Industrial Solvents Handbook, 5th Ed., Fifth Edition

INDUSTRIAL SOLVENTS HANDBOOK Fifth Edition

Edited by

Ernest W. Flick

NOYES DATA CORPORATION Westwood, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Copyright 8 1998 by Ernest W.Rick No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-5137 ISBN: 0-8155-1413-1 Printed in the United States Published in the United States of America by Noyes Data Carporation Fairview Avenue, Westwood, New Jersey 07675

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Industrial solvents handbook / edited by Ernest W. Rick. -- 5th ed. p. an. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8155-1413-1 1. Solvents--Handbook, manuals, etc 1. Rick, Ernest W. TP247.5.153 1998 661'.807--dc21

98-5137

CIP

NOTICE To the best of our knowledge the information in this publication is accurate; however, the Publisher does not assume any responsibility or liability for the accuracy or completeness of, or consequences arising from, such information. This book does not purport to contain detailed user instructions, and by its range and scope could not possibly do so. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Author or Publisher. industrial solvents could be toxic, and therefore due caution should always be exercised in the use of these potentially hazardous materials. Final determination of the suitability of any information or product for use contemplated by any user, and the manner of that use, is the sole responsibility of the user. We strongly recommend that users seek and adhere to a manufacturer's or supplier's current instructions for handling each material they use. The reader is cautioned to consult the supplier in case of questions regarding current availability.

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Foreword Completely revised, and vastly expanded, this well-established and successful reference volume is designed principally for the chemical and other process industries, but will be found useful by anyone needing the latest pertinent data on industrial solvents. This Fifth Edition is uniquely helpful when it becomes necessary to select a new solvent on a competitive or comparative basis: when the customary solvent, employed hitherto, might no longer be available, or can no longer be used because of environmental reasons; or when prices have risen to such an extent that an existing process must be redesigned to make it economically feasible again. The over 1,200 tables in this book contain basic data on the physical properties of most solvents and on the solubilities of a variety of materials in these solvents. Even phase diagrams for multicomponent systems are included. Particularly valuable are the HPLC and UV data for various solvents provided in the last chapter. The contents of the tables were selected by the editor mainly from manufacturers' literature at no cost to, nor influence from, the manufacturers or distributors of these solvents. The source of each table is indicated by a reference number following the title. A complete set of references is found at the end of the book, as well as a trade name index. The vast amount of information contained in the book is evidenced at once in the large table of contents, which is organized by chemical groups and also serves as the index. An abbreviated summary of the contents is given below, indicating the number of tables in each category. Hydrocarbon Solvents ........................ 143 Halogenated Hydrocarbons .................... 64 Nitroparaffins .............................. 10 Organic Sulfur Compounds .................... 34 Mononhydric Alcohols ........................ 182 Polyhydric Alcohols .......................... 227 Phenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Aldehydes ................................ 13 Ethers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Glycol Ethers .............................. 80 Ketones .................................. 50 Acids .................................... 21 Amines .................................. .193 Esters ................................... 84 HPLC and UV Data. ......................... 84 Advanced composition and production methods developed by Noyes Data Corporation are employed to bring this durably bound book to you in a minimum of time. Special techniques are used to close the gap between "manuscript" and "completed book." In order to keep the price of the book to a reasonable level, it has been partially reproduced by photo-offset directly from the original material and the cost saving passed on to the reader. Due to this method of publishing, certain portions of the book may be less legible than desired.

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Contents and Subject Index .................................................................................. HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS ........................................................................ Paraffins .................................................................................... 2.1 Methane ......................................................................... 2.2 Ethane ........................................................................... 2.3 Propane .......................................................................... 2.4 lsobutane ......................................................................... 2.5 n-Butane ......................................................................... 2.6 2.2-Dimethylpropane ................................................................ 2.7 lsopentane ........................................................................ 2.8 n-Pentane ........................................................................ 2.9 2. 2-Dimethylbutane ................................................................. 2.10 2.3-Dimethylbutane ................................................................. 2.11 2-Methylpentane ................................................................... 2.12 3-Methylpentane ................................................................... 2.13 n-Hexane ....................................................................... 2.14 2.4-Dimethylpentane ............................................................... 2.15 2.3-Dimethylpentane ............................................................... 2.16 3-Methylhexane .................................................................. 2.17 n-Heptane ....................................................................... 2.18 2.2. 4-Trimethylpentane ............................................................. 2.19 2.3. 4-Trimethylpentane ............................................................. 2.20 Mixed Trimethylpentanes ............................................................ 2.21 Mixed Dimethylhexanes ............................................................. 2.22 n-Oxtane ........................................................................ 2.23 2.2. 5-Trimethylhexane .............................................................. 2.24 n-Nonane ....................................................................... 2.25 n-Decane ....................................................................... 2.26 n-Undecane ..................................................................... 2.27 n-Dodecane ..................................................................... 2.28 n-Tridecane ...................................................................... 2.29 n-Tetradecane .................................................................... 2.30 n-Pentadecane ................................................................... 2.31 n-Hexadecane ................................................................... 2.32 n-Heptadecane ................................................................... 2.33 n-Octadecane .................................................................... 2.34 n-Nonadecane ................................................................... 2.35 n-Elcosane ...................................................................... Cycloparaffins ............................................................................... 2.36 Cyclopentane ..................................................................... 2.37 Methylcyclopentane ................................................................ 2.38 Cyclohexane ..................................................................... 2.39 1.1-Dimethylcyclopentane ........................................................... 2.40 1.2- and 1.3-Dimethylcyclopentane .................................................... 2.41 Methylcyclohexane ................................................................. 2.42 trans-I. &Dimethylcyclohexane ....................................................... 2.43 cis-1 4-Dimethylcyclohexane ......................................................... 2.44 Mixed 1.4-Dimethylcyclohexanes ...................................................... 2.45 trans-1 2-Dimethylcyclohexane ....................................................... 2.46 cis-I 2-Dimethylcyclohexane ......................................................... 2.47 Mixed 1.2-Dimethylcyclohexane ....................................................... 2.48 Ethylcyclohexane .................................................................. 2.49 lsopropylcyclohexane ............................................................... Olefins ..................................................................................... 2.50 Ethylene ........................................................................ INTRODUCTION

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1 3 3 3 3 4 4 5

5 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 27 27

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Contents and Subject Index 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.60 2.61 2.62 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66 2.67 2.68 2.69 2.70 2.71 2.72 2.73 2.74 2.75 2.76 2.77 2.78 2.79 2.80 2.81 2.82 2.83 2.84 2.85 2.86 2.87 2.88 2.89 2.90 2.91 2.92 2.93 2.94 2.95

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Propylene Isobutylene Butene-1 trans-Butene-2 cis-Butene-2 Mixed 2-Butenes 3-Methylbutene-1 2-Methylbutene-1 Methylbutene-2 Pentene-1 cis-Pentene-2 trans-Pentene-2 Mixed 2-Pentenes 3.3-Dimethylbuten e-1 Mixed 2.3-Dimethylbutenes 4-Methylpentene-1 cis-4-Methylpentene-2 trans-4-Methylpentene-2 Mixed 4-Methyl-2-Pentenes ......................................................... 2-Methylpentene-1 2-Methylpentene-2 Hexene-1 cis-Hexene-2 .................................................................... Mixed 2-Hexenes Mixed 2- and 3-Hexenes Heptene-1 cis-Heptene-2 .................................................................... Mixed 2-Heptenes ................................................................. Mixed 3-Heptenes 2.4.4-Trirnethylpentene-1 2.4.4-Trirnethylpenten e-2 ........................................................... Mixed Diisobutylenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Octene-1 cis-Octene-2 ..................................................................... Mixed 2-Octenes Mixed Octenes Nonene-1 Decene-1 Undecene-1 ..................................................................... Dodecene-1 ..................................................................... Tridecene-1 Tetradecene-1 Butadiene-13 Isoprene Piperylene

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...................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... ........................................................................ ....................................................................... Cycloolefins ................................................................................. 2.96 Cyclopentene ..................................................................... 2.97 Cyclohexene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.98 4-Vinylcyclohexene-1 .............................................................. 2.99 Mixed Methylcyclohexenes ........................................................... 2.100 Cyclooctadiene-1. 5 ................................................................ Aromatics .................................................................................. 2.101 Benzene ........................................................................ 2.102 Toluene ......................................................................... 2.103 Ethylbenzene ..................................................................... 2.104 p-Xylene ......................................................................... 2.105 rn-Xylene ....................................................................... 2.106 o-Xylene ........................................................................ 2.107 Curnene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.108 n-Propylbenzene .................................................................. 2.109 Pseudocurnene ................................................................... 2.110 n-Butylbenzene ................................................................... 2.111 lsobutylbenzene ................................................................... 2.112 Hydrocarbon Solvents .............................................................. sec-Butylbenvene 2.113 tert-Butylbenzene .................................................................

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30 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 33

34 35 35 36 36 37 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 51 51 52 53

53

Contents and Subject Index 2.114 1-Phenylbutene-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.115 sec-Amylbenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.116 Mixed Amylbenzenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terpenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 17 DIPENTENE No. 122 Terpene Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 18 SOLVENOL 2 Terpene Solvent ....................................................... 2.1 19 SOLVENOL 226 Terpene Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.120 HERCULES Steam-Distilled Wood Turpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.121 HERCULES alpha-Pinene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.122 Selected Properties of Some Common Terpene Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.123 Arizona Terpene Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ComparativeData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amoco PANASOLSolvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.124 2.125 Ashland Aliphatic and Aromatic Solvents ................................................ 2.126 Chemcentral Solvents (Aliphatic and Aromatic) ............................................ 2.127 Crowley Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.128 Dynaloy Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.129 Eastman Solvents and Diluents ....................................................... 2.130 Exxon Hydrocarbon Solvefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.131 Fina Aromatic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.132 Hoechst Celanese Methyl Isobutyl Ketone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.133 KendalVAmalie. Wlco Special Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.134 Mobil Oil Aliphatic and Aromatic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.135 Penreco Hydrocarbon Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.136 Phillips 66 Hibh P u r i i Hydrocarbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.137 Shell Chemical Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.138 Sunoco Chemicals Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.139 3M SCOTCH-GRIP Solvents No. 2 and No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.140 Total Petroleum Special Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.141 UCARSolvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.142 Unocal Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.143 VistaLPASolvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ChlorlnatedHydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 AllylChlorice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 n-Amyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Mixed Amyl Chlorides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Benzyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 n-Butyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 sec-Butyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Butyryl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 Caprylyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 Carbon Tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10 Chlorinated Butane Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 1 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 Chlorinated Organic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.13 CHLOROWAX Liquid Chlorinated Paraffins. Waxes and Alpha Olefins ......................... 3.14 Chlorobenzenes-Vapor Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.16 Chloromethylene Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0- and p-Chlorotoluenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.17 3.18 p-Chlorotoluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HALSO99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.19 3.20 HALSOAG 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.21 o-Dichlorobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.22 p-Dichlorobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.23 Dichlorodiisopropyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.24 Dichloroethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.25 Dichloroethyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.26 Dichlorohydrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.27 Dichloromethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.28 Dichloropentanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.29 2.4-Dichlorotoluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.30 Epichlorohydrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.31 Ethyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xi 54

54 54 55 55 55 56 56 57 57 58 61 61 62 63 64 65 68 73 74 74 75 78 81 81 82 90 93 93 96 99 101 103 103 103 103 103 104 104 104 105 105 106 107 107 107 108 111 113 114 114 115 115 116 116 117 117 118 118 119 120 120 121 121

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Contents and Subject Index Ethylene Chlorohydrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethylene Dichloride ............................................................... 3.34 2-Ethylhexyl Chloride .............................................................. 3.35 Glycerol a-Monochlorohydrin 3.36 Hexachloroethane ................................................................ 3.37 n-Hexyl Chloride ................................................................. 3.38 Methylene Chloride 3.39 Isopropyl Chloride 3.40 Methyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.41 Monochlorohydrin ................................................................. 3.42 Pentachloroethane 3.43 Perchloroethylene 3.44 Propylene Chlorohydrin 3.45 Propylene Dichloride .............................................................. 3.46 1.1.2. 2-Tetrachloroethane .......................................................... 3.47 Tetrachloroethylene ............................................................... 3.48 Trichlorobenzenes ................................................................ 3.49 1.1. 1-Trichloroethane .............................................................. 3.50 1 1 2-Trichloroethane .............................................................. 3.51 Trichloroethylene ................................................................. 3.52 Density of Chlorinated Solvents ...................................................... 3.53 Vapor Pressure of Chlorinated Solvents 3.54 Trichloropropane 3.55 Triglycol Dichloride 3.56 Vinylchloride .................................................................... 3.57 Vinylidene Chloride ............................................................... ComparativeData 3.58 Alpha Cleaning Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.59 Ashland Chlorinated Solvents ........................................................ 3.60 Chemcentral Chlorinated Solvents .................................................... 3.61 Dow Chemical Chlorinated Solvents 3.62 Vertrel Cleaning Agents ............................................................ 3.63 Occidental Chemical (OXSOL Solvents) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.64 3M Hydrofluorether

123 123 124 124 125 126 126 127 127 130 130 130 132 132 133 134 136 136 142 142 145 145 146 146 147 147 149 149 150 150 151 160 169 195

Industrial Amines Ranked in Order of Decreasing Base Strength .............................. Comparing Amines for Safety ........................................................ NlPAR640 ...................................................................... COMSOL 101-X ................................................................. COMSOL280 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMSOL 820 ...................................................................

211 211 212 213 214 215 215 216 218 220 221

3.32

3.33

........................................................

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................................................................ ................................................................ ............................................................

..

................................................ ................................................................. ................................................................

........................................................................... ...................................................

............................................................... NITROPARAFFINS .............................................................................. 4.1 Angus Nitroparaffins ............................................................... 4.2 Angus NitroAlcohols .............................................................. 4.3 Angus Primary Amino Alcohols ....................................................... 4.4 Angus DMAP-80 ................................................................. 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10

..................................................................

ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS 5.1 Carbon Disulfide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Typical DMSO Properties ........................................................... 5.3 Vapor Pressure vs Temperature for DMSO .............................................. 5.4 Specific Gravity of DMSO as a Function of Temperature .................................... 5.5 DMSO Viscosity as a Function of Temperature ........................................... 5.6 Comparative Hygroscopicities of DMSO at Various Relative Humidities at 22°C 5.7 Initial Sorption Rates of DMSO at Various Relative Humidities at 22% ......................... 5.8 Freezing Temperatures for DMSO-Solvent Binary System .................................. 5.9 Freezing Point for DMSO-Water Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 Freezing Point Curves for DMSO-Water Solutions ....................................... 5.11 Heat of Mixing of DMSC-4-40 System at 22°C .......................................... 5.12 Specific Gravity of DMSO-Water Solutions ............................................. 5.13 Viscosity of DMSO-Water Solutions .................................................. 5.14 Results of Reflux of DMSO for 24 Hours with Various Compounds ............................ 5.15 Thermal Stabiliof DMSO .......................................................... 5.16 Refluxing of DMSO and Mixtures for Shorter Periods ...................................... 5.17 Effect of Heating DMSO with Concentrated Acids .........................................

222 222 223 224 224 224 225 225 225 226 226 226 227 227 227 228 228 228

...................

Contents and Subject Index 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 Sulfolane 5.29 5.30

5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34

................................................ ............................................... .............................. ................................................

Solubility of Organic Materials in DMSO Solubility of Resins and Polymers in DMSO ............................................. Solubility of Inorganic Materials in DMSO Solubility of Gases in DMSO at Atmospheric Pressure and 20% Solubility Parameters of Strong Solvents DMSO as a Solvent Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hansen Solubility Parameters of Polymer Envelopes ....................................... Polymer Solvency of DMSO/Tetralin Mixtures ............................................ Polymer Solvency of DMSO/MIKE Mixtures Solvent Viscosities ................................................................ Solvent Evaporation Times ..........................................................

..............................................

..................................................................................

.............................................................

Properties ofSulfolane Solubility of Sulfolane in Various Chemical Compounds .................................... Solubility of Various Chemical Compounds in Sulfolane .................................... Thermal Stability of Sulfolane ........................................................ Comparative Freezing Point Depression Specific Gravity ..................................................................

................................................

MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS ........................................................................ Methanol .................................................................................. 6.1 Physical Properties of Methanol ...................................................... 6.2 Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Methanol ............................................ 6.3 Freezing Points of Methanol-Water Solutions ............................................ 6.4 Density and Specific Gravity of Methanol-Water Solutions at 15'C ............................ Density and Specific Gravity of ethanol-Water Solutions at 30'C ............................. 6.5 Resultant Volume When Methanol and Water are Mixed .................................... 6.6 6.7 Solubility of Methanol in Gasoline from 15' to 30% ........................................ 6.8 Liquid Density of Methanol .......................................................... 6.9 Liquid Heat Capacity of Methanol ..................................................... 6.10 Vapor Heat Capacity of Methanol ..................................................... 6.11 Heat of Vaporization of Methanol ..................................................... 6.12 SurfaceTension of Methanol ........................................................ 6.13 Liquid Thermal Conductivity of Methanol ................................................ 6.14 Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Methanol ................................................ 6.15 Vapor Pressure of Methanol ......................................................... 6.16 Vapor Viscoslty of Methanol ......................................................... 6.17 Liquid Viscosity of Methanol ......................................................... 6.18 Azeotropes of Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EthylAlcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.19 Physical Properties of Anhydrous Ethyl Alcohol ........................................... 6.20 Physical Properties of 95% Ethanol .................................................... 6.21 Properties and Specifications of Ethyl Alcohol ............................................ 6.22 Conversion Tableweight and Volume Percent of Ethyl Alcohol in Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures ...................................................................... Index of Refraction of Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures at W'F ................................. 6.23 6.24 Heat of Solution of Ethyl Alcohol in Water 6.25 Resultant Volume When Ethyl Alcohol and Water are Mixed ................................. 6.26 Boiling Points of Ethyl Alcohol-Water Solutions ........................................... 6.27 Permanganate TimeTest ........................................................... 6.28 Freezing Points of Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixture .......................................... 6.29 Viscosity of Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures ............................................... 6.30 Flash Point of Aqueous Ethyl Alcohol Solutions 'C and 'F vs Vol % Ethanol ..................... 6.31 Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Ethanol ........................................... 6.32 Surface Tension of Pure Ethanol at Various Temperatures .................................. 6.33 Latent Heat of Vaporization of Ethyl Alcohol ............................................. 6.34 Heat Capacity of Ethyl Alcohol at Various Temperatures .................................... 6.35 Volumetric Equivalents ............................................................. 6.36 Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures ........................................................ 6.37 Specially Denatures Alcohols 6.38 Authorized Denaturants for SDA 388 .................................................. Denaturants Authorized for Completely Denatured Alcohol (CDA) and Specially 6.39 Denatured Alcohol (SDA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uses of Specially Denatured Alcohol .................................................. 6.40 6.41 Filmex Special Industrial Solvent Formulations ...........................................

...............................................

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xiii 229 230 232 233 233 233 234 234 235 235 235 236 236 236 236 236 237 237 238 238 238 239 239 240 241 242 242 243 243 244 244 245 245 246 246 247 247 248 249 249 249 249 250 250 251 251 251 252 252 253 254 254 254 255 255 256 256 262 277 278 279 281

xiv

Contents and Subject Index 6.42 6.43 6.44 6.45 6.46 6.47

........................................ 281 ..................................................... 281 ................................. 282 ........................... 283 ...................................... 284 .......................................................... 284 .......................................................... 285 ........................... 286 ................................... 287 ........................................................... 287 ............................................... 289 ........................................................... 289 ............................................................. 291 ........................................................................ 292 ................................................ 292 ...................................................... 293 ........................................................ 294 ....................................................... 294 ........................................................ 294 ......................................................... 294 ....................................................................... 295 ....................................... 295 ............................................ 295 296 . . . . . . . . . . . 297 .................... 297 .......................... 297 ...................................................... 298 .............................. 299 . ........................................................... 299 ....................... 299 .................... 299 .................................................................. 300 ............................................ 300 ............................................................................. 301 ................................................. 301 ................................... 302 ................................. 302 ................................. 303 ....................................................... 303 ............................................................................ 304 ................................................. 304 ....................................................... 304 ............................ 305 ........................................................................... 305 ................................................ 305 ...................................................... 305 ........................................................................... 306 ................................................ 306 306 ........................................................................ 307 ............................................. 307 ...................................................................... 307 ........................................... 307 ........................................................................... 308 ................................................ 308 ...................................................... 308 ......................................................................... 309 .............................................. 309 .................................................... 309 .................................................................... 310

Completely Denatured Alcohol (CDA) Formulations Proprietary Solvent Formulations Punctilious Specially Denatured Alcohol (SDA) Formulations Composition and Typical End Uses of Specially Denatured Alcohols Composition of Completely Denatured Alcohol (CDA) Composition of Synasol Proprietary Solvents. Anhydrol Special Industrial Solvents. and lnksolvlnk Solvents 6.48 Typical Physical Properties 6.49 Densities of Pure Ethanol-Water Mixtures at Various Temperatures Vapor Pressure of Pure Ethanol at Various Temperatures 6.50 Constant Boiling Mixtures 6.51 6.52 Proof Definitions and Conversion Factors 6.53 Proof Conversion Tables 6.54 Azeotropes of Ethanol n-PROPYLALCOHOL 6.55 Physical Properties of n-Propyl Alcohol 6.56 Azeotropes of n-Propyl Alcohol 6.57 n-Propanol-Water-Benzene 6.58 n-Propanol-Water-n-Butanol 6.59 n-Propanol-Water-Heptane 6.60 n-Propanol-Water-Hexane ISOPROPYLALCOHOL 6.61 Physical Properties of Anhydrous Isopropyl Alcohol Physical Properties of 91% Isopropyl Alcohol 6.62 6.63 Specific Gravity of Isopropyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures ...................................... Vapor-Liquid Compositions of Isopropyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures and Their Boiling Points 6.64 6.65 Refractive Index vs Composition of Isopropyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures at 25'C Isopropyl Alcohol-Water: Kinematic Viscosity vs Composition at 25°C 6.66 Azeotropes of Isopropyl Alcohol 6.67 6.68 The Effect of Isopropyl Alcohol on the Dilution Ratio of Solvents Viscosity of RS H Sec Nitrocellulose in Mixtures of Toluene. Isopropyl Alcohol and 6.69 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 6.70 Methanol-Isopropyl Alcohol: Boiling Point vs Composition at 760 mm Hg 6.71 Methanol-Isopropyl Alcohol: tiquid-Vapor Equilibria at Atmospherii Pressure 6.72 Vapor Pressure of Isopropyl Alcohol (Anhydrous) and sec-Butyl Alcohol at Various Temperatures 6.73 Specific Gravities of Alcohols vs Temperature n-Butyl Alcohol Physical Properties of n-Butyl Alcohol 6.74 Vapor Pressure of Butyl Alcohol at Various Temperatures 6.75 6.76 Solubiliy of Water in Butyl Alcohol at Various Temperatures 6.77 Solubiliy of Butyl Alcohol in Water at Various Temperatures 6.78 Azeotropes of n-Butyl Alcohol IrobutylAlcohol 6.79 Physical Properties of Isobutyl Alcohol 6.80 Azeotropes of Isobutyl Alcohol 6.81 Relative Evaporation Rates of Various Butyl Alcohols and Acetates rec-ButylAlcohol 6.82 Physical Properties of =-Butyl Alcohol 6.83 Azeotropes of sec-Butyl Alcohol tert-ButylAlcohol 6.84 Physical Properties of tert-Butyl Alcohol 6.85 Azeotropes of tert-Butyl Alcohol ...................................................... PrlmaryAmylAlcohol 6.86 Physical Properties of Primary Amyl Alcohol Prlmaryn-AmylAlcohol 6.87 Physical Properties of Primary n-Amyl Alcohol SSC-AmylAlCOhOl 6.88 Physical Properties of sec-Amyl Alcohol 6.89 Azeotropes of sec-Amyl Alcohol rec-n-AmylAlcohol 6.90 Physical Properties of sec-n-Amyl Alcohol 6.91 Azeotropes of sec-n-Amyl Alcohol tert-Amyl Alcohol, Reflned

Contents and Subject Index

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Physical Properties of Refined tert-Amyl Alcoho 6.92 Azeotropes of tert-Amyl Alcohol ...................................................... 6.93 IroamylAlcohol ............................................................................. 6.94 Physical Properties of Isoamyl Alcohol

................................................. ....................................................... ......................................................................... .............................................. ........................................................................... ................................................ .......................................................................... .............................................. ......................................................................... .............................................. ............................................................................ ................................................. .................................................. .......................................................... .......................................................................... ............................................... ..................................................... .............................................................................. .................................................. ........................................................ ............................................................................ ................................................ ............................................................................ ................................................ ......................................................................... ............................................. ............................................................................. ................................................. ....................................................... ........................................................................... ................................................ ..................................................... ............................................................................. ................................................. .............................................................................. ................................................................... ....................................... .............................................................................. ................................................... ............................................................................ ................................................. ............................................................................ ................................................. ............................................................. .............................................. ................................................. ............................................. ........................................................................... ................................................................. .............................................................. ......................................................... ........................................................... ......................................................... .................................................... ............................................................ ............................................................ ............................................................................... .................................................... .........................................................

Azeotropes of Isoamyl Alcohol 6.95 ActhreAmylAlcohol Physical Properties of Active Amyl Alcohol 6.96 FuselOll. Rellned Physical Properties of Refined Fusel Oil 6.97 YethylamylAlcohol Physical Properties of Methylamyl Alcohols 6.98 2-EthylbutylAlcohol Physical Properties of 2-Ethylbutyl Alcohol 6.99 n-HexylAlcohol 6.100 Physical Properties of n-Hexyl Alcohol 6.101 Solubility of Water in n-Hexyl Alcohol 6.102 Azeotropes ofexyl Alcohol CyclohexylAlcohol Physical Properties of Cyclohexyl Alcohol 6.103 6.104 Azeotropes of Cyclohexyl Alcohol HeptylAlcohol Physical Properties of Heptyl Alcohol 6.105 6.106 Azeotropes of Heptyl Alcohol 2-HeptylAlcohol 6.107 Physical Properties of 2-Hem Alcohol 3-HeptylAlcohol 6.108 Physical Properties of 3-Heptyl Alcohol 2-EthylhexylAlcohol Physical Properties of 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol 6.109 n-OctylAlcohol 6.1 10 Physical Properties of n-Octyl Alcohol Azeotropes ofn-Octyl Alcohol 6.111 SW-OctylAlCOhOl 6.1 12 Physical Propetties of sec-Odyl Alcohol Azeotropes of sec-Octyl Alcohol 6.113 lsooctyl Alcohol 6.1 I4 Physical Properties of lsooctyl Alcohol Nonyl Alcohol Physical Properties of Nonyl Alxoholx319 6.115 3b..TrimethylhexylAlcohol 6.1 16 Physical Properties of 3.5.5-Trimethylhexyl Alcohol DecylAlcohol Physical Properties of Decyl Alcohol 6.117 IrodecylAlcohol 6.1 18 Physical Properties of lsodecyl Alcohol TrldecylAlcohol Physical Properties of Tridecyl Alcohol 6.1 19 OtherAlcoholsandAlcoholBlends 6.120 ALFOL Alcohol Low Range Blends C,-C, ALFOL Alcohol Pure Homologs C,-C, 6.121 ALFOL Alcohol High Range Blends C,o-&, 6.122 ALFOLTypical properties ........................................................... 6.123 ComparatlveData 6.124 Ashland Alcohols Chemcentral Alcohols 6.125 6.126 CPSChemicalAlcohol99% Eastman Latent Solvents 6.127 6.128 Hoechst Celanese Alcohols Procter and Gamble Fatty Alcohols 6.129 6.130 Shell Chemical Alcohols Union Carbide Alcohols 6.131 AllylAlcohol 6.132 Physical Properties of Allyl Alcohol 6.133 Azeotropes ofAlkylAlcohol +

xv 310 310 311 311 311 312 312 312 312 313 313 313 313 314 314 314 314 315 315 315 316 316 316 316 316 317 317 317 317 317 317 318 318 318 318 319 319 319 320 320 320 320 321 321 321 321 322 322 322 323 324 325 325 325 326 327 329 330 331 332 333 333

333

mi

Contents and Subject Index Crotyl Alcohol .............................................................................. 334 Physical Properties of Crotyl Alcohol .................................................... 334 6.134 MethylbutynylAlcohol........................................................................ 334 Physical Properties of Methylbutynyl Alcohol ............................................. 334 6.135 M~hylpentynylAlcohol....................................................................... 335 335 Physical Properties of Methylpentynyl Alcohol 6.136 Higher UnraturatedAlcoholr .................................................................. 335 6.137 Unsaturated Aliphatic Alcohols ....................................................... 335 DIa~toneAlcohol........................................................................... 335 335 6.138 Physical Properties of Diacetone Alcohol ............................................... 2-Merc~ptoethylAlcohol...................................................................... 336 6.139 Physical Properties of 2-Mercaptoethyl Alcohol .......................................... 336 2-EthylsulfonylethylAlcohol ................................................................... 336 Physical Properties of 2-Ethylsulfonylethyl Alcohol 336 6.140 l,l, I-TrHluoroethylAlcohol .................................................................... 336 6.141 Trifluoroethanol Physical Properties 336 337 6.142 Polymer Solubilities in Trifluoroethanol ................................................. 6.143 Salt Solubility (wt %) in Trifluoroethanol at 25% .......................................... 337 337 6.144 Solubility of Gases in Trifluoroethanol at 27°C ............................................ 337 6.145 Vapor Pressure vs Temperature ...................................................... 338 6.146 Freezing Point: Trifluoroethanol-Water 6.147 Infrared Spectrum ................................................................ 338 338 1H,IH$H-Tetrafluoro- I-Propyl Alcohol .......................................................... 6.148 Physical Properties of lH.lH.3H-Tetrafluoro- I-Propyl Alcohol ............................... 338 lH,1H,5H-Octafluoro- I-Pentyl Alcohol ........................................................... 339 339 6.149 Physical Properties of 1H.lH.JH-Octafluoro- 1-Pentyl Alcohol BenzylAlcohol ............................................................................. 339 339 6.150 Physical Properties of Benzyl Alcohol .................................................. 6.151 VELSICOL Benzyl Alcohol .......................................................... 339 Furfuryl Alcohol ............................................................................ 340 6.152 Physical Properties of Furfuryl Alcohol ................................................. 340 341 6.153 Vapor Pressure of Furfuryl Alcohol .................................................... 341 6.154 Pounds per Gallon of Furfuryl Alcohol at Various Temperatures .............................. 6.155 Density of Furfuryl Alcohol-Water Solutions as a Function of Composition (at 25'C. 77OF) . . . . . . . . . . . 342 342 6.156 Vapor Pressure of Furfuryl Alcohol as a Function of Temperature ............................. 343 6.157 Solubility of tiquid Organic Compounds in Furfuryl Alcohol (at 25%. 77OF) ...................... 6.158 Solubility of Solid Organic Compounds in Furfuryl Alcohol (at 25 "C. 77'F) ...................... 343 6.159 Solubility of Thermoplastic Resins in Furfuryl Alcohol (at Room Temperature) .................... 344 6.160 Effect of Time at Elevated Temperature on Certain Characteristics of Furfuryl Alcohol (Under Neutral Conditions) ........................................................ 344 6.161 Stabiliation of Furfuryl Alcohol With an Amine (at 150'C in Glass) ............................ 345 6.162 Antoxidation of Furfuryl Alcohol ....................................................... 345 TetrahydrofurfurylAlcohol .................................................................... 346 6.163 Physical Properties of Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol .......................................... 346 6.164 Solubility of Various Substances in Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol ................................ 346 6.165 Vapor-tiquid Equilibria in the Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol-Water System ........................ 347 6.166 Specific Gravity and Pounds per Gallon of Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . 347 6.167 Vapor Pressure of Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol ............................................ 347 6.168 Vapor-tiquid Equilibria Curve of the THFA-Water System at the Boiling Point 348 6.169 The System THFA-Water Composition Curve ............................................ 348 6.170 Specific Gravity and Pounds per Gallon ................................................ 349 6.171 Vapor Pressure (Boiling Point Method) ................................................. 349 6.172 HERCO and YARMOR Pine Oil ...................................................... 349 6.173 Hercules TERPINEOL ............................................................. 352 Other Data ................................................................................. 354 6.174 Solubility Data for Alcohols .......................................................... 354 6.1 75 Melting Points of Saturated Monohydric Alcohols ......................................... 355 355 6.176 Rate of Evaporation of Various Solvents at Room Temperature ............................... 6.177 Comparative Evaporation Rates of Alcohols ............................................. 355 6.178 Vapor Pressure of Alcohols at Various Temperatures 356 6.179 Freezing Points (Initial Crystallization) of Aqueous Solution of Alcohols ......................... 356 6.180 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solution of Alcohols at 20'C ................................... 357 6.181 Viscosity of Ethyl Cellulose in Alcohol-Hydrocarbon Mixtures ................................ 357 358 6.1 82 Evaporation Data for Various Solvents .................................................

