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:
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::::rp
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I
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JAPANESE FOR BUSY PEOPL Kana Workboo
for the Revised Jrd Edition
Association for Japanese-Language Teaching
AJALT
KODANSHA INTERNATIONAL Tokyo • New York • London
The Association for Japanese-Language Teaching (AJALT) was recog nized as a nonprofit organization by the Ministry of Education in 1977. It was established to meet the practical needs of people who are not necessarily specialists on Japan but wish to communicate effectively in Japanese. tn 1992 AJALT was awarded the Japan foundation Special Prize. AJALT maintains a website at www.ajalt.org. Illustrations by Shinsaku Sumi CD narration by Yuri Haruta and Howard Colefield CD recording and editing by the English Language Education Council, Inc. PHOTO CREDITS: ©
Sachiyo Yasuda
Distributed in the United States by Kodansha America, Inc., and in the United Kingdom and continental Europe by Kodansha Europe Ltd. Published by Kodansha International Ltd., 17-14 Otowa 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8652, and Kodansha America, Inc. Copyright© 2007 by the Association for Japanese-Language Teaching. All rights reserved. Printed in Japan. ISBN 978-4-7700-3037-5 First published in 1992 under the title Kana for Busy People Second edition 1996
Third edition 2007 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
vii
INTRODUCTION TO THE JAPANESE WRITING SYSTEM INTRODUCTION TO THE JAPANESE SOUND SYSTEM
3
HIRAGANA
9
KATAKANA
51
ANSWERS TO READING CH ALLENGES
85
INTRODUCTION
The Japanese for Busy People series focuses on teaching Japanese for effective commu nication. It is the aim of this workbook-designed for students at the beginner level-to help you to master kana (hiragana and katakana) as painlessly and as efficiently as pos sible. It is hoped, too, that by learning kana you will feel encouraged to foray even further into your studies of the Japanese language. By teaching the basics of the kana syllabaries, this book will enable you to better acquire the rhythms and sounds of Japanese speech, thus improving your oral command of the language. The reading and writing abilities gained through the study of kana will, moreover, help to enhance your overall communication skills. Many of the vocabulary items and expressions in this workbook have been taken from Japanese for Busy People 1: Revised J'd Edition. You can use the Romanized Version of that text in tandem with this workbook, or you can complete the workbook before embarking on the Kana Version. In any case, a mastery of hiragana and katakana is essential for anyone planning to use either Japanese for Busy People 1: Revised J'd Edition,
Kana Version or Japanese for Busy People
II:
Revised J'd Edition, since those books use
kana and kanji exclusively-that is, without the aid of romanized Japanese.
Overview of the Book Before going straight into the workbook itself, you may find it worthwhile getting a general idea of its contents. The remainder of this introduction is devoted to that. Note first of all, however, that there is a kana table on the inside of the front cover, showing all the hiragana and katakana along with their pronunciations. Introduction to the Japanese Writing System
This section gives an overview of the Japanese writing system, providing some cultural background to capture your interest, while also showing how the kana that you are about to learn fit into and function within Japanese orthography as a whole. Introduction to the Japanese Sound System
Here you will be introduced to the sounds of Japanese along with the hiragana and katakana used to represent them. Samples of each sound may also be heard on the CD. Hiragana
This part of the book explains how to write Japanese sounds in hiragana, proceeding from voiceless and voiced consonants to p-sounds, contracted sounds, long vowels, double consonants, and combinations of contracted sounds and long vowels. Lessons on each category of sound move step by step from recognition, reading, and writing of individual characters to reading and writing of entire words. In this way, the book allows you to acquire hiragana logically and efficiently. Both in this hiragana section and in the katakana one that follows, spaces for practic ing individual kana come with reference lines to help you get a feel for the proper size vii
and shape of each character. By thus learning the com�ct angles and spac€s between strokes, you will be able to master even confusingly similar-looking characters and make full use of them in reading and writing.
The Reading Challenge sections starting on page 38 present labeled, picture dictionary
like illustrations of place names, foods, familiar items, and other vocabulary related to daily life in Japan. These pages are intended to provide you with a fun way to practice reading hiragana. Answers can be found at the back of the book.
Starting from page 48 are short reading exercises that present elementary Japanese
sentences written in hiragana. Practice reading the sentences, paying particular attention to the irregular readings of hiragana used to write particles. Katakana
The lessons on katakana open by introducing several katakana with shapes similar to their hiragana counterparts, followed by an overview of the entire katakana syllabary that uses the kana table to relate the characters to the hiragana learned earlier. As with hiragana, discussion of katakana proceeds from voiceless and voiced conso nants to p-sounds, contracted sounds, long vowels, double consonants, and combinations of contracted sounds with long vowels, moving you efficiently from recognizing and writing individual characters to reading and writing whole words. One function of katakana is to transliterate foreign words into Japanese. As you look through the vocabulary in the lessons, you will gradually come to see what katakana are used to correspond to what sounds in English or other foreign languages. Listen to the CD to familiarize yourself with how the transliterations alter the original sounds to fit Japanese pronunciation. Illustrated Reading Challenges appear in this part of the book, too. Here, however, different types of words are taken up-mostly loanwords taken from Book I, including , country and city names, words for articles of clothing and foods, and other familiar items brought into Japan from the West. Again, the answers are at the back of the book. Also provided is a section that invites you to learn about and guess at the meanings of various interesting types of katakana words, for example onomatopoeic and mimetic words, contractions, and Japanese-coined words based on English. The final page of the book, Comprehensive Reading Challenge, will call upon you to bring together everything that you have learned by practicing reading words and sen tences written in both hiragana and katakana. Note: All exercises recorded on the CD are marked with a
viii
icon.
INTRODUCTION TO THE JAPANESE WRITING SYSTEM Four Types of Characters As you walk around Japan or leaf through Japanese books or newspapers, you will notice that Japanese orthography employs several different sets of characters, including the Latin alphabet as well as some others of differing degrees of complexity.
Kanji (Chinese characters): Most compli cated in appearance Kana: Simpler looking than kanji and made up of two sets, hiragana and katakana Hiragana: Curvilinear characters Katakana: Angular characters
Kanji, the oldest of the four, comes from China and is logographic, with each character representing one unit of meaning. Kanji were introduced into Japan sometime around the sixth century. Hiragana and katakana were developed in Japan based on kanji, in order to represent the sounds of Japanese. Pure syllabic symbols, they carry none of the meanings originally conveyed by the kanji from which they derive. Japanese today uses a mixture of kanji logograms and kana sound symbols. The bulk of Japanese writ ing is done in kanji and hiragana. Katakana is used primarily for words borrowed from foreign languages, though it is also used for onomatopoeia, mimetic words, and scientific names of animals and plants as well as for indicating emphasis. Finally, romanization, while at first glance much like English, is a system for transliterating sounds in Japanese according to set rules.
In Japanese prose, hiragana typically takes a supporting role as okurigana (suffixes that show the inflected endings of verbs or adjectives) or as particles indicating sentence structure. Kanji, meanwhile, are used to write nouns and stems of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Hiragana can also be written along familiar with different characters. Hiragana used in this way is called rubi or furigana.
side, above, or beneath kanji to indicate reading, making it a convenient tool for helping learners grow
Japanese was traditionally written vertically, from right to left. Along with the influx of Western writ ing, however, it also came to be written horizontally, from left to right. Today, both systems are equally well used.
Typing in Japanese
On computers with Japanese word-processing functions, users first type in words through keyboards set
to accept input either in hiragana or in romanization. After entering a word, users select from several screen options to convert the word as desired into kanji, hiragana, katakana, or romanization. Compli cated as it may sound, this method is the one most commonly used for writing e-mails or instant mes sages in Japanese.
•Wi ·•1¥ '�
�-:·
learning Characters In Japanese elementary schools, children first learn hiragana, then katakana, then gradually move on to study kanji. As they begin to learn kanji, they start writing what words they can, using the characters they unfamiliar characters with the aid of furigana.
know. Children study about one to two hundred new kanji a year, meanwhile sounding out and learning The following pages will introduce you to the two syllabaries of hiragana and katakana as a first step
to learning how to write in Japanese.
INTRODU(:TION TO THE JAPANESE SOUND SYSTEM The Japanese phonetic system is composed of five vowel sounds and a number of consonants that combine with these vowels. Each vowel or consonant-vowel combination is one syllable in length, and can be written in either hiragana or katakana.
BASIC SYLLABLES The Vowels a
�
i
u
e
7
It
7 1 7
.I.
� \
....
'"
The first line of the syllabary consists of the five vowels: a, i, u, e,
0
t:;
and o. They are short vowels, enunciated clearly and crisply. Pro nounce the English sentence below, making all of the vowels short, and you will have the a pproximate sounds.
