MODERN SWEDISH GRAMMAR \SgM
S P.
A.
T O C
XO R
S
KHO
T E
F O R
I) I,
T &
AO
JL
M
SO N
TK
R
S
1m. Bjorkliagen, Phil. Lie.
MODERN SWEDISH GRAMMAR
M O DERN
SWEDISH GRAMMAR by
I m. Bj orkhag
e n,
Ph i
I.
Li
c.
Lecturer in Swedish, in
the University of London.
STOCKHOLM P.
A.
Norstedt & Soners F
6 r
1
a g
STOCKHOLM KUNGL. BOKTRYCKERIET.
P.
222444
A.
1923
NORSTEDT
,V
^nNi
It
PREFACE. In the last few years the study of Swedish has been taken up with increasing interest in England. In 1918 a Swedish lectureship was i.
it
e.
One year later College, London. subject* in the University of London, chosen as one of the subjects in the B. A., M. A.
instituted
Swedish was
made
may be
at University
a ^degree
and B. Com. examinations.
The undersigned, who
1918 has held the above mentioned of a satisfactory Swedish Most of the existing grammars of the kind are so full of mistakes as to render them almost useless. The present volume, which is the fruit of four years' experience in Swedish class-teaching, will, it is hoped, prove a more since
lectureship, has keenly felt the want grammar for the use of Englishmen.
who begin learning the language. has been devoted to the pronunciation, which has always proved to be a stumbling-block to English students. For the analysis and description of the Swedish sound-system I have enjoyed the valuable assistance of Prof. Daniel Jones and Miss Lilias E. Armstrong, B. A., of the Phonetics Department, University College. Miss Armstrong has also kindly undertaken to read the proofs of the phonetic part of the book for which I here beg to express reliable guide for those
Special
my
attention
sincere thanks.
original plan was to publish a Reader and Grammar comin one volume, but for several reasons it was found unpracThe two parts are therefore published separately. The second tical. part called "First Swedish Book" will appear simultaneously with For the beginner it forms a necessary complement to this volume.
My
bined
the
Grammar and
tion, writing,
contains practical exercises in reading, conversa-
etc.
The grammatical terminology is in accordance with the recommendations of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Terminology (published by John Murray, London, 1920).
6 I
have
much
pleasure
in
thanking
Mr
Sidney
J.
Charleston,
M.
A., F. R. Hist. S., late lecturer in English in the University of Upsala, Sweden, for his great kindness in revising the manuscript
and proof-sheets furnished.
and
for
the
many
valuable
suggestions
he
has
I am glad to take this opportunity of expressing my gratitude to C. A. Lowenadler, Esq., without whose generous financial assistance the publication of this work would not have
Finally
warm
been possible.
London, July, 1922. 1m. Bjorkliagen.
CONTENTS. Page Tables of Sounds
11
Sounds and Phonetic Symbols The Alphabet Orthography and Sounds
15
New
Spelling
33
Length of Sounds
34
Key-words Accentuation.
20 21
for the Pronunciation
36
Stress
37 38 44 45
Intonation, with diagrams Signs used to indicate Accent
The Spoken Language The Noun. Articles The Use of the
51
56
Articles
Gender
61
Case
64
Declensions
69
Remarks on Number The Adjective. Declensions
76 77
Comparison
84
Adjectives used as Nouns
89
Inflection of Participles
92
The Numerals The Pronouns. Personal
94 97
Reflexive: sig
102
Possessive
103
Possessive reflexive: sin
104
Demonstrative
107
Determinative
112
Relative
113
Interrogative
116
Indefinite.
.
118
Page.
The Verb.
Auxiliary Verbs
125
Conjugations
130
Subjunctive Passive
152
Deponent Verbs
158
Periphrastic forms The Use of the Tenses
158
of the Auxiliary Verbs of the Infinitive, Participle and Supine Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
164
Reflexive Verbs
180
154
162
The Use The Use
170
180
Compound Verbs
181
The Adverb
184
Conjunctions
190
Prepositions Order of the
194
Words
.
.
201
PRONUNCIATION
Front
Card/na/ vowe/s Swed/sh vowe/s
Front
Central
Front
Cardinal vowe>/s EngJ/sh isowe/s
(a-u)
O
(OL
-
u)
13
Vowels
f S'fi
&&
ii 83
S-
O
3? ^
Consonants
Sounds and Phonetic Symbols. (Compare the tables on pp.
1
11, 13.)
Consonants.
l.
Labial.
The consonants
p,
v are
w,
6,
pronounced like the Eng-
lish corresponding sounds.
Note cially
pa
e.g.
the beginning of fully stressed syllables, espe-
a vowel,
park Swedish
(po-) on;
Note like
At
1.
before
2.
p
more aspirated than
is
(par-k) park. is voiceless
m
after
and
t
in English, s in
words
rytm (ryt-m); entusiasm (antusias-m).
Note
The English sound represented by w does not The Swedish letter w is pronounced as v.
3.
occur in Swedish.
Dental.
Swedish
,
d,
n,
?,
s are
The tongue
English. the upper teeth.
Notice
against
as in
the inner edge of
particularly the clear sound of I in Swedish, e.g. full (ful-), as compared with the dark sound in
word
the
in
dental sounds, not alveolar
articulates
English Note
"full". 1.
At
before
a
the beginning of fully stressed syllables, espevowel, t is more aspirated than in English,
cially td (to-) toe; tal (ta-1) speech.
e.g.
Note 6,
2.
The English dental sounds
represented
by
e
and
u then", do not occur in Swedish. e.g. in the words "think", Note 3. The sound z as in "busy" does not occur in
Swedish. 1
The use
of the signs ()
and
c
( )
to indicate
Accent
is
explained on
p. 44.
16
Post-Alveolar.
The
specifically post-alveolar
sound in Swedish
is r.
It
is,
as
a rule, faintly rolled, especially between two vowels and after a consonant, e. g. bara (ba-ra ) only; frdn (fro-n) from. In other positions it is often fricative. When the dental sounds d, w, I, s, are immediately prec
,
ceded by r in the spelling they become post-alveolar, i.e. their point of articulation is moved much further back, approximately to the r-position and further back than English f, d, n,
The tip of the tongue is curled somewhat backwards. 7, s. The resulting sounds might be described as "retroflex" t, d, n,
I,
Phonetic symbols:
s.
t,
n,
d,
these sounds are represented by pronunciation the r is dropped
acquires the retroflex character.
-rt,
1,
s.
Orthographically In the
-rd, -rn, -rl, -rs.
and the following consonant
Compare the following
pairs
of words:
Retroflex
t,
d, n,
1,
Dental
s.
d, n,
t,
start (sta-t) start
stat (sta-t) state
bord
bod (bw-d) shop mosse (mos-a ) bog kal (ka-1) bald
(bco-d)
table c
morse (imos-8 ) this morning Karl (ka-1) Charles varna (va-na ) warn
i
c
Retroflex
further
s
back,
1,
s.
c
c
vana (va-na ) habit
resembles the English sh-sound, but it is formed the tip of the tongue is curled back and the
lips considerably rounded.
In certain parts of Sweden (e.g. Stockholm) the retroflex s also used as the ordinary sh-sound, which in this book will be represented by the same symbol; e.g. passion (pasw-n);
is
person (pssoxn); sju (su-) seven; skinn star; forst (fes-t) first;
(sin-) skin;
kors (kos-) cross;
stjdrna
(see-na')
etc.
Palatal.
The formed
palatal
sounds
c;
(voiceless)
by pronouncing Swedish
i
and
j
(voiced)
may
be
with a very narrow space
17
between the tongue and the palate tion.
so
as to produce fric-
The voiced
When
fricative sound, if isolated, is the sound j. These sounds are, as a rule, it becomes c.
unvoiced
accompanied by lip-rounding. In rapid speech j often loses sounds like English y in yes.
its fricative
character and
c
E.g.
Jccinna
(csn-a
feel;
)
tjocJc (cok-)
thick; Jcedja (oe-djV) c
chain; ja
(ja-)
yes; jul (ju-1) Christmas; garna (J8e-na
)
willingly.
Velar.
K, g and fore a front
(ng) are pronounced as in English, except berj vowel and in a final position, when they become
further forward,
point of articulation is moved bock (bok-) buck; fislc (fis-k) fish; 'bo'k
their
i.e.
palatalised,
e.g.
book; vig (vi-g) agile;
Icok (c0-k)
kitchen; flog
much (bco-k)
(fl0-g) flew; flyg
(EIJ-) meadow; sjong (seen-) sang. the beginning of fully stressed syllables, especially before a vowel, k is more aspirated than in English, e.g. kom (kom-) come; ko (kw-) cow; kal (ka-1) bald.
(fly-g) fly; ring (rirj-) ring; ting
At
Vowels.
2.
Front. i
when long,
When
it is
sound
(j).
in
"mean"
When (if
it is
short
it is
like the English
vowel
shortened).
we; min (min-) my. is pronounced with the same tongue-position as i, but the The lips should be energetically rounded and protruded. u German and acoustic effect is similar to French ti, which, however, have narrower lip-opening. Long y ends with Ex.: vi
y
closer than the English vowel in "be" (bi-). long and fully stressed it ends with a fricative is
(vi-)
a fricative sound
(j).
Ex.: by (by-) village; mynt (myn-t) coin. 2
222444.
Bjorkhagen, Modern
Sicedish
Grammar.
18 e
is
about the same sound as French
e
and German
e.
The
produce it is to lengthen out the English vowel in "lid" and try to pronounce it with tip of tongue pressed against the lower teeth, and the muscles tense. Ex.: ek (e-k) oak. easiest
o
way
to
pronounced with practically the same tongue-position as and the same lip-position as y (lips rounded and protruded). It is approximately the same sound as French is
e
eu in "peu". Ex.: do (d0-) to
u
die.
pronounced with practically the same tongue-position and but the lip-opening is reduced to a minimum the size of a pin's head). Long ia has such a nar(about row lip-opening that the sound, when fully stressed, ends up with a labial fricative. That is the reason why English people imagine they hear a b or p after it. Ex.: 1ms (hu-s) house; musik [musi-k] music. is
as e
the same sound as English e and occurs both long and short.
in "bed" (or a little closer)
is
Ex.: Idsa
)
to read;
la'tt
(1st-)
easy.
pronounced with practically the same tongue-position as s but with rounded Lip-opening wider than for lips. or y. It only occurs short. Ex.: host (hces-t) autumn.
is
se
is
in
approximately the same sound as Southern English a (a little closer). It occurs both long and short.
"man"
Ex.: bar
a
c
(le-sa
(bse-r)
berry; stjart
(sset-)
tail.
may be produced by isolating out the first element in the English diphthong in >how. It is like French a in "la". The lips are drawn somewhat to the sides. The sound only occurs short. Ex.: hatt (hat-) hat.
19
Central. the neutral vowel in Swedish
is like English e in "finger" and nearer the front-position, espethough in double-tone it becomes rather like z. where words, cially
a
Ex.:
closer
little
taket (ta-kat) the roof; gosse (gos-o
c
c
or gos-s
)
boy.
Back. is
a
articulated
The
"father".
French a in "pas". Ex.: ja
(JQ.)
back than English a in be slightly rounded. Like The sound only occurs long.
little
lips
further
should
yes.
rather like the English vowel in "ought" but has more lip-rounding. The sound only occurs short. is
Ex.:
slott (slot-) castle.
closer than the English vowel in "ought". Narrow lipopening as for English o in "do". The sound is nearly always long.
is
Ex.:
get (go-) to go.
articulated further back than English oo in "book" and with an extremely narrow lip opening (as for ui-). The is
sound occurs both long and short. When it is long and fully stressed it ends up with a labial fricative (just as m-). When it is short the lip-opening is a little wider and the friction is omitted.
Ex.: ord (w-d) word; hon (horn-) she. is articulated nearer to the central position than English u in "value". (It closely resembles the first element in the English diphthong in "no" as pronounced
Londoners).
The
easiest
way
to
produce
it
by educated is
perhaps
aim at English u in "up" and keep the lips in the same position as for English o in "do". It only occurs
to
short. Ex.: hund (hun-d) dog.
20
a
is
lower than
little
central
Lip-rounding as for
tongue-position.
wider than for
and articulated nearer to the
11
The sound
u).
is
oe
(a little
intermediate between
English u in "burden"' and English u in "up" and may be produced by aiming at the latter sound while rounding the lips. It occurs both long and short. c
Ex.: forst
[fast] first;
gora
The Alphabet.
3.
(Q.)
K
k
(be-)
L
1
A
a
B
b
C
c (se-)
Mm
D E
d (de)
N
e (e.)
F
f (ef-)
P
p
G-
g h
(ge-)
Q
q (ku.)
(ho-)
H
(ko-)
(eL)
(y.)
(pe-)
J
j
(ji-)
T
t (te-)
$">
y
Y
r
l>i
(ek-s)
Z
s (SB-)
y,
x
(to-)
S
i,
X
o
E
e,
(ve-)
(sn-)
(i-)
u,
u v
(ui-)
Ww
(em-)
i
o,
U V
n
I
<7,
[J9-ra ] to do.
A A
(ser-)
(dub-alt ve-)
z (se-ta) a (o-)
a
.()
6 (0-)
d are called hard vowels. are called soft vowels.
a,
9, j,
I,
m, n
j
r
,
v are
voiced consonants.
are voiceless (breathed) consonants. /", h, k, p, s, iv and are almost out of use. They occur only in now q a few names of persons and places and are pronounced t
as k
and v respectively. few loanwords and
z occurs in a celess).
is
pronounced as
s (voi-
21
Orthography and Sounds. Towels.
I.
4.
a The Swedish letter a is pronounced: 1. when it is long as a-. Ex.: ja
yes
(ja.)
dag (da-g) day bara (ba-ra ) only when it is short as a. c
2.
paraply (paraply-) umbrella
Ex.:. katt (kat-) cat c
f
to
flicka (flik-a ) girl packa (pak-a ) pack Note. Swedish a is never pronounced as a in unstressed
or final position. c Ex.: finna (fin-a ) to find c
Amerika (ame-rika) Kristina (kristi-na ) c
seglade (se-glade
sailed
)
c
flicka (flik-a
is
)
girl
pronounced: 1.
when
it
Ex.: se
is
long
as
e-,
(se-) see
lek (le-k)
play c
genast (je-nas t) immediately Exception: the prefix er- is pronounced
ee-r-.
Ex.: erkdnna (se-rcsn'a) to confess erhdlla (8e-rhol a) to obtain c
2.
when
short and not followed by Ex.: mest (mss-t) most it is
-r as
s.
c
penna 3.
when
it is
) pen short and followed by
(psn-a
Ex.: herr (heer-) Mr. vcrk (veer-k) work
-r as 83.
4. in unaccented syllables ending in -e, -el, -en, -er, and in the definite article -en, -et, as 8. c Ex.: gosse (gos-9 ) boy fagel (fo-gal) bird c
gossen (gos-an
the boy
)
finger
finger
(firj-ar)
taket (ta-kat) the roof A'.
B. This
is
the only neutral vowel in Swedish.
i is
pronounced: 1.
when Ex.:
m
it is
long
(vi-)
as
i-
(close
we
and with
rida (ri-da
friction). to ride
c
)
wise ~bageri (bagari-) bakery short as i (more open and without friction). Ex.: vind (vin-d) wind riddare (rid-ara ) knight vis (vi-s)
2.
when
it is
c
f
viss (vis-) certain
binda (bin-da
represents three different sounds:
long and short,
o-
Examples
of
1.
is
long,
o-
ord
stor (stw-r) great
jord
shoe
and
(co-d)
word
(jo)-d)
borde
broder (brw-dar ) brother bord (bco-d) table prefix
is
occurs both
(very close and with
to-
earth c
(bco-d8
1
o-
to
ort (w-t) place
mot (mw-t) against
The
o.
o is short.
words with long
labial friction). bo (bto-) dwell slco (skco-)
to,
bind
to
)
ought
) c
f/jorde (jw-d8
mod
)
did
(mw-d) courage,
always pronounced
etc.
:
c
unhappy unknown
olycldlg (w-lyk lig)
oTtand (w-Qsn-d)
omojlig (cfrmcBJ'lig) impossible 2.
Examples of words with short to: orm (
ost (ws-t) cheese
mi tl (om-d) angry
novcmber (ntovem-bar) bonde (bo)n-da ) farmer f
23
The plural ending short
to
pronounced with
-or (1st Declension) is
a):
(coll.
c
flicker (flik-o)r
girls
)
c
gator (ga-ttor ) streets
The plural ending is
the Past of the 4th Conjugation
-o in
pronounced with short to: bundo (bun -da/) bound skrevo (skre-vto ) wrote c
The is
old genitive
and dative ending
pronounced with short to: kyrkogard (cyr-ktogo
Examples
c
d)
churchyard
c
sannolik 3.
compound words
-o in
(san-toli k)
probable
words with
of
son (so-n) son kol (ko-1) coal c lova (lo-va ) promise
o(only long): c sova (so-va ) sleep c
ordna (o-dna ) arrange c
villkor (vil-ko r) condition
and many words of foreign origin, e. g. garderob (gadero-b) cupboard mikroskop (mikrosko-p) philosopher
filosof (filoso-f)
dialog (dialo-g)
epok (epo-k)
Examples of words with o (only short): come (imperative) Stockholm (stok-hol m) bort (bot-) away [cf. bort (hot) komma (kom-a ) to come 4.
kom
c
(kom-)
c
norr
(nor-)
The
Supine of bora] morgon (mor-gon ) morning and -or have o, e. g. c
North
suffixes -ow, -ton f ) saint
helgon (hsl-gon
c
(pse-ron
)
pear
c
c
tretton (trst-on
par on
)
thirteen
doktor (dok-tor )
c
professor (prcafss-or ) [but in the plural: doktor er (doktorar),
^T.
B.
Ex.: jto-n).
The
suffixes -tion, -sion, -jon
nation
(natsto-n);
professorcr (prw-
have long
to.
mission (misto-n); bataljon (batal-
24
represents two different sounds:
When
1.
Ex.: ut
it is
(ui-t)
djnr
long
is
it
out animal
ia-
and
u.
pronounced as u-. sju (su-) seven
ugly bruten (bru-t0n ) broken hus (hu-s) house buga (bu-ga) to bow N. B. In unstressed position, u acquires a more open sound and loses its friction. Ex.: om du lean (om du kan-) if you can musik (miasi-k) music ful (fu-1)
(jia-r)
r
c
d) cow- shed butelj (biatsl-j) bottle
ladugdrd (la-dugo
When
2.
short
it is
it is
pronounced as Imnna (kun-a )
u.
c
Ex.: hund (hun-d) dog
to
c
full (ful-) full
gubbe (gub-8
under (un- dor) under
mun
)
old
be able
man
(mun-) mouth
V is
pronounced:
when
1.
,
it is c
Ex.: fyra (fy-ra
ny
(ny-)
when
2.
)
long
as y- (close
friction).
c
(plural)
c
new
it is
and with
nya (ny-a ) new
four
lysa (ly-sa
shine
)
short as y (more open and without
Ex.: mynt (myn-t) coin
nytt (nyt-)
new
friction).
(neuter)
c
syster (sys-tar) sister
lydde (lyd-a
)
obeyed
d is
pronounced:
when
1.
it is
long
as
o-.
Ex.: gd (go-) to go dr (o-r) year
mala (mo-la ^V.
B.
c
) to paint In unstressed position d acquires a more open sound.
25
Ex.: gd bort (go hot-) go away pa landet (po lan-dat) in the country 2.
when
short
it is
as
o.
Ex.: matt (mot-) measure c
dtta (ot-a
eight
)
Idng (lorj-) long alder (ol-dar) age
a represents two different sounds: 1.
When followed by
occurs both
ee
-r it is
and
s.
pronounced
se.
This sound
long and short.
Ex.: (long)
(short)
vdrk (veer-k) pain tvdrtom (tvaet-om-) on the con-
here
liar (hse-r)
c
Idra (lse-ra
teach
)
varld (vse-d) world
trary drr (ser-) scar
jam
mdrka (meer-ka )
e
(jse-n) iron
to
mark
c
2.
In
pdrla
(pse-la
other
cases
)
pearl
a
is
dta
(short)
rddd
c
(s-ta
(rsd-)
afraid 1
smdlta (smsl-ta ) melt
to eat
)
This sound occurs
s.
pronounced
both long and short. Ex.: (long) ndt (ns-t) a net r
lasa
(ls-sa
)
to read
hast (hss-t) horse c
apple (sp-l9
)
apple
o represents three different sounds: 1.
When followed by
r
it is
9,
oe
and
0-.
pronounced
9.
It occurs both
long and short. Ex.: (long)
(short)
for (f'9-r) for c .hora (h9-ra ) to hear
dorr
hort (ha-t) heard c ora (9-ra ) ear
mork (mar-k) dark
orn (9-n) eagle
(der-)
door c
torstig (t9S-tig
)
forst (fs-t) first
thirsty
2.
In other cases a.
when
it is
it is
long
pronounced. as
0-.
Ex.: do (d0-) to die c
oga (0-ga
) eye t rovare (r0-var8 ) robber
b.
when
it
short
is
dromma
as
oe.
autumn
Ex.: host (hoes-t)
c
(droem-a
to
)
dream
fotter (foet-ar) feet
Consonants.
II.
5.
b See
is
1.
pronounced: 1.
as s before the soft vowels
Ex.:
cedt-r (se-d^r)
(e.
i,
?/).
cedar
cigarr (sigar-) cigar cylinder (sylin-dar) cylinder 2.
as
k in other
Ex.: fiicka
cases. c
) girl tjock (cok-) thick
N. B.
(flik-a
The word och
is
pronounced
ok-.
d See 1.
1.
Swedish d sounds like t before the genitive s. Ex.: Guds barn (gut-s ba-n) the children of God f godsdgare (gcot-ss gar8) squire
2. Swedish d is not sounded in the combination dj at the beginning of words.
Ex.: djup
(jui-p)
fljur (ju-r)
deep animal
djavul
(je-vul')
djarv (jser-v)
devil
bold
27
pronounced like English f. N. B. In the old orthography, which is still used by some writers, the v-sound was represented by f at the end of words, and by fv and f in the middle of words. Ex. bref (bre-v) letter c hafva (ha-va ) to have is
:
c
tafia (ta-vla
picture
)
In the new orthography these words hava, tavla,
is
are written: brev,
etc.
pronounced: as
1.
g
before the hard vowels
1.
(a,
O,'M, a).
c
Ex.: yata (ga-ta
street
)
god (gw-d) good before
2.
gud (gw-d) god gd (go-) to go
in unstressed syllables.
-e
Ex.: fay el (fo-gal) bird mager (ma-gar) lean c
mage (ma-ga
stomach
)
before a consonant.
o.
Ex.: glad (gla-d) glad ynida (gni-da') rub c
gnaga (gna-ga ) gnaw at the end of a syllable (except after
4.
weak sag (so-g) saw before the soft vowels j 1.
I
and
r).
Ex.: svag (sva-g) II.
as
Ex.: git
(je-t)
goat
forgylla (farjyl-a) to gild
(e,
c
gora 2.
after
Ex.: talg
I
and
(tal-j)
lielg (hsl-j)
church festival
y,
a,
o}.
(J9-ra
)
to
make
words (and a few arg (ar-j) angry varg (var-j) wolf
r in the following
tallow
,
magister (majis-tar) teacher ga'rna (jse-na) with pleasure others).
28 1
orgel (or-jal
berg (bair-j) hill fdrg (fser-j) colour
sorg (sor-j) sorrow
korg (kor-j) basket
torg (tor-j) market-place
Norge
(nor-ja)
Norway
Notice the pronunciation of Sverige
k before
III. as
organ
)
s
and
(svser-ja).
t.
Ex.: hogst (hoek-st) highest
c
overlagsen (0-vakk san) superior
lagt (lak-t) laid
IV. as
r}
trijggt (tryk-t) safely before n in the same root-syllable.
Ex.: vagn (van-n) carriage regri (rsn-n) rain
V. as Ex.: geni
before e and
s
i
lugn
(lurj-n)
calm
Agnes (an-nas) in foreign (French) words. c
(sani-)
passagerare
genius
(pasase-rara
)
passenger ingenjor (insenje-r) engineer
Eugcn
tragedi (trasadi-) tragedy
(euse-n)
VI. g is not sounded in the combination gj in the following words: gjorcle, gjort, gjord (jw-da jw-t, jo>d) did, done 1
,
c
gjuta (ju-ta
)
cast
h is
pronounced as English h in most cases. h is not sounded in the combination hj at the beginning
of words.
wheel hjalm (jsl-m) helm
Ex.: hjul
hjort
(jui-1)
(jco-t)
heart herd hjord (jw-d)
lijarta (jtut-a*)
deer
N. B. Words formerly beginning with hv drop the h the
new orthography. Ex.:
(old spelling) hvilken (vil-kan livad (va-d) hvit (vi-tj
(new spelling) c
)
vilken
who
vad what vit white
after
29
is
pronounced: 1. as j in most Ex.: ja
yarn
cases.
yes
(JQ.)
iron
(jse-n)
jul (jui-1) Christmas as s in a few words of French origin.
2.
Ex.: journal
(scona-1)
journal
projekt (prossk-t) project
U is
pronounced: as
1.
k
1.
before the hard vowels
komma 2.
(
(kom-a
before e and
a).
come
to
)
Ml
(ko-1)
cabbage
in unstressed syllables. Ex.: vacker (vak-or) beautiful i
rike (ri-ka
c
)
kingdom
trdkig (tro-kig') dull before and after a consonant.
3.
Mocka
c
f
clock krage (kra-go ) collar morkret (mar-kret) the dark kniv (kni-v) knife at the end of a word.
.Ex.:
4.
5.
u,
o,
(a,
bust (kus-t) coast
Ex.: kail (kal-) cold
(klok-a
)
Ex.: lok (bo>k) book before a soft vowel in a few loanwords. Ex.: bankett (banket-) banquet
II.
monarki (mwnarki-) monarchy ko (k0-) queue as 9 1. before the soft vowels
Ex.: kedja (ce-dja
2.
c
)
chain
kemi (9mi-) chemistry kines (cine-s) Chinese in the combination kj Ex.: kjol
(cco-1)
skirt
(e,
i, c
?/,
a,
o).
kypare (cy-par9 ) waiter kdr (cse-r) dear c kora (c9-ra ) drive (j is
mute).
30
I
See I
is
1.
not sounded
in the combination
Ij
at the beginning
of words.
Ex.: ljud
(jui-d)
sound
sweet
ljuv (jui-v)
c
ljus (jia-s) light
I
is
Ijuga (jw-ga
ljum (jum-) luke-warm mute in the words varld
)
to tell lies
(vse-d) world,
and
Icarl (ka-r)
man, fellow.
m See
1.
See
1.
.
n n is pronounced as 13 before A", and in a few words borrowed from the French. Ex.: tanka (tsrj-ka ) to think annons (anorj-s) advertisement The combination ng is pronounced as 13. Ex.: Idng (log-) long angel (sn/al ) angel 1
1
finger
(firj-ar)
finger
Idngre (krj-ra) longer
X. B. The i]-sound is not followed by a g-sound as English words "finger" and "longer" (finge, loQga)-
The combination -gn at the end of a root-syllable nounced as rm. oven lugn (lurj-n) calm (uij-n)
P See
1.
a is
pronounced as
k.
is
pro-
vagnen (vaij-non) the carriage ugnar (ug-nar) ovens luyna (lug-na) to calm
Ex.: vagn (varj-n) carriage
ugn
in the
It only occurs in proper names.
o-i
01
See
1.
The combinations 1,
n,
s,
See
t.
rd,
rl,
rw,
rs,
rt are
pronounced as
d,
1.
Ex.: hard (bo-d) hard
forst (fas-t) first
c
bo'rda (b9-da ) burden sorl (so-1) noise
for sent (fase-nt) too late c i morse (imos-8 ) this morning
forlora (falter a) lose (ba-ii) child
ort (w-t) place borta (bo-ta ) away c
barn
c
gossarna (gos-ana ) the boys .B. At the end of words Swedish r has the same sound It is not mute or changed as at the beginning of words. into a neutral vowel (a) as in English.
N.
skor (skco-r) shoes bar (ba-r) bare
Ex.: finger (fig-ar) finger c doktor (dok-tor ) doctor ner (ne-r) down
gor
9
dar
(dse-r)
there
^^ s 8
See In words ending in 1.
as
-sion,
the combination
si is
pronounced
s.
Ex.: passion (pason) passion pension (par^sw-n) pension
sch-, sc~,
sj-, sTtj-
and
stj-
are pronounced as s. Ex.: schack (sak-) chess
Convalescent (konvabssn-t) convalescent [Exception: seen (se-n) scene] skjorta (sw-ta ) shirt sju (su-) seven skjuta (su-ta ) shoot sjo (s0-) sea 1
c
c
sjdl (ss-1) soul sjd'lv (sel-v) self c
sjdtte
(sst-'a )
sixth
stjdla (ss-la
)
to steal c
stjarna (sge-na
)
star
is
pronounced: I. as sk 1. before a consonant. Ex.: skrika (skri-ka ) to shriek c
before the hard vowels (, sA-a#(ska-ka ) shake skulle (skul-a 2.
Ex.
c
:
skog
(skto-g)
at the
3.
