Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik Bd. 5. Gase, Nanosysteme, Flüssigkeiten

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Author: Clemens Schaefer | Karl Kleinermanns (Editor) Ludwig Bergmann

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Experimentierkammer -6 p 2 ≤ 10 mbar

Λ 1> X 1 Strahlquelle

X =0

p 0, T 0 ρ 0, Λ 0

X1

Molekularstrahl mit Intensität I (X,Θ )

Θ X

Quellfluss Q 0

D0 Druck p 1 =

Gas

Q0 S1

S1 Vakuumpumpe 1

c%%P SPWW .$00(5P

D2 Kollimationsblende S2 Vakuumpumpe 2

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[U

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0

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JSPTR[K

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3

〈v

〈

ƒ (v )/beliebig skaliert

S =30 2 ∆v1/2 u

1.65 S

1

S =0 0

S =10

200 400 600 Molekülgeschwindigkeit v /m s-1

800

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∆V (x )

Düse Gas

U (x )

D0

Vakuum

A (x ) (I)

n0 p 0 T0

(II)

Θ

X0

hydrodynamische Expansion x X

Molekularströmung

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925 81' 1$&+ '(0 u72M (5+$/7(1P V&,17 J-) N -) N sK %(=(,&+1(7 '(1 g1(5*,($17(,/N '(5 0,7 ,11(5(1 o2/(.@/=867>1'(1 $86*(7$86&+7 :,5' 2'(5 $/6 t($.7,216:>50( s )5(,O *(6(7=7 :,5'P c8&+ ',( u&+:(5381.7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 c&0 3 J ]S 1]TKBJ0S 10TK

JSPTUZK

J&0N &(175( 2) 0$66K %/(,%7 (5+$/7(1N 81' ',( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 )@5 $86/$8)(1'( o2/(.@/( 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(1 ,11(5(1 g1'=867>1'(1 &,17 J-) N -) N sK /,(*(1 $8) 817(5O 6&+,('/,&+(1 m8*(/1 80 '(1 o,77(/381.7 c&0 ,0 i(6&+:,1',*.(,765$80N '(1 NNp(:O 721Om8*(/1DDP f$6 (;3(5,0(17(// =8*>1*/,&+( n$%256<67(0 .$11 0,7 m(1171,6 921 c&0 ,1 '$6 u&+:(5381.76<67(0 75$16)250,(57 :(5'(1P f,( .,1(7,6&+( Jc1)$1*6OKu72MO (1(5*,( g '(6 u75(8352=(66(6 ,67 '85&+ ',( t(/$7,9*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 95(/ 3 #cS 2cT #

JSPTU[K

=:,6&+(1 '(1 %(,'(1 o2/(.@/675$+/(1 %(67,007N 81' 1,007 0,7 '(5 5('8=,(57(1 o$66( ,3

0S 0T 0S 10T

JSPTVRK

%(,'(5 u72M3$571(5 '(1 y(57 S g 3 , 9T5(/ T

JSPTVSK

$1P

SPWPTPS g,1( o2/(.8/$5675$+/675(8$33$5$785 d(, (,1(0 ,1 c%%P SPXR '$5*(67(//7(1 7<3,6&+(1 u75(8(;3(5,0(17 .5(8=7 0$1 =:(, *87 .2//,0,(57( o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1 0,7 (1*(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* 81' 0,667 ',( k17(16,7>7 81' ',( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 %(, 9(56&+,('(1(1 u75(8:,1.(/1 ) *(675(8O 7(1 v(,/&+(1P k1 '(1 f@6(1.$00(51 rS 81' vS :(5'(1 0,7 x$.8803803(1 0,7 -(:(,/6 TRRRR 81' WRRRR / 62S u$8*/(,6781* 6(+5 ,17(16,9( o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1 (5=(8*7P f,(6( :(5'(1 '85&+ =:(,6787*( m2//,0$7,216.$00(51 JrTN rU 81' vTN vUK $8) S@ 81' U@ y,1.(/',9(5*(1= 5('8=,(57 81' 75(5(1 ,1 '(5 j$837.$00(5 JjSK ,1 (,1(0 w0*(%81*69$.880 921 SR2X 0%$5 $8)(,1$1'(5P f(5 o2/(.@/1$&+:(,6 (5)2/*7 1$&+ '5(, :(,7(5(1 r803678)(1 JfS2fUK ,0 w/75$+2&+9$.880 %(, S 6 SR2SS 0%$5 0,7

SRZ

S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1 Zähler fl. N2

Chopper

Θ

H1 D2

D1 P1

SEM

P2

D3

D4 Ionisator

P3

T1

T2

T3

90˚ Magnet

0 5 10 cm

c%%P SPXR o2/(.8/$5675$+/$33$5$785 =85 o(6681* ',5(5(17,(//(5 ,1(/$67,6&+(5 81' 5($.7,9(5 u75(848(56&+1,77(P

(,1(0 o$66(163(.7520(7(5 0,7 g/(.7521(1675$+/,21,6$725 %(, (,1(5 p$&+:(,6:$+5O 6&+(,1/,&+.(,7 921 SR2V %,6 SR2W J352 o2/(.@/KP |85 h/8*=(,7$1$/<6( '(5 o2/(.@/O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7 :(5'(1 ,1 '(1 r5,0>5675$+/ 2'(5 '(1 v$5*(7675$+/ 6&+1(// 527,(5(1'( |(5+$&.(5Ou&+(,%(1 JNNe+233(5DDK (,1*()$+5(1N ',( %(, u&+/,7=%5(,7(1 921 S 00 81' w0/$855(48(1=(1 921 WRR2SRRR j= ',( o(6681* 921 o2/(.@/98*=(,763(.75(1 0,7 (,1(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,76$89?681* %(66(5 $/6 S@ (5/$8%(1 J6P L[WbKP

SPWPTPT k17(*5$/(5 81' ',5(5(17,(//(5 u75(848(56&+1,77 %,( c720675(881* d(,63,(/+$)7( o(66(5*(%1,66( 9(56&+,('(1(5 o2/(.8/$5675$+/*5833(1 6,1' ,1 '(1 c%%P SPXS %,6 c%%P SPXU '$5*(67(//7 L[XbP f(5 '85&+ c720675$+/$%6&+:>&+81* 0(66O %$5( 727$/( s8(56&+1,77 )@5 c720Oc720Ou75(881* ,1 c%%P SPXS$ =(,*7 %(, c8)75$*81* *(*(1 (,1( NN5('8=,(57( u72M*(6&+:,1',*.(,7DD * 3 @ 95(/BJ& t0K 9(56&+,('(1( u7(,O *81*69(5/>8)( )@5 '(1 d(5(,&+ 1,('5,*(5 81' +2+(5 u72M(1(5*,(1N ',( 925=8*6:(,6( u75(881* ,0 $1=,(+(1'(1 v(,/ '(6 r27(17,$/6 81' ,0 $%672M(1'(1 r27(17,$/7(,/ :,'(5O 63,(*(/1P f(5 5($/( 02/(.8/$5( u72M48(56&+1,77 17 ,67 .(,1(6:(*6 921 '(5 u72M*(O 6&+:,1',*.(,7 81$%+>1*,*N :,( 0,7 '(5 (,1*$1*6 9(5:(1'(7(1 c11$+0( 921 j$57(O m8*(/1Os8(56&+1,77(1 817(567(//7 :,5'P k0 1,('(5(1(5*(7,6&+(1 d(5(,&+ ,67 '(5 s8(5O 6&+1,7769(5/$8) '85&+ 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+( k17(5)(5(1=(56&+(,181*(1 @%(5/$*(57N ',( $/6 NNi/25,(1ODD 81' $/6 NNq5%,7,1*Ot(621$1=(1DD $8)75(7(1P d(, *$1= 1,('5,*(1 g1(5O *,(1 75,77 (,1 t$06$8(5Ov2:16(1'Oo,1,080 $8)N %(, '(0 ',( '(Od52*/,(Oy(//(1O />1*( 0,7 '(0 o2/(.@/'85&+0(66(5 9(5*/(,&+%$5 *52M ,67P k0 ',5(5(17,(//(1 u75(848(56&+1,77 921 p$Oj* ,1 c%%P SPXS% (56&+(,1(1 ',(6( k1O 7(5)(5(1=3+>120(1( $/6 (,1=(/1( o$;,0$ ,1 '(5 y,1.(/9(57(,/81* %,6 =8 (,1(0 o$O ;,0$/:,1.(/ )tN '(5 $/6 t(*(1%2*(1:,1.(/ %(=(,&+1(7 :,5'N '$ (5 %(, )t W T &Bg (56&+(,17 81' :,( '$6 0(7(252/2*,6&+( r+>120(1 3523257,21$/ =85 v23)7,()( & '(6

SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

SR[

$1=,(+(1'(1 r27(17,$/7(,/6 81' 80*(.(+57 3523257,21$/ 0,7 '(5 u75(8(1(5*,( g $1O 67(,*7 L[YbP f,( c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(6 u75(8:,1.(/6 ) 920 u72M3$5$0(7(5 % '(5 ,1 c%%P SPXS& )@5 '$6 9$1O'(5Oy$$/6Or27(17,$/ 6.,==,(57(1 c%/(1.75$-(.725,(1 =(,*7 ',( w0.(+5 '(5 c%/(1.)81.7,21 )J%K %(,0 f85&+*$1* 921 *52M(1 %Oy(57(1 0,7 1(O *$7,9(5 c%/(1.81* =8 ./(,1(1 u72M3$5$0(7(51 0,7 326,7,9(1 c%/(1.:,1.(/1 $0 5(O 38/6,9(1 m(51%(5(,&+ '(6 o2/(.@/6P c0 w0.(+5381.7 :,5' '(5 ',5(5(17,(//( u75(8O 48(56&+1,77 6(+5 *52M 81' =(,*7 +,(5 ',( t(*(1%2*(16758.785P d(, ./(,1(5(1 c%/(1.O :,1.(/1 $/6 )t 75$*(1 v5$-(.725,(1 0,7 '5(, 9(56&+,('(1(1 u72M3$5$0(7(5 %SN %TN %U =85 u75(881* ,1 '(16(/%(1 u75(8:,1.(/ %(, 81' )@+5(1 '85&+ 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+( %(5/$*(581* =8 /$1*6$0(1 81' 6&+1(//(1 k17(5)(5(1=26=,//$7,21(1 ,0 ',5(5(17,(//(1 u75(848(56&+1,77 ,0 u75(8:,1.(/%(5(,&+ '(5 o(+5)$&+75$-(.725,(1P

100

integraler Querschnitt σ

Glorien

differentieller Querschnitt d σ/d Ω

(a)

(b)

10

2

mittlerer Anstieg ~g - 5

R.T.