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Contents and Subject Index

xvii

POLYHYDRICALCOHOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 EthyleneGlycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 359 7.1 Physical Properties and Specifications of Ethylene Glycol ................................... 363 7.2 Boiling Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ....................................... 7.3 Density of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 7.4 Specific Gravity at 60°F of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solution vs Composition .................... 361 361 7.5 Freezing Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 7.6 Specific Heat of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ....................................... 362 Vapor-tiquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ....................... 7.7 363 7.8 Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ..................................... 7.9 Viscosity of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 364 7.10 Relative Humectant Values of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 1 Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ............................ 364 7.12 Key Hygroscopictty Curve for Ethylene Glycol ............................................ 365 365 Moisture Absorption of Ethylene Glycol at Various Relative Humidities .......................... 7.13 365 7.14 Moisture Absorption of Ethylene Glycol at Various Absolute Humidities ......................... 7.15 Kinematic Viscosity of Anhydrous Ethylene Glycol and Trimethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Freezing Points of Anhydrous Ethylene Glycol and Trimethylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 7.16 366 7.17 Azeotropes of Ethylene Glycol ....................................................... PropyleneGlycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 367 7.18 Physical Properties of Propylene Glycol ................................................ 368 7.19 Propylene Glycol Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Boiling Points of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ...................................... 7.20 369 7.21 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 7.22 Density of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (Percent by Weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions on Dew Points at Various Contact Temperatures . . . . . . . 370 7.23 7.24 Freezing Points of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 7.25 Heat of Vaporization of Propylene Glycol at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 371 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Propanediol Solutions at 20". 30".and 40°C ...................... 7.26 372 7.27 Relative Humectant Values of Propylene Glycol. N.F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.28 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 373 7.29 Specific Heat of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ...................................... 7.30 Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 7.31 Total Pressure over Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions Versus Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 373 7.32 Vapor-Liquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ...................... 374 7.33 Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ................................... 374 7.34 Viscosities of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 7.35 Azeotropes of Propylene Glycol ...................................................... If-Propanedlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 375 7.36 Physical Properties of 1.3-Propanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Freezing Points of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Propanediol ................................... 7.37 376 7.38 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Propanediol at 20' and 40% ...................... 376 1,2-Butanedlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 7.39 Physical Properties of 1.2-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 7.40 Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.2-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C ......................... 377 7.41 Absolute Viscostty of Aqueous 1.2-Butanediol Solutions at 20' and 40°C ....................... 1,3-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 377 7.42 Physical Properties of lb-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 7.43 Freezing Point of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 7.44 Refractive Index and Freezing Point of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Butanediol .................... 378 Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.3-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C ......................... 7.45 378 7.46 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of 1.3-Butanediol ......................................... 378 7.47 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1.3-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 1,4-Butanediol .............................................................................. 379 7.48 Physical Properties of 1.4-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1.4-Butanediol Solutions at 20' and 40% ....................... 7.49 379 7.50 Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.4-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C ......................... Pf-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 380 7.51 Physical Properties of 2.3-Butanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.52 Boiling Points of Aqueous levo-2. 3-Butanediol Solutions at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 381 7.53 Boiling Points of Aqueous levo-2.3-Butanedio I-Ethanol Solutions ............................ 381 7.54 Boiling Points of Aqueous levo-2.3-Butanedio l-hiethanol Solutions ........................... 381 7.55 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2. 3-Butanediol Solutions .................................. 382 7.56 Freezing Points of Aqueous meso-dextro-2. 3-Butanediol Solutions ...........................

xviii

Contents and Subject Index

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Effect of meso.2. 3.Butanediol on the Freezing Point of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions 382 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Ethanol Solutions ........................... 383 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio LEthylene Glycol Solutions 383 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Methano1 Solutions 383 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions. Expressed Logarithmically. as a Function of Concentration and Temperature ........................................... 384 Solutions in Relation to Concentration Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol 7.63 and Temperature ............................................................... 384 Kinematic Viscosity of 60% levo-2.3.Butanediol. Glycerol and Ethylene Glycol Solutions at Low 7.64 Temperatures 384 Solutions at 20°C. Expressed in Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Ethanol 7.65 Centistokes .................................................................... 384 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Methanol Solutions at 20°C. Expressed in 7.66 Centistokes 385 l.Ethylene Glycol Solutions in 20'C Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo.2.3.Butanedio 7.67 385 Expressed incentistokes ......................................................... 7.68 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol Solutions at 20'C. Expressed in Centistokes 385 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol. levo.2.3.Butanediol. meso-dextro7.69 2.3.Butanediol and Glycerol at 20°C ................................................. 385 Optical Rotatory Power of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at 20°C ...................... 386 7.70 Effects of Concentration and Temperature on the Specific Rotatory Power of Aqueous levo-237.71 Butanediol Solutions 386 386 7.72 Refractive Indices of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at Different Temperatures 386 7.73 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Solutions of meso- and levo.2. 3.Butanediol at 25'C Specific Gravity of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at 20'. 30'. and 40% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 7.74 387 7.75 Specific Gravity of Aqueous meso.2. 3.Butanedol Solutions at 20'. 30'. and 4O'C 7.76 Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of levo-2. 3.Butanediol and Ethylene Glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Butanediois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 388 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Butanediol Solutions at 20". 30'. and 40°C ....................... 7.77 388 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C. in Centistokes 7.78 2.Butene.1, 4.dioi 388 ............................................... 388 7.79 Physical Properties of 2.Butene-1. 4.diol 2.Butyne.1, Cdioi ........................................................................... 389 389 7.80 Physical Properties of 2.Butyne.l. 4.diol IC-Pentanedlol 389 7.81 Physical Properties of 1.5.Pentanediol 389 390 7.82 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1.5.Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C 390 7.83 Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.5-Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C 2,CPen.nediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 ................................................. 390 7.84 Physical Properties of 2.4.Pentanediol NeopentylGlycol ............................................................................ 390 7.85 Physical Properties of Neopentyl Glycol 390 Pentanediols 391 7.86 Kinematic Viscostly of Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40%. in Centistokes 391 7.87 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20' and 4Q°C .......................... 391 IS-Hexanediol 392 392 7.88 Physical Properties of 1.6.Hexanediol 2,5.Hexanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 7.89 Physical Properties of 1.5.Hexanediol ................................................. 392 HexyleneGiycol ............................................................................. 392 7.90 Physical Properties and Specifications of Hexylene Glycol 392 393 7.91 Freezing Points of Hexylene Glycol-Water Mixtures 393 7.92 Specific Gravity and Freezing Point of Hexylene Glycol-Water Mixtures Pinacol 394 394 7.93 Physical Properties of Pinacol 22-Diethyl-I f-Propanedloi 394 7.94 Physical Properties of 2.2.Diethyl.l. 3.Propanediol 394 2.Ethyl.1, 3.Hexanedlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 7.95 Physical Properties of 2.Ethyl.l. 3.Hexanediol 394 2,5.Dimethyl.3.Hexyne.2,5 .diol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 5.diol .................................... 395 7.96 Physical Properties of 2.5.Dimethyl.3.Hexyne-2. 1,4.Cyclohexanedimethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.60 7.61 7.62

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Contents and Subject Index

xiu

7.97 Properties of 1.4-Cyclohexanedimethanol .............................................. 395 p-XylyieneGlycol ........................................................................... 397 Physical Properties of p-Xylylene Glycol ................................................ 397 7.98 2-Ethyl-2-Butyl-1, 3-Propanedlol ............................................................... 397 397 7.99 Physical Properties of 2-Ethyl-2-Butyl-1. 3-Propanediol ................................... 3,6-Mmethyl4Octyne-3,6-dlol ................................................................ 397 7.1 00 Physical Properties of 3.6-Dimethyl4Octyne-3. 6-diol .................................... 397 Thiodiglycol ................................................................................ 398 7.1 01 Physical Properties of Thiodiglycol .................................................... 398 7.102 Vapor Pressure of Thiodiglycol at Various Temperatures .................................... 398 MiscellaneousGlycolr ........................................................................ 399 Hydrates of Aliphatic Glycols ........................................................ 399 7.1 03 7.104 Hydrates of Cyclic Glycols .......................................................... 400 7.105 Freezing Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol Solutions ..................... 401 7.1 06 Freezing Points of Various Aqueous Glycol Solutions. "C ................................... 402 Freezing Points of Various Aqueous Alcohols. Glycols and Glycerol ........................... 402 7.107 402 7.1 08 Compatibility of Coupling Solvents with Carbon Tetrachloride and Water ........................ 403 7.1 09 Key Hygroscopicity Curve ........................................................... 7.1 10 Surface Tension of Glycol-Water Systems .............................................. 403 7.1 11 Vapor Pressure of Glycols .......................................................... 403 7.112 Viscosityof Glycols ............................................................... 404 404 7.113 Water Absorption by Glycols as a Function of Time ....................................... Water Absorption by Glycols as a Function of Relative Humidity .............................. 404 7.1 14 7.1 15 Refractive Index. Specific Gravity. and Boiling Point Measurements of Various Glycols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 7.1 16 Relative Solvent Properties of Glycols .................................................. 405 Effect of Various Glycols on Synthetic Rubber Samples-Results Reported as % Volume and 7.117 % Weight Increase .............................................................. 405 406 7.1 18 Solubility of Cellulose Deriiatiies in Glycols ............................................. 406 Compatibility of Film Cast from 80/20 Toluene/Alcohol ...................................... 7.1 19 406 7.1 20 Relative Humectant Values .......................................................... 407 7.121 Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ............................ Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions ........................... 407 7.122 7.123 Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions .......................... 407 7.124 Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions 407 408 Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Dipropylene Glycol Solutions .......................... 7.125 408 7.126 Boiling Points of Glycols at 50 mm Hg ................................................. 408 7.127 Total Pressure Over Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions M Temperature ....................... Total Pressure Over Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions M Temperature ...................... 408 7.128 409 Total Pressure Over Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions vs Temperature ...................... 7.129 409 7.130 Total Pressure Over Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions vs Temperature ...................... 7.131 Total Pressure Over Aqueous Dipropylene Glycol Solutions vs Temperature ..................... 409 410 7.132 Vapor-Liquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ....................... 7.133 Vapor-tiquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions ..................... 410 Vapor-Liquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions ..................... 411 7.134 411 7.135 Vapor-Liquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ...................... 7.136 Vapor-tiquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Dipropylene Glycol Solutions .................... 412 412 7.137 Pour Points of Glycols ............................................................. 412 7.138 Viscosities of Anhydrous Glycols ..................................................... 7.139 Viscosities of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions ......................................... 413 7.140 Viscosities of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions ........................................ 413 7.141 Viscosities of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions 414 7.142 Viscosities of Aqueous Tetraethylene Glycol Solutions ..................................... 414 414 7.143 Viscosities of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions ........................................ 414 7.144 Viscosities of Aqueous Dipropylene Glycol Solutions ....................................... 415 7.145 Viscosities of Aqueous Tripropylene Glycol Solutions ...................................... 415 7.146 Freezing Points of Aqueous Glycol Solutions ............................................ 7.147 Specific Heat of Anhydrous Glycols ................................................... 415 7.148 Specific Heats of Aqueous Glycol Solutions (BtuAbPF) ..................................... 416 7.149 Densities of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) 416 417 Densities of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) ................................. 7.1 50 7.151 Densities of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) ................................ 417 7.152 Densities of Aqueous Tetraethylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) .............................. 418 7.153 Densities of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) ................................. 418 419 Densities of Aqueous Dipropylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) ................................ 7.154 419 7.155 Densities of Aqueous Tripropylene Glycol Solutions (% by wt) ...............................

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Contents and Subject Index

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.................................. 419 ............................................................. 420 ............................... 420 ................................... 420 .................................. 420 .................................. 421 ................................ 421 .................................. 421 ................................. 421 ................................ 422 ...................................... 422 .............................................. 423 ....................................................... 424 ................................................... 424 ............................................... 425 ........................................................ 425 ............................................. 426 . .................... 426 .............. 426 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 .............. 427 ....................... 428 ................................. 428 ........................................... 429 ................................................ 429 ............................................................ 430 ................................................................ 430 ........................................... 430 ..................................... 431 .................................................................. 431 .............................................................. 432 ................................................ 433 .......................................................... 433 .......................................................................... 434 ......................................... 434 ........................... 434 ................................... 434 .......................................................... 435 ............................................. 436 ............................................. 437 ...................................... 437 ................................. 438 ................................. 438 ........................... 438 ................... 439 ............................................. 439 .................................................. 440 ......................................... 441 ........................................................... 441 .......................................................... 441 ............................................. 441 ............................................ 442 ........................................................................... 443 .......................................................... 443 ......................................................... 443 ............................................................ 444 ............................................................................ 444 ................................................ 444 ............................................................................ 445 ................................................ 445 ...................................... 445 .................................................. 445 ........................................ 446 ..................................................... 446 ....................................... 446

7.1 56 Surface Tensions of Aqueous Solutions of Glycols at 7 p F 7.157 Flammability of Glycols Refractive Indices of Aqueous Glycol Solutions at 7 p F (25%) 7.158 7.159 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions 7.160 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions Conversion Chart for Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions 7.161 7.162 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Tetraethylene Glycol Solutions 7.163 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions 7.164 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Dipropylene Glycol Solutions 7.1 65 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Tripropylene Glycol Solutions Freeze Points and Burst Points of Aqueous Solutions 7.166 7.167 Solubility of Various Compounds in Glycols 7.168 viscosity of Anhydrous Glycols 7.169 Specific Heat of Anhydrous Glycols 7.1 70 Technical Data: Ethylene Glycol Products 7.171 Ethylene Glycol Compatibility 7.172 Weight per Gallon at Various Temperatures 7.173 Weight Percent vs Volume Percent Aq Monoethylene Glycol Solutions. 20'C 7.174 Specific Gravity vs Composition @ Various Temperatures of Aqueous MEG Solutions 7.175 Specific Gravity vs Composition @ Various Temperatures of Aqueous DEG Solutions Specific Gravity vs Composition @ Various Temperatures of Aqueous TEG Solutions 7.176 7.177 Boiling Point @ 760 mm Hg vs Composition of Aqueous Glycol Solutions 7.178 Freezing Point vs Cornposition of Aqueous Glycol Solutions 7.179 Vapor Pressure vs Temperature of the Glycols 7.180 Viscosity vs Temperature of the Glycols 7.181 Fire Hazard Information 7.182 AcuteOralToxicity 7.183 Environmental Considerations. Biodegradation 7.1 84 Ethylene Glycols: Products. Grades and Specifications 7.185 Ashland Glycols 7.186 Chemcentral Polyols 7.187 Hoechst Celanese 1.3-Butylene Glycol 7.188 Occidental Ethylene Glycol Giycerol(Giyc8rine) 7.189 Physical Properties and Specifications of Glycerol Boiling Points and Specific Gravities of Aqueous Glycerol Solutions 7.190 7.191 Conversion Chart for Aqueous Glycerol Solutions (25%) 7.192 Density of Glycerol-Water 7.193 Freezing Points of Glycerol-Water Solutions 7.194 Freezing Points of Glycerol-Water Solutions 7.195 Viscosity of Aqueous Glycerol Solutions. Centipoises Hygroscopicity Curves for Glycerol and 1.3-Butylene Glycol 7.196 7.197 Hygroscopicity Curves for Glycerol and 2.3-Butyiene Glycol 7.198 Relative Humidities Over Aqueous Glycerol Solutions. 20' to 100'C Solubility of Sucrose and Dextrose in Aqueous Glycerol at 15'. 24'. and 35% 7.199 7.200 Solubility of Various Compounds in Glycerol 7.201 Specific Gravity and Percent Glycerol 7.202 Specific Gravities of Glycerol and Glycol Mixtures 7.203 Specific Heat of Glycerol 7.204 Vapor Pressure of Glycerol 7.205 Vapor Pressure of Glycerol-Water Solutions Viscosity of Glycerol Solutions in Centipoises 7.206 ComprrativeDatr 7.207 Emery CP/USP Glycerines 7.208 Procter & Gamble Glycerine 7.209 Witco Refined Glycerine 13.4-Butanetrioi 7.210 Physical Properties of 1.2.4-Butanetriol lP.6-Hexrnetrloi 7.21 1 Physical Properties of 1.2.6-Hexanetriol 7.212 Freezing Points of 1.2.6-Hexanetrio I-Water Mixtures 7.213 Vapor Pressure of 1.2.6-Hexanetriol 7.214 Solubility of 1.2. 6-Hexanetriol in Organic Solvents 7.21 5 Compatibility of 1.2. 6-Hexanetriol viscosities and Freezing Points of 1.2. 6-Hexanetriol 7.216

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Contents and Subject Index

lnri

.......................................................................... 447 ............................................... 447 .............................................................................. 447 447 ................................................................................... 448 ....................................................... 448 ..................................................... 448 .................... 449 ...................... 449 ......................... 450 ...................................... 450 ........................ 450 ............................................................................. 451 ............................................... 451 .............................................................. 452 ...................................................... 452 PHENOLS ..................................................................................... 454 454 8.1 Phenol ......................................................................... ALDEHYDES ................................................................................... 455 Furfural ................................................................................... 455 9.1 Properties of PureFurfural .......................................................... 455 9.2 Typical Properties and Specifiiations of Furfural .......................................... 456 9.3 Solubility of Various Substances in Furfural .............................................. 457 9.4 Solubility of Selected Thermoplastic Resins in Furfural ..................................... 457 458 9.5 Specific Gravity and Pounds per Gallon of Furfural ........................................ 458 9.6 CornpositiodDensity of Furfural-Water Solutions ......................................... 459 9.7 Vapor Pressure of Furfural .......................................................... 9.8 Solution Temperature of Furfural-Water System .......................................... 459 9.9 Temperature-Composition Diagram of Furfural-Water System ............................... 460 9.10 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium In the Furfural-Water System .................................... 460 9.11 Vapor-Liquid Composition of Furfural-Water System ...................................... 461 OtherAldehydsr ............................................................................ 461 9.12 Vapor Pressures of Various Aldehydes ................................................. 461 9.13 Physical Properties of Various Aldehydes ............................................... 462 ETHERS ...................................................................................... 463 10.1 Dimethyl Ether ................................................................... 463 10.2 Chlorodimethyl Ether .............................................................. 464 10.3 Chloromethyl Ethyl Ether ........................................................... 465 465 10.4 Ethyl Ether ...................................................................... 466 10.5 Flammability of Ethyl Ether-Oxygen-Helium Mixture ....................................... 10.6 Dichloroethyl Ether ................................................................ 466 IsopropylEther ............................................................................. 467 10.7 Properties of Pure Isopropyl Ether .................................................... 467 10.8 Vapor Pressure of Isopropyl Ether .................................................... 467 10.9 Isopropyl Ether-Water Solubility ...................................................... 467 10.10 Mutual Solubility for the System: Isopropyl Ether-Isopropyl Alcohol-Water at 25'C. % wt . . . . . . . . . . . 468 10.11 Conjugate Solutions in the System: Isopropyl Ether-Isopropyl Alcohol-Water at 25'C. % wt . . . . . . . . . 469 10.12 Miscibility of Isopropyl Ether-Isopropyl Alcohol-Water at 25% ............................... 469 Azeotropic Information-Isopropyl Ether ................................................. 470 10.13 10.14 Vapor Pressure of Isopropyl Ether at Various Temperatures ................................. 471 10.15 Specific Gravity of sopropyl Ether vs Temperature ........................................ 471 Mutual Solubility and Specific Gravity of Isopropyl Ether. Water and Isopropyl Alcohol at 25'C . . . . . . . . 471 10.16 472 10.17 n-Butyl Ether .................................................................... 10.18 Diamyl Ether .................................................................... 473 10.19 n-Hexyl Ether ................................................................... 473 474 10.20 Solubility Data for Various Ethers ..................................................... 474 10.21 Comparative Evaporation Rates of Various Ethers ........................................ 475 10.22 Specific Gravities of Various Ethers ................................................... 476 10.23 Vapor Pressure of Various Ethers ..................................................... 10.24 Ethylene Oxide .................................................................. 478 10.25 Enthalpy and Entropy of Ethylene Oxide ................................................ 478 Trlmethyolpropane Physical Properties of Trimethylolpropane 7.217 Pentaerythritol 7.218 Physical Properties of Pentaerythritol .................................................. Sorbitol 7.219 Physical Properties ofSorbiito1 Boiling Point of Sorbitol Solutions 7.220 7.221 Hydrogenolysis of Sorbitol and Glycerol at a Hydrogen Pressure of 2.000 psi 7.222 Hydrogenolysis of Sorbitol at 215% and a Hydrogen Pressure of 2.000 psi Phase Diagram of Sorbitol Solubility in Hydroalcoholic Liquids at 35% 7.223 7.224 Solubility of Sorbitol in Hydroalcoholic Liquids at 25°C 7.225 . Viscosity Curve for Pure d-Sorbitol Solutions of Various Concentrations SugarAlcoholr 7.226 Physical Properties of the Sugar Alcohols Mircellan~urPolyhydrlcAlcoholr 7.227 Hydrates of Polyhydric Alcohols

xxii

Contents and Subject Index 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 10.41 10.42 10.43 10.44 10.45 10.46 10.47 10.48 10.49

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Propylene Oxide Freezing Points of Solutions of Ethylene Oxide and Propylene Oxide 1.2.Butylene Oxide CARDOUTENC-513 I. 4-Dioxane .................................................................... Trioxane VinylMethyl Ether VinylEthylEther Vinyl 2-Chloroethyl Ether Vinyl Butyl Ether Vinyllsobutyl Ether Vinyl 2-Ethylhexyl Ether ............................................................ Typical Properties of the vinyl Ethers Phenyl Methyl Ether Dibenzyl Ether Diphenyl "Oxide Miscellaneous Alkyl Aryl Ethers Furan .......................................................................... 2-Methylfuran ................................................................... Tetrahydrofuran .................................................................. 2.3-Dihydropyran Tetrahydropyran Tetrahydropyran-2-Methanol ........................................................ Terpinyl Methyl Ether ..............................................................

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GLYCOLETHERS ............................................................................... 11 1 ARCOSOLV Ethylene and Propylene Glycol Ethers ....................................... 11.2 Ashland Glycol Ethers 11.3 Chemcentral Glycol Ethers 11.4 DOWANOL Glycol Ethers and Acetates 11.5 Eastman Chemicals Glycol Ethers 11.6 Grant Chemical Glycol Diethers (GLYMES) 11.7 Occidental Ethylene Glycol Ethers and Glycol Ether Acetates 11.8 Olin Chemicals Poly-Sob Propylene Glycol Ethers ........................................ 11.9 Union Carbide Glycol Ethers Methylal 11.10 Physical Properties of Methylal ....................................................... EthyleneGlycols Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether 11.11 11.12 Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether ..................................................... 11 13 Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether ....................................................... 11 I 4 Ethylene Glycol Diethyl Ether ........................................................ 11.15 Ethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether .................................................... 11 16 Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 11.17 Water Solubiliy of Ethylene Glycol n-Butyl Ether Ethylene Glycol Monoisobutyl Ether 11.18 11.19 Ethylene Glycol Dibutyl Ether 11.20 Ethylene Glycol Monophenyl Ether .................................................... 11.21 Ethylene Glycol Monobenql Ether 11.22 Terpinyl Ethylene Glycol Ether 11.23 Ethylene Glycol Butylphenyl Ethers .................................................... 11.24 Ethylene Glycol Monohexyl Ether 11.25 Ethylene Glycol Ethyl Hexyl Ether 11.26 Diethylene Glycol 11.27 Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether 11.28 Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether .................................................... 11.29 Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl EthedEthylene Glycol ........................................ 11-30 Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether .................................................... 11.31 Diethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether ................................................... 11.32 Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether 11.33 Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether (Special Grade) 11.34 Diethylene Glycol Monohexyl Ether 113 5 Diethylene Glycol Divinyl Ether 11.36 Diethylene Glycol Monoisobutyl Ether 11.37 Triethylene Glycol ................................................................

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479 479 480 480 481 481 482 482 482 482

483 483

483 484 485 485 486 486 486 487 493 493 494 494 496 496 498 499 500 503 504 506 512 513 514 514 514 514 515 515 516 516 516 517 517 518 519 520 520 521 521 521 522 523 523 523 524 524 524 525 525 525 526 526

Contents and Subject Index 11.38 Triethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.39 Triethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.40 Triethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.41 Triethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether/Highers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.42 Triethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether/Highers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.43 Tetraethylene Glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.44 Triethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PropyleneGlycols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.45 Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Propylene Glycol Monophenyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.46 11.47 Propylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.48 Propylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.49 Propylene Glycol tert-Butyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.50 Propylene Glycol Monobutoxyethyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.51 Propylene Glycol Isobutyl Ether and Higher Homologs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.52 Propylene Based Glycol Ether Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.53 Propylene Based Glycol Ether Blend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.54 Dipropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.55 Dipropylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.56 Dipropylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.57 Dipropylene Glycol Tertiary Butyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.58 Tripropylene Glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.59 Tripropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.60 Aromatic Based Glycol Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triglycols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.61 Methoxytriglycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.62 Ethoxytriglycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.63 Butoxytriglycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MiscellaneousGlycolData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.64 ARCOSOLV Evaporation Characteristics. Resin Compatibility and Other Data .................... 11.65 DOWANOL Miscibility. Solubility. Evaporation Rates. Vapor Pressure. Density. Surface Tension and Other Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.66 GLYME Azeotropic Vapor Pressure and Solubility Data ..................................... 11.67 Union Carbide Glycol Ethers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PolyethyleneGlycols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.68 Ashland Polyethylene Glycols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.69 BASF Pluracol E Polyethylene Glycols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.70 CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.71 Dow Polyglycols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PolypropyleneGlycols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.72 Ashland Polypropylene Glycols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-73 Dow Polypropylene Glycols and Polyglycol Copolymers ..................................... Polyols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.74 Properties of PLURONIC and TETRONIC Block Copolymer Surfactants ........................ GlycerineEthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.75 Glyceryl a-Monomethyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.76 Glyceryl a.y-Dimethyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.77 Glyceryl a-Mono-n-Butyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.78 Glyceryl a-Monoisoamyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.79 Glyceryl a.y-Diisoamyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.80 Miscellaneous Glycerine Ethers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

miii 527 527 528 528 528 529 529 530 530 530 531 531 532 532 532 533 533 533 534 534 534

535 536 536 536 536 537 537 537 537

548 574 576 581 581 581 582 599 611 611 612 622 622 623 623 623 623 623 624 624

KETONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 625 12.1 Physical Properties of Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 625 Low Temperature Characteristics of Aqueous Solutions of Acetone ............................ 626 12.3 Solubility of Various Materials in Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626 12.4 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of Acetone at Different Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of Acetone at 25°C .................................. 627 627 12.6 Viscosity of Aqueous Acetone Solutions at 25% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 12.7 Refractive Index of Aqueous Solutions of Acetone at 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 Liquid-Vapor Equilibria for Aqueous Solutions of Acetone at Different Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 629 12.9 Freezing Point of Aqueous Solutions of Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MethylEthylKetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

xxiv

Contents and Subject Index 12.10 Physical Properties of Methyl Ethyl Ketone .............................................. 629 630 12.1 1 Methyl Ethyl Ketone and Water ...................................................... Methyln-propylKetone 630 Properties of Methyl n-Propyl Ketone .................................................. 630 12.12 Methyln-ButylKetone ....................................................................... 631 631 12.13 properties of Methyl n-Butyl Ketone ................................................... Solubility of Dry Half-Second R.S. Nitrocellulose in a System of Methyl Butyl Ketone-sec12.14 Butanol-Toluene ................................................................ 632 MethyllsobutylKetone ....................................................................... 632 632 12.15 Properties of Methyl Isobutyl Ketone ................................................... 633 Solubility of Miscellaneous Materials in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone at 20" to 25°C .................... 12.16 Methyln-AmylKetone 634 12.17 Properties of Methyl n-Amyl Ketone ................................................... 634 MethylIsoamylKetone 634 12.18 Properties of Methyl Isoamyl Ketone ................................................... 634 635 Properties of Methyl Isoamyl Ketone vs Other Solvents ..................................... 12.19 12.20 Butyrate-Acrylic Wood Lacquer-ubstituting Isoamyl Ketone for 2-Ethoxyethyl Acetate . . . . . . . . . . . 635 Methyl HexylKetone 636 12.21 Properties of Methyl Hexyl Ketone 636 MethylHeptyl Ketone ........................................................................ 636 636 12.22 Properties of Methyl Heptyl Ketone .................................................... EthylbutylKetone ........................................................................... 637 637 12.23 Properties of Ethylbutyl Ketone ....................................................... Ethyl Amyl Ketone ........................................................................... 637 637 12.24 Properties of Ethyl Amyl Ketone ...................................................... Dl-n-PropylKetone ......................................................................... 638 638 12.25 Properties of Di-n-Propyl Ketone DllsobutylKetone ........................................................................... 638 638 12.26 Properties of Diisobutyl Ketone Cyclohexanone 639 639 12.27 Properties of Cyclohexanone ........................................................ 640 12.28 Resin Solubility in Cyclohexanone MethylCyclohexanone ....................................................................... 641 641 12.29 Properties of Methyl Cyclohexanone ................................................... MethylAcetone ............................................................................. 641 DlacetoneAlcohol ........................................................................... 642 642 12.30 Physical Properties of Acetone-Free Diacetone Alcohol .................................... AcetonylAcetone ........................................................................... 642 643 12.31 Properties of Acetonyl Acetone MesltylOxlde ............................................................................... 643 12.32 Properties of Mesityl Oxide .......................................................... 643 lsophorone ................................................................................ 644 12.33 Properties oflsophorone ........................................................... 644 Fenchone .................................................................................. 644 12.34 Properties of Fenchone ............................................................ 644 Beta-Proplolactone 645 645 12.35 Physical Properties of Beta-Propiolactone Gamma-Butyrolactone ....................................................................... 645 645 12.36 Properties of Gamma-Butyrolactone ................................................... ComparatlveData 648 12.37 Ashland Ketones 648 12.38 Chemcentral Ketones and Miscellaneous Active Solvents ................................... 649 650 12.39 Eastman Chemical Ketones 650 12.40 Exxon Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 12.41 Hoechst-Celanese Ketones 651 12.42 Shell Chemical Ketones 652 12.43 Union Carbide Ketones ............................................................ 657 12.44 Vapor Pressure of Various Ketones at Different Temperatures ............................... 658 12.45 Specific Gravities of etones ......................................................... 659 12.46 Solubility of Ketones in Water 659 12.47 Solubility of Water in Ketones ........................................................ 660 12.48 Relative Evaporation of Ketones-Fast to Intermediate Evaporating Liquids 660 12.49 Relative Evaporation of Ketones-lntermediate to Slow Evaporating Liquids ..................... 12.50 Viscosity vs Concentration of Chlorinated Rubber (Hercules PARLON S-20) in MEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

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ACIDS

Contents and Subject Index

m

. . . . . . . . ................................................................................ 13.1 Acetic Acid ...................................................................... Viscosity of Acetic Acid and Acetic Anhydride Mixtures at 15' and 76.5"C ....................... 13.2 Butyric Acid ..................................................................... 13.3 Viscosity of Aqueous Butyric Acid Solution at 25'C ........................................ 13.4 ButyricAnhydride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................... 13.5

662 662 662 663 663

i

13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.1 1 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 13.19 13.20 13.21

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Solubility of Water in Caproic Acid at Various Temperatures 2-Ethylbutyric Acid 2-Ethylhexoic Acid Solubility of Water in Ethylhexoic Acid. Ethylbutyraldehyde and Ethylpropylacrolein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lactic Acid Triftuoroacetic Acid Vapor Pressure of Organic Acids and Anhydrides at Various Temperatures ..................... Fatty Acid Composition of Various Fats and Oils Arizona Chemical ACTINOL Tall Oil Fatty Acids Eastman Chemicals Acids and Anhydrides Halocarbon Products BIOGRADE Triiuoroacetic Acid ...................................... EMERY Fatty and Dibasic Acids ...................................................... INDUSTRENE and HYSTRENE Fatty and Dibasic Acids .................................... NEO-FATFattyAcids ............................................................. Procter 81Gamble Fatty Acids ........................................................ Union Carbide Acids

.............................................................. AMINES ....................................................................................... AlkylAmines ............................................................................... 14.1 Monomethylamine ................................................................ 14.2 Dimethylamine ................................................................... 14.3 Trimethylamine ................................................................... 14.4 Freezing Points of Aqueous Methylamine Solutions ....................................... 14.5 Binary Azeotropes of Methylamines ................................................... 14.6 Solubility Data for Methylamines ...................................................... 14.7 Monoethylamine .................................................................. 14.8 Diethylamine .................................................................... 14.9 Triethylamine .................................................................... 14.10 n-Propylamine ................................................................... 14.11 Di-n-Propylamine ................................................................ Mutual Solubility of Di-n-Propylamine and Water at Various Temperatures ...................... 14.12 ....................... 14.13 Solubility Curve at 25" for the System Di-n-Propylamine-Water-Ethanol 14.14 Isopropylamine ................................................................... 14.15 Di-lsopropylamine ................................................................ 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 14.21 14.22 14.23 14.24 14.25 14.26 14.27 14.28 14.29 14.30 14.31 14.32 14.33 14.34 14.35 14.36 14.37 14.38 14.39

n-Butylamine .................................................................... n-Dibutylamine .................................................................. n-Tributylamine .................................................................. lsobutylamine .................................................................... Diisobutylamine .................................................................. sec-Butylamine Mono-n-Butyl Diamylamine ......................................................... n-Amylamine .................................................................... sec-Amylamine Diamylamine (Mixed Isomers) Triamylamine (Mixed Isomers) ....................................................... sec-Hexylamine 2-Ethylbutylamine n-Heptylarnine ................................................................... 2-Ethylhexylamine Di-2-Ethylhexylamine Cyclohexylamine ................................................................. Dicyclohexylamine AUQUAT Fatty Quaternary Ammonium Chloride .......................................... KEMAMINE Fatty Quaternary Ammonium Chlorides ....................................... High Molecular Weight Aliphatic Amines Solubilities of Pure Dodecyl- and Octadecyl-Trimethylammonium Chlorides in Grams per 100 grams ofsolvent ..................................................................... Solubilities of Organic Compounds in Aliphatic Amines at 25' f 5'C Vapor Pressure of Various Amines

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663 664 664 664

664 665 666

668 669 670 671 671 672 676 681

683 684 686 686 686

686 687 688

688 689 690 690 691 691 691 692 692 692 693 693 693 694 694

694 695 695

695 696 696 696 697 697 697 697 697 698 698

699 699 700 700 701 705

m i

Contents and Subject Index

14.40 Vapor Pressure of Sharples Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AlkyleneDlamlnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.41 Ethylene Diamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boiling Point Composition Curves for Aqueous Ethylenediamine Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.42 14.43 Diethylenetriamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.44 Boiling Point Composition Curves for Aqueous Diethylenetriarnine Solutions ..................... 14.45 Tetraethylenepentamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.46 Propylenediamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.47 Solvent Properties of Alkylene Diamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.48 Vapor Pressures of Alkylene Diamines and Other Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.49 Density of Ethylenediamine Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.50 Density of Higher Ethylene Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.51 Viscosity of Ethylenediamine Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.52 Viscosity of Higher Ethylene Amines ................................................... ComparativeData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Akzo ARMEEN, DUOMEEN, TRIAMEEN, ETHOMEEN, Ethoxylated Diamines, Propoxylated Amines . . . 14.53 14.54 ANGUSAmines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.55 Ashland Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.56 Chemcentral Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.57 Dow Commercial Alkanolamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.58 Humko Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.59 Procter & Gamble Tertiary Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.60 Occidental Ethanolamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.61 Union Carbide Ethyleneamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.62 Union Carbide Ethanolamines ....................................................... AlkanolAmines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.63 Monoethanolamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.64 Boiling Point Composition Curves for Aqueous Monoethanolamine Solutions ..................... 14.65 Viscosity of Monoethanolamine at Various Temperatures ................................... 14.66 Diethanolamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.67 Viscosity of Diethanolamine at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.68 Triethanolamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.69 Viscosity of Triethanolamine at Various Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.70 Specific Heats of Aqueous Triethanolamine Solutions at 21% ................................ 14.71 Surface Tension of Aqueous Ethanolamine Solutions at 20°C ................................ 14.72 Viscosity of Aqueous Ethanolamine Solutions at 20°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.73 lsopropanolamines Mixed ........................................................... 14.74 Triisopropanolamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.75 2-Amino-2-Methyl-1 -Propanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-Amino-2-Methyl-l ,2-Propanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.76 14.77 2-Amino-2-Ethyl-1, 3-Propanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.78 2-Amino-1-Butanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tris(Hydroxymethyl)Aminomethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.79 2-Aminoethylethanolamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.80 14.81 1-Diethylamino-2, 3-Propanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.82 Aminohydroxy Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.83 2-Diethylamino-2-Methyl-1 -Propanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AikylalkanolAmines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.84 Properties of Various Alkylalkanol Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glycol EtherAmlnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.85 Properties of Various Glycol Ether Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~IAmines ................................................................................ 14.86 Aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.87 Dimethylaniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.88 Diethylaniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.89 N-Mono-n-Butyl Aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.90 N,N-Di- n-Butyl Aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.91 n-Monoamyl Aniline (Mixed Isomers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.92 p-tert-Amyl Aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.93 Di-tert-Amyl Aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.94 N,N-Diamyl Aniline (Mixed Isomers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.95 Diethylbenzylamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.96 N-(n-Butyl)-+Naphthylamine ....................................................... imines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

705 706 706 706 706 707 707 707 708 708 709 709 710 710 711 711 718 718 719 719 735 736 737 747 753 760 760 760 760 761 761 761 762 762 762 762 763 763 763 764 764 764 764 764 764 765 765 766 766 768 768 769 769 769 769 770 770 770 770 771 771 771 771 772