:;t
Ah, we soon get old. a
u
e o
The u is pronounced without moving the lips forward. The o is similar to the initial sound of "old" but it is not a diphthong, so do not round your lips when you pronounce it. Consonant-vowel combinations and
n
The rest of the syllabary consists of syllables formed by a consonant and a vowel. Most Japanese conso nants are pronounced with the lips or the tip of the tongue more relaxed than in English. For example, if the t in kite, as in kite kudasai (please come), is pronounced too strongly and with a good deal of aspira tion, it will be heard as kitte (stamp), an entirely different word. So be especially careful to pronounce p,
t, and k with less aspiration than in English.
a
iJ' k
� .._
u
e
< tt
7J =t- 7 7 -/J{
g
i
�-._
77' -f'
<' tf' 7 ''
1-j'
0 '--
The consonant k is pronounced more softly than in English.
:J -.
''
'--
:J
''
At the beginning of a word, the g in ga, gi, gu, ge, or go is hard (like the "g " in "garden"), but when occurring in the middle of a word or in the last syllable, it is often nasal, as in eiga (movie). The particle ga, too, is usually nasalized, though nowadays many people use a hard g when pronouncing it.
3
INTRODUCTION TO THE JAPANESE SOUND SYSTEM
a
J( '5
4f J('' '-
z
�a
t
d
..
shi
e
/Z -t
/
0
'
)
The breath is expelled less forcefully when pronouncing this con sonant in Japanese than in English. Shi is a near equivalent of the English "she" but is enunciated with the lips unrounded. Note that there is no Japanese syllable si.
t -r -tf f'
The breath is expelled less forcefully with this Japanese consonant
�
the middle of a word or in the last syllable, however, it is fricative,
ji
i
chi
IJ 1t:.' t;' 5'''
u
L -t 1± 2(-
f: t
;z''
..
-t:' '/'
than with the English one. When za, zu, ze, or zo come at the begin ning of a word, the z is affricative, sounding like "ds" in "kids." In sounding like the
"z"
in "zoo." Ji is an affricate at the beginning of
a word, like the "je" in "jeep," but fricative in a middle position, like
u
-:>
"si" in "vision." Note that Japanese does not have the syllable zi. e
0
l t
'/ T � ,. '' -:> -r· t tsu
ji
zu
.:f' '/ i
a
n
i
u
T
--·
e
F
The aspiration of this consonant is weaker than its English counter part. Chi is pronounced like "chi" in "children." Tsu is pronounced with the consonant ts similar to the "ts" in "cats." Note that Japa nese does not have the syllables ti or tu.
r:;· and -5 are pronounced ji and zu. (The syllables di and du do not exist.) In general, ji and zu are written L:: and -r; respectively, but in a few rare cases custom calls for r:;· and -J'.
0
-T-J: 1: cVJ ;f;l (/)
-j- - :X _:r, /
This consonant is similar to the "n" in "nice" but is less pro longed.
'
i
a
ti u h
,,
e
ll
"'
*
,,
A...
t' 7''
"'
•
•'
J'
""'
0 Co 70
"'
•
'0
0
A...
J'
tf uo / \
4
t. 7 ',,
Lf r.l / \
p
� l' '
fu
/ \
b
u
0
The breath is not expelled as strongly as in English. In fu, the con sonant is not made the same way as the "f" in the English word "foot." It is produced by expelling air through lightly compressed lips, much like blowing o ut a candle.
lf
This consonant is pronounced nearly the same as the English "b."
tf
This consonant is pronounced with less aspiration than the English
�-
;f
''p."
INTRODUCTION TO THE JAPANESE SOUND SYSTE
a
m
y
7
.... .... ......
a
i
�
e
0
\
-
7
a
tJ
LA � .=f:-
u
e
t1J
-? 1-:J
J:
3
:::L
i '
u
e
r; lv /
as long.
The Japanese y is pronounced with the tongue in a more relaxed position than for the "y" of " year."
0
) 6 kl .;
)
;l,t
v
0
i
u
e
0
'
This consonant is similar to the "m" in "mind," though not quite
0
f 0
w
n
u
i h. ;t; &) t
a
r
i
The Japanese r is produced by tapping the tip of the tongue lightly against the teethridge. It is never pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled back.
W is pronounced with the lips rounded, but not so tightly or force
fully as for the "w" in " wait." f and 7 used to be pronounced wo but are now pronounced o.
7 N is the only consonant not combined with a vowel. Occurring at
the end of a word, it has a somewhat nasal sound. Otherwise it approximates the English "n." If it is followed by syllables begin
ning with b, m, or p, however, it is pronounced more like "m" and accordingly is spelled with "m" in this book.
Special care is needed when the syllable n is followed by a vowel, as in the word kin'en (ki-n-en, "no smoking" ). Note the dif ference in syllable division between this word and kinen (ki-ne-n, "anniversary").
5
NTRODUCTJON TO THE JAPANESE SOUND SYSTEM
a �
MODI FIED SYLLABLES Consonants plus ya, yu, or yo
Although the following are each written with two hiragana or katakana characters, they are pronounced as single syllables. They, which sounds like the "y" in "year," is pronounced between the initial cansonant and the following vowel.
ya
��
yu
yo
ya
yu
yo
� rp
�J:
u�
(}rp
(}J:.
l:::�
l:::.::L
l::: 3
k
h
-t�
-t .::L
-1=- 3
-j('' '- �
-j( '- '' rp
-j('' '- J:
g
b
.:f 3
r:·�
t' .::L
(:' 3
L�
L rp
L .t
7.1�
7./rp
7./J:.
sha
shu
sho
/�
/ .::L
/ 3
l:::o�
l:::o.::L
l:::o 3
t�
l:rp
l:J:
h.� h.rp
h.J:.
ju
jo
ja ,,
,,
,,
:/.=z_
:/
i;�
i;rp
i;J:.
cha
chu
cho
+�
+.2
+3
1: �
1: rp
I: J:
-=-�
- .2
'
-
p
'
:/� '
6
7)'J:.
.:f.2
j
n
7)'rp
.:f�
s
c
7)'�
'
m ... ... .....
3
..::.. 3
r
')
� �
') �
... ... .....
.2
... ... .....
') rp
')
I)
.=z_
3
J:.
') 3
I
INTRODUCTION TO THE JAPANESE SOUND SYSTE
OTHER SYLLABLES Long Vowels
Long vowels, indicated in romanized Japanese with a macron r-J,
��
a
represent a doubling of single vowels. Be particularly careful to pronounce them as a continuous sound, equal in value to two
7-
short vowels. The way long vowels are written varies from case to case. With a, T. a, the single vowel is simply doubled: S S,
\\\
7 7. Ee is most often written ;t \ \ though It It is also seen. c5 is generally J? 7, but some words customarily demand J? J?. The
\ \\ \
same rules apply when a consonant is followed by a long vowel:
1-
i
\
e.g., ka (iJ'S), kT (�
: J?).
\
\), ka ( < 7), ke (It \ \ I t It), ko ( : 7 ,
7 7 '
u
'
7'
'
A.A.
e
'
A.\ \
.I. -
1-;t;
1?7
:t-
0
Double Consonants
kk ss
tt pp
•
-::>
''/
i"'"
�-"? l
� -"? • J ' '-
:>( '- -"? L
4}-
kitte
.....
zasshi
•o
kippu '/
tJ-
sakka
The first consonant of the double consonants kk, 55, tt, and pp is written with a small
-:>.
The
-:>
here
indicates a one-syllable pause, during which the mouth prepares itself for the pronunciation of the next syllable. Take kitte, for example. After pronouncing ki, pause for the length of one syllable, shaping your
mouth for the pronunciation of te, and then pronounce it- te. With 55, as in za55hi, see that a small amount of air is emitted between the teeth before pronouncing the following syllable.
7
HIRAGANA t
BASIC SYLLABLES ...
Recognition of Forms
I
�
\ \
"'
f)''
1?
It
J
� ._
< tt
-
J( '-
'-
L -9 1±
Identify the syllables in parentheses from among the ones listed to the right.
I.
(�) t1> }.; J:
@ &:l ---�
( \ ')�\ �--)) I: -'- \ a
�
(7) ;{_ u
(;t) !v
...
\
l
'
}.; Ill. (�)
)
\
...
'
J( '-
�'- -
1±
J( '-
� '-
( L) <
L
""'-
!v
L:
L
shi
'
7
.;
�
7
�
(-9) i -9 t' J: -t -r
It
J: !v
<
it
( 1±) 1±
'"
su
'"
e
� 1f
J( '-
se
(t:;) � J: t i }.; i }.;
�
J( ''
(-t) ;{_ -t .; .z· � -t
0
11.
� '-
sa
\
.2(-
so
c n') -1;{ -/J' It -1;{ � -/;' ka
( �) i ki
(<) L
J( '-
� '-
� '--
� '-
�--
""'-
<
<•'
L
<
._
ku
( tt) t i tt tl tt' t i It
- \ '-
ke
(:) ko
\
1: \
-
'-
'-
\
· -·
c�) c� ') c 7) �
1)
-'--
J.(
L
;{_ �
�
� �
�
-'--
<
"""
}:; �
}:; � �
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · ································· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · ············ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · ··············· ······· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ···· ··········· ·
1v.
i
a
u
(�) ( <) (;t) ki
ku
e
su
so
0
'-
(-t) (i") (t;) i ke
ka
Reading (answers given below)
10
� \ ;{_
1 . �iJ'
2.