2

~g - 11

1

0.1 0.001

0.01

0.1 1 reduzierte Geschwindigkeit g

10

100

Θ Na-Hg E=0.251 eV E=0.188 eV

0

5

10 15 20 25 30 Streuwinkel Θ /Grad

35 40

45 50

(c)

b1

b 2 b 3 Stoßparameter

c%%P SPXS o2/(.8/$5( u75(848(56&+1,77(\ J$K k17(*5$/( u72M48(56&+1,77( )@5 9$1O'(5Oy$$/6O o2/(.@/(N $8)*(75$*(1 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 5('8=,(57(1 u72M*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 * 3 +BJT /K 95(/BJ& t0KN (5/$8%(1 (,1( (;3(5,0(17(//( d(67,0081* '(5 g;321(17(1 '(6 $1=,(+(1'(1 81' '(6 $%672O M(1'(1 v(,/6 '(6 9$1O'(5Oy$$/6Or27(17,$/6 xJ5K 3 eSTB5ST 2 eXB5 XP f(5 d(5(,&+6@%(5*$1* %(, * 3 S :,5' %(67,007 '85&+ ',( v,()( & 81' n$*( t0 '(6 r27(17,$/60,1,0806P J%K f,5(5(17,(//( u75(848(56&+1,77( =(,*(1 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( NNt(*(1%2*(1DDOu758.785(1 0,7 '(0 '85&+ u72MO (1(5*,( 81' r27(17,$/7,()( %(67,007(1 t(*(1%2*(1675(8:,1.(/ )t 6 T &BgP J&K j$/%./$66,6&+ %(75$&+7(7 (1767(+(1 ',(6( '85&+ k17(5)(5(1= 0(+5(5(5 =80 */(,&+(1 c%/(1.:,1.(/ )@+5(1'(5 u75(875$-(.725,(13)$'( ,1 $1=,(+(1'(1 81' $%672M(1'(1 r27(17,$/%(5(,&+(1P

SSR

S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

SPWPTPU o(6681* ,1(/$67,6&+(5 t27$7,216$15(*81* %(, j(OpTOu7?M(1 g,1 d(,63,(/ )@5 ,1(/$67,6&+( u75(80(6681*(1 =(,*7 c%%P SPXT$ 0,7 (,1(0 h/8*=(,7O 63(.7580 )@5 ',( t27$7,216$15(*81* 921 u7,&.6725Oo2/(.@/(1 '85&+ u7?M( 0,7 j(O /,80 L[ZbP g6 :85'( %(, U[PW@ n$%25675(8:,1.(/ ,1 '(5 =80 pTOv$5*(7675$+/ 6(1.O 5(&+7(1 u75(8(%(1( *(0(66(1N ,1 '(5 ',( +?&+67( ,1(/$67,6&+( c89?681* (55(,&+7 :,5'P f,( u72M(1(5*,( %(75>*7 g 3 TYPU 0(xN 1$+( '(5 :$+56&+(,1/,&+67(1 u72M(1(5*,( . v %(, p250$/7(03(5$785P f(5 u7,&.6725Oo2/(.8/$5675$+/ :85'( ,1 (,1(5 f@6(1675$+/O (;3$16,21 35>3$5,(57 81' ,67 =8 0(+5 $/6 ZW@ ,1 6(,1( t27$7,216*581'=867>1'( *(.@+/7P f$6 +20218./($5( pTOo2/(.@/ 75,77 ,1 =:(, '85&+ ',( SVpOm(5163,167$7,67,. %(',1*7(1 o2',7.$7,21(1 $/6 3$5$Ou7,&.6725 JUU@K 0,7 185 81*(5$'=$+/,*(1 t2O 7$7,216=867>1'(1 81' $/6 257+2Ou7,&.6725 JXY@K 0,7 t27$7,216=867>1'(1 - 3 RN TN VN P P P $8)N ',( $86 r$5,7>76*5@1'(1 '85&+ o2/(.@/67?M( 1,&+7 ,1(,1$1'(5 @%(5*(+(1 .?11(1P k1 '(5 63(.7526.23,6&+(1 p27$7,21 :,5' '(5 r$5,7>76=867$1' 0,7 '(5 *5?O M(5(1 d(6(7=81*6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 ,00(5 $/6 '(5 NN257+2DDON '(5 0,7 '(5 *(5,1*(5(1 k17(16,7>7 $8)75(7(1'( $/6 '(5 NN3$5$DDO|867$1' %(=(,&+1(7P f(5 g1(5*,($%67$1' '(5 3523257,21$/ =8 - J -1SK $167(,*(1'(1 t27$7,216(1(5*,(O 1,9($86 %(75>*7 V&R2T 3 SPW 0(x )@5 '(1 257+2O%(5*$1* -, S -) 3 R S T 81' 67(,*7 $8) V&S2U 3 TPW 0(x %(,0 S S UOt27$7,216@%(5*$1* %(,0 3$5$Ou7,&.6725 $1P f$6 h/8*=(,763(.7580 ,1 c%%P SPXT$ =(,*7 %(, RPYW 0(x c89?681* '(1 (/$67,6&+(1 u75(8O 3($. 92//67>1',* *(75(117 920 j(/,8098*=(,73($. )@5 ',( R S TOt27$7,216$15(*81* %(, Vg 3 SPW 0(x g1(5*,(9(5/867N *()2/*7 921 =:(, :(,7(5(1 r($.6758.785(1 )@5 ',( S S UOt27$7,216$15(*81* '(6 3$5$OpTOc17(,/6 ,0 u7,&.6725675$+/ 81' (,1(0 6(+5 ./(,1(1 T S VOc15(*81*63($.P f$6 %(, t27$7,2167(03(5$785(1 921 (,1,*(1 m(/9,1 12&+ 0,7 SW@ y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 %(6(7=7( - 3 TOp,9($8 '(6 u7,&.67256 )@+57 $8M(5O '(0 $8&+ =8 '(0 ,0 h/8*=(,763(.7580 /,1.6 920 (/$67,6&+(1 r($. 12&+ 6,&+7%$5(1N ./(,1(5(1 T S ROt27$7,216$%5(*81*63($.P c86 9,(/(1 g,1=(/0(6681*(1 $86*(:(57(O

0

He N2 Θ LAB=39.5

el. 1

11.0 2

0

10

He N2 E=27.3 meV

2

total

3 2

dσ /dΩ (10-20 m2)

12.0

103

2

4

10.0

0

101

2

1

100

3 0

(a)

1.7

1.9 1.8 Flugzeit t /ms

2.0

(b)

0

10

4 20 30 Θcm /Grad

40

50

c%%P SPXT J$K h/8*=(,763(.7580 0,7 $8)*(/?67(1 t27$7,216@%(5*>1*(1 )@5 ',( j(OpTOu75(8O 81* JrgR ST 3 SPW 0(xKP J%K f,5(5(17,(//( t27$7,216$15(*81*648(56&+1,77( )@5 j(OpT %(, '(5 J.,1(7,6&+(1K u72M(1(5*,( g 3 TYPU 0(xP g;3(5,0(17$/:(57( J.-0rKN %(5(&+1(7( y(57( J"N A AN OOOKP

SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

SSS

7(N ',5(5(17,(//( u75(848(56&+1,77( )@5 ',( t27$7,216$15(*81* %(, pTOj(Ou7?M(1 6,1' ,1 c%%P SPXT% *(=(,*7P y,( '(5 727$/( u75(848(56&+1,77 J'$6 ,67 ',( u800( 921 R S RN S S S 81' $//(1 ,1(/$67,6&+(1 m$1>/(1K 6,1' $8&+ '(5 R S TO 81' '(5 S S UOt2O 7$7,216@%(5*$1* '85&+ 67$5.( s8$17(126=,//$7,21(1 *(35>*7N ',( ,1 *52%(5 p>+(581* '(5 h5$81+2)(5Od(8*81* '(5 j(/,80:(//( $1 (,1(5 m8*(/ 0,7 c7205$',86 (17635(O &+(1P f$6 %(2%$&+7(7( r+>120(1 '(5 r+$6(19(56&+,(%81* =:,6&+(1 '(1 (/$67,6&+(1 81' '(1 R S TO527$7,216,1(/$67,6&+(1 d(8*81*60$;,0$ />667 6,&+ $8) ',( n2.$/,O 6,(581* '(5 t27$7,216@%(5*>1*( $8) (,1(1 6(+5 6&+0$/(1 t$1'%(5(,&+ $0 $%672O M(1'(1 m(51 '(6 j(OpTOy(&+6(/:,5.81*6327(17,$/6 =85@&.)@+5(1P f,( *(5,1*)@*,*( t,&+781*6$6<00(75,( '(6 r27(17,$/5(38/6,97(,/6 920 d(75$* '(5 +$/%(1 d,1'81*6O />1*( '(6 pTOo2/(.@/6 %(67,007 1$+(=8 48$17,7$7,9 '(1 c%62/87%(75$* '(5 t27$O 7,216$15(*81*648(56&+1,77( ,1 ',(6(0 (,1)$&+(1 o2'(//P f,( '85&+*(+(1'(1 n,1,(1 ,1 c%%P SPXT% =(,*(1 ',( %(67(1 9(5)@*%$5(1N (;$.7(1 7+(25(7,6&+(1 y,5.81*6O 48(56&+1,77( )@5 ',( 527$7,216,1(/$67,6&+( j(OpTOu75(881*P

SPWPTPV f,( t($.7,21 h1jT S jh1j g,1( '(5 62:2+/ 7+(25(7,6&+ $/6 $8&+ 0,7 o2/(.8/$5675$+/0(7+2'(1 %(67817(568&+7(1 &+(0,6&+(1 t($.7,21(1 ,67 '$6 u<67(0 h1jT S jh1jP f,( t($.7,21 />8)7 0,7 18˚

ν =1

Θ (HF)

2

E =7.70 kJ/mol

3

ν =1

grel

vF

ν =2 v H2

(a)

F+p-H2

0˚

HF+H

ν =3

ν =3

Θ L=18˚ ν ’=3

0 (b)

ν =3

ν =2

600 300 Flugzeit der HF Produkte

900

(c)

Konturplot IHF (Θ, u )

c%%P SPXU f,( hOjTOt($.7,21P J$K i(6&+:,1',*.(,76',$*5$00 0,7 '(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 '(6 hOu75$+/6 81' '(6 J3$5$OKjTOu75$+/6 81' '(1 p(:721Om8*(/1 )@5 ',( jhOt($.7,216352O '8.7( ,1 '(1 x,%5$7,216=867>1'(1 -) 3 SN T 81' UP J%K h/8*=(,763(.7580 '(6 jhOr52'8.76N )@5 '(1 n$%25675(8:,1.(/ an 3 SZ]P J&K m21785(1',$*5$00'$567(//81* '(5 ,1(/$67,6&+ ',5(O 5(17,(//(1 t($.7,21648(56&+1,7769(57(,/81* ,0 i(6&+:,1',*.(,765$80 '(5 jhOr52'8.7(P

SST

S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

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SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

SSU

Ionisationslaser (-334 nm) Extraktionsplatte CCDKamera

Flugzeitrohr

Fiberoptik

gepulste Düse

CD3I/He

Mikrokanalplatten

Repellerplatte

Phosphorschirm

Skimmer

Photolyse-Laser

c%%P SPXV k21(1$%%,/'81*6$33$5$785 =85 6,08/7$1(1 |867$1'6O 81' y,1.(/9(57(,/81*60(6O 681* 921 t($.7,216352'8.7(1 $86 (,1(0 r+272/<6(352=(66P f,( efUOr+272)5$*0(17( :(5'(1 '85&+ (,1(1 =:(,7(1 n$6(538/6 =867$1'66(/(.7,9 ,21,6,(57P f$6 k21(1$%%,/'81*66<67(0 =(,&+1(7 ',( c86*$1*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* ',(6(5 r+272,21(1 5>80/,&+ 81' =(,7/,&+ ',63(5*,(57 @%(5 (,1( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1%,/':$1'/(53/$77( $8)P 1

2 22-Bande Q-Zweig

1 1 -Bande Q-Zweig

y x

(b)

Streuintensität

(a)

(c)

vcm

0

(d)

0

vcm

c%%P SPXW t>80/,&+( k17(16,7>769(57(,/81*6.21785(1 $0 d,/':$1'/(5$86*$1* J2%(5( t(,+(K 81' =85@&.*(5(&+1(7( i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* '(6 efUOr52'8.702/(.@/6 ,0 u&+:(5O 381.76<67(0 J817(5( t(,+(KP f,( c%%,/'81*(1 ,1 '(5 /,1.(1 u3$/7( 6,1' )@5 ',( r+272',662O =,$7,21 '(6 o(7+7=/,&+(5 c15(*81* '(6 0(7$67$%,/(1 k2'=867$1'(6 kSBT 0,7 (,1(5 ,11(5(1 g1(5*,( 921 S (xP

SSV

S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

0(5$ $8)*(1200(1 :,5'P c/6 d(,63,(/ +,(5)@5 :(5'(1 ,1 c%%P SPXW =:(, %(, 9(56&+,(O '(1(1 r52%(/$6(5:(//(1/>1*(1 *(0(66(1( (;3(5,0(17(//( k21(19(57(,/81*(1 )@5 =8O 67$1'66(/(.7,(57( efUOf,662=,$7,216352'8.7( *(=(,*7P f$5817(5 ,67 '(5 1$&+ (,1(5 180(5,6&+ $8):>1',*(1 '5(,',0(16,21$/(1 c86:(5781* (5+$/7(1( k17(16,7>7648(5O 6&+1,77 ,1 '(5 J9(57,.$/(1K r2/$5,6$7,2165,&+781* '(6 r+272',662=,$7,216/$6(56 $8)*(O 75$*(1P f,( %(,'(1 3520,1(17(1 r($.6 '(5 efUOi(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* (17635(O &+(1 '(5 r+272',662=,$7,21 921 o(7+1*,*.(,7 '(6 k2'Ox(5=:(,*81*69(5+>/71,66(6 921 '(0 x,%5$7,216Ot27$7,216O|867$1' '(6 .203/(0(17>5 (5=(8*7(1 efUOt$',.$/)5$*0(17(6P

