mastering arabic 2 jane wightwick
& mahmoud gaafar
the complete second level cou rse
Mastering Arabic 2 Jane Wightwick
&
Mahmoud Gaafar
Review Panel Dr Otared Haidar (DPhil Oxford Univ. 2005), teaching at the
Department of the Islamic World and the Middle East, University of Oxford, UK Dr James Dickins, Profess or of Arabic, School of Languages,
University of Salford, UK Ali Almakhlafi, Teacher of Arabic, Institute of Communication Sciences, University of Bonn, Germany Sanaa Nounu, Lecturer in Arabic, UWE Language Programme,
University of the West of England, UK; Head of Languages Department, Andal u sia Academy Bristol, UK Omsa\ama Ahmed, Teacher in Arabic, Joseph Chamberlain
Sixth Form College, Birmingham UK ,
palgrave m
cmill
n
II
CC" lone Wightwick
Mahmoud GaafM 2009
rights reserved,
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o
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uuthors of this
Copyright, Desigm
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Gaafar.
First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
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Contents
Acknowledgements
x
Introduction
xi
Language units
Uj;:"Ylj wi Talking a bout yo ursel f � d- �I Asking others �� �I JI;" Ta lkin g a b out natio nality �I d- �I Greetings wWI Unit
1 Myself and others
Conversation My family
UJ�I ��I
�I U..,illl u.c. FI
;;�, o.;,'�,11 d,
Talking about childho o d
The Arab World", A look at Egypt Voca bulary in Unit 1
6
,
11 12 14
18
House and home
Talking a bout rooms
�IJ ).l-ll
��I d- FI ,
,
20 20
Desc rib ing your home dl";""O�.J
22
UJ�I
25
Conversation
�I Adjectives and plura ls �1.J:l...i....::J1 REVIEW: The plural
For rent iv
5
16
� b� ",��I �WI
Unit 2
4
10
Describing cha racter
�
2
8
�lL
REVIEW: Pronouns
2
,J�)ll
26 30 32
Contents
v
Arab
World...
A
Suudi
rJ L.J1
���. in Umt
�JWlj J.u..J1
Unit 3 Work and routine
F'
U-'
Talking about work ��,
38
,
:lR
� ��
in the life oj
�j:..J1 Jl.u:. ":il
about hOllsework
Talking about your CV (resume)
�I
�I.:JI <.!l:i..>:!-" ,j£. ,
Conversation uJ�1
�I ,
46 78
Present verbs
�U;"
Sittliltlons vacant
Arab
World... A look at Syria
L......)-"", �
52
�� ... ��I rlL.J1
Vocabulary in Unit 3
54
Sport and
Talking about preferences
,
FI �I,j£. ,j£.
about sport
FI
REVIEW: Verbal nouns & participles "'.J
JJ�a:J I" � UJIJ
about going
uJ�1
The Arab World...
62
tJjiJl �.:, ,j£. (Jy:J1 ,j£.
about free
Conversation
67
A look at
�L.JI
JY'" Conversation uJL"-,,,H ,
70
Morocco
Unit 5 Travel and tourism a...:.. 4.." ..Jlj
�I
Around town �..wl
of transportatlO!1 in the Arab
58
J..WI �L..."
74 74 78
vi
Contents REVIEW: Past verbs
:;
Sohair's blog
82 _ t
84
�LJI.....i....:..,J
Describing the past Letter of complaint
'7'
I...b..:.. � <s§.::..
The Arab World... A look at Tunisia �y
� ;;� ... ��I rJ�1
Vocabulary in Unit Unit 6
5
86 87 88 90
Food
92 92
Talking about At the greengrocer Conversation
Conversation
�.jb.Jl
Reserving the table
94 96 97
,
;;..J.>LJI �
98
�.jb.Jl
99 99
In the restaumnt
REVIEW: Forms
102
The month of
104
The Arab World...
u� � ;;� ... �yJl Vocabulary in Unit Unit 7
Review
Conversation
106
��I
6
108
�1.rJ1
llO
�.jb.Jl
113
117
Vocabulary in Unit 8
Clothes
118
Talking about
118
Describing the
120
Describing colour At the clothes shop
u...,.uI.....i....:..,J
U"-!)lJ I � -
�
122 124
vii
Contents
Conversation
�..JL...JI
wedding REvrEw: Doubled verbs
The clothes show
..
,
-...kLo-JI �I
l,0 �I �J'
1 30
The Arab World ... A look at Jraq
132
rIL.:t..l1
�.;� '
129
in Unil Unit 9 Education and training
School and university
�-J�IJ �I
�4JIJ �j.wl
136 1 36
about subjects Conversation
�..JL,..A!I
Munira asks for advice
� -.,.Jb:i .;�
141
�I
Weak verbs
�L..:.l::..:i..o 'il
examination Giving instructions
140
rlJ �I )..4<:>!
iJL.c,
145
The Arab World ... A look at Algeria
1 50
..r>1.J..:J1� .;� ... ��I �wl in Unit t)
Unit 10 News and media
i"�>'1 J:iL....", .)��I
Talking about the news .) L...: .1<�1j uL \'"""'"' . :... �I' Broadcasting
�1.j)'1
1 54 1 54 1 57
. Formal Ambie ,
on the Worldwide Web
4Jwl
Comparing media
r)\.L)'1 tYL..J �ju..
162
The King's speech
..dW1....,l..h::...
164
Arab World . . . A
Gulf and
�1�
��l tlwl
Vocabulary in Unit 10
168
Contents
viii Unit 11
�IJ ·w...1.J
Climate
...
r.
�1(y.�1
Talking about
4...1bJ1.b.h::..
Holiday plans
�I Talking about possibilities ,::.S�),I U£. �I Al-Mustaqbal Beverages Company �I u4.Jy;...., �y;, REVIEW: The future
>
170 170 174 175 176 178
Talking about processes
179
Conversation
180
The Arab World
182
...
W � ;;).:..,
�
'
184
Vocabulary in Unit 12
Health and happiness
';Ju...,•.JlJ �I
FI (y. �I Talking about illness u-O�I (y. �I At the pharmacy ��I � .
Talking about the body
.
186 186 188 189
Conversation
191
Talking about
192
Abdul Aziz asb
195
The Arab World. ..
ulJyJl �
;;.);.:.
Vocabulary in Unit Unit 13 Arts
198
... ��I rJWI
200
12
and cinema �IJ
Talking about culture
ULillI (y.
u..,.:.iJ1
�I .
202 202
Conversation
205
Film genres ('"
206
Talking about
176
Reviewing
210
lli'l
The Arab World . A look at jordan and Palestine .
.
�.J 0J-J �I � ;;,):U Vocabulary in Unit 13
. . .
�y.ll �WI
214 216
ix
Contents Unit 14 Review
Conversation
�I�I
218
�..J�I
220
14
224
Vocabulary in Unit
Suggestions for further study
225
Reference material
Answers to exercises
226
English-Arabic glossary
281
Grammar index
298
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Review Panel for all their invaluable contributions. Their combined expertise has helped make this course more relevant and accurate. We would also like to thank everyone at Palgrave Macmillan, particularly Helen Bugler, Isobel Munday and Phillipa Davidson-Blake, for their continued support for our efforts. We are grateful to the following for their help in recording samples of regional Arabic dialect: Emad Iskandar, Ahmed Meliebary, Najiba Keane, Mourad Diouri, Sami Dadi, Emilio Sawaya, Ali Basim AI Sawad, Radio Kesseiri, Eman and Mohammed Yafai, Adam Gargani and Abdul Rahim ibn Daw, Ashraf Abdelhay, Youssef Saadi.
The authors and publishers wish to thank the following who have kindly given permission for the use of copyright material: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag for material from Hans Wehr, A Dictionary of Modern Arabic, ed. J. Milton Cowan, 1991; Dar el-Shorouk and the estate of NagUib Mahfouz for an extract from www.shorouk.com; Beity Magazine for a schedule and home page from www.beitymagazine.com; Jobs for Arabs for an extract from the website www.jobs4Arabs.com; BBC Arabic Service for an article from their website www.bbcarabic.com; the World Economic Forum for a photo from Forum on the Middle East (2006), Sharm EI Sheikh. Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrang ement at the first opportunity. x
Introduction
Mastering Arabic 2 is an intermediate course designed to work for a wide
range of learners, including those studying for general interest or those following examination courses.
Mastering Arabic 2 follows on from Mastering Arabic 1 and its companion
books Mastering Arabic Grammar and Mastering Arabic Script (published in the US as Easy Arabic Grammar and Easy Arabic Script). However, it is also suitable for anyone with some prior knowledge of Arabic. The course presents Modern Standard Arabic in an accessible and
engaging way. A topic-based approach ensures that you will be given the opportunity to develop your skills and language within the framework of up-to-date themes relevant to the modern Arab world.
As in the first level course, when we present dialogues or situations in
Mastering Arabic 2 where the colloquial language would naturally be used, we have tried to use vocabulary, structures and pronunciation that are as close to the spoken form as possible. In addition, we have included end-of-unit regional features that include samples of regional dialects. The purpose of including these is as much to emphasise the similarities between the different types of Arabic
as it is to show their differences. An understanding of a particular dialect is often a case of accustoming your ear to pronunciation and some vocabulary variations. The dialects all have their positions within the
spectrum of the Arabic language and we hope the samples will encourage you to view them this way.
How to use Mastering Arabic 2 This course has over two hours of accompanying audio and access to these recordings is essential, unless you are studying in a group where the tutor has the audio. Those parts of the book which are on the recording are marked with this symbol:
®
We are assuming when you start this book that you have a basic knowledge of the Arabic language and script, but that you may be working by yourself. Mastering Arabic 2 is suitable for classroom or home use.
xi
Introduction
xii In this
level course,
your
understand
langu(l(Je.
have included
a particular
on developin�l
more extended ond sophisticated tips and
help you
achieve this end. It is possible for you to concentrate on the areas that are of particular interest to you, but you should not skip entire sections as there is a carefully built-in progression.
These
sections review
points
course. You will
at appropriote qrammar before,
here it is presented in a summary form that you can use as a checklist and refer to during your studies.
Conversation sections These
your conversntional Arabic in
\ovill usually
social in a conversotion related to
to take
of the unit.
Additional notes These occur at the end of some units and contain useful additional informution.
hut will be
developinSj
ond in recognising
you in of the finer
points
The Arab world These end-of-unit features focus on different regions of the Arab world. They include: rmd towns;
map of the sample of
diolect with notes.
ond translation; •
a final article, many from authentic sources, with comprehension questions. The article links the theme of the unit with the focus region.
Review two points in for
how well you
course. They will what you
useful to you leornt. If you find
you have problems with a particular exercise, go back and review the section or sections that deal with that area.
ready to continue leorning with enjoy the next
your journey.
ilrabic 2.
Language units
· 1··· ·\
.
)
,/ :l
Myself and others �J��tJ ut -
-
..
.�..;iJ1 � � L.>-!G L:.i � L.>-!! � �G L:.i ...
My son and I against my cousin ... my cousin and I against the stranger.
(ArabiC proverb)
,
_
.'
L
_
Talking about yourself �:,.c �I Listen to these s i m ple exp re ssion s yo u can use to talk about yourself:
(ana ismT) ...
�� wi
� �I / � �I '
(uqTm fT/asku n fT*)
... .
(t.unwanT)
t
.. .
,
�I�
(ana) (ana (a�l a n) m i n )
...
().4
...
(�I)
My nam e is ... I l ive in...
My address is .
.
.
wi
I am...
wi
I am (originally) from ...
+
nationality/job
*Tip: �i (askun) is usually used in a more specific sense. �i (uqim) can be used more generally. Remember that t he r e is no equivalent of the Engl ish words 'am', 'is' or
'are' in t his kind o f simp l e , non-verbal sentence, nor are there sep ar at e
words for 'a' or 'an' (indefinite articles). In addition, i f you are female you need to add the f e mi n i ne ending b (ta'
marbota) to most adjectives and
nouns such as nation aliti es, j o b s , etc., when you are tal king about your se lf .
. J!.s1ri/�..ri wi (ana amrTkTy/amrTkTyya)
.�� / �� wi -
·0l.4.L ,cl.W1
(masculine/feminine) I am a student.
(a na tali b/tal i ba)
(masculine/feminine)
t.)Wa '\
My address is 6 Al-Malik
�I�
(t.unwa nT sitta shari t. ai-malik, t. amman) 2
I am American.
St reet , Amman.
Myself and others Exercise 1
3
,��
Look carefully at the speech bubbles below. Then put each of the
ul..S.4\ UI�ll
statements into the correct category, as shown in the example:
1 I
I
.i..4IJ)'1 iE!.ace of residence) ,
(address)
I
�'11 (name)
J
Unit 7
4
"
'
Asking others
��\tl JI� -
� �Lb
.
J.,.ll J.,.ll
u.:al
�� �"""J..u
(question marker)
."
l.4 .. 1.4 what? (+ noun) ,
Ij1.4 . ..Ij1.4
��
,
what? (+
verb)
.
.
...
...
.
are you a student?
what's your job?
what are you studying?
.
0-:11 ... 0-:11
where? .. where do you live?
-
�JWI #
. ..
#
how? .. how are you?
�J=..1J1 ,..,; J.u..:i Ij� ...Ij� �1j.A � ".�
why? .. why do you work at night?
-
��� Exercise 2
'l'
who?" who's this?
�:, �i (�i) �i
which? (fern.)
'"
.
.
.
which boy is your son?
��
Fill in the correct question word to match the answers, as in the example .
wi �cl4.wI_L.
.� �I
t
.�I
�I .,j.A ��I. �
.�..I�I � .j� .��I illll ..,...j..ll 'j�4 .�
�
��
�i �
�
--
�
wi ,'1 �..,...* u.:at ��l?J1
�Jj v
__
,..,; """J..u
��J..I-4-I1 .,.!! u��
�t �i
0"1 ���I ..,...j..u
,
.
Myself and others
5
Talking about nationality
4.!1ft i'!t1t � �t ' �
.
There are two main ways of expressing where you are from in Arabic, as
there are in most la nguages:
I'm+nationality d!".i?1I +wi I'm from
+
country J...4.l1
+
().4
wi
Na tionality 41", "I? II -+ Co untry J...4.l1 1 Remove JI
(How to form nisba adjectives)
al- (the) from the word ;
2 Remove a ny;; 3
a,
I a
,
or � ya from the end of the word;
Add:" -Ty (or � -Tyya for feminine).
Lebanese (masc./fem.)
-+
(lubnanTyya) ��/(lubnanTY) �� -+ ,
Lebanon
(Iubnan) u�
Sudanese (masc./fem. )
-c:-
Sudan
American (masc./fem.)
-+
America
(sudanTyya) �IJY-'-'/(sudanTy) �I JY-'-' -+ (as-sudan) ulJy.o.Wt
(amrikTyya) .1�
-+
(ingilTzTyya) �')#!I(ingilTzTY) �,)#l -+
(amrlka) l..S.j4 .:! i
England
( i ng il tara) I�l
6
Unit 1
Exercise 3
"'. �j4J
Rephrase the sentences and questions, as shown in the examples: I'm Iraqi
.�IJ"'/�IJ"' ui � I'm from Iraq .JI.,,;aJ1 � ul
She's from France
.L...U.}
�
�
,
� She's French
.�� �
.�y.� �Ls..Jy.u � �i J.t � .1�1 � y.V
.�;' ul
yo
� J.t A
.4Jl.b.:!! � �
t
�� Greetings
��I
Arabic greetings are many and varied and could fill up an entire bo ok in their o wn right.
�i (ahlan), hello; �,)-" � �j.l.J1 (as-sala mu ta1aykum), peace be on
There are universal greetings such as
( mar�aban), welcome; you; and �I .. L"..
morning/evening. The universal greetings also have a large number of regional alternatives. In addition, there are more elaborate greetings used in formal situations, such as at the beginning of news broadcasts. For example
�
� �� .JJI �j (ast ad allah �aba�akum bi-kulli
khayr), which
literally means 'May God make your morning happy with every goodness'. Special occasions often have their own greetings. For example, on someo ne's birthday or for the New
Year you might say �
u.:,i,J
�lL �
(kull t a m w-anta/anti bi-khayr), 'every year and you are well'; on a religious
feas t day, ..:.1,,)4-0
� ( tTd mubarak),
'blessed Eid'; o r at a wedding, ..:.1,J."H-O
(mabrOk), congratulations. Other events are also worthy o f their own greetings. F o r example you can send someone off on a journey with b�
u",,,) (ri�la satTda),
'happy journey', and greet them on
with �j.l.J1 � .uJ �I (al-�amdu lillah t ala s-salama) 'thank
arrival
God for the safe [arrival]'.
Myself and others
, Exercise 4
7
�fi
t
Listen to two peopl e talking about themselves and fill in the information o n the forms below.
� •• '.� �.'.: �".:.'.� :.'.�: . .
.... .. .
: .. .. .
. .
:
. . :
.
. .
..
.. . .. . .
..
.
.
.
. . . . .
·
. . . . . . . .
.
. , .
·
. . .
.
,
Exercise 5
0
..
.
. . . ..
. . . . .
��\
. .. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
,
.
.
. . .
. . . ..
.
.
. . . . ... . .
. .
.
.
.
. .. ..
.
. . . . . .
. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ..
..
. ..... .
"
.. .............
.
.
1'""''11
. .. .. ". .. ...... 4.ali)'1 .;,� . .
';'Ipil
........... ... .... � I
'"
.
. . .
. . . ... . . ,
. . . ... .
·
.. .............
.
.
�
,.
.
.J.ey �.� .
.. ... .. . . ...... : . .. . .
... .... .. . ..
. .
:
:
.
"
. . ..
. ..
..
. . .
. .
·
..
. .
. . . ..
. .
..
. . .
��
C o mpl ete these two paragra phs using the information from Exercise 4.
0A�I ,
---
___
..uG..
�I wi 0'11 �i
,.0
� .dWA
.��I)..ul,
,
wi"
i*1�
��
wi"
� 0'11 tJ
L1 vo
.d�
wi
8
Unit 7
Exercise 6
i· �..)-4J -
Fill out this form with your o wn details . . . .... . .. ..
.
. . . .
...
•
•
• •
•
.
.
.
• •
• •
.
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
.
. . .
. .
. .
.
•
•
• • •
•
• • • • •
• •
• •
• •
•
•
• • •
• •
•
.
.
.
.
• • •
• • •
.
• • •
• •
. . . . .
. . .
. .
. .
.
• • •
• • •
• •
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 •
.
.
• •
• •
• • •
•
.
• •
• • • • • •
• • •
. .
.
•
• 0 • •
•
•
�\�\
• • •
• • • 0 • • •
• • • • , 0 • • •
. . .. ..
. . . . . .
. .
. . .
.
. . . . . . .
. .
.
.
• • • • • •
• • • •
.
•
•
�\
• • • • • •
• •
�\
. �
Now write a paragraph about yourself using the models in Exercise 5 as a gUide.
tit
"
Conversation
You're going to meet someone for the first time and talk about
yourself. Prepare what you might s ay, using the information in the
form above and thinking about the correspo nding questions. Note that you will also need the phrases meet yo u', and
w':;":; (tasharrafna),
'�(ta?Tm), 'great!'.
'pleased to
Then take part in the conversation on the recording, follo wing our prompts. You can try this several times until you feel confident.
Tip: In some phrases an active participle
(fa til) can be used instead of a
verb, although this is generally less formal: Active participle
(ana sakin) �L...
(ana kha rij) (.)l:...
Verb
l.1 l.i
(askun) (akhruj)
�i
(�1
Meaning I am living/! live I am going out
Active participles behave like adjectives and you need to add the usual feminine and plural endings:
.:U.::..
� UL... l.1
.�.)l:...
(ana sakina
ff
shaqqa) I (fern.) live in an apartment.
� (hum kharijOn) They are going out.
Myself and others My family
9
��
Arabic is very precise in how it expresses family relationship s. A vague concept such as 'my cousin' is replaced by a n exact relationship, for example 'daughter of my paternal aunt' ( i .e. my father's sister's daughter) or 'son of my maternal uncle', and so on; 'my brother-i n-l aw' is replaced by 'husband of my sister' or 'brother of my wife'. Listen first to the core vo cabulary for family members:
.JJIJ/ �I (ab/wal id) father �.JJ1J/�1 (umm/walida) mother [I (akh) brother
� ( �afTd) grandson �� (�afTda) g randdaughter
�i
.uG (khala) maternal aunt
(ukht) sister
�
LHI (ibn) son
�I ( i b n a)
JG (khal) materna l u ncle
( ta m m ) paterna l u ncle
� (t a mma) paternal aunt
daughter
� (jadd) grandfather �� (jadda) grandmother
� (�a m) father-i n-law �� ( �a m a) mother-in-law
Other family relations To create family relationships outside the core terms, you need to use a n
��! i(;Wa construction to combine two o r more nouns . Remember: • •
•
Words in an i9afa are put directly tog ether. b (ta'
marbOta) needs to be p ronounced when followed by a nother (-T, my).
noun in an i9afa or by a possessive ending such as ':? Only the final word in an
i9afa can have JI (al -, the) or a possessive ending.
�i �Jj
(zawj ukhtT)
��I ( i b n at ammT) t
(.)'o'��1
�i
LHI
(ibn ukht al-mudarris)
the husband of my sister (my brother-in-law) the daug hter of my paternal u ncle (my cousin) the son of the sister of the teacher (the teacher's nephew)
Tip: '" (-0) is added to ...,..i (ab), fa ther, ti (akh), b rother and � father-i n-law when they are the first nouns in an i9 af a : father,
�..lL:.,y...i Nadia's brother,
\�am), .J� yl Khalid's
J�.J-"-"'- my uncle's father-in-law.
Unit 1
10
Exercise 7
v· 4.H.jo4J
Look at the family tree below and decide what relationship each of the people shown are to the main character
(l,i 'me').
For example:
my niece ('daughter of my brother') :(ibnat akhT)
Exercise 8
A
�i
�I ,
��
How do you say these in Arabic? 1 My mother is fro m Leban o n .
4 My brother's wife is English.
2 M y husband i s French.
5 My mothe r-in-law is a teacher.
3 My grandfather is originally
6 My nephew (sister's son) is a
from Egypt.
co rrespondent in Qatar.
Pronouns
REVIEW:
7 7
Pronouns��1
You have met the two types of Ara bi c pronoun: subj ect pronouns
(equivalent of 'I', 'he', 'we', etc.) and attached pronouns (equivalent of 'my/me', 'his/him', 'our/us', etc.). The attached pronouns are joined to
the end of the word - as their name suggests. With one small exception for 'my ' and 'me ', the same attached pronoun is used for both possession
and the object of a
verb.
Attached pronoun
Subject pronoun
L.1 ana
my / � nT
my, me
i.,? T
your, you
d -ka (-ak)
u:.i anti
your, you
d
�huwa
his, him/its, it
she/it (f.)
� hiya
her/its, it
4- -ha
we
'
. � nahnu . �
our, us
L.:... -na
you
(m.)
::..:,i anta
you (f.) he/it
you
(m.)
- ,
(m. pI.) �I antum .'
,
=
� -kum
your, you
�i antunna
your, you
� -kunna
they (m.)
I"'-"
their, them
1"'+ -hum
�
their, them
� ,
me
-ki ( -ik)
you (f. pI.)
they (f.)
=
,
� -hunna
� )
Arabic also has a 'dual' form for t al k i n g about two people or
things; the masculine plura l s : �i (antuma) you, L...,S.. W (huma) they, � (-huma) their/them.
made by a dd ing -a (a) to
(-kuma) your /you ,
Exercise 9
'\
��
Replace the underlined words with the correct pronoun, as in the example: (He's my son)
. .;��
�� ·41
��I �
.�I JA
�
0-!1 ;;J� '\
� JAJ
ui V
�JjJ �o.!!J JA A
(This boy is my son)
.�I .l-lJ-lI
.�I �
I�
u�lrJl y
. � �I � JA
I� Y'
12
Unit 1
Describing character '4J 'o�1 � �I
Look at the following words that describe appearance and character.
f;
�
�1�
,c
� (�akTm) wise
�j (waft) loyal
� (muc;l�ik)
funny
�,)
� (tanTd) stubborn
(rashTq) graceful
�.j-4l� (mawhOb) tale nted �� (ma�bOb) pop ular
�� (karTm) generous J� (kasol) lazy � ..)� (m akka r ) cunning �,) (raqTq) delicate ,
Exercise 10
,.
Listen and fill in 1 My mother
the
missing words accordin g to the descriptions you hear.
graceful
_____
4 Your mother-in-law is
_____
_____
_____
_____ and
6 Their grandfather is very 7 Your cousin is
and an d
3 Our uncle is
5 My brother is
�j (dhaki) intelligent
��
is very
2 Her father is
(nashTD active
_____
_____
____
Myself and others
73
Improving yo ur written Arabic Now you have mastered the basics of Arabic, you can find ways to improve your style. One of the most important ways of achieving this improvement is
through the use of 'connectors' such as �
(fa-, and so) a n d
� (th u mma,
then). Short, unconnected sentences are not considered good style in written Arabic.
Mastering Arabic 2 will introduce you to a variety of connectors and
stylistiC devices you con use to improve understanding and written style.
inna/wa-Iakinna
�.J / ::,!
The Arabic particle
�! does not have any specific meaning, alt hough
historically it has been translated as 'verily'. It is used to introduce a sentence and is usually followed by a noun or an atta ched pronoun.
::..:.1 can be considered ungainly in �! (in n ahu) or d.! (in n a ka) are more graceful. �,J
Starting a written sentence with -JA or
Arabic, whereas
(wa-Iaki nna) works in a similar way, carrying th e meaning of 'but' .
.�
4...lSJJ F 'l� 0! (inna jaddT �akTm wa-Iakin n a hu t a nTd) . .tJ�
�J
492.\)
� 0!
(i nna qi��atT rashTqa wa-Iakin n a ha kasOla) Tip:
My grandfather is wise but he's stubb orn . My cat is graceful but she's lazy.
,)5J,J / J! (innT/wa-laki n nT) and �,J /�! (in n a nT/wa-lak i n n a nT) are
alternatives when joining the attached pronoun for 'I'.
Exercise 11
, , ��
Make sentences about the characters of family members, as in the example. (Take care to use the feminine if necessary.)
��, �i y
J..,.../..s �JAy.
. � L.H ' If
"oil
��/�
��t
��/
'l� "
Can you use similar sentences to describe yourself and other members of your family?
74
t
.
. "'10
Unit 7
Talking about childhood
A!¥WI � �I
Listen to these phrases you can use to talk about your childhood.
V
"'r"LL (,)"'Ju
,.; � �J
(wuli dtu fT sab t a maris t am)
,.; ��
. .;� ��
�i
(am<;Jaytu �ufOlatT fT qarya �aghTra)
. 0�i
�
�i 0LS
(kana a bT �a bTb asn an)
.� �i ��LS (ka nat ummT m ugh a n niya)
'''r''LL
�WI
�!
u,..1i:U!
( i n taqaltu ila I - t a � i m a t am) Notice that in Arabic you add
�
I was born on March 7
i n the year ... I spent my childhood
in a small village . My father was a dentist. My mother was a singer.
I moved to the capital i n the year...
('in') in front of the dote but not the year. , (alf), a
In Arabic the years are expressed as whole numbers using thousand, or
.....il l
�i (alfayn), two thousand. This is in contrast to English
where years are generally expressed as pairs of numbers ('nineteen eighty five', 'twenty twelve', etc.).
'�A"
y
•
,y
r"LL r"LL
t am alf wa-tis t mi'a wa-kha m sa wa-tha manTn tam alfayn wa-it h n a tash a r
Tip: there are two common words for 'year' in Arabic: � lc. t am and � " ' " � (sa nat alfayn wa-ith n a tashar), the year 2012.
sana:
•
.
'
Exercise 12
'"
��
Write down the dates of birth you hear on the recording, for example.
'�V"
r"LL �I�
Exercise 13
,t
H' ��
Use the example sentences above to give details of your date of birth and childhood. Try saying them out loud initially, and then write them down as a paragraph, using as many connectors as you can.
Myself and others
15
«�I yS.JS)) ,�.JilS�i
Omm Kalthoum, 'Star of the East' Rea d the paragraph below about the famous Egyptian singer, Omm Kalthoum, using the additional vocabulary and tables to help you.
�\
� (shahTr) famous
�
�1Il:;J..l (da l t a annil) the Nile Delta
I�.i,
,
�/ �
(ghannaj yughannT) to sing
�JL.
LJ.)
'rylS' ri u�; � ,��\ �yJ\ rk �� .t:�
�
4Jyi
��
o �\5..., ,(..)\) ',-:?...,� � v-:�
(malabis) clothes
� (�abTy) young boy �"..l.! (badawTy) bedouin
�?l;,j\ Jl rylS' ri �\ :.*- �\5 if J��\ �\ � � �
Uh. (Gafla) concert, party
.;;.,�/.;;.,� (mata, yamOt) to die
�,)4 (jinaza) funeral
,IH.
rk
� .t:�-, �/ ,��..., A..:y!'/' �\5
�l
0\5...,
.�)I�
� (shakh�) person
.r=--,
I�Vo
r� ��
r
�
"0�\
. v�
.u'>l-
. V_"O
�})) �J v
�L.
.-",L:.-. \�/
(read table from right to left) -
u:, IS.
... u�� ;:��
/ u IS.
(kana/kanat)
(wulida/wulidat)
he/she was
he/she was born -
ulS./tJ ulS.
... �h'u.
(kana lahu/kana laha)
( tam/sa nat)
/ uL.... (mata/matat)
(in) the year
he/she died
... 4J
he/she had
... �i/�i (amc;Ja/amc;Jat) he / she spent
Exercise 14
... .:::..:;L....
.
(i ntaqala/i ntaqalat ila) he/she moved to
-
,t· �j4l
Now find out details about the life of a famous singer you know and write a similar article about him or her.
.
... Jl �I / Ji:U1
@I
�
� � � � � � � � �� � �
@J� �ii!1@J@J ii!1 ii!1
� ii!1 @J
�� @J �ii!1
J"'''
� ;i�
(The Amb Wo,ld ... A look 0' Egyp')
1 :'1 . �*
0o� Siwa
River Nile
o
Lib Y
�.-J1.J1.cJ1
. . .
.b�lo
.:.l> I,J I The Oases
a
Asyut
��Io Luxor
� E gyp t
0b�1
Sud Arabic in Egypt �
�
a n
��I
'Eg ypti an' dialect usually refers to the spoken languag e of Cairo and the north of Egypt . Di alects i n other reg ions will vary more or less. Eg ypt has traditionally exported fil ms, popular television programmes and songs to the rest of the Arab world. The advent of p an-Arab satellite channels has exposed people to a g reater variety of accents, but the Eg yptian dialect can still claim to be the most widely understood. Egyptian dialect sh ares some features with other dialects, e.g .: • •
replacement of J with a g lottal stop ('), e.g . u.9.J (time) as wa't
pronunciation of -:.. as 't', e.g . � (ma ny/ a lot) as kitTr Features particular to Egyptian dia lect includ e:
�I (Friday) as ig-gumt.a �..,J..l dilwa'tT (now), ',?..,..i 'awl (a lot, literally 'strong '), �y. t. arabTyya (car) extensive use of foreign loan words, e.g . J.:!�-JA mobayil (mobile) C as a hard 'g', e.g.
•
pronu nciatio n of
•
use of specifically Eg yptian expressions, e.g . •
•
Lis ten to Emad talking about himself in his Eg yptian dialect. '
You will find a transcript and translation in the Answers section.
\" \ \
�LL�.j
\\
�..J�
•
1· '" . �L II I�"'I ",UWI t' �luJ . l 15. � f"-' . � tF .cJ� � -
.
.
-
�I
�� ·"II�'I" " . · -�lIwl�L::;S \"r'1 �LL�� . - YW.Y'"'-'.J
L....
'''O,�LL
•
, " a') district (..... ayy , ah. y ,�\,� ,., area
"
.\,),o.!',.I.!
bda') to (bada'a, ya
.
beglO
� .L;� � ..:;.,L., b..>-AliJ� �
s t o ry .. (qissa, qi�a�) �' � ,-",-- ., ) to a, yanshur " . (nashar . 'r .,
_
•
,("
�
publish
) trilo gy
�jli (thulathiyya •
,�
n (0 prIZe
, etc.)
abbaslyya ma-lIIyya al-t.
m Note: aI-ga districts of ayn ore 0'n us � and alCairo. ( Questions)
prize for literature. H e was the first Arab author to win this prestigious His most famous work is the 'Cairo
�.L;� � ..J; � ,
��l.:&J1 f..l..! � '(
�b�l�iJl��r' lr.! i
In 1988, at the age of 76, the Egyptian
writer Nagu ib Mahfouz won the Nobel
award .
.:i..ll...u'11
kJ L.,
'�LL
(adapted from www.shorouk.com)
ul (I)a�ala, al)�
t0 wi e.a1a) to obtom,
.>- �.
:
Jb1 •
f.
Trilogy', following the sto ry of a family
in Egypt from World War I to the 1950s. As well as writing extensive short
stories, novels and film scripts, Naguib Mahfouz worked in a variety of government positions, retiring from
the Ministry of Culture in 1972. Naguib Mahfouz died in 2006 at the age of 94.
78
Unit 7
Vocabulary
in Unit 1
Nouns s:.��1 address
(0->..J�) ul�
(wi) �u!
residence
(�) ii:.
apartment
(�;) �j (��i) �
village district/area
(wi) �l£.
family
year
(�) �/(?,Iy.i) �l£.
thousand
, ,
singer dentist
(wi) Ufo
father
(�/ '-.JJ) �'..,/(��D ,:",1
mother
(wi) :;�I..,/(w�f) �f
brother sister
(:;�n tf (wI;;..f) �f (
son daughter
grandson granddaughter maternal uncle maternal aunt paternal uncle
mother-in-law husband wife
.
. 1 LH ,
(wi) �!
(wl):;�
(.jlb.i ) � (wI);;�
(JI�f) J� (wi) U�
(?,�f) r.:c
paternal aunt father-in-law
L.:...f. )
(.jl�f) �
grandfather grandmother
�
(
(wi) �
��
f) F
(wI�);;k
(( I..,)) (Jj
(wi) �..,.)
(�/u..,) (';;.0
clown young boy concert/party
,
childhood
(.j'iD ...iJ1 (�/ '-.JJ) � uL.:..... �I ("t+i) � (u�) � (wi) uh
(wi) ;;.)4
funeral person
C.o�i)�
clothes
U";!)l.,
,
,
(�)� (wi) ��
story trilogy
Adjectives loyal
,
u�1 tFJ
cunning
).{.,
graceful
�j
,
,
funny
�
wise
�
delicate
�j
stubborn
�
talented
':"'.J-A>y
popular
':"'�
generous lazy active
�J. J�
� -
intelligent
��
Myself and others
79
famous
publish
bedo uin
obta i n/ wi n (a p rize, etc . )
Verbs JI.d�1 l ive / reside
spend (time) move (house, etc . )
,
� ,� � ' I" u j
Other phrases 05..»�I ':'I.J�I
� ,�f
originally
J.i:U.:! ,Ji:U I
Nile Delta
� ,�
[ was born
i" ,
sing
die
:;; '
i� .i�
beg in
he/she was born
�f
::".JJ� u�� / ��
Additional note: Vocabulary Vocabulary l ists appear at the end of each unit, and there is also an English-Arabic g l ossary at the end of the book on p a g e 2 8 l . English eqUival ents a r e g iven according t o u s a g e i n t h i s course. Other meanings may also be possible fo r i n d ividual words. As a g eneral rule only vo cabulary new to Mastering Arabic 2 will be listed. Refer to Mas tering Arabic 7 for vocab ulary already covered i n the first level . The main exceptio n will be if a word is part o f a wider vocabulary set, where there may be some repetition fo r the sake o f completeness . Nouns are listed with their (most common) plurals in brackets and verbs are shown in both the past and present tenses. You should make learning vocabulary part of your routine. You can j ust try to learn from a list but consider also these different ideas: •
Write out new vocabulary on bi-lingual cards a n d use the cards to test you rself (see Mas tering Arabic
•
7).
Make yo ursel f a presentation o n you r comp u ter (see Mas tering Arabic 7 fo r tips on keying Arabic) . You can illustrate the words
with clipart to help you remember them . •
Use one of the language learning sites on the i nternet that enable you to key i n your own wo rds to create vi rtual flashca rds and vo cabulary learning activities .
•
Challenge yo urself to make sentences using as m a ny new words as possible from a list.
House and home
LL:.�J t-, j t � t .)..J I � .J 4J 1 Th e neighbour before the house{ho/d). (Ara bic proverb)
.
'
Talking about rooms
��t � �t
Look at the il lustration below while you listen to the recording .
4j).. balcony
�� rre \ �
roo f
Il �/J
first floc
t 20
l
� g a rage
21
Hou5e and home
Tip: � �). (living roo m) can also be called (.)",.,1;..
�). (sitting roo m) .
, ��
, Exercise 1
An estate agent is showing you around an apartment. Put the places in
the order that he shows them, as in the example. A I ..... '-""' r-:-
-
.u�.
,
.u �
_ � u...:.. _ �Y .u""
- .;� Exercise 2
Y
��
Do you remember these items yo u can find in o r a round a house?
Match the English with the Arabic. a bed b car c
cha ir
d clock e
,..
�
t
'; � 1.4
0
�
cup board/wardrobe
f desk
"i
0��
0J�
V A �r 0,
9 picture h table
� L....
television
';J t.;.... �� 04- 1� J
bicycle k computer I trees
, .
" ,Y
Here are some more useful wo rds fo r items a round the house:
�G......J (sata ' i r)
J�
(sajjad)
curtains carpets
.;fjA (mir'at) mirror �
, �L......L
(mi� tad) lift/elevator
(ghassala) washing machine
�.P (�aw9)
s ink
�J
(dush)
�
shower
(t u s h b)
grass/plants
JJ.j (wa rd) fl owers �) / � (kanaba/arTka) , 4 � (th a l l aja) fridge
0Y' (fu rn)
cooker
sofa
22
Unit 2
Exercise 3 ," �� ' ..
Use the voca bul ary in the b ox on page 21 and in Exercise 2. Decide on the
m ost l i kely place for each item, as in the example. (You can put an item in more tha n one place and you do not need to include
/�� I
-
��I
�I
tl� 1
�
lift/elevator.)
/ ��I h� I �� U"I#I �� � ..2.r-»
Describing your home i.!.IJ� �� H ere are some adj ectives you can use to describe yo ur home :
6.:! � (�adTth)
��
(taq lidTy)
traditional
\.s JUl ( h a d i ') quiet �JjA (m uzda�im) � IJ (wasit)
,) l.b:i.:I 'i l
�lj (fa k h i r)
modern
l uxur ious
� (basT�)
simple/basic
z;-a..r ( m u rT�)
comfortable
Y""" w (m u n a s i b)
crowded
�G..
spacious
(kha��)
s u itable
private
�G.. t l� g a raj kh a � � (Private Garage) t� I,," t fw a m a m n u t al-i nti?ar (Sorry No Waiting) a
n
House
and
home
23
Tip: There are many different words to describe dwel lings in Arabic. Common words for 'house' or 'home' are �
(bayt), and ) J (dar)
fam i liar th rough place names such as Darussalaam peace ' ) and, less obviously, Bethlehem
(�
( f" U I )J
'house of
� 'house of meat' ) .
Casablanca i s a Spanish translation of the Arabic name � � I ) ..J I
(ad-dar al-bay<;Ja'), 'the white house' - not to b e confused with the US � �I � I (al-bayt a l - a bya<;J).
presidential building which is translated as
Other terms f o r dwel lings include J � (manzil, 'place o f staying' ) and ,j5.......o (maskan, ' p l ace of residing' ) . fu (sh aqqa, pI . shuqaq) refers to an apartment or flat, and b.! � ( t i m ara, pI . -at) to an apartment building. Listen to Sherif describing where he l i ves.
;;.J � 0A
�I� I �1..bJ 1
�
,
u..::.
� '. I · .ii... � j�� U. . �j (.s' JU � t.JL.t..J 1 �i u...,.r ;;# u l.J � ..:.JWA I A ':< I �
.
•
•
•
.
.
� . �� J..i� 0A � ujS'j'j .l-?'-�j � �j � J..i.;l. .� J 4-wj ;;�Li ,;a� �j� J3,�, 1 \ .� � � � J..i� �i !� U!b!,T,·. /1 �w � ..:.JJ �j ;;.J Lu.J 1 � � .l-?'-� '1 � � .
,
,
. . · � u� / uA
... �� [ � ]
(yatakawwan/tatakawwan min)
([Iaysa] hu naka)
it (mase/fem.) consists of . . .
there is, are [not] . . .
, , . . . u-k Jb::. / �
it
(yuti ll/tutill tala) (mase/fem.) looks onto . . .
. . . �y / �� Pi] .
. . can [not]
� . .J I 0.> lhJ l �
. . . 4J / oJ [ � ]
.
(fTHa biq il . . . m i n) on the . . . floor of
( [Ia] yOjad/tOjad)
be found (rnase/fern.)
it
([laysa] lah u/laha)
(mase/fem.) has [doesn't have] . . .
24
Unit 2
Exercise 4
t �� ·
Look back at the des cription of Sherif's apartment on page 23 and decide i f these statements are true
�j ��
().4
U..w l
0Js.:u
(V')
or fa lse
V
. ��j
:.. . . . ' I r..r:-
. bJ lil l &!1.hJ1
.� u......J � Wj� �l
A
.�� J�I
�
.
w..,. �I � ..J l..J. . .UJ � .
(X) .
,
-
.;
a..w l �
.(..s' J LA �I ,. .;
.�I
•
.;� J.?''':; '1
0
. ';�j �Ij a..w l
i
�j am ma/..:.u.:u l i d h a l i k
The description of Sherif's apartment contains two more useful connecto rs:
.(sJUl � tJWJ1 �i
As for the street, it's
quiet.
(a m m a s h -shari t. iQ- h uwa h a d i ' )
! hli 0!h!.�!i l l � w..,.
�
..;JJ �
For that reason it's suitable fo r active
(li d h a l i k iQ-h iya m u n a siba
people only !
l i n - n a s hT�ln faqat)
Gi
( ' as fo r') is used when you a re moving on to a d i fferent aspect of t h e
s a m e top i c;
-ill ll
( ' fo r that (reaso n ) ' ) is used t o conn ect c a u s e and effect.
Both are usually followed by � ( ' a nd so' ) .
Exercise 5
0
��
Rephrase these sentences using . . . .:a . , . Gi, as i n the exa mple.
. � \..r\\ &? - \.hl\
� u.Jil9 cUi.uu \ (.\ _
c,r-
.
1 · 1\
-
t-! ..r �
LbJI
.
�
.l§.t.J1
. � � J�I �
House and home
25
NO SMOKING FLOOR
tabiq li-ghayr il-mudakhkhinTn (floor for non-smokers)
Exercise 6 "\ �� to S h e r i f telling us who lives on the other floors of h i s Listen
o
-JJJ-'"
apartment block. Write t he correct names on
the name
==
plates, as in the example.