1 . aka (red)
2. ie (house)
3.
iJ' <·
7
<· lv �·-
\
7
< �
J.(
'-
;{_
"""
\
�
-t � -r i" }:; � -t }:; � i" -t
� i" J:
(1±) (It) (1.7') J(> 1± li se
\
ll i){ iJ' }:;
It 4.
L t;
3. kagu (furniture)
1:
-
5. i)' .Js<'
4. shio {salt)
It {f' iJ' It
6.
�}:;
5. kagi (key)
6. ao (blue)
J(> -tt
HI RAGAN
f:
t
-:)
-t.J.· ( : � tl (})
-r t:
(;;t (} ,),
Lf
'""'
Identify the syllables in parentheses from among the ones listed to the right.
1.
( f:) I: ta
�
'-
-t.J.·
1:
�
'-
I
6 i; �
i;
( -:) ) L
I
�
< (
-:)
tsu
'
'
(T) L" -c-· te
•
'-
t: ( t: i; t:
( -t.J.· ) f:
-t.J.·
-t.J.·
li
(:
� \
( ct.:l) tl &) ct.:l ct.:l
-t.J.·
(;;t'
na
(1:) 1: f:
o (U) U u {/ u (f u
�
'-
ni
nu
() )
�
(""""' )
�
'""'
(ll)
(;t
i ll If' ll tf
.
,
fu
-r < (
�
(li) Lf li If It i li hi
(t:) � to
Ill.
ha
( i;) 7:> chi
II.
f:
he
ho
)'
)'
•
,
>0
,
""""'
)' .
'
� <
)' •
,.
,
'""'
""""' ,,
-t.J.·
'-
h
(tl) &) h tl tt tl h ne
(0)) &) 0)
tl
no
0) &) 0)
IV. (t::.) (t:) (I ;t) !:: -�'J.' ll If'
······· · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · ··························· ········ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ················· · · · · ······················ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ··················· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
( T) ( r·) ("") t: ta
na
ha
(<:) (!::) ((f)) de
do
be
(-J) (&:1) (�) te
ni
no
tsu
nu
chi
f::.
L
T
I ;t -�'J.'
2.
1. hana (flower)
;I? 1.1' tl
f
(/) -r T 4/) -J
Reading (answers given below)
1.
"""
�
3. � 1.1' -�'J.'
2 . okane (money)
f::.
r·
( ::
li
f::.
'-
-r
"""
-J &:1 4/)
L
""
L
(/)
'-
G tl
4. \
It t! -�'J.'
"""
'&:1
3. sakana (fish)
-··
""
<
-r
s.
( ::
(;1:
-�'J.'
f::.
T
t:
4/) (/) <
( :: .>( '-
-�'J.'
r··
li
""
-r· f::.
� &:1
� 1.1' <: -J
4. inu (dog)
3. chikatetsu (subway) 11
HI RAGAN A
I
i J.;. t;th t
� tP l
1-::>
'
.
) -!> *t.;
Identify the syllables in parentheses from among the ones listed to the right.
I.
� .._
( i ) J: i
tl i
i
rna
Ill.
ra
mi
L
t:
t tl
( �) -lf � -l±
...l(
� -l±
mo
II.
'-
ya
( J:) i yo
6
(tL) tL h t1 tL h
d)
( .; ) -t .;
":>
ro
•
f t:
( �) t: 0
rjJ J: .; -t J:
":>
(h) tl h t1 wa
( rjJ) (}) rjJ 6 rjJ u (}) yu
1-::>
re
IV.
.
')
'-
ru
(&0) (}) � d) ;h � d)
t;
6 1-::>
')
')
(6) G 6 .;
mu
( t) t i
7
\ \
\ \
ri
( t') � -t d) t' -t t;
'
')
( ') )
( cl,t.) rjJ (}) cl,t. J.;. J::; J.;.
me
(G) .; -t
h � lv
( !v) !v
A. .,.
n
•
t; .; d)
•
;h h
f l f
l !v
(1) (J:) (t) }; 1 ll t If J: -t J: � 1 t };
lv
;Z "
t
1 t
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ················ ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ····· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·························· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
v.
rna
yo
rno
(G) (;s) (�) �
(d0) (h) (;ft) ;ft ra
ro
ru
me
wa
re
C f ) cc:) e-n
� &';;)
G ;s
t; �
;;t G h ;s G }; ;s �
d0 tl h t; d0 1 ;s h � ;ft d0 tl ;t ''
.>( '-
t
-::>
l
f
�
"'""'
l
T
t
t''
f
l
t
<
(
L:
-::>
"'""'
L
It
L:
<
-::>
"'""'
-=5
(l;t) (ll) (1) If 1 !;t !;t J: -t ll If' 1 It
l
L
( ::
( < ) ( L ) (-=>) 0
to
te
ku
shi
tsu
ha
ho
rna
Readin g (answers given below)
1. �1
2.
n'h
1 . yama (mountain) 12
7
3.
L' G
2. kawa (river)
4.
4. yoru (night)
<·
!;t 1 J: ll
J: �
3. rnura (village)
"'""'
5. rninna {everyone)
HI R AGA N Writing The gray lines are aids to accurate style. In writing hiragana, the stroke order is, as a rule, first from top to bottom, then from left to right. To be sure, follow the arrows.
cb a
\
\
�
0 \
�
-�
- J..oo' ,_.,
@ry 0 0 0 '
\
.
·:
1 •
"'
)
"'
u
"
"'
)
,
....
··· .
J
.
.
.·.
:
e
};
�,
�
J.
.......-�
� '
"'
(
D
······4
1··-"'",
/l
•..
-··· �1
r:J
..•..
0 13
HIR AG A N A
-/J' ka
ki
<
J '\
ku
tt
l
-
_..-
ke
�
'--
ko
14
.......
......
......
�
- .±. I
'i"i!tW''S
sa
-
L
shi -
t
I
"-1'
"' /
J -
-
su
se
so
15
r;
IRAGAN A
f: ta
t:;
...... -
,If
Jb
'
chi
�
- ..
�
�J
_ .. '
'
tsu
(
......
v
___,
1/
�
d'ic'•
''"*""''
I/
['•.,,,.
[<
te
t: to
16
v
' _?
(.
(�
\\ ,J
(
/i
"y__,,,.
\\ ,./".;4
(I········
-t� cL
-
L
JL
7
7
_,
" •
L
7
na
�
(:
-+
-
�-
�1-
-
�
•
lll
~
•
\
. n
(&;J
....
'
·.
r
,
'
/'/·.-
;
nu
tl
I
�v
r-
,!
to �
/·:,,
C::L
/·;(/'
/
c:i .
ne
no
000
17
HIR AG A N A
ti
L
)
_..
,
;;;::-
It
)
It
1 ..
(C """"
ha
hi
fu �
'"'
�
he
{1 ho
18
� t
It
'
It
-
-_._
I
w
--
L c "'-' L-
'\._....
..
· .
.
·
•
rna
•
ffil
ITIU
me
t
I.
J
..
'�
I
---+
\�
•
--d I.
I
'�
mo
19
HIRAG A N A
ya
vp·
t:[)
rD J
yu
l
yo
20
--:!;..
�
.J._ -.,.
::
. . .:
HI R AG A N �
��-�
�
�
�,�·
ra
'
)
tt � -·
l
•
r1
ru
re
ro
21
HIR AGAN A
wa
0
n
22
HI RAGA N
I VOI�ED � SEMIVOICEI) SYLLABLES The (
,,
) and (
0
) i n iJ�
.·
!f, etc., should be written in the upper right-hand corner of the syllable. Write
the following hiragana, following the examples.
g·
gi
@j D � D rn o � o mo ZUGJD ITiJ D ffiJ D � D [±JD �D � D iTZJ D [0 0 � RD � RD S D BJ D [a] D [f] D ··
d·
ji
ji
gu
zu
··
d·
go
zo
do
b·
P·
g·
bi
bu
b•
bo
[t;J D �o [2]0 ITJ D crJ D
pi
pu
P•
po
23
I RAGAN A Reading & Writing First read the words, then write them.
ITJITJ < 6i I I I II I 3. ITJCC L I I I II I h. f' ITJ[IJ �-ITJ[IJ A_, ::::· L I I I : II ITJITJ u I I IITJ 'l ,.(, ITJ[IJ -c,.t, t; I I I II I h. i) ... ,.(, I I I II I 1.
7 t;
2.
iJ' �
:·· �
4.
5.
6.
iJ'
. 7
�
8.
-rd.:-.:>
9.
<:::
10.
11.
12.