SPWPU f,$*1267,. 0,7 o2/(.8/$5675$+/0(7+2'(1 d$6,(5(1' $8) o2/(.8/$5675$+/0(7+2'(1 +$%(1 6,&+ c1:(1'81*(1 (17:,&.(/7N ',( %(1$&+%$57( h256&+81*6*(%,(7( %('(87(1' 925$1%5,1*(1P

SPWPUPS j?&+67$89?6(1'( o2/(.@/63(.7526.23,( '85&+ g,1%(7781* ,1 .$/7( j(/,8075?3)&+(1

Düse

Pick-up

Photonenabsorption + Heliumverdampfung

Massenspektrometer

Laserstrahl

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c%%P SPXX j(/,8075?3)&+(1$33$5$785 0,7 r,&.83O|(//( =85 g,1/$*(581* 921 o2/(.@/(1 $86 '(5 i$63+$6( 81' 0$66(163(.7520(75,6&+(0 p$&+:(,6 )@5 '(1 '85&+ r+2721(1$%62537,21 ,1'8=,(57(1 j(/,809(5'$03)81*6352=(66P

SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1 COOH

D

Tryptophan in He-Tröpfchen

α

H C NH2 β

γ

D’ B 34900

34940

ν /cm-1

E

F

in Überschallstrahlen A-Progression

CH2

N H

C’ C 34980

SSW

35020

35060

D E

C

A

F

B 34860

34900

34940

34980

ν /cm-1

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SSX

S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

=(,*7(1 f@6(1675$+/63(.7580 5('8=,(57N 62 '$66 63(.7526.23,6&+( u758.785$1$/<6(1 25*$1,6&+(5 o2/(.@/( 12&+ :(,7(5 9(5(,1)$&+7 :(5'(1P o,7 (,1)$&+(5(1N ./(,1(1 r52%(02/(.@/(1 (5/$8%7 '$6 x(5)$+5(1 $8&+ 6(+5 '(7$,/O /,(57( w17(568&+81*(1 =85 p$785 '(6 683(59@66,*(1 |867$1'6 ,1 ./(,1(1 j(/,80O 75?3)&+(1 81' ,1 Uj(BVj(Oo,6&+$**5(*$7(1P f,( v523)(17(03(5$785 .$11 $86 '(0 t27$7,21663(.7580 '(5 (,1*(/$*(57(1 o2/(.@/( %(67,007 :(5'(1P c86 '(1 h/@*(/1 '(5 c%62537,216%$1'(1 /$66(1 6,&+ )@5 '(1 683(59@66,*(1 |867$1' &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( |867$1'6',&+7(1 921 g;&,721(1 ,0 80*(%(1'(1 j(/,807523)(1 %(67,00(1 LSRSbP

elektrostatische Linsen zylindrische Elektrode

QuadrupolMassenspektrometer Kapillare

Injektionsnadel Flüssigkeitsprobe

(a)

(b)

Skimmer

Trockengas

1. Pumpstufe

2. Pumpstufe

(c)

c%%P SPXZ f,( g/(.752635$<,21(148(//( )@5 1,&+7 9(5'$03)%$5( *52M( d,202/(.@/(P J$K f,( r52%(19@66,*.(,7 :,5' ,1 (/(.75,6&+ $8)*(/$'(1( v523)(1 =(567>8%7N ,0 v52&.(1*$667520 '(O 62/9$7,6,(57 81' 0(+5)$&+ *(/$'(1( r527(,1,21(1 :(5'(1 921 $70263+>5,6&+(1 d(',1*81*(1 ,16 x$.880 =80 o$66(163(.7520(7(5 75$16)(5,(57P J%K k0 g/(.752635$<352=(66 :,5' h/@66,*O .(,7 $86 (,1(5 m$3,//$5( @%(5 (,1(1 6,&+ $86%,/'(1'(1 NNv$//7 ,1 )(,167( v523)(1P J&K |(5)$// *(/$'(1(5 v523)(1 '85&+ |(5635(1*81* 2'(5 '85&+ 9(567>5.7( x(5'$03)81* %(, %(5:,(*(1 '(5 e28/20%Om5>)7( @%(5 ',( q%(59>&+(163$1181*P

SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

SSY

SPWPUPT g/(.752635$*(5*$667520 $/6 NNu(('DDOv(,/&+(1 ,1 '$6 x$.8806<67(0 (,1(6 o$66(163(.7520(7(56 =8 ,1-,=,(5(1P g,1( g/(.752635$8%7P i(/?67( r527(,102/(.@/( '(62/9$7,6,(5(1 $86 '(1 *(/$'(1(1 v523)(1 81' /$*(51 '$%(, n$'81*(1 $1N 2+1( ,0 k21,6$7,216352=(66 %(6&+>',*7 =8 :(5'(1P i$6 81' NN752&.(1(DD k21(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ (,1( v5$16)(5.$3,//$5( $/6 f@6(1O 675$+/ ,16 x$.880 *(%5$&+7P f,( k21(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ (,1(1 u.,00(5 )2.866,(57N '(5 (,1(1 *52M(1 c17(,/ '(6 v5>*(5*$6675206 =85@&.+>/7P u&+/,(M/,&+ (55(,&+(1 ',( k21(1 '$6 s8$'5832/Oo$66(163(.7520(7(5 81' :(5'(1 $1$/<6,(57P f(5 v523)(1$8)O /$'81*6352=(66 $1 '(5 h/@66,*.(,76,1-(.7,2161$'(/ ,67 ,1 c%%P SPXZ% *(1$8(5 '$5*(O 67(//7P f85&+ '$6 67$5.( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' :,5' ',( h/@66,*.(,7 $86 '(0 p$'(/.$1$/ +(5$86*(=2*(1 81' %,/'(7 (,1(1 h$'(1 $86N '(5 %(75>&+7/,&+ '@11(5 $/6 '(5 p$'(/O ,11(1'85&+0(66(5 :,5'P f,( h/@66,*.(,7 :85'( =P dP '85&+ u>85(=8*$%( /(,7)>+,* *(O 0$&+7N 62 '$66 ',( u3,7=( '(6 h/@66,*.(,76)$'(16 $/6 (,1( m21'(16$725(/(.752'( ,0

Abundanz

5000

(M+H)+ (m/z=1201)

2+

4000

(M+2H) (m/z=601)

3000 2000 1000

Abundanz

0

600

800 1000 1200 0.5 m Cyclosporin-A in MeOH/H2O+0.025 % HCI

1400

m/z

(M+2H)2+ (m/z=571)

12000 8000

(2M+HCI+3H)3+ (m/z=773)

4000 0

600

(M+H)+ (m/z=1141)

1200 1000 800 0.5 m Gramicidin-S in MeOH/H2O+0.025 % HCI

1400

m/z

c%%P SPX[ f,( g/(.752635$<0$66(163(.75(1 )@5 e<&/26325,1Oc JSTRR $08N 2%(5(6 u3(.7580K 81' )@5 i5$0,=,',1Ou J817(1K $/6 =:(, 7<3,6&+(1 t(35>6(17$17(1 *5?M(5(5N %,2/2*,6&+ $.7,9(5 o2/(.@/(P

SSZ

S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

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SS[

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Wasserdüse p=80 bar

glatter p=10-6 mbar zylindrischer Strahlabschnitt >3 mm

6.3 µm

Kühlfalle

Dampf Skimmer Dampfstrahl zum MolekulargeschwindigkeitsFlugzzeitspektrometer

(a)

Zählrate pro TOF-Kanal/Max

1.0

(b)

D =50 µm

D =10 µm

H2O

0.5

0

0

1.0 Flugzeit t /ms

2.0

3.0

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83

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STT

S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1 Flüssigkeitsstrahl

Kühlfalle

Flugzeitmassenspektrometer

(a)

Turbopumpen 400 l/s

Ionenoptik

Flüssigkeitsauffänger

Flüssigkeitsstrahl I+

Diffusionspumpe 3700 l/s

10 µm Wasserstrahl im Vakuum (c)

IR-Laser (b)

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Insulin (Rind) 3 .10-5 M, pH 3

Cytochrom c 10-4 M, pH 6

4000 (a)

Ionensignal/w.E.

Ionensignal/w.E.

[M+H]+

5000

m/z

6000

7000

8000

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[M+2H]2+

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7500

10000 m/z

12500

15000

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P.M.

Probelaser

STW

ChirpGenerator

Fluoreszenz

ω L (t ) CsOfen

1.6 m

Abbremslaserdiode

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50

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50 -50

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2S 2S *(1@*7P d(, (,1(0 (/$67,6&+(1 0,7 '(5 5('8=,(57(1 o$66( ,ST N ',( ,2S ST 3 oS 1oT u72M >1'(57 R 6(,1(1 y(57 1,&+7N 'P +P R 3 R AN 81' #TST # 3 #TAST #N :2%(, ',( *(675,&+(1( i5?M( '(1 y(57 1$&+ '(0 u72M %('(87(7P f$6 ,1 =Ot,&+781* 9,(*(1'( v(,/&+(1 S (5)>+57 %(,0 u72M (,1( k038/6>1'(581* K JS2&26)K L oT / oS ^ ^ ^S , VkS 3 ST JS2&26)K 3 L JS2&26)K L oT 3 oS JTPWRK kS oS ^T ^ oT ^ JS2&26)K L oT . oS M oS

SWT

T p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1

81' ',( g1(5*,(>1'(581*

K ^ ^ T ^ VRS T,ST 3 JS2&26)K 3 L RS oS oT ^ ^ ^ M

ToS JS2&26)K L oT / oS oT S JS2&26)K L oT 3 oS P T ToT JS2&26)K L oT . oS oS

JTPWSK

y>+5(1' ',( 2%(1 '(71,(57(1 y,5.81*648(56&+1,77( '(1 x(5/867 921 v(,/&+(1 $86 (,1(0 0212(1(5*(7,6&+(1 v(,/&+(1675$+/ '85&+ |:(,(567?M( (5)$66(1N .$11 0$1 (17O 635(&+(1'( d(75$&+781*(1 )@5 '(1 k038/6N ',( g1(5*,( 2'(5 (,1 +?+(5(6 o20(17 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 $167(//(1 81' (5+>/7 9(5$//*(0(,1(57( v5$16)(548(56&+1,77( '(5 h250 @

1J/K 3 g1',)) JS2&26/ )K'\ 3 T@ g 1',)) JS2&26/ )K6,1) ')P

JTPWTK

)3R

f(5 v5$16)(548(56&+1,77 )@5 k038/6$867$86&+ 0,7 / 3 S \ 10 3 1JSK ,67 %(621'(56 :,&+O 7,*P j,(50,7 +>1*(1 9(5$//*(0(,1(57( u72M)5(48(1=(1 )@5 ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* 0,7 (,1(0 v(,/&+(1+,17(5*581' '(5 f,&+7( 1R (1* =86$00(1 -J/K 3 1R * 1J/K P

JTPWUK

g,1( %(621'(5( t2//( 63,(/7 ',( u72M)5(48(1= )@5 k038/6$867$86&+ 90 3 9 P f$ y,5.81*648(56&+1,77( 921 '(5 g1(5*,( '(5 672M(1'(1 v(,/&+(1 ,0 o$66(1O 6&+:(5381.7 $%+>1*(1N ,67 )@5 9,(/( c1:(1'81*(1N =P dP =85 d(5(&+181* 921 +hy 2'(5 90 N (,1( o,77(/81* @%(5 ',( g1(5*,(9(57(,/81* 1$&+ c57 '(5 i/P JTPXZK (5)25O '(5/,&+P JSK

