Intermediate Arabic Workbook

INTERMEDIATE ARABIC

WORKBOOK FOR REVISION AND PRACTICE

JOHN

-

MACE

.

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-

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-

HIPPOCRENE BOOKS, INC NEW YORK

Other titles

by

John Mace:

Basic Arabic Workbook Arabic Verbs Arabic For Today: A Student, Business and Professional Course in Spoken and Written Arabic d Arabic Grammar: A Revision and Reference Guide (3' edition) Teach Yourself Arabic Verbs d Teach Yourself Arabic Script (2" edition) Persian Grammar: For Revision and Reference

This edition © 2007 by John Mace Typeset by John Mace All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter

invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

ISBN-13: 978-0-7818-1177-4 ISBN-10: 0-7818-1177-5

For information, address: HIPPOCRENE BOOKS, INC. 171 Madison Avenue Suite 1602 New York, NY 10016 www.hippocrenebooks.com

Cataloging-in-Publication data available from the Library of Congress.

Printed in the United States of America

Contents pageS

Introduction 1

Reading and writing

ruq'a script; numerals in handwriting 2

7

11

Words- 1

Nouns of activity, person, instrument and place; using a dictionary Vocabulary: Personnel

3

Words

-:-

2

Irregular nouns

'ab, 'akh

17

Vocabulary: The community

4

Words- 3

21

Compound adjectives and nouns; masculine proper names

5

Vocabulary: Management Words- 4

27

Dual and feminine plural pronouns, possessive adjectives and verbs 6

Vocabulary: Food and drink

Words- 5

33

Passive Vocabulary: Health

7

Words- 6

41

Quadriliteral verbs Vocabulary: Jurisprudence

8

9

Revision - 1

47

Words S tructures - 1

Accusative Vocabulary: Insurance

51

C O N T E N TS

10

Structures

-

2

59

Expressions with verb + verbal noun; deferential expressions; vocative 11

Vocabulary: Diplomacy Structures

-

3

67

Improper agreement; case-endings Vocabulary: History

12

Structures

-

73

4

Expressions of circumstance;

re-

Vocabulary: Development aid 13

Structures - 5

81

Topic and comment; proposals and wishes Vocabulary: Geography, climate, space 14

Revision

15

Structures

-

2

Correspond ence

87 91

Formal and informal letters 16

Vocabulary: Correspondence and computers Numbers

-

1

99

Literary form of cardinal numbers Vocabulary: Engineering

17

Numbers- 2

1 05

'abjad numbering; fractions; calculations and measurements

Vocabulary: Documentation

18

Revision - 3

111

General Key to exercises

1 17

Vocabulary index

1 45

Grammatical i ndex

1 69

Introduction

Intermediate Arabic Workbook is intended as a sequel to the Basic Arabic Workbook; the two books have the same purpose and format. Most of the Introduction to the Basic book is valid here also. In the Basic book you will have revised, consolidated and exercised the This

essential elements and patterns of the practical Arabic of today. This

Intermediate book explores further word- and sentence-structures to make your Arabic more varied and more expressive. As before, the emphasis is on practical use in a working environment; the vocabulary is expanded to 2,100 words in a variety of domains ranging from the community to computing. In the text, references preceded by the abbreviation 'B' are to chapters (or the Appendix) of the The

Basic

Basic Arabic Workbook.

book introduced real-life text in the form of a few short

adapted extracts from the Arabic press. This

Intermediate book includes

a greater number and variety of real-life items, all without simplification, from varied sources. The level of knowledge also permits exercises with activities such as filling in forms, interpreting charts and statistical tables, writing letters, and seeking and recording information. You should note that throughout the exercises, nouns and adjectives are in the nominative case unless otherwise indicated or necessitated. I am especially grateful to the following authorities for their kind permission to reproduce very useful material held under their copyright: •

Al-Arab

newspaper for the extracts from articles reprinted on

pages 26 and 72 •

Al-Hayat newspaper for the extracts from articles reprinted on pages 32,

•

64 and 86

the Ministry of the Interior of the United Arab Emirates for the

I NT E R M ED I ATE

6

•

•

•

ARABIC

WO R KB O O K

visa application form reprinted on page 65 the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA) for the passage reprinted on page 79 the Arabic Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for the passage reprinted on page 90 Bayerische Motorenwerke (BMW) for the passage reprinted on page 1 04 the Commercial Bank of Kuwait for the passage reprinted on page 1 14

the United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), more especially the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), for the table reprinted on page 1 1 5. My sincere tbanks also go to Nicholas Awde and to Marilyn Moore for their proofreading. Any remaining errors are my responsibility. •

1 Reading and Writing •

ruq'a writing

1. W.) ruq ra script

.J ruq' a. Compare ruq' a with standard print: J._ot_�.1����.J �te.u�! iT I �L)�J.Ji��r�)IJJJ)l5 JS'ts'�
We examine here the very common educated form of handwriting known as W

vc.U

[,e � i"� if�./�(,(; v� !'ltl

'(Jq:,� ;�c) (r JJl Y-1 Jl�ddu-cP ..

All the handwritten forms shown in the Chapter

1 (B 1),

are used in

variants: •

Final/isolated

�� . ""' "

U.Y

Basic Arabic Workbook,

ruq' a, with the following additions or

� , � and Jare written 11 ;v./ �y?: � � �u � �

�

A

*

...,_,_

"".?-l_., L>.-�� ';)...\ "'1La.m-' alifis flatter: �� >�

fY:!

�

and fmal!isolated �has the additional common form •

•

•

�t.., .. .

y

• * L.., �

/V:

'"'1

Note the initial, isolated and middle/final forms of the(. group:

I NT E R M E D I ATE A R A B I C

8

WO R KB O O K

Remember that in all print and handwriting you will often find: • omission of initial hamza: I for initial j or I , omission of tanwln: 1.5\o\ I for 1.5\i\ (, and e.g. �u for �u, 1.5 (undotted) for both 1.5 ( alif maq$ura) and final/isolated 1.5 , • omission of shadda: e.g. � for . ruq' a is a prestigious form of handwriting. It is important to be able' to read it. •

"

"

�

"

•

'

�

"

2. W_; ruq �a in print

ruq' a is imitated, with certain variations, in print. Compare standard print, handwritten ruq' a and printed ruq' a: �W. I "IJ)W I i:Y- u--o i �j � 4>�1 �...,.:J I J� Li_r.-> i JJ r--i � ��";"t;_, � oj�! IJJ:, �li c:.5 c.D� ��Lo � i� l � �_;; o�WI ul..J I_, �WI �WI � L.Yl -�..P.ill

�'J-''� ��' �r'-??"_r...>'� �·;�'�,->��dcJJ ��v��w',�JAJ\ (� ��\AsLJ\�.��\� J �-' �� -��' ;,\_..1\_, fo'(�' c.l . .....

cr

c.rL.:JI .t.;.J,..t.;JI (-'"={,.)'""I JJI cr ��I .i..;-_rJI J_...:., L.:dl � .i..,�l � � �_, cr- �...;�1 ()J..I L;Li ;.;...;f e.&.:�'-""" '-' ......./ .. ..;...JI (�I� �.,....Z .;__,.;WI �WIJ �t.;JI �WI

cr.:

......

The supervisor of the morn ing s h i ft for the d ay before yesterday Tuesday 8th M arch has informed us that you were absent without leave from your duties ('job') in Engineering Department between nine and ten o'clock approximately on the aforementioned day.

1 3.

-

9

R EA D ING AND WR ITI NG

Numerals in handwriting

all handwriting (ruq' a or other) the numeral � is usually ( ; l" is usually \" or l . Avoid writing the numeral2 by hand as �,since it

In

can be mistaken for handwritten r.

Exercise 1. Read aloud: e.g.: ·-":�� oW�I [L..;.:,;t --� \_r.Jt c.-�� .. �

0� aj_,L.WJ '-"""_.....;� JL..&.It

0 lut '

ja: at jar'idat al-yawm bi-$uwar iftitii/:1 al-barlamiin al-jad'id.

_..;:,� c_.t,..,..t..p

J..>

��

�_,j;,

�

·

-�· J?L;.:...!)I i/ l.4,A.:1 "1 � c,

lf.J.:_...:JI

-�WI _.L&..,.j.ll tlL._,...!) .;_,1-_...;_.1�1 � .;"""":.....�.JI yt_,..:.;...!)l:__,..W1 �t:.-. � � JJI .J.YI ..JL..L;il -':': L.: �I cr �I_._;JI L..;.:l_. .Jl � J� dt--� � wl_,., .;• J..r"_,JI �a_? c� �_,t.,; _; .JL....a-U e;_;,_.r.; �j.l c,r:.....ll l_:...il �.J (� �_.,.;. L,L,.; di'_;. �· � •t - _,..

•

•

_, -"' � _,-

•

•

•

..

r 'I"

.•

,..,

.�1 �_,_; J:,_,_.,.;. �L:-

� -.. t:..,Y!'-- ,_,� o• �....I.W d..:r-: � � .I�� [_...:.4...JI�U Z.,....!)I � o..lJ ��L,.t...JI -?I 0-'..J �L:-...; � .;,; � �.J J:,_,_.,.;. � .;.;"_.;..JI _:. _,L&..2.11-' _,�I c,r:-: � cr.-: c..-.J � .;.,.� ...j� O...__,.....:J �-""L- .;_,.�1 � -- � ·��-'�l�_rJIJ��_u; wl_,., � v• -?r-' J�-' '-!-�· [I.P...!)t 01 � �� .J.:-4...JI t�...J)IJ� \La.JI -.__....11 � ��l_:il � V�J4J.!1__:_;..J1.; -�WI.;...�I�c�l �

i 0

"\

.•.

.-.

•

•

�--�

�_1..:.:.

V

A

"

\.

10

I NT E R M E D I ATE A R A B I C WO R K B O O K

Write, using the ruq' a forms you have learned: � �.,.:JJ �.;-·• ..:ztl �)1.1.1. � -��b' _,:>:.}

Exercise 2 .

e.g.:

.

·�ru. :-.d\il)\\;a.j

r�·r�:.,J n�l �4l')I �Ua..o J�.D I I i)J.J �j�

Lo

'

�

C

�

-�!.Ji1l ���l'l ���� l:.J..;> J:i--..o J5 iJ I y iJ.&. � ��I 1.1. <) �Ul-1 t�I � � �.1Sl.: �.bo! r i � Ji; �j>;.J J ... � �.:--l.:...o 1.1. � �l:;:j! '-41� U.A �_;; /Y. � ��I iJ I £. .o •

o.J..

.,; ,:,1


\;.ho ..

� .,_.L:ll JL.... i)l
�.)J I

�.J I !_,.U.J �.J iJ U_r.JI iJ I� j> iJJ� lA:a I iJ:;; .�1 �� iLol ��I I_,AJ Lo� � �I �J..C L..J.J� .J �.J �.;$J I �J\.i L:.U � �Y- l' �

Js

'\

V

tr'l �WI J_,....JJ � i:J.J�I ��I � l.a-1 �_; A . .u y I J_#I �I � i Ul-1 ..hi:JI (l;j l �� va4;.� � if"bl'l t4l'l �.r �� y)\hJI � iJlS' � .L-•· II � ,. ,.. ill - � I ! l'! ..h-.Jl'l J..,.!JI J5L:..o � J ' . J l_),l'l JS' �.i>l � -�!;!h ,l;tl e:JL.a.o ��l'l � "'

lt

�

�

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.

2 Words - 1 • •

1.

Nouns of activity, person, instrument and place Using a dictionary

General

Many nouns relating to activities are derived from verb roots. Examples (with variants) are given below. Others are already familiar to you. For the activity we can use as model �41 tibii.kha 'cookery' ; for the person pursuing the activity, the modelt4b tabbii.kh 'cook': Person Activity Root 2. Activity

�

ff � � � �f.

L

r.r.-

'-'..r:'

.r>

� �

� Note: •

;,;..� b).�

tibii.kha nijara UW niqii.sha bj� khibii.za AS'� sibii.ka b �l..r. birii.da U,L..;. khiyiita 1..:>-l_r.- jirii./:la .

·Q, tabbii.kh r. najjii.r .) � .

.:.lZ 4.Y" .. ..

cookery, cook carpentry, carpenter

naqqii.sh painting, painter ·L.;.. khabbii.z bakery, baker J . �� sabbii.k plumbing, plumber .)(r. barrad metalwork, -er .1 4.;- khayyiit sewing, tailor jarrii./:l s u rgery, surg eon moneychanger '-':.r::' �arrii.f driller J� /:laffii.r sweeper 4.Y" 8' kannii.s � � binii.' (NB) �� bannii.' (NB) building, builder li/:lii.m (NB) j G. la/:l/J.ii.m welding, welder; butcher(y) -

�?.

i\J.

4,)1� I aviation, flying �l.:S' I writing �.J J.J.._r.J tabrid wa-takyif II refrigeration and airconditioning Remember that verbal nouns (B 28) also express an activity:

I NT E R M E D IATE A R A B I C WOR KB O O K

12

•

� 4.;. khayyara d ressmaker

Plurals of the persons are sound. Any can be made feminine where appropriate:

•

J � ..r: l;

.;�

Often an active participle (B 26) is used for the person: � lx.o

I

trader

III accountant

�.;�

II reporter X importer

3. Instrument and place For the instrument used in a task, we have models

miftiil;. mafiitfl;. and Root

�Lb..o � mitbakl;. matiibikh 'stove':

&"li.oc.� .) L-...o

� l.:..o .) L..!.;.o .r.:"""

L..l.o � li.o '-"'-

.;.. .t.. A ' Lb,.o L--=�

�

(L:..i.o

Instrument

_r.:A l-.A

�

&"li.o

�J� �_r.-0

�l.!.o�

� LS:..o � .

.

....i.!.l.:..o �

miftiif;. mafiitfl;. mismiir masiimlr minshiir maniishir miqyiis maqiiyfs mitbakl;. matabikh mibrad mabiirid mithqab mathiiqib miknasa (NB) makiinis minshafa (NB) maniishif

For the place of activity we have models

key, switch nail, rivet s aw gauge, meter stove file, rasp drill, bit broom towel

�Lb..o �

matabikh 'kitchen', J_; � J__ra.o ma�rif ma�iirif ' bank' and �� maktaba makiitib 'library': Root

t-::1 J

_;

J.> �

�

matbakh

Place

marbakh matabikh manzil maniizil madkhal madiikhil makhraj makhiirij mafraq mafiiriq mal' ab mala' ib rna( am mata' im

kitchen residence entrance exit crossroad stadium , playground restaurant

2- WO RDS

13

bank

ma 'ri4 rna ' iiri4

exhibition hall

maqhan, ai-maqha (weak) maqiihin, al-maqiihf coffee-house maktaba makiitib library, bookshop mamlaka mamiilik kingdom maf:zatra (sound pl.) stop, station Note: •

•

with a few roots, the place form indicates time: root�_,, noun �l_,..o �_,..o maw' id mawii' id appointment some passive participles

.)_j.A

(B 26) of Forms VII- X are used also as

noW1s of place:

vm conference

�

vm laboratory

�I inqalaba vn to be overthrown,

� munqdlab place of defeat

��� istaw$aja X to consult (a doctor), �� mustaw$aj clinic 04.7.-; listashfa X to seek a cu re, 04 7.-; hospital "

......

...

4. Using a dictionary

The newest dictionaries (e.g. Arabic Dictionary,

N. Awde & K.

Smith,

2004) list Arabic entJ.ies alphabetically by the word. Older dictionaries

rl.c.

(e.g. Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic , Hans Wehr) list Arabic entries by the root; thus is found under When using a root­

�

\I are not root letters; for example , u l..::, under�· and � under � .

based dictionary, remember that '-.S U:..) appears under _,.s;. .)

5. Vocabulary:

.J

�.)1 0.J� shu'iinal-muwa,u.afin i� l

Personnel

istakhdama X to recruit, engage

I N TE R M E D IATE

14

ARABIC

WOR K B O O K

J:i) JLA.:w..,l �I L1A j

istaqiila X to resign ishtaghala vm to work 'ahllya qualification J1� i-J� badal 'abdiil benefit, allowance �lli taqii' ada VI to retire b__r.> khibra experience �..l> khidma service � khatrara II to plan ...b..!z.> Uz.;.. khitta khitat plan, scheme �J �J rutba rutab grade, rank �! rr_).i �.r.. r}J raja'a yarfa'u I taqriran 'ila to report to I .:.�.. shughl 'icjiifi overtime (work) cf·w,l� � � �-� JJ� $anduq $aniidiq fund J� tawwara n to develop (� ) JjA! J;&- 'azala ya'zilu I('an) to dismiss (from) (� ) J;&­ azl ('an) dismissal (from) b.J� iliiwa benefit, allowance ��� faf}.:ffuf}.U:j examination, inquiry ll.o� i_,.i quwa iimila workforce (�lli) �L...o ma'iish (taqii'ud) (retirement) pension � l.i.o muqiibil remuneration � l.i.o muqiibala interview ��\�� mumarrirj(a) nurse J� ( �L,Aj) �\y.JJ.:...Amandublmumaththil (niqiibat) 'ummiil (NB: root

r

r

.

.

r

"

W

"

.s-o

shop steward

mihna mihan (also:) career mu'ahhil qualification; ��� .r vmu' ahhal qualified, skilled Uii " i l.&.; ni?iim 'an?ima regulation, rule J W. �l,ij niqiibat 'ummiil trade union

2 - WORDS

15

Form nouns of activity and person from the root shown: e.g.: nijara, najjar _;� -ci_;� r _r.! Exercise

1.

•

•

•

fll

�f. 0 r � A r.r.- v and the places of activity from the root shown: e.g.: majlis majalis voJ� -� � �

L

�r

�L

� A

Exercise

c::._.? V

Study this organisation chart and answer the questions: ��l..::...)l....al_,.il a..s:�f..'l; ·,; JJ� �J-"

2.

I

LJUI

I

.-·�] ,..>..\..c!

..-�

.W

� �.)

•. .

.

�

*�_,.i:J I �_;

�I _;�_,h.::J 1-' 1-

� l )_iv-w .;� L':? .

-

.

... � �

.

t

l

!

�L...o

I

., I V"'J�_J ..

*

u-:'

u�LA; !

--....-....-·..,.,_.;

I).-:.. ·u I l

3

l

�

�.)

r

I

J.J;......

� l�bul> l

u-:' J �I

I

-W.UI

� 1_,)1 l

��

u�j.ll

�) �! l

I

J.J;......

� .

u l.i')la.J I . _;

u�Ltl l

!

"'

,_

..

i l �l'l

�Jl

..r...J..A

r.G")J! •·

�.)

..

�

-.

�_,1 1

�.)

��I

.

II r� .r-�1 iJ.J� f..�

I

.)"!.J.A

-�

�Y �_; � '\

uLo..Lil

l

l ui_)..J l I J_,;-.

1

7,.0

ifY -

l

��j ! l ! !

_,;...... J

! �'I

jl

INTE R M EDIATE A R A B I C WOR KB O O K

16

NB:

On a chart the job titles are nominally masc. except for designated

female posts.

A woman appointee sometimes uses a feminine title.

4-S�

(r..1.o f ' ·r-f4JJJ-A . JJ-A � r � �_):J �.r.. � ��L:.$UIJ u4�11)-01 � J �.Y' ;.,-o · r� �_,.11 '1� .1>l r 0U1; t I J ..U (If� W� r< t!..r.. £. . - y. tz> � .r.. � � L>J ,� ��� Jl �WJI � yl�! 0lS') ���I e:o i.PJWI.i:JJJ-A . �uLoJ.il �J �_p �.r.. � "\ .. ���l4JJJ-A �I �l_r_,.bJIJ �_J.dl �) v �JJ--4-1 l.lA � JJJ-A� �J J _r-.l.o � J_,.i.JI_Y' Lo A .. �JJ-4-1 � �� r1�14.S�) �.) f � � _)2;1) V"L;LI �WI u4JJJ-A uA Lo ,�IJ � \ - � (u�L.tll �J

)'�I �JJ�I l.lA � ( 4;?. ) )Lots')

•

�

�

·

•

�

�-

�

-

o

·

Exercise 3. Complete the sentence with nouns of activity, person,

.4SJ1 � � - . .. f- .4SJ1 ... � Y.J�IJ.-..;

instrument or place as appropriate: e.g.:

. ....����I .. JI�

..JI � J�I.JS� J ..JI � �� .. JI � .�·wiJ �WI� ui..Ji � � J lh.ifl � -�)I ..JI t) i��-0U_r.ll � .. . �.. ··· �)IJ ..JI (L.;! � . i>l_)..l 1)-0 t_,.i J5 c) 0� 0J··· ..J I l.lA c)

lf.T: f- 4-S..f':' Ae;J, a; r 0� £. J�l A �Liw.wl v

Exercise

e.g.:

\ "

r £. o

"\

4 . Under what entry in a root-based dictionary do we find:

0A y

La! "\

J� l '

���

0

3 Words - 2 •

• •

Irregular nouns yl 'ab, Masculine proper names

yl 'ab, (I �akh. •

•

1.

•

(I 'akh

The nouns � I u I 'ab 'iibii' 'father' and 'b.P! (i 'akh 'ikhwa 'brother' are irregular in the singular when carrying a possessive suffix other than � , or when used as the theme of a construct. In these situations they follow the rn. sing. pattern of .J � (B 24) , i.e. nominative .PI \.Y-1 accusative l> I\� I, and genitive \if. I· Examine: •

...

,.

..

..

�I

,.

,.

,

-�_,.iJI.J� -���

possessive oth er than�-·· : ·-

� L.l>i ...JrJ -�j � �

� IJ.

I �I � WI � j La

..

'abuhu mukhtiir al-qdriya. His father is m ayor of the village.

('akhiiha) Do you know her brother? (bayt 'abihim) This is thei r father's house.

theme of construct: •

. .J

•

...L..>

•

•

•

� J....:, l>j ...J�

� l1J I �'1

jii' 'abu 'al;.mad. Ahmad's father came .

('abu 1-mukhtiir) Here is the mayor's father.

('akhii �adiqi) He knows my friend's brother.

li-'abi t-tiilib tor the student's father Remember that a final long vowel is often· pronounced short (B 1). In all other situations (including when suffixed with '-?. . 'my', and in the plural) these nouns are regular: . � lf.j I.J�L .U qad sii'adu 'abi kathiran. .

-�

'-:!'

They h ave helped my father greatly.

�.Jj 'b_,>! �

yaskun 'ikhwat zawjiha.fi mi�r. Her h us band's b rothers live i n Egypt.

I NT E R M E D I ATE A R A B I C WO R K B OOK

18

Note also: • • •

•

�

�

�I_,> I �I 'ukht 'akhawiit 'sister', regular. u j expresses also 'Father' for a Christian cleric: U..W� L;Y. j y �I al-'ab!'abuna yusuf Father Joseph (i is also �used for � close colleague or friend: L;_,>l � (larjar 'akhunalal-'akh rashid . ·�.J •

\

(�1\

�-··

the dual forms 'akhawiin/-ayn.

Our friend/colleague Rashid attended.

\)IY.i

'abawiinl-ayn and �-·· \:,l_,.;..i

the plura10I.P! 'ikhwiin 'brethren' (of an association): �..,.WI 0 _,.;.."'jl al-'ikhwiin al-muslimun

1

the Muslim Brotherhood ('Breth ren')

2. Masculine proper names

Proper names are definite in meaning. But masculine personal names not resembling a verb tense and not ending 0 -iin, have ind efinite case-endings; for our purposes this means that in the accusative the name adds the indefinite ending C. -an: -�.J l'i)_,;_, (� �j.) (mu(lammad an wa-tavvfiq an

1

But:.0L..!.c.J

...

wa-jamll an) We saw Muhammad, Tawfiq and Jamil. ('a(lmad wa-'uthmiin) �

...l.a-> 1 -J_r.j

We know Ahmad and Othman.

�I al-mujtamar

t.

3. Vocabulary:

41 �41 j..o 1_; 1 j..o) j..o 1_; 1 ll.o)

ijtimii' (also:) society ijtimii'f social 'armal 'ariimil widower � � 'armala 'ariimil widow 0�j 'a'iina IV (fithing) to subsidise (� . ) (;I) I) "bl..,-o! 'imra'a (al-mar'a) niswiin woman ,.

.. ,.

� l_,......j

The Community

.. .

..

3 - WO R D S

�� baladiya (also:) town council

(� \y\:.r-o) r;_��

19

tazawwaja V (minlbi-/'ala) to get married (to) .1..:.� jam'iya association y�l ul..o.l> khidmiit ijtimii'iya social s ervices J> � dakhl income J�.J �.J rajul rijiil man (y J) �.J rakhkha�a II (li- person, bi- thing) to license,

�.)

to permit

�.) rukh�a rukha$ licence, permit

- J.L.�.) �

(JUbi) �L..J �J.J •

r;_IJj r;_IJjI r;_Jj �Jj !) lS:.... o5'� � � �

rawcj.a riyiicj. (' atfiil) kindergarten ra'is baladiya mayor ziwiij marriage zawj 'azwiij h usband zawja wife siikin sukkiin inhabitant sajjala II to register sakan housing shaykh shuyUkh elder, senator cj.amiin ijtimii'i social security 'urs 'a'riis wedding faqir fuqarii' poor mutazawwij (minlbi-/'ala) married (to) mukhtiir makhiitir mayor (of a village) markaz jamii'i community centre mustaf;.iqq (li-) deservi n g (of), eligible (for) muslim Muslim masi�i Christian manaf}.a yamnaf}.u I to grant to manf;. granting, award niidin, an-niidi (weak) 'dndiya clu b

I NT E R M ED I ATE A R A B I C

20

.)� ���


..

yahUdiyahUd Jew(ish)

Under what entry in a root-based dictionary do we find:

Exercise 2 .

e.g.:

WOR KBO O K

iL._.,.o

-Jla-o £. �

�ui

) Jl-

�

"

'y

(-'.? ��' ..

(:.r.:>. j y

r

:,�, "\ ,_,�, '.

v

�4'''

Give the word answering to the definition: e.g.: �� � �.;_.I.Jicrc,r:J..J_;-..,����� J6jJ 1 ... ;, ;J J.A.- r J�_...u I.}""':J.t- J-L: '-"" � "�--' ...,.LiJ J�l Ji.; j,.v �I_-WI C,..,L,j>..J �L.:.JI .;_,s.L..-..J .r--- �__,.L.,I �.;�I �L.;..II-'"="'....-:: "}f., �_)I �_.4.11 c,/1.-r "\ ��...J CJ-_:1A_ II..J CJ"_...,1 lj � .\..:_.j �_.., �WI �_,JI � �_.4.11 "1_., 1..� � �� �� �..J� .;i/1 ![-'� �..... '�' J.c.4.11 � \. U1 �j__, ���I c....i.P ( �i ) .V� �I_;. I ..JI tU.,�I)��i..U.IJ�_.

Exercise 3.

_

A

0

J

•

· · · · · ·

0

- · · · · ·

'

r i

0 V

A '\

"

\r

4 Words - 3 •

Compound adjectives and nouns

1 . General

We have already studied some compound adjectives and nouns, such as expressions with_,� (B 35) and negative expressions formed with� (B 23) and i� (B 28). Here we examine other compounds. �..l&. (adim, � U qiibil r-� tadfm etc. The adjectival equivalent of jJ.&., using the same structure, is �.)..&, adi.m ' lacking (in)'' which produces a negative construct, the opposite of_,� (etc., B. 24): 2. Compound adjectives: r

i L..a"i I i.J.&. jl...:ai (JI) �J.&.

�Iii711 �J.&.

lack of attention, inattention

'adi.m (al-)ihtimiim lacking attention, inattentive

'adim ath:thaqiifa lacking culture, uncultured (= �� ghayr muthaqqaj)

�� + verbal noun can give the same meaning as� + adjective or participle. Remember to define explicitly only the attribute of the construct, not the theme, to make the expression definite. Examine the following possible compounds: affirmative with_,� (etc.) or with adjective/participle: �j..o �j \�I_,� �j a qualified colleague �l:A �I_,� �j a colleague with an appropri ate •

•

�;11 �)1\�� � -'� J..:.o)l the qualified colleague �WI-���-'� �jl the appropriately qualified colleague · Jl__,.oi (JI) _,� �L...o ( JI) ((al-)musiihim) a/the s harehol der i:JlS'{J I) with sufficient funds qualification

I N T E R M EDIATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

22

•

Ito!� or �: J;.J.o _r.i;. ·\�1 ��.�j an unqualified colleague �j.ll _r.i;. �.,;JI\��1 �� �.,;JI the unqualified negative with "'

I;'

\�l;..o �I ·�.lc �j a colleague without an appropriate/ �WI ��I the appropriate qualification �L.:J.I ��� �� J.:.o.,;JI the colleague without the colleague

•

�� �L......(JI) ((al-)musiihim) a/the shareholder without sufficient funds 4:.H5(JI) You may encounter the a1ticle inconectly added to ..r.):. \�.i.e. J �u qiibil li-. The active participial expression J �Li qiibil /i­ 'susceptible to' + definite verbal noun can express the equivalent of English '-able', '-ible' : il....a)U �u _,LS:..;I\'b� a remarkable idea/remarkable ideas When this compound is made definite, �u itself also has the article, since the expression is not a construct but is prepositional with J: il...a)U �WI i�l oh this remarkable idea -4� �WI �lhJI ('the') renewable energy The compound is negated as usual with ..r.):. : c..r!lJ � u ..r.):. c. I..? I an inexplicable proposal c..r!lJ �WI _r.i;. c.l?�l lh this inexplicable proposal Contrast this last expression with the following, which is an equation: ·C...,..:..U �u _r.i;. c.l?�l lh This proposal is i � explicable . . . .� lii-. A few relative adjectives have a negative form with � lii-: \)W! (Ia-)' insanl (in)human, (in)humane u-iWr:i :J..L� lii-silki wireless from which also abstract nouns (B 10) have been derived: � W!)U I al-Ia-' insiiniya inhumanity �_;S'.;.4)U I al-lii-markazfya decentralisation

Jt,..oi (JI)

appropriate qualification

•

. . .

4 - WO R D S

23

Use only known words of this pattern; do not form your own. 3. Doubled adjectives

Doubled adjectives are easier in Arabic than in English. Both adjectives keep their full Arabic form, including agreement:

;.J.J\'1(- )�.rJI �>J�I

Euro-Arab cooperation

(the hyphen is optional in the Arabic)

�.)La.:.il' l �4l'l i,...).;J I �IJ""" '!I �.rJ I t_l.rJ I �,Y.>: J W J� �i

socio-economic theory the Arab-Israeli conflict a north-south dispute

y shibh 'ashbah

4. Compound adjectives and nouns: �

The noun

o

an

�

shibh,

� ni$f

' resembl nce', when used

�.J � �l.,.,.o muriisala shibh rasmfya

construct with

m

adjective, gives the meaning 'semi-', 'quasi-' etc.:

�.J y i.J� �fo;.ll y JL.....J I

semi-official/quasi-official correspondence semi/quasi-officially the semi-skilled labour ('workers')

i..r'J. y shibh jazfra peninsula (pl. .J?. o �i 'ashbah juzur; .J?. i.,.r�J. jazfra juzur island) 4.rJI i.,.r��l � shibh al-jazfra l-'arabfya

The device is also used to make a few compound nouns:

�41 i�WI y shibh al-qiirra l-hindfya the Arabian Peninsula

J l...:a; j � ni$/ 'an$ii/ 'half' in construct makes some the I ndian Subcontinent

The noun

�__,;...- � .�Ic7•q4 � Uh:..o

compound adjectives:

semi-an nually, bi-annually a semi-autonomous ('-independent') region

I NT E R M ED I ATE

24

A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

.J� kibiir, .J� $ighiir In B 2 we had the adjectives ..r-$ and � in the meanings 'senior'

5. Compound nouns:

and respectively: �\..r-$ �yo . Their plural forms are also used in defmite construct with certain plural nouns to give the same meanings. The construct is always definite, the definiteness or indefiniteness in connotation being infetTed from the context: 'junior'

�I� 7 .J l.i...aJ

�..JyoUI \�.JJ.-11 _;l,$ �_)-1.,. �� .JL$ r;:o

(the) senior officials

(cj.ubbiitihim) tor their junior officers

The attribute may· also indic ate a group, which can then be singular: �_�I .JL$ � can also be used this manner, with indefinite meaning: uL... . . ..�I .-AJ -�. in

6. Vocab ulary:

"b)���

J�l

I� I

�

.J

� �I

�i

J l_,.oi J.i.a.j I

o L; �

(�) f::!:-': .7,;

�� �

Jwi J.J� � ....\>

J_,> ��

'b_; L....> tii.J� til�

with (the) senior party members senior (members) of the association for various reasons

al-'idiira Management

' adiira IV to manage istaghraqa X to last i'tamada vm 'ala to rety on 'ammama to nationalise 'amwiil funds, resources in'dqada Vll to be convened bayiiniit details, particulars tashfi' ('ala) incentive, encouragement (to) jadwal ' a'mal agenda juhd juhud effort f.zadda ya}J.uddu to limit }J.awwala to transfer khasira yakhsaru I to lose khasiira loss diifi' dawiifi' motivation �

II (also, in pl.:) (inan. pl., also:) II

I

4 - WO R D S

.)I.J� i.)l � � � I� ).J�' .).J� i.;.J �

25

da' ira dawa' ir directorate da' im permanent dawr 'adwar role dawra round talks C:� C":.J rabifw yarba}J.u I to profit eL--l C":.J ribJ;. ' arbaJ;. profit �')L I dL silk 'aslak wire sahm 'as-hum share � j r-t""" (� ) �.;L! sharaka III (fi) to participate (in) l?� �_r!. sharik shuraka' partner, associate � shaghghala II to operate � (y�i) �L.:, $al;.ib 'a$1;.ab) 'amal employer ..1 � � W:, (iabit cj.ubbt'i! officer J J..) ?arf ?Uruf circumstance 4$ � adi ordinary � _d. g hayr adi extraordinary ..J1_,.; 'b..0u fa' ida jawa' id interest qaddara II to estimate mal wealth majlis 'idara board of directors ma}J.dud limited, Ltd. musahim shareholder � �j..o mu'aqqattemporary �� ;_tl, l,j\;J:, l,j natiq(a) bi-lisan s pokesman (-woman) nauama II to organise l.:....A hay' a g roup, body JS� � haykal hayakil structure, framework

(of etc.)

I

(of stock)

�

(pl.

.J..)

..; �

�

r

(monetary) (also, in sing.:) r

.;

_;JJ

JLo i.;b! � �.J�

�

�

Make definite expressions indefinite and vice versa, where possible:

Exercise 1.

I NT E R M E D IATE

26

e.g.: J..&.LI _d:. cl..,;.i"il

A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

J� _d:. cl..,;.il � �I Jlll � � � 1_ •.+1 Y t,�l � cL.J"il \ i�__&.u� "' �_;� t�l £. ��WI _d:. �"i� o i_;l�f'l � _;l$ "\ G..,.s ti.ill �WI i.,ljWI A �"i u�l_,..o V �_,.;l.i V"'L..,I �� � ' . �L.....o t-.Ah.;J � t,.JW.) �.r 4� 'Y L:J �� ..&- w_,_> <) '' �

�

e.g.:

Recast, using a relative clause (B 35):

i�_,� ul_,.i � � � i_;l�! ·� i�_,� ul.,.i LA.�\ y i_;b! � �

Exercise 2.

� � .r-..liill �LiJ I �I� I \ i:- � ol�l �i t. J_,..JI � �� � � r i�I o..ll..r.- c.} � _,� .r.):._, i_;..l.i.o _d;. C L.J I

G_,;- -�__,.iJ..o .,ljl_.,j Y

majlis 'idiira !aha/ indaha quwiit ma/:lduda r

o

Read the passage and answer the questions:

i�I_,JI .w.JJJ l_.i_.�i JL.......!. (1)�1,_,_.. c. I .JIJ! JW I � � \VJ \o �. L. (3)i�l J)l..,;. ( �) (2)�1� �)li.JIJ ... r . . o -� J W'il J....s:. �l..:a..>-7 L I .)..J ':_S.J� I � � �

Exercise 3.