1 . uchi (home) 2. kuruma (car) (key)
7. ben goshi (attorney)
(battery) 24
12. mi kan (tangerine)
3. kasa (umbrella)
8. natsu (summer)
4. shi goto (job, work) 9. hito (person)
5. mizu (water)
10. hon (book)
6. ka gi
1 1 . denchi
HI R A G A N
Some hiragana look alike. Read, write, and distinguish the following pairs of look-alike syllables.
1. � t? 2.
� '-
.)( '-
3.
'-
5. L t 6. 6 .; 7. (l (i 8. f::.
-�"J.'
-'")
t:
9.
[IJ [IJ [IJ [IJ [IJ [IJ [IJ [IJ [IJ
10. 7
-'")
11.
\ \
�
'-
12. i (f 13. 6/)
�
15. ' )
-r \ \
16. -t t; 17.
;{. ,), '
'
18. -t -r
[IJ [IJ [IJ [IJ [IJ [IJ [IJ [IJ [IJ
1. a o 2. ki sa 3. nu ne 4. te ko 5. shi mo 6. ru ro 7. ho ha 8. ta na 9. tsu to 10. u tsu 11. ko i 12. ma ho 13. me nu 14. he te 15. ri i 16. su mu 17. e fu 1 8 . so te 25
HIR AGAN A
MODIFIED SYLLABLES Recognition of Forms As you have already learned, a consonant plus a small
�� �t'P �J: kya
kyu
gya
kyo
"
shu
'- - .J: '- tP �-
�'- - � �--
L� L t'P L J: sha
t1J, or J: is pronounced as a single syllable.
'<',
gyu
gyo
t� l:rp l:.J: ja
sho
ju
jo
i;� i;rp i;.,t cha
chu
cho
1: � 1: tP 1: J: nya
nyu
nyo
· r.l� u rp u·.J:
u� Urp U.t hya
hyu
bya
hyo
byu
o o o u� urp u.J:
byo
pya
pyu
pyo
h.�h..P h-J: mya
myu
myo
') � ') tP ') J: rya
ryu
ryo
Identify the syllables in parentheses from among the ones listed to the right.
(��) �rp
�-- '\"
( Lrp)
L'\"
1) '\"
L::rp
(i;.,t) i;rp
!: .J:
( !: rp)
Urp
L::.t
Lrp
�.J:
h � �.J:
U'\"
i;rp
Lrp
L.J:
h .J:
Lrp i;.,t i;'\"
�rp
U'\"
!: .J:
'(/ .J:
,H.rp
h .J:
t;� �'\"
Readin g (answers given below)
1 . n'\
\
L�
2.
1 . kaisha (company) inn) 26
t:; t;'\"
3.
u� <
!: rp
4. IJ
!: �
.r
n'lv
�rp
5. 7 1v -rlv Lrp
2. o-cha (green t€a) 3. hyaku (one hundred) 4. ryokan {traditional J apanese
5. untenshu .(driver)
HI RAGA N Writing A consonant plus a small
t1>, or .J: is written with two hiragana characters and occupies the space of
two characters. Small '(', t1>, and .J: are written approximately one-forth the size of a normal character. -\'>,
In horizontal writing, they appear small in the lower left quadrant of the square.
kya
kyu
�
� !···
"-
�:
� "-
gya
���
sha
shu
sho
�
.·
"-
........
l
"'-
�:
��� "'-
···· · · · · · · · · · ·
....
�� J:
��� "'-
L L L
......
�:
�
gyo
.
. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
kyo
gyu
. . . .. .
..........
....
··:-
1
!
!
.. . . . .
········
. .. . . . . .
• .......
········
: ·
i·
• ··· ··:-
� . . . . . ...... . ...
�I
. . . . ........ . . . . . . . . .
l
:
......
27
HIRAG A N A
28
HI RAG
29
HI R AG A N A
LONG VOWELS Reading
_,
Sound out the following words, being careful to pronounce the long vowels correctly.
Monday
30
getsu-yobi
Thursday
t < J: 7 lj'
moku-yobi
Friday
�£ J: 7 lj'
kin-yobi
Saturday
t:'' l 7 u·
do-yobi
Sunday
1: i; J: 7 u·
nichi-yobi
Reading Practice more long vowels by describing your family. The words in parentheses are occupa tions.
1· }; � 7 � lv (ir'\ 'lt \ ' L)
3. }; I : \ ' � lv ((l \ 't1J7)
2. }; n' � � 1v (-t± lv-t± \ ')
7· \ \ t 7 � (�{<-l±\ ')
5. h f:: L
4. }; tl ;{_ � lv ( �- lv : 7 \ \ lv)
6. }; � 7 � C n{< -l± \ ')
2. okasan mother (sensei teacher) 3. onisan elder brother (haiy u actor) 4. onesan elder sister (ginkoin banker) 5. watashi me, myself 6. ototo younger brother (gakusei student) 7. imoto younger sister (gakusei student) 1 . otosan father (kaikeishi accountant)
31
HIRAGA N A Writing
1.
It-� l 7 <./
2.
n" J: 7 <./
3. }; t: 7 � lv
4. }; t s � lv '\
5. t-; I::: � ' � lv
6. }; tJ. ;t � lv
7.
-tt lv -tt �
8.
u =7�
9.
t: t t �
10. t: };
\
\
I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I II I ITJITJ
I I I I
I
I
I I I
I I I I I I ! I
1. getsu-yobi (Monday) 2. ka-yobi (Tuesday) 3. otosan {father) 4. okasan (mother) 5. onisan (elder brother) 6. onesan (elder sister) 7. sensei (teacher) 8 . hikoki (airplane) 9. tokei (watch, clock) 1 o. to (ten) 32
'i"ltWtlSf Reading
As you have already learned, the first consonant of a double consonant (kk, ss, tt, or pp) is written with a
small
1.
--::>.
Read the words below, taking care to pronounce the double consonants properly.
u t: -:>
4. .J: �-:>
6. t; �-:>
8.
9.
� �-:> '-
= (f) -:>
1 . hitotsu (one) (six)
0 00 000 0000 00000 000000 0000000 00000000 000000000
2. futatsu (two) 3. mittsu (three) 4. yottsu (four)
7. nanatsu (seven)
8. yattsu (eight)
5. itsutsu (five)
6. muttsu
9. kokonotsu (nine) 33
I R AG A N A Writing
1. Ut 2 -
3
4
l.
B.
9
) - �� -J
h _, -J l _, -J
5\ 6.
-J
'-J-J
t· _, -J
��- ��- -J
�
_, -J
= =
q)-J
I I I I I I I I I
I £ I 12 � L _, I 13. � _, T I 14 � _, I lr£
10 t
, _,
11 t
, _, -
.
):
):
I I I I I I I I I
II II II II II II II II I
I I I I I I I I II
I i l Ii I I I I I i l I II
I I II II I
I I II I I II I I I I I • I I I
I I l I I I i I Ii I m
m
mm
m
mm
m
m
m
I I 1 I I I I I I I
2. futatsu (two) 3 . mittsu (three) 4. yottsu (four) 5. itsutsu (five) 6. muttsu (six) 8. yattsu {eight) 9. kokonotsu (nine) 1 0. ippon (one [when counting long, slender (seven) nanatsu . 7 items] ) 1 1 . ippun (one minute) 1 2. zassh Hm agazi ne) 1 3 . kitte {stamp) 1 4. kippu (ticket)
1. hitotsu (one)
34
HI R AG A N
COMBINATIONS OF MODIFIED AND OTHER SYLLABLt:S Reading 1. � '-
'
l 7
9.
L
f) l = 7
J('
t; l 7
2.
l t; l 7
1 0.
3.
f) l 7 f)
11.
7./ l 7
4.
L
12.
f: !v t l 7 ()'
5.
t rP 7 L l
13.
L
1 4.
f) .J: 7 L
rP
7 L l
1 5.
t;
7 L
J('
tl 7
vh
6. I p
7 i�
IV 7' 7.}''/
� ''.
l 7
v
7
� '-
t;
rP
7 =- <
7. <-
8.
rP
'
l <
rP
rP
"'?
� \ !v
t; l 7
1. kyo (today) 2. techo (datebook) 3 . ryori (cooking) 4. sh umatsu (weekend) 5. jusho (address) 6. y ubinkyoku (post office) 7 . Toky o (Tokyo) 8. Ch u goku (China) 9. shacho (company president) 1 0. ryoko (trip, travel) 11. byoin (hospital) 12. tanjobi (birthday) 13. shutcho (business trip) 14. ryosh usho (receipt) 15. chushajo (parking lot) 35
Writing 1. t
·
, � .
;: £
2
t tP 7 L l
3•
L tP
4
I) l : 7
5
v Ll
6
T £ L�
�
�l 7
l. t= £ t l 7
8.