TPUPU d(5(&+181* (,1,*(5 $86*(:>+/7(5 y,5.81*648(56&+1,77( f,( x(5)$+5(1 =85 ./$66,6&+(1 81' 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+(1 d(5(&+181* 921 y,5O .81*648(56&+1,77(1 6,1' ,1 =$+/5(,&+(1 d@&+(51 $86)@+5/,&+ %(6&+5,(%(1N =P dP ,1 LSVN SWbP f$7(1 =85 r/$60$02'(//,(581* 71'(7 0$1 ,1 '(1 k17(51(7'$7(1%$1.(1 LSXN SYbP k0 h2/*(1'(1 :(5'(1 ',( )@5 p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1 :,&+7,*67(1 u72M352O =(66( ,1 '(5 ./$66,6&+(1 p>+(581* ',6.87,(57 62:,( (,1,*( t$7(1.2(5,=,(17(1 $1*(O *(%(1P

TPUPUPS y,5.81*648(56&+1,77( (/$67,6&+(5 u7?M( y(&+6(/:,5.81* 67$55(5 m8*(/1P k1 '(5 p>+(581* :(&+6(/:,5.(1'(5 67$55(5 m8*(/1 :>+/7 0$1 )@5 tS %=:P tT J6P c%6&+1P TPUPTK ',( '(1 v(,/&+(1 =8*(25'1(7(1 c720O 5$',(1 81' (5+>/7 '85&+ (,1( (,1)$&+( g5:(,7(581* '(5 2%(1 $1*(67(//7(1 d(75$&+781* ',( *$6.,1(7,6&+(1 y,5.81*648(56&+1,77( )@5 (/$67,6&+( u7?M( 1 3 @JtS 1tTKT 3 10 ]

1f,)) 3

S Jt 1tTKT P V S

JTPWVK

1 ,67 921 '(5 i5?M(125'181* SR2S[ 2SR2TR 0T 81' 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 u&+:(5O 381.76(1(5*,( RP f,(6(6 67$55( m8*(/02'(// 6(7=7 (,1(1 ,'($/,6,(57(1 r27(17,$/9(5/$8)N

TPU u72M352=(66( 81' ,1',9,'8(//( v(,/&+(1'<1$0,.

SWU

%(, '(0 '$6 r27(17,$/ @%(5$// p8// ,67 81' 185 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 m8*(/ $8) 81(1'/,&+ $167(,*7N 925$86P t($/,67,6&+(5( r27(17,$/9(5/>8)( 1(+0(1 381.7)?50,*( u72M=(175(1 $1N '(1(1 0$1 r27(17,$/( '(5 h250 3J5K 68521 =825'1(7 81' '(5(1 s8(56&+1,77 6,&+ =8 1 6 R2TB1 (55(&+1(7P f(5 h$// 1 3 S %(6&+5(,%7 e28/20%Oy(&+6(/:,5.81*N '(5 h$// 1 3 V 81' 326,7,9(6 x25=(,&+(1 $%672M(1'( o$;:(//Ov(,/&+(1P n(7=7(5( %(O 6,7=(1 ,1 '(5 .,1(7,6&+(1 v+(25,( (,1( %(621'(5( d('(8781*N '$ )@5 ',(6(6 r27(17,$/ 1J/ K 6 SB*N 81' '$0,7 )@5 $//( / ',( h5(48(1=(1 -J/K 1,&+7 921 * 2'(5 '(5 g1(5*,( $%+>1*(1 J6P i/P JTPWUKKP f<1$0,6&+( r2/$5,6,(581*P f,( 62 *(1$117( '<1$0,6&+( r2/$5,6,(581* =:,6&+(1 =:(, 6,&+ $11>+(51'(1 c720(1 2'(5 o2/(.@/(1 />667 6,&+ '85&+ (,1 $1=,(+(1'(6 252XO 9$1O'(5Oy$$/6Or27(17,$/ (5)$66(1P h@5 ./(,1( c%67>1'( :>+/7 0$1 $86 5(&+(135$.O 7,6&+(1 i5@1'(1 (,1 $%672M(1'(6 52STOr27(17,$/N 62'$66 ,16*(6$07 )@5 ',( y(&+6(/O :,5.81* '$6 n(11$5'Ol21(6Or27(17,$/ 3J5K 3 V Rnl LJ5RB5KST 2J5RB5KXKb 5(68/7,(57P 5R ,67 (,1 o$M )@5 '(1 o,1,0$/$%67$1' '(5 u72M3$571(5 81' Rnl (,1 o$M )@5 ',( 0$;,0$/( c1=,(+81*6(1(5*,(P f,( =8*(+?5,*(1 y,5.81*648(56&+1,77( 6,1' 180(5,6&+ =8 %(O 5(&+1(1 LSZbP e28/20%Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 =:(, n$'81*(1P f,( $8&+ $/6 t87+(5)25'Ou75(881* %(.$117( e28/20%Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 =:(, n$'81*(1 Jk21Ok21N k21Og/(.7O 521N g/(.7521Og/(.7521K %(6,7=7 '(1 ',5(5(17,(//(1 y,5.81*648(56&+1,77 1',)) 3

3T[R@ V6,1V J)BTK

JTPWWK

0,7 '(0 u72M3$5$0(7(5 )@5 [R]Oc%/(1.81* 3[R@ 3

(S (T , ] R 3 *T P Z@ &R R T

JTPWXK

v<3,6&+ ,67 '(5 SBRTOc%)$// '(6 s8(56&+1,776P g5 ',9(5*,(57 )@5 u7?M( 0,7 ./(,1(0 c%/(1.:,1.(/ )N ',(6( x25:>57667?M( 6,1' 1$&+ i/P JTPWRK 81' JTPWSK J) S RN &26) S SK $//(5',1*6 1,&+7 0,7 (,1(0 *52M(1 k038/6O 2'(5 g1(5*,(9(5/867 9(5%81'(1P i52M( x(5/867( 75(7(1 185 )@5 ) 7 @BT $8)P i52M( u75(8:,1.(/ .200(1 '85&+ (,1O =(/1( p$+67?M( 2'(5 9,(/( $8)(,1$1'(5)2/*(1'( h(51672QM( =867$1'(P p$+67?M( %(:,5O .(1 (,1(1 0,7 '(5 0,77/(5(1 .,1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,( %R& 3 UT .v( %(5(&+1(7(1 y,5.81*6O 48(56&+1,77 @

1[R@Np 3 T@ g 1',)) 6,1) ') 3 @%3T[R@& W SR2SR v(2T P @BT

JTPWYK

h(5167?M( /,()(51 '$*(*(1 '(1 y,5.81*648(56&+1,77 )@5 k038/6$867$86&+ @

1J/K 3 10 3 T@ 3T[R@ g

) )%*

JS2&26)K6,1) ') V6,1V J)BTK

:2%(, )0,1 '(5 ./(,167( u75(8:,1.(/ ,67N '(5 '85&+ (,1(1 u72M3$5$0(7(5 921 '(5 i5?O M(125'181* 3 3 +fN( %(67,007 ,67P f$ %(, '(5 e28/20%Ou75(881* =:,6&+(1 u72MO 3$5$0(7(5 3 81' u75(8:,1.(/ ) '(5 |86$00(1+$1* 7$1)BT 3 3[R@B3 %(67(+7N *,/7 )@5 ./(,1( ) 81' 3 W +fN( ',( t(/$7,21 )0,1 7 T3[R@B+fN( P o,7 %(.$117(0 y,1.(/ )0,1 />667

SWV

T p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1

6,&+ ',( i/(,&+81* )@5 10 62)257 ,17(*5,(5(1 81' /,()(57 1$&+ o,77(/81* @%(5 ',( g1(5*,( 10 3 V@%3T[R@&/1

S + 3 V@%3T[R@&/1 fN( 3 V1[R@ /1M %3[R@& 6,1J)0,1BTK

JTPWZK

0,7 U

M3

0 1

U S & .v T S +fN( Y 2 3 [pf( 3 ST@ R T ( 12 ( T 3 SPTU 6 SR v( T 1( T %3[R@& (

JTPW[K

/1M ,67 921 '(5 i5?M(125'181* SRP h(51672Q M( @%(575$*(1 '$+(5 ,16*(6$07 9,(/ 0(+5 k038/6 $/6 p$+67?M(P y(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 c720 81' n$'81*675>*(51P |8 '(1 (,1)$&+(1 ./$66,6&+ =8 %(+$1'(/1'(1 d(,63,(/(1 *(+?57 $8&+ ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 c720 81' n$O '81*675>*(51P k0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' (,1(6 6,&+ /$1*6$0 1>+(51'(1 g/(.75216 2'(5 k216 (5)>+57 (,1 p(875$/7(,/&+(1 (,1( x(56&+,(%81* 6(,1(5 326,7,9(1 m(51/$'81* *(O *(1@%(5 '(5 g/(.7521(1:2/.(N (6 %,/'(7 6,&+ (,1 f,32/P f,(6(5 f,32/ ,67 -('2&+ 185 :,5.6$0N :(11 6,&+ ',( (,1)$//(1'(1 n$'81*675>*(5 /$1*6$0(5 $/6 ',( g/(.7521(1 ,1 '(5 g/(.7521(1:2/.( '(6 c7206 %(:(*(1P f$6 $1=,(+(1'( r27(17,$/ =:,6&+(1 n$'81* 81' f,32/ *(+25&+7 3J5K 32

( $UR "t N Z@&R 5V

:2%(, )@5 '(1 d2+5Ot$',86 $R 3 RPWT[ 6 SR2SR 0 81' ',( 5(/$7,9( r2/$5,6,(5%$5.(,7 "t 3 "3B$UR *,/7 J=P dP ,67 "t 3 VPW )@5 jN SSPS )@5 c5N 81' X[ )@5 ee/VKP f,( d$+1 (,1(6 g/(.75216 :>+5(1' '(6 x25%(,98*6 ,67 1250$/(5:(,6( +<3(5%(/$57,* 81' '$6 g/(.7521 :,5' 920 675(8(1'(1 v(,/&+(1 $1*(=2*(1P w17(56&+5(,7(7 '(5 u72M3$5$0(O 7(5 1$&+ n$1*(9,1 -('2&+ (,1(1 .5,7,6&+(1 y(57 3n 3

0 1 "3 (T @&R ,

S

S V

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62 :,5' '$6 *(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 (,1*()$1*(1P f(5 y,5.81*648(56&+1,77 /$87(7 11R 3 @3Tn 3

S *

|@"& ,( 6 |SR P 3

T

R

JTPXRK

f,( u72M)5(48(1= ,67 '$+(5 1$&+ i/P JTPWUK 81$%+>1*,* 921 * 2'(5 RP t$06$8(5Og5(.7P f,( ./$66,6&+( d(+$1'/81* '(6 u75(8352%/(06 1$&+ n$1*(9,1 9(5O 6$*7N :(11 ',( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1 62 *(5,1* ,67N '$66 *(5,1*( x,(/)$&+( ,+5(5 '(Od52*/,(Oy(//(1/>1*( ,1 '(1 r27(17,$/723) '(6 c7206 3$66(1P f,( y(//(1O )81.7,21(1 '(6 )5(,(1 *(675(87(1 81' '(6 ,0 c720 *(%81'(1(1 g/(.75216 .?11(1 '$11 ,1 r+$6( 6&+:,1*(1 81' ',(6( m2+>5(1= %(:,5.7N '$66 '$6 *(675(87( g/(.7521 1,&+7 $%*(/(1.7 :,5'P d(, g/(.7521(1(1(5*,(1 80 S (x =(,*(1 ',( g'(/*$6( 0,7 +2+(0 | Jc5N m5N z(K (,1(1 7,()(1 g,1%58&+ ,0 (1(5*,($%+>1*,*(1 y,5.81*648(56&+1,77N :,( c%%P TPU =(,*7P o$1 1(117 ',(6( g56&+(,181* t$06$8(5Og5(.7P g5 :,5.7 6,&+

TPU u72M352=(66( 81' ,1',9,'8(//( v(,/&+(1'<1$0,.