Ex.:
wood
o, c
)
cupboard
sltdp (sko-p)
end of a root-syllable. fisken (fis-kan) the fish
fish (fis-k) iish
mask (mas-k) w orm
maskar (mas-kar
r
1
ruskig (rus-kig )
[fdrsk (fses-k) fresh] II. as s 1.
before the soft vowels
Ex.: shed
w, a).
should
i,
(e,
c
skdra
c
)
worms
bad
y, a,
o).
to cut
(see-ra ) spoon inaskin (masi-n) engine shot (s0-t) shot (Past) c skynda (syn-da ) to hurry 2. in the words: manniska (men-isa'j man marskalk (mar-sal k) marshal
(se-d)
c
c
c
[but: wa'wsA;?^ (mn-sklig
)
human]
[or: mas-al k] skarlakan (sala-kan) scarlet
t
See
1.
The combination pronounced
tsi
before
ti
e
words borrowed from the Latin and a.
in
is
Ex.: gratier (gra-tsiar) graces aktie (ak-tsie) share initiativ (initsiati-v) initiative
The combination foreign words ending
ti
is
pronounced as
a
(sometimes
in -tion.
Ex.: lektion (hksto-n) lesson Confirmation (konfirmasw-n) confirmation nation (natsw-n) nation
ta) in
The combination
th (only in proper names) Ex.: Luther (lut-or)
Thomander
pronounced as
is
is
pronounced
t.
(tcoman-ttar)
c.
Ex.: fortjusande (facui-sanda) lovely tjog (9o-g) score c
tjugo (cw-g
See
)
twenty
1.
w occurs
in
proper names and
only (never as English w).
is
pronounced as v
x pronounced as ks.
is
Ex.: exempel (ekssm-pal) example In words ending in -xion the combination xi
is
pronounc-
ed ks. Ex.: reflexion (rsflsksw-n) reflection
pronounced as
is
s.
Ex.: zoologi (soologi-) zoology
6.
Spelling
Reform of
1906.
1906 some important changes were made in the orthoit graphy. When using dictionaries with the old spelling for should be borne in mind that hv, fv and f as symbols
In
3
2224-44.
Bjorklidgen,
Modern Swedish Grammar.
34
now been
v-sound have
the
The
spelling
and replaced by
abolished
been replaced by
has
-dt
-t
(-it
after
v.
a short
vowel).
new
Ex.: old spelling Jivit
white
spelling vit
sofva to sleep
sova
brcf letter
brev
Mndt
(neuter of hand) known kant t/ott godt (neuter of god) good
Length of Sounds.
7.
1.
In Swedish a syllable with principal or strong
secondary stress (see 2. If the vowel is
9) is
always
long.
long,
the following consonant
is
is short,
the following consonant
is
short.
Ex.: tal 3.
(ta-1)
If the
speech
vowel
long.
Ex.: tall (taL) fir-tree 4.
A
long
sound (vowel or consonant) can only occur
in a stressed syllable. 5.
a
In
stressed
The vowel
by one consonant. than one consonant.
Ex.: long
syllable the is
lam
lame
fat (fa-t)
indicated
m
and
>/.
if
it
long
if
it
is
followed
followed by
is
more
tack (tab) thanks
roof
(la-m) c fina (f i-na ) fine (plural)
Note.
short
is
short vowel
vowel
talc (ta-k)
vowel
dish
In
many words
in
the
spelling.
lamm
lamb
(lam-) c
finna (fin-a
)
to find
fast (fas-t) fast
the length of the consonant is not This is especially the case with
35 Ex.:
dom
(dcom-)
som
(som-) who, that
Jcom (kom-)
judgment
came
man mun lion
man
(man-)
(mun-) mouth she
(horn-)
The combination short vowel + short consonant (as English "put") only occurs in unstressed syllables. Unstressed syllables are always short. Ex.: lian liar Jcommit hem (han har komit hsm-) he has come home 6.
in
7. Long consonants, which are rare night-time, good dog) are very common
in
English (blackjoffee,
in
Swedish.
the long consonants between two short vowels and between a short vowel and a consonant, in which cases English has a short consonant.
Notice
8.
Ex.:
mamma Anna
mama
c
(mam-a
)
c
pappa
(an-a
papa boy
(pap-a
)
c
c
gosse (gos-a
)
c
c
flicka (flik-a
)
)
girl
falla (fal-a
to fall
)
c
c
darra (dar-a ) tremble matta (mat-a ) carpet ladda (lad-a ) to load
hugga (hug-a )
akt (ak-t) act
slappt (slap-t) slack
fish (fis-k) fish
sharp (skar-p) sharp
to
c
c
gubbe (gub-a
old
) c
c
straffa (straf-a
)
chop
man
to punish
Notice particularly the long //, />. and f in Swedish, after a short vowel. Immediately after the articulation of the vowel 9.
the
tongue (or
lips) is placed in position for the consonant is deferred and preceded by a short
but the explosion
pause or stop. Compare the following Swedish topp (top-) top
pairs of words:
English top ship
sltepp (ssp-) ship lock (lok-) curl
lock
lott (lot-) lot
lot
dogg
(dog-) bull- dog
dog
Key- words for the Pronunciation.
8.
A.
Consonants.
Key- words are not required p, b,
#,
m,
d,
n,
r,
I,
r,
/;
for the following consonants
h.
s,
phonetic
symbol d
bord
t
start (sta-t) start
s
i
compare: bod (bw-d) shop
(bco-d) table
morse (imos-9
f
)
stat (sta-t) state
mosse (mos-8
this
c
)
bog
sjo (s0-) sea c
1
n j
1
pdlar (po-lar ) pales
porlar (po-lar ) purls
varna (va-na
Ja
(JQ.)
1
)
c
warn
vana (va-na ) habit
yes c
k
kedja (ce-dja ) chain ko (ko>) cow
g
9&
9
(go-) to
ga
B. i-
bi (bi-)
Vowels. hand (han-d) hand
bee c
y-
binda (bin-da ) to bind by (by.) village
y
i
glad
(/lad (gla-d)
mynt (myn-t) coin
boll (boL) ball gd (go-) to go
e-
se (se-) see
ko (kw-)
0-
do
ost (ws-t) cheese
u-
(d0.) to die
hus (hu-s; house
way
e-
vdg
E
heist (hes-t)
oo
host (ho2s-t)
se-
Mr
se
Herr
(vs-g)
(hae-r)
horse
autumn
here
Chaer-)
Mr.
cow
Jcund (kun-d) customer smo'r (sm9-r) butter
work (m9r-k) dark taket (ta-kat) the roof c
gosse (gos-d
)
boy
37
Accentuation. 9.
1.
A.
Stress (expiratory accent).
There are in Swedish four different degrees of stress: principal stress (3), generally placed on the first lable of a word,
c.
33
syl-
2
bagare, landsortsupplaga.
g.
In words beginning with the prefixes be- and for- the principal stress is placed on the second syllable,
e.
besluta, forklara.
g.
In loan-words and words ending in -eri the principal stress is generally placed on the last syllable, e.
2.
agent, protestant, bageri.
g. general,
strong secondary stress
(2),
placed on the
lable of the second part of a
armband, universitetsldrare. Strong secondary stress minations e.
others,
-lek,
-het,
ungdom,
g.
is
e.
g.
also used in the ter-
-simp,
-bar,
sJconhet, Jcarlek,
-sam, and
ddrskap, up-
2
3
2
3.
-dom,
first syl-
compound word,
penbar, gynnsam. stress
weak secondary
(1),
placed on the second syllable
of dissyllabic words with Tone II, e. g. flicka, tula. When several weak syllables follow in succession,
weak secondary
syllable,
cipal stress, 4.
stress
on every other
falls
counting from the syllable with the prin-
weakest stress
e.
(0),
g. universitet, flickorna^
in all unstressed syllables,
30110103 universitet.
*
?
kallade. e.
g.
han-
den, flickorna, kallade,
Notice particularly the second syllable in words
30
with Tone
I,
e.
compared with the
Tone
II.
e.
g.
30
3.
3
handen, fatter, ha'nder, as second syllable in words with
g. foten,
gossen, rosor, kalla.
10.
Intonation (musical accent).
B.
1. There are in Swedish two principal kinds of tones or musical accent: the single-tone and the double-tone. Both are subject to a great number of variations according to the position of the word (in a sentence or isolated). Only the most important cases can be treated here. 2. The single-tone in isolated words is falling: ( 0? c [I-
in
told,
little
on
finger,
the
cond syllable.
Notice that the pitch drops very syllable; the low pitch sets in on the sethis the single-tone is different from the
Jtandcn.
first
In
falling tone in English (c. g. in ''finger") which drops to the low level on the first syllable: (^ _). 3. The double-tone is used in words of more than one syllable. In isolated double-tone words of two syllables the pitch is falling both on the first and the second syllables, but the second syllable
begins on a higher pitch than the first: (^ i), e. g. in mamma. 4. The single -tone will in this book be referred to as Tone 5.
The double-tone
will be referred to as Tone
I.
II.
In single-tone words of two syllables the first syllable 6. has principal stress (3) and the second syllable is unstressed, c.
f/.
Jianden.
In double-tone words of two syllables the first syllable has principal stress (3) and the second syllable has weak 7.
secondary stress (1), e. cipal stress (3) on the secondary stress
(2)
g. flickan. first
Compound words have
prin-
part of the compound and strong
on the second part,
c. <j.
xjoman, univcrxi-
tetskatalog. 8. The distribution of the tones in words of more than two syllables may best be seen on. the diagrams on pp. 42 and 43, which also show the modifications the tones iindergo when the words are placed in the middle or at the end of a sentence, and in questions.
Tone
11.
Tone I (one lowing cases:
stress
I.
and falling tone)
1.
in monosyllabic words,
2.
in
e.
g.
used in the
fol-
gd.
vit,
fot,
is
many dissyllabic words ending in ~el, -en, -er (such words were monosyllabic in Old Swedish, the -e having been put in later to tion),
e.
fag el,
g.
botten,
facilitate pronuncia-
seger.
Two
important
groups of words belong to this category: a) Irregular Plurals of the Third Declension,
e.
fotter, liander, backer, siting er, getter, saker,
etc.;
also bonder, fader, broder. b) the Present Singular of verbs of the Second
Fourth Conjugations,
e.
g.
g.
and
binder, Jcoper, vander,
bjuder. 3.
in
the
definite
form of Nouns that have Tone I in the N.
indefinite form, ^ ^ x
e.
V.
g. foten,
^
s
^
handen, fdgeln, fotterna,
v
handerna, broderna. 4.
in
5.
in
Comparatives ending in
-re
(but not -are),
e.
g. liogre,
aldre, mindre.
polysyllabic words (except compounds) with the principal stress on another syllable than the
most
first,
e.
g.
agent,
universitet,
protestant,
forklara,
telefonera, 'Eerzelius.
N. B. The prefixes be- and for- change Tone II main verb to Tone I, e. g.
of the
40
Tone II tola
Tone
I
41 7.
Words
that mostly occur without stress in a sentence, such as Prepositions and Conjunctions, have Tone I, e.
g. eller,
darfor, over, under.
12.
Tone II
is
Tone
II.
used in words that do not belong to any of The following groups may
the categories enumerated above.
be distinguished: 1.
The majority
of
native polysyllabic words with the prin-
cipal stress on the first syllable,
e.
g. flicka, flickor,
gosse, gossar, kalla, ballade, kallat, kopa, kopte, ko-
\
^ ,x panae, gammat,
^
kV^
^ gamla,
^ ^ ^ trognare, trognast -
trogen,
.
y
flickorna, gossarna, applena, binda, bundit, bindande.
2.
The majority
of
compound words,
e.
g.
guldring, affdrs-
man, Andersson, Bergztrom, aktiebolag, tdndsticksfabrik, utrikesdepartementet. S
Exceptions: Sverige, Norge,
Tyskland,
X
V
England,
Danmark have Tone
I.
N
Frankrike,
Diagrams (The
illustrating the Tones.
stress is indicated in figures.)
A.
In isolated words.
Tone
Words
of 2 syllables:
Words
of 3 syllables:
Words
of 2 syllables:
Words
of 3 syllables:
Words
of
more than
3 syllables:
-
I.
43
N.
13.
In questions the tones are
Tone
X X
I.
rising
instead of falling:
44
Signs used to indicate Accent.
13.
1.
phonetic transcription used in this book a stop(-) principal stress and an inverted comma (') secondary the
In
indicates
When placed immediately after a vowel, the stop indicates vowel is long; when placed immediately after a conso-
stress.
the
that nant,
indicates that the consonant
it
is
long (and
in
consequence
the preceding vowel short).
Ex.: mat (ma-t) food The inverted comma 2.
matt (mat-) weak c
is
placed immediately tlie vowel is long, and immediately after vowel a consonant if the consonant is long. after
a
Ex.:
too,
( ),
if
c
sltonliet
(s0-nhe
t)
beauty
c
ungdom (un-dwm ) youth If a doublestressed word ends
in a vowel carrying the 3. secondary stress, the inverted comma must, of course, be placed immediately after the vowel, whether the vowel is long or short. In most cases this causes no real inconvenience, as It certain vowels only occur long and others only short. should also be kept in mind that the ending vowel is long if it has strong secondary stress (2) (i-e* in compound words) and short if it has weak secondary stress (1) (see 9).
Ex.: gosse (gos-a
c
)
boy (short ending vowel) f
Ijusbld (ju-sblo
The
4.
indicate
word
)
light- blue (long ending vowel) f
stop(-)
stress
and
the
inverted
but also intonation.
If
Tone verted commaf) are used, the word is
pronounced
with
I.
comma( only a
)
serve not only to
stop(-) is used, the
and an
If
both a stop(
is
pronounced with Tone
)
inII.
Ex.: Tone
matcn
I
(ina-tan) the food
fotterna (foot-ana) the feet
Tone
II 1
fl-ickan (tiik-an
)
the girl c the boys )
gossarna (gos-ana
45 5. The meaning of a word often depends on the tone. The word anden, for instance, may be pronounced either If pronounced with Tone I or Tone II: an-dan or an-dan with Tone I, it means the duck> (definite form of and). If pronounced with Tone II, it means the spirit (definite form c
.
of ande). 6.
one thing when pronounced when pronounced with Tone II.
Many Swedish words mean
with Tone
I and another thing
Ex.: Tone
Tone
I
II c
anden (an-dan) the duck
anden (an-dan ) the
buren (bu-ran) the cage panter (pan-tar) panther
buren (bu-ran ) carried panter (pan-t9r ) pledges eder (e-dar ) oaths
eder (e-dar) your
Spoken Swedish uage. 1.
c
c
slutet (sha-tat) the
14.
spirit
c
c
end
slutet (sha-tat
closed
)
The Spoken Language. differs
The following are All Nouns end in
very much from the written lang-
the principal divergencies. -a in the definite plural.
Ex.: b'gona (ogoneri) the eyes liuscna (husen) the houses 2.
Ituvetj
barna (barnen) the children The noun huvud head, has the form huve,
3. Adjectives ending in -ig glrop the Ex.: traki(g), trdki(g)t, tr&Jei(g)a, dull 4.
(def.
form
def. pi. huvena).
Many Pronouns
g.
have special colloquial forms.
Ex.: ja' (jag)
mig, dig, sig are pronounced msj-. de, dem are pronounced dom-, e. g.
dsj-,
dom
sej-
sdjer they say;
jag sag dom I saw them ndgot, intet have the forms nage, inge(t) ndgonting is contracted to na'nting
46 5.
Aft before an Infinitive
6.
The plural forms
is
of
pronounced
o.
Verbs are not used
in
colloquial speech. ri I'dper we buy (vi Jcdpa) dom springer they run (de springa) dom sprang they ran (de sprungo) The Past of the 1st Conjugation has
Ex.:
7.
the same form
as the Infinitive.
Ex.: ja' kasta' I threw (jag kastade) 1
vi
ropa
we
called (vi ropade)
The short forms
8.
sade (put,
A
10.
finitive
.
c
sager, is pronounced ssj-a
,
sej-er.
and the Present. her
be,
instead of giva, giver to give bedja, beder to beg tag a, tager to take
ta\ ta'r bli',
blir
>
The Supine
instead of
bliva, bliver to
become
the 4th Conjugation ends in
of
-c
or
4
-it.
hava tagif) we have taken dom liar sprung e (-i) (de hava sprungit) they have run The Auxiliary Verbs have the following colloquial
Ex.: vi 12.
l
few Verbs have short colloquial forms in the In-
Ex.: ge, ger
11.
and so are used instead of
said).
The verb saga,
9.
1
la'
liar tage (-i) (vi
forms:
jag dr de aro
colloquially pronounced ja t
jag (vi) hade jag var vi
dom ja (vi) had-s ja
c
vci-
vi va-
roro
jag shall
ja ska- (unstressed ska)
vi skola
viska-(
13. 14.
15.
The prepositions mcd, till are pronounced me, The conjunction och is pronounced o. Final
d,
g and
t
)
te
(ti).
are often dropped after a vowel.
47
Ex.: de(t) (Definite Article and Pronoun) va(d)
what
go(d) good (plural god) (def. form da'n; plural dar) bread bro(d) (def. form bro't] plural bro'n) 16. Final nd is often assimilated to nn. Ex.: vinn (instead of vind or vinden) wind, the wind
da(g)
day
lumn (instead of Imnd
or Jmndcn) dog, the
dog
GRAMMAR
4
222444.
Bjorkhagen. Modern Swedish Grammar.
The Noun. Articles. 15.
Masc. Fern,
Com.
en son en gossc en doiter en flicka en park en skola
The
en
I.
The
Indefinite Article.
Neuter
a son
a boy a daughter
ett horn
a horn
ett apple
an apple
a girl a park a school
Indefinite Article
is:
for masculine, feminine
and common gender;
ett^for neuter gender.
16.
The Swedish
II.
The
Definite Article.
Definite Article
a terminal
is
article,
i.
affixed to the end of the Noun, and not placed before the
c. it
as in English.
Singular. Masc.
sonen
the son
gossen Fern,
flickan
the boy the girl
Com.
parken the park skolan
the school
Neut.
is
Noun
hornet the horn applet the apple
52
The -en
Definite Article
-et (or
The
in the singular is: for masculine, feminine, and
-n)
(or
-t) for
common gender;
neuter nouns.
shorter forms (-n and -) are used when the Noun ends few other cases, for which see below).
in a vowel (and in a
Plural. Indefinite 1.
Definite
sJcolor
schools
skolorna
the schools
prinsar parker
princes
prinsarna
the princes the parks
parltcrna
parks skomakare shoemakers
skomakarna the shoemakers
(the final -e is dropped before 2.
dpplen
3.
horn
The
apples
dpplena
the apples
horns
hornen
the horns
Definite Article has three forms
-na
in
-no)
the plural:
2nd and 3rd 1st, belonging nouns of the 5th Declension Declensions; ending in -are and -ande. The final -e in nouns ending in -are is dropped 1.
nouns
for
also
to
the
for
before -na. 2.
3.
17. 1.
(Tone
-a for nouns of the 4th Declension. -en for neuter nouns of the 5th Declension.
Remarks on the Formation of the
Non-neuter nouns ending I,
see
9
in
B) take -n (not -en)
Definite Singular.
unstressed -el, -er in the definite form:
artikeln the article
2.
fdgeln
the bird
dkern
the field
segern
the victory
Neuter nouns ending
drop the
-e
before
-I
and
in unstressed -el, -er (Tone I) the definite form:
-r in
53 Indefinite
Definite
a sail
ett
segel
ett
exempel an example a finger finger
ett
the sail
seglet
exemplet the example the finger
fingret
paper, papperet the paper; the
Notice: papper
-e
is
not
word because it has Tone II. dropped 3. Nouns (non-neuters and neuters) ending in unstressed -en (Tone I) drop the -e before the definite article: in this
Indefinite
Definite
botten
bottom
soclten
parish
socknen the parish
weapon
vapnet
the
sign
teclmet
the sign
vapen tecken
bottnen the bottom
Notice: siden silk, sidenet the silk; the
word because it has Tone II. 4. The following nouns take the -en) although they have Tone II:
weapon
-e is
not dropped in
this
definite article
(not
Definite
Indefinite
fader n
the father
moder mother
modem
the mother
broder brother
brodern the brother
dotter
daughter
dottern
syster
sister
system the
fader
-n
father
the daughter sister
The word himmel (Tone II) heaven, takes the definite 5. form himlen (sometimes himmeln or himmelen). 6. Non-neuter nouns ending in -are (e.g. skomahare shoemaker; bag are baker; liammare hammer) drop the final -e before the definite article in colloquial speech:
skomakaren bagaren
(coll.
hammaren 7.
skomakarn) the shoemaker the baker bag am)
(coll.
(coll.
hammam)
Loanwords ending
in a
the
hammer
vowel fluctuate:
54 iirmeen or anu>'n
the
idten or iden
the idea
liafcet (coll. ~kafet)
the cafe
poesien
poetry
(coll.
poesin)
army
filosop.cn (coll. filosofiii) philosophy 8.
Latin words ending in -or take the definite article -n
(not -en): Indefinite
Definite
doktorn
doktor
professor 9.
professorn
Latin words ending in ~eum,
-ium
drop -urn before
the definite article -et. Indefinite
museum
Definite
museet
laboratorium laboratoriet 10.
In colloquial speech some nouns ending in -n remain
unchanged in the
definite form,
e.
Definite
Indefinite
bottom
g.:
mun
mouth
botten (instead of bottnen) the bottom kapten (instead of kapteneri) the captain mun (instead of munneri) the mouth
grind
(pronounced
grind (instead of grinden) the gate
botten
Uapten captain
grin-) gate 11.
Nouns derived from Verbs and ending
unchanged
in
-an remain
in the definite form:
beginning; the beginning Idngtdn longing; the longing
borjan
12. The nouns cxamcn examination, and froltcn Miss, do not take the definite article. 13. Nouns containing a short vowel followed by -M, double
the -n in the definite form, e. g. mun mouth, munncn the mouth.
man man, manncn
the
man;
55
Remarks on the Formation of the
18. 1.
-na
of
In formal style masculine nouns often take -ne instead in the definite plural: Indefinite
kungar kings bag are bakers
Definite
the kings the bakers
kungarne (or Jcungarna) bagarne (or bagarna)
Neuter nouns ending in unstressed
2.
the
Definite Plural.
-el) -en,
-er drop
before the definite article in the plural:
-e
Indefinite
Definite
segel
sails
seglen
exempel
examples
the sails the examples
weapons
exemplen vapnen
tecken
signs
tecknen
the weapons the signs
fonster
windows
fonstren
the
windows
fruntimren
the
women
vapen
fruntimmer women
Notice the following irregular plurals:
3.
Indefinite plur.
Definite plur.
man man
man
men
mannen (double
gas
gdss
geese
gassen mossen
the geese the mice
the eyes the ears
goose
mus mouse
moss
mice
oga or a
eye
ogon
eyes
ogonen
ear
oron
ears
oronen
The noun huvud
4.
(coll.
n!) the
head, has the definite plural
men
huvudena
huvena).
Notice
5.
the following divergences between the written definite plural of neuter nouns
and the spoken language in the
belonging to the 5th Declension: Indefinite
hus
houses
segel
sails
fonster
windows
6.
ears,
Definite
husen
(coll.
husena)
seglen (coll. seglena) fonstren (coll, fonsterna)
the houses
the sails
the windows
The definite plurals ogonen the eyes, and oronen the have in colloquial speech the forms ogona, orona.
56
The Use of the The
A.
Articles.
Definite Article.
In most cases the use of the 19. Swedish corresponds to the use of the English. 20.
The following are the Abstract, appellative
and
definite article in definite
article
in
principal exceptions: material nouns,
a general sense, take the definite
article.
Konsten dr
is
Art
when used
in
lang, livet dr kort. Ljuset gar fortare an ljudet.
long, life is short. travels faster than sound. Light
Tiden gar. Den allmdnna
Public opinion.
Time
opinionen. dro Jdoka djur. Elefanterna
flies.
Elephants are sagacious animals.
21.
Notice particularly the following words:
natiwen nature forsynen Providence
helvetet hell
bdet fate
paradiset paradise skdrselden purgatory
kristcnheten Christendom
mdnniskan man (mankind)
mtinskligheten humanity
mannen man
parlamentet Parliament
kvinnan woman
eftervdrlden posterity samhdllet (societeten) society dlderdomen old age
~kyr~kan
ungdomen youth
church skolan school
universitetct college
hovet court
.
himlen heaven
staden town
Examples: Sddant
forekommer
naturen. Odct var emot honom.
Sddan dr ungdomen.
aldrig
Such things never
occur
nature.
Fate was against him. Such is youth.
in
57
Fader
vdr,
som dr
i
Our Father,
himlen.
whicli
art
in
heaven.
Man
Mdnniskan spar, Gud rdr. Kvinnan skapades efter man-
proposes, God disposes. created after man.
Woman was
nen.
Jag gar i Jsyrkan om sondagarna. Om vardagarna gar jag i
I go to church on Sundays.
On week-days
I go to school.
sko Ian.
Han
har 22.
rest in till
Names
He
staden.
has gone up to town.
of meals, seasons, days,
and
festivals
take the
definite article.
De gingo nt efter middagen. Jay brukar ta en promenad fore
They went out
walk
before breakfast.
frukosten.
Om
after dinner.
I generally go out for a
sdndagarna
gar jag
On Sundays
i
I go to church.
kyrkan.
Varen dr en hdrlig drstid. Om somrarna bo vi pa landet.
Spring is a lovely season. In summer we live in the
Han kom
He came
country. och hdlsade
pa
oss
to see us at Christmas.
vid julen. 23.
Names
of
streets,
squares,
parks,
and other
public
places take the definite article.
Jag lor pa Kungsgatan.
I live in King's Street.
time and measure take the definite English the indefinite article is used. Nouns denoting time are preceded by a preposition (i, om). De Mr tavlorna kosta 500 kro- These pictures cost 500 kroner nor stycket. apiece. Handskarna kostade sju kro- The gloves cost seven kroner 24.
article,
Nouns denoting
where
in
nor paret.
Pennorna dussinet.
kosta
a pair. tvd
kronor
The
pencils
a dozen.
are
two kronor
58
Tdget gar sextio engelska mil
The
timmen. Det hdnder cndast en gang om
It only
train travels sixty (Englisli) miles an hour.
i
happens once a year.
dret.
Forra
25.
Notice
form.
expressions
last,
the
det
is
followed by a noun in the definite Article of the Adjective in the
Definite
mesta,
de
fiesta.
I
Jagtraffadehonomfdrraveckan (mdnaden, dret). (But: jag
trciffar
met him
year). I shall
lionom ndsta
vecka.
be
last
week (month,
seeing
him next
week.)
Det mesta teet kommer frdn Kina.
Most tea comes from China.
DC fiesta affdrerna dro stdngda pd sdndagarna.
Most shops are closed on Sun-
Nouns preceded by
26.
either,
Pd
and
the epithets bdda both, vardera
in gender a neither, require the definite article.
vardera sidan
sidor)
days.
om
(onpd omse
On
either side of the fairway.
segelleden.
Bdda gossarna
voro
Both boys were
ute.
out.
27. In several cases, which cannot be specially classified, an indefinite form in English corresponds to a definite form in Swedish. Ex. hela dagen all day, liela natten all night, blind pa ena ogat blind of one eye, hdlften av landet half of the country, vara av den dsikten to be of opinion, forlora tdla-
patience, doma till doden sentence to death, vid soluppgdngcn at sunrise, om dagen by day, om natten by
modet night,
lose
till
28.
namnet by name,
The
definite
till
article
utseendet by sight, in
etc.
Swedish often corresponds
to a possessive adjective in English.
Han
stoppadc handen i fickan. Jcunde inte halla balansen.
He put his hand in his pocket. He could not keep his balance.
59 V
Names
29.
and
of persons, vessels,
hotels
do not take the
definite article.
Jag
bor
Lundstroms.
Jios
I
arn
staying at the Lund-
stroms'.
Han
restc
till
New York med He
Aquitania.
Han
tog in
pa
sailed
for
New York
in
the Aquitania. He put up at the Strand.
Strand.
In several cases, which cannot be specially classified form in English corresponds to an indefinite form in Swedish. han stcg av pa fel (ordtt) station he got out at Ex.: the wrong station, jag shall stiga av vid ndsta station I am getting out at the next station, i nuvarande ogonblick at 30.
a
definite
1
the present moment, det d'r pel hb'ger (vdnster) sida it is on the right (left) hand side, norr (soder, osier, vaster) om Stockholm to the north (south, east, west) of Stockholm, spela piano play the piano, spela flojt play the flute, ha tandvdrJc have the toothache, etc.
B.
The
Indefinite Article.
In most cases the use of the ,31. Swedish corresponds with the use of the
indefinite article in indefinite article in
1.
Notice the following expressions: With the indefinite article:
2.
en del av pengarna Without the indefinite
English.
han vdntar pa svar he
is
part of the
money
article:
waiting for an answer, han
brev he is writing a letter, gora narr av ndgon make a fool of a person, ha oga for have an eye for, hurudan karl dr han? what sort of a man is he? han hade stor lust att for-
skriver
he had a great mind to try, jag har huvudvdrk I have man har rdtt att forsvara sig one has a right to defend oneself, gora slut pa put a stop to, vara slut be at an end, tag a plats take a situation,
so'ka
got a headache,
60 32. Predicative gion, profession, trade,
nouns denoting a person's nationality, reliage etc. do not take the indefinite article.