0;...w1 "I.J.lliJ "�j_rJI i.JJ..JI ,..:u JLL!.i � .d.J�J _;.1�1J '-="'..,.D IJ l:U�.JJ-" �J J W'il JJ..l..:' �� � ..:.. L.:...:,.-U .01J_,.....J I J � J �1(4).����J�_,:.J

(from

y.,.aJIAl-Arab

newspaper, (alternative pl. of� �)

(1) �1_,-o mawiini' ports (3) ul_? i_? fatra fatariit period (2) �1_,.1 tariibulus Tripoli (4) t,...r.A4 jamiihlrzya Jamahiriya ('State of the Masses') �.);tl.� �_)t.;, 4r Y � �W"il � �i J_,� uA � ' �.);tl J�l Lo� �£ ��.N��-'-" �lS' � r . �__;1 Jw c.} �LA. tJ'-'-" �.) ..,s-� 1 o 9.2.05)

f

��

�

�

-

5 Words - 4 •

Dual and feminine plural pronouns, possessive adjectives and verbs

1. General

The dual and the feminine plural exist only in the 2nd and 3rd persons. Noun, adjective and demonstrative forms are covered in B 3 and 4.

The Appendix ('B App'), paragraphs 2 to 5 (Tables

7

to 10) of the

Basic Arabic Workbook gives the pronoun, possessive, relative and verb forms. Here we explore the use of these forms. Dual forms are the same for animate or inanimate. Feminine plural forms are only animate, and refer only to all-female groups. Further, there is no shortened pronunciation for the feminine plural endings. Beyond these provisions, all the rules we have studied for suffixing and for sentence structure apply equally to the dual and the feminine plural.

5,

2. Dual subject pronouns and sufiiXes See B

12, 15 and App, Table

7.

suffixes do not vary for gender. They are formed by adding the appropriate (masculine) animate plural form:

W'� �l.S'

� ��l1\ ��l1 l...;.i l J. �

. L.A�I.; •

•

1�1

•

1... -a

Dual subject pronouns and dual to

('antuma) Are you (two) students? ('indakuma) if you both h ave work

ra' aynahuma. We saw both of them (people/things) . . L..y. �I (bihima) We contacted them . both.

� L.,.-;.).i jA .�l..r...u:dl

b� (qaranahuma)

Remember that in an English plural there may lurk a dual:

. � � j�l J5 �I_,;.�I J...i:..!. l (ishtdghal al-' akhawan ...

He has the two estimates. Has he compared them (= both)?

fi rna( amihima) The two brothers worked all day i n their restaurant.

I NT E R M ED IATE A R A B I C

28

WO R KB O O K

3. Dual verbs

See and App, paragraphs 3-5 and Tables App, Tables and show the dual verb endings for past and present. App, paragraph 5 shows the dual subjunctive, jussive and imperative. Note: The 2nd-person forms do not vary for gender; the 3rd-person forms do. Care is needed with the fmal-weak verbs. The dual ending 1..., however pronounced without a suffix, becomes (long and stressed) when an object suffix is added. B 1 1, 14, 17, 25

B

9, 10.

9

10

B

•

•

•

-&-

. y� L�_, 0 �)1 � �

.

(wa-sharaba qahwatahuma)

The (two) colleagues sat and drank their coffee. �

.�Li:JI � l@47l �I �l·)z7,.l � �)JI �!

(lti yasta(i' an

' an yattdfiqa) The two parties cannot agree on the details. .oW_,_, J..i.JIJ I.) qara'a 1-' aqd wa-waqqa'ahu. �

-

They (both) read the contract and signed it.

. �I ijlisa. S it down (both of you).

See 35 and App, Table 8. The dual relative pronoun varies for gender and (unlike the singular and plural) for case. Note also the spelling. For the rest, all the rules for relative clauses apply: 4. Dual relative pronouns B

�WI � 0 l.illl �I.J:,.UI

(alladhan kataba)

�� &:.illl ��)l 0 �l � 1_,}.}" �I ,:, G:k.i:JI

the two reporters who wrote the article

(alladhayn yabtunahuma)

the two chief products which they selll

an-nuq{atan allatayn

tarakkazufihima the two points they concentrated on � I_,}.J �l.:J:zlj nuq{atan rakkazufihima

antecedent, no relative pronoun)

(indefinite

two points they concentrated on

5 -

WO R D S

29

5. Feminine plural subject pronouns and suffixes

..

See B 5, 1 2, 15 and App , Table 7. For subject pronouns and for

suffixes the feminine plural is formed by substituting t) final

...

j ··· -m of the appropriate (masculine) animate plural form: � ul:Jlb .'-IJ I � ('antunna) Are you students? J.c &s-� t)l5' 1�1 . . ('indakunna) if you have wo rk ..

�

..

- � � ��

. w. � �

ra'ayniihunna. We saw th em . (bihinna) We contacted them.

6. Feminine plural verbs S ee B 1 1 , 14, 1 7 , 25 and App, paragraphs

B App, Tables 9 and

-nna for the

5

3-5

and Tables 9, 1 0.

10 show the feminine plural verb endings for past

and present. B App paragraph

shows the feminine plural subjunctive,

jussive and imperative. Note: •

...

1_, \t)_,...

t) ...

from the corresponding (masculine) animate plural; replace .. -tum with ,:_,; -tunna and -unal-u with -na. •

f···

As with pronouns and suffixes, the verb forms are best derived

Care is needed with the doubled, hollow and final-weak verbs. The unwritten final short vowel -a remains short and unstressed

. �_,; �Y..r!--' ul__r....U I � (wa-sharabna qahwatahunnaJ when an object suffix is added .

.

. J_,4 1 � wi4�! ) w-·h;...! 'i ul..W I �! (Ia yastati'na 'an yattafiqna) The . teachers cannot agree on the timetable. .. .�_,_, J.i.JI L,l.) qard'na 1- 'aqd wa-waqqd'nahu. The directors sat and d rank their coffee

They read the contract and signed it.

.�1

(ijlisna) Sit down .

7. Feminine plural relative pronoun

S ee B 35 and App, Table

8. The feminine plural relative pronoun is

I NTER M ED IATE

30

A R A B I C WOR KB O O K

� l.il l .� �!)JI v i) all

invariable. Note also the spelling. The rules for relative clauses apply: ....

(allawati katabnaJ

L1s' w_r; .� l_,lJ I ��I (allawati na'rifuhunna kulluna)

the newswomen who wrote the article

�

J....:.a.i

8. Vocabulary :

u�

� 1_� 1_, j.; I �.J� 'b � � 'bjJ-! "

.

the doctors whom we all know

('alayhinna) doctors we rely on

J('l'l al-'akl wa-sh-shariib Food and drink

See also B 10, paragraph 1 .

b�

t_�

J.J � 4

�� !) l.&.�

)>

u L_)>

..)-!> � � .1.1> · L> I .)

•

·

•

·

.;..,..> �

'b.Lj

. �

.}.�� ·� �!.r"' j :.

tl,')l..

:. . '_;*'�

w

I

' aruzz rice biirid cold barrada refrigerator buza ice, ice cream bira beer tanawala Ill to take (food, drink) jubna cheese jaw ' iin , f. jaw' a , pl. jiyii' h u ng ry l:zalw s weet l:zalwayiit sweets, dessert khubz ' akhbiiz bread khucj.ar vegetables khalata yakhlitu I to mix khamr khumur (m./f.) wine zubda butter sukhn hot sukkar s ugar sikkin sakiikln (m./f.) knife salii!a salad shariib ' ashriba drink

5 - WORDS

�..;__,..!,

;.$�

'->� �

�� ·�

.:. .... j .:. ,.. .. , . � I� -

�

�

� Lb � �..> w.k

� .ii i

�

�J.a..o

l.ii

�

Lo

w.J_r;..,o

c:'.ioi E.o

�"Jwo .� Exercise 1 .

31

shorba soup shawka fork $al;n sul;un plate tabakha yatbukhu I to cook tal;in flour ashii ' 6'shiya dinner, supper ' a$iT juice ' atshan, f. 'atsha, pl. ' itiish th i rsty ghada' , aghdiya lunch ghidha' 'dghdhiya food( stuff) fakiha fawakih fruit fatur breakfast finjan faniifin cup kas ku' us a glass laban milk lal;m lil;iim meat ma' water ma' ma ' dini mineral water mas hrub drink mill; 'amlal; (m.lf. ) salt mil'aqa mala' iq spoon r

,

l..A.J_,.b.i

')151 � .!J_,.b.! � . l.� � .-.lSi . � 1 <) wl: �� � �..;� 1 f &> � 'i L....J �-' � .�La

Make dual the underlined words and suffixes:

' �..,; .-. !� " .L.w..)J..l l <) �1: . t 1 JS'b 'i t r o -�! u'i L... , �.J \ .n_,U:JI � ;,. ...;JI tf? A V . p_� l.ii J.J� � ' . � � .l,;. ' Why are JS'b (no. 4) and �.J (6, 7) not made dual too?

e.g. :

' akalafa{Urahuma .

.•

-. ��

"

.

�

�

.

32

I NT E R M ED I ATE

A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

Make feminine plural: e.g.: yatbukhna al-ghadd'. I..W I � f- I..W I !)� , 1 - . ..L.o � I � JJ .,- . t ., .. J..o q �JJ � I I t l �.) I..S' ,_....).. I..S' 1,) Exercise 2 . •

. iJ � I

·

�

•

•

·

"

�. �� 1)5 1 . -.s'L,AJ I l_,_,..o Li iJ I 1_,....:.; 'i •

" .

\ r

-� � l.ii ':?.i> . �_;.. I c=o iJ� 1_,; LS' o •

£

'\

•

·

•

Make the dual and feminine plural expressions (a) masculine singular, (b) feminine singular, (c) masculine plural: e.g.: 'aka/, 'aka/at, 'akalU 1)5i , ai , JS'i f- #i . �_,) 1 � W:......, l l..f� l .,. . � � L� \ � � � �--'� � £ ijl:l i_r.>. u l_, � u � r Exercise 3 .

·

. j.:L I \t ! 'i� r1 '\

�;

6_,_b..;. u-A �.l..c:'i l

(7)

� t lb.:i

._jj j ' .

::,; �� iJ.)�

_ra.o

c) ! iJ.) � o

Read this report and then retell it in your own words: (al-jabi1r'i) �J� I � � � � � 6 J 4-=J I >= jJ

Exercise 4.

0i

.

cz>.ly!.J L �

� (6}J I......i.J I_, ,

< I > � Cw.

(5)�� �

� L-;t

..::.. �

iJ-o

u)l..c l � ..::.. i ..1.:> ..::.. 1 � (4)� (3)..U Ju b J�

. ..::.. I J'i_, .J I (S)..::.. I J � . b J i j _,J I 0; � J � I J u _,

( l l ) y._:AJ-'1 �J ' A"> •01 1 � ( 10}� 1 (9)"J-:>..:i J " � iJ-o 0-1 ., , uJ:. ....i.J i \ . " I y!.J t>� i 4.......Ai Cu. 4-= _;A y'i. ·,; ,._, ..:..U _;:u � I u-k �i .!J l:.A u� wJ ·� I iL.i L;-' l-;t.J I ·� �f ...J l..<:.i _, � J·'i l 0-o �_;:u � 1 u-k 0 � ·� 'Js . (l2}6 l-;t � .

•

l y!.J � ew.

.

.

. ·

(1) � � munaqa$a call for tenders (2) " l_p shira' pu rctlase

(from i � I A/-Hayat newspaper, 2 2 . 7 .2004)

(3)

.U

(4)

� j 'anha IV to bri n g to an end

(6) .)Wjastid corruption �� sirr'iya secrecy 9 (8) .J � m lliyti r milliard (10 ) (7) � � q'ima qiyam valu e (9) J u.) � .) daq'iq diqaq fine (10) (� � qamaf,z qumuf.z wheat (11) ti l..,-o ti..JA mawqi' mawaqi' site (12) i� � muf.zaba favouritism (S)

,

(+ present tense) perhaps

6 Words - 5 •

Passive

1 . General

With a verb in the active voice Cr

·..r...):JI ._·.;hfl � \�

_,J.a.ll al-ma ' fum) the subject performs

the action or experiences the situation:

katablyaktub at-tab"ib at-taqr"ir.

All the tenses we have used so far are active. With a verb in the

passive

voice

(J�I

al-majhul)

the subject

undergoes or suffers the action of the verb: ._;-�p i � \� kutiblyuktab at-taqr"ir.

.;-�...):J I

The report was/is (being) written .

Here the grammatical subject is

VII

;

it does not perform the action

but undergoes it. We have met the passive concept in two instances: •

22), active but many with passive meaning: .�1 J..,w \ � 1 in}Jallatltan}Jall al-mushkila.

Form

verbs (B

The problem was/is solved.

�_,J.x.o ll>:...!..o

the passive participle (B 27): a resolved problem

The Arabic passive tenses differ from the active tenses only in the

I

vowels of the prefixes and of the verb root. The passive vowel pattern is regular throughout all classes of verb, in Forms

to X. The personal

endings and all the consonants are the same as those of the active.

�·

�· �). The other tenses

We need to learn only the past and present tenses, and of these only the third persons �.

w,

..

and persons are

too rarely used to concern us.

The rules for short pronunciation and sentence structure apply equally to passive verbs. The rules for agreement also apply, but with some valiations examined in paragraph 3 below.

34

I NTE R M E D I ATE A R A B I C

WOR K B O O K

Passive verbs are often avoided and rep laced b y other structures; some of these are explored in Chapter 12. The passive has no imperative and no verbal noun.

2. Passive past and present tenses To make the passive past or present tense, take the corresponding active tense and vowel it as follows (the pattern shown is for � \_,.. ):

Past tense:

V/VI

VIII/X

prefix

vowel

Short vowels in root

tu-

Long vowels in root

tu-

Present tense:

uu-

Personal VNI prefix prefix

Short vowels in root

yu-/tu-

Long vowels in root

yu-Jru-

-

Root vowels

-u-u-

-l-

+

Root vowels

-ta-ta-

-a -a-

-a-a-

Personal ending

-al-at -al-at Personal ending -u -u

For the past tense, note: •

The vowel of Form V and VI prefixes, and the initial weak vowel of Forn1s VIII and X, are all u.

The 'root vowels' (i.e. those found in the passive form of the root) are -u- and -i-: this means -u- for a root of one syllable,

-u-i­

for a root of two syllables. Form IV past counts as two syllables. This is the pattern for roots ending in a consonant. For roots and -iya in full pronunciation for _,.., and becomes -iyat for � ­

ending in a vowel, the last -i- becomes -f in short pronunciation Where a root vowel ls long in the active form, its rep lacement vowel is also long in the passive form. •

Add feminine, dual and p lural personal endings as usual. They are the san1e as for the active voice.

For the present tense, note: •

The personal prefix (including the initial vowel of Forms IV, VII,

6

-

WO R D S

35

and X) is yu- or tu- (ywtu in Form IV of initial-waw verbs). • The prefixes of Forms NI remain ta-. The root vowels are -a- throughout the root. This is the pattern for roots ending in a consonant. For roots ending in a vowel, the last -a incorporates both final root letter and vowel of the personal ending in both forms of pronunciation. Where a personal prefix vowel or a root vowel is long in the active fmm, its replacement vowel is also long in the passive. Add feminine, dual and plural personal endings as usual. This is the theory. In practice it is easier to imitate patterns, e.g. (for �): nresent 'he/it was/is . . . past Root is one syllable in length: written � yuktabu I ordered ..;A.;!. yu'maru I shown :J� dulla J-4 yudallu I J� yuqalu I said � qlla

V

Vill

•

•

'

•

J-.f-

J...,- 1

yursalu IV �..,.: yujabu IV yu'ta IV � yu}J.tallu VIII

�

u}J.tulla

Root is two syl l ab les in length: ,_:;$' kutiba I �.) quri' a I . . nlifil-iya � yunfa I �

:ukk.ida muwwila J..,-o .. if.) rubbll-iya J.J� }J.iiwila (NB .J.J) �) 'ursila* IV �_,1 ' Ujiba* IV

!5.;!. · yu' akkadu II

J..� yumawwalu n

..\5'1

t.fJ..

J_, �

•

•

I

yurabba II yu}J.awalu Til

sent

imposed given occupied

written read denied confirmed financed brought up attempted sent imposed

I NTERM ED IATE A R A B I C WOR KB O O K

36

�j

I

'u'{il-iya* N

c.? I uqtririf:za

I

(* count Fonn IV as two syllables in the past, see above)

��

�-'

ustu'mila wujida wurji'a

(.,;;ii! J...-. 11! �Y.. �Y.. jI

yuqtdra}Ju vm yusta malu X yujadu* I yUrf,a 'u* I r

given � roposed used

found put

( * initial root letter J , dropped in the active present, is restored in the

passive present and combined with the present prefix. For the fonn �-' wujid see also B 37 ; for the form �Y.. yujad see also B 11, 23) agreed �_,_, wUfiq (NB JJ) � � yuwafaq Ill

..(.r."o' .. · J_,_,;.J � t..;-;;.�. 1 �I

t:j. _vutanabba' u v J_, 4 yutanawalu VI

tunubbi' a tunuwila tuluqqll-iya ushtU.rll-iya ustuthnll-iya

•

-

�

yutalaqqa V 4-S� yushtdra VIII yustathna X

forecast taken

(food)

received bought excepted

The passive is common in newspaper Arabic. Care has to be taken to read the vowels correctly; even television and, radio newsreaders make mistakes. Sometimes a significant first vowel u is pointed in the text: ... 01 ��

,.

_, ,.

...

,.

�

'ulim 'ams ' anna . . .

,

I t was learned yesterday that . . .

- � JSL.!..o i� l .� � ..

�.J .J � La.o

JS1

Ia tub}Jath al-yawm mashakil tibbiya.

Medical problems are not being discussed today.

. • •

,:r

' ukkid min ma�adir rasmiya ...

I t was confirmed from official sources

. ..

3. Instru�ent, agent, agreennent

All the provisions given in B 27 relating to the instrument and to agreement apply equally to passive tenses; but see below for the agent: Instrument; as for the participle: . Lo � �fo. 04.�.;.,11 J� � lam yumawwal al-mustashfa

6 - WO R D S

37

bi-nuqii.d 'amma The hospital was n ot financed with

public money.

strictly speaking not possible in Arabic, but some newspapers imitate foreign practice, using the compound preposition ( �) ,:yo

Agent;

I 6) .WWI �l l..b ( � -

min ( qibali) 'on the part of' :

--1 � ()WI (? •

uqturi(l al- 'ilaj min (qibal) muna?-;amat G$-$ib}:La l-'alamlya.

The treatment was proposed by the World Health Organisation.

...

� ()I...J I �?:

Many still, however, prefer an active tense for this kind of sentence: .

13 we study

r

T h e W. H.O. proposed the treatment.

alternative structure with similar emphasis. Agreement; the passive verb agrees normally with its subject where that subject would be the direct object (B 12) of the active verb: In

Chapter

iqttirahat al- ilaj muna??amat ...

._;�l' l

�

an

� I a.;._.;, (.?.' ,

juri(l shakh$tinfi 1-infijar. Two people were inj u red in the blast.

But where the object of the active verb is prepositional, the passive is impersonal, and always stands in the masc. sing. (like the participle): . � 1 � ;,r- v:.;o! yufattash 'an mutakha$$i$i l-qalb. $

"

H eart specialists are being sought.

·� ·� �� i �

yuqam bi-baramij talql(l.

Vaccination p rogrammes are being u ndertaken.

This impersonal use is found also with verbs not taking an object at all: . i..UI ...b.i..;:, ·� � �.} turuddid bi-sabab £j.agh! ad-dam. There "

,

was hesitation ('It was hesitated') because of the blood p ressure.

4. Passive tense and passive participle

Compare two passive sentences, one with a tense, one with a participle as predicate (B 27):

,.J'A.:J I ,:yo J_,JI � •

.

$

,

yulaqqa(l ' ulUfmin an-ntis. Thousands of people are being vaccinated.

I N TE R M E D I ATE A R A B I C

38

. !)� U"'L:.JI � J)l

.

�

WO R K B O O K

'ulufmin an-ntis mulaqqal;un. Thousands of people are vaccinated .

Both are present in time. But the tense indicates an action: people are bein g vaccinated (now), whereas the participle shows a state: people are (now) vaccinated (= in a vaccinated state) . �.J �

�I (r_l?. \ �)

5. Vocabulary:

�� t:'W t!"'... ,.?. �'Y.....r: \ i_JJ.....r: r...r:c-; r..r:

i4 1 � b)_,>

� &A>

w-i> :.:o;. "! �� b)_;> �_) �

�_,.)j ,. I.J... .) �_)

f!l­

I

!) l;.., ·Lr-'

_)_J � _)J...p

l} .) � J�

fjJ...-:,

..b� �

· L;.., i .� _)� �

I)

•

- .

b_# .r.- �

a$-$i/:l./:l.a H ealth

(tabTb/jarral;) baitdrT veterinary

V

(doctor/surgeon)

tarashshal;a to catch a cold ta' dlaja VI to undergo treatment jurthUm(a) jartithl.m germ, microbe jaral;a yajra}Ju I to inj u re jism 'ajsam b o d y J;artira fever, temperature, heat J;aqana yaq}Junu I to i nject J;uqna J;uqan injection dakhkhana to smoke darajat l;ariira temperature dawa' , adwiya medicine, medication rash!; a cold siilim healthy sinn 'asnan tooth �adr �udur chest �aidall �ayadila pharmacist �aidallya pharmacy (iaght cjughut pressu re tabTb 'asnan dentist '?ahr '?Uhur back djiz ajaza disabled

II

r

r

6 - WO R D S

� Lc

�

y)J � �\r.:$ (�)

·�

y_r!lj\ y_r:JI Lo C:'...J � (.Jr. �.,.,.o J:'4 J:'.,.,.o J:' l.,.,.o I J:'..;-4 �fl �...;A �

jj Ui;

�

� liJ2j �

t.�_,j C::.J *C;:':..Jo!. C;:':.J � l-.J

(* NB irregular;

39

iilaja ill to treat, to cu re ajz disability qalb qulUb heart kabirl�aghir (also:) old/young. laqqai,La (rj.idd) to vaccinate (against) mti' ash-shurb/li-sh-shurb drinking water majrui,L majiiri/.1 injured murashshai,L (also:) having a cold mararj.a yamrarj.u I to fall ill mararj. 'amriirj. disease mafid marrj.a sick ni?ti,fa clean n ess naz?afa to clean na?if nu'fafii' clean waja' 'awja' pain waji'a yawja' u to be painfu l , to feel pain wasakha dirt wassakha II to soil wasikh dirty wiliida birth r

r

II

II

I

initial root letter .J is kept in the active present tense)

Exercise 1 .

Complete, with the verb in the passive, past tense and

present tense:

� \ �� .AJL..) I (�) . �_) 1 � � (�Lc) ,

e.g.:

kutibatlt'�ktab ar-risiila. ) J l-) I

· rYLJ I � � ( �..:J� ) r .4J� I � I.J..UI (��I) L . � l.r.- � ( r.._ri l ) r . � �li.o:JI (J.,&.I ) "\ -�)1 I� � (�I) o .�_) 1 �_) ( � ) " . � all 41_r..l l (,_;,_)u) v . (�_;) �I �! \ · . ( �,; ) w�l �! \ �

...

I NTERM E D I ATE A R A B I C WO R K B O O K

40

e.g.: .i.))- 1 �_; .HM· ;,.,a;. � i)_). l �_; .) �

Re-express the sentence, using a passive tense:

Exercise 2 .

.. ,

..

.

. �$ �

�� i�' w_, , - � 4� 1 � l-4.1 1 �.) .1:'-'� ��-' � " · u> (r.. �J.j j! � � I � i JJ I � 1..,-o i :w, Q�.&._, r-4� �)U:. �)...; "! £ �_r!..U � " Lo .)�_, i..LJ liha I o-o I� I o . .)� 1 �� � �� J lj! � �)J � j .J 4>\' 1 � 1_,_;:,; '\ . l:... � o-o _? I � i_;_).. l 1� 1 v A _; l.i..:J I J U.b\' 1 �1..,-o i �WL>:.l ��� u l" l.r.- ! I� . ly. i__,.ill 4_t...t l o-o (.$ 1_, 1);'"! � ' - �..)�1 �-' i�� -� � � �_,.15'� ' . khufficj.at darajat al-l:zariira .

�

.

.

.

.

Complete the sentence with your own words. The sentence must contain one passive tense: e.g.: .�_) 1 �! (� � .l:JI... � . (')WI � �.JJ Exercise 3.

..

v-o l � Y � I i�l � ��1 \ �.) 1 <) � � �) I J.» .. . £ . . . J ::� � ..L9_, �1 "\ (')W I � LS:.; tU;_;l . . . o " l.r.-'i I � � . . . A . . -� �f _r_)J f:JA 1_,� V . . . .) I..LA.t

'

wilfiq ala 1- iliij alladhl ta/:ztiij ) ilayhi 1-marlcj.a. r

r

(.)-0

,.

I

• • •

.•.

.

Exercise 4.

Complete with a passive tense, (a) past and (b) present:

..,) I � \ � � A.J L..,) I ... . i�l �Li_r.J I �LA; � . .. Y ._r_,i:;J I i li) \ .J_,j-11 (.)-0 � £ � 4U I o..i. . � � � � i..i llz.:L1 . . . �J.. o ·r � � u_:..,\' 1 c.!.? I � . . . , .�jl'l J)l..;. u l" l.r.- ! .. A .� L:J I �)I " �� . . . V . � J:l- � j;L..,_, . . . \ . �.uJ I ul''il J l�l . . . '\ . iH

e.g. : kutibatltitktab ar-risiila .

. •

...

. .

• . •

.

.

7 Words - 6 •

1.

Quadriliteral verbs

General

All the verbs so far studied are triliteral, i.e. they have a root of three letters. A few verbs, some of them important, are quadriliteral, i.e. have a root of four letters. Note, with regard to quadriliteral verbs: Most are sound. Any weak root letter (':? \ _,) stabilises into a consonant wly, and the verb follows the sound pattern. Tenses and personal prefixes and endings are as for triliteral verbs. Only Forms I and II (which we shall label IQ and IIQ) are common and need concern us. •

•

•

Model is �?- �_; tarjama yutarjimu IQ 'to translate' (root �_;). In everything except the verbal noun it follows the pattern of triliteral Form II (see B 20), if we treat the second and third quadliliteral root letters equal to the doubled middle root letter of. the triliteral pattern. Compare:

2. Form iQ

as

� � 'aaama yu 'aOimu II

�� �_;

tarjama yutarjimu IQ

to teach to translate

�_; tarjamtu, �_; tarjamta, �_; taJjamti, �.J tarjama, �_; ta1jamat; 4..; tarjamna, �_; tarjamtu, I�_; tarjamu Dual �_; tarjamtuma, 4..; tarjama, �_; tarjamata Fern. pl. �_; tarjamtunna, �_; tarjamna � wW I _r_); I_�_; J.AI hal tarjamu taqrir al-mu/:lakama?

Past tense: .

.;

Have they translated the report of the trial?

I NTE R M ED IATE

42

A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

�.;1 'utarjimu, �.,;:J tutarjimu, �.,;:J tutarjimzna, �?- yutarjimu, �.,;:J tutarjimu; �? nutarjimu, IJ_,...:>:_;:J tutarjimuna, 4.)�?.. yutarjimuna

Present tense: �

Dual 1J 4� tutarjimani, �?.. yutarjimani,

�.> 4.rJ tutarjimani Fern. p l. �� tutarjimna, ,:r.:>:_?. yutarjimna .�1 )....L..::J! � �� sa-nutarjimuhu ba'd 'i�dar al-J:tukm. We will translate it after pronouncement ('issue') of sentence. ·�

I_,._?. ..:>; 4,)1 IJ).J� yu/:liiwiluna 'an yutarjimu qarjzya mu� 'aqqada. They are trying to translate a difficult case. . � �.;1 rl lam 'utarjimhu ba'd. I have not yet translated it. Imperative: �_; tarjim, �_; ta1jimz; I�_; tarjimu Dual 4_; tarjima; Fern. pl. ,:r.:>:..J tarjimna Participles: Active �? mutarjim, Passive �? mutarjam Passive tenses (�) : past �_; turjima, present �?.. yutarjamu Vb. noun: irregular: for this verb it is � I_; "L...:>;_; tarjama tarajim. Subjunctive and Jussive: as for triliteral sound Fonn ll, see B 23: •

�

�

"b...li..A..o

'$

�

� �..r. barhana 'ala to prove � l..r. 4,) lA..r. burhan barahin proof J.w.L salsa/a to connect �')L., 4L...L silsila salasil chain, series J.)j zalzala to shake, rock J I)j zilzal shaking, earthquake � � saytara 'ala to rule over "b� saytara rule (.? � da/:lraja to roll (something) �_;>.) daJ:traja roll(ing) u....l.i falsafa to philosophise _il...J.j falsafa ph ilosophy 'bjb talfaza television fo talfaza to televise (verbal noun not used) � talfana to telephone Other important verbs in Fmm IQ, with their verbal nouns: ..

3. Forrn llQ

Form llQ often expresses the complementary action of IQ. Form IIQ

7 - WO R D S

follows in all respects the pattern of triliteral Form V,

43

including

the

regular formation of the verbal noun, if we regard the second and third quadriliteral root letters as equal to the doubled middle root letter of the triliteral verb. Compare:

� ta'aOama V

j.....L.J tasalsala IIQ to form a chain or sequence j.....L.J tasalsala Past tense (_,JI ) : Present tense (_,A� ) : J...J ;! yatasalsalu Imperative (rare): 1_, \; \ J.....L.; tasalsallllu Active participle: J...J , mutasalsil consecutive :il...J , � � I!:..J;}J thaltith qacjtiya mutasalsila to learn

·,

-

;o

;A

j.....L.J tasalsul sequence, succession � .r-i- u LoYI J.....L.; tasalsul ittihamat ghayr $al:ti�:ta three consecutive cases

Verbal noun:

a sequence of u ntrue accusations

��_,; tawashwasha to whisper Jj.P tazalzala to quake (especially of the earth) (?� tadaf;.raja to roll (itself)

so also, in Form IIQ:

I.!J_;o0 b"

·

ta' amraka to be( come) Americanised

Passive (tenses and participle): none

J_,.A.:l. l al-IJ.uqiiq J u ri s p r u dence ( y ) �l ittahama VIII (bi) to accuse (of) '-..;7 I 'athbata IV to prove 'adana IV to convict irtakaba VIII to perpetrate istaghalla X to exploit 'a.$dara IV to issue, declare, pronoun ce bart 'abriyti' (min) innocent (of)

4. Vocabulary :

44

I N TE R M E D I ATE A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

.J.J.J J..J""""'! J..r" U..r"

�_r!J I

C :, l \y ) � ¥ .. �

i� l,.-.!

(�� � )� I .J� "' .. ��

4..Lc

J..Lc

�.P

YJt� J..ti J;;;! J..ti

u.ls::. ., u.lS' . ; . ul.lS'I u.lS'

J.li

�_raJ ·�

jurm 'ajriim offence jinii' i criminal (case, law etc:) al-fJaqq 'alayhi he is (in the) wrong al-J:r.aqq ma' ahu he is (in the) right J:r.ukm 'af:r.kiim judgment, rule J:r.akama yaf:r.kumu I 'ala to judge, sentence dustur dasiitlr constitution , statute da'wa da'iiwa case, lawsuit rajacja yarficju I (also:) to dismiss (a case) zawwara II to falsify saraqa yasriqu I to steal sariqa theft ash-shari' a Sharia (Muslim) law shahiida (also:) testimony, evidence shahida yashhadu I (bi-, 'anna) to testify $a/:lif:r. $i/:ziif:r. true, correct cjarar 'a(jriir damage cjarra yacjurru I to damage 'ad/ just, fair 'adlfya justice 'uquba punishment ala 'ilm bi- aware of qiitil quttiil killer, murderer qat/ murder, homicide qatala yaqtulu I to kill, murder qadhf libel slander kadhaba yakdhibu I to tell a lie kidhb 'akdhtib lie li$$ lU$U$ thief r

,

<:r:U

7 - WO R D S

1 \ tJ..o

� �::.�..o ( J I)

45

mudda' in, al-mudda'f (weak) plaintiff, prosecutor

mudda'an, al-mudda'a (weak) 'alayhi

�J..o

defendant

madanl civil (case, law, engineering etc.) �.l.o mudhnib g u ilty ( � J) � � na$a/:la yan$a/:lu I {li- person, bi- thing) .J.J waritha yarithu I to inherit 6.J.J wirth inheritance � lJ.J.J �..J.J warlth wurathii' heir to advise

6_r- 6

Put into the present tense:

e.g.: yutarjimuna t-taqrlr _r__;.:..J I :.>�?..

Exercise 1.

.__,.,_).;d l I�_; Jj

. t,.h � I u_; J.....:, I Y Y.)t I Js' l;_;..lli ' �__,...) � �1 £. � .) � :iii}> ·� .a�L!JI �.r. f � 4J.J I o)j.J I)A .b-1 vAb � .

.

f-

•

.

.;

.

o

n.J..U I ,;�u J'b _;�..U I � n.J.) _;�.) � Lo ad-dustur huwa qiinun ad-dawla 1- 'asasl. - � 4 t._S� ::J_J �J..o t._S� ::J � I,;_)J I (_....!. 1 ' .�J..o t..>� ::J J.!.o _? � I y - � ,a l!, _)_J ::J ·� Lo f .J�I iyl ·'* �.,;La �u; ..?�1 £. � J.:aJI .J I �_,..J I J..! l �_).. 1 &A � � 0 .j1 .�l . .al..!J I J� � "\ (;.:l-1 J� _al!, ji � � �.p...-aJ I � � �� v � � � I)A _; �l' l � �W I .l.;. � ;; I .� I � t..> l A - � 1 t._S� .) � �� � � � �.) Lo _;1

Exercise 2.

e.g.:

Answer:

. � L.., ��

f-

.

,

. ...

.,n.ii;

rtJl

�

..

I NTE R M E D I AT E

46

Exercise 3 .

A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

Under what entry in a root-based dictionary do we fmd: .. �,.I I i

r

-

1�_;

�l_ a

-

, /1. 'r

�_..,..�,;

..._.-. _ .,�

I�_;

6

v

q

l�:.

t.:_).t.:

�_,..: �.:

"

r

(,)...J...-_,...4.1

II

�....I..;

i '·

'

"

' ·�-

0

'\

u L......:a � I J_,.b..l { 2) u-i W I L_,)l.t. � I � \ \ (l )b� U I .. • � I<' ( \ ) ... - . I cu I J.I � u t..rI .I L:w_ ..)-7 � 4...-� � � � � .J J � I <.:.Jl..:J L..t....;J I � .U �_p (3 )d...:-ili d a<..H! �,_,.:.l.:i Exercise 4.

'

Read the passage and answer the questions: ..

,

-

-

,

�

, -

�

� t LA .JJ ,

� L� i� ,_,; � L � (4)� 1..P.- u..o � �; 01� 1 ( n " � ,_,.iJ I ,_,; �_,_1 1 u_,_:.LiU (5) 1.i..A ,_, L.. � � d.J j u ts Jj! 1 i u LS: � I db U-.o �j �_,.h � (6) �_,.3 1 d.J .lS: ' <-;-> 15:3 .; 1 I �,_, · i � I '-;-'�..)1 � J �_,.3 j � -

,

'

1 1 of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

�

.) 1_,-o {.) Lo (here:) clause, article (2) � � (here:) u niversal (3) � 'alan! public (4) � 1_?.- I)Aminjarii' on account of . (5 ) J W_, wafqan li- pursuant to, in conform ity with (6) (�) .J_, rr (here:) to impose (e.g. a penalty) (on) � � �..r. �I -·-·:7! 01 ,..,;:a 1 � � � \ .. . " �)I � 0-'��.ll l ��� �i �!:hi � c�l " 01� JS � J.!:k7ll � l.i 0�'/1 o� l � )' I � r .�1_; c_�l � J.a.il� , J W I �I IJA � � ·rW I (Article

(1)

..