�
_"
.OJ 0 0�;[ �� _1. } ® � :( f �.:....,.J --=-:... [ (!): 1.-� I.J ®� �'--_--.--. -\] @ � =f __
G
Conversation
Describe your new apartment in the prompted audio conversation. Prepare the Arabic to describe these features: •
3rd floor
•
no
l ift
•
•
large hall
•
•
spaci ous living room
•
small but modern kitchen
2
•
modern and comfortable
•
balcon y overlooking street
bathrooms
3 bed rooms
26
REVIEW: Th e
plural
� The plural �I <: 1""'1
:E
There are three different methods of making words plura l in Arabi c and these methods in turn have va riations. This su m m a r y will help you to
consolidate your knowledge of how Arabic plurals are made.
remember a wo rd together with its p l ura l . g et a more i nstinctive g ra s p of the to ' feel' which plural mi g h t be right for a
You need to try and
Gradually you will find that you
patterns and are able particular word .
Sound
(external)
1 Sound masculine plural (SMP) •
�/ U.J- ( - O n /-Tn)
Used al most exclusively with words referring to groups of people of
whom at least one is male. •
Commonly used for nati onalities, j obs, attributes derived from fo rms of
the verb (beginning with •
U.}- (- O n ) is
-.:.
m u -) .
the 'defa ult' ending in Standard Arabic.
particular structures
-
lr!:- (-Tn)
is used in
see additional note on page 5 5 .
cr./ uJlwlj4 correspondent ( m u rasil) �I� ( m u s l i m O n/-Tn) cr./ u� Muslim ( m u s l i m ) � ( l u b n a nTy O n /-Tn) cr./ u� � Lebanese ( l u bn a nTy) �� 2 So und feminine plura l (SFP) ul (-a t) ( m u ra s i I O n/ -Tn)
......
-c:-
......
•
•
Pro b ab ly
the most com m o n Arabic plura l .
Used for words referring t o groups of people a l l of whom are female.
uL.,.:,� ( m u � rTyyat) u4�
(m u m a r r i c;J a t)
•
Used
-c:-c:-
nurse
(fern.) ( m u m a rric;Ja)
Egyptian (fern.) ( m u � rTyya)
W� �
for some other masculine and feminine non-human words, longer words derived from forms of the verb and imported
especially
words of foreign origin.
u14� (ijtima tat) uu. � 1
( � a m m a mat)
(ti ITfizy O n a t)
uU��
-c:-
bathroom ( � a m m a m )
......
meeting ( i j t i m a t)
...... television ( t i tTfizy O n )
��
t�1
u��
Broken (internal) •
Plural made by identifying the root of a word and chang ing internal
vowel sounds (similar to Engl ish 'goose/g eese' or 'mouse/ mice ' ) . •
•
About twe lve common
different patterns,
plus a few other less common .
Patterns defi ned using root l ette r s J.U (e. g .
� �i 'pens' Jwi pattern). =
REVIEW: The plural o
27
Broken plural is us ed with many words referring to non-humans :
(pattern
J wi)
=
ut� i
(afran)
(pattern JU) (g h u raf) ..9..;L ..=
room (g h u rfa)
,
(pattern J,.,.....a ) (buyot) u� ..-
house
=
(pattern JU) (kutu b) y:iS ..=
(pattern
=
,
J �)
book
,
J.i..;L
(bayt) U-:!-!
(kitab) ",:, US
(diyar) J 4..1 ..- house/home (da r) }..!
(pattern Jd ..a",) (makatib) �� .." =
o
u)
..- cooker (fu rn)
office/desk
(makta b) � .
Broken plural can also be used with words referring to groups o f males (in preference to the
SMP) :
(pattern (pattern
=
..
=
J �)
(rija l )
�) (wuzara')
(pattern Jwi) (a �fad) =
J4-� ..-
�t.;jJ
..Ilbi
(ra j u l)
�J
..- minister (wazTr)
�...jJ
man
,
�
..- grandchild (�afTd)
Collective o
Collective nouns are masculine singular but have a plural meaning.
o
Add (; to make a feminine singular noun referring to one of the group.
o
Natural features that come in groups (plants, animals, etc.) are often collective nouns. g Q
o
cow
tree
(baq a ra) .;� ..- cows (ba q a r)
�
(shajara) ';� ..- trees (shajar) �
Other items that come in groups can be collective (e . g. carpets): 9 carpet
(sajjada)
Plurals i n the dictionary p:... view,
aapect i
1>"'1>",'
p I . J;L. 11Wna,:ir' sight ; look(s), appearance.
pa.noram a. ;
prospect, o u tlook,
pers pective
);\.j na?ir pI. .J \.!aj n14¢r viewer,
spectatOr,
onlooker ;
observer,
overseer,
supervisor ; inspector ; ma.nager, director
';..I�
�-
carpets
� rUlzl/ pI. ni¢/ clean, nea.t,
(sajjad)
.W;.; tid y ;
..I�
""",/ii",
j llo;
wel l - groomed,
welHended
� I an�f2 cleane r, nea.ter
� tamel/ pI. -at cleaning, .JUk'i 1 � manicure
cleansing
I
P l u rals are shown after the s i n g u l a r i n the most popu l a r Eng li sh-Ara bie dictionary ( A Dictionary of Modern Arabic, Hans Weh r). Note that the entry above for � (clean) has a l ternative p l u rals. A few words have these a lternatives; the most com mon is used i n Mas tering Arabic.
Unit 2
28
Exercise 7 v �� (You will need a dictionary to complete this exercise.) Find the plurals of these wo rds you have met in this unit, as in the exa mple. You could also try and g uess at the plural before looking it up.
Meaning
�,
Plural
-
�I '
Word
�,
pi ctures
.
-
Now check yo ur answers in the a nswer section before moving o n .
Tip: I n some spoken dial ects you may o n l y h e a r the
U::- (-Tn) e n d i n g for
g roups of people , even when the g roup cons ists entirely of females.
U=J� -::.. 41 1 (al-banat m a s hg O ITn) could be used to mean 'the girls -::.. ;{� -::.. � I ( a l - b a n at m a s h g h Olat).
So
a re busy', rather than the more g rammatica l ly correct
House and home �,
Exercise 8
/I.
29
��
Listen to Sa mya describing where she lives and put a tick next to the features of her home, as i n the example. apartment
small house
villa V'
garden
g a rage
view o f sea
hall
d i n ing room
two bathro o ms
flowers
trees
g rass
old couch
mirrors
desk
� �j-4J .
Exercise 9
Complete this descri pti o n of Sa mya's villa usi n g the wo rds in the box. -
.u�1 ..I-?'� � 1,yS � � � � Ij ..j� u..,s..:u j) � ..I-?'
�I .�WI 6�
().4
�j
' (.)'01* �-'" ,�� 4J � I
--
�� �.li ...
�)j M
Tip: )� (bi-ti raz) ,
=
().4
. � �J
�..j4
. '1 .. .. .. < .uk. � . � ,;-J� M
---
•
�.lA
----
j
J 4?J 1
� Jw
� 'r-� � (.)'01# 1 �-'"
---
___
� � � �i
�
.�I
-.J
�I . Q A
"'."."
...
,"Ii':.a1
.....,.
, ' 0..4
in the style o f
You can check your description b y listening t o Sa mya i n Exercise 8 a g a i n a n d b y l o o king a t t h e Answers section.
Exercise 10
,
•
��
Now describe your home using the vocabulary a n d models you have met so far. Remember to vary the ph rases you use and try to includ e some of the connecting words you have met.
30
Unit 2
Adjectives and plurals
F 1J
�I
There i s n ot really a grammatical d i fference between nouns a n d adj ectives in Arabic. Adj ectives s u c h as active ( � n a s hTt) or popular/ l oved
(�� m a � b O b) can also be used to mean ' a n active
person' or 'a popular/loved one' . Adj ectives need to be made p l u ral when referring to groups of people. Some adjectives use a sound p l u ral, others use a broken plural. The plura l of a n adjective m a y fo llow a di fferent plural p atte r n from the word it is describ i n g .
(awlad �iwa l)
JIJlo J�Ji
(a l-kurama') (an-nas a l - m a s h g h O I O n )
� 14'p 1
0J-l� 1
(.)'01 WI
�
( i n n a h u m nashTtO n jiddan)
.I .lo?- 0�
�t
tal l boys the generous (ones)
t h e busy p e o ple They are very active.
For a n a l l - female group, the adj ective can be made plural by using the S o u n d Femi n i n e Plura l .
(a l - b a n a t at-tawl1at)
.:" �.,,w l .:,, � I
t h e ta l l girls
,
(mumarri<;lat mashghO lat) .:" '1� .:"LAj44
busy nurses
Plurals of non-human objects and ideas are gramma tically a single female!
37
House and home Non-human plurals
Remember that plurals not referring to people are treated as feminine singular i n Arabic. So a n adj ective d escribing a g roup of obj ects, such as 'chairs' o r 'pictures' needs .;, as for a single femi nine obj ect.
(al-ka raST al-�adTtha) � �1 �I,foJi (a�-�uwar jamna) .� � I
t h e modern chairs Th e p ictures are beautifu l .
Exercise 1 1
\\
��
Make these descri pti ons p l ural as i n the examples. You may need to use your dictionary to look up some of the plurals. (They are b u s y . ) (The tables are new.)
.
0.J-l� � ...(- ( H e is b usy . )
.j-4l
';..I.:!..l-?'- ..u1� 1 ...(- (The ta ble is new) '';..I.:!..l-?'- ,; ..u W I
,
. �.j-4l¥ � �!
'\
,
. J.:!.jb ,,� 0 ! V .Jj�I r.}
. J�
�� ';..l�
.!.I�
A
32
Unit 2
For rent j�?U Look a t the
fou r notices advertisi ng property
to rent.
kareem@msara b i c . eg
J-J...;-1 1
..; �� J�
�� ��
� . � l..=...J �...r ...J.;i. V .� I.J J� I � � ,�
�� I )):J � J...J� �.)4--J � 4 L... .�Ij:! l ..)� -
. � ..uJ 1 L,J U-<> A V ,\ i. · o : � LA A V '\i.
�u.. (s h ati')
beach
b4- �� (�ammam siba � a) swimming pool �
�
(ma l t ab ten nis) tennis
court
:�u
J:... � (madkhal) entrance � I.J-A � (takyTf h awa ) air '
conditioning
��1
(ar-rTf) the countryside
� (ma n?a r) view
,
w � .�L...
0 "\
(sa kin , su kkan) resident
�L.:....) (rukham) marble
t-i� (maw q i t) location
J� .Jh
( � a ql, �uqul ) field
(�) �LA (hatif (ma�mOI)) (mob ile)
phone
House
and
33
home
Exercise 1 2
\ '( ��
Decide which prop erty wo uld suit the foll owi ng :
1 Family wit h fo u r children and a dog . Prefe r rural setting but must be
within 60- 75 m i n u te commute from town fo r husband's wo rk.
2 Yo ung profess i onal couple wo rking in the hotel business i n a popular
resort. Prefer modern apartment. Keen o n sports. 3 American diplomat looking for qui et, spacious upmarket villa with
enterta i nment p otentia l . Pa rking essenti al. Garden a bonus. 4 Busi nesswoman - currently wo rking from h o m e - looking fo r o ffices
fo r her accountancy business.
Exercise 1 3
\ 'I" ��
Now complete the chart showi ng the fa cilites o f each prope rty, as i n the exa mpl e .
.;�
.u...::. 1(
iJ'�
J;U
4:.Jl4l �
�� �
1(
V'
1(
�
I
�..I."'C IJ:"-
� 6,jY"' "
�1 J i U' L.. � .J � ��
� IJA � --
I"' l.:;.->
b� l"'L....:..
.- � u-u-' . Exercise 14
\ t ��
Write an advertisement fo r a property to rent with t hese features : •
large furnished apa rtment · third floor · two eleva tors · fou r bedrooms
•
three luxu rious bathrooms
•
balcony overl o o king countryside
Add two more features o f your own and a mobile telephone n u mber.
.31.;-&11 I ra q
...i � 1 AI-Jawf o
o
.:....� ,
�J Rafha Jot> Ha'il
Kuwa i t
0 o O -':!.r.
O �JlI Med i na
Buraydah o
...,.=. l:!}'
,"I}A�I
Riya d h
\),),....."
Sudan
J eddah
Emi rates
4..l�1 ��I � Iull
K i n g d o m of S a u d i A r a b i a .;,I �
l:!fi}
Jiz�n
wL...£.
Oman
Eritrea
�I
Yemen ,
Arabic in Saudi Arabia
�..l�1 "j
-
�j-1-l 1 .u..u l
The Arabian peninsula, which now forms part of modern Saudi
Arabia, was where the Arabic lang uage originated and where the
prophet Mohammed was born in the 7th century AD . Arabic spread with the rapid Islamic co nquests, but the spoken language of the
Arab ian peninsula can still claim to b e closer to the Classical than that of other m o re distant reg ions t h at were open to d iverse l i n g uistic influences . Featu res of Saudi Arabic include: •
•
pronunciation o f J as a hard ' g ' , e . g . �� (co ffee) as pronunciati o n of ..!l as 'ch', e . g . � (fish) as s i m ich
•
use o f feminine plural i n spoken language
•
less use o f imported fo reig n wo rds
,
'
gahwa
Listen to Ahmed ta lking a bout himself in his Saudi dialect. You will find a transcript and translation in the Answers section.
b L.
tyar d (baD a) cour
ntain
t ur a) fo u O )Y \..:. (na fa , , \- � \ (i khtala �� vary yakh talif) to , ) is use d u sta ""h d a m � � (y ll ar (si rd ab) ce
_
.
. • )�l;
..... \ J.,)'"
�I+> (n ah ar) day(timgee) stora . (kh az n)
.
� , u :ll l � ,,€ J..il l J )L:l1
. . u�
.• �
,,\ �\... uPJ> �y- ...k...."
.
, '
J .r.+-=JI � � � -
.
_
'
J" ,01 �
\... 1 " -,> 1 "
4J <...A: ) I �Iy. � "i �) 4li ,$ ;;�" _
.
_
iY.\l,
.
\...\"
· i".JJ E-JI" � J"'� �L)I" , �I )� J J"'� ,-:-,I J�I i . Jr:JJ ,-:-,IJ�I" i".JJ :Q>- I ..ul wyAJl,, )�1 J J"'� �L)I i � �l:...!J 1 J B etter known these days
for
its
ultra-modern skys crapers , Saudi Arabia also retai ns some fine
examples of trad itional bu ildings, particularly in the older towns such as Jeddah and Mecca. These tall town houses general ly look i n wards to a central courtyard a n d can consist of several floors .
���I ��I �I � yo \"'" , ��4J1 .h....J � �y- I j \...., " ��I w.)+! � �lb � r ��� � �I � .J..iI 1 �I t"'1 yo \...., f. �J L+J I � �liZ.J1 � u� 0:!i
0
36
Unit 2
Voca bulary Nouns
in Unit 2
� ��t
house/home
CJ.j l}'� ::l) ).j (J.; L:.:.,) J� -
house/residence
(�L.:.. ) �
location apartment building floor/storey entrance hall stairs ro of room bedroom living room
,
(et;.o ) �;." (uI) ;;.)� ( � IY'" .L) � lb -
-
(J:... t�) J=.. �
(uI) ;U� (i":')L.) � ((�) � (.j).) u� �y u� � u�
U"'A u� (..;:,1) .;� dining room kitchen (� lh.. ) � bathroom (uI) � G::... to ilet o� (uI) ';.JJ � balcony (uI ) U). garage ( uI) C l..}. / C l� (�.jl;" ) -,-. 1 .j.J:'"' cellar g a rden (�I;"') � ;,.. (uI) ;;f� mirror lift/elevator (.��) � washing machine (uI) UW sink (� IJ-"'"f) �p
sitting room
sofa
(�I))
�..)/(d) �
fridge
(u I ) 4-�
cooker
(ut)1) u) < li..
curta ins
J!
s hower carpets grass/plants flowers
.j.)J
smoker
(�/UJ) �� b� �� �� �I..,A �
swimming pool te nnis court air-conditio ning res ident marble beach
(u�) �Lw �u..� ( � I;-" ) �u..
countryside
();L:u,) fo ( � ) Jb. (uI) b 4
view field courtyard fountain
(d) ;;.)�L:.
storage
Uj.6..
phone
(.....i:i l �) .....i:i u
mobile phone
Adjectives u �t modern tra ditional quiet
-
-
House
and
home
37
� JjA
crowded
t:"'" I",
spacious l uxu rious
' u �
simple/basic
�
comfortable
C;-:!..>A
suita b l e
�\i.,
p rivate
�L..
forbidden
t�
(U-c) ufo '� (� ) � ,JL, i
(of)
l o o k (on to) face (towards)
,
Other phrases 1$..» �t ut.J�t g ro u n d fl oor first floor c a n be found i s used for r ent
�.;)11 0-!LhJI J:,)11 0-! LhJ I
�.Y / �.Yr'\:"�"'� / r�
.;4-:!)ll . . .:>'-�
in the style of. . .
.; 4J 1 � L.,!
in the day(time)
Verbs J I.d�t consist
� , �I
vary
(�) �� ,��
as for . . .
c1l l jJ
for t h a t reason
,
.Y.:L
n on -/ n ot
Additional note: Case endings You will p robably be aware that formal standard Arabic includes case endings added to nouns and adj ectives. You may hear these endings i n scri p ted news bulleti ns, formal sp eeches and similar situations. As a general r ule , the case endings do not affect the spelling and you need only recognise them when you see o r hear them . The most
common exception to this is the additional a l if known as a l it ta nwTn which is added to the indefinite accusative : indefin ite ( ' a boy ' )
definite ( 'the boy' )
..JJ
wa l a d u n
..J�I
a l -walady
I..J",
waladan
..J�I
a l-wa ladg
..J�I
a l -waladl
..
nominative
accusa tive
gen i tive Note that .
.
..JJ waladin
•
,
a l if tanwTn is not added to a word ending with til
ma rbOta : U.,;. g h u rfata n .
Mastering Arabic
7 Structure Note sections g i v e more details about
how the individual cases are fo rmed and when they are used . Alternati vely you can con su lt a good reference grammar.
Work and routine
;;�Wtj �t
U-<> Whoever strives, finds (wha t he wan ts). (Arab ic proverb)
' �J �
Talking about work J,.a}1 � �I
Exercise 1 , �� How many of these professio ns do you remember? Wr ite the meaning and the p lural (using a dictionary if necessary) . Then check you r answers .
Meaning
�,
Pl u ral
F-'
,
Word
�,
teacher
�
'.
j
�
� .� [ . .) W .
38
39
Work and ro u tine �
Here are some more professions with t he i r plurals. Notice how many o f t h e words a r e formed either with t h e fa tta l pattern or wi t h an a ctive participle (fa ti l or m u-) .
(�u�ufTy,
,
-un / -Tn ) rY.:-/ u.J- , �
(ta . blb, ati. bba')
�uki .
,� . .. .
doctor
,
lawyer
rY.:- / UJA� ? � ( m u � a m m i m, - u n /-Tn ) rY.:-/ u.J- ' �
( m u �amin,
m u �a m u n/-Tn)
j ournalist
-un/-Tn) rY.:- / u.J- '�J � (fa n n a n, - u n / -Tn ) rY.:-/ u.J- ' u � (ba n n a' , - u n /-Tn) rY.:- / u.J- , � �
( m a n d u b,
designer representative artist builder
, �L.....
driver
( � a ris, � u rras) \.)'J I� ' \.)'JJ G..
guard
( m u dTr, m u d a ra')
manager
(sa'iq, - u n/-Tn)
rY.:-/ u.J-
�IJ .l.4 'J":!.l.4
n rY.:-/ u.J- , .lL L...u...:.
( m usa t i d , -u n / -T )
( t a m i l, t u m m a l )
J�i ul�J J �J
J� ,J,.4u.
assistant worker
rijal wa-sayyidat a tm a l (business men and women)
40
Unit 3
Exercise 2 y �...)-4J '
��
-
La What do they do? Make sentences as in the example.
'\
II
v
Tip: There are a few Arabic words that end with -in, written with two kasras: � ( m u g h a n i n , singer), t� ( m u � a m i n , lawyer) . When these words are made definite or hav e a l if ta nwTn added, the ending becomes T, written with ya': (a l - m u g h a n nT), �� ( m u � a mTya n). The ya' also app ears in the feminine: � ( m u g h a n nTya, female singer); but not in the mascul ine plural: UJ-.o� ( m u � a m O n , lawyers) .
�I
47
Work and rou tine
We have already seen how you can use a simple, non-verbal, sentence to talk about occupations:
.� wi
(ana m u �a m m i m)
�i .\.s� � �j� j-A
( u k h tT tablba) . .;�
.�
(h uwa m a n d O b fT sharika kabTra)
'';J �I � 0"'1.r'" �l ,
I'm a designer. My sister is a doctor. He's a representative in a large company.
,
(i n n a h u m � u rras fTs-s ifara)
They are guards at the embassy.
You could also use the verb � (ya t.m a l), meaning 'to work', followed di rectly by the job. As a verb is used, the job needs the (accusative) tanwTn , or the sound p lural -Tn ending (see pages 37 a n d 5 5 ) :
.�
��
(a t. mal m u h a n d i san
j�b
fT
,0
L.� �i ma�na t. ka bTr)
� �Ij
�
(ta t. m a l walidatT � u � ufTyyata n)
. L� I
($J-I �� 'i �lj J..u...:!
(ya t. mal wa lidT m u � a m iya n lada l - h u kOma)
.�� I �IJ+-l 0! U""H 0�
(ya t.m a l O n a m usa m mTn li-bara m ij
[ work [as] a n eng ineer in a large factory. My mother works [as] a journalist. My father works [as] a lawyer wi t h the government. They work as designers of computer programmes.
i l - k u m byOtar)
Exercise 3 y �� Make sentences using � (ya t. ma l), as in the example. Remember to make the occupation and the verb feminine or plural as necessary.
(�i) �...j4 i ",g'�!i,,,A/� .�...j4 i ",g'�!i,,! A � � �i � -+-
(My sister works as a do c tor in an American hospital.)
(wi) .;� .\.s� / � (�) �U:u...r.U 1 ';).i�I/&L...u (�G.. ) U-.I...PJ I / J..... I,JA ..
t 0 �
(� i) � (J� / 0"'J L.::.. (.;�) .u.1,;jJ 1 ';)jjf ?' �
(�i)
�� �/0"'�
y r
42
., '
Unit 3
A day
in the life of. . .
.
. . ;;� � f'�
Listen to Nadim talking about his daily routine (read from right to left) ,
f
o D
� :-i lyla �4 WI..! ts�1 ' 0� �J � I J �
�J , � JSf �.j� ! JS f
0 1 �i L �I
, � i �.j � (.)04 �iJ � I � .r� _
, �W � �I
J I� Ju. i �� � 'J �I � � wiJ � I
C4W1
� .r.!�1
wi ,�� 6 � �� ��
,�I �J=-I WLi
�i � 1 ,� 'j,)iJ �IJi � �J
�J � .jji i �I wij �� �.j l,rll � !
y::s) � , � J L.....J I , � �ij � IJji
�
�!
�i
d.l j ..lL.!
Y""' �I �
43
Work and rou tine
when?
... JI �
what?
..
�1
(fTI... )
every day
I
until
.
. . . l. 4=:-. 1
(abtadi' (bi-» I
(a �ya nan)
begin (by)
sometimes ·
�I
(qabla an)
� (hatta)
usually
(-!) (s�1
.1� I .�
ul �
·
. . . i> ..J LL ( tad ata n)
(anam) I sleep
U
(ba tda an) after (+ verb)
always
get up t L:.I
� (qabla) (+ noun)
before (+ verb)
·
. . . � I ..J (da'iman)
(astayq i?)
all " . [long]
I
�
work
�I
. .
(ba tda) after (+ noun)
. . · tY-
(ku l l yawm)
I
. . . J I J I� (�awa l a l . )
how often?
(a t mal)
in the " .
before
..-
. . . 1..) ..J 1. (nadira n )
(u t idd)
prepare
rarely
.
�i
(una�if) I
clean
�)
-
I .l.!i . . 'i . (verb) a badan) .
I
(Ia
. .
never
( u rattib) I tidy �r (akul)
. . . � L....J I
(as-sa ta)
at . . . o'clock
I
eat
�i ( u g h l iq) I close/lock .
�..) � ..J� 1 (aq o d sayya ratT) I
drive
Tip: The position in a sentence of the frequency words in the right-hand column is somewhat flexible and depends on what sounds natural in a particular context. You'll develop an ear for this over time.
Unit 3
44
Exercise 4 t �� · Match the English to the Arabic phrases in Nadim's routi ne. �f ui �i L�i a the guest's invoices ..
b
supervising the night workers
c
sometimes I forget to eat
d e
.
'
.,'1;U1 �I�
� r
,
• A"' !.:. ·.. U.,,---::
a list for the wholesale market ,
I id
t y my papers
f I
9
�JI� I ..,J! � I
\
listen to the radio
�I J�
� .,jlyl:o:-JI
� 0
� I J� W l..i \
�IJji �) V
they clean
Exercise 5 0 �� Now try to fill in the gaps in Nadim' s routine without looking at page 42. Then listen again to check your answers. Tip: Notice that to express 'while/as', for example 'I d rive while l i ste ni ng .. .', 'I supervise �� they are cleaning', Arab i c uses l:.l.J ('and I'), �.J ('and they' ), and so on.
j � I JI�
Work
45
and routine
Exercise 6
"\
��
Make sentences with these meanings, using the table on page 43 to help you . 1 Sometimes I g et up befo re seven o ' clock.
2 I rarely sleep i n the day. 3 Every day I clean t h e table b e fo re d inner. 4 I usually p repare t he i nvoices befo re six 0' clock. S I always lock my house before I drive to the o ffice.
6 I n ever eat in the morning .
Talking about housework
�j:J.1 J��I � �I
';J � - I � -
Exercise 7
v �jo4J · -
Fill in the chart below depending on how frequently you carry o u t these
tasks. Then make sentences to match your answers. For example,
.J4k'11 J.......'. \ L�\
S o metimes I wash the dishes.
You can also complete the chart for a friend or a member of your family:
.i�j � � I �j i,ffo 'J
My sister never irons the clothes .
Unit 3
46
Talking about your CV (resume)
� �I
a.;il.:ul '!'u�
Exercise 8 A �� Look at the CV and find the equivalents of these headings : 1
Qualifications
2 Nationality
3
5
Skills
6
7 Date
f \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ , '
\
Work experience
4
Address
Gender/Sex
of B irth
� \ �.)L; :r '1 \
;..J:� \ W\.,r'- :4-J.- \
:�")IJ \ t-Jl:i ' jUJ. I tj� , t : w 1yAl I
\ o... A'f / o / \ A
.� \
.)\� �G. , :\.-41 J.)s fi, \ �\ " Firs t Certi ficate " .)� <) \.1..,
. - II • � . .r...J,..A.....J "
•
.
.
•
: � \ o� \ �
..
I .
II " I '
"'-"� OJ j)
- . ...�
c:
0J. :- r---'
..
"
/
•
•
V- "
•
•
,
Exercise 9 ,, �� Dina is g o i ng over a CV that arrived today, with her manager, Mr Farouk. Listen to them talking about the CV and fill i n the details of the candidate opposite. You may need to l isten several times in o rder to note all the details for the CV.
Work and rou tine
r
' o� ..
, �, � ..
j'� : � 1
:4...J.. I
:r� 1
� -yy. I
47
l
tulJ
:iJ1y.AJI
I
I
:�"M�\
\
\
_"
:
-
� v .
·
Conversation
Ta l k about your d a i ly ro utine, whether at work, co l l ege or in the h o m e . Prepa re the fol lowi ng i nformation i n Ara bic a n d t h e n t a k e part i n t h e i n teNiew on t h e record i n g . what time you usually get u p a n d g o t o sleep what you usually do after break fas t
().hi )! 1 �)
2-3 things you usually or sometimes do i n t h e day (at work, college, etc.)
a household task you always do/you never or rarely do
N o te that it is co m m o n i n spoken Ara bic to exp ress times by u s i n g the reg u l a r (ca rd i n a l) n u m bers: as-sa t.a s i tta ('the h o u r six'), ra ther than the more fo rmal as-sa t.a as-sa d i s a ('the sixth h o u r').
REVIEW:
48
Present verbs
� Present verbs t,JWalI <::
Arabic verbs can g e nerally be classified into 'basic' and 'derived' . Basic verbs are those that carry the root meaning and have a stem using the three root letters vowelled only with short vowels . Derived forms have different, but predi ctable, patterns with long vowels, n o n-root consonants or doubled root letters the basic root.
A deta iled summary
interposed between
of the derived fo rms is in Units 4 and 6 .
H ere i s a table showing a l l t h e p arts o f t h e p resent verb, using the basic verb
c:��.! yafta � (open) . The present stem is �
fta �
and the
prefixes and endings are arranged around this ste m . The less com monly used feminine plurals and duals are in l i g hter type.
ending
example
(yo u
( I open) afta � (u*)
�j
open) tafta � ( u )
�
m.
(you f. open) tafta �lna �.!> �Q�
(he/it opens) yafta �(u) (she/it o pens) tafta � (u) (we o pen) nafta � (u)
C:�Q� �
�
a- i
l.:.i
ta-
...:;
�i
ta-
...:;
ya-
�
�
ta - ...:;
�
n a - ...:.
�
-Ona UJ
(yo u f. pl. open) tafta � n a �
-na u
ta- ...:;
(yo u dual open) tafta � a n w�
-an w I
ta-
m.
pl.
open) tafta � O na
,
��
,
ta-
...:; �
�
-na u
ya-
�
(they dual open) yafta � a n w �
-a n w I
ya-
�
open) yafta � O n a
(they f. pl. open) yafta � n a
The full pro n u ncia tion in cludes a final
u,
:. . i
ru
Jui
L...u.; i
,
ya-
m.
c
...:;
- O n a L0
(they
u:.i
,
�
(you
*
,
-In a 0:!
prefix
,
r"
;;
,
0A ,
W
b u t th is is not norma lly heard
except in formal con texts.
N oti ce that the p refix for ' yo u ' verbs 'they ' is
ya-.
is ta-
and the p refix fo r 'he' and
The additional endings show the gender and number:
-una fo r mascu l i ne plural, -na for fe minine plural a n d -an fo r dual .
Presen t verbs
REVIEW:
Th e
prefix
49
fo r some o f the derive d forms o f the ve rb i s vowelled with a
d a m m a rather than a fatha (e . g . 1!rs i l , I se n d , Y1!rs i l , he sends, et c . ) , b u t otherwise the p r e fixe s a n d endin g s a r e standard for
Q.l.l. verbs.
Negative You can make a p resent verb neg ative b y p utt i n g
. � I �� �i "1 �Jl£
Usually I d o n ' t work
( tadatan la a t m a l yawm as-sa bt)
.I.l-!i
�I �
':I in fro n t .
o n Saturd a y.
"1
My son n ever cooks . ( " doesn't c o o k ever" )
( l a yatbu k h i b nT a b a d a n )
Irregular verbs: general notes
Some ve rbs behave somewhat di fferently due to features of the r o ot .
H ere is a reminder of the t h ree ways i n whi c h a root c a n be i rre g ular:
l one o f the root lette rs is a h a mza ( ,, )
third ro o t l etters a re the '?
2 the root is "doubled" , i . e . the second and 3 one of the root lett e rs is "wea k" , i . e . J o r
The
(':'1 ts
same
m a i n consideration with hamza ted verbs is how to write the ha mza
Ij Iii i) .
Other
than t h i s, they m a i n ly beh ave a s reg u l a r verbs .
. �liJl
�t.......J 1 0'L....iaJ 1
J,S;l.:a
We eat dinner a t
(na'kul al- ta s h a ' as-sa ta ath-th a m i na) e ight o ' c l o ck .
. JLi.b� 4A ';�I
o lA
�Ji
This wom a n writes books
(tu ' a l l if h a d h i h i s-sayyida kutu b a n l i l -atfal) for children .
Doubled verbs g e n e r a l l y fol l ow a simple rule: if the stem is fo l lowed directly b y a consonant (no n-vowel), the second a n d third root l etters a re written and
p ro n o u n c ed s epar a te l y.
If not, t hey become a doubled l ette r
wr itten to g ether wit h a s h a d d a . Looking at the table oppos ite, you ca n
see that the only e n d i n g in the p r es ent tense beg inning wi th a consonant
is
-na, associated with the two rel ative ly uncommon feminine plura l s .
Ex c ludi n g these, present tense doubled verbs i n
m o s t forms a r e
ch a racteri s e d b y a doubled l etter writte n to g ether with a s h a d d a .
.� I �
,
�",...w l JW The balcony looks
(tu�i l l a s h -s h u rfa ta la I-ba � r)
. 0'''1� �IJilI �i
( u t i d d a l -fawa tTr l i n - n u z a l a ' )
o nto the s e a . I
p r e p a re the i nvoi ces
for t h e g u ests .
REVIEW: Present verbs
50
That leaves the third, and trickiest, category: weak verbs. The 'weak ' letters J or r.s can appear as any of the three roots and are very fickle i n how they b e have . Depending on t h e pattern and t h e position o f t h e wea k root, t h e J o r r.s can be pronounced
p
'w'
or y '
',
become a long or short
vowel, or disa pear altog ether ! Gradually you wil l become more
familiar
with t h e various possibilities. For the moment we can g eneralise that weak
"assimilated" verbs (with the weak l etter, almost always J ' as the first root)
(with J or r.s as verbs (with J or r.s as the finai root)
lose the J altog ether in the p resent tense. 'Hol low verbs
the middle root) and wea k ' d efective'
a re characterised by a l o n g vowel in the middle or at t h e end respectively.
. u...... UJ I �L..J I J I.bi.J I
�
The train arrives at
(ya� i l a l - q i �a r as-sa ta at-tasi t a)
nine o ' clock .
( tadatan a q O d sayya ratT i l a I-ma kta b)
to the office.
. �I � 1 �J4,... � .\..i.l.
�
J�i �J'-'
0� J..t
( h a l tuqTm O n a fT s h a q q a 7)
.�I JJ-"U 0A
J �I ��
(nashta rT a l - k h u d a r m i n s O q i l -j u m l a)
Exercise 10
,.
I usually drive
m y car
Do you (pi.) l ive in an apa rtment?
We buy the ve g etab les from t h e wholesaler.
��
Complete these sentences with the correct verb, as in the example.
( JJi..:! ) .� � I ';}';�I ';� (�) .��I � � I
;)�
��
Js
Jl.U...J 1 0 1 y (�) .� �� Js .*i'jiJl � ��J wi r t (�) .��I .s..l-l �� �i » wi ( �� ) ·c�' � ;; �.)'?o f�i �i J..t '\ (�..r.!) 1 �� Js �",L ( 1;91;"'1) . �L...J ' � L...J I WIJ u�1 0 1 V �i J..t A (�) 1�J� 1 � � (�) .� ��, � iJ �i �J'-' � �i J..t , . (��) 1 � u...... UJ I �L..J I � �
51
Work and rou tine
Situations vacant ;;� L:1 � �� · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · •
� � � :. \ � -) .
�
� .r..
�
.M
.
�,� � �� �� �y;.. Y- �
� l,j
J� � �� .JI� � .�I� r � � 'i � 4 1 '�� ��'jI W I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
��
l>'
JL�j � ,� LJj
.; . . -' I I
'1
�� .�I';�I J�
�
�� .� � [yW .�I� " . �� I � �IJ .�4J1 lJ.4
� ,?�I � I � .' �
Ji:i
�lat� �J W
-I I I . � ":-'-' ..J ' Q� ..J.4lJ -
��j G� �LJ�I '; ..I � I '-;-'� (ma�IOb) wanted, sought
�U;.j ' ¥j (wafTfa, wafa' if) position, (job) situation
d , J � (maja l, at) field, sph e re
u � (mabTt at) sales � ..w..... (ha ndasa) engineering � IJ (ratib)
Exercise 11
salary
:
'
� W=-oG (ta' mTn �i� �Ty)
health
insurance
� I .:w , b�.:w (tadhkira, tad hakir) ti cket �
(�asa ba)
according to
UL JjJ / � 'i (Ia yaq i l l/taq i l l ta n ) not
less than
(yJ:. (ta m O �)
ambitious
, , ��
Which of the vacancies above would be most suitable for the applicant with the CV on pag e 46? Give rea sons 2 Wh i c h would be most suitable for applicant with the CV o n page 4 7 ? 3 Which would ou prefer and why? 1
.
Exercise 12
, y ��
Using the above as models,
write a notice advertising the following p osition
:
assistant to head accountant/five-star hotel/Damascus/not less than three years' experience/university graduate/fluent English spoken and written/ambitious
L.S' .. .r Tu r key .
.
Dayr az-Z
-
Arabic i n Syria w
'!.).,.....
� .
�
.• I I r-
- .
wr
.iilJ 1
Syria forms part of the ' Levant', an area to the East of the Mediterranean that today also i n cludes Lebanon, J orda n and Palestine. The dialects o f the Levan t share characte ristics and are mutually comprehensible, although there are local d i fferences . Features of Levantine Arabic include: •
so fter, non guttera l sounds and lyrical i ntonation
•
p ronunCiation of b as 'eh' o r
•
p ronunciation
•
.
-
'ee', e . g . � ..l...:> (town ) as medineh/-ee of j as d e . g . l iA (this) as hada '
'
,
use of particular expressions, e . g . (5 ..1..! ,-?�y b i -wa d dT, 'by my wis h ' )
'
biddT ( I wa nt, derived fro m
Listen to Sahar talking about herself in her Syrian dia l ect You .
wi l l fi n d a transcript and translation in the Answe rs section .
...a:. _··lL>.,J1 �1 � 1
�__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
.:,, �
U,j-llG
A#'
,AA ,j di.i I -k � u,lb.o SAWA ISP
I
(b a� th)
se ar ch
at) - - \, (ih . s, a'ly , I� .:.U •
statistiCS
(kali m at m ur ur) JJf" m al) job se eker � � lb (�a lib U -
�
password
(www.jobs4arabs.com) A n u m b e r o f online recruitment s ites s peciali s e i n the Arab Wo r l d . The site above advert is e s va cancies primarily i n
Syria and Saudi Ara b i a . Arabic and Eng l ish scri pts
and termino logy are o ften
mixed t ogeth e r on this kind of s i te Can .
you
spot the English wo rds 'graphic' and ' flash' i t t e n phonetica l l y i n Arabic wr
� ,� J...c. yll..b
< «
! U4
MABeo
( .»-!
YJJyJ' � �
script in one of the job titles?
54
Unit 3
Vocabulary i n Unit 3 Nouns � L..... ".i t life routine, habit position (job) sphere/ field j ou r nalist doctor lawyer designer representative artist builder driver guard manager assistant
( d� ) ii� ( d) ii.llL
(...i.> ��) �� ( d) J�
(�/�) �
(,,4bf) �
( �/ Uj) f� (�/Uj) � (�/�) '7'j� (�/�) u \Sj. (�/�) ,,� ( " / . ) � L.. � w
,
C,... I:p. ) U"-.J l...o..
(" I-.J l., ) � l..,
(�/ Uj) � L..:.
(J�) J..> lL J�i (J4-� ) �� busi nessman businesswoman J �r (d) ii;;' worker
company/business
skill
('7':' Ij) '7':' I-.J
(d) �� (d) ii-.J�
(fil�) ii� �
ticket
Cjl-.J)) ,j�
paper guest (hotel, etc.) (some)thing
(,,;()) J.� (" � i) ,,j.. ...j l.Y-" - •I
supervision
�
cooking
( ..:.,�) �
search
,
'
Adjectives u�t wonted/sought ambitious Verbs Jld".il get up begin prepare tidy make the beds
lock
experience
qualification
list
iron
eng ineering
salary
(� I� ) ii">y � (..::.. I ) � U
invoice
drive
:: -- �
... ;:; ...
�� '�-.J J... I� I ';;' ,�� i.?� '<5fi i � , ik
(ii-.J 4...J I) .l� , .l U �
...
"
"
forget
� '�
listen
� ,�!
Work and rou tine
55
Other phrases .s�� l ulj�1
g e nder/sex
O//resume
date of birth
�Ij b�
computer progra m mes
-�I e Iy.
Y
wholesa le ma rket
_ .
�I . �Y'"
w�
sales/ retai l
.
health insurance
��
G
� �Lb
job see ker
w L;i L..o..::.. !
s a t i sti cs
t
JJ;' �
p assword
not less than
�I J � I C:-:!.JL:; ,
,
, . ' �/� 'i
u.c.
,
according to
'--'""'"
. . . JI� ,
a l l . . . long
,
wlJ
always
,
usually
b ..ll£.
,
L. l..,p. l
sometimes
,
1.J ;l L.
ra rely neve r
_
, '.
1 ..l.! 1
...
'i
Additional note: Sound Masculine Plural (SMP) Unlike the most common case endings, those for the Sound Masculine Plural behave i n a way that affects the spelling and basic pronounciation of the wo rd: •
The nomi native case ending
w (-On) changes to 0:! (-In ) i n the
accusative a n d g enitive cases :
· u� r--' (hum mu�a m m i m O n) � � .l.4.1J �� ..!Il..:...A jA (hal hunaka �a biq l i l - m uda khkh i nln) •
The final
u (n) o f the
following noun i n an
Is there a floor fo r
smokers?
SMP is d ropped when combined with a iQata
constructio n :
,-;-,..rJ I ..,.L Ij4 � ( h u m m u rasilO I-�arb)
. ,-;-,..rJ1
They are desig ners .
�I� U.;-i.l I l> .i.A
(had h i h i I-g h u rfa li-muras i lT I-�arb)
They a re war correspondents . This room i s for t h e war correspondents .
Sport and leisure
� J-W . � tt� � LJ'J-' . tt _
..
.�I � I � � I JhJI
A sound mind i n
. ' Talking about sport
a
sound body.
t
��,..>l l � � I
Here are some popular sports : G
�
ro-.liJ1 o-fo
(kurat a l-qadam)
football (soccer)
� �4=J1
(as-siba�a)
r'f'1 � I
(at-ta n is)
ten nis
,.9,ci ....iJ,P.-l 1 (ai-gO lf) �.
"
golf
::f.( ("S'jiJl '-;:Iwi /f�
(al tab al-quwa)
athletics
J"J G a.l.....J 1 ,
l-eY
56
o-fo
basketball
LV
W � I (a l - m u l a kama) boxing
� ui:a1� �1 7
(al-iskwash)
squash
svvimming
"�
(0 lif
(kurat as-sa l l a)
� �I -fo (kurat a l-yad) � handball 0
UJi: JJ� I � j udo
(al-j OdO)
� o.;Jl..b.J 1 ';�I .
(al-kura a�-
Wira) volleyball ('flying ball')
op �JI.hlI � (ta n i s
-<-'
aHawi la) table tennis
Sport and leisure
57
Genera l concepts Unlike Eng lish, Arabic o ften uses a definite noun C!hf swi mming , the health, etc . ) when referring to a g eneral concept: ,
. 4 ,>
.0
II
,; � .b.�1
(as-siba�a m uffda I i �-�i � �a)
. .b......J �1 �I
.;
(al-iskwash m a � b O b
Exercise 1
, ��
Write the sports on page
.
'-;I� � I�:tl [the] Squash is popular fT sh-sh a rq i l -awsat) in the M iddle East.
56
in t h e cor rect column depending o n whether
w � L....j riya Qat jama t!yya) or i n d ividual (�..l� w �L....j riyaQat fardTyya) . An example has been done for you .
they are team s ports (�4 sports
[the] Swi mming is beneficial for [the] health
58
Unit 4 t
Talking about preferences J.J to " itl � �I You c a n u s e these phrases t o a s k about and express preferences:
"j �"
. .� t·�
�. .
.
I� iJ""
Do you (masc./fem.) like . . . ?