SWW

40 Xe

30

Kr Ar

20 -20 2

σ /10 m

10

H2 He

0

0

1

2

Ne 3

4 5 ε 1/2/(eV)1/2

6

7

8

9

10

c%%P TPU g/$67,6&+( g/(.7521Oc720Ou7?M( )@5 (,1,*( i$6( 81' t$06$8(5Og5(.7 L[bP h@5 +?O S Oi(6(7=P +(5( g1(5*,(1 *(+25&+(1 $//( y,5.81*648(56&+1,77( 1$&+ i/P JTPXRK (,1(0 |R

%(621'(56 $8) ',( h250 '(6 ,627523(1 c17(,/6 '(5 x(57(,/81*6)81.7,21 '(5 g/(.7521(1 $86 Jc%6&+1P TPVPWKP k1 p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1 :,5' '(5 ./(,1( y(57 '(6 y,5.81*648(56&+1,776 $0 t$06$8(5Oo,1,080 J%(, &$P S (xK $86*(187=7N 80 ',( )5(,( y(*/>1*( '(5 g/(.7521(1 :(*(1 +hyN( W SBJ1R 1K *52M =8 0$&+(1P k0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' 8 1(+0(1 6,( '$11 =:,6&+(1 =:(, u7?M(1 9,(/ g1(5*,( J3 (+hyN( gK $8)N :2'85&+ 6,( ,1 ',( n$*( 9(56(7=7 :(5'(1N ',( |$+/ '(5 n$'81*675>*(5 '85&+ k21,6$7,21 =8 (5+?+(1 81' '$0,7 ',( |@1'81* =8 (5/(,&+7(51P k1 (,1(5 $1'(5(1 c1:(1'81* JeqTON eqOn$6(5K :,5.7 ',( |8*$%( =P dP 921 z( =80 n$6(5*$6 :,( (,1 g1(5*,(7/7(5P f,( |$+/ 921 g/(.7521(1 0,7 g1(5*,(1 / V (x :,5' %(, z(O|8*$%( J,0 @Od(5(,&+K :(*(1 '(6 *52M(1 s8(5O 6&+1,776 ,0 g1(5*,(,17(59$// 80 UAW (x 5('8=,(57N :2'85&+ ',( d(6(7=81* $1*(5(*7(5 x,%5$7,2161,9($86 81' '$0,7 ',( n$6(5$86*$1*6/(,6781* (5+?+7 :(5'(1P

TPUPUPT y,5.81*648(56&+1,77( ,1(/$67,6&+(5 u7?M( k21,6$7,216352=(66P f,( ./$66,6&+( d(+$1'/81* '(6 k21,6$7,216352=(66(6 '85&+ g/(.O 7521(1672M 678',(57 ',( y(&+6(/:,5.81* (,1(6 )5(,(1 g/(.75216 '(5 g1(5*,( Rn ,0 n$%256<67(0 0,7 (,1(0 *(%81'(1(1 g/(.7521 J,1 t8+(K %(, (,1(0 m/(,1:,1.(/672MN 'P +P )u S RP p$&+ i/P JTPWWK 81' JTPWXK %(6,7=7 ',(6(5 r52=(66 '(1 y,5.81*648(5O 6&+1,77 ,0 u&+:(5381.76O %=:P n$%256<67(0 0,7 6,1J)BTK W )BT T@

'16 3 g 1',)) '\6 3 T@ 33R

0 1 (T V@&R

T

0 1

')u (T 3 T@ RTu )Uu V@&R

T

')n 3 '1n N RTn )Un

JTPXSK

SWX

T p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1

:2%(, %(, '(5 w05(&+181* 920 u&+:(5381.76O ,16 n$%256<67(0 ',( d(=,(+81*(1 Ru 3 RnBTN )u 3 T )n %(187=7 :85'(1 LSTN SUbP p$&+ i/P JTPWSK 9(5/,(57 '$6 (,1)$/O /(1'( g/(.7521 ',( g1(5*,( VRu 3 Ru JS2&26)uKBT W Ru )TuBV 3 Rn )TnN :25$86 'VRu 3 T Rn )n ')n )2/*7P f$0,7 6&+5(,%7 0$1 i/P JTPXSK ,1 '(5 h250 '1n 3

@(V 'VRu P JV@&R V&uKT Rn

f(5 727$/( y,5.81*648(56&+1,77 )@5 k21,6$7,21 :,5' 0,7 '(5 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+(1 x2567(//81*(1 (171200(1(1 p(%(1%(',1*81* 1nN,21 3 R )@5 VRu 6 gk %(5(&+1(7\ 1nN,21 JRnK 3 @ VRu 7 gk N

0 1R (T V@&R

T

S

R M

g JV&uK2T 'VRu 3 V@$TR

n g

J

gk

Rn

0

S2

gk

1

Rn

N JTPXTK

'$ )@5 y$66(56725 ',( d(=,(+81* J(TBV@ 7RK 3 T $R gk *,/7P gk 3 SUPX (x ,67 ',( k21,O 6,(581*6(1(5*,( 921 jP f(5 s8(56&+1,77 1nN,21 ,67 921 '(5 i5?M(125'181* SR2TR 0TP f,662=,$7,216352=(66P k1 >+1/,&+(5 y(,6( :(5'(1 $8&+ f,662=,$7,216352=(66( '85&+ g/(.7521(1672M %(+$1'(/7P c15(*81*6352=(66P h@5 c15(*81*6352=(66( '85&+ g/(.7521(1672M ,67 (%(1)$//6 (,1( ./$66,6&+( d(+$1'/81* 0?*/,&+N :2%(, c15(*81*6(1(5*,(1 gSN$15(* 81' gTN$15(* ,16 u3,(/ .200(1P f,( k17(*5$7,21 @%(5 '1n J6P NNk21,6$7,216352=(66DDK /,()(57 -(7=7 0,7 1$15(* 3 R )@5 Rn 6 gSN$15(* KR ^ ^ g g gk ^ 1$15(* JRnK 3 L V@$TR k 2 k Rn gSN$15(* Rn ^ ^ gk gk ^ V@$T gk 2 R M Rn gSN$15(* gTN$15(*

0 0

1

1

Rn 6 gSN$15(* gSN$15(* 6 Rn 6 gTN$15(* P

JTPXUK

gTN$15(* 6 Rn

o(6681*(1 921 y,5.81*648(56&+1,77(1 %(67>7,*(1 48$/,7$7,9 ',( '85&+ i/P JTPXTK %=:P JTPXUK 925*(*(%(1( g1(5*,($%+>1*,*.(,7 J6P c%%P TPVKP h@5 (,1( $..85$7( r/$6O 0$02'(//,(581* 62//7( 0$1 -('2&+ $8) ',( g5*(%1,66( '(5 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+(1 t(&+181*(1 81' o(6681*(1 LSXN SYb =85@&.*5(,)(1P w17(5 x(5:(1'81* '(5 d251Op>+(581* />667 6,&+ )@5 '(1 d(5(,&+ Rn / g$15(* '(5 s8(56&+1,77 48$17(10(&+$1,6&+ $865(&+1(1 81' ,1 ',( $1$/<7,6&+( h250 %5,1*(1 1$15(* W V@$TR

gTk )ST &R /1 n gST Rn gST

JTPXVK

0,7 gST 3 gTN$15(* 2gSN$15(* 81' )ST 3 T 0( gST #'ST #TB(T @T q6=,//$725(167>5.(N #'ST # f,O 32/020(17 '(6 %(5*$1*6 T S S 81' & (,1( m2167$17( 921 '(5 i5?M(125'181* SP f,( h250(/1 JTPXUK 81' JTPXVK 6,1' 1,&+7 $1:(1'%$5N :(11 '(5 %(5*$1* T S S 237,6&+ 9(5%27(1 ,67P f(5 c%)$// '(6 s8(56&+1,776 0,7 '(5 g1(5*,( ,67 '$11 67>5.(5N $/6 i/P JTPXVK 925+(56$*7P g,1(1 x(5*/(,&+ (/$67,6&+(5 81' ,1(/$67,6&+(5 s8(56&+1,77( )@5 g/(.7521(1672M 0,7 j(Oc720(1 =(,*7 (%(1)$//6 c%%P TPVN 1$&+ LXZbP

TPU u72M352=(66( 81' ,1',9,'8(//( v(,/&+(1'<1$0,.

SWY

500 elastisch 100 50

Ionisation 21 P

10 5

σ /10-22m2

3 SPD

1.0 0.5 0.1

3

4 SPD

23 P

2 S

0

c%%P TPV LXZbKP

21 S

5 SPD

50

100 /eV

150

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0 1

T

V [ U , J'1'6KU P V

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T U

0 10

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|2 T(I .v

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5(68/7,(57P f,( u&+,&+7',&.(1 1$&+ i/P JTPTVZK 81' JTPTVXK 67,00(1 ,0 67520/26(1 h$// 81*()>+5 @%(5(,1P f$6 o$75,;6&+,&+702'(// :,5' +>87* (5)2/*5(,&+ 9(5:(1'(7N :(11 IyNR (,1( 6,&+ 0,7 '(5 |(,7 >1'(51'( u3$1181* ,67P u&+,&+7 81' x256&+,&+7 >1'(51 '$11 0,7 Iy J7K ,+5( c%0(6681* 81' '(5 k21(167520 /$87(7 -1 JRK

TPY u&+,&+7(1 81' h$//5>80(

TTU

3 ( 6 RPXS 6 1(NR J9d 1'=6B'7KP o,7+,/)( *(38/67(5 x2563$1181*(1 />667 6,&+ '$+(5 ',( 0,77/(5( q%(59>&+(1%(/$6781* (,1(6 u8%675$7(6 '85&+ r8/6)2/*()5(48(1= 81' r8/6O />1*( .21752//,(5(1P

TPYPT f,( 672M%(67,007( u&+,&+7 81' '(5 g,19866 1(*$7,9(5 k21(1 k1 c%6&+1P TPYPS :85'( 925$86*(6(7=7N '$66 ',( k21(1 ',( u&+,&+7 672M)5(, '85&+O 48(5(1N )@5 ',( )5(,( y(*/>1*( '(5 k21(1 $/62 ',( d(',1*81* +hyN1 / =6 *,/7P k0 f58&.O %(5(,&+ / S .r$ 2'(5 $8&+ %(, +2+(1 y$1'63$1181*(1 ,67 ',(6( d(',1*81* 9(5/(7=7N ',( k21(1 9,(*(1 1,&+7 )5(,N 621'(51 :(&+6(/:,5.(1 0,7 '(0 1(875$/(1 j,17(5*581' '(5 f,&+7( 1R 81' '5,)7(1 ,0 67$5.(1 u&+,&+7)(/' =85 y$1' J'(5 f,586,216$17(,/ ,67 '$%(, *(5,1*KP |:,6&+(1 =:(, u7?M(1 1(+0(1 6,( (,1( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( (+hyN1 #8 # $8)N 'P +P 0,7 +hyN1 3 SBJ1R 11K J6P i/P JTPVWKK *,/7 )@5 ,+5( 0,.526.23,6&+( i(6&+:,1O ',*.(,7 9 6 J#8 #BJ1R 11KKSBTP f$+(5 /$87(7 ',( u72M)5(48(1= '(5 k21(1 -0N1 3 9B+hyN1 6 J#8 #B1R KSBT 81' ,+5( d(:(*/,&+.(,7 ,67 ,1 3 ( o1B-0N1 6 J#8 #B1RK2SBT J6P c%6&+1P TPVPXKP k0 i(*(16$7= '$=8 +$7 0$1 )@5 (,1 1,('5,*(6 8Oh(/' 9 6 J.v1KSBTN 'P +P -0N1 81' ,1 +>1*(1 1,&+7 921 #8 #B1R $%P |86$00(1)$66(1' 6&+5(,%(1 :,5 '$+(5

0 1 0 1

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T

T

0

1

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0

1

T

W U-1 JRK U U IJ=K 32 1R J=1=6KU N W T&R mA1R

81' '$5$86 $1 '(5 y$1' )@5 = 3 RN $8)*(/?67 1$&+ '(5 k21(167520',&+7(N U T

01

T W -1 JRK 3 U U

U

&R mA J2IyKT P WBT |1R = 6

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[ &R m J2IyKT Z 1R =U6

JTPTWSK

TTV

T p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1

(5+$/7(1P p$&+ LXSb 75(7(1 ',( k21(1 ,0 672M%(67,007(1 h$// 0,7 '(5 *(*(1@%(5 '(0 672M)5(,(1 h$// 5('8=,(57(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7

|T+@<

hyN1

91 J2=6K 3 96N1 3 9d

J+hyN1 . +fN( 925$86*(6(7=7K

fN(

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0 01

T W =6 W +fN( U U

U T

mA

T W

10

@B1 o1 T(

|

1

U

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normiertes Dichteverhältnis der αs stoßfreien Schicht α p