They are as a rule preceded by the prepositions till or for, by the word som (except after the verbs vara and ~blivd). Ibsen dr norrman, Strindberg dr svensk. Jlannnen var protestant, lians hustru katolik. Han dr Itikare till yrket.
Ibsen
is
berg
is
a Norwegian, Strinda Swede.
The husband was his wife a
He
or
a Protestant, Catholic.
Roman
a physician by profes-
is
sion.
Redan
sow
barn skrev han
ro-
Even
maner.
Han
vald till riksdags-
blev
He was
man.
or
how
indefinite
article
(but: en
sddan hdrlig utsikt!} Inser du inte, vilket oerhort misstag du liar gjort? stort misstag
dnnu
sd
har
jag an
du gjort
liar ett
is
not
What
det se mbrkt
a splendid view!
Don't you realise what a termistake rible you have
made? However great a mistake I have made, you have made a
storre.
Mdngen gang kan ut.
of
a (one).
Vilken lidrlig utsikt!
gjort,
Member
used after the word (or what) in exclamations, nor after Imr however,
The
mdngen many
Hur
elected a
Parliament.
33.
vilken
as a child he wrote no-
vels.
greater one. a time the outlook
still
Many
may
be dark.
34. The indefinite article is placed before and not after the Adjective in expressions like the following: en halv mil half a mile, en halo timnie half an hour, ctt sddant svdrt problem so difficult a problem, vid en sddan tid
at such a time, hon var en lika skicklig politiker som Elisabet sjdlv she was as clever a politician as Elisabeth herself, ett alltfor stnrt mixstag too great a mistake, etc.
61
Gender. 35. line,
The Swedish language has four Genders: mascu-
feminine,
A
Noun
common, and
masculine, if the
1.
of the
neuter.
is:
pronoun
han
(he) can be used instead
Noun.
Ex.: gossen: lian the boy: he. 2. feminine, if the pronoun lion (she) can be used instead of the Noun. Ex.: flickan: lion the girl: she. 3. common, if the pronoun den of the
Ex.: stolen: den the chair: 4.
(it)
can be used instead
Noun. neuter,
if
it.
the pronoun det
(it)
can be used instead of
the Noun.
Ex.: bordet: det the table:
In
it.
masculine, feminine, and common nouns the
singular ends in -n. Ex.: gossen, flickan; stolen. In neuter nouns the definite singular ends in Ex.: lor det. 36.
I.
definite
-t.
Masculine are:
Designations of men and male animals. Ex.: Erik; Jconung king, tjur bull, tupp cock. 2. Designations of higher animals are generally treated 1.
common to males and females. Ex. elefanten the elephant, hasten the horse, ornen the eagle.
as masculine even if they are :
37.
II.
Feminine are:
Designations of women and female animals. Ex.: Maria; drottning queen, ho cow, Mna hen. 2. Nouns designating animals are often feminine if the nominative ends in -a. They may also be treated as of com1.
mon
gender. Ex.: rdtta mouse, duva pigeon, fluga
fly.
62
A
3.
blomma
few other nouns ending
Hur
N.B. time
is it?
The
4.
in -
c.
?
g.
klocka clock,
flower.
mycket dr klockan?
Hon
hale sju.
What
It is half past six.
noun
-niatniiska
man
both
(including
man and
woman). 38.
III.
Common
are:
Designations of things and animals (with the above exceptions) if the definite form ends in ~n. 1.
snigeln the snail, fdgeln the bird, fisken the fish, gdddan the pike, stolen the chair, so/fan the sofa, morgonen the morning, rosen the rose, Jiandcn the hand, foten the Ex.:
foot.
Names
2.
vintern
of
months, seasons, and festivals.
spring,
sommaren summer, hasten autumn,
winter, julen
Christmas, pdsken Easter, pingsten
Ex.: vdren
Whitsuntide.
Names
3.
of trees.
Ex.: bjorken the birch, granen the spruce-tree, fallen the Scotch fir, poppeln the poplar.
Names of lakes, rivers, and boats. Mdlaren Lake Malar, Vattern Lake
4.
Vatter, Thcmsen the Thames, Thorsten the Thorsten, Balder the Balder.
Ex.:
Nouns ending
5.
in:
-ad,
-are,
-dom,
-hct,
-ing,
-leJc,
-ion.
the month, hammaren the hammer, barnthe beauty, tdrningen the die, karskonhcten childhood, leken love, nationen the nation. Ex.:
mdnaden
domen
39.
IV.
Neuter are:
Designations of things and animals form ends in -t. 1.
if
the definite
Ex.: fdret the sheep, Met the bee, lejonet the lion, lordet the table, fonstret the window, taket the roof, scglet the sail, fingret the finger.
Names of continents, countries, mountains, provinces, towns, and other inhabited places. 2.
63
Ex. Europa, Asien, England, Sverige (Sweden), Mont Blanc, Dalarna, Stockholm, London, Mora, Drottningnolm. 3. The letters of the alphabet. Ex.: ett a an a, ett I a b, etc. :
Nouns ending
4.
Ex.:
bryggeriet a museum,
museum
in
the ett
-en',
-on (names of berries), -urn.
brewery, liallonet the raspberry, laboratorium a. laboratory.
40.
ett
Exceptions.
The masculine
titles ending in -bud and -rdd take the and indef.). Ex.: ett sandebud an ambassador, ett statsrdd a minister. N.B. The pronoun used instead of these nouns is han 1.
neuter articles (def.
(not det). Ex.: Ar statsrddet lieinma?
2.
takes
Is the minister at
home?
Nej, han har gait ut. No, he has gone out. The feminine appellation fruntimmcr woman, lady, the neuter articles, but the pronoun used instead of
fruntimmer is lion (not det). Ex.: Det ar ett fruntimmer
Son
buren.
ber ait fa tala
(def.
med
form fruntimret) i tamThere is a woman
doktorn.
She wants to speak to the doctor. The noun barn child, is neuter (ett barn, barnet). Nouns like kusin cousin, gemdl consort, patient patient,
in the hall. 3.
4.
are
masculine or feminine according as they refer to
men
or
women. In poetry abstract nouns are often personified and treated as feminine (sometimes masculine). 5.
Ex.: sanningen truth, friheten liberty. 6. The noun sto mare, is neuter. 7.
A
few words ending in -are are neuter: ett altare an ankare an anchor. Two nouns ending in -on are common: morgonen the
altar, ett 8.
morning, aftoneti the evening.
64
Remarks on Gender.
41.
Common
1.
and neuter
in
Swedish correspond
to
neuter
in English.
The pronouns den and det correspond to To know whether a noun denoting a thing
2.
it.
3.
mal
or an ani-
common
is
tionary.
No
or neuter, it is necessary to consult a dichard and fast rules can be given.
Common
are
c.
Neuter are
g.:
e.
g.:
stolen the chair
bordet the table
bollcn the ball gdsen the goose geten the goat
golvet the floor Met the bee fdret the sheep
Case. 42. A Swedish noun has two case-forms: nominative and genitive. The nominative is also used as objective case. 43. The genitive is formed by adding -s to tae nominative, both in the definite and in the indefinite form, both in the singular and in the plural:
Ex.:
Gen.
Nona. en skola a school
en skolas of a school
skolan the school
sJcolans of the school
skolor schools
slcolors of schools
skolorna the schools
sliolornas of the schools
N.B.
No
apostrophe
44. 1.
The
same form
is
used before the
Remarks on the
genitive of proper as the nominative.
-s.
Genitive.
names ending In
in ~s has the
writing, the genitive
is
65
by an apostrophe after -s. Ex.: Johannes' evangellnm the Gospel according to St. John. The genitive of nouns ending in -s, e. g. prins, dans, 2. should be avoided in the indefinite form. indicated
3.
Latin names, especially those ending in -us, often take
the Latin genitive.
Ex. Pauli brev till romarna St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, Berselii park Berzelius' Park. :
The Use of the 45.
Genitive.
The genitive in -s is more common in Swedish than Not only nouns denoting living beings but also
in English.
nouns denoting inanimate objects take the genitive in -s. Ex.: Imsets agare the owner of the house, bergets fot the foot of the mountain, en arans man a man of honour, parkens trad the trees of the park, ljusets hastighet the rapidity of light, etc. 46. Even adjectives and participles used as nouns take s in the genitive. Ex.: den gamles
tacksamhet the old man's gratitude, de
na'rvarandes mening the opinion of those present, In cases like the following the genitive 47.
etc.
is
not used
in Swedish.
Han
He
bor hos sin master.
Jag gick med
receptet
till na'r-
maste apotek.
Han
En En En
gick
till
is
staying at his aunt's.
I took the prescription to the nearest chemist's.
He went
bagarcn.
van till hans far (or: av hans jars vanner). slakting till min hustru. )
to the baker's.
A
+1 friend off his father
A
relative of
\
p
>
-i
L>
>
s.
\
(Compare:
5
222444.
En
av mina vanner.
Bjdrkhagtn, Mode-n
SirecUsh
A
my
wife's.
friend of mine.)
Grammar.
66
Prepositional Epithets. 48.
The English preposition
of
in epithets corres-
ponds to various prepositions in Swedish. Ex. slaget rid Trafalgar the battle of Trafalgar, kdrleken till Gud the love of God, herr Andersson frdn Stockholm Mr Andersson of Stockholm, dorren till rummet the door of the :
room, tain,
toppen
av
berget or bergstoppen the top of the
gudsfruktan the fear of God, tanken
of death,
pa
moun-
doden the thought
etc.
Nouns denoting
quantity are not followed by a in Swedish. preposition Ex. en butelj vin a bottle of wine, en bit popper (or en pappersbit) a piece of paper, ett glas vatten a glass of water, ett par mdnader a couple of months, ett par skor a pair of of en hel del bcsvdr a shoes, mycket pengar plenty money, 49.
:
great deal of of wires, etc.
trouble,
ett stort
antal trddar a great
number
Notice the following expressions: Vi voro fyra stycken. There were four of us. Giv mig tvd stycken. Give me two of them. De dro for manga. There are too many of them.
50.
51.
ted
by
The expressions
ett slags,
Alia mojliga slags manniskor.
Ett nytt slags potatis. Jag tycker inte om sddant. Tvd sorters papper.
of>,
a sort of
are transla-
All sorts and conditions men. A new kind of potatoes.
of
I don't like that sort of thing. Two kinds of paper.
No preposition is used after geographical appelsuch as land country, rike kingdom, stad town, land-
52. lations,
a kind
en sorts.
*>kap province, etc.
On Gottland
ligger milt
i
The island ed
Ostersjan.
of Gotland
the
in
is situat-
middle
of
the
Baltic.
The province The kingdom
Landskapet Dalarna. Konungariket Sverige.
No preposition
53.
month, namn name,
is
of Dalarna.
of Sweden.
used after the nouns mdnad
titel title,
rop cry, parti game, betydelsc
sense.
En
bagare vid
namn Lund-
berg.
Han De
fick
A
baker of the name of Lundberg.
titeln professor: ctt
spclade
parti bridge.
Jannari mdnad dr den kal-
The
title of professor
w as r
be-
stowed upon him. They played a game of bridge. The month of January is the coldest.
laste.
Den
N.V.
tjugoforsta
The
21st of April.
The
last of
april.
Den
sista januari.
No determinative pronoun
54.
January. used in Swedish
is
before a genitive in cases like the following:
Ljusets hastighet dr storre an
The rapidity than
Ijudets.
that
of light
is
greater
of sound.
Indirect Object. 55.
the
No
verbs
preposition precedes the
tillskriva
attribute,
indirect object after
meddela communicate,
synas
seem, forefalla appear, tilllwra belong, lidnda happen.
Dikten har
tillskrivits
Tegner.
The poem has been
attributed
to Tegner.
Han tneddelade mig
sina
iakttagelser.
Oss forefaller det omojligt.
He communicated
his observa-
tions to me.
To us
it
seems impossible.
68
Huset tillhor nvig. Det foil Jtouoiu aldrig in, han kunde ha ortitt.
Har
ndgonthig
It
The house belongs It never
att
Has anything happened
ant poj-
The when it
skulle bli
is often used without a prepogoverned by a predicative adjective.
indirect object is
er mycket
I should be very to you.
for-
bunden.
De gamla
visorna dro
The verb "to
57.
old
me
tell"
songs
translated
is
are as dear to
as ever.
.
.
by
tala
om
for
_.
Do
not
tell
bag
Vem taladc om det for j Vem har sagt detJ -tr
to us
(at).
Tala inte om det Jfor ndgon.} ,A , , det inte at nagon. ..
The
mig
kdra som ndgonsin.
or saga
obliged
in numbers.
antal.
lika
much
The enemy were superior
Fiendernavoro oss overlay sna i
to the
boys?
56.
Jag
him that
he might be wrong.
a\*
sition
to me.
occurred to
1
,
Sag mig
dig?}
.
Who
Tell att
told
you?
J
en sak.
Jag har ndgonting
ATri
anybody.
saga
me
something.
I have something to say to you.
er.
Sdg at
lionom, att han kommer hit. Sag dt honom,attjag villtala 1
l
mcd honom. 58.
at to,
The
when
it
Tell
him
Tell
him that
indirect
object is preceded
comes after the direct
I
here.
want
to
speak
bror.
my stress on dt.
by the preposition
object.
He bought me and min
kopte en segelbdt at inig och en dngmaskin fit
With the
come
to him.
Han
1
to
a
sailing-boat
for
a steam-engine for
brother.
69
Declensions. 59.
60.
The Swedish language has five declensions, e. five ways of forming the plural of nouns. The plural of nouns belonging to the 1st Decleni.
different
sion ends in -or*
The plural ends in -ar.
The
plural
2nd Declension
of
nouns belonging
of
nouns belonging to the 3rd Declension
to the
ends in -er.
The plural
of nouns belonging to the
4th Declension ends
in -n.
The plural of nouns belonging to the 5th Declension has the same form as the singular.
61.
1st Declension.
Plural termination: -or. Plural
Singular 1.
2.
en sUola
a school
sfcolor
sJcolan
the school
sftolOTnn, the schools
en ros rosvn
a rose the rose
rosor roses rosorna the roses
62. 1.
To the
schools
1st Declension belong:
Non-neuter nouns ending in -a. Itrona crown, fliclca girl, gata
Ex.:
street, flagga flag, tavla picture, etc. They drop the final -a before the plural termination: Jcronor, flickor, gator, tavlor.
(Exception: historia story, plur. historier.) 2.
A
ros slipper,
few others:
svan swan, vug wave, vad calf of the udcr vein.
rose,
leg, toffel
70
In the plural:
rosor,
svanor,
vagor,
vador,
tofflor,
ddror.
N.B. Anor ancestors or pedigree, bannor chidings, matvaror victuals, inalvor entrails, are only used in the plural.
63.
2nd Declension.
Plural termination: -ar.
71
The following nouns have an irregular plural
5.
Plur.
Sing.
sommar summer
somrar
afton evening
aftnar
morgon morning
morgnar
djdvul devil
djdvlar
moder mother
modrar
dotter
dottrar
daughter
N.J3. Fordldrar parents, and are only used in the plural.
65.
pengar (penning ar) money,
3rd Declension.
Plural termination: ~er. Plural
Singular 1.
en park parkvn
a park the park
en hand
a hand
handen
the hand
2.
en protestant
3.
5.
the negro
en doktor doktorn
a doctor
doctors
the doctor
the doctors
a negro
bageri
bagerist ett
7.
hands the hands
en neger negern
ett
6.
hands?
protestanter protestanternn
protestanten 4.
parks the parks
a bakery the bakery
museum
negrer
negroes the negroes
bagerier
bakeries
bagerierna,
the bakeries
museer
musevt 1
Tone 2
Plurals
of
this
group have Tone
I.
With the
stress shifted on to -or-.
II.
Plurals of the other groups have
6(>.
To the 3rd Declension belong:
monosyllabic nouns ending in a consonant, c.
Many
the plural: Plur.
Sing.
hand hand and duck
Under
brand brand rand stripe
brdnder rdnder
strand beach
strdnder
tand tooth
land
(n.) country tang pair of tongs stdng pole ledamot member
son son stad town bolt
book
fot foot
ha'nde.r
t
cinder
lander tdnger st anger
ledamoter (Tone II) soner (Tone II) stdder bocJcer
rot root
fdtter rotter
natt night
natter
bokstav letter in the
bokstaver
alphabet
N.B. All these plurals (except ledamoter and soncr) have Tone I. 3. The following nouns, which double the final consonant in the plural: Sinjr. !I
ft
tint
goat nut
Plur.
getter (Tone I) nutter (Tone I)
73 4.
Nouns ending
in
-at?,
and
-nd'r
-slzap,
-else,
e.
mdnad
g.
knowledge, konstnar artist, lidndelse event. The final -c in -else is dropped in the plural: handelser. 5. Non-neuter nouns of foreign origin (loan-words) with the stress on the last syllable, e. g. akademi academy, arme
month,
JcunsJcap
army, ide idea, metall metal, diamant diamond, nation nation. Plur. akademier, .armeer, ideer, etc. 6.
Latin nouns
in
-eum and -ium,
They drop -um
torium.
before
the
g.
museum, labora-
plural
ending: museer,
e.
laboratories 7.
Loan-words ending
in -arie,
These drop the
-ie.
-e be-
fore the plural termination, e. g. bibliotekarie librarian, dktie share. Plur. bibUotelcdrier, aktier. 8.
Loan-words ending in
-or,
e.
g.
doctor, professor.
the plural: doktorer, professorer (with the stress on 9.
Loan-words ending
in
unstressed
-el,
-er,
e.
In
-or-).
g.
fabel
mirakel miracle, muskel muscle, mobel piece of furniture, fiber fibre, neger negro. (Exception: tiger tiger, pi. tigrar.) The -e is dropped in the plural: fabler, miraJcler, muskier, fable,
mobler, fibrer, negrer. 10.
Neuter nouns ending in
11.
The following nouns ending
their plural by adding -r Sing,
-eri,
e.
g.
bryggeri brewery.
in a
vowel form
instead of -er:
mo
maiden
hustru
wife
hustrur
jungfru
jungfrur
Jco
maid cow
Ido
claw
Idor
sJco
shoe
skor
td
toe
tar
frande (Tone II) relative fiende
enemy
bonde (Tone II) peasant stadsbo town- dweller
pi.
mor
Jcor
fra'nder (Tone I!)
fiender
bonder (Tone stadsbor
I!)
74 12.
The following nouns
are
only
used in the plural:
grdnsdker vegetables, ranker intrigues, ferier vacation, /?nanser finances, kalsonger pants, orgier orgies, specerier, ri kindlier
groceries.
67.
4th Declension.
Plural termination -n*
75
5th Declension.
70.
Plural like singular. Plural
Singular
ett
1.
horn
a horn
hornet
the horn
en bagare bagaren en resande resanden
2.
3.
71.
a baker the baker
a traveller
horn hornen
horns 1
bagare 2 bagarnn resande
the horns
bakers the bakers travellers
the traveller resandensL 2 the travellers
To the 5th Declension belong:
1. Neuter nouns ending in a consonant, e. g. barn child, namn name, hus bouse, bad bath. Also neuter loan-words
ending in a consonant, e. g. kapital, ackord. 2. Nouns ending in -are and -ande, e. g. skomakare shoemaker, resande traveller, anJcare (neuter!) anchor. 3. Some nouns (names of peoples and Latin words) ending in -er, e. g. belgier a Belgian, egyptier an Egyptian, indier an Indian, perser a Persian; akademiker academician, botaniker botanist, musiker musician. 4.
The names
of the suits in cards: hjdrter, ruter, klover,
spader hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades. 5. Nouns denoting measure: en mil a mile, en kilometer, en meter, en turn an inch, en liter, en ton (ton-). 72.
take
the
1.
The
definite
neuter
nouns of this declension (except ankare) -en (instead of -na) in the plural:
article
hornen, barnen. 2.
The
non-neuter
have the regular 1
2
See See
72. 1.
72. 2.
nouns ending in
-are,
-ande,
definite article -na in the plural:
and
-er
bagarna,
76
rcsandena,
cgypticrna.
The
final
-e in
-are
dropped be-
is
fore the definite article in the plural.
The following nouns are
73.
irregular in
the plu-
ral: Plur.
Sing.
en
man
mannen (double en gas
gdsen en lus en
mus
man the man a
n!)
a goose the goose
men
tniin
mannen
(double n!) the
gass
gassen
geese the geese
a louse
loss
lice
the louse
lossen
the lice
a mouse
moss moss en
the mice
fader
fathers
fdderna
the fathers
broder
brothers
musen
the
en fader
a father
mouse
fader n
the father en broder a brother brodern the brother
men
mice
brodcrna the brothers
Remarks on Number. 74.
The following nouns
and in the
plural (in
are used both in the singular English only in the singular): Plur.
Sing.
rad a piece of advice ett goromdl a piece of business en mobel a piece of furniture en inkomst an income
mobler furniture inkomster income
en underrdttelse a piece of in-
underrdttelser information
ett
rad advice (joromdl business
formation (en)
kunskap knowledge
en penning a coin ett framstcf/ progress en nyhet a piece of news
kunskaper knowledge pengar money fram xt eg progress nylicter news
77
Han har my diet smd inJcomster. Kunslcap ar maid.
Knowledge
Han
He
liar
goda
frdmmande
He
i
Itunskaper
sprak.
De gjorde snabba Mina pengar dro
has a very poor income. is power. has a good knowledge of
foreign languages.
They made rapid progress. My money is stolen. That is good news.
framsteg. stulna.
Det var goda nyheter.
Notice the singular form of the following nouns:
75.
en sax
a pair of scissors
(den har saxen these scissors) two pairs of scissors) (tvd saxar en passare
a pair of compasses a pair of tongs ashes
en tang
aska innehdll
contents
navre
oats
riJcedom
riches
en trappa tack
a flight of stairs
Ion
wages
(i
trappan on the stairs)
thanks
The Adjective. 76.
I.
Declensions.
A.
Indefinite Declension.
Singular
Non-Neuter
(M., F.
&
Neuter
C.)
varmt
varwi warm Plural
(all
Genders)
varma Ex.:
En varm sommar
a
Ett varmt bad Varma somrar
a
warm summer. warm bath. warm summers.
78
The Indefinite Declension has three forms, viz.: 1. One for the non-neuter singular: varm. 2. One for the neuter singular, formed by adding -: rarntt. One for the plural of all genders, formed by adding -a 3. to the non-neuter sing.:
The
varma.
indefinite forms are also used
Ex.:
predicatively.
Sommaren dr varm the summer
is
warm.
Badet dr varmt the bath is warm. Somrarna dro varma the summers are warm. 77.
B.
Definite Declension.
Singular and Plural
(all
Genders)
varma Ex.:
Den varma sommaren the warm summer. Det varma badet the warm bath. De varma somrarna the warm summers. The
78.
Definite Declension has
only one form: varma. The defi-
It is like the plural of the Indefinite Declension. nite form is generally preceded by the Definite Article of the Adjective:
den det
de
for the for the
for the
N.B.
79.
It
non-neuter in the singular; neuter in the singular;
plural
of all genders.
must be observed that the Noun takes the
(terminal) Definite Article although the Adjective
by den 9
det, de: den varma sommaren, de varma somrarna. 80.
det
is
preceded
varma badet,
Remarks on the Formation of the Neuter
in the
Indefinite Declension. 1. -t
Adjectives that end in a stressed
in the neuter.
vowel take double
79
Ex.: bid blue
neuter: bldtt
grd grey wy new
grdtt
/H
free
2. Adjectives that end in the neuter.
Ex.: mogen ripe small liten
(pi.
blda)
(pi.
nytt
(pi.
#rda) w/a)
fritt
(pi.
/Ha)
unstressed
neuter: moget
own
-ew drop the -n in
(pi.
fo'fefl
(pi.
eget
(pi.
mogna)
3. preceded by a consonant Adjectives that end in remain unchanged in the neuter. -
Ex.: fast firm
neuter: fast sfoZtf
proud
(pi.
(pi.
Monosyllabic adjectives that end in -t preceded by long vowel have double -t and short vowel in the 4.
a
neuter.
Ex.: sot sweet vat 5.
neuter: sott
wet
Adjectives
(pi.
sotd)
vatt (pi.
that
end in
-it
remain unchanged in the
neuter.
Ex.: 6.
neuter:
trott tired
Adjectives that end in -d
tr'ott
(pi.
trotta)
preceded by
a
consonant
drop the -d in the neuter. Ex.: ond
7.
neuter: ont
evil
(pi.
onda)
blind blind
blint (pi. blinda)
hard hard mild mild
Mr
(pi.
hard a)
m*7<
(pi.
milda)
Adjectives
change -d
that
end in -d preceded by a vowel
into, -ft.
Ex.: #od
good glad glad
neuter: gott
(pi.
#oda)
#Zaft (pi. glada}
80 Adjectives that end in -nn drop one -n in the neuter. Ex.: sann true neuter: stint (pi. sanna) 8.
The following
adjectives are not used in the neuter Indefinite of the Declension: lat lazy, rcidd frightened, singular 9.
hogcr right, vanster
left.
Remarks on the Formation
81.
of the Plural and the
Definite Declension.
Adjectives that end in unstressed -al\ -n?, -e/, -er drop the vowel proceeding -?, -n, -r in the plural and in the definite form. 1.
Ex.:
2.
plural and def. form:
gammal
old
mogen
ripe
mognci
adel
noble
ddla
tapper
brave
t
The
adjective liten
liten ett
little,
flicka
litet barn
smd {en
flickor (barn)
(one m!)
appro,
irregular:
a
little girl
a
little child
little girls (children)
lilla flicJcan det lilla barnet
de smd {den
is
gamla
the little girl the little child
flicJcorna (barnen) the little girls (children)
In the masculine singular of the definite declension It should -e is sometimes used instead of -a. of -a in instead be the masculine used singular) (in always 3.
the termination
the following cases: a)
In exclamations and in solemn apostrophes.
Ex.: gode
Mre
Gud! good God! vein!
dear friend!
81 b)
When
c)
When
the Adjective is used as a Noun. Ex.: denMinde the blind man (compare: den llinda the blind woman) the Adjective
is
used after a proper name as a
surname. Ex.: Karl den store ".--
Erik den helige y C"
',<
-
.
Charlemagne St.
.
,
Eric .
Remarks on the Use of the Indefinite and the Definite Declensions.
The Adjective should be declined according when used:
A.
82.
to
the indefinite declension
with the
1.
Ex.:
mdngen
indefinite adjectives:
(varje) tapper soldat
a
many
(every) brave
soldier
no unkind action some kind person
ingen ovdnlig handling
ndgon vdnlig mdnniska 2.
with the
interrogative adjectives in exclamations:
Ex.: vilken hdrlig utsikt!
what
a glorious view!
^i
83.
the
The Adjective should be declined according to declension (but without the definite article) when
13.
definite
used: 1.
after a genitive:
Ex.: Anderssons
Andersson's new house new house the new owner of the
nya 1ms
hans (hennes, deras) nya husets nya dgare
Jtus his (her, their)
house 2.
after a personal pronoun:
Ex.: jag olyckliga mannisJca! 3.
I,
unhappy man!
after a possessive adjective:
Ex.: mitt
(ditt, vart,
ert,
sitt)
nya. bus
my
(thy, our, your,
his) 6
222444.
Bjorkhagen, Modern Swedish Grammar.
new house
8L>
after a demonstrative adjective:
4.
Ex.: detta
nya hns
(dct hiir
nya Imset)
this
new house
after a determinative adjective:
5.
nya hus, som ser ddr borta
du
Ex.: det
new 'house you
the
see over
there
after a relative pronoun:
6.
Ex.: han
he
dr en man, vars goda smaJc jag Jean
is
a
man whose good
taste
I can rely on
pa
lita
in forms of address:
7.
Ex.: hare van! dear friend! Jcara barn! dear child! pare:
When
8.
Ex.
:
lilla
(Com-
Basta Herr Andersson! Dear Mr Andersson.)
the Adjective qualifies a following proper name:
Maria
Maria, Tjocka Bcrta Big Bertha.
little
In
commercial correspondence expressions like the folare often met with: ovanndmnda brev the above-menlowing tioned letter, nedan angivna dag the date indicated below, 9.
narslutna skrivelse the enclosed 84.
letter.
Notice that in all these cases the Adjective has the
form, but the Noun the indefinite form. Except after the demonstrative adjectives den hdr and den dar, when both the definite
Adjective and the
Noun take
the
def.
form.
Exception: The
adjective egen, own, takes the inform after a genitive and after a possessive adjective. Ex.: Anderssons egen bror Andersson's own brother, hans 85.
definite
(min, var) eg en bror his (my, our) (ditt,
his)
vdrt,
own
ert,
hans) eget hus
house,
(pi.
vdra
my
egna
own
brother, mitt
(thy, our, your,
barn
our own
children). 86. Notice the omission of the Definite Article of the Adjective in expressions like the following: i samma dgonblick at the same moment, han sdlde det i ndrmaste 8tad he sold it in the nearest town;
83 Atlantiska oceanen the Atlantic Ocean, norra (so'dra, ostra vastra, mellersta) Sverige the north (south, east, west, centre) of Sweden;
hela
landet
all
sjdlva kungen the 87.
The
the
King
country, halva staden half the town, himself, etc.
Definite Article of the Adjective
is
often omitted
in headings,
Andra
Ex.:
kapitlet Chapter TI, Franska revolutionen the French Revolution, etc.
