGm; ykefuejcm;em;7m t*®vdyftpdk; 7uESdrfeif;atmifjrifcJhI 0ef;odke,fudkodrf;,ljyD;v~if 1890 jynfEh pS w f iG f uomc&dik t f wGi;f ok\d oGwo f iG ;f cJah v onf? 1920 jynfEh pS w f iG f a&S;u yWjrm;ausmufwiG ;f c&dik [ f ak c:aom rd;k ukwef ,fuv kd nf; uomc&dik t f wGi;f ok\dxnfo h iG ;f cJ. h ? od\kaomf rd;k ukwef ,fukd 'kw, d uBm ppfjyD;aomtcg a7Fbckd &dik f twGi;f od\k ajymif;vJ xnfh oGi;f cJah vonf? uomc&dik . f ajrmufbufwiG f Aef;armfc&dik Ef iS fh jrpf -u;D em;c&dik /f awmifbufwiG f a7Fbckd &dik Ef iS fh taemufbuf wGif txufcsif;wGif;c&dkifwdk\ &Sdavonf? uomc&dik u f kd jzwfoef;aeaomawmifwef; 3 ckrmS rif;0H/ *ef\a*gESifh rSeu f if;awmifwef;wk\d jzpf.? xkad wmif wef; oHk;ckonf {7m0wDjrpf/ rJZmjrpfESihfrl;jrpfwdk\. t-um;Y wnf&adS vonf? rif;0Hawmifwef;rSm ayaygif; 1500rS 2000 txdjrifhIawmifESihfajrmufwef;vsuf a&S;uomc&dkifESihf a&S;0ef;odke,fwkd\udk ydkif;jcm;vsuf &S. d ? *ef\a*gawmifwef;rSm ajrmufbufrS qif;vmI xD;csKid jhf rdK\teD; {7m0wDjrpfurf;ay:&Sd jrode;f wefb7k m; wGif qH;k onf? *ef\a*gawmifwef;. tjrifq h ;kH awmif xdyrf mS ay 4400 jrihaf omfvnf; awmifwef;wpfcv k ;kH rSm ysrf;r~ay 500rS 2000 twGif;omjrihfavonf? rSef uif;awmifwef;rSm 0ef;odek ,fbufwiG f &SI d ay 5450 jrihaf om rdik ;f oHak wmifxyd rf mS tjrihq f ;kH jzpf.? uom c&dik t f wGi;f xif&mS ;aomjrpfrsm;rSm {7m0wDjrpf/ rJZmjrpf/
a7FvjD rpf/ a'gif; ,l;jrpfEiS fh rl;jrpfw\djk zpf-u.? a'gif;,;l jrpfum; jrpfyifjzpfaomfvnf; a'gif;,l;acsmif;[k wGiI f rl;jrpfxo J \kdp;D 0ifonf? uomc&dkif. tv,favmuf ebm;teD;wGif t vsm; 3rdik /f teHwpfridk cf ef\us,af om tif;awmf&o dS nf? xkt d if;wGif wHigvkyif ef;wGiu f s,I f {7m0wDjrpfurf; wpfav~mufwiG v f nf; wHigvkyif ef; tenf;i,fpD &Sad v onf? uomc&dik o f nf ajratmuftzd;k wef wGi;f xGuyf Pnf; rsm;jzifh -uG,f0.? 0ef;odke,fbufwGif a7F/ a-u;eD/ oHESihf cJxGufonf? armfEdkif/ armfcg;/ uAg;/ e£m;/ armf[ikd ;f / armfciG /f armftif;/ refpED iS fh qHak wmwpf0u kd w f iG f &Sdaomacsmif;rsm;rSa7FESihf armfvl;teD;rS ausmufpdrf; xGuo f nf? uomc&dik . f vlO;D a7rSm aemufq;kH cef\reS ;f ajc oef; acgifpm7if;t7 241422 r~&. dS ? vlO;D a7 wpf0ufcef\ rSm jrefrmvlrsK;d jzpfI usew f pf0ufrmS &Sr;f ESifh ouf(vG)D vlrsK;d rsm;jzpf-uonf? c&dik . f t"duvkyif ef;rSm v,f ,m pdu k yf sK;d a7;jzpfI qefpyg;tajrmuftjrm;pdu k o f nf? awmifuek ;f a'owk\d Y vufzuf/ 0g*Gr;f ESifh ESr;f pdu k yf sK;d -u.? opfawmxlxyfI usGef;/ ysOf;uwkd;/ ,rae paom tzd;k wefopfrsm;vnf; xGuaf vonf? uomc&dik t f wGi;f &Sd wefc;kd -uD;bk7m;ESifh apwDrsm;rSm uomjrdK\&Sd jrapwD/ a7F*l-uD;apwDESihf tv,f7Gm (rdk; wm;) .ta&S\ajrmuf {7m0wD jrpfurf;ay:&Sd tdik w f vl; apwD wk\djzpf-uonf? *ef\a*gawmifwef;tpGeYf wnf xm;aom jrodef;wefapwDrSm xif&Sm;.? xD;csKdifhjrdK\ wGif a&S;jref rmrif;rsm;vufxuf w&kwpf pfonfrsm; wyfpGJpOfu wnfcJhaom jrdK\&dk;ysuf-uD;rSm orkdif;wGif xif&mS ;avonf? uomc&dik u f u kd om/ tif;awmf/ xD;csKid /fh Aef;armuf/ aumvif;/ yifv,fb;l ESifh 0ef;odjk rdK\e,f ^e,fcI JG tkyf csKyf avonf? uomjrKd \ ? ?uomc&dik f tpd;k 7Xme toD;oD;wk\d.A[dk &Hk;pdkuf7m jrdK\-uD;jzpfaomuomjrdK\onf {7m0wDjrpf taemufbufurf;ay:wGif wnf&SdI jrpfa-umif;qdyf urf;jrdK\wpfjrdK\ jzpfonf? xkjd yif ppfuikd ;f „jrpf-uD;em;rD;7 xm;vrf;onf ebm;rSwqif/h rD;7xm;vrf;cGjJ zihf uom j rdK\EiS fh qufo, G f vsu&f adS oma-umifh pnfum;avonf? jrdK\. tus,f t0ef;rSm 488 {ujzpfI 1953 ckESpf oef;acgifpm7if;t7 vlOD;a7 76487JXmem/ aq;&Hk/
149
www.foreverspace.com.m
t*‡veforkdif;Y xif7Sm;cJhaom uefwmAm7DuoD'7,fbk7m;7Sdckd;ausmif;-uD;
aps;/ pmwdkuf/ a-u;eef;&Hk/ AdkvfwJ/ opfodkavSmif 7mXmeESihf tusOf;axmif-uD;rsm; &Sdonf? uomjrdK\ v,fwiG f xif&mS ;aom jrapwDb7k m; wnf&dS I jrdK\. ajrmufyikd ;f ESiafh wmifyikd ;f udk cGjJ cm;xm;.? jrap wDrmS oD7"d Rmaomurif;w7m;-uD; wnfcahJ omapwD rsm;wGif tygt0ifjzpfonf[k qk-d uonf? ajrmufyikd ;f Y bd;k awmfb7k m; wnfcahJ om a7F*-l uD;apwD&adS vonf? uoD'7,fb7k m;&Scd ;kd ausmif; ? ?tv,facwf tpqD wGif Oa7mywdkuf&Sd EdkifiHrsm;Y bmoma7;udk rsm;pGm tav;tjrwf jyKcJ-h uonf? xkad cwftcgu vufwif pmaywwfajrmufaom A7if*sD*kd+f;0ifbkef;-uD;rsm; ESihf vlynm&Sdrsm;onfc7pf,efw7m;pmaywkd\udk a[majym-uavonf? vltrsm;ESihf oufqdkifaom omoema7;qdik 7f m ausmif;rsm;udk wnfaqmuf-u7mY jrdK\jyjynf7mG vnf; usufoa7&S/d bmoma7;udv k nf;&dk aoudik ;f &di= ;f 7ma7mufapjcif;iSg/ tjrifq h ;kH tay:vGiq f ;kH jzpfaom taqmufttkrH sm;ukd aqmufvyk cf -hJ uonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG f jrdK\jyjynf7mG . usuo f a7aqmiftjzpf jrdK\OD;7GmOD;Y a7Fa7mifwajymifajymif awmufyaom ausmif;uef bk7m; apwDyx k ;dk ponhf omoema7;qdik 7f m taqmufttHrk sm; aqmufvyk w f nfxm;-uouJo h \kdyif
taqmuftODrsm;udk txl; aumif;rGev f yS atmif okcrk ynmvuf7mrsm;jzifjh c,fv,frrG ;f rHxm;onf? uoD'7,fb7k m; &Scd ;dk ausmif;-uD;rsm;udk jrihrf m;pGm aqmufvyk af vh&jdS cif;rSm bmoma7;udk txGwt f xdyf ok\d wifxm;jcif;yifjzpfI xdb k 7k m;ausmif;rsm;Y aexdik f -uaom bkef;-uD;rsm;udk tjrifhjrwfqHk; ykCdKvfrsm;[k todtrSwjf yKxm;onfvnf; rnfayonf? xko d \dk jrifrh m;cef\nm;aombk7m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;-uD;rsm; udk wnfaqmuf7mwGif a*ghoAdou k m vuf7mrsm;rSm rsm;pGm tzk;d wefI acwfpm;cJ-h uonf? tb,fah -umifh qdak omf a*ghoyHpk w H iG f aygif;trsK;d rsK;d cH;k tpdypf yd cf u H m taqmufttHkudk vdkoavmuftjrifhtxd cdkifcHhpGm aqmufvkyfEkdifaoma-umifh jzpfonf? jrihfrm;aom aqmifysHrsm;wGif jywif;wHcg;&Snf-uD;rsm; xm;&Sdjcif; a-umifh taqmufttH. k twGi;f bufo\dk tvif;a7mif vHak vmufpmG 0ifEidk &f rkH u/ xkjd ywif;&Sn-f u;D rsm;udk a7mif pHrk eS rf sm;jzihf jc,fv,fxm;jyefojzihf usuo f a7zG\jH zKd ;vSay onf? jywif;rS 7mifpHkrSefwkd\. ta7mifonf twGif; aqmif rsm;udyk g awmufajymifxeG ;f vif;aponf? yHo k !meftrsK;d rsK;d jzihf uoD'7,f bk7m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;-uD;rsm; udk wnfaqmufcJh-uaomfvnf; a*ghoyHkpHrSmyif7if; jzpfonf?
150
www.foreverspace.com.m
uoD'7,fb7k m;7Sad usmif;
uopfyif
Oa7mywdu k w f pfciG &f dS xif&mS ;aom uoD'7,fb7k m;&Scd ;dk ausmif;-uD;rsm;. tqiftjyif taetxm;rSm 3 rsKd; &Sdonf? yxrtrsKd;rSm jrihfrm;aom trdk;csGef-uD;rsm; jzifh aqmufvyk o f nhf a&S;bk7m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;-uD;rsm;jzpfI 'kw, d trsK;d rSm tEkpw d v f uf7mrsm;jzihf rGr;f rHxm;onfh yHpk H jzpfjyD;v~if twGi;f bufYvnf;aumif;/ tjyifzufY vnf;aumif; vSyqef;-u,faom yef;-uG &kyv f ;kH -uGrsm; jzifh wefqmqifxm;avonf? wwd,trsK;d rSm ausmuf wdik pf u kd x f o l uJo h \kd ao;ao;oG,o f , G Ef iS fh rm;rm;rwfrwf wnfaeaom yHpk jH zpfonf? t*®vefjynf uefwmAg7DuoD '7,fb7k m; &Scd ;dk ausmif;-uD;rSm xdt k rsK;d tpm;yifjzpf.? jyifopfEidk if H 7dr;f jrdK\&dS uoD'7,f bk7m;&Scd ;kd ausmif; -uD;udv k nf; a*ghoyHpk jH zifh wnfaqmufc-hJ uonf? xkb d k 7m; &Scd ;dk ausmif;-uD;rSm yxruBmppf jzpfpOfu *smref wk\d.tajrmufqefrsm; xdreS o f jzift h awmftwef ysuf pD;oGm;7m ppfjyD;aomtcg xyfrH jyifqif7avonf? xyfrH jyifqif7mwGif rlva*ghovuf7mudk rysuaf p7ef t opfrxGib f J jyifqifco hJ jzihf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm-umonf? xdak emuf vltrsm; toH;k jyK7ef jyefvnfziG v fh pS cf ahJ vonf? uoD'7,f bk7m;&Scd ;dk ausmif;-uD;rsm;rSm aqmufvyk f jyD;pD;7ef ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -umoavmuf t"Gef\&SnfpGm wnfwHhcdkifjrJ-uayonf?xkda-umifh tv,facwfwGif trsm;tjym; aqmufvyk cf -hJ uaom uoD'7,f bk7m; &Scd ;dk ausmif;-uD;rsm;onf ,ckxufwikd f rjydKrysuf wnf &Sdaejcif;jzpfayonf?xkdbk7m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;-uD;rsm; wnfaqmufonfh tavhtxrSm tv,facwfuek q f ;kH onfwiG f vH;k 0 aysmufu, G o f mG ;awmh.? aESmif;acwf wGif wnfaqmufcahJ om bk7m;&Scd ;dk ausmif;-uD;rsm; rSm a7mrjrdK\ pdefyDwm uoD'7,f bk7m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;ESihf vef'efjrdK\ pdefayguoD'7,fbk7m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;-uD;rsm; jzpfI twwfynm jyefvnfqef;opfacwfjzpfonfh acwfqef;csdet f wGi;f ucwfpm;cJah om yHpk rH sm; jzpfav onf? xkduJhodk\aom taqmufttHk-uD;rsm; aqmuf vkyfaom tavhtxonf 207mpkESpfqef;pwGif jyef vnf xGe;f um;vmjyefonf? a7zse;f *d+ k ;f rS vDAgyl;jrdK\ ESifh *D;vzk\djrKd \w\kYd ›if;/ A7if*s*D + kd ;f rS 0ufprifpwmjrKd \EiS v hf D Agyl;jrdK\w\kdY4if;/ aqmufvyk x f m;aom uoD'7,fb7k m; &Scd ;kd ausmif;-uD;rsm;rSm xif&mS ;aom om"ursm;jzpf.? uopfyif ? ?uopfyifwiG f yifv,fuopf/ a7uopf/ uke;f uopf/ awmifuopfponfjzihf trsK;d rsK;d &S7d m/ ,if; wkd\teuf yifv,fuopfrSm opf-uD;ckepfyifwGif yg 151
tar7duefEkdifiHe,l;a,mhjrdK\7Sd pdefyufx7pfuoD'7,f
jyifopfEkdifiH7drf;jrdK\7SduoD'7,f
www.foreverspace.com.m
uopfyif
uonf;vlrsKd;
uopf7GufESihftzl;rsm;ukd teD;uyf&kdufjyxm;yHk?
0ifI wm0w‰om. txdrf;trSwf jzpfojzihf xif&mS ;aom tyifjzpfavonf? EG,yf ifjzpfaom uopfrw S pfyg; useu f opfrsK;d 0ift yiftm;vHk;vkdvkdwGif ql;&Sdonf? tjrifhay 40rS 60 txd &Sdaom yifvwfrsKd;jzpf-uI jrefrmEdkifiHtxuf ydik ;f ESifh atmufyikd ;f rd;k yg;aomopfawmrsm;wGif ayguf -uonf? odk\aomf a7uopfyifudk weo®m7Dwdkif;/ aomif7if;e,f/ tš7He,fEiS hf yJc;l &d;k rawmifwef;ay: wGi›f if;/uke;f uopfukd awmifiel ,fEiS fh yifv,furf; ajc wpfav~mufwGif›if;/ uopfEG,fudk ucsifawmif rsm;ay:Y›if; awG\ 7rsm;onf? uopfyifwkd\onf t acgufxlyGI ta7mifrSm 0grGJrGJjzpfumywfa-umif;rsm; xlIaEG7moDwGift&Gufa-uGonfrwf„{jyDvtwGif; eD7Jaom tyGifhrsm; yGifh-uI/ ZGef „ Zlvdkifvrsm;t wGif; taphygaom toD;awmifhrsm; oD;-uonf? uopfom;wkd\.ta7mifrSm jzLonf? yGIaysmhaomf vnf; awmifhwif;onf? a7ESihfxdaev~if wm&SnfcH onf? xdka-umihf uopfom;udk a7wefav~mufrsm;/ avSrsm;vkyf7mwGiftoHk;jyKEdkifonf? aoWm&dk;&dk;ESihf ,Ge;f aoWmrsm;/ uav;upm;p7mrsm; jyKvyk 7f mYvnf; uopf om;udk toH;k jyKEdik I f ysOfvnf;cGEJ ikd o f nf? a7 uopfrSm ayghyg;I tawmftoifh wm&SnfcHojzihf txufygyPnf;rsm;tjyif "g;tdr/f vSpH yG t f rd rf sm;vnf; jyKvkyEf ikd o f nf? tdN, d Edik if YH zefcsuv f yk if ef;/ om;a7 e,fvyk if ef;/ qyfjymvkyif ef; ponfw\dw k iG t f oH;k jyK7aom yg;vtufac: ydw k ufq, D rf umAGeef w d "f gwfqm;jym wpfrsK;d udk tyif trsK;d rsK;d rS xkw, f 7l &S7d m uopfyifrsm;rS vnf; xkdjymudk xkwf,l-uavonf?
xkrd w S pfyg; yifv,fuopfyif. tacgufukd tzsm;a7m *gtwGufvnf;aumif; t7Gufudkudk,fay:wGifayguf aom temtwGufvnf;aumif;/ aq;tjzpfoHk;Edkif a-umif;od7 onf? uonf;vlrsKd;? ?jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuf uwnf; uyif r+dyl7jynfom;rsm; jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;o\dk a7muf&dS aexdik v f mcJ-h uonf? xdrk +dy7l jynfom;rsm;ESihf ,if;wd\krS qif;oufaygufzGm;vmolwdk\ udkjrefrm a0g[m7tm;jzif u h onf; [kac:onf/ ajymqdak om rl7if;bmompum;t7 xdu k onf;wd\k rSm ukucD sif;tpk0if csif;vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;rsm; jzpfa-umif; awG\7onf/ ukuDcsif;tpkudk arax;ESifh csif;&kd;&dk;[k ESppf ck x JG m;7m/ uonf;wk\rd mS yXrtpkjzpfaom arax;wd\k wGif tygt0ifjzpfonf/ arax;rSm r+dy7l jynfom; wdk\udkac:aom trnfwpfrsKd;yif jzpfonf/ trSeftm; jzifh r+dy7l jynfEiS hf xdak rax;wd\u k kd jrefrmwd\u k uonf; jynfESifh uonf;vlrsKd;[kyif ac:a0:-uonf? 1931ckEpS f oefaumifpm7if;t7 jrefrmEdik if w H iG f u onf;vlrsK;d 6000r~ &Sad -umif;/ ,if;wd\kteuf 4000r~ om uonf;pum;udk ajymqdkEkdifa-umif; od7onf? uonf;wd\krmS rsm;aomtm;jzifh [dNLt,l0g'Drsm; jzpf -uonf/ 1500 cef\r~ aom Ak
152
www.foreverspace.com.m
uonf;vlrsKd;
umusLyGwfyif
xm; cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ avmuDusr;f / eQwfEiS hf aA'ynm wd\kwiG f xl;c`e-f uaom uonf;ynmonfw\kdrmS bk7if {u7mZf wd\k. twdik yf ifcH rif;q7mrsm;tjzpf tr=xrf; 7onfh tqifo h \dyk if wufa7mufc\Jonfuakd wG\7onf? r+dyl7uonf;vlrsKd;tcsdK\rSm trsKd;jrwfaom jAm¦+ tEG,0f ifrsm;jzpf-uonft h wdik ;f [dNLbm om 0if jAm¦+rsm; uJo h \dk tjcm;trsK;d tEG,f tjcm;Zmwf 0ifwdk\u ay;vSLylaZmf-u onfwdk\udk cH,lpm;aomuf -uonf? jA¦+tEG,0f ifr[kwaf om uonf;vlrsK;d wd\k rSmrl txufYqdck ahJ om vufry= nm/ okcrk ynmvkyif ef; rsm;tjyif v,f,mvkyfudkifjcif; ponfhjzifh touf arG;0rf;a-umif; -uavonf? r+dy7l uonf;wd\krmS jrif;pD;twwfwiG f aumif;pGm u`rf;usif -uonfhtwdkif; ukef;abmifacwftvsif jrefrmEkid if H upOfu h 7Jjzpfaecsed rf sm;wGif jrefrmEkid if w H iG ;f odk\0ifa7mufum xdyg;wdkufcdkufEkdifcJh-uavonf? okd\ xdyg; wdkufcdkufcJhonfudk wHk\jyefaomtm;jzifh ukef; abmifacwfwiG f txufYqdck o hJ nft h wdik ;f jrefrmwd\ku oGm;a7mufwdkufcdkufjcif;om jzpfayonf? jrif;onf ausmw f \kdom upm;Ekid af om *lvu D pm;enf;rSm r+dy7l uonf;jynfrS pIay:aygufco hJ nf[k tcsK\dynm7Sw d \kdu ,lq-uonf? tavmif;rif;w7m;-uD; vufxufrpS I zG\Jpnf;vmcJah om uonf;jrif; wyfrmS oDaygrif;vuf
ukef;abmifcwf uonf;jrif;wyfrS
xuf a7mufonhw f ikd af tmif wnf7cdS ahJ vonf? oDayg rif;vuf xufwiG f zG\Jpnf;xm;aom jrefrmwyfrawmf -u;D . pk-u;D tr=xrf;wGif yg0ifaomjrif;tr x = rf;wk\w d iG f uonf;jrif; wyftiftm;rSm xrf;udk 622jzpfI jrif; wyf. aemufaxmuftiftm;rSm 6220jzpfa-umif; od7onf? xdkrSwyg; jrefrmbk7ifvufxufwGif jyef wrf;&d;k cH7aom 0eftjzpf uonf;0ef wpfO;D udk uonf; vlrsKd;xJrS cef\xm;onfuakd wG\7onf? 0wfpm;qif,ifyHkrSm tdN,wdkif;om;[dNLrsm;ESifh qif aomfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tae-umjyDjzpfonfh twkid ;f ud, k t f xufyidk ;f wGif jrefrmrsm;uJo h \dk 0wfqifI udk,fatmufydkif;wGif 'dkwDudkcg;awmif;usKdufI 0wf -uonf? tcsK\drmS rl jrefrm wd\kuo hJ \dyk if 0wfqif-uonf? rdrw d \dk. rl7if;bmompum;tjyif jrefrmpum;ukv d nf; ajymqdk-uonf/ jrefrmwdk\ESifhtwl qufqHaexdkif-u aomfvnf; 7yfuu G af us;&Gmrsm;wGif rdrw d \kdtpkEiS hf rdrw d \kd oD;jcm;aexdik -f uavonf? OD;b&Sif?
umusLyGwfyif ? ?umusKyGwfyifonf ta&S\tdNd, usGef;pk/ yo~L;usGef;qG,fESifh -opa-w;vD;,m;wdkuf tylydkif;a'orsm;Y aygufaom opfyifwpfrsKd;jzpfI jrefrmEdik if w H iG f jrdwef ,fY awG\7onf? uvefyif [lI vnf;ac:-uonf? Ttyif. t7GufrS aq;zuf0ifonfh um usKyG w f q D ok d \ r [k w f umylwDqDudk xkwf,l 7&S d I jref r mEd k i f i H o d k \ yo~L;uG s ef ; qG , f z uf r S wifoGif; a7mif;csavh&Sd cJ h o nf ? qD t ajrmuf trsm;udrk l pvD;AD; uGse;f rS 7&S. d ? umusLyGwfqD onf taiG \ y sH v G , f a om qD jzpfonf? teH\rSm wm 7yifqDESihf y&kwfa7mpyf xm;aom teH\uJhodk\jzpf I tvGefpl;&Sonf? T qDudk &krufwpfZifa7m ppfonfawmfwpfOD; *g(t&d k ; tqpf a 7mif em) rsm;wG i f v d r f ; 7I 153
www.foreverspace.com.m
umusLyGwyf if
umuG,af 7;0ef-uD;Xme
umusLyGwf7GufESihf tyGihfrsm;?
umv0rf;a7m*gESifh tjcm;a7m*grsm;twGufvnf; av;n|i;f qD oabmuJo h \kd toH;k jyK-uonf? umuG,fa7;0ef-uD;Xme ? ? 1935 ck -o*kwfv 2 7ufae\wGif 1935 ckESpf jrefrmjynftufOya'udk jAdwo d ~tpd;k 7u twnfjyKxw k jf yefco hJ nf? txl;ta7; -uD;aom Xmersm;udk tdN, d Ekid if b H 7k ifccH sKyf ud, k w f ikd f -uyfr tkyfcsKyfap7ef tm+m tcGihfta7;rsm;udk tyf ESi;f cJah omfvnf;/ xkOd ya'tyd'k f ^ (1)t7 jrefrmjynf bk7ifco H nf jrefrmjynfukd tdN, d jynf tkycf sKyfa7;e,f y,fxrJ S cGx J w k v f u dk af om 193^ ck{jyv D 1 7ufae\rpS I wm0efcH tkyfcsKyfcJhavonf? xkdae\Yyif umuG,fa7; Xmeudk twGi;f 0efrsm;&H;k wGif zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf? tjcm;Xmersm;wGif jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm;udk 0ef-uD; rsm; cef\tyfI-uD;-uyfpDrH cef\cGJapcJhaomfvnf; ta7; -uD;aom umuG,fa7;XmewGifrl jrefrmtrsKd;om; 0ef-uD; rcef\b/J bk7ifcH twdik yf ifct H 7m&Srd sm;udk jrefrm jynf tufOya' tykd'f ^ (2)t7/ 3 a,mufxuf rrsm;cef\I bk7ifcu H , kd w f ikd f pDrcH ef\ct JG yk cf sKycf ahJ vonf? bk7ifcHucef\xm;aom xkdtwdkifyifcHt7m&Sd-uD;rsm;
rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh jAdwdo~tpdk;7. oPmawmfudk txl;umuG,fapmifha&Smufaom tdNd,y™dnmOfcH 0efxrf;tzG\J0if tdik pf t D uf(p)t7m&S-d uD;rsm;om jzpf.? trnftm;jzifh umuG,fa7;Xme[k ac:aomfvnf; xdkXmewGif pDrHcef\cGJcJhaom vkyfief;rsm;rSm wdkif;jynf umuG,fa7;/ c7pf,ef*dk+f;rsm;tkyfcsKyfa7;/ &Srf;apmf bGm;rsm;e,fy,f/ 7cdkifawmif&dk;a'o/ csif;awmifrsm; a'o/ ucsifawmifwef;a'orsm;/ qGerf 7a'o/ -wd*H e,fa'o/ txufcsif;wGif; ajrmufbuf [l;aumif; awmif-um;a'o/ oHviG ef ,fw\dkEiS fh tjcm; rzG\H jzdK;ao; aomvlrsKd;rsm; aexdkifaoma'orsm; tkyfcsKyfa7;/ aiGa7;a-u;a7/ '*®g;ESihfaiGpULrsm;xkwfvkyfa7;/ Edik if aH 7;ESifh jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f &Sd jrefrmjynftpk;d 7u tkyf csKyfjcif; rjyKEdik af o;aom a'orsm;ESifh qufqaH 7;rsm; yg0ifavonf? jAdwdo~tifydkif,m0if wkdif;jynftoD;oD;ESihf quf qHa7;vGwfvyfaomtjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;ESifhqufqH a7;tm+mrsm;udkrl jAdwdo~bk7ifhtpdk;7u wkduf&dkuf pDrcH ef\caJG vonf? txufyg az:jycJhonfh ta7;-uD;aom vkyfief; rsm;udk bk7ifu, kd w f idk f pDrcH ef\ct JG yk cf sKyf7rnf[k jrefrm jynftufOya' tydk'f ^(1)t7 jy}mef;xm;cJh aomfvnf;/ ta7;-uD;aom udP[loa7G\wGifjrefrm jynfb7k ifcu H jAdwo d ~b7k ift h pd;k &xHo\kd jrefrmjynfqikd f 7m twGi;f 0efxrH w S pfqihf trde\fawmif;,ljyD;rSom qH;k jzwfcsufrsm;twdkif; vkdufemaqmif7Guf7avonf? jrefrmjynfwiG ;f a7;ESio fh m vH;k 0 oufqikd af om udP t00wk\dwiG f bk7ifcEH iS fh ol. twkid yf ifct H 7m&Srd sm;. axmufcHcsufrsm;udk bk7ifhtpdk;7u rsm;aomtm;jzifh vkdufavsmcJhonf? tifydkif,mEdkifiHrsm;ESihf tdrfeD;csif; wkid ;f jynfrsm;od\k *,uf&u kd af prnfh udPrsm;wGirf l bk7ifh tpk;d 7oabm twdik ;f pDrcH ef\ccJG o hJ nf? umuG,af 7;Xmeqkid 7f m Oya'jy}mef;csuf tqkrd sm; udk bk7ifcx H H -uKd wiftrde\frcHbJ vFwaf wmf 27yfv;kH wGif aqG;aEG;jyKvkyEf ikd cf iG rhf &Sad cs? jrefrmjynfumuG,af 7;Xmeudk 193^ ck {jyv D 17uf ae\rpS wifziG v hf pS cf ahJ omtcsed Yf jrefrmjynf -unf;wyf rawmfwiG f ajcvsiw f yf7if; 4 ck/ t7Hwyf 2ck/ e,fapmifh t7Hwyf 2ck/ t7m&Sd t7HwyfzGJ\ 1 ck/ e,fjcm;wyf tenf; i,fEiS fh jrdK\apmifw h yfw\dk &cdS o hJ nf? txufyg wyfrsm;teuf ajcvsifwyf7if;rsm;/ t7H wyfrsm;ESifh t7m&St d 7Hwyfz\JGrsm;wGif 0ifa7muftr=xrf;
154
www.foreverspace.com.m
umuG,af 7;0ef-uD;Xme aom t7m&Sd/ t7mc/H wyfom;rsm;rSm ta7;&Sdu jref rmjynf e,ferdwu f dk ausmv f eG I f wkid ;f wpfyg;od\k oGm; a7muftr=xrf; wkdufcdkuf7ef wm0ef,l vufrSwfa7; xk;d -u7onf? e,fapmifh t7Hwyf/ e,fjcm;wyfrsm;ESifh jrdK\apmifhwyfrsm;udkrl e,fpyfudkausmfvGefI wdkufcdkuf 7ef trde\fay;Edik cf iG fh r&Sad cs? ajcvsiw f yf7if;rsm;wGif awmifwef;a'oom;rsm;udk t7mcHAdkvfrsm;ESihf ppfom;rsm;tjzpf cef\tyfI jrefrm vlrsK;d wpfpw kH pfa,mufurkd ~ cef\tyfjcif;rjyKcahJ cs? olw\dk ta-umif;jycsufrSm jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;onf ysif;7djcif;/ pdwfjrefjcif;wkd\a-umifh ppfom;ryDoEkdif[k qdkxm;av onf? Edik if aH 7; tajctaet7 1939 ckEpS w f iG f ajcvsif wyf7if;rsm;wGif jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;udkvnf; 0ifcGihfay; rnf[k qH;k jzwf cJ. h ? od\k aomf 1940 jynfEh pS af vmuf wGirf S jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;xJrS qmarmif-uD;udk twkid yf ifcH t7m&S-d uD;tjzpf cef\xm;jyD;v~i/f jrefrmppfom;rsm;om yg0ifaomjrefrmwyfpyd f wpfcak vmufukd jyefvnf zGiv fh pS f 7ef qHk;jzwfcJhI xkdolrsm;udk tjcm; wyf7if;rsm;wGif vnf; tenf;i,fpDcGJI oGwfoGif; prf;oyfxm;7ef rl tm;jzihf oabmwlonf? ok\d 7mwGif xdt k csed Ef iS fh ra&S; raESmif;Yyif ta&S\zsm;rS*syef\7efonf eD;onfxufeD; vmojzifh -unf;wyfrawmfukd tjyif;wk;d cs\J7ef qH;k jzwf jyD;aemuf ppf7w J yfrsm;/ e,fjcm;wyfrsm;udk wyfrawmf ajcvsifwyf7if;rsm;zGJ\I 7&SdEkdifor~aom t7m&Sdt7H wyfz\J0G ifrsm;udk ac:,ljyD;v~if xkw d yfrsm;wGif t7m&Srd sm; cef\xm;um weo®m7Dwidk ;f rS *syef\7efukd ckcaH pcJo h nf? jrefrmvlrsKd;wpfOD;udk bk7ifcH. twkdifyifcHt7m&Sd -uD;tjzpf cef\tyfonfEh pS Yf yif jrefrmjynf taysmw f rf; a7wyftzGJ\ESihftaysmfwrf;avwyftzGJ\wdk\udk pwifzGJ\ pnf;cJo h nf? ok\daomf avwyftzJ\GwiG f av,mOfys[ H I l udk,fydkifr&Sdao;bJ a7wyftzGJ\wGifom urf;apmihf oab®mi,fuav; tenf;i,f avmufEiS hf pwifwnf axmifcahJ vonf? *syefwyfrawmfEiS fh yl;wGI J Armhvw G v f yfa7; wyfr awmfonf ,dk;',m;EdkifiHudk jzwfum weo®m7DrS'v -urf;0ifvmaoma-umifh 7efuek af ejynfawmf&dS umuG,f a7;XmeESifhwuG umuG,fa7;wyfzGJ\ toD;toD;wkd\udk 1942 ck azazmf0g7Dv217ufae\wGif arjrdK\rSwpfqihf tdNd,odk\ ajymif;a7G\oGm;avonf? xkdXmeatmuf&Sd wyfzGJ\toD;oD;wdk\vnf; z&dkz7JjydKuGJjyD;aomf tcsdK\ wyfom;rsm; wyfAdkvf rsm;rSm tdNd,okd\ygoGm;-uI tcsK\d rmS rdrw d \dkae7yfrsm;od\k jyefomG ;aexkid -f uonf?
1942 ck ZGefvtv,favmufwGif umuG,fa7; Xmeudk tdN, d jynf qif;rvm;jrdK\wiG f jyefvnfz\JG pnf; &k;H xkid af vonf? jydKuyJG supf ;D vmaom -unf;wyfz\Jt G oD; oD;udkvnf; jyefvnfpkaqmif;jyD;aomf jrefrmjynfokd\ jyef0ifwkdufcdkuf7ef -udK;pm;-ujyefonf? a7wyfESihf avwyftzGJ\0if t7m&Sd t7mcHrsm;udkrl/ tdNd,a7wyf ESihf jAdwdo~ bk7ifhavwyfrawmfwkd\wGif toD;toD; xnho f iG ;f ay;cJah vonf? 1945 ck rwfvwGif 7efuek af ejynfawmfukd jAdwo d ~ wyfrsm; jyefvnford ;f ydu k jf yD;aemuf ppftyk cf sKyfa7;u tkycf sKyfaecJah oma-umifh umuG,af 7;Xmeudk 1945 ck Ed0k ifbmv 23 7ufae\wiG f rSom qif;rvm;jrKd \rS 7efuek f aejynfawmfo\kd ajymif;a7F\cahJ vonf? jrefrmjynfukd jyefvnford ;f ydu k jf yD;aemuf 1946 ck pufwifbmv 28 7ufae\wiG f Edik if aH 7; tajctaerSm txl; v=y&f mS ;vsuf&adS oma-umifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; tm; yxrt-udrf jrefrmvlrsKd; bk7ifcH/ twkdifyifcH t7m&Sd-uD;tjzpf umuG,fa7;XmewGif cef\tyfcJhav onf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; umuG,fa7; twkdifyifcH t7m&S-d uD;tjzpf aqmif7u G af epOf Edik if jH cm;a7;Xmeudk cGx J w k 7f ef tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkycf o hJ nf? '*®g;ESiafh iGpULrsm; xkwv f yk af 7;udrk l b@ma7;ESifh tcGefawmf0ef-uD;Xmeodk\ ajymif;jyD;om;jzpfI &Srf; jynfe,f awmifwef;a'orsm;/ rzGH\jzdK;ao;aome,f y,frsm; tkycf sKyaf 7;udPrsm;udrk l awmifwef; a'oqdik 7f m tkycf sKyfa7;Xmeod\k vFt J yfjyD; jzpfavonf? umuG,fa7;Xmeonf xkdtcsdefrSpI wkdif;jynfum uG,af 7;udPrsm;udk vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; wm0ef,jl yD;v~if tenf;i,f&adS om c7pf,ef*+ kd ;f tkycf sKyaf 7;udPrsm;udk qufvufvyk u f ikd cf o hJ nf? 194^ck Zlvikd v f 19 7ufae\ wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf-uHjcif;cH7I AdkvfrŒ;csKyf vufsmudk twkid yf ifcH t7m&S-d uD;tjzpf cef\tyfavonf? 194^ ck 'Zifbmv 24 7ufae\wiG f jrefrmjynf t aysmfwrf;avwyfESihf taysmfwrf;a7wyf tzGJ\tpnf; rsm;udk jrefrmavwyfrawmfESihf jrefrma7wyfrawmf tjzpfodk\ ajymif;jyD;v~if udk,fydkif ppfav,mOfysHrsm; ESihf oab®mrsm;udk0,f,lum pwifzGJ\pnf;cJhavonf? a7wyfrawmfwGif yxrqHk; tvHwifoab®mrSm ,lADtuf (p) ar,k oab®m jzpfonf? 1948 ck Z³0g7D 47uf we*®aEGae\wiG f Edik if aH wmf tvHudkvFifhwifjyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa7; ausnmonfh ae\rpS I 1935 ckEpS f jrefrmjynftufOya'onf ouf
155
www.foreverspace.com.m
umuG,af 7;0ef-uD;Xme
umuG,af 7mif
wrf;ukefqHk;cJhjyD;v~if EdkifiHawmfzGJ\pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'rsm;udk jy}mef;ausnmcJah vonf? xdkae\rSpI umuG,fa7;XmewGif EdkifiHawmf umuG,f a7;udP wpfcw k nf;udo k m pDrH cef\ccJG ahJ vonf? jrefrm -unf;wyfrawmf/jrefrm a7wyfrawmf/ jrefrm avwyfr awmfrsm;onf yGihfopfpyef;rsm;uJhodk\ iGm;iGm;pGihfpGihf udk,fhtvH udk,fhwHqdyfrsm;jzifh wvlvl ay:xGufvm awmhonf? jrefrmhumuG,fa7; wyfrawmf toD; oD;wk\duv dk nf; jrefrmhom;aumif; 7wemrsm; OD;pD;jy;D v~if Edik if aH wmfumuG,af 7;/ wk;d wufa7;/ zG\HjzdK;a7;/ om,m a7; yef;wkid rf sm;od\ka7mufatmif jrefrmhtvdt k wdik ;f jyK jyifcsJ\xGif-uEdkifayawmhonf? jrefrmhom;aumif;7w emrsm; onfvnf; a&S;a&S;uuJhodk\ jAdwdo~bk7ifhtpdk; 7. tusKd;ukdoma&S;&SKI umuG,f7jcif;udPrsm;rS usw G v f w G jf yD;jzpf7um; ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmef wufv~r;f um trsKd;/ bmom/ omoemrsm;ukd apmifah &Smuf 7ef wnf;[laom rGejf rwfaom 0W7m;rsm;ukd xrf;aqmif -u7awmh o nf ? (jref r mh w yf r awmf „ 7= ? ) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf zGJ\pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH t ajccH Oya’t7 umuG,af 7;0ef-uD;XmetwGuf vdt k yf aom Oya’rsm;udk ygvDrefvw F af wmf 27yfwiG f trsm; qNt7a7;qGJvsuf pDrHcef\cGJonf? ta7;-uD;aom udPt7yf7yfrsm;udk wpfO;D wnf;aombk7ifcH trde\ftpm; tpd;k 70ef-uD;tzG\J o\kd wifI trde\f rsm;udk emcH-uonf? umuG,fa7;XmetwGuf pDrHcef\cGJ7ef umuG,fa7; twdik yf ifcH t7m&St d pm; umuG,af 7;0ef-uD;[lI yxr t-udraf y:aygufco hJ nf? ,if;XmeatmufwiG f -unf; wyfrawmfXmecsKy&f ;kH / a7wyfrawmfXmecsKy&f ;kH / avwyf rawmf&Hk;rsm; xm;&Sdavonf? 1948ck {jyDv 87ufae\wiG f jrefrmEdik if aH wmfppf&;kH umuG,af 7;Xme atmufwiG &f adS om XmetoD;toD;wk\d udk aeom;wus taumiftxnfaz:jyD;v~if ppf&Hk; tjrJwrf; twGi;f 0efXme[lI trnfajymif; cJah vonf? umuG,fa7mif ? ?obm0onf awmae wd7>mef rsm;tm; toufab;tM7m,frSumuG,fEkdifap7ef ,if;wk. \d taoG;ta7mifEiS fh awm.obm0ta7mifrsm; udk qifwl,dk;rSm; jzpfavmufatmif zefwD; ay;xm; onf? ,if;od\k 7efo\l ab;tM7m,frS uif;vGwaf p7ef obm0u zefwD; ay;xm;aom ta7mifrsm;udk umuG,af 7mif[I l od7monf? tpm&SmxGu-f uonfh iSurf sm;teuf tcsK\donf t
pmjzpfonfh aygufzwfrsm;udk rjrifEdkifavmufatmif rsupf ad rSmuf-u7jcif;rSm/ obm0u xkad ygufzwfrsm;udk olw\dk&7dS m opfuikd ;f rsm;. ta7mifEiS w fh al tmif zefw;D xm;aoma-umifhyif jzpfonf? ig;rsm;wGif ta-u; rsm; jymvJv h hJ &Sad eonfrmS vnf; xdek nf;wlyifjzpfonf? wpfcgwpf7YH rl obm0uzefw;D ay;onfh ta7mifrsm; a-umif y if w d 7 d > mef r sm;onf om;aumif r sm;ud k zrf;,lpm;aomufEikd -f uonf?usm;. ta7mifpif;rsm; onf awmeuf-uD;xJwGif awm.obm0ta7mifESihf qifwal eojzifh tcsK\d om;aumifrsm;onf usm;udk vk;H vH;k rjrif7aoma-umifh usm;. zrf;qD;pm;aomufjcif; cH-uonf?jrpfwGif;&Sd rdausmif;wkd\. ta7mifonf vnf; a7wGif arsmaeaomopfwHk;uJhokd\ xifa,mif xifrSm;jzpfapaoma-umifh om;aumifrsm;r-um c+ rdausmif;pm jzpf-u7onf? ab;tM7m,f tpOf0ef;7Hvsu&f o dS nfh oW0grsm;udk obm0onf ,if;wk\d aexdik 7f m ywf0ef;usifEiS fh wlnD Edik o f r~ wlnaD tmif zefw;D ay;onf? txl;ojzifh rdrd ud, k u f kd rdrd rumuG,Ef ikd o f nfh oW0grsK;d udk obm0 onf ta7mifrsm;jzifh ydI k umuG,af y;wwfayonf? xkda-umifh -uD;Edkifi,fn|Of; wd7>mefavmutwGif;Y ae-u7aom tm;EGJ\oW0grsm;onf wm&Snf touf &Siaf eEdik -f ujcif; jzpfayonf? yifv,fY ul;oGm;aeaom a7oW0guav;rsm; onf xkwfcsif;aygufjrifEdkifaom udk,frsm; &Sdwwf -uI xdo k W0g uav;rsm;udak 7xJwiG f aumif;aumif; rjrifEikd af cs? -udK;jym;yHo k !mef&o dS nfh i&SOihf ,frsm;onf zefuo hJ \kd -unfvifonfh ta7mifrsm; &S-d uonf? ig;rsm; onf 7efoEl iS q fh ikd rf v d ~if xGuaf jy;&Hrk v S I JG tjcm; ckcH umuG,fp7mr&Sday? xkda-umifh ausmay:wGif jym vJhvJh ta7mifuav; udkomv~if tm;udk;tm;xm;jyK -u7.? xkdta7mifa-umifh a7eufodk\a7mufoGm;aom tcg ,if;wd\k ukd rjrifEidk af vmufatmif jzpfomG ;onf? oJuMm7&Sd oW0grsm;udk -unfhjyefv~ifvnf; ,if; wk\. d ta7mifrsm;udk ajr-u;D ta7mif od\rk [kwf oJta7mif ESiq fh ifw&l ;kd rSm;awG\7onf? Tod\kjzpf7jcif;rSm 7eforl sm; . tM7m,frS umuG,af y;onft h aejzihf obm0uzef wD;ay;xm;jcif;yif jzpfonf? opf7u G rf sm;udk pm;aomuf I aexkid -f uonfh yd;k aumifuav;rsm;rSmvnf; obm0 tavsmufyif olw\adk exkid 7f ma'o&Sd ta7mifrsm;ESifh wlap 7eftpdrf;a7mifaomfvnf;aumif;/ tpdrf;ajymuf uav;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif; &Sw d wf-uonf? uGi;f jyif
156
www.foreverspace.com.m
umuG,af 7mif
obm0umuG,fa7mif. xl;qef;aom om"ursm; (1) opfukdif;ESihf opfajcmufykd; (2) opf7GufajcmufESihf ajr0yfiSuf (3) rdausmif;ukd opfwHk;xifrdaom awm0uf (4) opf7GufESihf vdyfjym (5) xdwfvef\pOf rnf;eufoGm;aom eufaqmig;
157
www.foreverspace.com.m
umcsif;
umqmAsefum t,f
wGif aexdik -f uonfo h W0grsm;. ta7mifrmS rl obm0 tavsmuf tndK 7ihaf 7mif jzpf-u.? xko d W0grsK;d &Srd eS ;f udk,if;wkd\aexdkif7mae7mrS xGufcGmaomtcgusrS awG\jrifo&d EdS ikd af vonf? tcsKd\ oW0grsKd;onf 0yfIaewwf-uonf? xkd oW0grsKd;onf0yfIaeonft h cg aoaeouJo h \kd xif rSw7f ojzifh awG\onft h cgaumufIyif ,lrw d wfonf? oW0grsm;onf Ekd;aeonfhtcgrsm;wGif wdrf;a&Smif Ekid -f uojzifh oW0grsm;onf ab;tM7m,f rrsm;vSaomf vnf; tem;,laeonft h cgYjzpfap/ tdyaf eonft h cg Yjzpfap/ ydI k ab;tM7m,frsm;onf? xkad -umihf obm0 ta7mifrsm;onf oW0grsm;udk xkt d cgrsm;Y ydI k um uG,af y;Edik 7f ef ta7;-uD;ayonf? obm0tavsmufjzpfay:onf umuG,fa7mif. oWdonf txl;ojzihf iSufrsm;wGif ydkrdkxif&Sm; ay: vGifonf? Orsm;udk 0yfIaepOf 7efolrjrifEdkif7efrSm ta7;-uD;ojzifh iSufrrsm;wGifiSufzdkuJhokd\ajymifvuf aom ta7mifrsm;r&SdbJ ywf0ef;usifrS ta7mifrsm; om&Sd-uonf? iSufzdkrsm;onf 7efolESihfawG\-uHKonfh tcg ckcHEdkif-ujyD;v~if ysHajy;vkdu ysHajy;Edkif-uaom a-umifh rdrdudk,fa7;twGuf aumif;pGmumuG,fEdkif -uonf? iSufrrsm;rSm Orsm;udk 0yfay;7onfhwm0ef &Sdojzihftzdkrsm;uJhodk\ awmufyonfh ta7mifrsm; om &Scd v hJ ~if tcsKd\w7d >mefw\kd . 7efrjl cif;udk rkcscH-u 7ayrnf? tcsKd\iSufzdkrsm;Yvnf;iSufrrsm;uJhodk\yif obm0ta7mifrsm; &Sdwwf-uonf? tb,fa-umifh qdak omf xkid u S zf rkd sm;onf iSurf rsm;uJo h \kd yif Orsm;udk 0yfay;wwf-uaoma-umihfjzpf.? tcsKd\7efolrsm; onf xdkiSufrsKd;udk &SmazGI pm;aomufEdkif-ujcif;rSm teH\cEH ikd -f ujcif;a-umihjf zpfonf? cgwd\k.ta7mifrsm;rSm olw\kd usupf m;7muGi;f rsm;rS jrufajcmufrsm;. ta7mifuJhokd\&Sd-uonf? pEkduf-uD; wkd\. ta7mifrsm;rSm bm0tavsmufyif awmrS opf7Gufajcmufrsm;. ta7mifuJhodk\&Sd-uonf? tcsKd\ aom wd7>mefrsm;onf rdrw d \dk.ta7mifrsm;udk obm 0tavsmuf 7moDuv kd u kd I f ajymif;vJwwf-u7m/ ESi;f usaoma'orsm;Y aexdkif-uonfh wd7>mefwkd\. ta7mifonf aqmif;OwkY tjzLa7mifodk\ ajymif;vJ oGm;wwfavonf? umcsif; ? ?umcsif;onf a&S;usaom jrefrmuAsm tzGJ\tEGJ\wpfrsKd;jzpfonf? xdkuAsmrSm oDcsif;oabm
vnf; ouf0ifI/ yif;,acwfwGif 'dkif;rsm;umrsm; udk udik af qmifum ppf[efcif;usi;f ucke, f if; oDqakd vh &So d jzifh umoDcsi;f umcsi;f [kac:qkjd cif;jzpfonf? jrefrm*ª0ifwGif umcsif;tenf;i,fr~om awG\7 onf? jynfrif;rsufEmS &Snf vufxuf a7;om;cJah om ‘tHk\umrnf; -unf;um&dku-udK;/ ysOfaxmifrdk;’ tpcsD umcsi;f wpfy’k /f oU7mZf 6^4 ckEpS f yif;, wpfp;D &Sif oD[olrif;vufxuf a7;om;cJah om ‘cg;ywfawmfrmS a7Fjcnfp/kH rdi= ;f vH;k a7F0wfv/kH rvHo kH mcsrf;at;’ tpcsD umcsi;f wpfy'k f tjyif oU7mZf ^04 ckEpS f jrifpikd ;f ig;pD; &SifausmfpGmrif;udk,fwkdif oDqdkuckefcJhaom ‘warmif; warmif;/ wd\kwarmif;onf/ warmif; baumif; om; avm/ baumif; baumif;’ tpcsD umcsif;ESihf‘wm 0w‰om ewf7mG avm/ ewf7mG avm/ [kww f nf;o~icf si;f o~ifcsif;’ tpcsDaom umcsif;wk\d uo kd mv~if ,cktcg awG\7awmhonf? yif;,acwfveG jf yD;aemuf tif;0acwf uke;f abmif acwfrsm;wGifumcsif;rsm;pyfqkdonfudk rawG\7acs? umcsif;wGif tJt+f wkd\wGifuJhokd\ 7moDyef; rmvf jrdK\jytajctae rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pyf qdkavh&Sdonf/ umudk udik I f u7aom oDcsif; jzpfaomfvnf; 7Jwif; 7J c sif ; tzG J \ tEG J \ rsm; avmuf ppfpw d f ppfaoG; Zmwdrefudk Edl;aqmf *smukd;rkd;. zcif aom oDcsif;rsKd;um; vl0D 'g umqmAsefum r[kwaf cs? umcsi;f . um7ef pepfrmS av;vH;k pyf r[kwaf omf vnf; av;vHk;pyfrS qufyGm;aom pepfyif jzpfonf? vl;wm;rsm;wGif 7wkn|yfouJhodk\ umcsif;wGifvnf; oHaygufny| I f pyfqadk vh&o dS nf? umqmAsefumt,f (c7pf 1^55„1^98) ? ?vl0D 'gumqmAsefumonf aumfpDum;usGef;om; aqG-uD; rsK;d -uD;rS qif;oufojl zpfonf? 1^55 ckEpS w f iG f aumf pDum;usGef;Y zGm;jrifI i,fpOfuyif jyifopfa7wyf wGif 0ifa7muf tr=xrf;cJo h nf? 1^98 ckEpS w f iG f jAw d o d ~ a7a-umif;AdkvfcsKyf e,fvqif.oab®mwyfESihf jyif opf a7wyfw\dk,OS jf ydKiw f u kd cf u kd cf 7hJ aomEdik ;f jrpfwu dk yf YGJ
158
www.foreverspace.com.m
umqmAsefum t,f
umwDa,; a*s
jyifopfa7a-umif;Adv k cf sKyf. oab®mjzpfonfh vmtd7k D ,ifh oab®mudk u_Dweftjzpf OD;pD;tkycf sKyfc7hJ onf? umqmAseu f monf txufyg wku d yf YJG ol. 10ESpf t7G,f om;uav; *smudk;rdk;udk olESihftwl oab‡m ay:okd\ac:vmcJhonf?wkdufyGJwGif e,fvqif. o ab®mwyfuta7;omI jyifopf oab®mrsm;rSm t quftjywf ypfcwfjcif;cH77m/ jyifopfoab®m wyfut kd yk f csKyfol a7a-umif;AdkvfcsKyfA&l;0D;rSm usnfoifhusqHk;I umqmAseu f mrSmvnf; '+f7m7 oGm;avonf? ok\d7m wGif umqmAsefumonfjyifopfoab®mwyfudk uGyf uJum qufvufI wku d jf rJwu dk af e.? pd;k 7drpf 7m jzpf vmaomtcsdefwGif ol. om;uav;*smudk;rdk;tm; ukef;ywf wae7modk\ydk\jyD;v~if ‘ighom; onfae7mu b,frS roGm;ESihf’[k rSmxm;cJhavonf? vmtdk7D,ifh oabm®-uD;rSm e,fvqif.a7wyfu 0J,mn|yI f ypf cwfjcif;a-umifh aemufqHk;wGifrD;pGJavmifavawmh onf? odk\aomf umqmAsefumonfxdktcsdefxd tav~mrh ay;ao;bJ qufvufI wku d cf u kd , f if;usq;kH oGm;avonf? ol.om;uav; *smud;k rd;k um; zcif.rSmxm;csuf udk rysurf uGuv f u kd ef mayonf? oab®muke;f ywfwpfck vH;k od\kr;D wjznfjznf; ul;pufawmufavmifvm aomf vnf;/ ol.cifxrH S tcGirhf 7ojzihf xm;cJah omae7mrS
pdefavm7ihfjrpfukd pwifawG\7Sdol Zuf umwDa,;
ajcwpfvSrf;r~ ra7F\bJ/ aemufqHk;Yoab®may:&Sd ,rf;wku d af ygufu7JG mwGit f oufq;kH &H;= cJ. h ? xkad -uuGJ rSwf om;zG,t f jzpf tysufum; 1^98 ck -o*kwv f 1 7uf ae\wiG f jzpfymG ;cJah vonf? umqmAsefum om;tz. tjzpftysufudk uAsm vu®m trsm;tjym;zGJ\EGJ\cJh-uonf? ,if;wkd\teuf rPuf[,fref;. ‘umqmAsefum’ uAsmudk vlord sm; -uayonf? umwD a ,;a*s(c7pf 1 491„155^) ? ?ajrmuf tar7duwdu k Yf jyifopf udv k ekd eD ,fopfrsm; pwifxl axmifEdkif7ef tajccsay;cJholum; Zuf umwDa,; jzpfonf? umwDa,;onf jyifopfEkdifiH. oab®m om;aumif;wk\d xGuaf y:7m A7pfw³De,f pefrmvdjk rKd \om; wpfO;D jzpfa-umif;rSwpfyg; ol.i,f7, G pf Ofu tjzpft ysurf sm;udk rod7ay? ol.ta-umif;udk pwifo&d 7dS onfrmS 1534 ckEpS f wGif jyifopfbk7if yxrz7efppfu ol\tm; a7opf/ ajropf&mS azG7efEiS fh w&kwEf ikd if b H ufo\dk vrf;ayguf&mS 7ef apvFwo f nft h cgrS jzpf.? xkpd Ofu umwDa,;onf pefrmvdjk rdK\rS oab®mi,f 2pif;jzihf {jyDv 20 7ufae\ wGif pwifc7D; xGucf 7hJ m EsL;azgif;vef;a'ood\k arv 107ufae\wGif a7muf&SdcJhonf? umwDa,;onf vm;A7ma'g awmifbufurf;&d;k wef;udq k ef wufomG ;jy;D aemuf AJvtkid ;f a7vuf-um;rS pde\f avm7ihf yifv,f auG\xJodk\ a7mufoGm;avonf? xdk\aemuf *uffpay; useG ;f qG,u f kd jyifopfyikd t f jzpf odr;f ,lc. hJ ?,if;ok\djzifh ajrmuftar7duwkdufY jyifopfudkvdkeDudk pwif wnfaxmifcahJ vonf? 1536 ckESpfwGif e,fopfwnfaxmif7ef oab®m 3 pif;jzifh tar7duwkdufokd\ c7D;xGufcJhjyefonf? pdeaf vm7ihf yifv,fauG\xo J \kda7mufjyD;aemuf taemuf bufo\kd qefwuf-unf7h m xkad 7jyif-uD;rSm jrpf-uD;wpf jrpfjzpfa-umif;udk awG\7onf? xkdodk\ od7aomae\(-o *kwv f 10 7uf ae\)rSm pdeaf vm7iho f al wmfpif. yGaJ wmf ae\jzpfaeojzihf umwDa,;onf xkjd rpfukd pdeaf vm7ihf jrpf[k trnfay;cJah vonf? jrpfa-umif;twkid ;f qefwufc7hJ mY ,ck rGe;f x7D;atm jrdK\ wnf7mwGif wkid ;f 7if;om;vl&ikd ;f wk\d. [dck sv D m*g7Gm uav;udk awG\7onf? xk7d mG uav;teD;&Sd rd;k rd;k rm;rm; wnfaeaom awmif-uD;wpfaumifukd umwDa,;onf rGe;f x7D;atm[k trnfay;cJ. h ? aemifwiG f 7Gmuav;
159
www.foreverspace.com.m
umwDa,; a*s
um'ife,f*kd+f;csKyf
um'ife,fqadk om pum;rSm yWm[k teufxifaom vufwifbmompum; um'dkrS qif;oufvmI/ -uD; jrwfonf[k t"d_g,f7onf? a&S;tcgu taqmuf ttHw k pfcw k iG f wHcg;udk yWmjzihf wG,u f yfxm;ouJo h \kd bk7m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; wpfckckudk -unfh&=tkyfcsKyfaeaom c7pf,efbek ;f -uD;rsm;udk um'ife,f*+ kd ;f csKy[ f k ac:.? odk\7mwGif 5 7mpkESpf aemufydkif;avmufupI a7mr jrKd \&ydS yk 7f [ef;rif;vuf atmufcH bkef;awmf -uD;rsm;udo k mum'if e,f*+ kd ;f csKyf[k ac: -uonf? xkjdyif aESmif; tcgrsm;wGit f a7;yg aombk7m;&Scd ;dk ausmif; -u;D rsm;rS xif&mS ;aom bke;f -u;D rsm;udu k m'if e,f*+ kd ;f csKyf[k ac: jyefonf? odk\aomf 1568 ckEpS o f \kd a7muf onht f cgyky7f [ef;rif; vufatmuf&dS a7mr bkef;awmf-uD;rsm;udk om um'ife,f*+ kd ;f csKyf[k ac:avawmh onf? 1509ckEpS rf pS I um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyf rsm;yg0ifonfh um'if e,faumvdyaf c:um 'ife,f*+ kd ;f csKyt f zG\u J kd zG\pJ nf;cJah vonf? ykyf 7[ef;rif;wpfyg;ysv H eG f um'ife,f*kd+f;csKyf 7pf7SvsL; v~if xkt d zG\Jonfyyk 7f [ef;rif; t&du k t f 7m qufcrH nfo h u l kd rdrw d \kdtxJrS a7G;cs,w f ifajr|muf7av onf? xdktcgrsKd;wGif um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyfrsm;onf ykyf7[ef;rif;udk trsm;oabmwl a7G;cs,frjyD;rjcif; v~dK\0Sufaom tcef;xJwGif qufvufpnf;a0; umwGe;f &kyaf jymif? ?(&kyfajymifumwGef; 7=?) 7avonf? yky7f [ef;rif;ud, k w f idk u f m'ife,f*+ kd ;f csKyrf sm;udk a7G; um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyf? ? A7if*sD7[ef;rif;. twkdif kd ;f csKyt f jzpf cef\tyfjcif; yifcyH Ck Kd vfukd um'ife,f*+ kd ;f csKyf [kac:onf? A7if*sD cs,cf ef\tyf7onf? um'ife,f*+ cH 7 ol w k d \ o nf w pf E S p f t wG i f ; yk y f 7 [ef ;rif;xHrS 7mxl; *d+ k ;f wGif yky7f [ef;rif;rSty/ um'ife,f*+ kd ;f csKyw f \do k nf wHqyd f trSwt f om;jzpfaom OD;xkyef D vufcyH JG tcrf; wefcdk;tm+mt&SdqHk; bkef;-uD;rsm; jzpfavonf? wkd;wuf pnfyifvmI jrdK\jzpfvmaomtcg awmif. trnfukd pGI J rGe;f x7D;atmjrdK\[k ac:-uavonf? 1541 ckEpS w f iG w f wd,t-udrf tar7duwdu k zf ufo\kd c7D;xGucf 7hJ jyef.? xkt d -udrw f iG f ausmufrsu7f wem rsm;aygrsm;onf[q k akd om quf*ae;e,fukd jyifopfbk 7iftwGuf 7SmazGay;7efjzpfonf\ qDnm'g&kAd gAm;wd\k t zG\JtwGuf ,m,DumwDa7;u a&Sah wmfajy; vrf;xGiaf y; 7ef j zpf o nf ? umwD a,;onf vm&Sif;a7 armfrsm;udk pl;prf;&Sm azGcJhjyD;aemuf jyifopf Ekid if o H \dk jyefco hJ nf? &dkAgAg;onf umwD a,;jyefoGm;jyD;rS a7mufvmI wm0ef,cl hJ onfh twkdif; tzkd;wef 7wemrsm;xG u f o nf h a'oudk pl;prf; &SmazG aomfvnf; rawG\7acs? xd\ak -umifh jyifopf bk7if onf &dkAgAg;tm; jyef ac:7ef umwDa,;udk 1543 ckEpS w f iG f apvFwf vd k u f j yef o nf ? xk d aemufwGifum; c7D; rxGuaf wmhbJ pefrmvdk jrdK\&dS bk7ifu ay;oem; xm;aom jcHrsm; ESihf tdrf-uD;wGif at;csrf; pGmae,if; pdwf0ifpm; zG,faumif;aom ol. 0wfpHkqif,ifxm;aom c7D; oGm;rSwfwrf;rsm; ud k a 7; om;cJ h o nf ? umwD;a,; onf 155^ ckpufwifbm v17ufae\wiG f uG,fvGef avonf?