\.,....

� ,.

,.

,J

8 Revision •

-

1

Words

� c..5:..> �WI _;J...:, I ( � �) �WI _;J-...::, 1 'a�dar al-qticjl J:tukman khafifan . . <�)'I o.,>h 1�_, " . <�i th lA_, ' - �.rl l � < � �L., ��j ) � 1 r .�li:JI C:0 J)IJ.I �J�f C..(,>I u�_?l ) �.r� £ - �.rl l � ( �� � "Jloj ) � �.) 0 . y_r!JI " Lo c.) �I y'_, -( ..b-l_, l-4-o) )t! _}'li rl "\ . (ul'L..,.;_, .r..JW") "b��I �� v -�� � � � . _;:J Lo� !!hfl I� (�I ) �� �! A � ( �!y;_, "b ..llj_, �-' _r.> ) �_p i ' _ l_j_; �l c.) (�L.., I _;_,:J) "b_; L..>_, �..; _r-J.AJ � ' .

Exercise 1. Add the parenthesised expression as object of the verb: e. g. : .

�

1-

�

�

� .

.;

.. .

-

· "

�

Exercise 2. Give the opposite of the word or expression: e.g. :

al-mudda'a 'alayhi

J./ A �� J� '� �..J

i

�:UI

(/ 4..:-__; �/

�_A=

�

"' V

"

�_._JI

� � ._rL.....:I i -' ' C ·

�.....

__..:p.

L.:.u

��

' o

o.

Exercise 3. Under what entry in a root-based dictionary do we find: e.g.:

�__,)

f-

� L;

cff.

� lS' i.

A

�� � ' "

Exercise 4. Substitute the word given for the corresponding word in the sentence preceding it (making any other necessary changes):

48

e.g.:

I N T E R M E D IATE

A R A B IC

WOR KB O O K

( �) .J..i":/� _; � I j�l �-' (�_;) .J..i�-� .) � 1 i�l .,. � � (etc.) .J..i":/ � _; � I i� l �J "

�

t�)

._r.-Wi i � �

�

< �) " (�) r <�,)"�.)�) ' -�� �� i...LAJ L)�ll:JI y�l .. (��) o (J.=.oj ) V (J.o�) '\ ( i� ) A £

�

"

Now do this chain substitution. Substitute the word given, in the right place in the sentence preceding it (making any other necessary changes). (_; L!.:..o) .-.7-:/� � 1 i�l J_..:,_, e.g.:

( I' �) . b_; � l�l i�l �_, � (etc.). b_; � _;�I i� l " � � . J.:.� " 1_, � ;.1,.., 1J-! �_)I �� �� .. ( �:.,..1 1 ) ' " ((� ) " ( .,u;. L., ) ' (�I) ' -��_, � � �l..c J� l J_, 4 _;):ull (�) ' ' < " I� ) 'o < wl�) ' £ (.51_,.;) ' "' "' (�I ) ' A (�) ' V ( yo � ) \' (, iY.. j.S') ' 1\ . it.. � � � ,:r �� � � 1� 1 i,_)J I L) � L) l (your choice) Y £ (�) " "' < t�l) Y Y (�) " ' Now do the whole of Exercise 4 again fas ter -:

.

c.

�

'

_,

.

,_

,


.

Make the verbs and suffixes (a) masc. dual, (b) fern. dual ' and (c) fern. plural. , changes as needed: , , Make other e.g.: &Al>l � I_; , wl>l lJI_; , w l> l �I_; � �l>l I_, I_; Exercise 5.

,.

-.

,.

..

ra'aya 'akhiihuma, ra'ata 'akhiihuma, ra'ayna 'akhiihunna . "i W I a �.-:,.1.,1 'F _; �_) I �� )j .u .j'J -_;.b .�l.i1 � L)� r .J� � �� .� I � (_a l.!, L)LS' o . l.J.&. W 0 1 ( � ) J.J_; u ,

.

.

'

Y £

8

- R EVISION

49

'\

v

"

. b�� l) j �):z;,.! ��I hll � I� \ .�� c) y� 0 1 JJ6. �L.!JI I)I ' .

Do the same with nouns, pronouns and demonstratives:

·. ·! .

Exercise 6. Use the word o r expression in a sentence which indicates

. (�� Las:.,. �WI .J � j

its meaning : e.g. :

f-

�� £. �__,...., , r �,; A �J LA..o V ifo ' Y � � "

'a�dar af-qilcjJ. f,Lukman shadidan.

Exercise 7.

� Li

JAj..o y �..r.. �..) '\

y)\.i;l '

)�i 0 �_r '

�, .

Give the (a) active participle (m. sing. ) , (b) passive

participle if any (m. sing.), and (c) verbal noun (sing.): e. g . :

rY' �� ,� f- � ' 0 lS' r

muttdhim, muttdham, ittihilm

� �� .J � I •

£.

A

� LA; ' y

1.5� V i,; "

�..,... "' .., ,

va>_)

y

�.;;

'\

l)�i

J �l , .

'

0

JJL;j '

Exercise 8. Use each word or expression, in the form shown, in a sentence: e.g. :

� ��� ...:., '-' 41 J � I.-'

� �j �j J,.,a; j. � �__,I � CJ.JI'!'-',.;.:.., r ��J)I �� '-:-:_._..:)1

hal ta'rif 'abil zamilika? t.

A

\r

01�1 V

"

c.J�

'·

f-

\

�j

Ul..�� ..

.Y.I

�

..,

' o

'\

I NTERM EDIATE A R A B I C

50

WORKBOOK

Give the second principle part of each verb, and the singular of each noun or adjective: e.g.: katib � lS' f- y8' �� y � £. � '( Exercise 9.

lfi v Jli:..... l ' '

�f. "

i..J:L; i ' y

J.,c1

Exercise 10.

e.g.:

b L.:...>. 'f-

b_,;kj

Re- express the verb in the passive, omitting any agent:

£. LA)_, l.:.J A

' u ' lin

t� \

w� , .

�

f-

l : .. . '1'""-'�

I� I

Begin each sentence with a suitable and different passive verb, in the (a) past tense and (b) present tense: e.g.: -� 4)...,tl � j �\�1 f- .� j)..-ll � j ... Exercise 1 1.

. �WI lolA iloi t.�..D I lh � i�lil � . .. ' - �..J �! �Ylo)_�l �) I _;� � ... Y .01 1 ,_;.. 1 � l_j.J"! � _r_,i.:;.J I lh . . . 'f .�1 ��I 41-J I J)\;. . . . £. . �_,AJ I tr-'_, _; L:o:.;J I r_I._,;J I uk f-4 � . . . o .. · .:> LS:.....J I � w �� n....LJ I.J � � G_,.; ... "

' u ' linlyu ' lan ' inna 1- 'amaliya naja}Jo.t.

e.g.: ly. � .j l ·� ;JL.......o -

Exercise 12.

Re-express, avoiding the compound adjective or noun: ,. ,. ' f-

l;..o l-a� �Li ;JL....o

mas' ala yajib ' an nahtamm biha

_ra� l � �� � ' �..rJ I -� U �I . � I 'f �_,;.....J I u...a; _r_).:J I o . � l5JI .; w......,)tj iJ..A.l �l_j_r.J I � V

w:ili.,.L I .; l.$ Y (� � Li � �L:.:JI £. ylj>"il Jh� u � � '\

9 Structures - 1 •

Accusative

1. General

The accusative (�I) is by far the most versatile of the three cases. We have studied it in various uses : • direct object of a verb (B 12):

.il..o � 1 .a)� J.ic.

• •

• •

(bill"i.$atan shiimilatan)

He took ('concluded') a comp rehensive policy.

b.�

time expressions with no preposition (B 12, 39):

after f (B 13): � U_), f How many parties? predicate of one of the sisters of � l5 (B 18): . l.-, 1_, �_).. I �l5' (al-l)ariq) The fire was extensive. after 'i in 'there is no .' or 'i I in affirmative exceptions (B 23): . Js' ..u.,J I � �_,1 � 'i (Iii banda ' awcja f,l) in the morning

'

�

.. �

.

There is no clearer article in the whole contract.

· 1.)-'..J_,..oll l �! js:JI �I

•

(�

All protested except the officials.

comparative of derived adjectives (B 29):

_?j

more complicated � ..

subject of a verb after one of the sisters of � I (B 3 1 ):

.:;�_,Jx.o 4.JJ.-o �'J

•

•

(mas' uliyatahu) because its liability is. limited

simple adverbs (B 32): WI� always with indefinite numbers 1 1 to 99 (B 38): $

L_,..a.o � o · "'

"'

£ 50 Egyptian

Chapter 13 of this manual examines one further important use of the accusative, in so-called expressions of circumstance. Other important accusative expressions are examined below.

52

I NT E R M ED IATE

A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

2. Absolute object

. )l,_,J:, �..,..! �y�

Examine the following expression: They are explaining it at length. ('explaining it a long explanation')

The manner in which the verb is executed is expressed with a verbal noun from the same root (not necessarily the same form 1-X), in the indefinite accusative, with an adjective indicating the manner. This is called the absolute object c&hll J_,.a.il l al-maf' ul al-mu[laq). The verb may be one not normally taking a direct object:

. (-4...l.!. ��I 0� . � "� �

�

They are protesting strongly ('protesting a strong p rotest') . ('We doubted in it a deep doubt') We doubted it p rofou n d ly.

Other variants of absolute object are: adjective replaced by an expression with a similar function, e.g. a construct (B 7) or a disuibutive (B 9): •

(*

·ti ·r L..a l � � . �_,j. l Js' * �_,.! �

He will look after him like a brother (' (with) a brother's care') . They have ('fear') every fear of it.

here the verb has both its own object and an absolute object.) (less common) no adjective, with the implicit idea 'completely' :

. �)l..i.i l

I� I

inqdlabu nqiliiban. They were com pl etely overth rown.

English has the absolute object only in set expressions: ' H e laughed a hollow l augh.' In Arabic, it is a standard structure, though now less common than the simple adverbial accusative shown in B

32.

3. Adverbial phrases

Some adverbial expressions consist of a verbal noun in the indefinite accusative form followed by a preposition. We have already learned

9

-

STRUCTURES

53

G � l\: 1�1 'with effecVstarting from', and J W__, 'pursuant to, in conformity with' (from J.!__, wafq 'conformity'). Other examples are: J (� l.r ta'yldan li- in support of ' amalan bi- in accordance with, pursuant to � � . �\� u_,> kha:y,jan min for fear of; khawfan 'ala fearing for � �..J raghbatanfi aiming at, wishing for (�_; I wish) - J � � ! ' ijabatan li- in response to (� �! N response) J La!.?! 'ikraman li- in honour of C; I.}'! N deference) � � binG.' an 'ala on the basis of � I construction) J (� tamhidan li- preparatory to (y II preparation) J\ J ! ()t; na�aran ' ila!li- in view of, with a view to ().; I view) � � � niyiibatan ' an deputising for, in place of (� L:-; I replacement, deputyship) (.)A

"'

�

-

�

�(

"'

4. Expressions of place

Note also accusative expressions of place with no preposition, e.g.: I�.:£ \ G � yasiiran, yamlnan (= �1\_; � 1 �) on the lefVright \t W shimalan (= Jl.-!JI �) in the north 5. As

Note the accusative in expressions of the type GL......, "'7a a! bi-$ijatihi simsiiran in his capacity as broker C l_;.o �_, (-!) (bi-)wa�ifati mu' amminan (in) my job as insurer 6.

L- ,.I 'iyya..

·-·

A few verbs can take two direct objects.

When we wish to express both direct objects as pronouns, the second pronoun object is suffixed not to the verb but to the separate particl� . . . 4! ' iyya-: -�� l . l;p l They gave us the policy.

I N TE R M ED I ATE

54

A R A B I C WO R K B O O K

. �LI LiP,i (' iyyaha) They gave it to us. · r-�I They did not ask him his opinion. .�IJ.. b)� .. . b �! b)� � (' iyyahu) They did not ask him for it. ,.

7.

- --

"'

Elliptical expressions

A direct object whose verb is understood and omitted, stands (as is logical) in the accusative: . � ( i:U!) shukran. (I offer) Thanks . . � (�I) ' afwan. ( I ask) Pardon. 8.

Complement

Examine these sentences where a noun or adjective not only qualifies the direct object of the verb, but completes the action of the verb itself:

. * �� t� l l.l,\ � �

.

"

I

(�adiqan)

consider this person (to be/as) a friend . . *�.J_;.......o t� �� (m�s ' ulfn) We find all of them responsible .

. * �J tb�

' ayyanuhu ra' isan.

They appointed him (to be) chairman. The adjective or noun (*) qualifying or identifying the direct-object noun or pronoun ( t ) is called a complement. Note that the complement stands in the indefinite accusative form. 9.

Exclamations

'How . !' is expressed with Lo + the comparative adjective in the accusative; any explicit pronoun subject is suffixed to the adjective: . iJ l......,'11 b_a J_):, j Lo (istimara) How long this form is . Y_):, j Lo ma ' atwalaha. How long it is. We can also use r5 + a shmt nominal sentence: . iia..o 1.1. r5 How complicated this is. For an adverb + verb, we repeat Lo: ..

.

9

. ..;_J>� Lo

-

STR U CT U R E S

55

�_,j Lo How clearly they explain it. 'How much/many . !' is of course f or ,:yo f : , . l;_,-> �)I � \ W _, f How much time we have lost. . .

10.

Vocabulary:

� W I at-ta' mzn I ns u rance �

J_,..:.>] J..,o>l

be on fire ' al)raqa N to burn, set on fire i�l idda 'a VIII (also:) to claim �� � band bunild clause, article, paragraph �I_� �..J"! bilti$a bawiili$ policy \ �...rJ I � � - lJ ta' min rj.idd al-l)ariq!al-l)awadithl ..

\ �_,..J I\C1 � I__,J- 1 \ 0 �1\_;l�)t l - ·

.r-AJ I

il)tdraqa Vill to burn,

�

as-sariqalal- ' arj.rar!al-fayarj.anl

al-ghayr fire/accident/theft/damage/

flood/third party insurance 'b �l � u:ob ta' min 'ala l-l)aya life insurance � �La; ta$iidafa VI to happen by chance; ta$iiduf coincidence (� \y ) i � La; ta$iidama VI (bi-, rna ') to collide (with); ta$iidum collision (li-) to (J) � Jjl.:.; taniizala VI 'an renounce (in favour of); to waive; tanazul ( 'an) waiver (of) Cl � !..,> . c, � b l)adith l)awadith accident �I.? ��...? l)ariq l)ara' iq fire .J lh>l )a> khatar 'akhtar danger, risk � L...,., .; L....-... simsar samasi.r broker J.o L! shamil comprehensive � �..-� . �1 �L:, .$ii/)ib 'a$/)iib holder, owner � rabf' i natural �Lf �..,1 taraf thalith third party � � U farj.a yafirj.u I to flood

(thing) (person)

.

I N T E R M ED IATE

56

t_J) t..)

.1 WI ...h:..,.,i 6_; l..,s' 1J_; lS'

1.:.47.,..

�.JJ..-o

d1.: ·� �)lor � . . r �_,.:

A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

branch qisr ' aqsar premium karitha kawarith disaster mustafid beneficiary mas' ullya (also:) liability malaka yamliku I to own milk 'amlak property namudhaj model; form (document)

far' furu'

Exercise 1. Add an absolute object qualified as shown:

( .-4� )

� iJ�� Y b_;..� 'b.; � r � � £. ��I 1� 1 '\

e . g . : iqtara]J. iqtiral;anfanniyan .

(�)

.

(:; �I_? I c.?'

(�) c.? '

(__,b>) �r '

( i t; )

1\

J l� � ( jib ) )lj l Y.J�

f-

( � I.J ) ) .... ,.tl Jj�

(�) �.)1 J_r; (JS') t;>l_? l ��

r o

V

Exercise 2. Complete the sentence with an adverbial expression, with

.iJy.) l ·� . . . �JA.o ��1 0!

alternative answers where appropdate: e.g. :

J W.J\J �� !

f-

. lif- J..o . . . J.i) l �.fA-! Y u W, W I . . . �lJ)I � .'b_d 'b)......;. . .. L; � �.; £. · cl? l' l �.; � dJ � . . . . L:; � Lio �� . . L; �"�.; '\ � � )loj l �� '-. b-4-! l; . . . .r.J}J Qb �_; " - �4 1 y.)- 1 . . . � U:z.;. �l

' inna l-buli.ra muqaddama ' ijabatan li-/wafqan li-talab az-zabun . .

�

L

.

<$

.J

.

. . .

�

·. �

\

r 0

v

L:.,.! w.J f- ( �__,( ) w.J (� I� ) t.f7 4 a: Y (_; � ) � t.J L;.. \ (.�J..o �li ). d.;.J � � £. < � ...u:. L.o ) � r ( �J)loj) l;-9 a: 0 (_; li> ) �� �.J� � '\

Exercise 3. Complete the 'as' expression: e . g . : wa'{ifatuha m umarricj.atan

-

9

�l±!J

STR U CTURES

57

an applicant

i�.J�I "�)I" �(�

Exercise 4. Enlarge this form (1 25%) and fill it in as YA£\ i (��

('1'

..

�

Jj.l..c. �b

iU;.:J lli_,)

U....J �t.:;J I

t::_ j�

(�� � J: a;, _, J j.:J. I � t..... -) �W I �L1 ..:.. t.:. L.... ' . . . o.)'1 l �..Jb" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j..o l);J I t""'11 . . . rl l iJ I? .... . . . . . . . . . 0..,AhJl. . . . . . . . . .)��� i� . . . . . � .)�.ll l J_rl l r.-h.-\�L:, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _;lh>i � y)lz.o �WI .

o

.

.

.

•

..

-:'

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lliWI. . . . . . . i:..... .l:..a

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

•

•

•

. . . . -�l.u l iJ LS:..J I

I . ,) · .J I.o.! .

.

.

.

.

.

•

•

.

•

•

•

•

•

•

.

•

•

•

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.

•

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•

•

•

•

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.

•

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.

•

•

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.

•

•

•

•

•

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.

•

.

•

.

•

.

�_,JI_, yl

J......J I � L:, (�G 1.-a� �Lt_,

. . . .

J

.

•

.

•

JAj -=.. 1.:. � '\' ( o..r-i _,i ;i.�. . � ) f:r11

. . .. .. -�- . 'i· (.J\.) 'i � l i lt"' '-'� ,)� . tl j J.. .• 1 � .1:_ � t�' t 'i J� 1 - "- �� 1..7 " � I� - . I..S.? i �lli

,)�

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JAL�� ..:.. t..:. � r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J.o l);J I t""'1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0..,AhJ 1_, iJ l_,;.a] I � i_, "v1) '" 45..r!J � w 1 .1_,� ,)� -� � �! ;;.�te- i ·�.;A-O � � 1 1.1. <) i_;�.ll l ul...t).al l � �__;_;.�-! . . . . . . . . . . . . . �..JWI_, iJlQI. . . . . . . . . . . . �WI �\1 �_,; .

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( ..b..:i.i �� I u-1 _,,.;.-... J Lu..::...'1)

. t_.;AJ I . . : . . . . . . � � t!.)

. . . . . . . . <1$1) 1 L)"'L.. I ) � .. � �)J \J� �u :_;L-1 1 1$ 1.) ·•·

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l . . . . . . . . . C;'..J WI ·; . . : . . . . . . . . _;L-....1 1 �__,;_, t"" . . . J,.ol);JI ..L.iJ I • • • • • • • 1)-0 � I� I I � k.A..�.i ) \ (,� . . . . . . . . . . �..)WI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rWI � �__,;_, ).} .

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58

I NTERM EDIATE

ARA B I C WO R KB O O K

Now y o u are the broker, and you recommend acceptance. Fill i n the company's part of the form. Sign both for yourself and the (absent) inspector general; annotate that you are deputising for the latter.

�iyyaha . . L. 4 ! � f-.i...t4 1 �)W I. � ..I..UJ I �lb.l ' . � L..tl' l �I �_;- Y . � 1 ) ,, ,l l I� � £ . � li:JI �·· L;)� r -�J.1.l l t41 1 0_,.,..;1 1 e � �� � � 0 ! o

Exercise 5. Re-express the noun direct objects

as suffixes:

e. g . : nu'alli�uhum

•

.. . ( J.J_j....-o ) cll .. . . "'�.J_j.-..A cll � (� �) ) ��� � y . ( � � ) L.�l ' . (JLS" � ) � I ��� I.J £ (w\S') �� I � L:.;l r . (� �I ) �>.J� � '\ . ( � ) � ..I..UJ I � w.$ o .

Exercise 6. Complete the sentence with the complement shown: e.g. : ' a�unnuhu mas' Ulan .

f-

..

...

.

,

-

e.g. : ' aqd 'aw wathzqat ta'm!n �l; L £ � (; r'

Exercise 7. Defme:

�lJ JJV

.

•

_r.-L:.:....J I

A

LL!,

v-

..b.......i -

V

jii!'T.J .Jj ili. f- �� -

�� ·

I

4-

vA

y

'\

L......,..

'

� �L:, 0 J

·w-oJ..o , � (; ,w-ol '1,)...,...:,aol �1-JI .-�GI � ol� ��� -:.,1 .JlJ �� � d..J �. �;. � � .-�L.i;.., l ...-i � c.-.:G � '1,)�1 A �� dr

Exercise 8. Collect together words having the same root: e.g. :

.; '

... ,_;.L:.:.o

,_;.I

"

'

f/1

'

....

__,

....

1 0 S tructures • •

-

2

Expressions with verb + verbal noun Deferential expressions; vocative particles

1. Expressions with verb

In

+

verbal noun - general

business, official and press Arabic, it is common to use a compound expression consisting of a verb in a tense + a verbal noun instead of a simple verb. We examine three important examples of this structure below; note that the meaning of the introductory verb is weakened, and it should not be interpreted or translated too literally. 2. y

i� i u qiima yaqii mu hi-

In B 1 7 we encountered the hollow verb y i� i u I 'to undertake'. It is commonly used with a definite verbal noun (often in a construct) expressing the action: . y l_A. � W qumna bi-1-jawab. ('We undertook the reply') We replied . . �.:I a:i (!;-;;� i� sa-naqTlm bi-ftital; qun$uliya. We shall open ('inaugurate') a consulate.

� U:J� I r:o �JW� i__,A.; j..

3.

� � tamma/a�mmu

"'

(al-mutatarrifin)

Do we negotiate with extremists?

"'

The doubled verb � � I 'to (come to an) end' (B 14) is commonly used with a definite verbal noun (which may be one in construct) to denote an action in the passive (which may be an impersonal passive). By far the commonest use is in the past tense expressing a completed action, though the present is also found, relating to an ongoing action: . i-4� i.;U.... � � � A new embassy was built. "

I N T E R M ED IATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

60

."b.}.ll l ��.) � �\�

(al-mudhakkara)

The memorandum is being/was studied . ... � �uJI u1! J�) l f Agreement was reached on . . . 4.

1.$�

,.;..;>: jara yajrf

The final-weak verb l.f.T:'-J.. <.S..f': I 'to flow' in the meaning 'to proceed' (of discussions etc., B 1 4) is also used in the present or past tense with a definite verbal noun (often in construct) expressing an incomplete action in the passive:

·l.f� l _r_,i:;J I ��.J � l.f..rf ... Lo..l.:..c

5.

;.}.ll l � <.S..f':

(at-taqrir ash-shafawl)

The note verbale is being studied .

(al-mudhakkara)

The memorandum was being prepared when . . .

Deferential expressions

is important to know certain formal expressions of respect. :;� }Jaljra 'presence'. One use of this word is with a possessive suffix, 2nd or 3rd person. Its verb or adjective agrees with the person(s) indicated, not with the noun 'b� : It

cb..,.a.> +.:.r',a.G; )

� � l..,.a.>

I�.J l�l..o

law tafarjfjo.lt(i) J:wrjratuka!(lacjratuki

if you would be so kind

miidha rajaw }Jacjriituhum?

What did they request? -� y...,...a.> (}Jacjratuha) Madame is i ll. This is formal language; use it sparingly. The following deferential expressions are very frequent in use. The verb and/or adjective agrees with the person: "b..,.a.> }Jatjra in the singular is also used in construct as part of a title: �I ;..,...a.> }Jacjrat as-safir Mr Ambassador � .J.P'.J I 'b..,.a.> _r4 j I� Lo What did the doctor order?

- �,...r4

10

-

S T R U CTU R E S

.J"'..) .J I .��

61

This is used, by itself or in construct, for any person deemed to have erudition (in . �� ��� I j..aJ I an academic) . �I ���l'l � These are used with a possessive suffix or in construct, in formal communication with or about someone senior. the verb is always 3rd person: ��� ' ustiidh ' professor'. •

The minister is i l l.

Italian, 'maestro') :

$

,;.

u

,.

(ma/.Lmud) ( M r) M ahmud rang.

,

She (=

"b � l..- \ "b � l.......w siyada, sa (ada 'excel lency'.

NB ;

.�WI ��� · �

�)I "b�LA..... � �� � I

l...5

.b�

also attended.

kama tafarjrjal siyadat al-qarjl.

As His/Your Honour said ('was kind enough').

•

J..7 �

•

l:- � � l> c.}

bi-shart ' an yuwafiq sa 'adat

ar-ra' is provided/on condition that the President agrees fi I_LQ!at ghaybat s iyadatihi

in the case that H . E. is absent ('of H . E.'s absence')

addressing a person (even in writing) we often put a before the name or title. The simplest such particle is 4 af er which the name or title is in the defmite form, but cannot begin with article: 6. Vocative particles In

vocative particle

� _;y$ �

4 � i.;

ya,

..,.

Lo

! i')l.., 4 . J..> i 4 (,>:..:.

an

What is your opin i o n , doctor?

('0 Peace!') Good h eavens !

(shukran) Thank you, Ahmad.

If the title is a construct, its theme stands in the .�

I� j!I a;iII �_;yo Lo 4 .

�

t

accusative

case:

Consular officials ('Officials

of

more formal particle is ly._l m. s./pl. , �� f. s./pl., after which the title has the article, and is never in construct state: 1..�l'l �_,....;Iuti\�.J,u,L!..l l � I .. . ... but: �_,.:.jl b,a �,u,L.:..o 4 "" �

A

... �

.

the cons u l ate'}, please follow me.

' ayyuha

� ·

1-mustami ' un al-' a ' izza'

...

"" ,.

' ayyatuha

' ayyuha 1-mushahidun/

Dear viewers/listeners

Viewers of this bulletin . . .

INTER M ED I ATE A R A B I C W O R K B O O K

62

7. Vocabulary :

�Lo�..UI

( u1 ! ) � �1 �I.)'!

�- � I_); �I � � l' I J I;.J I i�b w �.._r!.;

-j�l

u-' ! .�.,;

�l.:J

��� .._r�

�� 4.:..,:"!"

�

� ,;_,..;;.

oJ> I.J ·� ,;_,..;;. (_).-) jl� ��

ad-diblomiisfya D i p l omacy

i ' timiid ( 'ila) accreditation (to) ' ikrami courtesy (adj.)

imtiyaz (also:) concession infiriidi unilateral 'awriiq al-i ' timiid credentials ta' shira annotation, tashrifiit (inan. tawajjaha

(official language) visa

pl.) protocol

V ' ila to tum towards

thunii' i bilateral jasus jawiisis s p y jasilsiya espionage jinsiya nationality jiha side, direction, domain 'an jihatayn bilaterally ·an jiha wafJ.ida unilaterally jawiiz (safar) passport f}.a$iina immunity

llA> f}.afla celebration , party _ (_ lf- 1 � .r--­ f}.ukm dhiiti autonomy .) ..r.> khabar ' akhbiir (also:) message

l.> l . •

.

"'

).,.,..,1 ..,-

J L..c)t �

� �j

sirr ' asriir secret (noun)

b� shifra cypher, code

-

• I.

jJ� ' aziz ' a ' izzii' dear, beloved I� viza visa

1.,;.:.! \ (i � ) �u

�l:.i � (?. '1

�,.,+

qii' im (pl. quwwam) bi-1- 'a 'miil charge d'affaires

qun$ul qanii$il consul liiji' refugee luju' asylum

10

< u-l P

JJ.:..A.o

STRUCTURES

-

63

mu' tddil moderate

� mu' tdmad (' ila) accredited (to)

� mul}J.aq attache ��\:,1� \j W\�J�\ ���

mul}J.aq ba}J.riltijafi!thaqtifi!li-t-tayyartin/ ' askarT

naval/commercial/cultural/air/military attache

. �.)..! _r.> JL...,J � l_,..o l.i

Exercise 1 . Re-express with y

il.i:

e.g.:

�

.

L..fo Cr.; 1�)

- ��l }..rP �I � Y y_s� l�.�-" �,)� \ . 0"i l 'b.)'ll l � I U"'J-4 £ ·lJJ � I 0_,.;W I LJij l � f .�Lo�..UI �l.i)LJ I � � Yl 0 .�')UI . ,J � ·c.) �I" I��I b _a I.;� I '\ l4UJ �I itl L;.,.l? l �� J1L; i� V .hi; �..JY U I J � 4-o I_})' I � I� I :i) i1 1 JJ..a; A qamu bi-' irstil khabar shifrT.

.

.

.

.:a:

Exercise 2. Re-express with � � or lJ..T.'-!. l.)� as appropriate: (',.J.,aJ.J t I f � I�� w <'.ll l - c...J., ,.� e. g . : b.r' � .'b.r' � "'

"'

.

tammat dirtisat al-mudhakkara .

. 'b}.ll l A..,., IJ � �.rf

�

. U;)tl � � . ,. . l,Js' �.ll l �I . �WI 4 1 J.?. JS.J.J �"b}.ll l J-;_ �

.'b}.ll l U"'J.;J

tajrT dirtisat al-mudhakkara . ..

y

\

£. '\

f 0

A

l.a � � � b.)� ·e- �

v

l.a � � I e;:o- �

Exercise 3. Rewrite, using a deferential expression: e.g.: �

�

hal sami ' siytidat as-safir 'an htidha ?

�

64

I N TE R M E D I ATE

A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

J.. � 1.1. � (c;l ) � 1.1. � d;� J.. hal sami't /:Lacjratuka/sami'ti /:Lacf.ratuki 'an hiidha? . 1_,� J. " ll.i:l- 1 ..rJ)) � ' ·
�

,-,•• 11

, -,••,H

.

..

Exercise 4. Re-express without y e. g . :

katab at-taqr'ir ,.r_,.,Aj l � .

-��� � .;,.;:,_,� � � - ��� \-� �� (jj -��t .

r

i l.i:

�

· _.-..PI �� (l.i

- ��..:-r t..-:.: w '

-� � 1.;-'t�� (fo r- W � JUI •\ 2; �I_.. .J � i

- � � _.A-JI �I...;I� ��J ....I.......,4 � .;�1 �:911 (�

�

.. ..

� o

"\

Exercise 5. Study this newspaper report:

u-1 ! �j (thtibu mbik'i) �� Lf� i �;

c)l3

,J-;I L:; 1:9.:_rii � � �J �J JJ•;...;." i J �.i � 0 1 ..�_,...J 1

� � 1..�_,...._1 1 (2)��� � ( l ).;:.J l:; ..l � u..b...:w. � !
�

i_,L_j] �-' i� "

�-'-' �..J_,s'.ll l t..... i

Recount the story in your own words, covering at least these points :

J b�I V"L.. I o

�b__,_JI j.>b i.oj� l

£.

�

) I) I � li.r.

Exercise 6. Enlarge ( 1 25 % ) and fill in this UAE visa application:

\ r

10

.I

a "

I

-

STR U C T U R E S

65

�;;'�J.J.-0 �I.UI i;lj,
I

I

. - . I" a:•. -tl;-b ,u... I . 1.� 1 .................... �

t -: L ·� :; � t; , . u, \ - . � �U

.:.�1 r.ti.o � Liy ... . . . ..... ... :y"il r' . . ....... . ... . ...... =�ts:.t' �'"""' "i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =r. "il I l"":" . . . . . . . . . . :i.)"i_,JI f:').J . . . . . . . . . .... i "i)l � ...... ..... . . . ............... : 1_ ;�I . . . . . . . . . <.;.... �.JI �:pl.&.)jl� l tf .............. :jl� l r-'_) .. . .......... :�1 �"jl �.Jl.J .. ........... :).,.L..::,)' I �....) � ..... .... .... :)..l...:7)' 1 � �I ,11 ,_...,�l'l) :H.a.ll ....... . . . ..... . ... . ..... ..... . .......... . .... . . .. ........ . . . . ....... . ....� .... .. .. ...... . ........ ... . ( ' .... ....... ...... ...... . ........... ... ....... . ..... ..... .... . . . . ... . ...... ..... . ......... . ..... ( y ........ . . ...... . ......... . .... . .... .............. . ................... . ........... ................. . ... ( r �

•

•

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..

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: .)

............. :�

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·.·.·. ·. ·.·.·. ·.·.:·.·. ·. ·.·. ·.·. ·. ·.·. ·.·.·. ·. ·. ·. ·. ·.·.·.·.·. ·.·.·.·. ·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·. ·.·.·. :·.·. ·.·.·.·.·.·. ·.·. ·.·.·.·. ·. ·.·.·. ·.·.·.·.·. ·. ·.·.·. ·.·. ·.·. ·. ·.·.· ···:·i� ··································································· � l iJ:i.o �y

.

:J :�l j

Lj � �;.;: 1

:�tj

l..o ll...:,

.................. . :�...) W I I

.

� . ..J � � . .

�� �Liy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . : � I ... .......... ............ ..... : J..o ts:..1 1 t-' "il ..................................... :j...aJ I � ... . .......... ... ... . ..... . . ... . ........ :�I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :J....aJ I � u, .... .............. ....... ... . . . . ...... :i.J l..o )' l ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : � 1 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .......... . . . . . . . . :�1 � �� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . : J_rl l �l.A r-!_) ........ . ... ...... . ... . ......... .. ..... t!L!JI �I l.a � i;�..UI ��)..1 1 � �W � )'JJ-o 0.,s'i w� ¥i � -e� - uUii �bJ .)�1 � �)I W:z.i�� J� l i l.rJI �J . � �"jl � � �Y .. ..... ...... . . . .. .......... (�Jl J �)IJ) .............. . .. .... : �...) W I . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(copied by permission of the Ministry of the Interior, Abu Dhabi)

I N TE R M ED I ATE A R A B I C

66

WO R KB O O K

�)I �)I ill I � bi-sm illah ar-ra}J.mtin ar-ra}J.lm �.:?..J'��J.J..0 i� l �� � � G l.o!'l

in the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate

� 1,; rtifaqa ill to accompan y "" � J.:,iS' kafil kufalti' s ponsor

�.:

·, ,

�_,�

ll...:, �ila connexion

..;. i,;� �ura shamslya (official language) photograph

� JA.S' kafala yakfulu I to sponsor, to secu re U;� � � htitif hawtitif (official language) telephone � ta 'ahhada V to com mit oneself

_,

1;� � dawwana n to place on record C,rJ I iltdzama vm to be obliged ilij nafaqa expense �r mar' ly complied with � saffara II to send (a person) �I iqtdcja VITI to necessitate rtl

Ill

7.

e.g . . i.o.,PI yl� �) Exercise

�i}J.J:za

(here:) correctness

.�_,.Wt '-:-"IY. JL.,..,..I r-=

Re-express with a passive verb: �

f' � __..;; � \

' ursil jawtib al-/:lukuma. - �UAJI

· '� �

�

• CJ":"'..r. j,..J�I � ..J�

\

·<j�.J<j��&�' r-:

r

. ��� c.r.-: eJ_..:...:..., �..J IJ"' J_,JJ'' ro=

� � �--::

.