Genitive of Adjectives. 88.
When
an Adjective
is
used as a
Noun
it
takes
-
in the genitive.
Han
Ex.:
dr de fattigas van.
Vi tro .
pa
det
godas
He
is
the friend of the poor. believe in the
slutliga seger.
We
final victory of good.
,
89.
When
an Adjective follows after the
qualified
Noun
the Adjective takes the genitive -s instead of the Noun. den stores soner the sons of Charlemagne.
Indeclinable Adjectives. 90.
Adjectives that end in -a and and in the plural.
-e
remain unchanged
in the neuter
Ex.: ring a humble,
bra good, stilla quiet,
udda odd, ukta
genuine, samtida contemporary, gyllene golden, ode desert, gdngse current. En bra karl a good fellow, ett bra svar a good ans-
wer, 91.
flicka!
etc.
The
poor
adjective stackars does not change: stackars girl! stackars barn! poor child! stackars md'nni-
skor! poor people!
84
Comparison.
II. 92. 1.
The degrees
Positive:
of comparison are: 2.
3.
Comparative:
Superlative:
varm
vann&re
varmast
warm
warmer
warmest
The regular terminations of the Comparative 93. and the Superlative are -are and -ast. They are al-
ways Ex.:
added
non-neuter form of the Positive.
kallare starkare
kallast
ny new
nyare
nyast
trott tired
trottare
trottast
sann true
sannare
sannast
94. -e
to the
stark strong
~kall
before
cold
the Positive ends in unstressed
If I,
n, r is
Ex.: adel noble
mogen
ripe
vacker pretty 95.
starkast
-el,
-en, -er,
the
dropped in the Comparative and Superlative. ddlast ddlare
mognare
mognast
vackrare
vackrast
If the Positive ends in
-a,
this
vowel
is
dropped in
the Comparative and the Superlative. Ex.: ring a humble
ringare
ringast
The following adjectives form their Comparaand Superlative by adding -re and -st (instead of
96.
tive -are
and
-ast).
Ex.: hog high grov coarse
hogst
hogre grovre
grovst
stor big
storre
storst
ung young tung heavy
yngre
yngst
tyngre
tyngst
lung long
Icingre
Idngst
trdng narrow
trdngre
trdngst
85 lag low fa few
Idgre
Idgst
farre
smarre small tive
97. These adjectives modify their vowel in the Comparaand Superlative:
o is
changed into
a u
6
a y
Smarre and fdrre have doable
-r.
The following adjectives have
98.
irregular
com-
parison:
god
(or bra)
good
ddlig bad ond bad
gammal
bdttre
bast (def. form: bdsta)
sdmre
sdmst
(def. form: stimstd) vdrst (def. form vdrsta] didst (def. form: dldsta)
vdrre
:
7dre mind re
old
liten little
minst
(def.
form: minsta)
de fiesta /?era (or fler) many mera (or mer) wes (def. form: mesta) mycken much 99. Some adjectives form their Comparative and Super-
manga
pi.
by mera more, and mest most, instead of terminations, the adjectives that end in -ad, -e, -isk and all Past Participles used as Adjectives.
lative i.
e.
Ex.: Positive
Comparative
Superlative
godhjartad kind-hearted ode desert
mera godhjdrtad mera ode mera nitisk mera alskad
mest godhjdrtad mest ode
nitisk zealous dlsJcad beloved
100.
Some
adjectives
only
occur
in
mest nitisJc mest alskad the Comparative
and the Superlative. Ex.: frdmre fore-, front inre inner yttre outer
frdmst foremost innerst innermost ytterst
outermost
Declensions of the Comparative and the Superlative. The Comparative.
I.
101. The Comparative is indeclinable* It has the same form in the neuter as in the non-neuter, the same form in the plural as in the singular, and the same form in the definite as in
the indefinite declension. Indefinite Declension.
sommar
Ex.: en varmare
summer warmer bath warmer summers
a warmer
varmare lad varmare somrar
a
ett
Definite Declension.
den varmare sommaren det varmare badet de varmare somrarna
II.
The
warmer summer warmer bath the warmer summers
the
the
Superlative.
Indefinite Declension.
The
form of the Superlative ends in -ast neuter and (or -st), (common, plural alike). Ex.: sommaren ar varmast the summer is warmest 102.
indefinite
is warmest summers are warmest
badet ar varmast
the bath
somrarna
the
tiro
varmast
Definite Declension.
103.
Superlatives ending
in
-ast take the termination -c
(common, neuter and plural alike). Ex.: den varmaste sommaren the warmest summer '/
the definite form
de varmaste somrarna
the warmest
summers
in
87 104. N.B. Superlatives that end in -st (instead of -ast) take the termination -a (instead of -e) in the definite form.
Ex.: den yngsta dottern det dldsta barnet de bdsta eleverna 105.
the youngest daughter the eldest child
the best pupils used predicatively the Adjective
When
is
declined
either according to the definite or to the indefinite declension.
Ex.:
Era blommor Era blommor 106.
aro vackrast. aro de vackraste.
Your Your
flowers are prettiest. flowers are the prettiest.
The indefinite form must be used when
parison refers to different parts of the
Ex.:
Har 107.
dr sjon djupast.
same
Here the lake
object. is
deepest.
The definite form must be used when
lative is followed
by
the com-
the Super-
a qualifying clause or phrase.
Ex.:"
De har blommorna raste, jag
aro de vack-
liar sett.
These flowers are the prettiest I have seen.
108. When used attributively (as an epithet) the Superlative is declined according to the definite declension. It is then generally preceded by the Definite Article of the Adjective (den, det, de).
Ex.: den starkaste gossen det stdrsta huset de Jcallaste ndtterna
in
the strongest boy the largest house the coldest nights
The Definite Article of the Adjective is omitted 109. a number of stereotyped expressions, e. g.: i frdmsta rummet in the foremost place i
storsta hast
bdsta fall Notice also: Karaste du! i
Bdsta Herr Andersson!
in great haste at best
Dearest!
Dear Mr. Andersson (beginning of a letter).
88
110.
Remarks on the Terminations -a and
-e in
the
Adjective. 1.
The termination -a
a) in the definite
is
form of
used: the positive.
the cold winter
Ex.: den Jcalla vintrrn
the tall boy the little child
den stora gossen det lilla barnet de roda bloninwrna b) in the definite
form of
the red flowers
the superlatives that end
in -st.
the highest mountain the tallest boy
Ex.: det ho'ysta bcrget
den storsta gossen de minsta mmmen
the smallest rooms
2.
The termination
a)
in the definite fornTof the superlatives that end
~e is used:
Ex.: den starkaste gossen den vackraste flickan
in
-ast.
the strongest boy the prettiest girl
det morkaste molnet
the darkest cloud
de rikaste pcrsonerna
the richest people
b) sometimes in the definite form of the masculine (positive and sup. in -st), especially in elevated style.
Ex.: den (idle lor den
den store mannen den Hogste
Gode Gud! kdre van! Baste Herr Andersson! den yngste brodern den fjamle
the noble lord the great
dear friend!
Dear Mr. Andersson, the youngest brother the old man
gamla
the old
den rike (de rika Karl den store Erik den helige
the rich
(den
man
The Most High Good God!
woman)
man
the rich)
Charlemagne St.
Eric
89
Genitive of Adjectives. 111.
The Adjective takes an
the genitive in the
-s in
following cases:
When
1.
it
follows the qualified Noun.
The death
Ex.: Erik den heliges dod.
When
2.
Ex.:
it is
used as a
of St. Eric.
No an.
De fattigas vein. Den starJcastes rd'tt.
The The
friend of the poor. right of the strongest.
Relics of old Case-inflections. 112. In the modern language the old case-inflections of Adjective have been retained in a few set phrases. 1. The dative termination -om in the following phrases: In due season. sinom tid.
the
/
Lyckan star dem djarvom Det ar icke allom
bi.
givet.
Fortune favours the brave. It is not everybody's lot.
The accusative termination -an
2.
I ljusan lag a. Argan list. The dative termination
3.
in:
All ablaze.
Wicked cunning. ~o in:
Deliver us from
/
Frdls oss ifrdn ondo. godo.
Amicably.
Anyo.
Afresh.
evil.
Adjectives used as Nouns. 113. In English only a few adjectives used as Nouns take the plural termination -s, e. g. the blacks and the whites. In Swedish all adjectives used as Nouns take the termination
~a in the plural.
90
Ex.: dc fattiga de rika 114.
the poor the rich
English Adjectives used as Nouns, particudenoting nationality, are in Swedish expressed
Many
those
larly by Nouns.
Ex.: infodingarna (en infoding) vildarna (en vilde)
the natives
the savages the Germans
tyskarna (en tysk)
engelsmdnnen (never dc cn r gelska) (en engelsmari) kineserna (en kines)
the English the Chinese
,
italienarna (en italienare)
the Italians
norrmdnnen (en norrman) fransmdnnen (en fransman)
the Norwegians the French
ryssarna (en ryss)
the Russians
The corresponding
Adjectives in
Swedish
are: tysk, engclsk,
kinesisk, italiensk, norsk, fransk, rysk.
N. B.
1.
These Adjectives are not written with capital
letters in Swedish.
N. B. 2. The word svensk Swedish, Swede, is both Adjective and Noun. As a Noun it is inflected according to 'the 2nd Declension: en svensk, svensken, svenskar, svenskarna. When used adjectivally it is inflected like an ordinary Adjective.
Most Swedish Adjectives may be used 115. without the restrictions observed in English. Ait forena det nyttiga
med
det
nojsamma.
Dc
En
rika och de fattiga. blind och en dovstum
To combine
Vi
unya
icke forstd de
gamla. Det var det enda, han kunde gora.
Nouns
useful with
the agreeable. The rich and the poor. blind man and a deaf-and-
A
dumb man
bodde tillsammans.
kunna
the
as-
We
lived together.
young people cannot understand old people. It was the only thing he .
could do.
Han var den enda frdnvarandc. He was the only person absent. Han insdg det fordelafctiga He saw the advantage of the offer.
i
erbjudandet. daruti ar icke sant, och det sanna daruti ar
Det nya
icke nytt.
De ndrvarande
underteck-
What true,
is
new about
and what
kom
icke
till-
it
is
is
not
true about
it is not new. Those present signed a
nade en petition. tion. Det ar det,som ar det svdraste. That is what
Den okande
is
most
peti-
difficult.
The unknown (man) did not come back.
~bdka.
116. N. S. The word one which often replaces a Noun after an Adjective in English, has no equivalent in Swedish.
Den
bollen
dd'r
ar inte Ira;
'du shall fa en ny.
Han
var den ende, som kunde
That ball is not good; you shall have a new one. He was the only one who could do
gora det. Giv mig en
och tvd
vit Jcula
svarta.
Vi maste ta hand
om
de snid.
it.
Give me one white marble and two black ones.
We
must take care
of
the
little ones.
Den
The Evil One.
Onde.
Notice
117.
the
use
of
the
adjective egen in phrases
like the following.
Han Han
liar
egen
liar tvd
The Comparative
118.
sense,
e.
bil.
egna barn.
g.
en
sto'rre
He He
has got a car of his own. has got two children of his own.
is
often used in an
penning summa
a largish
sum
absolute of
money;
en yngre herre a youngish gentleman; battre folk gentlepeople; en langre tid a goodish while, etc.
Inflection of Participles I.
119. a)
A.
The Past
Participle.
Indefinite Declension.
Past Participles ending in -ad (1st Conjugation). The neuter singular is formed by changing -d into -. The plural is formed by adding -c (not -a/) to the non-neuter sing. Ex.:
b)
En jay ad hare. Ett jagat lejon.
A.
Jagade harar.
Hunted
A
hunted hare. hunted lion. hares.
Past Participles ending in -d (2nd Conjugation). The neuter singular is formed by changing -d into -. The plural is formed by adding -a to the non-neuter sing.
Ex.:
En
hojd
Ion.
A
Ett
ho'jt
arvode.
An
Hojda c)
loner.
raised salary. increased remuneration.
Raised
salaries.
Past Participles ending in -t (2nd Conjugation). The neuter singular remains unchanged. The plural is formed by adding ~a to the non-neuter sing.
Ex.:
d)
En md'rkt nasduk. Ett ma'rkt lakan. Markta nasdukar.
A A
marked handkerchief. marked sheet. Marked handkerchiefs.
Past Participles ending in -dd (3rd Conjugation). The neuter singular is formed by changing -dd into -tt. The plural is formed by adding -a to the non-neuter sing.
Ex.:
En
bebodd o. Ett bebott land.
Bebodda
oar.
An An
inhabited island.
inhabited country. Inhabited islands.
93
Past Participles ending in -en (4th Conjugation). The neuter singular is formed by changing -n into -t. The plural is formed by adding -a to the non-neu-
e)
ter sing.,
En
Ex.:
and the
-e
stulen Idocka.
Ett stulet paraply. Stulna IdocJcor. A
In
/;.
.
the
plural
the
before -n
A A
is
dropped.
stolen watch. stolen umbrella.
Stolen watches. termination
Past Participles except those ending
in
-ad
-a
is
used for
all
the
(1st Conjugation).
Ex.: hojda, marlda, bebodda, stulna; but jagade, ballade. 120. B.
The
Definite Declension.
definite
forms of the Past Participles are like the
plural of the indefinite declension:
Past Participles ending in -ad (1st Conjugation) a) lake the termination -e in the definite declension.
Den jagade
Ex.:
Jtaren.
Det jagade
lejonet.
De jagade
Jtararna. b) All the other Past Participles take the termination -a in the definite declension.
Den hojda lonen. Det liojda arvodet. De liojda Den mcirkta nasduken. Det markta lalcanet De markta nasdukarna. Den bebodda on. Dtt bebodda landet. De bebodda oarna. Den stulnci Jclockan. Det stulnct paraEx.:
lonerna.
plyet.
De
stulna Jclockorna.
121. C.
Genitive.
All Past Participles, when used as Nouns, take
~s in
the
genitive.
Ex.:
Den alskades namn. Det stulnas varde.
The name The value perty.
of the beloved one. of the
stolen pro-
94
The Present
II.
is
Participle.
122. The Present Participle, when used as an Adjective, indeclinable.
Ex.:
Den uppgdende solai. Det leende ansiUet. Ett ri/tande
The rising sun. The smiling face.
A
lejon.
De ndrvarande
minist-
roaring lion.
The present
ministers.
rarna.
When
used as a
Noun,
the Present Participle takes ~s
in the genitive.
Ex.:
De narvarandes namn
an-
The names
of those present
were taken down.
tecknades.
The Numerals. Cardinal numbers.
123.
neuter:
ctt
Ordinal numbers.
1.
en,
2.
tvcl
3.
tre
tredje
4.
fyra
fjdrde
5.
fern
femte
6.
sex
sjdttc
8.
SJU dtta
dttonde
9.
nio
niondc
tio
tiondc
'7.
10.
(den, det) forsta
andra
xjiuulr
11.
civ a
'V/'/r
12.
tolv
tolftc
13.
tretton
trcttondc
14.
fjorton
fjortonde
15.
femton
femtonde
16.
sexton
sextonde
1
95 17.
(den, det) sjuttonde
adertonde nittonde
tjugonde tjugofdrsta
tjugoandra tjugotredje
tjugofjdrde tjugofemte tjugosjdtte
tjugosjunde tjugodttonde
tjugonionde trettionde trettioforsta, etc.
fyr(a)tionde
femtionde sextionde sjuttionde dttionde
nittionde
hundrade
(ett)
(ett)
hundraforsta tusende
(ett)
tusenforsta
(ett)
(ett)
ett
sjuttiofem 1,000,000.
etc.
sexhundra
sjuttiofcmte
en miljon noil
0.
Note
tusenandra, .tusen
1.
Den
and den andra sometimes end in -e Karl I (den forste), Karl II (den andre). Ett hundra and ett tusen are really Nouns. They forsta
in the masculine:
Note 2. remain unchanged in the plural: ire hundra, fyra tusen. Note 3. En miljon is a Noun of the 3rd Declension. Plural: tvd
miljoner,
etc.
96
The Numerals
124.
1
Jag ar fo'dd den 13 (trettonde ) maj 1897 (adertonhnndranit-
I
in Dates.
was born on May
13th, 1897.
tiosjn).
o
Ar 1066
(tiohundrasextiosex) erovrades England. .
den
Stockholm
19
(nittondc)
In
England was
1066
con-
quered.
Stockholm, 19th April, 1922.
1922 (nittonhundra-
april
tjugotvd).
Han
anlande den tredje augusti.
Jean inte skilja
arrived on Aug. 3rd.
The Numerals
125.
Jag
He
dina cttor
frdn dina sjuor.
as Nouus.
I cannot
your ones from
tell
your sevens.
Nouns the numerals 110 add an -a and nouns of the 1st Declension: eh ctta, tvda,
"When used as treated
are
trea, fyra,
Noun
as
sjua, dtta, nia, tia. nolla. Definite form:
femma, sexa, called
is
en
Plural: cttorna, tvdorna,
The
figure
as a
ettan, nollan, etc.
etc.
Attiotalet var realismens period.
The
Han
(sjut-
He
blero
Hundreds
levdepd 1700-talet
eighties of realism.
were the period
lived in the 18th century.
tonhundratalet).
manniskor
Hundratals dodade.
Fabrikcrna sysselsatta tuscntals
Det
The
tios rdd.
ar
inte,
ens
fel,
att
ivd
ar nio.
factories
employ
thou-
council of ten.
It takes
two to make a quar-
rel.
trcita.
Den ena
The
sands of workers.
arbctare.
De
of people were kil-
led.
d'r
sju ar, den
andra
One
is
other
seven is
nine.
years
old, the
97
Fractional Numbers.
126. l
/2,
3
to
/2,
tvd halva; 4
5
dclar; lar;
2
en halv;
fern sjattedelar;
/e,
t re
/ 21 >
/8
V8
2
en trcdjedel;
,
fy ra dttondelar;
3
tvd tredje-
/3 >
tre nionde-
/9 >
tjugoendelar.
The Fractional Numbers are formed by adding -del ("part") the Ordinal Numbers. If the Ordinal Number ends in -de,
the -de
dropped before
is
126
ett
and sjimdedel).
Notice the following expressions:
a.
Tre och en halv
Tvd och
-del (except in fjdrdedel
Three tons and a half. Two kilos and a quarter of
ton.
kvarts kilo kaffc.
coffee.
En En
A A
Jcvart.
och en tredjedels mil. Fern och en halv mil.
quarter of an hour. mile and a third.
Dussintals Jcnivar.
Five miles and a half. Two dozen knives. Three score of eggs. Dozens of knives.
Tjogtals dgg.
Scores of eggs.
Tvd dussin Tre tjog
(ett
dussin) Imivar
(ett tjog)
dgg.
Pronouns. 127.
Personal Pronouns. Singular
1st
Nom.
2nd Person
Person
jag
I
diiy
ni
thou,
you
Gen. Dat.
&
Ack.
mig me
dig, e(de)r thee, you 3rd Person
Nom.
han
he
hon
she
den
it
Gen. Dat. &Ack.
hans
his
her
dess
its
honom
him
hennes henne
her
den
it
7
222444.
Bjiirkhagen, Modern Swedish Grammar.
det dess det
it
its
it
98
Plural 1st
Person
vi
Norn.
we
2nd Person
ni
3rd Person
de they deras their dem them
you
Gen. Dat.
& Ack.
Note
oss us Instead
1.
e(d)er you of
the
vi the possessive adjectives
Note
The
2.
genitives
missing genitives of jag, du, ni, min, din, er, vdr are used. hans, hennes, dess, deras are in-
declinable. 3. Han, lion and de are the only words in the Swedlanguage that have special objective case-forms (honom,
Note ish
hennc, dem).
Du
128.
is
used between intimate friends and members
of the family (like French "tu" and German "du"). Ni is not yet generally accepted as a form of address like "you" in English, but it is gradually coming into use. It
always correct when speaking to a stranger or to one's
is
If
feriors.
you know
the title or the
name
in-
of the individual
considered more polite to use the title (in the form) or name with the third person of the as if speaking of the person instead of to him.
addressed,
it is
definite
Verb
Do you speak Swedish? Do you play chess? You cannot get there to-night.
Talar ni svensJca? Spelar ni schack?
Jean Me komma dit i lev all. Har profcssornvariti London? Have you Har generalkonsuln sett tid- Have you
Ni
ningen for
Har greven pa teatern Vill
nyligen?
Have you been
to
the theatre
lately?
Would you
like a cup of tea,
Mrs. Andersson?
te?
herr
seen to-day's paper?
dag?
(the Count) varit
fru Andersson dricha en
kopp
Har
i
been in London?
Fetter sson en tand-
Have you got a match, Mr. Pettersson?
129.
singular
When
addressing one person, ni is used with the In the spoken language (and
form of the Verb.
99 often in the written) the singular forms of the Verb are also used with ni when addressing several persons.
I
The pronoun
-130.
instead of ni in the plural
is
now
only used in elevated style (in the Bible, in poetry, etc.). It is followed by a special form of the Verb ending in -en:
I
dren,
I
Ye
hatfen, etc.
are,
Ye
had.
In formal correspondence Ni
131.
and Eder are writ-
ten with capitals. 132, ;
Den
:
refers to a noun of
bordd.
Det
is
gender.
the book?
It is on
the table. refers to a noun of neuter gender.
Det star Where
Var dr Uackliornet?
pa
common
Den liggerpd Where
Var dr bokcn?
is the inkstand? on the table.
bordcL
It is
In colloquial speech the enclitic (affixed) forms 133. ? en, n are often used instead of honom, den; 'na instead of henne? 'et,Jt instead of det.
9
'
l
Ja($y stfen
I did not see
intr.
Ja(g) la'n (lade
ileri)
I put
dlir.
Har du setfna?
Har
(or
it).
Have ycu seen her? If you want it, take it. Have you thought it over?
du ha't sd trit. du funderat petit?
Vill
him
it there.
The Use of Det.
134.
Det corresponds to English it, there, he, she, In some cases it h as no equivalent in English.
they, so, that.
r
1.
Det
=
Vad dr det?
it,
-
that. -
Det
ett
What
dag?
What
dr
aeroplan.
Hurndant vdder dr det -
Det
snoar.
i
is
that?
plane. sort
to-day?
It is
an aero-
of weather It is
is
snowing.
it
100
Det
dr svdrt
att tola svenska.
It is difficult to
speak Swed-
ish.
Det
var rnte jag, som gjorde
was not
It
who
I
did
it.
det.
Det
2.
= there.
Det
var en gang en gosse.
Det Det
finns ingenting kvar.
Once upon a time there was a boy.
finns
500 backer
i
biblio-
There is nothing left. There are 500 books in the '
teket.
brary.
Det
fanns den byn.
Ar det
Det
inget postkontor
ndgot
fel
med
i
det?
dr
Det dr
Det =
4.
Who
bell.
is
that lady?
She
is
a
relative of mine.
Who
are those gentlemen? They are Swedes.
svenskar. so.
Det
dr somnig.
Jag
that village. there anything the matter
he, she or they.
den ddr damen? Det dr en sldkting till mig. Vilka dro de ddr herrarna? -
no post-office in
with it? There is a ring at the
Det =
3.
There was Is
ringer.
Vem
li-
am
dr
I
lia
He
sleepy.
- -
So
am
I.
jag ocksd.
Han
har egen
bil,
och det
Ar
has got a car of his so have we.
own
and
vi ocksd.
doktorn inne?
-
-
Ja3 jag
Is
the
think
tror det.
Jag sade honom det. Sade han det? Jag hoppas (tror, formodar)
doctor
I told him Did he say I
hope
in?
Yes, I
so. so.
so?
(believe,
suppose)
so.
det. 5.
Han
Det har ju Jntr?
without an equivalent in English. Frankrike, He has gone to France, hasn't he? Yes, he has. Ja,detltarlian.
rest till
101
Han
tycker om att resa, inte jag.
det gor Var snail
men
I
hdlsa era for-
ocli
Tack, det shall
d'ldrar.
jag gora. Han frdgade hennc, om hon var ond, ocli hon sade, att lion var det. Hur mycket tir klockan?
Det
vet
talade
N.B.
Verbs
dti
for dig?
Det must
or after
not
be
not.
parents.
He
asked her if she was angry, and she said she was.
What
time know.
Why
det?
om det
fond of travelling but
is
am
Please remember me to your -- I will.
jag Me.
Varfor frdgar
Vem
He
Who
it?
is
I don't
do you ask? told you?
omitted
after
the
Auxiliary
frdga, veta, tola om.
135.
Impersonal Construction.
Phrases like "I am glad", "I am sorry", etc., are often rendered by an impersonal construction in Swedish. inte
I
am
sorry you cannot come.
roligt, att han dr
I
am
glad he
Det var
trdkigt, ban komma.
Det var
att
du
is
better.
l)dttre.
Hur gar
det for er?
Det gick mycket Ira for honom. Det forvdnar mig, att han inte gjorde det. Det var kallt
i
vattnet.
Det knackar pa dorren.
How
are
you getting on?
He did very well. I am surprised he didn't
do
The water was cold. There is a knock at the
door.
it.
102
Reflexive Pronoun. 13ti.
S
Sig
Sig.
refers back to the subject of the clause
in
which
it
occurs.
used when the subject is in the third person (singular or pluthe object is the same person as the subject. and ral) It
is
Han De
i
sag sig
sago sig
He saw
spegeln.
i
himself in the
They saw themselves
spegeln.
glass. in the
glass,
Hon
She was beside
var utom sig.
Han De
drog honom efter 8ig. hade inga pcngar pd ig.
herself.
He
pulled him after him. They had not got any money
about them. Note.
If the object
is
ordinary objective forms
another person than the subject the (honom, henne, den, det, dem)
are used.
Han
sag
honom
i
spegeln.
He saw him
(another person)
in the glass. 137.
There
are
no special reflexive pronouns for the
The ordinary objective forms persons. er, oss, er) are used also in a reflexive sense.
and
second
.
Jag roar inig.
I enjoy myself.
Du
You enjoy You enjoy He enjoys
yourself. himself.
She enjoys
herself.
Ni
roar dig. roar er.
Han Hon
roar 8ig. roar sig. Barnct roar sig.
Vi roa oxs. Ni roa er. De roa nig. Man har raft
att
The
roa sig.
,
yourself.
1
'
We
child enjoys itself. enjoy ourselves.
You
enjoy yourselves.
They enjoy themselves. One has a right to enjoy self.
first
(mig, dig,
one-
Singular M., F.
&
min
C.
N.
mitt
104
DM nus
fir
storrc
Your
an vdrt.
house
is
larger
than
ours.
Notice the peculiar use of the Possessive Adjectives like the following: din idiot you idiot, din
140.
in
expressions
tlnmma dsna silly ass, jag, min dumsnut, trodde vad han sadc ape that I was, I believed what he said.
The English
141.
not used
En
construction
av mina
A
elever.
Ndgra Vem ar den
da'r unge mannen? Dct ar en slakting till oss.
En gammal
bckant
till
dig
(er).
Jag kunde inte for mitt liv gripa, vad han menade. Dei kommer att Hi min Dina gelikar.
be-
An
&
N.
C.
sin
young man?
He
old acquaintance of yours.
For the
life
of
me
I could
understand what he meant. It will be the death of me.
The
likes of you.
sitt
XJH corresponds
Plural All genders
sina
his, her, its, their
to the reflexive
personal pronoun sic/. which it occurs (not The subject may be one
refers back to the subject of the clause
to the subject of a previous clause). or several possessors in the third person. to
that
is
a relation of ours.
is
not
dod.
Singular
144.
Who
Possessive Reflexive Adjective.
143.
It
pupil of mine. friends of mine.
Notice the following expressions:
142.
M., F.
is
Some
av mina vdnner.
-
"a friend of mine"
in Swedish.
in
Sin can only be used the the subject). qualify object (not 145. When English "his", "her", "its", "their" are not used
reflexively,
/.
.
when they do
not refer back to the subject of the
105 clause
which they occur, they correspond to the genitives hans, hcnnes, dess, deras.
in
of the
personal pronouns:
Han
He saw
sag sin far pd gatan.
his (own)
father
in
the street.
Hans
(not
far
sin!)
gicJc
His father went
out.
ut.
Han
sag
Han
sag sin far gd
hans
far
pa
gatan.
He saw
his (another person's) father in the street.
He saw
ut.
his
(own) father go
out.
Han
sag, att
hans
far gicJc
ut.
He saw
that his (own or somebody else's) father went out.
lion sag sin far gd
She saw her (own) father go
ut.
out.
Hon
sag, att
hennes
far gicJc
She saw
that
her (own
or
somebody else's) father went
ut.
out.
Hennes Hennes
(not sin!) far gickut.
Hon
lade
pd bordet. sin bole pa bordet.
Hon
lade
hennes
boJc
lag
Her father went out. Her book lay on the She put her (own)
table.
book on
the table. bor-
She put her (another person's) book on the table.
(not sina!) fordldrar America.
Their parents are in America.
bole
pd
det.
Deras dro
i
De ha inte sett sina pd flera dr.
fordldrar
They
have
(own)
not
parents
seen for
their
several
years.
Jag har
aldrig sett
deras
for-
aldrar.
De ha
Han
forlorat sitt
bor hos en av
ner.
I
have never seen their parents.
enda barn.
They have
sina
He
van-
is
lost their only child. staying with a friend
of his.