Contents and Subject Index

mii

772 Ethylene Imine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.97 772 Propylene Imine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.98 773 Amides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 Formamide ..................................................................... 14.99 14.100 Dimethylformamide ................................................................ 773 774 14.101 Surface Tension and Density of DMF-Water Mixtures ...................................... 775 14.102 Semi-Quantitative Solubilities of Inorganic Materials in DMF at 25% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776 14.103 Dimethylacetamide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 14.104 Viscosities of Resins in DMAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 14.105 I-Formylpiperdine ................................................................ Nitriles., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 780 14.106 n-Butyronitrile ................................................................... Heterocyclic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 780 14.107 Pyrrole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 14.108 2-Pyrrolidone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 14.109 Phase Diagram for 2-Pyrrolidone-Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................... 782 14.110 N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone 783 14.1 11 AcuteOralToxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 14.1 12 Acute Dermal Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 14.1 I 3 Injection Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 14.1 14 Toxicity to Aqueous Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 14.1I 5 Infrared Absorption Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 14.1I 6 Specific Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 14.1I 7 Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 14.1 I 8 Vapor Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 14.1 19 Comparison of Vapor Pressures of M-Pyrol and Other Aprotic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 14.120 SurfaceTension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 14.121 Freezing Point Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 14.122 Viscosity of Anhydrous M-Pyrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 14.123 Viscosity of Aqueous M-Pyrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.124 Vapor/Liquid Equilibrium Data for M-Pyrol-Water System at Atmospheric and 400 mg Pressures . . . . . 787 787 14.125 Vapor/Liquid Equilibrium of M-Pyrol-Water Systems ....................................... 788 14.126 Hydrolytic Stability of M-Pyrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 14.127 Comparison of Hydrolysis of M-Pyrol and DMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 14.128 Hydrolysis of M-Pyrol in Alkaline Salt Solutions .......................................... 789 14.129 Hygroscopicity Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 14.130 Hygroscopicity Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 14.131 Hygroscopicity Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 14.132 Effect of Temperature on Hygroscopicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 14.133 Correlation of M-Pyrol and Water Vapor Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 14.134 Vapodtiquid Equilibrium of M-Pyrol Containing 1% Water .................................. 791 14.135 Solubility of Acetylene in Various Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 14.136 Solubility of Sulfur Compounds and Carbon Dioxide in M-Pyrol Solvent ........................ 792 14.137 Solubility of Paraffin Hydrocarbons in M-Pyrol Solvent ..................................... 14.138 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Distribution Coefficients for Sulfur Compounds and Carbon Dioxide in 793 M-Pyrol Solvent 14.139 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Distribution Coefficients for Paraffin Hydrocarbons in M-Pyrol Solvent . . . . . . 793 14.140 Correlation of Equilibrium Distribution Coefficients for Ethane and Heavier Paraffin Hydrocarbons 794 in M-Pyrol Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.141 Classification of Equilibria in M-Pyrol Showing Relationship Between Equilibrium Distribution 794 Coefficients (K)and Solute Vapor Pressures ........................................... 795 14.142 Solubilities of Carbon Monoxide and Olefins in Anhydrous M-Pyrol Solvent ...................... 795 14.143 Solubilities of Diolefins in Anhydrous M-Pyrol Solvent ...................................... 796 14.144 Solubilities of Acetylenes in Anhydrous M-Pyrol Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.145 Vapor-tiquid Equilibrium Distribution Coefficients for Olefins and Carbon Monoxide in M-Pyrol 796 Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.146 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Distribution Coefficients for Diolefins in Anhydrous M-Pyrol Solvent . . . . . . . . 797 14.147 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Distribution Coefficients for Acetylenes in Anhydrous M-Pyrol Solvent . . . . . . 797 14.148 Effect of Water (5 wt %) in M-Pyrol Solvent on Equilibrium Distribution Coefficients for Olefins . . . . . . . 798 14.149 Effect of Water (5 wt %) in M-Pyrol Solvent on Equilibrium Distribution Coefficients for Olefins . . . . . . . 798 799 14.150 Effect of Water (5 wt %) in M-Pyrol Solvent on Equilibrium Distribution Coefficient for Methylacetylene 14.151 Effect of Water (5 wt %) in M-Pyrol Solvent on Equilibrium Distribution Coefficient for Acetylene . . . . . . 799 14.152 Classification and Correlation of Equilibria of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons in Anhydrous M-Pyrol 800 Solvent 92-10 atm. 25'-150"C range) ............................................... 14.153 Effect of Water and Elevated Pressure on Solubility of Hydrogen Sulfide in M-Pyrol Solvent . . . . . . . . . 800

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Contents and Subject Index

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Effect of meso.2. 3.Butanediol on the Freezing Point of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions 382 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Ethanol Solutions ........................... 383 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio LEthylene Glycol Solutions 383 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Methano1 Solutions 383 Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions. Expressed Logarithmically. as a Function of Concentration and Temperature ........................................... 384 Solutions in Relation to Concentration Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol 7.63 and Temperature ............................................................... 384 Kinematic Viscosity of 60% levo-2.3.Butanediol. Glycerol and Ethylene Glycol Solutions at Low 7.64 Temperatures 384 Solutions at 20°C. Expressed in Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Ethanol 7.65 Centistokes .................................................................... 384 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Methanol Solutions at 20°C. Expressed in 7.66 Centistokes 385 l.Ethylene Glycol Solutions in 20'C Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo.2.3.Butanedio 7.67 385 Expressed incentistokes ......................................................... 7.68 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2.3.Butanedio l.Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol Solutions at 20'C. Expressed in Centistokes 385 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol. levo.2.3.Butanediol. meso-dextro7.69 2.3.Butanediol and Glycerol at 20°C ................................................. 385 Optical Rotatory Power of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at 20°C ...................... 386 7.70 Effects of Concentration and Temperature on the Specific Rotatory Power of Aqueous levo-237.71 Butanediol Solutions 386 386 7.72 Refractive Indices of Aqueous levo.2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at Different Temperatures 386 7.73 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Solutions of meso- and levo.2. 3.Butanediol at 25'C Specific Gravity of Aqueous levo-2. 3.Butanediol Solutions at 20'. 30'. and 40% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 7.74 387 7.75 Specific Gravity of Aqueous meso.2. 3.Butanedol Solutions at 20'. 30'. and 4O'C 7.76 Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of levo-2. 3.Butanediol and Ethylene Glycol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Butanediois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 388 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Butanediol Solutions at 20". 30'. and 40°C ....................... 7.77 388 Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C. in Centistokes 7.78 2.Butene.1, 4.dioi 388 ............................................... 388 7.79 Physical Properties of 2.Butene-1. 4.diol 2.Butyne.1, Cdioi ........................................................................... 389 389 7.80 Physical Properties of 2.Butyne.l. 4.diol IC-Pentanedlol 389 7.81 Physical Properties of 1.5.Pentanediol 389 390 7.82 Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1.5.Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C 390 7.83 Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1.5-Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C 2,CPen.nediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 ................................................. 390 7.84 Physical Properties of 2.4.Pentanediol NeopentylGlycol ............................................................................ 390 7.85 Physical Properties of Neopentyl Glycol 390 Pentanediols 391 7.86 Kinematic Viscostly of Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40%. in Centistokes 391 7.87 Refractive Indices of Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20' and 4Q°C .......................... 391 IS-Hexanediol 392 392 7.88 Physical Properties of 1.6.Hexanediol 2,5.Hexanediol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 7.89 Physical Properties of 1.5.Hexanediol ................................................. 392 HexyleneGiycol ............................................................................. 392 7.90 Physical Properties and Specifications of Hexylene Glycol 392 393 7.91 Freezing Points of Hexylene Glycol-Water Mixtures 393 7.92 Specific Gravity and Freezing Point of Hexylene Glycol-Water Mixtures Pinacol 394 394 7.93 Physical Properties of Pinacol 22-Diethyl-I f-Propanedloi 394 7.94 Physical Properties of 2.2.Diethyl.l. 3.Propanediol 394 2.Ethyl.1, 3.Hexanedlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 7.95 Physical Properties of 2.Ethyl.l. 3.Hexanediol 394 2,5.Dimethyl.3.Hexyne.2,5 .diol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 5.diol .................................... 395 7.96 Physical Properties of 2.5.Dimethyl.3.Hexyne-2. 1,4.Cyclohexanedimethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 7.57 7.58 7.59 7.60 7.61 7.62

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Contents and Subject Index Ethylene Glycol Monoacetate ........................................................ 15.20 15.21 Ethylene Glycol Diacetate Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate .............................................. 15.22 Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate ............................................... 15.23 15.24 Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Acetate ............................................... Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.25 15.26 Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Acetate .............................................. 15.27 Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate ............................................. 15.28 Propylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate .............................................. 15.29 Dipropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate (DPMA) ..................................... 15.30 Propylene-Based Glycol Ether Acetate ................................................. Propionates ................................................................................ 15.31 Methyl Propionate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.32 Ethyl Propionate 15.33 N-Butyl Propionate ............................................................... Amyl Propionate 15.34 15.35 Ethyl 3-Ethoxypropionate Butyrater 15.36 Methyl Butyrate .................................................................. 15.37 Ethyl Butyrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.38 n-Butyl Butyrate 15.39 Ethyl Hydroxy-lsobutyrate .......................................................... 15.40 Isobutyl lsobutyrate ............................................................... 2.2.4-Trimethylpentanediol-l .3-Monoisobutyrate ......................................... 15.41 ComparativeData 15.42 ARCOSOLV PM Acetate and ARCOSOLV PE Acetate 15.43 Ashland Ester Solvents ............................................................ 15.44 Chemcentral Esters 15.45 CPSChemical Esters 15.46 Eastman Glycol Ether Esters 15.47 Hoechst Celanese Esters ........................................................... 15.48 Mobil OilEsters 15.49 Union Carbide Esaters ............................................................. HiOherFattyAcldEsters 15.50 Emery Methyl Esters 15.51 Procter & Gamble Methyl Esters ...................................................... 15.52 Stepan Esters Adipater 15.53 Mixture of Dimethyl Adipate and Dimethyl Glutarate Mixture of Dimethyl Adipate. Dimethyl Glutarate and Dimethyl Succinate 15.54 15.55 Dialkyl Adipate 15.56 Dioctyl Adipate ................................................................... Oxalates 15.57 DietylOxalate 15.58 Dibutyl Oxalate 15.59 Diamyl Oxalate Lactates 15.60 Methyl Lactate ................................................................... 15.61 Ethyl Lactate .................................................................... 15.62 Butyl Lactate 15.63 Amyl Lactate 15.64 Physical Properties of ctates Carbonates 15.65 Diethyl Carbonate 15.66 JEFFSOLCarbonates ............................................................. PMhalater Alkyl Benzyl Phthalates ............................................................ 15.67 15.68 Butyl Benzyl Phthalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.69 Dibutyl Phthalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.70 Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (Dioctyl Phthalate) ............................................ Phosphates 15.71 1-Butylphenyl Diphenyl Phosphate 15.72 2-Ethylhexyl Diphenyl Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lsodecyl Diphenyl Phosphate 15.73

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.................................................... ........................................................

mix 826 826 827 827 828 829 829 830 830 831 831 832 832 832 832

833 833 834 834 834 834 835 835 835 836 836 838 838 839 839 840 842

843 850 850 851 852 854 854 854 855 856 857 857 857 858 858 858 858 859 860 860 860 860 861 867 867 871 873 874 875 875 876 879

mx

Contents and Subject Index Emulsifiable Triaryl Phosphate ....................................................... 15.74 Proprietary Triaryl Phosphate Ester .................................................... 15.75 Tributoxyethyl Phosphate 15.76 Tributyl PHosphate 15.77 Triphenyl Phosphate .............................................................. 15.78 Phosphites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dialkyl Hydrogen Phosphites 15.79 Trialkyl Phosphites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.80 Tertiary Phosphites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.81 Organophosphfies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.82 Silicates ................................................................................ Ethyl Silicate .................................................................... 15.83 Plasticizers ................................................................................ Summary of Typical Properties of Plasticizers ............................................ 15.84

881 881 882 883 883 885 885 886 887 888 888 888 889 890

HPLCAND WDATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GC-FiDChromatograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 Methylane Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HPLC Gradient Chromatograms ................................................................ 16.2 Watervs Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 Water vs Acetonitrile .............................................................. 16.4 Water vs 2-Propanol .............................................................. 16.5 Water vs Tetrahydrofuran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 Water-01 % Trifluoroacetic Acid vs Acetonitrile-0.1 % Trifluoroacetic Acid ....................... 16.7 0.1 M Potassium Phosphate vs Acetonitrile .............................................. 16.8 0.1 M Potassium Phosphate vs Methanol ............................................... 0.05 M Potassium Phosphate vs Acetonitrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.9 0.05 M Potassium Phosphate vs Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.10 16.11 0.01 M Potassium Phosphate vs 0.5 M Potassium Phosphate pH 6.8/6.4 ....................... 16.12 Hexane vsChloroform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.13 Hexanevs Chloroform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.14 Hexane vs Ethyl Acetate ........................................................... 16.15 Hexane vs2-Propanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.16 HexanevsEther (Anhydrous) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.17 2.2. 4-Trimethylpentane vs Chloroform ................................................. 16.18 2.2. 4-Trimethylpentane vs Methylene Chloride ........................................... 16.19 2.2. 4-Trimethylpentane vs Ethyl Acetate ............................................... 16.20 2.2. 4-Trimethylpentane vs 2-Propanol ................................................. 16.21 Methylene Chloride vs Methanol ...................................................... 16.22 Methylene Chloride vs 2-Propanol .................................................... 16.23 Methylene Chloride vs Ethyl Acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.24 Methylene Chloride vs Ether (Anhydrous) ............................................... UitravioletSpectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.25 Acetic Acid. Glacial., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.26 Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.27 Acetonitrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.28 Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.29 2-Butanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.30 n-Butyl Acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.31 n-Butyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.32 n-Butyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.33 tert-Butyl Methyl Ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.34 Carbon Tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.35 Chlorobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.36 Chloroform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.37 Cyclohexane .................................................................... 16.38 Cyclopentane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.39 Decahydronaphthalene (Decalin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.40 o-Dichlorobenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.41 Diethyl Carbonate ................................................................ 16.42 Dimethyl Acetamide ............................................................... 16.43 Dimethyl Formamide .............................................................. 16.44 Dimethyl Sulfoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.45 1.4-Dioxane ....................................................................

891 891 891 892 892 893 894 894 895 896 897 897 898 899 900 900 901 901

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...

902 903

903 904 904 905 905 906 906 907 907 907 908 909 910 910 910 911 911 911 912 912 914 914 915 915 916 916 916 917 917

Contents and Subject Index 16.46 16.47 16.48 16.49 16.50 16.51 16.52 16.53 16.54 16.55 16.56 16.57 16.58 16.59 16.60 16.61 16.62 16.63 16.64 16.65 16.66 16.67 16.68 16.69 16.70 16.71 16.72 16.73 16.74 16.75 16.76 16.77 16.78 16.79 16.80 16.81 16.82 16.83 16.84

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Ether. Anhydrous 2-Ethoxyethanol EthylAcetate Ethylene Dichloride ............................................................... Ethyl Ether GLYME ........................................................................ n-Heptane ...................................................................... Hexadecane .................................................................... Hexane Isobutyl Alcohol iso-Octane (2.2.4-Trimethylpentane) .................................................. Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropyl Myristate Methanol 2-Methoxyethanol 2-Methoxyethyl Acetate Methylt-Butyl Ether Methylene Chloride ............................................................... Methyl EthylKetone ............................................................... Methyl Isoamyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl n-Propyl Ketone N-Methylpyrrolidone Pentane ........................................................................ Petroleum Ether .................................................................. beta-Phenethylamine .............................................................. 2-Propanol ..................................................................... n-Propyl Alcohol Propylene Carbonate Pyridine Tetrahydrofuran Toluene ........................................................................ 1.2. 4-Trichlorobenzene Trichloroethylene 1.1. 2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane ........................................................ Triiuoroacetic Acid ................................................................ Trimethylpentane Water ......................................................................... ortho-Xylene

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mi 917 918 918 919 919 920 920 921 921 923 924 924 925 925 926 926 926 927 927 928 928 929 929 929 930 930 931 931 931 932 932 933 934 935 935 936 936 937 937

............................................

938

.................................................................................. TRADENAMEINDEX ............................................................................

960

APPENDM-COMPARATNE DATA FOR VARIOUS SOLVENTS REFERENCES

962

Introduction

A solution may be defined as a mixture of two or more substances which has uniform chemical and physical properties throughout. It may also be defined as a system whose component parts are two or more molecular species, there being no boundary surfaces between these parts larger than molecules. There are two components to every solutionthe solvent and the solute. As a matter of convenience, the part of a solution which i s in excess is designated as the solvent; the solute is the component which is in smaller proportion. Solvents, once used, may be recycled, reused, or discarded in an environmentally safe manner. The purpose of solvents i s to convert substances into a form suitable for a particular use. The importance of the role of solvents is brought out most clearly by the fact that many substances exhibit their greatest usefulness when in solution. Lacquer solvents, for example, are selected to produce homogeneous combinations and so selected as to impart the most desirable mechanical properties. The physical properties of a fabricated solution can be regulated a t will by the proper choice of solvents, thus adapting them to the most varied uses and methods of applications. Some of the more important uses for solvents are in the adhesives, coatings, electronics, ink, pesticide, pharmaceutical, photographic reproduction, and textile industries. Large quantities of solvents are also involved in dry cleaning, metal degreasing, oil refining and recovery, and as fuel additives. Solvents vary in their dissolving power, so that the line of demarcation between solvents, latent solvents and nonsolvents is difficult to define. Some of the factors which influence solvency are atmospheric conditions, purity and molecular association. Molecular aggregation is the explanation for increased, attenuated, or decreased solvent power or, more concisely, eccentric solvency. Any substance that will dissolve another i s called a solvent. Thus, we have a gaseous solution when a liquid or a solid is dissolved in a gas; a liquid solution when any one of these is dissolved in a liquid, and a solid solution when any one of them is dissolved in a solid. Mixing of solvents, diluents and thinners often results in change of solvent properties. Some chlorinated compounds become good solvents for cellulose esters when mixed with an alcohol. On the other hand, some active solvents for esters of cellulose lose some of their solvent power when mixed with hydrocarbons. Alcohols are added to lacquers to improve flow and to prevent blushing, although they vary considerably in these respects. Alcohols are not true or active solvents for nitrocellulose as are the active dissolvents like ethyl lactate or n-butyl acetate. The alcohol group, however, cannot be classed as nonsolvents like toluene or naphtha. When an alcohol is added to a true solvent, the solvent power of the latter is not reduced but, on the contrary, this active solvent activates the alcohol to such an extent that it too becomes a solvent. Therefore, alcohols are referred to as latent solvents, whose hidden solvent qualities are brought out by the addition of an active solvent. The presence of a latent solvent increases the tolerance of an active solvent for a nonsolvent. This group of latent solvents is also called extenders, because they increase the volume of a mixture without decreasing the solvent power. In general, simple esters and ketones activate alcohols so that they too become solvents and are capable of tolerating various proportions of diluents. This is due to the molecular aggregates formed. Two-type solvents containing both an alcohol and an active solvent group, such as an ester, ether or ketone, activate alcohol to a lesser degree. Unit volumes of a solvent will activate only a limited amount of alcohol, indicating that definite molecular aggregates are formed. A mixture of 50% n-butyl acetate and 50% n-butyl alcohol will not lose i t s solvent power until 85 to 95% of the volume is evaporated, contributing further evidence of the validity of the theory of molecular aggregates. Plasticizers, which are the high-boiling solvents, also activate alcohols. Liquids vary in their rate of evaporation. Naturally, in a mixture of liquids, some evaporate more rapidly than others. For example, if the solvent constituent of a lacquer evaporates more rapidly than the diluent, the limit of tolerance of the residual mixture is exceeded and gelling or precipitation occurs. As evaporation goes on, gigantic molecular reactions take place. Vast numbers of molecules change places as the new aggregates are formed. Some are 1

2

Industrial Solvents Handbook

replaced and some are repelled, causing immiscibility, precipitation, blushing, or one or more of the many lacquer faults. It follows that dilution ratios do not indicate tolerance during the change of solvent-nonsolvent balance which occurs during drying. In the theory of molecular aggregation, higher concentrations of cellulose derivatives contain fewer secondaryvalence bonds. Consequently, smaller amounts of diluent can be tolerated. This condition occurs during film drying. Hydroxyl-containing solvents show greater tolerance for toluene than do the simpler esters. In the case of naphtha the condition is reversed. There are, however, exceptions to this statement, among which are butyl lactate and Butyl CELLOSOLVE, which have very high naphtha tolerance. Simple esters will tolerate 50 to 100% more naphtha than will such materials as ethyl lactate, ethyl ether, ethylene glycol, diacetone alcohol, and so forth. Ethers of glycols generally have higher dilution ratios than do the butyl esters with respect to benzene, toluene, and xylene. Solutions of nitrocellulose tolerate larger quantities of nonsolvents than solutions of cellulose acetate. The "solventpower number'' i s influenced by both the nature of the diluent and the mixing of two or more solvents. Frequently, when two or more nonsolvents are mixed, they may exhibit the qualities of a good solvent. This i s especially true when one of the ingredients is an alcohol. The ether-alcohol solvent mixture for collodion is a familiar example. Another example of acquired solubility is the mixing of butyl acetate with amyl or ethyl alcohol for the less highly polymerized forms of glyceryl phthalate resins. Some of the chlorinated hydrocarbons will dissolve nitrocellulose when mixed with an alcohol. A mixture of benzene and alcohol will dissolve nitrocellulose containing up to 11% nitrogen. A toluene-ethyl alcohol solution of alkyd resin will dissolve nitrocellulose. In many cases the solvent property of esters for resins and nitrocellulose is increased by the addition of an alcohol. On the other hand, when active solvents for cellulose esters are mixed with aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons, the solvent power of these active solvents is decreased. These facts bring to light reasons why many of the old-type solvents have been valued for their impurities. For example, methyl acetone, made from the distillation of wood, had particularly valuable solvent properties. Actually, it i s a mixed solvent which consists of methanol, acetone, esters and higher ketones. This mixture has certain desirable properties not obtained by any of i t s component ingredients when used separately. For this reason the "synthetic methyl acetone" is made to simulate it. For this same reason commercial grades of butyl and amyl acetate contain 85% ester and the remaining portion i s the corresponding alcohol. Amyl acetate, containing i t s characteristic impurities when manufactured from fusel oil, is also valued for i t s solvent properties. The synthetic product is different because it lacks these impurities. It is made from the pentane fraction of gasoline by chlorination; the chloropentane is hydrolyzed to form amyl alcohol, and is finally esterified to the acetate. Because of today's concern with environmental pollution, chemical composition limitations of solvent formulations have been adopted by many state and local governmental agencies in the more highly industrialized areas of the country. These rules and regulations seriously affect the use of many solvents, and solvent blends must be reformulated to conform to the maximum allowable concentrations of the restricted solvents. It is necessary for the solvent user t o acquaint himself with the governmental regulations of solvent use in his particular locale.

Hydrocarbon Solvents

PARAFFINS Table 2.2: Ethane (4)

Table 2.1: Methane (4)

I I

FORMULA

PROPERTIES

FORMULA

CHI

RYM iH :;

~~~

I

PURE GRADE

PROPERTIES

I

Composition. mol per cent

I

I RE6Si:EH I

Composition. mol per cent Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide Methane Ethylene Ethane Propylene Propane

. . .

trace 99.97 0.01

0.02

Fmezim point. triple point. F Boiling point, F Specific gravity of liauid a t 60160 F n2W4 C Oensitv of liquid at 60 F. lblgal Vapor pressure et 70 F, p6a Specific gravity of mal gas at 60 F and 14.7 psia (Air = 1) Specific volume of real ga at 60 F and 14.7 psia, cu Wlb Density of real ga at 60 F and 14.7 psia, Ibdw f t Lquid volume, cu Wlb at -260 F and 13.8 p h Critical ternorretun. F Critical p m m . psia Flph point, mproximate. F Flammabilitylimits. volume K in air Lomr I Higher Heatinnvalue for mal nu at 60 F and 1 .30 in Ha. muratadblu'$ BTUl cu ft Heatingvalue for i d u l gm at GO F and 14.7 ph h. . BTUlcu ft, nm 0 hais bnir -. Saturated bldr I

I

60 F and 14.7 psia, BTUlcu h. Dry bldr Saturated bask

I 1 I

low

I I I

.

985

*Litemure valua

*Litemturn valua

3

cu3-cn3

1.0469'

13.0.

..__

17lW 1769.

I I

I

PURE GRADE

trace

0.05 99.35. 0.25 0.35

4

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.3: Propane (4)

I

FORMULA

I

PROPERTIES

RESEARCH GRADE

Compoution. mlpht p81 unt Ethane Propylene . 99.98 - .PrOP8M Imbume - -- __ 0.02- . - Norm81 Butan8 ___._. Butene2 Neopentane ___ Impentene ._____ ___ Normal Pentane

__

___

__

~

___

Purity by freezing point, mol pucent Freezing point, F Boiling point, F Specific gravity of liquid at 60/W F 10/1

-305.84' (triple poi" -43.73' 0.5077. 0.5005.

c

0.508 0.501 147.0

~

3 71 < O.OW5 60 F and 14.7 p i a (Air = 1) Specific volume of real gas at

0.510 145.9

271 C0.0005

1.5503. 8.4515' -156' _____~.

2.1' 9.5.

L "W

Higher Heatingvalue for ideal gm a t 60 F and 14.7 pi8, dry basis BTUlcu ft

t

2517'

*Literature

Table 2.4: lrobutane (4) FORMULA PROPERTIES Composition, might per u n t Ethana Propylene Proprru Imbutmu Normal B u t m Butm*Z Neopmtane Impentena NonalPentw Purity by f r w i n g point, mol print Fnuing point, F Boiling point, F Specific grrvity of liquid I W80 F

MN c

-

99.96 -255.28. a n an.

I

-

I I

0.583 0.557 119.1 4.68 45.8 72.2 111.5

0.5831. 0.5572.

__ __

. ., Sulfur content, mwt p a cent Specific p i t y of me1 c a t 80 F nd 14.7 p l (Air 1) Spncifc w l u n n of nlp a t 80 F and 14.7 p l , cu ft Ab F*lh point, tppmximat8, F Flammlility limits, wluma% in air Lam HiW Hnting value for idnl gnat 80 F and 14.7 &.dry be61 BTU/cu ft

99.5

iu.aa

0.563 0.557 119.8 4.68 45.4 72.2 111.5

< 0.m

0.m

208M15. 6.3355.

3253.

I I

I

-117

I

I -117 I

I

Hydrocarbon Solvents

5

Table 2.5: n-Butane (4)

I

FORMULA

I

PROPERTIES Composition. weight per a n t Ethane Propylene PlOp8W lrobutine Normal Butam

cna-Cnl-Cnl-cna

RESEARCH GRAOE

I

PURE GRADE

I

T E ~ ~ ~ ~ A L

~

__ __

I

0.05 99.95

I

NOOpmttn8 Iropsntane Normal Penurn

I

I

I

1

I

0.3 99.4

I

I I

I

0.1

1.0

I

97.6

I

0.2

I

0.3 0.2

I

0.2

__ U.6 ..

95.0 min

Table 2.6: 2,2-Dlmethylpropane (4) Neopentane

FORMULA

I

9

cn,+-cn, cn.

I

PROPERTIES

RESEARCH GRADE

PURE GRADE

TECHNICAL GRADE

(continued)

6

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.6: (continued)

I

PROPERTIES

100 F,pua 130 F, psia - Rdrwtwe index. 2010 Co!or, Saybolt (unless indicatedl Acidity, distillation reudue Nonvcjatile matter, gramdl00 ml Sulfur - content,we4&t per cent ._ C g. e r coy~:on_ _ - Doctor tm. _ _ - . . -Kinematic viscouty, cs at 32 F Specific gravity of real gas at 60 F and 14.7 pria (Air = 1) Specific volume of real gas at 60 F and 14.7 pua, cu Wlb Fl@ point, approximate, F Flammcbility limits. volume% in air .

.

-.

35.9 ___ -57.4

.

. ._ . .

+30

.

+30 - - neutral

.

..

- 36.7 57.1 - __ . -

-_

..

!.Was

-:

_ _ ImJral- _-

-1.-

2.622. 4.997'

. .

-85

1.4.

Low

._ .

8.3.

Higher

_

-

~

.

-85 - .-

-

Table 2.7: lsopentane (4) FORMULA RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES

runE GRADE

TECHNICAL GRADE

0.1

0.2

0.1 99.4 0.4

0.1 97.1

Composition, %@t=mnt

Normal Butam ___________ cc8uto~2 2,2.-Oim*hylpropme Impentam Normal Pentane PmtenbZ Cyclopentane

60 F 8nd 14.7 psia. cu Wlb

*Literature d u n

___..

99.99 0.01

'

.-

-

+N

~. . .. 0.00115- - . - .- 0.005 - -~- . 0005 . - 1 - - - .. 1. _. - !!FE -_ - V!p" - 0.532. - - - - ._-.

__

~-

_

_..- .. . . - .

_- . -

-

.

.

-

I TEiiWil

PURE GRADE

__

-

. .

I

RESEARCH GRADE

...

-

2.8

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.8: n-Pentane (4)

CH,-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH~

FORMULA RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES

PURE GRADE

TECHNICAL GRADE

Comeositjon, weight per cent Norma!_Butane

->-L -.

___

~

_

.- - Z&D~mathylptopane

Imp@nfanr_ - _ N o n r l h n u n e .. . Pentene-2 -Cydopentane

_

~

0.01

-

0.5 988

0.2 99.4 0.1 0.3

99s

.

_-I____

-

99.98 Puritv by freezig pint,mCpar EInt -201.50' Frnzim PO^ F96.93' Boili oint F - __ - - ____-0istiE:on r;mF____ Initial boilingp&nt-. __ 10KCondlnrsd - . .- .____ 5oK Condenrad- - . 90KCondenred _ ._-- - o m - __ 0.6312. Specific Vity of liquid at 60l60 F . 0.62624. , _______ -e1a!!Lc--

0.5

99.2

-

__ -_

-@orprexure

__

_--

-

-

1RF,e~'1-

- .

130 F,p!

..Afmreindex.

2WO

-_ __

__-----

s-.-

9 7 -97-

___-

_____

-92.._--.

-E?!--

.

Color. Saybolt_Lunlessindicated) - _ Acldlty.distclation reudue Nonvolatile matter. pramt/lO&ml Sulfur con!en_t,ei&t per c g ! Copper c o ~ o ~ o n _ _ Doctor tM--- Kinematic viscosity, cs at 32 F Specific gravity of real gas at Fand 14.7 pria (Air = 1) - - - -60.Specific volume of real w at 60fInd 14 7 ptra, cu Wlb Flahpoint. approximate. F Flamm+ulitv limits, volume K in air -L-r Higher

_

-

-~ ~ . _ _ ,

8.56. ___ 15.57. 26.4. 13.5748-. . _ ___-

at 70 F ~ E._

~-

-

_--

AP~pmlFl!@ !- - Density pt_lipuiclat60% l b b l - .

-

0.2-

____

8.6 15.6 26.3 -

--

o s 1 0 633 0.626 _______._ 92.0 _ _ _92.7 _ _ _ . __-5.27 . 5.25

____ +30 neutral O.WO5 0.005 1 mgatm

___

____

+30

-

neutral 0.0005 0.005 1 m m

0.431.

26400. 4.9629.

-50

-57 1.4. 8.3' i

*Literature values.

Table 2.9: 2,2-Dimethyibutane (4) Neo hexa ne FORMULA

I

7%

CHa-y-CH2-CH3 CH-

I

PROPERTIES Composition, weight per u n l Impenunc Cyclopmutm 2.2-Oimrthylbutam 2,lOimoththylbutam 2Mnhylpmatm Mathylpmtm Purity by fmzirq point, mol per Unl Frwzingpoint, F Boiliq point, F Distillation r a w , F Initial boiling point Ow point

REXARCH CRAnF

I

PURE GRADE

0.2

9938 0.01 0.01

99.97 -147.77' 121.53'

99.5 0.2

ai

I

TECHNICAL GRADE

0.1 s6.4 95.0 min. 2.2 0.3

99.4 99.0min.

120.5 122.Z

-

7

8

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.9: (continued)

RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES

PURE GRADE

*Litwmun dum

Table 2.10: 2,3-Dimethyibutane (4) Di isopropyl

FORMULA

I

?'a'?"'

cna-Cn-cn-cna

I

T E ~ ~ ~ ~ A L

Hydrocarbon Solvents

9

Table 2.11: 2-Methylpentane (4)

FH3 CH,-CH-CH2-CH2-CH,

FORMULA

PROPERTIES

PURE GRADE

RESEARCH GRADE

TECHNICAL GRADE

'Literature v d u n

Table 2.12: 3-Methylpentane (4)

FORMULA

?ROPERTIES

1

I

:"a CH,-CHa-CH-CH2-CH,

RESEARCH GRADE

I

WRE GRADE

I

T E ~ ~ ~ C ~ L

(continued)

IO

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.12: (continued)

I

PROPERTIES

0.6690.

Specific W i . t y of liquid at 6W60F .- - ._ -atJ@C

API gravity at 60 F Cenr;iy ofTqGdat6o_F.b&$ _._ Vapor p m r e at 70 F, psi8 100 F. pua . i3a F. psia R d r a c ~ w j d e x2 ,W O Color, Saybolt Acid&, distdla
RESEARCH GRAOE

-

__

wp3y

I .

I

PURE GRAOE

1E:i;P

I

0.669

0.669

3.F-

.' -.

0.664

U.8 - . __

5.57 3.1-

6.0

-.

1.365?-.

1.376 +30

+a .

.

::

-

0.0005

-

'-

0.W5

'50 . rmtnl

-

. .

0.00s

wpm .-

1.2. 7 7'

PROPERTIES

'LiterMure nluos. *'Form a g l l a

I

I

- . .-

CH,-CH2-CH2-CH,-CH2-~~I

RESEARCH GRADE

.

nF

Table 2.13: n-Hexane (4)

FORMULA

_.

-om----. 1

1

-25

- -- -

i.Bs

"W!?l_

. _

-16.9

I

PURE GRADE

I

1 E W iE ;

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.14: 2,4-Dimethylpentane (4)

FORMULA

'Litoraturn WIUI

Table 2.15: 2,3-Dimethylpentane (4)

-_

FORMULA

I

?fiO?ERTlLS

I

CHa-CH-CH-CU2-CHa FHaFHa

80% 6RAIE

Purity by f m z i q point, mol p n a n t

_ _TGTw point, F

__._

_--

DLillation m q ~ F. Initial boilifq paint OlldWd

193

11

12

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.16: 3-Methylhexane (4)

"71

FORMULA

TECHNICAL GRADE

PROPERTIES

CH,-CH14H-ICHIII-CHl

Boilini ooint. F

Composition. wight psrcant __ 2.3-Dimethvbentana . 0.1 . . 2-Methylhexane _-.____ 1.4 3-Methylhaxme __97.2 95.0 rnin >Ethylpentme ~__ _ _ - Normel Heptane Dimethylcyclopentene 0.5 Methylcyclohaxsne - _ _ ____~ n L l imethylhexane 1:2E?Ah-.. . . 2.5-Dimethylhexane Other Dimethylhexanes 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane ______-.. 2.2.3-Trimethylpentane __ 2.3.4-Trimethylpentam 2.3.3.Trimthylpenta~

__

-_.o.s

~

~~

-1m

+x---

~ l o Saybolt ~.

.-

...... ...__.

,,.."..,.I I.." "I_ ~

Nonvolatile~ matter. _ gramJlW ~ ulfur . ~ -. . .content - ....weight . . percent .. Coppw corrosion - ~ o ~ oiart -r

~

~

.

_

t

-

. . . . .

-

.

~.IJW5

0.m5

.

.. . . .

__.- . -1

...

~

negative ~. 25 Estimated

~

~~

~-

.

~

Flammabiltv limits. volume % in air I

"-,

I

I

Higher

Table 2.17: n-Heptane (4)

-

~ ~ ~ t , a p p r o - x ~ m . a ~ a.-~~-.. F . -

- .- --

..""..I.

1

Table 2.18: 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (4) isooctane

FORMULA

I

CHl--ICHIIB-CHa

FORMULA

RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES

PURE GRADE

I

PROPERTIES

CH3

CH3

1

RESEARCH GRADE ~~

Comporition,rnipht perwnt2.3-0inuthylpinta~ 2-Mathylhuana Wnhylhrxana 5Ethylpintne Normal H@ptana D imethykyclopantaw Mathylcyclohaxma

tRCl

99.8

99.99 0.01

0.2 trace

1.2-Dimrthylhlxlm 2,CDitwthylhixam 2.!LOimnhylhuam Dthw Dimnhylhexanm 2 2 1Trim.thvlamuna

Puritv. bv. fnuim_Doim . mol %

99.92

Fmzing point, F Boiling point, F I Distillation ranan. - .F Initial boiling point I .,n PY"'. I Sprific gravity of liquid at 6O/W F 2Ol4 C API orwitv et 60 F

1

Composition.weight perwnt 2.3-Oimithylpantana~ 2-Methylhuane 3-Methylhaxana >Ethylpantma Normal Heptane 0 imathylcyclopantane Methylcyclohixane 2.2.Dimthylhexane 2.44 imathylhexana 2.5-0 imethylhexane Othir Dimethylhexanes 2.2,CTritwthylpantana 2.2.3.Trirnrthylpmtana 2.3.4-Trimthvloantane

99.7 99.0 rnin

."..." 209.17.

"0,

~

Atidiw, dinillation midue Nonvoletik m m r . pmnJlW ml Sulfur conmnt, wi&t pmant C o p p corrosion ~ Doaorta F l r h point, approxinuta. F Flmmabilty limits, v o l u K % in air 1-

nah.r *LiMatun valum.

0.6118 0.684

0.6882' 0.6837k

11.1

neutral

O.ooo5 0.005 1 1lgitiW

25 I

I

, I

..-

1 fl* 7n*

*Litantun valua

CH1

CH3-d-CH2-dH-CHa

PURE GRADE -...._ -

I

__-

-_ -~ .... -

trace

0.01

____

-.

0.2

~__________ 99.99

99.8

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.19: 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane (4)

Table 2.20: Mixed Trimethylpentanes (4)

FORMULA RESEARCH GRAOE

PROPERTIES

PURE GRADE

TECHNICAL GRADE

Purity by f r u i t y point, mol W F r n z i q point, F Boiling point. F Distillation range. F Initial boiling point Dry point Specific p i t y of liquid m W60 f

_-.M I A I:

API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F, Ibdgd Vapor p r a w n m 70 F, prie io0 F. PI^ 130 F. osia Rlfnctiw index. ZWO Color Savbolt

.-

Table 2.21: Mixed Dimethylhexanes (4)

FORMULA

PROPERTIES

I I

PROPERTIES C8niI

Dklillation r a m . F GRADE

13

TECHNICAL GRADE

14

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.22: n-Oxtane (4)

FORMULA

‘Literature values.

Table 2.23: 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane (4)

*Literatun values.

CH,-lCH2Is-CII,

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.24: n-Nonane (4)

FORMULA

PROPERTIES

-

Composition.weight per cant

'Litersum values.

Table 2.25: n-Decane (4)

1 I

CH3-ICH21,-CH3

GRADE

I

PURE GRADE

I

T

E

~

~

~

~

L

15

16

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.26: n-Undecane (4)

I

FORMULA

PURE GRADE

RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES Composition, wekht per cent Normal Nonane Normal Decane Normal Undecane Normal DOdKane _ _ _Normal Tridecane Isoparaffins

cnp-ICH219-CHa

-

___

TECHNICAL GRADE

-~ .. ._______.

_____

___.____I____

_ 99.8_

99.6

99.1

~

.... ~

0.2

Purity by freezing point, mol K Freezing point, F Boiling point. F Distillation range, F Initial boiling point Dry Point Specific gravity of liquid at 6W60 F--..atW4 C API gravity at 60F Density of l i q u i d 6 0 F, Ibdgal Vapor prarwre at 100 F, p s i Refractive index, 2WD Color, Saybolt ____ Acidity. distillation residde Nonvolatile matter. gramdl00 ml Flash point. approximate. F

0.4

99.64 -14.07' 384.60'

0.9

99-!.99.0&~!_

_____

______._ 96.7 95.0 min

. . . . . . . . . .

__

____

..

.

__

384

-~

........... 385 .

.

0.7443. 0.74024.

0.744

.......... 0.7U

0.740 ... _58.7 ____ 6.19

.......

___

~

1.41725. +30

.................

.--0.739

A

-

.

~

1.417 +30 neutral _-__

0.0005 149

7 6.19

neutral

Table 2.27: n-Dodecane (4)

PROPERTIES

CHa-ICH21 ,O-CHa

* L i m e n valuu

I

RESEARCH GRADE

I

PURE GRADE

........

_____.

0.0005 148

.-

'Literature values

FORMULA

_

1.419 +30

I

Nf;T:E:

_

17

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.28: n-Trldecane (4)

I

FORMULA

CH3-ICH*1, ,-CH3

I RESiSiEH I

PROPERTIES

I

E ; : : :

__

ComPo% .c@!Lwe*r!m-. Normal Tridecane Normal TetradKlne Normal Pentadscane ~.______ Normal Hexadecane Normal Heptadecane lroparaffins

_.

.

~

99.9

99.8

~~. .- _-

~

TECHNICAL GRADE

-

____

~

______

__ ~~.

-

0.1

-

.-

99.2

0.2