160
www.foreverspace.com.m
um'ife,f*+ dk ;f csKyf
umeuf*D at
tem;od\k wufa7muf7ef a7mrjrdK\o\kdvma7muf-u7av onf? ,if;OD;xkyfeDudk tcrf;tem;wGifom wpf-udrf aqmif;jyD;aemufwiG f rnfonft h cgr~ raqmif;awmhacs? odk\aomf oluG,fvGefaomtcg ol. acgif;aoWm ay:wGif wifxm;7avonf? bmoma7;ESifh pyfvsOf; aom udPrsm;wGif um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyfwkd\onf ykyf 7[ef;rif;tm; t-uHOm+fay;I uln7D avonf? ta7;-uD;aom bmoma7;qdkif7m0g'rsm;udk xkwf jyefausnm7efusi;f yonfh um'ife,f*+ kd ;f csKyf tpnf; ta0;rsm;wGif yky7f [ef;rif;ud, k w f ikd f obmywdtjzpf aqmif7u G af vonf? xkt d pnf; ta0;rsm;udk ‘uGepf P wdk7D’ [kac:onf? *dk+f;pDrHtkyfcsKyfa7;udPrsm;udk vnf; um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyf tr=aqmif tzGJ\rsm;u -uD;-uyftyk cf sKyf7I/ xkt d r=aqmif tzG\Jrsm;udk ‘uGe*f 7D a*;&Si;f ’ [kac:onf? um'ife,f*+ kd ;f csKyfrsm;udk ‘um'ife,fto~ijf rwf’ (tif;rdeif)h [kb\JG wyfI ac:7avonf? TuJo h \kd A7if *s*D + dk ;f udt k yk cf sKyfprD 7H mY yky7f [ef;rif;rSwpfyg; tjrifh qH;k aom7mxl;udk xrf;aqmif7aomfvnf; um'ife,f *d+ k ;f csKyfrsm;onf bmoma7;wGif *d+ k ;f tky/f *d+ k ;f csKyf paom bke;f -uD;7[ef; rsm;uJo h \kd tcGirfh a7; r&S-d uay? 1586 ckESpfrSpI um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyf7mxl;aygif; trsm;qHk; ^0txd owfrSwfcJhI um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyf 7mxl;oufwrf;rSm wpfoufywfvHk;jzpf.? odk\aomf 1946 ckESpftxd um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyfaygif; ^0 jynfh onf[kr&SdcJhay? xkdjyif um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyftzGJ\wGif EdkifiHwkdif;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0if7ef7nf7G,f7if; &Sdaomfvnf; tDwmvHsvlrsKd;om tygrsm;avonf? 1946 ckESpfwGif 12 ESpfajrmufydkif;,yf ykyf7[ef;rif; onf um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyf tzGJ\wGif tzGJ\0ifOD;a7jynfh atmif um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyf topf 32 OD; xyfrHcef\ xm;cJhonf? xkdokd\ cef\xm;7mwGif bmoma7;onf wpfuBmvH;k ESifh oufqidk o f nf[al om oabmay:vGif atmif 19 Edik if rH S a7G;cs,fcef\xm;cJah vonf? um'ife,f*+ kd ;f csKyw f \kd. taqmifta,mifrsm;wGif OD;xkyfomru0wf&Hkrsm;rSmvnf; teDa7mifjzpfonf? pwkš tifEq kd ihyf yk 7f [ef;rif; vufxufrpS I um'if e,f *d+ k ;f csKyrf sm;tm; rdrw d \dk.bmoma7;*d+ k ;f twGuf aoG;ajrus -udK;yrf;aqmif7Gufrnfholrsm;[laom t xdr;f trSwjf zihf teDa7mif OD;xkyEf iS fh 0wf&rkH sm;udk 0wfqif apcJo h nf? xkad -umihyf if teDa7mifrsm;xJwiG f teDaoG; wpfrsK;d udk um'ife,fteDa7mif[k ac:prSwjf yK-uonf?
um'ife,fiu S f ? ?um'ife,fiu S [ f k trnfwiG f aom iSufrsKd;rSm zihfpmuav;rsKd;7if;wGif yg0ifonf? xdik u S rf sK;d udk tar7duefjynfaxmifp/k rUqDuEkd ikd if EH iS fh jAd w d o ~[G e f ; 'l ; 7yf jynf r sm;wG i f awG \ 7onf ? um'ife,fiu S o f nf tvsm; 8 3²4 vufrcef\om&Sd I ao;i,faomiSujf zpf.? yHyk ef;useI tawmifrsm;rSm vSyonf? toHrSmvnf;om,mcsKdat;I aw;udk aumif;pGm oDqEkd ikd o f nf? um'ife,fiSufrrsm;wGifvnf; tarmuf&SdI El;nHh aom tarG;tawmifrsm;&Sdonf? aw;qdk7mY iSuf zdkrsm;uJhodk\yif csKdvGifpGm qdkEdkifavonf? tjrJpdrf; opfyifrsm;Y todkufvkyfavh&Sdonf? wpfjrHKv~ifOESpf vH;k rS av;vH;k txd&w dS wfonf? O.ta7mifrmS tndK a7mifxaeavonf? umeuf*D;at(c7pf 1835„1919) ? ?vlr=a7;7m aumif;pm;a7;udk jrifodaom tar7duefoaX;-uD; tif’&l;umeuf*DonfZmwdtm;jzifh paumhvlrsKd; jzpf.? paumh vlrsK;d rsm;onf yifu, kd Of m+f xufoef
161
uBmausmfoaX;-uD; tif'&l; umeuf*D
www.foreverspace.com.m
umeuf*D at -uonfjh yif nDnw G rf ~waom pdwo f abmvnf;&S-d u.? olwdk\. tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;rSm ,xmblw us.? rme-uD;7m acgif;rm7mwGifvnf; uBmhpHcsdef jyKorl sm; jzpf-uonf? wpfpw kH pfcu k kd jyKvyk rf nf[k pdwf ydik ;f jzwfjyD;u aemufqw k af vh r&S-d uacs? xdv k rl sK;d onf aiGuckd if.?od\k7mwGif ynmudk omIyif cifrif-uav onf? xdktcsufrsm;udk taxmuftxm;jyKv~if tif’&l;umeuf*Donf uBmausmf oaX;-uD;wpfOD; jzpfvmcJo hJ nfrmS tH-h ozG,7f mr&Sad y? xkjd yif olpak qmif; cJhaom a':vmaiG oef; 300ausmf pnf;pdrfOPmrsm; udk aemufq;kH wGif vlxak umif;pm;a7;twGuf 7ufa7m pGm toH;k cscjhJ cif;rSmvnf;xl;qef;onf[k ,lqzG,7f m r[kwaf wmhay? tif'&l; umeuf*o D nfpaumhwvefjynf'efzg;rvif; jrdK\Y 1835 Edk0ifbmv 25 7ufae\wGif zGm;jrif.? tif'&l; 13 ESpo f m;t7G,w f iG f ol.zcifonf tar7d uefjynfaxmifpk yifqv D aA;eD;,m; jynfe,fo\dk ajymif; a7F\aexdik cf . hJ ? xdt k cgu tif'&l;.zcifwiG f oab®m p7dwrf v S I JG aiGyw kd pfjym; wpfcsyrf ~ rygacs? xkad -umifh tif’&l;onf uav;b0uyif toufarG;r=twGuf tvkyv f yk 7f &Smonf? a&S;OD;pGm 0gpufwckwiG f vkyu f ikd f vsuf aemifwiG f a-u;eef;&Hw k pfco k \kd ajymif;a7F\vyk u f ikd f cJh.? xdkaemuf yifqDvaA;eD;,m; rD;7xm;uk$+DrS t7m&S-d uD;wpfO;D onf tif'&l;. vlprG ;f vlp&Syd u kH kd od&dS tuJcwfro d jzifh tif'&l;tm; ol.twGi;f a7;rŒ;tjzpf ac:,l cef\xm;cJhavonf? -uD;yGm;vkdaom pdwfjzifh -uKd ;pm;aqmif7u G v f m7m/ tif'&l;umeuf*o D nf touf 23 ESpt f 7G,w f iG f rD;7xm; XmecGw J pfcu k kd tkycf sKy7f aom t7m&Sw d pfa,muf jzpfvmavonf? xdak emuf ud, k yf ikd pf ;D yGm;a7;vkyif ef;wckukd vkyu f ikd f vkad om tmomqNa-umifh a7eHvyk if ef;wGif 0ifa7muf vkyfudkifcJhavonf? tar7duefjynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm; aomtcg tif'&l;umeuf*Donf ppfxJokd\0ifI a&S\ wef;ppfrsuEf mS rS tr=xrf;7Gucf . hJ ? jynfaxmifpzk ufrS '+f7m7olxw J iG f wwd,ajrmuf jzpfcahJ vonf? ppfjyD;oGm;aomtcg a7eHvkyfief;onf oHvkyfief; avmuf tvm;tvm raumif;onfudk awG\jrifvm ojzifh oHEiS o fh rH +dvyk if ef;od\k ajymif;a7F\vyk u f ikd cf . hJ ? tif'&l;umeuf*o D nf oHvyk if ef;wpfcw k iG f tpk0,f ,lcJh.? xkdaemuf rsm;r-umrD rdwfaqGtcsKd\ESihf yl; aygif;I,le, D ef oHpufu$k +Dukd wnfaxmifvu kd af v onf? rwnfaomaiG7if;rSm a':vm 250000 r~om
jzpfcahJ omfvnf; xkad iG7if;rSm xkt d csed t f cgu tif'&l;tzk\d w7if;wES;D yifjzpfavonf? tif'&l;. vky7f nfuikd 7f nf xufjrufra= -umifh ,leD ,ef oHpufu$k +Donf wpf&edS x f ;kd wd;k wufc. hJ ? tif'&l; onf paumhaoG;yDyt D cGiahf umif;udk rvGww f rf; toH;k csEdkifcJhavonf? p7dwfenf;enf;jzihf oHr+daumif; aumif; jyKvkyfEkdifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGtoHk; jyKjyD;v~if uk$+Demrnfxu G af tmif jyKvyk cf . hJ ? tuif; yg;aom tif'&l;onf t*®vefjynfo\kd wpfacgufomG ;7m wGif AufqrD menf;jzifh oHr+djyKvyk ef nf;udk twk7vm I xked nf;jzifh oHr+dxnfw\du k kd t-uD;tus,f vkyu f ikd f a7mif;cscahJ vonf?od\kjzifh tif'&l;onf ESpt f enf;i,f twGi;f Yyif a':vmaiG 5000000 r~ tusKd;jzpfxeG ;f cJah vonf? ukex f w k v f yk 7f mwGif p7dwo f ufom7ef tif'&l;onf wpfqihfwufI -uHjyefonf? rD;7xm;ESihf rD;oab®m rsm;udk tydkif0,f,lIpuf&kHrsm;Y vkdaomoWK&kdif; rsm;ukd o,f,lydk\aqmifaponf? o,fydk\p7dwfusOf;I ol.tvkyf&HkrS oHxnfyPnf;rsm;udk aps;E=ef;csKdom pGmESihf a7mif;csEdkifaomtcg tjydKifqkdifrsm;udk csK;d ESrd v f mEdik o f nf? Tok\jd zihf 1888 ckEpS f a7mufonfwiG f tif'&l; umeuf*Donf rD;7xm;vrf; rdkifaygif; 425 rdik Ef iS fh rD;oab®m trsm;udyk ikd q f ikd I f / oHvyk if ef; tjyif/ ausmufr;D aoG;vkyif ef;/ a7eHvyk if ef;/ oab®musi;f vkyf ief;ESihf tjcm;pufr=vufr=vkyfief; trsm;tjym;udk -udK;udkifEdkifaom tajcodk\a7muf&SdvmcJhonf? 1899 ckEpS w f iG f olyikd v f yk if ef; t7yf7yfukd pkaygif;um umeuf*D oHr+du$k +D[I l zG\Jpnf;wnfaxmifavonf? 1901 ckESpfodk\ a7mufaomtcgum; umeuf*D. vufxJwGifa’:vm 500000000 r~ ydkif&SdaeavjyD? xkt d cg olonftvkycf iG rf t S em;,ljyD;v~if ol.pnf; pdrfOPmrsm;udk pepfwustoHk;cs7efqN jzpfay:vm awmh.? Tok\djzihf xkEd pS w f iG yf if tar7duefjynfaxmifpk oHr+dvkyfief;tzGJ\-uD;udk zGJ\pnf;wnfaxmifjyD;v~if olydkifqkdifaom vkyfief;rsm;udk xkdtzGJ\-uD;odk\ tm;vHk; vFt J yfvu dk af vonf? ‘vlwpfa,mufonf rdrpd nf;pdrOf Pm tajrmuftjrm; udk ay;urf;vSL'gef;Edik yf gvsuf ray;urf; rvSL'gef;bJ xm;I aoqHk;oGm;cJhv~if xkdaojcif;um; tusKd;r&Sd aojcif;omwnf;?’ Tum; oaX;-uD;tif'&l;umeuf *D. pGjJ raJ om ,H-k unfcsuyf ifjzpfonf? olonf pkaqmif; cJhaom yPnf;OPmrsm;udk qif;7Jom;wkd\. tultnD
162
www.foreverspace.com.m
umeuf*D at
umayoD,efawmifwef;
jzifh ajr-uD;xJrS wl;az:7&Scd . hJ ? od\kjzpfI xkyd Pnf;OPm rsm;udk qif;7Jom; vlxk. vufxJodk\ jyeftyf7efrSm ol. wm0efjzpfonf[, k q l xm;avonf? tif'&l;. twGi;f oMmefwiG f ighpnf;pdrf ighOPmwnf;[laom igpGJ rxm;bJ/ rdr7d &Scd ahJ om pnf;pdrOf Pmrsm;onf vlx. k pnf;pdrfOPmrsm;omjzpfI rdrduacWr~ xdef;odrf; apmifah &Smufxm;7jcif; jzpfonf[k ,lqavonf? ydkufqHudk 7atmif&Smjcif;xuf 7jyD;aomydkufqHudk tusKd;&SdatmiftoHk;cs7jcif;rSm omIcufcJa-umif; tif'&l;onf aumif;pGmodxm;ESi. fh ? od\k tm;avsmfpmG ol.pnf;pdrOf Pmrsm;udk vl\avmutwGuf tusK;d jzpf xGe;f ap7ef rnfo\dk rnfyt kH oH;k cs7rnf[al om jy©em udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif eufeufeJeJpOf;pm;vmcJhI aemufq;kH Y ynma7;twGuf toH;k cs7ef qH;k jzwfvu kd f avonf? xko d \dk qH;k jzwfvu kd jf yD;aemuf ol.Zmwdjzpf aompaumhwvefjynf&Sd wUodkvfausmif;-uD; av; ausmif;odk\ a':vm 1000000 vSL'gef;vkduf.? xkd aemuf tar7duefjynfaxmifpk yPAwfjrdK\EiS hf 0g&Siw f ef jrdK\rsm;wGif umeuf*D trnfjzifh ynmjr|ifhwifa7;tzGJ\ rsm;udk wnfaxmifxm;cJh.? ol.csufjr|Kyfa'o jzpfaom 'efzg;rvif;jrdK\&Sd pmoifausmif;rsm;twGuf vnf; aiGtajrmuftjrm; vSL'gef;cJah vonf? xkjd yif ol7aJ umif;rsm; cs;D jr|iahf 7;/ u_vDvrl sK;d rsm; tm;ynmoifay;a7;ESifh t*®vyd pf mvH;k aygif; jyKjyifa7; udPrsm;twGufvnf; 7efyHkaiGtajrmuftjrm;udk oD; oef\xm;cJo h nf? touft7G,-f uD;7ifI h tvkyf rvkyEf ikd f awmhaom ausmif;q7mrsm;tm;vnf; tjidrf;7dQm axmufyHhxm;cJh.? uBmay:&Sd pm-unhfwkdufrsm;udk vnf; aiG tajrmuftjrm; axmufyv hH LS 'gef;cJah vonf? olaX;-uD; umeuf*. D taxmuftyhjH zihf wnfaxmif zGiv hf pS x f m;aom pm-unfw h u dk af ygif;rSm uBmt7yf7yf wGif 3000 cef\r~&o dS nf? xkrd w S pfyg;vnf; uBmay:Y ppfrufwu dk cf u kd rf r= sm; yaysmufum xm0pOfjidr;f csr;f a7; 7&Sad p7ef 7nfoefI te,fe,ft7yf7yfo\dk vSnv fh nf w7m;a[majymjcif;/ pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; a7;om; xkwf a0jcif; tp&Sdonfh jidrf;csrf;a7; vkyfief;rsm; twGuf vnf; aiGoef;aygif;rsm;pGm vSL'gef;cJah vonf? aemufqHk;Y tif'&l;. vufxJwGif a':vm 25000000 r~omcsefvSyfI a':vm 125000000 r~ukd xde;f ode;f apmifah &Smuf7ef e,l;a,mhjrKd \wiG f umeuf *D aumfyakd 7;&Si;f [lI x7wftzG\Jwpfcu k zkd \JGpnf;jyD;v~if
vl\avmu tusK;d pD;yGm; jzpfxeG ;f aprnfh udP[lu rnf onhfta-umif; udPtwGufrqkd xkdaiGxJrS xkwfEkwf toH;k jyK7efrmS -um; tyfEx HS m;cJah vonf? ud, k yf ikd pf nf; pdrOf Pmwk\u d kd rdrw d pfO;D wnf;twGuf toH;k csrr= mS usO;f ajrmif;vSonfhtavsmuf taumif;qHk;aom toHk; csenf;rSm trsm;twGufvSL'gef;ay;urf;jcif;omv~if jzpfonf[laom om"uudk jyoGm;onfh olaX;-uD; umeuf*Donf1919 ck -o*kwfv 11 7ufae\wGif tedPa7mufavonf? umae;7Sif;yif ?
?(aZmfrmF ;-u;D yif„7=?)
umayoD , ef a wmif w ef ; ? ? umayoD,ef awmifwef;rSm Oa7mywku d w f iG f 'kw, d txif&mS ;qH;k aom awmifwef;jzpfI/ csufuq kd vdAk g;uD;,m;Edik if rH S &l;ar;eD;,m;Edik if t H xd wnf&jdS yD;v~if rdik f 800 cef\&n S f vsm;onf? xkad wmifwef;-uD;onf Oa7mytv,fyikd ;f &Sd ajr-oZmxufoefaom vGijf yifa'oudk 0ef;7Hxm;ouJh odk\&SdI awmifbufrSvmaom rdk;udk7apvsuf ta&S\ ajrmufbufrS vmaomavat;udk umuG,af y;onf? awmifapmif; awmifcg;yef;wkd\wGif xif&SL;awm-uD; rsm;&Sad omfvnf; awmif.txufyikd ;f wGif opfyif-uD; rsm; raygufEdkifbJawmifxdyfY a7nd|yifESihfopfuyf arSmw f \dkom aygufa7muf-uonf? awmifwef;-uD;wpfavsmuf rsm;aomtm;jzifhay 3000 rS 5000 txd jrihfaomfvnf;/ tcsKd\aom awmifxdyfrsm;rSmrl ay 8000 ausmf 9000 eD;yg;r~ jrihf-u.? tjrifhqHk;tydkif;rSm csufudkqvdkAg;uD;,m; EdkifiHY&Sdaom wm;x7m;awmifpkjzpfonf? jrihfrm; aom awmifxyd rf sm;rSm wpfEpS v f ~if 9 vcef\r~ ESi;f zk;H tkyaf e-u.? tcsKd\ awmifxyd rf sm;ay:wGif a7ieftidk f rsm;&SdI xkdtkdifrsm;rS yifv,fESifh wpfenf;wpfvrf; qufoG,faeonf[k tcsKd\u ,lq-uonf? xdak wmifwef;-u;D rsm; wnfae7mrSm Oa7mywdu k w f iG f wGi;f xGuyf Pnf; t-uG,0f qk;H aoma'ojzpfI a&F/ cJ/ aiG/ a-u;eD/ cJ/ oGyf/ oH/ ausmufrD;aoG;ESihf a7eHrsm; xGuaf vonf? uke;f jrihyf ikd ;f rsm;wGif oda¶mqm;tajrmuf tjrm; wl;az:7&Sdonf? xdkawmifwef;a'o&Sd awm -uD;rsm;wGif 0uf0/H 0Hyak vGEiS hf a-umifjrD;wdpk aom om; 7Jrsm;ESifh vif;,ke/f 0Hvdk paom iSu7f rJ sm; &S-d uonf?
163
www.foreverspace.com.m
t7omxl;uJI vltrsm;pGrJ ufonfh tazsmf7nf
umzDylylaEG;aEG;udk uBmt7yf7yfY vlwkdif;vkdvkdyif ESpfjcdKuf-uonf? odk\aomf umzD.orkdif;udkrl vlwdkif;od-urnfr[kwf acs?atmufwGif umzDcif;rS umzDyGJodk\tqihfqihf a7muf&SdvmyHk ta-umif;udk az:jyxm;onf?
umzD ? ?,cktcgjrefrmEdik if EH iS fh wuG uBmtES\H xdo k rdik ;f yHjk yifrmS ,Hw k rf;r~om jzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf? tjym;wGif umzDudk aomufoHk;-uonfrSm rsufjrif odk\7mwGif15 7mpkESpfavmufu rUmjrdK\odk\ bk7m; ud, k af wG\yifjzpf.? Tr~ vl-udKufrsm;vmaom umzD zl;oGm;-uaom rGwfpvifwk\donf rdrdwdk\bmomt ta-umif;udk odtyfvaS yonf? 1^ 7mpkEpS f rwkid rf u D avsmuf nzuf w7m;tm;xkwcf sed rf sm;Y tdyif u kd f ajy Oa7mywdkuf&Sd vlrsm; ap7ef umzDaphuadk vSmI f onf umzDudk aomuf tr=ef\-udwfjyD;v~if a7 7rSef; rodcJh-uao;acs? jzifhazsmfum aomufoHk; od\k 7mwGif xkpd Ofu tuf avh & S d c J h a -umif ; t ADqD;eD;,m;EdkifiHESifh tm axmuf t xm;rsm;&S d a7Asu`ef ; qG , f w k d \ Y onf? aemifaomf umzD umzDudk jrdef&SufpGmjzihf aomufjcif;tavhonf aomufo;kH vsuf &Sad e-u wpfpwpfpys\HE\Hv S mjyD;v~if ayjyD? rnfonfhtcsdefu w&kwEf ik d if YH vufzuf7nf pwifaomufc-hJ uonfukd ud-k udKuf ESpo f ufouJo h \kd um; twdtusrajym yif tma7As u`e;f qG,Yf Ekid af cs? vnf; umzDukd txl;ESpf umzDukd pwifawG\&ydS kH ouf vm-uavonf? ta-umif;ESihf pyfvsOf;I 1^ 7mpkESpfodk\ a7muf ordkif;yHkjyif tajrmuft aomtcg Oa7mywdu k o f \kd jrm;&S d o nf ? yk H j yif vnf; umzDaomufjcif; wpfcku Todk\qdk.? 3 tavhu;l pufvmI umzD 7mpkESpf tukefavmuf qdik rf sm;onf ae7m tES\H wGif tma7As rS c7pf tjym;rSmyif ay: ayguf cs,f7DoD;ESihf o!mefwlaom umzDoD;trSnhfrsm; ,efbek ;f -uD; wpfpk onf vm-uonf? t*®vef ESyd pf ufni| ;f yef;r= ab;7ef jynfwiG f umzDqikd rf sm;udk rsm;a-umifh tufAq D ;D eD;,m;Edik if &H dS awmawmif xlxyf 1652 ckESpfrSpI wnfaxmifcJh-u.? xdkacwf 7ma'ood\k xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifc-hJ uonf? wpfcg aomf avmufwGifumzDqdkifrsm; rnfr~ acwfpm;oenf;[lrl xkdbkef;-uD;rsm; arG;jrLxm;onfh odk;ESihfqdwfwdk\onf umzDqdkifrsm;onf uAsmq7m/ pma7;q7mESihf EdkifiH ntdyfcsdefa7mufaomfvnf; tdyf7rSef;rodbJ va7mif a7;orm;wkd\ r-umc+ awG\qHk7mXmersm; jzpfvm atmufwGif jrL;wl;ckefaygufI oGm;vmae-uonfudk -u&Hrk ~ru Edik if jH cm;rSaemufq;kH owif;xl;rsm;udv k nf; wtHhw-o awG\jrif-u7.? nqufyif xkdokd\jzpfae xkdumzDqdkifrsm;rSyif -um;-u7avonf? xkda-umihf -uonft h wGuf ausmif;xkid b f ek ;f -uD;ud, k w f idk f od;k ESifh jynfykdifbk7ifrsm;yif xdkacwfumzDqkdifrsm;. tjyK qdwfwkd\ pm;aomufavh&Sdaom tyifrsm;udk vkdufvH trludk rsufjcnfrjywfaxmufvSrf;pHkprf;cJh -u7 ppfaq;I pm;oHk;-unfh7mrS tyifuav;wpfrsKd;. avonf? t&GuEf iS fh toD;wk\da-umifh jzpf7a-umif;udk awG\&7dS .? 1^ 7mpkEpS f tukeaf vmufwikd af tmif Oa7mywku d &f dS xkt d yifum; umzDyifjzpfI tqdyk gumzD&u G Ef iS fh umzD vlrsm;onfteH\t7omESifh jynfhpHkaom rdk;um;ac: oD;rsm;udk pm;-unfrh ad om bke;f -uD;rSm pdw7f iF jf rL;jyD;v~if tma7As umzDudkomv~ifaomufoHk;cJh-uavonf? tdyI f raysmEf ikd af tmif jzpfco hJ nf[k qdak vonf? rdk;um;[k wGif7jcif;rSm rkd;um;jrKd\rS vmaoma-umihf 164
www.foreverspace.com.m
umzD jzpf.? xkad emufumzDukd *sm;Ag;u`e;f ESio fh D [d–k u f `e;f rsm;wGif pwifpdkufysKd;vm-uI xkdrSwpfqihf tylydkif; a'orsm; ok\d vnf; wpfpwpfp jyef\ymG ;oGm;avonf? ,cktcg uBmwGif umzDtrsm;qH;k pdu k yf sK;d vsu&f o dS nfh a'oum; awmiftar7duwdu k &f dS b7mZD;Ekid if H jzpf.? umzDyifonf ylaEG;aom wdkif;jynfrsm;Y txl; ojzifh yifv,fjyiftxuf ayaygif; 1200 ESihf ay 2000-um;&Sd a7aumif;pGm7aom ukef;jrifha'orsm; wGif aumif;pGmjzpfxGef;avh&Sdonf? umzDyifonf tjrJpdrf;tyifuav;rsKd;jzpfI tvdktavsmufypfxm; v~ifay 20 ausmfjrifhwwfonf? okd\aomf pdkufysKd; xm;aom jcHrsm;wGiftoD;rsm;udk vG,fvifhwul qGwfcl;EdkifpdrfhaomiSg tyifrsm;udkcsKdifay;avh&Sd-u onf? umzDyifwiG f t&GuEf iS fh tudik ;f rsm;qHo k nfh t&Guf n|mcGrsm;wGif tvGeaf rF;-udKifonhf yef;jzLrsm;tpkvu kd f yGifhwwf-uonf? umzDyifrsm;onf 3 ESpfom;t&G,f cef\wiG f pwifo;D yGiv hf m-uI 5 ESpo f m;t&G,w f iG o f ;D tm; jynfhpHkvmonf? wpfyifv~iftESpf 20r~-umatmif oD;yGihfavh&Sdonf? toD;rsm;onf yxrYtpdrf;a7mif jzpf.? xkad emuf 0gvmjyD;v~if aemufq;kH wGif eDomG ; onf? 7moDOwkaumif;aom a'orsm;wGif umzDyif onf wpfEpS v f ~if ESp-f udro f ;kH -udrw f ikd af tmif yGiEhf ikd o f ;D
Edik I f wpfyifwnf;rSmyiftyGiEfh iS t hf oD;pdr;f / toD;rSnhf rsm;udk wpfjydKifeuf awG\7wwfonf? umzDoD;rsm; rSnfhaomtcg toD;rsm;udk cl;Ijzpf ap/ atmufrSt0wfcHum tyifudk v=yfay;Ijzpfap odrf;,l7onf? xkdaemufenf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tajcmuf vSrf;jcif;/ taphc`wfxkwfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyf-uonf? odk\ aomf toD;rSnhfwGif taphtjyifzufY tom;zwf&Sd ae&Hkru taphay:wGifvnf; tajr|;cGHrsm; 2xyfr~ uyfaeao;onfh twGuf taphc`wfonhftvkyfrSm rvG,u f v l aS y? taphrsm;rS tajr|;pifomG ;atmif vkyf 7mwGif taphrsm;udk wpfenf;enf;ESifh tajcmufveS ;f jyD; aemuf 'vdrrfh sm;ESiv fh rdS afh y;jcif;/ yGwx f w k yf pfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf7onf? aemufqHk;Y taphrsm;udk c`wfjyD;aom tcg t&G,t f vdu k f tpm;pm;cGjJ yD;v~if tdw-f uD;rsm;wGif xnfI h Edik if jH cm;ok\d wify\kda7mif;cs-uonf? teH\t7omESihf jynfhpHkonfh umzDudk aomufoHk; Edik 7f eftwGuf umzDaphtpdr;f rsm;udk ndK0ga7mif7atmif avSmaf y;7ao;onf? Tod\k avSmaf y;7mwGif *&kwpdu k jf yK vky7f efv. kd ? od\kr[kwv f ~if vko d nft h eH\t7om xGuf rvmbJaewwfonf? a&S;uumzDaphrsm;udktdrfrSm yif avSmf,l-uaomfvnf; ,cktcgYrl Ttvkyfudk &Hk-uD;rsm;wGif t-uD;tus,f vkyfudkifvsuf&SdayjyD?
umzDvkyfief;Xme-uD;wpfck7Sd umzDerlemrsm;ukd avSmf-udwfay;onhf pufi,frsm;? Tpufi,ffrsm;jzihf avSmf-udwfay;aom umzD erlemrsm;ukd umzDjrJorm;u jrJprf;-unhf7onf?
165
www.foreverspace.com.m
u70du/o~if
u7a0;yif
umzDaphrsm;udk avSmjf yD;aomtcg tr=e\f-udw7f jyef.? umzDtrsKd;rsKd;udk a7mpyf7mwGif tcsKd\tvky&f -kH uD;rsm;Y t7omaumif;raumif;udk prf;oyf7eftwGuf usGrf; usifaom ykCKd vfrsm;udyk ifv~if iSg;7rf;xm;-u7onf? umzDukd tr=e\f-udwjf yD;v~ijf yD;jcif; azsmaf omufEikd v f ~if taumif;qH;k jzpfonfudk awG\7onf? umzDwiG f uufzt D if;ac: "mwfwpfrsK;d yg0ifonf? xk"gwfrsm;vufzufajcmufwGif yg0ifaom oD;tif; ESihftwlwlyif jzpfaomfvnf; oD;tif;"gwfxufydkI jyif;onf? umzDudkpGJjcif;rSm xdk"gwfa-umifhyifjzpf.? umzDudktm;aysmhapvdkv~if tjcm;yPnf;rsm; a7mpyf ay;jcif;jzifh xk"d gwfukd vdo k aavmuf avsmhcsxm;Edik f onf?txl;ojzihf Oa7mywdkufwGif cspfudk7Dac: opf jrpfwrsK;d udk tr=e\f-udwI f umzDEiS fh a7mpyfum a7mif;cs aomufoHk;avh&Sd-uonf? tcsdK\ r&dk;ajzmifhaomukef onf r sm;onf cspf u d k 7 D o mru tjcm;opf j rpf opfaphrsm;ESihf wr*®vm a7mpyfI a7mif;csonft h cgrsK;d vnf;&Sad o;onf? umzDtrsKd;aygif; 80 cef\&Sd.? odk\aomf tma7Asef ESihf vku d Af ;D 7D;,ef; umzDyifEpS rf sKd;uko d m trsm;tjym; pdkufysKd;avh &Sd-uayonf? uBmay:wGif b7mZD;EkdifiH ESihf taemuftdNd,usGef;pkwkd\rSvGJI umzDudk t-uD;
tus,fpdkufysKd;aoma'orsm;rSm tar7duwdkuf tv,fydkif;/ rUqDudkEdkifiH/ tma7AsusGef;qG,f/ tm z7duwdkufESihf tdNd,EkdifiH&Sd tcsKd\a'orsm;/ oD[dk–f useG ;f / qlr-wmuseG ;f / *sm;Ag;useG ;f ESifh ypdzw d o f rk]7m twGif;&Sd usGef;rsm; jzpf-uonf? umzDukd azsmfaomuf7mwGif a7qlqljzifh aumif; pGmESyaf y;zk\d ta7;-uD;onf? umzD7nfuo kd \l csnf;ouf ouf aomufolvnf;&SdI/ EGm;Ekd\o-um;wkd\ESihfjzpfap/ -uufOtumESihfjzpfap/ azsmfaomufolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf? tcsKd\ aysmfyGJpm;&Hkudk ,cktcg umaz;[k vnf;ac:avh&Sd-u7m xkdpum;rSm umzD odk\r[kwf umzDqikd [ f t k "d_g,f7aom jyifopfpum;jzpfonf? umaAmfvpftufqpf ? ?zDaem [kvnf;ac: aom umaAmf v pf t uf q pf u d k ausmuf r D ; aoG ; uW7mrS tqifhqifhaygif;cHenf;jzihf xkwf,l-u.? od\k aomft-uD;tus,f a7mif;cs7eftwGurf u l m; uW 7m tqDjzpfaom AifZif;rS "gwfaygif; pyf,l7onf? "gwfaygif;pyf,lenf;rSm AifZif;udk tcdk;aiG\waxmif; axmif;xGufaeaom qmvzsL7pftufqpfESihf a7mI AifZif;qmvzGeef pf tufqpfjzpfap.? xkad emuf Aif Zif;qmvzGeef pftufqpfukd wpfzef aumhpwpfq'dk gESifh
umzDvkyfief;Xme-uD;wpfckrS ‘umzDjrJorm;’ wpfOD;? ol.wm0efrSm umzDtrsKd;rsKd;ukd pHrSDrrSD prf;oyf7efjzpf.?
166
www.foreverspace.com.m
umaAmfvpftuftpf
umAkd[kduf'7dwf
a7musKI d qd'k , D rfumAdv k w d f jzpfap.? xkrd t S qifq h ihf aygif;cHI umaAmfvpftufqpfukd xkw, f o l nf? umaAmfvpftufqpf t&dkif;onf qDjzpfI ndKykyf aomta7mif&Sd.? xdkqDt&dkif;xJrS tnpfta-u;rsm; udkoef\pifaomtcg ta7mifuif;aom yHkaqmifcJ (c7Pw,f) rsm;udk 7&Sd.? xkdyHkaqmifcJrsm;onf tylcsdef pifwD*7dwf 42 h5H„43H wGift7nfpaysmfI 181 h3H wGifql.? jyif;xefaom tqdyfyPnf;jzpfI xl;jcm;aom teH\&Sd.? umaAmfvpftufqpfonf tvGefpm;wwfaomoWd&Sdojzifh tom;ta7ay:odk\ usa7mufv~if temrsm;jzpfwwfI aysmufuif;ap7ef cJ,Of;onf? od\k aomf a7tyHk wpf7mwGif umaAmfvpf tufqpfoHk;yHkr~ a7mI7aom umaAmfvpftufqpf azsmf7nfudkrlum; temrsm;aq;a-um7eftwGuf toH;k jyKEikd af yonf? umaAmfvpftufqpfqu D kd yd;k ESrd af q;ESifh tefwq D uf ywpf(tykyfEdkifaq;/ temr,Of;aq;)rsm; tjzpf vnf;toHk;jyK-u.? Tr~ruao;/ a7arF;/ qyfjym/ oGm;wku d af q;r=e\f/ qd;k aq;/ "gwfykH yHak z:aq;ESifh aq; 0g;rsm;az:pyf jyKvkyf7mYvnf; tvGeftoHk;0if.? xkjd yif yvwfpwpfEiS fh yvwfpwpf uJo h \dkaom yPnf; rsm; vkyu f ikd 7f mwGit f xl;ojzihf umaAmfvpftufqpfukd rsm;pGm toHk;jyK-u.? (yvwfpwpf 7=?) yxr uBmppfwiG f tvGejf yif;xefpmG aygufuaJG pwwfaom cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; jyKvyk 7f mY umaAmfvpf tufqpf udk pwiftoH;k jyKc-hJ uonf? toH;k jyKenf;rSm Eku d x f 7pf tufqpfEiS fh qmvzsL7pftufqpftjyif;7nfukd xyfrH xnfv h u kd jf cif;jzifh ypfu7pftufqpfukd 7&SEd ikd . f ? ypf u7pf tufqpfonf 0gxdeaf om ta7mif&o dS nfh tcJu av;rsm;jzpfI rD;wkdufay;vdkufonhftcgYjzpfap/ xk&dkufvkdufonfh tcgjzpfap/ tvGefjyif;xefpGm aygufuo JG nf? ypfu7pftufqpfukd yxruBmppfwiG f rsm;pGm toH;k jyKcJah vonf? umAdk[dkuf'7dwf? ?toufESihfc¶mudk,f wnfjrJae or~ v=yf&Sm;oGm;vmr=&Sd7m/ xkdv=yf&Sm;oGm;vmr=udk vlu, kd cf ¶mYpGr;f tifr&Sb d EJ iS fh rjyKvkyEf ikd af cs? xkv d y= f &Sm;r=twGuf vdt k yfaom pGr;f tifukd usEG yfk w f \dk ae\pOfpm; aomufaom tpmtm[m7rsm;xJY yg&Sdaom um Ad[ k u dk 'f 7dw"f gwfu ay;onf? c¶mudk,f-uD; v=yf&Sm;r=rsm;av pGrf;tifudk vdkav jzpfojzihf uav;xufv-l uD;rSm tpm;tpmudk ydrk pkd m;
umAkd[kduf'7dwf"mwf yg7Sdaom [if;oD;[if;7Gufrsm;
aomuf7onf? v=yf&Sm;r= ydkrdkrsm;jym;I t&G,fwuf aeaom vli,fvl&G,frsm;rSm uav;vl-uD;rsm;xuf tpm;tpm ydrk pkd m;aomufEikd -f uonf? umAd[ k u kd 'f 7dwf onf c¶mud, k -f uD; ylaEG;aeap7efvnf; tyl"gwfuakd y; av7m/ at;aomwdik ;f jynfwiG af exkid o f rl sm;onf tyl "gwfay;EdkifonfhumAdk [dkuf'7dwfygaomtpmrsm;ESihf tqDrsm;aomtpmrsm;udk rsm;pGm pm;aomufay;7ef vkt d yfayonf? tqDESihfEd=if;pmv~if umAdk[dkuf'7dwfrSm tqD. w0uf cef\r~avmufom c¶mud, k -f u;D udk tyl"gwfay;Edik f pGrf;onf? umAdk[dkuf'7dwf wpfaygifv~if tyl"gwf u,fvkd7D 1820 yg&SdI tqDwpfaygifv~if u,fvdk7D 4080 r~ tyl"gwfyg&So d nf? u,fv7kd D (tyl{url)qko d nfrmS ud, k cf ¶mudk ylaEG; aponfh tyl"gwf. twkid ;f tqjzpfonf? vlw\dkonf oGm;vmaexdkif v=yf&Sm;r=twGuf tiftm;vnf; jzpf apI tylaiG\vnf;ay;onfh "gwfudk t&G,ftvdkuf wpfae\v~if rnfr~vt kd yfonf[k u,fv7kd jD zihf wkid ;f qI ajymqdk-u7onf? 12„13 ESpf&G,f a,mufsm;u av;wpfa,mufonf u,fvdk7D 2300„2^00 r~ ae\pOfvt dk yfI rde;f uav;rSm u,fv7kd D 1800 rS 2150 txdvo dk nf? xdx k uf wpfEpS rf ~-uD;aom a,mufsm;u av;wpfa,mufonf u,fv7kd D 2500 rS 2900 txd
167
www.foreverspace.com.m
umAGef
umAGe'f idk af tmufqu dk f
vkt d yfI rde;f uav;rSm u,fv7kd D 1950 rS 2250txd vkdavonf? a,mufsm;-uD;rsm;rSm olwkd\. v=yf&Sm; oGm;vmr= tenf;trsm;udk vkdufI u,fvkd7D 2500 rS 4500 xdvkdI rdef;rrsm;rSm u,fvdk7D 2100 rS 3000 txd ae\pOf vdt k yfonf? umAd[ k u kd 'f 7dwyf gaomtpm;tpmrsm;wGif tmvl;/ aygifrek \f/ ajymif;zl;/qef/o-um;/ iSuaf ysmoD;/ vdraf rmf oD;/ yef;oD;/ c7rf;csOfoD;/ qD;oD;/ rkefvmO0g yJESihf [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;yg0ifonf? tpm;tpmrsm;udk usEG yfk w f \dk pm;aomufvu kd af omtcg tpmtdrf twGi;f od\k a7mufoGm;v~if tpma-u csufjcif;jzihf umAdk[dkuf' 7dwf ponf"h gwfrsm; jzpfvmaponf? xko d \kd "gwfrsm; jzpfvmaomtcg ud, k cf ¶m-uD;yGm;tm;&Sv d m7ef aqmif &Gufay;-uonf? az:jycJhaom tpm;tpmrsm;xJwGif o-um;onf -uGuo f m;rsm; oefprG ;f a7;twGuf txl; tm;ay;onf? umAGef ? ?trsK;d orD;rsm; txl;ojzihf wefz;dk xm; -uonfh pdefESihf uBmhae\pOfoHk; yPnf;wpfckjzpfaom cJwHwGifyg&Sdonfh *7ufzdkuf (cJeuf)wkd\onf tjcm; rnfonfhyPnf;ESihfr~ ra7maom umAGeftppfrsm;om v~if jzpf-u.? ausmufr;D aoG;ESifh rD;aoG;wk\donf um AGeftppfrsm;r[kwf-uaomfvnf; umAGeftrsm;qHk; yg&Sad om yPnf;rsm;jzpf-u.? tcsK\daom ausmufr;D aoG; taumif;pm;rsm;wGif umAGef 7mcdkifE=ef; 90 txd yg&So d nf? tjcm;yPnf;rsm;ESifh a7maESm aygif;pyfvsuf&adS om umAGefj'yfaygif;rsm;rSm trsm;tjym;&Sd.? umAGefj'Af aygif; rnfr~ rsm;jym;oenf;[lrl "gwkaA'ynmudk tif-o*Jepf uifrP-wDEiS fh -o*JepfuifrP-wD[I l ESprf sK;d ESppf m;yif cGjJ cm;xm;7onf? -o*Jepf uifrP-wDqo kd nf rSm umAGefj'yfaygif;rsm; ta-umif;csnf; oufouf ESio fh m oufqidk af om"gwkaA'jzpfI/ ,ae\txd od&dS xm;aom umAGefj'yfaygif; ta7twGuf 3 odef; eD;yg;&So d nf[k qko d nf? umAGeyf gaom yPnf;udk avxJwiG jf zpfap/ atmuf pD*six f w J iG jf zpfap/ rD;wku d af y;vdu k v f ~if umAGe'f ikd af tmuf qdu k "f gwfaiG\ jzpfay:vmonf? atmufp*D siv f v kH akH vmuf avmuf r7&So d nft h cg umAGerf eG af tmufqu dk "f gwfaiG\ jzpfay:vm.? umAGeEf iS [ hf u dk 'f &d*k siw f \dk "gwfaygif;pyf aomtcg rufodef;"gwfaiG\udkvnf;aumif;/ "gwfqD uJo h \kdaom [du k 'f &du k mAGejf 'yfaygif;rsm;udv k nf;aumif;/
7&So d nf? atmufq*D si/f [du k 'f &d*k sif ESprf sK;d vk;H ESi"hf gwf aygif;pyfaomtcgwGif tufqw D pftufqpfuo hJ \kdaom -o*Jepftufqpfrsm;ESifh t,fvukda[muJhokd\aom umAd[ k u kd 'f 7dwf j'yfaygif;rsm;ud7k &So d nf? umAGeo f nf oWKrsm;ESihfvnf;aygif;pyfEdkif7m xkdj'Afaygif;rsm;udk umAdu k [ f ak c:.? txif&mS ;qH;k aomumAdu k rf mS u,f vqD,rfumAdu k f jzpf.? u,fq, D rfumAdu k f tay: wGif a7tenf;i,f avmif;csvkdufv~iftqufwDvif "mwfaiG\jzpfay:vm.? umAGefonf ouf&Sdt7mrsm; wGif ta7;-uD;aom "gwfzufyPnf;wpfcktjzpf yg&Sd onfukd awG\7onf? pdeEf iS cfh eJ ufw\dk onf yHak qmifcjJ zpfaom umAGerf sm; jzpf-u.? yHkaqmifcJr[kwfaom umAGefrsKd;rsm;vnf; &Sad o;onf? qDri=d ;f / rD;aoG;/ t&d;k rD;aoG; ponfw\dkrmS yHkaqmifcJvJr[kwfaom umAGefrsm;jzpf.? a7eHudkrD; &d=\vdkufaomtcgY qDrd=if;udk7&SdI/ armfawmfum; wdik , f mrsm; ydrk ckd ikd cf aHh tmif jyKvky7f mYvnf;aumif;/ yHk ESdyfrif jyKvkyf7mYvnf;aumif;/ t-uD;tus,f toHk; 0if.? rD;aoG;udk "gwfaiG\um rsuEf mS zH;k wGif toH;k cs7.? t&dk;udk avvHkrD;zkdwGif rD;u`rf;apaomtcg t&dk;rD; aoG;7&SdI/ xdkt&dk;rD;aoG;udk o-um;vkyfief;wGif o -um;t0gudk tjzLa7mifjzpfatmif c`w7f mY toH;k jyK7.? umAGeo f nf wd7>mefEiS t fh yifw\dk touf&iS I f -uD; xGm; oefrmvmap7ef t7if;cHyPnf;wpfckjzpfaom a-umihf/ rnfhonfhtpm;tpmrnfonfh t0wftpm; Yrqkd umAGeyf g&S. d ? o-um;/ umzD/ axmywf/ vuf zufajcmufpaom pm;ukefaomufukefrsm;ESihf tusˆ vHkcsnftp&Sdaom txnft0wfrsm;rSm umAGeft7if; cHI jzpfvm-uaom yPnf;rsm;yif jzpfonf? umAGeo f nf j'yfpifwpfcjk zpfI tufwrftav;q 12 &Sjd yD;v~it f ufwrfeyH wfpOfrmS 6 jzpf.?(ausmufr;D aoG;/ *7ufzdku/f pdef/ rD;aoG;„7=? ) umAGe'f ikd af tmufqu kd f ? ?umAGe'f ikd af tmuf qku d f ("gwfaiG\) onf umAGet f ufwrfwckEiS fh atmuf qD*sif tufwrfEpS cf w k \dk aygif;pyfz\pJ G nf;I 77Sad om "gwfaiG\jzpf.? "gwkoau®wrSm CO2 jzpf.? xkd"gwf aiG\onf avxk.tyHw k pfaomif;wGif av;yHrk ~ yg0if vsu7f . dS ? t7Gufpdrf;vef;aomtyifrsm;onf tpm tm[m7tjzpfjzihf umAGe'f ikd af tmufq'kd f ("gwfaiG\)udk &=oGif;I atmufqD*sif ("gwfaiG\)udk &SLxkwf-u.? vlESihfwd7>mefwkd\url atmufqD*sif ("gwfaiG\) udk
168
www.foreverspace.com.m
umAGe'f idk af tmufqu dk f &SLoGi;f I umAGe'f ikd af tmufqu kd f ("gwf aiG\)udk &SLxkwf -u.? Tenf;jzifh ouf 7So d W0grsm;u &SLxkwv f u dk af om um AGe'f ikd af tmufqu kd f ("gwfaiG\) udt k 7Guf pdrf;vef;aom tyifrsm;u tpmtm [m7tjzpf &SLoGi;f -uI/ xkt d yifrsm;rS &SLxkwfvdkufaom atmufpD*sif ("gwf aiG\) udw k pfzef ouf7o dS W0grsm;u tm [m7tjzpf &SLoGif;-ujyef.? x\kd a-umifh avxk. tyHkwpfaomif;wGif av; yHkr~yg0ifaom umAGef'dkifatmuf qdkuf.tcsKd;onf rnfonfhtcgr~ r ajymif;vJbJ wnfjrJvsu7f o dS nf? umAGef'dkifatmufqkduf ("gwfaiG\) onf avxuf wqcGrJ ~yI kd av;aom a-umih f * l r sm;/ awmif - um;rsm;rD ; awmifrsm;.atmuf ajrjyifwpfav~muf wd\w k iG o f m 7Sw d wf.? a7uJo h \kd wpfae7m rS wpfae7modk\ cGufrsm;jzihfxnfhI ,l oGm;Edik jf yD;v~if oGecf sEikd . f ? xd"k gwfaiG\ onf ta7mifuif;I teH\vnf;r7S?d od\k aomf a7wGifaysmf0ifI xdkazsmf7nfudk umAGeef pftufqpf[ak c:.?xkad zsm7f nfukd qdk'g/ vifrepfpaom bdvwf7nfrsm; jyKvyk 7f mY rsm;pGmtoH;k jyK-uonf? um ywf0ef;usifavxJY umAGef'kdifatmufqkduf wnf7SdyHk AGef'dkififatmufqdkuf ("gwfaiG\)udk xHk; touf7SLjcif;/ avmufu`rf;jcif;/ ykyfokd;jcif;ESihf nOfhzuftyifwkd\onf umAGef'kdif 7nf-unfxJodk\xnfhI v=yfvdkufv~if atmufqkduf tqdyf"mwfaiG\ukd xkyfay;-u.? odk\aomf xkd"mwfaiG\ukd aea7mif Ek\d 7nfuo hJ \dk jzLoGm;.? xk"d gwfaiG\onf 7aom ae\zufwGif tyifrsm;u toHk;jyKjcif;jzihf avukd oef\7Sif;apjyefonf? a7rSmxuf t,fvudak [mwGif ydI k aysmf 0ifv, G o f nf? umAGef'dkifatmufqdkuf("gwfaiG\)onf atmuf atmufqdkuf("gwfaiG\) tajrmuftjrm; yg7Sdaom qD * sif ( "gwf a iG \ ) ES i h f t enf ; i,f r ~ rwl a cs? rD ; avudkjzpfap/ &SLrdv~ifatmufqD*sifvHkavmufatmif avmifu`rf;jcif;udk tm;ray;onfhjyif rD;udk jidrf;ap r7Edik af oma-umifrh eG ;f I aoqH;k wwfonf? umAGef'dkifatmufqdkuf("gwfaiG\)udk az:,laom onf? umAGef'dkifatmufqdkuf"gwfaiG\)7Sdaom t0 enf ;rSm u,fvqD,rf umAGefedwfjzpfaom pusif us,u f s,f ykvif;xJo\dk rD;xGe;f xm;aom za,mif;wkid f J \kd [du k 'f &du k avm7pf udk xnfv h u kd v f ~irf ;D jidr;f oGm;onfukd awG\Eikd o f nf? xkd ausmufo\kdr[kwf xH;k ausmufxo tuf q pf taygh 7 nf avmif ; xnf a h omenf ; jzpf.? a-umihf tcsKd\aom rD;owfaq;Al;rsm;wGif &kwfw7wf rD;ab;udPay:aygufI toHk;jyKaomtcg umAGef O'g[&k+f 'kdif atmufqdkuf ("gwfaiG\)rsm;udk xkwfay;Edkifap7ef "gwfaq;7nfwpfrsK;d udk xnhx f m;wwf.? wku d &f u kd t f m; CaCo3 + 2HCL = CaCl2 + H 2 O+ CO 2 jzihftqdyf7Sdonf[k rqkdomaomfvnf; umAGef'kdif pusiaf usmuf § tufppf Ó "gwfqm; § a7 §umAGef 'dkifatmufqdkuf("gwfaiG\) atmufqdkuf ("gwfaiG\) ppfppfudkjzpfap/ umAGef'dkif 169
www.foreverspace.com.m
umAGe'f idk af tmufqu dk f
umAGef'kdifatmufqkd'f jzpfay:wwfonhf ae7mrsm; rD;aoG;/ ausmufrD;aoG; ponfwkd\ rD;avmifpOf av tvHktavmuf r7v~if tqdyfjyif;aom umAGef'kdifatmufqkduf"mwfaiG\jzpfay: wwf7m/ yHkwGif tqkdygta-umif;a-umihf T"mwfaiG\ jzpfay:wwfonhf om"utcsKd\udk azmfjyxm;onf?