Remarks on the Personal Pronouns and the Possessive Adjectives.
The English form "her" corresponds and sin in Swedish.
146.
henne
Hennes mor Jag
Hon
Her mother
dr dod.
liar aldrig sett
henne.
is
to
hennes,
dead.
I have never seen her.
har forlorat sin mor.
She has
lost her mother.
The Swedish form er (Eder) corresponds to "you", and "your" "yours" in English. 147.
Det var
I
roligt att Iraffa er.
am
glad to meet you.
Ni har glomt er hatt. You have forgotten your hat. Jag liar tagit er, och han har I have taken yours, and he min.
tag-it
A
148.
following
Det var
mig occurs
pleonastic
in
expressions like the
:
mig
149.
has taken mine.
A
en
dum
"What a
en!
Personal Pronoun
may
fool!
be qualified by an Adjec-
tive.
Tack, Tear a dul Stackars dig (du)! 150.
implied to
in
In
cases
Thank
the
like
stoppade hdnderna
in i
dear!
where the ownership
following,
is
English. fie-
korna.
He
put his hands in his poc-
kets.
Han
satte hatten pa Imvudet. De forlorade minnet. Hon brot benet av sig.
151.
my
the context, the definite article of the noun corresponds
a possessive adjective
Han
you,
Poor you!
He put They
his hat on his head.
lost their
She broke her
memories.
leg.
In some cases the English Possessive Adjective
not expressed in Swedish.
is
107
om
ber
Jag
ursakt.
I
(Or: for-
beg your pardon.
Idtf)
Han Jag
har dndrat
He
sig.
I
liar gdtt vilse.
has changed his mind. have lost my way.
Demonstrative Adjectives or Pronouns.
152.
M., F. & C. den that denna (-e) this den ddr that den heir this
N.
Plural
de those dessa these de ddr those de har these
det that detta this det ddr that det heir this
Note 1. Den, det, de, are also used as the Definite Article of the 'Adjective. As Demonstrative Pronouns they have stronger stress. 2. The form denne (instead of denna) is often, used ,-, Note in the masculine.
Note
Den har
3.
nerally used 153. like
when
in
Den,
and den ddr are the forms geconversation (instead of denna and den).
det, de,
when used
personal pronoun den, det, de. Denna, detta, dessa, used substantively, take an -s in the genitive.
Den
(ddr) gossen dr inte sa dum, som lian ser ut. Det svaret tycker jag om. De barnen ha aldrig gdtt .i skola.
;
Denna JJetta
uppgift dr inte riktig.
vissie
jag forut.
Dessa elever aro
Idngre Jcomna
an de andra. Den ihdr tavlan dr vackrare an den ddr. ,
i
substantively, are inflected
the
That boy
is
not so stupid as
he looks. I like that answer.
children have never been to school. This statement is not correct: This I knew before. These pupils are more advanced than the others. This picture is prettier than
Those
that.
108
ddr
JJet
That
tradet ar liogre tin
tree is taller than this.
det hdr.
De hdr
skorna
de ddr.
154.
a
After
These shoes are not
inte sd
tiro
starka som
so strong
as those.
demonstrative
adjective
the
noun takes the
except after denna (detta, dcssa): den gossen, den hdr gossen (but: denna gosse); detta trad); det tradet, det ddr tradet (but: de hdr gossarna (but: dessa gossar).
definite article,
155.
&
Densamma
and samma.
Neuter
Plural
densamma
the same
detsamma
desamma
samma
the same
samma
samma
M., F.
Note samme.
The masculine forms
1.
It
often end in -e:
Densamma (detsamma, desamma)
156.
Noun.
C.
takes an
in the genitive.
-s
is
densamme,
used as a is used
Samma
as an Adjective.
Han
ar alltid
Det
gor
mig
densamme.
He
is
always the same.
It is all one to me.
alldeles
samma. Jag
skall gor a det
samma. I detsamma
fick
med han
det-
se Id-
komma i dorren. De kommo pa samma gang. Han var klddd i samma gamla raren
At
that very
moment he saw
the master come
in.
They arrived at the same time. He was wearing the same old suit.
kostym.
samma ogonblick dog han. Samma rcglcr galla aven
/
i
detta fall.
I will do it at once.
At
that very moment he died. rules apply in this
The same
case, too.
109 1. After samma the Adjective takes the definite but the Noun the indefinite form: samma gamla
Note form,
Jcostym,
samma Idnga
Note
No
2.
vcig.
is
article
used before samma: pa samma
same way.
sdtt in the
Sddan.
157.
& C. sddan such
Neuter
M., F.
(en)
(en)
Note
1.
vilja ha.
(so) fall.
sddana hdr!
fern
Ndgot dylikt
liar
jag aldrig
That
nog ndgot dy-
likt.
Sddana ord som "liar", "*#", "dit",
"ddr", o. d.
"ww", "dd"
(och dylika)
liallas adverb.
is
a line boat.
like to
I should
have one like
it.
These things will happen. In that case. Like master, like man. There are plenty of those. Give me five of these! I have never heard anything like
hort.
Han menade
sddana dylika
are used as Adjectives and Nouns.
Sddan herre, sddan drdng. Sddana finns det gott om. Giv mig
Plural
sddant
(ett) dyliltt
En
Mt.
stilig
sddan skulle jag Sddant hdnder. I sddant
(ett)
dylik such Sddan and dylik
Det ddr var en
Dylik.
it.
I suppose he like that.
meant something
Such words as "here", "there", "hither",
"then",
"thither", "now", are called Ad-
etc.,
verbs.
Dylika
metoder aro
Me
rekommendera.
Note
En,
2.
ett
Ett
Sddan
sddant
En sddan
Such methods are not recommended.
placed before sddan and sddan man such a man.
are
after as in English: en 158.
att
is also
dylik, not
used in exclamations:
barn han dr!
harlig utsikt!
What What
a child he
to be
is!
a splendid view!
110
Remarks on Demonstrative Pronouns. 159. The Demonstrative Pronouns are often used su Instant ively, referring both to things and persons.
Jag mil Me ha den har, giv mig den ddr i stdllet.
Denne Han
fir
me
oskyldig.
om
frdgade sin advokat
saken,
do not want this one, give that one instead. This man is innocent. He asked his solicitor about but he (the latter) wasi it, not willing to give any inI
men denne mile
icke
ge ndgra upplysningar.
formation.
Note
The
1.
English
word
one
that
this one>,
(in
one)
is
not translated.
"This"
160.
verb
plural the
(that, these, those) used as the subject of the with a following predicative noun in the singular or N. B. Always in translated by det heir (det ddr).
be
to is
neuter
singular,
of
irrespective
the
gender
or
number
of
the following noun.
Det har Det ddr
a'r
a'r
Vad ar det
min
svagerska.
Tiennes pojkar. ddr for md'nni-
This is my sister-in-law. Those are her boys.
What
people are those?*
Y
sJcor?
161,
When
"this" refers to time
it is,
as a rule, translated
dag pa mordagar dag goncn this morning, day week, i dag endera dagen one of for dtta dagar sedan this day last w^eek,
by a prepositional phrase,
e.g.:
i
ar this year,
i
this
dtta
i
these days. 162.
Notice the following expressions:
Det var darfor, som
jag mdste flytta. Just darfor. Det var pa dctsattet, han lyckades go'ra
ar
det,
det.
han
Jtar orcitt
i.
That
is
why
That That
is
why.
do
it.
That
is
is
I had to leave.
how he managed where he
is
to
wrong.
Ill det liar sdttet
Jag gjorde pd (sd Mr). Stirra inte
det ddr sdt-
pd
I did like this.
Do
not stare like that!
tet (sd ddr)! Herr den och den.
Mr. So-and-so.
Vid den och den tiden. Pd den ocli den plat sen.
At such and such At such and such
Sd
It is not so
ilia d'r det inte.
a time. a place.
bad as
that.
Emphasizing Adjective or Pronoun.
163.
Sjdlv.
When "myself", "himself", "ourselves", etc., are used as emphatic forms, as in: "I myself saw it", they correspond to the Swedish forms sjdlv, neuter sjdlvt, plural sjdlva.
Han
gjorde det sjdlv.
Ldt dem gora
det
sjdlva. overtrd'ffade siy sjdlv. Nej, tdnkte jag for mig sjdlv jag skall inte gora det. Det skadar bar a honom sjdlv
Han
och ingen annan.
He
did
it
himself.
Let them do
it
themselves.
He
surpassed himself. No, I thought to myself, will not do It
only hurts
I
it.
him and
no one
else.
We
Vi kunna gora det sjdlva. Jag Jean laga till mitt te sjdlv.
I can
Hon
She would never have thought
skulle aldrig
ha tankt pd
of
det sjdlv.
Sjdlva
De De
ourselves. tea.
it herself.
himself.
Reciprocal Pronoun.
varandra. varandras bordor.
hjdlpte
buro
it
make my own
The King
hung en. 164.
can do
They helped each other. They carried one another's burdens.
Varandra (genitive varandras) corresponds one another".
to
"each other",
112
165.
Determinative Adjective or Pronoun.
Den,
det, to
referring tive,
etc.
Den
tavla,
den
Den
de are used as Determinative Pronouns a following relative clause, an Infini-
jag menar, ar
Me
ni tanker pa.
av Gustav Adolf's larare,
The
picture I mean is not the one you are thinking of. The one of Gustavus Adolphus's
who had
som hade
teachers
det
est influence
det storsta inflytanlians utveclding, var
pa
Johan Skytte. Aven den, som
ment was Johan Skytte. liar gott orn
kan misslyckas vid
pengar, forsoket.
Det, som
the great-
on his develop-
glanser, ar
ej alltid
Even of
man who
the
money may
attempt. All that glitters
is
has plenty fail
in the
not gold.
guld.
De
elever,
som onska stanna
hemma, fa gora
det.
Stockholm och Goteborg dro de stader, som jag kanner last
Those pupils who wish to stay at home, may do so. Stockholm and Gothenburg are the towns that I know best.
till.
Jag har
den
dran
att gratu-
Allow me
to congratulate
you!
lera.
166. Plural nouns qualified by the Determinative Adjective do not take the definite article: de elever, som (not: de eleverna). Singular nouns fluctuate. .
.
.
If used as a
167.
the form
dem
Han kdnde som hade
Noun
in the dative
inte ens igen skott honom
lians sjukdom.
the Determinative Pronoun has and accusative plural:
dem, under
He
did
those
not
even
recognise
who had nursed him
during his
illness.
113
Jag gav pengarna
at
dem, som
I
168.
Den
y
gave the money
who were most
bast behovde dem.
det,
de
to
those
in need of
it.
and Determinative
as Demonstrative
(or Adjectives) are always stressed. (Den, det, de used as the Definite Article of the Adjective are always unstressed: den lilla flickan, de smd barnen, etc.)
Pronouns
169.
X. B.
No determinative pronoun
is
used
in
Swedish
refer to a following genitive.
to
Guldets
tiro
egenskaper
icke
The
properties of gold are not the same as those of silver.
desamma som silvrets.
170.
Relative Pronouns.
The Relative Pronouns
som vars
vad
are:
(indeclinable, used in all genders) (only genitive) whose, of which
who, which, that
(indeclinable, only neuter) what, that
vilken, neuter vilket, plural
(all
genders) vilka, who,
that, which.
171. Som is the' most common Relative Pronoun and almost the only one used in conversation. It may
used for all genders, singular and plural. in the genitive or after a Preposition. be
Jag sag en
polis,
som
hade
arresterat en tjuv. Jag hittade boken,
I
It is
saw a policeman who had arrested a thief.
som jag hade tappat. Han gav bort alia de locker, som lian hade kopt.
I found the book
Tradet, som ni ser da'r borta, ar en palm.
The
8
222444.
Bjorkhagen, Modern
not used
which
I
had
lost.
He
gave away all the books he had bought. is
Sivedish
tree
you
a palm. Grammar.
see over there
114
has to be used in connection with a Preposition, the Preposition is placed at the end of the relative clause, never before som. If sow
172.
Jag banner Me den person, so tti ni talar om. 173.
Instead
of
the
I
don't
know
the person you
are speaking
of.
missing genitive of som the genimay be used. The geni-
tives vars or vilkens (vilkets, vilkas)
however, are avoided in conversation.
tives,
174.
They may
Vilken, vilket, vilka take an be preceded by a Preposition.
Dar funnos hoga vilka ndt
stdnyer,
pd
hdngde for
att
to dry.
Vars replaces the missing genitives of som may be preceded by a Preposition.
175.
vad.
It
pd vars (or vUJcets) utf/dng sd mycket berodde,
Valet,
var ovanligt 176.
the genitive.
There were high poles on which nets were hanging
torka.
and
-s in
The
election,
on the result of
which so much depended, was exceptionally lively.
livligt.
The Relative Pronoun
is
often left out, though not
so often as in English.
Den person du tanker pd, dr inte
The person you
177.
are thinking
of is not the one I mean.
den jag menar.
After ingen, ndgon, sddan, samma, and after a som must be used (not vilken or vad). Som after
Superlative,
sddan and samma corresponds Ingen,
to
English "as".
som en gang har sett det, Nobody who
lean
ndgonsin glomma det. Jag har samma elcver, som jag hade forra dret. Jag Uopte den minsta, som faint*.
has seen
it
once
can ever forget it. I have the same pupils as I
had I
last year.
bought
the
there was.
smallest
one
115 $ 178.
as an
Han
vilka
Vilkeri," vilket,
Pronoun
tive
epithet
must be used when the Rela-
whole clause,
refers to a
sager, att jag gor snabba
att
nog
frdga
om jag vill folja med honom till Frankrike, i vilket fall jag tanker svara nej. mig,
179.
it is
used
He
says that I am making rapid progress, which I am
framsteg, vilket glcider rnig.
Han kommer
when
or
(adjective).
Vad
is
I
glad to hear. am sure he will ask me if I should like to accompany
him I
which case answer "no".
to France, in
am
going
to
used in the sense of that which" and after
allt.
Uppskjut inte
till
morgondagen,
Do
not put off till to-morrow can do to-day.
what you vad du Jean gora i dag. Han lyckas i allt, vad han He succeeds foretager sig.
180.
in everything he
undertakes.
Indefinite Relative Pronouns.
som heist som whoever vem an whoever var och en som whoever vilken (vilket, vilka) som heist som vein
whoever, what-
ever
vad som heist som vad an whatever De
sdlde sina varor
som
heist,
som
till
ville
whatever
vem They kdpa
ever
whowould purchase them.
sold their wares to
dem.
Vem ni an ar, att I
har ni icke ratt
vara har.
Vem som
[Var tola
och
som
(or:
en som) hor honom
are, you have no right to be here. Whoever hears him speak must admire him.
mdste betmdra honom.
Vad du sent
heist
Whoever you
(an) gor,
till tdget.
kom
inte for
Whatever you your train.
do,
do not miss
116
Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives.
181.
The Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives
M
,
F.
&
Neuter
C.
vem who
are:
Plural
vad what
(no plural)
vents whose
vad for en
who,
vad for
ett
vad for (ena)
what
what (kind of) (kind of) vilken who, what, vilket which vilkendera which vilketdera hurudan how, what hurudant
vilka (no plural)
hurudana
(kind of)
Note in
1.
The following Interrogative Pronouns take an
-s
the
genitive: vems, vilkens, vilkets, vilkas, vilkendcras, The others are not used in the genitive. vilketderas.
Vem dr den ddr mannen? Vilka dro de ddr mannen?
Who Who
Vad Vad
Whatever
liar i
man? men?
What have you
du gjort?
all
that
is
are those
vdrlden gjorde du
world
Vad for en bob vill ni ha? (or Vad vill ni ha for en bok?) Vaddr det ddrformdnniskor? What Vad dr det for slags karl? What Vad for slag? Vad dr ni for ena?
people are those? sort of a fellow is he?
What? (Beg
Who
pardon?)
are
Vilkenderatyckernibdstom?
you? Which do you
Hurudant
What was
(Coll.)
var vddret forra
veckan?
last
hatt hade hon?
What
(Plural). like best?
the
weather like
week? kind of hat was she
wearing:
Vems
did
you do that for? What (kind of) book will you have?
det for?
Hurudan
done?
the
in
pcnna dr
Vilken spdrvagn
det
hdr?
shall jag la'?
Whose pencil is Which tram do
this?
I take?
J17
Note
Vem
2.
persons. Note 3.
Note
Vad
only used as
is
is
used as a
and only about
Noun.
VilJcen is used both as a
4.
Noun
a
Noun
and as an Adjec-
tive.
When the interrogative pronouns are used as the suba dependent question they are followed by som.
1S2. ject in
Jag
vet
vein
inte,
som
har
I don't
i
den
Do you know what
know who has done
it.
gjort det.
Vet
ni,
vad som
finns
har Iddan?
Har
ni
liort,
vilka
som kommo Have
(But: Jag vet
183.
is
you heard who
came
first?
forst?
han har
there
in this box?
inte, vilka
bocker
Vilken
he
has ordered.) is
also used in
Vilken hdrlig utsikt! Vilket misstag
know which books
I don't
bestdllt.
du har begdtt!
exclamations:
What What
a splendid view! a blunder you
have
made! N. B. 184.
Hur
No
indefinite article is used after vilken in Swedish.
Notice the following expressions:
What
ser hans far ut?
does
his
father
like?
Hur
dr det fatt?
(or:
Vad dr
det?) Vilket ar det cna, och vilket dr det andra?
What Which
is
is
the matter?
which?
look
118
Indefinite
185.
The
Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives are:
M., F.
man
Pronouns and Adjectives.
&
Neuter
C.
Plural
one (gen. ens, objective
en)
nag on
some, somebody (any,
ndgot
ndgr
anybody)
ingen
intet
nobody soinlig some no,
annan
inga somliga
inget)
annat
other, else
andra (andre)
den
(coll.
somligt the
det
andra de andra
andra
other
all
alia
allt
all
tndngen many, many
a (one)
manga
tndnget
ndgonting
-
some-
thing
ingenting nothing
allting everything -
var
var och en
vart varje vart och
ett
varenda
vartenda
(ett)
every, each
every, each
varje
everybody, each (en) every (one)
fa few
Hera several
ndgondera some
nag on av dem)
(
ndgotdera
one, either
ingendera (=
ingen av dem)
intetdera
no one, neither
Man
har
rdtt att forsvara sig.
One has a right
to defend one-
self.
Ndgon h rune.
hod'
faint
om
det for
Somebody had it.
told her about
119
Har nag on
varit har? inte sett ndgon. har Nej, jag Det var ndgra vanner till mig.
Has anybody been
Jag har inte gjort
I have not done anything to-
here?
No, I have not seen anybody. They were some friends of mine.
Ar
ndgot (nd-
i
gonting)
dag. ndgot black
det
kvar
i
Is
day. there
any ink
Nej, det dr kvar. inget (intet) Ndgonting ar bdttre an in-
Something
genting. Ddrav blev intet.
Nothing came
bltickhornet?
ndgon annan
bok att
lana mig? Det har glaset
ar inte rent. Giv mig ett annat! Giv mig ndgonting annat! Jag har ingenting annat att
bjuda pa.
andra
d'ro rika,
gossarna ha gdtt
och badat. berdtta
gang
ndgra
(Vill ni ha
left in
the
No, there
is
left.
is
better than no-
Nobody
has
thing like
of
it.
ever
seen
any-
it.
Have you got any to lend me?
other book
This
tumbler is not clean. Give me another. Give me something else. I have nothing else to offer
shall jag te
are rich, others
The other boys have gone have a bathe. Another time I will
tell
to
some
stories.
sagor.
en kopp
Some people are poor.
d'ro fattiga.
Hn annan
-
you.
Somliga mdnniskor
De andra
none
-
thing.
Ing en mdnnisJca har ndgonsin sett ndgonting dylikt. liar ni
ink-stand?
till?
Would you
like
another cup
of tea?)
Allt dr
icke guld,
som glimmar.
All that glitters
We
must
is
not gold.
Vi mdste alia do. Var dttonde dag.
Once a week.
Tag gd var
Trains leave every ten minu-
tionde minut.
all die.
tes.
Med fa
minuters mellanrum.
Every few minutes.
120
Varannan
Var
dag.
tredjc
Every other day. Every third
dag.
day.
Varje manniska eri) liar
var och
(or:
Everybody has
sina cgendomliglietcr.
Var och en
liur svart
vet,
Everybody knows how
det dr.
cult it
Han
har fa vdnner. Jag banner ndf/ra av dem.
He
Mdngen simile
Many
vore
Man
i
I
onska, att lian
ert stdlle.
lean se slottet
Mrifrdn.
his peculiari-
ties. diffi-
is.
has few friends.
know
a few of them.
a one would wish that
he were in your place. You- can see the castle from here.
Han
gav pojkarna
apple (or:
De De
ett
var
sitt
var sitt pa var sin
hall.
sutto
sida av
om)
the boys
an apple
each.
apple var).
gingo at
(or:
He gave
They went their several ways. They were seated on either side of the table.
bordct.
Kan jag fa lite mera te? May I have some more tea? Han lyckades pd ett eller He managed somehow or other. annat sdtt. Om ndyon skulle Imacka pd If anybody should knock at the door, do not open it. dorren, sd oppna inte. Det gamla spelet om "JZnvar". The old play "Everyman". Note 1. When used as Nouns, nag on, ing en, annan, envar, and mdngen, take an -s in the genitive.
Enligt ndf/ras men
According
to
some people's
opinion.
Note also is
2.
take
The an
-s
plurals
somliga, alia
in the genitive.
The
when used
as
Nouns
genitive of var och en
vars och ens. 186.
vilka)
are
vem
The
made
interrogative into
pronouns vcm, vad, vilken
(vilket,
som
heist.
indefinite
pronouns by adding
sorn heist anybody (you heist anything (you
vad som
like) like)
121
vilken
som
heist any, anyone (you like) som heist plural: vilka som, heist neuter: vilket
Vem som
heist ban gora
dot.
Anybody can
do
it.
Vad som heist duger. Anything will do. Han brukade titta in vid vil- He used to look time of the day. ken tidpd dagen som heist. Man Jean ta vilket tag som You can take any
in
at
any
train.
heist.
Frdga vem som lielst. Tank pd ett tal vilket som
Ask anybody. Think
any number you
of
like.
heist.
Tag vilken
som
heist av
Take any one
of these books.
dessa backer.
Remarks on the Use of Certain 187.
Man "one"
Indefinite Pronouns.
Man.
used a great deal more in Swedish than English. It is often used when English has
is
in
1 "you", "we", "they", "people", or a passive construction.
Man
You
Jean aldrig vet a.
never can tell (or: there no knowing). You can get there by train. They say that he is ill. is
Man Man
Jean
Jcomma
sdger (coll. att lian ar sjtiJc.
med tag. dom sager),
dit
Man
erJcanner allmant, att
Man
pdstdr, att Jian ar myc-
.
.
.
It is generally acknowledged,
that
He
is
.
.
.
said to be very rich.
Jcet rik.
Varfor
man
svarar talar
du
till
inte,
dig?
Compare French "on".
nar
do you not answer when you are spoken to?
Why
122
Far, Varje, Varenda, AIL
188.
Var, tives. erida
rarjc,
varenda and
are only used as Adjec-
all
The corresponding noun-forms en. The neuter and plural forms
are
rar och
of all: allt,
en, var-
alia may
be used as Nouns.
nag anting, som var (varje, varenda) mdnniska
Det dr
borde veta.
Det ar ndgonting,som var och en(varenda en)borde veta. Det dr ndgonting, som alia
It
something that everybody ought to know. is
borde veta.
Han
liar
all anledning
att
vara
He
Allt
Ndr
mojligt.
allt kommer omkring.
En
for
Pa
allt
alia och alia
At alia
vart-
i
for en.
sdtt.
hall.
be
to
Note
1.
English "all"
every case. All for each and each for In every way. In every direction.
He is
Den franska renassan sens hela
All
all.
then.
anything but happy.
the
by
hel.
refinement
of
the
French renaissance. All the time.
tiden.
189.
Ndgon
is
often translated
forfining.
only
reason
All sorts of things. After all. He has failed in each and
Every now and
Allt emellandt. Han dr allt utom lyMig.
in
every -
Han har misslyckats enda fall.
Hcla
has
satisfied.
nb'jd.
and
ingen
Ndgon are
and Ingen.
used as adjectives and nouns, not in negative and interrogative
affirmative sentences but also
sentences (where English has "any").
123
Jag har ingapengar.
Harm
ndgra? vin kvar.
liar inte
Jag
Har
ndgot ndgot?
ni
har ingapengar, och hon har inga heller.
Note
"No"
1.
ndgon
Have you left.
Have
you any?
Han
icke
have no money. any? I have no wine
I
He
has no money and she has none either.
(none, nobody, nothing)
is
often translated
by
nag of).
(icke
2. Any (anybody, anything), when used in a question, negative or conditional phrase, corresponds to ndgon (ndgot, ndgra) in Swedish.
Note
in
a
Jag har
Har
Om
inte sett
ni sett
ni har sett
Note
3.
I have not seen anybody. Have you seen anybody?
ndgon.
ndgon?
If
ndgon.
you have seen anybody.
Any (anybody, anything), when used in an affirto vilken (vilket, vilka, vad)
mative phrase, corresponds som heist in Swedish. Vilken pojke gora
som
heist
Jean
Any
boy can do
that.
det.
Vad som Note
heist duger.
Anything
will do.
When
"some" (any) is used in a partitive sense the (corresponding partitive article in French) it is, as a rule, not translated. Sometimes the word lite is used in this 4.
to
sense.
Far jag saker?
server a er lite gronTack, jag har.
May
I help
tables?
you
to
some vegethank
I have some,
you.
De hade
kaffe
med
i
sig
en
"Few"
coffee
in a thermos flask.
thermosflaska. 190.
They had brought some
is
"Little" is
by fd, "a few" by ndgra. by foga, "a little" by lite. translated by ndgot or tamligen.
translated
translated
"Somewhat"
is
124
"Some" before a Numeral
is
fdr or omkring. "Any" before a Comparative
ndgot
not translated.
Wait a little! The description
over-
driven.
Han
is
by unge-
Little or nothing.
Jfoga eller indenting. Vdnta lite! Beskrivningen dr
translated
is
somewhat
exaggerated.
levde for
onikring
He
ire-
lived
some 300 years ago.
hundra dr sedan.
Jag orkar
inte dta mer.
De hunno
icke langre.
Fa
ha
Jag
liar sett
I could not eat any more. They did not get any further.
Few
sett det.
have seen
it.
I have seen a few.
ndgra stycken.
Notice the following expressions:
191.
Ndgonting gott something good, vi tycka om tennis bdda both of us are (we are both) fond of tennis, man kan saga bdda delarna (vilket som heist) you can say either, mdnget barn many a child, en for mycket one too many, myctva
ket folk
many
people.
192.
Annan other", and
Jag
Annan.
(annat, andra) corresponds
to
"other", "an-
"else", in English.
skall gora det
en annan
I will do it another time.
gang.
Den
enes
den andres
dod,
brod.
e
gick
ut,
andra sidan.
is
another's
poison.
Den ena A ena
One man's meat
och
den One went
stannade hemma. sidan a tuiftrff .
.
.
out and the other
stayed at home. On the one hand ... on the other hand.
125
ndgon annan gjort. Somebody else has done it. Vad annat kunde ni vanta? What else could you expect?
Dei har
Notice the following expressions: who eJse could it be? harom the other ett eller annat dagen day, something or other, pa ett eller annat satt somehow or other. 193.
Vem
Jcunde det annars vara?
The Verb. A.
Auxiliary Verbs.
194.
Att hava
to have.
Present
jag har du har ni har han har lion har den har det har
Past I have
you have you have he has she has it has it has we have you have they have
vi Jia(va) 1
ni ha(va) de ha(va)
Present Perfect
jag hade du hade ni hade han hade hon hade den hade det hade vi hade
ni hade de hade
I had you had you had he had
she had
had had we had you had they had it it
Past Perfect
have had jag hade haft I had had jag har haft have had du har haft you du hade haft you had had ni har haft you have had ni hade haft you had had han har haft he has had han hade haft he had had I
1
The form hava
is
nearly always pronounced ha.
12(5
/ton har haft den har haft tlet har haft
she has had
has had it has had vi ha(va) haft we have had ni ha(va) haft you have had fie ha(va) haft they have had it
hade haft den hade haft
she had had
det liade haft vi hade haft ni hade haft
it
lion
de hade
had had had had we had had you had had haft they had had it
Future
jag shall
(or Icommer att)
hava
(lid)
I shall
have
du
shall hava you will have ni shall hava you will have nan shall hava he will have hon shall hava she will have den shall hava it will have it will have det shall hava vi shola (or komma att) hava we
ni shola hava de skola hava
you
shall have
will have
they will have
Future in the past
jag shulle hava
(ha)
I should have
du
shulle hava you would have ni shulle hava you would have han shulle hava he would have hon shulle hava she would have den shulle hava it would have it would have det shulle hava we should have vi shulle hava ni shulle hava you would have de shulle hava they would have
Imperative
hav
have
Infinitive
att Jiava (or
att Jia) to
have
127?
Past Participle
Supine
havd
haft had
The auxiliary 195. subordinate clauses.
Som jag pa mitt
Om
jag
med
verb
icke (liar) fdtt svar forra brev .
Me
(hade)
.