( h a l tu � i bb/tu � i bbTn a)
L� d:!iJ
L4
(ma ra 'ya k/-ik fT)
) ... �i ('1) (ufa<;l <;l i l . . ) . . . � i (Ia a htamm bi- . ) . . . � � i '1 ((Ia) u � i b b . . .
.
. .
,
(akra h) ... o,fol
What's your (masc./fem.) opinion of. . . ? I
(don't) like . . .
I
prefer. . .
I'm I
not interested in . . .
hate . . .
Tip: Remember that you don't need to use a pronoun such as l.:.i (ana, I) with a verb since the prefix (and ending) o f the verb shows the subj ect. However, sometimes the pronoun � used, especially for emphasis: � L..-.J I �i L.:.i (ana u � i bb a r-riya<;la, I like sport) . •
'
Exercise 2 y �� Listen to two friends, J a mal and Nura, discussing what sports they like . F i l l in t h e chart below depending on whether they a re positive (Q), neg ative (8) or neutral (Q) about each sport, as in the example . Tip:
�= exciting; �
fflev
..9 ct ..
,I �
",
=
boring;
�
�
�
=
enj oyable;
1
0
�
�
"
=
entertaining
N ©
J�
Q
oJ.J-J
Sport and leisure
59 &
•
Giving reasons ":J�'JI � �I
l i ' a n n a/bi-sabab �/�':J
The Arabic word � 'x ( I i ' a n n a), meaning 'because', is followed by an attached pronoun i n the same way as �J (wa-Iakin na, but) - see page 1 3 . Alternatively you can use the phrase � (bi-sabab) meaning 'due to', or more literally 'by reason [of] ' .
. � ��
it.w.J1 .;� �i
(u�ibb kurat as-sa i l a li'annaha musalTyya) .�I �
W �I I
o�i
(akra h a l - m u lakama bi-sabab i l - tunf) . .w..a ,; ..u �
'1 � �
....iJ� I
.j.J)L.Jj\ '1
(Ia u s h a h i d a i g o lf l i ' a n n a h u la -
fa ' i d a m i n u h )
I
like basketball because it's entertaining .
I
hate boxing due to the violence . I
don't watch golf because there's no pO i nt to it. -�
. - -- -
60
.
'
Unit 4
Exercise 3 T �j-4J · Here are some of the reasons Jamal and Nura g ave as to why they liked or disli ked certai n sports. Listen again to their d iscussion in Exercise 2 and note whether it was Nura or Jamal (or both) who expressed the opinion, as in the example .
.I� ;;� 41.l �� � � I ;;� �i � .� ;; .u Li 'j �� � � I ;;� o�i '" .lJ.?- � 4-=a� -s� 1 '-:lwi �l t '�J �� 41.l �� .,jJ� 1 ..IAwl 'i _
0
Exercise 4 t �� In the first row of the chart write five sports in Arabic about which you have varying opinions. The n put 0, Q or 8 i n the second row, depending on yo u r p references .
: � u� 1
�© �G . �8 . V
"
Now talk about your preferences, giving reasons. You can use what Jamal and Nura said as models. For example:
I
do n ' t watch table tennis because it' s boring .
Sp ort
and
leisure
67
Read this paragraph about Jamal. I
�
A .,
'1 .)iJ 1 �
..r �
. . n , -: I La u-- .
�J
J� � �
�
.
�i J4 � .�jJ � 14 ��
iis..JJ .,jJ� 1 �
� .< 1 .-;,,, ,
� '1 J.JJ
l.bJ 1
u-u.:u '1J
,
� �I JA l.W.:!
.
'1
.
W4,.rl1 j)� j)� � ��I �WI 1.4 1J .�I .�
� � I..i
'1J
14 � �IJ �
�'J
k a ma a n n a ::'i L.s (kama an na, and also/ j ust as) is another way of connecting you r ideas and improving you r style. T h e use of ui L.5: kama an n a avo ids
�I L.5:
having to repeat j
wa
(and) too many times . It is often followed by an
attached pronoun as i n the paragraph above .
Exercise 5 O �..".4j
Wri te a similar paragraph a b out what sports Nura likes and dislikes a n d mention why s h e feels t h a t way. Don't forget t o chang e the verbs and pronouns to the feminine and to make use of connecting words and phrases .
Now write about your own sporting likes and dislikes, using your answers in Exercise 4 to gUide you. You could start like this:
... �i �J ...� �i
REVIEW:
62
::tl Verbal
I'TI
-<
I'TI
�
verbal nouns and participles
nouns & pa rtici p les � J�tJ �l.4ttJ J�t
The key to prog ress ing in Arabic is a knowledge of how to use di f ferent root p atterns to form related words and reco g nise unfamiliar vocabula ry. You can think of every verb as a door to a comp l ete set of inter-related wo rds. With the exception of the verb a l nouns for basic verbs, most of these patterns are e ntirely predictabl e . For example, i f you know the word for teacher is
U"�..Lo ( m u d a rris), you will be able to predict wi t h U"�..I.;! (yu d a rri s) and that the
confidence t h a t the verb ' t o teach' would be noun meaning 'teaching' wou l d be (J"-'....) ..G
(tadrTs) .
Probably the three most useful patterns are the ve rbal noun (known
a l - m a�dar) , the a ctive p articiple passive p a r ticiple ("-! �I al - m a f tO I b i h i ) .
Arabic as .J � I
verbal noun
=
a ct i o n
c a rried o u t
� (Ia ti b) playing W� (mulakama) boxing
( Jd..iJ 1
a l -fa ti l ) ,
in
and the
b y verb, e . g .
�J .u (t ad rTb ) training
active participle
� '1
=
( t h e o n e) carry i n g
o u t the
a c ti o n , e . g .
(Ia ti b) player
� � ( m u lakim) boxer '-:IJ.l.4 (mudarrib) trainer; coach
passive participle
=
(the
J� (mas h g h u l)
�
( m ufa<;l<;l a l )
one that
is) the object of the action, e . g .
(the one) occupied, busy
(the one) preferred, favourite
'-:IJ.l.4 ( m u d a rrab) (the one) trained, coached Nouns and participles from basic verbs Verbal n o u ns from basic ( form I) verbs cannot be predicted , although there are common p a tterns . You will need to check in a d ictionary for
the
pattern associated wit h a particu l a r verb . H owever, the partici ples are predictable : the a ctive is fo rmed by putti ng the root into the pattern jL u ( f a ti l ) a n d t h e passive b y putting the root into the pattern
J� ( maftOI).
Nouns and participles from derived forms Nouns a n d participles formed fro m derived verbs are almost completely pred i cta b l e . The m a i n exceptio n is the form I I I verbal noun wh ich a l te r native p a tterns (see table on page
63 ) .
has
REVIEW: verbal nouns and participles
63
The active and passive p articiples are simple to form from derived forms: take the p resent verb of the derived fro m and replace th e prefix with ':'" (m u-). For the active participle, make the final vowel kasra (i); and for the passive change this final vowe l to fat�a (a). Here is a summary of the patterns for forms I-IV. The other derived forms will be covered in later units . Form
Present verb
Verbal noun
Active Part.
Passive Part.
J.U.:!
va ries
J.U.:! , Jdi.a
�
�\j
J�
�
II III
,, -,
.
�
,
J.U.:!
IV
.
�
, j.UA .
,
,
� '" ,
'
j.UA , � Li4
J � / lli Li4 �Li4 JW! � ,
,
,
,
j.UA
Exercise 6 '\ �� Fill in t h e gaps in t h e table b elow. U s e a dictionary if you n e e d t o check the correct pattern for the verbal nou n . Form
Presen t verb .
Verbal noun
Active
Part.
Passive Part.
,
J� (photograph)
� � (g o) J:"l � ,
(view/watch)
yS:.>:!
(ride)
�.>:!
(send)
�
(prefer)
�
(camp)
,
,
j� (read) ,
,
When you've completed the table, check your answers and then say them out loud so that you beg i n to hear the patterns. Tip: Not every verb will have an active and p assive participle in common use, although it is theoretically possible to form both . For example, the form I V verb � (yu s l i m , to submit [to G od] ) g ives us the verbal noun i"�l (islam, submission) and the active paTticiple � ( m u s l i m , one who submits) However, the passive participle � m uslam, theoretically meaning 'submitted', is not commonly used. .
::0 1"'1
<
64
Unit 4
Talking about free time
�\ �
. ' Exercise
7
�ayd a s-s a m ak (fis
v
t.t...� 1 u:iJ � �I -
�
hi ng) � I '-:l.JS,J ru kQ b alkh ayl (h
o rse riding)
��
Listen to eight people tal king about what they like to do in their spare time . Write the correct number next to each illustration, as in the example.
Sport and leisure
65
You can follow a verb such as � (yu � i b b , like) or � (yufaQQiI, prefer) with either a verbal noun or � ith wi (an, 'that' ) plus a nother verb . Arabic makes extensive use of verbal nouns where i n English we might use on infinitive ( 'to go', 'to p lay', etc . ) . Verbal nouns are considered good style and are often used i n preference to a second verb . Notice that if the first verb is fo llowed by a second verb, then the second verb must also match the subject:
.;;�I� I �i
I
l i ke reading .
(u�ibb al-q i ra'a)
.j:!� 1 �
� ljA w!
My hobby i s
(i n n a h iwayatT h iya t-ta�wTr) p hotography.
'
�!
wi
�
She likes
(tu � i b b an tad h-hab i l a n-nadT)
th e club .
yA�
to go to
-
.(.�I �I ,-:,l4l,jJ1 w�
They prefer going to
(yufadQi l O na d h - d h a h a b i l a I - m asra�) the theatre .
Exercise 8 A �� Make sentences about what the people opposite like doing, based on what you heard them say in Exercise 7, for example: -
. ;; � I� I �
He likes reading .
-'
I hate to love like [other] people
I hate
to write like [other] people
I wish tha t my mouth were a church
. . . and
F rom
m y letters bells
..
u U1 � ��1 l) b'� 1 uU1 � -�1 01 b'� 1 ---
..J
U _
.
�
-.
� u A
�
..
to
J
�
..
..J
IS )" ..J
•
�'.)-1
;
u 1y.l �r � . . .
� I ,-;-, L:;S (Book of Love) by N iza r Qa b b a n i (Syrian Poet, 1 92 3-1 998)
66
Unit 4 �
Talking about going out � I � �I
, ��
... �!
�
Shall we go to . . .
r-�
. . . .J I at. . . o' clock
on . . . day
Shall we meet. . .
�
... ��,iJ / �.;
Do you want to . . .
. t!b\"j
'1
,�f/ �J
1M
Sorry, I ca n ' t .
!j� ljA
�j l� .��/J�
That' s excellent !
I'm busy.
.
��� � �
"
'
�j '�,'! ;! !
!
I ' d love to .
�
When would suit you ?
Days of the week
.<�
.: �...;-:!"
Good idea !
'"
Tha n k you but
"
. 1> �
( ' I ' l l be honou red' )
��I r�i
Remind you rself o f the days of the wee k .
S u nday
� � I ��
Thursd ay
�'il
Friday
(yawm a l-a�ad) M onday
��
(yawm a l-khamTs)
(yawm al-ithnayn) Tuesday
Wednesday
>, tj � 1 �� (yawm ath-th u l atha')
>' �,) � I ��
(yawm a l-arbi t a')
� I �� . � I ��
(yawm a l-j u m ta) Saturday
�I �� (yawm as-sa bt)
J
Sport and leisure
67
Tip: It is o p t i o na l to include the word tY- (yawm, d ay) when talking about days
of the
wee k: �I
as-sa bt,
S atu rday; � I
a l - k h a mTs,
Thursday.
Exercise 9 Listen t o
"\
��
two sets of friends arranging to
meet, a n d make notes about when
and where they decide to meet and what they
-"
will be d o i ng
.
Conversation
An invitation
Put a l l you've leamt in this u n i t to good use by i nviti ng a ( m ale) friend to the club. You ' l l need to thi n k about how to say the following in Arabic: - Good morn i n g . H ow a re you? - Do you want to go to the club on Friday? - Does Thu rsday s u i t you? - Shall we play golf? - Sha l l we meet at my house at six o'clock7 - Good idea. - Goodbye. See yo u .
(.,�I �!)
Now join in the conversation on the record i ng, sayi ng you r part i n the pauses.
68
Unit 4
J L.b.eJ I �a.i.A ..::J ")\j W! 0u..J
�
al�l �aW
\.I�I Jla
�I
J.)- I �§J
.\"i1...,J I � G..i.I I J�1
J> 1 � l op
IfJ.,J1 0J l&
r
"
J L.b.eJ I
\.I�I Jla
�a.i.A
JW,�I �
�
:i...o L.:.,:U (ruznama) calendar, schedule
u�
,� (fa n n , fu n O n) art
(r- / u� ' u G (fa n n a n , - O n/-Tn) artist � i..>-" ,�..>-" ( m a rkaz, marakiz) centre �..) Lo....:. , �r-o (ma trid, m a ta rid) exhibition, show
wL
,�
( m a ktaba, -at) library
&i .J..::o.. , � .J..::o.. ( � a dTqa,
�ada'iq)
g a rden, park
..)� ,�u. (ta'ir, tuyO r) bird
Exercise 1 0
,
•
��
Look at the calendar ada pted fro m the l o rdanian mag azine Beity ( " My house " ) . It sh ows
activities planned for the first days of Ramada n . fill o u t the chart opp osite, as
in the example . You ca n use the additional vocabulary on the
left to help you.
Sport and leisure
69
..
Le ! .. .
\
'.J J� �
�I i>)oIMJ)
�� I
� J.:f'� �.r-"
IJ,.;,aJ1 Jla �))) \I I �I
�)IJ
Activity Ramadan tent Ho rse riding Exhibition of Iraqi artist Chil dren's l i b ra ry
Exhibition of drawi ngs from children ' s books Comic play Children's Ramadan pa rty History of European art Bird Show Yoga
Ail \,ijJ I
J� �
is JoO
� �.,...) �� JW,\l 1
�.,) I
D ay
Thursday
•
12
Ve nue
Suitable for
Palace hotel
family
� �I � I .b4)1 <�I )JJ/
7
� Ta g i
Atlan tic Ocean
Rabato .A
Casa61anca o
s-c
°
� Mel �a (Spain
.
J"l! Fez
o Oujda OJ.>, •
�� I
�l safio
�I.r" Marrakesh M 0 r o c C 0
� Figuig °
�1 .r.J /
fi��1 Agadir
A l g e r i a
4! ;iJ1 .I� I
Western Sahara
,
Arabic in Morocco
'-;I�I ,.;
,
��I
M o rocco lies at the western extreme of the Arabic-speaking wo rl d .
It i s from here t h a t t h e Muslim 'Moors ' crossed t h e Mediterra nean
and occupied southern Spain for most of the Middle Ag es . The spoken language has been grea tly influenced by the local Berber l a nguage, Andalusian dialect and Europea n langua ges, especially French which
.
is a second lang u a g e for a l most the enti re po p u la t io n Moroccan
Arabic can be difficult to un derstand, even for other native Arab ic speakers . Features of M oroccan Arabic include: •
disappearance of short vowels resulti ng in many co nsona nts pronounced together (a lso a feature of Berber)
•
•
' k' sound in front of some present verbs (k-y i k O n
=
is)
extensive use of Berber, French and Sp anish vocabulary (listen for the French word 'te' (tea) in the extra ct)
·
'
Listen to Moura d talking about himself in his Moroccan dialect. You will find a transcript and tra nslation i n the Answers section.
r$
"410
Jo...A..
[!]
,
JL..J I
-
�1428 ...... 24 . L..J"
J 'i.J J
� 65
� �I ""WI � J:i .I.>
, � .1
(da [3ma ,
p ort ;:d �m) to sup (m abla gh, . \....0 . � ) (of money �ab aligh) sum �adda' , .un / -I n) / U. .J '''' (� I... _
:.r..
r un ner
. '. (w aqqa [3 , yuw a qq lU '. �Y- ' �.J . oo � on , ni u t) '. 1 (ittih. ad, -a .;.. I • .I �
as so ci at io
n
�t) agreement
. :;\i:;1 (ittifaq, _ . U [3 d l l) J.lw. \...0 (m a Y
.;.. 1
(�))
�
I �."ill t..� 1 �
r200 7�,(. 14
�.vSJ1 j' � -.r..r'1f
. f.....n �) •....,.... ®
J..;..u; - �4)1
t to equivalen
"l.bW I " L...... ",,,il l "=,, W \' �..,All J b.:l�I.., �.;All t.foJI ..:.sA..,
",,,il l "=,, W I t..d l:!J �� t.foJi �� Ulii l
�
� � �
� � � �
� �
� �
�
200 7 - 3 - 1 3 ul! J,...Ai �L.. tl� t.JI.iI I �I uly....J I J � J �I ';' ii!I ' (J1,J � 6 5 ) JJ IAt t.. or.";" I""J J � 5 5 0
�� � � � �
�----------------------------- -lQ -Qb� Qt) � � rQe( WWW'. nMorocco has a long tradition o f ii!I success in athletics, particularly middle and long-distance running . � ;U li.J 1 �...) L:; ,JA L.. ' Olympic gold m eda l i s ts include ii!I Said Aouita (5000m, 1 9 8 4 ) , Nawal , t.} "" � '.,JA � " � e; el-Moutawakel (400m hurdles, 1984) ii!I and Hisham el-Karrouj ( 1 5 00m/ � J U:; ;{ I �� I utiJ � r � 5000m, 2004). Training is supp o r te d � .I W ;{ ' I"'""" ,JA L.. t by the government and the athletes are treated as national heroes . t4J1 � 0
��I
�
_
-
_
,
�rA")��J �..) ;{J.J�
� �
ii!I
72
Unit 4
Vocabulary in Unit 4
No uns � �Io:it leisure free time activity hobby health ball football (soccer) basketball handball volleyball
l i b rary w - Y-
U� I �J (�I) .b� ( w i ) �IY' �
( w i ) ;,,,t. ,,":ill I ;,,,t. ill l ;,,,t. �I ;,,,t.
�.>? lhJ l :;� I
tennis table tennis swimming athletics
b L...,
(5�1 ,:-,WI
p l ayer runner boxer coach/tra i ner artist
Adjectives ul.4....at t beneficial/useful i ndividual
exciting/moving boring
judo
p hotography
(..::..I ) .J�! show/exh ibition C,"",.) b) u-O� calendar/schedule (..::..I ) :\....o \.j.:, � art (�) ,� b i rd C�) �lb sum (of money) ( � t..;., ) � ag reement (-:.,1) J�! union/association
team/ collective
squash
fishing
club
(� I ;"') � ;". (�t.�:' ) ;\..:,
U::, UJ I u..;.i
boxing
horse riding
p a rk
(�I;') :j.;'
violence
training
golf
centre
...J..I.P.-
J:=JI ':-'��
�I � ,
Y-Y-"'>-'
� 'l
( (Y.. / UJ) �I� ( (Y.. / UJ ) �'}L., ((Y.. / UJ) ,:-,�'l.o (� . / oJ . ) .� u
e n j oyable enterta ining favourite busy/occupied sorry excellent
Verbs J ldlo:it l i ke p refer
-
'.
,-? J�
�4 �
�
F
� � J�
Sport
73
and leis ure
s ig n
hate watc h /vi ew
Other phrases �� �I wl..J�1
t ra i n/ c oach
I'm not i n terested i n
photograph
� 'F
camp
�;, ,�� J..,; ,J.:,) i"S ii� l� , � ! � ,t l..bi..., !
ride send meet be able to/can
� . . ..:
no p O i n t to it good idea I ' d love to ( , I ' d be h o noure d ' )
-:: -' � .-
and also/j ust as
su p p ort
equival e n t to
�� �i � J.:l� L.,
Additional n ote: Subjunctive
A modified version of the present tense, wi (an,
�i 'i
due to
suit
used after
�
known as the
subjunctive,
is
'that ' ) a n d other similar particles. The most
s i g n i fi cant modification is that the final
nOn disappears from the
feminine 'you', the masculine plural and the dual:
subjunctive (you (you
m.
(you (they (they
f.
open) tafta �T
�
pl. open) tafta �O I�
dual m.
o pen) tafta�a
�
open) yafta � O I�
dual
open) yafta �a
�
ending -T -0
i,?
ta- j
I"
ta- j
I
ta- j
-a -0
prefix
I"
-a
ya-
1
ya-
,
� ,
�
u:.i ':. . j
�
Lw i f""" ,
W
Tip: Many spoken Arabic dialects use this modified subj unctive form
�y:..J tashrabTna tashrabT, and UY.� yashrabOna (they
o f the present tense in all contexts, for example (you fern. drink) becoming drink) becoming
yashrabO.
Another fea ture o f s o m e dial ects i s that t h e masculine plural
verb is employed for all plural or dual subj e cts ega rd l ess of gender.
r
This means that the fe minine plural and dual verbs are a consistent feature only o f Standard Arabic.
Travel and tourism
.��. j� � .jJ�1j U:,. -.;.
A journey
.
'
of a thousand miles starts with one step. (Arabic p roverb)
Around town �..Ll.I J�
Look at these p l aces downtown a n d listen to the recording: ��� I jS.j4 (markaz ar-riya <;Ja)
spo rts centre
J".....u..J 1 jS.j4 (markaz at-ta sawwuq ) .1.hytJ l jS.j4 (ma rkaz ash-s h u l\a)
[IJ
bw... - ...J 1
?!/-
01# 1 � ( maktab at-tayra n)
l05I
\:Y '
�:
sh
op p i n g cen tr e
police station ( ' centre ' )
� (maktab as-s iya ha) tou rist office . .
J.:!J+-l1 �
( m a kta b a l-barTd)
airline
post
office
office
,
().J� I � (ma�anat a l-banzTn)
petrol station
, I..bi.J I � (ma �attat a l - q i tar) train station J -
�4J1 � (ma�attat al -ba � ) bus :;;'y
( m a r kaz,
station
ce n tre ) and � (maktab, office) both make their plura ls
(m�fa t il): J�I jS ly ( m a rakiz at-tasawwuq, ul� 1 �� ( m a katib aHayra n , airline offices). The plural of U:...:.... ( m a � atta , station) is ...:., L.b..:...., ( ma�a t ta t ) : -.; lhiJ l ...:., L.b..:...., ( m a �atta t a l-qitar, tra i n stations) . u s i n g the p attern Jd_i....
s ho p p i n g
74
centres),
Travel and tourism
Exercise 1
75
, ��
Co mplete these sentences using o n e of the p laces oppos ite, as in the example. '"
)\.h.til\ d b""'.
�
J I..biJ I .fol�
'l� ,
------ � 0-:!�1 'l� . :' 1 .. < ,,8 1 � � ------ � � , . ------ � .;,;sLbJ I .fol� 'l� � �l..:i4J 1 (enquire about) /
-----
6£ .;cyst
� Y' t
/
!"
..
C)
------ � � � I 'l� '\ ----- � (stolen items) ulj�1 6£ J ,},S;" V . � (postcards) �.l-t...r.J 1 ulj�1 �;. A /
/
....·t '
��I .b� 1
al-kh u �O� at-tu nislyya (Tunisian airlines)
76
Unit 5
Asking the way
�..;.Wj � Jj�j
You can use these phrases to ask for d i rections:
/(ayna) L
( m i n ayna) (kayfa a�il ila . . . )
L
(ayna a q ra b . . . )
,
�0-:11 0A . . .
�t �I #
Wh e r e ' s . . . ?
(lit: ' . . . from where?' )
,
L
"-;I�i 0-:1i
�! C9-:!� 1 � 1l4l
L
0-:11
JA
How do I g et to
..
.7
Where's the nearest
. . .?
Is this the way to . . . ?
(hal hadha h uwa �-ta rTq i l a . . . )
Exercise 2
y
��
Test yourself by aski n g these questions . 1 Where's the trai n station?
2 Is this the way to the sports centre? 3 How d o I get to the theatre?
4 Where's the nearest shopping centre? 5 How do I g et to the tourist office? 6 Where's the nearest bus station?
I'll show you the way
�..;.Wj � '!'U�i ui
� L.:J I .w.
J,b �
( ti n d a n - n a � iya)
( ta l a tOI)
at/on the corner
stra ight on
..)jyJ l ;;..)L:.. l .w.
� (yamin)
at the traffic lights
right
( ti n d a isharat al-m u rO r) -
�I� (qabla I-ma�atta)
(yasar)
before the station
l eft
�
( ba tda I-maydan)
t..) L:.. JlJjJ} (awwa l/thanT shari t)
a fter t h e square
the first/second street
u l ..t:-JI
..)� -
. . . ��I/��I (idh-hab/idh-habT) Go (rnase/fern.) ,
,
. . . �I / � I (ittajih/ittaj i hT)
Turn (rnase/fern.)
. . . (,? � / � ( k h u d h / k h u d hT) Take (rnase/fern.) . . . (,?..>tL I j ..>tL I (U tb u r/u t burT) Cross (rnase/fern.)
Travel and tourism
77
., Exercise 3 'f �� Listen to five people asking for directions a nd decide what the numbered features ore on the mop below. The first is completed for you .
.. a/I -------
•
n
.
L..:iA u,.j l
..
"\
V
,
(you are here)
) 9 � \ ii»
LW \
, Y
A
f
�
t
.
:>
78
Unit
�"
5
Conversation
Yo u are going to d i rect a man to the cinema and a woman to the nearest hotel . Prepare for the conversation by looking at the ta ble on page 76 to work out how you wo uld say: Go stra i g h t on at the traffic l i g h ts. Tu rn ri g h t at the s q u a re ( ' i n the sq uare'). The cinema i s o n the corner, opposite the a i rl i ne office. T u rn left at the traffic lig hts. Take the seco nd street o n the left. There's a hotel o n the rig ht after the tra i n station .
Means of transportation J4,:J1 � l...iJ
Exercise 4
t
��
How many of these means of transportation do you know? Match the Arabic with the pictures, fo r exa mple a ' . .
j� � �w , .
�j4 '\
� "
j l...b.i
V
J l...b.i
A
J.4...?
�
�- Li:s I
e
c::;:::,
f
0
� '
h
�/
I
:>-
0
41,.)..1 ;;,ial..b Y
;;j t;....
��Jj/�4
Y' £
d�
Travel and
tourism
79
bi-
Remember that
( ' with') is used with means o f transportati o n to
mean 'by'. When d i rectly before
· � 4J4
a l -, the combinati o n is pronou nced bil-:
a.....,) ..\.4.l 1 .,-1 1
(ku l l yawm yad h-hab
ila
�� �� � I-m a d rasa bi l-bas)
�';}�..J 4 W4.;.11 jS.j4 .,-1 1 J..o i # .
(kayfa a�il ila markaz ir-riya<;la bis-sayya ra)
Every day he g oes to s c h o o l by bus. H ow do ' g et to the sports centre by car? ,
To say ' o n fo ot' or 'wa l ki n g ' yo u can use the expression �L:.
d �..114 J,.J� I � .,-It J..o i # (kayfa a�iI ila m a kta b i l -barTd m a s h iyan) ...
How do
( m a s h iyan):
I g et to the
post o ffice on foot?
The Transportation Game J.4,:Jt ¥ Here is a game to help you remember pl aces and means of transportati o n . You c a n play b y yourse l f o r wi t h others . The board is o n page 80.
You will need : o
one reg u l a r dice
o
transportation dice below
o
one or more small counters o r buttons
(cut o ut, stick o nto card and m a ke i nto a cube)
How to play:
-41�1 (the sta rt) .
o
Put your counter on
o
Roll the re g ul a r dice a n d move the number of squares i ndicate d .
o
Ro l l t h e tra nsportation dice and ask t h e appropri ate q uesti o n . For example, if y o u land on the p i cture o f t h e tourist o ffice a n d the transportatio n dice la nds o n t h e underg ro u n d , yo u s h o u l d ask:
uL..a.....J 1
�
1 I . -I � �" Li:a�1I ,) lhl...a. � 'S,1 u-" " . ( H ow do I g et to the tourist o ffice by u n derground tra in?) • o
I f you can't ask the question, g o back to the square yo u came fro m.
-4�1 (the finish) .
You must rol l a n exact number to reach
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ .
i
i
1.a... i � !1 L.
...
. ...... ..... ............ .. . .. .
1
...................................
l�
_!
..... _ ..M ••••••• _
� . ...... ........... .... . . .... . ......
. . . . . . . . . . . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . . · · · · · · · · . . · · · · · · ·
1
.. ",_" ...
. ... . .. .+ ..
. . . . ..
, ,
.
c§b
,,, ... ,, ... .. " ......... L .... .
.tf
X
· · · · ·
80
Unit 5
The Transporta tion Ga me �I � See page
��I
79 for instructions on how to play the g ame.
~
'" ~ Wl u-
0- 0
Jm, �m ~ .-~ � ~ [(
:if.
[(
�� �
-"'�
i
'
0- 0
•
�1J+l1 }
Wi
-y&
rj!'f--' - '" �
�.
t
0
0
Ci_- -=:
~
~~
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Tra vel a n d
t o u rism
8 7
Travel in the Arab World
��I �WI ��I
Th ere are many reasons t o travel to the Middle East. With the Red Sea, the Me ditteranean, and the Gulf all on offer, beach resorts have sprung u p in the reg ion at a phonomenal rate i n t h e past few decades. I n addition, the Middle East has a hug e wealth of sites o f histori cal interest, from the ancient Egyptian monuments, to the Islamic sites and Crusader castles.
The Hajj The
m ost
�t significant j o u rney i n terms
of sheer numb ers of peop l e is the annual
pilgrimage ( � I a l - �ajj) to � makka
" Revered Mecca" ( �JS-.J I
a l - m u ka rra ma)
in Saudi Ara b i a .
One of the five pillars o f Islam is the duty of every Muslim who is able to "perform the obl igation of the H aj j "
(� I �� (S�� yu'a ddr fa rT<;lat a l-�aj j )
at l east once In his or her l i fetime. Millions of pilgrims converg e on
Mecca for a few days where they perfo r m a series of rituals. These include circl ing seven times the ancient black stone known as the Ka'ba
(�I ai-ka t ba) inside the al-Hara m M osque
( � Iy:J1 �I al-masj i d al-�aram), running between two hills, drinking the waters of the Zarnzam well ( �j..o.j � bi'r za m za m ) , visiting Mount Arafat (w�� � jabal t arafat), and throwing stones at a symbolic devi l .
� Exercise 5
0
��
Anwar has j ust retu rned fro m the p i l grimag e . Look at the va rious stag es
in his j o u rney, and think about in which order they m i g h t h ave occurred.
Then l isten to Anwar and write the co rrect number, as i n the examp l e .
�J �J . ��j � 0A
u4-4-j 6 �
� ! .;�
� 1.4
�J�I .
';J �I � l �j (v isa) .;� l.:i �'1
,
wJjj �I
.
�� ��i
.�I� I �IJ 4ill 1 .�
�l.b. �J�f
_
_
0A
� 4-I1 .
0A
w�j -
L� I �
�I �I�
Lu..J:i."::d.
. �u... - ....J I � .
� iJ � iJ wi w� .L .�WI IjA �I �j (.jJ� ui
. .;� � ! ySj4-11 �J -
REVIEW:
82
� <:
�
Past verbs
�U, J.U.J'
Arabic h as only two basic tenses: the
past verbs
p rese nt (or imperfect) and the past,
although there are variations on a nd combinations of these tenses . The past te nse is used for compl eted events. Endings are
a dd e d
to a
past stem to show the subj ect. There are no prefixes as there are for the p resent tense . H ere is a table s h owi ng all the pa rts o f the past ver b . The l ess commonly used fem i n i n e plural s and duals are i n lig hter type .
example
ending
:- ,..""1'9
-tu ..:..
(I opened) fata �tu
(you
opened) fata �ta :- .... "1'9
m.
(you
,
f.
o pened) fata �ti ,- , ...."1'0
(he/it opened) fata �g
<.:J
�i
- ti ..:..
�i
-ta
,
�
,
-a -
(she/it opened) fata �at ,-,'.... "1'g
-at
..:..
(we opened) fata � na �
-na
l.
r;,>;'Q
,
m.
pl. opened) fata �tum
(you
f. pl.
opened) fata � tu n n a
0;'>�'9
-tu n n a u:;
(you
dual
opened) fata �tu ma �
-tu ma L...3
(you
(they
m.
opened) fata�.Q
"
(they f. pl. o pened) fata � n a ( t hey
dual
" The extra a lif is
a
I�
-tum � , .
�
-na u
opened) fa t a � � �
-a
1
spelling con ve n tio n a n d is not pronounced.
fa t�as (e:i" fata �, fat�a/kasra (�):.. com monly fat�al9 a m m a c;..;;. kabur, to be big).
Most basic verbs have past stems vowelled with two opened;
sharib,
.;.s katab, wrote), b u t a few a
dra n k), or less
re
vowelled
D erived verbs have t h e i r own distinctive p a s t stems b u t , a s for t h e present tense, t h e subj ect end i ng s a r e stan d a rd for a l l verbs :
,,":,�I �
��J
.L.:U,;aLb u.)Jl.i.
Our p l a n e l eft a n d
(g hadarill; Wiratna wa-tawajja h n a na�w
w e hea ded towards
a l -g h a rb)
the west.
REVIEW:
past verbs
83
Irregular verbs: genera l notes Each type of irregular verb will be looked at in more detail in later units, but here are some g eneral g U i del ines o n wha t to look out for. Hamzated verbs As with the present, the main consideratio n in the past tense is how to write
the
Ot he r
hamza .
than this, hamzated verbs behave mainly regularly.
Doubled verbs
the past follow the same g eneral rule as present verbs 48) . S u b j ect endings starti n g with a conso nant (non-vowel)
Doubled verbs in (see page
result in the second and t h i rd root letters being written a n d pronounced sepa rately Subj ect endings beginning with a vowel g e nerally result i n .
t h e doubled l etter b e i n g written together with
(a tdadtu �aq a ' i bT)
.�l...i=a..
u.l�i
(�a I l O a l - m a s h a ki l ) . JS w....J 1 I..,.h.
a shadda:
I prepared my b a g s .
They solved
the problems.
Weak verbs
Assimilated verbs (weak letter as f i rs t root) are a l most entirely r e g ular i n the past Defective verbs (wea k letter as last root) are gene r a l l y characterised by a long a, ay, 0 o r aw replacing the fi nal root l etter. .
(ishta rayna at-tad h a k i r) .� I .:u.J 1 l..:i.� .:! 1 (masha b i - s u r ta)
.
.u.� �
We bought the tickets. He wa lked quickly.
Hollow verbs h ave two stems - one 'open' stem with a long a i n the middle fo r subj ect endings starting with a vowel; a n d one 'closed' s t e m w i t h a short vowel for su b j ect endings sta r ti ng with a consonant.
.LUi..J 1
wJ,j
We
(za rO I-m at� af) . � I
Ij)j
They visited the museum .
(zu rna a l - q a l ta)
.
vi sited the fo rt.
Nega tive The most common way of making a past verb neg ative in Standard Arab ic is using
� ( l am)
+
presen t verb :
�� .� � �
( l a m ya t m a l a l -furn) . 0� 1 ( l a m n aj i d thaljan) The p resent verb used
after lam 91).
(see Addit i o n a l Note p a g e
The cooker didn't work. We didn't find ice.
i s a modified form known a s the
juss;ve
84
Unit 5
Sohair's blog � �J�
Sohair is on a four-day univers ity t r ip to Al-Qusair � I ), an
Eg yptia n H u rg h a da (U..l.ftll al-ghardaqa). The trip also takes in the desert to the west. Every night she writes her blog on the web .
town on the Red Sea south of
hnp: t /WNW.arabicblog fisah ra.hlmll
, � I r.?' � " u-:'JJ L.� :i..... LJ.. I u. LJ I L-,;L1 w��l..i-- : � I ,
. ,)..5 L�I ! ! ..,.., I ..wl if u.L ..::.....; l5' . u.L � :Oj,.,.;JI J ! JIyL
� -..
-
-
.. . a: IL. 0J""-- - J A..A..; l..;.. � ..ill ..JJ [J.... .:.. C.J�
�..L.o J! :OJ ,.,.;JI )_1.... if ,-"", W I
�� r.;G-i . J...L..)1 -
,
.!lb :u.LJ1 . .. : I I . ()· ..l:..AJ 1 JI, L...A, :L...LJ 1 l; )). . � .. . �J
). : � I
if -J-:S\Jl5' : l� wl5' 1-* 1 � ! r� o).'>J o� ..::.....; l5' b .
wl5' 0 L:J 1 . . . � ..::.....; l5' t�1 LjLJl5J I ! r�i � � OJJ ;u, .LJ 1 :i...; 1.ri1 J...L.) . �Li..:.. 0j.u! LJI � !L...L � � J :G..; l j ..::.....; l5' 'J'"..,<J 1 uSJJ C)'o .
. f.u
:i...> 1 ) l;)j . 4..W I J L..
-
.1r-aJ 1
-
;l wW) J l0- I) o)�1 ;u,.LJ1 �UI � l;,tiL ,
)-41 1 - �I J )-411 t" US!) �I L.. if �r . 1 r-aJ 1 � . I� .
•
r� j.. �
! 0 ,;l1J 1
�.r.
�)� H I J..S.r :?JJ � W)
... ..
. •
(
1r-aJ1 J..,J � r� � 'J'
. . .
.
LI? ly l5'
� ..::.....; l5' r�I)
Travel and tourism
,":, I � ( t adhab) � l..:I.. (kha'if) �
85
.,)J-?'+4 (mahj u r)
torture
JL.o."J1 u� .� (kathTb,
afraid
� .� (sha t a ra,
kuthba n a r-ri mal) sand dune
.:,, 1 .�IJ (wa �a, at) oasis
yash t ur bi-) to feel
� .� (nakh la, nakhTl)
� ( t a�a bTyya) nervousness
.:,, 1
•
.i.b..,) (ri � la, at)
palm tree
journey
.,s;� . .,s;j (dhakka ra, yudhakkir) -
t � . � (qal t a, q i l a t ) fo rt
-
to remind
� (fajr) dawn ?-?"W .� (ma njam,
� ( tajib) wonderful,
amazing
tA 'J (la m i V shining, b rig h t
manaj i m) mine
Exercise 6 "\ �� Tick the p i ctures representing
abandoned
features mentioned in S o h a i r ' s blog, as i n
the examp l e .
D�\
�
D
�\ �'VJ�I . I
Exercise 7
v
��
Now ide n tify a l l the post verbs yo u
they mean,
for e x a m p l e
u�JlL
-
can find in
the blog a n d soy wh a t
it [ o u r plane] left.
86
Unit 5
Describing the past
�UI �J
Simple descriptions in the present do not need an equivalent of the verb
u LS: (kan) is a
'am', 'are' or 'is' in Arabic. However, in the past you do need to use
(kan)
in the appropriate form t o mean 'was' or ' were ' . u LS:
hollow verb with the stem changing to ....:.5: beginning with a consonant, e . g .
(kun)
a (kuntu,
when you add an ending
I was) - see page
83 .
An adj ective following u� ( kan) wil l have the accusative ending an I n a l if tanwin ( r ) if t h e adjective doesn't e n d with ta' m a rb O �a . Compare these descriptions in the p resent and in the past : -
.
most cases this is writte n o n
�WI �
(in the past)
(now)
.i� �l ul,.S;
.
�I,.S;
. � G. �
..
She is a fraid .
S he was a fraid .
.I� �
,
.... I .0. 1 1
� ("""":""""
The fi l m is exciti ng .
Th e fi l m was exciting .
. W G.
:.
u�1
. � wi
II(
I was happy.
I
,
· � t W I �1.S
.� t W t
II(
T h e forts we re wonderfu l .
(masc.) a m happy. ,
The forts are wo nderfu l .
Tip: I n M o d e r n Standard Arab i c t h e u s u a l word order is
verb
+
subject +
�t u � The film was e;
rest of sentence (i�
the usual order i n spoken dial ects. Remember: the verb will be singular if it comes
before a plural subj ect:
(The men were g e nerous) .
Exercise
8
II
��
Find these past descriptions 1 The tea was c o l d .
.
-::;
L I� � J4-.) 1
LI� J4-.)1 ,',l.5;
in Sohair's blog , as i n the example. --'
.
b)4 6U c.?Lilil\
2 Th e cola was wa r m . 3 T h e B e d o u i n were g e nerous. 4 The a i r-conditioning was l a u g hable.
5 I was a fra i d . 6 The stars were amazing . 7 O u r room was small a n d very hot. 8 The wi n d was very stro n g .
but
Travel and
to uris m
87
Letter o f complaint y � � .s�
Sohair has decided to write a letter of complaint to the hotel manager in Al-Qusair about the problems (�L;;....J I , al-mashakil ) she and her fellow students encountered during their recent stay.
��
(ta h iya �ayyiba) : ......
literally 'fine greeting '
-
a
common way to open a letter
.....k.. )u
(lil-asaf) :
unfortunately
..
.
.
,� �
... ... .. . .. ... .. . ..... . . . . .
.
. \1.1 j - �
. . . . . . .... . . - .
t/:-' �I j '-' dl j- U'/-'· · .. . . . .. tjLJI ')",cAl\ � r :.e �,) W'£ . �'>.U �L{. I . �UI � Jc �,., I� �� L:.-Jts' L
Lb.
:;
-
-
.
L i � � �I JJ,., ,LL.. u-ill l \\� j�( (). ts' <0i
L> ts'
,u
. . �i r-i-...J
(rag h m a a n na):
in spite o f [the fact] that . . .
. . . � .!l�j u j :::, J)
(aradtu an ukhbira k hatta ) :
... . . . . . . ... .. .. . . .. . . . . . .
H. .
'
.
.
� \ ;)
.
\lJ JJ,., �KlI J� �� C UI � �.) �I �,., '�vG y.il L> ts',., L}J LfLJ\ � �,., :6b L:.-Jts' �}JI JJ,., �Kl� J �
L> ts'
�
i
.. -'
. lJ:;
� �
.. ...... . ........ . ,J5L41 . � �. Jf . �H A�\ .0.L0.�) <J
.
,�",
I wonted to inform you so
that . . .
uJdl\
� �
Exercise 9 '\ �� You stayed last month in the same hotel with your family (in room 5 1 2 on the fifth floor) . You were also unhappy because: •
the room was cold and overlooked the bus station
•
the weather was cold and the heater
•
the coffee in the cafeteria was cold and the pizza was small
•
you didn't find a ny soap in the b athroom
(;;\,j.l..o m idfa ' a ) never worked
Write a letter o f compla int to the hotel manag er, using Sohair's letter as a model.
W j}! Bizerte
�-"""�"T .0., �� UniSO
j'. 6_ .: _ .... .:J •
D ouggao
I,h�1 Kairouan
0
_
wLo�1 Ha(lil ooamet .. jJ L\...u� S0usse 0 b:.,:;'. II :r-'
. �I - II � .r-:' Mediterranean Sea
.,.:.Ir.--ll
Algeria L...J
Libya
Arabic in Tunisia
��
.}
."4-!�1
Tunisia is the smallest of the North African countries, lying between
Algeria and
Libya. As in its two neighbours to the west, Morocco and a ver y strong French influence on both
Algeria, in Tunisia there is
the culture and the language. As well as using French and Italian words such as 'piscine' (swimming pool) and 'cucina' (kitchen)
within spoken Tunisian Arabic, Tunisians might also switch entirely
between speaking French and Arabic, sometimes in mid-sentence. Some of the features of Tunisian dialect are: •
•
•
•
t� ('to serve') with the meaning of 'to work' n- to refer to 'I': t� n ikh d i m (J work) Use of specifically Tunisian expressions such as �..>-! barsha and and j"'� yaaser, both mea n i n g 'very' or 'a lot' Dropping the 'd' sound in � , e.g. tanina ('we have') Use of the verb
Use verbal prefix"':'
Listen to Abdelhaq talking about himself in his Tunisian dialect. You
will find a transcript
and
translation in the key.