170
www.foreverspace.com.m
umAGerf eG af tmufqu dk f
umrjrdK\
a7mif;0,f azmufum;7ef twGufrlrufueDZD,rf umAGeef w d Ef iS fh qd'k , D rfumAGeef w d w f \kdwiG f qmvzsL7pf tuf q pf x nh f I umAG e f ' d k i f a tmuf q d k u f u d k t -uD;tus,f az:,lxkwfvkyf-uonf? umAGefrGefatmufqdkuf ? ?umAGef rGeaf tmufqu kd f onf ta7mif;uif;I teH\t7om r&Sdaom"gwf aiG\jzpf.? a7wGiftenf;i,fomaysmf0if.? av avmufyifav;I ud, k w f idk rf ;D avmifEikd af omfvnf; rD; avmifru = kd tm;ray; acs? tvGet f qdyjf yif;xefaom a-umihf xkd"gwfaiG\udk vlwd7>mefwdk\&SL&d=ufrdaomf touftM7m,f jzpfEikd o f nf? umAGerf eG af tmufqu kd f "gwfaiG\udk obm0wGif tvdktavsmufawG\7cJ.? rD;awmifywf0ef;usifwGif&Sdaom avxJY tenf; tusOf;r~omawG\7.? rD;xGef;aom "gwfaiG\rsm;wGif umAGerf eG af tmufqu dk f ygwwfaoma-umih/f xk"d gwfaiG\ukd tenf;i,fr~ &SL&d=ufrdv~ifyif ab;tM7m,f jzpfap wwfonf? armfawmfum; tdyfaZmydkufrsm;rS xkwf vdkufaomtaiG\rsm;wGifvnf; umAGefrGefatmufqdkuf ygvmaoma-umif/h vl&adS ecdu k f armfawmfum;udpk ufE;=d I armfawmfum;&Hkudk avvHkatmifydwfrxm;rd7ef txl;owdjyKtyfayonf? umAGerf akd tmufqu kd Ef iS fh umAGe'f ikd af tmufqu kd w f \dk jcm;em;yHrk mS umAGerf eG af tmufqu dk . f armfvu D sL;wpfck wGif umAGet f ufwrfwpfcEk iS fh atmufq*D sit f ufwrfwpf ckomyg&S. d ? ,if;"gwkoau®wrSm CO jzpf.? umAGefrGefatmufqkduf 7&Sdvkdaomf rD;aoG;ukd avtvkHtavmuf ray;bJ rD;&=d\ygu rD;aoG;&Sd umAGeEf iS ahf vtwGi;f &Sd atmufp*D siw f \dkonf yl;aygif;I umAGerf eG af tmufqu dk f jzpfvmonf?
umrjrdK\? ?umrjrdK\onf jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif; o7ufc&dkifwGif jrdK\e,f&Hk;pdkuf7m jzpfonf? o7ufjrdK\ awmifbuf 23 rdik t f uGm {7m0wDjrpftaemufbufurf; twGi;f ydik ;f ususwiG f wnf&o dS nf? jrdK\e,f. tus,f t0ef;rSmpwk7ef;rdkif 5^5cef\&SdI 1953ckESpfwGifaus; &Gmaygif; 15^ &Gm/ ol-uD;ydik f 52 ydik yf g0ifonf? jrdK\e,f wGif tdrfajcaygif; 9459 cef\ESihf vlOD;a7 44528 &Sd onf? jrKd \ay:wGirf l tdraf jc 906/ vlO;D a7 3523 &So d nf? umrjrKd \ukd uHrjrKd \[k a&S;uac:wGicf o hJ nf [kqo dk nf? uHr od\kr[kwf uR[k ac:wGijf cif;rSmoU7mZf 528ck ESpfavmufwGif tavmif;pnfolrif;onf azgifawmf jzifh {7m0wDjrpftwkid ;f pkeq f if;vm7m/ jrdK\ae7mteD;wGif azgifawmf 7yfwef\aeojzihf ta-umif;udkpHkprf;I azgifawmfatmufwnfw h nf&h dS Ak<&kyyf mG ;awmfukd az:,l yifhwifjyD;v~if XyemumapwDwnfonf? xkdapwDudk bk7m;ay:bk7m;[k bG\JcsI D jrdK\trnfuv kd nf; uHaxmuf rI bk7m;&kyyf mG ;awmfukd zl;awG\7jcif;a-umif; uHrjrdK\[k orkwfac:wGifaponf[k qdkavonf? xkdapwDrSm ,cktcgbk7m;ay:[kwGifonf? bk7m;q,f,l7ef a7Fzsifudk ,laqmifqufoaom t7yfudk a7Fzsif aqmif&Gm[k orkwf7m ,cktcg oysifaqmif&Gm[k trnfwiG v f su&f o dS nf? umrjrKd \ukd oU7mZf 450 jynfEh pS rf wdik rf u D arc0wD jrdK\[ak c:wGiI f arc0wDjrdK\pm; OD;aqmif;onf a7Fjrif
rD;aoG;§atmufq*D si(f rvkrH avmuf)=umAGerf eG af tmuf qkduf umAGefrGefatmufqdkufudk umAGe'dkifatmufqdkufrS vnf;7&SEd idk . f ? umAGe'f idk af tmufqu dk f "gwfaiG\ukd 7J7J awmufaeaom rD;usD;cJrsm;tay:rS jzwfoef;oGm; apjcif;jzifh umAGefrGefatmufqdkuf "gwfaiG\udk7&SdEdkif onf? CO2 + C = 2 CO umAGe'f ik d af tmufqu k d f § rD;us;D cJ Ó umAGerf eG af tmufqu kd f 171
o7ufc&kdif umrjrdK\. jrifuGif;wpf7yf
www.foreverspace.com.m
umrjrdK\
umvuWm;jrdK\
umZefO,smOfukd jzwfausmfawG\jrif7aom umvuWm;jrdK\. &=cif;wpf7yf
rd(,cka7Fjrifwif) qkawmif;jynfah pwDukd wnfxm;cJh onf[kvnf;tqkd&Sdonf? xkdapwDteD;&Sd ay 40 ausmfjrifhaom jcao®h&kyf 2 ckrSmvnf; OD;aqmif;. aumif;r=jzpfonf[q k o dk nf? umrjrdK\rSm ta7mif;t0,f pnfum;aom jrdK\uav; jzpfonf? umrjrdK\e,fwiG f aq;rsm;pdu k yf sK;d I aq;jyif; vdyfrsm;udk t-uD;tus,fxkwfvkyfonf? *Gsrf;axmif umraq;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;xif&Sm;aom aq;rsKd; aumif;wpf7yfjzpfonf? aq;tjyif -uufoGef/ i&kyf/ txnftvdyf/ 0g;/ zsmrsm; xGuf&Sdao;onf? umr jrdK\e,frS xGufaom uGsef;opfrSm jrefrmEdkifiHrS jynfy od\k y\kdxw k af om u`ef;opfrsm;. 15 yHk 1 yHck ef\&o dS nf? umrjrdK\e,fwiG f xif&mS ;aom taqmufttHrk sm;rSm ra';07yfuGuf&Sd arc0wDjrdK\pm;wnf a7Fjrifrdbk7m; jrif'ifuek ;f &Sd tavmif;pnforl if;-uD;wnf a7Fjrifwif bk7m;/ uefOD;ukef;&Sd bk7m;abmfbk7m;/ ewfrD;ukef;&Sd azgifawmfO;D bk7m;/ rka}muke;f &Sd a7Frak }mbk7m; ponfw\dk jzpfonf? umvuWm;jrdK\ ? ?umvuWm;jrdK\onf tdN, d Edik if w H iG f t-uD;qH;k jzpfI **®gjrpf.taemufbuf
qH;k jrpfcjJGzpfaom [l*vDjrpf urf;ay:wGif wnf &So d nf? b*®vm;atmfrS 86 rdkifcef\ uGma0;aomfvnf; euf&i=d ;f aumif;rGeaf om qdyu f rf;&Sjd cif;a-umifh yifv,f ul;oab®m-uD;rsm; 0ifxu G o f mG ;vmEdik o f nf? **®gjrpf0rS ;f ESifh jA¦ykW7jrpf0rS ;f wk\d rS xGuaf om0g/ *Hak v~mf/bde;f / pyg;/ vufzufajcmuf/ o-um;/ yd;k / om;a7pdr;f paom ukepf nfrsm;onf jrpfvrf;rSvnf;aumif; wl;ajrmif;vrf; rSvnf;aumif; umvuWm;jrdK\okd\ pk&Hk;a7muf &Sdvm -uonf? rD;7xm;vrf;-uD;3 ckuvnf; umv uWm;jrKd \Y qH-k uonf? jrKd \wiG ;f ESifh jrKd \ywf0ef;usiw f \dw k iG f 0gpuf/ *Hkav~mfpuf/ o-um;pufponfh puf&Hk-uD;rsm; vnf;&Sdonf? [l*vDjrpf urf;wpfav~mufY&Sdaom 10 rkid cf ef\&n S v f sm;onfh urf;uyfqyd rf sm;ESifh oab®m usi;f rsm;rSmvnf; jrpfa-umif;oGm; avS oab‡muav; rsm;ESihf yifv,ful;oab®m-uD;rsm;ukefpnfcsif; zvS,fum o,f,lydk\aqmif7m qdyf-uD;ozG,f jzpfae onf? xkdta-umif;wkd\a-umifh umvuWm;jrdK\onf tdNd,EdkifiH.wHcg;r-uD;wpfck jzpfaeonf omru/ uBmha7mif;0,fa7;Yvnf; txl;yif xif&Sm;vsuf &Sd avonf? wpfzufurf;&Sd a[mif7mjrKd \o\dak yaygif; 1530 &Snaf om aAghcw H efwm;-uD;wpfck azgufvyk x f m;7mxkd
172
www.foreverspace.com.m
umvuWm;jrdK\7Sd yef;ykvuf7majrmufvSaom *sKdif;t,l0g' bk7m;ausmif;
173
www.foreverspace.com.m
umvuWm;jrdK\
umvuWm;jrdK\ a[mif7maAmhcHwefwm;? uBmta7S\ykdif;Y tpnfum;qHk; wefwm;wpfckjzpf.?
wefwm;-uD;rSm ta&S\zsm; wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif tpnfum; qH;k wefwm;wpfc[ k k qd-k uonf? ,cktcg a[mif7m rSm umvuWm;jrdK\. qifajczHk;7yfuGufwpfckjzpf vsuf pufrv = yk if ef; xGe;f um;aeavonf? umvuWm;jrdK\onf 1912 ckESpfwdkifatmif tdNd, tpdk;7. &Hk;pdkuf7m jrdK\awmfjzpfcJh.? a&S;a[mif; jrdK\ -uD; jzpfojzifh vrf;rsm;rSm ajzmifw h ef;jcif; r&Sb d J auG\ aumufonfu rsm;onf? qifajczHk;7yfuGufwdk\wGif vrf;rsm;rSm tvGefusOf;ajrmif;I npfywfaya7ae -u.? od\k7mwGif rkid 'f efuiG ;f ta&S\buf&OdS a7mywku d f om;wkd\ aexdkif7m 7yfuGufrSmrl oef\&Sif;pif-u,fI crf;em;xnf0gaom wdu k t f rd -f uD;rsm;jzifh cef\nm;vSay onf? rdkif'efuGif;-uD;. tv,fwGif zdk\0DvsHac: a&S; a[mif;cHwyf-uD;&S. d ? xdck w H yf-uD;ukd 1^5^ ckEpS w f iG f ppfAkdvfcsKyf avmhuvkduf topfjyifqifwnfaqmuf cJh7m 1^^3 ckESpfwGifrS vufpowfcJhonf? cHwyf. ajrmufbufY tpk;d 7tdraf wmfwnf&I dS awmifbufwiG f uoD'7,f bk7m;&Sdckd;ausmif;-uD;/ jrif;jydKifuGif;ESihf 0dwdk7d,bk7ifr-uD; txdrf;trSwf cef;raqmif-uD;wkd\ wnf&-dS uonf? umvuWm;jrdK\. tv,fwGif wUodkvf ausmif; wkduf wnf&Sd7m taygif;yg aumvdyfausmif; aygif; 80 ausmfcef\ yg0ifvsufausmif;om;aygif; 40000 ausmfcef\&Sdojzihf uBmay:wGif ausmif;om;ta7
twGuf trsm;qHk;aom wUodkvfwpfckjzpfayonf? wkdif;7if;om;7yfuGufwkd\wGif tdNd,apmfbGm;rsm;. crf ; em;aomeef ; awmf tenf ; i,f &S d a vonf ? umvuWm;jrdK\ukd ta&S\tNd , d uk$+D. ud, k pf m; vS,cf sKyf-uD; *sK\dAcsm;aemhonf 1686 ckEpS w f iG w f nfI tajcpdkufcJh.? odk\7mwGifxkde,f. tajctaerSm 1696 ckEpS w f iG f zk\d 0v D sHcw H yf-uD; wnfaqmufjyD;rSom wkd;wufcJhavonf? b*®vm;jynfe,f em0yfapmfbGm; pl;7m;*`waf 'gifvmonf zd\k0v D sH cw H yfukd 1^56 ckEpS w f iG f ‘v-urf;wdkufI odrf;ydkufvdkuf.? xdkwdkufyGJwGif trSwfw7jzpfcJhonfrSm pl;7m;*`wfa'gifvmonf t*®vdyfvlrsKd; 146 a,mufudk tvsm;18 ay teH 14 ayr~om&Sad om tvHak xmifuav; twGi;f ok\d oGwf oGi;f ydwaf vSmifxm;cJ. h ? xkad e\nrSm yltu kd af om aEGO wknwpfnjzpfojzihf usOf;usyf avSmiftu kd af om'+f a-umihf aemufwpfae\wGif tusOf;om; 23a,muf omv~if touf&Sifvsufusefawmh.? aemifwGif xdkae7mudk ‘aowGif;’[kac:wGifcJhavonf? 1^5^ck ESpfwGif avmhuvdkufonf xkdae7mudk jyefvnfwkduf cdkufodrf;ydkufI zdk\0DvsH cHwyfopf-uD;ESihf rdkif'efuGif; -uD;udk wnfaqmufzGihfvSpfjyD;v~if jrdK\opfwnfcJhav onf? tdN, d jynf. yxrbk7ifccH sKyfjzpfaom a0:7ef a[;pwif;onf 1^^2 ckESpfwGif umvuWm;jrdK\udk tpdk;7&Hk;pdkuf7mjrdK\awmf jyKvkyfcJh.? xkdtcsdefrSpI
174
www.foreverspace.com.m
umvmaomurif;
umvD'go
1912 ckESpfwGifa'vDjrdK\udk jrdK\awmfopftjzpfa&G;cs,f vdu k o f nft h cgwdik af tmif umvuWm;jrdK\onf tdN, d jynf. jrdK\awmf jzpfcahJ vonf? 'kw, d uBmppftwGi;f Y r[mrdww f \o dk nf jrefrmjynf wku d yf q JG ifE7JF ef umvuWm;jrdK\ukd tajccHpcef;jyKvkyf -uojzifh *syefwdk\onfxkdjrdK\udk t-udrf-udrf AkH;-uJcJh -uao;.? od\k7mwGif ajymyavmufatmif ysupf ;D jcif; r&Scd ahJ cs? 194^ ckEpS w f iG f tdN, d Edik if u H kd 'drk eD , D efEikd if H 2cktjzpfo\kd cGv J u dk af omtcg umvWm;jrdK\onf tdN, d 'dkrDeD,efEdkifiH taemufb*®vm;jynfe,fxJokd\ yg 0ifoGm;avonf?a[mif7mjrdK\ESihf qifajczHk;7yfuGuf rsm;udkyg pkaygif; a7wGufcJhaomf umvuWm;jrdK\. vlO;D a7rSm 3490281 (1951) jzpfonf? umvmaomurif ; ? ?umvmaomurif;rSm omoemawmfa7;qdkif7m 'kwd,o*®g,emwifaom rif;tjzpf xif&Sm;ausmf-um;onf? xkrd if;onf okoek m*rif;. om;awmfjzpfI omoem tESpf 90 jynfhwGif crnf;awmf. t&dkuft7mjzpf aom a0omvDjynfudk qufcHpdk;pHonf? xkdrif;vuf xuf 0%DvDwdkif;om; 7[ef;rsm;onf0denf;awmfESihf rnDaom t"R0šKq,fyg;wk\dukd usio fh ;kH ae-uojzifh 'kw, d o*®g,emwif7ef ta-umif;tcsuf jzpfay:vm onf? aumoºDjynfY oDwif;oH;k aeawmfral om o~if r[m,oax7fonf0%wdkif; om;7[ef;wdk\ 0denf; w7m;ysujf ym;a-umif; -um;od7v~if rsm;pGm pdwrf csr;f rom jzpfav.? o~ifa70wax7f/ o~ifo£umrd ax7fpaom 7[Mmwdk\tm; wdkufwGef;E=d;aqmfvsuf tv%D7[ef;wd\k . rd>m0g'udk wGe;f vSeaf jz&Si;f 7ef a0 omvDjynf 0gvdum7mr ausmif;wdu k o f \kd -uGawmfr. l ? a0omvDjynf r[m0kefausmif;wdkufY &Sd-uaom 0%D wdik ;f om; 7[ef;wd\k u o~ifrm,oax7f trSL;&Sad om 7[ef;wkd\onf rdrdwkd\tm; 7efjyK7efygvmygonf[k umvmaomurif;-uD;tm; *H;k acsm-uuke. f ? rif;-uD; vnf; ,Hkpm;rdojzifh&Sifr[m,oax7f trSL;&Sdaom 7[Mm ^00 wkd\rvm7atmifwm;qD;-uacs[kcdkif; awmfrl.?okd\7mwGif rif;-uD;apvFwfaom trwfrsm; ESihf &Sifr[m,oax7fwkd\ rqHkrd-uav? aemufqHk; wGif tv%D7[ef;wd\k. aumufuspaf om t-uHtpnf udk od&Sdaomtcg rif;-uD;onf aemifw-uD;pGm7jyD; v~if aumoRD7[ef;wd\kxH ud, k w f ikd f oGm;a7muf qnf; uyfvsuf yPnf;av;yg; 'g,umtjzpfc, H al vonf?
ESpfOD;ESpfzuf 7[ef;y7dowfwkd\qHkrd-uv~if&Sif a70wax7f/ &Sio f £umrdax7fw\du k w7m;rSeu f kd nFejf y qHk;rawmfrlavonf? 0%Dwkdif;om; 7[ef;wkd\vnf; rdrdwkd\trSm;rsm;udk 0efcHI 0denf;w7m;rSefudk vufcH aqmufwnf-uuke. f ? xkad emuf jrwfpmG bk7m;. w 7m;awmfrsm; aemiftcg wdr;f yg;c`waf csmjf cif; r&Sad pbJ cdkifjrJonfxufcdkifjrJap7ef o*®g,emwifoihfa-umif; aqG ; aEG ; -uonf ? umvmaomurif ; -uD ; vnf ; ausmif;oc®rf;tp&Sdaom vdkzG,fudPwkd\udk uyfvSL awmfrlonf?Todk\v~if r[m,oax7f trSL;&Sdaom 7[Mmckepf7mwk\donf omoemtESpf 100 jynfhwGif 8 vwdkifwdkif 'kwd,o*®g,em wifawmfrl-uonf? 'kw, d o*®g,em wif7mY yxro*®g,emrSmuJo h \dkyif E=wjf zifo h m7Gwzf wfnE|d i=d ;f umwifq-kd uavonf? xdpk OftcgwGif t-uD;trSL; jyK-uukeaf om &Sirf [m ,oax7f/&Siaf 70wax7f/ &Sio f ¤umrdax7f/ &Sio f m –ax7f/ &Sifck%aombdwax7f/ &SifoBLwax7fwkd\ rSm jrwfpmG bk7m;ociftm; rsu0f g;xifxif zl;awG\vu dk f -u7onfhtjyif &SiftmeNmESihf twlae7[ef;rsm; vnf; jzpf-uukeo f nf? ,if;odk\ 'kwd,o*®g,em wifonfhta-umif;udk ‘a0omvDjynf-uD;&Si/f bk7ifumvmaomu rif;w7m; vufxuf/ q,fcsufaomt"dRdu/ O£de,0g'Djzifh/ 0%Dwkdif;om; 7[ef;rsm;wdk\/ azgufjym;onfudk t a-umif;rlI ed¤Lwm&Hk/ jynfhpHkvuf&Sd/ od
175
www.foreverspace.com.m
umvD'go
umvDz;dk eD;,m;jynfe,f
umvD'goxif&mS ;7jcif;rSm ol.,ckwikd x f if&mS ;aom ‘ouk @ v’0šKa-umih f jzpf o nf ? xd k 0 šKud k rlvoU™bmomjzifh a7;Iaemufb*®vDbmom/ a'0em*7Dbmomrsm;od\k jyefqo kd nf? 1^89 ckEpS w f iG f qm0DvsH *sKef;u t*®vdyfbmomodk\ yxrqHk;jyefqkd ojzihfoU™bmomudk taemufwdkif;rS ydkrdk pdwf0if pm;vm-uonf? xdkaemuf *smrefbmom/ jyifopf bmomrsm;odk\vnf; jyefqdk-uonf? &kyf&SifZmwfum; tjzpfvnf; &dkuful;xm;onf? umvD'goonf tjcm;jyZmwfrsm;udv k nf; a7;om; onf? ,if;wkd\rSm ‘0d-uarm0goD’ESihf ‘rmvm0du ESifh tCdr-d w’ Zmwfrsm; jzpfonf? oU™*ª0ifY vGef pGmxif&Sm;onf? xdk Zmwfrsm;udkvnf; bmomtoD; oD;od\k jyefqx kd m;onf? umvD'goonf oU™bmomjzifh qef;-u,feufeJ aom uAsmrsm;pGmudkvnf; a7;7m txif&Sm;qHk;rSm wdrfapwrmefac: ‘ar•'lw’uAsmjzpfonf? ESpf. 7wk 6yg; om,myHk obm0udk zG\Jqadk om ‘7dwo k Bm7’ uAsmrSmvnf; xif&Sm;onf? xkduAsmrsm;jyif 7mr rif;om; ZmwftdrfzGJ\aom ‘7m*k0HoESihfukrm7oB0’ uAsmudkvnf; a7;onf? pdwful;eufeJI tzGJ\tEGJ\ ,Ofaus;odraf rG\onf? jrefrm usr;f *efrsm;wGif umvD'go [laom ynm&Sd q7m-uD;. ta-umif;udk Tod\k az:jyavh&o dS nf? a&S;tcg Am7m+oDjynfY eNd7mZmrif;ESifh bmEkrMD rdzk7m;-uD; vufxufwGif ynm&Sd umvD'gq7m&Sd onf? pdW7Ho[ D al omyef;csq D 7m wpfO;D vnf; &So d nf? umvD'goonf toH-um;&Hkjzihf&lyg&Hkudk qHk;jzwfEdkif pGrf;&SdI rdzk7m;-uD; yHkwla7;7ef wm0efusaom pdW7HoD yef;csDq7mudk ulnDonf? yef;csDq7monf rdz7k m;.yHYk v~K\d0u S af om ae7mwGif rS\J&iS f 3 vH;k &Syd u kH ykd g a7;qGI J qufo7m yef;csq D 7mtm; rdz7k m;ESifh rou®m ojzihpf pfaq;onf? umvD'goajymjya-umif; odaomf umvD'goudk owfaponf? uRod
wpfae\aomf -umzl;wpfckwGif ydwkef;0ifojzihf av rvm tvdkvdkv=yf7m bk7ifuta-umif;7if;udkajz qdkEdkifua,musfm;jzpfv~iftrwf-uD;t7m rdef;r jzpfv~if rdzk7m;t7may;rnf[kpnfvnfaponf? jynfhwefqmrwpfOD;u umvD'go aysmfyg;cdkuf ar;jyD;odI q7may:rnf pd;k aoma-umifu h mvD'go tdyf aysmpf Of owfvu kd o f nf? jynfw h efqmronf bk7ifxH tajzay;Edkifaomfvnf; ppfar;7m tjypfay:I '+foifh7onf? Todk\tm;jzifh umvD'go q7m tedPa7mufonf[k tqdk&Sd avonf? umvDzkd;eD;,m;jynfe,f ? ?od*g® a7Fjynf [lI vnf; ac:-uaom umvDzkd;eD;,m;jynfe,fonf ypdzw d f ork]7murf;ajcwGi7f I dS tar7duef jynfaxmif pkwGif tygt0if jynfe,fwpfe,f jzpfonf? od*®g a7Fjynf[kac:-ujcif;rSm uBmhtzkd;wef a7FwGif;rsm; 7Sjd cif;a-umifh jzpf.? 16 7mpkEpS af vmufu e,l;pyde[ f k trnfwiG cf ahJ om rUqDuEkd ikd if YH vma7muf aexdik -f uonfh pydef vlrsK;d wkd\onf ajrmufbufwGif od*®ga7Fjynft7yf7Sdonf[k pdwful;,Of,OfESihfawG;umajymqdkcJh -uonf? xkdodk\ ajymqdk-uaom owif;pum;a-umifh 1542„43 ckESpf rsm;wGif [Grf&dk'7D a*hum;A7D;[kd;qkdol ay:wl*DvlrsKd; wpfO;D onf pydeo f ab®m wpfpif;jzifh a7FwiG ;f rsm;7S7d m t7yfudkpl;prf;7SmazG7efc7D;xGufcJh7m qef'Da,;*dk; yifv,fatmfxo J \dka7muf7cdS ahJ vonf? 15^9 ckESpfwGif t*®vdyfvlrsKd; qmz7pfppf '7dwf onf umvDzkd;eD;,m;urf;ajcay:odk\ yxrqHk; wuf a7mufcJhonf? xkdaemufyifv,fc7D;wGif pGef\pm;0Hh aom tjcm;ykCdKvfrsm;vnf; umvDzkd;eD;,m;urf; ajcok\d a7mufc-hJ u.? ok\daomf aemifEpS af ygif; 200 cef\ -umrS umvDz;dk eD;,m;wGif vlrsm; twnfwus aexkid f pjyKcJhavonf? a7S;OD;pGm vma7mufaexkdifolrsm;rSm rUqDudkrSz7efpPuefbkef;-uD;rsm; jzpfonf? xkd aemuf 1^69 ckESpfESihf 1^^0 jynfhESpfrsm;wGif pydef tpk;d 7onf umvDz;dk eD;,m;jynfe,fuo kd rd ;f ydu k v f u dk f .? rGe;f xa7;jrdK\onf umvDz;kd eD;,m;jynfe,f. yxrqH;k jrKd\awmfjzpfco Jh nf? pydet f pd;k 7 vufxufwiG f umvDz;dk eD;,m; jynfe,f onf jidrf;csrf;om,mI pnfyif0ajymonf? pydef wk\d. vufatmufwiG f ESpaf ygif; 50 ausmrf ~usa7muf cJ. h ? xkad cwfrS -uGi;f usecf ahJ om t7mrsm;teuf z7ef
176
www.foreverspace.com.m
umvDz;dk eD;,m;jynfe,f
qefz7efpPukdjrdK\ ta7S\zuf7Sd uife'Da7FwGif;? wpfrdkifausmfeufojzihf uBmwGif teufqHk;wpfckjzpf.?
urf;uyfqdyf/ ukefavSmif&Hk/ rD;7xm;vrf;rsm;jzihf pepfwus wnfaqmufxm;aom avmhpdef;*svD;jrdK\ oab‡mqdyf
177
www.foreverspace.com.m
umvDz;dk eD;,m;jynfe,f
umvDzkd;eD;,m;jynfe,f7Sd oJcHkrsm;jzihfjynhfESufum yifv,fjyifatmuf ay 200 ausmfedrfhonfh ‘aorif;csKdifh0Srf;’
pPuef omoemjyKtzG\Jrsm;ESifh ,if;wd\k wnfaqmufchJ aom xl;jcm;onhf taqmufttHkrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm; zG,f jzpfayonf? 1821 ckEpS w f iG f rUqDuEdk idk if o H nf pydet f pk;d 7ukd awmfveS yf ek u f efcjhJ yD;aemuf vGwv f yfvm aomtcg umvDzkd;eD;,m; jynfe,fonf rUqDukd Ekid if . H vufatmufceH ,f jzpfvmavonf? ESpaf ygif;tpdwcf ef\ rUqDuEdk idk if H vufatmufwiG f 7Scd jhJ yD;aemuf rUqDupdk pfyt JG jyD; 1848 ckEpS w f iG f csKyf qkdcJhaom pmcsKyft7 tar7dueftpkd;7onf umvDzkd; eD;,m; jynfe,fukd odrf;ykdufvkdufavonf? xkdESpf twGif;Yyif a7Fukd pwifawG\7Sdav7m tar7duefwkd\ onf umvDzkd;eD;,m; jynfe,fxJokd\ woJoJ 0if a7mufvm-uonf? ,if;odk\ a7G\7Sm;vmolrsm;a-umihf pnfum;vmI 1850 jynhfESpfwGif tar7duef jynf axmif[t k wGi;f ok\d jynfe,fwpfct k jzpf yg0ifcahJ vonf? xkdtcg umvDzkd;eD;,m; jynfe,fonf tzufzufrS wkd;wufvm.? qnfajrmif;rsm; azmufjcif;jzihf uMm7 t7yfa'orsm;ukd pkdufysKd;vkyfukdifEkdifatmif jyKjyifcJhavonf? tar7duefjynfaxmifpk ta7S\ykdif;rS pwifI umvDzkd;eD;,m;jynfe,f7Sd qD,uf7m eDAm;' awmifwef;ukjd zwfum ypdzw d o f rk]7m urf;ta7muf rD;7xm;vrf; azmufvyk cf . hJ ? 1906 ckEpS w f iG f ivsif a-umihf rD;avmifysufpD;cJhaom qefz7efpPukd jrdK\ udv k nf; 3 ESpt f wGi;f jyefvnfwnfaqmufcahJ vonf? umvDzkd;eD;,m;jynfe,fonf ajrmufzufwGif -o7d
*efjynfe,f/ ta7S\zufwGif eDAm;'ESihf t,f7DZkd;em; jynfe,f/ awmifzufwiG f rUqDuEdk idk if w H iG ;f 7Sd atmuf ykdif; umvDzkd;eD;,m;e,f/ taemufzufwGif ypdzdwf ork]7mwkd\jzihf e,fedrdwf ykdif;jcm;owfrSwf wnf7Sd avonf? xkdjynfe,fonf tar7duef jynfaxmifpk 0if jynfe,frsm;wGif 'kwd, tus,f0ef;qHk; jzpf onf? pwk7ef;rdkif 158639 us,f0ef;I/ vlOD;a7rSm 1950 jynhfESpf oefaumifpm7if;t7 10586223 r~ jzpfonf? umvDzkd;eD;,m; jynfe,f. 7moDOwkrSm uBmay:wGif tom,mqHk;jzpfonf[k qkdavonf? umvDz;dk eD;,m; jynfe,fwiG f qefpyg;/ *sKH/ rka,m/ 0g*Gr;f / o-um;rkev f m ponhf aumufyo J ;D ESrH sm;tjyif opfoD;0vHrsm;vnf; pkdufysKd;onf? opfoD;rsm; twGuf emrnfxif7Sm;aom jynfe,fjzpfonf? pkduf ysKd;a7; vkyfief;tjyif opfoD;/ tom;/ ig;ESihf [if; oD;[if;7Gurf sm;ukd pnfow G af om vkyif ef;ESifh a7eHcsuf vkyif ef;/ opfvyk if ef;/ &ky7f iS v f yk if ef; ponfw\drk mS tjcm; xif7Sm;aom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf? umvDfzkd;eD;,m; jynf e ,f o nf obm0tavsmuf om,maom &=ar~mfcif;wkd\jzihf jynhfpHkonhfjynfe,fjzpfayonf? xkd jynfe,fwGif aorif;csKdifh0Srf;[kac:aom qef;-u,f onfh csKdifh0Srf;wpfck7Sdonf? xkdcsKdihf0Srf;onf yifv,f jyifatmuf ay 280 r~ edrfhavonf? -uD;rm;vS aom opfyif-uD;rsm; aygufa7mufI xif7Sm;onhf qD,uf7m eDAm;' awmifwef;wGif 7Sdaom 0SpfweD
178
www.foreverspace.com.m
umvDz;dk eD;,m;jynfe,f
umvkdif; wD
pawmif xdyfonf tvmpu jynfe,f7Sd awmifxdyf wpfcu k kd csyv f yS v f ~if tar7duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f tjrifh qH;k jzpfI ayaygif; 14495 ayr~ jriho f nf? eDAm;'awmifwef;ESifh ud\kp7de\fawmifwef; ESpcf -k um; wGif umvDzkd;eD;,m;csdKifh0Srf;-uD; 7Sdavonf? t aemufbuf7Sd 0Dvqefawmifay:Y tar7duefjynf axmifpw k iG f ta7;ygqH;k eQwfar~mpf if-uD;wpfck 7S. d ? umvDz;kd eD;,m; jynfe,f. jrdK\awmfrmS qU7mrifwjdk rdK\ jzpfonf? tjcm;xif7Sm;aom jrdK\-uD;rsm;rSm ypdzdwf ork]7murf;7Sd qefz7efpPudkjrdK\ESihf avhmpdef;*svD;jrdK\ wk\d jzpfonf? avmhped ;f *svD;jrdK\ teD;wGif a[mvD;0k&yk f 7Sijf rdK\-uD; wnf7adS vonf? rUqDuEkd ikd if b H ufusaom qef'Da,;*dk;jrdK\ESihf qefz7efpPudk yifv,fatmf urf; ezl;wGif7Sdaom tkwfuvefjrdK\wkd\rSmvnf; twefxif 7Sm;aomjrdK\rsm; jzpf-uayonf? umvdkif;wD(c7pf 1^95„1881) ? ?aomrwf umvdkif;rSm paumhvlrsKd;; uBmausmf pma7;q7m-uD; wpfOD;jzpf.? 1^95 ckESpf ‘DZifbmv 4 7ufae\wGif paumhwvefjynf ‘rfz7D;&di= , f m tufu,f vzufuef &GmY zGm;jrifonf? ol.zcifrSm qif;7JEGrf;yg;aom ausmufyef;7eform; wpfO;D jzpfI/ umvdik ;f onf om; orD;&Spaf ,mufwiG f om;t-uD;qH;k jzpfavonf? tvkyo f rm; wpfO;D yifjzpfaomfvnf; tajrmftjrif -uD;aom umvdkif;.zcifonf om;-uD;. t7nf taoG;udk odjrifjyD;jzpfojzihf ynmudk aumif;pGmoif,l aponf? umvdkif;onf 14 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif tuf 'ifAm7m wUodv k o f \kd oGm;a7muf ynmqnf;yl;cJ. h ? bmoma7;udkav;pm;wwfaom paumhtEG,fjzpf onfhtwkdif;omoemhabmifwGif 7[ef;jyK7ef 7nf &G,cf ahJ omfvnf; ausmif; rS xGuaf omtcg ausmif; q7mwpfOD; jzpfvmav awmhonf? umvdkif;onf pmay ta7;tom;udk vGefpGm 0goemygI aqmif;yg; pmayrsm;udk a7;om;vkd aom qNom jzpfay: cJh.? okd\7mwGif olvkyf uBmausmf pma7;q7m-uD; aom ausmif ; q7mt aomrwf umvkdif; vk y f r S m vG w f v yf r = u d k
tvGefvdkvm;aom umvdkif;tzdk\ tcsKyftaESmifrsm; uJhodk\ &Sdaeavonf? okd\jzpfIumvdkif;onf 1818 ckESpfwGif tvkyfrSxGufvkdufjyD;aomf tuf'ifAm7m jrdK\ay:&Sd rCZif;*sme,frsm;twGuf aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pwifa7;om;cJo h nf? 1825 ckEpS w f iG f ‘&S;d vm;. tšK_Wd’ pmtkyu f adk 7; om;xkwfa0cJhonf? aemufwpfESpfwGif *sdef;aAvD0Jh trnf&adS om trsK;d orD;wpfO;D ESifh vufqufvu dk o f nf? xkdaemufolwkd\ZeD;armifESHonf jAdwdefu`ef;. acsmif tusqHk; ae7mwpfckjzpfaom ua7*efywfawmh&Gmu av;odk\ ajymif;a&F\aexkdifcJh-u.? xkdtcsdefonf umvkdif;tzkd\ aiGa7;a-u;a7; tusyfwnf;qHk;aom tcg jzpfavonf? umvdkif;onf ‘jyifopfawmfvSefa7;’ trnf&Sd pm tkyyf xrwGu J kd a7;om; jy;D pD;aomtcg ol. rdwaf qGjzpf aom *`efpwl;0yfrD;tm; zwf-unfh7ef ay;tyfxm; cJ. h ? wpfae\oY rD;. tdrw f iG cf ikd ;f apxm;aom tapcHr uav;onf pmrludk toHk;r0ifaom pm&Gufrsm;om jzpfonf[x k ifrw S I f rD;arF;vdu k af vonf? *sGefrD;onf xkdta-umif;udk odaomtcg twdkif; rod wkefv=yfacsmufcsm;oGm;.? olonf umvdkif; &Sd7mokd\ t&l;yrm ajy;oGm;jyD;v~if jzpfor~udkajymjy avonf? odk\aomf oabm-uD;vSaom umvkdif;onf oli,fcsi;f . jzpfaxGukd jrifaomtcg ol\uykd if oem; tm;emrdjyD;v~if rdrd.xdckdufaom pdwfudk jyifyodk\ ray:vGiaf tmifrsKo d yd x f m;vdu k o f nf? Todk\ qHk;&H=;epfemjcif;-uD;pGmjzpf7aomfvnf; uvd k i f ; onf pd w f y suf tm;avsmh j cif ; r&S d b J olpw d x f YJ rSwrf o d r~EiS yhf if pmtkyu f jkd yefvnf a7;om;cJh avonf? umvdkif;rSm tyifyef;cH7usKd; eyfayonf? ta-umif;rSm xkpd mtkyf xGuo f nfEiS hf wpfjydKifeufum vdkif;onf emrnfausmf pma7;q7m-uD;tjzpfokd\ a7muf&v dS maoma-umihw f nf;? xifay:ausm-f um;aom pma7;q7m-uD;wpfa,muf jzpfvmaomtcg umvdik ;f wk\d tdraf xmifonf vef'ef jrdK\ csJvqD;t7yfodk\ a7F\ajymif;cJhonf? xkdae7mwGif 4^ ESpf-umr~aexdkifcJhI pmtkyftrsm;a7;om;cJh.? xkdtdrfwGif xdyfwef; pma7;q7m-uD;rsm;jzpfaom 'pfuif;/ wifeq D ef/ oUa7;/ *`epf wl;0yfr;D wk\dEiS fh r -umc+awG\qakH qG;aEG;cJah vonf? 1866 ckESpfwGif ol.pmayrsm;udk tm;wufoa7m a0zefay;Ir,m;0W7m;ESihf jynfhpHkaom cspfZeD;
179
www.foreverspace.com.m
umvdkif;jrdK\
um–K'g,dax7f
uG,v f eG t f edPa7mufav7m umvdik ;f rSm r-uHKb;l atmif ylaqG;cJhonf? Todk\ ZeD;onfaoqHk;jyD;aemuf um vdkif;onf xl;jcm;aom pmtkyfrsm;ukdra7;Edkifawmh bJtouf 86 ESpw f iG f tedPa7mufavonf? umvdkif;. vuf7mrsm;wGif pma7;ol. pdwfae oabmxm;udk a-u;rHkjyifwGif jrif7bdobJokd\ xif &Sm;pGm awG\jrif7onf? olonftay:,H[efaqmifr= twkytrsm;udk vGefpGmyif rkef;wD;I xkHxkdif;EHktjcif; udk &=wcf sonf? tv[©tcsed u f ek jf cif;xuf tvkyf vkyfjcif;udk ydkrdkESpfouf jrwfEdk;.? ol.tvkyfxif ay:r=xuf tvkyf jyD;pD;jcif;a-umifh 7&SdaomESpfodrfh jcif;yDwu d kd ydI k vdv k m;[ef wlavonf? aESmif;vltcsK\du pma7;q7m-u;D umvdik ;f . oabm w7m;rsm;udk emZD0g'ESifh Edi= ;f ,SOw f wf-u.? umvdik ;f onf ola7;om;jyKpkcJhaom pmtkyfrsm;wGif w7m; enf;vrf; rSefuefr=onfyif tiftm;jzpfa-umif;/ vl tcsKd\onf usefvlrsm;xuftqihftwef;jrifha-umif;/ 'Drdkua7pD0g'rSm 7,fp7maumif;aom 0g'omjzpf a-umif;/ vlwpfa,mufpt D m; vGwv f yfru = kd ray;Edik /f ray;oifah -umif;/ Edik if u H kd tmZmenf wpfO;D OD;uaomf vnf;aumif;/ tm+m&Sif wpfa,mufa,mufuaomf vnf;aumif;/ pDrt H yk cf sKyo f ihaf -umif;rsm;udk a7;om;az: jycJah vonf? xkd oabmw7m;rsm;udk ola7;om;cJah om ‘jyifopf awmfvSefa7;’/ ‘tmZmenfESihftmZmenfudk av;pm;jcif;’/ ‘atmfvDAm u&Grf;0J’ tp&Sdaom pmtkyrf sm;wGif awG\&7dS ayonf? umvdik ;f jrdK\ ? ?umvdkif;jrdK\onf t*®vefjynf urfAm vefc&dik . f &k;H pku d 7f m jrdK\-uD; jzpfI tD'if jrpfay:wGif wnf&adS vonf? paumhwvefjynf e,fpyfEiS fh 10 rkid f r~yif ruGma0;aome,fjcm;jrdK\ wpfjrdK\jzpfonf? ausmf apmxif7Sm;aom uoD'7,fbk7m;&Sdckd;ausmif;-uD; ESihf 7Jwdkuf-uD;rsm;&Sd7m/ bk7m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;-uD;rSm 11 7mpkEpS t f wGi;f u pwifwnfaqmufcjhJ yD;aemuf 15 7mpkESpfwGif wpfzef jyefvnfwnfaqmufcJhjyefonf? umvkid ;f 7Jwu dk -f uD;rSm 1092 ckEpS w f iG f 'kw, d 0DvsH b7k if wnfaqmufcahJ om taqmufttHjk zpfI ,cktcgysuf pD; c`wf,Gif;aejyD jzpfaomfvnf; ppfwef;vsm;tjzpf toHk;jyKae-uao;onf? xkdodk\ a7S;usvSaom orkdif; 0if taqmufttHk-uD;rsm;tjyif -uD;us,faom jynf ol\taqmufttHk-uD;rsm;jzpfonfh jrdK\awmfcef;r-uD;/ w7m;&Hk;awmf/ jywdkufESihftEkynmjycef;rsm;vnf;&Sd
onf? OD;xkyfvkyfjcif;/ txnftvdyf 7ufvkyfjcif;/ ADpuGwf rke\f vkyjf cif;wk\drmS xif7mS ;aom vkyif ef;rsm;jzpf -uvsu/f oH7nfusK&d rkH sm;ESifh tif*sief , D m tvky&f rkH sm; vnf; &Sdonf? rD;7xm;vrf;qHkjrKd\wpfjrdK\jzpfI/ vef'efjrdK\rS rD;7xm;vrf;twkid ;f rdik f 300 cef\ uGma0; onf? umvkid ;f jrdK\ vlO;D a7rSm 65000 cef\ jzpf.? um–K'g,Dax7f ? ?um–K'g,Donf a*gwrjrwf pGmbk7m;tavmif; od<šrif;om;ESifh wpfjydKiw f nf;zGm; aom zGm;zufawmfwpfOD;jzpfonf? oli,faz: upm; zuftjzpf-uD;jyif;cJh7m/ od<šrif;om;. zcif oka
180
www.foreverspace.com.m
um;'pfjrdK\ um;'pfjrKd\ ? ?um;'pfjrKd \onf *vmarmf*ef&i=d , f m c&dik . f &H;k pdu k 7f mjrdK\jzpfI a0vjynfwiG f t-uD;qH;k jrdK\ jzpfonf? uBmay:wGif ausmufrD;aoG; trsm;qHk; oab®mwif xkwfa7mif;7m jrdK\wpfjrdK\ jzpfojzihf jAdwdo~ u`ef;pk&Sd xdyw f ef; qdyu f rf;jrKd \-u;D rsm;wGif tygt0if jzpfavonf? a0vjynfawmifydkif; qufAef;jrpf0us,f ay:wGif wnf&SdI A7Pwdk a7vuf-um;-uD;rS 3 rdkifr~ uGma0;onf? 1^94 ckEpS w f iG f rmomwpfA;D jrdK\o\kd wl; ajrmif; azgufvyk v f u dk o f jzifv h nf;aumif;/ 1839 ckEpS f wGif oab®musif;rsm; wnfaqmufvu dk o f jzifh vnf; aumif;/ um'pfjrdK\rmS odoo d mom wk;d wufpnfum;vm avonf? rmomwpfAD;jrdK\okd\ ul;ajymif;rzGifhvSpfrDu um'pfjrKd \. ausmaxmufaemufcH e,frsm;rSm ausmufr;D aoG;rsm;ukd vm;rsm;jzifh um'pfjrdK\qyfd u f rf;od\k ta7muf yd\kaqmifc-hJ u7onf? 1900 jynfEh pS rf S 1911 ckEpS t f wGi;f jrdK\v,fyikd ;f udk jyefvnfjyKjyif aqmufvyk cf o hJ jzifh jAdwed u f `e;f &Sd pufr= vkyfief; xGef;um;aom tjcm;jrdK\rsm;xuf rsm;pGm om,mvsuf pdwfcsrf;ajr\zG,fjzpfaomO,smOfwkd\ESihf odkufjrdKufa0qmpGm&Sdonf? O,smOf tpkpkaygif;rSm {u 300 cef\us,f0ef;7m/ ,if;wkd\teuf 52 {ur~
us,faom uao;O,smOfESihfteD;w0dkufwGif um;'pf jrdK\. crf;em;aomtaqmuf ttHk-uD;rsm;&Sdav onf? ay 200 jrifah om em7Dpif&o dS nfh jrdK\awmfcef;r taqmufttHk/ ,leDAmpDwD aumvdyfausmif;/a0v trsK;d om; jywku d -f uD;/ pde*f `e;f bk7m;&Scd ;kd ausmif; ponfh wkd\rSm um;'pfjrdK\. usufoa7aqmif taqmuf ttHkrsm;jzpf-uvsuf12 7mpkESpftwGif;Y aqmuf vkyfcJhaomum;'pf7Jwdkuf-uD;rSm jrdK\.A[dkcsufrjzpf avonf? xkd7Jwdkuf-uD;udk 194^ ckESpfwGif rm;uGpf bG\J7 AsLjrdK\pm;-uD;onf um;'pfjrdK\ aumfyakd 7;&Si;f tzG\Jo\kd vSL'gef;ay;tyfvu dk . f ? a0vawmifyikd ;f &Sd ausmufr;D aoG;xGu7f m a'owd\kEiS fh wl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ rD;7xm;vrf;jzifv h nf; aumif;/ qufo, G x f m;I oH/ oHr+dvyk if ef;/ oHjzLvkyf ief;/ oab®mwnfaqmufjyifqifaom vkyif ef;wd\k wiG f txl;xif&mS ;onf? oab®musi;f wk\drmS ^rdik rf ~ &Snv f sm; I {u 200 cef\ us,0f ef;.? 'kw, d uBmppftwGi;f Y *smrefwkd\onf xkdoab®musif;wkd\udk wpfntwGif; rD;avmifA;kH wpfaomif;cef\ -uJcsI wku d cf u kd cf -hJ u.? um;'pfjrdK\onf pwk7ef; 26 rdkifr~ us,f0ef;I vlO;D a7rSm 24362^ r~ &Sad vonf?