.
hunnit
dngbdten, hade jag tagit
omitted
in
have had no reply
to
att liava is often
As
I
my If
I
previous letter
Att vara Indicative.
Present
.
.
.
had missed the steamer have taken the train.
I should
tdgct.
196.
had
to be.
128
Future in the past jag skulle vara I should be vi skulle vara we should be Present Participle being
Imperative be
var
varande
Infinitive
vara
att
Supine been
varit
to be
Subjunctive. Present
Past
jag ma vara vi ma vara
we be
197.
Vara
The verb vara denotes a The verb lli(va) denotes ther
= to
be, to
jag vore vi vore
I be
become, to
Det dr morkt. Det borjar bli morkt. Det blir morJct om en
and bliva.
state == to be. transition
from one state to ano-
get.
It is dark.
lit en
It is getting dark. It will be dark in
stund.
var ra'dd for sin far. He was afraid of Han blev radd, nar han horde He was (became) visselpipan. att
sommaren. Det shall bli
dem
Han
a
little
while.
Han
De komma
I were
we were
vara
borta hela
frightened
when he heard the whistle. They will be away the whole summer.
roligt att traffa
I
am
looking forward to see-
ing them again.
igen.
blev dodad
Nd'r jag kom, dod.
his father.
i
kriget.
var han redan
He was
killed in the war.
When
came he was already
I
dead.
129
Hcnncs mor
Idnge varit
liar
Her mother has long been
ill.
sjuJc.
I
for fa, reracl,
lion
blev lion opesedan dcss liar
vccltan
ock
blivit
btittrc
for var dag.
e\7 ery day.
198.
Present 1.
och latfre
Last week she was operated on, and since then she has become better and better
Other Auxiliary Yerbs. Past
130
Verbs with
B.
199.
There are
meaning.
Conjugations.
Swedish
in
full
four Conjugations, distinguished
by
the form of the Supine. the 1st Conjugation the Supine ends in -at. the 2nd Conjugation the Supine ends in -f. In the 3rd Conjugation the Supine ends in -tt.
In In
In
the 4th Conjugation the Supine ends in -it.
200.
Supine.
The Supine is the form of the Verb used after the auxiliary verb (itt Jiavci to have, in compound tenses. Ex.: j'ag liar fcallat I have called jag hade Izallat I had called
The function
of
the
Supine corresponds
to
one function
of the Past Participle in English.
Past Participle.
201.
The Swedish Past to
form
Past
the
Present
Participle
aft hiirff (to Ex.:
jfig fir
jag
Participle, on the other hand,
Perfect or the Past Perfect.
never used
The Swedish
an
is
be'
mm
used after the auxiliary verbs and 'to become') and as an Adjective.
Itallad
l)lcv
is
I
am
Jtallfid I
and
called
was
called
Consequently there are two forms in Swedish (Supine and Past Part.) which correspond to the English Past Participle. 202.
The Principal Parts
Principal Parts.
of the Verb and Past Past, Supine, Participle.
are: Infinitive, Present,
131
First Conjugation.
203.
Supine ends in -at. Past ends in -ade. Present
Past
jay
jag ballade
I called
vi kallade
we
du ni
han kallar
I call etc.
lion
den del
we
ni\ kalla
called
call etc.
de\
Past Perfect
Present Perfect
jag har kallat
I have called
ri ha(va) kallat
we have
jag hade kallat I had called vi hade kallat we had called
called
Future in the past
Future
jag shall
(or
kommer
Italia
jag skulle Imlla
kalla
vi skulle Italia we should
att)
I shall call
call
vi skola (or Jcomma
we
I should
att)
call
shall call
Imperative: Italia call Infinitive: alt
kalla
to call
Present Participle: kallande calling Past Participle: kallad called (den dr kallad, det ar cle
lat,
Jeal-
aro kallade)
Supine: (jag har) kallat called 1
Negative and interrogative forms: jag kallar ickc I call? kallade jag icke? did I not call? etc.
jag? do
I
do not
call,
Jcallar
132
Examples: Past
c Supine .
Past
Present
Infinitive
Participle
ballade
kallat
kallad
dansar
dansade
dansat
dansad-
badar
ladade
ladat
ladad
Jioppar
Jtoppad**
hoppat
(over)hoppad
telefoncrar
telcfoncrade
telefonerat
telefonerad
kalla
lea
liar
call
dansa dance Ixxlft
bathe lioppa
jump tclefonera
telephone
The
majority of Swedish verbs belong to the First Conjugation.
204.
Second Conjugation.
Supine ends in -t. Past ends in -de or
The verbs
-te.
of the Second Conjugation are divided into
two
classes.
The verbs belonging to the first class take -de in the Past and -d in the Past Participle. Past
Present jar/ bojer
I bend
vi boja
we bend
Present Perfect
jag bar
bojt vi 1ui(va} bojt
have bent we have bent
I
//
M>jde bojde
I
bent bent
we
Past Perfect
jay hade bojt I had bent vi hade bojt we had bent
133
Future
jay
kommer
ttJgall (or
I shall
att)
boja jag skulle boja
(or
bend
komma
att)
boja
vi skulle boja
we
shall bend
bb'jda)
Supine: (jag
should
bend
Imperative: bb'j bend Infinitive: att boja to bend Present Participle: bb'jande bending Past Participle: bb'jd bent (den dr bojd, det dr tiro
I should
bend
ri skola
we
Future in the past
liar) bb'jt
bent
bojt,
de
134
To the does
not
class
first
end
k9
in
p,
x,
belong verbs the root of which t.
If the root ends in ~r the termination -er
ped
Present singular: jag hor,
in the
j(t
rot;
is
drop-
etc.
II.
Verbs belonging to the second class take -te Past and -t in the Past Participle. Present jftf/
vi
koper
.
I
buy
we buy
kopa
in
the
Past
jay kopte
I
vi kopte
we bought
bought
Past Perfect
Present Perfect
liar kopt I have bought jftf/ hade kopt I had bought viha(va) kopt we have bought vi hade kdpt we had bought
jay
Future
Future
in the past
jag skall (or Itommer att) kopa jag skulle kopa I shall
buy
vi skola (or Jcomma
we
I should
shall
buy att) 7co^)ci
vi skulle
kopa we
should
buy
buy
kop buy kopa to buy Participle: kdpande buying
Imperative:
Infinitive: att
Present de
Past Participle: kopt bought (den tiro Iwptd) Supine: (jag liar) kopt bought
r
koj>t.
(let
iir
k<">/>t,
135
136
Past
Present
jay bor
I dwell
vi bo
we dwell
jag bodde vi bodde
Past Perfect
Present Perfect
liar bott I have dwelt vi ha(va) bott we have dwelt
jag
jag hade bott I had dwelt vi hade bott we had dwelt Future in the past
Future
jag
tt'kall (or
kommer
I dwelt
we dwelt
att)
bo
jag
bo
vi skitlle bo we should dwell
skit lie
bo
I should dwell
I shall dwell (or komma att) shall dwell
vi skola
we
Imperative: bo dwell Infinitive: att bo to dwell
Present Participle: boende dwelling Past Participle: bodd 1 (neuter: bott, Supine: (jag har) bott dwelt
Examples: Infinitive
Present
bo
bor 2
pi.
bodda)
137
Only
They end
in
few verbs belong
a
as
are, a.
a
rule,
to the
monosyllabic.
Third Conjugation. The
Infinitive
does not
Irregular Yerbs of the First Conjugation.
206.
Past
Present
Infinitive Sing. lieta
Supine
Plur.
lieter
hcta
hctte
lietat
kan
Jcunna
Imnde
kunnat
lever
leva
levde
levat
vet
veta
visste
vetat
mil
vilja
mile
velat
be called liunna
be able leva live
veta
know vilja
be willing
Irregular Yerbs of the Second Conjugation.
207.
Past
Present
Infinitive
bring a
1
Supine
Past Part. bragt
bragte
bragt
bor
borde
bort
doljer
dolde 2
dolt 2
ylddja
gldder
gladde
ylatt
gladden gora
yor
gjorde
gjort
yjord
lagger
lade
lagt
layd
skiljer
skilde
skilt
skild
bringar
bring bora
ought
to
dolja
dold 2
conceal
do,
make
lagga
lay sJcilja
separate 1
2
The plural of the Present N. B. long vowel!
is
always
like the Infinitive.
sHturjd
anoint
130
ga
gar
yick
yinyo
gdtt
gang en
ler
log
loyo
Ictt
(be)lcdd
scr
say
sago
sett
scdd
star
stod
stodo
stdtt
(over)stdnden
sldr
slog
sloyo
slayit
slayen
go le
smile se
see std
stand sld
strike
Fourth Conjugation.
209.
Supine ends in In the Fourth
Past Participle ends in -en. Conjugation the Past is not formed by a termination as in the other conjugations but by changing the root-vowel, e. g. binda, Past. sing, band, plural bundo. -it*
The verbs to the
of this conjugation are here classified according various vowel-changes. 210.
I.
Towel-change: (short)
i
-- a -- u.
Present
Past
jay binder I bind vi binda we bind
jag band I bound vi bundo we bound Past Perfect
Present Perfect
liar bundit
have jag bound vi ha(va) bundit we have bound I
jag hade bundit vi
Future
jay shall
(or I shall bind
Jcommer
vi skola (or Jcomma we shall bind
att)
binda
hade
had bound bundit we had bound I
Future in the past jag skulle binda I should bind
atf)
binda
vi skulle binda
we
should bind
140
Imperative: bind bind Infinitive: att binda to bind Present Participle: bindande binding Past Participle: (den a'r) bunden bound; aro)
bundna
Supine: (jag har)
Infinitive
bundit bound
((let
dr) bundet, (de
141
Future
Future
in the past
jay shall (or kommer aft) bita jay sknlle bita
I should bite
I shall bite i'i
slcola (or Jcomma
we
att)
bita
vi sktille bita we should bite
shall bite
Imperative: bit bite Infinitive: att bita to bite Present Participle: bitande biting
Past Participle: (den bitna Supine: (jag
liar)
a'r)
biten
bitit bitten
bitten; (det
a'r) bitet,
(de aro)
Past Perfect
Present Perfect
jag vi
have flown fl-ngit \ve have
7iai' fliigit I
/tft(ra)
jay hade fluff it I had H hade flu git we had
flown flown
flown
Future
jag shall
(or I shall fly
vi
skola
we
(or
Future
komnter
komma
att)
flyga
jag
in the past
kulle flyga
I should fly att)
shall fly
fly go,
vi skulle flyga
we should
Imperative: flyg Infinitive: att flyga Present Participle: flygande Past Participle: (den ar) (bort)flugen, (det dro) (lort)flugna
Supine: (jag har) flugit
fir)
fly
(bort)fluget, (d(
143
213. Infinitive
IT.
Other Towel Changes.
144 Infinitive
srara
145 Infinitive
Present
Past Sing.
far a
far
Supine Plnr.
Past Part.
Infinitive Present
148 Infinitive Present
149 Infinitive
vrida
Past
Present vrider
Supine
Past Part.
Plur.
Sing. rred
vredo
vridit
widen
dto
atit
dten
twist d'ta
Liter
at
eat
Remarks on
the Terminations of the Verb, 215.
The
Infinitive.
First Conjugation: ait tala, att Italia, att bada. Second Conjugation: att Itopci, att bdja, att soka.
Third Conjugation: att bo, att tro, att sy, att fa. Fourth Conjugation: att binda, att Jsomma, att bita.
The
Infinitive
ends in
-a
in the 1st,
2nd and 4th
Conjugations. In the 3rd Conjugation the Infinitive ends in
vowel than
another
-a.
216.
The Present. Singular.
First Conjugation: jag talar, jag kallar, jag badar. Second Conjugation: jag kb'per, jag bojer, jag sober.
Third Conjugation: jag bor, jag tror, jog syr, jag far. Fourth Conjugation: jag binder, jag Itommer, jag biter.
The Present singular of
the
1st
Conjugation ends
in *ar.
The Present singular
of
the 2nd Conjugation ends
of
the
of
the 4th Conjugation ends
in -er.
The Present singular
3rd Conjugation ends
in -r.
The Present singular in -er.
150 Plural.
First Conjugation: vi tala, vi kalla, vi bada.
Second Conjugation: vi ko'pa, vi bdja, vi soka. Third Conjugation: vi bo, vi tro, vi sy, vi ga. Fourth Conjugation: vi binda, vi komma, vi bita. plural has the same form as the InfiniException: vi tiro we are (Infinitive: vani).
The Present tive.
217.
The
Past.
Singular. First
Conjugation: jag talade, jag ballade, jag badttde. Second Conjugation: jag kb'pte, jag bojde, jag sokte. Third Conjugation: jag bodde, jag trodde, jag sydde. Fourth Conjugation: jag land, jag ~kom, jag let.
The Past singular of the 1st Conjugation ends in -ttde. The Past singular of the 2nd Conjugation ends in -de or
~te.
The Past singular of the 3rd Conjugation ends in -dfle. The Past singular of the 4th Conjugation has no termination. Plural.
First Conjugation: vi talade, vi kallade, vi badade.
Second Conjugation: vi kopte, vi bojde, vi sokte. Third Conjugation: vi bodde, vi trodde, vi syddc. Fourth Conjugation: vi bundo, vi kommo, vi beto.
The Past plural
of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Conjugations
the same form
as the singular. has the 4th Conjugation ends in of The Past plural
-o.
151
The Imperative.
218.
First Conjugation: tala,
Italia, bada. Second Conjugation: kop, boj, sok. Third Conjugation: bo, tro, sy, gd. Fourth Conjugation: bind, Jcom, bit.
The Imperative
and 3rd Conjugations has
of the 1st
same form as the Infinitive.
the
The Imperative of the 2nd and 4th Conjugations like the Infinitive minus -a.
219.
is
The Supine.
First Conjugation: talat, kallat, badat.
Second Conjugation: hopt, bojt, sokt. Third Conjugation: bo tt, trott, sytt, gait. Fourth Conjugation: bundit, kommit, bitit.
The The The The
Supine of the .1st Conjugation Supine of the 2nd Conjugation Supine of the 3rd Conjugation Supine of the 4th Conjugation The Supine cannot be inflected.
220.
The Past like
in
Participle of all
an ordinary the
The Past
plural. indefinite form.
Adjective.
The
definite
ends in
-at.
ends in
-t.
ends in ends in
-it.
-tt.
Participle.
the conjugations
is inflected
It takes -t in the neuter
form
is
and -a
like the plural of the
In the First Conjugation, however, the plural and the form of the Past Participle take -e instead of -a.
definite
Second Conjugation:
Third Conjugation: Fourth Conjugation:
and
Xeuter
Plural
Itallad
Jcallat
kallade Itopta
M., F.
First Conjugation:
C.
ki'>j>t
leapt
bojd
bojt
hnjdft
trodd
trott
trodda
bnndcn
bnndct
bunchta
The Past
Participle of the 1st Conjugation ends ad. The Past Participle of the 2nd Conjugation ends t
in
in
or -d.
The Past
Participle of the 3rd Conjugation ends in -dd. The Past Participle of the 4th Conjugation ends in -en.
The Present
221.
Participle.
First Conjugation: talande, kallande,
badaude.
Second Conjugation: Mpande, bojtuide, sokande. Third Conjugation: bocnde, troende, syende, gdende. Fourth Conjugation: bihdande, kommande, bitatide.
The Present
Participle of the 1st, 2nd and 4th Con-
jugations ends in -ande. The Present Participle of the 3rd Conjugation ends in
-cnde.
Subjunctive, The special forms of the Subjunctive are gradually out of use in modern Swedish. Very few are retained falling in the spoken language. They all end in -1*. -l'li\. The Present Subjunctive is formed by replacing the 222.
-ft
of the Infinitive
by
-c
153
Present Subjunctive leve
Infinitive ait leva
224.
The is
Conjugations
vd Isign a
v a Isiyn e
vara Jcomma
vare
komine
Past Subjunctive of the First, Second and Third like the Past Indicative, c. g.: talade, Uopte,
trodde.
% 225.
formed
by
The
Subjunctive of the Fourth Conjugation is replacing the -o of the plural Past Indicative
by
Past
-c.
Plural of Past Indicative (att giva)
vi
(ait se)
vi
gdvo sago
(att vara)
vi
voro
(att fa)
vi
fingo
226.
jay sdye, vi sdye JGfl vore, vi vorc jay finye, vi finye
Examples showing the use
Leve lionungen! Gud vare med dig! Vare d armed huru som
Rddde Ske
heist.
sig den som Jean!
din vilje!
Jag onskar, sommar!
Om Om
Past Subjunctive jay ydve, vi ydve
att det aldrig
bleve
Long live the King! God be with you! Be that as it may. Let him save himself who Thy will be done!
det
If I
If
vatten.
finnas
I
would never be sum-
were king. were allowed, I would
take
mdncn fimnes,
inte
it
can!
iner!
jag vore hung. jag finyc, toy e jag platinte
wish
I
sen genast.
Om
of the Sjbjunctive:
skulle
nagot
tid-
If
the there
the situation at once.
moon
did
not
would be no
exist,
tide.
Passive Voice. The
227.
forms
of
the
Passive
dropped before
is
If the
Verb.
formed by adding -> active form ends in
-r is
1st Conjugation.
Present I
Past
am
we
called
are called
jag kallades I was called we were called vi kallades
Present Perfect
jag har kallats
Past Perfect
I have been
jag hade kallats
I had been
called
called
vi Jia(va) kallats we have been called Future
j ag skall (Jcommer att) kallas att)
shall be called
vi
hade kallats we had
been
called
Future in the past jag skulle kallas I should be called
I shall be called
vi skola (komma
we
-r,
active
the
-s.
228.
jag kallas vi kallas
to the
kallas
vi skulle kallas we should be called
kallas to be called kallad called) been called kallats Supine: Infinitive: att
(Past Participle:
2nd, 3rd and 4th Conjugations:
229.
If the active tions) the -e is
and formal
form ends in -er (second and fourth conjugagenerally dropped before -s, except in literary
style.
155
hors
Ex.: det clet
(liores) it is
heard; hidden;
it is
{joins (go mines)
det sitrids (strides')
it is
spread.
Infinitive
att
Present
hop as
to be
kdp(e)s
att bojas to be bent att tros to be believed att bindatf to be
kopas
pi.
bought boj(e)s
bojas
tros
tros
bind(e)s
bindas
bryt(e)s
brytas
bound
att brt/tas to be broken
Past
Supine
koptes boj ties troddes
bands
k&pts bojts trotts pi.
bundos
bundits
brotos
brutits
brots
The Use of the Passive
The Passive Voice should be avoided
230. It
speech.
Yoice. in colloquial
has, on the whole, a more restricted use than in
English. 231.
The Indirect Object
as a rule, be
\Man
Itar
made the Subject
I have been 11
sagt mig det.
\Det har sayts mig. (But not: jag liar sagts
I
(It
told so.
has been told me.
det.)
visade mig tvd tavlor.
\Tva tavlor visades mig.
(But not: jag visades
of an active sentence cannot,
of a passive sentence.
tvcl
was shown two pictures. [Two pictures were shown me.
jl
tavlor.)
156
When
232.
there are
two Direct
Objects, one denoting
and the other a person, only the thing-object can be
a thing
made the Subject
of a passive sentence. construction altogether. passive
T
Jag
fick lara
(I
miq en mi dans.
A A
{ I
T Jan
~
,
j
fick trc
f
o
[I
frag or.
<*
Best
is to
avoid the
was taught a new dance. new dance was taught me. was asked three questions.
Ihree questions were asked me.
I
A
233. Verb followed by a Preposition cannot be turned into the Passive Voice, unless the Preposition forms part of a Separable Verb.
Man kommer
sakert
He
ta
att
is
sure to be taken care
of.
hand om lionom.
Man Man Man
She was laughed at. must not be wondered at. She has not been properly
skrattade at hennc. far intc undra pa det. har inte sett efter licnne
It
looked after.
ordentligt.
But: motet
sicotrt
upp
(or uppsko'ts) the
meeting was post-
poned; locket
sJtruvades
screwed on, 234.
An
pd
(or pdskruvades) the lid
was
etc.
English passive infinitive after the verbs 'be', corresponds to an active infinitive in Swedish
'remain', 'leave', in
expressions like the following:
Vad dr att gora? Det var att vanta. Vad dterstdr att
Foljande
lasa
i
att onttka.
historia
tttod
What It
What
att
be done?
be expected. remains to be done? to
The exhibition deal
en StockJtolmtidni)t(/.
is to
was
to
left
a
great
be desired.
The following
story was to be read in a Stockholm news-
paper.
157
Var kan man fd (kopa) den
Where
is
this book to be had?
bokcn?
/tar
(Note. 235.
Delta hus ar till salii.
This house
is to
be sold.)
The verbs
'cause', 'command', 'order', 'direct', followed by an accusative and a passive infinitive are translated by Idta and an active infinitive in Swedish.
Han
lat riva
Ordfdranden
tokollet over
He had
liuset.
lilt
upplasa pro-
foregdende sam-
mantrade.
the house pulled down. the mi-
The chairman caused
nutes of the preceding meeting to be read.
Other Uses of the s-form. 236.
The verb-forms
in
-8 are also used to express a
reciprocal action.
DC mottcs
They met on
pel bron.
De foljdes at
till
the bridge. helped each other. They went together to
We
Vi hjalptes at. stationen.
station.
Vi ses Vill
om
237.
See you on Friday.
fredag.
du ftldss? (double
-s!)
Will you
Some s-forms acquire an
Ndsslan branns.
The
Han
tycker om att retas. Hunden bits.
He
Narras inte! Knuffas inte!
Do Do
fight?
active meaning.
nettle stings. fond of teasing.
is
The dog not
bites.
tell stories!
not push!
the
Deponent Verbs.
238.
Some Verbs have only
#-ibrms.
They
are called Deponent
Deponent Verbs have passive form
Verbs.
Jag Jean inte atidtts. Jag lioppas, aft lian kommer. Jag minus inte, vad lian sade.
but active meaning.
I cannot breathe. I I
hope he will come. do not remember what he said.
Other Deponent Verbs are: wrestle,
succeed,
lyckas
krakas be
father),
sick,
Iras
envisas be obstinate, brottas (pa sin far) take after (one's
synas appear,
etc.
Periphrastic Forms.
The Passive Voice is also formed by the auxiliary bliva or vara and the Past Participle of the main
239.
verbs verb.
In
colloquial
speech the .
much
as
possible.
{Han fir dlsltatl av alia. .... 77 (Han dfskaa av alia. liar IMvit void till riks'
(Han dag sman. hur rft/ts IHan man.
till
He
is
He
has been elected a
riksdags-
loved by everybody.
Mem-
ber of Parliament.
It is difficult to give any simple rules as to the 240. use of the s-forms and the periphrastic forms. In order to know when to use the periphrastic forms it is
distinguish between (1.) Verbs that denote an is not continued indefinitely but implies a of a state or leads to a cessation, and (2.) Verbs
necessary action
change that
to
which
denote
change
a
continued
action without
of state or to a cessation.
reference
to
a
159
Verbs of the tion,
first
the others verbs
may
category
be called verbs
of transi-
of duration.
Examples of verbs of transition: somna go to sleep, valma wake up, tanda light, Idgga lay, bliva become, flytta remove. Examples of verbs of duration: sova sleep, vaka keep awake, brinna burn, ligga
241. 1.
A.
vara
lie,
be,
dlska love, frulda fear.
The Passive of Terbs of
Present: x-form
is
Transition.
the rule.
tiindas ocli jidldapparna utdelas.
Ljusen
The candles are
lighted,
and
the Christmas gifts are distributed.
(Compare: Ljusen tiro tanda. Julldapparna tiro
The candles are alight. The Christmas gifts have been
utdelade. Supinum bruJcas efter
The Supine
distributed.)
lijdlp-
verbet 'hava'.
Avlagda kldder uppJcopas. 2.
is
used after the
auxiliary verb 'to have'. Cast-off clothes bought.
Past: s-forms and periphrastic forms with bliva are used
without distinction.
(Han tof/ft till fdnga. [Han blev to gen till fdnga. lades at sidan. blevo Papperen lagda at sidan. {Papperen
He was
taken prisoner.
The papers were put
aside.
N.B. Periphrastic forms with vara in the Present and the Past indicate completed action, the result of which still remains or remained.
tdcM
av
The sky
(Compare: Himlen tacTcet* av
The sky
Himlen ar (var)
is
(was) covered with
clouds.
moln.
moln.
is
getting overcast.)
100 Stolen
var
The
Iftt/trd.
was
chair
(or:
had been)
mended. 3.
Present
Perfect
and Past Perfect:
.s'-forms
and
peri-
phrastic forms with bliva denote
completed action. The chair has (had) been mend-
(Stolen liar (hade) la-f/attt. |
Stolen har (lutdc) bliuit (not
I
ed.
varit!) la-gad.
Han
hade blivit
not varit!)
(
He had been
killed (shot).
skjuten. N.B. Periphrastic forms with vara and the Past denote:
in the
Present Per-
fect
a)
completed action, the result of which no longer remains.
Koppen har varit lay ad en gang men tir nu sonder igen.
The cup has but
is
been mended once
now broken
b) someting that has been taking place for is
still
(was)
Han
7iar varit
forlovad
i
B.
has been engaged for seven
The Passive of Verbs of Duration.
Present and Past: s-forms and periphrastic forms with vara denote proceeding action.
(Han fruktas av undersd-
He
is
feared by his subjects.
tarna.
\Ilan tir \
He
years.
242.
J
some time and
taking place.
sju dr.
1.
again.
fruktad
av undcr-
sdtarna.
Han fraktades (var frnk-
He was
feared
by
his subjects.
tad) av undersdtarna. N.B. Jilir fruktad denotes beg inning action in the future ("will be feared"), itlrr fruktad denotes beginning action in the past ( 'came to be feared"). %
161
Present Perfect and Past Perfect: s-forms and periphrastic forms with vara and bliva are interchangeable.
2.
243.
Passive Infinitive after Auxiliary Yerbs.
C.
Skall, followed by
1.
Wish
or
s-\ or
regemente shall siindas
Ett
till
denotes Pre-
arrangement,
One regiment
is
to
be sent to
South Africa.
Sydafrika.
8kall, followed by a periphastic form with bliva de-
2.
Promise, Assurance.
notes
Han
m
Demand.
shall
bli(va) val
mot-
He
shall be well received.
tagen.
Mdste, bor, torde, followed by cessity, Wish, Demand.
3.
#-form denote
Ndgot mdste yoras.
Something must be done.
Flaskan bor skakas val fore
The
till
torde
sdndas
undertecknad.
4.
be
well
Applications should be to the undersigned.
sent
bottle
should
shaken before
begagnandet.
Anmdlningar
Ne-
use.
Mdste, bor, torde, followed by a periphrastic forn with bliva often denote Supposition or Probability.
Partiet
torde bli(va) avsdnt
inom en vecka. (Compare: Partiet torde av-
sdndas inom
en
The consignment
will probably be sent within a week.
send the consignment within a week.)
Kindly
vecka.
11
222444.
Bjorkhagen, Modern Swedish Grammar.
162
The Use of the Tenses. Present
244.
The Present the
in
become,
is often used instead of the Future, especially case of Verbs of Motion and the verb bliva to be, to
when a
sense of futurity
is
implied in the context.
He will come to-morrow. Han komtner i morgon. The boat will leave next week. Eaten gar nasta vecka. klocWill ni tillbaka till Ko miner you be back by five? kan o? Det blir morkt om en
liten
be
dark in a
little
while.
stund.
Note the use examples
will
It
of Present instead of Past in the following
:
Ndr ar ni fodd? Jag ar fodd den 14
When juni 1888.
I
were you born? was born on the 14th
of
June, 1888.
245.
Swedish Past corresponds
to
Past.
English Present in expressions
of Feeling or Opinion like the following.
Det
var
roligt, i
igenom Det var trdkigt,
kan komma. Det var synd, tankte
pa
var har.
att
I
am
inte
I
am
inte
It's
du gick
examen.
dct,
att
att
du
du
medan han
glad you passed in the examination.
of
sorry you cannot come.
a pity you didn't think it while he was here.
163
246.
Swedish
Present
Past,
especially aldrig never.
Vem liar Idrt
in
Present Perfect.
Perfect sentences
ni
Har
ndgon varit
sovit gott i natt? Har ni ndgonsin sett ndgot sddant forut? har,
corresponds to English containing ndgonsin ever, and
Who
dig del?
Hfir
often
medan
taught you that? Did you sleep well last night? Did you ever see such a thing before?
Did anyone
jag har varit ute?
call
while I was
out?
Swedish Present Perfect
refers to the future in cases like
the following:
Jag har nog slutat, nar du a'r
fardig.
I
am
sure I shall have finish-
ed
by the time you
are
ready.
Future.
247.
The usual way
of expressing simple futurity in is to
(without implying any Intention) Infinitive of the Verb.
Swedish
use the phrase Jtom-
iner att + the
Ni tcommer att dngra
er
vdr
will be sorry for it lat-
er on.
langre fram.
Dei hoininer
You
inte
att ske
i
It will not
happen
in our life-
time.
livstid.
248.
Future in the past.
The Future in the past is used as in English. Sometimes the Past Subjunctive, or the Past Perfect Subjunctive, is used instead of the Future in the past.
164
Jag skulle inte yora det, om jag vore som du. Ni skulle gora mig mycket forbunden genom att gora mig denna tjd'nst. Jag vore tacksam for svar sd snart som mojligt.