1.0 0.8

Te =3 T-

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 10-1

(a)

Te =10 TTe =11 T100

normiertes Potential

e Φ Plasma k BTe

0.5

(b)

0.4 0.3

Te =10 TTe =3 T-

Te =20 TTe =100 T101 Dichteverhältnis α p

102

Te =11 TTe =20 T-

0.2

Te =100 T-

0.1 0

10-2

103

10-1

100 101 102 Dichteverhältnis α p

103

104

105

c%%P TPSV J$K x(5+>/71,6 '(5 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1',&+7( $1 '(5 u&+,&+7.$17( 1250,(57(1 1(O *$7,9(1 k21(1',&+7( $1 '(5 u&+,&+7.$17(N "6 3 126B1(6N =85 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1',&+7( ,0 r/$60$ 1250,(57(1 1(*$7,9(1 k21(1',&+7( ,0 r/$60$N "3 3 12RB1(RN $/6 h81.7,21 921 "3] r$5$0(7(5 ,67 '$6 v(03(5$7859(5+>/1,6 v(Bv2P J%K p250,(57(6 r/$60$327(17,$/ $/6 h81.7,21 '(6 f,&+O 7(9(5+>/71,66(6 "3 3 12RB1(R] r$5$0(7(5 ,67 '$6 v(03(5$7859(5+>/71,6 v(Bv2P |85 o(+5'(87,*O .(,7 81' 3+<6,.$/,6&+(1 t(/(9$1= '(5 n?681* 6P c%6&+1P TPYPTP

TPY u&+,&+7(1 81' h$//5>80(

TTW

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TPYPU m$7+2'(1O 81' c12'(1)$//P |@1'81* u&+,&+7%,/'81* ,67 (,1 x25*$1*N '(5 921 '(5 816(/%67>1',*(1 g17/$'81* @%(5 ',( |8Q1'81* %,6 +,1 =85 6(/%67>1',*(1 g17/$'81* (,1( *52M( t2//( 63,(/7P f,( (,1)$&+67( o(7+2'( =85 g5=(8*81* (,1(5 i/(,&+67520OJfeOKg17/$'81* %(67(+7 '$5,1N $1 (,1( i$6675(&.( 0,7+,/)( (,1(6 r/$77(13$$5(6 Jg/(.752'(1K (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' $1=8/(*(1 Jc%%P TPSWKP w0 (,1 0?*/,&+67 +202*(1(6 h(/' 2+1( h(/'@%(5+?+81* $0 r/$77(1O 5$1' =8 (5=,(/(1N :(5'(1 ',( '(5 i$6675(&.( =8*(:$1'7(1 r/$77(12%(59>&+(1 +>87* $/6 t2*2:6.,Or527/ J6,(+( =P dP LXVbK $86*(/(*7P g567 '85&+ d(675$+/81* '(5 i$6675(&.( 2'(5 '(5 m$7+2'( 0,7 (1(5*,(5(,&+(5 u75$+O /81* JwxN t?17*(1Ou75$+/81*N g/(.7521(1675$+/(1K (1767(+(1 '85&+ r+272O %=:P u72M,21,6$7,21 ,0 x2/80(1 n$'81*675>*(5P f$'85&+ :,5' ',( i$6675(&.( /(,7(1'P f,( h5(,6(7=81* 921 n$'81*675>*(51 ,0 x2/80(1 2'(5 $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( 0,7 ',(6(1 2'(5 >+1/,&+(1 j,/)60,77(/1 J6P c%6&+1P TPYPUPSK )$667 0$1 817(5 '(0 d(*5,5 h5(0'O ,21,6$7,21 =86$00(1P f,( g17/$'81* ,67 v(,/ (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5(,6(6N '(66(1 i(1(5$725 $/6 u7520O 2'(5 u3$1181*648(//( %(75,(%(1 :(5'(1 .$11 Jc%%P TPSWKP v5>*7 0$1 ',( u3$1181* $1 '(5 g17/$'81* wg @%(5 '(0 g17/$'81*667520 k $8)N 62 (5+>/7 0$1 ',( m(11/,1,( wg JkK Jc%%P TPSXKP f(5 u7520 k 0866 '85&+ ',( y$+/ '(5 i(1(5$72563$1181* wi 81' '(5 u800( $86 k11(1:,'(567$1' '(6 i(1(5$7256 t, 81' '(6 9$5,$%/(1 >8M(5(1 y,'(567$1'(6 t$ :(*(1 wci 3 wi 2Jt, 1t$K k 62 (,1*(67(//7 :(5'(1N '$66 wg JkK 185 (,1(1 u&+1,77381.7 wg JkK 3 wci Jc5%(,76381.7K 0,7 '(5 m(11/,1,( %(,0 u7520 k %(6,7=7P wci JkK +(,M7 c5%(,76*(5$'(P u,1' 0(+5(5( u&+1,77381.7( 0?*/,&+N (037(+/7 6,&+ '(5 g,16$7= (,1(5 m2167$176752048(//(P f,( wg JkKOm(11/,1,( />667 6,&+ ,1 $&+7 u7520%(5(,&+( 817(57(,/(1N ,1 '(1(1 -(:(,/6 9?//,* 817(56&+,('/,&+( g17/$'81*6)250(1 0,7 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 h>//(1N f81.(/5>80(1N i/,00=21(1 81' u$Q8/(1 (1767(+(1N :,( ,0 h2/*(1'(1 ',6.87,(57P

TTX

T p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1 Bestrahlung

Anode

Rogowski-Profile

+

+

+

-

Kathode

Bestrahlung

d

Ez z =d

z =0

-

z -Achse

Pumpe

UE UG Ri

Ra I

c%%P TPSW r5,1=,3,(//(5 c8)%$8 (,1(5 feOg17/$'81* Jg/(.752'(1$%67$1' ' K 0,7 h5(0',21,O 6,(581*69255,&+781* =85 d(675$+/81* '(6 x2/80(16P f,( g17/$'81* ,67 v(,/ (,1(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 m5(,6(6N '(5 =85 u3$1181*69(5625*81* 81' c8)1$+0( '(5 wg Jk KOm(11/,1,( ',(17P

TPYPUPS w16(/%67>1',*( g17/$'81* k0 d(5(,&+ S J,1 c%%P TPSXKN '(5 816(/%67>1',*(1 g17/$'81* =8*(25'1(7N '5,)7(1 ',( =P dP '85&+ d(675$+/81* '(5 m$7+2'( 0,7 '(5 g/(.7521(19866',&+7( C( )5(,*(6(7=7(1 g/(.7521(1 1$&+ v+(50$/,6,(581* ,0 j,17(5*581'*$6 =85 c12'( 81' (6 9,(M7 ,0 >8M(5(1 m5(,6 '(5 u>77,*81*667520 k6$77 3 ( C( cmN :(11 cm ',( m$7+2'(19>&+( ,67P f85&+ d(675$+/81* '(5 i$6675(&.( (1767(+(1 1R 9,21 g/(.7521Ok21Or$$5( 352 x2/80(1O 81' |(,7(,1+(,7N :2%(, 9,21 ',( k21,6$7,216)5(48(1= ,67P j,(5 62// 185 '(5 h$// '(5 +202*(1(1 h5(0',21,6$7,21 ,0 x2/80(1 %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1P v527= '(5 925$86*(O 6(7=7(1 */(,&+0>M,*(1 r52'8.7,21 921 v5>*(53$$5(1 @%(5 '$6 g17/$'81*692/80(1 67(//7 6,&+ .(,1( +202*(1( x(57(,/81* '(5 n$'81*675>*(5 (,1N 81' ',( c11$+0( (,1(5 .2167$17(1 h(/'67>5.( ,67 :(*(1 '(5 '$'85&+ (1767(+(1'(1 t$80/$'81*(1 1,&+7 *(*(%(1P g,1( 6,08/7$1( n?681* '(5 67$7,21>5(1 m217,18,7>76*/(,&+81*(1 i/P JTPSX[K '(5 n$'81*675>*(5 81' '(5 i/(,&+81* ',98 3 (J11 212KB&R 817(5 x(5:(1'81* '(5 v(,/&+(19@66( 2+1( f,586,21 1$&+ i/P JTPSVVK %=:P i/P JTPSV[K /,()(57

0

1

, 1,1 -6$77 ,( 1,1 ' T &R T g= 3 (1R 9,21 ( 3 T '= T ,( ,1 ' ,( ,1

JTPTWUK

TPY u&+,&+7(1 81' h$//5>80(

TTY

U E/V 1200

unselb- teilselbständig ständig

selbständig

1000

Glimmentladung

800

Korona TownsendPlateau

600

anomal

5

6

TownsendEntladung (Dunkelentladung)

400

200 1 0 10-20

normal

Übergang zum Bogen

2 10-16

3

10-12

4 10-4

10-5

10-3

10-2

10-1

7 1

8 10

Bogen 100

I /A

c%%P TPSX wgOkOm(11/,1,( 921 i/(,&+67520(17/$'81*(1 Jp(N g17/$'81*6/>1*( RPW 0N e8O g/(.752'(1 '(5 h/>&+( SR2U 0TN 3 3 SUU r$N 1$&+ LXWbKP f,( 1800(5,(57(1N 1$&+ '(5 u7520O 67>5.( $1*(25'1(7(1 d(5(,&+( .(11=(,&+1(1 ',( 6,&+ (,167(//(1'(1 g17/$'81*6)250(1N 6,(+( c%6&+1P TPYP 81' TPZP

0,7 '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 u>77,*81*667520',&+7( -6$77 3 ( 1R 9,21 xBcm 3 ( 1R 9,21 ' Jx x2/8O 0(1N ' n>1*( '(5 i$6675(&.(KP i/P JTPTWUK 81' ',( )2/*(1'(1 6,1' 185 )@5 ./(,1( 8Oh(/'(5 $1:(1'%$5N 'P +P :(11 1$&+ i/P JTPTV[K gB1R . JgB1RK& (5)@//7 ,67P y>+/7 0$1 ',( 1=Ot,&+781* :,( ,1 c%%P TPSWN 62 /$87(1 ',( x(57(,/81*(1 '(5 n$'81*6O 75>*(5',&+7(1 11 J=K 3

-6$77 = S2=B' 81' 1( J=K 3 -6$77 (,1 g J=K' (,1 g J=K

JTPTWVK

0,7 '(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.(9(5/$8) g J=K 3

|-& ,E' |0'= 2 ,,E 1 1eAP T

6$77 R

JTPTWWK

(

'

f$%(, ,67 ,E 3 ,1 ,(BJ,1 1,(K 81' eA (,1( m2167$17(N ',( @%(5 wg 3 3 g g J=NeAK'= R

'85&+ ',( u75(&.(163$1181* wg $86*('5@&.7 :(5'(1 .$11P f,( c%%P TPSY$ 81' % 67(//(1 %(5(&+1(7( f,&+7(O 81' h(/'9(5/>8)( )@5 ',( %(,'(1 h>//( ,1B,( . SN 'P +P ,E W ,( 81' ,1 3 ,2N $/62 ,E 3 ,1BTN '$5P n(7=7(5(5 h$// ,67 *@/7,*N :(11 ',( g/(.7521(1 '85&+ c1/$*(581* $1 c720( 9(5/25(1 *(+(1 81' ',( 326,7,9(1 81' (1767$1'(1(1 1(*$7,9(1 k21(1 $//(,1 '(1 u752075$163257 @%(51(+0(1P o$1 %($&+7(N '$66 ',( c%O 62/87:(57( 921 1( ,1 c%%P TPSY$ 80 '(1 h$.725 ,1B,( . S ./(,1(5 $/6 11 6,1'P x25

TTZ

T p,('(57(03(5$7853/$60(1 1.0

n+(z ) n+(d )