pepfuspGm tuGufcs wnfaqmufxm;aom um;'pfjrdK\v,fykdif;rS uao;O,smOfESihf taqmufttHkrsm;
181
www.foreverspace.com.m
um;rkid ;f jrdK\
um;aohEidk if H
umrdkif;jrdK\ ? ?rkd;aumif;jrdK\rStxufodk\ rdk;aumif; acsmif;twkid ;f qefwufaomf a7vrf;c7D; rdik f ^0 cef\ tuGmwGif um;rdkif;jrdK\udkawG\7ayrnf? odk\aomf um; vrf;rSqdkv~if 25 rdkifr~om a0;avonf? um;rdkif;jrdK\ rSmucsifjynfe,f jrpf-uD;em;c&dkifYyg0ifI umrdkif; awmifwef;e,f/ rdk;aumif;awmifwef;e,f/ rdk;n|if; awmifwef;e,f/ [l;aumif; y,if; wGif;e,f/ em* awmifwef;e,fESihf ausmufpdrf;wGif;e,frsm; qdkif7m awmifwef;0efaxmuf &H;k pdu k 7f mjrdK\ jzpfonf? jrdK\rmS pwk7ef;wpfrikd u f s,0f ef;I 1953 ckEpS f oef; acgifpm7if;t7 vlOD;a7 611 a,mufr~&Sd.? jrdK\ol jrdK\om;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh wHigESihf awmifolvkyf ief;rsm;udk vkyfudkif-uonf? rdk;aumif;acsmif;zsm;&Sd aumfzwfjcHrsm;rS aumfzwfrsm;ESif ausmufpdrf;rsm;udk ta7mif;t0,f jyK-uonf? 7moDOwkrSm at;jrpdkpGwfojzifh rdk;OwkwGif tzsm; temxlxyf.?ausmufpdrf;paom wGif;xGufyPnf; rsm;twGuf taumufawmf&Hk;&SdI ESpfpOf tcGefawmf rsm;pGm 7&Sad vonf?
bufurf;ajc&Sd ,ckacwfwsL;epfjrdK\ESihf 3 rdkifuGmwGif wnf&adS vonf? um;aohjrdK\ wnfcjhJ cif;ESifh pyfvsOf;I tqdrk sm; uGJ jym;ae-u.?EdkifiHordkif;t7qdkaomf um;aohjrKd\onf a&S;zDe&D eS v f rl sK;d wk\d aumif;pm;pOfu bDpD 813„814 ck ESpaf vmufwiG f qdyu f rf;jrdK\ uav;tjzpf wnf&cdS . hJ ? a&S;ola[mif;wk\d. pum;t7qdak omf bDpD 850jynfh ESpfavmufwGifwkdif,mjrdK\rSxGufajy;vmaomzDeD&Sef rif;orD;'kid 'f kd wnfcahJ omjrdK\jzpfavonf? a7mr pmqdk awmfAm*sD. ‘tD;eD;,pf’uAsmwGif x&dk*sef rif;om; tD;eD;,yfEiS fh cspv f rf;cif;cJah om um;aohb7k ifr 'dik 'f rkd mS xdrk if;orD;yif jzpf.? ajrxJyifv,furf;ajcwGif aecif;omaom um;aoh jrdK\onf r-umrDyif ul;oef;a7mif;0,f7m A[dXk me-uD; jzpfvm.? um;aohjrdK\wGif oab®mqdyf ESpfck&Sd.? wpfcrk mS ukeo f nfoab®mrsm;twGujf zpfI tjcm;wpfck rSm ppfoab®mrsm;twGujf zpf.? ajrxJyifv,fwpf0u kd f wGif ukeu f ;l oef; a7mif;0,f7ef oab®mrsm;udk toH;k jyK I aecJh-u7mrS um;aohvlrsKd;wkd\onf e,fy,frsm;udk wku d cf u kd f odr;f ydu k v f m-u.? bDpD 600 jynfEh pS af vmufrS um;vrwf ? ?(rwf um;v„7=?) pI um;aohw\dkonf ppfvv dk m;aomvlrsK;d [lI emrnf -uD;vmavonf? bDpD 300jynf\ESpfavmufwGif um;aohEdkifiH ? ?a&S;ESpaf ygif; 2000 ausmaf vmuf umaohjrdK\onf ajrxJyifv,fESifh pyfvsuf&Sdaom u wefcdk;xGm;cJhaom um;aohEdkifiHawmf. jrdK\awmf tmz7duwdkuf ajrmufbuf urf;ajcwpfav~mufESihf jzpfonfh um;aohjrdK\onf ajrxJyifv,fxw J iG f a7mrjrdK\ pydeu f rf;ajcwpfav~mufw\kdtjyif/ aumfpu D m;useG ;f ESifh ESihfacwfjydKif xGef;um;cJhayonf? xdkpOfuta7mif; qm'if;eD;,m;usGe;f rsm; yg0ifaom um;aohEikd if aH wmf t0,f zGH\jzKd;I crf;em;-uG,f0aom jrdK\wpfjrdK\jzpfcJhI/ -uD;. jrdK\awmfjzpfvmavonf? bDp4D 80 ESifh 2^5 ck ,if;jrdK\-uD;.ae7ma[mif;rSm tmz7duwdkuf ajrmuf ESpfrsm; t-um;wGif um;aohwdk\onf pPvDwpfusGef; vH;k udk pd;k rd;k 7ef *7dw\kdEiS t fh -urd -f urd f ppfjyKd icf -hJ uonf? a7mrwdo \k nftw D vDu`e;f qG,w f pfcv k ;k H udk odr;f ydu k jf y;D aomtcg ajrxJyifv,ft aemufyikd ;f Y -uD;pd;k aeaom um;aohw\u dk rkd supf pd yg;arG; pl;vm-u.? od\jk zpfI um; aohw\dkEiS fh tiftm;csi;f jydKif 7ef a7wyftiftm; pk aqmif;jy;D aomtcg bDpD 3 7mpkEpS af vmufwiG u f m;aoh wk\dupkd wifwu dk cf u kd -f uav ucsifjynfe,f jrpf-uD;em;c&kdif7Sd um;rkdif;jrdK\. &=cif;wpf7yf awmhonf? 182
www.foreverspace.com.m
um;aohEidk if H
um;aohjrdK\a[mif; wpfae7m7Sd a7S;acwf a7mrZmwf&Hk-uD;wpf&Hk. tysuftpD; t-uGif;tusefrsm;
um;aohESihfa7mrwdk\ 3 -udrf 3cg ppfjzpf-u7m xkd ppfyGJrsm;udkysL;epfppfyGJrsm;[k ac:onf? yxrppfyGJ rSm bDpD 264 ckEpS rf S 241 ckEpS t f xd pPvDu`e;f wGijf zpf yGm;I um;aohwkd\ta7;edrfhojzifh pPvDu`ef;ukd a7m rwk\dvufo\dk tyfvu dk 7f .? ok\daomf a7mrwk\donf pPvD u`e;f rSwpfqifh qm'if;eD;,m;ESihf aumpD;um;u`e;f rsm; ukdodrf;ykduftkyfcsKyf7ef pDrHaepOf um;aohppfAkdvfcskKyf -uD; [mrD;vum;Am;um;onf pydefu`ef;qG,fwGif EkdifiHopfrsm; xlaxmifum tm;opfpk&kH;jyefavonf? xk\da-umifh a7mrwk\donf pyde&f dS um;aohw\dkudk taESmifh t,Suf ay;-ujyefonf? xkt d cg [mrD;vum;.om; jzpfol um;aohppfAv dk cf sKyf [³DaAmonf pyderf S uke;f a-umif;vrf;jzifh toGm;tvm cufcaJ om awmifwef; -uD;rsm;ukd jzwfausmv f suf qifwyf/ jrif;wyf/ ajcvsif wyf tvkH;t7if;ESifh tDwvDEkdifiHtwGif;okd\ csif;eif; wkdufckdufavawmh.? ([³DaAm„7=? ) xkdppfyGJukd 'kw, d AsL;epfppfy[ JG ak c:wGiI f bDpD 218 ckEpS rf S 201 ck ESpt f xd jzpfymG ;cJ-h uonf? [³DaAmonf ol7oWdEiS hf jynfph o Hk nft h jyif tpDtrH vnf; aooyfojzifh um;aohppfonfrsm;ukd a7mr ppfonfwkd\r,SOfEkdif-uacs? bDpD 216 ckESpfu³D;wkduf yGw J iG f a7mrppfwyf-uD;onf wyfv;Hk jyKwfum t&=;H -uD;
&=H;oGm;.? okd\7mwGif a7mrwkd\onf tav~mhray;-u acs? a7mrAkdvfcsKyfqpfyD,kdonf pydefokd\ -um;jzwf oGm;a7mufwkdufckduf7m atmifjrifojzifh tmz7duokd\ ppfO;D vSnahf vonf? um;aoh jrdK\vnf; 7efruif;awmh ojzifh [³DaAmukd jyefac:7awmh.? bDpD 202 ckESpf wGif um;aohjrdK\teD; aZ;rm;t7yfY um;aohwkd\ESifh a7mrwk\d ,SOjf ydKiw f u dk cf u dk 7f m um;aohw\dk ta7;edrahf v onf? um;aohwkd\onf pydef&Sde,frsm;/ um;aohykdif ppfoab‡mwyfrsm;ESiphf pfavsmaf -u; tajrmuftjrm;ukd a7mrwk\d tm; ay;7avonf? wwd,ysL;epfppfyrJG mS bDpD 149 ckEpS rf S 146 ckEpS f txd 3 ES p f - umr~jzpf y G m ;cJ h . ? a7mrwk d \ o nf um;aohw\dk jyefvnf-uD;yGm;vmjcif;ukd r&=qw d -f uacs? um;aohw\dk. 7efuv dk nf;a-umuf7\HGvsuyf if &S-d uao; onf? xk\da-= umihf um;aohw\dkudk tjrpfupI jzdKzsu7f ef tm;xkw-f uavonf? um;aohw\dkonf tmz7du wkid ;f 7if;om; 7efolrsm;. wkdufckdufr=ukd umuG,f7ef ppf wyfzGJ\pnf;aomtcg a7mrwkd\onf tjypf&SmI um; aohw\dktm; wku d cf u dk -f uawmh.? um;aohw\dkonf 7ef olw\dkudk tpGr;f ukef ckcw H u dk cf u dk -f u.? ok\d7mwGif tif tm;csi;f rr~wojzifh t&=;H cH-u7onf? bDpD 146 ckEpS f wGif pnfum;crf;em;vSaom um;aohjrdK\-uD;onf
183
www.foreverspace.com.m
um;aohEidk if H
ud a*s
a7mrwk\dvufwiG 1f 4 7ufwidk w f idk f rD;[ke;f [ke;f awmuf avmifvsuf jymusoGm;avonf? bDpD 45 ckESpfavmufwGifa7mrbk7if qDZmonf um;aohukd a7mrqif;7Jom;rsm; vma7mufaexkdif7m e,fopftjzpfjzifh owfrw S cf . hJ ? xkt d wGuf um;aoh onf pnfum;vmjyD;v~if a7mrykid f tmz7due,fy,f rsm;. tcsuftjcmjrdK\-uD;jzpfvmjyefonf? okd\aomf at'D 439 ckESpfwGif Aif;a'gvlrsKd;wkd\ 0ifa7mufwkduf ckdufvk,ufzsufqD;cJhojzifh arS;rSdefoGm;jyD;v~if yifv,f”m;jypcef;tjzpfo\dkoufav~mcJah vonf? at'D 553 ckEpS rf pS I Akid Zf if;wku d t f ifyidk , f m. vufatmufcH e,fwpfcjk zpfcjhJ yD;v~if at'D 698 ckEpS w f iG f tm7yfvrl sK;d wk\d . acsr=e;f zsufq;D jcif;ukd cHc7hJ avonf? 1881 ckESpfY wsL;epfjynfonf jyifopftpkd;7. apmifha&SmufcHe,fwpfckjzpfvmaomtcg um;aoh onf A7if*s*D + dk ;f tkyw f pfyg;. XmecsKyf jzpfvmonf? ,cktcgYrl a&S;a[mif; taqmufttkH tysuftpD; rsm; pka0;wnf&7dS m jrdK\a[mif;7mr~om use&f adS wmhonf? uda*s (c7pf 1^95„1812) ? t*‡vyd pf mayorkid ;f wGif xif&Sm;aom uAsmpmqkdwpfOD;jzpfonfh *sGefud onf 1^95 ckEpS w f iG f vef'efjrdK\Y zGm;jrifonf? ol. zcifrSm tn-wjrif;xdef;wpfOD;om jzpfaoma-umifh
om;jzpfot l m; txufwef; ynm7yfrsm;ukd oif-um; 7ef wUokdvfokd\ rapvFwfEkdifcJh&SmbJ omref pmoif ausmif;uav;wGio f m ynmoif-um;apcJ7h onf? *sGefrSm i,fpOfuyif r[kwfrcH pdwf"mwfESifh jrifh jrwfaom oabmxm;&Sdoljzpf7m ausmifom;wkdif; q7mwkid ;f uyif ol\ucdk spcf if-uavonf? txl;ojzifh olaeaomausmif;rS q7m-uD;.om;ESifhcspfusGrf; w0ifcifrifc7hJ m Ttcsufonfyif *Gsef.aemifa7;ukd zefw;D cJah om ta-umif;wpfck jzpfvmavonf? t*‡vdyfvlrsKd; uAsmq7mwkd\onf trsm;tm;jzifh qdwfjidrf om,maom awm&Gma'orsm;wGif tcsdef ukev f eG af pwwf-uaomfvnf; *seG u f rd mS rl ol.uav; b0ukd pnfum;vSaom vef'efjrdK\awmf-uD;wGifom ukefvGefapcJh7avonf? tvStyukd oabmuswwf jcif;um; ud.e*k"d mwfcyH if jzpf.? ‘tvSonf oPm/ oPmonf tvS’ Tum; ud. 0rf;wGif;yg,kH-unf csufjzpfonf? udtzkd\ avmu-uD;wGif ta7;t-uD; qk;H aom t7mwpfck wnf;om&S. d ? xkt d 7monf tjcm; r[kwf tvSyifjzpf.? udonf olESifhwpfacwfwnf; ay:aygufvmaom &SJvD/ 0rfZ0yfponfh uAsmpmqkd-uD;rsm;uJhokd\ uBm -uD;ukd ajymif;vJvkd/ awmfvSefvkdaom qN&Sdonfh pmqkrd sK;d r[kwaf cs? tvStywnf;[laom om,monfh
um;aohjrdK\ukd wnfaxmifcJhaom bk7ifr 'kdif'kdESihf x&kd*sefrif;om; tD;eD;,ufwkd\ awG\qHk-upOf
184
www.foreverspace.com.m
ud a*s
udoma*gwrDax7D uAsmyg7*l udrmS pdwv f uf csrf;csrf;omomae7onf [lI r&Sd&SmbJ Eke,fysKdrspf touf 26 t&G,fwGif tDwvDEkdifiHokd\ aq;ukoGm;,if; acsmif;qkd;aoG;yg a7m*gjzifh uG,v f eG t f edP a7mufcahJ vonf?
t*‡vdyfuAsmq7m-uD; *`efud
avmu0,f pdwful;,Ofum aysmfarG\aevkdaom pdwful;,OftvSpmqkd (0g) tEGJ\pmqkdwpfOD;omv~if jzpfayonf? 1881 ckEpS w f iG f rdbESpyf g; uG,v f eG af v7m udonf ausmif;rSxGufjyD;aomf q7m0efwpfOD;xHwGif vuf axmuftjzpf vkyu f idk 7f .? od\k 7mwGif xkv d yk if ef;wGif pdwfr0ifpm;bJ uAsmvu‡mrsm; pDukH;a7;om;onfh zufokd\om pdwf,kdifvsuf&Sdonf? xkda-umifh aq;0g; ukoonfh vkyfief;ukd pGef\y,fumol0goempl;&Saom pmqkad vmuok\d 0ifa7mufco hJ nf? udonf ol. yxrqk;H uAsmpmtkyu f dk 181^ ckEpS f wGix f w k af 0cJ7h m pmaytuJcwf ykCKd vfw\dk. jyif;xef pGm a0zef&=wfcsjcif;ukd cH7onf?okd\7mwGif pdwfysuf jcif;r&SdbJ ‘tif'ifrD,Gef’trnf&Sd uAsm &Snf-uD;wpf yk'f aemufxyfa7;om; xkwfa0jyefonf? xkdu AsmrSvnf; pmaya0zefa7;orm;rsm;. tjypfajym qkdjcif; cH7jyef.? xkda-umifh udonf ol\uAsmrsm;. c`w, f iG ;f csurf sm;ukd uk, d w f idk o f jd rif7um; xku d Asmwk\d uk d a umif ; onf x uf a umif ; atmif xyf r H j yKjyif a7;om;cJ. h ? ud.aemufykdif;uAsmpkum; t*‡vdyfpmayavmu wGif rnfonft h cgr~ wdrjf r|KyfomG ;Ekid af wmhrnf r[kwf aom uAsmtnGef\tzl;rsm;jzpfavonf? okd\7mwGif
udoma*gwrDax7D ? ?udoma*gwrD ax7DrmS a*gwrjrwfpGmbk7m; vufxufawmfwGifou‡ef; acgif;yg;pGm jcdK;jcHIusifh-uHEkdifjcif;a-umifh vlcpD07 "m7e{w'*ft7mjzifh csD;ajr|mufjcif;cH7aom bdQLeD 7[Mmr jzpfonf? udoma*gwrDonf y'krW k 7 bk7m;7Siv f ufxuf awmfu pIyg7rDqnf;yl;cJ7h m u©ybk7m;7Sif vuf xufawmfwiG f udvrD if;-uD;. orD;awmfcek pfyg;teuf "Rmrif;orD;jzpfvmonf? a*gwr jrwfpmG bk7m; vuf xufawmfwiG f om0šdjynf olaX;-uD;wpfO;D . orD; jzpfvmonf? trnfrSm udoma*gwrD[k wGifonf? t&G,fa7mufaomf rdbrsm; qif;7JoGm;ojzifh qif;7J yifyef;pGm ae7onf? xkdtcsdefwGif om0šdjynf&Sd olaX;-u;D wpfO;D onfvnf; ol.ykid q f idk af om a7F/ aiGrsm; tm;vkH;rD;aoG;jzpfum qif;7JoGm;onf? xkdtcg rdwf aqGwpfO;D . t-uaH y;csut f 7 xku d w f efoEl iS hf awG\v~if rD;aoG;rsm; a7FaiGtjzpfokd\ jyefIajymif;vJvmrnf[k ,kHrSwfum xkdolaX;-uD;onf rD;aoG;rsm;ukd aps;wGif qkid cf if;I a7mif;csonf? wpfae\oY udoma*gwrDonf aps;okd\oGm;7m xkd olaX;a[mif;. qkid rf S rD;aoG;rsm;ukd a7Frsm;tjzpfEiS hf omawG\jrif7ojzifh ‘Ta7Frsm;uku d ek af tmif b,fo0l ,f Ekid yf grnfenf;’ [k qkid 7f iS f olaX;tm;ar;jref;rdonf? xkdtcg olaX;a[mif;onf bkef;uH&SdolukdawG\7jyD[k 0r;fompGm udoma*gwrD. ae7yfrsm;ukd ar;jref;I rdro d m;-uD;ESihf xdr;f jrm;7ef pDpOfonf? udoma*gwrD . vufESifhukdifcJh aom rD;aoG;rsm;tm;vkH;onf vnf;a7Fpiftwd jyefIjzpfcJhonf? okd\jzifh udom a*gwrDonf olaX;om;ESiv hf ufxyf7avonf? ok\daomf aemufrsm;r-umrD olaX;uawmf a,mQr -uD;rSm 7ufpufjidKjiifwwfojzifh rsm;pGm pdwfrcsrf; rom jzpf7avonf? xkdaemuf tcsdefumv-um aomf om;wpfa,mufukd zGm;jrif7m om;i,fuav; rSm ok;H av;ESpf t&G,w f iG f aoqk;H oGm;onf? xkt d cg udoma*grwrDonfom;i,fudk cspjf cif;/ a,mQrwk\d tdrw f iG f pdwq f if;7Jjcif; jyif;xefrw = \dka-umifh &l;oGyu f m om;i,ftavmif;ukd csDy;dk ajy;vFm;Iaeawmhonf?
185
www.foreverspace.com.m
udoma*gwrDax7f
uDrm;tmwmwyf
xkdtcg ynm&SdwpfOD;u udoma*gwrDtm; oif. om;i,fuadk *gwr jrwfpmG bk7m;u touf7iS af tmif ukoay;Ekid v f rd rhf nf[k w7m;7pdrahf omiSm jrwfpmG bk7m; xHo\dk nFev f u dk . f ? udoma*gwrDvnf; 0rf;ajrmufpmG jzifh om;i,ftavmif;udyk u dk I f jrwfpmG bk7m;xHawmfo\dk oGm;avonf? jrwfpGmbk7m;onf udoma*gwrDukd jrifaomtcg u,fwifvkdIy7d,m,fjzifh vlraobl; aom trsKd; tdrfrS rkefnif;qDukd 7atmif7Sm,lcJhv~if touf7iS af tmif jyKvkyaf y;rnf[k rde\f awmfro l nf? udoma*gwrDonf vlraoaom trsK;d tEG,t f rd rf S rken f if;qDudk 7&S7d ef wpftrd w f ufqif; vSnv hf nf 7Sm azGonf? xkdokd\ 7SmazG7mwGif vlraobl;aom tdrf [lI rawG\7onfhjyif -uifemaom vlwpfa,mufu vlraoao;bl;aomtdrfukd 7SmazGI tb,ftcgr~ awG\Ekdifrnfr[kwfa-umif; ajymjyavonf? xkdtcgrS udoma*gwrDonf owd7um raojcif;[lonfr&Sb d J
vltm;vk;H um; aowwfaom oabmw7m;&Sad -umif; udk qifjcifpOf;pm;rdI om;i,ftavmif;ukd pGef\ypf vku d jf yD;v~if r7+Ek©wduRXmef;ukd pD;jzef;onf? xkad emuf jrwfpmG bk7m;xHo\dk a7mufaomtcg jrwf pGmbk7m;urkefnif;qD7jyDavm[k ar;onf? udom a*gwrDvnf; rdrdoHa0*7ykHukd av~mufxm;.? xkd tcg jrwfpGmbk7m;u w7m;a[majymI aomwyWd r*fu7dk um 7[ef;jyKavonf? wpfae\oY qDr;D ukt d a-umif;jyKI c¶mcsKyjf idr;f aom oabmw7m;ukx d ifjrifum 0dy©em—m+f 7onf? xkd aemuf 7[Mmjzpfawmfr7l m aumif;rGeaf omou‡e;f ukd rwyfrufbJ yho H u k o l u‡e;f uko d m qif;7JcI H 0wfqif wwfaoma-umifh jrwfpGmbk7m;u vlcpD07"m7e {w'*f bG\Jx;l jzifch s;D usL;jcif; jyKawmfro l nf? xkrd pS I udoma*gwrDax7Dtjzpf xif7mS ;ausm-f um; cJah vonf?
wl7uDEikd if aH wmfopf zcif-uD;
ppfr=a7;7mwGifvnf;usGrf;usif EdkifiHa7;wGifvnf; t7nf0aomuDrm;tmwmwyfonf ppfom;b0rSaeI EdkifiH awmfoRw jzpfvmonftxd EdkifiHESihfvlrsKd;twGuf tajrmftjrif-uD;pGmjzihf pGrf;vGef;wrH aqmif&GufcJholjzpf.? 207mpkESpfwGif uBm\ta&S\ tv,fydkif;rS ay:aygufcJhI uBmhordkif;0if xif&Sm;onfhykCdKvf-uD;wpfOD;yifjzpfonf?
uD;rm; tmwmwyf(c7pf 1881„1938) ? ?‘wl7uD wkd\. zcif’[k teufxifonfh tmwmwyftrnfudk cH,laom rGwfpwmzguDrm;onf 1881 ckESpfwGif *7dEikd if H q,fvekd ;D um;jrdK\wiG f zGm;jrifonf? ol.zcif rSmtaumuft7m&Sd wpfO;D jzpfI/ rGwpf wmzg zGm;jrifjyD; aemuf r-umrDuG,fvGef oGm;avonf? rGwpf wmzgonf i,fpOfu q,fvekd ;D um;jrdK\&dS t ajccHppfynmoifausmif;wGif ynmoif-um;cJhpOf/ oc®smbmom7yfwGif olrwlatmif xl;csGefcJhaom a-umihf olESihfemrnfwl rGwfpwmzgtrnf &Sdaom ol.q7mu trnf7if;wGif ‘uDrm;’ [laom trnf wpfv;kH wd;k ay;cJah vonf? uDrm;rSm tm7ADbmomjzihf jynfh0jcif;/ jynfh0ol[k teuf7.? rGwpf wmzguDrm; onf i,fpOfrpS I ppfru = x kd rf; cJhol jzpfojzihf ppfa7;ppf7mwGif xl;csGefcJh&Hkru/ Edik if aH 7;wGiv f nf; rsm;pGm pdw0f ifpm;cJo h jl zpfonf? Edik if H a7;wGif Tod\kpw d yf g0ifpm;&Ho k mru/ v~Kd \0u S af omEdik if H a7; toif;rsm; zJG\pnf;jcif;/ ppft7m&Sd -uD;i,fwkd\ tm; EdkifiHa7;pdwf"gwfrsm; oGif;ay;jcif;wkd\a-umifh r-umc+ zrf;qD;ppfaq;jcif;cH7aomfvnf;/ rGwf
pwmzg. tvGef xl;cGSefI pGrf;7nf&Sdaom ppfom; aumif;wpfa,mufjzpfojzihf -uD;av;aom tjypf'+f rsm;rS uif;vGwcf ahJ vonf? Tok\djzifh r-umc+ zrf; qD;ppfaq;jcif; cH7vsufESihfyif olonf EdkifiHa7;udk rpGe\fvw F cf ahJ cs? 1904 ckEpS w f iG f ppfAv kd f 7mxl;ok\d wk;d jr|ihf cef\xm;jcif; cH7aomfvnf; xkdtcsdefrSmyif rGwfpwmzgrSmawmf vSeaf 7;toif;wpfcw k iG yf g0ifrE= iS fh zrf;qD;ppfaq;jcif; cH7jyD;aemuf 'rufpuyfjrdK\o\dkS yd\k xm;jcif;cH7avonf? 'rufpuyfwGifvnf; 1905 ckESpfYv~dK\0Sufaom EdkifiH a7;tzGJ\ zGJ\pnf;jyefaoma-umifh *sufzg;jrdK\odk\ ajymif;a7F\jcif; cH7jyefonf? *sufzg;rSaeI ol.Zmwd jzpfaom q,fvekd ;D um;jrdK\o\dk wdww f qdwf xGuaf jy; oGm;I Oa7mye,fajrbufwiG v f ~K\d0u S af omEdik if aH 7; tzG\J zGJ\pnf;jyefonf? q,fvdkeD;um;wGif olzGJ\pnf;cJh aomtoif;onf aemiftcgwGif pnf;vH;k wd;k wufa7; oif;-uD; ESihfyl;aygif;qufoG,f avonf? xkdtcgu uGefpwefwDEdky,f tpdk;7u ol\tm;zrf;qD;7ef trdef\xkwfcJhaomfvnf;/ rGwfpwmzgrSm vGwfajrmuf cJ&h rkH u/ ppfom;aumif;wpfa,muftjzpf todtrSwjf yK
186
www.foreverspace.com.m
uDrm;tmwmwyf xm;jcif; cH7oljzpf7um;/ 190^ ckESpfwGiftjypfrS a7;rsm;udkyg 0ifa7muf pGufzufvmcJhaoma-umihf/ vGwjf idr;f csr;f omcGiafh y;I 7mxl;wd;k wuf cef\xm;onfh uDrm; yg&Sm;onf xkdokd\ 0if7mufpGufzufr=rsm;udkOD; jyif q,fvdkeD;um;odk\yif jyefydk\jcif;cH7avonf? okd\ aqmifI twkduftcHjyKcJhonf? odk\7mwGif *smref-o aomfrGwfpwmzgum; EdkifiHa7;ESihf awmfvSefa7;vkyf ZmcHjzpfaeaom plvwefbk7ifonf ol.tpD7ifcHpm ief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufvsufyif&Sd.? rsm;udk ta7;r,lbx J m;ojzifh rGwpf wmzgvnf;7mxl; 1908 ckESpfwGif pnf;vHk;wkd;wufa7; oif;-uD;. rS Ekwx f u G cf hJ avonf? vH=aqmfr=jzifh awmfvSefa7;-uD; jzpfyGm;onfwGif awmf 1918 ckESpfwGif plvwefbk7ifu jyefvnfac:,l vSefolwkd\u tEdkifav7m/ plvwefbk7ifvnf; pnf; ojzifh ygvufpwkdif;&Sd wl7uDppfwyfrsm;udk tkyfcsKyf rsOf;tkyfcsKyfa7;udk cGihfjyKvkduf7avonf? xkdtcg cJ7h jyefonf? ok\daomf wl7uDEikd if rH mS tawmfyif tajc 18^6ckEpS f zG\Jpnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajc ,dik af ejyDjzpfI/ jyefvnftajc cHOya'udk jyefvnfjy}mef;cJo h nf cdik af tmif raqmif&u G Ef ikd af wmh wGif awmfvSefa7;acgif;aqmif ay? xkEd pS f atmufwb dk mvwGif rsm;ESifh rGwpf wmzgwk\d oabmuGJ ppfajyjird ;f 7efta7;qd7k aomtcg -ujyD;v~if/ rGwfpwmzgonf rGwpf wmzgonfv;kH 0vufeuf Edik if aH 7;rS acWtem;,lI ppfzuf csvu dk 7f efukd oabmrwlco hJ jzifh wGifom tm;xkwfI tvkyf ppfajyjird ;f pmcsKyv f ufrw S x f ;k jd y;D vkycf ahJ vonf? csdefwGifppfwyfrS tem;,lav 1911ckEpS w f iG f rxifr&Sm;aom awmhonf? toGijf zifh x7pfyv kd eD ,fo\dk oGm;I ok\ad omf 1919ckEpS w f iG f t³m tDwmvsw H \kdEiS fh wku d 7f aom ppfyJG wkd;vD;,m;e,fokd\ ppfajyjidrf; wGiyf g0ifqifEcJG 7hJ m Adv k rf LS ;tqihf pm csKyyf g pnf;urf;csurf sm;t7 twef; wdk;jr|ifhcef\xm;jcif;cH7 wl7uDppfwyfrsm;udk vufeuf onf? x7pfydkvDrS olrjyefEdkifrD odr;f ,ljy;D v~if zsuo f rd ;f 7ef ap yxraA:vuefppfyJG jyD;qH;k oGm; vF w f j cif ; cH 7 avonf ? rGwf yxr wl7uDorw uDrm; tmwmwyf aomfvnf;/ 'kwd, aA:vuef pwmzguDrm;rSm wl7uDEikd if u H kd ppfyGJwGif *vpf ydkvDu`ef;qG,fodk\ apvFwf7ef zGJ\pnf; cG J p d w f r nf h r[mrd w f w k d \ .tpD t pOf u d k wk d u f aomwyf-uD;udk tkycf sKyI f xGucf 7hJ avonf? xkt d cgu zsufypf7ef -uHpnfxm;oljzpf7um;/ xkdt7yfwGif 'g;'eJa7vuf-um;udk umuG,fa7;twGuf vuf v~Kd\0SufpGm wl7uD rsKd;cspftoif;tzGJ\rsm;wnfaxmif awG\tpDtpOfrsm;udk avhvmcJhavonf? ppfjyD;aom um ol.t-uHxajrmufatmifjrif ap7ef -udK;yrf;cJ. h ? tcg rGwpf wmzguDrm;rSm Adv k rf LS ;-uD;tqiht f wef;jzifh rGwpf wmzguDrm;. v=y&f mS ;r=rsm;ukd plvwefb7k ifh ppfzufqikd 7f m wGzJ uf oHt7m&St d jzpfjzihf qkzd ;D ,m;jrdK\o\dk tpd;k 7 od&adS omtcg ol\tm; uGepf wef wDEydk ,fjrdK\o\kd apvFwjf cif;cH7avonf? jyefac:cJhaomfvnf; rGwfpwmzgonf remcHawmhbJ 1914 ckEpS rf S pwifjzpfymG ;aom yxruBmppftwGi;f tmZ&Gr;f jrdK\o\kd xu G o f mG ;avonf? rGwpf wm zguDrm;onf 'g;'eJa7vuf-um;udk atmif xkdtcg plvwefbk7ihftpkd;7onf rGwfpwmzgESihf jrifpGmumuG,fEdkifcJhjyD;aemuf aumfau;qyfe,fwGif ol . aemufvu dk rf sm;udk acsre= ;f 7ef tm;xkwaf vonf? wl7uDwyfrsm;udt k yk cf sKyf7efapvFwjf cif; cH7jyefonf? odk\7mwGif Todk\ tm;xkwfjcif;rSm rGwfpwmzgtm; yg&Sm;bGJ\xl;jzifhvnf; csD;jrifhjcif; cH7onf? xkdtcg tiftm;jznfhavmif;ay;vdkufonfESihfomwlavonf? rSpI rGwfpwmzg uDrm; yg&Sm;[lI wGifavonf? tb,fa-umihfqkdaomf plvwefbk7if.ppfwyfESihf aumfau;qyfe,fwGif&k&Swkd\wkdufcdkufodrf;,lxm; t7m&Sd t7mcH trsm;tjym;rSm rGwpf wmzg. aemuf aom ApfwvpfESifh rk&SjrdK\rsm;udk jyefvnfwdkufcdkuf vdkufrsm;jzpfoGm;ukef-uaoma-umifhwnf;?Tokd\ ,lcJh.? 191^ ckESpfwGif [,f*sufe,fodk\ oGm;7jyef jzifw h jznf;jznf; tiftm;awmifw h if;vmjyD;v~if r[m onf? xkdtcsdefwGif *smrefwkd\onf wl7uDjynfwGif; rdww f yfrsm; odr;f ydu k x f m;aom uGepf wefwED ykd ,fjrdK\&dS 187
www.foreverspace.com.m
uDrm;tmwmwyf
uD,mwefnDaemif
wl7uDtpdk;7ESihftwkduftcHjyKvsuf/,m,Dtpdk;7tzGJ\ udk rGwfpwmzguDrm;acgif;aqmifzGJ\pnf;cJhavonf? uGepf wefwED ykd ,f ygvDrefrS xGuaf jy;I rGwpf wmzg xHa7mufvm-uaom rsKd;cspftrwfrsm;onf 1920 jynfEh pS f {jyDv 23 7ufae\wiG f tefum7mjrdK\Y pnf;a0; -ujyD;aemuf/ trsKd;om; vFwfawmfopfwnfaxmifI rGwfpwmzguDrm;tm;trsKd;om;vFwfawmfopfwGif OU}tjzpf wifajr|muf-uavonf? xdktcgrSpI rGwfpwmzgonf wl7uDEdkifiHwGif; trsKd;om;awmfvSefa7;twGuf raerem; -udK;pm; aqmif&GufcJhavonf? ol.ppfa7;ppf7m u`rf;usifr= tajrmftjrif -uD;r=w\dka-umifh atmifjrifco hJ nfom rsm; avonf? 1921 ckEpS w f iG f usif;yaom tefum7m trsKd;om; vFwfawmfu ol\tm; wl7uDppfwyfrsm; tay:wGif ppfaoemywdcsKyftjzpf cef\tyfojzifh t³mwd;k vD;,m; e,fwckvHk;vdkvdkudkyif 0ifa7muf odrf;ydkufxm;aom *7d ppfwyfrsm;udk wdu k cf u kd cf 7hJ avonf? qmum;7D;,m; wku d yf w JG iG f 21 7ufww d d ae\a7mnyg ud, k w f ikd yf g0if wku d cf u kd cf 7hJ m 7efow l \kdtay: atmify7JG cJah vonf? xkd tcgwGif rGwpf wmzgtm; trsK;d om;vFwaf wmfu *gZD (atmifyGJ7ol) bGJ\jzifhcsD;jr|ifhcJh.? wpfESpftwGif; *7d wkd\udk wl7uDe,fajrrS armif;ESifxkwfEdkifcJhavonf? r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;ESihf wl7uDEdkifiHwkd\ vdkZef;jrdK\wGif 1922ckESpfY csKyfqdkcJhaom ppfajyjidrf;pmcsKyft7 wl 7uDEikd if rH mS Edik if jH cm; pk;d rd;k cs,v f , S rf r= S vGwu f if;oGm; jy;D v~if uDrm;rSmvnf; wl7uDwpfEikd if v H ;kH . t&Sio f cif jzpfomG ;avawmhonf? olonf plvwefb7k ifukd eef; csI wl7uDtrsKd;om;Edik if u H dk wnfaxmifcahJ vonf? 1923 ck atmufwdkbmv 29 7ufae\wGif usif;y aom tefum7m trsKd;om;vFwfawmfu wl7uD EdkifiHudk oRwEdkifiHtjzpfausnmjyD;v~if rGwfpwmzg uD;rm;tm; yxrqH;k oRwtjzpf oabmwlwifajr|muf vku d -f uavonf? rGwpf wmzguDrm;onf wl7uDoRwEdik if . H yxr qH;k oRwtjzpfjziho f mr[kwb f J Edik if o H pfwnfaxmifol tjzpfjzifv h nf;aumif;/ jyKjyifa7;orm;-u;D tjzpfjzifv h nf; aumif;/ xif&mS ;cJah vonf? ol. vufxufwiG f acwf aemufusvsu&f adS om pepfa[mif"avha[mif; tm;vH;k udyk ,fzsuI f / wk;d wufxeG ;f um;vsu&f adS omEdik if H -uD; rsm;enf;wl acwfrpD epfopf xH;k pHopfrsm;udk toH;k jyKapcJh avonf? rGwfpwmzguDrm;onf tm+m&SifozG,f
wl7uDEdkifiHudktkyfpdk;cJh7m/ ol.tkyfcsKyfenf;rsm;rSm wpfcgwpf7H Edik x f ufp;D eif; t-urf;zufaomenf;rsm; jzpfaomfvnf;/ EdkifiHtwGuf txl;vkdvm;tyfaom jyKjyifr=rsm;udk xkdt-urf;enf;jzifh jzpfajrmufatmif aqmif&u G cf ahJ vonf? ol\vufxufwiG f wl7uDtrsK;d orD;rsm; ydrk v kd w G v f yf cGihf7vm-uonf? olonf ynma7;udkjyKjyifay;cJhav onf? oludk,fwkdifvnf;tm7ADbmompum;jzpf aom rGwfpwmzg[laom trnfESihfyg&Sm;[laom acwfa[mif; *k+x f ;l bG\x J ;l rsm;udpk eG \yf ,fI/ wl7uDw\. dk zcif[k teuf7aom ‘tmwmwyf’ trnfopfudk cH,al vonf? ol. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;a-umifh wl7uDEdkifiHrSm Edik if w H umESi, fh OS o f maom Ekid if o H pf-uD;wpfct k jzpfo\kd ae\jcif;njcif; a7mufcahJ vonf? olonf tkycf sKyfa7; wGif omoema7;qdik 7f mwd\k 0ifa7mufpu G zf ufrr= sm; vH;k 0r&Sad p7ef wm;jrpf ydwyf ifvu kd af vonf? uDrm;tmwmwyfonf 192^ ck Edk0ifbmvwGif wpf-urd /f 1931ck arvwGiw f pf-urd /f 1935 ckrwfvwGif wpf-udrf oRwtjzpf qufumqufum a&G;aumuf wifajr|mufjcif; cH7I/ jynfolwkd\. -unfndKav;pm; r=udk toufxufqHk; 7&SdoGm;ol jzpfayonf? Tokd\ wl7uDEikd if o H pf-uD;udk wnfaxmifco hJ nfh Adou k m-uD;jzpf aom wl7uDjynfolwkd\.zcif uDrm;tmwmwyfonf pwkšt-udrf oRw oufwrf;rukerf D 1938 ck Ed0k if bmv 10 7ufae\wiG f uG,v f eG t f edP a7mufavonf? (wl7uDEikd if v H nf;„7=?) uD,mwefnDaemif ? ?wd7>mefESihf iSufrsm;t a-umif;udk 0goem-uD;pGmESihfOD;OD;zsm;zsm; avhvm vku d pf m; olrsm;wGif uD,mwef trnf&adS om nDtpfukd ESpaf ,mufrmS txl;jcm;qH;k jzpfonf[k qk7d ayrnf? tpfujkd zpfo. l trnfrmS 7pfcswu f , D mwef jzpf.? 1862 ckESpfwGif t*®vefjynf a,mh&d=if,me,fY zGm; jrifI/ zcifrmS ajrydik &f iS f v,form;wpfO;D jzpfonf? t&G,fa7mufaomtcg iSufrsm;udk "gwfyHk&dkuf,l pkaqmif;&Hkru iSufrsm;ta-umif;udkvnf; pmtkyfrsm; a7;om;xkwaf 0cJ7h mrS xif&mS ;vmcJo h nf? ausmif;rsm; od\k vn S v fh nfomG ;a7mufum iSurf sm;ta-umif; r-um c+a[majymavh&SdI/ ol.pmtkyfrsm;rSm ,ckwdkif xif&Sm;vsuf&Sdayonf? wd7>mefwkd\teuf iSufrsm; wGifydkIpdwf0ifpm;onf? iSufrsm;ta-umif;udkom
188
www.foreverspace.com.m
uD,mwefnaD emif
uD;wl;ajrmif;
'def;rwfu`ef;qG,fukdjzwfI azmufvkyfxm;aom 61 rkdif7Snfonfh *smrefykdif uD;wl;ajrmif;-uD;
toufxufq;kH tm&Hpk ;l pdu k I f avhvmcJjh yD;aemuf 1928 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG af vonf? nDjzpfol cs,7f u D , D mwefonf 18^1 ckEpS w f iG f zGm; jrifonf? tpfujkd zpfoEl iS fh 0goemtxHck si;f wlno D nfh tavsmuf nDtpfudkESpfOD;onf tjrJwapwGJzufI wd7>mefESihfiSufrsm;ta-umif;udk &SmazGavhvmcJh-u onf? xl;jcm;csufwpfckrSm tpfudkuJhodk\ jAdwdefEdkifiH&Sd wd7>mefrsm;jzifhom a7mifh7Jwif;wdrfIraebJ/ om; &dkif;wd7>mefrsm; aygrsm;onfh tmz7duwdkufodk\yif oGm;a7mufjyD;v~if awm wd7>meftoD;oD;.obm0 rsm;udk &ky&f iS &f u kd u f ;l cJo h nf? xkad -umift h pfux kd ufyif xif&mS ;ausmf -um;cJah yonf? vltaygif;tm; obm0udk ESpo f ufcifw, G I f pdwf 0ifpm;vmatmif ajymEdkif/ jyKEdkifolrsm;wGif xkdnD tpfudk ESpfa,mufudk rSDol&Sm;ayonf? wd7>mefrsm; iSufrsm;ta-umif;ESihfpyfvsOf;I tqdkygnDtpfudkESpf a,muf a7;om;cJhaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ESihf &dkuf ul;cJhaom "gwfyHkrsm;rSm trsm;yif&Sd7m/ ,if;wk\dwGif rSwo f m;zG,f ud, k af wG\ A[kow k ESihf tonf;xdwpf 7m pGe\f pm;cef;rsm;jzifh jynfEh u S f aeavonf? uD;wl;ajrmif; ? ?uD;wl;ajrmif;onf 'def;rwf u`e;f qG,u f jkd zwfum ajrmufyifv,fbuf&dS tJv h Ajrpf
0us,Ef iS hf aAmvwpfyifv,fbuf&dS uD;yifv,fatmf wk\dukd q,fo, G f azgufvyk x f m;aom wl;ajrmif;jzpfI/ yxruBmppf twGif;u *smrefa7wyf-uD; v~Kd\0Suf pcef;cs7ma'ojzpfavonf? *smreDEkdifiH. oab®mqdyfjrdK\-uD;rsm;onf trsm; tm;jzifh aAmvwpf yifv,furf;ajcwGif &Sd-uI/ xkd yifv,frS rdkif 200 ausmfcef\ &Snfvsm;aom 'def;rwf u`ef;qG,furf;ajcudkywfum ajrmufyifv,fodk\ ul; jyD;rSomv~if/ jAdwdef/ tar7duefpaom EdkifiH-uD;rsm; od\k ul;oef; oGm;vmEkid o f nf? xko d \dkauG\IoGm;7ojzifh rvdt k yfbcJ 7D;-uef\-umjcif;udk oufomap7ef Tu`e;f qG,. f wpfae7mjzpfaom *smreDyu kd ef uftwGi;f ok\dxdk wl;ajrmif;-uD;udk azgufvyk cf 7hJ m/ 1895 ckEpS w f iG f pwif zGiv fh pS Ef ikd cf ahJ vonf? xkw d ;l ajrmif;rSm tvsm; 61 rdik &f n S I f teHrmS 335 ayus,fjyD;v~if 3^ ayeuf.? xkdwl;ajrmif;-uD;udk pwifzGifhvSpfcJhpOfu Tr~avmuf us,f0ef; euf&d=if; jcif; r&Sad o;aomfvnf; aemiftcgwGif ppfoab®m-uD; rsm;. yrm+onf a&S;tcguxuf wk;d wuf-uD;rm; vmonft h avsmuf wk;d cs\J azgufvyk v f mcJ7h m/ 1914ck ESpfwGifjyD;ajrmufcJhonf? wl;ajrmif;wkd;csJ\azgufvkyf 7mY aygif 10000000 r~ ukefuscJhavonf? yxruBmppf jyD;qHk;oGm;aomtcg/ Amaq;pmcsKyf
189
www.foreverspace.com.m
,lu7def;EkdifiH uD;,ufjrdK\awmf7Sd jynfolwkd\twGuf zGihfvSpfxm;aom jynfol\jywkduf
owfrSwfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;rsm;t7/ EdkifiHtoD;oD; rSoab®m-uD;rsm;onf xkdwl;ajrmif;-uD;twGif;rS jzwf oef;oGm;vmEdkifcGihf 7&SdcJh-uonf? 'kwd,uBmppf twGif; r[mrdwfwkd\. avwyfrsm;u t-udrf-udrf AH;k -uJzsuq f ;D onfukd cHc7hJ aoma-umifh twefyif ysuf pD;cJah vonf? ok\d aomf jyefvnfjyifqifc7hJ m/ 1945 ck ESpfrSpwifI wl;ajrmif;twGif;,cifuuJhokd\ ul;oef; oGm;vmEdik jf yD jzpfavonf? uD;,ufjrdK\ ? ?uD;,ufjrdK\onf eD;yg;jrpf. vuf,m zufurf;ay:wGif wnf&I dS vlO;D a7 850000 r~&adS om jrK\d-u;D jzpfjy;D v~i/f qkAd , D uf qd&k , S v f pf ,lu7de;f oRw EdkifiH. jrKd\awmfjzpfonf? qdkAD,uf &k&SEdkifiHwGif a&S; tusqHk;aomjrdK\-uD;jzpfI xkdjrdK\udk ‘jrdK\rsm;rdcif’[k &k&Swdk\ac:-uonf? v,f,mESihfpufr=vkyfief;rsm; xGef;um;aoma'owGif wnf&Sdonfhjyif rD;7xm; vrf;qH7k m jrdK\-uD;vnf; jzpfojzifh &k&ES ikd if w H iG f wwd, t-uD;qHk;jrdK\jzpf.? ukefwifukefcs &=yf&Sufcwfr~ pnfum;aom qdyfurf;rsm;/ oWK7nf usKd&Hkrsm;/ *sKH puf/ o-um;puf/ om;a7e,fpuf/ t7nfcsufpuf/ zefcsupf ufponfw\dktjyif "gwfccJG ef;rsm;/ pufrv = uf r=ynmoifausmif;rsm;/ jywku d rf sm;/ wUodv k af usmif;
-uD;rsm;ESihf trsKd;om;pm-unhfwkduf/od_HynmwHcGef toif;wkd\vnf; &Sdojzifh/ uD;,ufjrdK\onf ,cktcg acwfraDS om jrdK\-uD;vnf; jzpfavonf? uD;,ufjrKd\wiG t f ydik ;f -uD;oH;k ydik ;f xif&mS ;jcm;em;pGm wnf&. dS ?yxrydik ;f rSm jrpfurf;wpfav~mufwiG &f adS om ydk'dk;ac:ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7; 7yfuGuf jzpfonf? xkd tykdif;wGif ,[l'D7yfuGufvnf; yg0ifonf? 'kwd, tydkif;rSm awmifukef;tjrifhydkif;wkd\ tay:wGif &Sdaom uD;,ufjrdK\a[mif;7yfuu G jf zpf.? wwd,ydik ;f rSm yuf csmpuD awmifukef;ay:&Sd vmA7mbkef;-uD;ausmif; jzpfonf? vmA7mausmif;wGif 11 7mpkESpftwGif;u aqmufvkyfcJhaom *ltajrmuftjrm; &Sd.? ,cifu vmA7mausmif;onf jrKd\wHwdkif;/ ar~mfpif/ aps;qkdif u³m;/ bk7m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;/ pmoifausmif;/ pmyHkESdyf pufponfw\dkjzifo h ;D jcm; jrdK\uav; wpfjrdK\ozG,f wnf &SdcJhonf? 191^ ckESpf &k&S awmfvSefa7; rprDu &k&S vlrsKd;wk\d onf vmA7mausmif;od\k ESppf Of bk7m;zl;oGm; a7mufavh &Sd-uonf? tcsKd\aombkef;-uD;rsm;onf xkt d 7yf&dS *lrsm;wGif toufxufq;kH w7m;tm;xkwf avh &S-d uonf? uD;,ufjrdK\a[mif;7yfuu G w f iG f 117m pkESpf twGif;uwnfaqmufcJhaom xnf0g cef\nm; onfh pdeq f zdk ;D ,m; uoD’7,f bk7m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;-uD;
190
www.foreverspace.com.m
uD;,ufjrdK\
uD;0D;iSuf
&S. d ? xkb d 7k m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;-uD;rSm xdyyf ikd ;f wGif a7Fom; jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aomacgif;avmif;pif-uD; &Sdonfh twGuf xif&Sm; avonf? uD;,ufjrdK\onf 5 7mpkESpftwGif;u wnfcJhaom jrdK\-uD;jzpf.?tv,facwfwiG f pnfum;wk;d wufvsuf xif&mS ;ausm-f um;cJo h nf? xkjd rdK\onf &k&ES ikd if w H iG f c7pf ,efbk7m;&Sdckd;ausmif;ESihf c7pf,ef pmoifausmif; rsmbk7m;&Sdckd;ausmif;aygif; 150 r~&SdcJhbl;ojzifh/ a&S;tcgu&k&Swkd\onf xkdjrdK\udk ‘uD;,ufjrdK\jrwf’[k ac:prSwf jyKc-hJ u.? rGe*f v kd rl sK;d / vpfaoG;eD;,ef; vlrsK;d ESihf ydk;vlrsKd;wkd\onf uD;,ufjrdK\udk toD;oD; ydkifqkdif tkypf ;kd cJ-h ubl;.? ok\d7mwGif 1668 ckEpS Yf &k&v S rl sK;d wk\du jyefvnf odrf;ydkufvkduf-uonf? 1943 ckESpfwGif ,lu7def;EdkifiH. jrdK\awmfjzpfvm.?'kwd, uBmppf twGi;f Y *smrefw\dk onf tjyif;txefwu kd cf u kd I f uD; ,ufjrK\dukd 1941 ckEpS rf S 1943ckEpS t f xd odr;f ydu k x f m; cJh-u.? 1943 ckESpf &k&Swyfrsm; uD;,ufjrdK\odk\jyef a7mufvmaomtcg rlvvlOD;a7 850000 cef\rSm ^5000cef\txdavsmhusoGm;onfudkvnf;aumif;/ vlaetdrfrsm;ESihfwuG wHwm;rsm;/puf&Hkrsm;/ wU odkvfausmif;/ taqmufttHkrsm;ESihf a&S;bkef;-uD; ausmif;rsm;rSm r&=rvSysupf ;D ukejf yDuv kd nf;aumif;/ awG\ -u7avonf? uD;0D;iSuf ?