~~~

0.8

Purity by freez%point. mol K . ~. -. 99.80 - .... 99.49 99.0 min . 96.81 95Omin-_ Freezing point, F 22.29' Boiling point,______._ F 455.78. Distillation range, F ___.. __ ~___ - Initial b o i ' i n e p o i n t - - ~.~~~__ ~ _ _ 10% _ _ Condensed _____~~___ 50% Condensed ~_ - 90% Condensed Orypoint 458 ~ . _ ~ ~~. ._ -. ____ Spwificqravity -~ of liquid at 60/60 F 0.7601'. . ~ ~0.760 .~ ~.. . 0.762 . at 2014 C 0.75622' 0.756 0.758 API gravity at 80 F . -~ 54.7 54.2 A P L ! W t Y a t G O F ~ _ _ ~ . _______ ___~ Densit of li uid a t 60 F, Ibdgal 633L 6.34_.---1.42560' -__ 1.426 1.427 . -Rafr2ive A x . 2 0 1 ~ 1 _ Color, _ _ Gardner _ _ ~ Acidity, distillation residue neutral neutral Sulfur content, weight percent 0.005 0.W5 Bromine number Kinematic viscositv. cs at 77 F Flash point. approximate, F ~

~

~

~~

~~~

~

~

452

~

~

~~

~~

_____.I

_ c _

~__-

~

~

~~

~

-1 :__-~

'Literature values

Table 2.29: n-Tetradecane (4)

I

FORMULA

Table 2.30: n-Pentadscane (4)

__.__-

___

1 I:S

Sulfur content, wight percent Bromine number Kinamatic viscosity. u a t 77 F Flesh point, approximate, F 'Literature values

99

__

Purity: freezing point, mol X Freezi point, F Boiling point, F Distillation range. F Initial boiling point 10% Condensed -. - 50% Condensed 90% Condensed 0 oint O f Iiqux6SpKz:gr3Vtty at 2014 C API grwity at 80 F API gravity at 60 F Oensity of liquid at 60 F, lbdgal Refrwtive index, 2WD Color, Gardner

Composition, might percent. ~-

I

I

0.4

--

-

1

S%%&

488.33.

--__ --___-

~______~_

~

492 0.769 0.765

.

r 0.7667.y r_____0.76276'__

____-

52.5 -

6.40 1.430

1.42892.

11 I

I I

I

I

250"

I

250"

Normal Tridecana Normal Totradecane Normal Pentadecane~--~ Normal Hexadecane Normal Heptadecane lsoparaffins

Purity by frluing point. mol K Fraezinp point. F Boiling point, F Distillation range. F Initial boiling point 10% Condensed 50% Condenrad 90% Condenad Dry point Specific gravity of liquid at 60/60 F at 2014 C API gcavity at 80 F API Qrwityat 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F, Ibdpll Refnctiw index, 2WD Color, Gardner _ _Acidity. _ _ ~ distillation residui Sulfur content. wight percant Bromine number Kinematic viscosity. u at 77 F Flash point, approximate. F *Litarature values

GRADE

- ..~ -

_99.7

0.3

__

95.0 min

.______

__

CH3-ICH21,3-CH3

I

PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES

Normal Tetradecane Normal-Pentadscane Normal Hexadecane Normal Heptadecane lsoparaffint

I

FORMULA

cu3-icn1i,1-cu,

96.80 95.0 min 48.14

___

__ -

502 512 514 516 0.7721. 0.76830. 51.77' 6.43' 1.4332 <1

0.10 270

a

18

Industrial Solvents Handbook Table 2.32: n-Heptadecane (4)

Table 2.31: n-Hexadecane (4)

I

FORMULA

CHa-lCHll(4--CHl

I I

FORMULA

I

I

PROPERTIES

.. . ~

PROPERTIES

,.-CH1

TECHNICAL GRADE

~

____

Comporjtios weeh~e!cent Normal Tridecme Normal Tetrdaune -

TECHNICAL GRAOE

CH1-ICH1l

Composition, welght percent - Normal Tridecane Tetradecane __Normal ___ - _-- -- . . . _ _ Normal Pentaduane __ _ . Normal Hexadecang ___._ __ Normal Heptaduane lsoparaffins

0.3 99.4 0.3

__Purity-byhezing point, mol % F ~Freezing _point. _ _

96 60 95 0 min 70 47

~

0.2

N_ormg?% ! %c% Normal Hexadaune Normal Heptadecme lroparaff ins

- 9 % 0.2

Purity by freezing point. mol % .-_____ Freezing point, F ' Boiling point, F Distillation raw, F Initial boiling point 10%Condensed 50% Condensed - ._~_____--

96.35 95.0 min 63.79

-

at 2014 C v i t y at 80 F API ravi at60 F Den&ty :liquid at 60 F, I&l Refractive index, 20/0 __ Color. Gardner _ _Acidity, distillation residue Sulfur content, might percent Bromine number Kinematic virosicy. cs a1 71 F __ Flash point, ~pproximate.F

52 1 53 1 53 1

~

0.21 .-_____ 275

5 mm Hp 289 291 292 292

__

51.8 49.9t 6.49 1.4352 Cl

mra _.

Boiling point, F Dirtillation range, F - - Initial boiling point - __ . -~ 10% Condensed 50% -~ - Condensed - .-90%Condensed __ -Drvrnzn! Specific gravity cf'lpuid at 601SOF ____. ___ a!-%14C Apt gravitv at 80 F - _. . API gravity at K F . - __ . Oenrity of liquid at 60 F,l_bdpI - - . 2WO ~Refractive _ _index, _ _ . __ _- - - - .Color. Gardner - ____ Acidity, distillation residue Sulfur content, .- __ -might __ percenL _Bromine _ _number _ -a177 F Kinematic viwority,>s Flash point, approximate. F

50.8

_

____

48.91 6.53 _____

-_

_

____

C

L

-

0 43

300

'Literature values

Table 2.34: n-Nonadecane (4)

Table 2.33: n-Octadecane (4)

FORMULA

PROPERTIES

I I

CH1-ICH1l

,.-CHa

FORMULA

TECHNICAL GRAOE

PROPERTIES

Normal Hexadscane

Normal Octadecane Normal Nonadecane Normal Eicorne lsoparaffins

Normal OcUdecane Normal Nonadecane Normal Eicorne lsoparaffinr

tAPl gravity at 60 F iscormcted from 1WF.

CH1-ICH21,,-CH3

I

Normal Hexadscane

Purity by freezing point, mol % Freezingpoint, F Oistillation range, F Initial boiling point 10%Condensed 50%Condensed 90% Condensed 95%Condensed API gravity at 100 F API grlvity at 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F, Ibdgal Color, Grdner Bromine number Flash point, approximate, F

I I

95.95 95.0 min 81.82 5 mm Hg

302 310 312 312 313 51.8 48.0t 6.56 1

0.48 330

I

Purity by froezing point. mol % Frwzinp point, F Oistillation range, F ___ Initial boilinp point 10%Condensed 50%Condensed 90% Condensed 95%Condenmd API gravity at 100 F API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid a t 60 F. Ibdgal Color, Gradner Bromine number Flash ooint. aooroximte. F tAPl gravity at 60 F is cormctd from 1 W .

TECHNICAL GRAOE

95.37 95.0 min 87.98 5 mm Hp

320 333 336 336 336 51.0 47.3t 6.59 ¶

0.53 335

-

-

___

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.35: n-Eicosane (4) I

PROPERTIES

FORMULA

I

GRADE #ox

Oinillation __- _range, - _ F.- _ - - - -5 mm_HP - - Initial boiling point 340 10% Condensed -__-_--352- - - - - 50% Condensed 354 __-___ ___ 9C% Condensed __ 355 _ _95% _ Condensed _ _ ~ _ 356-___ API pravlty at 100 F -. 49 1 API gravity at 60 F @1f---Density of liquid at- 60 3 ____--F,-Ibdgal - --y -~ Color, Gradner - -. 1 Bromine number __ 0 74 __~_ Flash point, approximate, f . - 360 ~

PROPERTIES Compst&o!. weight percent Normal H e x ~ d e p ~ e . Normal Heptadecane Normal Octadecane __ Normal Nonadwane Normal Eicosenc lvrparaffins

~

__

tAPl gravity at 60 F is corrected from 1WF.

CYCLOPARAFFINS

Table 2.36: Cyclopentane (4)

FORMULA

I

PROPERTIES

Normal Psnunn

Initial baililw mint

'Litontun v d u a '*Major impwitinsarn 2,ZTJimathylbuune and 2,3-0in*thylbutar.

CHz-CH

I CHz-C)4

'2

CH2

19

20

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.37: Methylcyclopentane (4)

Table 2.38: Cyclohexane (4)

PROPERTIES

_

I

Composition. percant _ _ wight ______ ~ Normal Hexane Msthylcyclopentlnr 2,CDimethylpentam Cyclohexane lrohsptana 3 t - 0 imethylpentm Benzene & Toluene, ppm 1.1 -Dimrthylcyclopmtane 1.2 & 1.3~Dimethylcyclopsn~~~

Purity by f m i q point, mol 96 F m i q point, F

RESEARCH GRADE

I

w.5x

08.0% GRADE

GRADE

0.5 0.1 98.8 98.0 min 0.4 0.2 200 5Wmax

0.1 99.8 99.5 min 0.1

0.01 99.98 0.01

193 5Wmar

I

99.98 43.80.

I

I

98.8

(continued)

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.38: (continued)

*Literature values

Table 2.39: 1 , l -Dimethylcyclopentane (4)

CH1-CH

I

FORMULA

Cli-CH,'

PROPERTIES Composition, weight percent Normal HexaE Methylcyclopentane

I

Specific gravity of liquid at 60160 F . .

90% GRADE

_

_

_

_

p

~

~

____p_

2.4-Dimethylpentane . Cyclohexane ~__ _______ . leheptanes --____3.3.0imethylpentane Benzene & Toluene. ppm . 92' 1.1-Dimethylcyclopentane 1.2 & 1.3-Dimethvlcvclo~entane

.____

~

~

~

~

_

p p

- ..____~___

~ Color, Saybolt Acidity. distillation _____ residue -. Nonvolatile matter. gramdl00 ml ~SulfureweiphtpeGeni-Aniline point, F _ Kauri Butanol value Copper corrosion _____. Ooctor test -- Kinematic viscosity. cs at 32 F Flash point. approximate. F p

0.754 0.749

at __ 2014 C

_

API gravity at 60 F Density 01 liquid at 60 F. Ibdgal pretufre psia ~ ~Vapor _ _ _ at_ 70 _F, _ 100 F. psis 130 F. psia Refractive index, ZWO

_.

00% GRADE

PROPERTIES 'C-tCH,Il

_____ __ _.___ --__.___

117 42.9

_

< 70

- ~ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Distillation range, F

~___~_______ 'Major impurities are: Cyclohexane. 3.3-Dimethylpentane and 2.Methvlhexane.

10% Condensed 50% Condensed

9mb Condensed

-.-190p---p 190 190

-

21

22

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.40: 1,2- and 1,3-Dirnethylcyciopentane (4)

I

FORMULA

I

PROPERTIES Composition, w g h t percent Normal Hexane Methylcyclopentane 2.4-Oimethylpentane Cyclohexane - ~. Isaheptanes ______-3.3-Oimefhylpentane Benzene & Toluene. pprn 1.1 Oimethylcyclopentane 1.2 & 1.3 Oirnethylcyclopentane

- ~ _ - _ _ _

Purity by freezing point. mol % Freezing point, F Boiling point, F _ _ Oistillation range, F Initial boiling point ___ 10% Condensed __ 50% Condensed 90% Condensed ___ Dry point

ERAOC -...._ -

,CH-CH,

-

I

90%

PROPERTIES

CH+CH, I H CH,-cH,

-

Specific gravity of liquid at 60160 F at 20/4 C API grrvity at 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F, Ibdgal Vapor prstwre at 70 F, psia 100 F, psia 130 F. psia Refractive index, 2010 Color, Saybolt Acidity. distillation residue Nonvolatile matter, gramdl00 ml Sulfur content, w i g h t percent Aniline point, F Kauri Butanol value Copper corrosion Doctor tnt Kinematic viscosity. cs at 32 F Flash point. approximate, F

90% GRADE

__ _-___ _ ___ - - ~

92t

---

__ ~

_ _ _ .. ~ ~ -~ __ ..___-----

197 197 197 197

____..~-

40.5

I

I

___

PROPERTIES

RESEARCH GRADE

PURE GRADE

TECHNICAL GRADE

Composition, weight percent 1.2.Dimethylcyclopentane

Normal Heptane Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane Toluene

~

Purity by freezing point. mol %

99.86 -195.87' 213.68'

99.3 99.0 min -196.20

0.7740' API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid a t 60 F, Ibdgal Vapor pressure at 70 F. psia 1 W F, psia Refractive index, 20/0 Color. Saybolt Acidity. distillation residue Nonvolatile matter, gramdl00 ml Sulfur content, weight percent Copper corrosion Doctor test Flash point, approximate. F

0.774 0.769 6.44

1.61. 1.42312* +30

1.6 ______

1.6 1.423 +30 neutral 0.0005 0.005 1 _______________________ negative

._

I 'Literature values.

0.774 0.769

1.423

-

I

22

+30 neutral O.OOU5 0.005 1 negative

I

-

120_ _ _ _ _ - ~ ~ _ _ .

tMijor impurity is 3-Methylhexane.

.

-

_-

Table 2.41: Methylcyclohexane (4)

FORMULA

--~

--___

-__-

-

-

______ 196

.~

0.748 0.744

~.

22

< 70

.-

23

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.42: trans-l,4-Dlmethylcyclohexane

(4)

Table 2.43: cis-l,4-Dimethylcyclohexane (4)

FORMUL A I

I

PROPERTIES

-

Composition. weight percent

1.2 Oimethvlcvclopentane Normal Heptane

__

-

TECHNICAL GRADE

_-__

.. -

TECHNICAL GRAOE

PROPERTIES

-

_

--

_

_ _ _ Ethylcyclopentane

Toluene tram 1.4.Dimethylcyclohrxane cit-1 .4-Oimethylcvclohexane Other Dimethylcyclohexanes trans -1.2.Oimnhylcyclohexans imethylcyclohexane ciS-l.2-0 ortho-Xylene Unidentified Impurities

___ Toluene

__-

Other Dimethylcyclohexanes

___ _~

ci~-l,2-Dimethylcyclohexane orthoXylene Unidnntified lmourities

0.11 ~

99.89 ___-

Purity by freezing point. mol % ___Freezingpoint, F Boilhepoint. F -~ _ Distillation range, F Initial boiling point .~ -- _ _ _5WCondensed Dry point ~gravity of liquid at 6W60 F - _Specific - ._____at 2om-i-

97.4 95.0 min -125.38.

_

255 78.

-

--

-

255 256 0.7872 0.7025 48.2 6.56

~

-

0.7 1.4297 +30 netural

-

0.0005

____

Sulfur-conten!, wegh! percent Copper cotrotion . ooctor test Flash point. approximate. F

..

negative----40 (0 56)

M1

Table 2.44: Mixed 1,4-Dimethylcyclohexanes (4)

I

PROPERTIES

I

FORMULA

C816

I

PROPERTIES Composition. might percent _ 1.2.Dimethylcyclopencne

I

TECHNICAL GRAOE

_

Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentnni TO~UWI trans-1,CD imethylcyclohaxme cis-1.CDimethylcyclohexane 0 t h Dimethylcyclohexanes tnnr-l.2-0imlthylcyelohexne cis-1,Z-Oimlthylcyclohex8ne onh*XyleM Unidentifrd lmpuritia

Freezing point, F Boiling point, F Distillation rage, F Initial _ boiling_ point _ _ ~ _ _.___ . 50% Condensed _ _ Dry _ _point~ _ _ _ Specific gravity of liquid at Mv60 F

API gravity at 60 F Densty of liquid et 60 F, lbrlpll Vapor __ _presure _ nt 70 F. pun

~

44'0 54.9 1.1

1 95.0 min __

I

Sulfur content, m g h t prcent

250 252

-

~ Refractm _ _index. _2WD _ _ -_--_ -Color. Snybolt - _Acidity, _ dinillation rea+!

Nonvolatile matts, gamu'lW ml ____ -

TECHalCAL GRADE

I

14257 neutral

0.0005

24

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.45: trans-l,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

(4)

FORMULA

RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES

I

PURE GRADE

I

TECHNICAL GRADE

Compowtion, weight percent 1.2.Dimethylcyclopenta~ Normal Hoptin8 . Methylcyclohexane _ _ - - . . Ethylcyclopmtanr - _ TolueM t r m t 1,4-Dimrthylcyclohexane cis1.CDimethylcyclohexane __ Other Dimethylcyclohexanes trans. 1,2.0imMhylcyclohexane ci~l.2-Dimethylcyclohexane ortho-Xylene Unidentified Impurities ~

-

~

99.73 -126.75' 254.15'

99.3 99.0 min -.__

I

t

I

1

Doctor t n l Flash point. approximate, F

I _ -

'LitrrMurr v a l u n

Table 2.46: cls-l,2-Dimethylcyclohexane (4)

FORMULA

'yI

cn,-cH I cn3-cn,

cnI CH./

PROPERTIES

I

PURE GRADE

(continued)

Hydrocarbon Solvents

25

Table 2.46: (continued)

Dry point Specific gravity of liquid a t 60/60 F at 2014 C API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F. Ibu'gal Vapor a t 70 ~ F, psia _ pressure _ _ 100 F, pria Refractiveindex, 201D Color, Saybolt Acidity, distillation residue Nonvolatile matter, gramu'lW ml Sulfur content, weight percent Copper corrosion Doctor test Flash point, approximate. F

_

I

RESEARCH GRAOE

PROPERTIES

PURE GRADE ~

0.801

0.8W'

0.796

0.79627'

-

45.2 6.67

~-

0.2

0.23' 0.54' 1.43596' __ __ +30

0.5-..--

~

_____~~

1.436 +30 . _neutral ~______ 0.0005 ____-

0.005

1 nenative 60 (0 56)

-

Table 2.47: Mixed 1,2-Dirnethylcyclohexane (4)

PROPERTIES

Distillation range, F Initial boiling point Dry point Specific gravity of liquid at 60160 F at 20/4 C API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid a t 60 F, Ibu'gal Vapor pressure at 70 F, psia 1W F, pria Refractive index, 2010 Color, Saybolt Acidity, distillation residue Nonvolatile matter, gramdl00 ml Sulfur content, weiQhtDenent Copper corrosion Doctor test Flash point, approximate. F

GRAOE

_ _ _ ~ - _ _ _

Composition, weight percent -

trace tranr-1.2-Dimethylcyclohexane ctr-1.2-Dimethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclohexane Ethylbenzene Xylenes Isopropylbenzene Isopropylcyclohexane .

Unidentified ~

~~~~~

Purity by freezing point, mol % Frsszing point, F Boiling p o c

I

PROPERTIES

FORMULA

trace

_

I I 260

PURE

__

GRAPE -

-

0.792 0.789 47.2 6.59

I

I

0.6 wp 1.432 +30 neutral 0.0005 0.005 1 negative 55(D 56)

'

*Literature values.

Table 2.48: Ethylcyclohexane (4)

I

PROPERTIES

RESWCH

I

PURE GRAOE

I

TECHNICAL GRAOE

~

_

~osfion-we~htprcent Methylcyclohexane tnwl.2.D _ _tmeth@yyoheteane ~ cir-1.2-Dtmsthylcyclohexne

2.0

--

__

Ethylcyclohexane Ethylbenzene -- - Xylem __lsopropylbenzene lmpropylcyclohunr Unidmtifii

99.98

0.02

trace

99.5 0.4

96.9 0.8

01

0.3

(continued)

26

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.48: (continued)

I

PROPERTIES ~~

RESEARCH GRADE

I

PURE GRADE

I

TECHNICAL GRADE

~

99.19 99.0min 96.06 95.0 min Purity by freezing point, mol X 99.66 168.38' Fmzing poin&f 269.21. Boiling point. F -_ _ ~ Distillation range, F 266 Initial boiling point Dry point -- 269 0.793 0.793 Specific gravity of liquid at 6O/6OF ~- 0.7922' 0.788 0.788 at 20/4 C __ ___._ -- - 0.78792' 46.9 46.9 API gravity at 60 F _.__ 6.60 6.60-_Density of liquid at 60 F. lbdgal . . Vaporprercure at 70 F,psia 0._ 5.- .. 1 W F . E i L .0 . 4 8 ' 0.5 ___. _~ __ .- 1.433 1.43304' _..____ 1.433 __ -. __ ~____ -- Refractive index. 2010.. . +30 +30 +30 Color,Saybolt neutral . , ... ~ _ _ _ _ . neutral - Acidity, distillation residue. ._ 0.0005 0.0005 Nonvolatile matter. grnu'100 ml - .___ Sulfur content, -wj&hthlperEnt. .. . __ .. Copper c o n o s i ~ . - - ~- .. . ~Doctor t a l , -. , . 66 66 Fluh point. approximate. F 66

____

~

~

~

~

__

__

-

___

~

~

- __

_____

'Literature values

Table 2.49: Isopropylcyclohexane (4)

FORMULA

RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES

-__Comqosfi~nLwe~hyerc_Eent -__- Methylcyclohexan?

-_

__

__

-

___

TECHNICAL GRADE

'

--

tran,~,2~imcthy~yclo~xan? cit-1.2 Dimethylcyclohexan~__ Ethylcyclohexane Ethvlbenzene Xylen!! __ _ _ lsopropylbenzene Isopropylcyclohexane __ Unidentified

PURE GRADE

~

____

Purity by freezing point. mol K _ _ Freezing point. F Boiling point. F . Distillationrange. F Initial boiling point ury point Specific gravity of liquid at 60/60 F at 20/4 C API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F, Ibu'gsl Vapor pressure at 70 F. pw

0.8064. 06024.

_-

1WF.psia Relractive indax, 20/0 Color. Saybolt Acidity, distillation rcudue Nonvolatile matter. pramdl00 ml. Sulfur conten(,-mwht percent Copper corrosion

0.807 0.803

6.72 __

.

1.44087'

________ -

neutral 0.0005

neutral

0.0005

I I

I

_

Domrtm .____ Flash point apDroximite F 'literature values

0.807 0.803

96

I

I 96

I

96

Hydrocarbon Solvents OLEFINS

Table 2.51 : Propylene (4)

Table 2.50: Ethylene (4)

FORMULA

I

CHI

I

PROPERTIES

RESEARCH GRADE

-

CH2

I

CHI

FORMULA

98.8%

PROPERTIES

GRADE

T

GRADE

Composition. might percent Propane Propylene Ethylene Ethane Methana _ - Carbon&o_xidegpm Acetylene,epm (Iiguidl - Carbonyl, ppm @quid) - CarbonnMonox idegpm

001 99.99

Okwgem

1

CH-CH,

GRADE

0.5 99.5 99Dmin

I

~

-

-

_

_

Hydrogen. ppm Freezinai_nt, trifie poinLF _ _ __ Boilingppt, F Specific aravity otllquid a_t @/@F - -et 20/4 C AplpraviQ-at 60 F - - O g i w i ( y i d at 60 F, Ibrlgal Vaporpr-mre at 70 F. psia _ _ 100 F s i a _ _ 130 F,pua_ Sulfur content, pem &ecific gravity of real gas at 60 F and 14 7 PPI (Air = 1) Specific volume of real gat at 60 F and 14.7 pua,cu ftllb . Critical temperature, F Critical premie, psia Densify of real gas at 60 F and M J RFL~~&IL!L Flarhgozt. wproximate. F __ Iflits,vo!u-mm %in ai --Flamma&lr ----...L o m r Hiahel Heating value for ideal 01s at 60 F and 14 7 psia.BTUlcu ff, dry basis ~

-

-_-. --

_ _ I _

'Literature values

Table 2.52: Isobutylene (4)

FORMULA

PROPERTIES Composition. weight percsnt lsobutane Isobutylene Butene1 Butadienel.3 Normal Butane Butene2 AWtylMe (at Methylacetylene) ppm, wt. Wmr, ppm. wight Carbonyl (P Acetaldehyde) ppm, might Propadiens. ppm. weight

II

CH,-C

RESEARCH GRADE

0.06 99.81 0.09 0.04 tnci

74

-

PROPERTIES

CH1

I

PURE GRADE

0.1 99.3 99.0 min 0.4 0.2 true 177 nil

27

28

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.53: butene-1 (4)

FORMULA

PROPERTIES

I I

CHa-CH2-CH

RESEARCH GRADE

-

I

- Composition, might percent

0.2 99.8

lrobutylone BUtOnbl Buudienel.3 Normal Butans Butone2 Acotyleni ILI Methylacetylene) ppm, W . Water, ppm. might Carbonyl (LI Acnaldehyda) ppm, might Propdieno. ppm. might

0.1 0.3 99.4 99.0 min

8.

"Y

0.2 trace 15 25max

10 20max

4

I

20.73. 0.6013' 0.5951.

1 , W ' p '

Vapor p m r e at 70 F.. oria 100 F. pria osia_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 130 ~ _F. _ Sullur content, ppm Specific gravity of real gar at 60 F and 14.7pria (Air = 1) Specific volume of real gas at 60 F and 14.7 osia. cu ft/lb Flash point, approximate. ___ Flammability l i m - Lorn Highcr - --

trace

I

RESEARCH POLYMERIZATION GRADE GRADE

I -301.63.

Freezina Doint. F Boiling point, F Specific gravity of liquid at 6060 F at 2014 C API gravity at 60 F

POLYMERIZATION GRADE

lrobutane

I

PROPERTIES

CH1

0.601

,

I

I

103.9 C

M

-

3 . -

376

i 997 i i i 005F)

I

1

1 10max

__

i

i

1.6' I

9.3.

i

__ I

*Literature values.

Table 2.54: trans-Butene-2 (4)

H

FORMULA

CH,-C

-

C-CH9 I

H

Composition, mipht pment Buowl Normal Butlno trans-Butenb2 cieBuhnb2

0.03 0.07 99.80 0.10

99.6

97.7 95.0 min 1 .o

0.2

99.76 -157.99.

Purity by frnzing point, mol K Frnzing point, F Boiling point, F Specific gravity of liquid at 60160 F at20/4 C API gravity at 60 F Density of lipuid at 60 F. Ibdgal Vapor pnrwre at 70 F, p i a 105 F, psia 130 F, prb Flash point, approximate, F

trace 1.3

0.2

99.2 99.0 min

33.58. 0.6100. 0.6042.

______

0.610

1W.5 5.07 29.9

29.94'

.. __ 52.2 __ . 76.4 -100

0.609

100.8

-

5.07 _____ 30 52

___

.

76

-lw

Table 2.55: cis-Butene-2 (4)

FORMULA

PROPERTIES

I

H I

CH,-C

RESEARCH GRADE

-

H 1

C-CHI

GRADE

TECHNICAL GRADE

Compoaition, might prcmt Normal B u m cbButsm2

99.5

95.7 95.0 min

(continued)

Hydrocarbon Solvents

29

Table 2.55: (continued)

RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES

-

Purity by freezing point, mol 96

TECHNICAL GRADE

PURE GRADE

99.92

99.4 99.0 min

-218.M. Freezingpoint, F 38.70. . Boiling point. FPP~__.~._. Specific gravity of liquid at 60160 F 0.6271. 0.627 at 2014 __ - 0.6213. APhravity at 60 F 94.2 _._ ._ _ .. Oenrity of liquid at 60 F, lbs/gal-. 5.22 Vapor Pr-re at 7_olsc ~. 27.29' ~- 27.3 105 F. pria .. . . 49.8 73.2 130 F. psi!-_.. .. . -. .. _. Flash point, approximate, F -100 ~

___

~

0.632

.c_____ ~~

-

92.4 5.26 27.8 50.8 74.8

~

~

~

.

-_______

~

~

-100

Table 2.56: Mixed 2-Butenes (4)

I

FORMULA

I

PROPERTIES

Freezingpoint, F Boiling point, F _. S p ~ i f i c ~ ~ i . ~ o ~ l a. ti 60160 q u i dF at 2014 C API.p i t y at 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F, Ibdgal M o r prspure at 70 F. p i a ._ 105 F. psia I30 F, pria . .~_____._ Flash point, approximate. F ~~

CH,-CH

-

CH-CH3

1

PURE GRADE

TECHNICAL GRADE

~

0.618 0.614 97.5 5.14 28.1 51.2 78.7 -100

0.619 0.615 97.1 5.15 28.0 51.0 76.5 -95

*Literature value%

Table 2.57: 3-Methylbutene-1 (4)

FORMULA

PROPERTIES

CH2

I

RESEARCH GRADE

I

-

7%

CH-CH-CH3

PURE GRADE

99.97

I TEOCIX:C!L 96.3 95.0 min

Pentanes-2

0.01

tme

0.5

Normal Pentane

(continued )

30

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.57: (continued)

.

9 9 4 99Omin

Purity by freegng point, mol % Fretzinppoint. F Eojlgpnt, F Distillation ranE, F_ Initialboiling point Dry point Specificpravity of lipid-at60160 F-:. at 2014 C APl g & t y a t 6 0 F -. - -. Density of liquid at 60 F, Ibdqal Vapor pressure at 70 F, p a F, pria 130 F,psia Refractive index. 20/0 Color, Saybolt Acidity, @stil+_n residue Nonvolatile matter, gramdlW ml . Flash point. approximate. F

-2l1.29. 68 11.