9.
t
r/
7 � l 7
5t 1
o .): £
I I I II I II ml I Im m I I I I I I I I I mI I I m m I I I I I I I I Im I I I I I I I l m II I I I I I lm mmll I I I I lm m l I I I I I I I I I I I m mm l I I I I I I I I 5 I 11 I I I 151 11 l I I
I I I
i I
I I I
o
o
1. ippun (one minute) 2. jusho {address) 3 .shutch o (business trip) 4 . ryoko (trip, travel) 5 . hisho <secretary) 6.densha (train) 7. tanjobi ( birthday) 8. Tokyo (Tokyo) 9. go-ji juppun (5:10) 36
HI RAGA N
The small
\'>,
11>, and J: in modified syllables, and the small
-=>
that indicates a double consonant, are
written in different quadrants according to whether the text is horizontal or vertical. As we have seen, in horizontal writing they appear in the lower left quadrant of the square. In vertical writing they appear in the upper right q uadrant.
.
· · · '-' -1 · · . . i · 1 I I I 1 1'-'----'-- -""
H
.
�
I I I IH HI 1· · ·. ·1· · · 1· · · · 1· · · ·1 1· · · ·1 · · · 1· · · !· · · 1 I I �-··,.:) �
�-··"'""��·. �
37
HI R AG AN A READING CHALLENGE 1: Japan (answers on p. 85)
14.
---------
-,
I
I 4· I
..lr-
::!
tP
....
7
oil 38
U 7.J L i
1 1.
-rJ.-
G
I R AG A N
10.
� J: 7 �
7.
2· tllv L
rp
7
� 7 � J: 7
s
.
.J:
:
(i i
39
HI R AG A N A READING CHALLENGE 2: Tokyo (answers on p. 85)
-
3.
40
L .;� �
HI R AGA N
l
1 3·
1 5.
'i i i
-"")
,
•
t1J 7 G < t; J: 7
t; J: 7
41
HIRAGAN A READING CHALLENGE 3: Japanese Food
(answers on p.
85)
1. � L ;,.
7.
12. 0) ') i �
j::) i; � -; t t
13. � t t 15.� � t: ')
42
HI RAGAN
43
HIR AGA N A READING CHALLENGE 4: A Japanese-style Room (answers on pp. 85-86)
'
.
. . . . . \I . . . \I II -
\
\
I I
\
\
1. t? L � , n .
6. 4.
44
f: f: h.
.
.
=
I I
I
f:::. -:J
RAGA N
.
.
10. -:J{f Cl
14. l:b
11. L .t 7 L:
45
HIRAGANA READING CHALLENGE 5: Daily Expressions (answers on p. 86) Note: Japanese uses a (
) for a period, and a ( , ) for a comma.
6.
t:'' 7 t
7.
t:'' -5
� \ t� L i L -c o
8.
� \
-?
l � i -9
9.
� \
-?
1 0.
t�
12.
'
-c G -=> L
t:.' � \ i
0
J(>
� \o
0
}; lf'£ � -c-r- -/J'o ti � \ ,
46
o
tt'£ � -c-r- o
HI RAGA N Writing Practice writing greeting cards.
1.
2.
3.
20XX.
1.
1
1 . 0-tanjobi omedeto gozaimasu. (Happy birthday) 2. ltsumo iroiro ari gato gozaimasu. (Thank 3. Akemashite omedeto gozaimasu. (Happy New Year) Kotoshi you for your constant kindness.) mo dozo yoroshiku one gaishimasu (I hope this year will be another good one for us. [lit. " I ask for you good will this year, too.")) 47
I RAGAN A
I It IS NQT �LWAYS HA Konnich iwa.
Kombanwa .
Good afternoon.
Good evening.
'0"' \
I
I
\
.......
...-
t • .
.
r I
Note that the particle wa is written I l, not
h. When reading aloud, pause slightly after particles. Kore wa hon desu. This is a book.
Sore wa hana desu. That is a flower.
Are wa kasa desu.
6.
7.
� *tli h f:: L li
That over there is an umbrella.
Are wa g inko desu. That is a bank.
Watash i wa Sasaki desu. I am Sasaki.
Sasak i-san wa Nihon-jin desu. Ms. Sasaki is a Japanese.
Kore wa hon dewa ar imasen. This is not a book.
Sore wa kitte dewa arimasen. That is not a stamp.
Are wa kuruma dewa arimasen . That over there is not a car. 48
l·�· •s NOT ALWAYS E Note that the particle e is written ""'-.
1.
-/J'\ ' L
�
�
\ ' � i -to
Kaisha e ikimasu. I will go to the company.
Uchi e kaerimasu. I will return home.
Tomodachi wa nihon e kimasu. My friend will come to Japan.
Kuni e kaerimasu. I will return to my country.
� .not ;1?, Keep in mind that � in modern Japanese other than the particle �.
The particle o is written
1. }; i; � �
< t.:.' � \
\
l�
< t.:.' � \
\
2.
3.
�
--:>
--t n�
4. -t
L�
.....
.....
7.
'-
0
0-cha o kudasai. I'll have green tea.
0
Kitte o kudasai . Give me a stamp.
Sore o misete kudasai.
f:""' i -t
Sushi o tabemasu.
0
O)h. i "to
L £,):£� ""'£ � J: 7�
-. 0
h.{f: l < f�' � \ 'o
5. }; � tt � 6.
'-
is never used to write any word
Please show me that.
I will eat sushi.
0-sake o nomimasu. I will drink sake.
J:h. i "to
Shimbun o yomimasu. I will read the newspaper.
L i -to
Benkyo o shimasu. I will study. 49
BASIC SYLLABLES Recognition of Forms Some katakana look like their hiragana counterparts. Try to guess the readings of the following charac ters based on their similarities to characters you have already seen.
1.
7
2.
7J
3.
=t-
4.
""::1
5.
-t
.. 6.
"""'
7.
1::-
8.
-r
9.
1 0.
11.
-t-
12. -
1 3.
;(
1 4.
/
1 5.
;(
1 6.
v
1 7. / '
18.
''/
7
1 9.
')
1)
2 0.
/
1 . u 2 . ka 3 . ki 4. ko 5. se 6. he 7. mo 8. ya 9 . ra 1 4. no 1 5. me 1 6. re 1 7. shi 1 8 . tsu 1 9. so 2 0. n 52
1 0. ri
1 1 . na
1 2 . ni
1 3 . nu
K ATA K A N
Katakana C hart
7
1
7
.I.
a
i
u
e
;;h
\ \
7
;{_
;t }) 0
fJ
.:t-
?
7 It
':::1 -
7i
.:f
IJ''
7' If
:J'' -·
ka
ki
ku
ke
ko
ga
gi
gu
ge
go
-/;'
-If
�
... /
�
L
sa
shi
<
+f'
/
7:'
>(
t
su
se
so
za
ji
-t
1±
f:
i;
-")
ta
chi
-
tsu
te
1-J.·
na
1:
i:J
t.l
ni
nu
u
ha
hi ' ' ....
i
.H.
ma
mi
-r
7 ,),
fu
ra
ri
r; h
wa
/
he
zo
--
-
�-
da
ji
zu
de
do
' 7'
--...
*'
/
t:::
t;•
q)
no
,,
-:5
*
/\
!l
t:'
!i
ri
ho
0 /\
o t
70
pi
pu
ba
pa
�
ze
to
t
mo
ru
zu
-T'
T
me
Jl.t
-tf
''/
mu
:::L
-r
'/''
:f'
Lf
61)
--{2'
7''
t
t'
rp
I)
""
'-
�
.:e
yu
G
"""'
....
�
ya
1)
ne
-t
�
�
7
'
-1--
!i 7
l
�
t
.. ,,
<·
'/
T
/\
�-·
-t
''/
-t
IJ<
A
1-
'1
'-
3
bi
u
. .. ,),
bu .. ,),
T
•'
---..::
be
"" �
pe
·· r
!l'
bo
� !t
po
.J:
yo
v
t:1
re
ro
*t
.;
7 � 0
Jv n
53
K ATA K A N A Writing The gray lines are aids to accurate style. As with hiragana, in writing katakana, the stroke order is from top to bottom, and from left to right.
- ?
J
-
-u
-+
1-
- �
..--
)
a
1 1 •
1
rJ
�
p
I
I
-=-<
""'
u
_r_
--+
-
I
�
..... _..,.
e
;t 0 54
_.,.
...
�
?
�-
--
K ATA K A N
7J
�
ka
:t-
_...----,
I /.
__.
�
rj
.lJ._
)
I..-
_;:;�
l
� ,.,_
--- �
'
ki
ku
7
-I-
�
I-<
-r
-
I '
;
/
-
----
ke
�
-+
.=!
,�
__,.
1
ko 55
KATA KANA
-+j-
--
�
-
.
sa
shi
su
-t
;;;:;.�7 ...
se \
so
56
I .. -
�
I�
.·
)
L yc
I ·"·>�··
KATAKAN
ta
chi
--
T te
to
57
K ATA K A N A
T
tJ
_..
)
na ---
-
-> ->
•
lll
nu
ne
/ no
58
-
-
KATAKAN
/ \
'l
/ \
ha
t
�
t I
"-.