?uBmay:&Sd ajrmufjrm;vSpmG aomiSuf
wkd\wGif uD;0D;[ktrnfwGifaom iSufrsKd;onf toGif tm;jzifh tHh-ozG,f7m taumif;qHk;aomiSufrsKd;jzpf onf? uD;0D;iSufudk e,lZD;vefusGef;rSwpfyg; tjcm; EdkifiHrsm;Y rawG\acs? uD;0D;[laom emrnfrSm atmfou H t kd pGjJ yKI e,l;ZDvefwidk ;f 7if;om;rsm;u ay; xm;aom emrnfjzpfonf? od_yH g7*lrsm;url xkid u S Yf ysHoef;Edkifavmufaom tawmifrsm;r&Sdaoma-umifh ‘tufywm7pf’(awmifyrH )hJ [kac:onf? uD;0D;iSuw f iG f tvGe&f n S v f sm;aomE=wo f ;D &So d nf? t&G,frSmtdrfY arG;xm;aom -uufti,fpm; t&G,f omomjzpfonf? uD;0DwGifawmifyHrsm;&Sd.? odk\ aomf tvGeaf o;i,fIyso H ef;7eftwGuf toH;k rus acs? udk,fY&Sdaom tarG;rsm;rSm tvGef&SnfI wpfudk,f vHk; tarG;trSifrsm; zHk;aebdouJhodk\ xif7onf? rysH oef;Edkif aomfvnf; ajcaxmufrsm;rSm tvGefoefrm awmihfwif;onf? tjcm;iSufrsm;ESihfrwlaom xl; jcm;csuw f pfcrk mS xkid u S . f ESmacgif;aygufrsm;onf &Snf vsm;aom E=wfoD;zsm;wGif &Sdaejcif;yifjzpf.? tpm &SmazGaomtcg ESmacgif;jzifhteH\cHI&SmazGonf? ol.tpmrSm wDaumif/ ydk;awmifrmESihf A,f7DoD;rsm; jzpf.? wDaumifukd E=wo f ;D jzifh &G\HxYJ &SmazGwwfonf? uD;0D;onf ae\cif;wGiftdyfI ntcgYom tpm &SmazGonf? 7efou l kd ckc7H eftwGuf cGsex f ufaom ajc onf;rsm;udk toH;k jyKonf? iSu. f t&G,Ef iS pfh maomf ol.OrSm-uD;rm;onf[kqdk7ayrnf? wpf-udrfv~if O 2 vH;k cef\ tkI iSuzf u kd Oay:Y 0yfonf? todu k jf yKvkyaf om t avhtusihfr&SdbJ ajr-uD;Yusif; wl;Itkwwfonf? e,l;ZDvef wkid ;f 7if;om;rsm;. owfjzwfr= a-umifh uD;0D;rsm;tawmfenf; yg;oGm;avjy?D od\7k mwGif ,cktcg Y TiSurf sKd;udk rowfjzwf7[k e,l;ZDveftpdk;7u Oya'jzifh wm;jrpfxm;avonf? ukuDcsif; ? ? (csif;vlrsKd;„7=?)
e,l;ZDvefu`ef;rS xl;qef;onhf uD;0D;iSuf
191
www.foreverspace.com.m
ukvorC ? ?yxruBmppfjyD;pD;onfah emufwiG f EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;-uD;ay:aygufvmouJhokd\/ 'kwd BmppftjyD;wGif ukvorC ay:aygufvmavonf? ,l/ tif/ tdk [kac:aom ukvorConf toif;0ifEikd if H trsm;qHk;ESifh vltrsm;qHk;yg0ifaom tiftm;t-uD; rm;qH;k uBmhtpnf;t&H;k jzpfavonf? a7S;u&Scd ahJ om Edik if H aygif;csKyftoif;-uD;xufvnf; tiftm;-uD;rm; onf?EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;-uD;wGifryg0ifcJhaom t ar7duefjynfaxmifpkESihf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;onf ukv orCwGif pdwt f m;xufoefaom tzG\J 0ifrsm; jzpfvm -uavonf? (Edik if aH ygif;csKyftoif;vnf;„&=? ) ukvorCpmcsKyf-uD;udktajccHI ukvorCudk zGJ\ pnf;xm;onf? ukvorC0if Edik if rH sm;onf -uD;i,fr [l/ vuf0J vuf,mra&G;/ ukvorC pmcsKyf-uD;wGif jy}mef;xm;aom wm0ef0W7m;rsm;udk vufcyH gonf/ vku d ef mygrnf[k uwdc0H efjyK7onf? ukvorC. t csKyftcsmr@dKifum; ukvorCpmcsKyf-uD;yifjzpfav onf? pmcsKyfukd rusL;ausmrf azgufzsu7f acs? pmcsKyf ucsay;xm;aom vrf;pOftwkid ;f omvku d ef maqmif&u G f
7onf? ukvorC0if wpfEikd if o H nfuv k orC pmcsKyf -uD;wGif jy}mef;xm;aom wm0ef 0W7m;rsm;ESihf/ t jcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESihf csKyfqkdxm;aom pmcsKyfwGif jy}mef; xm;aomwm0ef 0W7m;rsm; tjydKiftqkdifjzpfae aomf/ ukvorCpmcsKyf-uD;wGif jy}mef;xm;aom wm0ef0W7m;rsm;udo k m OD;pm;ay;7rnf jzpfonf? 7nf&, G cf surf sm;wGif ukvorCESifh Edik if aH ygif;csKyf toif;-uD;onf rsm;pGm rjcm;em;vSay? uBmay:wGif jidrf;csrf;a7;ESihfvHkjcHKa7;wkd\wnfjrJ atmifv;kH yef;7ef/ vlrsm;onf wlnDaomtcGihfta7;rsm;ESihf udk,fh -uRmudk,fzefwD;cGihfrsm;7&Sda7;udk tajccHvsuf/ jynfaxmiftcsif;csif; cspf-unfa7;ukd ckdifjrJatmif aqmif&GufI tjcm;avsmfuefaom tpDtrHrsm;jzifh jidr;f csrf;a7; ckid jf rJatmif -udK;pm;7ef/ trsKd; bmompum; usm;/ r t,l0'rcGJjcm;bJ jynf axmifcsi;f csi;f qdik 7f m pD;yGm;a7;/ vlra= 7;7m/ ,Ofaus;r=EiS fh vltcsi;f csi;f -uifemr= jy©emrsm;udk ajz7Si;f 7mYvnf; aumif;/ vlw\d. k tcGit hf a7;rsm;ESifh tajccH vGwv f yfrt =
192
www.foreverspace.com.m
cGit hf a7;rsm;udk &dak oav;pm;atmif aqmif&u G 7f mwGif vnf;aumif;/ jyKrlaqmif&u G cf iG u fh kd 7&Sad p7efEiS /fh xkdtcsufrsm;xajrmufatmifjrifapjcif;iSg ukv orConf Edik if t H oD;oD;wk\d. jyKral qmif&u G cf surf sm;udk wnDwnGwfwnf;jzpfatmif jyKjyifrnfhr@dKifozG,f jzpfap7ef ukvorCudk zG\Jpnf;pOfu7nf&, G af vonf? xkjd yif ukvorCudk atmufygoabmw7m;rsm;ay: wGif tajccHI wnfaxmifcJh.? ,if;wkd\rSm (1) tzG\J0ifEikd if t H m;vH;k onf tcsKyt f csmtm+mydik f Ekid if rH sm;jzpf I tqiht f wef;csif; wlno D nf? (2) tzGJ\0ifEdkifiHtm;vHk;onf pdwfaumif;oabm aumif;ESihfpmcsKyf-uD;wGifaz:jyxm;aom wm0ef0 W7m;rsm;udk xdef;odrf; aqmif&Guf7ef wm0efcHonf? (3) tzG\J0ifEikd if rH sm;onf ,if;wk\d.tjiif;yGm;r=rsm; udk at;csr;f aomenf;rsm;jzifjh zpfap/ jidr;f csr;f a7;/ vHjk cHK a7;ESiw fh 7m;r~wa7;wk\dukd rysujf ym;apbJjzpfap/ ajz
txyfaygif; 39 xyf7Sd ukvorCtaqmufttHkopf-uD;
7Si;f 7ef wm0efco H nf? (4) Edik if t H csi;f csi;f qufq7H mwGif tzG\0J ifEikd if w H pfck onf tjcm;wpfEikd if . H e,fajrESiv fh w G v f yfr= tcGit fh a7; wk\dukd xdyg;apaomt-urf;r=ukd rzuf7/ t-urf;zufrnf [k rjcdr;f ajcmuf7/ od\kr[kwf ukvorC.7nf&, G cf suf rsm;ESifh qef\usifI rjyKrl7/ (5) ukvorConf pmcsKyyf gtcsut f vufrsm;ESifh avsmfnDpGmjidrf;csrf;a7; wnfjrJatmifESihf jidrf;csrf;a7; jyefvnf7&Sad tmif ,laomtcg/ tzG\J0ifEikd if w H idk ;f onf vdktyfaom tultnDrsm;ay;7rnfhjyif ta7;,l jcif;cH7aomEdik if t H m; tultnDray;7efwm0efco H nf? (6) jidr;f csr;f a7;ESifh vHjk cHKa7;udk apmifx h ed ;f 7ef vdt k yf onfESihftr~/ tzGJ\0ifr[kwfaom EdkifiHrsm;onfvnf; pmcsKyfyg tcsut f vuftwdik ;f aqmif&u G af 7;twGuf tzG\J -uD;uaqmif&u G 7f ef (^) tzG\J0ifEikd if w H pfc. k jynfwiG ;f a7;udPrsm;wGif jird ;f csr;f a7;7&S7d ef aqmif&u G o f nft h cgrS wpfyg;/ukvorConf 0ifa7mufpu G f zufjcif;rjyK7 ponfw\dk jzpfavonf? ukvorC-uD;ay:aygufvmap7ef Edik if -H uD;rsm;onf t-udr-f udraf qG;aEG; wkid yf ifI c7D;tqifq h ihjf zwfausmcf 7hJ onf? 'kw, d uBmppfpwifjzpfymG ;I 22 vr~t-um/ 1941 ck ZGefvwGif jAdwo d ~tpd;k 7ESifh 9 Edik if rH pS pfajy;tpd;k 7wd\konf vef'efjrK\dawmf&pdS ed *f srd ;f eef; awmfwGif ppfjzpfaponfh tajccH ta-umif;7if;rsm;udk tjrpfuvSefI jzKdzsu7f efEiS fh uBmay:&Sd vlrsK;d toD; oD;twGuf b0opfzefw;D ay;7ef rsuf ESmpHn k D aqG;aEG; jyD;aomf/ pde*f srd ;f eef; awmfausnmpmwrf;udk xkwjf yefvu kd f avonf? ukvorC ay:aygufa7; twGuf a7S;OD;pGmvrf;cif;ay;vdkuf aom ausnmpmwrf;yif jzpfayonf? xkdaemuf tar7duefoRw-uD; &l; ZAJEh iS fh jAdwo d ~0ef-uD;csKyf rwmcsm csw D \do k nf 1941 ck -o*kwv f Y tW vMdwo f rk]7mtwGi;f wpfae7mwGif v~Kd \0u S pf mG awG\qakH qG;aEG;I/ -o*kwv f 12 7ufae\ wGif olwdk\ESpfOD;aygif; um aemiftcgwGif‘tWvMdwf
193
www.foreverspace.com.m
pmcsKy’f [kausm-f um;cJah om ausnmpmwrf;wpfapmifukd xkwjf yefc. hJ ? tWvMdwpf mcsKyw f iG f ukvorC-uD;.tajccH7nf &G,cf sut f csK\dyg0ifavonf? xkdESpf pufwifbm 24 7ufae\wGif *smreDodrf;ydkuf xm;aom Oa7myEdik if H 9 Edik if EH iS fh qdAk , D uf&7k t S pd;k 7rsm; u tWvMdwfpmcsKyfudk oabmwlaxmufcHa-umif; vufrSwf a7;xdk;cJhonf? ,if;okd\tm;jzifh ukvorC ay:ayguf7ef a7S\o\kd wpfqihv f rS ;f cJjh yefonf? 1942 ck ESpo f pfu;l ae\wiG f ‘-u;D av;-u;D ’ [k owif; pmrsm;uuifyeG ;f wyfvu kd af om tar7duef jynfaxmif pk/ jAdwed /f qdAk , D uf&7k ES iS hf w&kwEf ikd if rH sm;tygt0ifEikd if H aygif; 26 Edik if w H \do k nf ppfatmifEikd af 7;twGuf wpfO;D udk wpfO;D uln7D efEiS fh oD;jcm;jidr;f csrf;a7;pmcsKyf rcsKyf7ef ‘EdkifiHaygif;pHkausnmpmwrf;-uD;’udk vufrSwfa7; xd;k cJ-h uonf? xkdESpf aqmifOD;aygufwGif -uD;av;-uD;rS udk,fpm; vS,frsm;onfarmpudkjrdK\awmfY awG\qHkaqG;aEG;jyD; aomf/ jird ;f csr;f a7;twGuf uBmvH;k qdik 7f mtzG\Jtpnf;wpf ckvkdtyfa-umif; az:jyum ‘armpudkausnmpmwrf;’ udk vufrSwfa7;xdk;I xkwfjyefvkdufavonf? xkad emuf -u;D av;-u;D ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf 1944 ck -o*kwv f 21 7ufae\raS tmufwb kd m ^ 7ufae\txd/ 0g7Siw f efjrdK\awmf&dS 'rfAmweftw k f taqmufttHw k iG /f uBmvHk;qdkif7m tzGJ\tpnf;wpfcktwGuf tao;pdwf vsmxm;csufrsm;udk xyfrHpOf;pm;aqG;aEG;cJh.? tar7duef oRw-uD; &l;pAJh/ jAdwdo~0ef-uD;csKyf rPwmcsmcsED iS fh qdAk , D uf&7k aS cgif;aqmif-uD; pwmvif wk\o d nf 1945ck azazmf0g7DvwGiu f &dik ;f rD;,m;e,f a,mf vwmjrdK\Y awG\qu kH m xkv d smxm;csurf sm;udk jyefvnf aqG;aEG;-uonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;wGif uBm\jidrf;csrf; a7;ESifh vHjk cKH a7;twGuf tzG\-J u;D wpfck zG\pJ nf;7efoabmwl qHk;jzwfjyD;aomf/ EdkifiHaygif;pHk ausnmpmwrf;-uD;udk vufrw S af 7;xd;k cJah om 26 Edik if o H mru/ *syefEiS fh *smreD wk\d ukd wdu k cf u kd af eaomtjcm;Edik if rH sm;tygt0if Edik if H aygif;pHn k v D mcHwpf7yfuv kd nf; 1945 ck{jyDv 25 7uf ae\wiG f tar7duefjynfaxmifpk qefz7efpPudjk rKd \Y usi;f y7ef oabmwlc-hJ uonf? 1945 ck ZGev f 257ufae\wiG f qefz7efpPudk nDvmcH rS ukvorCpmcsKyu f kd wnDwnGww f nf;oabm wlnD cJjh yD;aomf/ aemufwae\wiG f ydv k efEikd if rH t S y Edik if aH ygif; 50rSu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm; vufrw S af 7;xk;d -uavonf? rl
vtzGJ\0ifwpfOD;jzpfaom ydkvefEkdifiHonf aemifwGifrS vufrSwfa7;xkd;cJh.? xkdodk\ vufrSwfa7;xkd;jyD;-uI tzGJ\0iftm;vHk;. twnfjyKcsuf 7&SdjyD;onftqHk;Y ukvorConf 1945 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mv 24 7ufae\ wGif rm;rm;rwfrwf ay:vmavonf? ,cktcg xkt d zGJ\0ifEdkifiHrsm;wGif txdrf;trSwfyGJrsm; usif;yjcif;jzihf tjrwfwEd;k jyKvsu&f -dS uavjyD? (ukvorCae\„&=? ) ukvorC. rlvtzG\J0if Edik if aH ygif;rSm 51 Ekid if jH zpf.? ukvorCodk\ 0if7eftwGuf xl;jcm;aomt7nf tcsi;f rsm; rvday? jidr;f csr;f a7;udk jrwfE;kd aomrnfonfh EdkifiHrqdk ukvorCpmcsKyfyg wm0ef0W7m;rsm;udk vku d ef mygrnf[0k efcaH omtcg tzG\J-uD;u xdEk ikd if o H nf pmcsKyfywm0ef0W7m;rsm;udk vkdufemvkdonfhjyif vku d ef mEdik rf nf[k xifjrifv~if yg0ifciG fh jyKavawmhonf? ukvorC0ifEidk if rH sm;? (u) rlvtzG\J 0ifEikd if rH sm;? 1? uae'g 23? yD;&l; 2? aumfpwm7D;um; 24? ydv k ef 3? udkvHk;AD;,m; 25? jyifopf 4? usL;bm; 26? zdvpfyikd f 5? csv D D 2^? b7mZD; 6? csufudkqvdkAm; 28? bJv*s, D rf uD;,m; 29? Adv k pfA;D ,m; ^? *7d 30? AifeD;ZGJ;vm; 8? *GmwDrm;vm; 31? AsJvdk&k7S 9? qD;7D;,m; 32? rUqDudk 10? aqmf't D ma7As 33? ,lu7def; 11? qdkAD,uf&k7S 34? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m; 12? w&kyf 35? ,lEu kd w f ufuif;'rf; 13? wl7uD 36? vufbEGef 14? awmiftmz7du 3^? vdu k Af ;D 7D;,m; jynfaxmifpk 38? vyfZifAwf 15? 'drk ifeu D ef 7DywfAvpf39? a[;wD; 16? 'de;f rwf 40? [Ge;f 'l;7yf 1^? e,l;ZDvef 41? tar7duef 18? e,fomvif jynfaxmifpk 19? aemfa0; 42? tm*sifwD;em; 20? epfu7m;*G 43? tD*spf 21? yem;rm; 44? tD7uf 22? yg7a*G; 45?tD7ef
194
www.foreverspace.com.m
ukvorC
zvyf7Sif;rJ'kd;7Sd,m,DXmecsKyfwGif ukvorCtaxGaxGvFwfawmf usif;yaepOf
vdt k yfv~if tzG\Ji,f tzG\Jcu JG av;rsm;zG\JIvnf;aumif;/ aqmif&u G 7f avonf?
46? tDoDtdk;yD;,m; 49? -opa-w;vD;,m; 4^? tk&ka*G; 50? tufuGma'g 48? t,fq,fvAma'g 51? tdNd,
(1) taxGaxGvFwfawmf
(c)aemufxyf0ifciG 7hf aomEdik if rH sm;(ckEpS t f vdu k )f 52? tmz*edpwef 56? yguPwef(194^) (1946) 5^? a,rif (1948) 53? tdu k pf vef (1946) 58? jrefrm (1948) 54? qGD'if (1946) 59? t%7D,rf(1949) 55? ,kd;',m; (194^) 60? tif'ekd ;D 7Sm; (1951) ukvorCwGiyf g0ifaomtzG\J-uD;rsm; ukvorC.aqmif&u G zf , G rf sm;rSm wpfuBmvH;k ESifh tusK;H 0ifae onft h avsmuf 1? taxGaxGvFwfawmf 2? vHjk cHKa7;aumifpD 3? pDymG ;a7;ESifh vlra= 7;tzG\J 4? Edik if iH ,frsm;xde;f odr;f a7;tzG\J 5? tjynfjynfqikd 7f mw7m;&H;k awmf 6? twGi;f a7;rSL;&H;k [laomtzG\J-uD; 6zG\Jjzifv h nf;aumif;
taxGaxGvFwfawmfonf EdkifiHtrsm;&Sd ygvDrefvFwf awmfwkd\ESihf oabmcsif;wlonf[k qdkEdkifayonf? t axGaxGvFwfawmfokd\ ukvorC0ifEdkifiHwkdif; wuf a7muf cGihf&SdI udk,fpm;vS,f 5 OD;txdapvFwfEdkif cGihf &Sad omfvnf;/ rJay;aomtcg wpfEikd if v H ~iw f pfro J m ay;cGi&hf o dS nf? wpfEpS v f ~iw f pf-udru f s ukvorCwnf 7m XmecsKyfY nDvmcH usi;f yavonf? ukvorC0if Edik if rH sm;pkuaomf›if;/ vHjk cHKa7;aumifpu D aomfvnf; aumif;/ txl;nDvmcHrsm; usi;f y7ef awmif;qdak omt cg/ twGi;f a7;rSL;csKyfu txl;nDvmcH ac:ay;7 av onf? taxGaxGvw F af wmf nDvmcHusi;f ywdik ;f OU}ESifh 'kw, d OU}rsm;udk rJjzifh a&G;cs,f7onf? taxGaxGvw F af wmfonf ukvorCpmcsKyw f iG f t usK;H 0ifaom jy©em7yfrsm; udP7yfrsm;udv k nf;aumif;/ tjcm;tzGJ\rsm;. tm+mrsm; tvkyfwm0efrsm;udk
195
www.foreverspace.com.m
ukvorC vnf;aumif;/ aqG;aEG;Edik o f nf? axmufccH surf sm; ay;Edik f onf? okd\7mwGif tjiif;yGm; r= tajctaet7yf7yfudk vHjk cHKa7;aumifpu D ajz7Si;f aecdu k w f iG /f xkt d jiif;yGm;r= od\kr[kwf tajctae ESipfh yfvsO;f I taxGaxGvw F af wmf onf pOf;pm;aqG; aEG;Edik af omfvnf;/ xkt d zG\Ju rawmif; qdb k J axmufccH sufrsm; ray;Edik af cs? ta7;-uD;aomjy©emrsm; tqkdrsm;udkqHk;jzwf aomtcg/ tpnf;ta0; wufa7mufaom tzG\J0ifEikd if H rsm;. rJ 3 yHk 2yH7k rSomtwnf jzpfonf? omrefjy©em rsm; tqdkrsm;udkrlum; tpnf;ta0; wufa7muf aom tzGJ\0if rsm;. rJrsm;7mjzifh qHk;jzwfavonf? taxGaxG vFwfawmfodk\ tjcm;tzGJ\rsm;u ESpfcsKyf tpD7ifcpH mrsm; txl;tpD7ifcpH mrsm; ay;yd\k 7onf? xkd tpD7ifcHpmrsm;udk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;7efrSm taxGaxG vFwaf wmf. wm0efjzpf.? vHjk cKH a7;aumifp. D axmuf cHcsut f 7 ukvorC0iftjzpf vufcjH cif; jznfph u G jf cif; ponfwdk\udk taxGaxGvFwfawmfu omv~if aqmif &Gu7f avonf?taxGaxGvw F af wmfonf ukvorC -uD; wpfcv k ;kH twGuf 7oH;k rSe;f ajcpm7if;udk pOf;pm;aqG; aEG;twnfjyKjyD;aomf/ usefusaiGut kd oif;0ifEikd if rH sm; u xnfh0if7ef a0yHkus owfrSwfay;avonf? ukv orConf tzGJ\0ifEdkifiHrsm;u xnfh0ifaiGrsm;jzifh wnfjrJae7ayonf? (2) vHkjcHKa7;aumifpD vHjk cHKa7;aumifpw D iG f tzG\J 0ifEikd if aH ygif; 11 Edik if rH S ud, k pf m;vS,w f pfO;D pDyg0ifI/ rJay;7mwGiv f nf; wpfEikd if H v~if wpfro J may;Edik o f nf? tzG\J0ifrsm;wGix f m07tzG\J0if 5 Edik if jH zpfaom qkAd , D uf &k7/S jyifopf/w&kw/f tar7duef jynfaxmifpk ,lEkdufwufuif;'rf;EdkifiHrsm;ESihf taxG axGvw F af wmfu rJjzifh a&G;cs,I f oufwrf; 2ESprf ~om&Sd onfh xm07r[kwaf om tzG\J 0if 6 Edik if w H \dk yg0if.? vHjk cHKa7;aumifpo D nf uBmhjidr;f csr;f a7;ESifh vHjk cHKa7; wnfaqmuf7eftwGuf t"du wm0ef,lxm;7av onf? Edik if t H csi;f csi;f y™dyQjzpfrnfh tajctaewk\dukd pHkprf;ppfaq;Edkif.? oufqkdif7mEdkifiHrsm;tm; tjiif; yGm;r=uakd phpyf/ jzefajz/ tEknmwcHw k if/ tjynfjynfqikd f 7m w7m;&H;k awmfo\dkwifoiG ;f 7ef nFe-f um;Edik o f nf? xkd od\k nFe-f um;onfukd rvdu k ef mv~if usL;vGeaf omEkid if H ESifh Edik if aH 7; tquftoG,jf zwf7ef nFe-f um;Edik o f nf? xdak emuf ukvorCtzG\J0if Edik if w H idk ;f u ay;yd\k7efuwdjyK xm;aom ppfwyfrsm;udk toH;k jyKEdik o f nf?
vHjk cHKa7;aumifpD tpnf;ta0;onf qufwu dk f &Sad e onfjzpf7m tzG\J 0ifEikd if w H idk ;f onf tjrJwrf; ud, k pf m; vS,f wpfO;D usxm;&S7d .? 2 ywfv~if tenf;qH;k wpf -udrfpnf;a0;7ef vsmxm;aomfvnf; xdkxuft-udrf aygif; ydI k pnf;a0;avh&o dS nf? rnfonfah e7mwGirf qdk pnf;a0;Edik o f nf? vHjk cHKa7;aumifp0D if r[kwaf om ukvorC0if Edik if H rsm;omru ukvorC0ifr[kwaf om Edik if rH sm;udv k nf; ,if;wkd\. tusKd;pD;yGm;ESihf oufqdkifaomudPrsm;udk aqG;aEG;aom vHjk cKH a7;aumifpD pnf;a0;yGo J \kd zdwaf c:aqG; aEG;Edik o f nf? ok\daomf xkEd ikd if rH sm;wGif rJay;ydik cf iG rfh &Sad cs? vHjk cHKa7; aumifp. D OU}udk tzG\J0ifEikd if t H rnfrsm;. tQ7mpOftvdu k f vpOftvSnu hf s wifajr|mufonf? usix hf ;kH udPrsm;wGif tzG\J0ifw\dkrJ ^ rJ7rStwnfjzpf onf? tjcm;udPrsm;wGifum; xm07tzGJ\0ifrsm;. rJtm;vH;k yg0ifaom rJ ^ rJ7rSomtwnf jzpfavonf? od\jk zpfI xm07tzG\0J if wpfO;D . oabmrwlaomrJonf qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd y,fzsuEf ikd o f nf? wpfenf;qd7k aomf7 aomf xm07tzG\0J ifrsm;wGif ADwt dk m+m&Sad vonf? vHjk cHKa7;aumifp. D tao;pdwv f yk if ef;rsm;udk wGif us,fpGmaqmif&GufEdkif7eftwGuf vHkjcHKa7;aumifpD atmufwiG f -uD;ig;-uD;rSppfO;D pD;csKyfrsm; yg0ifI ukv orC wyfrsm;. ppfqifru = kd -udK;udik af omppfO;D pD;tzG\J/ vHjk cHKa7;aumifp0D ifEikd if rH sm;ESifh uae'gEdik if w H \dk ru S , kd f pm;vS,w f pfO;D pDyg0ifaom tEkjrLtiftm;apmifah 7Smuf a7;tzG\J/ vHjk cHKa7;aumifp0D if 11 Edik if rH S ud, k pf m;vS,f rsm;yg0ifI ppfwyfEiS v fh ufeufavsmah ygh uef\owfa7; tpDtpOfrsm;udk avhvm7efjzpfaom vufeuf uef\owf a7;tzG\J ponfh t-uaH y;tzG\Jrsm; &Sad vonf? tEkjrLtif tm;apmifah 7Smufa7;tzG\JEiS hf vufeufuef\owfa7;tzG\J wdk\tpm; vufeufav~mhhaygha7;tzGJ\[lI 1952 ckESpf wGit f opfz\JGpnf; cJo h nf? (3) pD;yGm;a7;ESifh vlr=a7;tzGJ\ pD;yGm;a7;ESifh vlra= 7;7mtzG\Jonf tjynfjynfqikd 7f mpD; yGm;a7;/vlra= 7;/ ,Ofaus;r=/ ynma7;/ use;f rma7;ESifh tjcm;tvm;wluPd rsm;udak omfvnf;aumif;/ vl\tcGit hf a7;rsm;/ tajccHvw G v f yfciG rfh sm;ESifh pyfvsO;f Iaomfvnf; aumif;/ avhvm/ aqG;aEG;/ tpD7ifc/H axmufcEH ikd . f ?xkd udP7yfrsm;qkid 7f m t-urf;oabmwlnD csurf sm;udv k nf; taxGaxGvw F af wmfo\kd wifjy7efa7;qG7J onf? vdt k yf onft h cg tjynfjynfqikd 7f mnDvmcHrsm; zdwaf c:Edik . f ?
196
www.foreverspace.com.m
ukvorC ,if;tzG\J onf 7dQmESipfh u kd yf sKd;a7;tzG\J / uBmh usef;rm a7;tzG\Jpaom txl;tzG\Jrsm;. vkyif ef;rsm;udk qufpyf ay;avonf? pD;yGm;a7;ESiv fh rl a= 7;tzG\JwiG f taxGaxGvw F af wmf u rJjzifha&G;cs,fwifajr|mufaom tzGJ\0if EdkifiHaygif; 18 Edik if rH S ud, k pf m;vS,w f pfO;D pD yg0ifonf? tzG\J0if yxr 6 OD;udk 3ESpo f ufwrf;/ ‘'wd, 6 OD;udk 2 ESpo f ufwrf; ESifh usef 6 OD;udw k pfEpS o f ufwrf;jzifah &G;cs,af vonf? wpfEpS v f ~if tenf;qH;k 3 -urd n f v D mcHusi;f y7onf? vkt d yfv~if txl;nDvmcHrsm; usi;f yEdik o f nf? OU}udk wpfEpS w f pf-udrf tzG\J 0ifrsm;. rJjzifah &G;cs,fonf? t zG\J0ifwpfO;D v~iw f pfru J say;cGi&fh o dS nf? qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk tpnf;ta0; wufa7mufaom tzG\0J ifrsm;. rJrsm;7m jzifh twnfjyKavonf? pD;yGm;a7;ESihf vlr=a7; tzGJ\ onf ,if;. vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G 7f mwGif vdo k vdk aumfr7Sit f zG\J rsm; zG\J Eikd I f / pD;yGm;a7;/ tvky7f &Sad 7;ul; oef;oGm;vma7;/vlO;D a7 jy©em/ vl\tcGit fh a7;rsm;p aom txl;udPrsm;udk aqmif&u G af p7.? xdjk yif Oa7my/ tm7SESihf ta7S\zsm;/ vufwiftar7du a'oqdkif7m pD;yGm;a7;aumfr7Sit f zG\J 3 ckuv kd nf; zG\pJ nf;xm;onf?
(4) EdkifiHi,frsm; xdef;odrf;a7;tzGJ\ ukvorCpmcsKy-f u;D wGif tcsK\ad om e,fy,frsm;onf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa7; ay;7eftwGuf roihfavsmfao; a-umif; todtrSwjf yKxm;onf? ,if;uJo h \kdaom e,f y,frsm;udk tjynfjynfqikd 7f m Edik if iH ,frsm; xde;f odr;f a7;pepft7tkycf sKyf7ef ,if;wd\k ut kd yk cf sKyfaeaomEdik if H rsm;u vFJtyfEdkif.? taxGaxGvFwfawmf okd\r[kwf tcsut f csmusaom e,fy,frsm;twGuf vHjk cKH a7;aumif pDonf Edik if iH ,frsm;xde;f odr;f a7;tzG\J. tultnDjzifh xk d e ,f r sm;tk y f c sKyf a 7;ud k - uD ; -uyf a y;avonf ? Edik if iH ,frsm; xde;f odr;f a7;tzG\JwiG f e,fy,frsm; xde;f odr;f 7ef wm0efcsxm;jcif; cH7aom ukvorC0if Edik if H rsm;/ xko d \dkwm0efcsxm;jcif;rcH7aom vHjk cHKa7;aumifpD xm07tzG\J0ifrsm;/ e,fy,frsm; xde;f odr;f 7aomtzG\J0if rsm;ESihf rxdef;odrf;7aomtzGJ\0ifrsm; ta7twGufwl nDatmif taxGaxGvw F af wmfrS a&G;aumufwifajr|muf vku d af om tzG\J0ifrsm;yg0if.? wpfEpS v f ~if 2 -udrpf nf; a0;onf? tzG\J0ifwpfO;D v~if wpfraJ y;Edik I f rsm;7m rJjzifh qH;k jzwfavonf?
ukd7D;,m;jy©emukdaqG;aEG;aeaom ukvorCtaxGaxGvFwfawmf EkdifiHa7;aumfrwD
197
www.foreverspace.com.m
ukvorC (5)tjynfjynfqikd 7f mw7m;&H;k awmf ukvorC-uD;t7 zG\JpwwifwnfaxmifcahJ om w 7m;pD7ifa7;qkid 7f mXmecsKyjf zpf.? toif;0ifrsm;u pGq J dk wifjyaom tr=tcif;rsm;udk&Hk;awmfu qHk;jzwfpD7if avonf? vHjk cKH a7;aumifpu D a7;qGx J m;aom pnf;urf; csufrsm;t7 tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;u T&Hk;awmfwGif w7m;pGq J Ekd ikd o f nf? tjynfjynfqidk 7f m&H;k awmfonf t axGaxGvw F af wmfEiS fh vHjk cHKa7;aumifpo D \kd Oya't-uH Om+frsm;ay;Edik o f nf? T&Hk;awmfwGif &Hk;xkdifaw7m;ol-uD;rsm;rSm ygwD 0g'pGu J if;pifaom olrsm;omjzpfonf? tusihpf m7dW txl;aumif;rGe7f I tjrifq h ;kH aom w7m;Xme7mxl;rsm; udk qufcHEdkifaomt7nftcsif;ESifhjynfhpHk7onf? ok\d wnf;r[kwf jynfaxmifcsi;f csi;f Oya'wGif usrG ;f usif onfh Oya' okcrderf sm; jzpf7onf? w7m;ol-u;D 15 OD;&SI d oufwrf;rSm 9 ESpjf zpfonf? w7m;ol-uD;rsm;udk taxGaxGvFwfawmfESihf vHkjcHKa7; aumifpDwkd\u a&G;cs,fwifajr|mufonf? okd\aomf wpfEikd if w H nf;rS 2OD; ra&G;7acs? tjynfjynfqikd 7f m w7m;&H;k awmfonf [dwjf rdK\awmf wGit f jrJwrf;vdv k kd &H;k xdik u f m &H;k ydw7f ufrsm;rSwpfyg; &H;k zGix fh m;avonf? od\k7mwGif wpfcgwpf7H tjcm;oihf awmfaom a'orsm;wGiv f nf; &H;k xkid Ef ikd o f nf? &H;k awmfwiG f w7m;pD7if7mY tenf;qH;k w7m;ol-uD; 9 OD; wufa7mufygu w7m;0ifaomw7m;cHjk zpfI wuf a7mufaom w7m;ol-uD;rsm;. rsm;7mrJjzifq h ;kH jzwfav onf? w7m;&H;k awmf.qH;k jzwfcsuo f nf tjyD;owfq;kH jzwfcsuyf ifjzpfonf? ukvorCtzGJ\0ifrsm;onf T&Hk;awmfESihftvdkt avsmufoufqikd jf yD; jzpfaomfvnf; oufqikd 7f m Edik if H wpfcu k kd &H;k awmfo\kd tr=tcif;wifjy7ef twif;t-uyfr jyKEikd af cs? tzG\J0ifEikd if w H idk ;f onf &H;k awmfrS qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd oufqikd o f r~ vku d ef maqmif&u G 7f ef wm0efc7H avonf?
a7;rSL;csKyf oufwrf;rSm 5 ESpjf zpfI aemufxyf 5 ESpf qufvufcef\xm;Edik cf iG &fh o dS nf? twGi;f a7;rSL;csKyu f ukvorC tr=xrf;7mxrf;rsm; udk cef\xm;avonf?7mxrf;r=xrf;rsm;onf tpnf;t a0;rsm;twGuf vdktyfaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk pk aqmif;um/ usrG ;f usipf mG avhvmpHpk rf;7.? tcsKyfq7kd aomf ukvorC. &H;k tvkyu f kd vkyu f idk -f u7avonf? ukvorCXmecsKyf ukvorCXmecsKyfudk e,l;a,mhjrdK\ zvyf7Sif;rJ'dk;t 7yf&dS jrdK\awmftaqmufttHw k iG af cWxm; &So d nf? t wGi;f a7;rSL;&H;k rSmum; vdyq f yfquft7yfwiG f &So d nf? 1946 ck 'DZifbmvwGif taxGaxGvw F af wmf uukv orCXmecsKyfudk e,l;a,mhjrdK\YtjrJwrf;xm;&Sd7efqHk; jzwfjy;D v~i/f xkXd mecsKyf aqmufvyk 7f ef ajrae7m0,fz\dt k wGuf *`efa7mhuD;zJvm; (ti,f) xHrS tvSLaiG a': vm 8500000 udk vufccH ahJ vonf? 194^ ckEpS w f iG f tar7duefjynfaxmifpk tpkd;7xHrS twkd;r&Sda':vm 65000000 acs;iSg;7&Scd jhJ yD;aemuf 1949 ckEpS w f iG f yx rqHk; taqmufttHkukd pwifaqmufvkyfcJhavonf?
(6) twGif;a7;rSL;&Hk; ukvorC.t-uD;qH;k aom tkycf sKyfa7;t7m&Scd sKyf rSm twGif;a7;rSL;csKyf jzpfonf? vHkjcHKa7; aumifpD. axmufccH sut f 7 taxGaxGvw F af wmfu twGi;f a7;rSL; csKyfukd cef\xm;onf? yxrqH;k aom twGi;f a7;rSL;csKyf onf aemfa0;Edik if rH S rPwmx7pfAv D ;D jzpfonf? twGi;f 198
twGif;a7;rSL;csKyfopf rPwm'uf[rfrmp,kd;tm; twGif;a7; rSL;csKyfa[mif; rPwmx7pfADvD;uqD;-udKaepOf
www.foreverspace.com.m
ukvorC txl;tzGJ\rsm; ukvorC. 7nf&, G cf surf sm; xajrmufatmifjrif ap7eftwGuf ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom uBmhpD;yGm;a7; jy©emrsm;/ vlra= 7;7mjy©emrsm;udk txl;tzG\Jrsm;zG\J pnf;I aqmif&u G f avonf? atmufygtzG\rJ sm; rSm 1949 ckEpS f txd zG\Jpnf;xm;jyD;aomtzG\Jrsm;jzpfonf? 1? tjynfjynfqkdif7m tvkyform;tpnf;t&Hk; 2? 7dQmESipfh u kd yf sKd;a7;tzG\J 3? Edik if aH ygif;pHyk nm/ od_EH iS , fh Ofaus;r=tzG\J 4? tjynfjynfqidk 7f m jrdK\jyava-umif;tzG\J 5? uBmhaiGa-u;qdik 7f m7efyakH iGtzG\J 6? jyefvnfxal xmifaf 7;ESiw fh ;kd wufa7;qdik 7f m uBmhb+f ^? uBmhpmydk\wkduforC 8? uBmha-u;eef;qufo, G af 7;orC 9? uBmhusef;rma7;tzGJ\ 10? uBmhcu kd ;kd 7mrJo h rl sm; apmifah 7Smufa7;tzG\J 11? uBmhu;l oef;a7mif;0,fa7;tzG\J
ukvorCtwGif;a7;rSL;csKyf rPwm'uf[rfrmp,dk; yGJOD;xGuf rdef\cGef;jrGuf-um;aepOf
ukvorCaemifa7; EdkifiHa7;7m avhvmoltrsm;yif ukvorConf uBm\jidrf;csrf;a7; wnfwHhatmif -udK;yrf;7mY EdkifiH aygif;csKyt f oif;xuf tcGit fh vrf;omonf[k ,H-k unf -uonf? ta-umif;rSm ukvorCwGifEdkifiH-uD;rsm; tm;vH;k yifyg0ifaeaoma-umifjh zpf.? od\k aomftcsKd\u Edik if aH ygif;csKyftoif;. cGsw, f iG ;f csuf tawmfrsm;rsm; ukvorCwGif yg&Sad eao;onf qdjk yefavonf? Edik if H aygif;csKyfuJhokd\yif xdxda7mufa7muf ta7;,lEdkif 7eftwGuf tzG\J 0ifEikd if rH sm;.tultnDay:wGif wnf ae.? xkdjyif ukvorCzGJ\pnf;vkdufojzifh uBmay: wGif aemufxyf ppfrjzpfawmh[k rajymEdik af o;acs? od\kaomf ,cktcsed t f xd uBmay:wGif jidr;f csr;f a7; 7&Sd7eftwGufukvorConf taumif;qHk;aomar~mf vifch sujf zpfaeayonf? vGecf ahJ omESprf sm;twGi;f u t awG\t-uHKrsm;t7/ ukvorConf ajymif;vJvmaom tajctaersm;ESihfavsmfnDpGmusifhwwfjyD;v~if tcuf tcJ -uD;rsm;udk wwfEikd o f avmuf ausmef if;Edik cf o hJ nfukd awG\7.?1946ckESpftwGif;u ukvorConf tD7ef rS qkAd , D ufwyfrsm;ajymif;a7F\a7;ESifh qD;7D;,m;ESifh vuf bEGew f \dkrS jyifopfEiS hf jAdwo d ~wyfrsm;ajymif;a7F\a7;udP rsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJh.? z7efudktkyfpdk;aom pydefEdkifiH. tajctaeudk aqG;aEG;jyD;v~if ukvorC. tzG\JcrJG sm; jzpfaomuBmvHk;qdkif7m tzGJ\tpnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifcGihf rjyK7efEiS fh tzG\J 0ifEikd if rH sm;uvnf; Edik if aH 7;tquft oG,f jzwf7ef qH;k jzwfc. hJ ? tzG\J0ifEikd if rH sm;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm;ukd trsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl Edik if aH 7; tcGit fh a7; rsm;ay;7efukd aqmf-ocJI h / ppf'+fccH 7hJ aom Edik if rH sm; wGif oH;k pG7J eftwGuf tjynfjynfqikd 7f muav;rsm; ta7; ay:7efyakH iGuo kd wfrw S af y;cJ. h ? vHjk cHKa7;aumif;pDrv S cJF ahJ om t,fvaA;eD;,m;/ bl va*;7D;,m;ESifh ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;Edik if w H \do k nf *7daysmuf usm;olyek rf sm;udk ulnaD eonf[o l nfh *7d. pGypf cJG suEf iS fh pyfvsO;f I/ taxGaxGvw F af wmfonf axmufccH surf sm; csrw S cf jhJ yD;v~if 194^ ckEpS w f iG f xkd 4 Edik if w H \dk vku d ef m aqmif&u G jf cif;&Sd r&Spd pkH rf;7ef aumfr7Siw f pf7yf zG\pJ nf;cJ. h ? 1949 ckESpfwkdifatmif aphpyfjzefajzum aqmif&GufcJh .? 1948ck {jyDv 10 7ufae\wGif vHkjcHKa7;aumifpD u jrefrmEdik if . H ukvorCok\d0ifciG jfh yK7ef av~mufxm; csuu f kd wnDwnGww f nf;oabmwlciG jfh yKch. J ? {jyDv 19 7ufae\wiG f taxGaxGvw F af wmfu vHjk cHKa7;aumif pD. axmufcHcsuft7jrefrmEdkifiHtm; ukvorC0if
199
www.foreverspace.com.m
ukvorC Edik if w H pfct k jzpf tm;vH;k oabmwlvufcI H twnfjyK vku d af vonf? jrefrmEdik if o H nf 58ckajrmuf tzG\0J ifjzpf.? ygvufpwdik ;f jy©emESifh pyfvsO;f I ukvorConf tawmf-udK;yrf;cJ7h .? taxGaxGvw F af wmf axmufcH csut f 7 ,lEu kd w f ufuif;'rf;Edik if o H nf ygvufpwkid ;f udk xde;f odr;f xm;jcif;rS pGe\fvw G v f u kd 7f .? 1948 ckEpS f wGif txl;usi;f yaom taxGaxGvw F af wmf nDvmcHu ygvufpwkid ;f jy©em jzefajza7;t7m&Sw d pfO;D cef\xm;ajz 7Sif;apcJhonf? tm7yfEdkifiHrsm;ESihf t%7D,,fEdkifiHwkd\ ppfajyjidrf;a7;ukdvnf; ukvorCu OD;aqmifcJh.? 1949 ckESpfwGif t%7D,,fEkdifiHonf ukvorC0if Ekid if H jzpfvmavonf? 194^ ckEpS w f iG f ukvorConf tif'ekd ;D 7Sm;ta7;udk ajz7Sif;7jyefonf? tif'dkeD;7Sm;oRwEdkifiHESihf 'yfcswkd\ wku d yf jJG zpfymG ;cJ7h m/ ukvorCu tusK;d aqmif aumfrwD zG\Jpnf; aqmif&u G pf onfwiG f 1948 ckEpS Yf wku d yf aJG cW 7yfpo J mG ;aomfvnf; r-umrD jyefvnfjzpfymG ;cJjh yefonf? od\kaomf qufvuf jzefajzcJo h jzifh ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf aphpyf aqG;aEG;r=rsm; ay:aygufcu hJ m 1949 ckEpS w f iG f tcsKyf tcsm tm+mydkif tif'dkeD;7Sm;jynfaxmifpkoRwEdkifiH jzpfay:vmavonf? xkd 194^ckEpS w f iG f taxGaxGvw F af wmfu ud7k ;D ,m; jy©memudkajz7Sif;chJ7.? 1948ckESpfwGifudk7D;,m; awmifyikd ;f udk taxGaxGvw F af wmfu todtrSwf jyKcjhJ y;D aemufEikd if jH cm;wyfrsm;ud&k yk o f rd ;f apcJo h nf? ud7k ;D ,m; ajrmufyikd ;f twGuu f m; rnfo\dkr~raqmif&u G Ef ikd cf ahJ omf vnf; vGwv f yfa7;7xku d o f nf[k todtrSwjf yKcahJ om ud7k ;D ,m;Edik if H wvH;k wpnf;wnf;jzpfa7;udk aqmif&u G f 7eftwGuf aumfr7Siw f pfck zG\J pnf;cJ. h ? ukvorConf uÆD7ta7;ESipfh yfvsO;f I tdN, d ESifh yguPwef2 EdkifiHwkd\ ppfjzpfyGm;rnf&Sdonfudk wm;qD; Edik cf . hJ ? uÆD7ta7;rSm vHjk cHKa7;aumifpo D \kd 1948 ck ESpfOD;wGif a7muf&SdcJh7m enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh xkdta7;udk ajz7Si;f 7ef-udK;yrf;aeqJjzpfavonf? 1948 ckEpS w f iG f taxGaxGvw F af wmfonf vl\tcGihf ta7;ausnmpmwrf;-uD;ukd xkwjf yefc. hJ ? 1948 ckEpS w f iG f vufwiftar7dua'oqkid 7f m pD;yGm; a7;aumfr7Siw f pfcu k kd zG\Jpnf;cJ. h ? vHjk cHKa7;aumifpED iS t fh axGaxGvw F af wmfw\dku jidr;f csr;f a7;ESifh vHjk cHKa7;twGuf -udK;yrf;cJo h uJo h \kd / tjynfjynfqidk 7f m w7m;&H;k awmfu vnf;jynfaxmifcsif;csif; tjiif;yGm;r=rsm;udk at;csrf; aomenf;jzifh ajz7Si;f 7ef -udK;yrf;cJ. h ?