L..) I j-! L.:::. U' l..iJ I .J l...:i.1.::... � , 0 _"' '0"11,-,0 '._11 y.��.:r-� 0
� J� � i � JL..:..;--JI u� �J .::;L".IJ .
«
»
...jU.j.uL;....,.Y�
. '- II ' ,� t..F ...l.L , 0 " 'I .�.:J-'-'
'-'
Ui:,.
j-! L.:::.
�J
� ,� (tamma, yatimm)
to be completed, to en d .bli:>11 (iltiqa�) shooting
.' J �
r'���� � � �jLilI�,J-:!
..l..AL.:...o,� (mash-had, mashahid) scene
� ,�I (istamarr, yastamirr) to continue
,
.o���1
Juj (zifaf) wedding party
(Adapted from Sayyidati magazine, 17/5/2008)
Tunisia, with its long sandy beaches, has long been a popular tourist destination. It is also an attractive location for film and music video producers, with pristine desert and green oases, The extract above reports on a music video being shot amongst the dunes and palm trees of a Tunisian oasis .
� .'
''11
�_�',�' .I1�1 � ... 1.o' ..r� \
���I rw1JA l.o
sili"J1
� �I.J� U:!I
r
r
j-!L.:::. � � f. Sili"J1 U:!I 0
ffi1 �
� � � ii!I ���
� � ii!I
90
Unit 5
Vocabulary in Unit 5
Nouns �L.,...,� I
transportation
travel
(air)line
tourism
underground train
journey visa centre sports centre shopping centre police station office tourist office airline office post office station
(wi) �..> (wi) ��G (�I�);S� L..:. L-.J IjS.jA J�IjS.jA �.;iJ I jS.jA (��)� b�l�
L",,-�I� .l.>�I� (wi) �
train station bus station petrol station square corner traffic lights forti castle way/road sand dune oasis palm tree well (water) mine
-
postcard problem
F
�.l.>�(wI)u� (�u..:..)�
torture stolen items ice nervousness dawn wedding party shooting (fil m, etc. ) scene ( film, etc . ) clip (video, etc.)
� L.JI� .
u->�I
pilgrimage
�
C:�.l t..;.,) U I..\.�."" (�I;') �l. .).j;,.tl (wi) <;..>U:..! (t�P-�.li U�)�� Jlo.)1 (uL4) � (wi) bl.J (�) u...:, C�Dh
(� t..:.:.,) � .
(.b�) 1.::.. Ju:. �I..>�
.bli:J1 (-l:"L..:..:..) � (wi) �
Adjectives ul4..al1 afraid/frightened a bandoned wonderful/a mazing shining/bright happy
Verbs JL.a.e�1 enquire show (the way)
� ,�I
(J-.JJI) J� ,J�
leave/depart head (towards)
(�) �� '�.Y
Travel
and
tourism
97
undertake/perform solve
'?�� '(5�i � ,J".
(5 - ,(5;':"1, - �
buy
,
-:!fo 'fo
feel
'1 ,,",
,,:;; .-
��,�j .' ". i
remind
�'�
inform/tell
, ,
finish/complete
�,O�,q�
continue Other phrases
stra ight on
&-'�
,�!
.s..» �I ul.J4-a!1 Jy,�
go! (mlfJ take!
(mlfJ
turn! (mlfJ cross!
(mlf)
towa rd s
�j!/�j! 'fhfh ' :lf�1 �, " 'f�lf�1
,
..
,
-
on foot/walking
�
�L.
��
unfortunately
;;. " ....
ul��
despite 'fine greeting' (opening for letter)
"
4:bW
Additional note: Jussive with the past negative version of the present tense, known as the jussive, is used for t he past negative after � (lam). The jussive is very simila r to the subjunctive in that the final nOn disappears from the feminine 'you', the masculine plural and the dual (see page 73). For regular verbs, this is the only significant difference. However, if fully pronounced the other parts of the jussive end with a sukOn: � (yaktub) rather than � (yaktubu). This has the effect of shortening the long vowels in weak verbs. For example, ..)J� (yazOr, he visits) becomes..)� (yazur) in the jussivej �i A modified
(amshT, I wa l k) becomes
J...oi (amshi).
Look at these examples of negative sentences in the past: (lam yadh-habO)
.IJo+A� �
�y:aLbJI
I./� �i
(a-lam tutiddT a l-�aqa'i b) (lam nazur tunis) .�,,:a � (lam ashtari at-tadhakir) ..,sI�1
�
They didn't go. Didn't you (f.) prepare the bags?
�
We didn't visit Tunisia.
�i �
didn't buy the tickets.
I
Foo d an d cooking fttbttj ��btt . ...JJ.?�I� ,
The loved one's onion is [/ike a whole] lamb.
Talking
about food �1.aW1 � �I
Exercise 1
,��
How many of these items of food and drink do you remember? Write the English next to the Arabic, as in the example.
� ,
� �. �j
� '"
,
� '.
jJ.4 /
U�
�
�
� .
�
l.i:1 .n
t
,
;J-!j jji
'
'"
,
JI..ij-.H,
��
�
�
�l.4.b
'lJ�j
��
�
fo
'
Ii k
��J �
.
11
,
� /
Now check your answers by listening to the recording. You could also replay the recording without looking at your list, pausing after the Arabic for each item to see if you can remember what it means. 92
93
Food and cooking
Food
shops �laWl u�
� (ma kh b az)
.;.)I..J..? (jazzara) butcher shop
bakery
.u� (baqqala) grocery
'-!� (khuc;!arTy) g reengrocer
��
04J
,
( s a mma k) fishmonger
(I abban)
, ,
dairy/milkman
Exercise 2 Y �� Write the items of food and drink from the list in Exercise place you would buy it, as in the example.
D -,
�-
�
'77. "'7 .'
1
below the
� Ql� �
:..;->
. .
.
F/'-
lVl C,..\
Now m a ke a sentence for each item follOwing this model:
.041J1 ().4 �I '-!� We buy [the] milk from the dairy. ,
!�
94
Unit 6
Exercise 3
r �� ·
-
Match the Arabic to the correct picture, for example no. b
n
�, U
�. �
,#f
�d ()� .: �:' UJ ,. '
�y. t
f
r" I..)-?'- ,
�
9
•
•
0
�'\
�V
,#�A L� ; � -
-
,#��,.
'rF
LJ:. � ' "
#J '
�
Talking about measure �I 0&. �I Remember that to express the concept of la ... of ... ' you simply put the measure word directly in front of the food word in an ic;liifa construction. If the measure word ends with tal marbOta, this should be pronounced -at: ,
tuffa�) C Li:i,# (kTS sukkar) � �
(kTIO
(zujajat mi yah) o� 4�j
An
a kilo of apples a packet of sugar a bottle of water
adjective describing the measure follows the complete
(kTS mil� saghTr)
ic;liifa:
��
� a small packet of salt (zujajat kola kibTra) .;� '1y. 4�j a large bottle of cola If you want to say Ithe bottle of ... ', 'the small packet of ... ', etc., you add al to the final word in the ic;liifa construction (i.e. the food item), and also to any following adjective.
95
Food and cooking
(kTS a l - a ruzz)
� '11 i.>4
( tu lbat at-tTn a�-�aghTra) ';�I �I 4k.
Exercise 4 t �� How do you say these in Arabic? 1 a packet of coffee beans 5 6 2 a can of tomatoes 3 1/4 kilo of figs 7 8 4 a glass/cup of yoghurt Exercise 5
0
U-J�
��I�l��j WLiJI .,j,A ��I" ��I .�
Leila went t o the shops today and took this list with her. Look at the shopping Leila came home with and tick off the items you can see. Then describe what she remembered, as in the example.
t he
small box of figs
a kilo of chicken a loaf of bread a small tin of fish the large bottle of juice
-r:::-f-�-r:=r-.r-f-��f-f-f oub Lh" 94J' � V�j��j � 94J�) Q��� �\j��
-
'\)���j ./
<::..J...!��
.�I � 4illJ u..a,.jJ1 � �ft� ,
the packet of rice
,
Leila remembered the oil but she forgot the eggs .
Jw...r!
_\.-r �
j�94J'�
.
Unit
96
'
6
At the greengrocer ';�I � Leila has gone back to the greengrocer to buy the fruit and vegetables she forgot. Listen to the conversation . ,
.
'
� "'�J
, • u .
� .
>'
.• :.. I I '.r.--
I >'� -
4J:o 1 �
�
� �i .�I..w 4 J�I >'� �� .# �
� ().4
�
��I
uw�
�) �! �i
�
.
..
�.¥JI
���I �
((Iaysa) tindana . . . )
JA
... w� (�)
(sa-akhudh ... ) ... �L.
(a�taj ila . .. )
... �! ��i
(shay' thanT)
��lj >'�
(bikam al-...) �. . -.JI .
(kam al-�isab)
�I �J
..
..
.��
. ��
-
�.�IIJ u-a� ��I
��iJ
�. .
-
� _
.�I..w 4 J..uf wi
..
�.;� Ji .;� � � . . �
(hal tindakum ...)
.l.:!)
���� JA.�
.��I � w �
'��J .1''Io';'!
_
�i
!uij
��lj >'� .�I..w 4 .:.lj4i
.
�
�
� ��I�
..
...
�L.
uw�
.�
�)
-
-
. � ().4 .;� -
Do you have ... ? We (don't) have ... ?
I'll take .. . I
need . . .
Anything else? How
much
is/are the . . . ?
How much is the bill?
Food and cooking
97
Tip: If you wantto say 'this . of ... ' or 'these of . ', you need to put I.:u. or ".:u. after the ic;lafa co nstruction : I.:u. �I ,-:"s;. (kOb al-a sTr hadha, this gla ss of juice); ".:u. U:!.)I �4-j (zujajat az-zayt had hi hi, this bottle of oil); ".:u. U:UJI � ( tu l ab at-tin hadhi hi, these boxes of figs). . .
Exercise 6
'\
. . .
. .
��
Decide if these
senten ces about Leila's visit to the greengrocer are true
false, as in the example. 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
8
Leil a went ba ck to the greengrocer in the morning.
S h e forgot three th i n g s from the greengrocer.
D
Le ila asked for two kilos of tomatoes. D The greengrocer didn' t have a ny m ang o s D The Turkish figs cos t less than the Tunisian figs . .
Leila took a box of Turkish figs.
.. "
D
D lemons. D
She took the small box. S h e also bought four
D
00
Conversation
Leila has asked you to go back to the grocer and buy these items she forgot from her list: •
a large box of eg gs
•
a bott l e of water
•
a
pa c k et of
biscuits
Look at the l i st on page 95 andthe conve�ation opposite and prepare what you might say. Then fol l ow the prompts on the recording.
�� 44-j zujajat m iyah (a bottle of water)
or
98
Unit 6
You say tamatim, I say tamata There are some va r iations in the vocabulary English-speakers use for everyday i te ms such as foods. For example, the vegetable the British call 'a uberg ine' the Ameri cans call 'eg g plant'; 'chips' to the British means hot p otato fries, but to the Amer icans i t means salted potato crisps in a packet. These types of regional varia tions also exist in a more pronounced way in the Arabic-speaking world since the number of countries and influences involved a re g reater. So me vocabula ry sets are more affected than others. Food and clothes are two top ics that show sig nificant reg ional differences.
The varia tions can be small: r-b �
lb�
(�amatim, tomatoes) can also be (�a mata); �� ( batatis, p ota toes) can be lb� ( ba�ata), which
i n turn can sometimes be used to refer to sweet potatoes. However, alte rnatives do not always sound similar: a third word for
bJ.J� (bana dura); yo ghurt can be (5..14':' (zabadi) or � ( l aba n), the latte r also sometimes used to refe r to milk. 'tom ato es' is
[n addition, the same word can have different meani ngs in d i fferent places:
�� (karafs) can refer to celery in one area or pa rsley in another;
t� (khawkh) can be peaches in some places or plums in others.
In g e neral, the va rious nationalities of the Arab world will use the
term most fa miliar to those they are a ddressing. Some fore ign words a dopted into Arabic do n't have a 'sta nda rd' versi on and you may find va riations even in more formal contexts such as newspaper articles. You should be aware that alternat ives are possible and try to fa milia rise yourse l f with the most common.
.
Reserving the table ;;�UI �
'
Exercise 7
V
��
Listen to three people telep honing the Nujoum restaurant and fill in the chart wit h the details of their reservations, as in the exa mple .
�UI time
A: '1)
��I
o-a�\tl��
��jJl 1'-"'1
day
number of people
customer name
�\
<\
6U..r.
, '\ '(
99
Food a n d cooking
of � (sh a kh�, person) is �� i (ash-kh a�): (ma'ida l i-arba tat ash-kha�, a table for four people). Remember the dual ending for two people: u2''''-> t.1 ;;�L.:. (ma'ida li-shakh�i!)'Q, a table for two people). Tip: The plural
U""'� i ��-u '1
�"
(;�L.:.
Conversation
You are going to telephone the Nujoum restaurant to make a booking. Follow the prompts on the recording. Here are your requi rements: •
a ta ble for five people
•
Thursday
•
8.30pm
Now replay the conversation, this time ch anging the requi rements. You can try this several ti mes until you a re confident.
In the restaurant
�j �
It's Friday evening and Mr Barakat has arrived
with his
wife.
at the Nujoum res tauran t
100
.
'
Unit 6
Exercise 8
A' ��
welcomed by the maitre d' (;;.I..J ). Look at what they said below and think about in which the order the phrases might have come. The n l isten to the conversation and mark the correct order in the boxes, as in the example. Mr and Mrs Barakat are
..;:.,LS..H
!�I �L...w A·lI � -:'.r... . '-! .lu"·l1 . � ?':r..j' �� tA .La�� .�
.�� �J
� ,,� 44-j .l.:!isJ .�I �Lw wi ;;�u
.I�
.
.;:.,LS..H
.<>� 44-jJ �� � .l.:Io.IJ
�?,-*,I �cl4...u ��
�
4 �J �i
,� cl4...u
.l.:Io.IJ
� Y. u , � �
D D D
� D
...
...
D [I]
(,s...t D
JA .cl.4.w..l1 �i wi ��� �
D
D � D
����'11 �.;:.,LS..H
�
4 clJ�J .jw-
�
,01'°':" ,�d
cl4...u w�
.��
4
;;�u w� .�I ",L...w
D
707
Food and cooking
Methods of cooking �I �L...i.
'i� (mashwT)
�
(maqlf)
�
(mu� a m m a r)
�
fried
J� (masluq) Exercise 9
�
grilled
( m a � shT)
stuffed
(mukha l l al)
pickled
(pan-)fried
�I � (tn-furn) (oven) roasted
boiled
��
'\
Read the Arabic dishes and match them to the equivalent English. For example,
,
f
� A I."A
a grilled chicken
b pickled cucumber
e
4
fried fish
.s� ��J � .;���,
stuffed tomatoes
f boiled eg gs
9 ,
,
�
�J�V
creamed carrot
Exercise 10
,
��y 4!,r.> �LW Y' \.J"'j��t
c potato chips (fries)
d
•
tJr-- �
, . �� �
Mr Barakat's bill h s arrived, but there's a mistake (
l...h::... k h ata').
Listen once without looking at your book and see if you can decide what mistake has been made. Then listen again and fill in the missing words from the transcript below.
�
----
� d�
��4�4S�� I �j ----
.(an excellent meal!)
��I
!';j� 4';
01
�i !� 4 -
��uf_
!'i� 4
�f -
!� 4
�
-
102
:::0
M
<: M
:E
REVIEW:
Derived forms v-x
Forms of the verb J.a.4!t We have seen how Arabic verbs have varied 'forms' which carry related meanings. We have also looked in detail at verbal nouns and participles for forms II, III and IV (see pages 62-3). The other five significant derived forms fall into two groups that share characteristics: forms V and VI; and forms VII, VIII and X (form IX being very rare). Forms V and VI are characterised by being vowelled entirely with fatha in both present and past tenses:
...u..J.it
. t �tj
u��t uJS�
(tadhakkarat al-kammon wan-natna t)
.,,�I
� 4j JJL.:U..j
�
khafifa ff1 - asa ' ) � � l,.,.:sjw
(natanawal wajba
. �ll. '11
m
(ta tii wano mata mufattishT I-aghdhiya)
She remembered ((orm V) the
cumin and t he mint.
We eat (form VT) a l i ght meal in the evening. They cooperated (form VT)
with the food inspectors.
Forms
VII and VIII and X are characterised by the intial alif (voweJled w ith kasra) in the past, and fatha/fatha/kasra vowelling in the present:
.��I
�
�I �I
(inkasara aHabaq ff1-�aw<;i) ,"":,�I � � ..:J� ul �I (attaqid anna hunaka khata'
ff1-�isab)
..,) La......81 rj£
t..:a�1 (istafsarna t an al-astar )
The plate broke (form in I
VTI)
the sink.
believe (form
VTII) that
there's a mistake in the bill . We enquired (form X) about the prices.
Remember that the subject prefixes and endings are the same whatever the form of the verb (see pages 48 and 82). Verba! nouns from forms V-X follow predictable patterns as they do for other forms (see pages 62-3). Active and passive participles also follow the same principle, starting with � (mu-) and having a final kasra for the active participle and a final fat�a for the passive .
. � � WIJ "'-'6 i···
0
" The consumer is always
(al-mustahlik da'iman tala �aqq) .ul.:L...}/4 �� u4.#1 J�L.:U (ta aw l al-�alawiyat <;iarr bil-asnan) n
u
right. Eating sweet (things) is bad for the teeth.
REVIEW: Derived forms V-X
703
:::0
Here is a summary of the patterns for all the forms of the verb: Present
II
,
III
,
J.d.iJ ,
IV
"
,
JU..:! ,
"
;. � .-' �
V
Verbal noun
Ju
�
,
,
,
.
Jd.i J.UI
<
=- ... '"
Active
,
Part. ,
' ,
jUA
�Li4
JW!
�
J.U.:4
JU:i
JU:i
JL�
JLW
�
Part.
�
,
J�/�Li4 t .- ...
Passive
,
JLLi4
,
'!
,.. ,.. ,
jUA ;;.
"' ... }
�
�
JLl.i:i
��
JL�
J.U.:a1
JLu.:d
�
�
�
�I
Ju...:;.il
�
�
�
Jili.,ul
JL.U:i......1
VI VII VIII X
"
JU..:!
Past
CTI
,
,
Exercise 11 "�� Copy out the table below and fill in the gaps in the patterns for the four verbs. Use a dictionary to check the meaning. Present verb Past verb Root
letters
Form
VIII
Me an ing
Verbal
noun
Active Part. Passive Part.
<
CTI
�
Unit 6
704
The
month of Ramadan �l.......a.4 L� Eating patterns change throughout the Islamic world during the month of Ramadan. Muslimsyerform the fast (��I a�-�awm) from the da .wn call to p rayer (p.....QJ1 ul.:d adhan a l-fajr) until the sunset call ul.jl adhan al-magh ri b). At sunset, the main 'breakfast' meal ()..w! iftar) is served. There is also a lighter meal eaten just before the dawn call to prayer.
(,-:",�I
�
Jl.W>,1 ;;�l.o J� �WI � uL.o...aJ � .) .��I u1jl �J �I u1i l.J-4 Jl+J1 f"� /
/
;;�I UJ�� � ,�I �\ "i} �� u,yUkJl � ;;�LJI � � dlj �J .:i�"'.!'�1 Jl.W>,1 �J J�L:uJ (S�i �J I!I�J ;; J.L::, � UJ a! ,,, JI 4JJ � '«J,.,.�...:, H» � I �I
:i Q.! Q
.:"
•.
�� �II!I�I
��
�J�
�J U�J.) ":"�,J-_b_IIJ !f"�I��i �/ uJ
,�� (�a'i m, un/fn)
..::JI� ,.;� ( � a l a h , salawat)
person fasting
prayer
� ,�i (aftara, yuftir) to eat
J,..I...J.:! ,Jlj (zada, yazTd) to increase
breakfast/ to break the fast
� (ta m r) dates
4� (taq lTdTyan) traditio nally
�ll.i (agh-dhiya) food(stuffs) u4� (�alawiyat) sweets/
desserts
705
Food and cooking Exercise 12
\y �� Read the article about Ramadan opposite and decide if these statements are true (�) or false (Lh.::.).. .
D
D
D �->t..W>'1
;;..w�
J�
�WI
�
r'
.�I 01.:J D
D
D
D
D
D
-� 'I 1. ;; ��
L.o..lI w 1.l..:LuG..u.li:i· u� -
e
£.
.;;�I
.;..;sf ��i�LJI 'f� �J� \ . �y.oJ l �
�I at-tamr (dates) - tradit ionally eaten w ith mil k to break the
fast
1.1 .r-' L.. Tripoli
<J""'7
0
J..>-*1 AI-Hirmil 0
\l""'WIfi'
River Oronles
I� Sidon
Arabic in Lebanon u�
0
.j
Syria
�.jLl1
Leb a n o n, pa rt of the Levantine "fertile cresen t ", l i es along the shores
of the Eastern Mediterranean. Its position and varied hi s t o r y have left
Lebanon with multiple reli giou s and cultura l communities. For much it has been under the influence of France, and French is still the stro n gest o utside influence on the local dialect. As in p art s o f North Africa, many Lebanese are equally comfo rtable of its recent history
speaking French or Arabic. Lebanese
Ara bic dia lect is part of the Levant g roup and shares S y r i an Arabic (see page 52), but with a g reater
many features with French i nfl uence.
.
'
Listen to Fouad ta lki n g about himself in his Leba nese di alect. You will
find a tra nscript and translation in the Answers section.
'
-
�I t-" �JII�I
,
�I
�
·�t.9
b-W
�I� � �I t�i I� .�Uj�
I,?j�j.ll t-"
b..)�1 b)�:-=JII�I .t L.:u.:J1,) ��I,) �l....hJI,)
m i n ced
chopped
...
� (mabshOr) grated
� (muqattat)
("y � (fa�� th Om)
Lebanese
0
t�i,� (sikh, asyakh) skewer . ..I...,hhl (ikhlitO) mix.. .
JL. (<;!a'nT) lamb/mutton
�J� (mafrOm)
f.
clove ofgarlic
food is famous
throughout the M i dd l e East and
beyond. Lebanese cooking has influenced the rest of the
Mediterranean, and
in turn has
absorbed features from other countries such as Turkey and Greece. Minced meat is a key
ing redient, as are cracked wheat (burghul), mint and parsley. Above is a recipe for the classic grilled 'Kofta' kebabs with yoghu rt salad.
... I�j
(a<;lTfO) add.. .
I� (qassimO) divide... ... I� (<;! a t.0) put...
108
Unit 6
Vocabulary in
Unit 6
Nouns �L...� .. I food
(��i) "I� .(�i) rW,
(wi) � o�) � (j-!
shop/store bakery
0'
0
'
(wi) uC:4 ( u.J ) �L..::. fishmonger (J':!/ butcher shop (wi) ;;)� g reengrocer C:J-!./u.J) �� dairy/milkman C.J-!./u.J) uW measure/quantity (wi) � (�L.I) ";-'�I method g rocery
0
0
l
,
m e al
person consumer bill/check
(wi) �� (U""�i) � (u�/u.J)� (wi) '-:-'�
mistake/ error
spoon
(";-'I..,si) ";-'..,s
(� - �) Uti.,.
skewer
� oL,
minced meat skewers lamb/mutton salad cucumber
c u min mint garlic clove/seg ment dates sweets/ desserts
(wi)
�
�)L ..)
L.....:..
uy,5.
t� ry
(U""�) � �
wL.�
(
tooth
fast(ing)
u 0
L.:.....i)
�
'0
f'�
person fas t ing
" ) 'L.o ( (J':!ju.J("::'
call to prayer
Jjf
p rayer
preparation glass/cup (measuring)
U-�",i)� (" L.h.:;. i) 1..b
price
-
(wI;Lo) ;;)G.
Adjectives u�1 grilled fried fried/pan-fried
cs�
� , ;:;
� "
boiled
J�
stuffed
�
p i ckled
�
creamed/ mashed minced gr ate d chopped harmful/bad (for) correct
, ,
U'"'.J->6-'>
I"".J.P � �
,,�
�
(� ) �L:, �
709
Food and cookin g
Verbs �
forget remember �
eat/partake eat b reakfast consume break/ be broken bel ieve/think
�� ,�i; " �
....
...
JJ� ,J.,L:u
� �
� ,�! � ,.J..i:i.c.! "
differ increase
�,�, ..l.:!'>::
Other phrases .s� �I ulJ�1 dish of the day bottle of baked ( i n it's nothing ('easy') right/correct
i"�1 &lo o�
u)J1
�
��
traditiono lIv mix. ..
add . .. divide ... put...
, ,
... I�
Review 4·�t�..tt
.
'
Exercise 1
,��
Listen to Najiba introducing herself. below, as in the examp le
Write down her details on the
form
.
.
. .
. . . .
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.
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•
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.
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.. . .
.
. .
. �I
0 . · ·
. . .. .
Now write a paragraph about Najiba, usi ng the information on the form. Try to use some of the connecting expressions you have met. You could start like this:
... y.h. �.l-4 770
� '�A,\
�l.L j:!1�
'\
�� UIJ� � �.uJ ,
,
Review
Exercise 2
7 7 7
y �..)-4J .
Write the plurals and meanings of the words ,
Meaning
�I
Plural
in the table,
FI
---
stars
Choose one of the (You may need to
as in the
Word
� /
I
plurals above to fill the gaps in the sentences below. a dd JI depending on the context.)
.J�I
-
jJ 'r
.>,I�I J.:!..l
�
��I
�)..:.IUA
�� 1 � J.b:i
.i..:i�j ��. J.;s-'
·4l..b.:!! >'4Ji J1 J � .��I
�
ojA
�
�'j
·ul�jj ���-
� '-l�
example.
.i..:i�
t-!JL.
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��r
-.11 � � t
'T'
J.?ojj
Joll
0
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u� V
Unit 7
1 72
Exercise 3
'1"
-
�J-4-'
Join the verbs with the activities, as in the example.
� .
-
��I
�1�JIJj�1 Jy.uJ1
().4
�lj�1 ��I �.;S
� W I j:! J..4.1J fJ,£ l.......4 �I
�I Now decide how often you do the activities using one of the frequency words (see page 43). Make sentences that apply to you, for example: . ....bW
Jjji L�i
I sometimes visit museums.
Exercise 4 t�..,,4s How do you say these in Arabic? 1 Sometimes we play basketball in the club. 2
She rarely helps with the cooking.
3
The manager usually drives his car to the office.
4
We always ea t breakfast before seven o'clock.
5
Every day I work until half past five.
6
They never tidy their rooms.
I,
7 13
Review
Exercise 5
o· �� -
this conversation in a restaurant in the correct order,
Put
.�
�
��J
the example:
�IJ ·"ij!D .�il>i tA '.J� J..:a"':; � f'�1 � D �j <>,u1.4 .I� ·u1jJ.! � 4 �J �i D .. ·u�
�)J
as in
'��J
�f'�1 � J-A l.4 ,� � .. ..i� D
���J
!l>:!J�1 � � � �r [IJ �� � .��J.l1 �i wi �'.J� �D !<>ju.- 4j u.:aLS !j� D
·u� �
�)
!� �
��J .�I �L..... ul..:i..4J1J wi D
U1jJ.! f"-"''il .��i �..)'-J <>,u1.4 �f'IJ.4 4 ili�J .ju.N ow
�
w�
��J
listen to the re co rd i ng and ch eck your
-"
�l.w..=.J1 !� 4··· D
D .I� ��l.w..=.J1 D w� ·u1jJ.! � 4 � D .� 4 �I
"'�
answer.
Conversation
You have just entered a resta ura nt with two friends. You want to order the fol lowing. Prepare wha t you might say i n Ara bic. •
gril led kofta
•
rice and salad
•
pickled cucu mber
•
a m int tea
•
a bottle of wate r
Now follow the prompts on the record ing.
t � '.JW:. shay bi-na tn a t (mint tea)
Unit 7
7 74
Exercise 6
.. '\" v:U·4ol
Hisham is on a
Meditteranean cruise,
s tarting from the port of
Al exan dria. He has
writte n a postcard fro m
each port of c a l l
highlighting what h e and the other passengers
(,-,��JI ar-rukkab) did on
���I
the tr ip.
�
�
mina' al-iskandarTyya
(the port of Alexandria)
Look at the postcards opposite and answer these questi ons .
1 Who are all the postcards addressed to?
2 Which two ports does the ship call at before retu rning to Alexandr ia?
(Tip: ul.�1 ai-yOnan
=
Greece)
3 What did the passeng ers buy in the market in the first port of call ?
4 What did they n o t have time t o d o on t h e first visit?
5 What famous landmark did they vis it at the second port and how did
t hey travel there?
6 Wh ere did H i sham meet Ad nan and what interest do they share? 7 What fo o d rem inds him of Egypt?
8 How did he pass the time during the journey to the third port? 9 Where and what did they eat in the third port?
10 How will Hisham travel home from Al exandria?
Exercise 7 v ��
Read the account below of the first leg of Hisham's cruis e . Then continue the account using the infor mation fro m the second and third postcards .
Y o u can use s o m e ad ditional seque nci ng words a n d expressions you know to l i n k the events.
4illj
.;�
wj� �! �..us.....�1
�
� ().4 [1'Lla..t �,) �LS
"-:ItSyl J;a 'Jji ·�4 .u �,) Jji �\t ';fo �li:ij ';l:!lJ w� .:.JL..:s.A Ij�1 . Jy.o.J I � I-*�j wj�
';,;l..J..jJ �� . uij-J I
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-
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. . L:u.:ii
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-
11 (.s" , �
wj�
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,)
.lu.
Review 775
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t I .� I
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. .. " "\ I . ' !. "")� uj� J < l .. � :..ro
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UJJ�
t4 '�} .��
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).) \;:"'"
.
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·t� rJ "::""'; U J 4.b-) Jj'i �\r
i<"
: . :'" . J r-'Ii �. t.,... .. y,
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r------,�
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,;......
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Jl t:' . .� !;;jl:;,( �j"::""';LS . \;)1 h...j '-::� � � . !l l� �I :..ro )\1aJ1 .l.->-Lj r"J1 ,LA �)-��! ..
i� ... .. lilli
Lll
176
Unit
On this day ... ��I 1j,A
� t.}
1 '.1 . y�'
0Y��.l-<> � .Uh.lI\�tO •
.d....:.U·"i1
� II LuUi : \W� • ')'JLu.:; W . _ .>-'"'"'"II j �. .r"-'
u
0
_
_
4J��I�),1 �)l1 �r'�1 �)I'W". � . i,j"-JJ)I y..:J. .(i..>�j i� Y..>\.$ jl.�),1 (".lL. JJJ W �y, .J.> : , �A r • . �J.J:L> � t:>WI � ��I J�i J:;) i,Uj �'�AV. (ubiJl dlo L.::.� ��) �� �1
�j�! ";-'L.s:..> io)l.b �r .. v • vrv
�y. )yb Lr
...i.h (Dam,
hulafa') .
;
-
aUy, allies
I� _ \
�'v--
;
_
ta\l) (ihta\la, yal!
.
;CCUpy (land, etc.
to
�\�\ (i�iraf) re i &.-'"
)
cognition
mer (asbaq) for
summit W (qirnrna) darn al�\ ("� (t'l .� ..> nt n-al"Ignme inDiyaz) no i.Uj
ath (watat) de
� (taDa��urn) crash
(Adapted from Al Ahram, 7/3/08)
Exercise 8 II �� Scan the article and the vocabulary above. Write the correct year next to the events below, as in the example. Try to say the date out loud in Arabic. , � V� Visit of former president Jimmy Carter to Egypt Death of Egyptian businessman, Mohammed Ahmed Farghali Birth of British foreign minister, Ernest Bevan
____ ___
___ _____ ___ ___
Crash of Indonesian Boeing 737 Allied occupation of Cologne New Delhi summit of non-aligned states East and West Germany recognition of each other's sovereignty
Exercise 9 '\ �� Now see if you can find these Arabic phrases in the article: 1 cotton king 2 passenger plane 3 for the first time 4 non-aligned states 5 of the make/type
7
177
Review
Vocabulary in Unit 7 No uns �L...,..�I port (f) passenger
Greece
Verbs JLd�1
t:/�) �� (,:-,8:] �I.) . . \I u L.:.� •
l:ujj
Athens ally
summit recognition
death/fatality crash
Adjectives ul.4..arl former
(�Lih)� ( �) w.jl�! (u��) �u� -
-
(d)�
disembark, get off meet occupy (land, etc.)
J�,Jy
,�LJ �,Jh!
�� ...
,...
"
.-
Other phrases ($"» �I ':'1..>4at'
lack of time
..::..])1 �
sunset
atoll non-alig nment
,
LJ)lb!
j�!,1 ("�
Clothes and colours �t��tJ � �t ,
· uu L.:J1 � L.. -
"
� IJ � . .
L..
�
Ea t what pleases you and wea r wha t pleases [other] people.
. .'
Talking about clothes � �t �
�t
Look at this list of cl oth i n g and listen to th e rec o rd in g :
� (qa mT�)
shirt
", I � (�id ha') shoes
u w.w.i
dress
J� (�a ndal)
(fusta n)
J I.J)"-'J / u� (banta I O n/si rwal) tro users -
(,�/�
'-;IJ�.?- (jawarib)
socks
�Ij...:l. (h izam)
belt
(,� (sutra)
j a cket
(jTba/ta n n O ra)
skir t �
sandals
(m i ttaf)
'-;I� (� ijab)
coat
headscarf
,
';..) l.h:a (na�a ra)
.u.l-! (bad la) suit
gl asses
Tip: Pro b ably the most common g ene r a l word mean i n g 'clothes' or
'clothing' is (.)"-! )l..
t he plural of � ( m a l bas), a n item of '-'� (th iyab) the p l u ra l o f ,-,y (thawb), a p l � ral of �j (ziyy), an ou tfit �r u n i fo r m .
( m a l a bis)
clothing . You may also find robe, a n d
7 78
"l:!) (azya') the
1 19
Clo thes and colours
Exercise
1
\
��
Circle the items of clothing in the word square and write them n ext to the p icture, as i n the examp le. (Words can run right to left or top to bottom. ) -.j
wi'
'-!
I.J""
t
�
J
r
r
;;
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U
IJ'"
r
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J
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t
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r"
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o!.I
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j
r
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.:.
1
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J
1
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r"
IJ'"
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o!.I
j
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.;.
1
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r"
t.
u
.:.
r""""
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1
r
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u-'>
1
j
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.10
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t
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t
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J
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j
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r"
19
t
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19
o!.I
u-'>
19
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1
u
IJ'"
-.j
;; U
..j
A�fflf.r,
Ti J§h
qfj}J �
J
r
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[j
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4!J
Traditional and Western clo thing
The terms used for items o f clothing show sig n i fica nt reg ional va riations even within 'Sta ndard' Arabic. Roug hly speaking, there are three categories o f words: •
words such as
� qamT� (shi rt) or r- '.?
�izam (belt) that can be used to
describe both traditional and Western items of clothing;
7 20 •
Unit 8
words used for traditi o nal Arabic items o f clothing, such as
,-:-,y thawb, �� tabaya � � j a l i a bTyya (all
and
meaning either robe or cloak);
�� kOfTya and t l....,.;;.. shimagh (different ki nds of
men's headsca rf). Exact use of these words will vary from regi o n to reg ion; •
words adopted fro m European languages and used to
Traditional clothing for sale in Tun isia
describe Western items o f
clothi n g , s u c h as u� banta l O n (western-style tro users) a nd �
jTba (skirt) fro m the French pa n ta lon and jupe , or w� - � tT-s hTrt
(T-shirt) and w,,)y:... shOrt (shorts) fro m the Eng lish. The terms used vary
across the Arab world depending o n the h istory o f a particu lar reg ion.
Exercise 2
y
��
Here are some more fa miliar words for clothing . Can you work them out?
Describing the outfit
�jlt �J
The most common way of describing what someone is wearing is to use the verb � ,� ( I a bisa, yal bas) - from the same root as (...)"-! �
( m a l a bis).
� , � is used with
. ��
��
the meaning of to wea r or to put on .
o i,rJt �
(ta l bas a l -mar'a j a l l a bTyya taq trdTyya) �
o}lli
� JA
(ha l ya lbas n a��ara) ,
The wo man is wea ring a traditional galabeyya . Is he wea ring glasses?/ Does h e wear gl asses?
,
. �J 14� I �
( l a b istu I-bijama wa-n i m tu)
I put o n [the] pyj amas
and went to sleep.
I,
727
Clothes and colours
In Modern Standard Arabic, you should add a l if tanwTn ( I -an) to the object of the verb (in this case the item of clothing) if it is indefinite (i.e. the meaning is 'a/an' or 'some ' ) . The main exceptions are if the object word ends in ta' marb Ota (;;) or if it is a foreign loan word that sounds awkward with the a lif tanwTn ending . Spoken dialects don't g enerally use the a l if ta nwTn in this way but you should try to include it when you a re writing, or speaking in a more formal context.
. 0 �j L...... lj �
�i I'm wearing a loose shirt
(a lbas qa mT�an waSi t an wa-su9ayrTyya) and a waistcoat.
.�.jb
L� � � She's wearing a long
(h iya tal bas fustanan tawT1 an) dress.
Exercise 3
'"
��
Listen to the four descriptions and write the correct number next to each picture .
Now describe what each person i s wearing, for example:
·4�j ';jj.4j
UsJk
.;.Ju .;j�1 �
,
The woman is wearing a long skirt and blouse and a headscarf.
7 22
Unit 8
Describing colour w�I ...4-J There are six basic colours that a re made by putting the root letters into the pattern af ta l . These six colours are amongst a handful of Arabic adj ectives that cannot be made feminine by addi ng ta' ma rb Ota . They have a s p ecial feminine form using the pattern fa t1 a ' :
colour
masculine
feminine
red
�j a � m a r
"I� �amra'
blue
J�) azraq
.
.
akh<;iar
g reen
�I
yellow
�j a�fa r
black
JyJ
white
" u-J�
plural (non-human)
za rqa'
"I� kha<;i ra' "I� �afra'
aswad
. / j �
+
,,1..1""'::' sawda'
a bya<;i
,,4
bay<;ia'
Other colours are often made b y forming n isba adj ectives from natural items, in the same way as happens with nationalities (see page 5 ) :
�J14.) (rama dTy) l i g h t grey ( 'ashen' ) � J...>J (wardTy) p nk ('rosey')
-0(-
i
�
( b u n nTy) brown ('beany' )
J 14,) (ramad) �
ashes
J.)j (wa rd) roses
� � ( b u n n ) coffee beans
Exercise 4 t��
Make nisba co lours fro m these natural items (see page 5 for rules) : violets
�
honey
0
� i
lemons oranges
/
silver � V
apricots
u� J I..i.J..r! �
� f
gold
�j t
Clothes and colours
7 23
Exercise 5
0 �� Colour the picture of Amir and Amira with their daughter Fi fi, using the key provided below.
�i ,
\ I
-0 (
,
Read this descr iption of what Amir is wearing .
. � l.jJj � �JJ "" ,rJQt�! Q � tA �L...J..:, . � � '-;I)� tA Now write a similar description for Amira and Fifi .
0� .):!-4i
�
� � o) � l � LA!
724
.
'
Unit 8
At the clothes shop � �I
��
Amir is in the clothes shop buying a new summer shirt and a sun h a t.
�, �
,
� d..u � rs- � � .
.� -
� Ubi 0LAd w � . �j "
."t.i 4J 1 -
� l.l::.j:I-l l � I tA � W I � � I �I� � .:l.:! iJ 14 . ", I� I ."t.i4J 1 tA �J14.rl1 �i w i .i� � Ij u l� � ' .'1 .'1 . �j , '\ ,-"", LL �J14.rl1 �I , .. � �
. �..rj
� i � I I�
"'� -
� � tj
"'�
-
.� �� � �! ��i .� � .\.A I .u 1
",Li.»JI . . ��
,
'-;l.J:?' us.-
.. .� .
�I
., � -
1 .';..;. -: _ .... at.. � f . . . . � - -, � I, � - �
1 25
Clo thes and colours
( m aqas) (,)'oI l.i..a
(d a kin) 0SIJ
size
dark
(colour)
rU
sleeve
(za h i n) <>1,,)
(yaqa) 4,j 4
collar
( ta rTd) �....;S-
wi de
(jayb) �
pocket
(dayyiq) �
n a rrow/ tight
(kumm)
(taqm)
�
outfit/set
(fati�) &Li Exercise 6
l i ght
(a nTq)
(colour)
(ujarrib)
�j
,-:,�j
bright
(colour)
s m a rt/elegant I try (on)
��
"\
Fill i n the i n formation fro m Amir's visit to the s hop, as i n the exampl e :
First item
Second item
sUrrzmeE §I:!�rt
Typ e of clothing Size information:
Colour offered :
Colour pr e fer r ed:
411t "
Conversation
You need some new jeans and a shirt. Prepare you r part fi rst by looki n g at the gu ide below a nd the conversation opposite. Then take part in the conversation on the recordi n g . (N ote: � (jea ns) i s singular i n Arabic.) Ask 'Do you have jeans ? '. -
� <.!L. \..L,
� .�
G ive the shop assistant your wais t size.
- � US: I.J..l 1 J,;j �I �� I I.iA
.; �i,; L...,
Say 'No. The colour is very dark . I prefer the lig h t blue one(s) . '
- . <.!L. \..L,
1 .iA
Say 'Yes, these jeans are comfortable. '
- \iU ��
Say ' Yes, I need a short-sleeved shirt {'shirt with half sleeve ']. '
- �J� I
Say 'This s h irt is tight. Can I try the orange one with the green collar?'
- '
� �i
� � .
Unit 8
7 26
At the wedding party
�ua].tt � �
Ami ra is showing a friend this picture token at her b rother's wedding party
(,....HjjJ l
ili.:...
�aflat az-zifaf) .
She is pointing out who is wh o.
. ' Exercise 7 v ��
Look at the names of the peo ple who appear in the photo in the table
below. Then listen once to the co nversation and wri te the correct number in the box on t he photo above next to each person, as
�/ � wearing
�\ 6�
��t
j;Jo:!oA i ��
name
rela tion to Amira
t '!) \
� 9j
in the exa mple.
\ i. !� �
c.?.:U» �j
<\ '('
d.".&\
c.?j �
E)
d� ! .,as
cFLw
�\
9� Now co mplete the tabJe ab ove, as
,
in the example .
, V A C\
Clothes
and
colours
1 27
Identifying (relative pronouns)
English words such as 'who', 'which ' or 'that' are used to identify people and
things: 'the woman who is wearing the shawl', 'the red hats that are on the shelf', etc. These words are called rela tive pronouns. Here are the most important Arabic relative pronouns :
'1 � 1 (al lad hT)
� I (aliatT)
0-:!.:J1
masc. sing. fem. sing.
(all ad hTna) masc. plural
(people)
(+ non
��I (aliatT)
human plural)
fem. plura l (peop le)
Arabic relative pronouns change according to the gender and number o f t h e person(s) or thi n g (s) b e i n g identi fied :
.�i � Jt.....i:J 1
�
�I
;;i�1
The wo man who is wearing the shawl is my
(al-mar'a aliatT talbas ash-shaal h iya ukhtT)
� ;;�I
sister.