� -
hi
7
�1-jJ
I
I
' "' ''''
" ./
.
fu ""'
� �
.•
·.
he
*
!
...... 'I
IJ
-
�
-
-
I�
-
�
ho
59
ATAKA N A
7
-
.......
v
/'
.7
�
rna ...�
"'
�
��
�
/
"""
....
...
""""
...
......
�
m1 •
L
JJ� �
)
_\.'-
....!""" .. ''
L
S' ""'" '
"'"'"
lll U
me
-t:mo
60
.....
--
--
.....
-
-
T
�
-
�;--
-
"'�'
!·-"''
,, .
--- -
I ·
,,,,·-1 · .
r·- -· "-
�
ATAKAN
ya
yu
yo
61
KATAKANA ..;;;I-
-
7
.L-
.......
-
1
v�
""'
ra
)
�t
I
J�
Jt
�
'
�
•
r1 )
) J�
�
/'
ru
re
0 ro
62
T
-:::-1
T I -+
r
/
r
}
TA K A N
wa
0
n
63
ATA KA NA
I VOit:ED & SEMIVOICED SYLLABlES
, The ( , ) and (
•
) in n:
/
\, etc., should be written in the upper right-hand corner of the syllable. Write
the following katakana, following the examples.
··
gi
ji
gu
zu
g·
··
go
zo
b·
P·
bi
bu
b·
bo
64
�O rn o [ZJ O [tJ O [2J D DD ct:J D 00 SD �D
g·
pi
pu
P·
po
� 0 [l] O � o [£J CJ [3] 0 {2] 0 � 0 [TI O [ZJ D [£] 0 DD [IJ D [ZJ D [3J 0 �o d·
ji
·
d·
do
KATAKAN Reading & Writing First read the words, then write them.
1.
/ \' .A
OJ OJ OJ OJ 7J 7 I1 I i II I I 1 / I II I :t I II I II i I 7' :t I Ii I I I II 1 n I II r I II F71 i I II
2 . ""' / 0
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1 0.
11.
12.
...
_;
::r ; � 7 ry 7
��
t0 J /
t:'
I I I I
.Jt :,- 7· , �, 'l
7
o
C1
/f
I
:,-
1 . basu (bus)
7··
2 . pen (pen)
3 . kamera (camera) 4. gorufu (golf)
7. piano (piano) 8. bideo (video) (front desk) 1 2. doraibu (driving)
9. sam puru (sample)
5. wain (wine)
6. taoru (1owt·l)
1 0. katarogu (catalogue)
1 1 . furonto 65
't'tl'-'t'+'S'-'
I LOQK-ALIKE KATAKANA The following pairs consist of look-alike syllables. Read, write, and distinguish them.
1.
:/' ''/
2.
7 r;
3.
-ff -t
4.
! LA
5.
r; 7 ... ....... .
6.
7.
/
/\
8.
1
"
9.
7 'l
1 . shi tsu 1 1 . ma mu 66
[_[] [_[] [_[] [_[] [_[] CD [_[] [_[] [_[]
2. u wa 1 2 . o ho
3. sa na
4. a mu
1 3 . nu su
l::
I
11. 7
LA
1 0.
12.
:t *
13.
x ;;z
1 4.
; j,t
v
1 6. ')
/
1 7.
3
"::1
18.
+ T
15.
5. wa fu
1 4. me na
_;( -t
6 . ni mi
1 5. ru re
[_[] [_[] [_[] [_[] [_[] [_[] OJ OJ [_[]
7. no ha
1 6. so n
8 . i to
1 7. yo ko
9 . ku ta 1 8. chi te
1 0. hi e
KATAKAN
. MODIFIED SYLLABLES Recognition of Forms
As with hiragana, a consonant plus a small 1',
:t- -r :t- .:z. :t- 3 kya
kyu
kyo
:/ -r / .:z. / 3 sha
shu
sho
::1- ,
or
3
is pronounced as a single syllable .
.:f' -r .:f' .:z. .:f' 3 gya ' ,,
gyu ' ,,
gyo ' ,,
:/ -r :/ .:z. :/ 3 ja
ju
jo
1- -r -7- .:z. 1- 3 cha
chu
cho
-
..::. -r - .:z. - 3 nya
nyu
nyo
1:: -r l:: .:z. 1:: 3 hya
..... ... '
-r
mya
hyu
..... ... '
.:z.
myu
hyo
..... ... '
1::' -r l::' .:z. 1::' 3 bya
byu
byo
1::0 -r l::o .:z. 1::0 3 pya
pyu
pyo
3
myo
') -r I) .:z. ' ) 3 rya
ryu
ryo
67
ATAKANA Reading & Writing
In katakana, too, small ""\",
:::z. ,
and
3
are written about one-fourth the size of a normal
character.
1 2
•
�
T
'/
•
/T
A"
� T � '/
3
4
. "{- ,
/
A
S.
/T
G.
7/�
l.
/ 3 �· / �f
B.
�T
/ ��
3 /
/ -t I �
I I I I I I I I I I I
I i mI l mm! I I mm l Ill lm m I I I I I I mml ml I I I I I I
II II I I I l mm I I I I I
1 . shatsu (shirts) 3 . kyabetsu (cabbage) 2 . jazu Uazz) 6. manshon (apartment, condominium) 7. jogin gu (jogging) 68
I I II II II ml I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I .I
. chansu (chance) 5. janru (genre) 4 8. kyanseru (cancel)
KATAKA
Reading & Writing
The double consonants kk, ss, tt, and pp are indicated in katakana with a small 1.
fJ -y f ·y
�f
3.
77
-�
4.
� -y * /
s.
t'
'/
G.
�
/ F1
u ,-
l. /
B.
r
7 vA
'/
1-
� / 7 v '/ r
to ·y 7 ' ·y 70
I I I I I I
lq: I I I ql I I I l l I I ql I I I I I I I I I I l qq q l I I
II II I I I I I I I I I I
'/.
A W
I I I I ----, -� I I,-1----, __ I I._I� ___, I I I I lqqHql I 1 Iq I q I I I I I I I ql I I I I
1 . kappu (cup) 2 . baggu (bag) 3. raketto (racket) 4. kitchin (kitchen) 5. nekkuresu (necklace) 6. sandoitchi (sandwich) 7. panfuretto (pamphlet) 8. pikkuappu (pickup) 69
ATA KAN A
Reading & Writing In katakana, long sounds are represented by a dash -.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I 7° - Jl.-I If' - L. I .:r·/ r I I v �- r I / \ / / \' - -jfI I F vA I I A �7· 1 I A 4- -
\-
-e - ? -
"" - , �, I
1 . suki (skiing)
'/ 7 7
6 . repoto (report) 70
I I I I I I I I I I I I
II II II I I I I I I I I I
I
I II II II I I I I I I
i I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
3 . g emu (game) 4 . depato (department store) 5. seta (sweater) 7. ham baga (hamburger) 8. meru-adoresu (mail address) 9. supotsu-kurabu
2. puru (pool)
(gym, fitness club)
I I I I I I I I I I I I
K ATA K A
Reading & Writing
10
:;
l.
;(
::2
_::
-
�
:r· T
'/
4·
77
·y
5.
:J
G.
�
3•
l. �
B.
A -
7' �
/ to ::2
�
-
3 '/
�
-
5'
-
y iJ I �
t' / f
� , - 7· � / � , �
I mm l I I I mmI I m I m im I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i ml I I I I [ mi mi I I I
I� � IL__j ____L___j 1 1'-I-·---....J · ----l I ll_._� �__ I ml I I I m mI I I I • I I mml I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -1'------..J
L_______!__
1 . jusu Quice) 2. menyu (menu) 3 . gappu (gap) 4. furasshu (flash) 5. kom py uta (computer) 6. my ujikaru (musical) 7. shoppin gu (shopping) 8. shapu-penshiru (mechanical pencil)
71
ATA KA N A
The same rules that apply t o writing hiragana vertically apply to katakana. Note, however, that - i s also written vertically.
! ........
.1 ,
� · 1 · "'£ . t � " · . ,, ()1 ; I I I I m j mmm __ _,_ I m m L_ ___j i__ l----l I____J I----'----l �___ IL_� .,"""
,,../ .
72
..
/
,,£'� ·
-:,_· · · �:: . . . . . . . . . . .
:�j \
·····
: :�:
:
········· · ··········
..
:/
f�":<*At"'"'
"'--·�"'
"i
&7
r ,;
•
. ..
.... . . . .. ....
,/" _l�·
/
I
//
1---:----l
1-----'----i
KATAKA N HOW TO READ LOANWORDS J apanese is rife with words borrowed from other languages. Read the following words borrowed from English and try guessing their meanings based on how they sound.
1.
7 (j1) 1 J �
The small vowels 7, 1 , ?,
'----------1
2.
:;t 7 1
A
3.
7
:;
4.
5.
::L
-
7
I.