1949 ckEpS f taxGaxGvw F af wmf nDvmcHwpf7yfwiG f bmvifyw d q f \dkru = pkd Of;pm;cJ. h ? aemufwiG f oabmwl nDcsuf 7&Sjd y;D aemuf ,if;ydwq f \krd = jy©emrSm jy;D ajyoGm; avonf? xkEd pS t f xd tjynfjynfqidk 7f m Edik if iH ,frsm; xdef;odrf;xm;a7;pepft7 ukvorCtzGJ\0ifEdkifiHrsm; tm; xde;f odr;f xm;ap7ef vFt J yfxm;aom a'orsm;rSm <ef;'g;„tl&eG 'f /D jAdwo d ~ESijfh yifopfuR&Ge;f e,frsm;/ wd*k v kd ef/ wef*ef,;D u/ em;tl;&l;/ e,l;*if;eD/ taemuf qrdk;t/ rm7S,fuGsef;pk/ r,f7D,³m;uGsef;pkESihf u,f&dk vdik ;f uGsef;pkrsm; jzpfavonf? taxGaxGvw F af wmf wwd,t-urd n f v D mcHrS arWm 7yfcHcsuft7 tEkjrLtiftm;apmifha7Smufa7;tzGJ\ESihf vufeufuef\owfa7;tzG\w J \o dk nf vltrsm; aoa-uysuf pD;apwwfaom vufeufrsm; zsupf ;D a7;twGuf ukv orCu wm0efcx H m;onft h wdik ;f aqmif&u G Ef ikd 7f ef enf; vrf;rsm;udk qufvuf-uKd ;yrf;7SmazGco hJ nf? xkjd yif tjcm; vufeufrsm; av~mah ygha7;ESifh tjynfjynfqidk 7f m tEkjrL tiftm;xdef;odrf;a7;twGufvnf; -udK;yrf;cJh.? 1950 jynfhESpfZGefv 257ufae\wGif udk7D;,m; ajrmufydkif;wyfrsm;u ukd7D;,m;awmifykdif;ukdusL; ausmf wku d cf u dk cf o hJ nfrpS I ud7k ;D ,m;ppfypJG wifco hJ nf? ukvorConf udk7D;,m;ajrmufydkif;tm; wkdufcdkufr= 7yfp7J ef ta7;qdck ahJ omfvnf; tcsn;f ES;D omjzpfco hJ jzifh ukvorC0ifEdkifiHrsm;u oabmwlqHk;jzwfum ud7k ;D ,m;awmifyikd ;f zufr0S ifa7mufwu kd cf u kd af y;cJo h nf? aemufqHk;Yukvor. -udK;yrf;r=a-umifh 1953ckESpf Zlvdkifv2^7ufae\wGif ppf7yfqJa7;pmcsKyfudk ESpfOD; ESpzf ufvufrw S f a7;xk;d cJo h nf?(ud7k ;D ,m;ppfy„JG 7=? ) 1951 ckEpS w f iG f t%7D,,ftpd;k 7u a*smf'efjrpfukd jyKjyifazgufvkyfonfrSpI qD;7D;,m;EdkifiHESihf tcsif; rsm;cJ-h uonf? TudPrSm ukvorCvHjk cHKa7;aumifpD ok\d a7mufojzifh jzefajza7;tzG\J apvFwcf 7hJ onf? wku d f cdu k af 7; 7yfprJ r= sm;udk ESpjf ynfaxmifv;kH rSyif vufc-H u aomfvnf;/ tm7yfEdkifiHrsm;.wif;rmr=a-umifh aqG; aEG;yJrG sm;ysujf ym;cJ7h avonf? ukvorConf *smreDEikd if w H iG f ta7S\yikd ;f taemuf ydik ;f [k cGjJ cm;aeonfukd yl;aygifay;7ef -udK;pm;cJo h nf? TudPESifh pyfvsO;f I pHpk rf;a7;tzG\Jrsm; apvFw7f efppD Of onft h cg/ *smreDta7S\yikd ;f u pHpk rf;a7;tzG\Jukd t0ifrcH[k wif;rmpGmjyef-um;ojzifh TudPrSm ratmifjrifacs? ukvorConf 1951 ckEpS t f wGi;f 45 jynfaxmif tpkd;7rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a7; pmcsKyfrsm;csKyfqdkum/ rwdk;
200
www.foreverspace.com.m
ukvorC wufaom Edik if rH sm;udk pufrv = ufr/= pD;yGm;a7;tultnD ay;cJo h nf? ukvorC.udK;yrf; a7S\aqmifra= -umif/h ,cifutD wvDEikd if H vufatmufcjH zpfcahJ om vpfAsm;jynfrmS vGwf vyfaom tcsKyftcsmtm+mydik Ef ikd if jH zpfvmavonf? ukvorC-uD;rSL;I 3 ESpfwdkifwdkif a7;qGJcJhaom vl\tcGit hf a7; ausnmpmwrf;udk yg7pfjrK\dY usi;f yaom ukvorC rsuEf mS pHn k D tpnf;ta0;-uD;u 1948 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 107ufae\wiG f uef\uu G o f rl &Sd vufct H wnf jyKco hJ nf? xkad usnmpmwrf;wGif tyk’d af ygif; 30 yg0if I vlwdkif;vlwdkif; vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifcGifh/ vGwfvyf pGm ajymqdka7;om;cGifhESihf aus;u`efpepfy,fzsufydwf yifa7;ponfwkd\udk az:jyxm;onf? twnfjyKonfh ae\ut kd a-umif;jyKI 'DZifbmv 10 7ufae\ukd vl\tcGihf ta7;ae\tjzpf ukvorCtzG\Ju qH;k jzwfxm;avonf? (aus;usGepf eH pf„7=? ) 1953 ck rwfv 31 7ufae\wiG f trsK;d orD;wk\d.Ekid if H a7;tcGit fh a7;rsm; ausnmcsuu f kd ukvorC0if Edik if H rsm;u vufcHtjyK-uonf? Tausnmpmwrf; wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; a,mufsm;rsm;ESihf wef;wla&G; aumufyGJrsm;wGif rJay;EdkifcGifh/ rJjzifh a&G;aumufwif ajr|muf7aom tzG\Jtpnf;rsm;Y yg0ifEikd cf iG /fh 7mxl;7mcH rsm;wGif 0ifa7mufvyk u f ikd cf iG &hf adS -umif; yg0ifavonf 1953 ck {jyDv ^ 7ufae\wiG f qD'G ifEikd if rH S 'kw, d Edik if H jcm;a7;0ef-uD;ESihf pD;yGm;a7;yg7*ljzpfol rPwm'uf
*smvrmtCeD[rfrmp,kd;tm; E=wfxGufoGm;aom x7pfADvD;.ae7mY uvorC. twGif;a7;rSL;csKyf tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr|mufavonf? [rfrmp,d;k . wku d w f eG ;f csurf mS ukvorCtm; rdrw d \dk wkid ;f jynfrsm; wGif 7ifqidk af e7aom jy©emrsm;udk wifjywkid -f um;7 rnfXh mewpfcrk ~om oabmrxm;-ubJ/ rdrw d \Edk iS 7hf nf&, G f csucf si;f wlnaD omudPrsm;twGuf atmifjrifru = kd a7S; &=vsuf yl;aygif;aqmif&u G -f u7efjzpfonf? 1953 pufwifbmv 15 7ufae\wiG f usi;f yaom t}rt-udrfajrmuf ukvorC taxGaxGvFwfawmf nDvmcHwiG f tdN, d Edik if rH S ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG\Jacgif;aqmif r'rf0Zd ,vuf7rS yD @pftm; OU}tjzpf wifajr|mufchJ onf? vuf7rS yD @pfu OU}rde\f ceG ;f jrGw-f um;7mwGif ud7k ;D ,m;ppfyJG 7yfpo J mG ;jy;D jzpfI uBmh ta7S\widk ;f jy©em 7yfrsm;udk ajz7Sif;ay;7ef vrf;yGihfoGm;jyDjzpfonfht jyif tcGit fh cgaumif;vnf; qku d af 7mufaejyDjzpfa-umif; ajym-um;cJo h nf? jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGif;okd\ w&kwftrsKd;om;tpdk;7 wyfom; 12000 cef\0ifa7muf usL;ausmrf E= iS fh pyfvsO;f I 1953 ck rwfv 26 7ufae\wiG f ukvorCtaxGaxG vFwfawmfnDvmcH-uD;okd\wkdifwef;cJhonf? {jyDv 22 7ufae\wiG u f si;f yaom Edik if aH 7;7mESihf vHjk cHKa7;aumfrwD u Edik if jH cm;wyfom;rsm;onf jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f rSxu G f cGmoGm;7rnfodk\r[kwvufeufrsm;cstyfI csufjcif; tzrf;cH7rnf[k qH;k jzwfcsucf sco hJ nf?
w7m;0ef-uD;OD;jrihfodef; (tv,fyHk) acgif;aqmifaom jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftcsKd\ESihf rdwfaqGrsm;
201
www.foreverspace.com.m
u70du/o~if
u7a0;yif
xdq k ;kH jzwfcsuu f kd ukvorC taxGaxGvw F af wmfo\kd wifjy7uef\uGufolr&Sd 59 rJjzihf twnfjyKcJhonf? a7S;OD;pGm jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf twGi;f &Sd w&kwf wyfrsm;ta7;udk ajz7Si;f 7efAefaumuf jrK\dwiG f w&kwt f rsK;d om;tpd;k 7/tar7duef/ ,d;k ',m;ESifh jrefrmEdik if w H \dkrS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifaom 4 Ekid if H aqG;aEG;yGjJ yKvkyf cJo h nf? xkad qG;aEG;yGw J iG f jrefrmEdik if rH S wifjycsuu f v kd uf rcHojzifh jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xGufvmcJhonf? od\kaomf xyfraH phpyfcsurf sm;t7 1953 ck Ed0k ifbmv^ 7ufae\rSpI w&kwftrsKd;om;ppfwyfrsm; jrefrmEdkifiH wGi;f rS wpfow k jf y;D wpfow k f xGucf mG aeonfukd awG\7.? TxGucf mG a7;udk tar7duefEikd if rH S ume,fyg;rm;/ w &kwf trsK;d om; tpd;k 7zufrS ume,ftidk yf 'D;ESi, hf ;dk ',m; EkdifiHrS ume,fcswfcsKdifwkd\ yg0ifaom 3EdkifiHtzGJ\u -uD;-uyfvsuf &So d nf? jynfaxmifpk jrefrEdik if u H rl avh vmolrsm; tjzpfjzifo h m apmif-h unfch ahJ vonf? qkcd o hJ nftwkid ;f ukvorConf uBm\jidr;f csr;f a7;/ wwd,uBmppf rjzpfyGm;a7;wkd\udk a7S;&=vsuf uBmh t7yf7yfwiG af y:aygufvmaom jy©emt7yf7yfrsm;udk rqkid ;f rwG ajz7Si;f aphpyfay;vsu&f o dS nf? xkad -umifh T tzGJ\csKyf-uD;udk wkdif;i,fjynfi,fuav;rsm;u txl; ,Hk-unf tm;xm;vm-uonf? ,ckwpfEpS f ESpEf pS t f wGi;f wGif ukvorCtzG\-J u;D onf tH-k uGvmaom uBmhjy©em7yf-uD;rsm;udo k m ajz7Si;f ay;&Hrk ~ru/ tzG\J0ifEidk if rH sm;wGif pD;yGm;a7;cdik v f rkH /= puf rlvufr= wk;d wufr/= pdu k yf sK;d a7; aumif;rGev f mapr=w\du k kd tenf;enf;tzHzk kH ulnt D m;ay;cJo h nf? ukvorCvuf atmufcH tzG\J tpnf;rsm;jzpfaom uBmhusef;rma7;t zGJ\/ jyefvnfxlaxmifa7;ESihf wkd;wufa7;qkdif7muBmh b+f/ ynmod_EH iS fh ,Ofaus;r=tzG\J/ uav;rsm; ta7; ay: 7efyakH iGtzG\Jw\drk mS uBm wpf0eS ;f vH;k wGif us,jf yef\pmG vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufvsuf &Sd-uonf? ukvorC. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;I atmifjrifonft h cg atmifjrifcahJ omfvnf; raatmifjrif onft h cgrsm;vnf;&Sad yonf? od\k7mwGiaf emufxyf uBm ppf-u;D rjzpfymG ;7efwnf;[laom t"du 7nf&, G cf sujf zpf onfh jidrf;csrf;a7;rSm wnfjrJvsuf&Sdaeao;ojzifh/ ukvorCrSmar~mfvihzf , G 7f m&Sad eao;ayonf? xkjd yif ukvorC. tiftm;rSm uBmay:&Sd oef;aygif;1000 r~ruaomvltaygif;wk\d wpfO;D ESiw fh pfO;D at;csr;f pGmyl; aygif;aqmif&u G v f rdk a= y:wGif wnfae.? wpfenf;qkd 7aomf xkv d t l aygif;. ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;jzpfaom tpd;k
ukvorCtaxGaxGvFwfawmf. 1953 ckESpf OUX tdNd,trsKd; orD;rPuf0DZ,vuf7Sd rDy@pf
7rsm;. at;csrf;pGm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdkr=ay:wGif wnfaeavonf? tcsKyu f m; ukvorC-uD; xda7muf pGm aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf E= iS fh ukvorC. aemifa7;ar~mv f ihf csufrmS Edik if rH sm;. todOm+fyiG v hf if;aomtusKd;jzpf xGe;f apr=ay:wGif wnfaeayawmhonf? ukvorCae\ ? ?ppfjyD;acwfwiG f atmufwb dk mv 24 7ufae\onf jird ;f csr;f a7;vdv k m;aom uBmol uBm om;rsm;tzd\k tvGet f a7;ygaom ae\-uD;wpfae\jzpfay onf? ta-umif;um; xkdae\wGif uBmay:&SdEdkifiH aygif;51 Edik if H yg0if zG\J pnf;xm;aom ukvorC-uD; aygufzGm;vmaom a-umihfwnf;? xkda-umihf atmuf wdb k m 24 7ufae\ukd ‘ukvorCae\’[k uBmwpf0eS ;f vHk;u todtrSwfjyKxm;-uonf? ukvorCae\ rnfo\rdk nfyjkHzpfay:vmonfukd ukv orC-uD;pwif zG\Jpnf;7yHu k pI az:jy7ayrnf? ukv orCzG\pJ nf;7jcif;. t"du7nf&, G cf surf mS ppfuw kd m;qD; 7efEiS fh uBmhjird ;f csr;f a7; wnfwahH p7ef jzpfonf? uBm ay:Y rnfonfv h rl sKd;rqdk ppf.tM7m,fukd 7ifrqdik f vk-d uacs? ppfjzpfjcif;onf oWM7uyf qdu k jf cif;yif jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh uBm ppf-uD;rsm;jzpfyGm;aom tcg vlESihf usGJEGm;wd7>mefrsm;ygrusef aoa-uysuf pD;-u7.? raoI useaf eolrsm;rSmvnf; td;k tdryf Pnf; rsm; qHk;&H=;jyD;v~if -uD;pGmaom qif;7'kQrsm;ESihf-uHK
202
www.foreverspace.com.m
ucsijf ynfe,f awG\-u7onf? xku d o hJ \kd rESpjf rdKh zG,t f jzpfq;kd rsm; ay: aygufapaom ppfrufta7;rsm;udkwm;qD;7ef EdkifiH acgif;aqmifrf sm;u wwfEikd o f r~ -udK;pm;cJ-h uayonf? yXruBmppf (1914„18)tjyD;wGif ppf.qkd;&Gm; -urf;-uKwrf u = kd qifjcifr-d uaom wdik ;f Edik if -H u;D rsm;pka0; aqG;aEG;I/ ppfrufta7;rsm;udk wm;qD;jyD;v~if xm0pOf jidrf;csrf;a7;udk7&Sd7ef EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;udk 1920 jynfEh pS Of ;D wGif zG\J pnf;wnfaxmifc-hJ uonf? od\k 7mwGif xkt d oif;-uD;. vkyif ef;rsm;rSm ratmifjrifcb hJ /J 1939 ckEpS w f iG f yxruBmppfxuf a-umufrufz, G af umif; aom 'kw, d uBmppf jzpfymG ;cJah vonf? 'kwd,uBmppf jyD;qHk;aomtcgwGif ppf-uD;rsm;udk wm;qD;I xm0pOfjidr;f csrf;a7;/ vHjk cHKa7;wk\u d kd 7&S7d ef -udK;pm;tm;xkw-f ujyefonf? Twpf-udrw f iG f yxrt -udru f uJo h \dkr[kwb f /J xm0pOf jidr;f csr;f a7;ESifh vHjk cHKa7; ud7k &S7d ef yxrt-udrf uxufcikd jf rJaom tzG\Jtpnf;udk wnfaxmif-uavonf? xko d \dk ppfuw kd m;I trsm;csr;f oma7;/ xm0pOfjidr;f csr;f a7;udk 'kw, d uBmppftwGi;f vef'efjrdK\ Ycdv k a=H e7 aom Edik if H 9 Edik if rH S ppfajy;tpd;k 7wk\d. 1941 ckEpS pf ed f *srd ;f eef;awmftpnf;ta0;rS tpjyKonf[k qd7k ayrnf? xkdtpnf;ta0;rS pdef*sdrf;eef;awmf ausnmpmwrf;udk xkwjf yefc7hJ m/ jidr;f csr;f a7;twGuf ta7;ygt7ma7muf
ch7J rkH u ukvorC jzpfay:vm7efvrf;pudk zGiafh y;onf ESiw fh al vonf? xkEd pS rf mS yif jAdwed Ef iS hf tar7duefjynf axmifpkESpfEdkifiHwkd\uvnf; jidrf;csrf;a7;udk a&S;&=um tWvMdwf ork]7mwpfae7mwGif aqG;aEG;I tWv Mdwpf mcsKyu f ckd sKyq f dk vufrw S af 7;xk;d cJ-h u.? tWvMdwf pmcsKyyf g tcsuf tvufrsm;um; ukvorCzG\pJ nf;a7; ESifh wdu k 7f u kd o f ufqikd af vonf? 1942 ckESpfwGif uBmh jidrf;csrf;a7;udkvkdvm;aom Edik if -H uD; 4 cku tWvMdwpf mcsKyu f kd axmufct H wnf jyKum Edik if aH ygif;pHk ausnm pmwrf;-u;D udk xkwjf yefav onf? 1943 ckEpS w f iG f jAdwed /f tar7duefEiS fh &k&w S \dkarmf pudjk rKd \wiG f pnf;a0;I ukvorCzG\Jpnf;7efvt kd yfa-umif; xkwfjyefausnm.? 1944 ckESpfwGif tar7duef jynfaxmifpk 0g&Siw f efjrdK\ 'rfAmweftw k f taqmuf ttHYk qdck o hJ nfh Edik if -H uD; 3Edik if EH iS fh w&kwEf ikd if rH S ud, k f pm;vS,-f uD;rsm; aqG;aEG;-ujyD;v~if ukvorC[laom trnfjzifh tzG\J-u;D wpfczk \J7G ef qH;k jzwf-u.? xkad emuf 1945ckazazmf0g7DvwGif u&dik ;f rD;,m;e,fa,mfvwmjrKd \ Y vnf;aumif;/ xkEd pS {f jyv D wGit f ar7duef jynfaxmifpk qefz7efpPudjk rdK\Yvnf;aumif; nDvmcHrsm;usi;f yI t cef;-u;D 19 cef;/ yk'rf 111ckyg0ifaom ukvorCpmcsKyf -uD;udk a7;qGjJ yD;v~i1f 945ckatmufwb dk mv247uf ae\ wGif Edik if aH ygif; 51 Edik if o H abmwl vufrw S af 7;xk;d
ukvorCae\txdrf;trSwftjzpf 7efukefjrdK\wGif Todk\E=d;aqmfavh7Sd.?
203
www.foreverspace.com.m
ukvorCae\
ukvm;?OD;
csKyfqkd atmifjrifcahJ vonf? a&S;OD;pGmzG\J pnf;aom 51 Edik if t H jyif aemufxyfyg0ifciG 7hf aom Edik if rH sm;vnf;&Sd ayonf? xkEd ikd if rH sm;wGif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if v H nf; yg0ifonf? ,if;od\k tm;jzihf atmufwb dk mv 24 7uf ae\wiG f ukvorC-uD; aygufzmG ;cJah y7m/ xkad e\ukd ukv orCae\[k uBm wpf0eS ;f vH;k u todrw S jf yKxm;av onf? xkad e\wiG f ukvorC0if Edik if w H idk ;f Y txdr;f t rSwyf rJG sm; jyKvyk I f / ukvorC-u;D t"du7nf&, G cf suf rsm;ESihf pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;udk vlwdkif;oabm ayguf 7atmif pGr;f aqmif-urnfh t"d}mefrsm;udk jyK-uonf? ukvm;?OD;? ?OD;ukvm;rSm r[m7mZ0if-uD; udk jyKpka7;om;cJah om 7mZ0ifusrf;jyK q7m-uD;wpfO;D jzpf onf? anmif7rf;acwf we*®aEGrif;w7m;-u;D vufxuf wGif xif&mS ;aomykCKd vf jzpfonf? OD;ukvm;.rsK;d EG,f rSm olaX;rsK;d jzpfI tzrSm pOfu h ikd o f aX;a'0ao}/ t rdrmS wzuftEG,f apmfbmG ;rsKd;r+d-o•jzpfonf? OD;ukvm;onf a&S;u &Sirf [moDv0Ho. 7mZ0if ausmEf iS fh yk*7H mZ0if/ waumif; 7mZ0ifpaom 7mZ0if rsm;rSm jynfph jkH cif;r&So d nfukd 7mZ0ifusr;f tapmifapmif rS ndE| i=d ;f jyD;v~if 7mZ0if-uD;wpfapmif tjzpf jyKpak 7;
om;onf? xk7d mZ0if-u;D rSm {csi;f / armfueG ;f / ausmuf pmponfw\dk uykd g ud;k um; a7;om;xm;ojzifh rSeef ef; 7mZ0if/wGi;f oif;r[m7mZ0if topfuo hJ \akd om7mZ0ifrsm; onf xdrk [m7mZ0if-uD;udk ud;k um;rSjD irf;jyK -u7.? OD;ukvm;onf 7mZ0if usrf;-uD;udk we*®aEGrif; (oU7mZf 10^6ckEpS rf S 1095 ckEpS )f vufxufY jyKpk onf? OD;ukvm;onf 7mZ0ifusr;f jyKpEk ikd af om pGr;f 7nf omruyJ jrefrmpum;ajyudk &dk;&dk; jzihfajyjypfpGm a7; om;Edkifaom pGrf;7nfESihf vnf;jynfhpHkonf? ‘aomif; usef;onf’/ ‘&dkif;ysonf’/ ‘ykefuefonf’/ ‘rusKd;r EGH&Sdonf’/ ‘oPmawmfazgufzsufonf’/ ‘qufuyfjrJ wGif ra7mufbaJ eonf’/ ‘aus;Zl;awmfukd aoGznfonf’ ponfjzifh pum;y7d,m,f Edik ef if;pGmoH;k pGcJ o hJ nf? OD;ukvm;onf r[m7mZ0if-uD; wpfapmifwnf;jzifh yif ausmaf pmxif&mS ;onf? xk7d mZ0ifrmS r[m oRwrif; rSpI we*®aEGrif;txdomyg0ifonf? OD;ukvm;onf r[m 7mZ0if-uD;tjyif 7mZ0ifvwfEiS fh 7mZ0ifcsKyrf sm; udv k nf; a7;om;cJah o;onf? ukvm;aumufiSuf ? ?( c&kpw k if u S „f 7=? )
ukvm;tkyfrsm;ukdpD;eif;I oJuMm7c7D;-urf;ukdjzwfoef;oGm;vm-uaom tm7yfukefonfrsm;
204
www.foreverspace.com.m
oJuMm7ul; ouf&o dS ab‡m
obm0.a'otvkduf qef;-u,fpGm zefwD;ay;xm; onfhoW0gwpfrsKd;ukd atmufyg ta-umif; 7yfwGif az:jyxm; onf? t&kyfqkd;oavmuf tokH;0ifaom ukvm;tkyfonf tm7yfvlrsKd;wkd\. aus;Zl;&Sif[kqkdv~if rSm;rnf rxifay?
ukvm;tkyf ? ?oJuM7rSm c7D;toGm;7 tvm7 cufcaJ om t7yfa'ojzpfaomfvnf; tvG,w f ul jzwf ausmf oGm;vmEkid 7f ef obm0u wd7>mefx;l wpfrsK;d ukd zefw;D ay;xm;avonf? xkw d 7d >mefrmS tjcm;r[kw/f t&kyq f ;dk oavmuf tzk;d wefaom ukvm;tkyyf ifjzpf.? ukvm;tkyo f nfvnfyif;rSm uk, d x f nfEiS phf mv~if t vGe&f n S v f sm;ae&ko H mru t-unf7h vnf; qk;d avonf? ajcrsm;rSmvnf; cGmygIESpfjcrf;uJGae.? TuJhokd\uJG aeonfrSm ajcrsufpdteD;okd\yif a7mufaeonf? OD; acgif;rSm ao;i,f&o Hk mru t&kyv f nf;qk;d .? tndK a7mifrsuv f ;Hk rSmvnf; tjyifzufo\dk twefi,f jyL;xGuf vsufaeayonf? ol.ESmacgif;rSm tjcm;wd7>mef rsm;ESirhf wlbJ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tuJu G av;rsm; &So d nf ukd awG\7.? ESmacgif;aygufudk tvk&d o dS vku d s,fvm atmifvkyfEkdifI oJuMm7twGif;Y jyif;xefaomoJ rkew f idk ;f rsm;usa7mufv~if av0if aygufr&Sad tmifvnf; wif;usypf mG ydwq f \dx k m;Ekid o f nf? uk, d af y:Y aygufaom tarG;rsm;rSm -urf;wrf;&kHomru rnDrnmz&kdz7J jzpfvsu&f o dS nf? tzktxpfrsm;aom 'l;ESihf auG;nGwf vsuf&Sdaom 7if&kd;rsm;ay:wGif -urf;wrf;aom om; a7uJhokd\ tcHrsm;ukd awG\7avh&Sdonf? ukvm;tkyf. vyk\d rmS tvGe-f unf7h qk;d onf? oJuMm7xJwiG f ukvm;tkyaf vmuf tzk;d wef tok;H 0ifaom wd7>mefr&Sdojzifh ukvm;tkyfukd 'uMm7 oab‡ m ’ [l I ac:a0:-uonf ? uk v m;tk y f o nf oJuMm7xJ Ytzk;d wef7jcif;rSm tvGe&f n S v f sm;a0;vH aomc7D;ukd tpma7pmtenf;i,fr~ pm;aomuf&EHk iS hf wm&Sno f mG ;vmEkid af oma-umifh jzpfayonf? xl;qef; onfrSm ukvm;tkyfY tm[m7ukd okdavSmifxm;aom vyk\dyg&Sjd cif;yif jzpfonf? c7D;vrf; t-um;Y tpma7pm &Sm;yg;aomtcg ukvm;tkyo f nf vyk\dxYJ tqDtjzpf okad vSmifxm;aom tm[m7ukd ok;H pJo G nf? xk\d a-umifh tvGef&Snfvsm;yifyef;aom c7D;-urf;ukd EGrf;e,fpGm oGm;jyD;onfah emufwiG f ukvm;tky. f vyk\d rmS aysmuf uG,v f rk wwfi,fomG ;wwfonf? ok\daomf vk7d mc7D;ok\d a7mufI aumif;pGmem;aejyD;aomf tpmaumif; aumif;pm;7v~if xkv d yk\drmS csujf cif;yif jyefvnfazgif; -uGvmwwfayonf?
ukvm;tkyfonf tpmukdokdavSmifEkdif&kHomru a7 ukv d nf; us,0f ef;aom tpmtdrf xJY&So d nfh txl;a7 cef;rsm;Y c7D;&Snv f ~if &Sno f nft h avsmuf 7ufaygif; rsm; pGmcHEidk 7f ef okrd ;DS xm;Ekid af yonf? TuJo h \dk a7ukd okrd ;DS xm; Ekid jf cif;a-umifh ukvm;tkyo f nf oJuMm7xJ wGif tok;H 0ifq;Hk jzpfonf? -urf;wrf; jyif;xefaomoJ rkefwkdif;usvmaomtcg ESmacgif;ukd av0ifaygufr &Sad tmif ydwx f m;Ekid o f nf? xk\djyif rsuv f ;Hk rsm;ukv d nf; tvGew f 7m xlxaJ v;vHaom rsuaf wmifw\djk zifh oJr0if atmif umuG,x f m;Ekid af o;onf? ukvm;tkyw f iG f xl;jcm;aomtcsurf mS ol.OD;acgif; teD;ok\duyfvmv~if ta-umif;&Smr7bJ a'goxGuw f wf aomtavhjzpfonf? Tok\da'goxGuv f mv~if ukvm; tkyo f nf eD;7mvludk uku d cf jJ cif;/ uefausmufjcif;ponf wk\dudk jyKvyk w f wfonf? ukvm;tkyt f pm0g;ykrH mS vlEiS rhf wlb/J ol.atmufar;&k;d ukd eHab;wpfzufwpfcsuo f \dk xkrd T S ok\d ykcufvo JF uJo h \dk v=y&f mS ;um-udw0f g;onf? ukvm;tkyo f nf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmuyif oJuMm7t wGi;f oGm;vmolw\dt k wGuf tok;H t0ifq;Hk wd7>mefjzpfchJ onf? tok;H t0ifq;Hk jzpf7jcif;rSmvnf;usGEyfk w f \dk o&d dS -uonft h wkid ;f yif tyl'+fucdk EH idk jf cif;/ tpmiwfa7iwf wm&Snpf mG cHEidk jf cif;wk\dtjyif -uD;rm;aomcGet f m;&Sjd cif; a-umifhyifjzpfonf? okd\aomfvnf; ukvm;tkyfonf taumif-uD;oavmuf xkHxkdif;onf? ukvm;tkyu f dk 'l;axmufcidk ;f 7efrw S pfyg; tjcm;t7m wk\dudk tvG,w f ul rapckid ;f Ekid af y? TuJo h \dk';l axmuf onft h cgwGif ukvm;tkyo f nf rnfr~rmausmaomajr -uD;ay:wGif 'l;axmuf7onfjzpfapumrl emusijf cif;r&Sd ay? tb,fa-umifq h adk omf 'l;qpfay:wGif 'l;tcH t*‡gwpfrsKd; &Sad eaoma-umifjh zpfonf? 'l;axmufcidk ;f onfhtcg rdrdukd,fay:okd\ av;vHaom 0efxkyf0efykd; -uD;rsm; wifawmhrnfuo kd I d us,af vmifpmG nnf;nL wwfonf? ukvm;tkyo f nf us,jf yef\aom oJuMm7 -uD;rsm;ukad usmjf zwfI wpfwef. 4 ykw H pfycHk ef\&adS omt av;csdefukd rkdifaygif;rsm;pGm vG,fuloufompGmo,f aqmifEidk o f nf? ukvm;tkyv f rf;av~mufyrHk mS &k;d &k;d omref wd7>mefw\dk vrf;av~mufyEHk iS hf tvsi;f rwlacs? ukvm; tkyfpD;7onfrSm oab‡mpD;7onfESifhwlojzifh vd=if;rl;
205
www.foreverspace.com.m
ukvm;tkyf wwforl sm; ukvm;tkypf ;D 7efroifah y? ukvm;tkyo f nf vrf;av~muf7mY uk, d ef aH b;&Sd ajcwpkv H ;Hk ukd wpfcsdef wnf; yifah jr|mufjyD;v~if ajcvSr;f vSr;f &ko H mruao;bJ uk, d x f nf-uD;wpfcv k ;Hk ukv d nf; eHab;ok\d ypfvv JF suf apmif;iJu h m oGm;avh&o dS nf? xkad -umifh ukvm;tkypf ;D aomolrSm vd=if;pD;aeaomavSuJhokd\ edrfhvkdufjrifhvkduf jzpfvsuf 7moDOwk -urf;wrf;jyif;xefaepOf oab‡mjzifh c7D; oGm;7onfEiS hf rnfo\dkr~rjcm;ay? ukvm;tkyrf sm;. v=y&f mS ;oGm;vm ykrH mS jyif;xefvo S nfjzpf7m/ ukepf nf rsm;ukd wdww f qdwf ck;d oGi;f a7mif;csru = dk vku d v f zH rf;qD; 7onfh tD*spEf idk if rH S ukvm;tkypf ;D ykvyd f rsm;rSm wpfae ukew f pfaecef; ukvm;tkypf ;D I c7D;oGm;7mwGif olw\dk. ukd,fukd &Snfvsm;aomt0wfwkd\jzifh wif;usyfpGm csnaf ESmifI xm;7onf? ukvm;tkyfrSm tpma7pmESifhpyfvsOf;I vlwkd\tm; 'kQr&Smwwfq;Hk oW0g[kqEdk idk o f nf? wpfae\wmr~c7D; oGm;jyD;v~if yJaphajcmufo\dkr[kwf rmausmaom pGeyf vGH ajcmuftenf;i,fuo dk m au`;7onf? Tr~EiS rhf wif;wdrf aomtcgwGif ukvm;tkyo f nf oJuMm7wpfav~muf ae7m tES\Htjym;aygufa7mufaomql;yif csKzH w k pf onf wk\d u0dk g;pm;.? ukvm;tkyrf sm;onf awG\ra&Smifra&G; cs,b f J 77mukpd m;wwfonf? olw\dku, dk w f iG f wyfqif xm;aom om;a7Zuf-udK;rsm;ukad omfvnf;aumif;/ wJ zsit f 0wfrsm;udv k nf;aumif; vG,7f muk0d g;pm;wwf.? ukvm;tkyf. tpmacscsufEkdifaomoWdrSm tvGef aumif;ojzifh tqdyrf sm;ukyd ifv~it f wefcEH idk 7f nf&o dS nf? ukvm;tky. f ajcaxmufrsm;rSm El;nHah ysmah ysmif;I ul&iS zf rHk sm;uJo h \dk jidrahf jimif;vsu&f adS e7m oJxw J iG f eif; av~mufoGm;Ekdif7eftwGuf taumif;qkH;jzpfonf? 'l; qpfrsm;ESi7hf iftyk rf mS xlx-J urf;wrf;aom tcHrsm;jzifh uG,u f mxm;aoma-umifh ajr-uD;ay:wGif 'l;wkyx f idk cf s vkdufonfhwkdifatmif rnfuJhokd\r~ emusifjcif;r&Sday? yljyif;ajcmufaoG\aom oJMm7rsm;wGif ukvm; tkyrf mS ukeo f nfrsm;tzk\d jrif;vnf;rnf.? EGm;tjzpf jzifv h nf; tok;H csEidk . f ? ok;d tjzpfjzifv h nf;tok;H 0if.? ukvm;tkyo f nf tav;tvH[o l r~udk c7D;a0; o,fy;dk oGm;vmEkdifonf? vlwkd\pm;aomuf7ef tpma7pmt jzpfjzifv h nf; tom;/ Ek\dponfw\du k adk y;onf? xkrd ~omr u ol\tarG;ukd t0wftxnf7ufvyk I f 0wfqifEidk af o; .? Tt&kyq f ;dk xkx H idk ;f aom wd7>mefrsK;d omr&Sv d ~if oJMm7wGif aexkid rf nfo h l wpfa,mufr~r&Sb d J vGiw f ;D acgif-uD;om jzpfaeayvdrrhf nf?
ukvm;tkyf 2 rsK;d &So d nf? tma7Aseu f v k m;tkyrf sK;d rSm u`Ekfyfwkd\od&Sd-uonfhtwkdif; t7yfjrifhjrifh ajcwH &Sn&f n S Ef iS ahf usmuke;f ay:wGif vyk\dwpfcw k nf;om&So d nf? tjcm; ukvm;tkyfwpfrsKd;rSm Aufx7D,efukvm; tkyrf sK;d jzpfI tm&Swu dk t f v,fyidk ;f wGif aexkid o f nf? xku d v k m; tkyrf sK;d wGif vyk\d 2 ck&o dS nf? Aufx7D,efuk vm;tkyfrSm aqGeD;rsKd;pyfjzpfaom tma7Asefukvm; tkyx f ufyI dk uk, d v f ;Hk uk, d x f nf-uD;jyD;v~i/f ajcaxmuf rSmwkdI oefrmawmifhwif;onf? ukd,fay:&SdtarG;rSm vnf; ykdIxlum zm;vsm;usae.? okd\aomfajc axmufrSm ul&SifuJhokd\ jidrfhajimif;jcif; r&Sd&kHomru raysmhaysmif;onfukdvnf;awG\7.? Tukvm;tkyfrSm vyk\d 2ck&o dS nfEiS hf tnDtyltat; 2 Xmepvk;H Y cHEidk f 7nf&Sdonf? oefpGrf;aom Tukvm;tkyfonf tvGef jyif;xefaomtylEiS hf csr;f jrvSaomtat;'+f 2 ckpvk;H ukdaumif;pGmcHEkdif7m/ w&kwfEkdifiHESifh wdAufjynfrsm;rS taemufbufa'orsm;ok\d vufzufajcmufEiS hf tjcm; ukepf nfpv,frsm; yk\daqmif7eftwGuf rsm;pGmtok;H 0if onf? qkcd ahJ om ukvm;tkyf 2 rsK;d tjyif tajy;jydKi7f ef ESihf c7D;jrefomG ;7eftwGuf txl;avhusiahf y;xm;aom '&Grrf 'D ,f7aD c: ukvm;tkyrf sK;d vnf;&Sad yao;onf?
rkd&kdukdoJuMm7rS ukvm;tkyfom;trd
ukvm;tkyfrSm tokH;0ifonf rSefaomfvnf; pdwfESvkH; aumif;r&Sad oma-umifh vlw\dk.cspcf ifru = dk cH,7l &Sjd cif; r&Sday? 7efvkdaompdwf&SdI tcGifhomwkdif; tazmft aygif; ukvm;tkyrf sm;ukd uefausmufuu dk zf 7hJ ef tjrJ -uHpnfwwfonf? tcgtcGiahf umif;v~if teD;uyfvm aomvlukdyif7efrlwwfonf?ocifukdaumif;pGmrSwf rdod&Sdaomfjim;vnf; cspfcifjrwfEkd;ykHrjybJ &kdif;pkdif;
206
www.foreverspace.com.m
ukvm;tkyf
ukoed m&Hjk ynf
onft h oGiu f o dk mjy.? yifyef; qif;7JvaS oma-umifh oem;n|mwmonfph w d Ef iS hf olw\dt k m; rnfuo hJ \dyk if cspcf if -uifemapumrl ocifudk wk\Hjyh efcspcf ifjcif; vk;H 0r&S-d u ay? ukvm;tkyrf mS El;nHah ysmah ysmif;aom pdwx f m; [lI tvsif;r&Sd[k xif7aomfvnf; rdciftjzpfjzifhrl om; i,f wk\dut dk vGe*f &kpu dk cf ifrif -uifemyk7H ayonf? uk vm;tkyif ,frmS arG;arG;jcif; 3 ayr~ jrif. h ? EGm;ayguf puav; xufyifyI dk av;aomfvnf; ajcaxmufrsm; rSm vGefpGmtm;avsmhaysmhnHhvSaoma-umifh vrf; aumif;aumif; rav~mufEikd af cs? rdcifuv k m;tkyrf -uD; rSm om;ukcd spfcifaomfvnf;/ tjcm;ukvm;tkyrf sm;ESihf a7maESmtkyzf \GJum jcpfjcpfawmuf yljyif;vSaom oJjyif rsm;ukd ausmfjzwfI wpfae\v~if 25 rkid Ef e= ;f r~ESihf c7D; oGm;ae7&Sm.? xkt d cgrsKd;wGif tjrJy;l wJG ,k,ae7ef rjzpfEidk af oma-umifh ukvm;tkyif ,fudk ykcufwpfcx k J wGif ukepf nfrsm;ESit hf wl tjcm; ukvm;tkyw f pfaumif u c7D;jyif; wpfav~muf o,faqmifomG ;7ayonf? ukvm;tkyif ,fudk rdcifvyk o f . l ausmuke;f ay:wGif rwifbJ tjcm;ukvm;tkyw f iG f wifaqmif7onfrmS rnf onft h wGuaf -umifeh nf;[lI ar;zG,&f . dS ? qkcd o hJ nfh twkid ;f ukvm;tkyrf mS tvGex f x Hk idk ;f vSonfjzpf7m/ rdrd .om;i,fukd ausmukef;ay:wGif ukd,fwkdifwifxm; vsuEf iS hf om;i,faysmufq;Hk oGm;jyD ok\dr[kwu f se7f pfchJ avjyD[k ylyefp;dk 7drjf cif; jzpfwwfonf? xkad -umifT h uJh ok\daom pk;d 7dryf yl efjcif;rsK;d rjzpfay:7atmif rdcifuv k m; tkyrf -uD;.a&S\rS ukvm;tkyw f pfaumifay:wGif rdcifjrif omatmif wifaqmifo,f,lap7jcif; jzpfonf? a&S\ rSomG ;aom ukvm;tkyw f iG f ukvm;tkyif ,fonf ykcuf xJYygaeonf ukad wG\7v~if rdcif ukvm;tkyrf -uD;onf auseyfEpS o f rd phf mG c7D;oGm;Ekid af vawmhonf? ukvm;tky&f idk ;f rsm;&So d nf[I l a&S;,cifu r-um;bl; acs? okd\jzpf7m ukvm;tkyfrsm;onf a&S;ya0+Dumv uyif ,Ofyg;vm-ujyD;jzpfonf[k ,lq,k-H unf7ay rnf? zrf;qD;apckid ;f jcif; rjyKbv J w G v f yfaeaom ukvm; tkyt f csK\dudk wmuDpwefe,f ajrmufyidk ;f wGif awG\jrif7 onf? xku d v k m;tkyu f dk wpfpw Hk pf7m ckid ;f ap7eftwGuf zrf;qD;jcif;r&Sad omfvnf; tom;ukt d vk&d o dS jzifh vku d v f H owfjzwf-u.? tma7AsuseG ;f qG,af 'owGif ajcmufaoG\yjl yif;aom oJuMm7rsm;&So d nfeh nf;wl awmifuBmvk;H jcrf;&Sd -opa-w;vD;,m;wku d w f iG v f nf; us,jf yef\aom oJuMm 7-uD; &Sad vonf? xkad -umifh tma7Aseu f v k m;tkyrf sK;d
rGef*kdvD;,m;a'o7Sd c7D;oGm;0efwifukvm;tkyfrsKd;
ukd -opa-w;vD;,m;wku d w f iG f prf;oyfarG;jrL-unf7h m tcuftcJr&Sb d J aumif;rGepf mG xajrmufatmifjrifco hJ nf? ukvDupm;jcif; ?
? ( *lvu D pm;jcif;„7=)
ukodem&kHjynf ? ?ukoed m&kjH ynfrmS tdN, d Ekid if /H r«dra'o&Sd jynf-u;D 20 tygt0ifjzpfonf? a*gwr jrwfpGmbk7m;ocif y7ded£mefpH,lcJhaom jynfjzpfI Ak<0g'Drsm; todrsm;-uonf? xkdjynfrSm [dr0Mm awmifajc&Sd eDaygEkdifiHESifh**‡g jrpfw\d. k t-um;wGiw f nf&I dS / ,cktcg ,lyed ,f/ *k7d ufyl c&kid Yf uod,[k trnfwiG o f nf? jrwfpmG bk7m;ocifonf oufawmf 80 wGif aoG; 0rf;oGef a7m*gukd jyif;jypGm cHpm;ae7pOfYyif ukoed m&kH jynf rœrif;wkd\. tif-uif;O,smOfwGif;okd\ wynfh o•‡mrsm; jcH7v H suf qku d af 7mufvmonf? qku d af 7muf onfh n. tvGef rk;d aomuf,w H iG f rœrif;wk\cd if;usi;f xm;tyfaom anmifapmif; ovGeaf y:Y avsmif;puf ,if;y7de¤d mef pH,al wmfro l nf?
207
www.foreverspace.com.m
ukoed m&Hjk ynf
ulAvkid cf ef
ukoed m&kjH ynfyY Ak<jrwfpmG y7de£d mefjyKonft h a-umif; ukd OD;ykn. omoemav~mufpmwrf;wGif 'aum Zmw7mhav;qJ&h pS /f oU7mZf,*k / uqkev f tcsed w f iG /f uko³d m&kH 7*k*H Ekid /f tif-uif;jrdKifY/ ok;H qkid b f Rk /d "dywd 7mZm/ xGwo f usmonf/ tEkyg'doo d /f wdwq f w d Of yg 'gef/ ruseu f ek pf if/ ed¤mef0ifI/ obify-GJu;D odr;f ygonf’ [lIvnf;aumif;f / v,fwq D 7mawmfb7k m; a7;om; aom ckepfae\b7k m;&Scd ;dk wGif '7mav;q,f&h pS /f oU7mZf 0,f/ e,frœwkid ;f / pHEi=d ;f r,kw/f uk©ed m&k/H tif-uif;pkYH / uqkef vjynf/h t*‡gae\0,f/ csr;f ajreh ¤d L/ pHawmfro l nf’ [lIvnf;aumif;/ zJ\G E\JGa7;om;cJ-h uavonf? Ak<jrwfpmG y7de£d mef pH,al wmfrcl ahJ omae7mwGif ,ck tcgxlyg&kaH pwDEiS hf avsmif;awmfrl &kyyf mG ; awmfrsm;ukd txdrf;trSwftjzpfawG\jrif Ekdifao;onf? ukodem&kH jynfo\dk ESppf Of ESpw f ikd ;f uBmt7yf7yfrS Ak<0g'Dtrsm; tjym; bk7m;zl;oGm;a7muf-uonf? ulAvkid cf ef (c7pf 1216„1294) ? ?ulAvkid cf efonf uBmh ta&S\bufwpfvmF ;wGif wefc;dk -uD;rm;cJah om rGef *kb d 7k if *si*f pfcef. ajr;jzpfonf? ulAvkid cf efrmS wlvD . 'kw, d om;jzpfI 1216ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;onf? i,f pOfuyif aemifawmfjzpforl ef*. l vufatmufwiG f ppfr= xrf;um w&kwfEkdifiHtaemufykdif;a'orsm;ukd wkduf cku d o f rd ;f ,lco hJ nf? ref*b kd 7k ifu, G v f eG af omtcg 1260 jynfEh pS w f iG f rGe*f rdk if;aqGrif;rsK;d wk\d. tpnf;ta0;-uD; u ol\tm;cefrif;-uD;tjzpf wifajr|mufvu dk -f uonf? cefrif;-uD;rSm vuf&;Hk 7nfEv S ;Hk 7nfEiS f jh ynfph o Hk jl zpfI zk;d awmf*si*f pfcef. 7nf&, G cf sut f wkid ;f w&kwEf idk if w H pfck vk;H ukd odr;f oGi;f vkad om qNjyif;jyonf? xk\da-umifq h eG f bk7ifw\dkyidk ef ufjzpfaom w&kwEf idk if aH wmifyidk ;f ukd wpfp wpfpwku d cf u dk o f rd ;f oGi;f cJ7h m aemufq;Hk wGif ulAvkid cf ef rSm w&kwEf idk if w H pfcv k ;Hk . bk7ifjzpf vmawmh onf? cefrif;-uD;onf rdr. d jrdK\awmfudk u,f7muk;d 7rf;rS w&kwEf idk if w H w H idk ;f -uD;twGi;f ,ck yDuif;jrdK\ ae7mok\d ajymif;a7F\co hJ nf? xkjd rdK\awmfopfrmS av;axmifah jruGuf ay:wGif wnf&SdI t0ef; 18 rkdif&Sdonf? jrdK\awmfrSm tvGecf rf;em; -uD;us,v f o S jzifh Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm;uyif txl;cs;D usL; a7;om;-uonf? xkjd rdK\awmfudk wkid w f ;l [k orkwI f '&k;H awmf-uD;’ [k t"d_g,f7&So d nf? taemuf Ekid if o H m;wk\durl cefAmvd (0g) cefrif;-u;D . jrKd \awmf[k ac:-uonf? TjrdK\awmf-uD; crf;em; -uD;us,yf u Hk dk 1^ ESpw f idk w f idk f cefrif;-uD;xHwiG f tr=xrf;zl;ol Aif;epfjrdK\
om; rmukyd v dk u dk rSww f rf;wifxm;cJo h nf? ( rmukyd v dk dk „7=? ) 18 7mpkEpS w f iG f t*‡vyd u f Asmq7m-uD; uk;d vm; 7pfu 54a-umif;aom uAsmjzifh csD;usL;a7;om; jyef ao;onf? cefrif;-uD;onf r[m,eAk<0g'D wpfa,mufjzpfaomf vnf; w&kwf ,Ofaus;r=EiS hf xk;H wrf;pOfvmrsm;ukv d nf; av;pm;onf? tkycf sKyaf 7;Xmersm;wGif w&kwv f rl sK;d rsm; ukd trsm;tjym; cef\xm;onf? 1263 ckESpfwGif w &kwv f rl sK;d rsm; tav;tjrwfxm;avh&adS om zk;d zGm;Adrmef ac: ausmif;aqmif-uD;ukd ,efcsijf rdK\ wGiw f nfaqmuf avonf? 12^9 ckEpS w f iG f jrdK\awmf.ta&S\awmifbuf wGif eQwfwm7mrsm; -unf&h = avhvmEkid 7f eftwGuf eQwfar~mpf if-uD; wpfcu k dk aqmufvyk af y;cJo h nf? cef rif;-uD;onf w&kwv f rl sK;d wk\d txGwt f jrwfxm;onfh uGezf sL;&Syf ausmif;awmf-uD;ukd jrdK\awmfopf-uD;twGi;f wGif aqmufvyk af y;cJo h nfjh yif/ uGezf sL;&Syf aqGawmfrsK;d awmfrsm;twGuf e,f 2 e,fukdvnf; vufaqmift jzpf ay;tyfcJhonf? xkdrSwpfyg; ,efcsifjrdK\ESifh yif,efjrKd \rsm;&Sd wUokv d af usmif;-u;D 2 ausmif;ukv d nf; ckid jf rJwnfwahH tmif jyKjyifun l cD o hJ nf? Ekid if aH wmftwGi;f ul;oef;a7mif;0,frr= sm; vG,u f al p 7ef jrif;aygif;200000yg0ifaom pmykd\pepfukdvnf; aumif;/ wnf;ck7d efpcef;aygif; 10000udv k nfaumif; wDxiG zf iG v h f pS cf o h J nf? jrKd\awmfEiS ah f 7vrf;qufo, G rf = vG,u f l ap7ef wl;ajrmif;r[m-uD;ukv d nf; topfxyfraH zguf vkycf o hJ nf? azmufum;a7mif;0,frw = iG f tcuftcJr&Sad p 7ef aiGpULrsm;xkwcf o hJ nf? ul;oef;a7mif;0,frr= sm;ukd txl;tm;ay;csD;ajr|mufcJhonf? ykd;xnfvkyfief;ESifha7F awmifh vkyfief;rsm;rSm rsm;pGmwkd;wufaumif;rGefvm cJo h nf? rif;-u;D onf pmayynm rsm;ukv d nf; tm;ay;cJh onf? wdAufvrl sK;d vm;rm;bke;f -uD; rwD'0wf&mS ;qkd ol ykCKd vt f m; pmaytQ7m topf wDxiG af pcJo h nf? yg;&Si;f vlrsK;d *smrm;tmvm'ifqo dk t l m; acwfrjDS yQ 'dejf yKvyk 7f efcidk ;f cJo h nf? tjcm;ynm&Sirf sm;tm;vnf; rGef *kw d \dk. orkid ;f ukd a7;om;7efapckid ;f cJo h nf? 1269 ckEpS f wGif 0D;*l;0g;pmvkH;rsm;jzifh pma7;enf;ukd y,fzsufI pHepfopfudk ay;tyfco hJ nf? r[m,e Ak<0g'ukv d nf; Ekid if aH wmfbmomtjzpftodtrSwjf yKcJo h nf? ulAvkid cf ef vufxufwiG f taemufEidk if rH S omoem jyKyCk Kd vf 2 OD; a7muf&v dS monf? wpfO;D rSm rGew f aD umfAD t7yfrS *GsefqkdoljzpfI usefwpfOD;rSm ay:'EkdeDt7yfrS td'k 7dk pfqo dk jl zpfonf? rif;-uD;onfxydk Ck Kd vfEpS Of ;D tm;
208
www.foreverspace.com.m
ulAvkid cf ef
ulvD
av;av;pm;pm;xm;I c7pf,ef omoemjyKcGifhay; om pum;rS qif;oufvmonf[k ,lq-uonf? ul onfjh yif *seG t f m; yDuif;jrdK\. yxrqk;H *k+ d ;f csKyt f jzpf vD. t"d_m,frmS 0efy;dk 0efxrf; tvky-f urf;orm; jzpf cs;D jri| ahf vonf? wdAufEidk if w H iG rf l bke;f -u;D bk7ifpeH pfudk onf? tvky-f urf;orm;rsm;ukd [dNLpw³Dpum;/ A*‡g wDxiG af y;cJ7h m ,ckwidk f 'vkid ;f vm;rm;ac: wdAufomo vD pum;rsm;jzifv h nf; ulv[ D yk if ac:qko d nfomru emykdifrsm;rSm wefckd;xGm;vsuf&Sd-uonf? uBmh ta&S\ykdif;EkdifiHrsm;Y Tpum;vkH;rSm rdrdwkd\bm cefrif;-uD;rSm a&S;bkd; om 7if;a0g[m7ozG,f avmif;awmf/ ab;avmif; ac:a0:okH;pJGvsuf&Sd-u awmfrsm; enf;wl ppfwu dk f onf? oDaygrif;w7m; vuf cku d rf = Ekid if o H rd ;f oGi;f r=rsm; xuf a,mtwG i f ; 0ef O D ; zk d ; ukd vkdvm;cJhonf? xkd vd=ifa7;om;aom r[m a-umifh wdAufEidk if /H wmuD ok Z mwuusrf ; wG i f ‘0ef pwefEidk if /H jrefrmEkid if /H ukd xrf;ulvD’ [k okH;E=ef;xm; csifcsKdif;em;EkdifiH/ *sm;Am; onf u k d awG \ 7onf ? v,f uGsef;rsm;okd\ ppfcsDwuf wDq 7mawmf uvnf; rC*‡ wkdufckdufcJh7m atmifjrif 'D y eD w G i f ‘ul v D v k y f r = ’ / onfom rsm;cJo h nf? *syef ‘ulvDvkyf7m Xme’ [k okH; usG e f ; uk d r l a7wyf j zif h E=e;f cJah vonf? t-ud r f - ud r f w k d u f c k d u f c J h tdNd,EkdifiHESifh w&kwfEkdifiH aomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJh rsm;wG i f vl O D ; a7rsm;jym; acs? ulAvkdifcef. EkdifiH ojzifv h nf;aumif;/ rdrw d \dEk idk if w H iG f awmfrmS bk7ifwpfO;D wnf; tvkyform;rsm;. vkyf ykid Ef idk if rH sm;teuftus,f tm;ukd tpGrf;ukeftokH; uBmhta7S\wpfvFmukdpkd;rkd;cJhaom ulAvkdifcefbk7if t0ef;qkH; EdkifiHawmfjzpfI/ rcsEidk I f vnf;aumif;/ 19 7mpkEpS f ta&S\bufwiG yf pdzw d o f rk] aemuf y k d i f ; ES i f h 20 7mpk E S p f 7mrS taemufbufwiG f yifv,feuf ausmo f nftxd tpavmufwiG f ulvt D vkyo f rm;rsm;ukd aps;aygaygESihf us,jf yef\avonf? Ekid if jH cm;ok\d yk\day;cJo h nf? olw\dkonf Ekid if w H umok\dvn S hf jrefrmEdik if w H iG f w&kwf ajy;rif;ac: e7oD[yawhrif; vnf oGm;vmvkyfukdifvsuf aiGa-u;&Sm azGavh&Sd-u vufxuf ulAvkid cf ef. ppfonfawmfrsm; jrefrmEkid if o H \dk onf? txl;ojzifh uBmhta&S\yidk ;f Ekid if rH sm;&Sd qdyu f rf; 0ifa7mufwu dk cf u dk o f jzifh e7oD[yawhrif;rSm yk*rH jS ynf jrKd \-u;D rsm;wGif tvky-f urf; orm;rsm;tjzpfjzifh touf jrKd \o\dk xGuaf jy; wdr;f a&Smif7avonf? e7oD[yawhrif; arG;0rf;ausmif; jyK-uonf? onf o~i'f o d mygarmQ 7[ef;awmftm; o0+fvmF 1833 ckEpS w f iG f awmiftar7duwku d Ef iS hf taemuf ESifh yDuif;jrdK\ulAvkdifcefbk7ifxHokd\ apvFwfaphpyfcJh7 tdN, d u`e;f pkrsm;wGiaf iG0,fu`epf eH pfudk y,fzsuv f u dk f a-umif;/ r*‡vmapwDausmufpm wGiaf wG\&7dS onf? xkd aomtcg/ xkda'orsm;&SdpkdufysKd;a7; vkyfief;-uD;rsm; ausmufpmwGif ulAvkid cf ef. aejynfawmfudk w,fwl rSm w&kwEf idk if EH iS hf tdN, d Ekid if w H \drk S ulvrD sm;ukd 7&Scd ahJ om (wkid w f ;l ) [kaz:jyxm;avonf?( e7oD[yawh„7=?) a-umifo h m ysufp;D jcif;ok\d ra7mufc-hJ uacs? ulAvkid cf ef bk7ifrmS ta&S\bufEidk if rH sm;wGio f mru a&S;tcgu jrefrm Ekid if w H iG f v,f,mrsm;Y tvkyv f yk f taemuf Oa7myEkid if rH sm;txd wefc;dk ysH\E\HS cahJ om rGe*f dk aom ol7if;iSm;rsm;rSty tvky-f urf; ulvt D jzpfjzifh bk7ifjzpfonf? w&kwEf idk if w H iG f ,Gerf if;qufudk pwif toufarG;jrLolrsm; enf;yg;cJo h nf? txufjrefrmjynf wnfaxmifcahJ omrif;vnf; jzpfonf?1294 ckEpS w f iG f ukd jAdwo d ~tpk;d 7u odr;f yku d jf yD;aomtcsed Yf Ekid if jH cm;ok\d uHuek af wmfro l nf?( rGe*f v dk rl sKd;„vnf;7=? ) qefpyg; a7mif;csaomvkyif ef;rsm;aumif;rGev f mcJ7h m/ tdN, d Ekid if rH S v,fuv l rD sm;ukad c:,lI jrpf0u`e;f ay:t ulvD ? ?ulv[ D al oma0g[m7onf wrdvb f m 7yfwiG f v,frsm;wDxiG v f yk u f idk cf o hJ nf? 207mpkEpS f tp 209
www.foreverspace.com.m
ulvD
ul;pufwwfaoma7m*grsm;
ykid ;f wGif jrefrmEkid if H puf&rHk sm;ESihf qdyu f rf;rsm;wGif vkyf ukid 7f eftwGuf tdN, d Ekid if rH S ulvD tajrmuftjrm;ukd ac:,lcJh7onf? 1906 ckESpfrS 1930ckESpftxd ESpf pOf ysr;f r~ 3ode;f cef\ 0ifa7mufI 2ode;f cJcG ef\ jyefomG ; avh &So d nf? ok\ad omf 35000 r~aom tdN, d ulvw D \rdk mS jrefrmEkid if w H iG f tjrJ&dS aeavonf? xku d v l D rsm;ukd uk$+D-uD;rsm;twGuf arp7Dac: ulvaD cgif;-uD;rsm;u uefx&kdufpmcsKyfjzifh ac:,lcJh-uonf? xkdpOftcgu ulvDrsm;. tajctaerSm tvGefqkd;&Gm;vSonf? ul vDrsm;rSm arp7Dwpfqifrh w S pfqifo h \dk vFaJ jymif;ckid ;f apjcif; rsm;cH7onf? arp7Drsm;ukd rdrdwkd\ae\pm;7aiGrsm;xJrS aumfr&Sifrsm; ay;-u7onf? arp7Drsm;acgif;ykHjzwf a-umif;ukd tvkyo f rm; pkpH rf;a7;aumfrwD tpD7ifcpH m rsm;wGif xif&Sm;pGmawG\&Sd7onf? xkdpOfu wnfjrJae aom vufry= nmonfrsm;tuf Oya'ESihf tvkyo f rm; y™dnmOf ysuu f u G rf = tufOya'wk\drmS arp7Drsm;ESihf t vkyyf idk &f iS rf sm;ukd umuG,af y;bd ouJo h \dk &Sad vonf? xkdOya'rsm;t7 tvkyform;rsm;ukd p7efaiGwif -udKay;Ekid jf cif; xkad iGrsm;ajyvnfatmif tvkyo f rm;rsm; .7ufoWywf0ifaiGrsm;rS jzwfawmuf,El idk jf cif; aiGr
ausbJEiS hf jzpfap/ pmcsKyfxm;onfh tcsdeu f mvrukef qk;H bJEiS hf jzpfap/ tjcm; tvkyXf mewpfco k \dk ajymif;a7F\r vkyu f idk 7f jcif;rsm; yg0if avonf? tvkyo f rm;rsm;ukd xdxad 7mufa7muf umuG,f ay;Ekid o f nfh tvkyo f rm; orCrsm;/ tjcm;apwemh 0efxrf;tzJG\rsm; r&SdcJhacs? 1930 jynfEh pS w f iG f yifv,fu;l oab‡m-uD;rsm;Y jref rmulvED iS fh ukvm; ulvrD sm; ukew f ifuek cf svyk -f u7mrS pI ukvm;„ jrefrmt"du&k+;f -uD; jzpfymG ;cJo h nf? xkd tcsed rf pS I jrefrmEkid if w H iG f ukvm;ulvrD sm; wjznf;jznf; enf;yg;vmcJhonf? 'kwd,uBmppf jyD;qkH;jyD;aemuf jrefrmEkid if o H \dk Ekid if jH cm;rS u`r;f usiaf omtvkyo f rm;rsm; uko d m 0ifa7mufciG jhf yKawmhonf? jrefrmEkid if H vGwv f yfa7; 7&Sjd yD;aemuf ulvq D adk om a0g[m7ukdrokH;bJ tvkyform; qkdaompum;ukd ok;H E=e;f ac:a0:cJo h nf? Ekid if aH wmftpk;d 7u tvkyo f rm; tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f aprnfh Oya'rsm;ukv d nf; wpfcjk yD;wpf ck jy}mef;cJo h nf? tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf wkid ;f jynfEidk if H pnfyifz\GjH zdK;a7;twGuf rdrw d \dk vkyt f m;jzifh yg0ifxrf; aqmif-uojzifh vl\orkid ;f jyK ykCKd vfrsm;[k ac:qkx d u dk f olrsm; jzpfayonf?