· �..J "-!-___,.; �� ..;.,.Lj..Jt..4J � �I..;.JI -�

Ic\

i

'i

1 1 S tructures • •

-

3

Improper agreement Case endings

1. Improper agreement

Examine these expressions:

i ,ill ,y ���

� J.;JI �1, ;$? �

siyiiszyun kibiir al-quwa

politicians of great power ('great the power')

rJ-11 .,. � V"' W

� ..l.!, j..J

fi }Jaraka wasi 'a n-nufiidh in a movement with wide influence

li-nas cju' afa' alfahm

to/for people with poor ('weak') understanding ..,:,_;

raddfi 'l shadzd al-lahja

a strongly worded reaction ('strong the accenf)

Here, a noun and adjective (underlined) are combined in the 'wrong' order to make a compound adjective; and the adjective element of the compound is made to agree grammatically with the 'wrong' noun, i.e. : _; L$ with ��l:- (m. pl.) and not with i_,.iJI (f. sing.), �I.J with ';$_,> (f. sing.) and not with �_,..i;J I (m. sing.), ,. � with V"' l;J I (m. pl.) and not with � I (m. sing.). -4-l.!, with J..J :J_; (m. sing.) and not with �I (f. sing.) These examples are indefinite, since the noun described by the compound is indefinite. To make the whole expression definite, make all its components definite:

i_,iJI _;�I ;;�l:-J I �__,.Ajl �I) I ;$.)-I � � I ,. l.4.a...a.J l V"'G.U

the politicians of g reat power in the movement with wide mfluence to/for the people with poor understanding

This structure is called improper agreement (4_.;;_.ii.L l

� I -4J..!J I J.a.A.Jl

al-' icjafa ghayr al-J:taqzqiya) .

..,:,_;

the strongly worded reaction

.r.:&-

·

��l'' l

I N T E R M E D I ATE

68

ARABIC

WOR K B O O K

The same meanings can also be expressed in other ways: with �1�\J � (etc., B 24), in indefinite or definite construct: t"" b (J I ) �__,.ij (J I ) u I � �..,.> (J I ) � fi (laraka dhiit •

nufodh wiisi'/fi 1-(laraka dhiit an-nufodh al-wiisi '

•

with an indefinite or defmite relative clause (B 35): 'b_r.:$ 'b_,j � (�.lJ I ) � � ( J I ) �

with a preposition: 4.:• all � � �l.;\1 0;:•� � �Li

ma r (as-)siyiisiyin (alladhina) lahum quwa kabira

•

I

niis bi-jahm rja ' if!niis bi-1-fahm arj-rja ' if

In all these alternative structures any agreement is of course 'proper'. 2. Case endings In B 10 we

encountered the full pronunciation of the noun case-ending in some expressions with i:.......1 I : A..,-.J � I\� U I W I c) fi s-sanati l-mb4iya!l-jariya We have this phenomenon in a few other set expressions. Note:

�.)� 1 4..rJ I � .)� 1�4..rJ} c) C;l )

,:ro

·�

'1

al- ' arabiyatu s-sa 'udiya

fi 1- ' arablyati s-sa'udlya iii budda min + verbal

noun or 'anna

-(�'fl �1 �� I � � � (al-' i�lii/:l) We cannot escape the need for reform. · (�'f l u1! �� � I ,:ro -4 '1 � ,:ro min jihatin on (the) one hand �_;. 1 � ,:ro min jihatin ' ukhra on the other hand (see B 23)

}

one cannot escape/avoid

·

Lo � Lo .;-4'1 Lo Lo �_,.; Lo �\ Lo (# Lo Lo� �

•

Note also:

�

l.i.J� ·

�

shak h�un mii somebody or other li-' amrin mii for some reason bi-tarzqatin mii somehow naw' an mii somewhat

kathlran miilqalllan mii often/seldom yawman mii one of these days

-

11

3. Vocabulary:

t:-'...> � 1 at-tiinkh

�! �I � 1..,.-o j _r.-4 j (�) � I

i_;_,J ,; _;.;> 41 � y.;>

�

STRU CTU R E S

� ill> �

� L> !) � � j � � c.,; I�

J ��I_;

69

H istory

' a$/a/:La N to reform ' algha N to cancel , abolish

' amir ' umara' prince, emir

in/d$afa VII ( 'an) to separate, secede (from)

II

thawra revolution lJ.arrara

to liberate, emancipate

/:larb a/amiya world war r

/:lilf alliance /:lalif /:lulafa' ally /:liyad neutrality din ' adyan religion dhatf autonomous radfkii lf radical

t..r>:.J raj ' f reactionary

(�) � ( �__, �� )

�

"'�.J

j �j iJ.J_j..!. !) L!, W.

y� �
radd (pl. rudud) fi 'l ( 'ala) reaction (to) za ' fm zu' ama' leader sha ' n shu' un matter sha 'b shu'ub people s huyu f communist r


�� � 1.,1 �_,1 i� �l1

( J..p \J)

F� � •

�

IJ.�I

__,J.s:.

.)� �

$awwata II (li-, qidd) to vote (for/against)

tarfqa tara' iq way, manner

:?aiim :?Uliam tyrant, oppressive :?alama ya:r.limu I to oppress :?Ulm oppression 'aduw 'a 'dii' enemy r

a�r u�ur age, e ra r

�) I 0J.)J I\_;�I al- 'u�ur/al-qunln al-wusta the Middle Ages

I N TE R M ED IATE

70

A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

i--'Li qiiwama ill to resist IJ..J.) IJ.) qarn qurun century � mutlaq absolute � \ �_,.lo � malik mu!Uk king; malika queen :4!;!h...W l _r� I � muna?'?amat at-ta/:lrir al-filastfn'iya �Y � � I � \� Y -( y) ��

Palestine Liberation Organisation, PLO

nihiiya end nihiiyatan,fi n-nihiiya finally

haddada n (bi-) to threaten (with)

e.g.: J l_,..,� l .)..., � J�

Exercise 1.

(o.)__,� ;JI.r h J�

Make an indefinite expression with improper agreement: �

(�.J L.w4-) �j ' (�.J uL..,.4- ) " l...cj � ( � '-"" L.., I ) o.;� � L ( .iiUz..o �) c,lL; � I r (o_d � �� ) o�·· \ (�LS'.)I_) .J�I ) �� � L; o ( o.r-$ � �� ) ;;.) v ( o_d � �� ) IJ..J.) A (�l�·d � ) " '-�! � �� ' . ( � � ! � ) " l.r.- ! � ma�rif ma/:zdud al- ' amwiil

Now make all your answers definite: e.g. J l..,..,� l .)__, wl J_ra.l l � (o.)__, � Jl.r h J_ra.l l al-ma�rif al-ma/:ldud al- ' amwiil

e.g.: o .)__, ...\.x.o Jl_,.oj ..., � J..,...a-o

Exercise 2.

Jlyo�'l ,__,� J�

Recast your answers to Exercise 1 using ..., � (etc.): �

o .)__,wl J1_,..,� 1 ..., � J_ra.t l ma�rif dhu ' amwiil mal:zduda

�

J l.r�l ,__,wl J_ra.t l

al-ma�rif dhu l- ' amwiil al-ma/:zduda

Exercise 3.

Rewrite, using an expression with improper agreement:

e.g.: �L;_r.J I 4li. "JS.;>

�

J li. �L;..r. Y "JSr­

J:zaraka ghaliya l-barniimaj

1 1 - STRU CTU RES

71

Expand or complete sentences 1 to 6 with expressions 7 to 1 2, giving any alternatives possible: e.g.: � � "1 I �� l>�'j l <) � � l>)L:,'j l <) � L;l � � 'i

Exercise

4.

� � 'i

v

� _,..;:, Y-41 b_;� .� LS' ' Y . �..J_,_,..;:, Y, 4"1 1 "b_;__,.!JI �! .� J_r.; "1 ' · · � � r .�_#. 'j � I)a7.7.! !)I !)� £. .y':>U;"l l p o .�1 r_�'i �lJ �_,b \

Ia budda min 'anna nastamirr fi 1- ' i�la}J.at.

Lo r'i Lo � ' Lo _,.; ' . �_;. I � � ' \ Lo 1.)"2-� �! ' y �

�

A

·

..)_,

-.

I N TE R M E D I ATE A R A B I C W O R K B O O K

72

meaning of the words marked 't'. Then answer the questions:

Exercise 6. Study this text about the Kurds, deducing for yourself the

J �'l iJ t u L:u.u..ifi. � � ..r-c u _,'t;.: ...J � 1 .11 1 � U:...:s t l� � ( 2 ) L.U. La.::u. (l)Lo _, ..� � .u..1 � 0 L.:i........� � � ..!:.. � c.? .:u 1 La t �� .l l�i F �J� U_,J � ( 4 )1"1' -,_.;..,; u-1! (3)-¥-Ji_, tJI�'i l o:U._, J l� l .J l:......l� ��J , �)l... V t .:, l,.>-dJ . L.� H (9)� �� .� (8 ).;_,.kll l (7)�jJ I � (6)J_....;,.; ..U (S)"b-¥- ..1.1 1 ( l l ) � i r-J W I 0sJ L,.i_.i.,.-. � �.;-=J� �� ..�:y (10)� 0 l .r.d ..; 1 � 1 u l:.....J� ui ·� ( 1 2) uy.JL_, u_,_i� �........L _u_, �� 1_, '1 La -'"" --' � � .:,__,� � � � l � ls: ..::.. 1 .:, � � ( 13 )� ... .:, l >dJ �� � � IY.t ( 14) ;_e�

'� uJ � � � � �

,

...

�

'Ill

�

-

�

. • •

Lo_, � dawman constantly (2) C:O � L..:...o muta 'iitifma ' sympathetic to (from ._.� I Al-Arab newspaper, 9.2.05) .

(1)

"

ii I

(3) d .I � J.J_ Ls:. � da r a yad' ' ila to call for .. . (4) � 4A>I ' a(laqqzyafi rightful claim to

( 6 ) J�l ista(liila X to be unthinkable i� � da 'wa call (7) .:, Loj I I)-Aj zaman ' azmiin time (8) .J)2;..o man:plr foreseeable

(5)

(9)

•

;.,; thurrzma and then

oo)

� bal but rather

F

(1 1) �I ' ajma ' the entire (1 2) � murtd.li ' 'ala aware of ( 1 3) y ·� � (la:(.iya ya(l:(.a I bi- to enjoy (14) _;J_,; tawaffara V to abound

� � �all. �j � j_, � �l_f':JI .i,_?j � �j ' � � lft l J)U.:...., I 'b.J.j �_)W I � I v".J � �.il l � Y . �_;..'i l � 1../':JI �-'-' � l_rj l � t/':JI 'b � � J.)J I .r�J r � J I.rJ I � � �_,;.. 1 u � l � I £ "

1 2 Structures - 4 •

•

Expressions of circumstance re-

Expressions of circumstance cJ I..J> j J 6. /:tal , a}J.wal) show an action or state accompanying the verb on which they depend. There are three common types of such expression: the accusative of circumstance, the verb of circumstance and the clause of circumstance. 1. Expressions of circumstance - general

2. A ccusative of circumstance

The accompanying action or state can be expressed with the indefinite accusative of the appropriate noun or adjective (most often in the form of an active participle). Some examples of this kind resemble one of the accusative uses studied in Chapter 9:

. c;; r�L.....o �lti�

' arafniihu musii 'idanfanniyan.

. (:C. (::':.J.J C.:iii �� I �_; (faqiran . . . ghaniyan) He left the country poor and returned rich. . ·�.)-'_;. � ��� (muta 'akhkhirfn) They arrived late. ... Yuu _, W I JW,I (qii ila ) The mayor added . . . We knew him as a technical assistant.

"

.

i li_;\t l d! tY� 1� 1

'

n

('said, adding . . . ' )

(mushirin ' ila) They p rotested,

. (_))_,1J I ;;y. L� lJl5') 1 �I

referring to the figures .

(muqaddimatan ' awn

at-tawiiri' ) The agency telephoned offerin g emergency aid.

3. Verb of circumstance

The accompanying action or state can also be expressed with a verb with the same subject as the main verb. The verb of circumstance is always in the present tense, irrespective of the tense of the main verb:

INTER M ED I ATE A R A B I C

74

. . . J_,..it _;l::.;J I

Jl.Pi

. i l.i}� l u-11 '->.J� � I

. 4,>_,...1 I

� lS'-' � l;.,. L!, J...·.

i "Ii

WOR KBO O K

(yaqui) The mayor added . . . (yushiruna ' ila) They protested,

I.W I l;.&.j_,

referring to the figu res .

�

wazza ' na l-ghidhii' nastd'mil shiil;iniit wikiilat al- ' awn.

We distributed the food using the aid agency lorries .

. �.0 1 4.>.A G__,..! l..,to�..J �

(yulghuna)

- �)):,11 4,)y. jJ:c �LS'_,J I � �

They responded immediately, can celling the debt.

(tuqaddim al- 'awn at-rawiiri' )

The agency telephoned offerin g emergency aid.

4. Clause of circumstance

We can also use a clause to express the accompanying action or state. In a circumstantial clause: the subject may be different from that of the other clause, the circumstantial clause is introduced by _, wa-, which then expresses time ('as', 'when' , 'wh ile' B 36) or condition or concession ('if (not)', 'whereas', 'while' (B 37); see also below, the verb is mostly present in tense (or the clause is an equation), _, is followed immediately by one of the following: - the subject (noun or stated pronoun) of the clause, - ..l.! + past tense (for an earlier action; the ..U is never omitted), - a negative particle or � (etc.) . •

•

•

��..,.., �__,;

nawayna muriija 'at . &.-4Ji J.JJ._ ,.,._, t-'� 1 al-mashru' wa-huwa yurid tamdidahu. We i ntended to revise the .

�

,.

4.> l l_j .) .)_} G ! '

p roject, while/whereas he wanted to extend it.

- �.r

_;l£...� 1_, ,?1

Je �; ...i

,

,

' inna taraddadna 'an nastathmir ' akthar wa-1- ' as'iir murtdfi ' a .

. J!• -� ;II �'-4J � �I � ·':J_, 1_,� 4.> j � ':J

We hesitated to i nvest more while prices were ('are') high .

(wa-lii yatjman al-bank taka/if at-tashghil) They cannot

continue if the bank does not guarantee the operating costs.

12

-

S T R U CTURES

75

Some circumstantial clauses translate into English as a non-identifying relative expression with 'which' or 'who'. (A non-identifying relative does not identify the antecedent (B 35), it merely adds information about it. Arabic does not use a relative expression at all here.):

. �_,.JI � t.__,.; :W, j 1.aJ �� I � 4;� G,_; L,.o'J.! qaddamu qaujan. tijar'iyan q�lran al-' ajal wa-htidha

' ashadd naw' min al- ' awn. They offered a short-term com me rcial loan, which is ('and that is') the hardest form of aid . •

- � � �J �_,..:JI � ·� �I �

We have to discuss

the fin ancing contract, in which ('and in it') there are two problems.

. 4 L...... 1.; t'...J l..!...o

<.) j!?.. �.M v--� �J JJ..l:...alI yJJ..:..o

The circumstantial clause may interrupt the main clause: .

�

mandub a$-$andilq wa-huwa muhandis madanl

yatarakkazfi mashart ra'smal'iya. The Fund delegate, who is a civil engineer, concentrates on capital projects.

S. re-

The meaning 'again' can be expressed in Arabic with the verb �� j 'a' ada IV 'to do again'. It is followed by a definite verbal noun (which may be in construct):

· t_J�I .r.J.i7 l,j � j

' a 'adna taqdlr al-mashru ' . We re-estimated the project.

Its verbal noun 'b �� I ' i ' ada is used as often as the verbal fonn:

. � 1 _r_;:J. 'b�� ! ..;..i �

.

�

.

(See Chapter 10)

so also, e.g.:

t'_j_,.:JI h� ! wUI 'b � ��

•

tammat ' i 'adat ta}J.rlr an-na$�.

The text has been re-edited.

' i' adat at-tawzt redistribution ' i ' adat al-}J.isab recalculation

Remember to drop the article from the theme of a construct:

�..UI yl.......>. 'b�� !

' i 'adat }J.isab ad-dayn recalculation of the debt

Do not confuse this Form IV verb with its Form I counterpart (�_,..a.:_ � �. B 1 8), which has similar meaning but behaves differently.

76

6.

I N TE R M ED IATE A R A B I C W O R K B O O K

Vocabulary : 4!o;7lt

J�l � j �j

( � ) �_?I ,_;:,.) j

Ji� I �

(. �1

'-S'..J

�I 'b·; U:. l L=..; ";/ I 'b .) U:. l �

.

�

�_,..aJ I al- (awn li-t-ttinmiya

' ajal ' ajal tenn, deadline

' assas a II to establish

iqtdrarja VIII (min) to borrow (from) ' aqrarja N to lend to 'ala l- 'aqall at least ' awwall primary, basic ' i' iidat al-binii' reconstruction

�U�I 'b � l r..ol' l � L;..r. �

""

..

..

�

:i _ 7-i,

�

Development ai d

' i' iidat a/- ' inshii' restructu ring barniimaj al-' umam al-muttdl;ida

l-' inmii' f United Nations Development Program, U N DP

j.....J I . � � j �..JJ.j �.J l..,l:J I .� 6.

(? � .)

t;I.J

.)J....,

J�..U I ..li;J I J�J..:....:, � ..

�� �� �.;1_,1 �_),

binya tal;tlya infrastructure tadrfb 'athnii' al- 'amal on-th e-job training J;iilat ar-tawiiri' state of emergency kharj expenditu re da ' m support raja ' a

III to review, to revise saddada II to repay $anduq an-naqd ad-duwali I nternational Monetary Fund, I MF

$anna ' a II to industrialise rjamiin guarantee rjamina yarjmanu I to guarantee rari' a rawari' emergency ' urjwfya membership maddada II to exten d (something)

mu' assas a foundation i...j..o .. . .. Jl; naffadha II to implement musiiwa equal ity

12

J I .a I J.a t.� t}.J

-

77

STR U C T U RES

� � Y niha'i final

hadaf ' ahdaf goal

nawwa 'a n to diversify wazza 'a

II

to distribute

Exercise 1. Join as one sentence, using an accusative of circumstance: e. g . :

. � I .J_,:J (/1� � I (� f-- . � I .J.J :J �� . � 1 (� -=t l u L...a.J I � . ..b :.q �I'.) � . I �'.) :.J.J*""' � . / o -! �r 1 i �WI � .�_;JI ..b_,� l_,.r.i-

sharal_l al-khitta dhakiran dawr al-bank .

"

•

�

. •

-�·

' Y

·

..

\"

.�l3. 1 16oll � -4 1 . :J')411 :J�I i-441 io_# l ��L 0:.-> i .JSWI �I_, �-'� i� . ,;� � ('.J-' :J � I � u-'...) � �! C;::.J . :J')4} 1 J.i) l �.} ·

·

..

£ 0

..

·

. � I .J.J :J �� � I (� f-- . � I .J_,:J .;5� .�1 (_,.!.

Exercise 2. Join e.g. :

as

one sentence, using a verb of circumstance:

. j..AJ I ,. L:JI "="""'_;..d l c) 'U}_; (Jl- 1 l: a�� .�_,.JI �_,..J I -� -�)_,1.1 1 �l> io.# l �! - � :iol.,.n � � W. l L;:J..�..o .J.A;JI t.lh.i 6!6� 'U�I . � b.)� I � ��� � L;�) . ��� t- : a i J.J� . �l.iiJ I �_,..J I i!§;; �� � �.J I) L . � I 1_, 1� sharal_l al-khitta yadhkr;r dawr al-bank.

·

' Y r £,

o

Exercise 3. Join as one sentence, using a clause of circumstance: e.g. :

� -1 .t � (� f-. i ..liA..o j li.J)'• I_, �

�

.;_.4- \l.i_..J)I .�I [_..;.

. .Ju.:.i.J)I � ..J.U)y � �_.JI . .. l..r.AJI �_.JI J i..,.

sharal_l al-khitta wa-l-' arqam mu ' aqqada .

-� �Li t=� L.:� � f�J\.4; "1 � � . � L,;.,�u.;;, �J "' . ;�-"��!' �J..) J� t!!e. .J) -,YWI .;;L..:.J I � � ·t_J�I .;�I L.:---" 1 tuwi ..I_..Q..:.,. I ,� � � ,_,.;� . c L.:.r.JI .-�� ,_,.., l.i .

·

...

\ '

't i o

I NT E R M E D I ATE A R A B I C

78

WOR K B O O K

Repeat Exercises 1 to 3 , giving your own expression of circumstance (of any kind) for each sentence: e.g.: . �I � l.i.i c.} (}_r..o A:z- 1 (__,..!. Exercise 4.

. �I �l.i.i c.} }?.. A:z-1 (__,..!.

shara}J. al-khitta mutarakkizanfi ta/ii$ll at-tanfidh .

. � � u! c.} �

G! �J

A:z- 1 e:..,..;

shara}J. al-khitta yatarakkazfi ta/ii$fl at-tanfidh .

f shara}J. al-khitta wa-na}Jnu kunna nashukk fi ' iiidatiha.

5.

Exercise

e.g.:

Express a repeated action, using a form of ��1 IV:

' a 'iidu shar}J. al-khitta .

. � I (__,..!. IJ �Lci th:Z.I _r-J..i.; il..c !

. u.b:l l � I

' i' iidat taqdir al-khitta

r

£.

<) I.W I I)� I �.J� . �_,11 G..,s'�

"\

�_,11 .}' �

A

__

e.g. : .ulM...J L.t 6.

Exercise

�

�

.�I I_�__,..!.

ih+l _r-J..i.; u.b:ll J�l ' �

. �.) 1 �..;L!.ll ��j f .AJI5)1 u�L.! l.i_r.- l.:-1 �� 1 � L.a.:.i l " L!..i ! V o

Lo� ..� �)1 1) 15 �J � �)1 1)15 �

Recast the sentence with an expression of circumstance:

�I

. ulM...J L.t J...a.:.i

·

. �i u l1LJ I � �� r-1 1� ! i � WI t)z-;,.j 'i

kiln al-wad' sa ' ban wa-nahnu nattd.sil bi-s-sultiit .

. ys- .� l :i!;!JI �I_,.o � l_»_r.i l (r_,ij I� . JJ � � .�� � I � ! � ! 1) � 1 �� · � 'i . �'il �_), .1J__,..!. � ��;....; � (d Ci4o �_r.il . o_r- J..o � I � � � _,.. � J.W I WJ

'

�

Exercise

7.

IJ� . Ul ..L!.I ..k'J_)"w'':. � W, L L , ......i.. ?"'L:-i'il I'J..r:�

o

Recast the sentence without an express10n of

circumstance: e.g.: . l:.:J ! �! lbJ__,..!. I)� r_ l_r.i l'l *

·

�.

.r-

�

12

S T R U CT U R E S

-

79

Exercise 8. Study this text about the Arab B ank for Economic

Development in Aflica (BADEA), deducing the meaning of the words marked ' t ' . Then answer the questions:

�� � ( 1 ) �� l:i: � i � �JL...:..::..:i � l 4 _.a ·.;l l �� � ._j.,...-J I t �l:a � � � 4 � � uu J W I � � I � I �j..c Lra )_;A (2)u .ojjio! (3 )Lra � 1 _, . \ '\V o uu _, l... � di,:l oc i ..�.-;tJ , \ '\Vi �_,..:. "A . .U (4) 1 � u iJ� I �_, � � � i _,J:.� I h... � ., L..:..c ¥ 1 J _, .J I CJ �� L,-J:,..U (-:J � �_;..... ._j � l � � vI � w ' I L.w - I J J J .J I . \ '\Vi ->-= I �. \ A �.
•

. u-l _, JJ I 0_,_:. W I (sJ � _, � W..:. ! � i,ij l i tS..:... ':.' (7)t·;,;: _, � "' , I (.SJL...:. .:i :. .: -:.' 1 u LL:J �J w .,_J t��� ._j � l ., L!...:. ! t � J ' � U I_, tu-a L.....;ulJ cs) l •_.......-._, 4 _.9_._,._.·� 1 _, �_,..,_1 1 �;9b ·. 1 1 � u-1 , ·� � �� � U"'-'-'"i � u_, LA:J I t·_, yU (9 ) �_;.:; _, �.,... � ... , � ._j�J u-1 ! ( l O)y ...J .,_J I l l.y.J 19_.9., ._, . tU I � I_, i i_, W I •.

:�

•

.�y.J I � 4:ii: �·� l J _, ..J I � ;;_. a ·�;l l �� .?- t i t,-....¥ 1 . - - . ..., ...- I � - ' I J I ._t-O';./J I UU J J .) -:
•

.

-

l...a.:L .rA j

·

I NTERMEDIATE

80

A R A B I C WO R K B O O K

(official definition of I}� I � � � l..a.,ti )' I �.:,:-It BADEA, reproduced by permission of the B ank) �

(1)

y

�....rJ ta 'rifbi- definition of

(2)0 �;4� bi-muqtatja in conformity with ittdkhadha VIII min to make (3) ;ro (4 ).J li.o ..

y

.).o maqarr maqiirr headquarters

�I ..

i:J. tamatta' a

<::S"'...,..J I w�I

(something) into (something)

J � majiil domain, range

J � bi-khutju' li- governed by (8) � tajsfd embodiment (9) f::-� tarsfkh securing ( 1 0) y d ! � ¥ 'ahida ya 'hadu ' ila (pers.) bi- (thg.) to entrust ( 12) �� ma' una assistance ( 1 1 ) �__,; tawfir provision (13) ij )' liizim necessary -�� W I �� �(� I � � w_ra.ll �1 �J � ' � uA � .wl.ai .';J").J .J r � w_ra.l l � ��� � I � £ � ;..;� ;ro b '.:§;,.11 �f� l r:o w__,..;J I �� �LJ .JA LA o

(5)

(7)

V bi- to enjoy

(6)

I

Now show how you deduced the meaning of each word marked ' t ' .

1 3 S tructures • •

1.

-

5

Topic and comment Proposals and wishes

Topic and comment

js" �� i9 L� .::J I ;'_;;

Examine two sentences with the same meaning but different emphasis: · j..J-!.

· j..J-!.

...

..

Js" i9 � 1 b..JP ��

tuqarrir a�-�ih.tifa r-raqs kull yawm ..

The press reports the weathe r every day ..

ar-raqs, tuqarriruhu $-$ihata kuu

yawm.( 'The weather, the press reports it every day. ') The weather is reported by the press every day./

The weather is somethi n g the press reports every day ..

The first variant is in the standard style which we have studied .. In the second, the direct object leads the sentence for emphasis. It is followed by a slight pause in reading, and is reiterated with an object suffix on the verb (as in relative clauses, B The object m ust be definite in this structure. We can call this device Topic and Comment (Arabic �.J 0 1 � �

35).

jumla dhtit wajhayn: wajh wujuh 'face').

�

� jumla jumal 'sentence' , bY..J �.J

The object is the topic, the rest of the sentence is the

comment on it. In English we often have to use a passive to get the desired word-order and emphasis: 'The weather is reported by the press '. Using topic and comment in Arabic avoids the passive, and is good style. Topic and comment can be used also for a prepositional object (in which case the object is reiterated as a suffix on its preposition): .. .. ..

. � � � F �._,1)1

ar-ruruba, yatakallam al-jamt

' anha. Everyone is talking about the humidity.

For a construct, we can advance the whole construct, or its attribute alone.. Whatever is advanced must be appropriately reiterated, with an object suffix or a possessive sufffix:

I N TE R M ED IATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

82

.�

•

j � rl

•!!k

·.17

J>

�

La.iJ I

� l..!5..:...., I istikshiif aljacja' , lam yafhamhu

' af.w.d. Nobody u nderstood space exploration .

�

I � rl � I �

aljaf/,a' , lam yajham ' al_l.ad

tabt atahu. Nobody u nderstood the nature of space.

The topic-and-comment does not affect the verbal-sentence structure: . �_,.,_,_;J I L.� �_).. I .J lh..o l ' amtar al-kharif, yanta:r.iruha �

l-qarawiyun. The villagers are waiting for the autumn rains.

See the last Arabic example in B

15,

para. 3, for a similar structure.

2. Proposals and wishes

Proposals for action to be taken by the first or third persons ('let me/us/him/her/it/them . . . ' are expressed with J /i- + jussive (B 23):

Proposals.

. .JW

. J.>� li-yadkhul. Let/Have him come in. Stronger variants of J li- are jJ fa-1-, J_, wa-l- 'so/'then let . . . . � l_,.o� fa-l-yuqaddimu talabahum. So let li-nas' alhu. Let us ask him .

'

them make ('advance') their claim./Let them make their claim, then.

Note that

J loses its own vowel in these compounds.

This structure is the nearest equivalent to an affirmative imperative (see B 25) for the first and third persons. For negative proposals, the negative imperative structure ( 'i + jussive) is used equally for all three persons: . I.,P\.sP\P 'i Do not wait. . G� \� 'i Let us/them not wait. Similary, indirect command (B 33), both affirmative and negative, can apply to �1 three persons: · � � � b_P.-) \ . t-:f �� �..P.") I ask you/h im to listen . . �� \ I..P.".)oV 'JI � We asked you/them not to leave. Wishes. The simplest way to express a wish is as an unreal condition (B 37), usually with no stated response: !�I i.-'"'- �l5 ) If (only) it were Friday! . I� I� rl ) I wish they would not do (like) that. •

•

13

y ��

-

STR U CTU R E S

and, already studied: � )) c,..... '"

I f you wou l d be so good as to reply Please {'If you would pennit.')

" L.a.AJI_, tl:1 1_, �I__#. I

3. Vocabulary :

al-jughrii.fiya wa-1-muniikh wa-1-fll(lii'

J.ibi

Geo gra phy, climate, s pace

(�_,:d l ) va.!./'11 � � _r>

' atlaqa IV t o fire

al-bal;r al- ' abya(i (al-mutawassi!) Mediterranean Sea

)� b�

al-bal;r al- ' al;mar Red Sea

, WI

tathluj as-sarna' it is snowing

)/ 1 � I �/.

� •

,. _

., Wl ..,h.C

(_,JJ ·�

bul;ayra bal;a' ir lake bard cold(ness) tathallaja V to become frozen tamtur as-sama ' it is raining thalj thu/Uj snow

. �. ,� jughraifi:ya geog raphy

�L>�

-

�� w� L:.; �

�J �..,1J (L..; �_; � �� u

� .

., La.AJI � .

uiJ L...., ., L...., tJ",_!

�

�)/1 J� l

83

IJarr hot

dijla Tigris dilta delta dunya world ratb humid rutiiba h u midity r£1; riyal; (f) wind sal;ab clouds saiJaba sul;ub cloud safinat al-fa(ia' s pacesh i p sama ' samawat (m./f.) s ky ash-sharq al-' aq$a Far East shams shumus (f.) s u n

84

I NT E R M E D I ATE

� � ll>� \� l_r.b

�..)I.,.,....:' t.J�L:, �

�I � -

�

�

�

�I.)J I

A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

�iirukh �awiir"ikh rocket tabt a nature taqs weather tayariinlril;la fi l-farjii ' space flight 'Q?Lm ' U?amii' huge; splendid al-furiit Euph rates

L.a.,; farjii ' space

�

� W j ..rJ � L.a.,;

��

..rJ

farjii' "i space traveller, cosmonaut qamar ' aqmiir moon qamar �inii '"i satellite

�1..,5 �.,5 kawkab kawiikib planet J=.ill'� l\��1 � � al- mul;"it al- 'at[asUal-' at[ant"i �.:?4 1\ 1$ � � 1 � I

Atlantic Ocean

al-mu/;lt al-hiidi!al-hindi Pacifidlndian Ocean

matar ' amtiir rain marjlq marjayiq strait munakh dimate

i� � �

� 4 �.J ��1) 1\ �I.J

niishif d ry najm nujum star nashaf d ryness

wiidin, al-wiid"i (weak) widyiin val ley

Exercise 1 . Recast the sentence as topic and comment:

e.g. : . (r.$

�W.I .,hl� �_,.,-�1 �

. w Lol..a l � �_,.,.� 1 � _pll

f--

. �L:L.I �) I � � L.a.ifl J � l ,r ..�.>i �� 'J al-matar, yahtimm al-falliil;un bihi htimiiman kabiran .

� . .t;.q

r-- �

I

: 1 -.:.__ _ uGs' � JJ 1.)� ,r (�I J l4b� l J � 'J

· ' l . · ...c . v-

.�1

•

•

\

y

r

1 3 - STRUCTURES

(a) � (b} � , (c! �:

e.g.:

�-4]

the verb quoted, make a proposal for action by

. , �.hj , �.i.;J

Exercise 2. Using

85

�

��

�.J � Y

li-nadhhab, li-tadhhab, li-yadhhabu

lf-!

.PI

La

*

r

ii..i:L - I

'\

J l.i

o

Now make all your proposals negative: e.g . : �� � '1 , � .1; '1 , �l; '1 � � �

� �I

JA L!J I U� * .,, •

•

'

*

Iii nadhhab, lii tadhhab, Iii yadhhabu

Exercise 4. Express a wish for the action or situation:

e. g . :

... uic L,up l J.! I.J )

�

. � 1 o..Ll � L, u)zJ I J-9 1�

law wiifaq at-tarafiin ala htidhihi n-nuqta. r

I N T E R M ED IATE

86

A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

l' " · IJ..H� l' !. . � I_#_, ·r-- 1 � � ·� "\ · "

L....J I .)t.C

. ll!cl l <) iJLJ I IJ� ' -� � �� � r ._,!51 1__,� 0

Read this report, deducing the meaning of those words marked 't' . Give the report your own title: � 6 � 1 �� � <.:::.� l.)..o ¥ 1 u _, .,� <.:::.� l.U3 ..>-" � E _,J.:J I ( I )� � ( 2) _,..L...:J I t iJJ..I 6 J I.rJI �J ..I ,- ...;9;. ·. t_, ��·')' I 0_:-..o � I �i �! i� �� (3) i)k¥ 1 j:.L..._, <.:::.� ..l.S i � .�W I � · r_,ru t ..�� 1 � � u-=J 1 u-1 _,.')' 1 (>J. I . 6 Uo..i... d..�..:. J J L. ! JJ.. W IJ� <.:::.� � � � . 9-. ,al l � u_, � � <.:::.� l.U3.,J I ( 6 ).- ....;< 1 cs)..=.. _, �, (4) 6J J� u � � · r _,J..:;J � - . <.:::.� 4- J ..I .-. ,.;g;. ·. 1 � (._,J.:J � ( 7 )�1 L>" i J 6J L.! � ��_, (8 )·- ·• c-;oi � I 0-..o 6� <.:::.� � · 0 i ....a LA i_, ·.� 1 0 _, J 6)-.rJI ( l l )<.:::.� � L...... � � LA-:'J•')' t - � �� � tJ:J (IO)ly.b..:i W (9)}ii � .:J I ( 1 2)� � .� t �_,......,.;.. .�1 � l....i.J ,.rt l lJ-t> h...u. l _, - :. J L.......;. · � 1 L>" j J (..:u- ..LG J L....!. ( - . I . <: � o t J.L..J..> (j..)-'-"' �� .. <.:::.� IJ L.¥ 1 (from i�IA/-Hayat newspaper, 3 1 . 1 2 . 2004) (I) � Lb.i ghata yaghtu I to cover (2) � $ijr zero (3) i)\.&.! JjL...__, was a' il 'i' lam media (4) .; .) L; nadir rare Exercise 5.