0-:!,j,J1 iY" W I (an-nas allad hTna ;;�i �Jl.ii
,,}
The people who a r e i n the photo are Amira's
.
relatives .
fT�-�Ora h u m aqarib amTra)
. �i
<.:.HI jA
� '1jJl
..I-ljJl
The boy who is smiling i s my nep hew (son of my
(al-walad al l adhT yabtasi m
Sister) .
h uwa i b n u khtT)
Exercise 8
A
��
Pretend you are Amira descr i bi ng the people i n the wedd ing photo . Use
your notes opposite, for example:
.�
, �i
4Jj � �
�I 0� 1 �
�I
;;i� 1
The wo man who i s wearing the white dress is my sister- i n-law, Helena .
Tip:
'7'1
ab ( father) and
[1
akh (brother change to ,J;! i abO a n d ..,..=.. 1 akhO
l
when the first w� rd of an i<;lafa, but to �I abT and �I akh! wh� n the second , word: oY-A I ..,..=.. 1 akhO amTra (Am ira's b r ot er) but oY-A 1 �I �J .J zawj at , akhT amTra (Amira's brother's wife); oY-A I .J-! 1 ab O amTra (Am i ra ' s father) ; but oY-Ai � i � ..40 �adTq abT amTra (A�ira s father's friend) .
h,
7 28
Unit
8
I f the person or thing being identified is not the subject of the rest o f the sentence, as in 'the man whom we sow' ( 'we' is the subj ect, not the man), or 'the shirts that I bought' ('I' is the subj ect), then Arabic will phrase this as 'the man who we sow him', or 'the shi rts that I bought them', using on attached pronoun:
j)�iJ
,?,�I
J.?,.,.JI
the man whom we sow
(ar-rajul a l l a d h l ra'aynahu)
��,'::aI ..
�I -
u �1
the shirts that I bought
(a l-q u m �an a llati ishta raytuha) The relative pronoun is not included if the subject i s indefinite ('0 man', 'some shirts', etc . ) :
j)u.:iJ J.?J
a mon whom we sow
(raj u l ra'aynah u)
�Pl u �
some shirts that I bought
(qu m�a n ish taraytu ha)
'\ �� . JOin the two sentences or questions using a relative pronoun (if appropriate), as in the exa mple.
Exercise 9
·U u.....i.l l .� I
�
�I
� . u u.....i.l l U-ip l Y
I� L.S: J'ij"Jl �J'ij"Jl t� � ,.
.�� ��I
�
. ;;� �Jj � �UJ"J I
�!
��
(>
� .�UJ"JI j�i �
'\
� . � .lA
REVIE W: Doubled verbs
729
Doubled verbs � L.:ai l J.a.4!1
D oubl ed verbs have t h e same consonant a s the second a n d third root. General ly, doubled verbs fol low t h e r u le t h at t he s eco n d
root letters are written sepa rately •
a n d t h i rd if the word pattern dictates that:
the th ird root lette r is followed di rectly by a co ns o n a nt,
•
t h e second root letter is doubled,
•
the second root is fo l l owed by a l o n g vowe l .
or
or
Doubled verbs I (to block) II
(to design)
III IV V
Present
Past
Verbal noun
�
�
(varies)
�
�
,,
�
(there are no common form (to be determined)
(to hesita te)
-
,
<
�I ;; JJ�
� ::; ,.. JJ� ... ..-
(there are no common form
VI I (to join)
�
VII I (to occupy)
�
�I
�
�I
(to continue)
doubled verbs)
,) I�!
"
VI
X
flI
. 'I �,
� " ...
J J� VI
doubled verbs)
...:u � u... , l
-
J �I
.,t� 1
Doubled verbs behave entirely re gu l a rl y in Forms II and V, with the
second a nd third roots written separately. For other verbal fo rms, whether or not the second and third roots are written tog ether depends on the
particular pattern and any e nd i n g added . For example, ' h e liked' is �t a�abba but 'I liked' is �i a � ba btu the two roots se p arating as th �y are d irect ly followed by the e nd in g ::" -tu which starts with a co n s o n a nt You -
.
can see that the patterns for the verbal nouns from the derived forms
larg e l y dictate that the do ubl ed root letters are written se p arately. Other word patterns follow the same principles. For example, the p ass ive participle from � yasudd is ..l.J .1=4 masdod (blo cked ) , with a long vowel between the second and third roots. H oweve r, the a ct i ve participle has a short vowel in this posit i o n and so the doubled root is written to g e t h e r "J L... sadd (blocking ) .
7 30
Unit
8
The clothes show � l:U�t �� An Iraqi fashion designer, Tariq Zakariya, is showcasing his latest designs. The show's commentator is introducing four g irls modelling the outfits .
. '
Exercise 10 , � � Firstly, listen once to the commentator and write the name o f the model under the correct outfit. Don't try to understand every word, j ust the gist. •
A
B
c
o
131
Clothes and colours
Exercise 11 , ,�� Match the Arabic words and phrases to the English, for example ' c . (You can use the illustrati ons opposite to help you and listen again to the commentary for the context.) a
embroidery
b
those who wear the hij aab
c
buttons
d
neutral colours
e
hand made
f
sapphire
9
business women
h
modest
� 4 J� A
natural
;; J.:! �
JIJ,ji Jl.4.L� 1
f',';' j > Q
"
ul� � � t j-I� '\ ��
V
u lJ-lI �
u�4-I1 , .
silk
Exercise 12 , y�� Finally, write the outfit reference next to the descriptions used by the commentator, as in the example,
�
C� � IJ � .L"..,...j4J ;; J.:! � u IJ-l i
�
..,..k j-I� �
f
�IJ �I ,
�j J.:! � Li,;jJ1 uJi4.J 1
� � uJ-l-l1
��
�
�j � I �
;;� �j ;;J�
-.jLij.J1
�iJ
f' , 7.j > Q
u� � WA ' J,...t...li:i 'I
...M... r-
� I J.l.?J 1 � Jl.4.Li � , *
"
0 '\
V A � ·
m
� � � � � � � � � � ��
';I� I � a.,l::..i
. . .
� � I �ld l
l..S .. .rTu rkey
.!I�� Kirku k 0
.ljAl...
o Samara
o
:WL.....L.J I
S�laymaniyah
.:/�!
I
ra n
�.rall 4>,.....J 1
S a u d i A ra b i a
�
Posia tionedsharesbetween the Arabiboth.an peniIraqsulisaaandlargethcountry e Levant,andIraqithere is features variation in accent and dialect. 'Standard' Iraqi is generally regarded as � the di a l ect of the capital , Baghdad. Iraqi di a l e ct is closer to Modern � Standard standard thanof many otherary. diFeatures alects, both ide:n the a ti o n and i n t h e use vocabul i n cl u �� pronunci use ofoythethefemascul minineinpleuplraluralinthefor both spokengenders) language (many dialects rn:I empl � pronunci aticoulnaofr expressi as a toruens, e. g . e. g . (thi(fins)e/good); as use of parti h t � :::::�:':: ::: :::Isecti�;io:n.ou find a transcri::::p:t:�and: :::�t transl�;�:e:�: ation in the:i:Answers rn:I rn:I
Arabic in Iraq J I� I
Ar
b ic
�� I
with
Arabic
.
j
•
�
�
•
.
fii '
'dh',
l .i..b
Lr'-.J zayn
hadha
.nil
- I - II
I� -
13 ..>"-'
.
t.F
lJ-':;" � �..>-'.j.:J1 J.J� � � � . ,�I
� �
- .
"'
G � I � �I - � � I � )W I
.� I", ��I
:: L I I � G.o � .
� )W I
�).:J I � I .)� � I> � L.o�", � I", �j L,.S ,�I ;;: r..i . 1> 1* 1 �� � uhiJ l U-o ��'" .Jlo}l ) C:-:!.)I ) � I , J:jJ 1
U-o
�� U"'i.)1 ;;.!!o�
�I
U-o
� � L;.. I� ..l.)� 1>1� 1 'p' �'" � I> L.:>.:.J I ut . ...j� 1 U-o �� � � U"'L.:JI � dl ll", >
.�I Js ("Sk:::'", L.o �", ;; o>�,>'o �i I> L...:J I � � ...,.=. l..i...<...A (fa<;lfa<;l) flowing/loose
Ji.> ( mithl) like/similar to
. . . �� (baq1)
the
rest of . . .
(J) � ' � (sama�, yasma�
� I (ai-bra) the environment
(Ii)) to aIlow (for)
� , � ( takasa, ya t,k is)
� � (�imaya) protection .j�
to reflect
(�Of) wool
�4i ' � (j ism, ajsam) body Iraq is a l a rg e multi-ethnic the clothi ng reflects this di vers i ty. I n the cities, Paris fashions and the ubiquitous weste rn j eans and T-shirts mix with traditional robes and headwear. Further north, Ku rd i sh b a gg y trousers and colourful country, and
dresses and headscarves add local fl avou r.
.
��
(J"-!)lJ 1 UJS.:i 1 .j L.J
r
�� ;o � 1 (J"-! � j.A
t
��
� ;o � 1
� � I ufi.:! -¥ r
� � L..:J I (J"-! �
UU.JI �.J -¥
0
Unit 8
7 34
Vocabulary in Unit 8
Nouns � t-..� I clothes
,
"L.....:, i ''-:-' � ' U"j �
(tfo) �
outfit
(wi)
size
U"
1i.,
(t4i) ,�" ( o �) � ( �oW ) o W
body shirt
u 0
dress
u
,(wI) u�
trousers
(J.....J I;" ) Jlj.J:'"
s ki r t
(wi)
coat suit
(��i) " I �
shoes sandals sock belt jacket
(J�b) J � ( ,-:-" ",,;,, ) '-:-'j;' (wi) t l.J;=>( w i) �4- ,(;":) ;;�
headscarf/ hij ab tie
wa i s t c o a t pyj amas
o� ,(w i ) � (��) � (J�) 4J�
(wI) ,-:-,� �� (wI) ��
� (.b�,»
( w i ) 4--0 �
w.)-!
boots sweater pullover shawl
blouse
( w I ) �Y'"
(wi) �..,.G
(u �)
JL;:..
(wl) ;;�
0 0
(w i ) �
j ea ns glasses
( w i)
sleeve
( t �i) �
collar
( w i) d..j l:!
;;j �
('-:-'�) � ( )j)) �!
pocket butto n embro idery
j..a�
wo o l
-.J�
sapphire
w� l:!
traditional robe/ cloak
('-:-' �) ,-:-,j; , (w i ) �� , (wi) � � traditional men's heads carf
(wI) �� , t �
U" L.:.
people wo man
("L:.) ;; i�!
wo man who wears the hijab
::; -" �
(w I) � (w I ) �
environment
�
summer wi nter ray protection
Adjectives u L4-r 1
-
,, \..:;;;.
,
� i ,t �
��
g rey
�JL.,�
pink
(5 Jjj
orange (adj)
violet (adj)
JU:i '
Yo
�
Clo thes and colours
7 35
��
lemon-coloured
� �
apricot-coloured si lver gold
(adj)
(adj)
�j
� �L.:.�
ho ney-col oured (lead) dark g rey
Verbs Jla.J"it wear/ put o n try (on)/test design
a l l ow (for) smile
dark (colour)
US 1 J
block
loose
t":' IJ
wi d e
�J-
c::'
, -
na rrow/tight
o lj
bright ( colo ur)
� ,�
reflect
- Wi
l i g ht (colour)
� '�
(J) � ,� -
- 1 � ' �-
be d etermined hesitate
j oi n
Other phrases ..s� "it ut..)�t
like/similar t o
smart/ eleg ant
summer (adj)
�
natu ral
� �
neutral
.l:!�
flowing
� l..L::...Q
m o d es t
-
Ji...
. . . ��
the rest of . . .
,
I�
rea l l y ! sho rt-sleeved
handmade clothes show
�� � � J�
.,.l,0� 1 �;c.
Additional note: Irregular words referring to people Note these irreg ularities with some common words referring to people:
I,)'oI U ( nas),
people, has no Singular
.;ir, ( i m ra'a), woman, changes slightly when written with a l- becoming .;irJ' (al-mar'a) the plural o f
.;ir, (imra'a) is t he unrelated word � L.,..U
(nisa'), women
Education and training �J..LJtJ
f'o:.d.-Jt
.� I � �I � � I � � I ,
,
Educa tion in yo u th is like carving in sto n e.
, School and university 4aA�tJ �J ..ltt
languages
middie
(i tdadTy)
�JI..L'!
(rawc;Ja) W."" kindergarten
seconda-ry primary Tip:ages"11-14. � li t e ral l y means ' p reparatory' , and caters roughl y This stage is also referred to as Remember to add i f describing something feminine or plural: �I�'jl �I [ t he] pri mary educati o n �LiJI �rJl the secondary stage middle schools �I�I ,J....:, pri m ary cl o ss/grade �I�I pri mary classes/grades (tha nawTy)
�yl,j
d .ll. ! (i tdadTy)
( i bti da'Ty)
�t�
fo r
..
6.,,:;..0
tal m arb O�a
(at-ta tITm al- i btida'Ty)
(al-mar�ala ath-thanawTyy a)
(mad a ris i tdadTyya)
� JI..L'! (j'J).l.4
(�aff ibtida'Ty)
(�ufOf ibtida'Tyya)
1 36
-...9�
(mutawassi�).
7 37
Education and train ing
School and u nive rsi ty are divided i nto classes/g rades or years :
(a�-�aff a l -awwal)
J��I
�I
(as-sana ath-th a n iya) �WI �I , (a�-�aff ath -th a l ith) .:.,.J W I � I
the second yea r t h e t h i rd class/g rade
t
Note the feminine of
awwa l (fi rst) is J,., I O l a :
(as-sa na a l - O la) ..,.Jj Exercise 1
the first class/ g rade
�I
�I
t h e fi rst ye ar
, �...)-4J .
M rs Mabrouk is talking about her five children . Fill in the chart below with their details as i n the example .
�I/ �I c
lass/yea r
4aA�I / 4-J...Ll 1 �I school/university
d 9 '1) \ d..i..ul.l \
d.x... � \
age \�
� ".i l name .. � x u,
, \ '(' i ()
J�� r.,rJ1 �j.) rawc;J at a l -mara� l i l -atfal (Al-Marah Kindergarten for children, A l Ain, United Arab Em irates)
1 38
Unit 9
Exercise 2
y �..)-4J ' -
Read this description o f S aeed Mabrouk.
Can you make four similar descriptions about the other children, using the information in the ta ble on page 1 37? Tip: Rem e mber that a p l ural n o u n i s o nly used a fter numbers 3 to 10 :
� ,
•
( ' 1 0 y-e aJ:�' ), b ut
Exercise 3
T
� ,
\ ( ' 1 9 year' ) .
��
How many of these school and univers ity subj ects do you recog nise or can you work out? Write the equivalent Engl ish subj ect, as in the exa mple. Tip:
r-1:. (c]lm) means 'science' .
��I ( �) � � I (�) �I l;�1 1 .:i....u � 1
.
11 i s to ry
t;J..J
UJ I
�I� I "
II
�� A A
U� lj F.rl l u��.rl l .11 ·IJJ..l 1 �.JLI I ��I (.:u..u l ) �I
.
'
J��I �
� 4.rl 1
t�� I � �I �
��I (.:u..u l ) ��YI (�)
�,;JI
Now listen t o th e answers o n the record ing. You can also use the recorded list to check yours elf, pausing a fter the Arabic fo r each subj ect to see jf
you can remember what it means.
"
1 39
Edu cation and training
�I,il � �I
Talking about subj ects
You can use the phrases you know for expressing likes and disl ikes when talking about school or university subj e cts. You could also use one of the followi ng phrases :
(ana ujTd ar-ra sm) . ��I �i wi
. �y:J1 � ���
I'm
�
She's talented at music.
(h iya mawhOba fTl-mOsTqa)
.u�u...} 1 � J� �i 0l
My brother excels at maths .
( i n na a khT m utafawwiq fTr-riyac;Hyat)
. L '· , 1 -
good at drawing .
"'11 �' (;;) � wi .
I ' m weak
. r.-:- ,
in English .
(ana c;la cIf(a) fTl-ingi ITzTyya)
.�I
�
[ think
41',!,011 J..ilJ 1 u i �i
that the Chinese language difficult to learn.
(a?unn an a l-Iugha a�-�TnTyya �a t bat at-ta ta l l u m)
Exercise 4
t
is
��
Listen to Munira and her friend, Akmal, talking about how they think they'll do in their final ex a m i n a ti o ns ( w l..:, Lu..,. 1 i mti�anat). Copy the table below and note which they are feeling p ositive (�4-=D o r negative (�) about, as in t h e example.
�i
�
�I
..,r. , . , �
�
"
;;�
�
�� � \ -
�I
..,r. , ., -.../"----
Conversation
You are going to take pa rt subjects you enjoy.
in
a conversation wi th Muni ra about which 1 38
•
choose two subjects from the list on page
that you are good at
•
choose two s u bjects that you are not so good at
•
prepare some statements a bout your su bjects usi ng the phrases a bove
N ow join i n the conversati on on the recordi ng. You can try this several times, ch anging the subjects you talk about.
140
Unit 9
/ / ..l
Two Arab ic roots closely associated with education are !J" -J (connected with studying) and J t (con nected with knowledge). From these two roots come a host of useful items o f vocabulary:
d /
I ,,"( i to study to teach lesson(s)
(J'-l� � / (J'-lJ J (J'-l� � / (J'-l� J ( (J'-lJ)) (J'-lJ J
.L.... IJ o:' � IJ o:'
studying tuitional teacher(s)
(� / 0.,.) (J'-l�� -
teach ing school(s)
(.)'.I-:!J J-I
( (J'-l) ..L4 ) .\...uJ �
�J ..L4
scholastic studen t(s)
Exercise 5
(� /0"') (J'-l)J
to know
�
�/� �/� �/� �
,
to instruct
0
to learn
0
( ��) � scien tific � instructor/teacher(s) C� / 0".) � knowledge/science(s)
� educational � (process of) learn ing � ( >, � ) � � scien tist(s) education/instruction
)
o �j4J · -
Choose a word from one of the lists above to fi ll in the gaps below. (There may be more than one possible answer. )
�i 'i wi ,
.l.J..i.::I.... ..L4 ;;Jw...)J
.J I jf)J �� I � t
�� I iJ.+:! .JI � � >'4�IJ >,� I 0y...aJ 4lbJ 1
.G.� �W I � l....J..l 1
.JI
�
.JI CJ.4 ;;� �� � a l....J W ))
JJI..SJ
0 '\
V
Edu cation and training Mu nir a ask s for advi ce 4>-"oj
. .
74 7
� I>� I L ..,
_
•
i U-J � Mu nira has wr itten an e ma i l to her ol d er b roth er S a eed 1 Wha t fi nal ex a aski ng for a dvi ce m d id sh e ta ke yes ' t er d ay? 2 Why l S she enro l l ing i n a s um m er E ng l lS ' h co urs e'? 3 Wh a t d oes s he wan t to s tu dy at u ni vers i nex t yea ' r '?. 4 What doe s h er fat h e r t hink '?, Wh at a b o u ttyh er m othe r'?' S Wh a t lS · M u m ra 's a m bitio n afte r un iversity?
Exercise 6
.
.
, � �I �i
� I �I ..J� (� , .�I o.)lo J ,jl$) �bbwl .»1 04 ..r-'i �! , I . � � � ' � u-.J I I " · \ ."L ' 12. �I Wll o)) .) .;, I ""\;o' _� "
I
I /1
�
-
�
J ij� � t 44 J� , � \ r WI �� I J 9J.l.I � �I V'").)i ,ji --':!) J .:.Jli lolo �) . �l.:..:- d:.., � 1 � J d:.., 1 )..u1 jl) u �4) 1) r"wl �)J:j ji � � � � � I �W �) J../) �I; � d:.., � 1 o� 4 » . � J loJ:! J-:J ;;)�I )I .) �� \ � Ji. �W.I .) 1.,l. 1 ,
I ;,5y!M t: �I ,jl � � I �� ..
,,
?
. •
"
:
"
�4- t �)I � 1�4: � � 4 wi) I..,...w.u o� u� � I) }l.., � .�I J � J 4l� �
. j&-� J J)l:>-I .»1 J �(
, �� t:
. d::> i · ;;� u l ' w � 1 (im ti �an , at)
ex am i na tion
.
.
� ,� (sajj a la, yu sajjil)
to reg ister, to enr ol
ul ,i).)JJ (da wra, at) Co urse
� J4.II J....., � I
(al- h a n da sa al-m ada nTyya) civil eng i ne ering
J+La (m uq bil) co min g, next ,":, 1""':; (tu rab) d ust
� � (yan baghT tala)
sho uld , ou gh t to
(.':':' )
� ,� (na � a �a, yans. a h.
b l ) to advi s e
u
" I (u m n iya, at) wish I ,� l
REVIEW: Weak verbs
7 42 ::::tl rrI
<:
�
Weak verbs
�I J.a.4t1
Assimila ted verbs Assimilated verbs have one of the weak letters waw or ya' as the first root consonant. In practice this is almost always waw. Assimilated verbs gene rally behave as regular verbs, the main exceptions being : •
•
the initial waw drops out in basic present verbs in almost all cases:
�/�j (wa �al a, ya� i I ) to arrive �/ �j (wa d ata, ya <;J ac) to put
the waw changes to a double ta '
in
Form VI l I :
� / � I (itta�a la, ya ta�� i l ) t o contact �/ �I (itta<;Ja ta, yatta <;J i c) to h umble oneself
Hollow verbs Hollow verbs have a weak letter as the second root consonant and fall into two main categories depending on whether the middle root is waw or ya'. The r ules for how h ollow verbs behave are somewhat complicated and you will need to consult a grammar reference for the details. However, here are some gUidelines. I n the present tense, hollow verbs with middle root waw are generally characterised by a long u in place of the second root letter and those with middle root ya' by a l ong T. There are a few hollow verbs that are characterised by a long a in the present tense, for example ya n a m (sleep ) : .
. " �, "I (,F! i J� tF" � (ya q u i a bT i n n a nT <;Ja t!f fTI-i ngiITzTyya)
- ,;-:-:". . t _ "· �1 1 � ,
� l..:i...!) � l u� JA
(ha l yabTtU n al-kutub h u n a ?) ,
.,", � I J lfo
� ('L.:U
(ta n a m q ittatT tawa l a n - n aha r)
My father says that I'm weak in English. Do they sell b ooks here? My cat sleeps all day.
In the p ast tense, hollow verbs d isplay a long a when the suffix starts with a vowel, but a short u or i when the suffix starts with a consonant:
�! �i
.� � � u.J 1.j (q a l at u m mT i n nanT k u n tu tifla n nashTta n)
. �}J I '-,, 4 �J u.:+ll � (bitna a l -bayt walakin nah u m b a tu a l -a r<;J )
My mother s a i d I was an energ etic child .
We sold the house
but they sold the land .
REVIEW: Weak verbs
143
Defective verbs Defective verbs have either
waw
or
ya'
as the final root lette r. As with
hollow verbs, the rules associ ated wi th defective verbs are so mewhat complicated but some g eneral characteristics can b e identified.
waw o r ya' is replaced by 0 , i or a, and a or iya . However, w h e n s uffixes a r e a d d e d t h e s o u n d change t o aw, ay or I , or d r o p out altog ether.
I n the present tense, the final
in
t h e p o s t tense by can
. '.rr,
We walked yesterday to
(mashayna ams i l a I-maqha) .� ..I.4-1.J
A< . �. -: . i .r-U
. . �
(ya nbaghi a n ta s h kO l i l - m udTr)
.J� I 4£.:iLA
�t �
(nasiyat ukhti hatif(a) ha a l - m a � m O I)
the cafe . You (mose ) should complain to the manager. My sister forgot her mobile phone.
Weak in the derived forms
Defective verbs are irregular i n all the fo rms. H o l low verbs are irregular only i n fo rms IV, VII, VlII and X . The irregularities follow a similar
pattern to the basic verb fo rm, with the weak root letter changing to a long or short vowel depending on the patte rn associ ated wit h the particular for m . Whether the weak root is
waw or ya',
the irreg ular
derived patterns will b e the some.
�/..l�i (ajad a/yujid) to be good at; Form IV: root j/w/d ..lY." [�/ [l.:...::.. 1 (i �taja/ya �taj) to need; Form V I I I from root �/w/j [-P �/ ..lU:i..... 1 (istafada/yastafTd) to benefit; Form X from root f/y/d � !,?� / (Sy.:.. 1 (ishta ra/yashta ri) to buy; Form VI I I : root sh/r/y !,?y., �/ �i (a tta!YU tti) to g ive; Form IV fro m root t/Vy � .
Weak verbs in the jussive In the short jussive form of the verb
(see page
9 1 ), those po rts of the
p resent tense that do not have a su ffix (ending) are I n hollow and defective verbs this
.�
sukon
written with s u ko n .
sho rtens the long vowe l :
�t � US-!j �l �
(lam a nsa wa l a k i n n lam a q u l shay'an)
. ��I Js � ,;� � �
(lam tuj i b m u nira ta l a kulli I :as' i l a . )
I didn't fo rget b ut I didn't
soy anything . Munira didn't answer all the questions.
Unit 9
7 44
.,
'
In the examination hall �u��t 4r�
�
Munira is taking her final school examinations in the exam halL The invigilator is g iving the students instructions before the start of the examination
,
I� I '�j u�L..... u�� 1 ;;� , .u.� I+a � �L.L.. � �� I ..j,j1*1 1� ,."44-)'1 �Jj ..,.k �# I �U), t:-'..J L.:iJ1 1# i
: � I u�1I o)jA �!
•
•
... 1 1 1� (.)- i " �r.�
I . .. �
lliw�1 �Jj l.r.AO Iii': 'j .
,o)� �� � �� <J.4j ' u �'jl �wi i,j�! I� 'j . ,� �j � IJji � ! Ijfo 'jj . ,bU � IJji ..,.k Ij),; ,��4 Iji.l-!I � . i� 4-JS lliw�1 Ijl� �
•
•
,� � A': III ° L.:ui II .wI �w. (.)- Io ...:r.:-
,�
u� (ta t'fmat) instructions
t� (ma m n o t> forbidden �#I �J (raqm al-juIOs)
candidate ('seating') number
."44-)'1 �Jj (waraqat al-ija ba)
answer paper
��I �Jj (waraqat a l-as'i la) question paper
_
�
� .� (qalaba, yaqlib) to turn over
�IJ-?oi . �J-?o (jaras, ajras) bell �wi (ath na') during
��j .J.:!,4j (zaml1, zu mala') colleague, fellow (student)
_
7 45
Education and training
Giving instructions
J.Atj�t jt...\.� !
It is relatively straightforwa rd to turn a verb i nto an instruction
(impera tive) , For the major i ty o f verbs you can fo llow this simple p rocess ,
w.:.i anta?
What is the (short jussive) p resent verb for
�
<
�
j5..,;.
(you write)
(you open)
(you concentra te)
,
Y
�
I
Remove the p refix .:i
�
(fta�)
l
l
- .
-
._-
(you p u t)
-- -
--
ta/tu (and a ny i nitial h a mza)
�
(ktub)
�
"
< ,
j5..J
(rakkiz)
,
Does what remains start with two consonants? YES
Y
� (c;! a t)
l
NO
I Is the verb vowelled with YES
Add
l ,
1 (u)
l
I�i (u ktub) Write!
c;! a m ma?
NO
You have you r instruction !
�
Add � (i)
l
:" ,1 'I F
(ifta �)
Open !
y " 1'j5..J (rakkiz) Concen trate!
y '�
(c;!a t) Put!
These instructions are masculine sing ular. To make fem i n i n e s i n g u l a r, add ,? T:
�I ifta �T; to make p l u ra l add I" 0 : I�I ifta � O ,
Unit
146
9
Note that Form I V verbs start their imperative with a- rather than u- or i-: Present
�.,,:;
I m perative
!�)
,
(tu rsil) you send
(arsi l) send !
The verb that is fed into the top of the chart on page 145 should be the short (jussive) form of the verb - the same form that is used for a past negative after � lam (see page 91 ) . For regular verbs this distinction is not significant, but for hollow and defective verbs, the long vowel of the present tense may become short in the j ussive, and so also be short in the imperative. Look at how these common verbs are made into instructions: Present
I m perative (m/f/pl)
J� (taqul) you say/tell
!1.jJii / �.ii / Ji
,.r"':; (tarmT) you throw
,
(q ul/q u lT/q u l u) say/tell !
!�¥J �/ �J �/ r-J � (irm i/irmT/irmu)
� (tujTb) you answer !I�i /
�
throw!
i / �i (aj ib/ajTbT/ajTbu) answer!
Making a n ega tive instruction
Negative instructions are made by using ';/ l a plus the (jussive) present verb - this time including the prefix .:; ta/tu : ( I a taktubT i s m i k)
! cl4..w 1
�
'i
(la taq u l lana) ! UJ Ji.j 'i (la tata ka l l a m u) Exercise 7
v �� '
! I� 'i
Don't write (f) your name ! Don't tell (m.) us !
Don't talk (p l.) !
Look back at page 144 and identify the following instructions the invigilator gave to the students. (All the instructions are in the plural. ) 1 Read a l l the questions well. 2 Put your mobile phones in your bags. 3 Listen to these important instructions. 4 Don't talk at all during the exam. S Concentrate on your (own) papers. 6 Don't turn over the question paper. 7 Write the date. 8 Don't look at your fellow student's papers . 9 Begin with the easiest.
Edu cation and
training
747
Exercise 8 II iH� Make instructions from the verbs below, as in the example. Use the chart on page 145 , your dictionary and the notes opposite to help you .
Past
Presen t
draw
�J
mention
.foj
��
(.)'.IJ ..I
study
[�
explain
fill
�
use
J..u,:i.w l
complete
J..U I
colour
0Y
describe
�"
close/switch off �i stop
�J
.
,�, aJ �' ..iJ , � ,
Instruction
Neg a tive
Unit 9
7 48 '\ �.j4J '
Exercise 9
Some of the instructions from the exam question paper have been shredded by m istake . Can you j oin the two halves correctly as i n the example? Use the extra vocabulary in the box to help you .
.::,, 1 ,}p (� iwa r, -at) dialogue Ul.a..4 , � (ma tna , ma ta nin)
� ,� Uumla, jumal) sentence
lliwi
,J I� (su'a l, as' i l a) question
' meaning
�� , � (na ��, n u � O � ) text
.::,, 1
....
..
. .
" '
.
.
.
, t'-� (faragh, -at) blank/gap �L.:U I (at-ta li) the following .::,, 1
, .i..A � ( ta l a m a, -at) mark/tick
........... ...
.
.......
......
...
.
. "
......... .
,
..
\ �1 �1 \;
,
,'
, .
.
.
.....
..
.
.
...
.
..
. .
"
,
.
.
....
" " .
.
.
.....
.
.
.
: : . . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . . ..
... .
,
A ..... II : ': . '.TJW I ..) I.r: :.
,
.
. . . . .
.
. . ,
.......
,
.
,
...
.
...
.
.
.
..
. .
.
:
� � U I,.,iJ I· / ..
j
·�f
...
.
......
..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . ... .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . ......... ..........
. . . . .. .
.
. .
.
..
.
....
.
\
.
.. .
. .. . . .. .
: .................. : : : : : : : : : : : . . . . . .
........
.
......
.
.
�
: .� W I � I \ �!I· ' ::I · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .
. .
.
.. . .. . ..
.
..
.
·
:
� \
u�1
.... . . .. . .. . . . . .. .
..... . . .
.
.
. . . . .. . . ..
).-:!..I W I
. . .
. . . .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
: fo · ·
....
.
.
.
.
..
l: . .
. . . .
.
. .
...
'
......
. . . .
.
:
. . .
...
,
.
:
Education and training
u W � '1 1 .u �
Exercise 10
149
�
fT
�a lat i l -imti �anat (in the exa mination hall)
, . ��
How would you g ive these instructio ns in Arabic? 1 Turn over the pictu re. 2 Read these books .
(to a male)
(to a group)
3 Switch off the television.
(to a fema le)
4 Draw a picture of the room. 5 Send me an email.
(to a group)
(to a fem ale)
6 Don't use mobile phones .
(to a group)
7 Write a su itable word in the gap .
(to a male)
8 Listen to the co nversation. (to a gro up) 9 Tell me the meaning of the word.
(to a ma le)
10 D o n ' t answer these questions. (to a fema le)
b:..�I ��I �1 Mediterr anean Sea
_,,--
�.rLJ 1
4tl>
Morocco o
�� Annab
.$,>I,JI EI O�e(j .f Gharda ia
0
o
0 .::..rU Touggo urt
mJ,
J� Bechar
Wargla
o ,,� nmimoun
o
�tl:!J¥'
Mauritania
1:;:L:. � In-Salah
��! lIIi�
l i b
Y
a
�1r.J1
A l g e r i a .::..-w l:i
o
Ta manrasset
."JLo
�I
Mali
Niger
Arabic in Algeria "':' 1j.?J 1
�
-
�� I
Algeria was the last of t h e North African countries to gain i n d e pendence i n
1 9 60.
Th e fierce stru g g l e was made more
c o mp licated by the fact that Algeria was consi dered a 'departement' (an i n tegral part of Fra nce) rather than a colony.
French has left its m a rk in the spoken d ialect of Algeria, in
a
s i m i l a r way to the other francophone North Africa n countries . The Berber l a n g u a g e is also a n influenc e . Some features of Al g e r i a n d ialect a r e : • •
use o f verba l prefix �
� L:... •
n-
t o refer t o ' I ' :
� t alakha�r (because)
exte nsive use of Fre nch vocab ulary ( l i sten fo r the French words 'Aotit' (Aug ust) and ' fa m i l l e '
·
� n � i b b (J l i ke) ba��e� ( b u t) and
specifica lly Alg e rian expressions s u c h as �
'
(family)
in the extract)
Listen to Radia talking about herself i n her Al gerian dialect. You wil l find a tra nscript and tra nslation i n the Answers secti o n .
�',F.J'
�I ..... .]I.)1A:i :c:..JJ!I
UoY,;\ .1.&l4 a ai.Dt..� ' ..
� ,�J''i ' ;�
i J�
� ul� L....-� �,;; (ta rbiy a)
ed u cati on ,
upb ring ing
(som etimes used as an alternative to F ) t.r> 1"-4 (bad 'an min )
' 1 ' �J.JT . .c . � ...J'*" .-: 11 �..JJ Jt!J � J"": ..J> ' U4�.,l1 � � � �-.J'1..A'i 1 � � � � � V-J ,�j�l .01..AJI �l:!�.jll
_ .1.": r:r- W.
sta rti ng from ,-
� (sa-y u�a bba q)
will
be app lied
�.j� ( na mOdh ajTy)
mod el
(adj)
� (ta t mTm)
gen eral
app lica tion ,
,
�J:! ' �J ( ra � � ab ,
yura � � ib) to welc ome � U;.. (sh ifa hata n) oral ly ( 'by lip')
I ..
,
_
6.J
•
•
_•
� � &Ut..'i l U:-a"y I..P.J1 � �J oiiJ � V- � JT ' c...>"j .l.&ll � �.Jt..'i l
tt.1.i..!.
. U! JolI.jl1 V-
' 1.:I1jA � u.- "'J (tl.... 25) �..;S Jfo.J : �U:lI JI.,.. � J..a.:JJ ,�IJ"'p �� J � , tZi.l _ .1.": - . \ J..t..:I. . � .. II �L'i l ' A . 1.-: .
, u......
r:r-
�...J
•
'Berber' is a term used by outsiders from the Romans to the Arabs. The Berbers themselves prefer the i n dig en o u s word t-'-.J loi a mazTg h (Tamazight) to describe their ethnicity. The Tamazight l angu a ge is still widely spoken and in some places is part of the curriculum. The article above concerns its introduction into Algerian schools.
�
� Uwi.I.I
II
_
W
_ .
,
l.rl
JI.i....::aJ I
... � , � .I.�" i .... � � · lo�I \-'"'""" ._ � �J ..Lo u::"yo �i t.r> r �
_J
-
1 52
Vocabulary in � t......� 1 education
Unit 9
Unit 9
Nouns
�
�,) ..l:i
t raining
d.....Y-
education/upbringing
-,.
�-> ..l:i
teaching
� I,) ..l
studying stage class/ grade kindergarten course age subject science
( d) 6.b.;" ( w�) �, C_�L-» L;",,� ( d ) ;;,)JJ Cl=j) � (�I� ) ;;�lo .
biology physics chemistry economics sociology pyschology philosophy medicine law literature business studies engineering civil engineering algebra
..l
"
'
( d) u�� (�/ u,,) U",,;i ..l
exam student
(�/u") �
instructor/teacher
u�
instructions
( � Lili ) �� ,,'
scientist
colleague, fellow (student)
(�i.,�) J¥� ( �) � (ili J) JI� (��) �
.
sentence question mark/tick dialogue
L..o..:;j 'i I
bell
rk t�!I � �, I � :u...w l
�I I
J� I
� I ..l � 1
;;,)� I
��I �.wI ��1
�I
..
te xt
(("�) � ���I � � l:!� 1 �
��I �
� I �I
Chinese (language)
meaning b lank/ga p wish general application
( d) �Jk (d) )'p (;> � ) � (d) tl� (d) �f (U" IR- � U"? � ,
dust
,-:-, 1->-,
Adjectives uL.4...ar 1
,
primary
middle (school) secondary talented (at) excelling (in) difficult to learn positive
' I � ,I
� ,
'
b...Jl., /� ..l I ..lLl �ylj C;) ,-:-,y.� (�) J� �I � , ' < ,
� " .-
'
�I
� . -.
Education and training
753
complai n
n e g ati v e
scholastic/school (adj)
I.,?'""..) ..l-t>
�
e d uca ti o n a l
� �
scientific co m in g /next forb idd en
t�
model (adi) Verbs JI.d�1
be good at think/believe know
instruct
learn teach en ro l ad vise
put, p l a ce
give turn over concentra te contact
benefit ( fro m) mention
(0-0) � , .J Ui..... 1
fill use/e mp l oy complete
� '.J 4- i � ,J; � ,f.:k
� ,tk � ,�
�
� ,� ,, �
,,
:>,
...
(::-, ) � , �
� ' t-'-""j
� , �1 � ,� :;� ,J.� J o�� ,� 1
, C� ' Cy..
explain
� ,'jL,
,� -I � ,
� ,� i � ,� � ,�j
colou r close/switch off stop apply welcom e Other phrases
should/ ought to
.;� �I ulJlfa!1 � <,> i'! ,,�
examination hall uL.:,�;lI ;U lw:. candidate number
question paper answer paper starting wi th
o ra l l y
Additional note: Exercise instructions
U".# I � � �4-;'1 u�� u:...... � I u� 0-0 1.,..4 , u�
For the final units of Mastering Arabic 2 m os t of the exercise i nst r u cti o ns will be in Arabic. This will help you to understand written instructions in ma te r i a l for native speakers and when Arabic is used as part of examinations for le ar ne rs of Arabic. I f necessary, clarification or additional details will be included in Engl i sh in the instructions .
News an d media ��:S-t J;i�JJ J��t ,
,
'Uu� �� "'U"� �� I J-P. � � ...
News tha t costs money today. . . tom orrow will be free.
(Egyptian proverb)
. ' Talking about the news ..j�"il � �I �
.
�J�I J ��I � � (a l - a k h b a r ad-duwalTyya) international news
I§]�I J��I . . �.
_
(al-akhbar a l - m a � a l lTyya)
local news
4:.
I" '"
"
\j 6
t 0i ? aJl � I� (al-m ujta m a t ) .
socie ty
I';;;;:'I:J � IJ I � (ath-thaqafa wal-fa nn) J..i L.ll.J
culture and art
,
.iw 1....w.J 1
�f (as-Si�asa) L.......-.-J
f2..
JWIJ .l LAi,i ':i 1
economics and finance
� 4.,.J1
� (ar- riya c;l a) \
J;
sport
7 54
(aqi bb wa �-si h � a)
politics
� (a l-iqti�ac;l wa l-mal)
,
lIJ � I
4..�..,.,�..
medicine and health
;,
B;;!
��
.,�S:i,lIJ �� I
(al- t u l O m wal-ta k n O I Oj iya)
science and technology
tL:�.4..IIJ � I
�/ � "'C;)...... (at-ta q s wa l-mu nakh) -' \ /
( I
/
•
.
weather and climate
News and media
Exercise 1
.Jt..:W 1
7 55
, ��
c} �j-4 � lAS .p l
t� � Ij (headlines)
�..jULJI
�j,J)
�I
Don't wo rry about understanding every wo rd . Try to categ orise the headlines according to the topics on page 1 54 , using the extra vocabulary below to hel p you .
-
. G
d..J.I?_ ;\ \
4!"1Ua.a� 1 � �I .
•.
_
�.
�WI QJ �I
U� '
_
,
_
-: :" ' 1 (JA� �I.WJI U"... . t� .y� � � � �J �I,..., , . /\ Q1O' �W I 4.i-J 1 � �� I � t�J I
r
� I �� � Ij �Iji �
0
U. �
� .
.
.
_
•
.
.• •
�
1 J'!!':'" . ,, (
t.
� � � �� ��jl l � "
--
Ql�1 � � � I � 6.A�
�J� �;.o
V
:. .. L.. .. :.. ' I .. \.ok. /\ I J I.�"a.n! . l 4.1.� U�� ��i QJ4 Q�lAll J la.,i �� ��� I � I � ��I JJ�I Ut=ali � �� U W� I ,
t.:...J � -•
-
' �
'
•
w\..QJ 1 � I �� �1 Q\.QJ
JJ��I (J4 � u�jl l � �JA\ JJ� � �1i�1 � �� I Q �� j�1
.;J � (kh asara) defeat, t 4-=a (naja �) success
loss
t li:iJ I (irtifa t. ) increase � (nisba) propo rtion, percentage
J� (ta1aq) divorce
..uljA .,;..uLa (fa'ida, fawa 'id) interest, benefit
,
, , ,�
,r
J 4£.:a1 (infijar) explosion
� . �� (�awwata, ya�awwit) to vote
�
�I,ji 'u�li (qa n O n, qawa nTn) low, statute
�
,� (�adda, ya� idd)
to limit, to restrict t
,;�
(tawattu r)
strain, stress
756
Exercise 2
Unit 70
Y �� -
. J LW I � �� � u.s ,�'jl �4-! 4-a.rJ 1 (ph rase) ;;",� 1 �I You'll find all the phrases in t h e headlines on page 1 5 5 . 1 harmful cholesterol 2
sleeping early
3
silent movies
4
traffic law
5
the needs of women
6
the Big Bong
7
the Italian cup
8
level of humidity
9
last year
10
strain in relations
11 a g reat success 12
interest rates
-
,
News and media
757
� I ��I
Broadcasting
Ara ? ic us �s the word � ma � a n a ( p I . w � mahattat) t o refer to a · radIo statIon b � � bW qa nat ( p I . dy:g q a n awat) to r � fe� to a te l ev i s i o n statIon. In addItIon, television channels can either be �J -' . i ar d-· Iyya , ' e a rth]?' '. terr s tria . /) _ or �� faQa'Tyya ( 'spacey', satellite) . The ( � transmISSIOn (� I a l-bathth) can be '....� hayy (live) and Y"'" ILu> m U b-as h ·I r . '_ 1 t) m usajjal (recorded) . � Irec , or (d . -
•
_
� 4-
� 4-
�)o. 19 , 0 5 4S... 2 2 , 0 5
�)o. 19 , 0 5 4S... 2 2 , 0 5
' �j� 1
t.....;J 1
�1
�t
9/ 2 6
9/ 2 5
17, 5 5
14 , 5 5
1 8 , 00
1 5 , 00
18, 07
15, 07
18, 1 5
15, 1 5
18: 30
1 5 , 30
1 9 , 00
1 6 , 00
19 , 5 7
16 , 5 7
2 0 , 00
1 7 , 00
20, 05
17, 05
2 1 : 00
1 8 : 00
2 1: 30
1 8, 30
2 2 , 00
19 : 00
22 : 0 5
19 : 0 5
2 3 · 00
2 0 , 00
9/ 2 4
�1
a\.a
..,.. � j� - 1 9 4 8 '::;:6 "Iil l � .;Al l
j�� I �,..