vlw\dk .a-umufrufz, G 7f efo-l uD;rsm;
uyf-uD;ok;H yg;wGif wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfaom a7m*M7uyfonf vGepf mG qk;d 7Gm;aypG? axmifaomif;rursm;pGmaom vltaygif;wk\dtm;7ef7mS ESyd pf ufonfh ul;pufwwfaom a7m*grsm;jyef\ymG ;yk/H ,if;wk\dudk rnfo\dk ESrd ef if; umuG,Ef ikd yf Hk ta-umif; rsm;ukd atmufwiG af wG\7rnf? ul;pufwwfaoma7m*grsm;? ?a7S;tcgu a7m *guyfwpfck qku d v f mv~if raumif;qk;d 7Gm; 0ifvmojzifh a7m*gjzpfonf[k qk. d ? yuwdval umif;tjzpfrS a7m*g &kww f 7uf jzpfvmojzifh raumif;wpfcck ak -umifjh zpf7 rnf[k xifc-hJujcif; jzpf[efwo l nf? xkrd aumif;wpfcck k ukd rjrifEidk o f a7G\ raumif;qk;d 7Gm;[kyif ac:-uayrnf? ,cktcgwGirf l xkrd aumif;wpfcck u k dk jrif-u7ayjyD? xkrd aumif;qk;d 7Gm;ac: wpfcck o k nf yk;d a-umif[ h k od-u7ay jyD? xkyd ;dk onftvGeaf o;i,fojzifh tqaygif; 1000 cs\JEidk o f nfh rSeaf jymif;jzif-h unfrh o S m jrifEidk af yonf? ykd;trsKd;rsKd;7Sd7m ykd;wkdif;onf vludk'kQray;acs? vl . tusKd;ukad qmifonfh yk;d rsm;yif7o dS nf? tcsKd\y;dk rsm; onf ajr-oZmukd aumif;atmif vkyaf y;-u.? tcsKd\ um; vlEiS hf wd7>mefrsm;.uk, d af y:wGio f m aeEkid -f u onf? xkdykd;rsKd;ukd 'yg7qkduf’ ykd;[k ac:onf? xkdp um;. t"d_g,frmS 'olwpfyg; tm;uk;d ol’ jzpfonf?
yg7qkdufykd;rsm;onf olwkd\rSDckdaeolrsm;tm; tenf; ESit hf rsm; 'kQay;wwf-uonf? tcsK\d yg7qku d f yk;d rsK;d onf vlwpfO;D tm; &kww f 7wf a7m*g wpfck jzpfay:vm atmif'Q k ay;onf? xkyd ;dk rsKd;ukd a7m*gyk;d [kac:onf? xkyd ;dk rsKd;onf tvGet f yGm;jref.? a7m*gpJu G yfrnfo h . l uk, d t f wGi;f ok\d ta7jym;ESihf 'Gg7 rsm;rS 0ifwwf-uonf? xko d \dk0if7mwGif oif7h mvrf;rS 0if7rSom vludk 'kQay;Ekid o f nf? tjcm;vrf;rsm;rS0if aomf vlu'dk Q k ray;Ekid af cs? ul;pufwwfaom a7m*grsm;[lI trsm;tjym;7S7d m xif7mS ;onfah 7m*grsm;rSm umv0rf;/ yvdy/f wDA/D umv om;/ uk}Elem/ ausmuf-uD;ESifh iSufzsm;a7m*grsm;jzpf onf? xkda7m*grsm;onf rkdU&kdpukyf rSefajymif;jzifh -unhrf jS rif7aom ouf7idS ,frsm;a-umifjh zpfonf? xko d uf 7Sid ,fw\dkwiG f y&kw d Zdk eG ;f aumif/ zef;*yf (rdr= sK;d )/ waq;/ Aufw;D 7D;,m;ESihf Akid ;f 7yfrsm;yg0if-uonf?
210
www.foreverspace.com.m
ul;pufwwfaoma7m*grsm; y&kw d Zdk eG ;f aumifrsm;u iSuzf sm;a7m*gukjd zpfaponf? zef;*yf (rd=rsKd;)u ayG;ukdjzpfap.? waq;u ruf c&kudk jzpfaponf? Aufw;D 7D;,m;u 0rf;uku d f tqkwf a7mifem/ wDA/D yvdy/f umv0rf;ESiq hf pfzvpfa7m*gwk\u d dk jzpfaponf? Akdif;7yf rsm;u ausmuf-uD;ESifh 0ufoufa7m*grsm;ukd jzpfaponf? a7m*gys\HE\HSwwfyHk tqkwaf 7mifemESihf wDAaD 7m*gwk\duo hJ \dk ul;pufwwf aom a7m*grsm; ul;puf7mwGiaf 7m*g7So d l acsmif;qk;d vku d f aomtcg wHawG;r=eu f av;rsm;ESit hf wl a7m*gyk;d rsm; onf vlaumif;rsm; touf&SL7mwGif ygoGm;onf? 0rf;uku d Ef iS hf umv0rf;a7m*grsm;uJo h \dk ul;pufwwfaom a7m*grsm;onf xkad 7m*gpJu G yforl sm;pGe\fonfh rpifrw S pf qifyh gvmaom a7m*gyk;d rsm;a-umifh roef\aomtpm rsm;ukpd m;rd-u7mrS jyef\ymG ;onf? qpfzvpfuo hJ \dk ul; pufwwfaom umvom;a7m*grsm; ul;puf7mwGif xkad 7m*gpJo G . l ta7jym;ESix hf 7d mrS ul;pufonf? iSuf zsm;a7m*gESihf bifxu G yf vdyaf 7m*gwk\duo hJ \dk ul;pufwwf aom a7m*grsm;onf aoG;ukpd yk o f nfh tif;qufy;dk rsm; rSwpfqifh ul;puf-uonf? xkdykd;aumifrsm;onf iSuzf sm;a7m*g ok\dr[kwf yvdyaf 7m*gjzpfaeolrsm;xHrS a7m*gul;pufapEkdifonfh yPnf;rsm;ukd ,loGm;um vlaumif;rsm;ukd uku d jf cif;jzifh a7m*gul;pufaponf? avrSu;l pufjcif; vlwpfOD; acsqwf7mwGif ajrmufjrm;pGmaom wHawG; okd\r[kwf ESm7nfr=efrsm;onf vGifhxGufoGm; -uonf? tr=e-f uD;-uD; wcsK\donfajr-uD;ok\da7mufomG ; -u7mrS ajcmufoGm;aomtcg xdktxJwGifyg0ifonfh yk;d rsm;onf avxJo\dk zkt H jzpf vGiyhf goGm;-uonf? ao; i,fonfhtr=efrsm;onf avxJY aq;vdyfrD;ckd;rsm; vGio hf uJo h \dk vGiahf eEkid -f uayonf? ajr-uD;ay:ok\d usomG ;aom tr=erf sm;rS a7m*gyk;d rsm; onf teD;tem;7Sdvlrsm;okd\ ul;pufoGm;Ekdifayonf? avxJ vGifhvsuf7Sdaomtr=efrsm;onf tjcm;vlrsm; touf&SL7mwGif ygoGm;Ekdifayonf? vlrsm;onf rD; 7xm;blwm&k/H &ky7f iS &f /Hk armfawmfbwfpu f m;ponfw\dk wGif xkad 7m*gyk;d r=erf sKd; trsm;tjym;7Sw d wfonf? a7m*g7So d w l pfO;D acsqwf7mrSygoGm;aom a7m*gyk;d u av;rsm;onf avxJY zkHr=ef\rsm;ESifhtwl tawmfa0; a0;yif ygoGm;Ekdifonf?a7m*gykd;rsm;onf a7m*gul;
pufEidk af vmufatmif rsm;jym;onftxdval umif;wpfO;D . uk, d t f wGi;f ok\ad 7mufomG ;v~if oufqidk 7f ma7m*gonf ul;pufomG ;Ekid af yonf? tdy7f mcif;ukcd g7mYvnf;aumif; -urf;jyifudk wHjruf pnf;vS7J mYvnf;aumif;/ tdwt f wGi;f rS vufuidk yf 0k gukd xkw7f mYvnf;aumif;;/ Aufw;D 7D;,m; tajrmuftjrm; vGix hf u G o f mG ;Ekid af yonf? xkyd ;dk rsm;ygaom zkrH e= \frsm;onf avESihf c7D;a0;ok\dygoGm;Ekid o f nf? xkad emufrS vlw\dk. uk, d cf ¶mtwGi;f ok\d a7mufum a7m*gukd ul;pufEidk af y onf? tcsK\da7m*gyk;d rsm;onfzrHk e= \frsm;twGi;f Y wm7Snf touf7iS af eEkid -f u.? tcsK\dum;vl. uk, d cf ¶mrSxu G f onfEiS w hf pfjydKifeufavmufwiG f ysufp;D wwf-uonf? tvif;a7mif/ txl;ojzifh ae.tvif;a7mifonf toufjyif;onhf a7m*gyk;d rsm;ukyd if owfypfEidk pf rG ;f onf? xkad -umifh tdrt f y7Sd zkrH sm;ukd &Srl jd cif;onf tdrt f wGi;f 7Sd zkrH sm;ukd &Srl jd cif;xuf ab;uif;ayonf? tpmrSu;l pufjcif; tltwGi;f Y wk;d yGm;aeaom ouf7idS ,f rsm;onf rpif ESihf a7mI xGuv f mEkid . f ? xkrd w S pfqifh tjcm;vlrsm;ok\d oG,0f u dk af omenf;rsm;jzifh ul;pufomG ;Ekid af yonf? t jzpfEidk f qk;H enf;rSm npfnrf;onfh vufacsmif;rsm;rSwpf qifh ul;oGm;Ekid jf cif;jzpfonf? rpifpeG \ftjyD;wGif tok;H jyKaompULtwGi;f ok\d Aufw;D 7D;,m;rsm;0ifEidk o f nfudk owdrrlwwf-uay? xkad -umifh rpifpeG \ftjyD;wGif pUL ok;H olrsm;. vufacsmif;rsm;wGif Aufw;D 7D;,m;rsm;ESihf npfnrf;aeEkid af yonf? vufrsm;ukd csucf si;f pif-u,f pGm raq;a-umv~if vufEiS x hf o d r~yPnf;rsm;onf a7m *gyk;d rsm;ESihf npfnrf;aeEkid af yonf? xked nf;jzifh tlt wGi;f rSygvmaom Aufw;D 7D;,m;rsm;onf vl.t0wf rsm;/ tdwt f wGi;f 7Syd Pnf;rsm;ESihf tjcm;pm;zG,af omuf zG,rf sm;xnfo h nfh yPnf;rsm;ay:ok\d a7mufomG ;Ekid af y onf? xkd AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;onf xkdyPnf;rsm;ukdif wG,o f nfv h rl sm;ok\d ul;puf oGm;Ekid af yonf? a7m*gjyef\ yGm;Ekid af vmufatmif a7m*gyk;d rsm; a7mufomG ;v~if xdk v d w l iG f a7m*gpJu G yfayawmhonf? tlrESiphf yfvsO;f aom ul;pufwwfonfah 7m*gys\HE\HjS cif; ukd ,ifrsm;u aqmif7Gufay;Ekdifonf? txl;ojzifh rpifukd a7ESifho,fonfhpepfr7Sdaom ae7mrsm;ESifh aEG;aomwkid ;f jynfrsm;wGif tjzpfrsm;onf? a7m*gjzpfol 0rf;rSqif;aomrpifonf ajr-uD;ay:wGijf zpfap/ tzk;H r 7Sad om ae7mrsm;wGijf zpfap/ 7Sad eaomtcg ,ifaumif
211
www.foreverspace.com.m
ul;pufwwfaoma7m*grsm;
(1) rkdufu&kdpukyfrSefajymif;jzihf-unhfrSomjrifEkdifonf (2) ul;pufwwfaoma7m*gykd;rsm;onf (3) touf&SLaomav (4) pm; aomtpm (5) aomufaoma7 (6) tom;aygufjyJaomae7mrsm;rS vl.ukd,fc¶mxJokd\0ifa7mufEkdifonf?
onf xkdrpifay:wGif vmem;-uonf? ul;pufwwf aoma7m*gykd;rsm;ukd ,ifaumifonf ajcaxmufwGif ,lomG ;um teD; tem;7Sd tpmay:wGief m;I csxm;cJh onf? xkt d pmukd pm;rd olw\dk wiG f a7m*gpJu G yfonf? ta7jym;csi;f xd7mrSu;l pufjcif; umvom;a7m*guJo h \dk ul;pufwwfonfh a7m*gonf ta7jym;csi;f xd7mrS ul;pufEidk . f ? xkjd yif a7m*gyk;d rsm; jzifn h pfnrf;aeaom rsuEf mS okwyf 0k g/ zdeyf/ uwfaus;/ "m;/ t0wfpaomyPnf;rsm;rSwpfqifh ta7jym;ESihf xdjy;D a7m*g ul;pufEidk af yao;onf? tema7m*guif;aom ta7jym;jzpfv~if a7m*gyk;d rsm;0ifjcif;uku d muG,Ef idk f aomf vnf;/ jcpf7m/ 7S7m ok\dr[kwf ta7jym;wGif temwpfck ck7v dS ~if a7m*gyk;d rsm;onf xkad e7mrsK;d ok\d a7mufomG ;um a7m*gukd jyef\ymG ;apEkid o f nf? ajcaxmufY jzpfaomayG; onf a7m*gyk;d rsm;ESihf npfnrf;vsu7f adS om -urf;jyifrS ul;pufEidk af vonf? yk;d aumifrsm;rSu;l pufjcif; jcif/ oef;/ -urf;yk;d ESihf tavS;uJo h \dak om yk;d aumifrsm;
onfa7m*gykd;rsm;ukd vl.wpf&SL;(tom;r~if) rsm; twGif;okd\ ukdufIxdk;oGif;Ekdif-uonf? xkdenf;jzifh vlaumif; rsm;xHo\dk a7m*gyk;d rsm;a7mufapum a7m*g rsm;ukdjyef\yGm;aponf? ykd;aumifrsm;wGifygvmaom a7m*grsm;onf xkyd ;dk aumifrsm; ruku d rf ad tmif *&kpu dk f olrsm;okd\ rjyef\yGm;Ekdifay? usef;rmoefpGrf;aeolonf a7m*g7So d El iS hf xdrad omfvnf; a7m*gul;pufjcif;r7Sad cs? xko d \dkrul;pufEidk jf cif;onf twGi;f buf7w dS pf&LS ;rsm;wGif om a7m*grsm; 7SEd idk jf cif;a-umifjh zpfonf? 0ufoufEiS hf -uufnm| uJo h \dak om ul;pufwwfonfh a7m*grsm;onf ,cktxdo7d or~ vlwiG o f mjzpfwwf onf? a7m*gyk;d rsm;ul;puf7mwGif vlwpfO;D rSwpfO;D ok\d ul;pufonf? tcsK\da7m*grsm;rSmrl vlEiS hf wd7>mefrsm;wGif jzpfwwfojzifh jyef\ymG ;jcif;onf wpfjyefpjD zpfEidk o f nf? a7m*g tenf;i,fr~wGifom vlonfta7;-uD;onfh tdr7f iS t f jzpf wnf7adS yonf? trsm;wGirf l wpfqifch rH ~om jzpfonf? wsLAmu,fAufqDvyfa7m*gydk;a-umifh jzpfonfh wDAaD 7m*gonf vlYomjzpfwwfaom a7m*g jzpfonf? 0uf/ -uufwal 7G;rsm;ESihf arsmufrsm;ok\d vlrS rawmfwq ul;pufomG ;Ekid af yonf? olw\dw k iG f xkad 7m*g
212
www.foreverspace.com.m
ul;pufwwfaoma7m*grsm;
ul;yg; a*s/tuf(z)
onf rwnfjrJacs? acG;&l;a7m*g/ a'gifo h ef;emwk\donf wd7>mefrsm;wGif jzpfwwfaom a7m*gjzpfonf? xkad 7m *grsm;onf wd7>mefw\dEk iS w hf u dk &f u dk f ok\dr[kwf oG,0f u dk f onfh enf;rsm;jzifh xdcu dk jf cif;jzifh vlrsm;ok\d ul;pufEidk af y onf? wd7>mefrS 7aom Ek\drsm;/ tarG;rsm;/ om;a7 rsm;rS wpfqifh ul;pufjcif;onf tjzpfrsm;onf? wku d f zGKd uzf sm;uJo h \dk ul;pufwwfaom a7m*gonf vlwiG u f s a7mufjy;D v~if vlwpfO;D rS wpfO;D ok\d oef;rsm;jzifh jyef\ymG ; onf? bifxu G yf vdyaf 7m*gonf yxrwGif -uu G u f o hJ \dk uku d jf zwfoW0grsm;Y usa7mufjy;D tavS;rsm;rSwpfqifh vlrsm;ok\d jyef\ymG ;oGm;onf? ul;pufwwfaoma7m*gumuG,Ef idk yf Hk ul;pufwwfaom a7m*grsm;uku d muG,7f mwGit f xd a7mufq;Hk enf;rSm a7m*gjyef\ymG ;apaom ta-umif;7if; wk\dudk ESrd ef if;ay;jcif;jzpfonf? xku d o hJ \dkvyk 7f mwGif a7m *gwpfrsK;d ESihf wpfrsK;d wGif wlrnfr[kwaf y? ul;pufwwf onfh a7m*gpJu G yf olrsm;ukd trsm;tm;jzifch jGJ cm;I xm; wwf-uaomfvnf; xked nf;ukd vl-udKuf rrsm;vSacs? avrSwpfqifh ul;pufjcif;ukd vlrsm;tm;acsqwf7m ESiahf csmif;qk;d 7mwGif vufuidk yf 0gukd tok;H jyKI umuG,f apEkid o f nf? vlrsm;rsm;tm; -unf&h 7= mwGirf suEf mS zk;H rsm; wyfI -unfh&=jcif;onf a7m*gjyef\yGm;jcif;ukd tawmf twef umuG,Ef idk . f ? ,cktcg avxJwiG f yk;d ESrd f aq;zsef;I a7m*gykd;rsm;ukd owfypf7ef prf;oyf ae-uonf? avaumif;avoef\ 0ifxu G af pjcif;onf a7m*gykd;enf;yg;oGm;atmif jyKvkyf7mY tawmfyifxd a7mufayonf? avrSwpfqifh a7m*gul;pufjcif;ukd wm; qD;7efrmS ,ckacwfuse;f rma7;wGif tcufcq J ;Hk jy©em wpf7yf jzpfaeayonf? tpmrSwpfqifah 7m*g ul;pufjcif;ukt d jcm;enf;wk\djzifh ul;pufjcif;xuf ykI d xda7mufpmG wm;qD; Ekid af yonf? oef\pifonfh a7ukd ay;Ekid jf cif;ESihf rdœmjyGeo f , G jf cif;pepf rsm;onf umv0rf;a7m*gukd umuG,Ef idk af yonf? jrif; EGm;qJGaom ,mOfrsm;ukd armfawmf,mOfrsm;jzifh tpm; xk;d Ekid jf cif;onfvnf; ,ifaumifrsm;ukd avsmyh g;apo jzifh tlrESiphf yfvsO;f onfah 7m*grsm;ukd umuG,7f ma7muf ayonf? Ekd\ukd usKdcsufjyD;rS aomufjcif;onfvnf; ul;pufwwfaom a7m*g rjzpfymG ;atmif wm;qD;Ekid af y onf? vlw\dkaexkid rf = oef\jyef\ap7efrmS vnf; ta7;-uD; ayonf? pm;aomufuek f a7mif;olrsm;onf pif-u,f oef\jyef\ru = dk txl;*&kpu dk 7f ayrnf?
wku d &f u dk jf zpfap/ oG,0f u dk jf zpfaomenf;jzifjh zpfap t a7jym;csi;f xdI ul;pufwwfaoma7m*grsm;ukd umuG,f 7mwGif ta7jym;rsm;ukd zk;H uG,af y;jcif;/ txdtcku d ef nf; yg;atmif pDraH y;jcif;wk\djzifh umuG,Ef idk af yonf? yk;d aumifrsm;jzifh a7m*gul;pufjcif;ukd umuG,7f m wGif yk;d aumifrsm;ukzd suq f ;D ypfjcif; ok\dr[kwf rwk;d yGm;Ekid f atmifarG;zGm;7mY zsufqD;ypfjcif;/ a7m*gpJGuyfaeol rsm;ukd yk;d aumifrsm; ruku d Ef idk af tmif pDrx H m;jcif;wk\djzifh umuG,fEkdifayonf? ( AufwD;7D;,m;/ a7m*gADZrsdK;/ „7=? usef;rma7;„vnf;7=? )? ul;yg; a*s/tuf(z)(c7pf 1^89„1851) ? tar7d uefZmwftdrf ZmwfuGufjzifh 7uftif'D;,ef;vlrsKd; (wkdif;7if;om;vleD) wkd\ukd vlodrsm;apaom 0šKukd pwifa7;om;olum; *sdr;f ziferD ;dk ul;yg;yif jzpf.? t ar7duef jynfaxmifpYk omru Oa7mywku d w f idk af tmif ausm-f um;aom yxrqk;H tar7duef0šKa7;q7m-uD; jzpfayonf? ol.a7;om;r= a-umifyh if 7uftif';D ,ef; vlrsK;d rsm;ta-umif;ukd uBmu od7avonf? ul;yg; onftar7duefjynfaxmifpk/ e,l;*smpDjynfe,f/ Am vifwefjrKd \Y 1^89 ckEpS w f iG f zGm;jrifonf? wpfEpS o f m; t&G,fwGif rdbrsm;onf atmhqD;*kd;tkdif urf;ajcokd\ ajymif;a7F\um &Gmopf wnfI olw\dk .rsKd;&k;d trnfjzifh ul;yg;pawmif; (0g) ul;yg;jrdK\[k rSnahf c:-uavonf? Tok\d aj&kid ;f awmykid ;f a'oukd ckwx f iG f aexkid -f ujcif; onfyif *srd ;f ul;yg;uav;tm; 7uftif';D ,ef;rsm;ESihf tawG\ t-uKrH sm;ap7ef zefw;D ay;ouJo h \dk jzpfavonf? xkad -umifh ol. 0šKrsm;wGif txl;ojzifh 7uftif';D ,ef;rsm;ta-umif; Ekid ef if;pGma7;om;Ekid I f ol.0šKrsm; onf uBmausmfcJhjcif;jzpf.? ol.0šKrsm;ukd bmomtrsKd;rsKd;ok\d jyefqjdk yD;jzpfavonf? 1803 ckEpS w f iG f ul;yg;onf a,;aumvdyaf usmif;Y ynmoif-um;.? ok\d7mwGif ausmif;Y 3 ESprf ~aejyD; aemuf ynmrxl;csGeo f jzifh ausmif;rSxw k yf ,fjcif;cH7 onf? 1806 ckEpS w f iG f ukeo f ab‡mY 0ifa7mufvyk u f idk f I 1808 ckEpS w f iG f tar7duef jynfaxmifpk a7wyf rawmfY 'kw, d Akv d t f jzpf tr=xrf;onf? xko d \dak 7wyfY tr=xrf;7mrS 7&Sad om a7a-umif;A[kow k rsm;onf ol\ tm;'ykdif;avmh’ESifh '7uf&kdAm’0šKrsm;Y taxmuf tyH7h apcJo h nf? 1811 ckEpS w f iG f tdraf xmif jyKjyD;aemuf a7wyfrES w k x f u G jf yD;v~if ul;yg;pawmif;ok\djyefI v,f ,mvkyu f idk af vonf?
213
www.foreverspace.com.m
ul;yg; a*s/tuf(z)
ul;yg; 'AsL
ul;yg;tm; pmayavmuok\d 0ifa7muf7efv\=Haqmfol wk\dum; t*‡vyd pf ma7;q7mwk\d.0šKrsm;yifjzpf.? wpf ae\wiG f 0šKwpfy'k u f zdk wfae7mrS pdwu f ;l aygufI 'D0šK rsm;avmufawmh igvJa7;Ekid w f maygh’ [k ol\ZeD;onf tm; -uGm;vku d jf yD;v~if ‘ab;qD;7efum’ 0šKwpfy'k u f dk rjzpfjzpfatmif a7;vku d af vonf? xk0d šKum; olu, dk f wkid rf odbJ pdwrf eS ;f ESihf a7;aom t*‡vyd v f u l x Hk H avmu ta-umif;jzpf7m pmta7;tom; aumif;oavmuf 0šKrSmraumif;ojzifhaemifa7;aom 0šKrsm;wGif ol uk, d w f idk f od&u dS `r;f usio f nfh tar7duefEidk if H ta-umif; ukd aemufcx H m;I a7;avonf? 1821 ckEpS w f iG af 7;om;aom tar7duef vGwv f yfa7; ppfyu GJ dk tajccHonfh olv~Kd’ 0šK xGuv f maomtcg vl-udKufrsm;I emrnfausmf-um;vmonf? xkdaemuf ‘vufompawmhuif; ykjH yifrsm;’ [laomtrnfEiS hf ykw H dk ywfprsm; a7;avonf? ‘vufompawmhuif;’ qkd onfrmS xkyd jHk yifrsm;. Zmwfvu dk u f dk ajymifIac:aom trnfjzpf. xkdykHjyifukd ul;yg;.taumif;qkH;vuf 7m[k pmayavmurSyCk Kd vfrsm;u tuJjzwf-uonf? ul;yg;.0šKrsm;um; oltvGef u`rf;usifaom awmawmifa'oESiyhf ifv,fc7D;wk\d ta-umif; tajccH a7;om;onfjzpf7m ‘aemufq;Hk rk[ d ;D uke;f ’/ ‘a&S\aqmif vrf;jy’/ ‘vrf;pxGio f ’l / ‘ya77DviG jf yif’ ‘a7a-umif; Akv d Ef pS Of ;D ’ 0šKrsm;rSm txl;yifausmf-um;cJah vonf? ul;yg;'AsL (c7pf 1^31„1800) ? ? 0Dvsu H ;l yg; onf t*‡vyd f uAsmpmqkw d pfO;D jzpfI/ 1^31 ck Ek0d ifbm v 267ufae\wiG f [m;zk\d&i=d , f me,fY zGm;jrif.? zcif rSm *`eu f ;l yg;ac: t*‡vyd b f ek ;f -uD;wpfyg;jzpfonf? yif uk, d f pdwaf epdwx f m;tm;jzifh 7Suaf -umuftm;i,fwwf aomul;yg;onf 6 ESpfom;t7G,f vlrr,fb0uyif rdwqk;d uav; jzpfcahJ vonf? touf 10 ESpt f 7G,w f iG f ul;yg;onf 0ufprifpwm pmoifausmif;ok\d oGm;a7mufI ynmoif-um;.? ol. 7Suaf -umufwwfaom pdwaf epdwx f m;ukd od7-dS uonfh ausmif;aezufoli,fcsif;rsm;onf ul;yg;ukd aemuf ajymifuspD ,fjcif;/ Ekid v f rdk if;xufjyKjcif;wk\dudk t-uifem uif;rJph mG jyKvyk -f uonf? ok\7d mwGif aeom;usvmaom tcg ul;yg;onf aysm7f iF v f mjyD;v~if Tausmif;wGiyf if 8 ESpw f w d d -umjrifch ahJ vonf? ul;yg;onf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyK7eftvk\digS Oy a'ynmukd avhvmqnf;yl;cJo h jzifh aemiftcgwGif 0wfvHk
tar7duef0šKa7;q7m-uD; *sdrf; zifeDrdk; ul;yg;
awmf7wpfO;D jzpfvmonf? ok\d7mwGif xkt d vkyrf mS t 7Suf ta-umuf-u;D I vla7S\oal 7S\wiG f pum;rajym0Hah om ul;yg;uJo h \dk vlpm;rsK;d ESihf tvsi;f yifroifah wmfacs? T tvkyfukd a7G;cs,frdjcif;rSm ul;yg;.trSm;-uD;yifjzpf avonf? txufvFwfawmfwGif pma7;awmf-uD;7m xl;ay:aygufpOfuvnf; ul;yg;onf xk7d mxl;twGuf pmar;yJG0if7rnfukd tvkdvkdae7if; xdwfvef\a-umuf 7G\H aecJo h jzifh tqkyd g7mxl;ukd r77Scd ahJ cs? ul;yg;onf 0rf;enf; ylyefwwfI wnfjird jf cif;r7S/d wkefv=yfacsmufcsm;vsuf onf;ajcysufrwwf jzpfae pOfwiG /f ol.a-uuGzJ , G f tcspZf mwfvrf;wpfcu k ol. tajctaeukd ykrd I dk qk;d 7Gm;ap7ef zefw;D cJo h nf? olonf ESr0rf;uJaG wmfow l pfO;D ESihf vli,fw\b dk m0 arWmouf0if cspcf ifc. hJ ? ok\7d mwGif rde;f rysK. d zcifu oabmrwlojzifh vufrxyfEidk -f uacs? ul;yg;onf cspo f El iS hf auGuiG ;f 7o jzifh pdwt f npf-uD;npfjyD;v~if rdru d , dk u f dk tqk;H pD7if7ef -uHpnftm;xkwfcJhzl;.? xkda-umifhol\ukd pdWZaq;&kH wpfcw k iG f ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmtyfEx HS m;cJh -u7avonf? pdWZa7m*grS oufomI aq;&krH q S if;7aomtcg pdwaf t;vufat; aexkid v f o dk jzifh awm7Gma'ook\ad jymif; a7F\aexkdifavonf? xkda'owGiful;yg;onf ol\tm;
214
www.foreverspace.com.m
ul;yg; 'AsL
ul;ADa, *sD
cifrif7Sm-uaom rdwfa[mif;aqGa[mif;rsm;. -uif em,k,jcif;ukcd 7H .? txl;ojzifh ol\rw d af qGwpfO;D . ZeD;jzpfaom rPuftef;0if; ac: trsKd;orD;-uD;onf ul;yg;tm; om;t7if;ESirhf jcm; jyKpak pmifah 7SmufcahJ yonf? ul;yg;onf rPuftef;0if;ajymqkad om pum;rsm;ukd om;i,fonf rdcif.pum;ukd em;axmifbo d uJo h \dk ajr 0,frus vku d ef mcJ. h ? rPuftef;0if;. wku d w f eG ;f csuf rsm;a-umifyh ifv~if ul;yg;onf uAsm vu‡mrsm;ukd a7;jzpfcahJ vonf? ul;yg;a7;or~aom uAsmvu‡mwk\rd mS trsm;tm;jzifh rdwaf qG oli,fcsi;f rsm;. wku d w f eG ;f awmif;yefcsuaf -umifah 7;aom uAsm vu‡mwk\domjzpf onf? ‘*`ef*Dvyif’ESifh ‘aqmif7GufzG,f7m’ uAsm wk\drmS vnf; av'Datmpwiftrnf7dS ul;yg;.trsK;d orD; rdwaf qGwpfO;D u wku d w f eG ;f ojzifx h u G af y:vmayonf? ul;yg;onf opfyif/ awmawmif/ a7ajr tp7Sad om -oumoavmu obm0 tvSwiG f pdw-f unfE;l 7um; awm7Gma'oYaepOf tm;vyfonfh tcsed w f \Ydk v,fuiG ;f jyifrsm;ukd jzwfIvrf;av~mufjcif;/ O,smOfyef;rmvf pku d yf sKd;jcif;/ ,keu f av;rsm;ukd tvSarG;jrLjcif;wk\d jzifh tcsed u f ek v f eG cf ahJ vonf?
t*‡vdyfuAsmq7m-uD; 0DvsHul;yg;
Tokd\tm;jzifh ul;yg;onf uAsmvu‡mrsm;pyfqkd vku d /f ,keif ,fuav;rsm;uk, d , k vku d Ef iS hf pdwaf ysmyf u dk f ovkd aexkid Ef idk cf ahJ omfvnf; ul;yg;.twGi;f oMmefY
um; EkysKpd Ofu awG\-uKcH 7hJ onft h aqG;Zmwfuav;onf tjrJrjywf ude;f atmif;vsuf7cdS . hJ ? Ttyl"mwfcu H av;ukt d a-umif;jyKI wpfae\ae\wiG f pdWZa7m*gjyefvnf ay:aygufvmrnfudk ul;yg;onft xl;pk;d 7drrf . d ? ‘Oyg'gefa-umifh Oyg'fa7muf’qkad om p um;twkid ;f 1^8^ ckEpS w f iG f ,cifupdWZa7m*g jyef vnf ay:aygufvmavonf? 1^94 ckEpS w f iG f Ekid if H awmftpk;d 7onf ul;yg;tm; tjidr;f 7dQmrsm;axmufyhH cJ. h ? 1^96 ckEpS w f iG f ul;yg;onf ta7S\', D m7rfe,fo\dk oGm;a7mufaexkid cf ahJ vonf? xkEd pS w f iG yf if ul;yg;.t 7if;ES;D qk;H rdwaf qGjzpforl Puftef;0if; uG,v f eG o f jzifh ul;yg;onf pdwEf v S ;Hk txl;xdcu dk jf y;D v~if 1800 jynfEh pS f {jyDv 257ufae\wiG f uG,v f eG t f edPa7mufavonf? ul;ADa, *sD (c7pf 1^69„1832) ? ?19 7mpkEpS t f p avmufwGif vlodtrsm;qkH;jzpfcJhaom temwrDynm &Sif a&Sm&h u S ;l ADa,onf 1^69 ck-o*kwv f 23 7ufae\ wGif jyifopfEkdifiH rGefaA;vsm;jrdK\Y zGm;jrifavonf? i,fpOfuyif obm0orkid ;f ynm7yfY pdw0f ifpm;cJ. h ? ul;ADa,onf pwwf*wfwUokv d w f iG f 4 ESprf ~ynm oif-um;onf? xkdokd\ynmoif-um;aepOfu pm-unfh wku d &f dS od_yH nm7yfqidk 7f m pmtkyt f m;vk;H vkv d dk zwf&c= I hJ wd7>mefcpGJ w d ef nf;ukv d nf; wwfajrmufco hJ nf[k qkad v onf? xkdaemuf19ESpfom;t&G,fwGif aemfref'Durf; ajcteD;&Sd uef;jrdK\Y vlux Hk w H pfO;D .om;ukd pmayyk\dcs7 aom enf;jyq7mtvkyu f dk 7&Scd ahJ vonf? uef;jrdK\Yae xkid cf phJ Ofu yifv,furf;ajcok\dr-umc+oGm;a7mufciG hf 7onft h avsmuf ig;/ ykpeG /f ueef; tp&Sad om a7oW0g wk\d udk cJpG w d af vhvmEkid cf ahJ vonf? xkjd yif ausmufjzpf &kyf-uGif;tajrmuftjrm;ukdvnf; awG\&SdavhvmcJh7.? xkad emuf oluo hJ \ydk if obm0orkid ;f ynm7yfwiG f pdw0f if pm;ol tufaA;wufqaD ,;qko d El iS hf awG\&cdS 7hJ m/ wufqD a,;u ol\tm; yg7pfjrdK\o\dkomG ;a7mufI tvkyf tukid f aumif;rsm; &SmazG7ef wku d w f eG ;f cJah vonf? yg7pfjrKd \wiG f ul;ADa,onf wjznf;jznf; emrnfausmf -um;vmcJ. h ? 1^95 ckEpS w f iG f yg7pfjrKd \&dS Zm'if;'gyvef\ ac: &kQaA'ESiyhf g+aA'qkid 7f m O,smOf-uD;wGif ,SOf jy temwrDynm7yfqidk 7f m vufaxmuf ygarmQtjzpf aqmif&GufcJh7jyD;aemuf/ 1802 ckESpfwGif ygarmQt jzpf aqmif&u G cf ahJ vonf? 1^95 ckEpS w f iG f jyifopfEidk if aH wmf ynmjri| w hf ifa7;t zJ\Go\dk a&G;aumufwifajr|mufjcif;cH7.? 1802 ckEpS w f iG f
215
www.foreverspace.com.m
ul;oef;yif
ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7;0ef-uD;Xme
eykv d , D efu ol\tm;ynm0eftjzpfcef\xm;cJ. h ? 1803ck pmtkyfa-umifh/ a&S;acwf ausm&kd;oW0grsm;qkdif7m ESpw f iG f od_yH nmwHceG t f oif; tjrJwrf;twGi;f a7;rŒ; &ky-f uGi;f ausmufynm ay:xGe;f cJ7h onf[q k . dk ? tjzpf a&G;cs,jf cif;cH7avonf? xkjd yif Ekid if aH wmf ynma7; jyefvnfjyKjyifrt = wGuf ul;oef;yif ? ?ul;oef;yifonf txufEiS hf atmuf 1808ckEpS w f iG f aqmif&u G cf 7hJ jy;D aemuf/ eykv d , D eftxGwf jrefrmjynf rk;d yg;aoma'orsm;wGif aygufaom awm txdyrf S av~mrusru D av;wGif Ekid if aH wmf aumifp0D ifvl opfyif-uD; wpfrsK;d jzpfonf? tjrifah y 80rS 90 txd/ -uD;tjzpf aqmif&u G cf 7hJ ao;onf? yifpnfv;Hk ywf ^ ayrS 8 aytxd7I dS trsm; tm;jzifh xkad emufwiG f yg7pfwUokv d t f "dywdtjzpf a&G;cs,f ajzmifrh wf7n S v f sm;onf? jcif;cH7jyefonf? 18 qufajrmuf vl0b D 7k ifvufxuf opfom;.ta7mifrmS rJjG ymI tom;yGum -urf;o wGif *k+fxl;bJG\xl;rsm;jzifh a,mif 7 S d o nf ? tom;ao csD;jr|ifhjcif;cH7jyD;v~if tpkd;7 atmifjyKvky7f ef vG,u f al omf tzJ\G0ef-uD; tjzpfaqmif&u G f vnf; -um7Snf cHEkdif7nf cJh7aomfvnf;/ 'orcsm; r7Sad cs? bk7ifvufxufwGif um; ul;oef;om;onf rD;jcpf vGwfvyfpGm a7;om;a0zef vkyf7ef oifhavsmfaom t cGit hf wGuf axmufcaH jymqkd om;rsKd;jzpfI/ uav;upm; cJhaoma-umifh csm;bk7if. p7m/ 0ufrSifbD;ckH/ vSnf; tjidKtjiifudk cHc7hJ avonf? xrf;ykd;ESifh xif;&SL;aoWm ok\daomf vl0zD v d pfb7k ifvuf uJo h \dk taygpm; aoWmrsm; xufwiG f AJ&eG b f \GJ ay;tyfcsD; jyKvkyf7ef tokH;0ifonf? t jr|ifhjcif;cHcJh7onfhjyif 1832 acgufukdrl tzsm;jzwfaq; ckESpfwGif jynfxJa7;0ef-uD; rsm;az:pyf 7 mY tok H ; cs tjzpf a&G;cs,cf ef\xm;jcif;cH onf? cJh7avonf? xkdokd\ jynfxJ a7;0ef-uD;tjzpf EkdifiHawmf ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7; jyifopfobm0od_yH nm7Su d ;l ADa, tusK;d ukd xrf;aqmifvsu&f dS 0ef-uD;Xme ? ? 'kw, d pOf 1832ck arv 137ufae\wiG f avjzwfojzifh &kwf uBmppftjyD;wGif jrefrmEkdif iHukdppftkyfcsKyfa7;rS w7uf uG,v f eG af vonf? jrdK\jytkyfcsKyfa7;okd\ ajymif;vFJay; aom 1946ckESpfY 1800 jynfEh pS rf S 1805 ckEpS t f wGi;f xkwaf 0cJah om ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7;ESihf axmufyahH 7; 0ef-u;D Xme[laom ol.,SOjf ytemwrDynmqkid 7f m usr;f 5wJrG mS xkpd Ofu trnfjzifh tpk;d 7Xme wpfcu k dk zGiv hf pS cf ahJ vonf? xif&mS ;ausm-f um;avonf? ,SOjf ytemwrDynm pepf xkXd me0ef-uD;vufatmuf&dS axmufyahH 7;ESiu hf ek pf nf wusavhvma7;twGuf yxrOD;pGm ay:xGuv f maom jzef\jzL;a7;Xmeu-uyfrI wkid ;f jynfwiG f rok;H v~irf jzpf pmtkyrf sm;jzpfayonf? aom 0wfukefpm;ukefrsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;rSrSm,ljyD;v~if/ 181^ ckEpS w f iG f 'wd7>mef avmu’ ac: pmtkyu f dk vlxkokd\ pm;okH;olrsm;or0g,rtoif;rsm;rSwqifh a7;om;ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cJ. h ? ,if;pmtkyrf mS ol.taumif; jzef\csad 7mif;csco hJ nf? xkXd me. topfjyKjyif zJ\pG nf;xm; qk;H aom vuf7mjzpfayonf? xkpd mtkyw f iG f olavh aom jynfo\l 7Q d maxmufyahH 7;ESihf ukepf nfjzef\jzL;a7; vmpl;prf;&SmazGawG\&SdcJhaom enf;rsm;t7/ wd7>mef Xmeukd 1952ck rwfvrSpI or0g,r0ef-uD;Xme. wkd\ukd trsKd;tpm;cJGjcm; az:jycJhavonf? ESpfaygif; vufatmufokd\ ajymif;vFJvkdufavonf? xkda-umifh tawmf-umyif yg+aA'ynm7yftwGuf rsm;pGmt ,cktcg ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7; 0ef-u;D Xme. vkyif ef;rSm axmuftxm;jyKc7hJ aom pmtkyjf zpfonf[k qkad vonf? ul;oef; a7mif;0,fa7;ESio hf m vk;H 0tusK;H 0ifavonf? xkjd yif 1812 ckEpS w f iG f a7;om;xkwaf 0cJah om ajc jrefrmEkid if H ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7;0ef-uD;Xme. 7nf av;acsmif;oW0grsm;qkid 7f m ausmufjzpf&yk -f uGi;f rsm; &G,cf surf sm;rSm ppfab;ppf'+fa-umifh ysupf ;D csw G , f iG ;f 216
www.foreverspace.com.m
ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7;0ef-uD;Xme aeaom Ekid if aH wmfp;D yGm;a7;ukd jyefvnf q,fwifjcif;/ jynfaxmifpk trsKd;om;rsm;tm; uBmhpD;yGm;a7; vkyif ef;rsm;wGif yg0if Ekid af p7ef tm;ay;ulnjD cif;/ Ekid if aH wmf.pD;yGm;a7; tajcckid jf rJapjcif; ponfw\dkjzpf onf? xkt d "du 7nf&, G cf surf sm;ok\d a&S;&=vsuf aqmif &Guaf eavonf? T0ef-uD;Xme. vufatmufwiG f ta7;-uD;aom XmecJG-uD; 4 ck &Sdonf? ,if;wkd\rSm„ (1) xkwu f ek f oGi;f ukef vkid pf ifrsm;xkwaf y;a7;bkwt f zJ\G (2) Ekid if aH wmf aumufyo J ;D ESaH 7mif;0,fa7;bkwt f zJ\G (3) Ekid if aH wmf"mwfoWKa7mif;0,fa7;bkwt f zJ\G (4)ykdv~HaomppfyPnf;rsm; 0,f,lxkcJGa7mif;csa7; bkwt f zJ\Gw\dkjzpf-uonf? wkid ;f jynfwiG f aiG0ifvrf; aumif;rGeaf p7eftvk\d imS Ekid if aH wmftpk;d 7onf jynfaxmifpt k rsK;d om; Ekid if jH cm; om;[lI cJjG cm;jcif;r&Sb d /J xkwu f ek v f idk pf ifrsm;ukd 7uf a7mpGm xkwaf y;cJo h nf? xkwu f ek Ef iS hf oGi;f ukev f idk pf ifrsm; ukd vkid pf ifrsm;xkwaf y;a7; bkwt f zJ\GrS xkwaf y;onf? xkt d zJ\Gudk ukeo f nf toif; 8oif;rS uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifaom oGi;f ukev f idk pf if t-uHay;tzJ\Gu ulno D nf? Ekid if jH cm;rS 0,f,7l aom oGi;f ukerf sm;ukd 3 rsK;d cJjG cm; xm;onf? ,if;wk\d rmS „ (1) rok;H rjzpfaomyPnf;rsm; (2) tenf;i,ftokH;0ifaomfvnf; toifhtwifh Zdrcf yH Pnf;pm7if;0ifyPnf;rsm; (3) Zdrcf yH Pnf;rsm; jzpf-uonf? yxrESi'hf w k , d trsK;d tpm;wGif yg0ifaomukeyf Pnf;rsm; twGuf tokH;tiftm;ESifh csifhcsdefI vkdifpifrsm;ukd xkwaf y;avh&o dS nf? wwd,trsK;d tpm;jzpfaom Zdrcf H yPnf;rsKd;twGufrl ykCdKvfwpfOD;csif;/uk$+Dwpfckcsif; taejzifh pOf;pm;qk;H jzwf jyD;rS xkwaf y;avonf? Ekid if aH wmftpk;d 7onf jynfwiG ;f ukeyf Pnf;rsm;zlvrHk = ESihf uBmhuek pf nfjzef\jzL;a7; tiftm;ukd axmufqvsuf ukefaps;E=ef;rsm; usqif;apjcif;iSm/ 1950 jynfhESpf rSpI wkdif;jynftwGuf wu,ftokH;vkdaom yPnf; rsm;ukd tk/d *s/D t,fac: vkid pf ifru hJ ek rf sm;tjzpf wifoiG ;f cGijhf yKvku d o f nf? TcGijhf yKcsut f 7 vkid pf ifrhJ wifoiG ;f Ekid af om ukepf nfrsm;ukd acgif;pOf 1^ ckjzifh owfrw S f xm;onf?,if;wk\dtxJwiG f csnx f nf t0wftpm;rsm; aq;0g;ESihf Ek\dq/D Ek\dre= \frsm; pufrv = ufru = 7d,mwefqmy
vmrsm;/ taqmufttkHyPnf;rsm;/ pmykHESdyfpufESifhpm tkypf mwrf;&ku d Ef ydS 7f ef pULrsm;/ v,fxeG pf ufEiS hf v,f ,mpku d yf sKd;r= u7d,mrsm;yg0ifonf? 1949 ckEpS rf S 1951 ckEpS t f wGi;f / jrefrmEkid if aH wmf. ESppf Ofxw k u f ek Ef iS hf oGi;f ukerf sm;.wefz;dk toD;oD;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf? ESpf 1949 1950 1951
xkwu f ek w f efz;dk aiG 4811^12^5 ^500^0000 982552000
oGi;f ukew f efz;dk aiG 359061^45 545088000 664403912
aumufyo J ;D ESaH 7mif;0,fa7;bkwt f zJ\G aumufyo J ;D ESH a7mif;0,fa7;tzJ\G. t"du 7nf&, G f csufrsm;rSm (1) Ekid if aH wmftwGi;f qefpyg;ykrd dk pku d yf sKd;ap7efEiS hf ykdv~Haomqefrsm;ukd tpkd;7uaps;E=ef;uef\owf I0,f,jl cif;jzifh jynfwiG ;f qefpyg;aps;ckid jf rJap7ef/ (2)Ekid if aH wmftwGi;f tpk;d 7 -uyfrwfrj= zifh pepfusaom qef-udwf vkyfief; -uD;yGm; zHG\jzdK;vmap7ef/ (3)jynfwGif;pm;okH;7eftwGuf vkHavmufatmif csef vSyjf y;D rS ykv d ~o H r~udk uBmhaps;rsm;wGif a7mif;csap7ef jzpfonf? Ekid if aH wmf"mwfoWKa7mif;0,fa7;bkwt f zJ\G TtzJG\.7nf&G,fcsufrSm EkdifiHawmftwGif; "mwf oWKwiG ;f vkyif ef;rsm; zH\jG zKd ;vmap7efEiS hf "mwfoWKrsm;ukd pepfwusxw k af qmifa7mif;csay;7efjzpfonf? TtzJG\. avmavmq,faqmif&GufcsufrSm jynf wGi;f xGuf "mwfoWKrsm;ukd aps;aumif;7Ekid af pjcif;ESihf uBmt7yf7yfwGif ukefaps;E=ef;ukd pHenf;emI xkwf aqmifa7mif;csay; jcif;jzpfonf? Tok\da7mif;csay;7 ojzifh 27mckdifE=ef; aumfr&Sif7&Sdonf? TtzJG\-uD;okd\ Ekid if aH wmftpk;d 7u aiGaygif; 15ode;f r~ vkyif ef;pwif vkyu f idk Ef idk 7f ef acs;iSm;cJ7h m/ ,cktcg 13ode;f cJrG ~ jyef vnf ay;qyfjyD; jzpfavonf? ykv d ~aH omppfyPnf;rsm;0,f,x l ck aGJ 7mif;csa7;bkwt f zJ\G 194^ ckEpS w f iG f jAw d o d ~ppfwyfryS v dk ~aH om yPnf;rsm; ukd xkcaGJ 7mif;csc7hJ m/ tqkyd gyPnf;rsm;ukd 0,f,al 7mif;cs
217
www.foreverspace.com.m
ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7;0ef-uD;Xme
auqGef
Ekid 7f eftwGuf Ekid if aH wmftpk;d 7onf ykv d ~aH om ppfyPnf; rsm; 0,f,l xkcGJ a7mif;csa7;bkwt f zJ\Gudk zJ\Gpnf;apcJI h aiGoed ;f 30 r~xkwaf cs;cJah vonf? TtzJG\rS EkdifiHawmftpdk;7xHwGif acs;iSm;cJhaomaiG rsm;ukd t7pfus ay;qyfcJh7m/ xkdaiGrsm;tm;vkH;aus vnf jyD;onfah emuf 1953 ck ZGev f wGif taxGaxG a7mif;cs 7&Sjd y;D aom aiGaygif;rSm 2^ode;f cJG jzpfavonf? txufwiG f azmfjycJah om vkyif ef;rsm;tjyif T0ef -uD;Xmeonf EkdifiHtwGif;&Sd uk$+Drsm;ukd rSwfykHwif apjcif;/ uk$+Drsm;ESiq hf idk af om Oya'rsm;ukd jy}mef;ay; jcif;/ tpk;d 7XmetoD;oD;rS vkt d yfaomyPnf;rsm;ukd Ekid f iHjcm;rSrmS ,lay;jcif;/ rSwyf w Hk ifpm7if;ukid pf mar;yJrG sm; usi;f yay;jcif;/ Ekid if jH cm;wGif ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7; rif; -uD;rsm; cef\xm;jcif;wk\duv dk nf; aqmif&u G v f su&f o dS nf?