7
7
;;t - �
.:�:. ,
and :t should be read together
with the character that comes before them. For example, 7 7
is not fua but fa, and 7 1 is not fui but fi. These character-and small-vowel combinations are all one syllable in length, just like the other modified vowels you have learned.
3
6.
/ \-T 1 -
7.
1-
/
0
9.
I. ''/
:::r-;)1 ·r
7
- -t A
"l is used to express the consonant "v." The modified
.___________,
1 . fairu (file)
syllables beginning with this kana are "l 7 va, "l 1 vi, "l .:�:. ve, and "l :t vo.
4. fea (fair) 5. fomu (form) 7. chekku (check) 8. hadodisuku (hard disk) 9. Vinasu (Venus) 1 0. vokaru (vocal) 2 . ofisu (office)
3 . fyujon (fusion)
6. pati {party) 73
ATAKANA READING CHALLENGE 1 : The World (answers on p. 86)
1.
1 .:f 1) A
� • 3.
7 7 /A
6. D - 7
2. o
/ F/ 5. 1
74
7
1) 7
K ATA K A N
1 1 . -=-
1 0.
-if
::J_
-3-7
/ 7 7 / :'/ A
':J
s. :t - A r -7 1) 7 75
ATA K AN A READING CHALLENGE 2: At a Party (answers on pp. 86-87)
1.
.A fJ - �
s.
1 7.
21.
76
.A fJ - 7
,I \
-�
L>.
::t v / :;
1 8. �� 23.
22.
_;(
0
/
.A 7 - .:t
-tt 7 ?''
KATAKAN
11.
.A - '/
29. "::1
27.
- 1:: -
t:' - J l,; 28.
r; 1 / 31.
:; ::z. - .A
32. "::J - 7
I 77
KATA KAN A READING CHALLE N G E 3: A Western-style Room (answers on p. 87)
2 FE B RUA RY s M T w T F s 2
3
1 3 14 1 5 l b
17
1
4 5 6 7 8 9 II
rz
1 8 1 9 20 Z l 22
Z ) 26 2'1 2 8
78
10
2 � 24 3
.
�
.A
1
4.
F7
D
1 9.
( U U U U U 18. 7 - 7 -
U
U 11
23. :1
/ -t / "
(:: - 7 -
79
KATAKANA ONOMATOPOEIA Japanese uses an abundance of onomatopoeic words, some that mimic sounds and some that mimic states. Read the words below and try to guess their meanings.
1 . ..::. -r - ..::. -r -
2.
r; / r; /
3 . ":::1
7 ":::1
'/
5.
":::1 -
1 . nya-nya (meow) (sound of thunder) 80
6.
4f - ·+f-
r / r /
2 . wan -wan (bow-wow) 3 . kokekokko (cock-a-doodle-doo) 5. za-z a (sound of heavy rain) 6. ton -ton (knock-knock)
4. goro-goro
KATAKAN S H O RTE NE D WO RDS Many words of foreign origin that are long and tedious to pronounce in Japanese are short ened so that they are easier to say. Try guessing the meanings of these words:
)
.:c
:1
/
2. / \ '/
:1
/
1. '
3 . .I
1 . rimo-kon (remote control)
7.
7. 7 7 � v A.
7 :1 /
2 . paso-kon (personal computer)
4. deji-kame (digital camera)
5. pure-zen (presentation) fam i-resu (family restaurant) 8. serebu (celebrity)
3. ea-kon (air conditioner)
6. kom bini (convenience store)
E N G LISH MADE I N JAPAN There are also many words that sound like they have come from English but not quite, because they are not arranged or used in the English way. These are known as wasei-Eigo ("Japanese man ufactured English words" ) and they are purely Japanese inventions. Try guessing some:
1.
1- 7 tf - Jl.t
6.
4.
7 7 1 F if -r r
9.
1 . chiag aru ( "cheer girl," cheerleader)
""' t:' -
fJ -
:,./ - / \ / ... ......
0 ....
2 . pusshuhon ("push phone," touch-tone phone)
3. guredo appu ("grade-up," upgrade, improvement) 4. furaidopoteto ( " fried potato," french fry) 5. risaikuru
7.
monin gusabisu shoppu ("recycle shop, " second-hand shop) 6. bebika (" baby car, " baby carriage) ("mornig service, " breakfast special) 8. raibuhausu ("live house, " club/bar offering live music) 9. jipan ("jeans pants, " jeans)
1 0. maibumu ("my boom, " what I 'm really into these days) 81
ATA KAN A WRITI NG CHALLEN G E 1 Try writing the following English words in katakana, following the examples.
Jam sport(s) lu nch super
__.
__.
__.
-+
, � ,___ , I____, I -'-1 _..1.]_'_'/---' , -f I---' 1'_...1 _._ / --�-�----' ' I I I I I I I I '--I I ,___ -\"' __ "
...___
;t� .A---�.__ _ _
'--
7
/ __ ,___
_
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. t o.
model business pattern money rate maker user system message sche dule
test
__.
__.
_
.......___
.A----''---
hotel
\ _
match top
-+
__,.
1 1'-, __.__j_ ..L_;z ] I i.___ <___.__''/__I __.L.. +__]___, IL.r __. ....__ '/__j_ ..L_' l _ 70 ] Jt, _._T __ __ _,_ '_ J.,-__, _ __ T
L.....__
_ 1-
_..
-+
_..
_..
_..
_..
_..
_..
--.
....L._
__,_ ___,___ _
_ .J_____,
-+
��--�--�-�-�-�
1 . .f:- -T' J l.t (moder u) 2 . t' :/ ;f, A (bijinesu) 3. / \ 5' - / ( patan) 4. 7 ;f, - (mane) 5. v - � (reto) 6 . .;( - 77 - (meka) 7. 2- - ·+f - (yuza) 8 . � A 7 L.. {shisutem u) 9 . .;( '/ -t - :/ (messeji) 1 0. A 7 :/ .:1.. - Jl.t (sukejuru) 82
KATAKAN WRITI NG CHALLE N G E 2 Try writing the words in Japanese, following the examples. Hint: There is only one right answer for each pair.
coat, court
:J
bath, bus food, hood
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
-
-+
_
light, ri g ht
1.
_.1 I I " I LEJ 17I I F 1 I I "
-+
-+
li g hter, writer leader, reader hall, hole sauce, source loan, lawn bal l, bowl
1 . 7 1 5' - (raita)
· 6. ;t - Jl,- (boru)
7
i
-+
-+
-+
-+
-+
-+
I I
I
I I I
2. ' ) - 5'" - (rida)
3. ;t - ; [, (horu)
4. '/ - A (sosu)
5. o - / (ron) 83
ATA K ANA COM PRE H ENSIVE READING CHALLENGE Try reading the following combinations o f hiragana and katakana.
1.
tt L ::f L..
F1
2·
3.
5.
6.
''/
L: £
7 / A. ::..·
7
/ { _A (/) 1) t f' '7 7 �
-
(f) I) Lf
7.
/ \ / f=>
8.
0-7
1 0·
t 7 � J: 7
11.
12.
L:
::.. n t i
-T *t t i
13. ;h n t i 1 4.
'7 r; -
t' - ;[.; f
1 . keshi g omu (eraser)
< t...:· � � \ -
.._
0
:7 - t: - f
2. Doitsu-ji n (German person)
3 . Furansu- g o (French language)
4. Rondon
ginko (Bank of London) 5. basu-noriba (bus terminal) 6. takushi-noriba (taxi stand) 7. pan-ya 8. roma-ji (romanized Japanese) 9. nama-biru (draft beer) 1 0. Tokyo-tawa (Tokyo Tower)
(bakery)
1 1 . Kore wa meru-adoresu desu. (This is an e-mail address.) a ticket.) beer.) 84
1 2 . Sore wa chiketto desu. (That is
1 3 . Are wa kamera desu. (That over there is a camera.)
1 4. Biru o kudasai. (Give me a
1 5 . Sandoitchi to kohi o kudasai. (Give me a sandwich and a coffee.)
ANSWERS TO READ I N G CHALLENGES
READING C HAllENGE 1: Japan
1 . l l -::> n ' \ ' r· -)
2. l l � L rp -) L ::: <
3.
Hokka i d o
S h i koku KyO s h O
5. h � -f,;: .h
Oki nawa
� -::> I f J)
Sapporo
6. 7. 8. 9.
t 7 � J: 7
J: ::: l i i
,;, L � �
1 0. � J: 7 t 1 1 . -fJ.· G
1 3 . :::
Tokyo
Kyoto
1 . \ ' I t . )� < J)
l ke b u k u ro
2.
S h i nj u k u
L � L rp <
S h i b uya
4. .; -::> l f � �-L -fJ.· IJ {' .h
Ropp o n g i
E bisu S h inagawa
7. -fJ.' fJ { f: i; J: -) 8.
-) it (f)
9.