-

�

-

-

�

�

�

-

.

/:ludiith occurrence (6) y �ljktdsa VIII bi- to be clothed with/in (7) � I l.)"'l.; ra's al-khayma Ras al Khayma (8) � tajam a 'a V to be accumulated L ---. "' .. (9) � .} I 'aththara II 'ala to affect (10) ..b.i w tasaqut fall (e.g. of snow) (1 1 ) 1..> l..-o misaf}.a area (12) � �jabal jays Jebel Jays ( 1 900 m.) (5) �__,..b-

m

Now explain how you deduced the meaning of each word marked 't'.

1 4 Revision - 2 Structures

•

Exercise 1 . Complete the sentence, using the parenthesised w ords,

alte1ing them as appropriate: e .g. : . (�...l.!. 4-�1 1� 1

( �J..!,

r

i/:Ltajju f:r.tijajan shadidan.

� � 1�1 \ � ( '.)

j) J) ... � 1.?.-'i l

' (�I) 1� 1

Exercise 2. Complete the sentence with an accusative expression:

e.g. :

.

. j_,i" J_,I� �

�

'

"6 -

. - I l_r.-)'I � ..f �

r

. �L..J I J�� � � LiJI . LJ.i.o J�l ll.b 1_,� ' . y�'i l w-: t!l) l 41 .. .. l_r.-)'1 -l.lA � y . f'!..,..;.l 1 _r-> 1; ... � L;:, 1 J � �.P. l.r u r ·f'!..,..;..t l j � ! . .. �L;:, ! J � �.P. l.r u £

tamm tanfidh a/-' ijra' i ' tibilran minlibtida' an min ' awwal tammuz . ..

.

�

;: w 1 .r-.UI . .. ���

�.J

.J� I � �P' c'-? ' . . Y�! �l!) l �..,..;..; .u .

.

.r.. J..o

o

1

88

I N T E R M E D I AT E A R A B I C

WO R KB O O K

. � 1 �I u-i�i·. at�t-�1 . . . j.Li_)� I �� � �_,-A � .).1 �' �1 .)� . . Q.b l,L� .ill. I _. LiJ! � I � - � .

V A

Now take your answers and substitute your own words for everything following the accusative expression: e.g.: .j) i!o;i .. ·

�j � G�l �' l.r.-11 f. . . ..y..t l r.l:w..9 1 t=..)..; � G�' l' l.r.-f'l � f �

tamm tanfi.dh al- ' ijrii ' i 'tibiiran min tiirfkh iftitiil). al-ma ' had.

Exercise 3. Make an exclamation: e.g.: mil ' a '1-am as-safi.na . . 4;) ..

j-,__,1

Exercise

e.g.:

�-

(�-"' ;! ;.,411 11-U.

-

l,j..,.....;.

-

.11 F j Lo � � - �

,.

f.

.d - J..! Ub l

.)_,.ii "\

.

... .

� · Add � o� � I..} � I :

I' �� � uJ....::J� I lr-1 _.

�

..&-J I i.)� Y

'ayyuha l- 'a$diqii' al- ' a ' izzii'

�' �� � �1_,.;.11

- _,

�-� .. .

��

L

I'

•

'

r 0

•

��I I' LiJ....::J� I

i.S�� j '

� � ��_, u�� 4_1 a;il l 4 1 _. � � �1_,> !

r 0

Exercise 6. Make two enlargements ( 1 25 %) of this data sheet. Guess

or look up the new words, find the information and fill the copies in for

14

REVI S I O N

-

89

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :_;�JJI I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .)� 1 - wl � � 'I .)...lJ; yr �< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =�� . =� =��.'l�l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :uliJJ I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :�)1 �I . . . . . . . :-.1�1 � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : �_; 4_,.) w l.h.:..o ��

(a) Jordan and (b) United Arab Emirates: .

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

€\ .

·

·

·

·

·

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·

·

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·

'

·

$\

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.

· .

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·

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.

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·

·.

·

.. :� .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :�WI �� .

.

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.'l..U:.

.

:�WI : loS_;.�� �)I �Jll .

•

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•

•

•

: ��l b..�.>)l

.

•

•

•

•

•

..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : �)1 �1_,.1 1 :4_,�1\�...l.a.l l u�l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :�l:..a.J I .w �l . :.� l_;)l w�l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : w LoJ.ill ·t.lh.; ·

.

·

.

·

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·

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·

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·

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·

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Exercise

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7. Give the opposite in meaning , keeping the structure:

e . g . : �.r

"bJ.j� �.)

f-

qarcj bi-fii' ida murtafi' a

�

j.i�l �

��I J;JJI

r

"bJ.j� ,JP.)

£

�r" L_,ji Jw,i ,

J U I "b_d ;.5� _d JLo u l � ;.5� J_,_,b J � �-)� 1 r WI.) iJ� .J :/'J.! \ 1 o.: "" �.) � 1 AJ r � __, � '-:?--' .) ;.l; L...: z. "bj Gl �� y.;� "\ �L:J. I ��� �) I � o

Exercise 8. Recast, with improper agreement: e . g . : sharika kablra 1-miil

f-

..

,

•

..

__, .)

I N T E R M ED I ATE

90

IJ

A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

.IJ j_.j _J

Exercise 9 . Join the second sentence as a clause of circumstance:

e. g . :

. � 1 .;r r;::-) �-' :ii)_,J I I.) •

r.� ,- ...:r � ....,.

� ..... . � . ..

.r

1-":'1 ..;.,�I � J)

,.

J.i

�

...;.,� L.._,.4-;. I� lfo_..l

qad qara' al-wathlqa wa-naf:znu narji' min al-majlis .

---:�1 �1__?- J� ...J) L..:..:J i � � � ��� '-:-'-� "':"'-'�-' �� � � ,_..;:.;, o'

•

...,�1 1...;.,.:) J.J ��� �_:. �I 0L..J1 � LJt.....: J�...lJ I J� �.J� J_...; -�I _;.JI.:-r �,.:_..;_, .J_,.4.; .

.

•

_;.II �� .

.

.

\ � r

i

0

l..r=! . � d L. I,. I I (1)� 1..L.

Exercise 10. Study this text and answer the questions: u

�� � -" (6)�)1......:. �..JJ : ( ' iiyat ulliih ' all khiimini' l) •

t.>=..U I

J 4- .; (8) t-'""�

•

...

-

� ..::.. 1� .

c l� l

(?). LA.; I _,.A I 'b:U . _ .;-; ·10 : ( . ) �.>-11 .
i

. .

'"

...

�� CrcJ � � " � - Crc (1 0 )....iJ j..o : u U..r:J I -�,.P-1 ..::.. � W I _,_.. ( 1 2)�� ( l l ) , lA�yUJ � l_,.i.J I (from a BBC broadcast, 2 . 2 . 04) (1) � � maqii tid (inan. pl.) reins (2) .L!� murshid guide (3) \.)..l.o(JI) madan (al-mada) (wk.) extent (4) Li � -5iyiina p reservation (here: guardianship) (5 ) JL_a.jl � ni$/ ' an-54{ half (6) '4>� $alii/:zlya competence (7) ).) ! ' iqriir confirmation (8) �J wus' capability (9) J.:.lz..a; ta '{il suspension (10) �j.o mu' allaf composed ( 1 2 ) �....)""� sharltatan subject to ( 1 1) ..r...J. tamrlr passing "

�

n..1.o �

�'1 �.J..o � � !) l..r.d c.) lli.., � I � ' ,.

"'

.!)U.,r.l i .J_,�_, .J__,.;.....,JJ I Li�- � .JJ �

�

c.PI

�

1 5 Correspondence Formal and informal letters

•

1. Formal letters

Read this example of a formal letter:

�WJ i�_,�i "�)I" �p '( •

• Q . ..:,;,:;

� �

CJ,j�

CJ �,.t-UJ I ·�

b� � � l

� .. �

l � i t. J I .lt l � b J _;i ., I.P.- � r-S�i �� .� � 4J J �J � � ! ·� � J 0-a ·�� i�J .l.L..t• -.J• .

�

�

-

'(

o �

JJI

• -

�

-

., I � I u-lJI

L.ld.. u-i r-S J�J �� 0L t. J fi.ll l �� � �J ai... ;,.. 1 I .� .;:J I b lA � i J I J t l � 1,.<·."'·,6.! J a.s:y.t.J I .

•

•

-

..

'-:-' 1

,;

•

0-->

'II

,

.

�_/

c_,......:.. .) l � 0--= ..)

�_,J. I u J_;....!. �

as-sayyid }J.assan abdu r

Mr H assan Abdo

..>-: �

I N T E R M ED IATE A R A B I C

92

W O R KB O O K

Claims ('Compensation') Dept. Dear Sir ta/:liya tayyiba wa-ba ' du I am pleased to inform you of yusurruni bi-' anni ' ukhbirukum the measure agreed recently bi- 'ijra' qarrarahu majlis by the Board of Directors to a/- ' idara ' akhlran wa-sa-taqum bi-tarqiyatikum min rutbat mufattish promote you from I nspector to Chief I nspector Grade One with ' ila mufattish ra' isi daraja ' ula btidii ' an min 'awwal 'ab sanat 2005. effect from 1 st August 2005. wa-tantij at-ttirqiya 1-madhkura ' an This promotion results from your khibratikum wa-juhudikumfi khidmat experience and your diligence in ash-sharika wa yuhanni' ukum majlis the company's service and the Board of Directors congratulates al- 'idara ' ala hadhihi t-ttirqiya you on this deserved promotion. 1-musta}Jaqqa. Please accept the highest wa-tafarjrj.alu bi-qabul fa' iq respect al-i}Jtiram Sincerely ('the sincere') al-mukhli$ Zein Abdulrahman zayn 'abd ar-ra}Jman Personnel Manager mudir qism shu ' un al-muwa:pafin Copy to: Accounting Department nuskha ' ila: qism al-mu}Jasabat qism at-ta 'wicfii t

Note: •

A:�b 4:.�

The standard opening formula is

�

.iAJ_,

ta/:liya rayyiba wa-ba' du

'greeting', but the phrase as used here allows no exact translation; its equivalent is 'Dear Sir/Madam'. The text of the

• •

is

�j form of verbs, p ossessives and pronouns is often used

letter follows immediately. The

for politeness, as are the deferential forms (Chapter 1 1 )

i l_;:>"i l � Li 'exceeding respect' in the formal closure may be

_,5:..!J I _)1_, J� 1�_,

.

replaced by other expressions as appropriate, e.g.:

•

� �\�1

(wafir ash-shukr)

Please accept abundant thanks

al-mukhli�(a) may be added to the formal

1 5 - CO R R E S P O N D E N C E

93

closure. In some letters it-" may replace it, and may take the form

\

1 �� �

�

-$

Jl; I.J

,

wa- ' a;all mukhli�an/mukhli�atan

('and I remain sincere') Sincerely

2. Informal letters Read this example of an informal. letter:

...:-_:,.c.ll J-' � �I

�J � �•

I� �I,.. ,.� JG .:;-"':�1 �__,.II J_,p I ;..jr e.tJ �I �I w" ('-'1 � ...:-.:.f .--t�.J)I � �_,; ..;...:. .;· �� �_? l ..rfJJ ...:.,�1 cr � � !�� 01 1�..J 1---:- l .,..t.;_, .....1 � _;� . 1 ...:., I "I�...,PI ......4.u cL..:� J�� I�J 4:....� .4l..U ........,.:JI � �� I �J -"':� �..; �..,..s. k J � JP vl' - .� oJJI ,.t.,; ;, f..;..;, � � ·¥ (1.:1 -""-: � �t,. -

I

-·

•

•

c � ��.-- 'J

' akhi kamil al- 'az!z ta/:l.!ya tayyiba wa-ba 'du kama ttafaqna ' aktub laka shay' an .I:wwl al-wa;ifa l-jad!da. kull shay' mashi jayyidan walakinn! ' a ' tdrif bi-mashakil ktinat tUjadfi 1-ibtidti' . kunt ' ajlis 'amtim kambyiitir lam ' ara mithlahu ' abadan wa-talabii 'an ' u'alij kamm!ya cjakhma min

r:-:- _ I r.f'•t...;:r. - .: �I �

Dear ('My dear brother') Kamil As agreed I am writing you something about the new job . Everything is going well but I admit that there were problems ('to problems that there were') in the beginning. I sat in front of a computer the like of which I had never seen and they asked me to process a

I NT E R M EDIATE

94

A R A B I C WO R K B O O K

al-mu 'rayiit at-tijiirlya wa-hiidha bi-sti' miil barniimaj mu' uqqad al- ' ijrii' iit. ala kull }J.iil sii' adanl r

zamll jadld wa-bi-n-nihiiya naja}J.na l-}J.amdu li-llah.

kayf shughluka ' anta? ' inshallah rayyib. sa-' attdsil bika ba ' d ' ayyiim qallla . ta}J.iyiiti li-maryam wa-li-l-jam"i ' . al-mukhli$, ' a}J.mad.

vast amount of commercial data, all ('and that') using a programme with complicated procedures. Anyway ('In any case') a new colleague helped me and finally we succeeded, thank heaven ('praise (be) to God ' ). How is your work? All right, I hope (B37). I will get in touch with you in a few days. My regards to Mariam and to all. Sincerely, Ahmad

Note: •

The letter usually opens with a personal greeting such as: (al-karim kind) Dear Kamil �PI\jt_j.A) I ( J..o lS' )

�!

�1\'bjt_j.A) I �...;A � I

�

., I i�� I.S�L:... "

•

' ukhtl maryam al- ' aziza/al-karima

Dear Maryam (l-mu}J.tdram)

Dear ('Respected') Professor " Lo�l ��j (l-kuramii') Dear ('Kind') Colleagues followed by the obligatory opening formula ..LaJ.J ;!�l, ; ":l . ; al;J I\�1 is optional, and may be preceded by a personal closure like the one shown above or, e.g. :

� \��\�_J 'a laykif' alaykum

3. Vocab ul ary :

wa-yusallim/tusallim alayka/

Regards from ( �

ul_;-� 1_, ll.., l) l

r1r

II

al-muriisala wa-l-kambyiitiriit

" l..r.- 1 .) L;;:.;. l

Co rrespondence and c o m pute rs

(also: ) procedure ikhtiira vm to select ' ijrii'

to greet)

15

-

CORRESPONDENCE

' akhla�a IV to

w� w..b. ..

�..;>

l.h;.. -o.JI �

;.;:? \;.;.:f-!. ;.;:? ..

Lh;.l .

w .

{ y ) .kJ- .h...) � r,�

i-'"'"".)

{y.�)

�

I.)J..JJ. J.J� -

..

95

be sincere, loyal ' aifaqa IV (bi-) to enclose (with) ' ustuwiina ' asiitfn disk ' ishiira reference (number) bi-1-' ishiira ' ila with reference to ' atja' a IV to switch off ' iilat mas}J scanner bariimij (inan. pl. , also:) software barmaja programming bayiini graphical tahni' a tahiini' congratulation jihiiz 'ajhiza appliance, apparatus jihiiz tadwir drive (disk etc.) jihiiz mas}J scanner }Jiisib calculator }Jadhafa ya}Jdhifu I to delete }Jarrara II (also:) to edit khazana yakhzunu I, khazzana II to store khitiib 'akhfiba (also:) letter dhiikira memory rabata yarbutu (bi-) I to connect (with/to) raddan ala in reply to rasm rusum drawing, graph sakkara II to shut $anduq baridi post office box (POB) �awwara II (also:) to photocopy qakhm qikhiim vast tiibi printer tab' printing iijil urgent r

r

r

96

I N TE R M ED I ATE

�_rJ_ �.r �Jr ��.r j,JU- 1 ..lili. i..JJA-!. 1..) -

.

-

u

�� " l.o/ �J

cl) l �) i.>')

�.>l) i �.>)

� e:-.o

�� I � L....o �� (� ) La

(y ) � �J � .)J

ARABIC WORKBOOK

I to display, to show arcj ' urucj display g halat 'aghliit error faqa yafUqu I to exceed fataf}.a yaftaf}.u I (also: ) to switch on karim kuramii' kind, generous lawf}.a ' alwiif}. board lawwana II to colour lawn 'alwiin colour masaf}.a yamsaf}.u I to scan mu' iilajat an-n�T1$ wordprocessing nasakha yansakhu I to copy hanna ' a II ( 'ala) to congratulate (on) wa$ala ya$ilu I (bi-) (also: ) to connect (to) wafara yafiru I to abound ' araqa ya ' ricju

r

Exercise 1. Read this announcement posted on a factory noticeboard:

�·� � � : u-c . \\ o \'( o :t;-.ul::J l

:�! 1\o u-c i : 'b .J W.¥ I

c l_,_l'� l � i L...:iY I

�

u i �� J \\O\i ira 1\'( · � .J d_j_;S.:U, �! U--cY l � � � J)L;. lfi.....-.a � (4..... .4yJ l � �) �L.....W l J.;..J.l · �.)Jy-0 � � J l.L!.i :,. � ! � j 0-c d.JjJ J_.. LS.J l u '->-=� . ..b...:U �� � J;.. ..U l l...� � AJ�lll 6.ll l J)L;. J :,;.u � �l J j � 4 L'L;. � l...._j.j l J;.. ..U l J l ,.l "A.ll..c ! u ! .�u... �J-� �L;. u)lc ! U...... l -'"":' �J •

. �

�

�

�

a

Write the announcement referred to

a' -.

m

the last sentence, with

15

-

C O R R E S P ON D E N C E

97

appropriate date and references. Exercise 2. Write a letter to Claims Department at Al-Watan Insurance

Company saying that you have not received an answer to your claim for reimbursement sent to them a month ago.

Exercise 4. Here are typical ASDFG .

lines of keys, one from a computer and one from a typewriter. Which is which, and why? . .

'I 8 � �r� (:!j1 0!. r:1 Q) Q � (YI m OJ � � �· � �

����

�

0 G @ G 0 ffi 8 Q GJ G O GJ Exercise

5.

You are on holiday in Cairo. Write a short letter to an Arab friend who does not know Egypt, describing an interesting visit or excursion. Mention other things which you plan to see. (Get help from tourist literature if necessary.)

I NTER MEDI ATE

98

Exercise

6.

ARABIC WORKBOOK

Respond positively to this letter: n.At · --:r · !/

•

� � � � ...:.ri---=

'\/if'('.

,_; '-F.J

\r �..J ...:.rl �-+'' �� �..J �--:..J c""_:.l.i.,.., J......c)l �..JY . I� L.i.lv �L.: _.-:_._li..J ,...._;J .u, I �..J _,I c� .;.L:_, -!� '-!-_, ,_j � ..;.,�1 C) l:- t--:-=f �.JJ ...:.,.�' --:rL:! J_;. c..,.JL.i .JI .....;s. � '-:'� I� J k..-1 J4' L,:;) � �� ..J)..J t�...)1 ....� ....� 1 � � � 4J� . I� L.:_r...- c.>_/1 i-?�l � l: .�_;, '-:'� � �� �1_?� r f)L.;.,jJ, � �� � - � � � .J �i*� "' .J:-0 ....w.: L.; � L:� oJ �k - �.? cr c,; a-A.U I.JA.:, 4.J"'-� -

.

�f.

-�-" �

... _,

...

...

���

.

-

-

�

.• •

•

.

......

•

�

......

...

_ ,. - -

t

' iilati li-t-ta�wir ar-raqmi -

-

�I

deduce its meaning; you know the roots.

1 6 Numbers - 1 •

Literary form of the cardinal numbers

1. General

In B 38 we studied the simplified pronunciation of the cardinal numbers. You should continue to use this pronunciation. In this chapter we examine the literary or official spelling and grammar of the cardinal numbers written as words, with their (now less common) formal pronunciation which we show in braces { } where it differs substantially from the simplified form . The columns show the numbers used with a quantified noun. In counting with no stated or implied noun, the masculine form (i.e. the left-hand column) is used. In the following, the rules given in B 38 apply, unless stated otherwise. 2. Numbers 1 to 1 0 q uantifying a m . noun

£.

J>l_, .� \ '"'. L:J I �)tj �� I

'\

ti.:::...wJ

'

y

r

wiil;.id . \ I.). L:.:JI {ithnatiin, -ayn} {ithniln} -ayn � thaliitha c,'j.J {thaliith} �JI {' arba'} 'arba'a . ;__;. khamsa {khams} � "' � {sitt} sitta {sab'} � sab'a � �w thamdniya �W\;W {thamiinin, thamiinl} � tis' a � {tis'} � {' ashr} i? 'ashara •

0

v

" '

' .

Note: • •

•

quan ti fying a f . noun iJ.> 1_, wiil;.ida •

The literary forms of 2 have the endings of dual adjectives. Numbers 1 , 3 to 7, 9 and 1 0 have regular case-endings in full pronunciation. Number 8 has regular case-endings in full pronunciation for the

1 00

•

I N TE R M E D I ATE A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

form � W. But the form .; W is weak; i t becomes �W (thamdnf nom. and gen., thamtiniya ace.) before a noun. Numbers 3 to 10 have so-called polarity or polarised agreement, i.e. the number has an apparently fern. form when used with a m asc. quantified noun, and an apparently m asc. form for quantifying a fern. noun. The polarity applies both in indefinite and definite expressions:

. .)I.J .) 0� i>)JI � 'ala 1-lawfza {thalath} dawd'ir.

(f . noun) There are three circuits on the board.

i>_,1J o)WI _;I.J...U I ad-dawa'ir ath-fthaliithJ li-1-lawJ:za the three circuits on ('of') the board � ( _ I t li-1-mu}:zarrik ' arba ca turus . � Lo I �.J..J �.; �I I.!J..;--w 'amdmfya. (m. noun + adj.) The engine has tour forward gears. d� �Lo)tl �.;� 1 �.J_;JI at-turus al-'arba ca 1-'amamfya 1i-1-muJ.wrrik the engine's four forward gears With 3 to 1 0, in the indefinite expression the noun (+ adjective if any) is always genitive plural (regardless of its function in the sentence) ; but in the definite expression the noun or noun expression is in the case dictated by its function in the sentence. 3. Numbers 1 1 to 9 9 q uantifJi n g a m . noun

' "' \ £.

'o

\ "\ 'V

'A \�

quantifying a f . noun

� J.> l {'a}J.ad 'ashar} �� l.)..l.> ! {'i}J.da 'ashra} � � �\� WI �� � 1\o� L;.:;l {ithna 'ashar, ithnay 'ashar} {ithnata 'ashra, ithnatay 'ashraj . � jj"'j.j {thaldthat 'ashar} 0� o"'j.j {thaldth ashra} �� �.J j {'arba' ·ashra} � la.,.J j 'arba'at 'ashar o� � {khams 'ashra} �� " khamsat 'ashar o� � {sitt 'ashra} � � {sittat 'ashar} �� � {sab' 'ashraj � � sab'at 'ashar � � W {thamdniyat 'ashar} ;� �W {thamani 'ashra} � � tis' at 'ashar �_r.; � {tis' 'ashra} r

·

1 6 - N U M B E RS

r . � \ 4)jJ . �'j.j

quantifying any noun

r.

£.

1 01

•

'\ .

�\�..,� �\�yu..;l �\�� � \�__,.; W "'

r, .

Note: •

{' ishrun} -in

0 .

{' arba ' un} -in

�\�_,_....;. �\�� �\��

v .

{sittun} -in

{thamanun} -in ' .

{thalathun} -in {khamsun} -in {sab ' un} -in {tis' un} -in

In · numbers 1 1 and 1 2 both elements have regular gender

agreement with the quantified noun; in numbers 1 3 to 1 9 the units

( 1...

have polarised agreement, while the tens have regular agreement

�..$ · · · -ay acc./ gen .).

Of the ' teens, only the number 1 2 changes for c ase

•

-a nom . ,

The tens follow the masculine sound plural pattern for case. They

•

do not change for gender.

The last sentence of paragraph 2 above applies for numbers 1 1 to

•

99 if we substitute accusative singular for 'genitive plural' and

. W.) ·� � U"" � l :J �

case and number for 'case' :

.� L:J"11 � W I

voltan.

Compounds from 2 1

The meter showed 50 volts. (indefmite)

o.l. � 'i Ia takfi hiidhihi l-masiimir

These 1 2 rivets will not suffice. (defmite) to 99 are assembled as described in B 38,

al-ithna ' ashar.

•

dall al-miqyiis 'ala khamsin

but .J is pronounced wa- instead o f u-.

4. Hundreds, thousands, millions quantifyin g any noun r . . �\� I-;<;: {mi' atiin , - ayn} ' . . ;;Lo \� {mi' a(t)}

r. . 0

V

·

·

·

·

\ · · r . . .

£.

• • •

� .::..t:jj

v-> �� � ·� � \�-w I k...)

�

�)'I

thaliith {mi ' a} khams {mi' a} {sab ' mi'a} {tis ' mi'a}

r a lfiin} -ayn

\

£.

'\

•

·

·

A · ·

r.

' arba ' at ' iiltif 0

•

·

·

� �) �� � �W

�j

' arba ' {mi ' a} sitt {mi' a} thaman {mi ' a}

. . �� .�'j.j thaliithat · a.laf �'i I L.....> khamsat ' iiltif ·

·

·

·

' alf

I N TE R M E D I ATE

1 02

ARABIC WORKBOOK

million !)� miLygn 2 million �\.:,l.;_,.J..o {milyuncm} -ayn 3, 4 million 4.f::.!.� �.;! \�)\; thalatha, 'arba 'a malayfn 1 00 million .:,� .i:,.o {mi ' at} milyun Note: � is a feminine noun and the number preceding it has therefore no ending L After 3 to 9, i::..o always stands in the genitive singular, and the compound may be written as one word or two. l..i.l i and !)_,.J..o are masculine nouns and the number. preceding them therefore has the ending i After 3 to 9, �I or w� always stands in the genitive plural. The ipdetem1inate plurals of l:..o , � I and .;_,.J..o are u � mi' at, J) I ' ulUf and �"Y...o malayin. In indefinite expressions, the noun quantified by l:..o , l..i.l l or .:,� s tands in the genitive singular, forming an indefinite singular construct with it. In definite expressions, the noun stands in the case and number demanded by its function in the sentence: �� � i::..o � khams {mi' at} dinar 500 dinars 1

.

•

.

.

•

...

.

•

•

•

•

4•,

5.

,,:ll ._.r.i l.;J.ll �

Vocabulary :

NB:

nafs ad-dananfr {al-khamsmi' a}

the same 500 dinars

L� l al-handasa E n gi nee r i ng

see also the text of Chapter 2 for other technical vocabulary i l..o l u-fL ' ila 1-' amam forwards �l;l y�l ' unbub ' anabfb pipe, tube . � - . IJ. �..r. burg hi baraghf screw ;_;� � battarfya battery �� blastfk plastic ,_rJ.J� ,_rJ� tirs turils gear(wheel) J.J J.> f.zadid iron )I.J � 'b_r.. l � da' ira dawa' ir (also:) circuit ��.J � y'J.J� dulab dawalib wheel

�

16

-

NU MBERS

1 03

dizil diesel

� ��

�I�

zujtij glass sha/:J,/:J,ama II to

lubricate

sha/:ln load sha/:lana yash/:J,anu I to

i1yo L:, $timula $awtimil

load; to charge (battery)

nut $alla/:la II to repair i l-.:, $imam valve, plug �..Jlr:' �� $ahrij $ahtirij tank (fuel etc.) � � rjakhkha yat;iukhkhu I to pump �� 'altima signal, mark, sign �':I..,J foltidh steel �_,J\�__,J volt volt � � Li qtisa yaqisu I to measure iJyo muwallid generator ..1 1_, wtit watt � I.J) I u1 ! ' ila 1-warti ' backwards �jS_, wuqud fuel

�

M

Write the expression in words; read your answer in literary style, marking this where it differs from the simplified form: e.g.: �..r. ;r;. ,.,;.\� u-->-' Wi � ( �_r.) Y o · · Exercise 1 .

{' alfti wa-khams mi' at} barmil (�) f o ( 1,1_, ) ' 0 y f. 0 • . J l (�_r.JI) ( y "'i_, � ) f. � � "\ <�.r.) "\ � �.>-! �.r! < 0-h l y . . . k:J_,.!) ' y J..o 6. d.L, A �.)11 1 0 Jl (� ) ·,j-4 � � . (JL..J) ff � ' . Jj1..U I ;.,-o Y . _, I)J� (_;J) A

'

"' 0

v �

Make indefinite expressions definite, and vice versa, wtiting the numbers in words:

Exercise 2.

1 04

I N T E R M ED I ATE A R A B I C

WO R KBOOK

i--441 � I �lS'� I Y �..;� 1 . � 1-t JJI .Js � £ �l i� 81 \ _rJ r . . l$� �� � A

' r

al-litriit al-khamsa wa-{'ishrun}

0

v

Exercise 3. Read how to check the engine oil. Deduce and explain the

1.!.1�1 �.J t..>� � l,.ro

: J,.>-=..U I d� � J ..J o.!l� l J�3 � (2)._;u i (1)� � i J � I .._u__,j t�� u -J J & J � � t � l � LSi .J _.; .';.-,I J &).>-"'" ·� \ . -(>L tJ,.i:i 'i (3)U W I

words marked ' t ' , and summarise the passage in your own words:

. .!(rJ-1 .._u'"' j

t L,. .... .un l __, � l.:iJ o � I_,.... � �jJ I t �Y" L::i (4) � tr:: � i tJ-:� __,i ( 7 ) l,. ..,._.... ·· c6>� -; cs>u� . o.!lJ j

(9)� � !Y' � I � t � Ji �.j.J I '->� ufi..= u i � ·'->�; &� Lr.-�i f...:; · � LrJ I . !Y' L:i.J I � � �)l.J I ·�

� -: 1 I ..>-->�

!Y' � I

I J ...P' (f -

'-:-'�j

j:;. I J

L..i.J I L:...a.J I

• - � I 0-W I� � � •

J

\ " i

�

� l .oo; c-:-

. * 1..1.:>. 1__,

� .)J ·'I � -

i J-P.-_tl l � I d..... � l '->� J� � j.J I �->= ui _j � 'J __, d� l � � � (>L ..w t j.J I �.>J u · (.)"' � ' � � !Y' -

-

�

.

3 User's Manual, by permission of BMW) ( 1 ) c..,1.- · � sat/; suf[t}J surface (2) � j ' ufuqi horizontal (3) AJ � masiifa distance (4) � � 'G$G 'U$f (f.) Stick (5) J.}- "¥.}- khirqa khiraq rag (6) �··J.-.i nasala yansulu I to fray (7) � I � nasij ' ansija texture (8) � �� �J.:..o mandfl maniidll handkerchief (9) � � iniiya care (from the BMW Series

* Comment on the phrase (J> I.J (,.:J J I_,> .

r

1 7 Numbers • •

•

1.

-

2

Text numbering Fractions Calculations and measurements

Text numbering

In European script it is common to use alphabetical letters or Roman numerals to number sections of text. Arabic uses alphabetical letters for this purpose_ Every letter has a numerical value, but we need to know "only the .first ten. The common mnemonic device for these is � j� � I 'abjad hawwaz /:lu{i. �j means 'alphabet' ; the othei words have no meaning: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ·

.

�

j�

�i

In this use I is almo;t always written with its hamza, avoidin g confusion with the number \ It is also common to use the adverbial forms of ordinal numbers (B 3 8 ) : ., " .. l'.JI awwalan ('firstly') 1 , I, i, A, a �lJ thdnzyan ('secondly') 2, II, i i, B , b (etc_) Typical text numbering: _

�WI

���I ���I.J Lo:u.LI \ : L...) ....; I Ui;� I Y

�..;31

. . ��all

i

2

wlll . . l'l y� ( u

�_,.;W I � ;--. .' � iil·7LI � 1.5'� 1 �.J "'

3

�j

I - General Context I ntroduction and basic principles (al-' an?iir) Main considerations: (a)/ ( i ) Technical ( b)/ ( i i) Financial (c)/( iii) Social (d)/( i v) Legal (e)/ ( v ) (bi-l-bt a) Environmental Company position

'awwalan - al-qarfna 1- ' iimma 1

-

I NT E R M ED I ATE

1 06

A R A B I C WO R K B O O K

2. Fractions

Denominators 2 to 1 0, all masculine nouns, are as follows. All except 'half' are derived from the corresponding cardinal number: c.)IJi J�i� � ni$j 'an$ii/ half . ..:..ll thulth 'athliith third

r_L.Jl C:.J rub ' 'arba ' quarter (J"il..> l ;v--> khums 'akhmas fifth 1,)"1T.J...M) IJ"'.J...M suds , asdas sixth t.� 1 . � sub · ' asba , seventh 0WJ � thumn ' athnuln eighth t_l.....J I � tus ' 'atsa ' ninth

.J� I �

��

' ushr 'a 'shiir

yUI

tenth

L:..,)U, 1.;-l-;

� 0Wj W � C:..J.J

fi niifay al-}Jisiib

in both halves of the calculation (thultha) two thi rds of our students ( khamsat 'athmiin) up to � of them (wa-rub ') six and a quarter

Remember (B 3 8 ) that even in simplified pronunciation a final � b... on a number is pronounced -at before a noun beginning with . . . I . Fractions with a denominator higher than 1 0 are constructed with � or � min and the cardinal number: � �I �\� L-> khamsa 'ala!min ithn' ashar .J.::..M

('5

over 1 2') five twelfths

3. Calculations and measurements

Vocabulary for calculations and measurements: w L.....>

calculation � \iS w,! \ i .) 4.3 (jam ) addition ( � ) ...\.1� .) lj � I to add (to) < J P J � l IV to add (to) �lj + + plus majmu ' total rar}J subtraction .

r

taraJ:w yatra}J.u I to subtract

- minus

(weak) remainder

(from)

1 7 - N U MBERS

( �)

y� cjarb multiplication y� y� I to multiply (by)

�X � I.J> � 6. i..-.i

" " ��

L- ) ( <.r-

�:

.)� �

�r �

i� � 1,.)� � = ... �W � \�W � Examples:

£.

1 07

�p (�_;�) ( = �

times, multiplied by l}ti$il l}awti$il product qisma division qasama yaqsimu I (' ala) to divide (by} 7 divided by kasr kusur fraction 2 murabba ' square(d) 3 muka " ab cube(d), cubic l}ajm l}ujum volume sawa III to equal per hour, per second (etc.) oc (daraja) mi'awzya (deg.) celsius x

=

� ithnayn zti' id ithnayn yustiwz ' arba 'a = \ - '\ sitta ntiqi$ wtil}id yustiwz khamsa

o o '\ = V � = '

+

1\ thamfmiya fi sab 'a yustiwz sitta u-khamsin

: 1\ \ x

wti/:lid u-thamtinin 'ala tis' a yustiw1 tis ' a 2 � i Y V � � (mitran murabba' an) a n area of 27m

. r i Y' '\ �L., \f V · i

�

�

Its volume is 36m3 . sab ' in kilomitran bi-s-sti' a 70 krnlhr (mitran muka ' 'aban)

algebra - _A I ( � ) ( ' ilm) al-jabr, which the Arabs taught us conesponds to our 'a'. The other symbols are usually left undotted: In

o

u £. -

4. Vocabulary :

Wla.>I\,. La>l. . < w--o ) �I �I

•

•

jy

mitay daraja mi' awlya 200° C

ithnaynfi ' alif ntiqi$ ' arba ' a fi bti '

�lJ) I al-wathii'iq D o c u m e n t at i o n ' i�a· , ' il}$ti ' iya

•

I

2a - 4b

statistic(s) ikhtalafa vm (min) to differ (trom) istantaja X to conclude (draw a conclusion)

1 08

I N T E R M ED I ATE A R A B I C W O R K B O O K

JWI \ Jb' �.SY

J.JI�-J.J� � � ._;;J �

u

�� .. y (..r:'

� �j ·� �

-4-o

I� �� J� J....::z.i

� Y �..,.,.; �l__,.i Wli .J

� I.) �_)

y � lS' � "i

- .

u� .. .a!;A ..