,..H.al l � i.?? I � �)J ;� r� 1 �t...'i....;.l
l
,WI I� ;.>.!'�I
..,..»J I
.ij \.:.. .w
j�\'I �,.
. I� 2 [ �y.\'
(� �1 � �) �200 0 - 2008
(www.a/Jazeera. net)
9/ 2 2
9/ 2 3
-�UJ ��y.
j�\,J ;� �I
, ljJ t..
)�\' I �.,..
'f'�� 1 � - �J':":" �
0
� ..J I
� t...-
A �
a..,.... � I J.,l. �
1 58
Exercise 3
Unit 7 0 'I" ��
:."4JL.:i.l1 ��I 1
�
�ij
, �V
�
� (schedule) Jj J..?-l 1
�! fo l
Wha t is the sig nificance of the two columns of nu mbers on the l e ft of the schedule on p a g e 1 5 ? ?
2
How m a ny progra m mes are live this evening?
3
Wh at Arabic word is used meaning 'repeat'?
4 When is the only repeat showing? Wha t is it a b out? 5
How m a ny n ews programmes are shown in the schedule?
6
What do you think the word ?y
7 8
mOjaz means in the phrase
.) L..p. �I ?y?
Wha t time is the programme Behind th e News? Is the programme Eye on the World live or recorded? Wha t a bout
Withou t Limits? 9
What is the name o f the programme concerned with the eco n o my?
10 Whe n can you see the latest sports news? 1 1 What time is the weather fo recast? 12 Th e progra m m e
(51.; ,:y. ;.s:1
is adverti sed at the top of the schedule
for later i n the week. Wha t kind o f pro g ramme d o you think this is and when is i t showing?
# ' �j..ul
Doha) Qa tar
Qata r is one of the Gulf coun tries home to pa n-Ara b satellite TV companies.
1 59
REVIEW: Formal Arabic
REVIEW: Formal Arabic
�1
I t is common t o think of Arabic as having a clear divis i on between the
fo rmal Modern Sta ndard Arabic (MSA) o f the p ress and official
commun ication and the informal coll oquial d i a lects o f everyday speech. I n rea l i ty this is over-s i mplistic. The distinction has always been b lurred and is becoming more so in the a g e of i nstant i nfo rmation and l ive
broad casting .
The re are broadcast pro g ra mmes both in colloquial (films and soap
operas) and MSA (news and current affairs) . Standard Arabic i tself wo rks on several d i ffere nt levels. At the top end is the 'hig
h
'
Arab ic used in
formal scripted speeches and by scholars and media professionals. I n the
middle is a version used for educated live deb ate and spontaneous
discussion. Finally a t the l ower level there is a uti l itarian vers ion - o ften a
mixture of MSA and colloquial - used by many Arabic-speakers fo r pan
Arab commun icati o n . Within one programme - a l i ve debate and listener
phone-i n , for example - it is possible to hear all these different levels from the va rious participants.
Mastering Ara bic conce ntrates o n tea ching the less fo rmal vers i o n o f
Standard Arab ic,
the ' m i d d l e way', si nce you a r e u n l i kely t o n e e d t o
produce ' h i g h ' Ara bic unless you a re planning a career as a news
announcer or an academic scholar! However, it is important to be able to
listen to a n d und ersta n d the more fo rma l vers i o n .
Althoug h there a re s o m e p h rases restricted m a i nly t o fo rmal MSA,
und erstanding 'high' Arabi c is largely
a questi o n
of reco g nising fa miliar
voca bulary with fully pronounced endings. These endings represent: 1. Grammatical cases on nouns and adj ectives
Most words take the case endings sh own below. (More details of how the
cases are fo rmed and used are i n the Structure Note sections of Mastering A ra b i c
1 .)
indefinite
..JJ wa ladun I..JJ waladan �
n o m i n a tive a ccusa tive genitive
;JJ
wal adln
definite ,
..JY I al-walady ..J� I al-waladf! ..J�I a l -wa ladl
(Tip: I f t h e case e n d i n g is a d d e d t o a word ending wi th ta ' final t is pronounced:
madrasaill.Q, al-mad rastu,
etc . )
m arbOta the
2 . Final vowels o n present tense verbs
Present verbs with no su ffix end with
r;iamma (-u) when fully pronou nced :
�� (yash rab1!, he dri nks) . This becomes fat�a (-a) in the sub j unctive
�� (yash rab� and sukOn in the jussive �� (yash rab).
See pages 73 and 9 1 for more details of the subj unctive a n d j u ssive .
Unit 7 0
7 60
"
'
Listen toStandard these news headlinaesradio announcer earlier i n the, andunithent delleivsseredformally, as if read out l oud by someone to a friend .
formal
.tu L..:s..ill 1
A ',';' 1 1 �..:r-
.• •
� < �r-1 �
-
great success for the exhibition of Lebanese arts in London .� u
A
firstly in
from
Arabic by
� .
_
.
"
.
·
..
tW .
The level of humidity rises every ye r! a
��I -?j�1 �,,:al..i
o W"r.U I
Parliament votes on the new traffic law
-.s'� i ;;�
�
��
Ju.w i �j:!
�jSrJl � I
The central bank raises interest rates once more .
'
Exercise 4
t
��
�.uliJ l
Just try to get the gist of each headl in�j e the first ti m e you l is�ten.I �I . J L.:W I � �� �
C) '.... � "
u.s ,v � �
� B2] � 0 ....
'1
J� � I ��
�
�X
� � I- -''
V
"
� 'c7
"l
, �
u l� u l�
� u l� t
°
u l� u l�
News and m edia �,
Exercise 5
.Jli4.J l
761
0 ��
� �j-4 � l.4S
,ul.Ll�1 �IJ
.J-?-�1 �l ��i Or �1
Tip: � 1 ;) ..l W I 4-:! i ayyu h a s-sadatu I-m ustam i t O n
( ' dear l isteners ' ) is
a common way of addressing radio listeners . The televis ion equivalent is
u.., ..lA L'...J 1 ;) ..l W I
4-:! i ayyu ha s-sad atu l-mushahidOn ( ' dear viewers ' ) .
��
'�r Uj3 0;" , ,, 1 1 ')", l.w..J 1 4-:!1 . 4......,. "' l.w..J I � l.w..J 1
(immigra tio n)
')�I
(victory)
�
�
� 1,i)�1
�JJ 'J.:!J.?-ll
.4b l",i�.lil �� ..)� JJ� (celebrate)
Uj 19; => J
�
�j..;-l l
�W I J,p � u..aJ lj .t=sl..;-l l
�
(curbing infla tion)
f':" ';'; I I
,
(discovery) ..J WUS � I
��
�
I�
� Uj l.1.:iJ 1
. � fj
j�1
�
l.;I�j (sh ooting) �uj-I l
�
.:,, 1..) u)Uj j "'� 1
--- .
U-;!j
�I��
�I
.b
� (a cure)
.
� � �,r,;
.�I � J I..)j ij
�
�
��j
��
7 62
Unit 7 0
Arabic on the Worldwide Web
�WI 4S:�I/jltt � ��t
Like many other languages, Arabic has had to adapt quickly to the terminology of the computer and internet age. Words have been adopted from English, for example the wo rds w.:...;u! (Internet), .;;� (computer) and J=�! (email) have come straig ht into Ara bic. Some of the loan words used have pure Ara bic equivalents, for example 'computer' is also ,-:-,,,,... b. � a s O b fro m the root �/s/b (to calculate) . The more extreme Anglicisms might not be acceptable in a more formal context, for exa mple Coniine ' ) or J� ( ' keyboard ' ) . Existing Arabic words are being applied to new concepts. For example, m ud awanna, traditionally used to refer to a d iary or journal, is now also used to mean 'blog'; (S ..G.:...o mu ntadan (assembly room) to mean 'forum'; �I.;;..s l ifti ra<;ffy (imaginary) to mean 'virtual' ; and � U:; tafa t u lTy ( reactive) to mean ' interactive' . I n addition, new Ar a bic words are being coined on the hoof to suit the ci rcu mstances - for example � maklama ( 'place of talking ' ) for 'chatroom'.
Lr.!�)
��..w
Co mparing media ��"t ��.J �..Jw To compare the different news media, we first need to review the two ways of making adjectives compara tive in Arabic.
aft al pattern
For short, basic adjectives the root letters can be put into the af t a l pattern to p roduce a compa rative:
Ji.S1 (a kthar) more ,
�j (a � g h a r) smaller �I (as h - h a r)
more famous
� � (ka thTr)
�
many
� (�ag hTr) small
� � (sha hTr)
famous
Doubled roots are written together in the compara tive pattern, and adjectives with a final weak root are written with a l if maq�Ora :
1 63
News and media
J
� I (akh aff) ,
lig hter
� (kh a fff)
-+-
stronger sweeter
(j'Jii (a qwa )
-+-
�I (a�la)
light
(weight) strong sweet
'lJi (qawT)
--0(- � (�ilw)
For lcomparati onger adj evctie ivs es,formedparticusiulanrgthose deri(more). ved fromthese formscomparati of the verb,ve theconstructi ons, the adjective needs be i nto noun. exciting exciting �\..i:j interactive more interactive The structure interacti vity' . iThef theArabi 'anoun s to'c isidoes s'mrefloreenotctedendexciithen tement' accusati, 'vmeoreendintog akthar + noun
in
by
a kthar In to transformed
a
;}�l JiSi (akth a r itharatan) --0(- � (mu t hTr) more
�\..i:j JiSr (akthar tafa tulan) -+in
by alif tanwin Exercise 6
(tafa tutTy)
as to in
as
-a n , carried
ta marbO�a .
i
�� -
. J �I � �J-4 � l.4S
-
q.::" u}.L 0�
�\
-+-
-
,
deep ' � rich l i mited inflationary t creative analytical modern modest entertaining
� ( ta m Tq )
-+-
-
(ghanT)
--0(- J � (mu �addad)
�
yo
-+- !"To :" , ;"; (ta<;iakh k h u mTy)
--0(- t � ( m u b d i c) -
�
-+-
(ta � ITtTy)
-+- � � (�adTth)
-+- ("t.; > " ( m u t) tashim) ,
-+- J...u
(musallin)
�
'\
V
A
�
7 64 Unit 7 0
The Kin g 's spe ech � I ":J lb,;..
:u d��ts of com mun icat � ons have been asked to
S
com
pare the cove ra g e (� tag h�ly a) a cros s ? Iffer ent med ia of a spee ch g ive n b y t h e ki n g to
p a rlIam ent. One of theI r repo rts is shown below.
I �L-) � ;.; .J u.:.. , I I,.}-' i �), •
0· ' 1 :::.,� . � Js. J :L... . Y. ..
J...,.I .LJI . �.
u)) �y:--�I �I wi �L �y:--l �) .}..,.. � � �I �I � � �r.ll .
�I � ' .r..� 1
..::.) ..! I � � � 0J.} t�)1
.. t.:.:l4..J 1 . �L. � ' � . . ; 1 - 1\ '-' " 1y-! . " . � " " )� I 0.J-' . '-' .. I '-'-') lJ dI'::' .....J.. .. � � . � ul},.,LIJ rW I �1
0-'� ,y- � lh.;..U 04:L.a...J 1 � wi J. I�J
� � �I.::.i �\ �)� I 01y..;J 1 � :) �l jSi �\S 0�IJ �.il1 � \S .:-;j..; � 1 � l+�J �I �\ 0wLJI j
•
J
,
r
.
�I) , J,G-IJ
F ,
.)
. •
LJI
(J") J-,�.i.H.ill .::.J ' 0y-.»JI � �J )U.lA.;jS1 .PI .I)\tIJ ..::.�1 ...,
Exercise 7
.J� I ,..;
.
�� �J-4 � l4S: v
,v ��
�
Wh ICh med ia are i nclu ded in t h e repo rt? Dai ly newspa pers We ekly newspa pers We ekJy ma g azi nes M o b i l e ph one s
� 0 o o
Rad i o Terres trial TV Satel l i te TV Internet
o o o o
News and media
Exercise 8
7 65
,, ��
. .i:aJI...L �I
Find a prominent n ews sto r y i n the Arabic- or English-language press and compare the covera g e of the sto ry in three o r o r more m e d i a Use the report o p pos ite and the table below to help you p resent yo u r f ind in gs . .
;jl:i! �1
I ' � �
(akthar ith a rata n )
(fT�-�a �Tfa)
in the newspa per
-
(fTl-majal la)
in the magazine I
. . . ::'1 � �J
the coverage of . . . was
I found that
.
.
.
(ta g h �iyat . . . kanat)
more exciti n g
d...h.J . . 1�
4bi.:i
u:. �
� �i
. . . ::'i �C
-
(akthar ta � tmyyatan) more
( ra'aytu anna)
ana lyti ca l
I saw that
)lc. � �i
-
uy-� I � (fTt -ti ITfizyun)
on
the tel evision
u:.y:, ), 1 �
(ta l a I - i n ta rn a t)
on t h e i nternet
(waj adtu a n na)
-
.
. . ·uI J I� (bada tT a n na)
(akthar tafa tulan)
more i nteractive
It appeared to me that
4W �i
-
(akthar tasl iyatan) more
entertaining
etc.
etc.
Try to link you r opinions to g eth er usi n g express ion s such as � bay n a m a (whereas) and J....O..i.! bifat;i I (thanks to) . For example:
49! , (o l l
t.} � ! I! hi �i u,j l..S �.;JI ;;J u..j � 0 i ::'J.?-J � I . ;':' U,j-J..,r:::. . r: 1 \ � ljl ·,;<1 u,j l..S � I 4...1i WAJ I � - tF J .r(
.
•
. .
•
•
I fo u n d that the coverage of the p res i d e nt s visit was more a n a lytical '
in the newspaper wh e re as it was more exciting thanks t o the l ive discussio n .
on t he
television
.
Qatar
.,hi
�.)
- , ..I I Doha
.::. 1 ;l,, � 1
°
Em i rates
4>,-..) 1 "';all m..I l
Duba;
0.."b �I
Abu D h a b i
K i n g d o m of S a u d i A r a b i a
°
.b..i....o Muscat
0t...L
Oman
�I
Yemen llSJl °
°o¥1
° ;U:L, Salalah
A I - G h ay d a h
AI-Mukalla
Arabic in the Gulf and Yemen �lj �1 .} ��1
a wi d e geographical area a n d va rying cultures Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and the s even cou ntries o f t h e United Arab E m i ra tes a re reasonably close
The Gulf states cover
a n d eth nicities. Th e dial ects of
to Saudi Arabic. Coll ectively they are o fte n termed ' Gulf' Arabic. Yemeni Ara bic has developed more independently and has
several distinct d i a lects , some reta i n i n g features o ften fo und only i n Sta n d a rd Arabic, for e x a m p l e t h e classical pronunciation of J and
u '; 1 a i - a n (now) and ..>:!-'-"-:! /.)L. sa r/yasTr g o ). In t h e southern town of Ta iz, eve n the final vowel of the past te nse �y:,., shari b ty (I drank), � n i m ty (I sl ept), etc. is reta ined the use of vo cabul ary such as (to
somethi ng that
. -
'
Usten to
has died o u t i n vi rtually every other dialect.
Mohammed talking about himself in his Yemeni dialect . a transcript and translation in the Answers section.
You wi ll fi n d
'7'-.? �t..:.:; i � �
JI � � >' I t l� � � I J,J ..l w� d..:.:!.........:;J 1 � (CNN ) 01 01 t.,?' bW ,JA �yl ..) � � I ..)� 0 \j; � � W I � I J,J..l c::J L, , w U-->,J . �J-" � I �..)�>,I b ar (� I '7'.»ulf war ..)�� wj� ,��I � 1 y:U � I � D a\-kh�II the G ..) ..l � , ..) �
masa dir) sour
�-u...
(m as da r,
ce
..
mala , ya mll '.. � , J "-"'. ( ..P-' cli ne towa rd n ahw a) to in ng (i sti' iar) re nti bl.e (m uta�) availa ..)c. marketing - (ta sw1q) .>.!� .. , t!) yu sh a ll' a ' " � (sh aii til'
�I �
� �l......oiJ l �I r" L.. ' b� b� �,J �,J ,�wl J..p.. � I J,J.JI �� Ir . . Le " < �i y� w LU. b� � Ji..> , � LJ I � I u--> w�1 J)l:...
. _ . .. 1� _
_
� ' L... ' ge
to encoura wl
) festi. val (m ah raia n , at Go . , u . -*" - visitor ww ar) ' I ' (za'i r, zu
)'J ").. ,y ..)
Th e Gulf is home to m a ny of the Arab world's satellite TV comp a n i e s .
UA E a n d Qatar a re k e e n to p rovi d e backi n g
S m a l l e r states s u c h as t h e
for t his kind of broadcasti n g as such ventures can enhance their profile, influence a n d ima g e
in the re g i o n
and beyo n d . T h e article above
outlines the rise of satel l i te stat ions i n the Gulf countries .
u--> � I,J
�L:......:J I,J �� I b..l�j �! W..li �I (S� � I ��I
�Y I ..)�� I ..)� 0 \j;
L"
�� I '7'-.? � wj
� I � I J,J.JI wi..l..! � � �l......oiJ l � l......oiJ l
dy.iJ1 � I� � L, ��I J��J
r
7 68
Unit 7 0
Vocabulary in Unit No uns
� L.,.., � t
news i t e m (pi media
=
10
". . � (-.J �i)
news)
t � !, 1
� L.J
broadcasti ng
� I j!
tra nsmission
�
;;+.�
coverag e
�
analysis cha n n e l headline co l u m n
( d�) ;�
(U-:!"'�) ub� (�Iy. ) .l-J-OLL
(� I;' ) t�;' so urce C;l � ) -.J� repeat ( d) ;.lLL! broadcaster (U-:!/ u.., ) � i.o editor J:!� I (� L.�� ) ��
topic
l iste ner v iewer
(U-:!/u..,) � ( . / . ) .ut..::.:., u-:!
p o l i tiCS fi nance society tech nology proportion/p ercenta g e c l imate defe a t success i ncrease
w
,
d..u. � 1
JL.J I �I
47-..,J# 1
�
( d ) eli., (wi ) ;-.J L.::..
(wl ) CW ( d) t �)
(�I� ) ; � u (� I� ) l.>Yu ( d) JJL1
i n terest/benefit l aw/statute d ivorce
� -' .-
';;y
stress/ tension need/requirement explosion exp e riment/test cholesterol
(d) [ �! ( d) L:...L ,I ( ,-:",J�) �� -.J
J..,.;;...J� I
-.J..,� I
traffi c
;�
i m m i g ration i n flation curbing
" '
�L:.-.J
shooting
cure computer blog/journal fo r u m participation rental/renti n g marketing festival/ carniva l visitor the Gulf
,
�
victory
d iscovery
,
�
� ��
(d) -.J�! ( d) [ � (w i) '-:"Y"" L.:... (d) �� ::., " " ' r1.5 � ( w�� ( d) �� -.J
�I •
,
,
,
��
(wi) u 4-*
()�j) �lj �I
News
and media
Adjectives
1 69
ul..4...at 1
vote
J�� :sL �)
internatio n a l local terrestrial satellite
(adj)
'W <..F
recorded intera ctive popular/public early
incline (towards) celebrate
-
..r
"�
Y';' .
�
��
�
�
Other ph rases
;1
, '
,, � .....
� ,� ....
.s� � I ul..)�1
the B ig B a n g
� I '-;-'�
t h e G u l f Wa r again ('another time') news summary
silent
Wo rldwide Web
deep/ pro found
dear. . .
ava i l able
. . ,listeners
Verbs JW.�I
(�) � ,JL..,
encoura g e
weekly
d i rect
exp l o re/study
-
d a i ly
l i ve
l i m it
. . . vi ewers
cove r
it seemed t h a t
compa re
thanks to
(S� I (;y> ,
t
",
j4:;. � I :?Y'
�WI
'' �< ! " ,1 I
�i � I". UJ..l;AW I " " , (; J LJ I
.
u1 I�
Climate and the environment · ,'-Wt �tt 4.��J tJ r.
-
s:.
. .) L....:...
,
J.:.....>-! L;,J I JjLi b� " ,
The clever wom a n spins with a don key's leg.
, ' Talking about weather and climate tLaIJ �I � � I �
. �/� (.c.(/ �I':::- (s h a m s/m u s h m i s) / 1 .�. sun/sunny
�
�
..�")G>'!",'l1
.�...
�
..Y _.9
4
;!
.
( \ \
� 1,jL , � �
(ta�ifa, tawa�if) storm
'-:-'�
' ":" :. ( c;J abab)
t\ -. . -<�/ fog
_
I:L..
/ "..�,;
� .� ,. c.-... c.-...
�:; , �\: (t h a lj /m uth l ij) : : /\./-.
"
s n o w/ sn owy
� ,� �
�1JJ ( � a �aba, s u � u b) cloud
�
�L-' (gh a ' i m) overcast, cloudy
7 70
1 71
Climate and the environment
z::-a...,J 1 <>�I (ittijah a r-rT�) ,
wind direction
m u n khafi �a) low clouds
z::-a...,J 1 .u.y.u (surta t a r-rT�)
wind
[J',A! '[ JI� ( tarawa �a,
speed
yatarawa �) to vary
� (kathTf) thick ( fog, etc . )
'-:I� ( m u � tarib) unsettled
Tip: 'the weather' in Arabic is either � I aHaqs or �I a l -jaww, the latter also meaning 'the atmosphere' . The more general word for 'climate' is t L...J I al-m u nakh. 'Cli mate change' is t WI � tag hyTr a l - m u n a k h .
D
D
1" 1 ,� , • l ! Ii " :
�T ' : lI t" j: , �
"" . .
D
.4
(
;,;,.;,
"
J
a
D
'I .
D
, w I in n a s-s u � u b kathTfa wa-m u n kh afi �a .i 9/i< � (The clo uds a re th ick and low.)
Unit 7 7
7 72
Exercise 2
y
��
; "1. - '.a..I 1 -. ; ,< ;'/ 1 .r1<, .' � .. oJ
��
��
��I
� iJ (.)"-U. �-
� ';,)I� I 4,)J
�
�� 'il
� ';,)�I 4,., J
�� � I �� �Jb,.rll 4...u
(>
V A
� .
. . . 0. 1_ 1 1 - 1 " � U J+-I-J- 'J"1 1 . t.:. : 1 < ..r!, ... ...
... � �� ')J' ''' " oJ I
La
� ';,) I� I 4,)J , � � � I r'�
�
';,)I� I
4,)J
� � I r'�
Y
�� � I r'� �.,.rll �J"'"" ,.
·��I 4J-___� · ·
Tip: Adj ectives can be form ed from the com pas s directio ns, for exa mpl e: ,-:-,"':"':;" jano b (sou th), �..,:...:;.. janO bTy (sou therly, or sou ther n); '-:-'� gha rb (west), :r.j. g h arbT y (wes te rl y, or wes tern ).
..11
Climate and the en vironmen t
The seasons
7 73
J�I
'y- I ' ''''�
~
�� I (al-kharTf) Exercise 3
'f
"u.J:J1
(ash-sh ita')
��
Zeinah is talking about the climate in Lebanon .
. .l ,!" o l l � 4-�1 p lJ �j �! � I
.. L� u� � t � 1 ,
D � 0 4- 1 °9 . . '. .
'0
o �J ::,.g4D u� l � o '!""'.JobJ D 'l" ' J � "
D f�
� J�
.. ·u� � ��yJ l � �
� LL
D
� LL
....,P.-I I � I � 'l"
0 �J �G. 0 �J JJ� ... �
� 0 J 4-I I � D �WJI � .l-?'� " u.J:J 1
...J .; � � r W,.J ..1 UA �yJ l � L�l D �� D � I� ...�
�� I
0 � "J � '
�
t
"
';JI�I 4J J '\
D � 'J ' "
Unit
1 74
Exercise 4
·u�
t �..)-4J ·
t�
�JI.L .!.I �
1 1
� tWA..l I
� Compare the climates in general and say something specific about the weather in each season. You could start something l ike this:
l.41 .}.�J .:J� �I � � IJ J� l.4� u� � tl..:a4J l 0 t , � I � � f� � �J J� �I t l..:a4J Li ''i� � The climate in Lebanon is g enerally moderate and the weather in summer is hot and dry. As for my country, the climate is also moderate but it ' s very rainy, even in summer. Holiday p lans
�, �
Maha and her husband are discussing whether to go on holiday to the coast (J.:... L...J I as-s a � i l) or to the desert ( .. I� I a�-�a�ra ') .
,
'
Exercise 5
. J l.i4.l 1
�
0
��
us: , ( notes) u � �
yAlJ ."L1iWA..l I �t �I
Copy t h e table below a n d make notes on t h e advantages and disadvantages of each type of holi day as you hear about them in the discussion. Advantages
coast J.:... L...J I
Disadvantages
desert .. I� I
coast J.:... L...J I
desert .. I� I
peaceful
crowded
long journey
short journey �
�
-
/'--
REVIE W: Th e future
1 75 :;t:I
REVIEW: The future There is no separate future tense in Arabic. Verbs can be g iven a future meaning by putting sa- or -.j,J-W sawfa i n fron t of the present tense . -""'"
.� I J..!.i �
We will
arrive before
(s a n a�i l qabla �-�u h r) noon. -
-
.
a....t GJ
uJ �
Th ey will
find a n
(sa-yaj i d O na l a na shaqqa) apartment for us .
. J..:!.lJ 4 .j ,oi; " 01 ;;)� I 4.)J u� The temperature will be low at n i g ht.
(sa -ta k O n d a rajat a l - � a ra ra m u n khafiQa b i l - I ayl)
.�
�L.... .:\..h..,rI 1 � �j'-'J The journey will take
(sawfa tasta g h riq a r-ri � l a Sa tatayn faq a �)
two hours
only.
Negative
You can make a future negative by putti ng uJ I a n in fr o nt of a p resent verb . Lan is emphatically negative, and carries the implication of 'definitely not' o r ' not ever'. The verb fo llowing Ian is the subjunctive (see page 73), and so a ny fi n a l n O n will disappear:
.�I
,.j
�wi
u-J
I wo n ' t
sleep in the
(Ian a n a m fTl-khayma) tent.
��I
.��I
,.j
�l...:i u-J i
.;:.Q", GJ
They won't find a room
The weather will be h ot tomorrow.
3 I will 4
be rainy on Saturday.
find a roo m in a hotel for us.
We will go to the coast.
eat
the fish?
Exercise 6 i �� How do you say these in Arabic? 1
Won't you (fem.)
(a-Ian ta' k lT as-sa m a k)
IJ J..?-:! u-J
( I a n yaj i d O lana g h u rfa fTl-fu n d u q )
2 It will
<:
rn
5
6
fo r
us i n the hotel .
The j ourney will take six hours. He won't sleep before
nine 0' clock.
7 My sister won't arrive b efo re
8 Won ' t they eat
the meat?
us.
1 76
Unit 7 7
Talking about possibilities
u���,
� �I
" ' JJ�j
You con talk about future possibilities using I j ! idha or ui i n , both meaning 'if' Cui being a l ittle more formal ) . Notice that the first verb is in the past tense - literally 'if we wen t . . ' , 'if you drove' althoug h the meaning is 'if we go . .', 'if you drive . '. It is usual to introduce the second half of the sentence using � fa- ( ' then' or 'so ' ) : .
.
-
. .
!.S� ,� I� ' �! �j I jl .;.# �G.'j
(then) we' ll see lots
�-�a�ra, fa-sa-n a ra wa�at kathTra)
of oases .
( i d h a dhahabna i l a
.
. i� u� � . ';}�� I �.li
Ij !
If you (masc.) drive,
(id h a q u d ta s-sayyara, fa-satak O n
(then) you'll b e ver y
...j.Q.,:a UJ.i
.:i.iLbJ I �
ta t ban j i d d a n)
� Ul ( i n l a m n a q ta�id fT l..U..l 1 � qaqa, f a I a n n O q if tag hyTr a l - m u nakh) .
�
'r:
-
Exercise 7
. JL.:W I
�
I f we go to the desert,
v
��
LaS
.�I � �U.I� I
tired . I f we don't s ave energy, (then) we won't stop climate change.
�I
Choose a verb from below and use the correct tense and subject (in brackets after the sentence) . You can use a verb more than once. drink
��/ �r
eat
reserve � r� see
!.S�/ !.Sij
drive buy
JS;.4/JSi J� /J\..j
tJ}'T'"! / !.S�I.
go ��/� j
visit jj�/jlj
arrive
� / J..oj
1 77
Climate and the en vironmen t
(F")
.� I
Co.A) (lJ)
. 0..... L:UI
(�i)
...i , � I
(statue) J lli;J 1
.
UJ
d..i,."t
...i
�L...J I �
,�
u-Li
Y'
l oJ !
t
l oJt "
. Ul-i '';J � I
.�� I
l oJ!
� u" I. '\
��I .;.fo.J.iJ1
The second half of an 'if' sentence can be an instruction (see page 145);
.d..i,."t
,!� Ij
UJ
, 1..:L.4i �j
l oJ!
(idha wa�a lti q a b l a na, fa-�j izT l a n a g h u rfa)
. ��L...i
, 'j� �
� loJ!
(idha lam ta k u n mashg h O l a n , fa-sa t i d nT)
)
.J
oW
� �
�
before us, (then) reserve a room for us
.
I f you (mase) are not busy, (then) h e l p me.
� Gk:. � � 1:>1 �
. . .
I f you (fem.) a rrive
,.J
�
�
I f you 're n o t [the] rain, m y love, then b e [the] trees
.� j
. . .
�� � �
Full of fertility. . . be [the] trees .
� � " '� � � � � 0� .J
�
.J
.-
.-
And if you 're not [the] trees, my love, then be [the] stones .
�
J" '3-:�)� �
Full of moisture . . . be [the] s tones _
.J
.
� �
. . .
�
� � u-G � 0� , ..J
_
i
And if you 're not [the] stones, my love. . . then be a moon "
� �
. . .
�\
.
rL.
�
In the dreams of a loved one. . . be a moon.
F rom ..)L...::...:,. U l...:,. (State of Seige) by M a h moud Da rwish (Palesti n i a n poet, 1 94 1 -2008)
1 78
..
'
Unit 1 1
Al-Mustaqbal Beverag es Company
�t.47�t u"='.l� as�
Listen to the g u i de taking a group o n a tou r of a drinks factory.
� 6£F I
.b l.....l:U
. .L....
().4
,-,0'1:" '''
i,,'!9 � I 14i ':1� I U� 1
ji.
r�lj
II CU llj�
IJ"' • . ...... Ul.l
t�
"
•
�y...J 1
. . :-, . 1 1 � �· .;., u. j� . � LlIj-I..j � OJl£! �
� .
. .!:Ij£..u
i�
u-a�
1 79
Climate and th e en vironment
Exercise 8
. J L.:w.I I t.}
II
�� ,4 '1") ' 0 1 1 0J 4A-' 1
u.s
�Ij �I
i� 1
Don't try and understand every word yet, j ust pick out t h e phrases below. 1
2 3
4 5
6
mineral water(s) solar energy organic lemons can be recycled environmentally friendly preventing pollution
Talking about processes u l � I�-J1 � �I
Sometimes a process is more important than who or what carries out that process . In this case, we often use a passive verb . Examp l es of the passive i n English would be 'the j uice is extracted', 'the machi nes are operated by solar energy' (rather than the a ctive 'we extract the j u i ce', 'solar energy opera tes the machines' ) . I n Arabic the passive i s made b y changing t h e vowelling of a verb . I n t h e present tense, the first vowel is changed t o a c;i a m m a and t h e final vowel to fatha. This is true for a ll forms o f the verb . Basic verbs in the present tense only have c;i a m m a/fat�a i n the p assive; derived verbs retain any additional vowelling i n the middle:
� (ya n q u i ) transports � (y!J.nqil.l) is transpo rted (� (yasta kh rij) extracts (� (y!J.stakhrilj) is extracted � (yu tabbi') packages � � (Y!J.t,a bbQ') is packaged �
->
The final fa t�a vowel o f the passive turns any long vowel i n present tense hollow and defective verbs into a long a :
� (ya bTU sells j:!� (yudTr) operates � (yu c;iTf) adds
t � (y!J.b� U i s sold
�
� �
)� (y!J.d� r) is operated ...j � (y!J.c;i�f) is added
Assimilated verbs drop the fi rst root letter waw i n the active present, but the waw reappears as a long 0 in the passive:
� (yaj id) finds � �; (yD.jild) is found � (yac;ia u puts �; (YD.c;iil U is put �
Unit
7 80
7 7
Ex�rc�e 9 '\ �� ·4�1 J.U1
Look at the Arabic text on page 1 7 8 and c o m p l e te the English below. •
•
20
The company's activities
by solar energy
The machines in the factory are because it is
energy and environmentally friendly
(10 friend to the e nviro nm e n t ) '
•
yea rs ago.
.
The mineral water is
from wells in the far reaches
of the •
As
fo r the
, it is squeezed from organic
to some of our d rinks .
. . . . and •
in cartons that can be
The d rinks are
preventing pollution. •
to the market and
Finally our d rinks are
to the public ( people') . '
•"
Conversation
I magine you work fo r the Dri n ks of the Future Com pany and you a re the tour guide talking about the factory and the processes . •
•
review the g u ided tou r on page repeati n g e a c h step out loud;
1 78 .
Replay the aud io, pausing a n d
try to me morise as much of the Arabic as you ca n .
N ow del iver the tou r speech you rself. You can use the pictu res o n page 1 7 8 a s p ro m pts, but try not t o look at the Arabic. Keep re peati ng this u ntil you a re fluent. Memorising and del iveri ng speech wi l l help with your voca b u l a ry a n d oral confidence. There's no additional record i n g for this conversation, but you can replay the to u r guide o n page 1 78 to check your version .
a
787
Climate and the environment
Talking about processes in the past The pri nciple of changing the vowelling of a verb to create the present pass ive extends to the past passive . As for the present, the first vowel in the past passive is a
c;iam ma, but the fi nal vowel in the past passive is kasra . You c;i a m m a as the middle vowel i n derived forms :
may also see an additional
Jt. (naq a/a) tra nsported
-�
Ji (nllqlla) was tra nsported
�.J (wajada) fo und � �� (wlljlda) was fou n d Cfo...! (istakh raja) extracted � c�/ (ustukhrija) was extracted The final
kasra vowel of the past pass ive creates a long 1 in the derived
forms of hollow ve rbs. However, the past passive o f basic hollow verbs has no i n itia l
c;i a m m a , leaving only the long �
j.li (ad a ra) operated ,
,.
Exercise 1 0
I:
� ..li (lldIra) was operated ,
i;.J�
Convert these past verbs i nto the passive, as in the example .
1 2 3
4 5
6
� (�a n a ta)
��!
manfa ctured
(istakhda ma) used/empl oyed-�
Jl.j (qala) said
�!
�
(istakh/a�a) squeezed/ extracted
�L.....::. i (ac;iafa) added
L;c.
�
,
�
-
( tabba'a) packaged
Exercise 1 1
�
-�
, ��
I magine that the Al-Mustaqbal Bevera ges facto ry was forced to close down and that you are now descri bing the former company. Re-write the description o f the processes, this time using
� J..i l..b
��
4 1", 0.;-. 1 1
past verbs. Begin like this :
J..i Lb.J 4
u�..li � , ,,j u'1Y' .� ��j
0
[!J
� � � � � � � � � � �� ii!1
�� � �
��ii!1 ��
� � � � ii!1
1.1} .!I
..,L1: ji.,.l::lu
. . .
• e
I ta I y
� '
.
\oI":'.-J I ..-J ld I 0u,�JI ".'
e e •
c
•
.b:.�1 ��I rJl Mediterranean Sea
�I� o
Ghadames
�I.r.-JI
'":'�! AI-Iaghbub Li bya
A l g e r i a .::. li. Ghat
o
o
.3j�
o
�j laltan
ul � 1 AI-Qatrun �I
N i g
.l L:.:i C h a d
e r
Arabic in Libya 4-+tJ
�
� E g y p t
Murzuk
.
..5�1
o
AI·law!
0b�1
S u d a
n
<4-!rJ1
Many empi res, including the Greeks, the R o ma n s and the Ottoman Turks, have left their mark on Libya. More recently in t he fi rst half of the twe ntieth century it was an Italian colony, g a i n i n g full independence in 1 9 4 9 . I tal i a n still influences the spoken dialect of Libya, as does the indigenous Tamazight ( Berber) language. Some features of L i b ya n dialect are: use of verbal prefix "":' n- to refer to 'I', e. g . � n�ibb (I l i ke), in common wit h many other North African dialects use of Turkish and Italian loan words, the latter particularly for machinery and tec h n i ca l voca bulary •
•
.
'
Listen to Abdul Rahim tal ki n g about h i ms el f in his Li byan dialect . You will find a t ra nscri pt and translation in the Answers se c tion (Notice how Abdul Rahim uses � �a b tan, literally mea n ing 'of course' or 'naturally', as a general filler word. ) .
" .;:., . t.J�
at) (m ashr 0 t. ,
proi ect �
(sin a t.'Y) tu r ed e/ m anufac .r manm a d 19 yal")fir) to d' .b. (h af ar a, , � .� , a, , - . i (a nb Ob "-'":H W." • "-!,J-!-'
�n abib) pi pe
� (9 akh m) huge � (q uV) diam
ete r
th eight/ le n g J}> (�O\) h r) metre (mitr, a mt3 .'\ , JUo" .� e itr) kilometr \ .< (kilU m _
_
_ . roy-!.-'
( _b...! � . I> w er fr esh wat
.:.. , . _I>� The
b a) miya h t' dh
at) lake (b uh. ay r a,
"
,\ A £.
�'"" �1 lS"�1 � I t.".;:....o i ..l.!
��I .. I� I � ;)� .)�f .:..� � � �.)\' I � � � L:.i ��" ,),�,oi � 4J..,b" .)l:i... i �) � � I�# -.J)'f
�) � L..:J I �I J.,b ul �y;J1 ,-:-,� I � ;;fi l d..:>o. l" .)�f U-o � 'IF-� 1 ,-:-,� I � �"l..".",J 1 � .)�f" �
� � L:. \'1 � �.wI I>4-J1 Ji:u
J� u:...) � J � I � j..:>o. W I .)! . .)! 4Jy.o" � ,,4-J1 F . � �i � , � l....:. d� � � J �I
/Great Manmade River' i s an on going ambitious proj ect to corry wate r stored in vast quantities in rock under the southern Libyan Sahara desert to the coastal towns and agricultural areas in the Nor t h , The Libyans call it 't he eighth wo nder of the world/, Libya has no major natural rivers and th e proj ect has reduced its reliance on expensive desalination plants.
��I
�4J..,b"
�t."y:..J 1 i..l.! � �.)� � I .:....;-b. U-:!i
� L:. \'1
� ,J-
Lo
�:rL.:.....:J 1 � I J..,b ,J- Lo .
�1>4-J1 U:...) J� Lo-,,:! rS-
,
�
r £.
0
7 84
Unit 7 7
Vocabulary in Unit 1 1
Nouns � L.....� I climate
snow cloud wi nd
( ..;.; 1 ) t L.{.,
C�i) � C:� ) � (�) ��
rain
(f)
fog d i rection speed atmosphere/ weather fo recast spring summer autumn/fall wi nter
'-'�
height/ length
sunny
snowy
�jl
�I
�I
,� L:L;;.J I
(J::>. I�) J::>. L.. (�I;:') �L;:., beach desert (f) ( (5� � ) .. I� oasis ( d) b l,J lake (d) b� statue (J.:j�) J � mach ine/instrument (d) ui power/ energy ( ..;.;I) U lb ..::,� pollution (..;.;I) U';::"
�#
ki l o metre(s)
(d) �..;. ( .. I'p'- i) � l"
C)L:u.� �
metre
ra i ny
..;.; I�
()� i) � ( J t,bi) J.,.b
d i a m eter/section
(d) b�!
coast
proj ect/ scheme
(�l..J � �J+>i
pipe/tube
dry thick passing/transient unsettled/ disturbed organic manmade/man ufactured
-
��
huge tired
Verbs JLd�1 see var y conserve/ save stop/p revent ope rate/ manage extract
(5;' '(5i� c�t� 'C�I) � "p�9� ,�! �;. ,�) y- � ,� I..l i �� '[�!
Climate and the environment
1 85
extract essence o f/ squeeze ( j u ice)
' c �� '-'1 -'. :' · 1 U o;\ ,_ :." '1 11 , ,.
,, :;;; ...
� , 4c
package
� 'Ji.
transport dig
Oth er p h rases climate change
4S� \'1 ulJ'+at1 � (.- t,{J1 .;=--
weather forecast
¥. I �� I
recycling environmentally friendly
u... . - ...JJ m i neral water fresh water in t h e depths of preventing/avo i d i n g
'
• '-'= �
(u� .. ...
O) L....O
.....
�� 0)4-0 Jki c,;
. . . .J w::..
Health an d happiness ..
'"
� � la wttJ � (ott .��I 'it bl� 'i �� �I U'"Jj� � cl:i �I
Health is a crown o n the heads o f the healthy tha t o n ly the sick can see.
. ' Talking about the body �t � �t �
�j (wajh) face
u w.wi
(asn a n ) teet h -+.--=--.
.l-:!
" �i
(yad) hand
(anf) nose
J..?')
�
'-
(rijl) leg
-
p
� � (qadam) foot
Tip: There are alternative words for some of the parts of the body, two of the most common being J L... s a q for 'leg' and ii..l>.-o m i td a fo r 'stomach'. 7 86
Health and happiness
Exercise 1 , �� .Jli.J1 .; � . � >' Ij
7 87
�� I � I
(.u01DJ1Ch�. _ , -------''"
----"-
J
t
t.
_____
----'0
_ _ _ _
----_ '\
j 0,
_____
----,- .
Supermarket aisle sign: a�-�i � � a
wal-jamal (Health and Bea u ty)
1 88
Unit 1 2
Talking about illness �-..>l t
(fo
�
�t
The equivalent of 'what's the matter' is � � L... madha bika/ki?, literally 'what with you?'. Here are expressions you could use to describe your ailments: (ash tu r bil-mara t;l) .�rJ4 �I ( t i n dl �ud a t> t l� .
( t i n dT bard/ � u m ma) . . .�
.
� / J..)-!
'-! � '-! �
(��) � i '-! �
( t indl alam (sh adid) ( a n a m u �a b (a) bi . . . )
. . .�
,
(;;)'":'�
(ti n dl �assasTyya m i n . . . ) . . . ().4 ��
•
.,
Exercise 2 .
Y
fT . . .
)
wi
'-! �
I feel ill . I have a headache. I
I
have a coldla fever.
have a (bad)
pain in . . . I'm
I
suffering from . . .
have an allergy to . . .
��
� I �,.,.JI � I.,, � I
Match the ailments with t h e p a tie nts on the recording . for example,
h
f )\
"
\1
� � \ :.