-

- -

0.63% 0 6272'

15,25* 26.41'

~

0633 0.628

-

-1.3643' +30

I 1

-

~~~

__

-

.

EO

~

. ~

1

13.364

1

-70

.

-

5.27 15 0

1364 +30

-70

*Literature values

Table 2.58: 2-Methylbutene-1 (4)

I

FORMULA

~~

Composition, weight percent ____ 3-Methylbutene.1 trace 2 Methylbutene-1 99.99 99 8 2 Methylbutene-2 __ trace Pentene-1 ______ -_ --4sl 01 trace Pentensr-2_ _ _ _ _ -~- _.___ . lsopentane -._ __ .- - Normal Pentane 01

03 9 7 3 95Omin 01 19 0.2

~

__

Purity by freezing point, Freezing PO% F 8 o l ~ ~ ~ w ! ! l ! __-__ L Distillations, F Initial boilinppoint -

~~

__

C

Y

E

!

99 05

_- -215 -61' __ _____ .- ___ 8809'__ ___

.--9 9 5 99Omin - ._ - __ __ .. ~~

----

___~

-

___

~

!

02

~~

._-

~

_ _

87 88 0 656 0 650 842 5 46 10 3

Specific gravity of liquid at 60/60 F 0 6557. -. 0.656 . at20/4&--0.6504:-- _ 0 650 __. API gravity at 60 F 842 _ _ --546 , Density o f liquid at 60 F, lbrlgal Vapor pressure at 70 F, pria - 10 _ 21' _ _ 103 100 F. pria 18.40. 18 8 18 8 130 F. pria 32 0 32 0 - - -____ Refractive index, 20/0 13778' 1378 1 370 --- -- - -. - - __ . Color, Saybolt . -+34 - _ _ .- +30 +M _ Acidity. distillation residue-utral __ neutral - - .- - - n eNonvolatile matter,gramdl0(l ml . O.DW5 0 0005 Flash point. approximate. F -55 -55 ~

~

__

___

___

-

~

~

'Literature valuer

~~

-

.

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.59: Methylbutene-2 (4) _~

I

FORMULA

3 CHl-C=CH-CHl

RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES Compo$o_n,weight percent 3Methylbutene 1 2-Methylbutenel

.

2MeWuteoe-l Pentenell-

Pentenes2

__lsopentane

-

- -

TECHNICAL GRADE

COMMERCIAL GRADE

.

_

- - __

-.

10 3 87 8

0.2

0.2

trace 99 99 trace 0.01

I

~

PURE GRADE

97.4 95 0 rnin 0.1 2.3

99.5

0.3

08 1.1

-,

Normal Pentane

Purity by f!SzinppoinJ,m>l% Free
I

99.78

-2(

APl&tv at 60 F Density 01 IiquLd at 60 F & / p a l

Refractive {ndex. 2010 Color, Saybolt Acidity. dinillation residue

'Literature values

Table 2.60: Pentene-1 (4)

FORMULA

I

CH2

PROPERTIES

CH

- CH2 - CH2 - CHI TECHNICAL GRADE

PURE GRADE

I I

Acidity. distillation residue

___ Nonvolatilr matter. # r a d 1 0 0 ml

nautral

nautnl

0.-

0.m

1-60

Flash point. anproximate. F

Hiphrr LitornureMIU(I.

-

RESEARCH GRADE

I

8.7.

I

-60

I

31

32

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.61 : cis-Pentene-2 (4)

I

FORMULA

Table 2.62: trans- Pentene-2 (4)

-

n n I i cn1 - c c - cnz - cn1

H~ CH

o i

Composition, weight percent lropentane Peritene 1 2 Methylbutene-1 Normal Pentane tranr-Pentgne 2 _cis_Pentene 2 2 Methylbutene 2

3.2 96.8 95 0 min

99.9

__Purity by lreezinppoint, mol %

99.8 -240.50' 98 50'

t

I

15.1

26.6 1.383 neutral

a.0005 -50

_ Higher Literature viluos.

99.53 -220.44' 97.44'

0.6533' 0.6482'

5.447' 10.2' 15.4' 26.3' 1.3793. +30

100 F, psia 130 F, pua .Retractive index, 2010

+30

LeyraL

0.02

99 63 0.35

Pu_rityby freezinppoint, mol % Freezingpoint, F Boilingpoin!, F Distillation ranpe, F Initial boiling point Dry Point Specific gravity of liquid at 60160 F at 2014 C API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F,lbs'gal __ Vapor erewre at 70 Fgsp-

0.660 0.655 82.9 5.49 8.3

0 6608' 0.6556'

RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES

-

Freeziq point, F . Boiling point, F Ontillation range, F . Initial boiling point Dry Point .Specificgrwi!y of liquid at 60160 F a2014. C . . . API gravity a t 60 F

-

cn3 - c cI - C H

TECHNICAL GRADE Composition, weight percent ._ lsopen!a!!e . - Pentene-l 2-Methylbutene.1 NoJmal Pentane _ _ tranr-Pentane2 . cir.Pente_n_aZ 2 Methylbutene-2

H I

FORMULA

Color. Saybolt Acidity, distillation residue Nonvolatile matter, gramdl00 ml Flash point, approximat5 F Fl_rmmab~limrnr,vol~_me% in air lower Higher Literature values,

Table 2.63: Mixed 2-Pentenes (4)

I

FORMULA

I

PROPERTIES

I

Composition, might pace!

.

-

C H ~ CH

PURE

-

CH

I

- cn2 - CH TEt;:gL

PROPERTIES Specilic gravity of liquid at 60160 F

I

PURE GRADE

I

TE:W;ZL

0.656

0 658

8.652

0.654

I

.

85 15.2 x 7 _RPfr&CtNeindcx, 2010 Color, Saybolt Acidity, distillation residui -

--

neutral

Hydrocarbon Solvents

33

Table 2.65: Mixed 2,3-Dimethylbutenes (4)

r"3

CH =CH-C-CH> 1 1

FORMULA

I

PROPERTIES

2.3-Dimethylbutene1 ---2.3-0 imethylbutene-2 __ cir-4-Methylpentene-2 ~~

~

.~

~

-

.

tranr-4-Methylpentene-2~

2-Methv&ntene-2 Other Olefins ~

. .. .

~.

~

I

TECHNICAL GRADE

-

50% C o n d e n t e d _ - ~ - - 90%Conden=d_ _ Dry _ point Specific gravityol IiGidat 66EO F

-

6c-

a t 2074

cis_ CMethy&%ene -_ -

~. ~~

~

~

~.~~~~

~

-

~

~

-~

~-

1.1 -

.- .

-

~

-

~

~

c

-API pTfifat Density of liquid at 60 F. lbdga? -_.. Vapor -preGureat 70F. ps.1100 F,psia - _130F.pGa _ -Retractive index. 2010 Color, Saybolt residue _ _Acidity. distiilation _ - Nonvolatile ____ matter. - grams/lOO __ mT---- .. Ooctor test Flashpoint2pp%$ak:r -

106 106 107 - 111 -. 114 ___ 0 6582 0 6533

-

548 72 1x6 ._ _ _

13766 +30 neutral ---

00005 -

--_

Oistillattoii range F Initial boiling point 10% Condensed 50% _Condensed. . --__ _ .90% Condensed Dry point Specificgravity of liquid at 60/60 F a t 2014 C API gravity at 60% Density of liquid at 60 F. Ibdgal Vapor pressure at F. psia 100 F. psia 130 - F , rosia Refractive index. 2010 Color. Saybolt Acidity. distillation residue Nonvolatile matkr. gramdl6a ml Ooctor test Flash point.approximate. F

835 -

2

trans4 Methylpentene 22 Methy9entene 2 Other Olefins

__

-

- Puriry by freezing point. mol % Freezing point, F E o t l i n g p o i ~ .F

.

-184 43

.-

TECHNICAL GRADE

PROPERTIES

-~

~

-.

-

'6'11

... ... ~~

I

Puriry by f r e g i y point, mol % Freezing point, F . Boiling - __ pointLEDistillation range. _ _ - -F Initial boiling point 1@ - Condensed

FORMULA

CHI

negative ---45

-

.

-

169

0 703

i

69 5.85 -- - _ _ --

- ._.

-

_5 _1

-

--

___ __ -

-

neutral - ~-

I

-

-35----

I

Yiteraiure values.

Table 2.66: 4-Methyl-pentene-1 f 4 )

F"3

FORMULA

C H =~ cn-cn2-cn-cn,

PROPERTIES

~ Composition, _ _weight_percent_ 3.3-Dimethylbutene- I

_

2.3.Oimethylbutane -_ 4-Methylpentene-l 34ethylpentene-1 2.3.Dimethylbutene-1 2.3-Oimethylbutene-2 cis4-Methylpentene-2tran+4-MethyIpenteneZ --______.___

~

~

~ . ... ~

99.94 0.02

-~ 99.6

0.02 0.02

0.3

0.1

99.1 -.

.

~

_-

~

-.

.4L ____

--__

-_____ 0.6

-

o . t -

(continued)

34

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.66: (continued)

RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES

I

API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F. lbdgal ____

Vapor pressure at 7 0 F, pria 100 F. pria 130 F. pria . __Refractive index, 2010 Color, Saybolt Acidity, Nonvolatile matter, grarnsI100 ml Doctor test Flash point, approximate. F

_____-

-

'Literature values.

__

.

_ _ I _

~

*Literature values.

Table 2.67: cis-4-Methylpentene-2

4.48' 8.50' 14.97' __ 1.38267' +30

(4)

-___ _..__---

-.

I

PURE GRADE 80.0 5.57 4.5 8.5 __ 15.0 1.383 +30 neutral 0.0005 -

-25

TEGC:r$L

80.0 5.57 4.5 8.5 ___._ 15.0 __-_ 1.383 -

~

+30 __ neutral ____0.0005

__--__-

-25

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.68: trans-4-Methylpentene-2

(4)

I

FORMULA

-_

7 CH3-C

Purity by freezing point, m d %

-Freezing point. F

_~

___~

80iling point. F--_Distillation range, F . . __Initial boiling point -~ Drypoint Specific gravity of liquid at 60/60F -. at 20/4 C _

99.94 -221.46' 137.50.

-

Pefractive index, 20/0 Color, Saybolt __ Acidity, distillation residue Nonvolatile matter, gramdl00 ml Flash point, approximate, F

~ _ _

__

. -

~

~~~

I

5.61

_

neutral I

(4)

I

FORMULA

PURE GRADE

PROPERTIES Com]-nLweqhtpcrcent 4 Methylpntenel ___ cir4-Methylgentane2 __ _ _ _ _ lranr-4.Methylpenten1-2 -~ 2-Methylpentene 1

~

CH3-CH

.

_

-

__ _

~ 0 . 0 0 0 5 ~

0.0005 -20

*Literature values.

Table 2.69: Mixed 4-Methyl-2-Pentenes

137.1 137.8 0.674 0.670 78.4 .___

3.7 _ 7.1 . 12.8 1.389 . +30

neutral

____

n

..

0.673 0.669 78.1 __-____ ..... -_ 5.60 3.7 ~7.1 12.8 1.389 +30

0.6736'.-_---. 0.66862'

7.12' 12.82' 1.3a878. +30

.

95.6 95.0 m ~~~

~

3.66'

_ ~-

-.

~..~~

L!qgravltya1601._~____~~_.~ - .-Oensity of liquid at 60 F, I b d ~ a l --____-._ 130 F , p l i e ~-

75 C-CH-CH3

99.2 99.0 mtL-

...

~

-

Vapor pressureat 70 F. psia 100 F, psia

-

c"3

CH-CH-CH3

TECHNICAL GRADE

-20

~

35

36

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.70: 2-Methylpentene-1 (4)

FORMULA RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES

TECHNICAL GRADE

PURE GRADE

_ _Composition,wglahtp_ercenr._

___-CMethylpentene-1 _-__cis-CMethylpentene-2 __

~

__

2.Mathylpentane-1

99.90

lroolefins

99.8

95.8 95.0 min

_____

0.10

.

*Literature valum

Table 2.71 : 2-Methylpentene-2 (4)

I

FORMULA

I

PROMRTIES

7% CHI-C

-

CH-CHa-CH3

PURE GRADE

TECHNICAL GRADE

Composition. wight percent

-

-_

cLsMghylpntene-2 trans-dMathylpentenc-2 _ _2-Msthylpentencl ._ 2-Methylpntene-2 ftoolefins

~

96.0 95.0 min

0.1 I

'Literatun wlua

2.4 I

37

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.72: Hexene-1 (4) cn2 = cn-cn2-cn2-cn2-cn,

FORMULA RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES

PURE GRADE

TECHNICAL GRADE

'Literature values.

Table 2.73: cis-Hexene-2 (4)

FORMULA

cn3-c

Composition. weight percent ~

-

~

_

~

~

0.1 0.2 99.6

~

.

Purity by freezing point, mol % Freezing point, F Boiling point, F _ _ _ -~ -~ __Distillation range, F Initial boiling point Dry point 0 7 6 m Specific gravity of liquid at 6 at 2014 C API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F. m a l Vapor pressure at 70 F. psia 100 F, psia -___ 130 F, psia index. 20/0 _ _ Refractive _ ._ Color. Saybolt Acidity, distillation residue Nonvolatile matter. gramdl00 ml -__Flash point. appoximate. F *Literature values.

FORMULA

0.1

-~

99.28 -222.04' 156.00'

0.6 920* _________ 0.68720' 5.760' 2.4' 4.9' 9.1' 1.39761. +30

1

-

cH3-cH cn-cH2-cn2-cn3 PURE GRADE

PROPERTIES

~

Hexene-1 ___-_-.___~_-tranr-Hexene-2 cis-Hexene.2 Hexe!Er-?p.Normal Hexane lsoolefins _ _ _ . _ __Heptene-l tranr-Heptene-3 cis.Heptene.3 tranr-Heptene.2 cis.Heptene2

_ _ _ _ _ _ ~

- c-cn2-cn2-cn, RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES

~~

Table 2.74: Mixed 2-Hexenes (4)

~-

Composition, weight percent .. Hexenel . tiant-Hexene-2 cis Hexene-2 Hexener-3 Normal Hexane lsoolefins -_____ Heptene-l

Purity by freezing point. mol % Freezing point. F Boiling point, F Distillation range. F Initial boiling point Dry point Specific gravity of liquid at 60160 F at2014 c API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid a t 60 F. Ibdgal Vapor pressure a t 70 F. psis 100 F, psia 130 F, psia Refractive index, 2010 Color, Saybolt Acidity. distillation residue Nonvolatile matter, gramdl00 ml Flash point, approximate, F

-

-

trxe

0.8

21 ~ -

-.

_

.

-

~ -- - - -

-

-

03

.-

i:it99Omin

__

tranr-Heptene-3 cis-Heptene3 tranr-Heptene 2 ca-Heptene2

TECHNICAL GRADE

--

-

--__-

-

..

_

..

-

-

-

~

.~

.