�� < �
oden
one-pot "stew" consisting of
boiled eggs, daikon, devil's tongue jelly, fish
4. "t L
s u s h i sushi
-) r·· �
udon wheat noodles
Nagatacho
ochazuke
hot green tea over
rice mixed with nori, shreds of salmon, ume boshi, and/or other ingredients
8.
1? 1 :::: �·- ,J
9.
T � - ;� G
1 0. :::· l i �
o n i g i ri rice ball tem p u ra tempura
g o h a n rice
1 1 . h. -f L �
m isos h i ru miso soup
12. (f) 1) i �
norimaki sushi roll
13. � It
s a ke sake
14. 7 -fJ.· �--
u na g i eel, broiled eel
1 5. "(> � t IJ
ya kitori barbecued chicken
1 6. L 'I" . ;� L 'I" . )� 1 7. "t � "(> �
shabushabu shabu-shabu
su kiyaki sukiyaki
Ueno Asakusa
1 0. � � l i I f G
1 1 . h h T i i; 1 2 . t 7 � J: 7
READING C HAllENGE 4: A Japanese-style Room
A k i h a ba ra
1 . h L \ ' tL
Otemachi
2.
,
Tokyo
3.
,
1 3 . t1J -) G < i; J: 7 14.
3. h T �
shoyu soy sauce
7. h i; 'I" -5 1 t
READING C HALLENGE 2 : Tokyo
6.
sash i m i sashimi, raw fish
L J: 7 t1J
2.
6.
Osaka
Fukuoka
it rJ"t
� L h.
1.
5. -f I f s o b a buckwheat noodles
1 5. ;, < h n '
5.
READING C HAllENGE 3: Japanese Food
flavored broth
H i rosh i m a
L .)� "(>
1 6. h t:· \ ' I f Odaiba
Fuj isan Mt. Fuji
14. U J) L i
3.
Hama matsucho
cakes, and other ingredients cooked in a soy
-) � Kobe
,
i; J: 7
Yokohama
N a ra
1 2 . h h � iJ'
-J
Honshu
� rp 7 L rp -)
4.
1 5. I i i i
�-· I l'v .>( � G i nza _
YO rakucho
o s h i i re closet
; t�
futon futon
; , "t i
fusuma sliding paper door
,
4. f: f: h.
tat a m i tatami mat
5. �-- .)� t �
za buton cushion 85
6. 7. 8.
::
f: -:J
kotatsu blanket-covered table
5.
heated underneath
h. iJ ' lv
congratulations
m i kan tangerine, mandarin orange
t: :: (f) i
9.
iJ ' I t t <
1 0.
-:J
tokonoma alcove
1 2 . tP �
7.
shoj i sliding paper partition
2.
mono-oki shed
hoki broom
'- \ \ + J:. ...J9 o ( ci-I-. d...1- J '-· .>( '
doitash imashite
8. \
;h �-9 h. -f,c� \ ' o
itte k imasu
so long [said when you are leaving the house]
9.
'
'?
T G
'?
L
-'�"
\ 'o
itterasshai
so long [said to someone leaving the house]
1 0 . f: f:· \ ' i o
1 1 . ;h iJ ' ;:t 1) -fc�.· � \ \ 0 okaeri nasai
good night
welcome home
1 2 . }; I f')__, � T -9 iJ ' o
ita d a kimasu
o - g e n k i d esu ka
lit., " I will partake" [said before eating]
how are you?
::· t; -f: 7 � i T L f: o
{ ;t \ ' , I f')__, � -c-t o
g och isosa m a deshita
hai, g e n k i desu
"thanks for the meal" [said after finishing a meal]
I 'm fine
2.
o/ F/
Rondon London
3.
7 7 /A
Furansu France
4. A. 1 A
S u isu Switzerland
1 7 1) 7
6. o - 7
86
\
oya s u m i nasa i
l g i risu United Kingdom
9.
T � i -9 o
I'm home
1 .:f 1 ) A
8.
'?
good morning
1.
7.
'
ta d a i ma
READING C HALLENGE 1 : The World
5.
7 \ ' f-:::. L i L T o
o hay6 goza imasu
3 . \ \ f-:::. t:· � i -9 0
4.
t·
you are welcome
R EA D I N G CHALLE N G E 5: D a i ly Expressions ..} d?'
;:h 1) i){ t: 7 ::·· �-· \ \ i -9 0
7 t
domo arigato g oz a i masu
n i wa garden, yard
15. 11 7 �
t''
thank you very much
yuki snow
1 3 . t (f) ;h � 1 4 . 1 ::: .h
6.
kakej i ku scroll painting
l 1 tsubo vase
1 1 . L J: 7 t
1.
;h a0 T t: 7 ::· �-· \ ' i -9 o omedetogoza imasu
71
lta ria Italy
Roma Rome
7 ,;(
1) 7J
Osutoraria Australia
Amerika United States
:::1 Sanfura ns h is u ko
San Francisco
11.
.:::...
:::z.. -
3 - 7 Ny0y6ku New York
READING C HALLENGE 2: At a Party
1 . A 7J - 7
2.
su katu scarf
1 t' 1 ) / f
3 . ;f,
Ta i Thailand
;;f - A � 7 1) 7
1 0 . -If / 7 7 / '/ A
"/
7
vA
iya r i n g u earring nekku resu necklace
4. t - 7 -
seta sweater
5.
su kato skirt
A 7J - �
6. fJ / to - A
7. 1 ' 1 t - J[, 8. ;f, IJ 7 1
:;
·
h a i hTru high heels
�
READING CHALLENGE 3: A Western-style Room
1 . fJ v / 7·· -
katen curtain
waishatsu dress shirt
3. A 1
s u itchi switch
j a ketto sports coat
4.
�- T
:;
·
5. A 7 / F
sOtsu suit
1 2 . ...-( ;[_, �
beruto belt
6. ...-( ·:; F
1 3 . A if' /
zubon pants
7.
1 4. A 7°- / 1 5. T 1 7
na ifu knife
1 6. 7 :t - IJ 1 7. 1 ' L..
s u p O n spoon
foku fork
h a m u ham
1 8. A -T - .::\=-
suteki steak
1 9.
1
\ 1 -t ·:; 7° ;[,
20.
1
\' -j- -j-
banana banana
2 1 . :t v / :./ 2 2 . _;( o /
p a i n a p p u r u pineapple
orenji orange
meron melon
23. -+t 7 7·· s a rada salad 24. to ·+f p iza pizza 25. 1- - A-· chizu cheese 26. 7 1 A .::\=- 27. t' - J[,
28. fJ 1 / 29.
::1
::1 -
7
33. 'f 7 A
beddo bed
\ :./ -r 7
paj a ma pajamas
8. ...-( ·:; F fJ 1 9.
IJ ·:; :_.,
1 0. A 1)
:;
·
3
\'- beddo- ka ba
/
g ita guitar
1 2 . ;t'- ;t,
boru ball
1 3 . fJ - ......::. ·:; �
1 5. T 1 A IJ 1) - L..
1 6. 1-
3 ::1
1 7. if ·:; �
v- �
jOsu juice
kora cola g u rasu drinking g lass
a isu-kurTmu ice cream
chokoreto chocolate
potto thermos jug
1 8 . IJ - 7 -
k O ra air conditioner
1 9. t - 7 -
hTta heater
20. T v t' terebi television / to ::::L - 7 -
22. A to - fJ -
m iruku milk, cream
ka petto carpet
kek i cake
wain wine kohl coffee
kusshon cushion
1 1 . -t' 7 -
1 4. 7 - .::\=-
bedspread
1 \ s u rippa slippers
21.
3 1 . :./ ::::L - A
32.
1
sutando desk lamp
bTru beer
- t-
30. � ;[, IJ
u i s u kT whiskey
1-
doa door
1 1 . A - ''/
..
karenda calendar
2. fJ - -T /
nekutai necktie
9. fJ 1 :_., -r "/ 1 0. :./ -r T
wa m pTsu dress
::1
23.
::1
/ -1:: / �
24.
::1
- F
kompyOta computer
s u pTka speaker konsento socket, outlet
kodo cord
25. -T - 7-- J[,
teburu table
26 . .::\=- -r t' ;f, kya b i ne bookshelf (an abbreviation of .::\=- -r t' ;f, :; �. "cabinet ") ·
27. 7 T ·:; �
ra ketto racket
87
Ci!lln m31ifii > :J � .:�. = ?"-v 3 ::.t0)1t�0)8�� m;r.'J-? -:1 ':1 ? JAPAN ESE FOR BUSY PEOPLE: Kana Workbook for the Revised 3rd Edition iJ'�•T�•f.:l'
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Printed
in Japan
ISBN 978-4-7700-3037-5
2007
written l a n g u a g e a n d s o u n d space to
w i t h clear d i rections
" I llustrated ..
Japa nese usage
for Busy People 1: Revised 3rd Edition
The Kana Workbook is necessary for those who h ave not either the Kana Version People II.' Revi.sed 3rd Edition. to use.
About the Aut h o rs
(AJALT ) was esta b l i shed to meet t h e
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rn
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was