' c.
Health and happiness
"
7 89
At the pharmacy � � I � A customer is asking for a dvice at the pharmacy.
�cl� L..u i � .� I C � .
• . A I LJ
" i wi -
�..r- . �
qtl� cl � JA q� � � Ijl.4 .� IJ jJ
�J � � 'if 'i � �iJ ,�
\s�i �1�4 � JA
_
-
... � . JS f 01 �i 'i .� � � J.J:, �i 'i � ,� �� I � u.:aS JA i� JG.. � I
_
.
� q"IJ.).I1
�
�l.4
�
,,:,�I , "IJ:l.J1 I j,ol)
":'�
�-A
�y1 w i ,� ":' �
.�I
�
J� I.H cll..:ul JA .J� I� I 0A 4w�
�
I ;;J W:U.w � � i .fj! "IJ.).I I Ij,ol) �i.::a 'i
.
.£1 cl.1 i ...ji,j
'i �
'iJ
wi
� � ,
_
_
_
J .u.i tJ""" 1
Tip: Pa rts of the bo d y that come i n pairs (legs, eyes, etc . ) a re usually feminine:
.�
!JJ�
_
;;� J.:....) rij l
m a ks O ra (a
broken leg ) . If referring to both pa rts,
will need to use the dual: l:i.L u � u �.) rij lan tawl1atan ( [two] long legs), �.u � f" �f alam fT
you
qadamayya (pains in my [two] feet) .
�4 �I�i
(bi<;l -<;l a bt) e xactly
(a ea<;l ) symptoms
��
(sh u rtlY mu r JJ� traffi c policeman
�IJJ
u r)
(d aw a') me d ici ne
sultation ;;J � I (istish ara) con
Unit 7 2
7 90
1 What are the first questions the pharmacist asks the customer?
2
3
4 5
6 .
.,
What symptoms other than a headache does the customer have? Why does the customer have to work in the sun? What does the pharmacist think he is suffering from? Can you find the Arabic expression for the ailment? Why can the customer not take the medicine suggested? What does the pharmacist advise he does?
Exercise 4
t
��
.JI,i,JI t.} LU , ul..i. I� 1 �Ij �L.:i �I Try to complete the exercise with out looking a t the transcript on page 1 8 9 .
��
\s�i ��I
t.}
,
u:as
'J � �Ij ,� �I�� � � �
t.}
r- 'i f
...
-
_
� .f� w i , lLW
. ul 'J� �' �I .. '
Health and happ iness
797
�ayda lTyat s u h a al-jadTd a; k h i d m a a rba ta wa- ti s h rTn sa ta (The new Soha Pha rma cy; 24 hour service)
Exercise 5
0
��
Write
out the dialogue on pag e 1 8 9 again, but c h a n g e t h e custo mer to a fem a l e .
It "
/"'
� ,.&Jflffi .f5(FEJlt !.:1i�_
Conversation
You don't feel wel l and you're going to the pharmacy to ta ke some advice. These are yo u r sym ptoms: •
a headache
•
pains i n you r stomach
•
a fever
•
a bad p a i n in you r ear
You also have a n a l lergy to pen ici l l i n (LJ211
'11 ·' ! 1 1) .
Prepa re what you wi ll need to say a n d then j o i n i n the conversation on
,
the r eco rdi n g fo l lowi n g the prom pts .
Unit 1 2
1 92
Talking about health
�I � �I �
.
Here are some of the factors that can influence health. Notice how general concepts usually include JI al- (�.iil l a t-tad khTn, [the] smoking). (at-tadkhTn) � � I
(akl al-khuQrawat) ulJ�1 JS I
(at-ta m rTnat a r-riyaQiyya) �u...;J 1 uu...�1 .. ,
(ta lawwuth a l -hawa') �'*' 6� (as-sa t-ada) ';Ju.......J 1
smoking eating vegetables physical exercise air pollution happiness
(at-tawattu r) �..PJ '
stress
(al-badana)
obesity
,
(ta q ITl a l - m i l �)
�I
�I�I J.:!...li.:i
(al-hawa' at-ta 1q) �I �'*' Exercise 6
.JL.i.J1
�
i
��
l..t.S
,�I
�u. J' w,
(column) J.j4 W I
harmful to health
��\
�
reducing salt fresh a i r
ulJ 4A-J1 �I 4 ' do l l � .. ...
. �
beneficial to health
6\9�\
J1\
Now make statements about two contrasting factors, a s i n this example:
� �I .� ulJ� 1 JS I u i � � Smoking is very harmful to health whereas eating vegetables is beneficial.
�4 j� �w,
1 93
Health and happiness
Giving advice You have al ready
�
met � � ya nbaghT ta l a ( to be incumbent on) -
ya n�a� (to advise) .
and
... J ' U--" m i n al- . . . a n . that . . . '. I t can b e used with a number o f different possibil ities to produce the equivalents o f the English 'should', •
Another useful and very flexible structure is u l
Literally this means 'from the . . . 'must', 'mig h t', etc. MUST
=
'it is
NEED TO S H OULD
=
=
LIKELY TO M I G HT
=
.
imperative that'
'it is necess ary that' 'it is incumbent t hat' ' it is probable that'
=
'it is possible
� � us-
I
that' !
�I
WI. ���I � wi �JJ�I � w i u.oJ�1 � wj �� I � w i J.4i >'a l 1 �
w i �j�1 ().4 I must g ive up ,
(min al-Iazi m a n uqli t ta n at-tadkhTn) smoki ng .
.�
4S.,iJ w i
�JJ�I ().4
You
(masc.)
need to
( m i n a<;i-<;i a r u rTy an tara �a bTban) see a doctor.
'F'
().4
� w i ��I ().4
You (fern.) should
( m i n al-mafru<;i an taq i l i i tT m i n a l -m i l �) reduce salt.
Ai-:, ,0 !
�
It is likely that it wi l l
(min al-murajja � annahu sa-ya<;iurr bi-�i �atak) damage your health
. b.i...41 1 tL.a:i,.>1 �
w i �' u-a It might cause a rise
.
(min al-mu�tamal an yusabbib irtifa t a<;i-<;iaght) i n [blood] pressure .
The comb ination of u i an
and
;I la becomes ;Ii alia (that not) .
. ��I �L.....b.J 1 �i..:i ':ii �j �1 ().4
Yo u
(masc.)
must not
(min al-Iazim a l i a ta'kul aHa tam ad - d u h nTy) eat fatty food .
. ��
Js � ':ii �J�' ().4
You (fern.) should not
( m i n al-mafru<;i alia ta tmatT kuli yawm) work every day.
Unit 1 2
1 94
Exercise 7 v ��
���4 � I o),lA J� # 1 He should give up smoking . 2 We need to eat veg etables every day. 3 You
(masc.) must do physical exercise every day.
4 You (fern.) should not eat fatty fo o d . It might damage yo ur health . 5 Air pollution is l ikely to damage our hea lth.
6 You (pi.) mustn' t put a lot of salt o n your foo d .
Exercise 8 ,,��
.�G..J:. � I ,, 'i.jA
F�
Try to give them as much advice as poss i ble using the language that you
know. There's no single correct answer, but you ' l l find some suggestions in
the a nswer secti on.
Tip: I n coll oquial Arabic, the construct i o n
'min al- . . . a n ' is o ften reduced to m i n a l-Iazi m an would become simp ly lazim; m i n ac;l c;larO ri a n would become c;l a r O rT: l a z i m ta kul a l-khuc;lrawat (you must eat veg etables); c;l a r O rT a ktu b eem ayl (I ne ed to write a n email) . just the key wo rd. So
Health and happiness
7 95
hJ
Abdul Aziz asks for advice
,0
.,
� j.J.....).aj 1 �
(�..JI �
Abdul Aziz is waiting fo r the resu lt of a blood test
ad-dam).
ta � rn
Wh i l e he's wa iting h e writes a note t o his friend, Safwa n .
, 6 \ � C$
.:n�
� d,;- ! ;.j p.u i ui9 41.h3 \ \.,;..g
9_��"J� g-- � � 6 \ C. ' !.kl\ c) J 19 ! . J.1:! \ \.,;..g � !k.l G � J w . ' 9 i \ <.S) 9.r"2J. \ \ 6\ � � o..; i �i ;:f� 9 � � 0..; \ l.�
OJ
\,;. I
OJ
,
�
.
C,)
....... T.-
_
d;" 1J2.J 4 )uP o..; U � �
\
. C$ � p - U2J \ -c W) \ 4 � i
.
oPT C$4 .ru» i !) ui 6 \ � 4 dO! � \ �
J.J s \9 .JJ \ J9 W 9 i � � \ VA c.. !l. t
t
� \ 6 \ ..Io.:?) i9 0-wJ \ �
.9 !) \ ..A...» i li-� � l" ui � 9-:?
'-
I
_
.
�
� .
� 9 � c) i � i �� � ui � �
��
� i)
�..up �9
�L:u , � (natTja, nata'ij) result JJ4 , J" lw (tanawala, yatanawa l) to ta ke (pills)/to eat
'7'J+="- ' � (�a bba, �ubOb) pill J '>L:... ,jh (khalal, khilal) condition/disorder
L.
�
t lLi) (i rtifa t) increase/ rise
-!
� , � I (ista m ta ta,
yasta mti t bi-) to �
enjoy
� (tala �aqq) right/ correct
� ( ta nTd) stubborn
� (ghabT) stupid
Unit 1 2
1 96
Exercise 9 '\ �� :."4JWI ��I � y-?oo iJ , � � �
� ,-! �I
i,.,il
1
What health problem has the doctor told Abdul Aziz he su ffers from?
2
What two things is the doctor sug gesting that Adbul Aziz does to tackle the problem?
3
H ow is Adb u l Aziz feel ing at the moment?
4
What is his a ttitude to the docto r's advice?
5
Why does he fe el this way?
6
What does he tell Safwa n about their friend H a m dy's reactio n?
Sa fwa n 's reply u l� �J Th e next day Safwan emailed this reply to Adbul Aziz .
�
..,.J WI
..l.io.. oJMJ
J,..j l
�
[!)' '';:O�
_ _
...> vo
.,.. J..,...,J I ,I 0->,.J1 5 : �I
d.sJJ i�!c
___
::...J
:
J;l.o.)1 JI' :.>fI,;t1 Ut..l l
._Q!'�._
�>!� .
,yj1.l 1 ¥ �y-jL �! . � I Y' :i 4-:J 1 � .. � �r
. � I �� � ur �.J �I
u-o '�
ur F.yoJl u-o LAlJ < ) '1 1 u-OyoJ � � ':l .:::.U I . � I � fol � U:.....J ) .:w ! Y' � ..w: � ..J I �
t U:i)
. . I I �" . I ;;� u. . i -.i.. � L.. d...k · .iiJ I -r· cJ� lJ-U'-' � - � .. IJ..J I JJLw ur �">Jy.-iJ 1 u-o l�rJ .dow" � � I ur � I u-o ..1! j �J .b.i...A.l 1 � (. )kJ �..}:! � u-o •
•
-
!:i� �J �)c :i � �
.. .
.... .
.;,_ 0
7 97
Health and happiness
, �� l.4.S. ,�)fl." �.rt-JI 0:H
Exercise 10
. J LW I a b c d e
f
�
.
in the doctor's finally warning your [blood] th most important thin increase
�."
ul� J.:!lA:!1 i� 1
the fu ture
cl� .b.i.....4J 1 � t �
words
to cure
p ressure p roblem
e
, , �� . � J U � �GJI "":i�1 Tip: ..w lj u.JJ (wazn za 'jd)
=
. •
i�1
i ht
excessive we g
� I �.Y' (mara<;l as-s u k kar)
LS .. . .
..
�.-' ��
to
Use Safwa n's ema i l opposite compose a reply
f" .l.l1
�I f" � '\ <1 � IC � J I � " ' ,I V �
g
9 blood pressure Exercise 11
� r �� �I t .b.i...A � I " t ;) J!9i".ol l
o f bigger problems
y
diabetes ('sugar
=
"
·�� �i 0i .
,
�I r l
(;> uk U �
and at to use the
Nadia . Ta ke c
il ness' )
�41
L.
�0 L
4J.,.::>
'\"'�G
I�I
he expressions o n pages 1 92-5 to
re
fe minine to address her.
.,.,-JI "';>ll 4S.I....I 1 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
01.lrJI
S u d
a n
Kenya
Arabic in Sudan
ul Jy...J I
�
-
��I
'Sudanese' Arabic usu ally refers t o t h e spoken language o f Khartoum a n d the n o rt h o f Sudan. In a dd i t i o n to Ar ab ic , there are over a hundred i n d i g en ou s languag es, three o f the most widely spoken being Nubian in the north and Dinka and Nuer in the s ou t h . Features of Sudanese Arabic include: pronunci ation o f J as a hard 'g', e . g . uAJ (time) as wagt use of b- in front of present verbs describing habitual a ctions, in common with many oth er dialects, e . g . ba�ibb (I like) use of speci fically Sudanese expressions, e . g . � �assa t (now) and � I a l-Iayla with the meaning of ' to d a y' . •
•
��
•
·
, , .
'
Listen to Ashraf talking about himself in his Sudanese dilaect. You will find a transcript and translation in the Answers section.
�
JLik�l lpiJ »
.)� �
.t#i �l4.wi � � I «
.... .ii l� 1 I l.-=---
�
. �I
(j4
J�
t o witness �I
(a l-�a�ba)
measles
-
· U I..l� I �
�
�
. � � I II (j4 ,..r
CjljU � u� .�
� , � (shah ida, yash-had)
lJ.4 . �
.J ,4!i",!? �1 u4� IJ
1< l...1..4 .
U--
�I� � � U I ..I� I � � , I) J �i .:w...... U:!-! �.)�i
�.) 1 � 1
•
•
v
(I' LL
��
t
�
"
� , � (Iaqqa�a, yulaqqi�)
to innoculate �
(�amla) campaign
� lb...:. 1 (inkh ifa<;l) decrease
� �)4 (bir-raghm min) despite
.)lL:.
�j (a m n ) security
(shi ta r) slogan
�j (aghlabTyya) majority
, I)
-
u l:! � (ta�add iyat) challenges
A s u cces s ful campa i g n against measles i n Africa was conducted in the ea rly years o f the 2 1 st century.
Sudan inn oculated millions
of chil dren, despite secur ity and log istical challenges. Fata lities due
to the
disease were reduced by 91 percent.
�� I
� �I
u:.t.s: � ,
1,j L..,
'I'
�
r
�r"� j � """ L..,
t
� � I ..) lL:. u t.s:
�uL.l",...J 1 ..;
I� 0= .:J 1 J Ub �I
..l �
�r"�j,J
0
200
Unit 7 2
Vocabulary i n Unit 1 2
Nouns � ��t happi ness beauty body head face mouth teeth nose
allergy
;; .l �
J4 ( r4 i) � t.J"'"':,�) i� (b��) �� ( b,--� i ) � (uL.:..... i ) � (J"
t
(....Y .i I) ....i:. 1
(u�) � ear (uljlD ujl chest GJ�) -> � arm ( t� j i) tt->� hand (;l:! i) � finger (e-L..:. i) �! stomach (�) ;; � / (�) � leg (u�) J L. / (J.,..)) J.:..-> , t
blood ill ness pain symptom condition/ disorder headache cold/ chill fever
measles weight obesity/ corpulence pressure test/ analysis result
•
eye
foot
diabetes
(rl.ui) r� r .l (�ljA i) �� ( r "i0 �i (�I�i) �:;. (J )l:,. ) Jh tl� .l..)-! �
medicine pharmacy/ chemist pill penicillin smoking air salt increase/ rise decrease reduction/reducing wa rning slogan campa i g n chal lenge policeman security maj ority
(d) �k �I �� >
,
�I
(u1iJ i) uj� d...j l � .h..o (d) � ( �·liJ) � . ( � .l i) "I,", � ( d) �� ( ':-'� ) � u.:'�
.� .' ) \ I
�..w
" I�
r:J:o (d) t �->� (-:.1) � �! �
(d) ) i:. [ (d) ->� (d) � ( -:.l:!�) �
L�/w) �)..
Lroi
;j� )'\;. i
20 7
Health and happin ess
Adjectives ��t suffering fatty excessive stubborn stu pid
Verbs Jla.iI"It g ive up damage couse toke (pills)
j,4 ,JJ�
� ,�
innoculate enjoy yvitne ss
Other phrases �..» "It utjlfa!t
��
exactly
J,11J 1
fresh air
�:.ul
blood pressure exercise(s) must need to
�,-:!; ul:u�
ui �) )UI U-<> ui �JJy-<J u i u-OJ�I ui �� I U-<> ,
should likely to might right/correct despite
u' i
�I V" ' � U-<>
Arts and cinema .'":-'� I"L:.� I � � �J The best
.
'
companion of a ll [mankind] is Q
Talking about culture �\.4:-JI
book.
&
� �I
Lo ok at these forms of art and artists and listen to the recording :
..:J I �IJJ (riwaya, -at) ,
..:JI
,��
novel
� / uJ
, ..iJ}4 ( m u ' a l l if, -O n/ln )
writer/ composer
(masra�Tyya, -at)
play
� / uJ
, � � ( m u kh r i j, - u n /Tn)
di rector
J�I ,� (s h i U, ash ta r)
� ,� (qi��a, qi�a�)
story
,� (film, afla m )
0 l..i. i
,�i ( u g h n i ya, a g h a n i n )
I..HJ1 (obara) opera
� I� ,�w. (sha ti r, s h u tara') poet
� �i
song
,
,� ( m u m a thth i l ,
- O n /ln) acto r
poetry
,
� / uJ
film
�/ uJ
•
'u-u (mughan i n,
-O n /Tn) s i nger
� /uJ
'�JA
( m OsTqTy,
- O n /ln ) musician
�/ uJ
, � IJ (raqi�,
- O n /Tn)
da ncer
Tip: when talking about the author of a wo rk, Arabic uses the expression
�\..:; U-o m i n ta 'lTt ( 'wri tten by' ) : .lo� � �\..:; U-o � IJ') riwaya m i n ta'tlf nagTb ma �fOz ( a novel [written] b y Naguib Mahfo uz) . The equivalent o f 'starring' is U� U-o m i n bu�Olat: c.:.,l:... y.u '?� U� U-o � fi l m m i n bu�Olat s h u krT s a r� a n ( a film starring Shukri S a rhan) . 2 02
203
Arts and cin ema
�,l�
:
dJ l.4jJ I t�
m a sra �
az-za m a l i k : tafrOtO
(Za m a lik Thea tre: ''A frotto '' (Li ttle Oevil))
Exercise 1
.J�I v
fo
=
, ��
� Lo.S
,(v)
Ji
v .l.4 �
necessa ry t o t h e activity
Ij!ji
II
�.)
� (v)
,
4.:...� �
(II)
=
Q
possible/secondary parti cipant
�i
�
II
(II)
� Ij.) ,
� ,
...ily, � I.) ,
Ji.<... r.?-a J'l!;,.
�Y'
Unit 7 3
204
Exercise 2
Y��
.JI.i.J I ,..,; �jA jA M a ke a
, La.S , � u�
list of yo ur favourite wo rks in the categories first and then talk
about them, using the example as a model.
L �jAJ l
J I: 0,9 0/1 � IJ-J .� . �. I I 1 - ',':i l I.$..r.:-:- ,
�L:i ().4 « G reat Expectations » � :. " < ' J ', I L.i:U ..r-:: ..r-J
,A
' . •
(My favourite novel is Grea t Expectations by the fa mous English author,
Charl es Dickens . )
Talking a bout cultural activities
�L;ill l ��t � �t
Look back at the phrases on pages 5 8 -9 for talking about prefere nces . You
can also use the verb
i n the last unit.
--!
� yasta mti t bi- (to
�J u l:! IJ"...J 1 ';",I� � j .u��4 �i ':i (asta mti t bi-q i ra'at a r-riwayat
enj oy) that you met
I enjoy reading novels, but I ' m no t interested i n
plays.
wa-lakinnT la ahtamm bil-masra �Tyyat) ,
,
�J
U.j-J� I ';..\AL...1..a �
.i� � I �! �.:u
':i
(n u � ibb m ushaahadat a t-ti tTfizy u n
We l i ke watching
TV,
but we don't go to
the cinema often.
wa-Iakinnana la nadh-hab ila s-sTnima kathTra n)
�j ,-:,�I � U.4 � �"in; . I�j � I
It!
i
�i
(tasta mti t bintT bi-a g h a nT ash-shabab wa- lakinnT ufa<;Jd i l ai-obara)
My daug hter enj oys p o p songs, but I prefer t h e opera .
Arts and cinema
2 05
.��I
,-:,J� I ;;�I� �jj tj nj",!
yasta mti t. zawjT bi-qira'at al-adab al- t.a ra biy (My h usband enjoys rea ding A ra bic litera t u re.)
�
"
Conversation
You're going to ta l k to a n Ara bic friend about: •
what type of l i terature you enjoy and don't e njoy
•
who you r favou rite author is
•
c u l tu ra l activities yo u enjoy and someth i n g yo u d o n 't d o very ofte n
•
someth i n g a member of yo ur fa m i ly enj oys wh ich yo u don't
P repare what yo u m i g h t need to say a n d then join i n the conversation on the recordi ng, fo l l owing the p rom pts.
Unit 1 3
206
Film genres f" ��I tl�l
�I�
(g haramTy) romantic
�""'L.:i (ta rTkhTy) historical �YA (hazatTy) comic I.J I! ? "Ii
(tasjTtTy) documentary
y.'.) ��
(rutb) horror (�arb) war
� J�
(khaya l (:! lmTy)
science fiction
207
Arts and cinema
(sh aba�, ashbah)
C
4<11 , �
ghost(s)
, .is;yu
battle(s)
(ma t:aka, matarik) cl}
...�..4
(nar, nTra n) (kawkab, kawa kib)
U l�
,},.,j
fire(s)
ySl� , yS�
planet(s)
(asad, usOd) ..I."...... i , � i
Exercise 3
.J�I � '
hones)
y��
L..o..S;
, ' I A" . I I ....,.j � ",I,�I I t� � , I U .r-
,
.
,
r-::-
'
},.:w l � �� .is;� �,Jj \t I yS� I CJ.4 � J l -? ... ••,..
y Y'
... ' . ' u..H u� u� u t
�WI
Jl..4; 1 ,
..I."...... \t l !l..lIJ
'. Exercise 4
,
.;
�
.;
'-;lJ-li
C>
'; � I '\ � V
t ��
.JLi.JI '; L..o..S; ,��\t l uLiJi yAlJ U �J r,!� �� I �t � I �I
�J-:!
J � ,, ?o i l �J-:! V ,f-
, t..� . � � � ...
,
.
�
...
}�, � �� �� ... . \.:. � �\.:.
u�
���' l?A � � �
208
Unit 1 3
Exercise 5
o �...)-4<J ·
Nadim and his friend Othman have decided to read the descriptions of the films on the internet to help them make
. JI..i4.I I
� u.s; ,�I
up their minds which one to see .
ul� �IJ <4Jt.:i..l 1 .:.a1}�� 1 i."il
http: / / www . arabicblog flsahra.html !
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
---- y , ',IJ � I �i , ';j.J-j ;:...;. , _
: L 'I �.�
iJL.>
1 , i ::"";' ,
" � u
h "�., C: ""'-�
I .. v-
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
- -�
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
______ t
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If
. . ,
209
Arts and cin ema
Talking about past habits �111 u l � � � � I
Look at these phrases from the conversation between the two friends:
.�,.rl l � �i
��
You ( m . ) used t o like
�i �
I used to enj oy them
(kunta tu�ibb aflam ar-ru t b)
!�
, t '-!�
0LS
W
4-!
horror films.
(kuntu a s ta m t i t biha l a m m a kana t u m rT
when I was
arba tat t ashar sana)
,
14
years
old !
,
. � �� js: �I �l � � US;
We used to go to the cinema every
(kunna n a d h - h a b i l a s-sTn i m a k u l l
yawm j u m t a )
Friday.
Although Arabic only has two basic tenses, the verb u LS: kaan (was/were) can be combined with a second verb to modify the meaning:
0LS presen t verb 'used to do' or 'was doing' .i,# .:.sl:!IJ,.rl 1 i�i � I used to read novels a lot. +
=
0LS past verb 'had done' (often combined with � q a d) . ��J � U-?-� � u.jLS She had gone out before my arrival. +
=
,
.
0LS future verb 'would have done' .�� 0j-'; ;",!", I� LS They would have enj oyed t he film. +
=
a
Exercise 6 i �J-4j . J Li4..J I �" �jA j-4l 1 I
used to go to
the
l.4.S
I I J.U.,J I ..;i.S: I .
� -::--
- . ..... ! ......
cinema a lot. . I� � I �
..
J� ��\t �
2
He used to enjoy sci-fi films
3
She had read the novel.
4
They had seen the film.
5
We would have gone to the
6
You (f) would have enjoyed the poetry.
.
.�
�l
---
theatre.
S
�.ib1
.. _.c...
�
J
__
.....,
c::.u....l.
---
--- � ---
. C�I �! .� �
_ __
_ _ _
Unit 7 3
2 70
Reviewing �I
Your Arabic is now at a level where you can tal k or write in a more sophisticated way about books you have read, or films, plays and shows you have seen. You can use the following guide to g ive you some ideas of what you could include i n a review. When ?
�I �i J�i
yesterday the day before yesterday on Saturday last week
� I f"� �WI tJ-+W'i1
�WI �I
last month
Wha t? I
a novel/ a short story I
... ul� Wj�ljJ ,
read . . .
saw . . . a film/a play
.;�
.
LU.t..Q . " �j �
�r jlJ-! ji
an opera/a show
Who?
written by/ starring . . . a n unknown writer a talented dancer the famous star. . .
At.. .u .r-:
.
(.)A .
. j �l..:i " (.)A
J� ..jJj.4
�j-4lya
� IJ
27 7
Arts and cinema
Characters? -
. .. � \ / J.b+ll 01 . .. �j/J..?-J
the hero/heroine is . . . a mania boy who . . . a woman/a girl who . .
. .. � / .; i� �
.
the main characters are . . . members o f a large family a group o f friends
...�
�.rl l u ll,o;" r' l I .;�
4.1:a �
� l....O.L i
01
�\,j�i
��
. . . J�
� I -Jj �
Story? the story is about. . .
��
his life her childhood the events of. . .
. .. �W\
during . . . the war the . . . century
Impression ? I found that . . .
. . . �i / �i ��j
I
. . . �I / <\,j\
felt that . . . i t was movi ng, etc.
I
would have enj oyed it but. . . i t was longer than necessary di fficult to understand
... "
" ,,
u� "
';)j.4 � l5. / i)j.4 0l5.
... �j '+!/4..! �i.w � �j � 1 ().4 J�i � l5. / 0 l5.
�I � / �
2 72 Unit 1 3
Now rea d
this
revi ew o f a new play, Th e Lost Years:
WWaJI �I.,.:-JI �G IJA ��� I y..,-LI
�.:u
�,U)w �U I t.�� I
. 0'J 1 d'-> ��I ;;
k.
WI
_
;
_
W.,;.LI
-
.J.,J �.)lJ
. � I.J � �I �I �� IJA �..,-LI
J..r> ;;
�� ji
II
.J-J '>"';-J . �
v--> yy � "
-
UG.
�W I W WI y..,J-1 .. wi �� �� 61�i u.�.J
J.:..i L:-:-:J I � � I.:?�)' I � I ..
. y..,J-1 �4-i �..,r4 �-Jj-J �
:LU WI � ;;
o..,-.� I
�
1
_
_
� �-J
y;S J...j �
�,r1 1 �� I
- 1 \ �L� I J .I � 1.:. . W.".. , ' I . 6")w1 .+-:.4 ',. 1 -J �
I
•
pi � to:
�
-
�
�
Q
-
"L.,. �
�..,-L I 0i ��-J
� ..
L:..,. i-J
f!
�
. ;;�J-4 w L5 y..,-L1 01 ��-J
� 0 L5 6 1 �� 1 t.�! wSJ-J .
ijYll 1
1JA J�j w L5
213
Arts and cinema
(g h iya b) "-:, �
��
G u n dry)
Exercise 7
v
absence soldier
(j ays h)
�
army
(rabb a l-usra) ,;�
'11 �.)
head of the family
(ta'thTr)
�i..J
effect
(mu'athth i r)
�}4
moving/affecting
(Tq a t )
t I.i.:! !
pace
.
��
. � � J i "-:,USJ i� yA l
Use the guide o n pages 2 1 0- 1 1 and the review on page 2 1 2 t o help you . You can write about a book, a film, a play or a show. Try to plan your review first and then write using only your notes as much as possible.
��I ��I �..;-ll
a r-ra q � at-tO n i sTy at-taq lTdry
(Traditiona l Tunisia n dancing)
o
I.i...> Haifa •
Syria
0l"" lJ I Nazareth
o
.;.� larash
�� � .r"',
. . 1- I ;'
1 '. 1
1
o
Israel and Pa lesti ne o
l!4�1 J.:i Tel Aviv-Iaffa ,
r.,�1 .ti....:.J I Ttle West Ban
......l.AJ 1 Jerusalem 0
la..) ericho . , ,
,.,J � Bethlehem:' o
0
0
.;Co..t. Amman
t... . Lo Madaba
I
o �I He�;on
o �I � Beersheba
.!I}JI AI-Karak o
J o rd a n
,IAlI Petra
o
A large proportion of the population of Jordan were originally from Palestine and the two dialects are very similar. They also share many features with Syrian colloquial (see pag e 52), particularly the softer lilt and the pronunciation of � as 'eh' or 'ee ' . , '
Listen to Youssef talking about himself in his Palesti nian dialect. You wi l l find a transcript and translation in the Answers section.
She had reached her seventyfifth year. . . and if she were asked about the meaning of this word, "the homeland", then the matter would have con fused her. . . Is i t the house? The washing tub and the pestle for 'kibba ' [minced meat1 which she inherited from her mother? .. Or is it the call of the milkmaid in the morning . . . Or the chesty cough of the husband, and the wedding nights of her children, who departed this threshold for the marital home one after the other, leaving her by herself?
Palestine has produced some of the most powerful poets and storytellers of the 20th and 2 1 st centuries - the poets Mahmoud Darwish ( 1 9 4 1 -2008, see page 1 7 7) and Samih al-Qasim ( 1 939-) and the writer E m i l e Habibi ( 1922-19 9 6) to name but three. Poetry readings can stil l attract mass aud iences and there is a strong Arabic tradition of storytelling . Not su r p r i s i ngly, exile, loss and confused identity a re common themes in Palestinian literature. The above extract is taken from a short story by Emile Habibi, t.J 4J ..u.., "The Mandelbaum Gate" (a checkpoint between the Israeli and t he lord an i an sectors of Jerusalem until 1967). I n this passage, the author is exploring the experiences and memories of an old Palestinian woman and her attitude to the 'homeland' (uJoy l al-wa�an).
�Iy'
Emile Ha bibi ( 1 922- 1 9 9 6), writer and p ol itician lived all h is life in Ha ifa. ,
276
Unit 7 3
Vocabulary in Unit 1 3
Nouns � 1.4-�t
pace/rhythm
(d) �I"",,>
novel play poetry song
(d) �� ( J�i) � (uW) �1 -
l
_
,
opera
director poet musician dancer hero
( u..,) ) �
century planet lion
(�Ifi ) ..j.fi (JY" I) �i ( d) bJL:....:,
fishing rod
dance writer/composer
criticism/review
(� / u.., ) ....J;' (� / u.., ) �� ( � I;i. ) �L;:.. (� / u.., ) �.J-O (� / u.., ) � IJ (J�i) �
Adjectives uL4-rt romantic
� I�
historical
�..J\.j J;"
comic
�
documentary moving/ affecting
member (of family/club, etc. )
group
( � �i) � ( d) ��
horror ghost war battle army soldier fire event effect absence
(c�i) � ( '7'",,;" ) '7';" (.!l,,>�) 4..S� (J..� ) .;.;,.. (J�) �4 (ul�) ).:. (d.b.i) 0� (d ) �L
unknown difficult to understand
••
-;'11
�
<... . - ..I.1.w:>
useful
�L:.
hungry
e4-
lost
e- L:-
Verbs J WI�t concern/be about come
.
pass (over) drown face/ confront
J.P. J""� .� IJ c,? � . � i ( j�) � .� j..A! .jr �t; .�I""
Arts and cinema
Oth er p h rases
217
4S�".it utj�t
written by
....iJ . _ t. W"'"
starring
· L' U� .
.
W"'"
,-,. Gil ' l r,I' lLi
pop songs science fiction
�I J�I
head o f the family Second World War �WI until
(+ verb)
t+JW I ,-;-,?J I . i (.S"11.
u
Review 4 · � t.,..l' t
1 , �� .JL.:iA.J 1 � w; , � ��I J:al.wJ � J...a ,:"j",,,1j Exercise
. / u. J--lI " -,!"
U':!
Q
u l.4.K.l 1 o jA
�w �I
n ews
d Q �.:> '" 'i�1 wi �i . �� Js �I� � I » .� J I,.,J I � ..J I �¥ �l �l wi �i ..JI �i � t�l Js .�jU � 1 � ..J I '; J L...J I 4-:!1 . � I �J IJ � � �j04 · W Wj:I-l l � � I ..JI I jA � �� .",.bi � o� .;j-I,.j-?J I » w! «
«
..JI
218
, y f f Cl
i V
279
Review
Exercise 2
'1'"
-
�..)-4-J
� �� 4 1 j,A J� # 1
She's wea ring a red skirt.
2 I 3
He's wearing a grey coot and a block hot.
4
My daug hter put on the pink shoes for the pa rty.
5 I
.
,
always wear a blue suit for the office.
put on my b rown coot before I went out.
6
My g randfather always wears glosses.
7
My brother wore a silk tie for the wedding party.
8
The woman who is wearing the g reen hot is my (maternal) aunt.
Exercise 3
,, ��
Farida is at 'Lost and Found' reporting the contents of her small suitcase which has been lost by the airline .
. J�I �
L..,.S
' uIJ�1
� li.:i
� IJ .t:iJ�1 ..,ll �I
;;�UI material
0.#1
ut ��t
colour
lost items
.r-J:-
�\
cJ �
,
y
Y'
£ j)
'\
:� , .;�,} � . ���
� �I
1,)'oI-! � 1 �
�i u� � � t
I n the suitcase [there] i s a red silk dress .
Unit 1 4
220
Exercise 5
0
��
�
�
.�T ' ·· , · a, ' ." ' -
� 1i 1 '1 :(,'
�
,
tit "
.
-
Conversation
You want to buy a leather school bag for your son . Y o u wi l l need t h e fol lowing i nformati o n : • •
•
yo u r son is ten yea rs old
he's i n the fou rth g rade of pri m a ry school
he needs a spacious, sturdy
(�) black bag with pockets for his pens
N ote that yo u r bud get i s 50 d i n a rs . Prepare what yo u m i g h t say in Ara b i c . Then fol l ow the p ro m pts on the reco rd i n g .
Jjl..? .P.'U taj i r j u l O d (lea ther merchant)
Review
22 7
Exercise 6
.Jt..W t r,}
'\
�� ,��t �t �t j t;:!J UJ t r,}
W;
He's weak in history and languages.
My sister excels in the sciences.
�t
O ° t 'l" � r.
My son is i n the first year of kin dergarten.
JLi t The teacher said that you (masc.) are talented in music.
The students turned off their mobile phones before the exam.
��
Exercise 7
v
. Jt..W t r,}
W;
You are instructing a friend how to insert a new sim card i nto his phone . ,
� t �j"tI �j
u I �..::u t
i.;it .��t ��i D
.J�t
�4-tI �i
[IJ
'�J�I �i D .�4J1 P t-!� u}�� 1 cl...w l imsik as-sim ka rt bi - a � rat i l -a�abit (Hold the sim card with the fingertips)
�I .Jlfo 4
r,} O'�I � I D
..j1�4 uJ'SO!!I' II
�I
D
.���I .��
r,} u)So!!I. 1I � D . 0' lhl..J 1
�i D
Now describe the process for inserting the sim card . Use the passive (see page 1 79) and join the stages of the process using sequencing words, e . g . : First the mobile phone i s switched off.
.J�I
.J,:j4J1 .:; , ; '
'! 'J�i
222
Unit 7 4
Exercise 8
A
i;.J�
You have seen the review
(hayatT bayna yadayk) . L.J " WI
.tl:a....u � 1
L� t.,r-
�i " j
-
.- : II u--
j!.)i" I
1 When d i d the reviewer see the n ew film?
2 Who i s the director a n d where is he from?
3 Who i s the sta r r i n g actress and where is she from?
4 Wha t h a p pens to
fi l m?
5 Wha t d o the other
Dina?
6 Who does she fa l l
7 Whi c h scenes does
8 Wha t were the titles of the starring actress's last two films?
9 Wha t were the a u d i ence doing i n the second half o f the film?
Exercise 9 -
"..r.- .
'\ .
�� . .
-
" .:.r-
. .L ·. , I C '1 1 � G....s � 1
a you n g doctor
2
she falls i n l ove
3
j ust as we saw
5
car chase scenes the theft of h e r m i l l i ons
7
river of b l o o d
8
in h e r two l ast films
9
finishes wit h a
10 until she meets 11 an u nknown disease
12 ' love storm'
.
II �I
m i l l i o n a i ress
4
6
. •
j
-
u--
. - ', , ,
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22 3
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to save '
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surp rise
(m ufa ja 'a, -at) � I
( b a ri C )
t') 4
(mu !a rada , -at) � I , ':; J,)Lb.4 (bak a, yab kT)
you ng, you thfu l
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ma ster ful, ski l ful cha se to cry, to weep
224
Unit 7 4
Vocabulary in Unit 14
Nouns � t-.. � t
Verbs J��t
m i ll i on
hold
� ,L
save
� ,�i
surprise chase
(�jL) � (d) �4.u:, (d) � .J).h.,
cry/weep
Adjectives u�1
sturdy
young/youthful masterful/skilful
�t , ", � �ana', al-ya m a n (Sa naa, the capital of Yemen, is classified as a World Heritage Site.)
Review
225
Sugg estions for further You have now come to the
course. You h ave
acquire d a s o l i d foundation in Modern Sta n d a rd Arab i c and can ta i l o r any further study t o you r particu l a r needs a n d i nterests . The expansion of the i n ternet means that at the click of a mouse you wil l have access to a wea l th of mate r i a l , from m o re formal Ara b i c newspapers, rad i o a n d television to p o p u l a r s o n g s a n d chatrooms.
Cou rses Some colleges and u n iversities you can join i f you have the
Arabi c courses which You may also b e able
to find a course o fferi n g a I f you wish to continue textbook, there are a number the scope of Mastering Amhic
o n e that matches
you r needs. Some, fo r example, are designed for use i n a classroom a n d ca n be d i fficult t o fol low i f you ' re working by yourself. There are also a n u m b e r of organisations offe r i n g o n l i ne tuition, some better organised than others. Try to s i g n u p for a sample l esson before you commit.
M aterial o n l i n e Most Arabic newspapers, internet sites, some also I n addition, video-shar i ng and home-recorded materi(J1 subj ect, song or author thaI
stlllions have their own nnd l ive streaming. o f professionally in Arabic script for a is ava i lable. Watch
out in particular for clips
Literatu re We have i n cluded some samples of Ara b i c poetry and l iterature i n
Mastering Arabic 2 . I f you a re i nterested i n r ea d i n g m o re , try t o star t with b i - l i ngual or student editions that have the Engl i sh and A ra b i c a l o ng s i d e each other. T h i s wil l h e l p you to d evelop a fee l for the sty l e a n d e n a b l e you t o tackle Arabic-only editions
Some a u t h o rs and
publishers also h ave t h e i r
.search i n Ara b i c script to
find what i s ava i l a b l e .
Vis iti ng There i s never a ny s u bstitute
for a ctually
visiting o r staying i n the area. You cun take a langauge course i n o n e o f the maj o r A rabic-speaking countries, o r si mply use your Arabi c wh i l e trave l l i n g a n d meet i n g l o cal peop l e . M o s t Arabs l ove an outsider wil l i n g t o g ive i t a g o . Fortune favou rs t h e b rave !
Reference material
Answers to exercises UNIT 1 Exercise
1
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Exercise 7 ( my paternal uncle) (my mother-in-law)
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8
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[xercise 1 0
1
mother
g ra c e fu l .
2 H e r fat h e r is tall a n d active .
3 O u r u n c l e is i ntel l i g e n t a n d g e n e rous.
4
mother-m-]nw i s g e n erous .
5
brother
and stu b b o r n .
6 Their g ra n d fa t h e r is very wise. 7 You r cousin is cu n n i n g .
Erercise 1 1
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The a ns wer to thL� exercise depends on you r personal circumstances. check your onswer with i1rabie-speaker. Exercise 14
The answer to this exercise depends on you r choice of singer. check YO UT a rlicle with Arabie-speuker.
23 1
Answers to exercises
(A look a t A rabic
transcript a n d
page 1 6
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I ' m Emad . I'rn the pyramids, 1
I was born (tbout 30 yems
Co i ro . I currently work in a
bookshop - I ' m the manager of the Zamalik branch. I work about six days a week - every day fro m nine to six except Friday.
I've been married for about eight years, [since] 200 1 , nnd I have two girls. MoriCI five years old to school. I every day in house with her l eave her two yea rs the cor. grandmother because her mum works . On the day off, Friday, I like to g o to the club and play tennis with the coach, Capta i n Ramadan. And I also l i ke to cook ['make'] food a t home, I mean one of the I doing a lot. Ques tions
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234
Answers
Exercise
8
apartment
of sea
g arage
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trees V'
flowers
old couch V'
Exercise
villa V'
s m a l l house
g o rden V'
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desk V'
m i rrors
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answer to exercise on you r personal circulIlstances. Try to check your answer with an Ara bic-spea ker. Exercise 1 1
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Modern aportment (top
3 Vil l a i n a quiet area (top left) 4 Large apartment
(bottom left)
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235
exercises
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S a l a a m [hello] , l oved o n e s . First o f a l l , I'd l i ke to i n t rod uce mys e l f t o you . name is b i n M o hnmmad S d i h b i n Ahmed A l M e l ie bmy. I ' m t h e holy o f Mecca the Ki n g n o m o f Saud I A m b i a . I ' m m a r ried to o n e w h o , l i ke me, is also from Meccai her name i s Nadia bint Ahmed Al-H u waish. We have (may God protect ours and yours) five s o n s a r e l collen] Hattnn, Abdu l rahmcln , nnd two n n u ghter s . and the d o u g h ters [ca l l ed] Mohommad, MO' o n a n d and Morouj (may God p rotect o u rs and yours) .
I ' m t h e e ldest s o n o f m y p a rents a n d so m y father named m e a fter my g wndfa t h e r wel l , we
he rest M o kkah
pence) . My �J w nd fa t h e r ' s n m n e was Ahmed this tradition o f fathers nnming tlwir
children after t h e i r g randfathers .
As for my hobbies, 1 have m a ny but m o s t of a l l I l i ke h o rse r iding,
sWlmming, a n n travelling . countries and
l ove travell i ng
(]
Questions on passage, page 35
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23 7
UNIT 3 Exercise 1 ,
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Meaning � 1
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teacher
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accountant stud ent correspondent nurse
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6
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239
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Exercise 1 1 1 Nadia i s most suited to the position o f assistant to the manager of a n engineering company in Bag hdad (top right). Nadia is a qualified engineer, has good English and has more than three years' work experience. She lives in Basra and is Iraqi .