~-

~~~

~~

~

____

__-.

155.0 155.1 0.686

155.0 __.___.__ 155.1 -. 0.684 ~

- . . ~

.

!.2._.

1.396 +30 _ -~ neutral _. 0.0005 -5

. ~

~ _ _ _ - . ~ -

75.4 5.69 2.4 ____ 5.0 -~ ... . -~ .~~

~

~~-

74.8 5.71 2.4

~-

5.0

- -~ .-

~~

.. ..

9.2 1.396 +30 neutral -. 0.0005 -5

-..- ~-.

__

.

-

~

__ ~

Industrial Solvents Handbook

38

Table 2.76: Heptene-1 (4)

Table 2.75: Mixed 2- and 3-Hexenes (4)

7

I I

FORMULA

PROPERTIES

__

Composition. weight_eerce_nt 23 158

-

.

_

-Dry

Point

~-

~

152 2

Acidity dirtillation~endue - Nonvolatile matter g r a m d l m h Flash point approximate. F

C

1554 - --

0685_---

25 52 96 - _ _ -1396+30 +-neutral 0 0 0 8 5 .~ - -. -10 ~-

._

-

__

-

13

- -

0s 01

~

Loo

-

.

__ ~

Table 2.77: cis-Heptene-2 (4)

FORMULA

PROPERTIES Composition, weight percent

H I H t CH3-C = C-ICH

I

[

I

2 3

-CH3

Boiling point. F Oinillation range. F Initial boiling point

TEGCRHANFL

-

Haptene. 1 cl+Heptent-3 trans-Heptsnc-2 cis.Heptenc-2

-

9 7 6 - - -_ 05 -

_

.

~

-

-75 i 5 70

.

. .-

9 5 4 95Omin Purity by freezing point. mol % Freezing point. F _. --1830 - Boiling point. F Distillation range. F ___ Initial boiling point .- - 199 . 202 Dry point __-- Specific gravity of liquid at 60160 F 07032 at 2014 c . 0 6982 API gravity at 60 F . ,5 85 Density of liquid a t 60 F. lbdgal Vapor pressure at 70 F. psia 09 100 F. psia 20 - -130 F. psia 39 ~~-__ .. - 14003 _ -Refractive index. 2010Color, &bolt +30 neutral Acidity. distillation residue ______ -gramdlW mi - Nonvolatile matter. Flash point. approximate. F 25 (0 561

- -

~

~~

100 F. psia 130 F. p ~ a Relractiv; Index 2010 Color Saybolt

-_

-

.

. _Specific _ _ _ _gravity _ _ of liquid at___ 60/60 F

- - -._ at 2014 API gravity at 60 F- OensitL o f 5 u i d at 60 F. lbdgal __ VapoLpresureat 70F psia

-

-

~

__

__

tranrHexene 2 cir-Hexene-2 Hexenes 3 Normal Hexane_ lsoolefinr Heptenel tranr-Heptene3 cirHeptene-3 tranr-Heptene 2 cir-Heptene2

95Omin

71 10 81 1 .

Purlty by freezing point. mol % point F - _ _Freezmg _ _Boiling p z n t F Distillation range. F Initial__ boiling point .

Hexene 1 ___ ____

-CH-ICH214-CH3

TECHNICAL GRADE

PROPERTIES

GRADE

COmpOSltlOn,wzight_percent

Hexen! 1 trans Hexene 2-- - __ cis-Hexene 2 __ . Hexenes 3 No&zHexane lsoolefinr ._.HepteGe __1 -tranrHeptene3 - _____ cis Heptene-3 tranr-Heptene-2 _. cis Heptene-2

CHI

FORMULA

CP12

9 6 0 95Omtn

-

-

--

39

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.78: Mixed 2-Heptenes (4)

I FORMULA

PROPERTIES

I I

cn,-cn

Table 2.79: Mixed 3-Heptenes (4)

lcn3-cnl-cu c n - i c H l I p 3

FORMULA

TECHNICAL GRADE

PURE GRADE

n

1 -

- cn-(cnl13-cn3 I

I

TECHNICAL CRAOE

PROPERTIES I

Composition. weight percent Heptene 1 _______ trans Heptene-3 -~ _ __cis Hep?? trans Heptene-2 cis Heptene 2 _________~ 2.4.4 Trimethylpentene 1 2.4.4 Trimethylpentene-2 1 2.3.3 _ Trimethylpentene _ - ~ lroolefins ~

~

~

_

_

_

67.5 ~ _ _ _ 68.0 ____API gravity at 60 F _ . _ _ _. _~ 5.92 5.91 Density of liquid at 60 F. Ibdgal Vapor pressure a t 100 F. pria _.___ 1.405 - . 1.406 Refractive index, 2010 +30 +30 Color, Saybolt ___ neutral Acidity, distillation residue _ _ _neutral _ 0.0005 Nonvolatile matter. gramdl00 ml -~ ... .. .. 0.0005 Bromine number -. _ _ _ ~ ~ _ _ Kauri Butanol value Copper corrosion - -~ .. Doctor test ..~____ _____ .____ 28 28 Flash point, approximate, F

~ ~

~ ~

~ _

_

~

05

_

_

_

~_

I

~ ~

~

~

~

~

Table 2.80: 2,4,4-Trimethylpentene-1

(4)

a - Diisobuty lene

- 7".

F"3

cn1 c-cn1-c-cu3

FORMULA

I

CH3

RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES Composition, weight percent -~

_-__

Heptene-l

PURE CRAOE

~

-~tranr-Haptene-3

cis-Heptene-3 tranr-Heptene-2 cir-Heptens-2 2.4.1-Trimethylpentene-1 2,4,4-Trimethylpentene-2 2.3.3-Trimethylpentene-1 lsoolefins Purity by freezig point, mol % Freezing point, F Boiling point, F

TECHNICAL GRADE

_________

-

99.86 0.05

99.39 0.08

0.09

0.53

98.7

0.1 ._.___ -

99.58 -136.26. 214.59'

99.0 99.0 min

1.2 97.6 95.0 min

(continued)

40

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.80: (continued)

RESEARCH GRAOE

PROPERTIES Distillation range, F Initial boiling point 10K Condensed -_____50)6 Condensed 90% Condensed Dry point Specific gravity of liquid at 60160 F at 2014 C API gravity at 60 F ~. Density of liquid at 60 F, I b d g c Vapor presure at 100 F. psia Refractive index. 2010 ___ Saybolt --Color, - -

I

1

PURE GRAOE

_____-_

_-

TECHNICAL GRAOE - 214 3

.-

- -

-_

_

______ ___--- _ _ - ~ __ ___~__________214 6 -_.__

. _ 0 7194. 0 7150'

..

14086.

0.719 0.715 ____________ 65 3 .5 98 _ _1.6~ _ _ _ 1 409 ____

____

+30 _ _ _

Table 2.81 : 2,4,4-Trlmethylpentene-2 (4)

~_~

.

0 720- - _ ~__ 0716

_.-

* O _ _ _ _ ~ 5.99

~

16 ___

1 409 -_ +30 __ - __ ~

..

~

~

Table 2.82: Mixed Dllsobutylenes (4)

p - D ii s 0 buty le ne

7". - cn-c-cn,

5"3

cn,-C

FORMULA

I

FORMULA

I

CHI

PROPERTIES

I

TECHNICAL GRADE

I

PROPERTIES

~

__

~

-

Distillation range, F Initial boiling point 10% Condmad 50%Condensed 9096 Condenad -~ Ory_ point _ _ -~ Specific grlvity of liquid at WMl F at M I 4 C API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F, lbdgrl Vapor presuru at 100 F, pua Refrutive index. 20/0 Color, Saybolt - _ _ ~ _ Acidity. _ distillation readue _ - _Nonvolatile __ matter,_gramdlW _ _ _ ml Bromine number __ Kauri Butanol value _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ CODDU corrosion __

_-

~

95.1 95.0min

I _

219

o"~!m_

Flash point. approximate. F

Purity by frlsling point, mol X F r n z i q point, F Boiling point, F - Distillation range, F Initial boiling point - 10% Condrnrd 5oK condenad 9096 Condanmd Dry point Spwilic~gflvityof liquid at W60 F a1014 c API gravity at 60 F -.-.____ Density of liquid at 60 W g d Vapor prmure at 100 F, psh RdrKtiva index. M/O . CJor. S2bolt-- Acidity. distillation residue __ Nonvolatile ___._ matmr. gramdl00 ml number -..-Bromine -Kauri Butanol value Copper corrosion .. .Doctor t m - -_ Flash point, ap-

73.2 17.0 _2.9

6.9

230 0.724

64.0 6.03 15 1.416

+a

neutral

O.OOO5

35 IO 1310)

_

216 200min 217

~-

.~ __

-

__ __

Heptene 1 trawHeptene3 --____ cn4bptenr-3 trancHepmne2 cir-HlptsnY 2.4.CTrimrthylpentm 1 2,4,+Trimethylpenh~2 - 2.3.3-Trim8thyIpentenc 1 lroolafins

Heotene.! traru-Heptene.3 cis-Heptane4 trans.Heptens2 cis-Heptene.2 2.4.4-Trimethylpentenh 1 2.4.4-Trimethylpentens-2 2.3.3 Trimethylpentene.1 lsoolefinr Purity by freezing point, mol X

SOX GRAOE

- Composition. m q h t pucent

Composition, wetght percent

Freezingpoint, F _Boiling point, F

C.",.

218 220 224 260 max 0.723

--

64.2

~

6.02 2.0 +30 neutral

. '

0.0005

140.3 130min 38.3 1 lmax

w. w. 35 (Est.)

_

~

Hydrocarbon Solvents

41

Table 2.83: Octene-1 (4)

-

I

FORMULA

I

PROPERTIES Composition. weight percent Octenbl -trans.0ctene-2 cir-Octene-2 mixed Octenes.3 trans-0 ctene.4 . _ _ _ ~ _ Nonenbl -~

cu2 cn--Icu2i5-cn3

RESEARCH GRADE

I

PURE GRADE

99.8

98.0

________ 0.01 _ _ _

0 . 5

0.1

~ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -

Table 2.85: Mixed 2-Octenes (4)

-

1

c -lCn214-CH3

Compasiti~nwelghtpercent __ %ene 1 transOLtene2. Octene 2 -cis__

3.6 95 6

3

0.1

__ -

-

__ 0.6

__ Purity ___ by freezing point. mal K ._ Freezing point.

~ _ _

0.1

trans Octane4 Nonene 1 -~ Oecencllroolefins

FORMULA

95.0 95 0 min

Composition. weight percent Octenbl trans-Octene-2 cis-0ctens.2 mixd-Octsnn-3 tran,Octene-4 Nonsna.1 Olwne-1 lmolefins Purity by f r w i n g point, mol 96

F

8 a i l g point. F ~

_ Oinillatio~ranpe, _ F _ _ _Initial b>lg point Drypoint SGfic-of

I

- cn-icH2i4-cu,

cn,-cu

PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES

mixeds-0

-

~

u n

I CU3-C

TECHNICAL GRADE

____ 99 95

.

Table 2.84: cis-Octene-2 (4)

FORMULA

I

-

257 259 0.728

liquid I t 6W60 F atM/4 c

API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F. lbdgal ._ Vyomprenure 70 F. psu 700 F. psu 130 F, psia ___ _ _ Retractive index, 20/0 _. Color. Saybolt Acidity. distillation residue Nonvolatile matter,gramdl00 __ ~ _ml _ Flash point. approximate, F

~

62.4 6.07

1.414

-

neutral 0.0005

Fllrh paint, approximate. F

:::;}

99.0 min

0.4

_

_ 1.8

.-

0.1

0.3

95.0 min

_

~

42

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.86: Mixed Octenes (4) Table 2.87: Nonene-1 (4)

Table 2.88: Decene-1 (4)

I -

pl-

FORMULA

CH1 CH -ICHIIo-CHJ

FORMULA TECHNICAL GRADE

PROPERTIES

__ Composition. weight percent Octene -I . tranetes2 CIS Octene 2 mixed_Ogener3 tranr_0ctge-4

TECHNICAL GRADE

PROPERTIES Composition weight percenl_ trans Octene 2

CIS

~

Octene 2

-

_ mixed tranr-KcEns_l _Octenes _ 3__ - _ _ NoneneL-._ pOecene 1

-

kI!y-

p

__

4.7

TECHNICAL GRADE

PROPE RTlES

_

_ _Octene _ 1

CH-ICHll,-CH,

I

I

9 8 . 7_.

Composition, weight p e r c e n t

--__

__ Octene 1 Octene 2 -trans -____ cis

-__ _ _

__

Octene 2

T rmixed a &Octener G 4 3

-

_Nonene 1

t:fEy . _

Oecene 1

98.9

p _ _ _

lwolelinr

__ Purity byfrepz i q p o in1,?om Freezing point. F __

Boiling point, _ _

F ~ Oistillatio? range.F _ Initial boiling eoint

pUtllrpy freezing point. mol % Freeziy point. F . Boilinp point. F Oistillation __ ranqe, F Initial boiling point

--

I

-

I1

Iwolefins I .

97.1 95.0 mup__.

~

___

._ OfY P01"'-

D r y O ! ! ! L - -

_ 0 7452

API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F,JW9_al Vaporewre at 70 F. psia -

inn F

Color. Saybolt A c i d l t v . i l l a t i o n re?* Nonvolatile matter. gramdl00 ml Flash ooint. aooroximate. F

.

..

1

I

~- 130 r,psia Refractive index, 20/0 Color, Saybolt _Acidit _ distillation residue Nonvktile maner. pramr/lM?! Flash point. approximate, F

70

Table 2.89: Undecene-1 (4)

FORMULA

PROPERTIES

I CH1

0 7408

at 2014 C

_____

__._

__

__

- -____

Density of liquid a1 60 F, Ibdgal Vapor pressure at 70F pria -.

-____

c0-00 I?".0 1 5- --I?"

.I

Refractive index, 20/0 CnJor. Saybolt Acidit distillation residue N z o k i l e matter gramdl00 m l Flash ooint aooroximate F

14216 _____

-neutral _

_

~

120 (En I

Table 2.90: Dodecene-1 (4)

CH - ICHIII)- CH,

FORMULA

CH2

I

PROPERTIES

_ P_ u r i t a freezim mint. mol X Freezinppoint. F Distillation rmSLF .~ lniliplpoilina Doint

-

CH - (CH21s- CHg

TECHNICAL GRADE

95.4 95.0 min

-

__1 1 0

a n * -

___. ... ..

.

. .

Color, Saybok - AradiW d m l h ~ residue n F M point, gproximate. F

#

m-

-llDYml 174

44

Industrial Solvents Handbook Table 2.95: Plperylene (4)

Table 2.94: Isoprene (4)

FORMULA

PROPERTIES Composition, weight percent 2 Methylbutene-1 2-Methylbutadiene 1 3 Pentens-2 2 Methybutene-2 tranr-Pentadiene-1.3 cit-Pentadiene-1.3 Cyclopentene iryciuoctad3ene~l.5 __ 4-V~1$cyclohexenel - _1 Meih$cyclohexenel _ .. . 3-Methylcyclohexene 1 4 Methylcyclohexane 1 Unidentified Purity hy l r e e z i y point, mol % Freezing point, F Eoiiingpoint. F Distillation range, F Initial bofing point 10% Condensed 50% Condensed 90% Condensed Dry point Specific gravity of Tiquid at 60/60 F at 2014 C API gravity at 60 F Density of Liquid at 60 F, lbdgal Vapor prwure at 7U F, pria 100 F,psia 130 F, pria Refractive index. 2010 Color, Saybolt Acidity. dirtillation residue Nonvolatile matter, gramd100 ml Doctor test Flash point, approximate, F

CH1

- 7% C-CH

GRADE

I

0.01 trace

9999

t

.

+

.

Composition, weight percent 2 Methylbutenel 2 Methylbutadiene 1.3 Pentenes 2 2-Methybutene-2 trans Pentadiene-1.3 cir-Pentadiene 1.3 C yclopentene Cyclooctadiene 1.5 4 Vinylcyclohexenel 1 Methylcyclohexenel 3 Met hy lcy cloheiene 1 4 Methylcyclohexanel Unidentified

trace

99.6 9 9 0 min -

0 6861'

5.71: 9.19' 16.67' 28.23.

PROPERTIES

GRADE

trace

99.98 -230.11' 9332'

FORMULA

CH1

Purlty by freezing point. mol % Freezing point, F 00111nypoint, F Dlstillation range. F lnitlal boiling point 10% Condensed 509b Condensed 90% Condensed Dry point Specific gravity of liquid at 60EO F at 2014 C API gravity at 60 F Density of Liquid at 60 F, lbdgal Vapor pressure at 70 F, pria 100 F. psis 130 F. pria Refractive index. 20/D Color Saybolt Acldtty. distillation residue Nonvolatile matter, gramd100 ml Doctor test Flash point. approximate, F

. ...

0.686

.

i6.T

-

26.Z 1.422

+30

+30

-

C H ~CH-CH

- cn- cn3

90% GRADE

01 07 ::}SO

o mine.

82

-lor 108 109 113 0 690 - _.

73.5 5.75 12.7

._

-20 (Est.)

'Literature values "Dinribution of isomer content varies

'Literature values.

CYCLOOLEFINS

Table 2.96: Cyclopentene (4)

FORMULA

PROPERTIES

I

CH2

H :

I

I

- CH2

-

CH

ICHa

PURE GRADE

I

TEj:rF

99.95

(continued1

Hydrocarbon Solvents

45

Table 2.96: (continued)

I ~

.Unidentified _ _ _

_

_

_

___

~

__

Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylenes

__

-- -_

__ 99.93 -21 1.14'

Purity by f r e e z i ~ o i n t ,mol % -. .F-r m i r q point,

_.

-

F

99.5 99.0min __

__-

w

-Boiling point, F __ Distillation range. F

-

__

boiling point ___Initial Dry point

~

_

_

__-

111 112 ~ ~ 0.778 ___. .o,772 50.4 ~

~

-

0.7775' 0.77199' .__

0.778 -~ 0.772 50.4 6.48

___

S p e c i f i z i___ t y of liquid a t 60160 F at20/4 C __ API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid at 60 F. wdgVapor prmure at 70 F. psia ___ __- -I00 F. psis 130 F, psia _ -1.42246. 1.422 Refractive index, 2010 +30 +30 Color, Saybolt neutral Acidity, distillation residue _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ .. ~~. .. __~ . _ _ _ 0.0005 Nomolatile ma!er,g_ramdlW m i . _ _ _ -. . ~_ _ Copper corrosion Ooctor test . ___ - 35 Fllrh point, approximate, F Flammability limits, volume % in air __ Lower Higher ~~

___

. . . ~

- 6.48 --I X - 1 t30 neutral 0.0005

~

--

..- _ -.

-_

-

*Liter~turevalues. Cyclopntene and Cyclohexeneare sometimes inhibited with 2.6-diteniarybutyl4nthylphenol which can be removed by distillation.

Table 2.97: Cyclohexene (4)

CH1 -CHI

FORMULA

'CH

PROPERTIES Composition. weight percent Pentenu-2 2-Methylbutens2 Cyclopentene 2.Methylbutenel Penteml Cyclopntane Cyclohexane Cyclohexane Unidentified

PROPERTIES

,C"1

C"2 -CH

I Ryii:EH I I

~

_. .-

__ _-__

_

_

_

~

______99.99 0.01

99.92 -154.32. 181.36.

Specific gravity of liquid at 6060 F at20/4 C API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid a t 60 F. lbdgal Vapor prmure at 70 F, psia 100 F. psia 130 F, psia Refractive index, 2010 Color. Saybolt Acidity. distillation residue Nonvolatile _ _ _ matter. _ _gramdl00 _ _ ml Coppr corrosion Doctor t m Flah point, approximate. F Flammability limits, volume % in air

___

_.

-___

99.5 0.2 0.3

99.4 99.0 min

181

Dry point ____

_-____.

Ethylbenzene Xylenes Purity by frming point, mol % Frming point, F Boiling point, F

ranp, F -_Distillation Initial boiling point

PURE GRADE

~

-

0.8159' 0.81096*

182 _____

0.816 0.811 41.9 6.79

-

__ -

3.1 1.44654' +30 ____

__

1.446 __ t30 neutral -._ _

O.wO5

Higher .Literatun value. Cyclopenteneand Cyclohexeneare sometimes inhibited with 2.6-diteniarybutyl4n~ylphenolwhich u n be removad by distillation.

46

Industrial Solvents Handbook

~

Table 2.98: 4-Vinylcyclohexene-1 (4)

!

PROPERTIES Composition, .?Methylbutene-1 weight percent 2 Methylbutadiene 1.3 Pentenes 2 2 Methybutene 2 trans-Pentadiene-1.3 cis-Pentadiene-1.3 Cyclopentene Cychoctadiene-1.5 4 Vinylcyclohexene-1 l%eif;$cyclohexene 1 - _ _ -- 3 Methylcyc!ohexene-l 4.MethyIcyclohexane- 1

I 1

RESEARCH GRADE

I

PURE GRADE

TECHNICAL GRADE

-.

____-__ __ __ _ _ -

__

~

_

_

_

.__-

~

.

__ -__-_

1.5

0.1 99.9

0 01 99.99

98.5

99 88 9 9 3 9 9 0 min 97.0 95 0 min Purity by freezing point. mol % -16407' Treezmgpoit. F BoXngTTint, F 262 4' Distillation range, F Initial b0Ti.S point 262 lO%ConJenred __. ____ ._ 50% Condensed - -_ --__ 90% Condensed - __ - __ 265 Dry P O 5 BpecTcjravXy ofbquid at61116a F 0 834' 0.836 0 836 _ _ _ ~ 0 8303'-.. -0 830 0 833 at 20/4 C - - APlg5vityaL6OF 37 8 _______-__37 8 __ ._ .Density of Liquid at 60 F. lbdgal -6 96 6 96 VFpE p r w G a i 7U F,pGa -~ .- -05 05 7WT. pila _ _ _ 0~'5_ _ -~ I ~ F psia , Refractive index. 2010 1-464 1.464 -_ - Color, Saybolt +30 +30 Acidity, distxlation residue neutral neutral t6involXlEiaKer. gramJfm) ml 0 0005 0.0005 _ . Doctor test FTa3 @Xi. approximate. F 70 70 ~

-

~

~

-1 ________

~

'Literature values.

Table 2.99: Mixed Methylcyclohexenes (4)

FORMULA

CP12

TECHNICAL GRADE

PROPERTIES Composition. weight percent 2-Methvlbutene-l-....-

~

____..

~.~~

___ -

2-Methybutene-2---~ . trans-Pentadiene-1.3 .. -~~ ~ cis-Pentadiene-1.3 __ ____ _ _ _ ~ . Cyclopentene .-

~

...-

API gravity at 60 F

~

--

4-Vinylcyclohexene-1 I-Methylcyclohexene.1 3.Methylcyclohexene~ 4-Methylcyclohexane-1 UnXKtXeb

GRADE 218

7

???

at 2014 C

Oenrity of Liquid at 60 F. lbrlpal Vapor preoure at 7UTjG l a w . nsia , psis sfractivs index, 2010 Color, Saybolt 7GJiiymilbtionreridue

-

. -

-

0.4) 45.5195.0 min 52.5) 1.6

Purity by freezmg point. mol % reeling p o X F - -

Distillation range, F Initial 6oiling point

10% Condenmd -_ 3l3. %tondenmii gO%FCondensed _. Drv E i n

~~

-__ ~ o ~ ~ & i e - --l ~ -

I

PROPERTIES

215

Doctor test T l a m , - G T a t s , F

0.8041

43.5 6.73 0.6 9 f

1.4431 neutral

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.100: Cyclooctadiene-l,5 (4)

I

I

PROPERTIES

E; : : :

FORMULA

TECHNICAL GRADE

Dlstillstion range,F Initial boiling point-lG%ConGnnrea _ . . 50%Tondhed - - 9O%€ondensed Dry point __I--

-1

Composition. weight percent 2 Methylbutenel 2 Methylbutadienel.3 Pentenes 2 2 Methybutene 2 tranr-Pentadiene-1.3 cirPe adiene 1.3 - Cyclopentene Cyclooctadiene-1.5 - 4 Vinylcyclohexenel

-

3 Methylcyclokexenel

Tc-Xt@iIIo-FdjiiE _ TI _ _grGitVTt @F--

--I

~M4@yclohexene-i--

. _

- -

Purity by freezing point, mol % Freezing point, F EocgPoini, F - -

- _- -

-

.

~

mor,psz -

-

0 5.

05

7363 0;;

Refractive index, 2OrO Color, Saybolt Acidity. distillation residue XTciZtest--Flash point. approximate, F

1.4933' +30 -

1.493

+30

. ._

100

96

-

*Literature values.

99.5 9zOmin -69.53'-

~

1-r:

304 0.886 0 883 28 2 7 38

0.8865' 0 8833'

at 2014 C

Density of Liquid at 60 F, Ibu'pal -Viporpressureii __ 70 F,psia -

It

1

4-Methylcyclohexane 1 Unidentified

298

1

TECHNICAL GRADE

PURE GRADE

PROPERTIES

AROMATICS

Table 2.101: Benzene (4)

I

FORMULA

cn-cn. CH ,

RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES Composition, might percent hntsnw2 __ 2-Mathylbutml-2 Cyclopntane - 2Methylbutmel Pentenel __Cyclopantim Cyclohexma Cyclohuma Unidentified Benzem

CH

- cn

CH

PROPERTIES

I

I

PURE GRADE

O ~ C ~ tam O I

.

TOlUeM

Ethylbaruane

xyl#nrr

-

-

99.99 0.01

99.8 0.1 0.1

nwtnl

O.ooo5 nqative

.__

10

1.3<____ I

'Literatun V~IUIL

PURE GRADE

.-___

Hiphn

__

I

II;;;R;

.~

-FImh -- point, approximate, - - F- _. -. Fbmm8bility limits, volume% In air . . __L o u a c - - - -

~~

_-

Acidity, distillation raidua Nonvol8tila m8ttar. gnmJl00 ml Cvpr conowon

I

7.9.

I

47

48

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.102: Toluene (4)

,cn - CH FORMULA

Cn\

I

PROPERTIES

RYiiMEH

-

PURE GRADE

PROPERTIES

c - CH3

cn cn

I

PURE GRADE

30.8 7 26

. .

0 45' 103' 2.15' 149693'

-- --+3-0 ..

Nonvolatilematter. gramdl00 ml Copper corrouon Docior tm Flash p o w approximate, F Flammabilitv limits. volume X in air Lower Hqher

.

-

0.4

1.0 2.2. _

1497

-

_-

40 IO 56r

I

'Literature values. Purityky fmzree$nf,mol% Freezing point, F ~

_ .Boi!!LlLp_Ln-!

F . _ _ Initial ~ boiling point Dry .~ . . point ..~

. . .~..

__

Distillation .. . - .. r a w .

-~

_

~~

Table 2.103: Ethylbenzene (4)

c

cn

FORMULA

&

- CHI /I

* OU'

RESEARCH GRADE

I

Composition, might percent

_ _ _

_.

Doctor test ._. Flash poinr,qproximate, F __ Flammability limits, volum K in air-

LOW^

Highar

CH

I

PROPERTIES

- CH

\

CH

cn

PURE GRAOE

I

TECHNICAL GRADE

I

--____

,

__..____

59 (01310)

i30 neutral 0.0005

59 ( 0 1319)

--+i t '

*Literature valua Ethylbonzeneis wmetimes nablized with 2.6-diteniarybutyl.4-mrthylphenal which can be removed by distillation,

I

-

Hydrocarbon Solvents

49

Table 2.104: p-Xylene (4)

FORMULA

I PURE GRADE

RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES

TECHNICAL GRADE

Table 2.105: m-Xylene (4)

FORMULA

I

CHB

cn

.CH

c

-CH,

"CH'

__Composition, welpht percent Benzene Toluene - Ethylbenzene p#r*Xylene met*Xylens -___ ortho-Xvlms

0.01 99.99 ~-

- Purity by freezing point,

Frwzirq point, F __Boiling point, F

mol 96

Distillation range, F Initial boiling point Dry __Specific gravity of liquid at 60/60 F at 2014 C MI gravity at 60 F

r

99 94 -54.17' 282.39'

0.1 99.9 ~

I

0.1 0.4 99.2 0.3

~~

99.2 99Omin

98.2 95.0 min

-

____--

2Ba 0.8687. O.BM17'

0 869 0.864 3\.3

28 I 0.869 0.864 31.3

(continued1

50

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.105: (continued)

~

F, psia ____.__-

130

Refractive index, 20/0 Color, Ssybolt Acidity, distillation exe .. -___ - -rmatte_r.p&l W m l _Nonvolatile _ Acid wash color _. . _. - - --Color -_. . . D ~ t telfy Flash point, approximate.7 Flammability Iimi!s, volume K in?!! ___L o w _-Higher

-1

7 24

7.24 0.3 0.7 1.497 +30

..

Density of liquid-at 60-F, Ibdgal ___ - Vapor pressure at 100 F, ptia

0 33. 0 74' 149722' +30

03 0.7 1497 +30

neutral 0.oOaS

neutral

nspative 84

negative 84

0 WO5

__

_ _ _ _ _ . F

F .

116 4.

'Literature values.

Table 2.107: Cumene (4)

Table 2.106: o-Xylene (4)

I

FORMULA

FORMULA

CH *

c'c.H

t

.

,CH

CH, C"

PROPERTIES Composition. m q h t percant metaXylene ___.__ortho:Xylme Ethylbentene -

RESEARCH GRADE

99.99

PURE GRADE

" :I: 'RSG' '?

PROPERTIES

I

TECHNICAL GRADE

-

Purity by frnzirq point, mol K -~

-

FrrzirqpoinF-

Boilinq point, ra~ F~..F-

-.Dinilation

...

. .

99.92

.. . .

~

+30 T i ~ i i k i i a C ireiidur i -IJbKiii&mafir, prmUiOiTm! . T&poin(.roxlmrtl.FT l a ~ y l s ~ v o r u Ki n air %~

Hyhr

.. ~ _ _ _ .

~

98.k 95.0 min

__

.

F .

--__0.9' 6.5'

~

306

7

130 F, psia

~

_-Lomr _ _

99.3 99.0min

~-

Initial boilinn ooint

'Literature valum

I

PURE GRADE

4

-

1491---m i-+30 __

+30

neutral neutraT -am----1T;w(15ni --m_ _

-

-~

*Literature valum Iropropylbenzetu and 1.2.4 Trimethylbenzene are sometimes stabilized with 2.6 ditrrtian, butyl I-methylphenolwhich can be removed by distillation

-

_

~

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.108: n-Propylbenzene (4)

Table 2.109: Pseudocumene (4)

FORMULA

PROPERTIES

FORMULA

I

Composition, weight percent ___-__ .. matc-Xylene ortho-Xylene _ _- -. ___ Ethylbenzene ___ ~ - -- Iropropylbenzene ___-_ Normal Propylbenzene Mahylethyrbanle6iap 1,Z.&Trimethylbenzene __ 1.3,5-TrimathyIbenzane 12.3-Trimethvlbenzene

Low

.-

I RYiiMIi 1

E ; ; ; ;

1

TECHNICAL GRADE

1.5 96.6 95 0 min

n

_______

API gravity at MI F Dinuty of liquid at 60 F, lbrlgal Vaaar a r m n at 1W F m-a __ -. 130 F, psia Refractivs index, 2WD .. Color, Saybolt Acidity, distillation residue Nonvolatilematter, gramrl1W ml -. . Flash point, approximate, F Flammability limits, volume % in air -

PROPERTIES

GRADE

I

Composition, weight percent

__

I

51

0 8621 31 7 7 22

_-____ 14915 +30 0.0005 114

-__

Highr 'Literature v d u l r lropropylbmzene and 1.2,CTrimethylbenzene m romtims) stabilized with 2,Bditertiary butyl4mathylphenol which can be removed by distillation.

Table 2.1 10: n-Butylbenzene (4)

CH

I f

FORMA

- CH1 -CHI - CH3

C H I C\CH I II C". - . . F

PROPERTIES Composition. mipht percon1 sacondq-BulylbenzeM mrmd-Butvlb~nzlm l-PhMylbutw2

.

0.2 99.8

99.4

3.8 95.6 95.0 min 0.6

(continued)

52

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.110: (continued)

I

PROPERTIES Spwific prlvity of liquid at 60/WF

_______

X2L314.C

I

1 I

Oensity of liquid at 60 F, lWpl Refractive index. 2010 ___ . Color,&b@t Acidity. d i s t mI residue - Nonvolatilematter. gramdlW ml - Color Alpha F I point. ~ ?epXximate,F . .-___ Flimmrbility . - Iimitr,uma %Lair Lomr ntghrr

-

RESEARCH GRADE

PURE GRADE

_.

0.865 _ ~ _ _ ._ 0.865 _ _o m____. 0.860.--

I

I I

7.20 1.490 +30

I

neutral

0.8646.

0.86013.

1.48979' +30

I

_ -

0.m

160

'Literature values

.c"'Cn

I

.

-

-

I

1.490 +30

I

neutral .____ 0.0005

I

160

0.8 6.8

cn

I ____ 7.20

___

Table 2.11 1: lsobutylbenzene (4)

I

TECHNICAL GRADE

-.

-

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.112: sec-Butylbenzene (4)

Composition. might percent Toluene lloaroavlbanzrn@ _.r .r, -.-.tertiary-Butylbenzene lsobutylbenzme secondaryButylbenzene normal-Butvlbenzene Water, ppm, might

Flesh point. approximate, F

I

I

I

I

I

I

0.02

0.6

0.9

99.98

99.4

98.9 0.1

0.1

I

I

126

I

126

'Literature values. Secondary-Butylbenzeneis sometimes stablized with tertiarybutylcatechol ITBC) which can be removed by distillation.

Table 2.1 13: tert-Butylbenzene (4)

FORMULA

lropropylbenzene tertiary. Butylbenzene lrobutvlbenzene secondary-Butylbenzene normal-Butylbenzene Water, ppm. weight

*Literature values

CHfC,CH

RESEARCH GRADE

PROPERTIES Composition, might percent

,cn1 - F -cnl

I

PURE GRADE

I

I

I

I 99.99

0.1 99.8

0.01

0.1

TECHNICAL GRADE

I I

0.5 98.2 1.1

0.2

53

54

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.1 14: 1-Phenylbutene-2 (4)

Table 2.1 15: sec-Amylbenzene (4)

cn -cn-cn-cn3 l l

FORMULA

I

PROPERTIES

I

P u m lrnzinp point, mol Y Freezinq point. F Boiling point, F Distillation ranp. F Initial boiling point 10% Condensed 5ox Condanrd 90% Condansed Dry point SpWifiC g r ~ i t yof liquid at 60/60 F a t 2014 C API a r ~ i t vat 60 F Oarmty of liquid at 60 F, Ibdprl Rdnctive index, 2010

.

TECHNICAL

__--_ Compoution. weigJht percent

-__

secondayButylbanzene normal-Butylbenzene l.Phenylbut& other Alkvlbenzena ___ other Phcnylbutenes sacondary-Amylbenzene 3-Phenylpentane 2-Phenyl 2 methylbutane Lght Amylbenzena Alkylbenzena secondary-Butyl Chloride Butenes

96.4 95 0 mtn-

~

3.6

~~

cn,-cn-cn1-cn2-cn3 c~ -Fn +

TECHNICAL GRADE

PURE GRADE

PROPERTIES

CRAOE

-

Composition,weight percent secondary.8utylbenzene normal-Butylbenzena 1 Phanvlbutene.2 other Afiylbenzena other -__ Phenylbutenes secondary-Amylbenzene 3-Phenylpentane 2 Phenyl12 methylbutana Ligh(1benzena Alkylbrnzener -____ secondaq.Butyl Chloride Butenes

I

FORMULA

c,ndC-c! cn cn 'cn'

.- __ ______

--

-

-

____

-

-

__

.

~

. ~

99.5 99Omin 0.1 0.4 -.

-

9 7 3 95Omin 0.8 -_ 1. 9 -

_-

.

- -

-

1 Frwziqpoint, F ~--

Distillation range, F Initial boiling point 10% Condensed 50KCondensed

_____ 360

.-

_ _ _ _ ~ ______--~

361 0 888 27- 8 740 1511

___

--

- __ ~

_

_ ~ ___

0.0005

Nonvolatile matter, gramdl00 mi Color Alpha Flah point. @proximate, F

-374-

.

-

Oenrity of l i p i d at 6 0 F , d / l Refractwe indexL20/D Co!oLSybolt Acidity, distilletion residue -~ Nonvolatile matter, gramr/lOO ml

__

- Color -- AInhr I--

t

t

F k h poinf-aRproximsF

-

LOm H@wr

'Litnatun v d u u l-Phenylbu1e11e2 is sometimes stsbilizedwith teniery-butylcatechol ITBC) which u n be removed by distillation.

FlammabtlJy limits, volume X in air Lower Higher

_ I

I

*Literature valueL

Table 2.116: Mixed Amylbenzenes (4)

I

PROPERTIES

PURE GRADE

I Distillation range, F

--

PROPERTIES

I

PURE GRADE

10%Condensed 50% Condensed 90% Condensed Dry p m t

5696-

-

3716-

-

372 0 -__-___ 372 4

I n-r

Higher 'Literature values

I

~

-

7 25 1490+ 3_ 0 _ neutral __ -

-

155

-

- -

-

~

- -

-

-___

-

oallDenuty of liquid a t 60 F . = F ' Refractive index. 20/0 Color, Saybolt Acidity, distillation raudue Nonvolatile matter, gramdl00 ml . Color Alpha Flash point, approximate, F Flammability limits, volume X in air

-

-

-

~

-

Hydrocarbon Solvents

TERPENES Table 2.1 17: DIPENTENE

No. 122 Terpene Solvent (28)

DIPENTENE NO. 122' a terpene solvent with a pleasant terpene odor obtained by fractionation of oils extracted from pinewood, meets the Federal specification for commercial dipentene. It can be used as a component in solvent systems for oleoresin-based coatings, and as an antiskinning agent. Other uses include the production of dipping finishes and various chemical specialties.

General Sales Specifications k.7hT"Wt&--m-

Color, Hazen (APHA)", max Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6% Refractive index at 2OT ASTM Distillation. 'C 1st cc - 95%

0.5

0.84541.865 1.472-1.477 168 min - 188 max

(i)Amcriun Public Hula A n a i l i a n

Typical Properties Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6'c Refractive index at 20% Distillation range, 'c, 5% 9546 Freezing point, 'c Flashpoiit, TCC, 'c 0 Aniline point, 'c Unpolymerized residue, % Monocyclic terpenes, % Dipentene, 46 Kauri-butanol value

0.853 1.475 175 183

1-40 49 (120)
1.5 91 37 62

outstanding characteristics High clarity; near colorlessness; pleasant odor; high solvency; good antiskinning properties; good wetting and dispersing properties for pigments. Solvent for synthetic and natural resins, rubber, waxes, raw and polymerized oils, and metallic driers.

Table 2.1 18: SOLVENOL 2 Terpene Solvent (28)

A High-Solvency Terpene Hydrocarbon soLVENoLO2 terpene solvent is a pale yellow to near colorless liquid that has high solvency for resins, waxes, and greases. It is exceptionally effective as a softening and swelling agent for rubber. Of pinewood origin, it is a mixture of monocyclic terpenes with a stronger solvency than turpentine for waxes and resins.

General Sales Specifications l k " & S T ~ ~ ~ . V d k b b ~ -

Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6'c Distillation range, "C, first cm', min 95%, max

0.8454870 165 195

Typical Properties Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6% Distillation range, %, 5% 95%

Color, Hazen Hercules terpene Freezing point, 'C Flashpoint, TCC, 'F r C ) Kauri-butanol value Aniline point, 'F (T) Density at WF (15.6'c). Ibs/gal (kg/l)

0.860 166 183 45

0.3 C-40

115 (46) 80 <23 (<-5) 7.17 (36)

Outstanding Characteristics Clear, near colorless liquid; high solvent power; highly effective softening and swelling agent for natural and synthetic rubbers.

55

56

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.1 19: SOLVENOL 226 Terpene Solvent (28) SOLVENOLB226 terpene solvent is a pale yellow to near colorless liquid that has high solvency for resins, waxes, and greases. Of pinewood origin, il is a mixture of monocyclic terpenes rich in para -menthane. It is used as a solvent in the manufacture of cleaning compounds; textile dyes; waxes and polishes for floor, furniture, leather, and shoes; and in other chemical specialties. General Sales Specifications W.-d-T-MU.---

Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6% Distillations range, *C 5%. min 95%, max

Typical Properties Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6% Refractive index at 2OT Distillation range, ‘C 5%. min 95%, max Color. Hazen Freezing point, %(T) Flashpoint (SETA), T(T) Kauri-butanol (KB) value Aniline point, ‘F Density at WF (15.6%), lbslgal (kgfl) Unpolymerized residue, %

r)

0.829-0.840 158 180

0.838 1.460

165 172 45 -40

108 (42) 62 73 (23) 7 (0.84) 30

Outstanding Characteristics Clear,near colorless liquid; high solvent power; excellent welting and penaratiOg p e e s

Table 2.1 20: HERCULES Steam-Distilled Wood Turpentine (28) HERCULES* SDW TURPENTINE is a clear, water-white liquid that complies with all requirements of Federal and ASTM specifications for pure spirits of turpentine. General Sales Specifications W.-d-TdWlnLiM.-ry.

Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6% Refractive index at 2W ASTM distillation range, %, 5% 95 %

0.860-0.866 1.465-1.469 154.0 170.0

Typical Properties Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6% Refractive index at 2 0 T Unpolymerized residue, % Initial boiling point, ‘c ASTM distillation below 17OT, % Freezing point, ‘C Aniline point, ‘c Kauri-butanol value Moisture Flashpoint, TCC. %cF) Color (Hercules terpene) Density at 60% (lS.CC), Ibdgal (kgn)

0.861 1.468 1.3 150 98 <-40

21 56 trace

36 (97) 0.1 7.18 (.86)

Outstanding Characteristics Clarity; water-white color; typical turpentine odor; high solvency power; excellent wetting and penetrating properties; uniform purity. Solvent for raw and bodied drying oils, and for natural and synthetic resins and waxes.

Hydrocarbon Solvents

57

Table 2.1 21 : HERCULES alpha-Pinene (28) HERCULW alpha-pioene is a clear, water-white product obtained by fractional distilration of

~

steamdistilled wood turpentine. It consists predominantly of the bicyclic terpene hydrocarbon, alphapinene. Hercules alpha-pinene can be used wherever a high-purity-grade alpha-pinene is required.

General Sales Specifications W T I U . L d - - - l y r

Specific gravity at 15.6%/15.6'C Refractive index at 20% Distillationrange.%,5 %min-95%max

0.8620-0.8645

1.4655-1.4670 155-159

Typical Properties Specific gravity at 15.6T/15.6% Refractive index at 2OT Components, % alpha-pinene Camphene beta-pinene Distillation range, %, 5%-95% Color, Hercules terpene Freezing point. T Flashpoint, Tag closed up, 'F CC) Kauri-butanol value Density at WF (15.6%), IbsJgal (kg/l)

0.863 1.466 84.7 13.9 0.5 156-158 0.1

c-40 91 (33) 52 1.2 (0.86)

Outstanding Characteristics Clear, water-white, high purity, chemically reactive, excellent solvent, narrow distallation range.

Table 2.122: Selected Properties of Some Common Terpene Solvents (43)

KAURI

SOLVENT

Dipentenes Gum Turpentine Limonene 125 Pine Oil Terpene SW II

BOIL. RANGE,

OC

SPEED OF EVAPOR.,

BUTANOL fNITIAL R B L E L nINUTES 62 65 58 >500

175 155 162 204

>500

209

188 183 179 227 234

"Organic Solvents," Central Solvents & Chemical Co.

33.0 16.0 500.0 500.0

FLASH

PT.

nX0E 125' 93 O 112 188' 180

Solubility

Pararametar ICar/cc)'" 8.2 8.61

58

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.1 23: Arizona Terpene Products (5) ACINTENEO A ALPHA-PINENE A is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild turpentinelike odor which is very high in alpha-pinene ACINTEcontent. A C I N " P A is miscible in alcohols and insoluble in water.

PRODUCT PROPERTIES specificatons

Typical Analysis

20 max.

5

Color, APHA' Distillation Range, 'CZ First Drop 97% Moisture, %3

156.3 157.4 e0.1

<0.1

Kauri-butanol Value4

68

Composition:' 91 min.

Alpha-pinene, % Camphene, % Beta-pinene, % Other Terpenes, % Specific Gravity, 15.5"/15.5"C2

93.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 0.8636 7.19

Weight Per Gallon, 15"C, lb Refractive Index, 2O0F

1.4661

-

33(91)

Flash Point, Closed Cup, ' C ( O r n 6

1. 2. 3. 4.

ASTMD 1209-79 ASTM D 802-82 Arizona Method ASTM D 1133-86

5.

By Gas Chromatography. Arizona chemical

6.

Company method furnished upon request ASTM D 93-85 by tag-closed tester AClNTENE@ B Beta Pinene CH 1 1 I

CH ACINTENE B Beta Pinene is obtained by fractional distillation of sulfate turpentine. It i s used as an intermediate in the manufacture of synthetic resins. Produn Characteristics

Color, APHA Distillation Range, OC: First Drop 90% 97% Specific Gravity. 15.5OCl15.50C 25°C/250C Refractive Index. 20% Flash Point, Closed Cup, OF Moisture, % Composition by GLC: &Pinene, % 6-Pinene, % Dipentene, % Camphene, % pCymene, % Others, % Pounds Per Gallon, 15OC 25%

Specification 20 max. 165-167167-169 169-173 0.8685 min. 0.8715 max.

1.4760 min. 1.4780 max. 0.0

Typical Analysis 5

Method of Analysis ASTM D 1209-62 ASTM D233-65

166 169 172 0.8708

ASTM D233-65

0.8654 1.4774

ASTM D233-65

100 0.0

ASTM 056-64 Arizona Method

7.5 76.3 11.0 1.7 0.5 3.0 7.25 7.1 9

(continued)

Hydrocarbon Solvents

59

Table 2.1 23: (continued) ACINTENE~DP DIPENTENE ACINTENP DP is a clear, yeUowish liquid with a lemon-pine-likeodor. It is obtained by several fractional distillationsof CNde sulfate turpentine. ACINTENE DP is not a co-produd of any process and is sometimes referred to as a'natural" dipentene. ACINTENE DP is miscible in alcohols and insoluble in water.

'

Color, Gardner Distillation Range, OC First Drop 95% Kauri-Butanol Value Composition:' Alpha-Pinene,% Beta-Pinene, % Camphene,% MyrceneCarene,% Dipentene, % Para-Cymeneflerpinolene.% Terpene Alcohols,% Other Terpenes, 96 SpecificGravity, 15.50/15.5°C Weight Per Gallon, 1SoC,Ib Refractive Index. 2OoC Flash Point, Closed Cup, OC(OF)

PRODUCT PROPERTIES Specifications 2 max.

Typical Analysls
177 187 90 <1

5 <1 1 73

10 <1

10

0.8558

7.13 1.4779 54 (130)

Indudes some beta-phellandrene.

Methodsof Analysis: 1. ASTM D 1544-86; Using Gardner colordisks

50% in heptane.

2. ASTM

D 802-82

3. ASTM D 1133-86

- 1963standard.

By Gas-tiquid Chromatography. Arizona Chemical Company method furnished on request. 5. ASTM D 93-85 by taQ-CloSedtester

4.

ACINTENEB CRDB TERPENE PRODUCT PROPERTIES

Specification Color, Gardner' AN Moisture, %* Composition:' Total Terpene Alcohols, % Alpha-Terpineol, % Cis-Anethole, % Trans-Anethole, % Methyl Chavicol, % Other Terpene Alcohols, % Other, % Specific Gravity, 15.5"/15.5"C2 Weight Per Gallon, W C , Ib EPA 24 Volitals Flash Point, Closed Cup, 'C(OF)'

Typical Analysis 15

cos 0 36 21 4 15 min. 10 min.

19 15 15

26 0.959 7.8

99.8 91(195) c

METHODS OF ANALYSIS: 1. ASTM D 1544-86 2. ASTM D 803-93 3. By Gas-Liquid Chromatography. Arizona Chemical Company method furnished on request. 4. ASTM D 93-85 by Tag-Closed Tester

(continued)

60

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.123: (continued) ACINTENE~N LIQUID TERPENE POLYMER ACINTEN@ N Is a dark bmwn, very viscous liquid obtained fmm the fractional distillation of Sulfate turpentine It Is composed of terpene dimers and polymers. ACINTENE N is soluble In turpentine, ammatlc Solvents, and mineral splrlte.

Color, Gardner Moisture, %

PRODUCT PROPERTIES Speclflcallons

'

Typlcal Analysis

18 max. 0.2 max.

Spedfic Gravity, 15.50/15.5% Weight Per Gallon. 15%. Ib v l w s l t y . Gardner-Ho!dt. 25'C vlscoslty, cps,25% Rash Polnt. Closed Cup, 'CeQ

Methodsof Analysls:

17

0.05 0.963 8.02

ze+

Ze min.

'

3400 163 (325)

150 (300) min.

-

1. ASTM D 1544-86; Using Gardner color disks 1963 standard.

50% in heptane 2. ASTM D 802-82

3.ASTM D 93-85 by lagclosedtesler

ACINTENE~L TURPENTINE B O ~ O M FRACTION S ACINTENEQ L i s a dark brown, viscous liquid obtained from the fractional distillation of sulfate turpentine. It is composed ofditerpenes. tdterpenes, and higher molecular-weightterpene polymers. ACINTENE L is soluble in turpentine, amrnatic solvents, and mineral spirits. PRODUCT PROPERTIES

'

Typlcal Analysis

Color, Gardner Specific Gravity, 15.5% 5.5'C Weight Per Gallon, 1SoC. Ib Viscosity, Gardner-Holdt, 25'C Viscosity, cps, 25'C Flash Point, Closed Cup, 'C('Q Methods of Analysis

13+

* *

0.96 8.00 22

3400 163 (325)

-

1. ASTM D 1544-86:Using Gardner color disks 1963 standard, 50% in heptane

2. ASTM D 802-82

3.ASTM D 93-85by lagclosed tesler

Hydrocarbon Solvents COMPARATIVE DATA Table 2.124: Amoco PANASOL Solvents (20) Panasol solvents sales specifications'

Specific gravity at 16"C(61O F ) , ASTM D4052 at 25"C/25"C, ASTM 04052 Distillation point. ASTM D86 Initial boiling point, "C (OF). min 95% boiling point, "C (OF) End point. "C ( O F ) , max Flash point, ASTM 056, TCC, "C ("F), min "C ( O F ) , max Flash point. ASTM D93. PMCC "C ("F). min Cdor, ASTM D1500, max Appearance at 16"C(61OF), visual test

Panasol AB-130

Panasol AN4K

Panasol AN3N

Panasol

0.860 - 0.890

0.934 - 0.947

0.979 - 1 007

0.979 - 1.007

177 (350)

210 (410)

232 (450)

288 (550)

288 (550)

288 (550)

63(145)

-

-

95(203) 2.0 clear, no free suspended matter 95 Pass

95(203) 2.0 clear, no free suspended matter 95 Pass

-

.-.., 149(300) 202(395)

38(100) 57(135)

Aromatics, ASTM 01319, vol Yo,min Copper corrosion. ASTM D849

-

-

-

-

-

-

1 .o clear, no free suspended matter 98

2.0 clear, no free suspended matter 78 Pass

-

__ Panasol Solvents non-specification properties ___ .

- -~

~

----

-

an-35

-

-

-_ _._

.

__

Inspection Tests

AN-2K

AN3N

AN-3S

HAB-500

AB-130

API Gravity @ 60°F Specific Gravity Q (io' f Lbs /Gal @ 60°F ASTM Color TCC Flash Point."F Mixed Aniline Point,"F Kauri-Butanol Value Aromatics, Weight YO Mono-aromatics Di-aromatics Molecular Weight by VPO Crystallization P0int.T Pour Point,"F Distillation,"F Initial Boiling Point 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 End Point XRF Sulfur Content, ppm XRF Chloride Content, ppm

20.3 0.932 7.762 0.5 151 76.5 86.0 31.6 54.4 175 48 -54

11 8 0 987 8.224 0.5 208 53.8 98.0 99.5 13.9 85.6 164 -8 -1 7

10.9 0.994 8.276 <1 0 >212 52 7 89.0 99 2 5.1 94.1 157 +5 -1 1

13.2 0.978 8.1 10 3.5 207 57.4 65.0 99.8 8.5 91.3 196 -45 <-76

30.4 0.874 7.278 <0.5 127 60.4 85.0 98.6 96.6 2.0 215 -48 -71

354 376 386 404 418 430 444 456 468 480 494 508 532 'ND 68

436 450 456 464 470 474 478 484 490 498 510 522 540 'ND 'ND

4 70 482 488 492 496 498 50 1 504 506 510 518 526 543 'ND 9

412 466 516 532 546 556 565 572 578 584 594 610 649 "ND 'ND

328 340 344 347 350 351 352 354 356 360 364 369 422 "ND 'ND

'NO= None detected

-

61

62

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.125: Ashland Aliphatic and Aromatic Solvents (69)

Aliphatic Solvents

Pentane

5.26

0.631

34-40

94-104

(0

26

-

Hexane

5.61

0.675

65-70

149-158

(0

29

Cyclohexane

6.53 6.04

0.784 0.725

80-82 176-180 91-109 195229

0 18

55 33

151 (0.1 652 0 150 (1

6.3 ' 5.5 2.4

6.31 5.79 6.20

0.758 0.695 0.744

91-110 195230 92-100 198212 119-141 246-285

18 15 50

47 30 32

105 20 146 0.1 153 < 1

2.2 4.5 1.6

6.35 6.44 6.44 6.50 6.32 6.61 6.54

0.762 0.772

86 105 105 105 125 150 142

0.816

254-318 490-605

34 32 32 36 28 30 31 22

150

0.773 0.780 0.759 0.793 0.785

140-163 154-182 154-196 154-205 174-213 182-201 188-288

~~

LACOLENET"' ~

~

Super LACOLENET"' Heptane VM & P Naphtha

90 Solvent KWlK DRITM Rule 66 Mineral Spirits Mineral Spirits, NE Odorless Mineral SDirits Low Odor Base Solvent

140 Solvent Mineral Seal Oil n-Butyl Acetate = 1

6.79 2

Mixed Aniline Point

0

~~

~~

3

8.1

-

~

285-325 310-360 31310400 345415 370-550 360394

2653

154 155 139 185 166 160 187

<1 <1 (1 14 (1 4 1 8

0.33 0.20 0.12 0.12 0.11 (0.01 0.08 (0.01

COC

Aromatic Solvents

Toluene Ethyl Benzene Xylene HI-SOL@10

HI-SOL 70 ~~

HI-SOL 15 In-Butyl Acetate = 1

7.27 7.26

0.873 0.871

110-111 135-137

230-233 275-278

45 59

105 96

50 50

1.8 0.90

7.23 7.29 7.14 7.43

0.866 0.876 0.857 0.893

138-143 152-177 163202 177-216

280-289 306-350 325395 350-420

81 105 105 142

98 90 70 89

52 55 95 61

0.86 0.15 0.10 0.06

~

~~

~~

~

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.126: Chemcentral Solvents (Aliphatic and Aromatic) (67) .

-.

Dlsllltallon R.npo

Relrac

.. ..

6'

ALIPHATIC PETROLEUM NAPHTHAS.

W/W°F

- .--

-1

I 1 Illlhl NI

I , II I

nil

II i 4 9 ' ,

O I I Ill N l

i3w SOLVENT

0.772

M I N I U A l S I A I OII


MINI IIAI SI'IHIlS

fl i R i

OI>l1111I S S M I N & I I A I S I I I I I I I S

.. - . sToD.~n.D.so~~~~~E.~.. HllRRl I 1 S l l I V C N l

il

1b7I'

ii

i w-

...

~

0.7720

fir xs1.11~

,I fiH? I1 I I V

VMCI'NAI'IIIHA


NI

V M & I' N A I Y I l l i A 66

-

MINERAL SPIRITS 68 ________-..

il 1541

-

0.7724 0 711s

e140 S O l V E N l 6 6

260 288

.

-

376 397 E~ploalreLlmlls %by Vol. In A t

Flush Polnl

ALIPHATIC PETROLEUM NAPHTHAS.

T q Cc

-

-_

satuI

tn n

rseosOLv~NT -

70

n i

MINEAAI SI'IRllS

I1 I ?

11

I17

1114

11

0I)ORI F S S M I N F R A L S P I H I l \ RUOBER S O L V E N l

ri 2

>I

In e ,

!7 9

I 11

HEXSOLV

I

VM h P N A P H T I I A

U460 S O L V E N l V M h P N A P l l l t l A 66

MINERALSPIRITSO8 VI40 SOLVENT 66 -

__

-

__ -

705

14

I47

n

0 21

33

166

108

n 11

11

140

ll

I,'

:::I:

14

1411

5>

I 1

I7

-

-

.-I -----

13 -~ 0.7

1411

1 4

_4 _0

(1 n __

108 __ I44

n nn

-

0.7 ._

in

-I------

spec

AROMATIC HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS

I

6 Ill

I 11

-

HI1

1.o

M l N F R A l S F A l 011

-_-_ --_BTODDA~D~OLVENL -

I

I >

..... .

105

-

R II

1 il

I46 1 V

IA( O I I F R 1111 llf N 1

__

760 mm ng

1.1'

Ilt I d N l

wmn SUIVI

-

I1 11'1

lit I ' l A N I

I A , , < > I l t 14

lndsa c 20%

uo1rac

Gravilv Per

"C

DTN7FNL

mi

TO1 V I N F

7A'iil t

11970

14670

1472 14897

14882 ' 4962 I5020

8n 806 110111

176 171 730232

63

64

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.127: Crowley Solvents (60)

METHYL NAPHTHALENE NO. 5

Specific Gravity 60'/60"F

Specifications

TYDica1

0.975/1.010

0.988

Distillation Range:

' F

"c

' F

I B P , Min. FBP, Max.

4 00 600

204 315

440 550

227 288

200

93

215

102

Flash Point, PMCC, Min. (Non-Combustible) Aromatic Content, Min. Mixed Aniline Point, ASTM, Max.

61

Color, ASTM, Max.

95%

98%

16.1

11.8

1.0

-2

Pale Straw

Color, Visual 15

Pour Point

.9279/.9465

Distillation Range OF. IBP 5% 10% 50% 70% 90% 95% EP

375 449 465 523 564 634 666 689

-10

SAF-T-SOL ZOO

AROMATIC SOLVENT 58

Specific Gravity @ 60'F.

22-

Specific Gravity @ 60/60"F

0.987

Distillation Range (ASTM D-850) 5% 50% 90%

430°F 555'F 590'F

Aniline Point, Mixed ASTM

15'C

color

Yellow

ssu

40 secs

Viscosity @ 1 0 0 ' ~

Flash Point OF.

240

Pour Point

-60'F

Yromatic Content

74%

Flash Point, COC

250'F

Color

2.0

Aromatics

98%

SSU Viscosity @ 1 0 0 ~ ~ .

46.3

Pour Point 'F.

-25

Hydrocarbon Solvents

65

Table 2.128: Dynaloy Solvents (37) DESCRIPTION Dynasolve 210 was developed to fill a widespread need for a solvent that would dissolve RTV silicones and silicone conformal coatings effectively at room temperature. Dynasolve 210 dissolves silicones quickly and effectively, but it contains methylene chloride, and may attack other polymers or coatings, such as epoxies and urethanes. Dynasolve 220.225, and 230, while not quite as fast as Dynasolve 210, contain no chlorinated solvents and are more selective. In most cases, Dynasolve 230 is fastest, followed by Dynasolve 225, and then Dynasolve 220. Dynasolve 210, 220, 225 and 230, when not contaminated by water, will not attack metai or metal components, with the exception of aluminum. However,aluminum may be etched after extended immersion in these Dynaadves. Contaminationof these Dynasdves with water will result in the formation of acids that can attack most metals and other substrates. Test data showsthat mu-metalwas untouched after a 24 hour immersion in Dynasolve 210. Dynasolve 220; 225, and 230 will not attack acrylic or polycarbonate. TYPICAL PROPERTIES Color Specific Gravity Boiling Point Flash Point PH

DYNASOLVE 210 Amber 1.272 104 F None 2.14

DYNASOLVE 220 Amber 0.828 31 1-348 F 110 F 1.70

DY NASOLVE 225 Amber 0.806 235-290 'F 52'F 1.60

DYNASOLVE

230 Amber 0.707 202-222 'F 16°F 1.30

DYNASOLVE CU-5 SAFETY CLEANING SOLVENT FOR URETHANES DESCRIPTION

Dynasolve CU-5 i s a u n i q u e s o l v e n t t h a t was developed f o r use i n c l e a n i n g urethane r e s i d u e s and c r y s t a l l i z e d i s o c y a n a t e s f r o m v a r i o u s t y p e s o f p o l y u r e t h a n e p r o c e s s i n g equipment. T Y P I C A L PROPERTIES

Color: Specific Gravity: B o i l i n g Point: Flash Point: pH :

C 1 ear 1.060 202oc 191OF CC 4 - 6

DYNASOLVE CU-6

SAFETY CLEANING SOLVENT FOR URETHANES

DESCRIPTION Dynasolve CU-6 i s a unique s o l v e n t t h a t was developed as a n o n - g e l l i n g , h i g h e r f l a s h p o i n t v e r s i o n o f Dynasolve CU-5. TYPICAL PROPERTIES Color : Specific Gravity: Boi 1i n g P o i n t : Flash Point: pH :

Clear 1.055 202oc 210OF CC 4 - 6

(continued)

66

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.128: (continued)

DYNASOLVE XD 16-4 SAFETY SOLVENT FOR REWOVAL OF SILICONE OILS AND UNCURED SILICONE POLYMERS DESCRIPTION

Dynasolve XD 16-4 i s an experimemtal solvent t h a t was developed f o r removal o f s i l i c o n e o i l s and uncured s i l i c o n e polymers from molds, molded p a r t s , and processing equipment. TYPICAL PROPERTIES Color: Specific Gravity: Boi 1i n g Point : Flash P o i n t : pH:

L i g h t Amber 1.032 >3000F 2620 F N/A

DYNASOLVE XD 22-1 SAFETY SOLVENT FOR CLEANING AND DEGREASING DESCRIPTION

Dynasolve XD 22-1 i s an experimental solvent t h a t was developed f o r use i n cleaning and degreasing a p p l i c a t i o n s . Dynasolve XD 22-1 i s a non-chlorinated, non-flanmable', non-carcinogenic, non-ozone d e p l e t i n g s o l vent TYPICAL PROPERTIES Color: Specific Gravity: Boi 1i n g Point : Flash P o i n t : pH :

C1 ear 0.780 360° F 143OF CC N/A

DYNASOLVE XD 27-2 SAFETY SOLVENT FOR CIRCUIT

BOARD CLEANING

AND DEFLUXING

DESCRIPTION

Dynasolve XD 27-2 i s an experimental solvent t h a t was developed f o r cleaning and d e f l u x i n g o f p r i n t e d c i r c u i t boards. Dynasolve XD 27-2 i s a non-chlorinated, non-flammable', non-carcinogenic, non-ozone d e p l e t i n g solvent designed as a replacement f o r CFCs. TYPICAL PROPERTIES Color: Specific Gravity: B o i 1i n g P o i n t : Flash Point : pH :

Transparent Yellow 1.000 3630 F 191OF CC 8 - 9

..

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Hydrocarbon Solvents

67

68

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Industrial Solvents Handbook

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Industrial Solvents Handbook

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Industrial Solvents Handbook

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Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.131 : Flna Aromatic Solvents (6)

Typical Properties Solvent Name

Flash

IXslillation De&

,

Common Apvlications

FAS 70

180

20

150 645

Warnicr climate oil well appliullwm Wood trcaling prerrvalivr

FA5 104

115

30

m-495

Down hole oil well applicahons Washoil Reaction solvent in chemical pr<xnsing Carrier solvent for spccially chemicals High oclane gasolinr hlendstwk

FAS 150

155

22

370 - 630

Very similar lo FAS 104 except higher flash Uscd in the same applications as FAS 104.

FASTX-150

155

26

w-4w

Water white (Sayboll +30) solvcnl Paint hlendslock/solvcnl Reaction solvcnt in c h r m i a l processing for spccially paint and oilfield chrmicals Oilhcld chemical solvrnl High quality wash oil

FAS Tx-200

219

11

450 - 527

Carrier for agricultural products High flash solvent applicalions in coatings Used in manufacturing specially chemicals

Toluene (90% Purity)

31

232 - 253

High oclane, low RVP gasoline hlendstock

Xylene

31

281 - 285

Many uses in solvents, gawlinr, chemical processing

Table 2.132: Hoechst Celanese Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (42)

Methyl lsobutyl Ketone IMIBK. Isobutyl melhyl ketone, Hexane, Isopropylacetone; 4-Methyl-2-pentanone)

Physical Properties AutoignitionTemperature

MO'F (449°C)

Cntical CompresstbilityFactor

0.254

Critlcal Pressure

32 3 a h

Cntical Temperalure:

298.3%

Criical Volume:

0.369 mVkmol

Dipole Moment

9.0 X 10-30cm

EvaporationRate (n-BuAc = 1):

1.54

FlammabilityLimil (vol %in air): Upper Limit: L o w Limit:

8.0 1.2

Flash Pointa gl(

60°F (16°C)

Closed Cup):

Freezing Point:

<-5O"C (e-58°F)

Heat of Vaporization: (BTUk) Temperature("F)

182 26

Ltquid Density:(Wgal) Temperature(S)

6.86 6.71 6.55 6.24 5.90 25.7 61.9 98.1 171 243

Lquid Heat Capadly: (BTWlbPF) Temperature(4)

0.514 77.0

177 172 61.9 98.1

0.518 85.7

167 136 134 315

0.521 94.4

0.546 155

Lquid Thermal Conductiwty: (BTUrmsaCPF) 2.45 X 105 2.32 X 105 2.06 X Temperature('F) 5.03 54.7 154 LiquidVismwty:(cp) Temperature(4)

0.570 70.7

0.774 32.8

NormalBoiling Point (760 mm Hg):

0.436 109

105

0.345 147

118°C (241°F)

SduLilii(grams/100gramsofwateratM"C):1.95 Specific Gravity (2OW4'C): Surlace Tension: (dynedcm) Temperature(00

0.801 24.4 61.9

22.3 981

16.3 207

Vapor Density (Ar = 1, at 20%):

3.46

Vapor Pressure: (mm Hg) 3.15 Temperalure(4) 25.7

12.1 14.9 37.1 42.3 61.9 68.0 98.1 207

Hydrocarbon Solvents

75

Table 2.133: Kendall/Amalie, Witco Special Solvents (65)

KENSOL 8 C.A.S. #68410-98-0 ASTM METHOD

PROPER=

SPECIFICATION

D-287" DS6

GRAVITY, API FLASH POINT, (T.C.C.)

69.0 MIN 76.0 MAX -4°FI-20°C MAX

TYPICAL VALUE D-287 D-156

D-86'

0-323

GRAVITY, API LBSJGAL. COLOR, SAYBOLT ODOR DOCTOR TEST DISTILLATION, IBP 5% 50% 95% EBP REID VAPOR PRESSURE TOTAL AROMATICS BENZENE TOLUENE

72.0 5.79 +30 TYPICAL SOLVENT SWEET "C 'F 109 43 129 54 167 75 209 98 247 119 6.52 LBSAN* 2.85% 1.15% 1.70%

-

-

KENSOL I O C.A.S. 68410-97-9 ASTM METHOD

PROPERTIES

SPECIFICATION

D-287 0-323 0-97 D-8V

GRAVITY, API REID VAPOR PRESSURE POUR POINT DISTILLATION "F

65 MIN 4.0 MIN 16.3 MAX -40°F I 4 O " C MAX MIN MAX "F _ "C -"F _"C _ 100 38 134 57 170 77 135 57 200 93 235 113 275 135 310 154 315 157 350 177

IBP 10% 50% 90% EBP

TYPICAL VALUE D-28F D-323 D-156 0-56

GRAVITY, API LBSJGAL. REID VAPOR PRESSURE COLOR, SAYBOLT (BEFORE DYE) FLASH POINT, (T.C.C.)

68 5.9 4.6 +30 -10"FI-23°C

/ (cont inued )

76

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.133: (continued)

KENSOL 17 C.A.S. 64742-48-9 ASTM METHOD D-287" D-8V

PROPERTIES

SPECIFICATION

GRAVITY, API DISTILLATION, "F IBP EBP

58 MlN I 6 1 MAX 170°F MIN 400°F MAX

TYPICAL VALUE 0-287" D-8V

D-1319

D-156 D-56

GRAVITY, API 61 6.1 2 LBSJGAL. DISTILLATION "F % IBP 175 79 5% 210 99 10% 217 103 50% 244 118 90% 291 144 95% 303 151 EBP 358 181 FLORESCENT INDICATORANALYSIS (F.I.A.) AROMATICS, VCLUIE % 6.5% OLEFINS, VOLUME % .5% SATURATES VOLUME % 93 COLOR, SAYBOLT +30 FLASH POINT, (T.C.C.) +25"F 1 4 %

KENSOL 30 REGULAR MINERAL SPIRITS, C.A.S. 8052-41-3 ASTM METHOD D-287" D-56 D-86*

PROPERTIES

SPECIFICATION

GRAVITY, API FLASH POINT, (T.C.C.) DISTILLRTION, OF 5% 95% EBP

50.8 MlN 152.7 MAX 105°F 140°C MIN

310°F MIN 390°F MAX 410°F MAX

TYPICAL VALUE D-287* D-156 D-611 D-1133 0-97 D-1319

D-86

GRAVITY, API 52 LBSJGAL. 6.42 COLOR, SAYBOLT +30 ODOR MILD PETROLEUM SOLVENT ANILINE POINT 149°F I65°C KAURI BUTANOL VALUE 32.5 POUR POINT -40°F 140°C FLORESCENT INDICATOR ANALYSIS AROMATICS, VOLUME % 9.4 OLEFINS, VOLUME % .7 SATURATES, VOLUME 89.9 OF "C DISTILLATION IBP 306 152 5% 322 162 50% 341 170 95% 375 190 EBP 393 201

(continued)

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.133: (continued)

KENSOL 33 RULE 66 MINERAL SPIRITS, C.A.S. 8052-41-3 ASTM METHOD

PROPERTIES

SPECIFICATION

D-287' D-56 D-86*

GRAVITV, API 51 MIN / 54 MAX FLASH POINT, (T.C.C.) 105°F 140°C MIN DISTILLATION, "F 5% 310°F MIN 95'% 390°F MAX EBP 410°F MAX UV ANALYSIS, VOL % AROMATICS 7.2 MIN 17.8 MAX

0-287*

GRAVITY, API 52 LBSJGAL. 6.42 COLOR, SAYBOLT +30 ANILINE POINT 65 KAURI BUTANOL VALUE 32.5 POUR POINT -40°F I 4 " C FLORESCENT INDICATOR ANALYSIS AROMATICS, VOLUME Yo 7.5 OLEFINS, VOLUME % 0.5 SATURATES, VOLUME 92 "C DISTILLATION "F IBP 318 137 5% 325 161 50% 339 169 95% 368 185 EBP 333 197

TYPICAL VALUE D-156 0-61I 0-1133 0-97 D-1319

0-86

KENSOL 48T NARROW CUT PETROLEUM DISTILLATE, C.A.S. #64741-86-2 ASTM METHOD D-92 D-28P D-86'

PROPERTIES

SPECIFICATION

FLASH POINT 'F. COC GRAVITY, 'API DISTILLATION, "F IBP EB P

170 / 77°C MIN 46.8 MIN - 48.0 MAX 380 MIN 1193°C MIN 475 MAX 1246°C MAX

TYPICAL VALUE 0-287' D-92 D-156 D-1611 D-1133 D-86

D-97 D-88 D-445 D-13.19

GRAVITY "API LBSJGAL. FLASH POINT "F, COC COLOR, SAYBOLT ANILINE POINT, "c KAURI BUTANOL VALUE DISTILLATION IBP 10% 50% 90% EBP POUR POINT, "F VISCOSITY Q lOO'F, SUS VISCOSITY Q 40%, CST DOCTOR TEST COPPER STRIP CORROSION F.I.A. ANALYSIS, VOLUME X AROMATICS OLEFINS SATURATES

47.4 6.5 185 185°C +30 72.5 I162OF 28.3 "F "C 391 199 409 209 422 217 443 228 465 24.1 4 0 140°C 31.2 1.56 SLIGHTLY SOUR 1b

_ _

11.4 3.1 85.5

77

78

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.134: Mobil Oil Aliphatic and Aromatic Solvents (64)

I

I

Toluene, Nitration Grade ProDertv

Method

Specification

TvDical

Acidity

ASTM D 847

No Free Acid

Negative

Acid Wash Color

ASTM D 848

2 max

c1

Appearance at 65 to 70 'F (10.3 to 25.6 "C)

Visual

Clear Liquld Free of Sediment & Haze

Clear

Color, Platinum-Cobalt

ASTM D 1209

20 max

0

Copper Corrosion

ASTM D 049

Negative

Pass 1A

Distillation Range Including 110.6 "C at 760 mm Hg Pressure, 'C

ASTM D 850

1 max

0.7

Non-Aromatics, Volume %

Gas Chromatograph

1.5 max

0.02

SpecKi Gravity, 60/60'F (15.6A5.6 'C)

ASTM D 891

0.869 0.873

0.072

Sulfur Compounds

ASTM D 053

Free of H2S & SO2

Negative

Compiles wlth ASThl D 841 Pounds per Gallon, 60 "F (15.6 T ) : 7.26

I

-

Product Number: 871004 (Ibs). 060224 (gals) Speclficatlon Date: August 1,1996

I

Solvent Xylene

Property

Method

Specification

TVDiCal

Acidliy

ASTM D 847

No Free Acid

Negative

Acid Wash Color

ASTM D 048

6 max

3

Color. PlatinumCobalt

ASTM D 1209

20 max

0

Copper Corrosion

ASTM D 049

Negative

Pass 1A

Distillation, "C Initial Boiling Point Dty Polnt Range including 139.3 ' C at 760 mm Hg Pressure

ASTM D 850 137 min 143 max 5 max

138 140 2

Specific Gravity, 60/60O F (15.6A5.6 "C)

ASTM D 091

0.860 0.875

0.071

Sulfur Compounds

ASTM D 853

Free of H2S & SO2

Negative

Complles wlth ASTM D 043 Pounds per Gallon. 60 "F (15.6 T): 7.26 Production Polnt: Chalmette, LA

-

Product Number: 870808 (ibs), 868182 (gals) Specification Date: August 1.195%

(continued)

Hydrocarbon Solvents

79

Table 2.134: (continued)

L

I

Pegasol R-100 Aromatic Solvent

ProDerW

Method

SDecification

TvDical

Appearance

Visual

Report

Clear & Bright

Aromatics. Volume %

Gas Chromatograph

95 min

99.3

Benzene, Volume %

Gas Chromatograph

0.1 m a

< 0.01

Dlstlllation, OF Initial Boiling Point Dry Point

ASTM D 86 300 mln 350 max

310 340

Flash Point, TCC. OF

AST?dD56

105 mln

109

Kauri-ButanolValue

ASTM D 1133

Report

91

Specific Gravity, 60/60O F (15.6A5.6 "C)

ASTM D 091

0.865 0.885

Pounds per Gallon, 60 "F (15.6 T): 7.30 Productlon Point: Chalmeiie. LA

-

0.875

Product Number: 870204 (ibs), 868331 (gals) Specification Daw August 1.1996

T-400 Aromatic Solvent ProDerty

Method

SDecification

Typical

Appearance

Visual

Report

Clear & Brighl

Aromatics, Volume %

Gas Chromatograph

95 min

99.3

Distillation. OF lnltial Boiling Point Dry Point

ASTM D 86 300 min 400 max

310 340

Flash Point, TCC. 'F

ASTM D 56

105 min

109

Kauri-ButanolValue

ASTM D 1133

Report

91

Specific Gravity. 60/60F' (15.6A5.6 "C)

ASTM D 891

0.865 0.085

Pounds per Gallon. 60 "F (15.6 T): 7.30 Production Point: Chaimeiie, LA

-

0.875

Product Number: 870915 (ibs). 860916 (gals) Specification Date: August 1,1996

(continued)

80

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.134: (continued

1

T-500-100 Aromatic Solvent ProDem

Method

Specification

Tvpical

Acidity

ASTM D 847

No Free Acid

Negative

Aromatics, Volume %

Gas Chromatograph

94 rnin

99.4

Copper Corrosion

ASTM D 849

Negative

Pass 1A

Distillation, 'F Initial Boiling Point Dry Point

ASTM D 850

290 min 345 max

300

Doctor

ASTM D 4952

Sweet

Negative

Flash Point, TCC. 'F

ASTM D 56

100 min

102

Kauri-Butanol Value

ASTM D 1133

Report

92

Specific Gravity, 60/60'F (15.6115.6 'C)

ASTM D 891

0.860 0.875

0.874

Sulfur Compounds

ASTM

Free of H2S & SO2

Negative

-

D 853

Pounds per Gallon, 60 O F (15.6 O C ) : 7.29 Production Point: Chalmette, LA

340

Product Number: 870923 (Ibs). 860924 (gals) Specification Date August 1, 1996

Property

Method

Specification

Typical

Appearance

Visual

Clear & Bright

Clear & Bright

Aromatics. Volume %

Gas Chromatograph

95 mln

99.7

Color, Saybolt

ASTM D 156

+ 25 min

30

Distillation, O F Initial Boiling Point Dry Point

ASTM

350 mln 420 max

360

Flash Point, TCC. 'F

ASTM D 56

142 mln

145

Kauri-Butanol Value

ASTM D 1133

89 min

90

Specific Gravity, 60/60O F (15.6A5.6 ' C )

ASTM D 891

0.890 0.910

D 86

Pounds per Gallon. 60 O F (15.6 "C): 7.50 Production Point: Chalmde, LA

-

380

0.892

Product Number: 870212 (Ibs), 868323 (gals) Specmcation Date August 1.1996

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.135: Penreco Hydrocarbon Solvents (18) Speciflcations ...................................... CAsNo.

.............................................................

2281 011

:;

aaaa oil

84742-14-8

anvlty, SOO/BO*F

SWIIIC

..............................................................

:

.....................

2289 011

2280 011

8042476

804247.6

....................

....................

....................

4w HI

44/47

43/41

uu44

77Y/ 797

~ Y YmixI

7YllNll

kmIn2r

Obllll.th, ASlM 0 86 IBP, 'F. mln

975 (IYI

rc. mlnl ........................................................... ,

2261 011 8414246-7

API Pnrlly. 80°F :

...............

End Polnl. "F. moa (% maul

400 (23R

Physical Properties (Typical)

.............................................................. i

Spec(IIC Q d t y . BO/BO'F ............................................................. Pound./a.(lon, B O T .............................................................

:

;

: : j

:

VI~ty,iQoT,SUS

7%

,795

.KO4

812

6.56

6.64

6.69

6.76

32.0

33.2

34.5

38.0

2.18

2 28

4.30

.a

I

...................

164

I75

IRI

192

zv

26.5

24

5

22.6

?IS

I63 174)

pertles (Typical)

....................................... 1

-byW.WX

i

WlbonNumber,byGC

t i m

260 (127)

4

-IS

1-40)

(-261

,I I-IS)

(-4)

210

25

;
......................................

.............................................................

:

(W)

C I

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;

c,,

CIS

Table 2.136: Phillips 66 High Purity Hydrocarbon (4)

H Y L)l
CATALOG

GRADE n-Bulylben7ene Pure .........

NO.

A63400

Isobulylbenzeiir Pure

.

~

~

MINIMUM PURITY MOL%

990

____

~

Cyclopenldire Pure 70% __ ___

A65400

990

N24400 N24900

990 980

N22400 N22800

990 -

P10400

-

~

11Decane

Pure 2r?Dim~lhylbulane INeohexze) Pure

134400

990

3 3 Dimethvlbulene 1 INeohexene)

020300

95 0

n-Dodecane Technical

P12300

950

n-Heptane Pure Commercial ASTM Pure Technical High Purity

PO7400 PO7200 Po7444

99.0 -

Po6400 PO6200

990 950 850

021300

95.0

W6300

Hexene-l Technical lsohexanes Commercial

PRODUCT

GRADE

Isopenlane Pure Commercial

__

___ 136200

-

-

CATALOG

MINIMUM PURITY

NO.

MOLY

126400 126200 ~~

Cy1 lohexane Pure 98% ~

H Y DRKA R BON L I yuI I)s

)N L IQL 111)s

PRODUCT

990 -

~~

2 -Mcthylbutene-2 Commercial

017800 ~

Melhylcyclohexane Pure