I
should
not do
it
if I
were
you.
You would by I
greatly oblige me doing me this favour.
should at
reply
be
thankful for a
your
earliest con-
venience.
Det hade varit battre, om hade stannat hemma.
N.B.
vi
It
would have been better
we had stayed
if
at home.
]n English should is used in the first person, would and third persons. In Swedish ftJculle is used
in the second
in all three persons.
Continuous Form.
249.
Swedish has no special Continuous Form. 'I am writing' rendered by jag skriver or jag hdller pd att skriva (lit. I keep on to write). is
Jag har last hela dagen. En ny kyrka hdller pd att bygga*. Jag steall yd pa
teatern
i
kvall.
A
have been reading all day. new church is being built.
I
am
I
going to the theatre to-
night.
Vad yjorde du du pd med),
(or na'r
vad
It
oil
jag Icom
What were you came
doing when I
in?
in?
The Use of the Auxiliary Verbs. 1.
250.
notion
Shall
Skall, skulle.
indicates Future, generally with an implied It is used or Will, Promise or Threat.
of Intention
165 in
all
in
the
plied, shall.
three persons and so corresponds to English "will" second and third persons. If no Intention is imFuture
the
Skulle
is
indicates
expressed by
Future in the
Jag shall (kommer att) se till, ail han far tillbaka sina
I
hammer
att instead of
past.
will
see
(shall)
to it that
he gets his money back.
pengar.
Kungen shall oppna
utstdll-
The King
ningen.
Kungen
hommer
att oppna
utstdllningen. inte resa for ran
Han shall
will (is going to)
open the exhibition.
i
kvall.
Han reser inte forrein i kvall. Han hommer inte att resa for ran
i
Han tanker i
He
will not leave
till
to-night.
kvall.
inte resa forran
kvall.
Jag
shall nog hdlla utkik shall du fa se.
sjalv,
Var snail och hdlsa sa mycket
I will be on the look-out
you shall see. Please remember me
dina fordldrar. -- Tack, det shall jag gora. lovade, att
gora om
han
inte
shulle
not repeat att
jag
ut,
ndr
du kom. 251.
another ment,
He promised
det.
Jag hade foresatt mig, shulle gora det. Jag shulle just ga
to
your
-- I will. parents.
till
Han
my-
self,
that
he would
it.
had made up my mind that I would do it. I was just going out when I
you came.
Skall
is
person's
also
used
Will
or
to indicate
on
a
dependence on
Previous Arrange-
166
Shall jag
Shall I shut the
sta'nga fonstret? icke drdpa.
Du shall
Vad shall pojkcn
Thou
What
bli?
shalt not is
window?
kill.
the boy (going) to
be?
Vad shall jag gora? Vi shola traffas vid stationen. Kungen shulle vara ndrva-
What am
We
I (supposed) to do? are to meet at the station.
The King was
to be present.
rande.
Shulle is used has "were to". 252.
lish
in Conditional Clauses
where Eng-
i
vad som shulle han skiille forom handa,
Jag
vet inte,
do
1
not
happen
know what would if
he were to try.
soka.
As
253.
Opinion, a pity',
is
a rule skulle
verbs
after
lish,
such as 'it
is
not used like "should'' in Eng-
expressing Feeling, Emotion or a personal 'I
am
glad',
is strange',
'it
Det dr synd (jag beklagar), att han shall vara sd dum. Det dr synd, att han har f/jort
Ar
han
'I
shall',
'I
'I
am going
to',
'I
am about
on the point of, 'I am to', 'I am supposed all correspond to jay shall in Swedish.
to',
'I
am
II.
'it
should be such a fool. is a pity that he should have done it. Is it possible that he should be a thief?
iir en
will',
surprised',
It
tjuv? N.13.
am
etc.
It is a pity (I regret) that he
dct.
del mojliyt, att
regret', 'I
'I
is possible',
to',
Vill, ville.
Vill is not used to indicate Future as in EngHan lish; it is only used to express a Wish or a Desire. vill corresponds to English 'he will', 'he wants to', 'he 254.
167 is
willing
wishes
'he
to',
to',
'he desires
to',
'he likes',
'pleases', 'cares', 'chooses'.
Vill ni folja
nen? Tror ni,
med
till
Will you go with me
statio-
han
att
skulle
vilja
Do you
Han
think he would like
to do it?
go'ra d
Jug vill Vad vill
to the
station.
,
~bli
I
ingenjor.
tii?
far gora, som han vill.
want
to be
an engineer.
What do you want? He can do as he likes
(pleases,
chooses).
Jag ville
Me
besva'ra
honom.
I did not
want
to trouble him.
In English the verbs 'want' and 'like' are often by an Accusative with the Infinitive. This construction cannot be used in Swedish after vill. It must be 255.
followed
translated
Han
ville
by a Subordinate Clause beginning with inte,
att jag skulle
He
veta det.
Jag
want me
to
know
it.
skulle inte vilja, att
han
gjorde det. 256.
did not
att*
I
should not like him to do it.
When
English
'will'
expresses Natural
Propensity
Habit, it is not translated by vill but by the Present of the main verb; 'would' is rendered by brukade (used to), or
kunde (could), or no auxiliary. Delta tyg krymper icke. Han kunde sitta timtals
och
gora ingenting. Pojkar aro nu en gang pojkar. Sedan brukade han ta av sig rocken och borja. Han brukade skicka jungfrun efter for
50 ore
spik, etc.
This material will not shrink. sit for hours doing
He would
nothing.
Boys will be boys. Then he would take
off his
coat and begin. He would send the girl out for sixpen'orth of nails, etc.
168
257.
The translation of "may", "might".
111.
'May' is translated by or Concession.
1.
es a
Wish
Md
(indtte) du
bli lycldig.
md
Huru ddrmed an
forJidlla
md
or
indtte when
it
May you
be happy.
However
that
may
express-
be.
sig. 2.
'May'
translated by
is
kan when
it
expresses a Polite
Demand. Ni Uan gdrna gora det nu. Ni Jean gdrna saga at honom, att
jag
3.
vill trdffa
You may as well do You might tell him
Jwnom.
'May', 'might'
now.
that
I
should like to see him.
translated by sltall, skulle
is
it
when
it
expresses an Intention.
Han
gjorde
skulle fa han var.
de
He
did
how
hur skicklig
'May', 'might' is translated of the adverb Imnske
4.
the
se,
att
for
det,
help
it
that they might see
clever he was.
by Jean, Tcunde or with when it expresses Possi-
bility.
Det Det
Uan Jidnda. Uunde Jidnda.
Han Ttanske
gor
det,
om
ni
It
may
It
might happen.
He may
happen.
do
it if
you ask him.
ber honom.
Ni Jtunde gora Det dr 5.
kanske 'May'
is
You might It may not
er ilia.
inte sant.
translated
by far when
hurt yourself. be true. it
expresses Per-
mission.
Far
jag lesvdra
om
senapen.
May
I
trouble
mustard.
you
for
the
169
Far -
jag Idna den Ja, det
Nej, det
far
far du
boken?
May
I
borrow
this
book?
Yes, you may.
inte.
No, you mayn't.
The translation of "must".
IV.
258.
in
Mr du.
'Must' corresponds to mdste, which form is used not only the Present but also in the Past and the Future,
where English has 'had
Han indste Han indste Han indste Han
har
or 'shall
resa ncista vecka.
to'.
week. has been obliged to leave.
He
resa.
'Must not'
have
He must leave at once. He had to leave yesterday. He will have to leave next
resa genast. resa i gar.
mast
N.B.
to',
is
translated by
far
icJce,
when
it ex-
presses absolute Prohibition.
Ni far inte gora
You must
det.
Ldta.
V.
Ldta
259.
allow" and 1.
(2.)
is
used
not do that.
in
two
different
senses:
(1.)
"to
"to cause".
Allow me to help you. Ldt mig hjdlpa dig. Ldt Jionom inte komma in. Do not let him come in. Han later inte overtala sig. He will not be persuaded. He suffered (permitted, allowHan lat overtala sig. ed) himself to be persuaded.
Ldt 2.
inte
mig stora
er.
lat uppldsa foregdende motes proto-
Ordforanden
not
let
me
interrupt you.
The chairman caused the minutes of the preceding meeting to be read.
koll.
Han
Do
lat dcm arbeta som
slavar.
He made them work like slaves,
170
Idta gora en ny
shall
Jag
I
am
kostym.
Jag lat skraddaren laga
roc-
I
ken.
going to have a new suit made.
mend my
the tailor to
got coat.
Generalen
Hit
The general ordered the
deser-
skjuta
de-
serter to be shot.
toren.
Har jag
Have
Idtit er vanta?
The Use of the
I kept
you waiting?
and
Infinitive, Participle
Supine. The
I.
The
260.
Infinitive
is,
Infinitive. as a rule, preceded
by
att.
Han kom mig
He made me
Hellre
Rather than yield he resolved
lian
att skratta. an att ge vika beslot
att
Purpose,
Han
Han
it is
in
reste
att
to die.
do',
When
261.
or
ha'lsa
till
pa
reste till
the Infinitive
papper
Han
ett
tola om, att
Jag
att or till att.
for
staden
He went up
for
sin dotter.
Paris
for att
till
att gora
to
town
to see
his daughter. He went to Paris in order to
(with a view to) study music. is used to make paper.
Wood
av.
skrev
lioll
used to express Intention
is
preceded by
studera musik.
Tra anvandes
laugh.
mig
brevkort
for att
han var borta
He
sjuk.
for att
I
inte stora dem.
wrote a post- card to say
that he was
ill.
away
so
kept
as
not
to
disturb them.
The Infinitive is used without att: after the Auxiliary Verbs (skall, vill, kan, bor, far, mdtfte, etc.). 262.
I.
Dct borde goras genast.
It
ought to be done at once.
171
after the following Verbs: tdnka think, hoppas hope, tyckas seem, synas seem, brnka be in the habit of, behova need, onska wish, and a few others. 2.
Nar tanker
When
resa? Jag hoppas fa trdffa nom i morgon. ni
Det tycks inte fo'rsokte
vara
Han
ho-
over
grinden.
you leaving?
hope to see him to-morrow.
He
tried
seem
to
to be true.
over the
jump
gate.
simma.
Han Idrde
sig
Jag Idrde
honom
Han brukade ta
He
sitnma. en prome-
nad fore frukosten. Vad vill ni veta? Skrivm askinen behover smorjas.
learnt (how) to swim.
him (how)
I taught
He
used
to
to
swim.
take a walk be-
fore breakfast.
What
do you want to know? The typewriter requires oiling.
Han lyckades undkomma. He Han bad mig Jeomma och He ha'lsa
pa
tavlingen,
i
skriva
ombedjas
namn pa
sina
succeeded in escaping. asked me to come and see
them.
dem.
som onska deltaga
De,
are
It does not
sant.
hoppa
I
liatan.
Those who want to take part in the match are asked to put their names on the list.
3. In the constructions Accusative with the Infinitive and Nominative with the Infinitive.
I heard
Jag horde ndgon vissla.
Ndgon hordes
is
somebody whistle. Somebody was heard to whistle.
vissla.
263. In the following cases an English Infinitive rendered by a full Subordinate Clause in Swedish: 1.
After the expression 'had better'.
Det ar genast.
bast,
att ni
gor
det
You had
better do
it
at once.
172 2. When English has an Accusative with the Infinitive after the verbs 'want', 'like', 'expect', 'wish', 'desire',
'require'.
Vad mil
ni,
att
han
shall
t/or a?
What do you want him to do? What would you like him to do?
What
do
him vantar, att sin plikt.
England
gor
var man
you wish
England expects every man
Jag vdntade bara pa att skulle gd.
han
Jag Idngtar efter att shall komma.
han
liyt,
I
vandarner rokte
I
was only waiting
am
5.
for
him
longing for him to come. not custoto
smoke
cigarettes.
4. When English has a Superlative Number followed by an Infinitive.
den forsta (tredje, soin forsohte det.
var
sista)
followed by
At that time it was mary for ladies
cigar etter.
Han
'for'
to go.
tiden var det inte
att
to
do his duty.
When English has the preposition 3. an Accusative with the Infinitive.
Pa den
(desire)
to do?
He was to
the
attempt
or
an Ordinal
first (third, last) it.
In expressions like the following:
dum, som hjdlpte
Jag var
I
was a
fool to help him.
honom.
Ni
vore
dum,
oin ni trodde
Hur knnde han att
You would lieve
dtt.
vara sd
han trodde
dum, How
det?
be
a fool to be-
it.
could
he be so foolish
as to believe it?
6. When English has an Interrogative Pronoun Adverb followed by an Infinitive.
or
173
vad jag
Jag vet inte, gora.
Han
visste
Han
sig at.
var osaker
skulle gora Jag shall saga shall stanna.
to do.
know how
not
to do
it.
pa om
lian
He was do
det eller inte.
ndr ni
till,
did
know what
it
uncertain whether to or not.
you when
I will tell
to stop.
In expressions like the following.
7.
Det
I do not
hur han He
inte,
skulle bdra
skull
dr
gb'r
Det ar
han He
is
not likely to do
han kom- He
is
sure to come.
inte troligt,
att
it.
det.
sakert,
att
mer. 264. The English Gerund Infinitive in Swedish.
rendered by an
is, as a rule,
The Swedish has no Gerund.
Det tjdnar ingenting
till
att
It is
no use trying.
forsoka.
Han
kunde skratta.
inte
liar det slutat
Idta bli att
He
could not help laughing.
Has
regna?
att skriva! Uppskjut Jag har harmed nojet scinda inte
it stopped raining? Don't put otf writing! I have the pleasure of sending
enclosed price-list.
bifogade priskurant.
Jag foredrar att resa med dngbdt framfor att dka med
I
by steamer
prefer going
travelling
by
to
train.
tag.
Han
dr sysselsatt
skriva Det
dr
med
att
He
vdrt
att
It
is
busy writing
letters.
brev.
knappast
namnas. Det dr omojligt att veta, vad som skulle kunna handa.
is
hardly worth mention-
ing.
There
is
no
knowing what
might happen.
174
Jag brukar stiga
When
265.
upp
tidigt.
I
am in the habit of rising early.
the English Gerund
sessive Adjective, a Genitive, or a position, it is translated
contracted
sentences
by a
are
is
preceded by a Posa Pre-
Noun governed by clause in Swedish.
full
also best rendered
by a
English
full clause
in Swedish.
Att jag
fir
svag, ger
gen rattighet
att
er in-
you no
being weak gives right to insult me.
My
forolampa
mig.
Han
bort knappcn,
tog
att
Hon
pojken sag gillade
att
inte,
utan
det.
unga
flickor voro sysslolosa. Jag hoppas ni ursaktar, att Idtit er vdnta.
jag
Kungen var beldten med stdleinedan det lag sd let, avsides.
Dd han
ftck syn pa Harris
och mig
.
.
fir ma bli-
vit oss reborn mender ad, sltulle
gdrna
vilja veta, etc.
An
266.
Infinitive
is
the button with-
out the boy's seeing it. She did not approve of young girls
idle.
being
hope you will excuse my having kept you waiting. The King was pleased with
I
the place owing to so secluded.
On
its
being
catching sight of Harris
and me
.
Eftersom Eder vi
He removed
.
.
.
Your firm having been recommended to us, we should like to know etc. often governed by a Prepo-
sition in Swedish.
Han
har
genom
sina ogon att liisa for myc-
forstort
He
has
spoilt his much. too reading
eyes
by
Jcet.
Han
gjorde
det
utan
att
He
did
it
without thinking.
tdnka. Lyckan
bcstdr
i
att
gora
gott.
utan uppehall utom att byta hdstar. for
Hon
reste
Happiness
consists
in
doing
good. She travelled without a halt, save for changing horses.
175
Efter att ha atit mid lag gick hon upp pa sitt rum.
A
267.
Subordinate Clause
lita
pa
att ni Jeom-
ni saber
pa
att han inte
jag
often
is
governed by
a
in Swedish.
Preposition
Kan
After having Lad her dinner, she went upstairs.
Can
I rely on your coming?
mer? Ar ar
Han
utnn
gick
visste om var tid
att
jag
is
not out.
om
oss
att det
Jag gratulerade honom med
av
without
att han hade i
fdtt forsta pris
He reminded
us that it was time to go home. I congratulated him on the fact that he had got the first prize in the competition.
tdvlingen.
var overtygad
om
att
He was
det skulle bli regn.
convinced
it
would
rain.
The Accusative with the
268.
my knowing
it.
ga hem.
att
anledning
He went
det.
Han pdminde
Han
Are you sure he
ute.
Infinitive.
The Accusative with the
Infinitive is often used after the a hora see, hear, befall command, Idta let, tillata allow, make, cause, anse consider, and a few others.
verbs se
komma
1 Jog sag honom komma. J Jag sag, att han kom. Jag har hdrt henne sjunga. Han befallde dem att stanna.
Han
lat
Det var
mig det,
fortsdtta.
som
kom mig
att skratta. Jag anser honom vara Compe-
vara
saw him come.
I have heard her sing.
He He
ordered them to stop. allowed me to continue.
That
is
what made me laugh.
consider
I
him
to
be compe-
tent.
tent.
(Passive
I
Voice: rik.
Han anses He
is
considered to be rich.)
176
An
N.B. verbs
English Accusative with the Infinitive after expressing Will or Wish must be translated by an
aff-clause.
han
skall
Han simile gdrna vilja, stannade kvar.
att vi
Jag
vill
Me,
att
I do not
want him
to come.
komma. He would
like us to stay on.
An English Accusative with the Infinitive after 269. verbs like "think", "know", "prove", "take", etc. must be translated
Jag
by an
aff-clause.
bevisade, att
han hade
I proved
him
var
She took
it
to
be wrong.
oratt.
Ron
trodde,
att det
ett
to be a joke.
skamt. 270.
The verbs
tro
think, tycka think,
mena
consider,
saga say, pdstd contend, fdrsdkra assure, and vanta wait, are often followed by a Reflexive Pronoun and an Infinitive.
Jag tyckte sjunga.
mig
(Jag
liora nay on jag
tyckte, att
I
thought
I
heard somebody
singing.
horde ndgon sjunga.}
Han trodde sig forstd, rad hon menade. (Han trodde, att han forstod, vad .) Han pdfttod sty veta, vad .
det
var.
(Han
she meant.
.
pdstod,
He
said he
knew what
it
was.
att
han visste, vad .) Jag vdntade miy inte att trciffa honom ddr. .
He thought he understood what
.
I did not expect to there.
meet him
177
The Present
II.
Participle.
An
English verb followed by a Present Participle corresponds to two coordinated verbs or a verb followed by an Infinitive or an Accusative with the Infinitive in Swedish. 271.
often
Han
brukar sitta
Idsa
Han
sent
om
uppe och He
ndtterna.
up
fortsatte att tola (och
the habit of sitting late reading at night.
is in
He went on
talking.
talade).
Forldt,
aft
liar
jag
latit er
vanta.
am
sorry I have kept you
waiting.
Jag horde honom sjunga. 272.
I
I heard
komma
After the verb
him
singing.
come, and sometimes after
bliva remain, the Present Participle is used as in English.
Han kom springande. Han blev ligyande i
sno-
drivan.
He came running. He remained lying in the
snow-
drift.
273. Contracted Sentences (Participial Constructions) should be avoided in Swedish and substituted by full sentences.
Han
slwev
ett
talade om,
Da
och
He wrote
sjuk.
that he
brevkort
att
han var
var
Jian sag, att gav han upp det. Sedan han hdllit detta tal, Idmnade han motet. det
omojligt,
Nar han lamnade
statio-
nen, hurrade folkmassan for
a
Seeing that
he gave Having
he
post-card saying
was it it
ill.
was impossible, up.
delivered
that
speech,
left the
meeting. When leaving the station he was cheered by the crowd.
honom.
Om Gad later.
225444.
vill och vddret
till-
God willing mitt ing.
Bjorkhagen, Modern Swedish Grammar.
and weather
per-
178
The Past
III.
Participle.
In Swedish the Past Participle is not used after auxiliary verb liava to form compound tenses (Present Perfect and Past Perfect). For this purpose the Supine is used. The Past Participle is used as an Epithet or a Predicative Adjective, mostly after the verbs vara, bliva, and is declined as an Adjective. 274.
the
Jag blev presenterad Itonom
pa
for
I
en bj'udning.
to
him
at a
party.
Middagen iir server ad. En fallen kung. Jag vill inte fa min liatt och min kostym forstorda av
Dinner
A
served.
is
fallen king.
I do not
and
want
my
to
have
suit spoilt
my
hat
by the
rain.
regnet.
Pengarna
De
was introduced
tiro
voro icke
stulna.
vdntade.
Foreld'sningen
blivit
liar
The money is stolen. They were not expected. The lecture has been postpon-
uppskjuten.
ed.
Jag kan go'ra mig forstddd. Ett brutet lofte. Brevet dr skrivet. Fienderna blevo slagna.
Den
s. k. (sd ballade) studentexamen.
Det overyivna
A
The letter is written. The enemy were beaten. The so-called matriculation examination.
The abandoned house.
huset.
IV.
The Supine
make myself understood. broken promise.
I can
The Supine.
only used after the auxiliary verb compound tenses (Present Perfect and Past It is indeclinable. After the auxiliary verbs vara Perfect). and bliva the Past Participle must be used instead of the 275.
hava
Supine.
to
is
form
Compare the following examples:
179
Past Participle.
Supine.
Jag liar skrivit
ett
brev.
Brevet
The
I have written a letter.
Or skrivet.
letter is written.
Han horde ha stdngt dorren. Dorren horde vara stdngd. He ought to have shut the door. The door ought to be shut.
Han har hallat manga men utvalt
He
Manga aro kallade men
has called many, but chos-
en few.
Many
Han
De ha lagat
De
sina maskiner.
blev sedd av manga. seen by many.
He was
Itunde inte
ner
They have mended
their
ma-
We
fa
sina
masM-
lagade. could
They
not
get
their
machines mended.
chines.
ha
are called, but few chos-
en.
Jag har inte sett till honom. I have seen nothing of him.
Vi
fa
utvalda.
fa.
inte
hart
Talaren Jcunde inte
talet.
have not heard the speech.
gora siy
hord. The speaker could not make himself heard.
De ha brutit sitt They have broken
De bruttia
lofte.
their pro-
loftena.
The broken promises.
mise.
Floderna
The
ha
rivers
Jag har
De frusna
frusit. have frozen.
aldrig
men. I have never
The
anvant kosty- Kostymcn har anvdnd.
worn the
suit.
De ha overrasteat oss. They have taken us by
The
aldrig
suit has never
varit
been worn.
Vi ha blivit overrasJtade. sur-
prise.
Vem har sytt din kla'dning? has made your frock?
Who
floderna.
frozen rivers.
We
have been taken by sur-
prise.
Skorna aro hanclsydda. are hand-sewn.
The shoes
180 276. In Subordinate Clauses the Supine is sometimes used without an auxiliary verb to form Present Perfect and Past Perfect.
Han
svarade, innan han blivit
kanske lyckats, om de
forsvkt
he
had
They would perhaps have
suc-
before
been asked.
ttllft'dgad.
De hade
He answered
litet
ceeded
tidigare.
if
they had
tried
a
little earlier.
Transitive and Intransitive Terbs. 277.
Transitive Verbs cannot be used intransitively or
vice versa.
JBestiga (not kldttra) ett berg.
Hans ogon fy tides
(not fyllde)
av tdrar. Brevet lyder (not laser)
Slappa iipp
(not
sd.
flygd) en
Climb a mountain. His eyes filled with
tears.
The
letter reads as follows.
Fly
a kite.
pappersdrake.
Man branner
ved
i
kakel-
ugnarna. Veden brinner.
The wood
in the stoves.
burns.
Some
verbs that are transitive in English are ine. g.: gd in i ett rum enter a room, emot ndgon fight somebody, gd in vid armen join the
278.
transitive
kdrnpa
They burn wood
in
Swedish,
army, gd forbi ndgon pass somebody, inverka pa en person influence a person,
etc.
Reflexive Verbs. 279.
Some
that
verbs
are not reflexive in English are
g.: avhdlla siy abstain, visa sig appear turn ndrma sig approach, fordndra sig change, out), (prove, bekltif/d Nig complain, forestdlla sig fancy, imagine, lara sig
reflexive in Swedish,
e.
181 learn,
gifta sig (med) marry,
Det visade sig,
kdnna
sig feel, rora sig
draga sig tillbaka
glddja sig rejoice, mistaken, etc. att
han hade
retire,
move, misstaga sig be
It
appeared that he was wrong.
If
it
ordtt.
Om
visar sig vara
det
rik-
proves correct.
tigt.
De ha
fordndrat sig
icltc
They have not changed much.
mycket.
Hon beklagade sig hon inte kunde
Ni
Jean
over att
She complained that she could not sleep.
sova.
forestdlla er vdr
for-
You may imagine
vdnirtg.
our
sur-
prise.
Han Idrde
sig franska pa
tre
mdnader.
Hon gifte sig
ined en prdst.
Jag kdnde mig
inte riktigt
He
learnt French in three months. She married a clergyman. I did not feel quite well.
bra.
De rorde sig
En
inte.
They
framling, som visade sig
A
vara kungen av Spanien.
did not move.
stranger,
.ed out)
who proved (turnbe the King of
to
Spain.
Har du
tin drat
Jag kan gora
inte
Have you changed your mind?
dig?
dtaga mig
att
I cannot undertake to do
it.
det.
Compound 280.
Verbs.
Compound Verbs (composed
of a
Verb + a
Prefix,
a Noun, an Adjective, an Adverb or a Preposition) are divided into Separable and Inseparable Verbs. 281.
Verbs beginning with one of the following Pre-
fixes are inseparable:
an-, be-, M-, ent-, er-, for-, hdr-, miss-, sam-,
und-, van-,
a-.
um-,
182 Ex.:
accuse,
ariklaga
betala pay, bista assist, entlediya
erkdnna
dismiss, st-ammo, be
confess,
descended,
forklara explain, hur-
mittstaga sig
be
mistaken,
'
samarbeta
cooperate,
umgds
associate,
undkomma
escape, vanstdlla disfigure,
dtaga sig undertake. Note 1. Most of these verbs are borrowed from the German. Note 2. The prefixes be-, ent- and for- are unstressed and the Verb has Tone I. Ex.: befalla command, forstd understand. Verbs compounded with the other prefixes have Tone II with principal stress on the prefix.
Ex
:
Note
an falia attack, bispringa succour. A few verbs compounded with an- are separable. 3. 283.
Compare
Compound Verbs
282.
prefixes mentioned in
not
beginning with any of the
281 have, as a ruJe, one separable
and^one inseparable form. In colloquial speech the separable forms are more common than the inseparable forms. Ex.:
kd'nna igen
or.igenkdnna
recognise
throw away under or under stryka stryka underline Jcaxtct
folja
gd
bort
mcd
till
slita
tola
sonder
om
or fiortka&ta
183
frambringa produce, inverka (pa) influence, overgiva abandon, fortlygga prevent, emotse await, forbise
Ex.:
overlook,
etc.
In some Compound Verbs the inseparable form 283. has a different meaning from the separable form. Compare:
Vad star
Han pdstdr det. He says so. Han avbrb't samtalet.
pd?
What is up? Han brbt av happen. He broke the stick.
He
broke
off
the conversa-
tion.
Det
inte
gdr
for
Vad for si g gdr
sig.
Hur star
How Det
liar?
What is happening here? Han tillstdr sitt fel He admits his fault. Det angdr oss inte.
It will not do.
det till?
do you do?
gdr an.
It does not concern us.
It will do.
Hon undergicU
De gingo under.
en stor for-
dndring.
They
She underwent a great change.
perished.
Note separable
1.
Verbs belonging to this class are, in a figurative sense.
as a rule, in-
when used
The Present and Past Participles of ComVerbs are inseparable. Compare: pound Han blev utltord. Jag Uorde ut Jionom. He was turned out. I turned him out. De valde om honom. Han liar blivit omvald. He has been re-elected. They re-elected him. Det omtalade dokumentet. Tola inte oin det! The above-mentioned docuDo not mention it! 284.
Vilka ord ha ni strukit
Which
words
crossed out?
over?
have
you
ment. Inga ord aro overstrultna.
No words
are crossed out.
184
De kcinde genast igen mig. They recognised me at once.
De
blevo genast
were
They
igenkanda. recognised
at
once.
ombud togo del
Tio
i
for-
De
fdrhandlingarna deltaf/ande ombuden.
handlingarna.
Ten delegates took part
i
The delegates taking part
in
in the negotiations.
the negotiations.
Vem har slagit ttonder fonst-
Det sonderslagna
fonstrct.
ret?
Who has broken the window?
The broken window.
The Adverb. A
are formed from the by adding (the Adverb being corresponding Adjectives like the neuter form of the Adjective). Compare: 285.
En
vacker
great
many Adverbs
A
villa.
Villan var
vackert
beautiful villa.
The
belagen
villa
was beautifully
sit-
uated.
En
\ omsorgsfull mdnniska. Arbetet var omsorgsfullt\
gjort.
En De
A
careful person.
The work was
carefully done.
J
trogen van. foljde
honom
}
trof/et.
I
A
faithful friend.
They accompanied him
faith-
fully.
286.
Present Participles are sometimes used as Adverbs.