2
3
Hashim i s most suited to the j o b o f desig ner for a German magazine (bottom left). He went to Frankfurt University and is a qualified g raphic designer.
The answer depends on your own qualifications a nd experience.
Exercise 12 (Model answer. Yours may vary.)
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240
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Hello. I a m Sahor from Syr i a . I live in the old City of Damascus in Zaytou m qllarter with my mother and father in a [trad itional] Arabic house. lather is retired the a rmy. My g irl. Suleimcln, a n d has a o ldest, good at school h e likes playing footbal l . The youngest, Shaw, is the spoiled one [ ' l oved by everyone'] , the love o f my heart [term o f endearment] . My sister, Malak, was a computer programmer but she l e ft work a fter having Suleiman. I work coursps . demond.
tourist gUide. I a m doing
French Literature o n d fol lowed language heard it is in
J a m 2 5 yea rs old and still single, as t hey say my n u mber hasn't come up yet. I ' m too busy [ ' I don't h ave time to scratch my head ! ' ] . See you soo n .
Questions on passage, page 5 3
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24 7
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242
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t o exercises
5
(Model answer. Yours may va ry.)
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24 3
Exercise 8 .� ' L lJ;j 1
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Exercise 10
Activity
Ramadan tent Horse riding Exhibition of Iraqi artist Children's library Exhibition of drawings from children's books Comic play
Day
Th u rsday 1 2
Th ursday 5
Wednesday 4
Tuesday 1 0
Saturday 7 Sunday 1
Children's Ramadan party Friday History of European a rt
Bird Show Yoga
13
Monday 9
Wednesday 1 1
Sunday 8
Venue
suitaEle lor
Palace hotel
family
AI-Jawaad clu b
children
Arts house
adults
Arts house
ch ildren
Culture cen tre
children
AI-Hussein theatre
family
Airport hotel
ch ildren
Arts house
adults
AI-Malik Garden
family
Mecca mall
mothers
244
A n swers t o exercises
d� AraiJic
Iv1orocco)
(A look
Morocco: tra nscript
I m nsla tion, p(lge
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Assalamu Alaykum [Peace be on you] . How a re you keeping? Fine? Is ( I h anks to God» Is the family O K? Is you r I'm M o roccoo1 married (thanks Mourad Diouri. TrHlgiers is the from the North, t h e city of original birth place of the famous traveller Ibn-Battouta , The Moroccans cal l it the ' Bride of the North'. I
a m a u niversity teacher in e .. learning for the Arabic language at the Edinburg h .
The drink of the Moroccans is g reen usually bn'wed in a p articulo r ( 'according
mint, which riCJht a n d method '
You a re a l l welcome with us i n M o rocco at any time, God wil ling . Take core . Peace be upon you and God's mercy and blessings, Q uestions
passage, p a g e 7 1
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245
UNIT Exercise
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Exercise 5
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tent
stars V
V
palm trees
mountains
0
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7
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1:
L:...L::.':' we arrived; d. Ls: i t was [an hour] ; � I was; ::..,;;;.. I felt; L:..?J we took/ rode;
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it
[the wind] was;
L:.J� we visited; Pa ragraph
t..:...;A � we went
2:
d.Ls: it [our room] was; uLs: it [the air conditioning] was; �
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it
[the air conditioning] didn't work; d.Ls: it [the cafeteria] was; uLs: it [the
tea] was; d.Ls: it [the cola] was;
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we went
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it [the movement] reminded me;
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liked
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they [the stars] were
24 7
Ans wers to exercises
Exercise 8
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248
uaUfl
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(A look at Tun isia)
Arabic in Tun isia: transcript and translation; page 88
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Tunisian, a q e d 3 4 . as the capito l cjty.
Abdelhaq .
at the Foculty of S c i e n ces in u n iversi ty But I ' m o r i g i nally fro m the south of Tu n i s i a .
My hobbies a re swimmi n g , rea d i n g , p l ayi ng chess a n d footbal l . I have sons: Ahmed Mohammed. I l i ke Tun i s j e m fo od os ouscous, brik CTun i s i a n p a rcel s l . o n d barley My country is very beautifu l a n d tourists a n d i nverstors from every country h e a d for it. I n particular, tourists c o m e t o i ts beaches a n d m o u n ta i n s and large that is south throughout year. a l s o h ave va ried trn d j ti o n a l h o n d j cra fts .
Questions on passage, page 89
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249
exercises
UNIT 6 Exercise 1
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bananas lemons water melon figs chicken sugar biscuits
yoghurt
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257
Answers to exercises
Exercise 1 �
6
2 11
Exercise
3 �
4 11
5 11
6 �
7 11
8 11
7
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252
Answers to exercises
Exercise 10 M r Baraka t ordered th e kofta (minced meat skewers), but was charged for kebab and chips.
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t o eat/partake
to shoot (a film)
to consume
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exercises
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253
(A look at Lebanon)
Ara bic in Leba non: transcript and transla tion, page
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106
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Hello. My name is Fouad Haddad and I l ive in Bei rut, the district o f Achrafieh. I am ori g i n a l ly from Khencharah Metn, a village in the mountains, lOOOm above sea level. My accent is the accent of Beirut residents who origi nally came from remote areas.
I am married and have two boys, one 1 6 years old and the other 1 2 . Khal il the eldest likes music a n d plays the piano a n d 5amir the younger one likes sports and plays football and basketball .
I g raduated from the American University of Beirut and I a m working as a prog rammer for a computer company. The company sends me to work on proj ects all over the Arab world, especially the Gulf. I n my spare time, and especial ly during the weekend, I take the family - in winter to ski in the mountains. During summer we like to go to the beach and swi m i n the sea .
Questions on passage, page
107
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UNIT 7 Exercise 1
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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Exercise 2 Meaning
255
, �I s tars chairs s tations
grandchildren designers bathrooms cen tres rooms glasses/cups
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Exercise 6 1
H isham's father a n d mot her; 2 Athens a n d Marseilles; 3 delicious
sweet
a n d beautiful Lebanese apples:
visit
mountGin;
5 the Acropolis by bus; 6 on the s h i p - they both like photog raphy; 7 the Grf'ek mincf'd meat skewers; R talking to Adnon;
they
fis h i n the o l d
of Mmse illes; 10 by
Ans wers to exercises
Exercise
25 7
7
(Model paragraphs. Yours may vary.)
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Visit of former president J i m my Carter to Egypt
, AA ,
B irth of British fo reig n minister, Ernest Beva n
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Exercise 9
1 cotton king
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Type
6
First item
of clothing
Size i n formation:
Second item sun hat
summer sh irt 16, 5
wide
col/ar
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offered:
green (with orange pocket)
purple
Colour
preferred:
grey (with red col/a r)
da rk blue
Exercise 7
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relation to Am;ra
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My name is Ali . I ' m from the municipality o f Basra [in the] Republic of south o f I raq. l om ted I ra q . Basra is beautiful [My] marital status is
I work as t h e country manager the United Arab Emirates .
I l i ke sport. I used to play
coiled Muhammed. Pu b l ishers Worldwide in o c h i eved a black belt.
I a m studying for my Masters in I nternational Busi ness a t t h e Austra l i a n University o f Wol l o n g o n g . I e n j oy rea d i n g business books . I think studying is i mportant in a person's l i fe . I aspire to have a P h D . Questions on passage, page
133
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Exercise 4
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history geography m u sic d rawi ng and art
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263
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chemistry; 2 because she is weak in English; 3 civil engineering 4 father: thinks engineering will suit her because she's good at maths and science; mother: thinks it is "all dust and sand" and does not suit girls, thi nks economics or business studies would be better; 5 to work in an international construction company, to travel, to build houses for the poor. . �� I
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(A look at A lgeria)
A ra bic in Algeria; transcript and transla tion, page
1 50
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Hello, m y n a m e i s Radio a n d I l ive i n England with m y l ittl e sister. My parents are stil l i n Alg eria . They l ive i n EJ .. B i a r [a suburb o f Alg i e rs] . My oldest sister is stil l back home. My father is Oranese fro m Gudyyel a n d my mother is fro m Constantine. My mother does not work. S h e ' s a housewife and my father works in a petro l e u m company. He is an e n g i ne e r.
My o l d est sister is a doctor. H e r name is Ami n a . S h e ' s m a r r i e d but has n o children . S h e d o e s n ' t l ive far from m y p a rents. S he l ives i n Hydra [on the
outskirts o f Al g iers] and my parents [live i n ] in El .. B i a r. S h e visits them
every two days but calls my mother ever y day. I miss my fa mily a lot and I i ntend to g o a n d see t h e m i n summer. I can't go n ow because I work in
a school as a n Ara b i c teacher and my h o l i d ays won ' t be u nt i l August. I l i ke read i n g books a nd l i ke to g o to t h e m ovies . I l ike sleep i n g a n d eatin g b u t I ' m J a zy about cookin g . That's why I s p e n d a l o t o f money eating out. Questions on passage, page
. J+i.J 1
151
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UNIT 10 Exercise
1
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Exercise 3 1 the first column is Greenwich (mean)time ( �� ) , the o uts ide column is Mecca time (�); 2 ten; 3 :i..1lL! ; 4 14:55 (GMT) : Pal es ti ni a I} villages (in) 1948; 5 four; 6 summary; 7 18:30 (GMT); 8 Eye on the World (rJWI � �) is recorded, Without L i mits (..1J ..I.:>. �) is l ive; 9 The Economy Today «("� I ..1l....::.:iJ "iI); 10 1 5 : 15 (GMT); 1 1 1 6 : 5 7 (GMT); 1 2 the name means More tha n One View, so the programme is likely to be a l ive discussion; the pr o g ra mme is broadcast on Friday at 19:05 GMT, Exercise 4 O I)o';:J "
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267
Exercise 5
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Exercise 7 Daily newspapers Weekly newspapers Weekly mag azines Mobile phones
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Radio Terrestrial TV Satell ite TV Internet
Exercise 8 The answer to this exercise depends on your choice of n ews story. Try to check your report with a n Arabic-spea ker.
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268 a t the Gulf Qnd
Arabic
Gulf a n d Yemen,
and trans/cll ion, page 1 6 6
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C,J)" ',?..ll:J1 � '7�..ltj �L.:.......:. i t-'" �"p-i Assa!aamu a!aykum [Peace be on you] . My name is Mohammed Yafai from l ive in Brito i n my father, mother siblings. used to work g rocery and my shopkeeper My farmer [she is] a and her h o b by discovering n ('w recipes. My brothers are studying, one of them is a t u niversity studying a rc hitecture a n d my second b rother is at college studying accounta ncy. As
for
sister a n d
I am clO d I have carpenter i nstul l i n g kitchens. with joinery.
[they a re] i n
with m y eldest connected
In my spare time I l i ke to go out with my friends, train in the gym ['club ' ] and g o swimmin g . Questions
passage, page ..) � I '
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269
Answers to exercises
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1
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Exercise
4
The answer to this exercise depends on the clima te where you live. Try to check your comparisons with an Arabic-speaker
2 70
Answers to exercises
Exercise 5 (Model answer. Yours may vary slig h tly.) coast
Advantages
...p- WI
desert . I� I
s h o r l journey
coast
crowded
peaceful
luxury hO lels
see oases
great seafood
sleep under stars
Disadvantages
...p- W I
no holel rooms
desert . I� I
lo ng jou rney very cold a l nig h t have t o sleep i n ten t
dri n k well water
Exercise 6
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to
exercises
217
Exercise 9 •
The company's activities
•
The machines i n the factor y are operated by s o l a r energy b e cause it is n a tu ral energy and env i ronmenta l l y friendly.
•
The minera l water is extracted from wells in t h e far reaches of t h e desert.
•
•
•
As for the j u ice, i t i s squeezed fro m orCjo n i c l emons . . . ...
and added to some
The d r i nks are packGged
recycled,
preventing pollutio n . •
Finally o u r d r inks m e
G n d s o l d to the
publ ic.
Exercise 10 . .' , �
Exercise 11 .� u..- ..4.:>.., .
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2 72
to exercises
(A look Arabic in Libya: transcript and transla tion, page 1 82
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Ass a l a m u Alaykum [ Peace be on you] . H o w are you today? God wi l l i n g , a l l o f you a re well . How are things with Th is i s your
Abdul Rahi m from Tnp o l i , the Tr ipol itanian, from Libya . My n a m e i s Abd u l Rah i m Ab d u l H a m i d ibn Daw. Naturally I a m married a n d I h ave t h ree c h i l d r e n . [Natu rally] m y wife is N a j wa, [and c h ildren Malak and N ura n and Ah mad, and I of them 'th o n ks God] g o to school a n d happy. I am s e l f-employed and my wi fe Naj wa helps me wi t h my wo rk . I ' m a fa n
of sport. I l i ke s wi m m i n g , I l i ke g o i n g for a swim; I like the seaside; I l i ke footb a l l ; I l ike oil types of
Ques tions on passage, page 1 8 3
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2 73
UNIT Exercise
....J..:. l "\ (finger) � ! V (eye) � A ( nose)
(teeth)
(stomach)
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(chest) ..) � 'f (head)
uL.:...... I u.JI
IJ"C r i.
(ear)
Exercise 2 c , Exercise exactly? Do a headache? 1 What's 2 pains in his legs and arms and a bad pain i n his stomach. 3 because he is a traffic poi iceman. 4 sunstroke (� �;"":') . 5 because he is allergic t o pareceta mo l . 6 to doctor as soon Exercise See page 189 for a nswer.
Exercise 5
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2 74
Answers to exercises
Exercise
6 �L• .J' �
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harDlful to health
beneficia] to health
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2 75
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Exerdw: (Sugges l Ions
You rs may
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Exercise 9 1 high blood pressure. 2 take pills and g ive up smoki n g . 3 He doesn't feel unwell at a l l . 4 He
up smokinq. enjoy h is l ife. stupid and should
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to the doctor.
Exercise 10 or; bl;
c\;
Exercise (Model
d V ; e r ; f £' ; g o
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2 76
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I ..,..k:
(A look
Sudan)
Arabic in Sudan: transcript and translation, page 1 9 8 LJ::&.. I
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you ] . Assn l n m u Alaykurn (Peace nre you 7 name's a n d (l m S cotl a n d . Ilrn orig inally l iv i n g i n E d i n burgh S u d a n from the city o f D o n g o l a , i n the north o f S u d a n , but I was broug h t up i n Kha rto um, that's why u n fortunately I do n o t s p e a k i t s [ Dongola's] language, a n d the d i a l ect which I speak n o w is o n e o f the d i a lects o f centwl Suda n . a re mnny A ra b i c i n S u d a n , n o t one mig h t t h i n k .
as
I' m not married, a n d a n u n ma r r i e d person i n the Sudan is called 'A'zabi' [ ' batchelo r ' ] . My job is a n academic researcher. I read l i n g uistics a t the
Umversity of Khnrto u m . My h ob bies if js e n o u g h time: l l i ke p l nying footbo l l , l i ke watc h i n g TV and specifically the news, and l i ke p layi n g cards. ,
The weather i n t he Sudan is g e nera l ly hot. O f course Sudan is the largest
country in Africa, a rea-wise, and is a micr o r a sm of Afr i r a There arf' many and cu.ltures and customs and rdi cJ i o ns an d clhnicities, thi s , what makes Sudan a beautiful Thonk you . .
Questions o n passage, page 199 ,
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277
exercises
UNIT 1 3
Exercise 1 (Model answer. Yours may vary slig h tly.) .,..:..
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Exercise 2 The answers to this exercise depend on your p ersonal p references. Try to check your sen tences with an Arabic-sp ea ker. Exercise 3
Exercise 4
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Exercise 6
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this exercise
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Ara bic-spea ker.
(4 look a t Jorda n a n d Pales tine)
a n d Palestine:
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Hello. My name is Youssef, ll ' mJ Palestinian from Nazaret h . My father has three shops for repairing watches and gold. All the family, all of us . . . all the family, twelve [people] , a l l o f them repa i r watches . . . even my mother rep a i rs watches, for women und also a p l ay [swi m m i Ylqj pools.
playing card s , sea to
[ I ' m] married. I have thre e g irls : Yasmeen is 2 6 yea rs o l d , Nadia i s 2 4 years o l d , Ella i s 22 years old . . . ( a n d what e lse?) Tha n k you . Goodbye.
279
Ans wers to exercises
UNIT 14 Exercise
1
repeat
� ..l LL!
listeners
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viewers list/schedu le blog/journal coverage
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A n s wers to exercises
Exercise 5
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English-Arabic glossary The fol l owing glossary conta i n s the key wo rd s p resented i n Mastering
Ambic The meanings g iven are as used in this b o o k . There may be alter na tive
English o r Arabic mea n i n g s . For these, you will need to use a d i ctionary.
Pl u w t s me g iven
brackets
the
The most common
is listed. Verbs you
fol l owe d presume
(v.) in
word i s not fo ll owe d
it is no!
past a n d p resent tenses
are g iven i n Ara b i c .
A
... J I� ,
�
abandoned able:
able to
�
all: all . . . long
(wi)
absence �
accord ing to
activity
(�i) 1. L:.:.
a ddress
( Lr' . ..J Ii.:) u" � "
age agreement
airline airline office
(�tib.)
a l s o : o n d also -
a l ways
W I ..!
ambilious
� � L:... , t
i.S� 1 LL..: l)
(wi) JW!
air a i r-conditioning
(J) � , �
,
afra i d again
a l l o w ( for) (v. ) ally
active
a dvise
u)lbt
at a l l
(wi) answe r p a p e r
(.b� ) 1.;;. 01� 1
�;,
aportment
(�)
a p a rtment b u i l d i n g
(wI) ".)�
appear (v.) apply
�,� . ;.��<�
Ul.., � 1
a p r i cot-coloured area ( d istrict) arm
I� ,I�
� � (�l.p.i) �
(t�,j'I )
28 1
282
English-Arabic glossary
(J;.�)
army
(uI)
belt
art
beneficiul
( U:! " /W) u- �
a rtist
lAi
as for . . .
benefit ( from) (v.) ,
( �/ u ,) .IL L..:,
assistant
b i l l (check)
athletics
biology
("I-p'- i) � (uI) � L:..
aunt (maternal)
( U""" ) .wi...:. . J ui... 1 (uI) �4:>- �I (� ) yu.. (uI) tl� .
association
atmosphere
(�I� ) &�Li
benefit
bird blank
_
_
block (v.) autumn C
available
Li"
B baked
ball bang: the Rig Bang
(y.�)
(uI) �). (u I) &..}. �I �'i' _
J
.
'::'>.>-1
boots
-
L�
boring ,
'::'> �-J / (� / UJ) ��
he/she
(.!l,;Lt:,) ��
((» I";:") (» It.,
boxer
��
boxing break/be
beauty
( v. )
� .
-
bright
bedouin
ty �� 1 -4-:1 ,Iol-! .-
-
.- -
broadcaster broadcasting brother builder
believe bell
j�
boiled
born: I
bathroom
begin (v.)
(t4 i) ,
body
basketba ll
bedroom
to! JJI ll....:, t (uI)
blood
blouse
oven)
balcony
beach
(uI)
blog
blood pressure
bakery
battle
.k.<-I
(U"I..P.'- I) U"�
bus station
(�/UJ ) �� 4.L 1 ,}! ((p.O
( �/ UJ) l.J""> LJ I �..k..::...
English-Arabic glossary
business studies businessman
283
;;.)� I
J �1 (J4-�) J:..�
businesswoman
J � i (d)
;;�
J� ( d ) ;;)j.:;.. "
busy butcher shop
' ( ).)) ) .)} - ' ,. �� 'LS';;":' !
button
•
buy (v.)
c
camp (v.) campaign candidate number carnival carpets
"
'
F '�
(d) �
U"J-4J1 �� (d ) u4-*
celebrate (v. ) cellar centre century challenge channel chase chemist chemistry chest childhood
�JAlI :i..... � 1
civil engineering
�:..-) � (�-r--
class
( d ) C' c.:. WI � -c
climate climate change
.
(d) �
clip (video, etc.)
clothes show cloud
� ,� 1
� L.,.j i ''7' � ' U"j )L, � L.,.j �I �;. (�) ��
(l>tj0J )
clown
� ''-:-'+'"
� ,�I ( � ..ll;" ) '7'I..l->:", (� I'; ) :}.';
( 0J) ) u.)
( wl:!�) �
( dJ.j ) ;;\..:..i
(d ) ;; ..l�Lh.,.
(d) ��
��I �
(.)J� ) .)�
(d) '..J�
r:..�
(;"':' ) ,..l L (l>t j 0J ) '7'�:;'"
club coach (trainer) coach (v.)
castle cause (v.)
�l';;'.
chopped
clothes
call to prayer
JJy..J� 1
cholesterol
close (v.)
calendar (schedule)
� I ....:u l
Chinese (language)
coast
(� I�) �L...
coat
(��) �
cold (illness) collar colleague collective colour (v.) column come (v.) comfortable comic
company (business) compare (v.)
( d ) Ul:!
(�i.,j) �� �4 u� ,u,.,J ;:! ,�
" ;:: ,,
(�I;") ..ly lL ��
,.)1
c:'...Y'
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(d) �)..
u)� ,�u
English-Arabic glossary
2B4
(v.)
cremned
(v.)
compl ete
t4 , � � ,� i (
composer
(d) ...,."" . " L:..
c o mp uter
compute r p rogrammes
,) .j
J;'"
(d) ub.
(J )L,.) jh
condition (disorder) ccmlront
(v.)
conserve
(v.)
( o f) consume
(v.)
(v.)
consumer
(v.) continue
(v.)
cooker
cry (weep)
(v.)
cu n n i n g
(v.)
concert
croweled
cumin
(v.)
concern ( b e a h o u t )
(v.)
cucumber
';;� I concentrate
criticism (review)
(dk �
cure curta i ns
;li:..
LV
o LJ-.»
ufo .
- . .
� ,�I
� �. � ,� I ( ut�l.) LU'�
(
"
,
dairy d a mage
(v.) (
d ancer
b i rt h corner correct
( � I;') �L
� � 'C�
L� I .j
dark (colour)
.j � 1
dates daughter
�
countrys i de day: in the day{tiroe)
c o u rse
cover
( v.)
coverag e
� ,�
��;�
..) �I I
�
(.;:,W�) decrease
(d) u-O� !
deep
(.;:, I)
�
English-Arabic glossary
285
delimit' dentist
documentory
uL:..... � 1
(.y,i)
J;l� ,..)J� depths: i n the depths of ,jL..c. i � depart (v.)
desert (f)
((5� L:....:.:, ) .I� �
design designer despite
determined
u�..;r:..
be) (v.)
�
(..:.I) )":",,
dialogue
Clb..Qi ) p
diameter
u�
die (v.)
� ,�
dig (v.)
(..:.I)
dining room
��
di rect
(
(..:.I) .j�!
discovery
due to dust
E
(0Iji)
�
early
J.J� ,JJL.:..:;
eat (v.) eat breakfast (v.)
� , �i
(.L��) �j ,�
education
�
educati o n a l
(..:.I)
effect
elevator embroidery employ
off (v.)
encouraqe
dish
district
drown (v)
elegant
direction
disorder
'
editor
difficult
disembork,
. ) �L ( (..):! / w ,
driver
economics
d iffer
director
(�..)4=JI) .l� ..J U
drive (v.)
ear
�I
diabetes
.
dry
( �j�
desserts
(�W)
dress
(J �) Jh (. 4:>,1)
;..
,
energy engineering
divide
enjoy (v.)
divorce
enjoyable
docto r
enquire (v.)
-:!
'"
�
� (..:.I) Ulb
286
English-Arabic glossary
J� -o� ,�
enrol (v.)
� - ,
entertaining
j.....,
entra nce
( J..:.. I.{., )
environment
�.{.,
(d) �
environmentally friendly
4....>....J � - � -
_0
equivalent to
J:-l� L..
error
(�Lb. i) lb::..
event
(..::.. I ..b.i) ..::.. �
exactly
�� (d) u �!
examination
w L.:. Lu.. ;l I U �
examination hall
,
excellent
j�
C}) ,i�
excelling (in)
face (towa rds) (v.)
(�) �� ,�� fal l (autumn) family
fatality
favourite
-:, � ,�
fellow (student, etc . )
(��j) clc-oj
festival
( w i ) u L:-*
explain (vo) explore (study) (v.)
C�
' C>i..
finish (v.)
extract (v. ) eye
(d) j � I .: - - -.: I 0
_
_
r� ' r� _
(�) �
F
�
(J� ) Jh
( w i) J �
fill (vo) finance
� .jA ,��
explosion
(sphere)
;;�
("".,> �) ��
experiment
� -
feel (v.)
field
experience
- , �,j
fatty
�
��
( w ��) ;;u�
C�/ UJ) �IJ /(��Q ""I father-in-law (� � i) �
exciting
C..rO!�)
t"y-<"
father
fever
exhibition
�
fast(i ng)
�Ij ��.,> w ��
(d) ��
famous
excessive
exercise( s)
....i.� . 1
finger
fire first floor
'� ,)(.. JUI
(t;!L..:. I) �l ,-
&- ' �
(ul� ) jL.:. JJ ;l 1 �l.h.ll � .
fishing
d.:.J 1 �
fishi ng rod
( w i ) ;;j�
fishmonger floor (storey)
face
("-p'-� ) ��
flowers
face (v.)
� I; , � IJ
flowing
0 ) ..:J � ( L.r.!- / uJ (0j- 1;6 ) 0j- Lb ,jjJ
��
English-Arabic glossary
287
generous
fog food
� I� .(�i)
get up (v.;
(tl-U,i) t�
foot
L..1;. L.., . ,
on foot
t:ill l 'i..}.
football (soccer) for thut
g ive (v) g ive up (v. ) glass
forbidden ; " '"
.::.Iy:.:;
forecast
� .�
forget (v.) former
;"'y/;"'� (.::.I )
fountain
grade (class)
grandmother
�':u:' " L....
fresh water
.
(w i)
fridge
.,
4�
grandson
g rated
frightened
Greece
(.::.I ) 'i..:, 4 ,
�
funny
greengrocer grey
i
G
g r lled
gap
g rocery
g a rage g a rden
(.::.I ) r)fihl"p'(�I.b.. ) li:!.b..
ground floor g roup
garlic
guard
g ender
g u est (hotel,
general application
�
(�I�i) (.::.I )
��
---iI.Y:'"
� <,
'i. � .
g u l f: the Gulf
"
�.)
( ��) ....L..o .
,
,
(w i)
(.J I� lr
( w l ) "�
(.J Lhf) � �
grass
fried
funeral
-
g raceful
grandfather
fresh
� . �i ��
golf
granddauqhter
tl
free time
• ( c L..1;. · i ) r:+'"
gold (adj)
g o o d ideo
( w �� ) Zs�
found: can b e found
g lasses
good: be
(t
fort forum
ghost
�
(U=/ UJ) �� � .JL..,� ( .::.I ) �.) �I &.lb.l l (.::.I ) ��
(U"I�)
(�'i;')
�I
English-Arabic glossary
2BB
H
house (home)
C".JlJ�;I) (Jj�)
house (residence)
(��)�
habit
(wi)
hall
;U�
(:�i) �
hand handball
happiness
�J�
happy
�
(·-!r
harmful
�
hungry
.� t:: .
husband
�4
handmade
huge
I ice illness
hate
(U",,:s�)
(p.:.) � ,JL..
( �) �-y-:!,�y . ,
.
:
.�.
'
. �
increase
head of
increase (v.!
headache
individual
(U->-'�) ul�
(wI)��
health health
�
inform (v.)
instructor
historicnl hobby hold (v.)
instrument
:t .. -,
u�
(LHjU-J) � (wi)
intelligen t
(wi) �IJ;A �,d......
interactive interest (on money)
honey-coloured
international
horror
invoice
horse riding
1- ,,�
F
(JU.)) � .J.J�
�'�
instruct
hero
::0" "
� .' ". i
�
instructions
" � ...
.J..>�
innoculate
(Jly..i) JYo ::.
(wi) t U;;)
inflation
height
hesitate
(u-<>Iy>i) u-<>;,
incline
head (towards) (v.)
headscarf (hijab)
([�)�
immigration
head
headline
([ I,,))
�I �.J!.�
iron (v.)
�� (-';il�) ;-';iu - ,
(.r:.:ll�) 'f� ,�.J!.
English-Arabic glossary
289
(..::.).I;;;"' b� (�L..o:.). �
J jacket jeans job seeker join (v.) journalist
(..::.).I �
light (colour)
� �lb
like (similar to)
��;, 'I� ,�I C:�/ w) �
likely to
(.lY"'I) �i
judo
(..::..I)�u
K kindergarten kitchen know (v.)
J.:i..o
like (v.)
journey
kilometre(s)
�u
�#
(�4.) L..:.J� (t;:!lh..) � �,�
�,�!
listener
(�/w)�
literature ,
live
"r
�,� ,
live (reside) (v.)
L
�
�
,
�,�ui
lake
�
lamb law (subject) lawyer lazy lead grey
(t:il;") �;..
J..,i:J1 (0:/ w) j�
J�
�L.....)
learn (v.)
lock (v.) look (onto) (v.) loose lost loyal
�,�i (�)�,jbf �IJ C'"L..;. �J 'U �
leave (v.) leg
(wi) ill
leisure lemon-coloured
J�
length
(JI}oi) J}o
library
(wl ) �
majority make the beds (v.)
.� !'t;. i
English-Arabic glossary
290
manage manager
:r�
marble
mix (v.)
�,1,1.
mobile phone
mark (e.g. tick)
�
--A:iLA
model
marketinq
modern
mashed
� '" l t (d) �..JIJ/(w4-0l) ('I
modest
masterful
t,>�
(d)�J
meal
(wlL., )
meanincj
..
mother
(wI�)
mother-in-law
(�I�;)
mouth
measl.es
(v.) �
move
(d)�
measure
(')1..:)'1 �L.J
media
(�j.J'I)
medicine
<,;;'ij�I�,�!
meet (v.)
:1"
moving (affecting)
..;:,...
(lY-./ u..,) �J-4
musician
wi ('jJUI
must
(subicct)
J;�,�u
mutton
N
member (of family/club, etc.)
narrow
(��I)
natural
mention
(d)
need
(�L.� '7'�f Lll.,��
method metre middle
wi�jJ�l.y.
need to negative
�
nervousness
(c�/ WJ)
rnilkmml
neutral
million
C'� �)� -,
minced
('J� etc.)
(f':""�)
,
mineral mint
(�lJ.:...;,..i)
mistake
manmade/manufactured
mine
(d)
mirror
never news item (pi
news summary next
t�
=
Nile Delta
news)
". (.J l... i.:i.. ) � .
English-Arabic glossary
297
non-/not
�
.,)�!,II"..IC.
non-alignment
(....jYI) .....i:.1 t
nose not less than
,
- Ji; � / 't (wi) � IJ.,J
uL .
novel
_
_
o
obtain (v.)
(wi)
blJ
�I� , � � ,�
occupied (busy) occupy (land, etc.) (v.) office
party
� J:i.-"'-:! J:i.:>.. ! ,
(..,..:;�) �
passenger
('7'8:�) �I.)
percentage perform (v.) person petrol station pharmacy
phone
orally
photograph (v.)
orange (adj)
photography
ought to outfit
� (,.S;-�.\�
(I"fo)�
p pace
c,...�I� (wI)�� u......wl
(c.J.:;I..,A) c.J.:;\.A -
pickled pilgrimage pill
-, t li.1
(I" 'tD �i
pipe
(�L.:.i) "-!�i
planet
(�I�)��
play
(�) U:.::,
player
pan-fried
�
pocket
park
( u-'" G...::.. i) �
physics
palm tree
paper
� ':?�� '($�i
pink
package (v.) pain
�I
people
operate (v.)
originally
,
password
philosophy
':?� �f
(wi) Uk..
(j;)� ';.
opera
organic
(wI)��
pass (over) (v.)
penicillin
oasis obesity
participation
(jl.))) j;' (�I;"') �;,..
(wI) ��
(�/UJ) '-:'f-'t
poet
('7'�) � (�I�)->."L..
poetry
( .) L...d ) �
English-Arabic Glossary
292
point: no point to it
�/�;;��':/ police police station policeman politics
�yjl �yjl�jO (�/UJ) �);, 6.....�1
..:.�
pollution pop songs popular (loved)
,:-,4£J1 Jl.i.i ':-'�
�
(public) port (f) position (job) positive post office postcard power prayer prefer (y.) preparation prepare (y.) pressure prevent (y.)
(u ,-,.�)
•
L:..:-o
(�U;�) �� -
<.r
�I .
proportion
�
protection
�L....:,.
publish (y.)
� ,y:..w
pullover
(wI)�� >
put (place) (y.) put on (clothes) (y.) pyjamas pyschology
price primary private problem profound project
,
�,�
(wI)�� ...,..i:J1 �
Q
question
(wI)�y (wi) �.5: (�i)JI�
question paper
�4-J'1
qualification quantity
-<
.l.>..Y.JI�
� .l.>"; (wi) u� (wi) uLb (wI,.,Lo ) .;; � �,� � �j�i
.u:..o �;,�)
quiet
u��
ts;lUo
R rain
().h.o i) ).:..
rainy
�
rarely
1.;;lL.
.
,
ray
,
�l,t� ' JlU -
really! recognition
.
preventing
,
�'�J
-....QI�!
... Jb
recorded
C�j)� - <1..;:;...1
recycling
� J:!Jj; ;;.lLL!
tF ,',
reduction
clJi;
�L:... (��)� � (wi ) tJ�
reflect (y.) remember (v.) remind (v.) rent: for rent
- .
�,�
.Xi.� ,�j� §,� ,§, j t , )
� �
,
.;�?l:l
English-Arabic
1l... . J l:..l (wi)�JlL!
rental/renting
_
repeat
_
(�/WJ) ""',J�
representative
(wI)��!
requirement
(wi)Ll:i!
residence resident rest: t he rest
293
Glossary
of . . .
result
li..1
t -.
��,�� �� (wi)t�J!
rise
(3)..)
road
J.."):'
(..,..�) >-J� ,(uI) �� ,(uI) ��
roof room
:rl). (r.�) � (....i;)u�
routine
(wi) ;;JlL
runner
(�/WJ) �I�
S (wi) ti.JL.
salary
(� I",� ) � IJ d..£.;..
salt sand dune sandals sapphire
.
\F"'J..lA
(I"�)� �IJ�I
science fiction
scientific
�
scientist
(�L.k) �lL
(.;.�)�
search Second World War
�WI�WI..,....?JI
�",:.\..j
secondary
L,,-oi CS
see (v.)
� I ( JL....} uL¢)� (J:l�)J� ..:..�l:!
'.;: 'CS i�
(v.)
1�,I�
segment
(uo�)� J...� ,J.:,) (�)�
seem
send (v.) sentence
�I
sex (gender)
(u)4;..)JL::.
shawl
salad
sales
(wi)LL:.�
security
robe (traditional)
rom ant ic
(..l;"L::.,) �
schedule
science
rhythm
(v.) � ':>��:, -o�.! � ,S:a;.i
scene (film, etc.)
... �4 ( �'0.)� .�Ijb.>:!"-"
right (correct)
(rescue) (v.)
scholastic
-
(v.)
save (conserve)
(u�)�L.
resume
ride
(adj)
satellite
shining
t;>'J
(u�)�
shirt
shoes shooting (gun, etc.) (film,
etc .. )
shop shopping centre
(�:hi) �Ih �L...J. ..bl:i.:i..ll
(wI)�
3�I:fiJo"
English-Arabic Glossary
294
�I
short-sleeved should
�� (...,.-!.;, �)...,..;,.;.., show (the way) (v.) (&�I) J� .JJ
sofa
shower
solve (v.)
show (exhibition)
sock
soldier
t�!,I� ( '-;-');.. ) ,-;-,,;;" (&1)) �-.h(.:,, ') � (.J� ) �4 � ,J".
�L.,...:..i
sign (v.)
( • L.:.... .I) <..H . .I
silent silver
(adj)
(uli.l) yl
I
•
similar to
c...i...1
simple
�,�
sing (v.)
(:�/UJ) �
singer
(""";'Iy..l) "",,;,y.
sink
sought
'7'�
source
Ck.o:.),;� t:'"' I"
spacious
.;.
(..::..I) �
speed
sister
�,�I
(v.)
sitting room
( l5f- )l.) � �L....)I�Y' •
size
�)I
skewer
t,J4
skilful skill
(..::..I) �,;L.i.o
skirt
(..::.).I ;',;;::' .(..::..1) 4
sleeve
(("�i)�
slogan
(d)
square
( Lr.!.J L;o) uL·\�
squash
u;.1�1
squeeze (juice) (v.)
�,�I (wi) u:;,.;.,
stage
(r-:lJL.) � u� U-<>
smart (elegant) smile (v.) smoker
h station
smoking snow snowy
(?::y:.) � �
statistics statue
� (..::..I) wl·�L:...:..l
(��)J�
295
English-Arabic Glossary
"::,,uJ�
stolen items stomach
sunset
(�)b�/(�)�
supervision
�,....J.u
support (v.)
stop (v.) (prevent)
(d)b4-L.L:.
Uj.:>..
sweater
(d)�.,....
storey
(.'-':! I),) '-':! • lb
storm
(�I�)��
(� '.}4�, J."b u-k
straight on
L,
stress
y�
stubborn
�
(�/ 0.J)
swimming swimming pool switch off (v.) symptom
table tennis take (pills) (v.)
�IJ..l
talented
stuffed
�
sturdy style: in the style of ... subject
,
teach (v.)
"
� �
...)� (�I;') .;�L.
teacher
tennis
suit
(J�) U�
tennis court
sum (of money) summer
(adj)
summit sunny
,
..
�
,-:-,JAJ-" ". :;:; ",
,"
U"J..l.:! 'U"J..l '
. ,
(�/UJ)F U"-'..J..l3
"
terrestrial test
test (v.) text thanks to
-- ,
� ,..>+"'"
i
UU;U .. � ,
U"-'-'
/. ......
tension
�I � '· ( � )W,
j,�,J,�
(wL:.....i)�
(�),-:-,b
(C::l�)�
J
teeth
suffering (from)
---�
� Lhll U":'-' ,'.
4,;J�1
tell (v.)
suitable
�,�i C.�I�i) �;,.
technology
(d)ct..;.
��,�L:.
�� �� i"L.:,.
teaching
success
suit (v.)
..::..��
T
studying
stupid
,
.;
sweets (desserts)
U"-:>I..l
student
�..l.:!'�..l
surprise
(d)�
story
,-*1:yow .. I •
�;,�,;i
storage store (shop)
�IJJ�
y�
�) (d)� (,-:-,.,;W)�� .; ,
'
;::i"
'-:-'..r.o-:!''-:-'�
(u-<>.,..:.) � �
English-Arabic Glossary
296
(wI)�� ,(wI)� (J-.-JI;") J1J->:",
thick thing/something think (believe) (v.) thousand ticket tidy (v.)
�,;); (.J�0 ....ill U:I�) �fl� � '"
�
"
::;
....
�j:! '�.)
try on (v.)
(�L.;i) �J+>j
tube
� ,:..Jj
turn over (v.)
tie tight
(JI�j) JL=.. (��f) �
( nw ternal)
tired
L:.....i) '.u-";'
undertake (v.)
(�I;") t�;"
Ju:.�I.)� '?�-;. '(5�i
unfortunately
....i....)u
toilet tooth topic
train I • \U
torture
union (association)
tourism
unknown
tourist office
(wi) ..l�1 J�
':-'�
towards
j
U .
II If,
traditional traditionally
,�I� -
traffic
useful
traffic lights train (v.) train station trainer
usually
,
.) LhiJ I 4...b....
(�/ 0J) ,
v vary (v.)
training transient transmi ssion transport (v.) transportation
viewer
travel
village
(-U:! j'W )..I.A� (��)�) _
297
English-Arabic Glossary violence
� (wi) ;;�l;
violet (adj) visa
GI�j)�I.J
visitor
;;�LhlI;;�1
volleyball vote (v. )
waistcoat
(wI)��
wanted (sought)
..,..� (..,..,,;"') ..,..;,.
war
(wI))�!
warning
(wi) 6JL.1.
washing machine watch (view) (v. )
wish
(wi) �I
I
16��' '� (I'�) :;i�!
witness (v.) woman wonderful
�
wool
....y.o .A
(J�)J...lL
Worldwide Web writer
(J:,b) �.J..
wear (v.) weather (atmosphere)
�,� (�I"p'-i) �
�1:;y:..iJ1
weather forecast
.....Au.,)
wedding party weekly
��I
weight
" I" i) uJ.J (-wJ.J
I
" '
welcome (v. )
,
"
�
::;
,
'":-'""'"Y- ',":-,"",".J
L4 DA! �I" lJyu
well (water) wholesale market wide
�.$
(wi) 4-,,�
wife win (a prize, etc.) (v. )
, ��'J.-:...
�WI:i<·!1 .' " )....J..,... (.t>:!jw . ....i.JG (.)-"
written by
-
y year
(�) u:..j(f'l",� I'lL
young boy
way (road)
winter
�
worker
w
wind (f)
wise
young/youthful
(w�) �
Grammar The following index contains the key Arabic structures and grammar in Mastering Arabic 2, referenced by page number.
active participles
176
verbs
adjectives adverbial phrases
83, 142
alif tanwTn
86, 121
imperative
assimilated verbs
83,142
inna
attached pronouns
76, 145 13
jussive
91, 143 86,209
with noun/verb
11
with inna/lakinna
kan
13
modals
with
49,83
193
Ii-anna
bi + transportation
49
case endings
83,91
collective nouns
175
colours
122
imperative
comparatives
162
nisba adjective
5
conditional
176
nominal sentences
2
8 4,143
non-human plural
131
defective verbs doubled verbs
49,
vrrhs
129
dual
pcuticiples
verbs
future tense
i<;Jafa
179, 181 62,102 82
nouns forms of the verb
146
pl
26,30,55
odjpctives
63, 175 9,94,97
30
present tense
48
pronouns
11
298
Grammar index question words relative pronouns subjunctive
299 4 127 73, 175
verbs present tense past tense future tense passive
48,1 59 82,91 175 179,181
doubled
49,83,129
weak
50,83,142
assimilated
83,142
hollow
83,142
defective
84,143
hamzated
83
verbal nouns
62,65,102
weak verbs
50,83,142
word order
86
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2 audio CDs
Mastering Arabic 2 is a modern, engaging, intermediate Arabic course offering lively dialogues, varied texts and exercises, and fascinating cultural insights. The course follows on from the best-selling Mastering Arabic 7 but is suitable for any learner with some prior knowledge of Arabic. •
teaches Modern Standard Arabic, the universal language of the Arab world and understood by all Arabic speakers
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covers a wide variety of topics relevant to the Arab world including house and home, work and routine, travel and tourism, food and cooking, news and media, and arts and cinema
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based on a tried and tested methodology proven to work for self study or the classroom, and for leisure or exams
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lively illustrations throughout plus an end-of-unit focus on the geography, culture and dialects of major Arab countries
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by Jane Wightwick and Mahmoud Gaafar, who share many years' experience in a combination of teaching, educational publishing and commerce in the Arab world
Mastering Arabic 2 is also available in a complete pack with 2 CDs (ask for ISBN 978-0-230-22086-7). The CDs can be purchased separately (ISBN 978-0-230-22087-4). Mastering Arabic Grammar (ISBN 978-1-4039-4109-1) and Mastering Arabic Script.· A Guide to Handwriting (ISBN 978-1-4039-4110-7) are also available.
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ISBN 978-0-230-22088-1
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