0.8

Ez(z ) Ez(d )

Verhältnis

0.6 0.4

ne(z ) ne(0)

0.2 0

Anode 0

(a)

Kathode 0.6 0.4 0.2 z relativer Anodenabstand d

2.5

n-(z ) n-(0)

2.0

1.0

n+(z ) n+(d )

n-(z ) n-(0)

1.5 Verhältnis

0.8

n+(z ) n+(d )

1.0 0.5 0

Anode 0

(b)

Ez(z ) Ez(d )

E z( z ) Ez(d ) 0.4

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TVV

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TVW

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TVX

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Schichtung

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c/6 .29$/(17( m5>)7( :(5'(1 62/&+( %(5@&.6,&+7,*7N ',( 921 '(5 }1'(581* '(5 n>1*( &+(0,6&+(5 d,1'81*(1 JdKN '(6 y,1.(/6 =:,6&+(1 =:(, d,1'81*(1 JyKN '(5 x(5'5(O +81* &+(0,6&+(5 d,1'81*(1 JfK 2'(5 '(5 c86/(1.81* $520$7,6&+(5 m2+/(16725( $86 ,+5(5 t,1*(%(1( JgK +(55@+5(1P k1 '(0 *(1$117(1 m5$)7)(/' %(6&+5,(%(1( 1,&+7O .29$/(17( y(&+6(/:,5.81*(1 6,1' ',( e28/20%Oy(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 3$57,(// *(/$'(1(1 c720(1 JeKN ',( r$8/,Oc%672M81* JrK 81' ',( 9$1O'(5Oy$$/6Oc1=,(+81* J9'yK] ',( /(7=7(1 %(,'(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ (,1 n(11$5'Ol21(6Or27(17,$/ %(6&+5,(%(1P p,&+7 $//( c63(.7( '(5 o(7+2'( '(5 o2/(.8/$5'<1$0,.6,08/$7,21 .?11(1 +,(5 ',6.87,(57 :(5'(1] '$6 ,67 )@5 '$6 35,1=,3,(//( x(567>1'1,6 '(5 o(7+2'( $8&+ 1,&+7 (5)25'(5/,&+P f$=8 *(+?5(1 ',( d(+$1'/81* '(5 u,08/$7,2166<67(0*5(1=(1 %=:P ',( 3(5,2',6&+( h2576(7=81* '(6 u,08/$7,2166<67(06 81' ',( '$5$86 5(68/7,(5(1'(1 0?*O /,&+(1 c57()$.7(N '$6 NNg,1)5,(5(1DD 6&+1(//(5 d,1'81*66&+:,1*81*(1N 80 '(5(1 48$1O 7(10(&+$1,6&+(1 e+$5$.7(5 %(66(5 =8 %(6&+5(,%(1N ',( *((,*1(7( r/$7=,(581* 921 k21(1 ,1 '(5 :>665,*(1 w0*(%81* '(6 r527(,16N ',( d(6&+5(,%81* 352721,(5%$5(5 i5833(1N ',( u,08/$7,21 ,0 .$121,6&+(1 g16(0%/( '85&+ *((,*1(7( m233/81* '(6 u<67(06 $1 (,1 y>50(O 81'B2'(5 NNf58&.DDOd$'N ',( d(6&+5(,%81* 1,&+732/$5(5 y$6O 6(56725$720( '85&+ NNe203281'DDOc720(N ',( c%:>*81* =:,6&+(1 (;3/,=,7(5 81' ,03/,=,7(5 d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 y$66(56725%5@&.(1:(&+6(/:,5.81*N ',( x25%(5(,781* '(6 u,08/$7,2166<67(06 $8) '(5 i581'/$*( (,1(6 $86 t?17*(1675(8(;3(5,0(17(1 *(O :211(1(1 u758.78502'(//6 81' '$6 '$0,7 =86$00(1+>1*(1'( r52%/(0 (,1(5 +,1O 5(,&+(1' /$1*(1 g48,/,%5,(581* '(6 u<67(06N ',( ,03/,=,7( d(6&+5(,%81* (/(.7521,O 6&+(5 r2/$5,6$7,216(5(.7(N ',( (5,=,(17( d(5(&+181* '(5 /$1*5(,&+:(,7,*(1 e28/20%O m5>)7( 81' ',( r$5$//(/,6,(581* '(5 (17635(&+(1'(1 c/*25,7+0(1 )@5 '(1 g,16$7= 921 r$5$//(/5(&+1(51 62:,( ',( y$+/ *((,*1(7(5 k17(*5$7,2169(5)$+5(1 =85 180(5,O 6&+(1 n?681* '(5 p(:721I6&+(1 d(:(*81*6*/(,&+81*(1P |8 ',(6(1 v+(0(1 :85'(1 $86*(=(,&+1(7( %(5%/,&.6$57,.(/ 38%/,=,(57 L[YA[[bP g,1( :(,7(5*(+(1'( g,1)@+581* *,%7 $8&+ ',( 921 9$1 i8167(5(1N y(,1(5 81' y,/.,1621 +(5$86*(*(%(1( t(,+( LSRRbP

SRP[PU o2/(.8/$5'<1$0,.6,08/$7,21 .5$)70,.526.23,6&+(5 g,1=(/02/(.@/(;3(5,0(17( f,( c%%P SRPWU& =(,*7 ',( 35,1=,3,(//( x25*(+(16:(,6(N 80 .5$)70,.526.23,6&+( g,1O =(/02/(.@/(;3(5,0(17( */(,&+6$0 c720 )@5 c720 ,0 e20387(5 1$&+=8%,/'(1P |85 d(6&+5(,%81* '(5 y,5.81* '(6 e$17,/(9(56 :,5' '$6-(1,*( c720 , '(6 n,*$1'(1O 02/(.@/6N :(/&+(6 ,0 g;3(5,0(17 .29$/(17 $1 '(1 r2/<0(5/,1.(5 *(%81'(1 ,67 81'

SRXR

SR c8)%$8N h81.7,21 81' f,$*1267,. %,2*(1(5 o2/(.@/(

$8) ',(6( y(,6( ',5(.7 '(5 |8*.5$)7 $86*(6(7=7 ,67N ,1 '(5 u,08/$7,21 '(0 */(,&+(1 J+$5021,6&+(1K |8*327(17,$/ x Jt, N 7K 3 ST .h LJt, 2t,NRK 6 1G 29 7bT

JSRPURK

817(5:25)(1 J,0 d,/' 6<0%2/,6,(57 '85&+ (,1( h('(5KN '$6 6&+21 ,1 $1$/2*(5 y(,6( ,0 c%6&+1P SRPYPW 9(5:(1'(7 :85'( J9*/P i/P JSRPVKKP f(5 1250,(57( x(.725 1G %(=(,&+O 1(7 +,(5 ',( |8*5,&+781* 81' t,NR '(1 q57 '(6 c7206 , =8 d(*,11 '(5 u,08/$7,21N 62 '$66 '$6 o,1,080 J81' '$0,7 ',( i/(,&+*(:,&+76/$*( '(6 %(75$&+7(7(1 c7206 ,K 0,7 .2167$17(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 9 921 '(5 d,1'81*67$6&+( )257%(:(*7 :,5' Jr)(,/KP |8*/(,&+ :,5' '(5 u&+:(5381.7 '(6 r527(,16 J%(67(+(1' $86 13 c720(1 0,7 '(1 r26,7,21(1 t, N , 3 S P P P 13K (%(1)$//6 0,7 (,1(0 J181 67$7,21>5(1K +$5021,6&+(1 r2O d,27,1u75(37$9,',1Od,27,1 7(17,$/N T S 13 s t, N JSRPUSK x),; JtSN P P P N t13 K 3 ST .),; t),; 2 13 , 3 S

2

SER 27 ASN 23 VAL 47

3

ASN 23 SER 27 VAL 47

ASN 49

TYR 43 H2

ASP 128

R

TYR 43 ARG 84

BIOTIN

H1

(a)

O2

(b)

SER 27 ASN 23

VAL 47 SER 27

O2

TYR 43

TYR 43

ARG 84 H1

ASP 128

O3

(c) ASN 23

ASP 128

ASN 49

VAL 47

ASN 49 ARG 84

H2

ASN 23

ASP 128 (d)

ASN 49

ARG 84

VAL 47

SER 27 TYR 43

ARG 84

ASP 128 (e)

c%%P SRPXR NNu&+1$336&+@66(DD '(5 (5=:81*(1(1 d,1'81*675(1181* (,1(6 d,27,102/(.@/6 J:(,MN ',&.(5 +(5925*(+2%(1K $86 '(5 d,1'81*67$6&+( '(6 u75(37$9,',16N 921 '(5 /(',*/,&+ ',(-(1,*(1 c0,126>85(1 ,1 u75,&+'$567(//81* J6&+:$5=K *(=(,*7 6,1'N :(/&+( $0 67>5.67(1 0,7 '(0 d,27,1 :(&+6(/:,5.(1P y$66(56725%5@&.(1%,1'81*(1 6,1' )(77 *(675,&+(/7 *(=(,&+1(7N y$6O 6(5%5@&.(1 J921 '(1(1 185 :(1,*( '(5 7$76>&+/,&+ 925+$1'(1(1 *(=(,*7 6,1'K '@11 *(381.7(7P f,( *(6$07( u,08/$7,216'$8(5 %(75>*7 (7:$ (,1( p$126(.81'(] '$6 d,27,102/(.@/ /(*7 :>+O 5(1' ',(6(5 |(,7 (,1( u75(&.( 921 (7:$ (,1(0 p$120(7(5 =85@&. J1$&+ LSRSbKP

SRP[ e20387(56,08/$7,21 '(5 f<1$0,. 921 d,202/(.@/(1

SRXS

ARG 84

VAL 47

SER 27, TYR 43

ASP 128 ASN 49

0,7 *((,*1(7(5 h('(5.2167$17( .),; $0 q57 t),; 7;,(57N 62 '$66 '$6 r527(,1 =:$5 ,17(51( m21)250$7,216%(:(*81*(1 A (7:$ ,1'8&('O77Od(:(*81*(1 '(5 d,1'81*67$6&+( $/6 t($.7,21 $8) ',( d(:(*81* '(6 n,*$1'(1 A $86)@+5(1 81' 6,&+ $8&+ '85&+ f5(+81* $8) ',( |8*5,&+781* $865,&+7(1 .$11N -('2&+ *5?M(5( v5$16/$7,216%(:(*81*(1 81O 7(5%81'(1 :85'(1N ',(6 (%(1)$//6 ,1 (1*(5 c1/(+181* $1 ',( (;3(5,0(17(//( u,78$O 7,21P o,7 ',(6(1 o2/(.8/$5'<1$0,.6,08/$7,21(1 '(5 (5=:81*(1(1 d,1'81*675(1181* .2117(1 f,662=,$7,216.5>)7( ,11(5+$/% '(5 (;3(5,0(17(//(1 i(1$8,*.(,7 %(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1P f,(6 6,1' $%O,1,7,2Ot(&+181*(1 ,1 '(0 u,11(N '$66 .(,1( r$5$0(7(5 $1 ',( $86 '(1 .5$)70,.526.23,6&+(1 o(6681*(1 *(:211(1(1 f$7(1 $1*(3$667 :(5'(1 0@66(1P g,16&+5>1.(1' 0866 $1*(0(5.7 :(5'(1N '$66 $8)*581' '(5 %(*5(1=7(1 9(5O )@*%$5(1 e20387(5/(,6781* ',( (;3(5,0(17(//( |(,76.$/$ Jo,//,6(.81'(1K 81' ',( u,08/$7,216=(,76.$/$ Jp$126(.81'(1K 1,&+7 @%(5(,167,00(1N 62 '$66 =80 x(5*/(,&+ 921 u,08/$7,21 81' g;3(5,0(17 $8) i/P JSRPSSK =85@&.*(*5,5(1 :(5'(1 0866P c86 '(5$57,*(1 u,08/$7,21(1 (7:$ '(5 ,1 c%6&+1P SRPZPT %(6&+5,(%(1(1 (5=:81O *(1(1 u75(37$9,',1Od,27,1Ov5(1181* .2117( (,1 '(7$,//,(57(6 o2'(// '(6 y(*(6 '(6 n,*$1'(102/(.@/6 $86 '(5 d,1'81*67$6&+( 81' '(5 c57 81' t(,+(1)2/*( '(5 f(+O 181* 81' v5(1181* (,1=(/1(5N 63(=,76&+(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81*(1 =:,6&+(1 n,*$1' 81' d,1'81*67$6&+(N :,( =80 d(,63,(/ y$66(56725%5@&.(1N $%*(/(,7(7 :(5'(1 LSRSN W[b m5$)73527/u75(37$9,',1Od,27,1 Jc%%P SRPXRKP