~~~

N29400

~

~-___ -

2-Methylpentane Pure 3-Melhylpentane Pure n-Octane Technical

130400

990-

132400

990

PO8700

970

n-Pentane Pure Commercial

Po5400 ~05392

wn

Toluene Pure Reference Fuel

A42400 A42444

990 -

A47400 A47300

990 950

990

2,2,4-Tnmethylpentane(see Isooctane) ortho-Xylene Pure Technical meta-Xylene Technical

A44300

950

para-Xylene Pure

A48400

990 -

81

82 Industrial Solvents Handbook

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Industrial Solvents Handbook

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a"

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

-nu,

h m

? ? ? s

V)V)

(Dh

hr- r-h

o m

LOV)

=I

6 0 0

C

Y

.-C u

Y

..

Ih (3

c

I-

-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1

u v c w w x

J-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1

w z w w z a m

-1-1

o r

e x -1-1

-12

m m

gg

Hydrocarbon Solvents 89

90

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.138: Sunoco Chemicals Solvents (72) Mineral Spirits - Toledo Refinery __ Tests

Sales Specs

Typicals

c b n ~ b o r l , V d%

-

Test Method Sun GC-MS

48 0 02 74 4 17 4 a01 0 782 Mm - 0 799 hb.

0 791

D8Y I

47 4

D287 D86

MoMin-33oMax 395 Max 1.5Max

320 387

25 Mi11

30

13 I 50

Clear

Clear

V d

105 MiIl

I IO

DX,

29.0 Min - 42.0 Max

39

d1133

I20 Min

126

D61 I

loo Max

1 .o

4

d4w5

copper-

LA

D130

BromincNwlber


DIISY

Meetp ASTM DU5 Type I Mineral Spirits(Stoddmrd SohmtL

Toluene (Nitration) - Toledo Refinery Tests

Sales Specs

Typicals

Test Method

99 95 0 0 3 Max

401

03Max

0 03 0.02

0.869 Min - 0.813 Max

0 872

D4052 or Equnalent

1.oMax

0.6

D8Mor Equivaletu

5

D1209

0

D848

ClWJ

V I

1.0 Max

q15

d4w5

None Daeded

None Dcw.ai

d853

Allpearance @ 65 78F ~

Tacal Sub. WL ppm

D84Y D847 d1492

D1744

Meetp ASTM D841 s@kahns

for Nitrntion Grmdc Tokreae.

(continued)

Hydrocarbon Solvents

91

Table 2.138: (continued)

Benzene - Toledo Refinery -

_-

~

Sales Specs

Tests

Typicals

Test Method D4492 or Eqwvalen(

ConlposuonWL %

0.15Max

99.95 0.015 0 035

I.0Max

0.6

D8soorEqunaknr

sddrficabonpouqC

5 35 Mul

5 49

D852

COlM. PIC0 scale

20 Max

5

Dl209

Aod Wash mor

IMa\

0

D W

Ckar

clear

V d

I.Oh4aY

4).I

D’un5

Taal Sulfur,WL p p i

-

CYCLOHEXANE MARCUS HOOK, PA

Tests

Sales Specs

Composition

Method

D3054

Cyclohexane, Wt. %

99.9 Mtn

Benzene, Wt. ppm Total Aromatics, Wt. ppm Methylcyclopentane,Wt ppm Methylcyclohexane, Wt ppm

20 Max 150 Max 200 Max 200 Max

Color, Saybolt

Test Typical

30 Min

D156

Total Sulfur, Wt ppm

1 Max

D4045

Total Chlorides, Wt ppm

1 Max

UOP 395-90

Non-Volatile Matter, mgll00 ml

1 Max

D1353

Free Water

None

aeets ASTM D3055,Cyclohexane 995 specifications.

Visual

(continued)

92

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.138: (continued)

-

CUMENE PHILADELPHIA, PA Sales Specs

Tests

Typical

Test Method

99.9

Max

99.95

D3760

Ethylbenzene, Wt ppm

50

Max

250 200 20 15 5 100 Report

Max Max Max Max Max Max

<5 166 93 5 2 3 52 60

D3760

N-Propylbenzene. Wt ppm Butylbenzene, Wt ppm Benzene, Wt ppm Diisopropylbenzene, Wt ppm Toluene, Wt ppm C8 - C9 Saturates, Wt ppm Methylstyrene, Wt ppm

D3760 D3760 D3760 D3760 D3760 D3760 03760

Cumene Hydroperoxide, Wt ppm

100

Max

43

03703

Phenols, Wt ppm

5

Max

0.5

H952

Specific Gravity, 6Oo/6O0F

0.864 0.867

0.865

DB91

Color, Pt-Co Scale

15

Max

5

D1209

Acid Wash Color

2

Max

1

0848

Toltal Sulfur, Wt ppm

0.1

Max

0.03

D4045

Bromine Index

75

Max

44

D1492

Appearance

Clear

Clear

Visual

Cumene, Wt %

Meets ASTM D4077 specifications.

-

XYLENE MARCUS HOOK, PG Sales Specs

Tests Composilion. Vol % Total Cgromatics Paraxylene Metaxylene Orthoxylene Ethylbenzene Benzene Toluene CQ+ Aromatics Non-Aromatics Specific Gravity, 15.56Cll5.560

99.8

.__

23-26 51-57 12-15 2-14

_--

0.01 0.5 1.0 0.3

Max Max Max Max

0.865 Min 0.875 Max 20 Max

Distillation,'C Range(induding 139.3" C) IBP Dry Point Acid Wash Coloi Acidity

--_

___ ___

Color ( p1-Co Scale )

Typical

Test Method D2360 or Equivalent

~0.005 0.07 e0.2 0.02 0.872

D4052

5

D1209 D850 or Equivalent

5 Max 137 Min 143 Max 2 Max Pass 1 Max

Total Sulfur, Wt ppm

2.0 139.0 141.0 0

D848

Pass

D847

cO.1

D4045

Sulfur Compounds ( H,S and SO, )

Pass

Pass

DE53

Copper Corrosion

Pass

Pass

0849

1

D1492

Clear

Visual

-

100

D1744

__

C1

D1353

Bmmine Index Appearance, Q 65-78 "F

8Max Clear

Water, Wt ppm Non-volatile Matter, mg1100 ml Meets ASTM D843, nitration grade specifications.

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.139:' 3M SCOTCH-GRIP Solvents No. 2 and No. 3 (54)

Typical Physical Properties Solvent No. 3

Solvent No. 2 Solvent or Blend

Petroleum Distillate

M EK

N-Hexane and Toluene

(Methyl Ethyl Ketone)

Flash Point

- 14°F. (TCC)

20°F. (TCC)

Net Weight (Approx.) (Ibs./gal.)

6.3-6.7

6.65-6.75

Table 2.140: Total Petroleum Special Solvent (52)

HDF-201 Property

Test Method'')

Gravity, 'API

D-1298

Typical 42

Pounds per gallon @ 60°F

Requirement 40.0 MinI44.0Max 6.71 MinI6.87Max

'Jisilal

Appearance @ 70'F

Haze

D-4176

Color Saybolt

D-156

+30

+24 Minimum

Clear & Bright 1 Max.

Flash PM OF

0-93

206

201 Mid211 Max

Viscosity. 104°F. cst

D-445

2.0

1.6 Mid2.4 Max

Aniline Point, OF.

D-611

Report

Kauri-Butanol Value

D-1133

Report

Distillation, 'F

D-86

Initial Boiling Point

425

405 MinI445Max

50% Recovered

460

435 Mid485 Max

Final Boiling Point

480

450 Mid510 Max

Pour, OF

D-97

-10 Max

Sulfur, wt.%

D-4294

.005 Max

Mutation Assay

Ames Tesb,

Pass (negative)

Ultraviolet absorbance

2lCFR 178.3620(c)

Pass

U.S.Dept. of Agriculture Authorization

Pass

(1) ASTM Standard Test Methods (2) Modified SalmonellaMcrosome (continued)

93

94

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.140: (continued)

HDF 300 PropemL

Test Methodw

Gravity. API

D-I 298

Typical

Requirement 37.0 Min141.O Max

40

Pounds per gallon @ 60F

6.83 MW6.992 Max

Visual

Appearance @ 70F

Clear & Bright

Haze

D-4176

1 Max

Color Saybolt

D-I 56

28

+20 Minimum

Flash COC F

D-92

275

265 Minimum

Viscosity, SUS @ 104F

D-2161

41

37 Mid44 Max

Aniline Point, F.

D-611

189

Kauri-Butanol Value

D-I 133

23

Distillation, F

D-86

Initial Boiling Point 50% Recovered Final Boiling Point

530 560 605

480 Minl550 Max 540 Min1580 Max 580 Min1630 Max

Benzene

GC

Mutation Assay

Ames Testcs

Pass (negative)

Ultraviolet absorbance

2lCFR 178.3620(c)

Pass

N.D.w

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Authorization

Acceptable

(1) ASTM Standard Test Methods (2) Nondetectable with detection limit of 0.5ppmw (3) Modified Salmonella/Microsome

HEXENES Properly

Test Method")

Reauirement

Gravity, API

D-1298

70 Min180 Max

Olefin Content, Vol. %

D-1319

85 Minimum

C, Hydrocarbons, Wt. %

D-5134'"

97 Minimum

Total Sulfur, ppmw

D-4045

20 Maximum

Total Chlorides

UOP 395-79

5 Maximum

Uniroyal Naugard (TM) BHT, ptb

--

10

This product contains no other gasoline componen:s or gasoline additives. (1) ASTM Standard Test Methods, unless otherwise specified. (2) Modified for carbon number separation of olefinic material.