177I,A

..

'b ��

�- � �

. . . !) ..

� Lo

I .� �-

talin, at-tall (weak)

(the) following tamhidi provisional, preparatory jadwaljadiiwil (also: ) table, chart daftar dafatir register, ledger, notebook dalil ' adilla directory sabaqa yasbiqu I to precede .$arraf:r.a II bi- to assert 'amud ' awamid column ja$lju$U.l chapter fihris faharis index, catalogue, list qa' ima qawa' i m list, register qarina qara' in context kadhib false, untrue lalJa?a III to comment, to annotate mubayyatj.a fair copy mulJ,tawayat contents mustanad document, record musawwada draft nataja yantiju I to result, to follow nisba relation(ship), proportion rna yali what follows yantij ' anna it follows that . . " I

I

Exercise 1 . Read aloud, with the numbers in simplified pronunciation:

e.g.:

tharrulniya wa-thulth f.

' 'I

'� ' 0/

�

"'

A 'tr

0

J l!.o� I ��r c) v

YA = VY - \ - ·

\Y

"' = "'

'\

\ \

.

A

I"o

�LJ \ i A �i\ tf 0

jo y . • b_; l,;> '

'

£.

v .

-

17

N U MBERS

1 09

Write the expression in mathematical notation as far as possible. Point out where your pronunciation differs from the spelling: e.g.: \ . = A + Y r .i? �.J� 4iW Jjlj iJL:JI Exercise 2.

�L...J � :_;;.,o_H � ' - � 4-S.J � ·� � iJ�.J .;;")(.; y i,_,!.A �.J �")(.;.J S.J �'j.J.J �..; I � . � L .:r . -� � � � 1 IJ ·...;r-�.J I)· l.:JI · J ....:...C. � �J.J ")(.; -;.:; � iJ.J�.J ·� 0

ithnayn {ithniin} za' id tham!iniya yusawl ashara r

�

0

e.g.: o "\ = Y A X Y Exercise 3.

•

-.r-.J

YA X Y

N

...

- I ,. -;.:;")(.; �

. ....:..c.

IJ.J.,r--.J •

� .

"\

Complete the calculations and solve the equations: f-

A · = j \ "\ f - - � / \ !. ' ( �L.....o } = r£_ � ;A r � L... \f' .:� = 4 U \ \ ; o ( "\ · X Y } - \ \ 0 V

ithnaynfi tham!iniya u- ishrln yusawl sitta u-khamsln. r

o "" = !. + \..; "\ £ = c.A - c.Y £. ' . = �I Y + \ A

' alif yusawl khamsa.

'r/£.

Exercise 4.

e.g.:

X \ /�

=j y £. "\

N

A

� r

(..� , .15' 1

Give the opposite in meaning:

£. � l( r. 1 A � �I V �.) � ' ' -......! ' y yJs

f-

' akkada , $arra �a bi-

..

:l

a�:�� Y .. �

�Jl l

f-

"\

�

l.>L....J. ' .

�!";'i

ii....b.

�_;-A

'

0

'

Look at Chapter 8 , Exercise 4. Do the following chain substitution in the same way, fast: e.g.: (��) � iJ.;iW I i) �� 0-!.j

Exercise 5.

( iJ.J-1.)1 01_�} � 0_,.AWI i) i,� 0-!.1 f­ (etc.) � 0.Jol) l 01.� �� 0-!. 1 f•

110

I N TE R M E D I ATE

ARABIC

WO R KB O O K

� La>� l ..\:.:i:..J. I � � W J-_,1 - I (j..o l..!J I ) y (� )) ( �)I) \" ( 1:? �1) \ (_)i;l ) (�L� I) -�� b.�l i��� (;;;,.i ' c�' ' (�) " ·,� � p (� �I> , ( � 1_, ) £. ' ( J 14 1) ' \" (�) ' y ( .1Lu ) ..

.

..

'

£.

o

�

·

.

'

_J

�� � 0 1� 1 � � .J�..l.J! � o).,rii.J I

Exercise 6.

v

"

Examine the table, and follow the instruction:

------.

A·

v.

\ . 0 . £.

•

\" .

y . '

\A

�I

\\ \o �

\V \ \

uJ.,;'-11

.)..! faqr poverty

\o \ ��

\A \

\ o AA

\ '\

� \ '\

'-:"_,.ill _;. 1 � 1 ��..J-P ��

{-;.)�� .r-i HI � �WI •

.

•

•

.

�u.))II)

•

(from UNDP: Millennium Devel. Goals in Arab Countries, 2003)

=YWI ..b.i;JI.. J.i\11 � (,5"1� , J_, 4 1 �lli (2 ) L_,.i.; c� l Y �! )..:.11 i;-..},:.!1 I t :l' J . - 1 i... ...; £. 1ol;� ....,:, J..U.,. � � ...; r .:. -q � L... � . . _; 1_).. 1 .� \ �_J � j_, t:'-' &-> ' � Li_; l.Lo " ( Q_r l�p u : .�f r--"\11 � �.) �I .).AJI :b.> v (2) L_,.i.; shafawzyan orally

{1)

;���JJ...i..;.) l

· -

0

1 8 Revi sion

-

3

General

•

Exercise 1.

e.g.:

J{)'I ..J'! �� �

Give your own definition of the word or expression:

ma/:zall li-tal_u;lir al- 'akl

_)�:J

b :J�

"'

'

.J� � ' � �j ' Y W;-o b- ' o ��� 4La.o

i...l. ..; ll..>. ' A -

�.) � �:J.J

y'

Y £.

�_)

�

_,J

... �l ylf )_, � . . . , A I 1.5_, L... I � ! .

Exercise 3 .

�I ' : .rP ' r

"

' £.

,:r-

Yf

�-J;;.;;"·i . . � . . . �6.

:J I� ' "\

�� ' '

0.)

�

. . .

<,$

YY

c;5 ) � � 1�1 ' y £. � 1 J� 0i 1,� � .. � ,.. "\ . . . � I �.) I � ! o A . . w; �j � rl l � ! V . . . Lo � � I I � ! ' ' ·

Give your own answer to ·the condition or concession: ,

... J l_,.o�l �� -� l.S' ) .. . l__,j� � '�!

e.g. :

A

�

�u ' J L.L-.�� � u £. 0_,; u y

. � L Li " ' w L..L. ,Y ��I J.r!JI y .

la-shtarayt sayyiiratan . . b).�

Exercise 2.

r

d� o

4.;

�

.

...

<$

.

.

Give the word or expression with opposite meaning:

I N T E R M E D I ATE

112

Exercise 4.

ARABIC

WOR K B O O K

Complete the sentence with an appropriate accusative

expression: e.g.: .�.)� . . J�L..&.'J � �� I r}.J .. . � , � � � � J �l'� �W I �.J .

r

iJ_,.lliJ I � rr.

waqqa ' al-qii ' im bi-l- ' a ' miil niyiibatan ' an siyiidatihi.

- ��b

...

_ ol,jjJ.J � . . � I � l;,,_; � � �L..:J u..� l �� � . . . . � 1_�1 �� i� 0l � . . . b.)'.ll l �I V:J ,

.iu_;'l l

.

J L..._ A

�I '

y

r £.

�1.)- 1 �.):----11 �.a � � I &A o � _r.:;.;J I c,L>v I � . . . 1)1; . . . f \ (� j �-��.J � . . . ��).� J l..:.7. ..�1 � I r_� V .u��l'l - � liJ! � . . . �WI u � �l.J:ij A u l.iJ� I � -� �_) . . . �...)JA � _;� v-:,� i� " . ... l'.J . . � u� 1_,., 15 ' ·

... �.;-:> �

�

.

.

5.

(a) Write a notice for display on the factory notice-board. Head it with 'From/To/Date/Ref.' and mark it URG ENT. State that owing to a fire in the electrical section, Workshop no. 3 will be closed for an unlimited time. Staff of Workshop no. 3 will be temporarily employed in other locations; details are in the annex. Sign the notice as Deputy Head of Production Dept.; mark a copy to Personnel and Safety Depts. and Supervisors of Workshops 1 , 2 and 3. (b) Write a further and similar notice, dated three weeks later, refetTing to (a) and stating that Workshop no. 3 is being reopened. Staff normally working there are to return to their usual workplace from next Saturday (give the time and date). Thank the staff for their cooperation. Exercise

e.g.: . � 1 Exercise 6.

.�1 I_J .)�

Replace the simple verb with a verb + verbal noun: --4�

1_,-o u

f-

-�I �_,.:J (y

qiimu bi-tajdid al-maktab.

8;.o � Li_r.J I

J� J ..

1 8 - REVISION

113

Renumber this partial list of contents with Arabic figures and symbols: Exercise 7.

� � i _; l ..1'i l (.s..1�

'b)� � , .� �

'b_, UI_, �J I

I 1 2

u l'-' �l'l 3 �L...... I)I _,�l' l (i) � ��fAL_,J, �1_,1 77,.1 (ii) � l'l �_,;..o_, 'b� u l_, � l (iii) ��k··�il l �� �_,i 4 Suggest titles for Chapters 5 (divided into two sections) and 6, and a general title for Part II of the document, all with appropriate numbering. �

a

Complete with an expression of circumstance: e.g.: .�lJ)I w:LoL> I_,L,_, � . . . I_,L,_, Exercise 8.

. 'bjl.t i9_r.o u l� ��I JJ"'l-!. . . . o_,.> l \ ... v�' � '�...;; " .. . r C!_, l'l 'b� l_; l;J.c 1 r £ � . . . �I I.J.A, .� ��)' I � � 0 ....J '--.. � ��� �� '" \:.,....., .

wa$alU /:liimilin a!-watha' iq. �

"'

�

�

..._, �t.;. <$ ,

... �l �l ..u '\ ,. , �_)i:JI o.a l.oli � 01 J.>l e:),;,.! l' V . . . . i_}'.ll l _r_j) l r}_, A ... i�l:....l' l � � ' �Lb> ·� � � ' ... , � 1 js" L... l_, � � �I � \ . �

�

•

�

"'

I N T E R M E D IATE

114

A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

Here is part of the Chairman and Managing Director's Message heading the 2004 Annual Report of the Commercial Bank of Kuwait. Study it first, then read it aloud, then answer the questions: Exercise 9.

�fiJ I L>..J � I 1 ·. :I I � i � -->-=� ·�.J-A (2)d.:· : .... ,, ( l )�_,i .u 6.; 1..1 � ' � 0� &k i ui ��"' �� LJ-o ; o . � �ill c � ) t-=.J� � � �w L W I ..�!.:i,_j l � .; G � . � I � Li..l � - ;; (? . I f �)LJ �� I . L L..J I ;; ll �� j ui . i .; l ..l� l � .,. Wa..c. j c.,?'j._.. .JJ �j .� ( 3 )�� _, r-t' .; � l _, (7)hiii"i I (6) r i.;-SJ I (5)l.:W)l.....a.J (4l � ..J-711 � � � ..J � I .� L-... LJ-o J · �� I Lj .J l..:;--::J I � I ..::.. 4-=WJ •

.•

•

..

.. a...

-11

�.JJ u::-n t...J I .,. I.; .U I � .J (jamiil al-mutawa) L>_,...b.l l J 4 f� l • Lj !_.Q I I

� 4-o .,. �;_, ., L....:, .) ..r= .u:J I_, fi.!J � ��i ui cs)�_,i � ·

·

•

.)· I�

-11

..::.. b. L;.-:J I �i � J � (9}��1 �..l� � W I ..::.. l .; l..l� l . � U I ..::.. 1� 1 J)l;. � I � � � (lO)� t..:..::il l

�.JI 'aw�a N bi- to recommend (2) � (here:) meeting (4) Jl� �� jazlljiziil abundant (3 ) �.P- yatawajjab V = � I (5) � � � 'amll ' umalii' client (6) i i.J kiriim = � Lo.}" (7) .ill thiqa confidence, trust (8) �..J"!. �.J wadda yawaddu I to want (9) �..,..J..o malmus tangible (10) � l.:.:J I\ J b mutatiilin, al-mutatiiti (weak) successive . � LA.:J I c.f ' � ':1 r ' �� · � � y lh:L. I � � ' � � � �.P- � ' (LJ)U i_,l��l � �.J .?� � Y � ':? � W I J_,j ' 1-S� � � .J_,s'..UI r:J) � � �.) _,A Lo r J� I�Lo . � L.w u l) �:'l �� " �I � ! �) I � L (1)

�

•

"'

-

,:.

"'

�
I!

•

.. .

- ��

� L...:J � I � �_;.., �.)1 o � i) �:' l � (.rO '-ah� � � 1-S � I j� l _,A Lo \ .i:J_ra!l �_,i)l J � b.J�. c.r!l v c.._,)J I �L.a...; � ;iJ.-J I .bz � I .}'�I A �

��

.

��

.

18

-

REVISION

115

Examine this table and answer the questions:

J_,..UI (2)• 4_; a·t l .� ( / ) JWI �f -(1>4lhJ �� t'_j_p l r \ ' ' ' " !�.; LiA «JI..l.L..J 4-rJI «JI�I .JWI � I u L_,.;.....l

Exercise 10.

.

.

.

�t:pl 4.;il� �� '<.A

t;� _,\l t

��I �.;.UI

" · , A'\

•

.

.

. ..

. .

.

. .

0

.

.

.

�;;.U I � J.$1 i,S-bVl_ ��f

.

0"

'.

.

.

.

\ . \\

.

,

.

.

'\ A . i t

"<.

.

•

\

'\ 'I' . V\

. .'

o . V!

\ ! . '\ "

Ao

\ . . A!

Ai . ! "<.

i o . V\­

"\ t

.

.

•

V

"<. '\

.

.

.

"\A . '\ o

i' . . 0

. .

.

.

V.H

'\ '( . V\

. . v.

' . . tv

AA . Ai

"

i"<. . o \

"\ f

.

. 0.

!)-'� I ��r-J I �P I .

'\ £. . ! A '\ 'I' . A .

.

l'l ul)..al'l

.

t . \V

. \ '\

4) :J.;

Ai . Vi

" . oi

0

CH.u21 .

y� l

�I

(4)_ri1 1 .;.:r: �_JJ .

�� � w

""· l.:.J .

. '\ t

. . \A

! . L

" . \.

\ '\ . \ 0

vv .

Vi

! v . ! '\

0 \ . vv

. "<. '\

o f., . \ '\

-

�

�1..1"" !

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

•

.

\ . ."

L

vo

�I 4.#.1 L...J_,)

Institute for Statistics [UIS] : Statistical Tables for Knowledge in Arab Countries, 2003) (UNESCO (1)

(3 )

� taliba demand

�� � (here:) country

( 2 ) ' 4!: ai

(4)

ta,.snif classification

..,.....il l _;j>: juzur al-qama� Comores � i L...a)U � u � la � �� · �J �'r.! i u) .�u li ' ! � y� J.A1 � �_,s:.JI i. l.i) Wf" � I_; Lo �

\)__,l' l ��� �_; ..U I � · � � � J:J:� � ' r . � � � � J)l;.;. l c� '--' �_) u.o rli_; � �..r- � � J:J: £.

Key to exercises NB . : The Arabic text is transcribed only selectively.

1

Chapter 1 .

Ex. 1

'idha kfin mumaththilu l- ' ummfil /:lfit;lirin li-l-mufiiwat;la

fa- ' inna tara! a!- ' idiira /:lficf.ir ' aycj.an.

2 ' inna nkhifiicj al- ' intfijfi

sh-sharq a/- ' awsat huwa laysa as-sabab al-wa/:lid li-rtifii ' al-' as ' fir a!- ' iilamiya.

3

'awwal nuqta ' ala barnfimaj al-/:lukuma l-ishtiriikiya

1-jadida hiya stiqriir ziyfidat $iidiratina z-zirfi' iya min 'ajl ta'y'id iqti$iid al-biliid.

4 qad fiiwacj.na mudda tawila l;.atta al-WU$111 ' ila muwiifaqa

'ala ta ' w'icj maqbul li-1-' ummiil. 5 ' innana narjicj tamiiman sharJ:whum li- 'adam daf' hiidha d-dayn li' annahum ya ' rifona bi-cj-cjabt shurut qurucj. al-bank.

6 fimii yata ' allaq bi-tawqt al- aqd r

nufacf.cf.il 'an tanta�iru ruju ' mudir qism al-mu/:liisabiit li- ' anna jadwal al-istithmiiriit al-muqtara/:1. mu ' aqqad jiddan.

7 turid ash-sharika

tatblq shurut daf' maqbula li-jami' zabii' iniha dun ' ayy tamyiz bayn al-kibiir wa-$-$ighiir.

8 yatlub ra' is al-handasa musii ' adatana

li-tdswiyat khiliif J:zadathfi qismihi bayn thaliitha ' ummiil an-nawba 1-layliya wa-mushrifihim.

9

' innana na ' tabir ' anna 1-iqtirii/:l ' ijiibi

wa-maqbul wa-nanwi 'an natfub muwiifaqat al-mudir a/- ' iimm khiliil al-ijtimfi ' al-muqbil.

10 nashkurukum

' ala J:zucj.urikum fi l-mu' tamar

a/-, akhir wa-khii$$atan ala qtirfi/:lfitikum al-mufida fi 1-bu/:luth r

al-miiliya. Ex. 2

1 � �.!>.,H -:-'� j �\,,ll ;};_, u f.., � t...

\ ... . � 0� -

2

3

'

..

' � !>I ":' �·�, � .k �.:, �� �:-- IF,/. N ' .,•

... ..

f

...

.,.,

r/ >�, ,� ,j � � \ tu..Al '

•

•

qj .:Jb b <J� 1\ .. jvJJ �\.J(� Jii J�J (� ..

118

INTERMEDIATE

A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

} 1 j � , ij � 2 C ll. i. l:l. 3 � , � 4 .)Cr. , o .)�_r. 5 (� , ;.;.. � 6 ( i ) ..b � � � 7 � , � .r.- g � l,ij , uw 4 �Uu � l _;lb..o 2 �� � 5 � 6 V"'_;I..Lo i..,.) .,.Lo 7 (-'� (� 8 ti L:z.o � � Ex. 2 (possible answers:) 1 � J_,_;......o W I .r.. ..U I . t. I_;..Lo � i �4 1 u W-J I � J_,_;...-o i..,4 1 f.. ..Lo . l,Js' AS'� I i_; 1.)! J�_j.....A � � � .r..J..o ·(L;.;"i� � (G.i:' l .r.. J._,.o ' (G.;:' I (_; l> AS'_;o!J I J L.o i_;l.)l � J_,_j.....A 4 ll l f.. J.-' .o � � � � � � . �). 1 o).) ! � J_,_j.....A �). 1 iJ.J� .;J_ J..o � 2 . �). 1 iJ.J� .r.. ..U (r_,.ij r}.r.. ..� . J_,_;......o ��� �_) 3 . �_,..i W I ) 7. ,.1 1 4 . L-j_, i:;..... Chapter 2.

Ex .

,

t.

t.

3 �� �\� �

l

�

,

7

t.

KEY TO EX E R C I S ES

5 .�UI uu)WI �.J �Jw� i� 6 . �_,1 1 �J� _r...ll 7 -�' ·� � �j JJ� � 8 . b_r.. .U �) IJ , �) �_,A; �.r.. �JJ� �! 9 .J_J4 1 � i l�l �L� �J I J:J:� ..

119

1 0 .�W, ! ��_,.;;.o.J J l.lt�' I_J �� I ��� � � I j� M Ex. 3 1 � '.Jl1L I 2 � 1 , � 1 ' (�1 3 u� l 4 � I 5 � .) (r. .)_; � 6 �.J>� , 04:;,;,,ll Ex. 4 1 �_J 2 i..liJ 3 � 4 � 5 .l> j 6 J_,j 7 � 8 � ..

,

�'11 � b�l 3 � � 4 b_,.;.l � � 6 yl'l 7 � � 8 � � 9 �1 10 �1 .. Ex. 2 1 � 2 _;. 1 3 �Jj 4 � 5 � 6 o:. � 7 � 8 �UI 9 J.i_J 1 0 .l>J 11 � 12 J....J Ex. 3 1 .1 � 2 � 3 �_J.J 4 � 41 �\.....;:, 5 � 6 _; W) 7.V"'� I 8 � 4 ?r 9 �_Jj , �__,j 1 0 � 1 1 L\Y. l _J I lr-o l 12 � I_�! Chapter 3.

Ex. 1

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I NTE R M E D I ATE

1 20

Chapter 5.

1 . �"" �

ARABIC

WO R KB O O K

WSi 2 . �_;._, l.,.;__,.i

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3 . � 1 <) ��� �)'Sl; 4 .�_)..UI <) � � � J5b- "1 5 � �� I LC..,..a> JAI 6 � ! �WL.._) �_, 7 W'Lil'L.._) �_, 8 .;J_,lhJI � � I � 9 . � La ;,ro wl.l> 1 0 . w"' I� J_, L;.:J �_, J5b- (no. 4) and �J (6, 7) all head a verbal sentence with a noun subject, and therefore remain singular.

Ex. l

.

.

1

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.. .. 2 · �_) � u11 � w 1 �.); 3 . � �6.�\�lli 0J.> 4 . � �� <),�_)):J J51 5 · w � l � � �

Ex 2 :

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.

6 . A! I_,.i.J l �__,.o lJ 0 1 � "1 Ex. 3 1 (a) · "'-! L!. �� (b) · lr- L:. �� (c) · r-Y- L!. 1.>-1� 2 (a) . .ii_))l J.c � I f � l (b) . .ii_,) l � �I 1$.}'�1 (c) .ii.)) l J.c f"' L...... l 1_,_}"�1 3(a) ijb- i_r.> J � � (b) ij l:z.( i_r.> ��� 4)� (c) ijl:z.( i_r.> JJ� �� 4(a) � � J.c y_,� � (b) � � � �.J� � (c) � � � 1.>-I.J� � 5(a) . �J.....:, JJ.r-' � ul l .)L (b) . �J.....:, ,JJ? � ul ! �.)Low (c) · �"' Li�l 1-".J-"� � ul!,. I_,_)L... .. 6 (a) . � 1 "1! � � (b) .� 1 "1 ! J.iJ � (c) . J:L- 1 "1 ! I)� � . Ex. 4 (possible answer:) Lol.c �l.:.o J l_,.j l Lo� (--4� � I J �J . � 1 �J JJ� � Ji.o �ll\t l ;,ro i_r.$ �� oo i__,.!J �_,-.M � I 0.J� l>_,;.i.o_, � 0� "' 1..,.:..1 1 i):; 0 1 i)�.:J I _r_j_, .�W I L#l � i�WI � lS" � "1_, i�b ) .;

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KEY TO E X E R C I S E S

Chapter 6 .

1 21

1 J.L.bJI � � \ ":'1� 'ulij, yu'iilaj "' ;:= , C::'·

2 . (')\.J I � � .) .)r \ .) .); turuddid, yutaraddad

Ex. 1

1 . �_)

3 . �1_?." � (fo \ (_?� uqtririf:r. , yuqtdral; , ;.:.!\,.$r1 ushturi, yushtdra 4 . W� I � � I_, JJI �..S..� "'

5 -�)1 lh ,;r -� \� l unsul;ib, yunsdl;ab 6 . G..,! �l.i:JI �\�J 'u'linat, tu'lan 7 . � I - � l.r.J. I Js:'-' lii \ �_,__,! fUwirjat, tufiiwarj 8 . �_) 1 �-' �\� buf:r.ith, yubl;ath .. .. � . .. 9 . �.,; \�.J ul:-lhJI !J I rufirjat, tu1jirj , . , 1 0 .IJLa,.;..r.. \ La.i.J � I IJ! rufirja, ywfirjan Ex. 2 1 . . � I i� l �_, wuqqi'at , , 2 . . . ..1_,� �_,_,;.; tufowirj 3 . . . .;r- � I ustughnT 'an 4 . ?:� J.-..-; "� yustu'mil 5 . . . uh.:.l l ,;r �1 unsul;ib min \.:.... 6 . . .J �l'l � .Ji qurrir 7 . . . i_,J� I ' 4,7,;S/.i ukt1is'hif 8 . . . u I" l_r.- l 4 tubbiqat 9 . . . ,;r � � � la:rz yustafad kathTran min 10 . . . i� l ii � � �j.J_ y�' akkad .. . Ex. 3 (possible answers:) 1 - � �_) I !J I ... 2 · I.S ,) L.a.:.:.il' l �)I J� � . . . 3 . l) u Lo A.4i> . 4 � J_,_,1 ,r_;A; 1' 5 . . . v � l' l � � � c._. , 6 -�J411 � �1. .. 7 - �}.)) I t U,j). .. 8 . . .) .)_} Ex. 4 (possible answers:) 1 ..15'_;.; \uJSi 'ukkidat, tu'akkad , 2 J-9 1� \ �_,_, wi],fiq, yuwajaq 3 J-·;· ui\·-·l-•;". 1 ustu'milat, tusta'mal 4 �\�! ' u'�in, yu ' lan 5 �) \ � wuqqi'at, tuwaqqa' � � £:'>"1 ul}tujj, yul!taii 7 JJ:J\U./':. dhukirat, tudhkar 8 - . -\�tubbiqat, tutabbaq 9 J_, � \J_,y /:r.ilwil, yuf:r.awal 1 0 �_,J\u�_, wujidat, ti)jad ..

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I NT E R M E D I ATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

1 22

Chapter 7. Ex. 1

1 .,;..G1:; nutalfiz 2 �.)..a; tu�dir 3 �....r.1. yubarhin

� yuttaham 5 �yutalfin Ex. 2 (possible answers:) 1 � o�

4

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p. �JJ. t._S� :J

-� � �4 t._S� :J � �_, ��;,

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2 � � :JLo .;.r:' ? · t--'"""� 1 � � J� Lo .aL!JI J� 4 . � 1 � � � ii_,;u_, � � � � � � 5 J.:ajl

.J� ·� � j � �_)_,� �� �'J 8 ��1 J1�1 � 9 �WI � �)J I � J� �? i l � l -! 10. � � �JJ.I b� I�Ll :J__,.iJI- �_;i. .;�1 � � ! '1 Ex. 3 1 .) 2 � 3 � � 4 � :J 5 .;.Jj 6 .}-1 7 l>...,-""' 1 8 � 9, 10 � ; 1 e:;.; 12 �_;f .. 6 y� 7

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Ex ;

.

.

Chapter 8.

1 �j G,.j 2 �'J I bl>i 3 �Low �j 4 t.,S.}- i u 6. 1__,;j l 5 � � j " �j 6 (..�.>I_, ( � 7 u'1Lw.;_, J"-.J lli 8 y i 9 .01_,._,.; �.Lj_, w..._, fr.;. 1 0 4.-Lwi G_, :J Ex. 2 Ii l..,..o ! 2 �-.J� 3 � � 4· 1 --4 5 �..J 6 � L....i !'1 . -' Lw 8 i 1�1\ � �\� ..;\� 9 L:....k "'--J I 71 'r ---...r 10 �\� 1 1 ..b.....aJ L 12 w�Ex. 3 1 �.J 2 Y�:� 3 �.?. 4 (.?. 5 J.> 6 .;.Jj 7 i_;; 8 � 9 (..r> :J 10 ..I.>_, 1 1 �_; 12 ��4 Ex. 4 1 ·?.WI o:J � l:....; ., :J 2 ·?.WI o:J � �.J 3 ._r;WI o.) � � 4 .r.W I o:J � � Ex. 1

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KEY TO EX E R C ISES

1 23

1 24

I NT E R M E D IATE

ARABI C WORKBOOK

KEY TO EX E R C ISES

1 25

2 w l -'2;:7... 1 ., �� ' �__,..:w...o mustaW$i/, mustaW$Qf, iSti$iij 3 i.J_,) - . , .:_,j l5 kii'in, -, kawn 4 � �� , � ...L..:.a..o , ...L..:.a..o mu 'td.mid, mu' td.mad 'alayhi, i ' timiid ,

5 i.J� .I , �, , � mu' , lin, mu' Jan, ' i ' liin 6 �..} , va>.r , va>_r murakhkhi$, murakhkha$, tarkhi$ 7 4 <s_,..:...o ' <.S.J W 1 \.J l; niiwin (an-niiwl), manwiy, niya 8 )�i

9 J.J L:;

'.J� '.J..l..:a..o mU$dir, mu$dar, ' i$diir

J.JL:.:.:..o , J.JL.:.:..o mutaniiwil, mutaniiwal, taniiwul mustaqbil, mustaqbal, istiqbiil 10 J� l , J;i7 , . , J:i7 1 1 b " I.) . ".J_,i.o , �.J Li qiiri' , maqru' , qirii' a ·,

...A

...

12 �lli , - , �l..i:...o mutaqii ' id, -, taqii 'ud ' � I t"" .:, I Ex. 8 (possible answers:) 1 � 1 .J> � - .lA �� JS' � 2 . �_.;JI ,jA i.J I� i.JY':.J? Y �l � 3 .Ja.i'� �.l..o � � �il l y 4-!J I y ! 4 .JUb l'l � l.r l � �().. 1 &.o � � ua·7·7·JI � 5 �.J..U I � �-i.Lu :.O i.J � � Y. j 6 � I �_.).l:o:.Ji � ..,;Si b)j) l �§""_;; ��l' l r_�'jl � "'

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8 9

� $a/J.il:t 2 ¥ juhd

3 � yaJ:tkum 4 � yakhsar 5 e yamnal:t 6 � shaykh 7 �faqir 8 ,Y..,r.!. yubarhin 9'J� ya'zil 1 0 � mithqab 1 1 J)7 :o:_yastaqll 1

Ex. 9

12 j l.&.i ni:?iim Ex. 1 0 1 - )l"_ .(:. 2 �t� r,r:- �� �·

6 v-ol ..rlli" 7 �I 8 �-'� �

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4 �. . l

1 26

I NTE R M E D I ATE

A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

K EY TO EX E R C I S E S

1 27

I NT E R M EDIATE A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

1 28

Ex. 1 1 i... l:-J I �_; �j 2. ��� 4.>�_; " �j � I J1h.o .dJ..o � I 4 �L�I � �_;_,J � Chapter 1 1.

3

, s )S�..9'il �l5'.)1_; �� �Li 6 wl� l �_d i..Lo 7 w l�l d 4.>) 8 wl� l �.d 4J.J.) 9 � 1 <.r. � ! ,. l.r.- ! 10 � I � � ! ,. l.r.- ! ��I 1 L�l-�)1 �j l 2 i.-.� 1 4.>�)1 ,. �j l .� 1 �I dill � I 4 �L�I 4!;...:..1 1 i_;__,.!} l � 5 _; l5:..9'i l � l5' .)1)1 ��I �WI 6 wl� l i.....;>J I iil l 7 wl�l � 1 0.)JI 8 wl� l ��I 4J.J.)J I 9 � 1 ) 8 �.d w l� wl� 4.>.J.) 9 �� ! � .J � ,. l.r.- ! 10 �� ! � \$� ,. l.r.-! �l.;SI 1 �) I � l:---J I .J � �j l . 2 �) I L � I .J.J � ,. L.o..c) l w..k.l l A..b.L.J I � � dil l � I 4 � I �L.,�I wl� i_;__,.!}l � s 4}lS'.)I) I _;LS:..i� I .J� �� I �WI 6 i�l .wl� l wl� o:UI 7 i� l wl� l :_j� 4;.)JI 8 i�l w l� l wl� 4J.J.)J I 9 � �)' 1 � � -" � ,. 1?.)' 1 10 ���� �!-::11 �� ,. l_r.-�1 ��I Ex. 3 1 � Li.,J.I 4}WI jS'_).J 2 ; �)'I � l.o.J li.o j$? . _;� l'l �.;A �� 4 c � l �lJ o_;_,; s �_;iji 4J� I) I ,. �)1 6 �_,W I J_,_,b � 7 JL.ll _;l!S'JI �WI i� 8 i_,AJ I i_d �

3

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K E Y T O EX E R C I S E S

1 29

1 30

I NT E R M E D IATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

1 31

KEY TO EX E R C I S E S

present passive of verb � I ; we know noun 'number' ; .l..iii(ll:: �f,gm!l· t��� istijaba, vb. noun of Form hollow verb with root y� or we know y__, � III 'to answer' ; B.: : :'-e}lz.;\.i�-: t,��lqg?frqf1:·��f:1,�§'·�n-:-!n,�il��ttfi��J!¥�:-: r�sf!lni�:,:19! the root is indeed root� exists, but not as a verb.) t Form VI vb. noun from root �; we know . ��l:;u:��::�.��!!!!!!!! !'!!�lwe know �� 'friend ' ; �-���:·;·_·ffi��������J,��i· another vowelling, in this case wrong, might have been tj�l "" Form IV vb. noun from root t1"""' we know nouns 'share' and � L-.o 'shareholder ; m!lli.!� : :@ :l:·
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:=::;:;:::;:;:::;:;:::::-:-:·:········ ·.· ·

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(NB :

[$idaqa]. )

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1 32

I N T E R M ED IATE

A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

KEY TO EX E R C I S E S

5 � �� � � l .ii.b.;..o J_r; � " 6 .i�' J wl JJ� � .� �� � �J Ex.

1 33

..u

} . llk;.l l � i)LJI �l! _,J 2 L....J I )zl r-f _,J 3 .� 1 � � _;l _,J 4 · '�� r-' � 5 ._?I l__,)i:.i l ) 6 .�1�__, r-1 � � r-f ) Ex. 5 The original title is � I.J Lo�I � l..iJ__,.o � [PI t�--' � we know �--' 'without' ; from the context t J.:.1 = lay/; we know l4J 'night'; from the context :

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(more exactly, 'nighttime') .

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we know 'special' and 'conce rn ing' ' ; ··�·::·l�l!%: :�9¥1�!:=;����� -��¥=�::_i�!����g�1t ""' present tense of a Form I verb with root �; we know fact �

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I NTERM ED IATE

1 34

A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

agreement. 3 �G ace. of circumstance; � 11 direct object . of �I.; . 4 �I direct object of��; � �I direct object of!)� 5 J W adverbial phrase 6 r� adverb; 4 _1..,.tl direct object of C.� � )\.,_,1 __,.!, absolute object of (� . 6�I direct object of I..,.U J � adverbial phrase. 9 direct object of l_,.tl!, I � qualifying with improper agreement; J ry adverbial phrase. �� 'as' expression. �U:z.;.. �irect object of uiJi 12 i l,.J"':: I direct object of _;JJ ll.o lS' L I_; � absolute object of ,.

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5 (possible substitutions:) 1 -441 �I 2 �WI �I.; -

Ex. 2

4�

y l��l 4 �U.r.JI elf 5 t4J:Jwoj � 6 � �.J "' .. 7 iWI 0�11. 8 �.r .;� (�I Ex. 3 1 b l_,_il � 2 - (��� ��. l.o 3 . o .) L.;l b..lw!tl l.o 4 . 4.: aill o.l. J_,.bl Lo 5 . .J U.b l � � Lo 6 L;..,....;. �-P I � \ r�_,ii f Ex. 4 1 .�))J I !)y " �� �lS'_,JI wli 2 .�1 u� l l.oJ.:.&. � � �}!-4; �.r: 3 ._; L.h..o� l , I � I � £:Al.i.r.J I � _;.'1 1 , _).. I � l_r li 4 6)_,.)J I u�l> � � �.;'b.;� AS'.;o!J I o.l. i_;i; 3 / WI

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1 35

KEY TO EXE R C ISES

(a)

Ex. 6 .