300

Fzug /pN

200 100 0 0

0.2

0.6 0.4 z cant(t )/nm

0.8

1.0

c%%P SRPXS k0 x(5/$8) '(5 o2/(.8/$5'<1$0,.6,08/$7,21 $8) '(1 n,*$1'(1 Jd,27,1K $86*(@%O 7( |8*.5$)7 JNNm5$)73527/DDKP g6 ,67 (,1( *52M( |$+/ /2.$/(5 o$;,0$ =8 (5.(11(1] -('(6 ',(6(5 o$;,0$ 5@+57 920 d5(&+(1 (,1=(/1(5N ,17(502/(.8/$5(5 1,&+7.29$/(17(5 d,1'81*(1 :,( (7:$ y$66(56725%5@&.(1 +(5P f,( )(77 *(675,&+(/7(1 o$5.,(581*(1 %(=(,&+1(1 ',( %(7525(1(1 c0,O 126>85(1 '(6 r527(,16P g6 +$1'(/7 6,&+ 80 ',( ,1 c%%P SRPXR *(=(,*7(1 c0,126>85(1N :(/&+( ',( d,1'81*67$6&+( )@5 '$6 d,27,102/(.@/ %,/'(1P f,( '@11 *(675,&+(/7(1 o$5.,(581*(1 %(O =(,&+1(1 '$6 c%5(,M(1 62 *(1$117(5 y$66(5%5@&.(1N :(/&+( '85&+ y$66(502/(.@/( *(%,/'(7 :(5'(1N ',( */(,&+=(,7,* y$66(56725%5@&.(1 62:2+/ =80 n,*$1'(1 $/6 $8&+ =80 r527(,1 $86O %,/'(1 J1$&+ LSRSbKP

SRXT

SR c8)%$8N h81.7,21 81' f,$*1267,. %,2*(1(5 o2/(.@/(

f,( @%(5 '(5 t($.7,216.225',1$7( $8)*(75$*(1( |8*.5$)7 JNNm5$)73527/DDN 6,(+( c%%P SRPXSKN h=8* 3 1G 6 0x Jt,N 7K 3 . 1G 6 LJt, 2t,NRK 6 1G 29 7b N

JSRPUTK

=(,*7 1(%(1 '(0 (;3(5,0(17(// &+$5$.7(5,6,(57(1 j$8370$;,080 (,1( 81(5:$57(7( h@//( 921 p(%(10$;,0$ J:(/&+( (;3(5,0(17(// 1,&+7 $8)*(/?67 :(5'(1 .?11(1KN ',( '(5 v5(1181* '(5 =$+/5(,&+(1 ,17(5$720$5(1 y(&+6(/:,5.81*(1 ,1 '(5 d,1'81*67$O 6&+( =8*(25'1(7 :(5'(1 .2117(1P f,(6(5 d()81' 9(5'(87/,&+7 ',( m203/(;,7>7 '(5 g1(5*,(/$1'6&+$)7N :(/&+( ',( n,*$1'(1%,1'81* %(6&+5(,%7P o2/(.8/$5'<1$0,.6,08/$7,21(1 .5$)70,.526.23,6&+(5 g;3(5,0(17( '(5 *(=(,*7(1 c57 :(5'(1 ,1 =81(+0(1'(0 o$M( (,1*(6(7=7N (7:$ $8&+N 80 ',( 0,7 '(5 f(+181* 921 r2/<0(5(1 LVZN SRTN SRUb J6P c%6&+1P SRPZPUK 2'(5 0,7 '(5 0(&+$1,6&+(1 g17O )$/781* 921 r527(,1(1 LSRVN SRWb J6P c%6&+1P SRPZPVK (,1+(5*(+(1'(1 02/(.8/$5(1 u758.785>1'(581*(1 =8 &+$5$.7(5,6,(5(1 81' ',( %(2%$&+7(7(1 m5>)7( $8) '(5 g%(1( ,17(5$720$5(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81*(1 =8 (5./>5(1P f(5 $1 '(1 9,(/(1 :(,7(5(1 c1:(1O '81*(1 '(5 o(7+2'( ,17(5(66,(57( n(6(5 6(, $8) =:(, %(5%/,&.6$57,.(/ 9(5:,(6(1 LUZN SRXbP

n,7(5$785 y(,7(5)@+5(1'( n,7(5$785 c1716(1N ePdPN r5,1&,3/(6 7+$7 i29(51 7+( h2/',1* 2) r527(,1 e+$,16N u&,(1&( SZSN TTUN S[YU d$%%,7N rPePN i(5/7N lPcPN w1'(567$1',1* g1=<0( u83(5)$0,/,(6\ e+(0,675< $6 $ h81'$0(17$/ f(7(50,1$17 ,1 7+( g92/87,21 2) p(: e$7$/<7,& c&7,9,7,(6P lP d,2/P e+(0P TYN URW[SN S[[Y d(5167(,1N oPrPN u$1')257N uPcPN c//$0$1'2/$N nPlPN m$0(1 ',( |87$7(1 '(5 w56833( $86 '(0 c//aN u3(.7580 '(5 y,66(16&+$)7 SRN TXN TRRR d52:1N mPN f$6 y(775(11(1 80 ',( i(1(N u3(.7580 '(5 y,66(16&+$)7N u3(.7580 c.$'(0,O 6&+(5 x(5/$*N j(,'(/%(5*N 3P USN u(37(0%(5 TRRRP f(,6(1+2)(5N lPN o,&+(/N jPN f$6 3+2726<17+(7,6&+( t($.7,216=(17580 '(6 r85385%$.7(5,806 9,5,'(6 Jp2%(/92575$*KN c1*(:P e+(0P SRSN ZYTN S[Z[ f,&.(5621N tPgPN i(,6N kPN u758.785 81' h81.7,21 '(5 r527(,1(N xej y(,1+(,0N S[YS f,&.(5621N tPgPN i(,6N kPN j(02*/2%,1\ u758&785(N h81&7,21N g92/87,21N $1' r$7+2/2*

n,7(5$785

SRXU

n(+1,1*(5N cPnPN p(/621N fPN e2;N oP Jj56*PKN n(+1,1*(5 d,2&+(0,(N u35,1*(5 x(5/$*N d(5/,1N TRRS o,//(5N uPnPN y+,&+ q5*$1,& e203281' e28/' j$9( q&&855(' 21 7+( r5(%,27,& g$57+a e2/' u35,1* j$5%P u<03P s8$17P d,2/P WTN SYN S[ZY 81' $1'(5( c57,.(/ (%(1'$ o@//(5N jPN retOr2/<0(5$6(Om(77(15($.7,21P u3(.7580 c.$'(0,6&+(5 x(5/$*N j(,'(/%(5*N TRRS r(587=N oPhPN y,/.,1621N cPlPN r$2/,N oPN f2'621N iPiPN v+( u7(5(2&+(0,&$/ o(&+$1,60 2) 7+( e223(5$7,9( g5(&7 ,1 j(02*/2%,1 t(9,6,7('N c118P t(9P d,23+<6P d,2&+(0P u758&7P TYN SN S[[Z r586,1(5N u7P dPN u&277N oPtPN f(c5021'N uPlPN e2+(1N hPgPN r5,21 r527(,1 d,2/2*
SRXV

SR c8)%$8N h81.7,21 81' f,$*1267,. %,2*(1(5 o2/(.@/(

LSXb u7?5/(5N iPN u7?5/(5Oo(,/,&.(N oPN ,1\ u758&785(N h81&7,21 $1' i(1(7,&6 2) t,%2620(6N u35,1*(5 x(5/$*N d(5/,1N 3P TZN S[ZX LSYb u+27721N fPN v+( o2/(8&/$5 c5&+,7(&785( 2) 7+( u(5,1( r527(,1$6(6N ,1\ r52&P k17P t(6P e21)P r527(,1$6( k1+,%,7256N '( i58<7(5N d(5/,1N VYAWWN S[YS LSZb v6&+(6&+(N jPN d,2&+(0,( 1$7@5/,&+(5 r527(,1$6(Ok1+,%,725(1N c1*(:P e+(0P ZXN TSN S[YV] c1*(:P e+(0P k17(51$7P g'P SUN SRN S[YV LS[b v6&+(6&+(N jPN d(&.0$11N lPN o(+/,&+N cPN u&+1$%(/N gPN v586&+(,7N gPN y(1=(/N jPtPN u(0,6<17+(7,& g1*,1((5,1* 2) r527(,1$6( k1+,%,725 j202/2*8(6N d,2&+,0P d,23+<6P c&7$ [SUN [YN S[ZY LTRb d5,1.0$11NvPN u&+1,(5(5N uPN v6&+(6&+(N jPN t(&20%,1$17 c3527,1,1 j202/2*8( :,7+ p(: k1+,%,725< u3(&,7&,7< )25 e$7+(36,1 iN g85P lP d,2&+(0P TRTN [WN S[[S LTSb u75<(5N nPN d,2&+(0,(N u3(.7580 c.$'(0,6&+(5 x(5/$*N j(,'(/%(5*N S[[W LTTb n27763(,&+N hPN |25%$6N jP Jg'6PKN d,2$1$/<7,.N u3(.7580 c.$'(0,6&+(5 x(5/$*N j(,'(/O %(5*N S[[Z LTUb n$.2:,&=N lPtPN r5,1&,3/(6 2) h/825(6&(1&( u3(&7526&2377(5N WWN h(%P TRRS LU[b o255,6N xPlPN m,5%
n,7(5$785

SRXW

LVVb {,1N jPN y$1*N oPfPN u92%2'$N mPN n$1',&.N tPN d/2&.N uPoPN i(//(6N lPN v5$16&5,37,21 $*$,167 $1 c33/,(' h25&(N u&,(1&( TYRN SXWUN S[[W LVWb u&+867(5N uPePN m+$1N uPN v+( d$&7(5,$/ h/$*(//$5 o2725N c11P t(9P d,23+<6P d,202/P u758&7P TUN WR[N S[[V LVXb g5,&.621N jPrPN u75(7&+,1* u,1*/( r527(,1 o2/(&8/(6\ v,7,1 k6 $ y(,5' u35,1*N u&,(1&( TYXN SR[RN S[[Y LVYb e/8=(/N rPN n(%581N cPN j(//(5N ePN n$9(51**,N rPN v$/.1(5N rPN d25.29(&N oPN t($&7,21Ot$7( v+(25<\ h,)7< {($56 $)7(5 m5$0(56N t(9P o2'P r+<6P XTN TWSN S[[R LWXb d(//N iPkPN o2'(/6 )25 u3(&,7& c'+(6,21 2) e(//6 72 e(//6N u&,(1&( TRRN XSZN S[YZ LWYb o(5.(/N tPN p$662
SRXX

SR c8)%$8N h81.7,21 81' f,$*1267,. %,2*(1(5 o2/(.@/(

LYRb {(//(1N iPN v+( x2/7$*(Oi$7(' r27$66,80 e+$11(/6 $1' v+(,5 t(/$7,9(6N p$785( VS[N UWN TRRT LYSb c16$5,N cPN d(5(1'=(1N lPN d5$8167(,1N fPN e2:(1N dPtPN h5$8(1)(/'(5N jPN j21*N oPmP (7 $/PN t(%,1',1* $1' t(/$;$7,21 ,1 7+( o<2*/2%,1 r2&.(7N d,23+<6P e+(0P TXN UUYN S[ZY LYTb g/%(5N tPN m$53/86N oPN o8/7,3/( e21)250$7,21$/ u7$7(6 2) r527(,16\ $ o2/(&8/$5 f
n,7(5$785

SRXY

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