a7euf wefwm;wkdif tkwfjrpfcs7mYoHk;aom
jrefrmEkid if o H nf ukvorCtzJ\GrS OD;pD;aom tkid /f wD/ tkad c: uBmhu;l oef; a7mif;0,fa7; tzJ\GEiS hf tD;um az;ac: tm&SEiS t hf a&S\zsm;qkid 7f m pD;yGm;a7;aumfr&Siw f \dk wGif tzJ\G0ifEidk if w H pfO;D taejzifyh g0ifjyD;jzpf7m xkt d zJ\G tpnf;rsm;. vkyif ef; aqmifwmrsm;Yvnf; ul;oef; a7mif;0,fa7; 0ef-uD;Xmeonf yg0ifaqmif&u G 7f .?
auqGef ? ? jrpfu;l acsmif;ul; wHwm;-u;D rsm;ukd aqmufvkyf7mY wHwm;tkwfwkdifausmufwkdif-uD;rsm; ukd a7jyifatmufajr-u;D xJo\dk tawmfeufatmif pku d I f aqmufvyk x f m; 7avonf? ,if;ok\d a7jyifatmuf&dS ajr-uD;xJwiG f tkwjf rpfcsI wkid pf u dk x f 7l efrmS vG,u f l aomtvkyf r[kwaf y? tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf a7 atmufajr-uD;xJwiG f tkwjf rpf csI wkid pf u dk x f El idk af tmif auqGefac: a7vkHaoWmrsm; okd\r[kwf jyGefacgif;rsm; xkd;csjyD; aomf xkjd yGeaf cgif;xJwiG f 0ifa7muf vkyu f idk rf S jzpfEidk af yonf? a&S;tcgu a7xJYwkid pf u dk x f v l dk onfhtcgwGif opfom;ajrap;wkd\ jzifh a7um&kdifywfjyKvkyfI a7 xkwfjyD;rS wkdifpkdufxlavh&Sdonf? ,cktcgwGiv f nf; xked nf;twkid ;f vkdufemae-uayao;onf? okd\ aomfa7eufv~if omrefa7um &kdifywfjzifh wkdifpkdufxl7ef rjzpf Ek d i f a oma-umif h auqG e f a c: jyGefacgif;rsm;ukd tokH;jyK7av onf? xko d \dt k ok;H jyKaom auqGerf sm; rSm trsm;tm;jzifh avtm;okH; auqG e f r sm;jzpf o nf ? tvk y f orm;rsm;qif;I tvkyfvkyfae aom atmufqkH;tzsm;ykdif;onf atmufyw d rf &Sb d J oJx7J \HFxo J \dk xk;d pku d pf ;l 0ifEidk 7f eftwGuf csGex f uf7 .? Tok\djzi ahf uqGeu f dk wjznf; jznf; ajrrmokd\r[kwf atmufcH ausmufysOfxdatmif xkd;pkdufEkdif onf? auqGef twGi;f &Sd ajrrsm; oJrsm; ponfw\du k dk wl;jcpfjy;D aomf auqGefjyGefacgif;twGif;ykdif; uG e f u 7pf a vmif ; xnf h a y;jcif ; 218
www.foreverspace.com.m
auqGef
auA,f tD;t,f
jzifhwHwm;wkdif-uD;rsm;ukd tkwfjrpfcs pkdufxlEkdifcJh avonf? ok\ad omf Tok\ad 7atmuf ajrxJwiG f tvkyv f yk u f idk 7f onfrmS vG,u f o l nf r[kwaf y? auqGe. f atmufq;Hk tuef\wiG f tvkyo f rm;rsm;ajr-uD;ukd wl;jcpf xkwyf pf aeqJrSmyif xkdtuef\txuf&Sdtykdif;wGif uGefu7pf avmif;xnfah y;7onf? Tok\djzifah uqGeo f nfyI dk av; vHvmonft h avsmuf ajr-uD;xJo\dk yI dk pl;0ifavonf? uGeu f 7pfxu k adk zgufI jyGe-f uD;wpfcw k yfqifxm;7m xkd jyGew f pfav~mufwiG f tvkyo f rm;rsm;qif;wuf7eftjyif yPnf;u7d,mrsm;ukcd say; yefwif7efEiS hf ajrrsm;o,f ,l7eftwGuf vrf;aygufEpS o f , G f &Sad vonf? tvkyv f yk af eaom tuef\xw J iG f avzdtm;worwf wnf; &Sad eatmif jyKay;jcif;jzifh 7F\HEiS ahf 7rsm; twGi;f ok\d pdrfhr0ifEkdifay? tvkyform;rsm; wufqif;aepOfESifh/ yPnf;u7d,mrsm;ESifh ajr-uD;rsm;ukdcsay; o,fwif aepOftcgrsm;wGif avzdtm;worwfwnf;&Sdatmif vrf;aygufrsm;twGif;Y tHzkH;wHcg;rsm; txuf atmufwyfqifxm;aom avzdtm;nd|cef;rsm;xm; &S. d ? tvkyo f rm;wpfa,mufa,muf atmufo\dkqif; rnft h cg atmuftzH ;Hk wHcg;ukyd w d I f txufwcH g;ukzd iG hf ay;onf? xko d l avzdtm;n|cd ef; twGi;f ok\d a7mufv~if txufwHcg;ukd ydwfvkdufjyD;aomf avzdtm;ndc| ef;t wGi;f &Sad vzdtm;ukd atmuftvkyv f yk af e7mtuef\&dS av zdtm;ESihf wlnaD tmifw;dk ay;7.? xkad emuf atmufwH cg;ukd zGiu hf m tvkyo f rm;ukd tvkyv f yk af e7m tuef\o\dk csay;onf? tvkyo f rm;wpfa,mufa,muf tay:ok\dwufrnfh tcg txufygenf;ukd ajymif;jyef jyKvyk af y;avonf? ok\daomf txufo\dw k uf7mY avzdtm;ndc| ef; twGi;f ok\d vla7mufv~if avzdtm;ukd txl;jznf;n|i;f oufompGm av~mhay;7.? &kwfjcnf;av~mhay;v~if aoG;a-umrsm; twGif;&Sd aoG;xJY avzdtm;a-umifh aysmf0ifaeaom avonf yvkpH x D wwfjy;D aomf/ xkrd w S pfqifeh musiu f u dk f cJI a-umufp7maumif;aom auqGefemac: a7m*g wpfrsK;d jzpfay:apwwfonf? auA,ftD/t,f (c7pf 1865„1915) ? ?'rsK;d cspfpw d &f &dS eHk \J rvkaH vmufao;bl;’ [laompum;rSm o rkid ;f wGipf mwifavmufatmif xif&mS ;cJah yonf? *smref wk\du oPmazguftjzpfjzifh ypfowf7eftrde\fcsrw S jf cif; cH7aom jAdwdo~ olemjyKq7mrtD'pfvl0DZmauA,f
onf txufyg pum;rsm;ukd towfc7H tHq h q J w J iG f ajym-um;cJah vonf? olonfc7pf,ef bke;f -uD;wpfyg;.orD;jzpfI t*‡ vefjynf aemf7pfjrdK\teD;&Sd qm'ufpwefjrdK\wiG f 1865ck 'DZifbmv 4 7ufae\Y zGm;jrifavonf? 1895 ckEpS w f iG f vef'efaq;&k-H uD;Y tvkyo f ifoel mjyKq7mrtjzpf p wifvyk u f idk cf I hJ / 1900 jynfEh pS w f iG f vef'eftifzm;r7D;ac: aq;&kw H pf&w Hk iG f aq;&kt H yk t f jzpf cef\xm; jcif;cH7onf? olemjyKq7mr auA,f. xl;jcm;csurf mS olemjyKt vkyf0W7m;rsm;ukd aqmif&Guf7mY 0W7m;&Sdonfht avsmufomr[kwb f /J vlrsm;rsm;ukd rdwaf qGuo hJ \dk wwf Ekid o f nfzh ufu ulnaD qmif&u G af y;avonf? ,if;ok\dol wpfyg;tm; tpGr;f ukeu f n l aD qmif&u G af y;vkad om pdwaf p wema-umifyh if aemufq;Hk YtoufpeG \f 7&Smavonf? 190^ckEpS w f iG f olemjyKq7mrauA,fonf AJv*s, D rf Ekid if H A7yfZjJ rdK\awmf&dS aq;&kw H pf&YHk olemjyKq7mrcsKyt f jzpf cef\tyfjcif;cH7avonf? 1914ckEpS w f iG f yxruBm ppf jzpfyGm; onfhtcg xkdaq;&kHukd -uufajceDtoif; aq;&kt H jzpfo\dk ajymif;vku d af vonf? *smrefppfom;rsm; b,fv*s, D rf Ekid if x H o J \dk 0ifa7muf wku d cf u dk af omtcg/ A7yfZjJ rdK\&dS aq;&kw H iG 'f +f7m7olEiS hf zsm;emol ppfajy;'kQonfrsm;jzifh jynfEh u S af eawmhonf? q7mr-uD;onf xkdtkd;tdrfrJh ppfajy;'kQonfrsm;ukd -unf&h a= pmifah &Smuf7ef aq;&krH sm;rS olemjyKq7mrrsm;pk aygif;I olemjyKtzJ\Grsm;zJ\Gpnf;7mwGif tm;wufoa7mul nDaqmif&u G cf ahJ vonf? rsm;r-umrD *smrefppfwyfrsm; onf AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHukd vkH;0odrf;ykdufrdoavmuf&Sd av7m/ A7yfZjJ rKd \awmfrmS vnf; *smrefw\v dk ufo\dk usa7muf cJh avonf? 7efov l ufatmufwiG yf if olemjyKq7mr -uD;auA,fonf rdrdaq;&kHukd qufvuftkyfcsKyf zGiv hf pS jf yD;v~if vlemrsm;ukd vlrsKd;ra&G;-uifempGm jyKpk ukoay;cJo h nf? auA,fonf pdwf7if; apwemaumif;ol wpf a,mufjzpfojzifh *smrefw\. dk tjypf'+foifrh nfh vkyif ef; wpfcw k iG f ulnaD qmif&u G rf cd o hJ nf? xkt d csed w f iG f AJv*sD ,rfEidk if YH yke;f v~K;d uG,v f ~K;d ESihf wvnfvnfjzpfae&Sm aom r[mrdwfrsm;zufrS ppfom;ajrmufjrm;pGm&SdaecJh onf? xkdwyfysufppfom;rsm;onf *smrefwkd\vufokd\ rusa7mufrD a[mfvefe,fpyfo\dk wpfenf;enf;ESiahf 7muf atmif -uHpnf-udK;pm; vsuf&Sd-u.? olwpfyg;. tusK;d ukd o,fy;dk &Guaf qmif7rnfqv dk ~if aoab;ukyd if 7ifqidk 0f o hH l auA,fonf 7uf*seD ,f'gu
219
www.foreverspace.com.m
auA,f tD/t,f
auwkd; trf/yD
&GKd ifrif;om;uJo h \dkaom *k+o f a7&Sd AJv*s, D rfv-l uD;vl aumif;rsm;ESifh -uH7mygjyKIr[mrdwf ppfom;wkd\tm; 0kid ;f 0ef;ulncD ahJ vonf? auA,fw\dv k pl o k nf r[mrdwf ppfom;wkd\ukd a[mfvefe,fjcm;a7mufatmif p7dwf a-u;aiGaxmufyI hH vrf;jyrsm;jzifyh \dkay;cJo h nf? t*‡vyd /f jyifopfEiS hf AJv*sD,rfppfom;aygif; 200 cef\r~ *smref wk\dvufrS vGwaf jrmuf oGm;cJ. h ? xkt d a-umif;ukd *smrefw\dk od&o dS mG ; ojzif/h 1915 ck-o*kwv f 5 7ufae\wiG f olem jyKq7mrauA,fuzdk rf;qD;I tusO;f csxm;avonf? *smreftm+mykdif wkd\onf auA,ftm; oPmazguf awmfvSefykefuefr=jzifh v~Kd\0SufpGmppf aq;cJ. h ? auA,fuvnf; [kww f idk ;f rSe7f mukd raxmifrh uG,b f J ajzmifch suf ay;um tppfcHavonf? xkdtcg *smrefppf w7m;&kH;rS auA,ftm; aoewf jzifhypfowf7eftrdef\cs vku d af vonf? *smrefwkd\ csKyfaESmifzrf;qD;xm; csdeftwGif; olemjyKq7mrauA,f tm; A7yfZjJ rdK\&dS jAdwo d ~vrl sK;d c7pf ,efoif;tkyfwpfyg;wnf;ESifhom awG\cGifhjyKxm;avonf? tjcm; rnf olwpfO;D wpfa,mufurdk ~ ol ESiahf wG\ cGirhf ay;cJah cs? A7yfZjJ rdK\&dS tar7d u ef o H t rwf u auA,f . touf u k d csr;fomay;7ef0if a7muf p G u f z uf a jymqk d ygaomfvnf;t7mr jAdwdo~olemjyKq7mr-uD; tD'pf a7mufbJ/ 7ufoW 10 ywfr~ tusO;f csxm;jy;D aemuf/ *smrefw\do k nf auA,f tm; 1915 ckatmufwb dk mv 12 7ufae\wiG f aoewf jzifh ypfowfpD7ifvkduf-uonf? auA,fonf *smref vlowform;wk\v d ufwiG f tmZmenfyyD D wnfjird 7f 7J ifph mG toufpeG \fomG ;avonf? tD'pfauA,fuadk y;aom tjypf'+frmS ppfOya't7 qkdv~if w7m;enf;vrf;usonf[k qkd7rnfjzpfaomf vnf;/ Ekid if aH 7; t7um; *smrefw\dk. tjrifwjdk cif;jzpf onf[q k Edk idk f ayonf? ,if;ok\d tmZmenfoel mjyKq7m r-uD;ukd ypfowfvu dk o f nft h wGuf wpfuBmvk;H u*sm
refwkd\tm;u&k+muif;rJhvmonfhtjyif/ r[mrdwfwkd\ zufuvnf; 0g'jzef\csad 7;twGuf tcsuaf umif;wpfck 7&So d mG ;avonf? tmZmenf trsKd;orD;-uD; auA,fudk trSww f 7 jzpfap7ef jAdwed Ef iS hf tar7duefjynf axmifpEk idk if w H \dkwiG f txdr;f trSwrf sm; jyKvyk x f m;-uonf? vef'efjrKd \ pderf m wif7yfuGuf/ ae&Sife,f ykHwlyef; csjD ywku d Ef iS hf rsuEf mS csi;f qkid w f iG f t jrifhay 40 &Sdaom txdrf;trSwf ausmuf w k d i f - uD ; uk d ES r f ; zwf ausmufjzifh aqmufvyk x f m;I/ wkid x f yd w f iG f olemjyKt0wftpm; ESifh tD'pfauA,f. &kyfwkukd wyfqifxm;onf? jAdwdefEkdifiH wG i f tD ' pf a uA,f t wG u f txd r f ; trS w f t jzpf ol e mjyK q7mra*[mrsm; wnfaxmif zGifhvSpfxm;onf? uae'gEkdifiH Yrl a7mh u D ; awmif w ef ; rS awmif xdyfwpfckukd olemjyK q7mr auA,ftrnfjzifh rSnfh ac: xm;avonf? 1919 ck a rv 157uf a e\ wGif auA,f. &kyftavmif; ukd t*‡vefjynfokd\,laqmifcJh I aemf 7 pf u oD ' 7,f bk 7 m; &Sdckd; ausmif;0if;twGif; Y jr|KyfEx HS m;avonf? au;wkd; trf/yD (bDpD 234„149) ? ?a&S; vl0DZm auA,f.&kyfwk acwf a7mrEkdifiHwGif xif &Sm;ausmf-um;cJhaom EkdifiHjyKokcrdefrsm;wGif rm;uyf ayg&Syaf u;wk;d onfvnf; wpfO;D tygt 0ifjzpfco hJ nf? bDpD 234 ckEpS w f iG f wyfpusLvrfjrdK\Y arG;zGm;I zcifrmS awmifov l ,form;wpfO;D jzpfonf? au;wk;d onf 1^ ESpo f m; t&G,u f yif ppfrx = rf;cJI h bDpD 218„201 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f jzpfymG ;aom 'kw, d ysL; epfppfyYGJ yg0ifwu dk cf u dk cf o hJ nf? bDpD 198 ckEpS w f iG yf 7D wmvl-uD;tjzpf cef\tyfjcif;cH7jyD;aemuf qm'if;eD;,m; wGif bk7ifct H jzpf xrf;&Gucf o hJ nf? au;wk;d onftyk f csKyfa7;wGif awmfwnfh rSeu f efaoma-umifx h if&mS ;vm
220
www.foreverspace.com.m
uJhvlrsKd;
u,fpDtkdav;7D;,m;yif
onf? bDpD 195 ckEpS w f iG f uGeq f mvl-uD;tjzpf cef\tyfjcif; cH7onf? au;wk;d acgif;aqmifI tkycf sKyaf omacwfwiG f a7mr Ekid if o H m;wk\donf yvFm;-uGm;0gaexkid jf cif;/ Zdrcf yH Pnf; rsm;ukrd ufarmjcif;ponfjzifh taysmt f yg;wk\dEiS o hf m t csed u f ek af v7m au;wk;d u xkt d usiq hf ;dk rsm;ukd tjyif;t xef ESyd u f yG o f nf? olu, dk w f idk u f vnf;&k;d om;pGmjcdK;jcH aexkdifI ol.-uyfrcsufrsm;ukd rvkdufemolrsm;tm; rn|mrwm tjypfay;onf? tkycf sKyaf 7;wGiv f nf; qif; 7Jcsr;f omra&G; rsuEf mS -uD;i,f rvku d af cs? ol.vuf xufwiG f t7nftcsif;ESihf rjynfph aHk om vl-uD;rsm;udk qDew d v f w F af wmfrS pdppf xkwyf ,fco hJ nf? au;wk;d onf wcgu a7mrjrdK\EiS hf jydKizf ufjzpfaom um;aohjrdK\okd\ tvnfa7mufoGm;7mY um;aohjrdK\-uD; . tvGepf nfyif0ajymvSaomtjzpfudk uk, d w f idk af wG\&7dS v~if wpfae\aomf a7mrjrdK\-uD;ukv d rF ;f rk;d oGm;rnfavm pd;k 7drrf ad om[l.? xkt d cgrSpI au;wk;d onf qDew d v f w F f awmfwGif pum;ajymwkdif; 'um;aohjrdK\-uD;ysufpD; 7rnf’[k ed*kH;csKyfa-uG;a-umfavh&Sdonf? tpwGif ol tm; jyuf7,fjyK-uaomfvnf; olu, G v f eG o f mG ;jyD;aemuf wwd,ysL;epfppfyJGjzpfyGm;av7m 3 ESpft-umwGifa7m rvlrsKd;wkd\onf ol.qNtwkdif; um;aohjrdK\-uD;ukd jydKcszsufq;D vku d -f uav onf? (um;aohEkdifiH„7=? ) au;wk;d onf a7mrEkid if u H dk tkycf sKycf o hJ rl sm;wGif vuf &k;H 7nf ESv;Hk 7nfEiS jhf ynfph aHk om ykCKd vw f pfO;D jzpfI/ a7mr EkdifiHorkdif;wGif xif&Sm;avonf? vufwifpum;ajy ta7;tom;wGif aumif;rGeo f nf?ol.vuf7mrsm;t euf pku d yf sKd;a7;ta-umif; pmwrf;om usef7pfonf? uJhvlrsKd; ? ?uJh ok\dr[kwf qJv h rl sK;d onf tvGeaf &S; usaomvlrsKd;wpfrsKd;jzpfI/ c7pfawmfray:rDESpf aygif;rsm;pGmuyif Oa7mywku d f tv,fyidk ;f ESihf taemuf ykdif;wGif aexkdifcJh-uonf? xkdpOfu a7mrtifykdif,m rSm raygufzmG ;ao;ay? uJv h rl sKd;onf vGepf mG ppfwu dk f 0goemygI Oa7mywku d Yf wefc;dk xGm; -u;D pk;d cJ-h uonf? olwkd\. -oZmtm+monf tDwvDESifh *7dEkdifiHrsm; ok\d widk af tmif jyef\ymG ;cJo h nf? a7mrtifyidk , f m-u;D xGe;f um;pwGif olw\do k nf tJv h y awmifwef;. ajrmufzuf a'orsm;Y4if;/ 'ef;nKjrpf 0Sr;f txufyidk ;f Y›if;/tajcpku d af e-uavjyD? uJv h rl sKd; tcsK\drmS t*‡vefEiS hf tkid , f mvefu`e;f rsm;ok\d ul;ajymif; aexkid -f u.?
,if;ok\d wpfcguwefc;dk xGm;cJah om uJv h rl sK;d onf ,ck tcgY oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom vlrsKd; wpfrsKd;tjzpfjzifh rwnf&adS wmhacs? olw\dk onf olw\dk uw dk u dk cf u dk af tmif jrifaom vlrsKd;wkd\ESifha7maESmI wdrfaumaysmufuG,f oGm;-uavjyD? olw\d. k tquf tEG,rf sm;ukd ,cktcg jyifopfEidk if H A7pfw³De,f/ jAw d ed f Ekid if aH 0vjynf/ paumh wvefjynfEiS hf tkid , f mvefjynfw\Ydk tenf;i,fpaD wG\7 avawmhonf? ,cktcg uJv h rl sK;d wdraf umyaysmufomG ;aomfvnf; olwkd\.bmompum;ESifhpmaywkd\rSm usef7pfcJhonf? ,ckacwf Oa7mybmompum;rsm;wGif uJph um;rsm;yg onfudk awG\7.? Oa7mywku d &f w dS Uokv d f rsm;Yvnf; uJb h momESihf pmayukd oif-um; ay;vsu&f adS vonf? u,fpDtkdav;7D;,m;yif ? ?u,fpt D adk v;7D;,m; tyifrsKd;pkrSm 'pua7mhzsLav;7D;at;pD;’rsKd;7if;wGif yg0ifonf? u,fpt D adk v;7D;,m; [laompum;rSmvuf wif bmom 'u,fpt D dk vyf’ [laom pum;rS qif;oufvmjcif;jzpfI zd e yf t i,f u av;[k t"d_m,f7onf? xkdtyifrsm;ukd t*‡ vdyv f rl sK;d wk\du O,smOf rsm;wG i f pk d u f y sKd ; -u onf? tyGirhf mS ta7mif uJGtrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf? t xl;ojzifh tvStyt jzpfO,smOfxJwGif yGifh 0grsKd ; uk d o mpk d u f - u onf? tjcm;yGifheDESifh yG i f h n d K rsKd ; rsm;&S d a omf vnf ; rpk d u f - uacs? tyif&kdif;tjzpfom jrif uJhvlrsKd;wkd\. a-u;ndK ‘vFm;’ awG\-u7onf? okd\7m wGif yGifheDESifhyGifhndKrsm;vnf; tvGefvSy-u.? tcsKd\ tyGifhusm;rsKd;vnf; &Sdao;onf? t0gokd\r[kwf teD a7mifay:wGif tajymufuav; rsm;&SI d tvGev f yS onf? xkdtyifrsm;onf rUqDukdEkdifiH/ awmiftar7du wku d Ef iS hf e,l;ZDvefEidk if w H \dkwiG f tavhusaygufonfudk awG\7.? xkad 'orsm;wGif u,fpt D adk v;7D;,m;rsK;d pdwf aygif; 100cef\&o dS nf?
221
www.foreverspace.com.m
u,fpt D adk v;7D;,m;yif
u,fq,fa7;wyf? u,fq,fa7;wyf. yxrqk;H Akv d cf sKyfrmS 0DvsAH o k yif jzpfonf? wyfom;rsm;onf ppfom;rsm;uJo h \dk yif ,l eDazgif;0wfpu Hk dk 0wfqif-u7vsu/f 7mxl;tqift h wef; rSmvnf; ppfwyfrmS uJo h \dkyifjzpf.? xkjd yif bifc7mtzJ\G/ tvHpaom ppfwyftaqmifta,mifrsm;udv k nf; xm; &So d nf? u,fq,fa7;wyf. 0g' pnf;rsO;f rSm tjcm; omoemjyK tzJ\G tpnf;rsm;. tajccHoabmrsm;ESihf tnDtnGwyf ifjzpf.? wyfom;wkid ;f .t"du0W7m; rSm olwxl;tm;u,fq,f7ef rdrdukd,fwkdif jcdK;jcH usio hf ;Hk 7jcif;yifjzpfonf? tpysKd;7mwGif ql;-um;-uD;7aom Al;oD;uJhokd\zd ESyd cf sKycf s,rf r= sm;ESihf -uKaH wG\c7hJ aomfvnf;/ rGejf rwfaom vlr= 0efxrf;tvky-f uD;jzpf7um;/ u,fq,fa7;wyft oGio f \dk a7mufvmaomtcg -uD;rm;wk;d wufr= vsif jrefvmavonf? ,cktcg u,fq,fa7;wyf. vkyf ief;rsm;onf us,fjyef\vmonfEiS t hf r~ u,fq,fa7; wyfcrGJ sm;ukd wkid ;f jynfaygif; 90 ausmw f iG f zJ\Gpnf;xm;I/ vlwkd\. tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sd-uavjyD? u,fq,fa7;wyfrsm;onf omoema7;oabm rsm;ukd tajccHjyKI/ vlrt = qiht f wef; wk;d wufaumif;
u,fq,fa7;wyfukd pwifzGJ\pnf;ol 0DvsHAko
xdt k yif.tyGirhf mS taoG;ta7mifaumif;I abmvH;k o!mef vSypGm&Sad oma-umifh vlw\dk.pdwu f dk ESpo f uf ap7ef qJaG qmifEidk af yonf u,fq,fa7;wyf? ?0DvsHAkotrnf&Sd ykCdKvf-uD; jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhonfh vef'efta&S\ykdif; c7pf,efomo emjyKtzJ\Gonf u,fq,fa7;wyf. a&S\ajy;yifjzpfonf? 1864 ckEpS w f iG f 0DvsAH o k onf vef'efta&S\yidk ;f qif;7J om;7yfuGufrsm;Y tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;yjyD;v~if {0Ha*vd w7m;rsm;ukd pdwx f ufoefpmG r-umc+a[m ajymjzef\jzL;cJ. h ? TuJo h \dk omoemjyK7mwGif xkw d 7m;yJG rsm;ukd uef\uGufaESmifh,Sufolrsm; ay:ayguf7um; 0DvsAH o k onf wJtydk surf sm;/ uyJ&G rHk sm;/ ukeaf vSmif&Hk rsm;/ okomefwpjyif a[mif;rsm;paom 77mae7m wk\d ut dk ok;H jyKvsuf w7m;yJrG sm;ukd olrwlatmifonf; cHI usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf? (Ako0DvsH„7=? ) 18^8 ck ESpw f iG f tqkyd g c7pf,efomoemjyKtzJ\Gudk u,fq,f a7;wyf[k trnfay;zJ\Gpnf;jy;D v~if ppfwyfoabmuJo h \dk 7mxl;tqifhtwef; cJGxm;onf? 222
csKd\wJholrsm;ukd axmufyHh7eft wGuf yPnf;rsm;jzihftoihf7Sdae aom trsKd;orD;u,fq,fa7; wyfom;
www.foreverspace.com.m
u,fq,fa7;wyf
u,fq,fa7;0ef-uD;Xme
rGeaf 7;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd txl;wvnf vkyu f idk -f uavonf? tajcqkd; taeqkd;okd\ qkdufa7mufaeaom rdef;u av;rsm;tm; u,fq,fjcif;/ olemrsm;tm;apmifh a&SmufjyKpjk cif;/ r&Sq d if;7Jaomolrsm;tm; ynmoifay; jcif;/ rD;ab;/ a7ab;/ ajrivsiaf b;oifah om'kQonf rsm;tm; ulnDapmifha&Smufjcif; paomtvkyfwkd\rSm u,fq,fa7; wyfrsm;.t"duvkyif ef;rsm;jzpfonf? ok\d tm;avsmfpmG uBmay:&Sd Edik if t H oD;oD;wk\d wiG f 'kQ onfpcef;rsm;/ wnf;ckd7m Xmersm;/ tvkyf&kHrsm;/ ausmif;rsm;/ aq;&krH sm;/ uk}ElemukXmersm; ponft h zJG\tpnf;rsm;ukd u,fq,fa7;wyfrsm;u OD;pD;I zGiv hf pS af qmif&u G af e-uavonf? u,fq,fa7;wyfEiS hf ,if;.vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf vkd aomaiGrsm;ukd pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;xkwfa0a7mif;cs jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tvŒaiGaumufcHjcif;jzifhvnf; aumif;/ tpk;d 7axmufyahH -u;rsm;rSvnf;aumif; 7&Sad v onf? u,fq,fa7;0ef-uD;Xme ? ?u,fq,fa7; Xmeonf jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;7. Xmewpfck jzpfI/ 0ef-uD;wpfO;D u u,fq,fa7;XmeESihf jyefvnf ae7m csxm;a7;Xmeukyd g wm0efy;l wJG aqmif7u G o f nf? u,fq,fa7;Xme [lIwoD;wjcm; ay:aygufvm7 jcif;rSm 'kw, d uBmppfjyD;qk;H onft h cgwGif ppfa-umifh ysufpD; qkH;&=H;7aom tkd;tdrfxlaxmifa7;ESifh ppfab; 'kQonfrsm;uku d ,fq,fa7;/ jyefvnf ae7mcsxm;a7; twGuf jzpfonf? 1948 ck Zefe0g7DvrS rwfvtwGi;f jynfo\l vyk if ef;ESihf jyefvnfxal xmifa7;0ef-uD;Xmeukd Ekid if aH wmftpk;d 7u zJ\G pnf;cJo h nf? xkad emufwiG f u,f q,fa7;wm0efrmS -uD;av;us,jf yef\vmojzif/h xkw d m 0efwpfpw d w f pfa'ojzpfaom trsK;d orD;ESihf uav;rsm; apmifah &Smufa7; vkyif ef;rsm;ukd Akv d cf sKyu f awmf a':cif -unf-uD;rŒ;aomtzJ\G o\dk vJaF jymif;ay;cJo h nf? 1948 ck {jyDvwGif jynfwiG ;f aomif;use;f r=rsm; a-umifh ay:aygufvmaom cku d ;dk 7mrJrh sm;ukd u,fq,f tultnDay;7ef zqyv A[ku d ,fq,fa7; aumfrwD wpf7yfudk w7m;Xme0ef-u;D OD;A*sr;f tm; OU}tjzpfwif ajr|mufz\GJ pnf;cJo h nf? 1949 ck {jyDvwGif xkt d zJ\G udk ynma7;0ef-u;D OD;oef;atmif OD;pD;I jynfaxmifpt k pk;d 7 A[ku d ,fq,fa7;aumfrwD tjzpfjyefvnfz\GJpnf;onf? e,f zqyv u,fq,fa7;tzJ\Grsm;ukv d nf; c&kid 0f efrsm; acgif;aqmifapI/ tpk;d 7c&kid Ef iS hf jrdK\e,f u,fq,fa7; aumfrwDrsm;tjzpf zJ\G pnf;onf?
xkdtzJG\rsm;rS tkd;tdrfxlaxmif7ef 7efukefjrdK\wGiftdrf axmif 1320twGuf aiG 56615 usyf ok;H pJcG o hJ nf? 1950 jynfEh pS f arvok\da7mufaomtcg u,fq,fa7; ESijhf yefvnf ae7mcsxm;a7;0ef-uD;Xme[lI Xmewpf ckz\pGJ nf;jy;D v~if OD;oef;atmiftm; Xmeqkid 7f m0ef-u;D tjzpf cef\tyfonf? ,if;XmerS aomif;use;f r=a-umifh ay:aygufvmaom 'kQonfrsm;omru/ t7yf7yfrS rD;ab;/ a7ab;ESihf iwfrw G af cgif;yg;r=ab;wk\dEiS hf -uKH-udKuf7olrsm;tm; t 0wf/ tpm;tpmESifhtkd;tdrfxlaxmif7ef yPnf;rsm;ukd ulnaD xmufyo H nf? u,fq,fa7;XmerS u,fq,fa7; tifpyufawmf 5 OD;/ acgif;aqmif 2 OD;ESihf tzJ\G0if 8 OD;wk\d yg0ifaom e,fvn S hf u,fq,fa7;tzJ\Guv dk nf;zJ\Gpnf;I t7yf7yf ok\d vSnv hf nf ppfaq;ulncD o hJ nf? 1952 ckrwfvrSpI 0e-u f ;D OD;bapmu wm0ef,I l wm0efrsm; wkd;csJ\aqmif7Guf7onf? aomif;usef;ol rsm;vufrS wyfrawmfujyefvnf odr;f yku d jf yD;aome,f rsm;wGifvlxkjyefvnfae7mcsxm;a7;ukdygaqmif7Guf 7I/ xdkESpftwGif;'kQonfaygif; ^2128/ tdrfaxmif aygif; 18062ukd jyefvnfae7mcsxm;ay;cJ7h onf? u,fq,fa7;Xmeonf jynfe,frsm;wGif ygwm0ef ,laqmif7u G 7f I/ xkEd pS t f wGi;f u,m;jynfe,fY„ tdraf xmif 4000/ aiG 163848d zk;d cef\ &Sr;f jynfe,fY 6000/ 35000d ucsijf ynfe,fY 400/ 19603d t0wftpm;ESihf tdro f ;Hk yPnf;rsm; a0iSaxmufychH o hJ nf? xkdXmerS u,fq,faxmufyHhaiGrsm;rSm „ 194^„48 ckESpfwGif 2000000 usyf 1948„49 2200000 1949„50 1800000 1950„51 2000000 1951„52 2200000 jzpfonf? xkdESpftwGif; jynfaxmifpktESH\tjym;wGif rD;ab; 'kQonfaygif; 31^25 OD;wk\dtm; aiG 44564^ usyf zk;d r~ ulncD I hJ / a7ab;oifah om Aef;armfc&kid /f rauG;c&kid /f rif;bl;c&kdif/o7ufc&kdif/ yckULc&kdif/ tif;pdefc&kdif/ rtlyifc&kid /f ykord cf &kid /f [o‡mwc&kid /f jynfc&kid /f ajrmif;jrc&kid /f armfvu dk cf &kid rf sm;ok\dun l 7D onf? xkXd me.t"duwm0efrmS ab;trsK;d rsK;d jzif'h Q k oifh
223
www.foreverspace.com.m
u,fq,fa7;0ef-uD;Xme a7muforl sm;tm; u,fq,f7ef/ axmufyu hH n l 7D efEiS fh jyefvnfae7mcsxm;7ef›if;/ ppftwGi;f utdN, d Ekid if o H \dk ppfajy;'kQonfrsm;tm; xkwfacs;aiGrsm;ukd jyefvnf aumufc7H ef›if;/ Xmeod\k cef\caJG y;aomaiGrsm;ukd pepf wus rSeu f efpmG oH;k pGaJ xmufy7Hh efvnf;aumif;jzpfonf? 'kw, d uBmppftwGi;f u jrefrmEkid if rH S tdN, d Ekid if o H \dk ajymif;a7F\omG ;cJ-h uaom ppfajy'kQonfrsm;ukd jrefrm EkdifiHtpkd;7u a-u;aiGrsm;xkwfacs;cJh7m/ ,cktcg jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;ESihf jrefrmvlrsK;d r[kwo f rl sm; pkpak ygif; 4000 ausmw f \dkxrH S aiGrsm; 77ef use&f adS eao;onf? 1953 ck pufwifbmv ^ 7ufae\rpS I T0ef-u;D Xmeukd u,fq,fa7;/ jyefvnfae7mcsxm;a7;ESifh vlr0= efxrf;0ef-uD;Xme[k ajymif;vJac:a0:vku d o f nf? xkad emuf T0ef-uD;Xmeatmufo\dk vlxyk nma7;Xme/ aus;7Gm ywf0ef;usifoef\&Sif;a7;ESifh a77&Sda7;Xme/ vlr=a7;7m -uD;yGm;a7;Xmersm; a7muf&Sdvmavonf? vlr0= efxrf; vkyif ef;ESihf pyfvsO;f I vlt&dk rHk sm;/ rsuf rjrifausmif;rsm;/ qH\Gtem;yif;olausmif;rsm;/ vli,f a*[mrsm;/ ckdukd;7mrJhtrsKd;orD;apmifha&Smufa7;Xme rsm;ESifh uav;xdef;Xmersm;ukd T0ef-uD;Xmeu pDrH cef\ct GJ yk cf sKy7f onf? u,fq,fa7;ESihf jyefvnfae7mcsxm;a7; vkyif ef;
rsm;twGuf 1953„54 ck b@ma7;ESpf twGi;f tok;H p7dwf aiGrsm;ukd atmufygtwkid ;f owfrw S x f m;onf? u,fq,fa7;7dQmyPnf;rsm;twGuf 35000000d (jynfr-uD;ESifh csif;0daoowdkif;) jyefvnfae7mcsxm;ay;jcif;twGuf 1000000d tcsK\d'Q k onfrsm;ukd Edik if 7H if;od\kjyefy\kd7eftwGuf 1000d opfawmxGuyf Pnf;rsm;xkw, f pl 7dwf 10000d opfawmxGuyf Pnf; tcrJah y;a07ef 3000000d aemufxyf wk;d cs\Jvyk u f idk 7f aom Xmersm;twGuf aiG pm7if;acgif;pOfajymif;vJay;7efEiS hf aemufxyfciG jhf yKaiG rsm;xkwfay;7ef tpDtpOfrsm;ukdvnf; jyKvkyfvsuf&Sd avonf? aus;7Gmywf0ef;usif oef\&iS ;f a7;ESihf a77&Sad 7; vkyif ef;rsm;twGuv f nf; pDru H ed ;f rsm;a7;qJu G m pwif aqmif7u G v f su&f adS eonf? jynfawmfom pDru H ed ;f t7 rzH\jG zKd ; ao;aom a'orsm; zH\GjzdK;a7;twGuu f v dk nf; xku d ,fq,fa7; XmerSwm0ef ,laqmif7u G 7f onf? avmavmq,ftm;jzifh em* awmifwef;a'o/ &Sr;f jynfajrmufyidk ;f a'oESihf 7ckid jf ynf tcsK\da'orsm;wGif vlxo k ufom acsmifcsad 7;twGuf u,fq,faxmufyHh7ef vkdtyfaomudPrsm;ukd 0ef-uD; uk, d w f idk -f uyfr aqmif7u G v f suf&o dS nf?
a7mif;cs7eftoihf pkyHkxm;onhf u,f&kdvD;em;jynfe,fxGuf pD;u7ufaq;7Gufrsm;
224
www.foreverspace.com.m
awmifu,f&kdvD;em;jynfe,f twGif;rS odrf;aumuf77Sdaom0grsm;ukd txnftvdyfrsm;tjzpf 7ufvkyfay;aom vkdifrefjrdK\7Sd acwfrDpuf&Hk-uD;wpfck
u,f&v dk ;D em;jynfe,f ? ?u,f&v d k ;D em; jynfe,f onf rlvuwe,fwnf;jzpfaomfvnf; aemiftcgwGif ajrmufu,f&v dk ;D em;ESihf awmifu,f&v dk ;D em;[lI jynf e,f 2e,fjzpfoGm;onf? u,f&kdvD;em; jynfe,f. ajrmufbufwiG f Am*si;f eD;,m;jynfe,f/ taemufbuf ESiahf wmifbufwiG f wifeufqjD ynfe,fEiS hf a*sm*f s, D mjynf e,f/ ta&S\bufwGif tWvMdwfork]7m&Sdavonf? ajrmufu,f&v dk ;D em; jynfe,frmS pwk7ef;rkid af ygif; 52^12us,f0ef;I vlO;D a7rSm 4061929 a,muf&dS onf? jrdK\awmfrSm 7mav;jrdK\jzpfI vlOD;a7 656^9 a,muf&adS vonf? awmif u,f&v dk ;D em;jynfe,frmS pwk7ef; rkid af ygif; 31055 us,f0ef;I/ vlOD;a7 211^02^ a,muf&Sd aoma-umifh ajrmufbufjynfe,fxufi,fjyD;v~if vl OD;a7vnf; enf;avonf? jrdK\awmfrmS ukv d ºD;,m;jrdK\ jzpfI vlOD;a7 86914 a,muf &Sdavonf? u,f&v dk ;D em; jynfe,frsm;wGif 0gukd t-uD;tus,f pkdufysKd;vkyfukdif-u.? u_vDvlrsKd;rsm;vnf; trsm; tjym; aexkdifvsuf&Sd-uojzifh/ pkdufysKd;a7;vkyfief;t
wGuf tvkyo f rm; rsm;ukd aps;aygaygESihf iSg;7rf;ckid ;f apEkid -f uonf? u,f&v dk ;D em;jynfe,frsm; .7moDOwk rSm pkpd w G x f idk ;f r=id ;f I*Gr;f xnf 7ufvyk jf cif; vkyif ef;ESihf txl;yif oifhavsmfayonf? xkdjyif a7wHcGefaygrsm; aomaumifh puf&/Hk tvky&f rHk sm;twGuf v~ypf pf"gwf tm;ukd p7dwf oufompGmjzif7h &SEd idk af vonf? u,f&v dk ;D em; jynfe,f 2 e,fv;Hk wGif aq;yifrsm;ukd t-uD;tus,f pku d yf sKd; vkyu f idk -f u.? qma0:vwm 7mav;onf 1584 ckEpS w f iG f u,f&v dk ;D em; jynfe,fo\dk a7muf&v dS mcJ. h ? aemufwpfEpS w f iG f xked ,fY tajcpku d f aexkid -f u7ef t*‡vyd v f rl sKd;rsm;ukad pvFwv f u dk 7f m xkd e,f&dS wkid ;f 7if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;u t0ifrcHbJ ckcw H u dk cf u dk f ojzifh t*‡vyd v f rl sKd;rsm;rSm t*‡vefjynfo\dk jyefomG ; -u7avonf? wpfzef 158^ ckEpS w f iG f u,f&v dk ;D em; jynfe,fo\dk vma7muf-uaom t*‡vyd v f rl sK;d wpfprk mS vnf; xl;qef; pGmaysmufu, G o f mG ;-ujyef.? yxrcsm;bk7if vufxuf ok\da7mufaomtcg t*‡vyd v f rl sK;d rsm; xkad 'owGif tajc wusaexkid Ef idk af tmif pDpOfjyKvyk af y;ojzifh xked ,fudk
225
www.foreverspace.com.m
u,f&kdvD;em;jynfe,f
u,f7pfAsefyifv,f
t*‡vef.ukv d edk eD ,fwpfct k jzpfjyKvyk cf ahJ vonf? csm; [laomtrnfrmS vufwifbmomjzifh u,f&v dk yfjzpfI/ xked ,fudk csm;bk7iftm; *k+jf yKaomtm;jzifh u,f&v dk ;D em;[lI trnfrSnfhac:cJh-uonf? 'kwd,csm;bk7if vufxufo\dk a7mufaomtcg 1663 ckEpS w f iG f xked ,fudk rŒ;rwftcsKd\tm; tykdifpm;ay;oem;vkdufonf?xkd rŒ;rwfrsm;u u,f&kdvD;em;e,fukd ajrmufykdif;ESifh awmifykdif;[lI e,f 2 e,f cJGjcm;vkdufavonf? awmifu,f&v dk ;D em; jynfe,fEiS ahf jrmufu,f&v dk ;D em;jynfe,fw\dkonf tar7duefEidk if o H rkid ;f wGif tawmf yifta7;ygcJhonf? tar7duefjynfaxmifpk. rl7if; jynfe,f 13 e,fwiG f Te,f 2 e,ftygt0ifjzpf.? 1861„ 65 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f jzpfymG ;aom tar7duefjynf wGi;f ppfyo GJ nf awmifu,f&v dk ;D em;jynfe,fY&Sad om zk\d qRwmcHwyfjrdK\uav;rS pwifjzpfymG ;cJ. h ? xkjd ynfwiG ;f ppfyrGJ mS oRw-u;D atA7m[rfvifueG ;f vufxufwiG f aiG0,fu`epf epfy,fzsuaf 7;ESiphf yfvsO;f I pwifjzpfymG ; av7m/awmif u,f&v dk ;D em;jynfe,fonf vifueG ;f . 0g'ukd qef\usiyf ek u f efaom awmifyidk ;f e,frsm;zufwiG f pwifoabmuJGvJGuwnf;u yg0ifcJhI jynfaxmifpk xJrS tOD;qk;H cJx G u G af omjynfe,fjzpf.? ajrmufu,f &kv d ;D em;jynfe,frmS rl awmifyidk ;f e,frsm;vufo\dk zk\dqR wm usqkH;jyD;onfhaemufrS awmifykdif;e,frsm;zufokd\ 0ifa7mufco hJ nf? ok\d 7mwGif awmifyidk ;f ppfwyfrsm;t wGuf a0yku H sxufyrdk adk omppfom;tiftm;ukd 7ufa7m pGm jznfhwif;ay;cJhavonf? (tar7duefjynfaxmif pkorkid ;f „vnf;7=? ) u,f7pfAsefyifv,f? ? u,f7pfAsef yifv,fonf tWvMdwo f rk]7m. tpdwt f ykid ;f wpfcjk zpfI taemuf tdN, d u`ef;pk/ tar7duwku d t f v,fyidk ;f ESihf awmift ar7duwku d &f dS Ekid if rH sm;.t-um;wGif wnf&o dS nf? teH rkid f ^00/ tvsm;rkid f 1^00 cef\&jdS yD;/ pwk7ef;rkid af ygif; ^50000 cef\us,0f ef;.? uBmhtaemufbufyidk ;f wGif ul;oef;oGm;vm7mvrf;qkH jzpfojzifh ‘tar7duef ajrxJ yifv,f’[k ac:-uonf? xkyd ifv,fudk a&S;OD;pGmawG\ &SdolrSm ukdvHAyfjzpfI/ yifv,fwGif; a7a-umif;oGm; vmr=ukd pydefwkd\u tESpf 200 cef\ -uD;pkd;cJh-uonf? u,f7pfAsef yifv,f.atmufcif;rSm tjcm;aomyif v,frsm;ESirhf wl/ tedrt hf jrifrh nDnmbJ a7atmufwiG f jrKyfaeaom awmifpOfpk-uD;ozG,fjzpfaeavonf? ajrrsufESmjyifay:rSmuJhokd\yif/ xkda7jrKyfawmifpOfpkwkd\
wGiaf wmifxyd rf sm;/ csKid 0hf rS ;f rsm;/ acsmuf-uD;rsm;/ urf; yg;apmuf-uD;rsm;&SdjyD;v~if tcsKd\awmifxdyfwkd\rSm a7 rsufEmS jyifEiS hf rsm;pGmruGmbJ eD;uyfvsuf &S-d uonf? euf apmufaomacsmufrsm;onf 3 rkid t f xdyifeuf.? xkyd ifv,f atmufcif;&Sd v~Kad jrmifacsmuf-um;rsm;wGif tjcm;t7yfa'owkd\Y rawG\rjrifbl;aom xl;qef;tHh -ozG,af umif;onfh a7oW0g-uD;rsm;ukd wpfcgwpf7H zrf;qD; 7rdwwfavonf? xko d \zdk rf;qD;rdaom tcsK\o d W 0gwk\donf tESpaf xmifaygif;rsm;pGmuyif aysmufu, G f cJhjyDjzpfaom oW0gwkd\ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;wkd\ESifh t vGew f -l uonf? u,f7pfAseyf ifv,fonf u`e;f rsm;ESihf eD;uyf7m ae7m wk\d rw S pfyg;/ ausmufaqmifausmufwef;rsm; uif;&Si;f ojzifh ul;oef;oGm;vm7ef aumif;rGeaf omfvnf;/ acgif av-urf;rsm; r-umc+usa7mufwwfaoma-umifh avS oab‡mrsm;twGuf ab;Oy'frsm;avonf? acgifav -urf;rsm;rSm tDauGwma7pD;a-umif;&Sd a7ylwkd\rSxGuf ay:vmaom tyl"gwfwkd\a-umifhjzpfay:vm-u.? yl aEG;aom tDauGwma7pD;a-umif;onf tmz7duwku d f zufrS tWvMdwo f rk]7mukd jzwfoef;I u,f7pfAsef yifv,fwiG ;f ok\d pD;0if.? xkrd w S pfzef ,luwefa7vuf -um;-uD;ukjd zwfjyD; rUqDuydk ifv,fauG\twGi;f ok\d pD; oGm;jyD;v~i/f zavmf7'D ga7vuf-um;ukd ausmv f eG u f m ajrmufbufo\dk *yfpx7if;ac: yifv,fa7yla-umif;tjzpf xGuo f mG ;avonf? xkad 7yla-umif;wpfav~mufwiG f wku d f cwfaomavylw\do k nf txufo\dw k ufojzifh ta&S\buf ESiahf jrmufbufraS vat;wk\donf t[kejf yif;pGm 0ifvmjy;D v~if jyif;xefaomacgifav-urf;rsm;ukd jzpfay:ap onf? xko d \dkaom acgifav-urf;rsm;a-umifh u`e;f rsm; ay:&Sjd rdK\&mG rsm;ESihf yifv,fwiG ;f &So d ab‡mrsm;rSm r-um c+ ysupf ;D -u7onf? a&S;tcgu yifv,f"g;jyrsm; aomif;use;f usupf m; 7mjzpfojzifh/ u,f7pfAsefyifv,fonf emrnf-uD;cJh .? ,ckacwfwiG f yem;rm;wl;ajrmif;ukd jzwfausmaf om oab‡mrsm;omru/ tylyidk ;f a'otwGi;f ok\d usa7muf aom tar7duwku d f tv,fyidk ;f Ekid if rH sm;rS o-um;/ umzD/ uku d ;dk / iSuaf ysmponfw\du k w dk ifI tar7duefjynf axmifpo k \dky\dkaom oab‡mrsm;ESihf xkrd w S pfzef ukeaf csm rsm;ukd wifum tylyidk ;f Ekid if rH sm;ok\d jyefvnf yk\daqmif -uaom oab‡mrsm;ul;oef;oGm;vm7m c7D;vrf; a-umif;r-uD;jzpfaeojzifh/ u,f7pfAsefyifv,fonf txl;xif&mS ;aeayonf?
226