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I NT E R M ED I ATE

1 36

. . . . . JWI


A R A B I C WORKBO O K

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1 �� � i� �.# 2 .rs\'l � 3 J!c.7.:-!' �� 4 ':?�1 (.Jl- 1 5 � �_;JJ 6 � 1 . � � JUbl Ex. 8 1 �� � �b �� 2 J�l �_,1 t:-'...; l_,..a.J I 3 � La.:.il' l 1o_. � iJ_,.) 4 r-W' <J�I_, 'b.iJLl' 5 ��� �WI �)I � 6 ��1 ij� !.:-"J lf Ex. ? 1 . �I � "'1_, ... 2 L.�.41 r-ri l� J_ri "'1_, ... 3 . ��! � �� Y-' �-' �� �-' ... Ex. 7

4 ·.J� I I� J.to �.; Lo#l_, ... 5 . Lo li J�l'l J_,� JT-1. �-' . . . Ex. 1 0 (possible answers: ) 1_,JI_, .i..!, Jl � .ill.., �I �_,; .oW.. I ·� .)_,.o � 2 �l.;u � � �l' l �.r e-- '.r.. J�..LJI � � ·� o-4_� � l_,j r:.'.? I ._,. <J U,r.JI J-' .) . A>..,.:;ill � l_,.iJ I �

•

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ossible answer:)

Chapter 15. Ex. 1 (

�i l...� ....:i l �

=� ! i"\A CJ.-Ai :4.;U.� I

c i_,J·-; r

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ui .

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KEY TO EX E R C I S E S

Ex. 2

Ex . 3

1 37

(possible answer:)

5, 7,

9,

2, 8, 4, 10, 6, 1 , 3

The upper line is from a typewriter; you have to shift to get the final and/or isolated letter forms. The lower line is from a computer, in which the program configurates letter forms automatically, the shift being used only for alternative letters or symbols. Ex . 5 (possible answer:) Ex. 4

I N TE R M E D I A T E

1 38

Ex . 6

t

ARABIC

WOR KBOOK

(possible answer:)

�) I ..r� ill digital ['numerical'] camera)

_ _____ _ __ __ ___

__,

8:, IJ_;"';).J.J i......> khamsa wa-{thalathun} tunnan ? i..-.> khamsat ashar watan

Chapter 16.

2 lb I.J 3 � �.J � �� � bi-'arba ' a dawallb Ex. 1

1

·

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� I\;�· "":L I � l_r.J I al-baramil al-khams {mi ' a} 5 � l..r. 4�... Ab.... IY. �.r murakkab bi-wasitat sitta baraghi

4 l!..o

� uAJI � sha}J.n ' aljay tunn 7 �._,11.1"1 i.....-i i !J lJ:,� I I)-A J.; i 'aqall min al-'atnan al-khamsa 6

-

Gj.J � � j J..o l> � silk hamil {ithnay 'asharj voltan 9 J�..U I � �.J�.J !.)-'� ul_rl �W thamfiniya litrat binzTn wa­ l-mat/Uha 8

10 � L..J u-;"';).J.J -;J"'j.J � yukallif thalatha wa-thalathin riyalan. 2 ;;_, � ulS".?'-" ,:.._ Ex . 2 I J � > 0' I 4 � �.J � �.) c) 3 ;J)WI �_,.AJ I "'u . {' ishrfln} min ad-dizil

;:.£t;

1 39

KEY TO EX E R C I S E S

•

or sayr, verbal noun, related to 'bJ �.. already known, pronunciation is sayr. ) ��:::��--: ;gllf:j��i�lj t� tawaqquf, Form verbal noun; we know root� ff1 ;�; �1i8ein�! f Jii tdqdi{ taqull or taqill, Form I doubled verb related to J.=li already known . E ;g :w ;f� ��§���W:i,r1��U� (Second principal part is in fact yaqillu) . imperatives, roots t (?I ""' 'akhrij, t J.> �I ""' 'adkhil, Form e Tte :: ��::::� :�p!!,t!!t!!��� out/i n ' , which begin with a weak vowel; see B 1 and B 25.) tU"' Y ""' qiyas; we know� U"'Li qii.sa yaqlsu 'to measure'. I IJi:l:: ;w���[��������� ilil l:::�:::;rr�:i :l: :;���t��:J:�������� t . · c:--o ""' imsa}J. -, imperative of Fonn verb e:-..o which we know e ;���t:n· ::b7h��::� � ::��=t·�!tt t� ""' slr

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. (NB :

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V

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(possible answer: ) J.!a

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'b)_,> �J� uk ;;� d_rJI ;;I �

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as

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I N TE R M ED I ATE

1 40

A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

2 thalathat ' akhmas

Chapter 1 7. Ex. 1

1

khamsa u- ' ishrin bi-1-miya

3 ' arb a ' a wa- 'i/:ld' ashar 'ala/min ithn ' ashar 4 thamdniyat ' amtar bi-th-thdniya 5 tis' a 'ala/min

6 sitta wa-khamsat ' asba '

'ishrin

7 khamsa kilo(ghramat) bi-1-mitr al-murabba '

8 thalatha u-thaliithin fa�lalnuqta thalatha 9 fi thulthay al-' amthtil

10 /:lararat mitay daraja mi' awiya 1 1 tis' a 'ala thalatha yusawi thalatha 1 2 miya naqi� ithnayn u-sab 'in yusawi thamdniya u-' ishrin Ex. 2 1 � � \ f ' · · mit {mi' at} kilumitr bi s-sa ' a

2v

= ' : '\ r thaliitha u-sittin {wa-sittUn} 'ala/min tis' a yusawi sab 'a. 3 i or '\ _, r£. � bayn ' arba 'a u-thalathin {' arba ' wa­ 4 1 r '\ = r .

r ithnayn u-khamsin fithnan wa-khamsunJ

thaliithin} wa-sitta u-thalathin {sitt wa-thalathin} daraja mi' awlya

5r

.

:

o

rV sab ' a u- ' ishrin {wa- 'ishrun} ft thalatha

'ala/min mitayn {mi' atayn} yusawi sitta u- 'ishrin bi-l-miya {wa- ' ishrin

6 r r v sab 'a u- ' ishrin {wa- 'ishrun} 'ala/min thalatha Ex. 3 1 £. r 2 r = 3 irr 4 £.= r.. s r , '\ = 6 r "\ bi-1-mi' a}

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Ex. 4

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KEY TO EX E R C I S E S

1 41

I NTE R M E D I ATE

1 42

ARABIC

WOR KBOOK

I.-. ....,..-w..

� � Ex.� 2 1 -.J � l-.o \o� l-.o � 2 . �w Gl...!.:- 1 La !)l)J . . 3 . . . o..l...l� 4 . ) I � .. . 5 i; l � )' l � IY' ·�h: ; ... 6 . . . � � I� J �� 7 y li J-.r-1! . . 8 .;�_j) l _, � 1 J.J_) Ci)j ... 9 -�� i� i� iJ I �lJ ... 10 . \ Y �.J� u iJ� . . . Ex. 3 1 � � � �.J 4 3 �_).; 4 �l,J s J.> � 6 � 1 1 � Li � 7 y_,:..:,: 8 ,. �f. 9 J.i � � 1 0 !)_,.alI ).:Q; I - .; 24 ..;>. T �:. JJ.J- ..J j v-

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(possible answers:)

10 �_r!..o ' ,. ")loj

Ex.

5

(possible answers: ) (a) roo

C J_,J)' I : u-l !

� l.:u ! : b J L!.¥ 1

Lk. l&.

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1 43

KEY TO EX E R C I SES

(b )

rov

r.. I ,,J'Y I :�! � l:u! :'b) !.� I . ..

�J � � :r_,...;:.� l . V\ \ \A � J � � L:w � I � U--> r o o � J 0� ! � ! J � u.--- 1 � 1 1..:.. � .l� !. � J JL.U I 0 1 � _, · V\"\1 �I L� � ti.o l:J I � W I .,;,Sll l J.i-.!.-1 1 � 'b.l� 0::-o ;j l l �� I � � � J . �� I d.J J U--> &.!I !..:..A � L.L; _, l ,,.i.:/� 0 i . "b:U. I b .l.A J)l:;.. �J LA_:j � �� � ·� "b).1� l � J r

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1 44

I N TE R M ED I A TE

A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

Vocabul ary index

Numbers indicate the chapter (or chapter/paragraph) containing the first or most useful appearance of the word. Words always preceded by the article JI al- (etc.) are listed with the article, but in their own alphabetical position. For brevity, the particle 'to' is omitted from the English infinitive. The sign refers a broken plural to its singular, wherever the two�en_tries are not adjacent ..

--+

�

!\ 1 \ l \ 1 -� � y .l ' ab ' iibii' father 3

�j 'abjad alphabet Jl..l� j --+ J� �

L...r. j --+ .. I.S.r.

�j

see

i t� i :-+ ir.i� � -: �

J�l

17

term, deadline 12 � j 'ajma' the entire

.. G:,

J.r> I ihtdraqa VIII

��! j see � Lr

-.

(something) into (something)

twi --. t_-J( � ) �� ittdhama VIIl (bi-) �

�l..::u.! \ � L:u.! 'ih$ii', ' ih$ii' iya

�j 'athbata I V prove 7 � ) j ' aththara II 'ala

� ;_i>j 'ahaqqiya fi statistic(s)

13

c_,)ljj --+ � �wi --. � l7i '-:N.JJj � � ! ' ijiiba response, J tb.l ' ijiibatan li- in response to 9 J�T --. �i t�I ijtima' society, ��I ijtimii'f social 3 .. I?! ' ijrii' procedu re 1 5

see

.

(also:) (also: )

12

j.r> l ihtdrama VIII respect 1 5 Jbl ihtifiil celebration 10 J�j 'ahraqa IV burn, set on fire 9

accuse (of) 7

�

11

burn, be on fire 9

.l,;..j l ittd.khadha VIII min make

affect

�I 'ajal 'iijiil

. .

17

rightful claim to 1 1

i � j -+ f.>

�I see�

Jl_p- i --+ Jb. i_,> ! .(i 'akh 'ikhwa brother 3

J. l.;. l

.:r.>

ul_,.;. i �I. 'ukht 'akhawiit •

--+ .

.

sister 3

JL:.>I ikhtiira VIII select 1 5 ( � ) � I ikhtdlafa VIII

(min)

I NT E R M E D I ATE

1 46

A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

differ (from) 1 7 (.;.i : akhraja I V take out 1 6

_;11,;. 1 --. ..,1>

Lh>i -. ulh;. . . � i 'akhla$a I V be sincere, loyal 1 5 �L.>i -+ � «.J I_,.;. I 'ikhwan brethren 3

b�(

....

ti

) � I 'adara I V manage 4 «.JI�i ' adana IV convict 7 J.>�i 'adkhala IV insert 1 6 .u�i .... J.:J �

)_,�i

J.J �

�_, �i .. !_, � «.J � �i .... loY- � �1) .... J..o), j,L_) ....

....

--.

enclose (with) 1 5 � 1) j,L)\�) 'armal(a) 'aramil widower, widow 3 ....

�L.,I

--.

i�l istakhdama X recruit, engage 2

� I istashfa X

J? l istaghraqa X last 4 j.a.:-1 istaghalla X exploit 7 JL.i.:w.., l istaqala X resign 2 iJ l.::...., I istimara seek a cure 2

form

(document) 9

�I istantaja X conclude (draw a conclusion)

�_,:w... l istaw$aja X

iil)z.... l

t.�! � �L:...... I 'ustadh (also: ) see 1 0/5 ....

��I istijaba

12

(a doctor)

�l ..l....i .... ��

17

2

).J""' i .... � U""'"" i .... � t..J

�j 'assasa II establish 1 2 � L., j ii l_,h.J ' ustuwana 'asa{in disk 1 5

�)L., i -+ d.L

«.J �j � y r� ! 'is-ham bi- making ....

(someone) share in

��� ��

•

positive response

be unthinkable 1 1

consult

cL) .... �..) t.L.J I C:.J irtd.kama VIII perpetrate 7 ..jJ�) I ' aruzz rice 5 (y ) JJ) 'arfaqa IV (bi-)

«.JL,) 1,)-Aj (l_,j i -:-+ (-'j

J �I istaf;ala X

.... ....

tr""' �

12

J..i:.!. l ishtd.ghala VIII work 2

�!..r".. j _. ul.r.. y�i .... � L..::. •

J...l....:> j 'a$dara IV

issue, declare, pronounce 7

V O C A B U LA R Y

�j£ 'a�laf:za I V reform 1 1 .)1� 1 -+ .)� W,j 'aifa' a I V switch off 1 5 u-lbi see � jl1 i 'at[aqa I V fire 1 3 �i see � ;�j 'a'iida I V + vb. noun (do) again, see 1 2 b.)� .I 'i'iida: .. L!.;)'l . 'b .) �l.

'i' iidat al-' inshii' restructuring, .. L:.JI . 'b.)�l. ' i'iidat al-binii' reconstruction, �_j_,:;JI i.)� ! ' i ' iidat at-tawzi' redistribution, w. U I b .) � .l 'i'iidat al-hisiib . recalculation 1 2 (�) ,:, � i 'a' tina I V (fi thing) subsidise 3 ( � ) J� l i'tardfa VII I (bi-) confess, admit (to) 1 5 (u-'1 ) .)�1 i'timiid (' ila) a�creditation (to) 1 0; see J IJ) � �I i' tdmada VI I I 'ala rely on 4

.. l�i -+ �� '-"" l� i -+ '-""�

.. �i -+ jJ_r

.)�j -+ � �i -+ .. � r'Y..&. !. see J.jL.J �...l.i- 1 -+ .. 1...\i. �.Ui -+ .. Ill J,� j -+ .hll.

1 47

I N DEX

� i ' ufttqz horizontal 1 6 (�) �_?I iqtdrafja VIII (min)

borrow (from) 12 �� iqtdcja VIII necessitate ))I ' iqriir confirmation 14 �)j 'aqracja IV lend to 12

10

..bWi - .h.....; �i see J� J!i: J!)tl � 'ala l-' aqall

.) wi .rJ ":-' �� iktdsa VIII biat least

12

.....

wl.lS'i -+ wJS

be clothed with/in

13

.)j

� l_fi -+ r l.f! , ikriim deference, J l.. l.f!

'ikriiman li- in honour of 9 � l.f! ' ikriimz courtesy (adj.) 1 0 _rJ! iltdzama VIII be obliged 10 uAJI 'algha IV cancel, abolish 1 1 ,:, Lill i ' allatiin who, which 5 ,:,I.WI 'alladhiin who, which 5

r

ill l : see � , ..La.> c.,;l.)! l 'allawiiti who, which 5

��- �� 'iilat ta�wzr camera 1 5 �. �� 'iilat masf:z scanner 1 5 (I..� I -+ .b) r Lo i : r l.. )/ 1 u-1! 'i!a l-' amiim forwards, ifl.ol ' amiimz forward (adjective) 1 6 j � l imtiyiiz (also:) concession

10

I N T E R M E D I ATE

1 48

l_,..o j ...... .,r.-0 j _,..o i : Lo _,..o'l li-'amrin ma

��! see � l.i..r.

�

for some reason

11

�l_,..o i ...... �.;A �I_,....; (ii)l) oi_,..o ! ' imra'a

(al-mar' a) niswan woman 3

_;Lh.o i ...... )u

()l.i. -+ & � 1 -+ dL � i 'ammama I I

nationalise 4 ;

• •

�J.ii -+ 1:?,)�1\ .)l.;

-r

� =

.

_) lh.i

i

t.4-.,i

_)z.;

J.i..A:J I in'dqada be convened 4 1:?.) l.).j I infiriidi unilateral 1 0 (�) J...aii l in/d$ala VII ( 'an)

separate, secede (from) �I inqdlaba VIII be overthrown 2

......

•

al-i'timad credentials 10 y �) ' aW$G IV hirecommend 1 8 u1�i ' awwali primary, basic 1 2 � 4 ! ' iyya- see 9/6

�j see � j

-

-

�l..r. ! ' iran I ran 1 1 � i \ � i 'ayyuhal' ayyatuha vocative particle, see 10/6 .

w

� biirid cold 5 <)�I\�� biiqin, al-biiqi (weak) .).J

(�_,.:11) �'ll .r-:JI

lJii j ...... i lh.i ......

r:?-.J

see yr-

; � ...... ·�

�

L!..i .l see o.)�l. . JL:a.il -+ � •

......

remainder (of subtraction) 1 7

' insiini human(e) 4

......

�I 'anha IV bring to an end 5 Jl.ai -+ J.a i 1.... � i� �I 'ahliya qualification 2; .)�)II � I_;.JI 'awriiq

' w:wm see � L;..r. Jl_,..o l 'amwal (pl., also:) funds, resources 4 � l_,..o i .;:-.oi 'amir ' umara' prince, emir I 1 �t.;j y.,r.-i i 'unbub 'aniibib pipe, tube 1 6 L. :d 'antuma you both 5 �j ' antunna you (f. pl.) 5

�l....i l

A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

11

al-balv al-' abyacj (al-mutawass it) Mediterranean Sea, �'ll .r-:JI al-bal:zr al- 'a}J.mar Red Sea 13 ) � i� buf.tayra ba}J.ii' ir lake 1 3 �: (�i) � � )' Ia budda min + verbal noun/'anna there is no escaping/avoiding 1 1 J I� i J� badal ' abdiil

V O C A BULARY

�� -+ � �� bliist"ik plastic 1 6 �� � balad biliid (also:)

benefit, allowance 2 � (r. barrad metalworker 2 i�l...r. biriida metalwork 2 i�(r. barriida refrigerator 5

� l...r. -+ �..r. �l...r. bariimij (pl., also:)

software 1 5 �..r. bard cold(ness) 1 3 �l...r. �..r. burgh£ bariighl screw 1 6 �..r. barmaja programming 1 5

�LC)'I i� l r� l � t;...r.

barniimaj al-' umam al-muttdbida l-' inmii' £ U nited Nations Development Program, UNDP 1 2 �l...r. � I...r. burhiin bariih"in proof 7 � �.r. barhana I Q 'ala p rove 7 ( 1)-0 ) " L_) " '-f..r. barl' ' abriyii' (min) innocent (of) 7 '-fJ.J...r. -+ J..J� t=> �)A> ill I r

)I

)I

bi-sm illiih ar-ra}Jmiin ar-ra}J"im in the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate 1 0 �..J� battiir"iya battery 1 6

(�)

� see �

� � ba 'uda yab'udu

( 'an) be distant (from) 1 3 � bal but rather 1 1

1 49

I N D EX

I

cou ntry 1 8 �� balad"iya (also:) town council 3; see �.J 4 _:! i " � binii' 'dbniya con­ struction, � : � binii'an 'ala on the basis of 9; see i�l.&.l. .. � bannii' builder 2 �Y-! � band bunud clause, article, paragraph 9 4 _ -.Z :A� binya ta}Jtfya infrastructure 12

� l..t'! -+ .L:z.:.J�

ij� biiza ice, ice cream 5 �I.J-! �� buti�a bawiill� policy 9 ul;� bayiiniit (pl., also:) details, particulars 9 <)� bayiin"i graphical 15 4 _ ! bl' a environment 1 7 i� blra beer 5 '-f.J� baitiir"i veterinary 6 •

u

�l; ta'assasa V

be established, founded 1 2 JWI\JlJ tiilin, at-tall (weak) (the) following 1 7 I.!J..r' b ta' amraka II Q be( come) Americanised 7 J (�lJ ta'y"idan li- in support of 9

I NTERM E D I ATE

1 50

A R A B I C WOR K B O O K

J..J...r.J tabrl.d refrigeration 2

� tathallaja V

become frozen 1 3 � tajsl.d embodiment 1 2 (:..:f tajamma'a V be accumulated 1 3

;_-.,: see;_:! _r_rl. see �

� ta/:ll.ya greeting, J.AJ..J 1;�h ·� tri/:liya tayyiba wa-ba 'du 15 (.T"JJ tad� IJ.raja IIQ roll 7 j.....aJ I ., l:JI �...JJJ tadrl.b 'athna' al- ramal on-the-job training 1 2 �?- �.,;1 tarj(lma yuta1jimu IQ

see

._r.J..;1 ._r_;1

(itself)

translate 7

tirs tunls

gear(wheel) 1 6 �_;1 tarsfkh securing 1 2 i:?.,;1 tarashsha/:la V catch a cold 6 (�) }_;1 tarakkaza V (fi) concentrate (on) 5 �_;1 tU.rkiya Turkey 1 1

I.)-O l..4i

see ��

taqiimun solidarity 1 2 � w ta' alaja VI undergo treatment 6 � ta'tll suspension

14

definition of 1 2

commit oneself 10 �w- taqii'ada VI retire, �w- taqii'ud retirement 2;

see v!-Lu

7

(minlbi-/'ala) get married (to) 3 ..b.; L....r tasaqut fall t_L....r i � tus' 'atsii' a ninth 1 7 13

.r...raJ

¥ tar ahhada v

(�.P tazawwaja V

(e.g. of snow)

, ;_:

..

J)_p tazalzala IIQ

(esp. of the eaith)

sequence, succession 7 (�) � tashjt ( 'ala) in­ centive, encouragement (to) 4 �l..iJ._r!J tashrifat (pl.) protocol 1 0 J .) � ta$iidafa VI happen by chance; ta$iiduf coincidence 9 ( t"' \y) (' .) � ta$iidama VI (bi-, ma') collide (with); ta$iidum collision 9 ai ta,m if classification 1 8

y �� ta'rifbi­

..r.J..J --+ ..r.,;1

quake ( � \y \:r" )

J-1...; tasalsala IIQ form a chain or sequence; tasalsul

.,r..J.i.; taqdl.r estimate 5 _r...)J : '-:?_,;..;. _r...)J taqrl.r shafawl. . note verbale 10; c}.J � takyif airconditioning 2 ft talfaza IQ televise 7 bft talfaza television 7 � talfana IQ telephone 7

see

� f tamma yatimmu I

V O C A B U LA R Y

(come to an) end, see 1 0/3 y i? tamatta' a V bi- enjoy 1 2 _r..). tamrir passing 1 4 y tamhid preparation, J (y tamhidan li- preparatory to 9 ; 1.$¥ tamhidi provisional, preparatory 1 7 (J) � Jjl..;; tanazala VI ran (thing) waive; (li-) (person) renounce (in favour of); tanazul ( 'an) waiver (of) 9 J.Jl.;.j tanawala III take (food, drink) 5 � Y 4 tahni' a tahani' congratulation 1 5 �_,J tawajjaba V be necessary 1 8 d ! �_,J tawajjaha V ' ila turn towards 1 0

r:..3_,J see 'b � �!

J-�_,J tawashwasha IIQ

whisper 7 )_,J tawaffara V abound I I �_,J tawfir provision 1 2 �_,J tawfiq Tawfiq 3 ..,i;_,J tawaqquf stopping 1 6 ill thiqa

0

confidence, trust 1 8 o)IJi � thulth ' athlath a third 1 7 (_,JJ � thalj thuluj s n ow, � Ul � tathluj as-sama'

I N D EX

1 51

it is snowing 1 3 thr;mma and then 1 1 iJ W I � thumn ' athman an eighth 1 7 �l;j thuna'i bilateral lO 'bJY thawra revolution 1 1

�

Jfl: :

(

A I -(�) (' ilm) al-jabr

algebra 1 7 4 jubna cheese 5 J.JI� J_,� jadwaljadawil (also:) table, chart 1 7 ; J�j J.J� jadwal ' a'mal agenda 4 L� : ' 1.� ()A min jara' on account of 7 (� jarraf.t. surgeon 2 �

"" I

.. � � -+ j.Y� ��� jiraf.t.a surgery 2

(.?.' jaraf.t.a yajraf.t.u I

injure 6 � If. ;._.._,Jf.\i_,jf. jurthum(a) jarathim germ, microbe 6 i 1.?.' i i.?. jurm ' ajram offence 7 l.$...r:u.. �.?. jara yajri I flow, see 1 0/4

J lr.- -+ �...r.Jf.- : _,...i.J I Jf: juzur al-qamar

Comores 1 8 ; -+ 'b_r.._r.­ Jf.' 'b_r..f: jazl.ra juzur island J lr.- �..:?: jazil jizal abundant 18 i4j � }ism ' ajsam body 6 � �� I.Y"� jasus jawasis spy, 4-� jasiisiya

I N TERMED IATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

1 52

espionage 1 0 4-ilpjughrtifiya geography 1 3 �� �jamahiriya Jamahiriya ('State of the Masses ' ) 4 � jam addition 1 7 � � jumla jumal sentence 1 3 �jam' iya association 3 ; meeting 18 c)'.:.>: jinti' 1 criminal (case, law etc.) 7 � jinsiya nationality 1 0 i�j j �jihtiz 'ajhiza appliance, apparatus, j� ..;J...JJjjihtiz tadwir drive, j� � jihtiz masf;. scanner 1 5 .)� ¥ juhd juhud effort 4 � jiha side, direction, domain iJ> I.J .� � ' anjiha wtif;.ida unilaterally, � � ' an jihatayn bilaterally 1 0; (l,.).,..> i ) � 4r minjihatin ('ukhra) on the one (other) hand 1 1 .)..... j I� jawiiz safar passport 1 0 r

�1� -+ 4.)"� t.4 �� !.Jl.&.Y.}aw'tin, f. jaw' a, pl. jiya '

(

hungry 5

�d...t> Cl.)b. f;.adith f;.awadith accident 9 )> }J.tirr hot 1 3

� 6. /J.tisib calculator 1 5 � 1_,> � 6. /:lii�il f;.awti�il product (of multiplication) 1 7 J I_,> i J 6- f;.al ' af;.wal expression of circumstance see 12/ 1 -4 V 6. f;.ala case, situation 10; �)):JI ,V6. /:liilat at-tawtiri' state of emergency 1 2 r� � IJ.ajm IJ.ujum volume 1 7 � J> IJ.adda yaf;.uddu I limit 4 O.J..l> IJ.uduth occurrence 1 3 -'-!_J> }J.adid iron 1 6 J� J..k. f;.adhafa ya}J.dhifu I delete 1 5 i.; I_,> }j.artira fever, temperature, heat 6

� I.;> -+ J.i...f"' � i y? f_Larb 'ahliya

civil war 10; W � y..;> f_Larb 'tilamiya world war 1 1 .;"_r, }J.arrara II liberate, emancipate 1 1 , edit 1 5 � I.;> J.i...f"' f;.ariq f;.arti' iq fire 9 y l....> f_Listib calculation 1 7 ;

..

see 'b .)!..&. .I

�

}J.assan Hassan 1 5 j,j � /:la$tina immunity 1 0 i..,.a> f_Lacj.ra presence, see 1 0/5 y � Jz> IJ.d?iya yafJ.?a I bienjoy 1 1 .; � IJ.afftir driller 2 llb. f;ajla celebration, party 10

VOC A B U LA R Y

\� � I al-J:wqq alayhilma' ahu he is (in the) wrong/right 7 ,i;..> }Jaqqaqa II realise 1 1 � ·vi> IJ.aqana yaq}Junu I inject 6 vi> ;j:i;. }Juqna }Juqan injection 6 Jp }Juquq (also:) jurisprudence 7 i � i f.> }Jukm 'a}Jkiim judgment, rule 7 ; ��� f.> }Jukm dhiiti autonomy 1 0 � � f.> }Jakama ya}Jkumu I 'ala judge, sentence 7 ......41> }Jilf alliance 1 1 l.Ak. -+ � _,.6. f:w.lw sweet 5 � L_,l.> })alwayat sweets, dessert 5 LA1> � f:w.lif }Julafii' ally 1 1 JJ J...:l. l .al-f:w.mdu li-llah ('praise (be) to God') thank heaven 1 5 cdy -+ CJ.) L> �ly -+ �l> J_,> }Jawwala I I transfer 4 .) l:> }Jiyiid neutrality 1 1 J...a..o r

�

�

C .

j � khabbiiz �

baker 2 ij� khibaza bakery 2 .;�i _r.>. khabar ' akhbiir (also:) message 1 0 i_r.> khibra experience 2

1 53

I N D EX

j�j .,r.> khuhz 'akhbiiz b read 5 l..o..l> khidma

service 2; ��I v l.o..l> khidmiit ijtimti'iya social services 3 c;:,;. kharj expenditure 12 J.;. i;_;.. khirqa khiraq rag 16 4.>j> \4)� 4).]> khazana yakhzunu I , khazzana II store 15 i.;L....;. khastira loss 4 � ...;-> khasira yakhsaru I lose 4 L.:,._,..a> khU$U$an (e)specially, particularly 1 3 � : J � bi-khucj.u' li­ governed by 1 2 Lk> i u Uz> khitiib 'akhtiba . (also:) letter 15 J lh> i .):z> khatar 'akhtiir danger, risk 9 ..lJz.;. khattata I I plan 2 .hh> � khitta khitat plan, scheme 2 � khucj.ar vegetables 5 � .h1> khalata yakhlitu I mix 5 J� ..r-> khamr khumur (m./f.) win e 5 V"'L..;. i � khums 'akhmtis a fifth 17 � \� tj_,;. khawfan ala fear­ ing for, khawfan min for fear of 9 J,� khayy&! tailor, � � khayytita d ressmaker 2 .

.

.

r

I N TE R M EDIATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

1 54

lu.)i

�� khiyara sewing 2

� see V"' iJ

�,_, , -+ y"i_,.) _;1_, , -+ i.}b

.)IJ .) �_)1.) dii ' ira dawii' ir motivation 4

)_,,j JJ.) dawr , adwiir role 4 'OJ_,_, dawra round (of talks etc.) 4 � 1_, .) y "i_,.) duliib dawiillb

directorate 4; circuit 1 6 �I.) dii ' im permanent 4 �.) dijla Tigris 1 3 (.?' .) da}Jraja I Q roll (something) 7 �_r- .) daf)raja roll(ing) 7 J>.) dakhl income 3 J.. .) dakhkhana II smoke 6

wheel

Lo_,.) dawman constantly 1 1 iJJ .) dun (also:) below 1 3 iJJ .) dawwana II place on record 10 J�.) dizil diesel 16 iJ4.)i I)J_ .) din ' adyiin religion

�_,.) see ..;_,� ..

temperature 6

J_,:;..-, .). dustUr dasiitir � .) da 'a yad'u I ' ila

-

--+

commemoration 10

12

i.SJL.c .) l.S� .) da ' wa da ' iiwa call

.J

11

case, lawsuit 7 ...,; u .) ? .) daftar dafiitir register, ledger, notebook 1 7 ..;l.i.) �.) daqiq diqiiq fine 5 W.) dilta delta 1 3 j.) j �.) dalll ' adilla directory i .) dam blood 6 W .) dunya world 1 3

�

i..JI � dhiikira memory 1 5 vL_f� ,_;..J� dhikra dhikrayiit

11

o� .) da ' wa ' ila

see f.>

11

<.if� dhiiti autonomous 1 1 ;

constitution, statute 7

i.SJ � .) l..SY:. .) � .) da ' m support

16

" -

i)..;> �J.) darajat f)ariira

call for

' ddwiya

� I_,.) -+ c!'.)

e'_J .) e'.) diifi' dawiifi'

d ! �J..J..

1_, .) dawii'

medicine, medication 6

�

..r=J l,., .)

�

�IJ raja ' a III review, revise 1 2

i�l V"'c ra' s al-khayma

��.:dJ riid"ikiill radical 1 1

17

Ras al Khayma 1 3 J.!IJ riifaqa III accompany 1 0 l::'..r. .l::'.J rabif)a yarbaf)u I profit 4 (L.J I �.J rib f) ' arbiif) profit 4

( y ) ..b..,r. ..b.J raba{a yarbutu I (bi-)

connect (with/to)

15

V O C A B U LA R Y

t.L) t:..J rub' ' arba' a quarter 1 7 �J �J rutba rutab grade, rank 2 J �J �J rajul rijal man 3 �J raj 'i reactionary 1 1 ,:,.>J see r ..y:. ll>J see iJ 1;,1 t=>J see r--:_ j.a.i ( �.J�J) �J radd (pl. rudud) fi ' I reaction 1 1 � r�J raddan 'ala in reply to 1 5 '

�

�.J�J -4 �J (":-" J ) �J rakhkha$a II

(li- person, bi- thing)

license, permit 3 �J L.a.>J rukh$a rukha$ licence, permit 3 �J rassakha II fix firmly 1 2 iJM'J t'"'J rasm rusum drawing, graph 1 5 �J rashf}. a cold 6 �J rashid Rashid 3 �J ratb humid 1 3 i�_),J rutuba humidity 1 3 (t)) v�J '4&-J raghba ragahabat (fi) wish (for), t) '4&-J raghbatanfi aiming at, wishing for 9 t_)aJJ! t_)aJJ rafarja yarfirju I (also: ) dismiss (a legal case) 7 d ! (r__p �J! �J raja' a ymja'u I taqriran 'ila report to 2 �J raqmi numerical, digital 1 5 �

1 55

I ND E X

( J Ub f ) �L..J �-'J rawrja riyarj (' atfal) kindergarten 3 (L..J C:..J rif}. riyal}. (f.) wind 1 3 �� �J ra'is baladiya mayor 3 . ..)

( d ! ) ..VJ.. � lj zada yazidu I

(' ila) add (to) 1 7 �lj za' id plus 1 7 'b..vj zubda butter 5 ��j zujaj glass 1 6 .. W.j �j za' im zu'ama'

leader 1 1 Jl)j zilzal shaking, rocking 7 J)j zalzala IQ shake, rock 7 �Lo) ;yoj zaman ' azman time 1 1 �I.Jj ziwaj marriage 3 . �l_,j I �.Jj zawj ' azwaj husband 3 �_,j zawja wife 3 J.Jj zawwara II falsify 7 'b�L_j ziyada (also:) addition 1 7 I)J_j zayn Zein 1 5 �

�.)""'

�l.L �L sakin sukkan inhabitant 3 rlL salim healthy 6 �.J L sawa III equal 1 7 �L sa' id prevailing 1 o c.!.l4- sabbak plumber 2 �4- sibaka plumbing 2

t.4-f � sub ' ' asba ' a seventh

17

� � sabaqa yasbiqu

1 56

I N T E R M E D I ATE

� sajjala II register 3 "-' � sahtib clouds, . sa}J.aba su}J.ub cloud 1 3 � sukhn hot 5 �� saddada I I repay 1 2 V"' l.l.J V"'...\....1 suds 'asdas

A R A B I C WO R K BO O K

precede 1 7

� .