They undergo no change.
Hon
ar fortjiisande
sot.
She
is
awfully
(lit.
charming-
ly) pretty.
Det ar
rasande
svdrt.
It is frightfully difficult.
185 287.
Other Adverbs correspond to Pronouns and may Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative
divided into
be
and Indefinite Adverbs. 1.
heir,
Demonstrative Adverbs are:
hdrifrdn from here ddr ifran from there hdrav from this ddrav from that
hit here
ddr, dit there overallt everywhere
nu now
hdruti, hdri in this
da, sedan then sa so
ddrutij ddri in that hdrom of this
ddrfor therefore, therefor
ddrom
harmed herewith, hereby hdrigenom by this
of that
hdremot against this ddremot on the other hand
da'rmed with that
ddrigenom by that 2.
Relative Adverbs are
varifrdn from where
ddr, dit, (varest) where vari wherein, in which varav whereof, of which
varom of which varuti in which
N. B. English "where" as a Relative Adverb by ddr and dit.
is
trans-
lated
Stanna dcir du dr! 3.
Stay where you
Interrogative Adverbs are
ndr? when?
var? where? vart? where to? varifrdn? where from? vanned? wherewith?
and others composed varigenom, varvid, 4.
are!
Indefinite
of
hur(u)? var for?
how?
vartill?
whereto?
var and
why? a Preposition, such as
etc.
Adverbs are:
ndgonstddes somewhere ingenstddes nowhere annorhinda otherwise
ndr som heist at any time.
hur som var som vart
som
heist
anyhow
heist
anywhere anywhere
heist to
186 Indefinite
5.
Kom ndr du Var han aV, The
Relative Adverbs are
vill!
dr han.
i
vtigen.
Indefinite Relative
e.
g.:
Come whenever you
like!
Whereever he
is in
is,
he
the
way. Adverbs are often emphasised by
the addition of tin or heist.
Hur
an
det
gar.
hum som han an dr.
Vare harmed
Hur
rik
heist.
Vart (heist) han vande sag han bar a bryggor.
sig,
However it goes. Be this as it may. However rich he is. Whichever way he turned, he saw nothing but jetties.
The adverb ja yes, answers to a question expressed affirmatively; Jo yes, answers to a question 288.
expressed negatively, Vill ni
ha
or contradicts a negative statement.
Jatack.
ett tipple?
Will you have an apple? Yes, please.
Vill
ni
inte ha
Jo tack. Han kommer
ett
apple?
nog inte.
-
Jo,
Won't you have an apple? I
Yes, please. afraid he will not come.
am
Yes, he will.
det gor han. 289.
Jo
also
corresponds
to
English
"oh",
"why",
"well", in expressions like the following:
Vad dr
det ddr?
Jo,
det dr
en skrivmaskin.
What
is
that?
Oh,
it is
a
type-writer.
Comparison. Adverbs derived from Adjectives form their Degrees of Comparison in the same way as the Adjectives. 290.
Ex.:
tidiyt early tidigast tidigare omxorysftillt carefully omsorgsfullare omsorgsfullast
snabbt quickly lf/f/t
lowly
snabbare
snabbast
lagre
lagst
187
A
291.
few other Adverbs
ofta often
also be
compared:
oftast
quickly bra well
fortare
fortast
bd'ttre
bast
badly
varre
vdrst
fort veil,
ilia
may
oftare
hellre rather
heist preferably
ndra near
narmare
narmast
292.
Many Adverbs have
garna
willingly
one form when used in con-
a Verb of Motion (indicating Direction) and a different form when used in connection with a Verb of Rest. nection with
Compare the following examples.
Han Han Han Han Min
gick in. ar inne.
\
J
gick ut.
1
ar ute.
J
bort i gar, och han har inte kommit hem far reste
He went in. He is in. He went out. He is out. went away yesterand he has not come day,
My
an.
yet.
Han
liar
varit
gar och an.
i
Vart
a'r
Var
han ar han?
Kom
hit!
liar
Jag ar
borta sedan inte
He
hemma
has been
terday
away
and
is
since yes-
not
home
yet.
Where is he gone Where is he? Come here!
rest?
I
heir.
dar du ar! gick inte dit han
Stanna
Han
father
skulle.
am
here.
Stay where you are! He did not go where he ought to
have gone.
Other Adverbs with a double form are: Direction
Rest
uppe
upp up ner (ned) dit there
down
fram forward
to?
nere dar
framtne
188
Some Swedish Adverbs have no
293. in
exact equivalents
nog, val, eller hur, gdrna, hellre, heist, ju, desto, visserligen, namligent kvar. ju The following examples show their use. e.
English,
.
.
.
Det
g.:
nog
blir
regn
am
I
morgon.
I
afraid
it
will rain to-
morrow.
Han
not/ inte av det dnnu. han har
vet
Ni har
veil hort, att
I don't think he I suppose
kunde veil ban jag tro.
Ni gdr kva'll,
inte hjdlpa det,
veil nied
eller
pa
teatern
i
it yet.
he has left? he couldn't help
rest?
Han
knows
you have heard that
I suppose
You
hur?
it.
will be going with us to theatre to-night, will
the
you not? Jag stannar lika ma.
gdrna
hem-
stannar heist (hellre) hemma. Ju forr desto bdttre. Jag kan ju inte veta, vad han
Jag
I prefer to stay at home.
The sooner the better. I can't tell what he is
tanker pa.
Jag har ju
ing aldrig sett karlen
I
forr.
Han
dr visserligen dldre an men han ser mycket
namligen
val.
skolkam-
rater.
Snon
ligger
det ndgot
older than me, it is true, he looks very much
I
know him very went
well.
to school together,
We you
see.
kvar
hela som-
maren.
Ar
can I?
younger.
Jag kdnner honom mycket Vi dro
is
but
ut.
of,
think-
have never seen the man before, you know.
He
jag,
yngre
home.
I'd just as soon stay at
The snow remains
all
the sum-
mer.
kvar
i
flaskan?
Is there anything left in the bottle?
189
The word forstds, (which
294.
form of the verb
understand)
forstd,
is
is really the passive used as an Adverb in
the sense of "of course".
Det
also
He
han forstds Me.
visste
didn't
know
it,
of course.
The adverbs redan already, and forst first, are 295. used in the sense of "even" and "only" in expressions
like the following:
Hedan
som barn skrev han
Even
romaner.
Jag kom forst
I
morse.
i
Da
296.
as a child he wrote nov-
els.
arrived only this morning.
and sedan.
English "then" is translated by dd when it means "at that moment", or "in that case". English "then" is translated by sedan when it means "after that", "subsequently".
Just
dd
tjur.
han syn pa en borjade han springa.
fick
Dd
Just then he caught sight of a bull. Then he started to run.
En
sJculle
dag
geten go,
tit
i
Dd
balskogen efter mat. till alia lade hon killingsig arna och sade: 0m vargen
kommer, sa oppna inte, for Vi dd ater han upp er. ska nog akta oss, svarade
Dd
killing arna.
geten och gick ut
i
brdkte
skogen.
Vargen gick forst till en handelsman och kopte ett sty eke krita Sedan gick han en bag are och bad hotill .
nom
.
.
stryka
lite
deg
pa
tas-
One day the goat was going out into the wood to get some food. Then she called all the kids and said: "If the wolf comes, do not open the door, for then he will - "We will take eat you." answered the kids. -
care",
Then the goat bleated and went out into the wood. The wolf first went to a shopkeeper and bought a piece Then he went of chalk asked him and to a baker some to put dough on his .
.
.
190
Sedan gick han en mjolnare och bad ho-
sen.
.
.
till
nom
Then he went to a and asked him to sprinkle some flour on his paw. Then he went back and knocked at the door.
paw.
.
stro
lite
pa
mjol
tas-
Sedan
gick han tillbaka och knarkade pa dorren.
sen.
Vad
om
skola vi gora,
Da
nar?
stanna
det reg-
Han drack en kopp te och sedan och lade sig. Och sedan dd?
gick
.
What shall we do Then we
hemma.
vi
.
.
miller
if it
rains?
will stop at home. a cup of tea and
He drank
then went to bed.
And
N. B. Sedan and da See S 303 and 304.
may
then?
also be temporal Conjunctions.
Conjunctions. The principal Conjunctions
297.
och and
(lika) .
.
.
and
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
icke
blott
only dels
an
.
.
.
.
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
dels partly
.
.
but (also) utan d'ven not but also
...
only
.
an now
.
.
.
.
.
.
(icke sd)
or
.
.
som (not so) ... if, as though
.
not att\ >
,
because
J
men but
eftersom | alldenstund]
utan but
cnar
ty for
dd
att
that
c?a,
nd'r
.
.
.
.
om
ndrhelst whenever
medan, under det
as, since
om, sd framt, sdvida om icke unless
when att
while
as
det att that, in order that det att icke lest, so that -
pa pa
emedan
anting en ... eller either
(as) ... as (sd) as ... (so)
.
sd att that, so that
darfor
eller or
.
.
som om as an than
partly
now
som
.
.
.
liksom
som as well ... as eller neither nor varken utan (ocksd) not icke endast saval
innan before
forra'n,
samt and och both bade .
are:
r..
.
if
.
...
bara ...
\
>
for sa vitt som}
as long as
191
sedan after allt sedan since tills,
till
forutsatt att provided
antaget att suppose ehuru, fasta'n though, although an, oaktat even though
dess, till until i
(just) som,
om
det ait as
vare sig att... eller whether... or
sd la'nge som as long as sa snart som as soon as liksom, allt
hur
som as
efter
...
an however if, whether
om, huruvida
Examples illustrating the Use of Certain Conjunctions. 298. Men utan. ;
Han Han
a'r
liar
fatfig
men
an hos den
bo
hederlig.
Met hem utan
mdste
an hos
ene,
den andre av sina sldktingar.
He He
poor but honest. has no home but is obliged to stay now with one is
now with
another of his
re-
latives.
Men a
is
used after an affirmative,
"Du kan
fa alia tre yxorna,
du ar en bra
utan
is
used after
or clause.
negative phrase
299.
For.
for
"You can have
karl", sade torn-
for
you are
said the
ten.
In conversation for
is
all three axes, a good fellow",
elf.
used instead of ty.
Ndmligen. Han My brother
300.
Min
bror
ar
ligger
i
namligen
dag. inte
riktigt
because he
bed to-day, not quite well.
is in is
bra.
Namligen, which to "for" or
is
"because"
really an Adverb, often corresponds in English. 301.
Vdnta
Om
ni
lite,
gar
sd
far ni se!
dit
i
trdffar ni honom.
morgon, sd
Sd.
Wait
a
little
and you will see!
If you go there to-morrow, you will meet him.
192
Sd, corresponding
to
used after a clause
is
English "and",
expressing Command, Promise,
Sd without any
etc.
corre-
English, often introduces a Prinsponding Conjunction a Conditional Clause. In both cases Clause following cipal sd may be left out. in
Hon
lika
dr
302.
The translation of
snail
som
She
be-
"as".
as good as she
is
is
clev-
er.
gdvad.
Kom sd snart
Come
(som) ni kan! Vi gingo iinda till slottet. Silver dr inte sd dyrt som
We
is
not so valuable as
guld. Han levde
gold. He lived
and died a Protes-
och dog
som
Silver
pro-
you can!
as far as the castle.
tant.
testant.
Som (medan,
bast) jag stod en man hoppa
As
jag inte hade ndgra pengar, (sd) kunde jag inte kopa bdten.
As
ddr, sag jag *
as soon as
walked
I stood there, I saw a jump into the river.
man
floden.
(Efter)som
As
= lika,
sd, bast,
I
had no money,
I could
not buy the boat.
som, eftersom.
Dd. the Adverb
303.
Distinguish between
(1)
da when,
the
as.
da then, and
After the Adverb
Conjunction word-order is Inverted, but not after the Conjunction. 1.
2.
Dd gor det ingenting. "Da flingo de hem. Dd de gingo hem, hdnde det en ohjcka.
Dd
inte hade ndgra pengar, kunde jag inte jfff/
resa.
Then
it
(2)
the
doesn't matter.
Then they went home. When they went home, an accident happened. As I had no money, I could not go.
198
Compare the following sentences:
Da oppnade raven munnen, ett
och
tuppen flog npp
i
trad.
.Dd raven oppnade tnunHen, flo'cf tnppen ttpp i ett
the
Then
fox opened his and the cock flew mouth,
up into a tree. When the fox opened his mouth,. the cock flew up into a tree.
triid.
>?
Xwlaii
may
be an
(;>)
Preposition.
1.
Sedan
(1)
han
f/ick
Sedan.
H04.
Adverb,
Conjunction
Then he went
en
till
a (2)
or
a
to a miller.
nijolnare. 2.
Sedan han hade
adtt.
rddda law/re. han for, ha vi
voro de inte
Sedan lute
3.
/tort
nr
ndgot
ho-
After he had gone, they were not afraid any longer. Since he went away, we have had no news of him.
nom. Jag har
I have known him since that 'leant honom sedan time. den tiden. Han reste till Amerika for He left for America three years
tre dr sedan*
N. B.
For the
poral Adverbs, see
ago.
between
distinction
dfi
and wcltm as tem-
296! 305.
Nar, dd.
Jay (jick ut, ndr (dd) hem I went out w hen he came in. kom in. Ndr and dd are interchangeable as temporal Conjunctions^ but ndr is more common in colloquial speech. r
306.
The Conjunction
Hur
visste
Aaw,
att
Att.
should not be omitted in Swedish.
att jay var
How
did he
know
Mr? 13
222444.
Bjorkhagen, Modern Swedish Grammar.
I
was here?
194 ho HOW, aft IK in
-Jag sadc at oar dnm.
Han
svor
hade
him
j><(
sett
home
aldr'tg
him he was
1 told
He swore
a fool.
he had never seen
her before.
fornt.
Tho translation of that. "That" may be a (1) Demonstrative Pronoun, a lative Pronoun, or a (3) Conjunction. 1.
Vent
Just
fir den dcir den nattei/.
Redan samitta :2.
3.
Var det
karleii? }
kviill.
knackade? honow, att han Jag mdste (/or a det. Nit dd han har rest, kan int<'
a
that fellow?
That very night.
sadc
man
is
Re-
I
som
ni,
Who
(2)
nagot at
Was I
you that knocked? him that he had got
it
told to
do
it.
No\v that he is gone, nothing can be done in the matter.
saken. J)et var
de
i
det oyonblick,
dd
katolikernas
engelska
sista forhoppningar skingrats,
som
landsteg
i
Maria Stuart Leith.
It
was at the moment when the last hopes of the English had been Catholics shattered, that Mary Stuart landed at Leith.
Prepositions. 308.
The
principal
Prepositions are:
av
framfor, fore before
of, by bakom behind
frdn, ifran from
efter after
for
according mot, emot towards mellan, inellan between
for
enlifjt
.
.
.
.
.
.
hos at *
in
sedan ago skull for
.
.
.
sake
msr ibland, bland
rorande concerning sedan since
among
igenom, yenom through innan before
till
till
to,
inom within med with
under under, during utan without
medelst by means of odktat in spite of
uti in
omkriny, kring about pd, ovanpd on
vid, bredvid beside
utom except at to
over over
A few Prepositions are placed after the word they 309. govern in certain stereotyped phrases. Ex.: Oss emellan between ourselves, liela natten iyenom all night.
When the word governed by the Preposition is the at beginning of the sentence, the Preposition should placed be placed at the end. 310.
Ex.:
Kor dr jay
This
is
Me
r add
for.
I
am
not afraid of cows.
always the case after the Relative Pronoun soni. Popper et, soin jay The paper on which I am
Ex.:
skrivcr 311.
pd.
The Preposition
writing. is
very
often
placed
after an
Interrogative Pronoun. Ex.:
Vad
tanker ni j)d?
What
are
you thinking
of?
The prepositions till and i are used with the of the Noun in a few common phrases. genitive Ex. Till lands by land, till sjoss to sea, till bord# at table, i till fots on foot, onsdays last Wednesday, last Christmas, i vintras last winter. 312.
:
13f
222444.
Bjiirkhayen, Modern Swedish Grammar.
196
Examples of the translation of certain English
313.
Prepositions.
About.
Frag ad'c
lian cr
Did he ask you about it? Haveyouany money about you?
out dct?
Har ni ndgra pentfar pa Omltriny (nnt/cfar) kl. Tank pa vad dn (/or! Dtt finns intct hogmod
er?
At about o o'clock. Mind what you are
>.
/to.s
There
is
about!
no pride about him.
Jionom.
Ago.
For
fern fir
sedan
este
htm
Five years ago he
left
home.
hemifrdit.
At.
Klockan
Mdncn
At
fern.
Han
sag
Han
stod
five o'clock.
The moon shines
skiner out natten.
f/enom fonstrct. vid fonstrct.
tit
He He
at night.
looked out at the window.
was
standing
at
the
window.
Han Han Hon
iir
He He
i skolan.
bor i Uppsala. bor hot* sin tant.
Jay sag
dig
pa
teatcrn
is
She i
(jar.
at school.
lives at Uppsala. is staying at her aunt's.
saw you at
I
the
theatre
yesterday.
Han I
bor
pa
Carlton.
He
ugaren
liar
anlant till Stock-
The steamer has
holm.
Vid vilkcn
tid va'ntar ni
honom.
is
staying at the Carlton. arrived
at
Stockholm. At what time do you expect
him?
Han
brnkar kotunm r/d julnt.
He
generally comes at Christmas.
197
Just i det byonblieket. Han sag pet miy och skrattade
at miy. Jay har inte wit honom alls.
At
that very moment. looked at me and laughed at me.
He 1
have not seen him
at all.
By. och
h'ont
vid (framfor)
sitt
Come and
sit
by the
fire!
brasan! liestc ni over Goteborg? Ni kommer dit vid den har tic! en
i
overmoryon.
Jay kommer tiUbaka kan
till kloc-
Bid you go by Gothenburg? will be there by this time the day after to-morrow. I shall be back by 8 o'clock.
You
8.
Jlan hatades liescr
av
ined
n't
He was hated by the people. Are you going by train or by
folket.
tdy eller bat?
steamer?
Jay dker spdrvayn.
Man
am You I
kan intc yd eftet' rcylcr
delta fall.
i
this case.
11 an far bctalt
llan dr
going by tram. cannot go by rules in
per
He He
timmc.
iitt/cnjor fill yrkct.
is
is
paid by the hour. an engineer by
pro-
fession.
Jlan yick for siy
Lav
er det
Mr
sjdlv.
stycket itta it-
He went by himself. Learn this paragraph
by heart
till!
For. llan restc till Amerika
i
forra
He
left for
America
last
week.
veckan.
Jay har
inte
myckct ldny<
Han kommer (pa)
Han
ett
sett
honom
pd
.
att
vara
borta
hemma
tier) de sista dayarna.
have not seen him for ever so long. will be
He
away
for a
day
or two.
par dayar.
liar inte varit
1
(tin
He
has not been at home the last few days.
for
198
Av
brist
pa
pengar.
Det var inycn finintn
rtffl
fin att gc cftcr. Vad fa vi till m'uldag?
Han
He wept
ha drunknat, om
Jag han hade
intc
I
hja'lpt miff.
Han Idngtadc cfter
att
it
but
to give in. \\'hat are you going to give us for dinner?
griit ttr yladjc.
skullc
For want of money. There was nothing for
dag en
for joy.
should have been drowned but for him.
He
longed for day to break.
In.
Jag motte honom
pd
Visby ligger
pa
I
yatan. Gottland.
met him
Visby
is
in the street.
situated in the island
of Gotland.
De anlande
till
London
i
gar.
They arrived
in
London
yester-
day. )"/'
bo
pd
landct
om somrarna.
We
live
in
the
country
in
summer.
Pd
morgonen,
pa
cftermid-
In the morning,
f
'nder drottning Viktor ia* gering.
Jag kommer
tillbaka
re-
om m
In the reign of Queen Victoria. I
fjorton dar.
shall
be
back in about a
fortnight.
Till svar a Edcr shrivels? bcr
In reply to your letter I beg
jag fa meddcla.
Vad
in the after-
noon.
dagen.
to say.
What
heter det pit swtiska?
is
that in Swedish?
Into.
Han ramladc
i
*jon.
Hint gick in i en aftar. 'Oversdtt (let hiir till WHS/HI!
He fell into the He went into a
water.
shop. 'translate this into Swedi>li!
199
Of.
Ar du rddd for hunden?
Are you
Det skullc aldrig falla mig
Jag eu
Han
sktille
inte
sadan
sal'.
in.\
dromma om>
I should not
dream
of such a
thing.
en hog tanke otn sin
Itar
afraid of the dog?
He
thinks a lot of his colonel.
dverstc.
Han
berovat
Jtar
mig
mina -He
pengar.
Han
En
has
me
robbed
my
of
money.
anklagades for
He was accused of theft. map of England.
stold.
A
over England. Kommgariket Sverigc. karta
The kingdom of Sweden. The town of Stockholm.
Staden Stockholm. Ett glas vatteu.
A
glass
The The
of
water.
foot of the mountain.
Bcrgets fot. Hordsbenen. Vi voro fyra stycken. Universitetct / Uppsala. Han dr en god vein till wiif/*
He
I norm
In the north
Sverige.
Uppsala ligger norr ont Stock-'
legs of the table.
There were four of
us.
The University is
an
Uppsala
holm.
of Uppsala. old friend of mine:
is
of
Sweden.
situated
the
to
north of Stockholm.
To. Shall ni resa till Sveriyc niista
sommar?
Han
har alltid varit mycket
vdnlig
mot
mig.
for hwr
er
Kan
med
fa
tola
He
to
Sweden next
has always been very kind
to me.
Far jag present era Bergman. jag
Are you going summer?
May
I introduce
you
Bergman. hcrr
May I speak
to Mr.
Andersson? r
'
Andersson? Dei dr svdrt att
Mr.
to
"
\'\
vet a.
It is difficult to
know.
'200
Tio
mot
Han for
en
(ett).
av
inte
tog
hatten
Ten
to one.
He
did
to
mi
Examples
not
take
his hat
off'
me.
illustrating the
I
Swedish
se of certain
Prepositions.
=
Over
over, above, past, beyond, across, by.
300
liyyrr
fot
over
The town above
havsytan.
Klockan dr over eh a.
Han
is
situated MOO
sea-level.
It is past eleven o'clock. the street.
Han
He crossed He walked
Det
Did you go by Gothenburg? That is beyond me.
yiclv
liver yatan.
yick tvdrs over par ken. Reste ni over Gotebory? gfir
over win
Under
horisont.
under, below, beneath, during.
Katten dr under bordet. Det dr tio grader under noil. Levnadskostnaderna voro mycket hoc/ a under kri(/et.
Under Under
tiden.
hans
Om
regerint/.
9
omkriny =
Om Om
The Ft
The
cat is is
under the
table.
ten degrees below zero. cost of Jiving was very
high during the war. In the meantime. In (during) his reign.
round, about,
Han say siy om(krinfj). De seylade om oss. Presidenten v aides om. Las
across the park.
for,
in,
He looked round. They sailed past
etc.
us.
The President was
re-elected,
om
den
liar versen!
Read this verse again!
och
om
iy en.
Over and over again.
morgnartnt.
Jag kommer
tillbaka
om
en
In the morning. back
I shall be
in a
week.
vecka.
Han
rescr
m-et.
bort
en gdny out
He
goes
away
once a year.
201
om
Komm-er ni
Are you coming next Wed-
onsdag*
nesday? Tiggaren bad out en
bit brod.
The beggar asked
for a piece
of bread.
Order of the Words. I.
cases
The Place of the
315.
The Subject
316.
The Subject
Subject.
generally placed be fore the Verb.
is
placed after the Verb
is
in
the following
:
In Interrogative
1.
Sentences
where the Subject
is
not
an Interrogative Pronoun. liar ni redan?
Heir hcin
When
2.
Noun
tive
inte gait
Vad
anmi?
the Sentence begins with the Object, a Predica-
or a Predicative Adjective.
ni om sondagarna?
I/or
Are you going already? Has he not gone yet?
What
do you do with youron Sundays? This book I have bought in self
Den i
liar
boken
har jay kopt
London.
London.
3. When the Sentence begins with an Adverb or with an Adverbial Phrase.
Nu
iir vdrett heir. Sedan gick varffen tillbaka till
.
Om
Now
spring
is
here.
Then the wolf 'went back
to
the wood.
skogen.
somrarna bo vi pa
summer we
landct.
In
liallt.
Yesterday To-day it
live
in
th'e
country.
1
c/dr
/ dag
var det iir
mycket
det varmt.
it
is
was very warm.
cold
202 I
kniven
'art tot/
Nar
What became of the When does the train
viigen?
ffdr tdget'S
Ont en timme
kommer
brev-
Imraren.
start?
In an hour the postman will be here.
when
In a Principal Clause
4.
knife?
preceded by a
it is
Subordinate Clause. tappat
When
han Me,
lost
Nar vedhuggaren hade sin
yxa,
visste
vad han skulle ta sig till. Om du inte dr ddr senast kloc-Jean
pa
sju,
vantar jag
the his
wood-cutter
had
he
not
axe, to do.
did
know what If
you are not there by seven o'clock at the latest, I shall not wait for you.
inte
dig.
In the Principal Clause after a Direct Quota-
5.
tion.
:Hur
star det till?*
frdgacle
"How
are you?" he asked.
han. >
Tack bra,
svarade hon.
Quite well, thanks'", she
an-
swered.
In Conditional Clauses where the Conjunction
(5.
Vore jag som jag
du, sd svarade
inte.
Kommer han jag tola 7.
om
hit,
sd shall
det for honom.
omitted.
were you, I should not answer. If he comes here, I will tell him.
If I
In Optative Clauses.
Tillkomme
Thy kingdom come! Long live the king!
ditt rike!
Leve konungen!
N.B.
is
The
rules about inverted word- order refer chiefty to Subordinate Clauses have, as a rule,
Principal Clauses.
normal (uninverted) word-order. Compare: Vadharhangjort? What Jag
vet
inte,
han har
vad
gjort.
I
has he done?
don't done.
know what he has
203
The Place of the Object
II.
The Indirect Object, when used without 317. position, precedes the Direct Object. G-iv
honottt den!
Han
lovadc
Give
miy
sl-icka
att
it
any Pre-
him!
He promised
to
send
it
me.
den.
The Place of the Adverb.
III.
A.
In Principal Clauses.
In Principal Clauses the Adverb is placed the Verb (in compound tenses immediately after the
318. after
Auxiliary Verb).
Han rayrade
rixliiji'n
att
He
wisely refused
He
often comes here.
to go.
9*
Nan konwner ofta
hit.
Jag trdffar honom nfistan
I hardly ever see
him now.
fildriy mi.
Han rcser Frankrike
Han kom mcd
alltid
till
sodra
om vintrarna. snart underfund
He always
goes to the south
France in winter. soon found it out.
of
He
det.
Ldmna
aldrig dorren
Jag har aldriy
oldst!
traffat
ho-
Never leave the door unlocked! I have never met him.
nom. B.
In Subordinate Clauses.
In Subordinate Clauses the following Ad319. verbs are placed before the Verb (in compound tenses beingalunda, bar a, aidantaf/liyen, formodlif/en, moj-
fore the Auxiliary Verb): icke, inte, rig,
alltid,
ligen,
ofta,
and a few
xnart,
others.
xallan,
ej,
hite Jtttdc
aft IKIII
rissfr,
./////
1
I hi
dr
rn
niclodi,
xtunim
fy.s7.yf,
tinni
i
fid.
licttnuo.
Varden* spm bttra .
nom
f'drdit/ti
,
.
'-fir
Imdc
tune
/commit.
who could only
landlord,
.
.
It
would have been better
if
he had never come. It was something I could not possibly know.
ant at/-
aft lian
I admitted that he
raft.
Jtfftft'
in
speak German, He said he would soon be
lif/cn ktfittfc vet a.
medgar.
one often
that
.
back.
han
out
som jag oinoj-
uricjot,
/i
a
Those who are not ready time must stay at home.
tillbaktt.
(i/ffrif/
is
.
Drt hade rarit hattrr. Dt't
It
kunde tola The
.
Han sade^atthansnartsknlle /coin HI t{
that he had not been
hear.-2
oftti /for. 1>< sont intf f'h-o iiKistr
knew there.
nirit d
was prob-
ably right.
Demonstrative Adverbs and Adverbs expressing 320. a (more or less) definite time are placed after the Verb.
Jay
cct.
Om
/"(it
/tan hor hiir.
rcxc)'
incr Itan
i
frit-in
.SY/
d
om
I Icom-
If
know he
that he lives here.
leaves
he will
to-day
be there on
frcda;/.
Kriday. *.
o21.
The Adverbs
ickc,
intc, ej,
Utid.
and
(tldrn/
are
and the Infinitive. Other Adverbs placed between may either be placed between ait and the Infinitive, or att
after the Infinitive (not before Jfi(/
honfoll
f/OI'ff
Ha
it
ont
honom
fftt
Jute
ittt).
implored him not
to d<>
it.
lovadc aft
if
or a
(lit.
fid,
He promised never
to
do
it
again.
order
att
f/enast
Irtnnia laiuhL Att alltfd ftirldta dr battre (in
1
fftt (ffflrif/ foi'/fftff.
He was ordered
to
leave the
country immediately.
Always
to
forgive
than never
is
to forgive.
better
545883
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>
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1800 Pp.
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