.

l,. �

a sixth 1 7

"

"

.r'*!. ...r"' sarra yasurru I please, �..;.� �� yasurruni bi- I am pleased by/at 1 5

)...r"'i :,... sirr 'asrar secret

(noun) 1 0

J.r'*!. J...r"' saraqa yasriqu I steal 7

U . .r sariqa theft 7 iJ_,.... sirriya secrecy 5 ()a- e:lz- sat}J. su!fi.}J. surface 1 6 "b�l..... sa' ada Excellency, see 1 0/5 )- saffara II send (a person) 1 0 LalJ I � safinat al-facja' "

�

�l>:- � � � l5:..... �L.., .J-, sukkar s ugar 5 .J-, sakkara I I s h ut 1 5 � sakan housing 3 �� � sikkin sakdkin s pace s h ip 1 3

-+

J...)l.., . -+ .ll-L (m./f. ) knife 5

lb)l...

sa lata s alad 5 J.-1..., salsala I Q connect 7

j-)l... .lJ....L silsila salasil

�)l... i dL silk ' aslak wire 4 sallama II 'ala greet 1 5 � �I_, L-. L-. sama' samawat (m./f.) s ky 1 3 ; see � · .;b..o .r-"" L-. -+ .) L......, �I_, L-. -+ '" L.r-""' L-. .J L..... simsar samtisir chain, series 7

rL

�

�l.:...J

� sinn 'asnan tooth 6 � j � sahm 'as-hum broker 9

share (of stock) 4

J � sawwaq driver 2 b.)� siyada Excellency, see 1 0/5 sayr jou rney 1 6 � � saytara IQ 'ala

.r-""

"b� saytara rule 7 rule over 7

�l.!, sha}J.ina lorry, truck 1 2 � �.Jl.!, shtiraka Ill (fi) �

J..o l.!. shamil comprehensive 9 �_,_;.;, �G sha'n shu'un matter 1 1 .)� .a L! shiihid shuhud participate (in) 4

witness 7

� :o�i � shibh 'ashbah

4/4; .Jf: o�j "b,r$ � shibh

resemblance, semi-, quasi-, see

jazira 'ashbah juzur peninsula, "b� u � shibh qarra

VOCA B U LA R Y

subcontinent 4

� sha}:l}:lama I I lubricate

� � sha}:lana yash}:lanu I load, charge (a battery) 1 6 � shaf:tn load 1 6 Lo � shakh$un ma 16

somebody or other 1 1

l..r" shira' pu rchase 5 �._,.!.i yip sharab 'ashriba �

.1p: �j .1p cP-\y bi-/'ala shart 'an (+ subjunctive) on drink 5

J..,..!J I ash-sharq

condition that, provided that 1 0

�)tl

al- ' aq$a Far East 1 3 " lS'p -+ 1.!1_,.! �_,.! sharitatan subject to 1 4 �..,r!JI ash-shari' a " lS"p 1.!1_,.! sharik shuraka' Sharia (Muslim) law 7 partner, associate 4

y� � sha'b shu'ub people 1 1

Ji;, shaghghala I I operate 4 ��! JA.!. shughl ' icjiifi

�.)..!. shifra cypher, code 1 0 �� see _r_;i; C_p shafawiyan orally 17 overtime (work) 2

� shukran Thank you 9 �

� v--.! shams shumus (f. ) sun 1 3; � see �.J�

IJ"

I N DEX

b.)� shahada (also:)

1 57

Ci \ y ) � � shahida testimony, evidence 7

yashhadu I (bi-, 'anna)

.)�.. -+ ..\JI \..!; �J� shorba soup 5 ";$� shawka fork 5 !)_,_;..!. : �_,11 !)_,_;..!. shu' un testify 7

al-muwaffafin Personnel 2; -+ !) G t� � shaykh shuyukh

if"� shuyu'l. communist 1 1 elder, senator 3

lor' � l �L, $ii/:lib 'a$/.liib y •

holder, owner 9;

� � L,

$ii/:lib 'amal employer 4 t:-'_, 1� (-'.JL, $iirukh $awarikh rocket 1 3

� l_,....:o �_,.oL, $iimula $GWiimll nut (engineering) 1 6

(� -+ � !)� � $a/:ln sul;un plate 5 � $i/:l/:la "

(also:) correctness

(� � $a/J.i/J. $i/J.ti/.l

U I..L.,.:, $adaqa friendship 1 2 .J-'..L.,.:, .J� $adr $Udur chest 6

10

true, correct 7

J� w \ rraf moneychanger 2 y - c.� $arral;a II bi- ass e rt 1 7

.J l;...:, � saghir sighar

I N TE R M ED I ATE

1 58

� $i/r zero

A R A B I C WOR KBOOK

(also :) young 6 13

U..:, $i/a capacity, function 9 �� $ala}J,lya competence 14 � $alla/:la II repair 1 6 ll...:, $ila connexion 1 0 i \......:, $imam valve , plug 1 6

� l.,w, see rJ � � l.,w, J.J� $anduq $anadlq fund 2 ; ( y . � ) ._;J.J.r. J.J�

$anduq barldl post office box, POB 1 5 ;

J.J..UI ..Li:JI J.J�

$anduq an-naqd ad-duwali

I nternational Monetary Fund,

� $anna ' a I I industrialise 1 2 I MF 1 2

�..J � �� $ahrij $aharij

.1� �� (iabit cj.ubbat �

..

.

� � cj.akhkha yacj.ukhkhu I officer 4

� cj.akhm cj.ikham

pump 1 6

i l;.w,

vast 1 5

� � cj.arra yacj.urru I ..

..

damage 7

y� cj.arb multiplication 17 (<)) y� y� cj.araba yacj.ribu I (fi) multiply (by) 1 7 )�i .J� cj.arar 'acj.rar

J,� � (iaght cj.ughut damage 7

pressu re 6

.:, � cj.aman guarantee 12; .:, � cj.aman

�� $ahyunl Zionist 1 1 t:-'...) 1__,...., -+ (.J.J � J..=.o I__,..., �.r �

� � cj.amina yacjmanu I

(li-, (iidd) vote (for/against) 1 1 .J__,...., $awwara I I (also:)

(Q, tabbakh cook 2

tan k (fuel etc.) 1 6

(:W,\J) �� $awwata I I -+

..

;

photocopy 1 5 _

.

�.

i.J__,...., $Ura shamslya

photograph 1 0

.ii � $iyana preservation, guardiansh ip 1 4

�.)�

J � $aidall $ayadila

pharmacist 6

�� $aidallya pharmacy 6

� �I

ijtima 'l

social secu rity 3 guarantee 12

b

t! u, tabi' printer 15

l>L:J, tibakha cookery 2

� � tabakha yatbukhu I � t�b' printing 15 cook S

.:,L:.... I � tablb 'asnan � tabl'a nature 1 3 ; dentist 6

� tabl'l natural 9

VOCA B U LA R Y

� tahin flour 5 �I). tarabulus Tripoli 4 � IJ. � UJ_J. cJ. tar}J. subtraction 1 7 ( IJA ) (� (_,.!, tara}J.a yatra}J.u I .

-

.

(min) subtract (from) 1 7 � (j w_). taraf thalith

�.J 1_,1 ij). tari' a tawari' emergency I 2 �I). U.._j. tariqa {ani' iq third party 9

�.J I_,.h ijj, ; see lJl>, �� � taqs weather 1 3 � taliba demand 1 8 way, manner 1 1 �

.J� tawwara I I develop 2

� see � .. �I c) .ib..J\l)l__r-1 tayaranl J;

ri}J.lafi ljarja ' space flight 1 3

i� � \.I; 7iilim 7ullam

tyrant, oppressive 1 1

w.J_); w_> ?arf ?UrUj

i� � � U; � � ?alama ya:[.limu I circumstance 4

oppress 1 1

� ?Uim oppression 1 1 .J� � ?ahr ?Uhur back 6 t :;�

?.� 'iljiz 'ajaza disabled 6

�� 'iljil u rgent 1 5

I N D EX

� ,) � 'adi o rd inary, � ,) � _r-S:. g hayr ildi extraordinary 4

1 59

� � 'alaja III treat, cure 6 ; r

process 1 5

<)� ' alami (also:)

see y..;>

w-->)I ¥ ' abd ar-ra}J.man universal 7;

Abdulrahman 15

o¥

�

:;�

' abdo Abdu 15 ajz disability 6

r

� _r.- l..c

� � 'adda ya 'uddu I

J.lc ' ad/ just, fai r 7

count, consider 1 2

�ole ' adliya justice 7

II

.. l.lci�.lc 'aduw 'a'da' enemy

�.lc 'adim lacking (in), un-, in-,

see 4/2

�l_r i�.r

' urs 'a'ras

wedding 3

d'..;AJ.. d'_r 'ararja ya ' rirju I display, show I 5

d'.Jr d'.r arrj 'ururj r

(�) J� J_r 'azala ya 'zilu I display 1 5

( 'an) dismiss (from) 2 (�) J_r ' azl ('an) dismissal (from) 2

.. (,;&.ijl_.r ' aziz 'a'izza'

�j

dear, beloved 1 0 ..

� ' ashil' 'dshiya

I NT E R M E D IA T E

1 60

A R A B I C W O R KB O O K

.;l..!.&. i � ' ushr ' a'shiir

� � 'a�a 'u.yi stick; V"' L:J � ·a�a qiyiis gauge, a tenth 1 7

dipstick 1 6

�)I �u.,iJ I \.;�1

.;� �

'a$r 'u$ilr age, era,

� -+ �

the Middle Ages 1 1

�

'a.yir juice 5 i,� 'w;lwiya membership 1 2 L u L.!.1.c 'atshiin V"' Uu. � . f. 'atsha, pl. 'itiish thirsty 5 � � � 'a;im 'u;amii' "

�

·

,

(p 'ajwan ( I beg) Pardon 9 huge; splendid 1 3

�.P ' uquba pu nishment 7

(� 'iliij treatment 6 L.� 'aliima

i.J� 'iliiwa benefit, allowance 2 �: y � � 'ala ' ilm bi­ signal , mark, sign 1 6

aware of 7 ; see ..r.>:

� 'a/ani publ ic 7

� 'ala (also:) divided

y�

� � ' iniiya care 1 6 Y dl � ¥ 'ahida ya 'hadu J ' ila (person) bi- (thing)

iJY.. 'awn aid, �)_,1Ji iJy. 'awn entrust 1 2

.

t

�Jil � IJi ghadii' 'dghdiya lunch 5

��j " I� ghidhii' 'dghdhiya

� � ghata yagh(i I food 5

J:,)\.i i .hll ghalat 'aghliit error 15 cover 1 3

..r.:l- : .r-AJI � �G ta'min cf.idd al-ghayr thi rd party insu rance 9; see �.) l.&.

� �U facf.a yaficf.u I flood 9 &'l_,j �U fakiha fawakih fruit 5 ,ljl_,j i,lju fii' ida fawa' id t,.J

(monetary) interest 4

by,

over 1 7

'amalan bi- in accordance

with, p u rsuant to 9

client 1 8

at-tawiiri' emergency aid 1 2 W. 'ayyana I I appoint 9

al- '�urlal-qurun al-wus{a

..

� � � ' amU 'umalii' column 1 7

dinner, s upper 5

� � -+ � �l_,.c �� ' amud 'awiimid

� ·� fatal;a yafta}Ju I (also:) �U fii' iq exceeding, highest 1 5

�I.? i._rj fatrafatariit period 4 �� � fa }J.y fu}J� switch on 1 5

examination, inquiry 2

VOCAB U LA R Y

� IJ.i fidii' i guerrilla fighter 1 1 �I.)J I al-furiit Euphrates 1 3 t.-'.} '() far' furzl branch 9 .) W jasiid corruption 5 J� �Ja$1/u$Ul chapter 1 7 .. Wjarj,ii ' space, �� fa4ii'i s pace traveller, cosmonaut

see �1;,1:.

1 3;

_;pfatur breakfast 5 j..J see ".)_; fi faqr poverty I 7 .. lfi _r.ij faqir fuqarii' poor 3 � see � � falsafa IQ philosophise 7 .u.J.; falsafa philosophy 7 �� ��finjiinfaniijin cup 5 V"'_;L,; LJ"'� fihris fahiiris index, catalogue, list

17

.OI� -+ y-u JJI� -+ iJJlJ � "'i� foliidh steel I 6 �_,.i\�_,.; volt volt 1 6

� fi (also :) times,

1� \ l.r-i viza visa 1 0 � l..a..:.i faya4iin flood 9 m ultiplied by I 7

J �Li qiibil li- susceptible to, '-'

see 4/2

Jw jJlJ qatii quttiil -able, -ible,

killer, murderer 7

i� u qtirra continent 4

1 61

INDEX

�_;lJ qiirana III compare 5 � V"' u qiisa yaqfsu I

y i� i u qiima yaqumu I bi­ measure

16

undertake,

r-' Li

see 10/2

�awama III resist 1 1 JL..&."'i � ( i �) rli qti' im (pl. quwwam) bi-1-' a'miil

r l_,j Wli qa'ima qawii ' im charge d'affaires

J w -+ J.Ju

list, register

10

I7

J.:j qatl murder, homicide 7 J.:i! J.:.i qatala yaqtulu I kill, murder 7

..U qad

+ present tense

perh a ps 5

_;JJ qaddara II estimate 4 J.l.i qadhf libel, slander 7

�1.} -+ �_,j �_,.} �.} qarn qurun

1 1 ; see � '-!-'.} qaraw! villager 1 3 century

�I.} �...) qarfna qarti' in

..b W i .L! qist 'aqstit context

17

(insurance) p remium 9 (�) � � qasama

yaqsimu I ('ala) divide (by)

�

17

qisma division (arith.) 1 7 ,y. � J.i qalla yaqillu I 'an

I NT E R M E D I ATE

1 62

yyL; � qalb qulab heart 6 Lo � qalilan ma seldom 1 1 to b e less/fewer than 1 6

(� � qamaf.z qumuf.z wheat 5

.;WI .rJ qamar ' aqmar moon , �L:.....:, -.,..J qamar $ina' I satellite 1 3 ;

(� --+ �

see _;f.

�l;J j...a.;J qun$Ul qana$il consul , ; _l a:; qun$ullya

u i f.,;_,;__.--+�w �1 u

consulate 1 0

llo � i_,.i quwa 'ami/a workforce 2

V"'W qiyas measurement 1 6; see �

� � qima qiyam value 5 � ��lS' kadhib false 1 7 r_l.; l5 giiriij garage 9

o.J

1__,5 � l5 karitha kawarith .J

disaster 9

V"'-'j5 V"'ls' ka's ku'us (f. )

J..a lS' kiimil Kamil 1 5 .;l$ _d kabfr kibar (also:) a glass 5

Lo

� kathiran rna often 1 1

old 6

y� y.lS' kadhaba yakdhibu I

� l.lS'i �.35 kidhb 'akdhiib lie 7 tell a lie 7

.

.

ARABIC

WO R K B O O K

r'.f .-+ �..f .) I.JI .).J kurd ' akrad Kurd 1 1 Ljl:.... .).J kurdistan Ku rdistan 1 1 i I.J\ Lo..f �_f karfm kurama' , ...

kiriim kind, generous 1 5 , 1 8 .;� ..;-5 kasr kusur fraction 1 7 � J.iS' kafala yakfulu I ... 'M � kafil kufala' sponsor, secu re 1 0

sponsor 1 0

W' kama as 1 1

V"'Gs' kannas sweeper 2 6_) 1__,5 �.) lS' �1__,5 �__,5 kawkab kawakib --+

_,__;5 --+ 1,)"'ls' planet 1 3

1,)"'

J

� - L-.; 1� la-'insanl inhuman( e), l... - .i L...; I� Ia- ' insiinlya .

(..?-'� liiji' refugee 10 i n h umanity 4 .

ij� lazim necessary 12 �� la-silkl wireless 4 0J""'� la-markazlya � laban milk 5 ... � luju' asylu m

decentralisation 4

i lJ. lif.zam welding, butchery 2; �--+ � 10

i l:l. laf.zf.zam welder, butcher 2

� laf.zm lif.zam meat 5 i lJ._,...aJ :.,aJ fi$$ lu$rl$ thief 7 �

VOCABULARY

(:W:,)

� laqqa}Ja I I (rj.idd)

� lahja accent, tone

vaccinate (against) 6

iJJ la'-11Wana II colou r 1 5

i Lo mii + comparative how . ! 9 ; see .J"' i , � J.:li , .r.!S' , 13

..

t__,.i ijl_ o� Lo rna' miyiih water 5 ; y.rill \ y__,.:!J I Lo ,

'

..

..

mii' ash-shurb/li-sh-shurb drinking water 6

i"�Lo miidda mawiidd (also:)

clause, article 7

� UI\�Lo miishin (al-miishl)

J Lo m al (sing. , also:) wealth 4 going, proceeding 1 5

�.;4-o �� mibrad mabiirid

� mubayyarj.a fair copy 1 7 file, rasp 2

Jl:.:o:li\Jb

mutatiilin, al-mutatiill (weak) successive 1 8

r;_�? mutazawwij married 3 1 . - 4 mutasalsil

(.J� (.J� J� majiil domain, range 12 � mujtama ' society 3 C:'..J � (.J..J"'!'-A majru}J majiir'i}J drill, bit 2

i;l) i i;) lawn ' alwiin colour 1 5

J.

rn

extreme, extremist 10

sympathetic to 1 1

board 1 5

i� see � l;..r!

J� mutatarrif

..6:..� see .T'-J. � � � mithqab mathiiqib

cl) i �) law}Ja ' alwii}J

"� 1_,-o

1 63

C:O ·� l....:.o muta 'iitif a '

(of speech) 1 1

� lay! night(time)

I N D EX

....

i.;bl � majlis ' idiira injured 6

� majmu' total

board of directors 4

i�l:.u mu}Jiibii favou ritism 5 � � L.u

17

mu}Jiidatha discussion 1 0 �L.u mu}Jiisaba accounting 1 5 W'� mu}Jiikama trial 7 �L� mu}Jtawayiit (pl. ) contents 1 7

�_,� ma}Jdud limited , Ltd. 4 d'� mu}Jarrik engine 1 6 � ma}Jatta stop, station 2 � mu}Jammad M uhammad 3 �� ma}Jmud Mah mud 1 0

��� ,��� � �

al -mu}J.it al-' at/asilal-' atfan{l Atlantic Ocean 1 3

1$.YI\I$ ���� �I

...

al-mu}Jft al-hiidllal-hindl

consecutive 7

Pacific/Indian Ocean 1 3

1 64

I N TE R M ED I ATE

.,r-rl.;....o .J l:.;...o mukhtiir makhatir

(.J l.;....o (� makhraj makhiirij mayor (of a village) 3

� mukhli$ sincere 1 5 �J..o maddada I I extend exit 2

W O R KB O O K

� � :;!.;A markazjamii 'l. community centre 3

�.;A �� maritj. mart/a sick 6

�....;" maryam Mariam, Mary 1 5

�� misiif:za area 1 3

� L...o masiifa distance 1 6

�:UI\ t..Lo mudda ' in,

(something) 1 2

al-mudda ' f (weak) plaintiff,

� �J..o ( JI) mudda' an, p rosecutor 7

al-mudda ' a

ARABIC

(weak) 'alayhi

-+ .) l.......A

� L...o musiihim shareholder 4

..r.-" L...o

i i_, L...o musiiwii equal ity 1 2

( J ) � mustaf:ziqq (li-) deserving (of) , eligible (for) 3

entrance 2

mustafid beneficiary 9 � mustami' listener 10 J.;;:.....o mustanad document,

engineering etc.) 7

U...� .:.

1_;-

defendant 7

J>I..Lo J>..Lo madkhal madiikhil

!.}.LA madani civil (case, law, 1.,)-Lo(JI) madan (al-mada) extent 1 4

o.}.l.o mudhakkara

...

record 17

mustaw$a/ clinic 2 �: � r::--o masaf:za yamsaf:zu I scan 1 5 , wipe 1 6;

r-1-- muslim Muslim 3 see j,JT

memorandum 1 0

�.l.o mudhnib guilty 7

__r-4 L...o .;l......A mismiir masiimir

i?_;A murashshal:z (also :)

o�".,.- musawwada d raft 1 7 4J_,_;......o mas' ullya (also:)

. o i) l see oif! i:...r" murabba '

nail, rivet 2

square( d) 1 7

liability 9

h aving a cold 6

�f murshid guide 1 4 �_A �.;A maratj.a yamratj.u 1 fall ill 6

� I..;Ai �.;A maratj. ' amrii4 ..

...a l..!...o mushiihid viewer 1 0

y_,�

mashrUb d rink 5 � l.4A � mat/iq matj.iiyiq

�Lh..o � mitbakl:z matiibikh strait 1 3

disease 6

�.;A mar' iy complied with

� masl"/:lf Christian 3

10

VOCAB U LA R Y

stove,

ma{bakh ma{iibikh

i .,.,.6..o marar ' amtiir rain,

kitchen 2

.J Lk.o �

Ul .;h.C tamtur as-samii'

�Lk.o � ma(am matii' im it is raining 1 3

� F muttdli' 'ala restaurant 2

..;llz..o mutfaq absolute ( ..l.d.i; )

-+ �TJ'

�(JI) maqhan (al-maqha) headquarters 1 2

(weak), pl. <:I' Lill\oli..o maqiihin (al-maqiihl) (weak)

lio v-- W..O miqyiis maqii.yls

coffee-hou se 2

�� -+ �

gauge, meter 2

11

�L- ma 'ash (taqii'ud)

�yoa;JI � L- mu'iilajat ( retirement) pension 2

an-nu$i4 wordprocessing 1 5 J...�..:.A..A mu' tddil moderate 1 0 (�! ) ...�....:.- mu'tdmad ('ila)

�.J.A.A rna' dini. mineral 5 accredited (to) 1 0

�Jl.a..o i.J:'TJ' ma'ricj ma'iiricj. exhibition hall 2

j,j� ma'una assistance 1 2 �li.o (l:;:,;,.o miftaf:z mafati.l;

J.J li.o J.)..o mafraq mafiiriq key, switch 2

�l.i.o muqiibil remuneration 2 �l.i.o muqiibala inteNiew 2 crossroad 2

� Li.o -+ �

�lio ).. maqarr maqiirr in conformity with 1 2

�

aware of 1 1

�.) La..o

1 65

I N D EX

� l.i.o maqali.d (pl.) reins 1 4 � Li.o -+ v-'� � : � bi-muqtarja

� muka' 'ab

17

�� � miknasa makiinis cube(d) , cubi c broom 2

,j>'Y..o -+ � �� -+ � &-� -+ � (�j & milf:z 'amlii.f:z (m./f. ) salt 5

� mull;aq attache, � \;l.r-YJ \uilli\�J�\;� �� m�lf:zaq b�f:zrllti/arll thaqiifi!li-t-tayarii.nl 'askari.

navaVcommerciaVculturaVair/

�� � mal'ab malii.'ib military attache 1 0

stadium, playgroun d 2

&-� ll.aL mil'aqa malii'iq

d4 .ill.o malaka yamliku I own 9 �� i .ill.o milk ' amliik property 9 �_,.l.o .ill.o malik mulUk king 1 1 spoon 5

1 66

I NT E R M E D IATE

ARABIC WOR K B O O K

�

malika queen 1 1 _,..1..o malmus tangible 1 8

�_,.L. LJ"'

l.!il.o

�l: --+ � JU see � ;.,_:;.;t\.}''j mumarricj( a) --+

_,..L:..o

�l: � mamlaka manuilik nurse 2

kingdom 2

4.r"

min (also: ) over (in

(l:..o munakh climate 1 3 fractions) 1 7

�.) l:..o

--+

� ..l:..o

� l:..o --+ .) L!;..o Jjl.:..o --+ J� U.!. l:..o

� l:..o

--+ �

munt'iqa�a

e � manal;a yamnal;u I call for tenders 5

� manl; g ranting, award 3 y_,..L:..o : J � {�li;) -�\y_,..L:..o grant to 3

mandUb!mumaththil (niqt'ibat) ummt'il shop steward 2 �.) l:..o � mandll mantidil r

..L:..o

handkerchief 1 6

Jj l.:..o J.,;:..o manzil manazil residence 2

.r.!� .; l...!..:..o

minsht'ir maniishir

U.!. l.:..o �

minshafa maniishif

saw 2

towel 2

;!;!h,.l;ll ..r� l Wz.:..o

muna��amat at-tal;rir al-filastiniya Palestine Liber­

.;� man'fur foreseeable 1 1 � munqdlab place of defeat 2 w � mihna mihan (also: ) ation Organisation , PLO 1 1

ly --+ '{.) Lo J.&.ly --+ .).&.jA � ly --+ �y � ly m.awiini' ports 4 �j.A mu' assasa i n stitution 1 2 J.&. ly .).&.jA mawr id mawarid .. �

career 2

�j..o mu' aqqat tem po rary 4 � ly tiy mawqi' mawt'iqi' site 5 ]y muwallid generator 1 6 ul_;..o mu'allafcomposed 1 4 appointment 2

�j..o mu' ahhil qualification, mu' ahhal qual ified, skilled 2 �L.o --+ " Lo

.J� mlliyt'ir milliard 5

��: l,p {�.; .) ) (daraja) 0

mi' awiya (degree) celsius 1 7

.J .) Li

nadir rare 1 3 �..Lij �.)WI\ .) Li nt'idin, an-nt'idi 'dndiya (weak) club 3 ....A.!. Li ntishif dry 1 3 iJ � llJ:, L; \ J1 L;

nt'itiq(a) bi-list'in

VOCABULARY

�Li niiqi� (also:) minus 1 7 � � nataja yantiju I resu lt, follow, �j � yantij spokesman (-woman) 4

...

'anna . . it follows that . . . I 7 .J� najjiir carpenter 2 i).f nijiira carpentry 2 i_,.f tf najm nujum star I 3 � nisba relation(ship), .

� � nasakha yansakhu I proportion 1 7

� J..,.J nasa/a yansulu I copy 1 5

-+ i j..,.0 l �j � �asij 'ansija fray 1 6

iJ !_,......;

textu re 1 6

� nashaf d ryness 1 3 ( � J ) � � na$af:i.a yan�af:i.u I (li- person, bi- thing) advise 7 ....A....::z.i ni.Jf semi-, bi- see 4/4; Jla.ii � ni$/ 'an,Jiij half 1 4 , 1 7

�\..&.;

ni�iifa cleanness 6 i..lz.j j i l&.; ni�iim 'an�ima

.JUz.;j p na�ar 'an�iir regulation , rule 2

view, consi deration ,

J\J! ()z.; na�aran 'ila/li­ _r-1;

in view of, with a view to 9 �

l.).i

-+

I N D EX

.. Wa.; -+ � � na��afa II clean 6

� na:p;ama

1 67

.. l)i.; � na�'ir nu�arii'

II o rganise 4

.. Wa.i � na·{if n�afii' clean 6 .i1 naffadha II i mplement 1 2 counterpart 10

;i4i

nafaqa expense 1 0 �_,.ii nufCtdh influence 1 1 J� � LA; niqiibat 'ummiil �ll; naqqiish painter 2

trade union 2; see �.J;.;..o

L!.l.i;

niqiisha paintin g 2 �_,.ij .lii naqd nuqud

cu rrency 14; see J.J�

(�_,i namUdhaj model; form (document) 9

�L,..; nihiiya end; \�L,..; � l,.-;1 I � nihiiyatanl

fi n-nihiiya finally 1 I �L,..; nihii'i final 1 2 t__,.i nawwa'a II diversify 1 2 Lo G:._,.; naw ran rna -�

somewhat, somehow 1 1

� � niyiiba replacement, deputy s hip , � ·� � niyiibatan ran "

deputising for, in place of 9

� 1_,. � �

.Jb

hiitifhawiitif

(official lang.) telephone 1 0

�.$�La. see �

1 68

I NTE R M ED I ATE

Jl.ai J.a hadaf'ahdiif (y)

goal 1 2

i I.._,.

:JJA haddada II (bi-)

i i� haram 'ahram

pyramid 1 5

huma they both 5 ::_.. hunna t h ey (f. pl.) 5 (�) 'G. hanna' a I I ('ala) congratulate (on) 1 5

�� see �

�1� -+ �t.. JSl�.- � haykal hayakil

4 hay' a g roup,

structure, framework 4

body 4 _)

� 4:J_, �.)1_,.} 1\ :JI_, wadin, al-wadi widyan (weak) valley I 3 ..11_, wat watt I 6 .)I_, wafir abundant 1 5 t.�_,j C::-' waja' 'awja' pai n 6 C::.Y.. �-' waji' a yawja' u I be painful, feel pain 6

b_,>:_, �_, wajh wujuh face I 3 i�_, waf).da unit I 4 . ":J� ":J.J wadda yawaddu I want 1 8

� �:J_, -+ .)1_, I.J_,: I.J)I u1! 'ila l-wara' �

�

backwards 1 6

6J.. 6.J.J

waritha yarithu I

inherit 7

6.J-'

wirth inheritance 7 lJ �..J-' warith wuratha' heir 7 V-' wazza 'a II d istribute 1 2 �L.._, wasakha dirt 6 i�! JjL.._, wasa'il ' i'lam �

th reaten (with) 1 1

L...

ARABIC WORKBOOK

..

.J.J

publicity/news media 1 3

�_, wassakha II soil 6 �_, wasikh dirty 6 J:...,)I see .J� C::'-' wus' capability 1 4 (y) � �-' wa�ala ya$ilu (bi-) conn ect (to) 15 � .)_, wafara yafiru I abou n d 1 5 J.S_, wafq conformity 9 ; J w_, wafqan li- pursuant to, I

(�) �-' waqqa'a II ('ala) in accordance with 7, 9

impose

(a penalty) (on) 7

:J_,j_, wuqud fuel 1 6 i .)"i.J wilada birth 6

!..>

4 ya vocative particle, see 1 0/6 .J� yasar left (not right) 9 �: � Lo ma yall what follows 1 7

� yamin r ight (not left) 9 .)� �:J_,y.. yahudi yahUd Jew(ish) 3

�� yii.suf Y usuf J oseph 3 Lo LoJ{ yawman rna ,

,

one of these days 1 1

Grammatic al Index Figures refer to: Chapter no./paragraph no. The sign ---. refers to another entry in the Index. Accusative C as e Relative 5/4,7; 1 1/1 ; 1 2/4; 1 31 1 ..._.

A dj ective 4/4, 5 ; 5/1 ;

C o mp lement 9/8

9/2, 8 , 9 ; 1 0/5 ; 1 1/ 1 ; 1 2/2; 1 6/2

Consonant 6/ 1 ,2 ; 71 1

Compound 4/1 -4; 1 1/ 1 Demonstrative 5/1 Delived 9/1 Distributive 9/2 Doubled 4/3 Possessive 3/ 1 ; 1 0/5 ; 1 31 1 ; 1511 Relative 412 Weak 1 6/2

Construct 3/1 ; 4/2,4,5 ; 9/2 ;

(of the passive)

Defi ni te, Indefini te 3/2 ; 4/2 , 5 ;

5/4; 9/1 -3 , 8 ; 1 0/2-4,6; 1 1/1 ; 1 2/2; 1 31 1 ; 1 6/2,4 Dicti on ary 2/4 Dual ---. Number Equation 4/2 ; 1 214 Exce p tion 9/1

Adverbs 9/1 , 3 , 9 ; 1 71 1 Agent

1 0/2-6; 1 111 ; 1 2/5 ; 1 3/ 1 ; 1 6/4

6/3

Agreement 4/3 ; 6/1 , 3 ; 1 1 11 ;1 6/3

Improper 1 11 1 Polarised 1 6/2, 3

' a/if 111 ; 2/4; 1 7/2

Exclamation 9/9 Feminine

Gender

..._.

Gender 212; 3/1 ,2; 5/1 -7; 6/2; 7/2 ;

1 6/ 1 -4; 1 712 Genitive

Case

' alif maq$ilra I l l ; 2/4; 1 7/2

hamza 111

Ani mate, Inanimate 5/1 , 2 , 5 , 6 ;

Impersonal 6/3 ; 1 0/3

A rti c l e 4/2; 10/6; 1 2/5

Inanimate ---. A n i m ate

'As' 9/5

Indefinite

Case 3/1 , 2 ; 5/4; 9/1 -5 , 7 - 9; 1 016;

Indirect Command 1 3/2

..._.

-+

Defi n i te

(of the passive) 6/3

1 112 ; 1 2/ 1 -2; 1 612-4

Instrument

Accusative of circumstance

Interrogative ---. Question

1 2/ 1 -2 Clause

Circumstance 12/ 1 , 4 Condition 1 3/2

Masculine

..._.

Gender

Negati v e 4/1 ,2 ; 1 214; 1 3/2 Nomi nal sentence 9/9 Nominative

..._.

C ase

1 70

INTERMEDI ATE A R A B I C WO R KB O O K

Noun 4/5 ; 5/1 ; 9/8; 1 111 ; 1 2/2,4 ; 1 61 1 -4; 1 7/2

Pronunciation 3/l ; 511 ,3 ; 611 ,2 ; 1 6/ 1 ,2 ; 1 7/2

Abstract 4/2 Activity 2/2 Compound 411 , 4 , 5 Instrument 2/3 ; -+ Instrument

shadda 111

I rregular 3/1

Singular -+ Number

Person 2/2

Stress 5/3 , 6

Place 2/3

Subject 5/2,5 ; 61 1 ,3 ; 911 ; 1 2/3 ,4

Proper name 3/2

S uffix -+ Pronoun,

-+ Negati ve

verbal noun (sing./dual/pl.) 2/2 , 3 ;

-+ Verb, N umber

qad 1 2/4 Proposal 1 3/2 Root l etter 2/4; 6/2; 71 1 ,2

Adjective,

Possessive

tii ' marbllta 1 6/4; 1712 tanwin 111

4/5 ; 511 - 7 ; 6/2, 3 ; 7/2; 1 5/ 1 ;

Time 9/ 1

1 6/2-4

Topic and comment 1 3/ 1

N umbers ( 1 , 2, 3, . . . ) 1/3; 9/1 ;

Verb 5/ 1 ,3,6; 6/1 ; 91 1 ,2 ,6-9;

1 61 1 -4; 1 7/ l -3

1 0/1 -5 ; 12/ 1 ,5 ; 1 3/1 ; 1 5 1 1

' abjad 1 7/ 1

Circumstance 1 21 1 ,3 Doubled 5/6; 1 0/3 Final-weak 5/3,6; 10/4 F01ms 611 ,2; 711 -3 ; 9/2;

Algebra 1 7/3 Fractions 1 7/2 Object 5/3, 6 ; 6/3; 911 , 6 - 8 ; 1 3/ 1

Absolute object 912 Plural -+ N umber Possessi�e adjective 511 Predicate 6/4; 9/1 Pre_position 4/2; 6/3 ; 9/1 , 3 , 4 ; 1 11 1 ; 1 3/ 1 Pronoun 5/1 , 2 , 5 , 6 ; 9/6,8 , 9 ; 1 2/4; 1 51 1

Demonstrative 5/1 Relative 5/1 ,4 , 7 Suffix 5/1 , 3 , 5 , 6 ; 9/6,9; 1 31 1

1 0/2-4;

1 2/5

Hollow 5/6; 1 0/2 Imperative 5/3,6; 6/1 ; 7/2,3; 1 3/2 Jussive 5/3,6; 7/2; 1 3/2 Participle 2/2 , 3 ; 4/2; 6/1 ,3,4 ; 7/2,3; 1 2/2

Passive 6/ 1 -4; 712,3; 1 0/3,4; 1 3/1

Past 5/3, 6 ; 6/1 ,2 ; 7/2,3 ;

1 0/3,4;

1 2/4

Personal ending 51 1 ,3 , 6 ; 611 ,2

G R A M M AT I C A L I N D EX

Personal prefix 6/1 , 2 ; 711 Present 5/3 , 6 ; .611 , 2 ; 7/2, 3 ; 1 0/3 , 4 ; 1 2/3, 4

Quadriliteral 71 1 -3 Sound 7/1 Subjunctive 5/3 , 6 ; 7/2 Tense 3/2; 6/1 , 3 , 4 ; 711 ; 1 0/ 1 ; 1 2/3

1 71

Verbal noun 712, 4/2; 611 ; 7/2,3; 9/2 , 3 ; 1 0/ 1 -4; 1 2/5 Verbal sentence 1 31 1 Vocati ve 1 0/6 Vowel 31 1 ; 6/ 1 ,2 ; 1 3/2 Wish 1 3/2 Word order 1 1 11 waw 711

ya' 1/1 ; 711

This sequel to Basic Arabic Workbook, shares a similar purpose and format

with the introductory text. Having already consolidated knowledge of the essential elements and patterns of Modern Standard Arabic, the reader of the first book will be well prepared for the material and exercises provided i n this second volume.

Intermediate Arabic Workbook further explores word and sentence structure . The emphasis is on practical language usage in a working environment, and the

vocabulary is expanded to 2 , 1 00 words in a variety of domains ranging from com­ munity to computing. Exercises with activities such as filling in forms, interpreting

charts and statistical tables, writing letters and seeking and recording information are provided. Included are a variety of real-life forms

such as a visa application

and bank forms, and articles from different sources, designed to enhance the stu­ dent's language learning experience.

John Mace is one of the foremost writers of teaching materials for Middle Eastern languages. He has worked in the Diplomatic Service, as a British Council lecturer, as a personnel officer in the Middle East and as a European Commission delegate.

He has written two Arabic books for the Teach Yourself series, Arabic, Persian and

German language manuals, and a verse translation of Russian poetry.