(continu ed )

Hydrocarbon Solvents Table 2.140: (continued)

P-P M I X [ R e f i n e r y Grade)

T e s t Method"'

ProDerty

Tvpical

Requirement

Vapor P r e s s u r e @ 100°F., p s i g

D-2598

206

213 Maximum

V o l a t i l e Residue: Evaporated Temperature, 95% or Butane and Heavier P e r c e n t

D-1837

-40

-37 Maximum

D-2163

0

R e s i d u a l Matter: Residue on Evaporation of 100 m l O i l S t a i n Observation

D-2158 D-2158

<.05

0.05

Pass

Pass

-

1.0

2.0 Maximum

T o t a l S u l f u r , ppmw

D-4045

0 - 2

10

Hydrogen S u l f i d e

D-2420

Pass

Pass

C o r r o s i o n Copper S t r i p

D-1838

Moisture Content

D-2713

Composition (Mole P e r c e n t ) : Propylene Propane Ethane and l i g h t e r

D-2163

(1)

ASTM

1

Pass 80 19 .1

Maximum

No. 1 Maximum Pass 70 Minimum 30 Maximum 1.0 Maximum

S t a n d a r d T e s t Methods

220 FLASH SOLVENT Property Test Method(1) D-1298 Gravity, 'API Pounds per gallon @ 60°F Visual Appearance @ 70°F Haze D-4176 D-156 Color Saybolt Flash COC "F D-92 D-93 Flash PM "F D-445 Viscosity, 104"F, cst Aniline Point, "F. D-611 D-1133 Kauri-Butanol Value Distillation, "F 0-86 Initial Boiling Point 50% Recovered 95% Recovered Final Boiling Point Benzene GC Mutation Assay Ames Testp) Ultraviolet absorbance 2lCFR 178.3620(c) U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Authorization (1) ASTM Standard Test Methods (2) Nondetectable with detection limit of 0.5 ppmw (3) Modified Salmonellahlicrosome

Typical 41

+30 230 214 2.7 174 28 460 490 515 530

Resuirement 40.0 Min144.0 Max 6.71 Min16.87 Max Clear & Bright 1 Max +20 Minimum 220 Minimum 21 0 Minimum 1.6 Min12.8 Max

450 Minl490 Max 465 MinAl5 Max 470 Mid520 Max 500 Mi111560 Max

Nq2) Pass (negative) Pass Acceptable

Maximum

95

96 Industrial Solvents Handbook

Hydrocarbon Solvents

97

Table 2.141: (continued)

UCAR Solvents for Electrostatic Coatings* Resistivity (Megohms) Esters

Alca hols

Ethanol (zoo proof)

0.03

Butyl CELLOSOLVE' Acetate

3.00

Primary Amyl Alcohol

0.10

Butyl Acetate

3 50

5.00

I-Propanol

0.18

Isobutyl Acetate

Butanol

0.18

Isopropyl Acetate

7.00

lsobutanol

0.18

n-Propyl Acetate

10.00

Isopropanol (anhydrous)

0.35 8.00

Primary Amyl Acetate

2-Ethylhexanol

Glycol Ethers

Ethyl Acetate

18.00 >20.00

Ketones

CARBITOLa Solvent (low yravity)

0 03

Acetone

Methyl CARBITOLn Solvent

0 03

fliacetone Alcohol

Butyl CELLOSOLVERSolvent

0 06

lsophorone

Butyl CARBITOL" Solvent

0 1'3

Methyl Ethyl Ketone

0 04 0 06 0 08 0 13 0 45 0 75 I50

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl n-Amyl Ketone

-

fliisobutyl Ketone

Surface Tension Reduction of a Higher Solids Acrylic Resin (79)

32

I

30

28

1 I

2h

IO

20

3u

40

50

Ketone Added ' by WI I

(continued )

98

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table2.141: (continued)

Surface Tenslon of UCAR Solvents (19)

Surface Tension dynesjcm

Solvent

Diisobutyl Ketone

22.2

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Ethyl Ketone

23.G 24.6

Methyl n-Amyl Ketone

26.1

Diacetone Alcohol

31.0

lsoohorone Isopropyl Acetate

32.0 22.3

Isobutyl Acetate Ethyl Acetate

23.6 23.7

n-Propyl Acetate Primary Amyl Acetate

25.2

24.3 25.4 27.4

Butyl Acetate

I

Butvl CELLOSOLVE" Acetate BUM CELLOSOLVE" Solvent Butyl CARBITOL" Solvent Methvl CARBITOL" Solvent

28.6 31.0 35.9

Influence of Letdown Solvents' (19)

Coating Surface Tension, dyneslcm

Solvent Surface Tension. dyneslcm

Diisobutyl Ketone

39.0

22.5

Diacetone Alcohol

44.0

31.0

Isopropanol

46.5

21.4

Ethylene Glycol

55.5

48.4

Solvent

('1 lnduslrial Higher-Solids Coatings, Present and future, A. Heitkamp, et ai,

High Solids Coatings, December 1980.

PD C

0

0

f a ‘0

e I”

c a

‘0

Y

0

-a -ca -aa 8

c

..

3

PD

0

c 0

f a

e * ‘0

I

U

0

-a -ca

a

Hydrocarbon Solvents

99

100

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.142: (continued) MINERAL SEAL OIL PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

Unocal Hydrocarbon Sales Mineral Seal Oil is a highly refined, hydrotreated paraffinic light oil that is water-white in appearance. Properties include a very low odor, low aromatic content and low pour point. This product meets 21CFR178.3620(~). Specifications

XODUCT CODE AT1 GW-VITY ( 6 0 / 6 0 F) DEGF DISTILLATION, IBP DEGF DISTILLATION, 50% DEGF DISTILLATION,END POINT DEGF SPECIFIC GmVITY ( 6 0 / 6 0 F) DENSITY 8 60 F (15.6 C) LB/GAL VISCOSITY, k0C CSt VISCOSITY, lOOC C9t -~ VISCOSITY, 3.0 OF sus ANILINE POINT DEGF FLASH POINT (COC) DEGF COLOR, SAYBOLT SAYBOLT wT% AROMATIC CONTENT . -. SULFUR CONTENT PPM CLOUD POINT DEGF APPEARANCE @ 70 DEGF POUR POINT DEGF

Typical Properties

ASTM Test

2540

0.830-0.860 6.93-7.18 3.0-4.0

~

36-40 248 MIN +20 MIN

35.7 493 516 563 0.845 7.05 3.40 1.31 37.8 170 259 30 e3 el

-4 MAX Clear & Bright -6 MAX

-22 C & B -27

D-287 D-86 D-86 D-86 D-1298 CALC'D D445/216 D445/216 D445/216 D-611 D-92 D-156 GC D-4084 D-2500 D-97

RETARDSOL PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

Unocal Hydrocarbon Sales Retardsol is a water-white kerosine that meets ASTM 2-K specifications. Kerosine consists primarily of ClO-Cl6 aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and is widely used as heaEing oil and diesel fuel. Because of its high solvency and high flash point Unocal Hydrocarbon Sales Retardsol finds many commercial applications in general cleaning solvents and in agricultural sprays. Specifications and typical properties are listed below.

Specifications

MANUFACTURER PRODUCT CODE AF'I GRAVITY (60/60 F) DISTILLATION, IBP DISTILLATION, 10% DISTILLATION, 50% DISTILLATION, DP SPECIFIC GRAVITY (60/60 F) DENSITY 8 60 F (15.6 C) VP-XR PRESSURE @ 20 C VISCOSITY @ 20 c KAURI-BUTANOL VALUE (KB) >-KLINE POINT F U S X POINT (TCC) COLOR, SAYBOLT CCCTOR TEST COKQOSION, 3 €?AS0 212 F PAELFFINS CYCLOPARAFFINS ASOMATIC CONTENT BENZENE CONTENT OLEFINS SinFUR CONTENT REFILACTIVE INDEX @ 20 C SOLUBILITY PARAMETER

LEMONT REFINRY 2019 39-51 DEGF DEGF DEGF DEGF

347-400 450 MAX 550 MAX

LB/GPL mm Hg

110 MIN

+22 MIN VOL% VOL% VOL% VOL% VOL% hT% (cal/cc)1/2

* ASTM

40.7 320 390 430 510 0.8215 6.84

Test

D-287 D-86 D-t?5 D-86 D-86 D-1298 CALC'D

0.1

CSt

DEGF DEGF

Typical Properties

20 MAX 0.20 MAX

2.117 34 141 123 27 NEGATIVE 1A 42 38 19 0.01 0.5 0.03 1.4952 7.9

D-445 D-1133 D -611 D-56 D-156 D-235 D-130 GC-MS GC-W

GC D-2600 D -1159 D-4084 D-1218

Hydrocarbon Solvents

101

Table 2.143: Vista LPA Solvents (40) Typical Properties of Vista LPA Solvents Vistu

I'isca

Vista

Tvnical Prmrties

LPA

LPA-IIP

LPA-142

Vistu LPA-170

LPA-210

Visru-47

Distillation Range,OF. IBP

362

335 340

476 516

345 355 360 385

368 312 373 377 386 389 405

413 420 422 424 43 I 434 458

465 474 475 479 495 506 539

4M

388 392 412

148

112

146

178

-

-

228

10%

20%

50% 90% 95% EP

Flash Point, Tag Closed Cup, "F Pensky Martens, O F Fwm Point. "F Pour Point, "F

460

-

341

-

-

-

Vista

472 474 479 497 508

S31

-90 -95

<-I03 <-I12

<-103 <-I12

-81

-92

226 -43 -45

Specific Gravity 60'/60'F ,809 Density, Ibdgal. @ WF 6.75 Averape Molecular Weieht 167 Average Composition % Paraffinic 46 % Naphthenic 54 % Ammatic 0.2

,794 6.63 141

,809

6.75 152

.81 I 6.77 171

,823 6.87 194

.8 I2 6.78 197

27 73 0.2

58 42 0.5

65 35 0.6

72 28 0.7

+20

Color. Saybolt Universal

Relative Evaporation Rate (n-Butyl Aaetate=l) Vapor Pressure, m m Hg 1009:

Viscosity. cSt 70°F 100°F

' Aniline Point, F Kauri Butanol Value Solubility parameten". (CnVcm4 OJ Bromine Number Carbonyl. as C=O ppm Nitrogen, ppm Sulfur, ppm Water, ppm

25 75 0.1

0

0

+30 0.02

+30

+30

0.19

0.09

+30 0.03

0.004

+20 co.004

I .o

2.0

1.1

0.37

0.10

0.10-

2.2 I .6

1.4

1.8

1.1

1.4

2.4 I .8

3.8 2.6

3.8 2.6

160

137*" 36

142" 35

160

32

32

I70 29

I80 27

8.1

8.0

8. I

8. I

7.9

7.8

<.2

<.2

<.2

<.2


<.2
<.2










<1




40

60

40

Vista MR Solvent (40) Descrlptlon Vista MR Solvent is a highly refined hydrocarbon in the kerosene boiling range. It is colorless, has a mild odor, low viscosity, and a typical aromatics content of 15%. MR Solvent has an extremely low sulfur and nitrogen content. The unique process used to produce MR Solvent yields low levels of normal paraffins. Consequently, MR Solvent has a higher solvent strength and lower freeze point than competitive solvents with equivalent boiling ranges. Distillation Range, O F . (ASTM D-86) IBP 10% 20% 50%

90% 95%

EP Flash Point, Tag Closed Cup, "F Pensky Martens. "F Freeze Point, "F Pour Point, "F Specific Gravity GO"/MPF Density, IWgaI.VP 60°F Average Molecular Weigh Average Composition % Paraffinic % Naphthenic % Ammfiic

370

390 4w 420 475 480 510 148 154 <-90 4 5 0.817 6.82 170 45 40 15

Color, Saybolt Universal Relative Evaporation Rate

t30

(n-Butyl Acetate=l) Vapor Pressure. m m Hg 100°F

0.02' 1.2

Viscosity. cSI

70°F 100°F

Aniline Point, "F Kauri Butanol Value Solubility parameler'(CaUcm3) Celane Number Bromine Number Carbonyl.as C=O ppm Nitrogen. ppm Sulfur, ppm Waler. ppm

2.t 1.6 145 33 8.1 43 4 2
'Estimal(l

(continued)

102

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 2.143: (continued) Vista C14 Normal Paraffin pesaiotion; Vista C14 npuafftn is a high purity, linear saturated paraffin. It is a clear, low odor, low vircoclity liquid.

Rooer(les

Total n-paraffih, Wt% Hydrocarbon Distribution (WLoh)

Sc13 c14 x 1 5 Average Molecular Weight Aromatics, Wt% Bromine Number Color Saybolt Specifc Gravity, 15" C/15' C Density at 60"F, Ib/gal FIash Point, (PM) "c/ O F Melting Point, T I OF ViscoSity cSt @ 40"C/104"F Distillation Range, 'C/ O F IBP EP

Tvvical 96.5-98.0

1 1 max 87 min 2.5 max

-

6-10 87-90 1 -2 197-201 0.9 0.025 +25 +30 0.768 6.40 109-114' C/229-237'F 4/40 2.1

-

2441472 25 11484 Clear Liquid

-

1.5 max 0.04max +20 min

-

-

931200min -

Appearance

-

Specification 96.5

Vista C1416 n-Paraffin Solvent Dorcrlption:

Vista C1416 n-paraffin is a high purity, linear saturated paraffin blend ofvarious molecular weights in the C13-CI7carbon range. I t is aclear,strawcolored, lowodor, lowviscosity liquid. Properties

Specification

Wpical

'bra1n-Paratfin,wr.%

96.5 5.0 max

97.0 I .0 26.5

C13 and Lower CIJ C13 + C14 CIS Cl6 Cl7 + . A v c ~ ~molecular c weight .\romacics, wr.% Bromine Number Color. Saybolt Spccific Gravity,25'C Flash poinr."F \felting Rangc."C Viscosity @ 1OO"FcSt Distillation mngc. "F IBP 50% 95%

EP 4ppcarancr

6.0 max

-

1.5 max 0.04 mas - lhmin

-

-

53.5 14.0 5.0 211 0.9 0.02s

+ IO

0.775 250

-

8

-

-

-

2.7

487 493 51 1 547 Clear straw Liquid

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Table 3.2: n-Amyl Chloride (7)

Table 3.1: Allyl Chloride (7) 3-Chloropropene-1

CH2=CHCH2CI

1 -Chloropentane

C H3CH2CH2CH2CH2CI

PHYSICAL PROPERTLES

PHYSICAL PROPERTLES Boiling point

45'C

Acidity a s HC1

0.025% m u .

F i r e point

4'C

1% m u .

F l a s h point

4%

Amylene Boiling range

Latent heat of vaporisation

84.6 cal/g

95% between 104.9-108.9.C

105- 109'C

specific gravity @25/25'c

0.933

Di8tillation F l a s h point

Specific heat

0 . 31 cal/g/'C

Other hydrocarbons

Refractive index @ 2 5 % Viscosity @ Z S X

1.412

Polychlorides content

None None

0.33 centipoise

Solubility in water

In8oluble

Weight p e r gallon @2SDC

7. 8 l b

Specific gravity

54'F

@zo/za

Weight p e r gallon

0.885 7. 38 lb

Table 3.3: Mixed Amyl Chlorides (7)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Acidity a8 HCI

0.03% m u .

Distillation range

95% between 85-109.C

Amylene and pentane content

3.0% max.

Boiling point (approx. ) 1-Chloropentane 2 -Chloropentane 3-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-2-methylbutane 4-Chloro-2-methylbutane 3-Chloro- 2-methylbutane 2 -Chloro- 2 -methylbutane

108.2.C 96.7% 97.3% 99.9.c 98.8% 93.0% 86. O'C

Evaporation r a t e @ 108.F:Minutea 1. 30 1.67 4. 30 6. 58

50% 7 5% 100%

Flash point (0.C. ) Kauri-butanol value

71 cc

Solubility in water

Negligible

25%

34'F

Specific gravity @ZO.C

0.88

Vapor p r e s s u r e @ Z O '

4 2 . 8 rnm

Water azeotrope @77-82*C

90% C&illCl (approx. ) 7. 33 lb

Weight per gallon

103

104

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.4: Benzyl Chloride (7) a-Chlorotol uene

CbHs-CH2-CI PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Distillation range

Not m o r e than 2 ' including 179. 4'C

F r e e z i n g point

-43'C

Molecular weight

126. 58

Refractive index N E

1.5365

Specific gravity @15. 5*/15. 5'C

1.107

Weight p e r gallon @ 15. 5'C

9.23 l b

Table 3.5: n-Butyl Chloride (7)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Acidity

0.01% max.

Boiling point @760 mm

78'C

Diatillation range

Not l e s s than 9 5 % between 76.0-79.5.C

F l a s h point (0. C. ) Latent heat of vaporization @76. 5'C Melting point

n-BUTY L CHLORIDE FORMS AZEOTROPES WITH:

%

B. P. 'C of Azeotrope

80

Acetone

55. 8

n-Butyl alcohol

77. 7

2O.F

1.9 57

n-Butyl nitrite

76. 5

7 9 . 8 cal/g

35

Ethyl a c e t a t e

76. 0

-123.1.C

20.

Ethyl alcohol

Refractive index @ Z O X

1.4004

4

Isobutyl alcohol

65. 7 77.7

Solubility i n water

Negligible

62

Isobutyl nitrite

Specific gravity @ 2 0 / 4 T

0.884

23

Isopropyl alcohol

Speciffc heat @ 2 O T

0.451 cal/g

29

Methyl alcohol

57.0

Surface tenaion @ 2 O T

23.66 dynes/cm

38

Methyl propionate

76. 8

W a t e r content

None

40

Methyl propyl ketone

77.0

Wefght p e r gallon

7. 37 l b

16

Nitromethane

75.0

66.2 70. 8

18

n-Propyl alcohol

74.8

38

n-Propyl f o r m a t e

76. 1

6.6

Water

68. 1

Table 3.6: sec-Butyl Chloride (7)

I PROPERTIES

CI

FORMULA

4

CH, - CH

- CH2 - CH3

I

PROPERTIES

I

1

S8.W GRADE

I

Composition, m i g h t percent mcondary-Butyl Chloride Butenes

98.0% GRADE

1

0.879 Specific gravity of liquid at 60/60 F at 2014 C ~- ~0 . 8 7 5 - ___ 29.5 API gravity at 60 F Density of liquid at60 F, I b d p l - __- .-__7 32 Refractive index, 20/0 __1 396 ____~__ Color, Saybolt Acidity, distillation residue _______-_ matter, gramdl00 _ Nonvolatile_ ~ ml Color Alpha Flashjoint, approximate, F < 80- _____ _ Flammibility _ _ _ _ limits, volume X in air Lower Higher - --

l-

~

~

99.5 0.5

Purity by frnzinq point, mol % F n u i n q point, F Boiling point, F 151 Condensed 50% Condenwd 90% Condensed Dry point

I

I

154

156

I

'Literature values

-_

~

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.7: Butyryl Chloride (27) Butanoy I Ch I or ide

Cg H7COC I

Butanoyl chloride is a clear colorless liquid with a characteristic pungent odor. It reacts with water and alcohol and is infinitely soluble i n ether. It is used for organic synthesis to introduce the butyryl group. PHYSICAL PRO PE RT IE S

M o l e c u l a r Weight

106.5

Freezing Paint

-89'C

Boiling P o i n t

102°C

Distillation Range

100" t o 110°C

R e f r a c t i v e Index nZO/D

1.4121

Specific G r a v i t y , 15. 5'/15.

5'C

1.028

P o u n d s p e r Gallon a t 15.5'C

8.56

Table 3.8: Caprylyl Chloride (27) Octanoy I Chloride Captylyl chloride is a water-white to straw-colored liquid with a pungent odor. It usually contains small quantities of hexanoyl and decanoyl chlorides. PHYSICAL P R O PERTIES M o l e c u l a r Weight

162.7

C h l o r i n e C o n t e n t (typical)

21.8%

F r e e z i n g Point

<-70 'C

P o u r Point

(-7O'C

D i s t i l l a t i o n Range('

1 8 3 ' to 212'C

R e f r a c t i v e Index, n2O/D

1.4357

Flash Point (Cleveland o p e n c u p )

8 2 'C

Fire Point (Cleveland o p e n c u p )

87.C

S p e c i f i c G r a v i t y , 15.5*/15.5*C

0.955

Pounds per G a l l o n at 15.5.C

7. 96

D e n s i t y C o r r e c t i o n Factor, g m / c c / l 'C

0.00085

C o e f f i c i e n t of C u b i c a l Expansion at 1 5 . 5 'C/1 'C

0.00096

(1) T y p i c a l A S T M d i s t i l l a t i o n to 90%.

beyond this point.

Decomposition o c c u r s

105

V

V

-

106

i? L

c

Industrial Solvents Handbook

<

V

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.10: Chlorinated Butane Derivatives (73) Physical P r o p e r t i e s of Intcrmedrates and Product.

B.P.,

compound

* C , , coir.

-

-~ ~

1 -Chlorobutane

~

I , 4-Dichlorobutanc I , I . I-Trichlorobutans I . 1.2-Trrchlorobutanc I , I , 3-Tr1chlorobutane 1 . I . 4-Trrchlorobutane I . I , 1,L-Tetrachlorobutane I . I . 1. 3-Tctrachlorobutans I . I . I.4-Tetr~chlorobutanr I , I -Dichloro-I-butene u Chlorobutyraldehyde n-Butyryl chloride cr-Chlorohutyryl chloride p -Chlorobutyryl chlorrde y-Chlorobutyryl chloride Ethyl u-chlorobutyrate Ethyl fi chlorobutyrate n-Propyl acetate I -Chloropropyl acetate 2-Chloropropyl acetate 3 -Chloropropyl acetate n - Propyl c hloroacetate

-

69.1-69.4 69. 5-69.8 86.8-87.1

I . 1324 I . 2242 I . 2797 I. 2514 I . 2947 I. 3952 1.3747 1.4001

LO. 0

106.108' . ~ . ~

101-101.5' 51. 5-51. 7

53.0-53.3 71.0-71.2 64.2-64.4' 69.9-70. .... ~I'. 101-102 48.6-48.8 57.1-57.6 58.4-58.8 52.6-52. 8

I. 3995 1.4305 I. 4425 1.4414 I . 4522 I . 4483 I . 4667 1.4593 I. 4753 1.4812 I . 4772 I . 4858 I . 4465

1.0797 1.1118 1.1083

747 740 745 40.0 LO. 0

103. 3 - 1 0 3 . 5

65.76 65.95 65.92 65.92 72.63 72. l e 72.81 56.211 35. 38

1,441

65.88 65.08 65. 88 65.88 72.39 72.39 72.39 56.74 33.28

I. 4098 1.4410 1.4411 I . 4597 1.4202 1.4222 1.3823 1.4143 1.4205 1.4215 I . 4233

LO. 0 LO. 0 LO. 0

.

Chlorine. ' .4 Fouad Calcd.

Refractive Index. N E

---

745 752 743 744 749 750 146 750 754 LO. 0 20.0

133.1-133.3 156. 3 - 1 56.8 153.2- 153. 8 183. 6-183. 8

~

Density d"

Press., mm.

77.5-78.5 114.8-115.1 122.9-123. 3 1 3 3 . 0 - 1 33. 2 154.1-154.2

I , I-Dichlorobutans 1 , 2-Dichlorobutana 1 , 3-Dichlorobutane

I

-

745

LO. 0

LO. 0 10.0 10.0

Chlorine analy.1. by reaction with 'odium diphenyl in dlmethyl'Cellosolve~[L. M. Ligaett. Anal. Churn. ,26, 748(1954)]. Av. of three ~ a l p e (56.17. .

' Uncorrected.

56.22 and 56.25%).

Table 3.11: Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (73) Carbon Tetrachloride

1589'

1322'

170

172

600

900

Chloroform Tech

11 60

1600

Ethylene Dichloride

446

61 6

Methylene Chloride

104 1450

3500

Monochlorobenzene Orthodichlorobenzene

1 111 1 -

-

-

0080'

0013'

-

-

600 ~ ' 0 ~ ~

1.1 1 Trichloroelhane

-

59CC

105

107

I

1303'

Perchloroethylene

1

1618'

Propylene Dichloride

I

1159'

Trichlorobenzene

I

1454'

I I

Trichloroelhvlene

II

1459'

II

' D a d at 75 c

1084'

I 355

362

1346'

250

254

964'

I 204

208

1210'

418

427

188

190

1214'

I

I

-

c

0800'

0097

14455

0810

0150

14427

1320'

0198'

14210

0 048

Insoluble 1 5215

15690' 1

I

I

1

'Detd at

'Detd at 75

-

1M

'Dstd at 2 S / x ) C:

c

Table 3.12: Chlorinated Organic Solvents (69) Speclflc Gravity

20'/20' Carbon Tetrachloride

1 584

Chloroform

1485 I255 1366

Ethylene Dichloride Methylene Chloride Monochlorobenzene

I113

Orthodichlorobenzene

I313 1627 I455 1316

Perchlorethylene Trichlorethylene

1.1 .I -Trichloroethane

c

14598 114350.

Dlst. Range

--~-____

"F

flash

IBP

DP

"F TOC

169 I40 181 103 268 355 247

171

None

143 183

None

105 27 I

None

361 25 I

None

187

I90

flone

I62

I90

None

Pt.

70 84 170

'TCC

1

*D.td

at

25/20'C

'Dad at 75/20'C

107

108

I

X

-

i r

I '0

t-

t-

Industrial Solvents Handbook

$

2 z

i--

' 0

-

2

-

v)

x

N

-

ln 0 0

E

1

-

d

-

W ln m

0 7

-

ln 0

1 E 0

ln

W

ln 0

ln 7-

x -

0 ln

x

0

X

0

d

-

0

1 E ln

2 ln N

2 r

0

ln

-

-

r

0

-

7

0

a z

ln 0

8

N 0

5

d m

0

? 0 N

ln

N 0

7

U

s

0

N

r:

r

In cu m

lr n

$

N m

__

0

0,

N

8

W

N

x

ln

-

0

, s za

-

81 01

N

XI 1

I

N I

N 0

a

m

1

I

-

-

m

t

0

0

9

f 0 0

2

d 0

8 N 0

-

V ,

v)

z

m

I

N

0

-

0 W

. r0

N

?

0, m

7

r

i l (0

m 0

z

In d d

7.

r

0 ln W V

r

m ln N W

..I

m 0 0

-

I

2 N

9 n

r

0

m

N

W

z

N

.rW N

r

0 r. N

r

3

Q: z

-

r

. .

__

a Z

0

2 W

0

In

0

z

.,

ui

. r

0

5

r

u ln N

r

n

U

U

5 - c! r

U C

7-

li,

..

m

2

r r

FJ

10 4 I

t 0

'a a W

C

z U

a

B c

r

c r

. c

-

J U

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

109

Table 3.13: (continued)

Compatibility of Liquid Chlorowax with Other Materials

Alkyd Resins Phthalic Drying Oil Modified Solution Phthahc-Non-DrvmqOil Modified Resin Mod;iic:d Styrene Modiiicv Rosin Moditicid Asp ha It Petroleu m Butyl Oleate Cai bowax Cellulose Acetate Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Chlorinated Rubber Coumarone-Indene Resins Dibenzyl Sebacate Oibutyl Phthalate Dicapryl Phthalate DI iso-butylAdipate Dioctyl Adipate Dloctyl Phthalate Di-iso-octyl Phthalate Diocytl Sebacate Epoxy Resins Maleic Resins Methyl Methacrylate Petroleum Resins Paraplex G-60 Paraplex G-62 Phenolic Resin, Non-heat Hardening Pliolite Resins Polydichlorstyrene Polyester Resins Polyethylene Resins Polystyrene Resins Polyvinyl Chloride Resins Rosin Rosin Ester Resins Rubber Natural Nitrile

SBR Neoprene Eutyl Santicizer 141 Santicizer 160 Terpene Resins Tetrahydrofurfural Oleate Triaryl Phosphate Tricresyl Phosphate Triphenyl Phosphate Urea Formaldehyde Resins Waxes Mineral Natural Paraffin

Solution Solution Solution Solution Hot Melt Hot Melt Hot Melt Hot Melt Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution Hot Melt Hot Melt Hot Melt

(continued1

110

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.13: (continued)

Miscibility of OxyChem Chiorowax Grade

CHLOROWAX is miscible with many organic solvents, including aliphatic, aromatic and terpene hydrocarbons; chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons; hydrogenated naphthas; ketones, esters and drying oils. They are insoluble in water, glycerine and glycols. With a few exceptions, the liquid grades are insoluble in the lower alcohols. SOLVENT

MISCIBLE WITH CHLOROWAX 45LV, 500-C, 50 LV & 65

Acetone Amyl Acetate Benzene Butanol, Normal Butanol, Tertiary Carbon Tetrachloride Dioxane Ethanol Ethylene Acetate Ethylene Dichloride Ethylene Glycol Glycerine Isopropanol Linseed Oil Methanol Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methylene Chloride Mineral Spirits Monochlorobenzene Orthodichlorobenzene Perchloroethylene Perilla Oil Propanol Solvesso 100 Soy Bean Oil Toluene Turpentine Xylene

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

OTHER GRADES

Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

..

O

X

E E L

.*,.

t

0 0

L

0

i

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

111

112

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.15: Chloroform (7)

CHC13

Tri c hloromethone PHYSICAL PROPERTEES Acidity a s HC1

0.001% by

Boiling point Boiling range e 7 6 0 mm

61.2.C 60.0-61. S'C

Coefficient of cubical expansion Av. / * C , liquid Color (Saybolt) Dielectric constant, 1000 cycle

0.001 399 24 m u .

F i r e point F l a s h point Freezing point Heat of evaporation @ B. P. Latent heat of evaporation @B. P. Refractive index g20.C @25'C Solubility in water Q20.C Solubility of water in solvent Ql0.C

wt, m a .

4.90 Nonflammable Nonflammable 63% 59. O cal/g 106.4 Btu/lb 1.4467 1,4422 0.82 0.06 g/water/100 g 1.477

Specific gravity 25/25'C Specific heat Liquid. 20' Specific r e ri rtivity Thermal conductivity Liquid

0 . 0 8 0 Btu/hr (rq ft)

Vapor deneity (B. P., 760 mm) Vapor p r e r r u r e a3O.C

(*F/ft) 4. 36 g/liter 243 mm

Vircosity @ZO*C @ 30 ' C Water: no cloud @-lO*C Weight per gallon @25*C

0.234 cal/g/'C 4. o x 109 ohms/cm

5. 63 rnillipofrer

5.10 rnillipoiser 0.021% by wt, m u . 12.29 lb

CHLOROFORM FORMS AZEOTROPES WITH:

n

B. P. 'C of Azeotrope

20.5

Acetone

35

2

96 6.8 13

15 2.8 4. 5

It. 5 23 2. 8

-B romopropane 2 - Butanone

Ethanol Ethyl formate F o r m i c acid n-Hexane Isopropanol Methanol Methyl acetate Water

64. 5 62.2 79.7

59.3 62.7 59.2 60 60.8 53.5 64.8 56.1

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.16: Chloromethylene Compounds (24)

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS _.__

EMPIRICAL FORMULA

PRODUCT

MOL. WT.

BOILING RANGE "C

ASSAY (Method)

REF. INDEX n 2:

ISOMER CONTENT (Prox.)

X * C .

____ COMMERCIAL C7H,CI

BENZYL CHLORIDE - .

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

126.6

___

.

C.H,CI para METHYLBENZYL CHLORIDE -__ -~.METHYL~ENZYL CHLORIDES

ETHYLBENZYL CHLORIDES ISOPROPYLBENZYL CHLORIDES

C,H,CI

140.6

95% in 3 " range i c l . 179°C

199-

1.0401.111

1.53601.5370

--

1.5351.540

204"

...

140.6

199204"

1.0701.080 15.5")

1.53601.5370

154.7

217222"

1.0461.047

1.52931.5305

109112" @ 15mm.

1.011.03

1.5201.530

___

221226"

1.0501.065

1.53751.5385

168.7

99 % rnin.

(11 98 % (2)

___

2,4-DIMETHYLBENZYL CHLORIDES

154.7

3.4-DIMETHYLBENZYL CHLORIDES

154.7

225232"

1.0591.062

1.53701.5390

DICHLOROBENZYL CHLORIDES

195.5

245253"

1.4101.418

1.57551.5765

___

94 % (2)

_DEVELOPMENT

.-

2,5-DIMETHYLBENZYL CHLORIDE

154.7

meta-CHLOROBENZYL CHLORIDE

161.1

a,a'-DICHLORO.

175.1

-

XYLENES ___-_ 231.2

___ RESEARCH ortho-METHYLBENZYL CHLORIDE

98-104" @ 15mm

1.251.27

_--

____-____

BIs.CH LOROMETHYL. DURENE

1.0351.045

____

____

__

221226"

1.53501.5360

____

~ O X133°C .

1.55321.5542

98 % (2) 97.5%

--

70.80% ( p ) 20.30% (0.)

@ 15mrn. _____190196" dec. (3) 98 % (1)

140.6

meta-METHYLBENZYL CHLORIDE

140.6

CHLOROMETHYCTETRALINS

180.5

135145' @ 7mm.

9 8% (2)

a-CHLOROMETHYL-pMETHYLNAPHTHALENI

190.7

5862 (3)

95 % min. (2)

98 % ___..

(1) Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography (2)Alcoholic potassium hydroxide hydrolvsis

(3) Melting range

113

114

V

'0

I

uw

h

V

I

0

Industrial Solvents Handbook

..

m

al

T: m I-

N'

In

Y f d

h .* 0 a U

s

Y

x W

.H

c

a a

3

0

9

aa

z

c

0 I (3

0

I

I

0

n

v)

6 I

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

115

116

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.21: o-Dichlorobenzene (7) l12-Dich lorobenzene

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Purified Boiling point Boiling range (within) Dielectric constmnt 1000 c g d e a Ebctrical cductivity @ 0% Fire point Flash point Freesing point Heat of combuation Heat of fuaion Impurities (p-dichlorobenzene. trichlorobensene) k t e n t heat of vaporisation OB. P.

Technical

k8O.f.C 3. O'C

179.6.C 4.0%

9.82 10-9 recip. ohm 103'C 103'C 68% 68'C -18.3.C -ZZ.S'C 671.8 kg'cal/mol.

88 joules/g Not over 4%

Not over 12% 65 cal/g at. 1.5518 Leas than 0.01% 1I 3048

Refractive index @ZZ*C Solubility in water @25*C Specific gravity @ 20/4*C

0.271 cal/g/*C

Spocific heat Specific roaiativity W d g h t per gallon @ZS%

2 . 0 x 10' ohma/cm

10.85 l b

Table 3.22: p-Dichlorobenzene (7)

p-DICHLOROBENZENE

FORMS AZEOTROPES WITH:

z

B. P.

*C of A r e o t r o p e

20

Cineole

173.5

33. 5

Cyc lohexanol

153.6

31

2-Etharyethyl a c e t a t e

155.5

34

n-Hexyl alcohol

151.6

46

Camphene

155.0

63.5

Iaoamyl e t h e r

112.4

21

I a o u n y l propionate

155.2

14

d- Limonene

174.2

50

u-Pinene

153.4

2

Phenol

156.0

43

P r o p y l i#ovale rate

154.5

117

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.23: Dlchlorodiisopropyl Ether (7)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Acidity a s HCl

0.01% by 187.3.C

Boiling point e 7 6 0 mm

wt,

max.

Boiling range @760 mm

Not m o r e than 5% d i s tills below 180'C Not l e s s than 95% d i s tills below 190'C

Color (Pt-Co scale)

25 max.

F l a s h point (0.C. )

185.F

Solubility in water @2O'C

0.17% by wt

Solubility of water in solvent @ZO*C

0.11% by wt

Specific gravity @20/20'C

1.1122

Vapor p r e s s u r e @ZO*C

0.85 mm

Weight p e r gallon @2O'C

9.26 lb

Table 3.24: Dichloroethylene (7) H I

tra ns-Acety I ene Dichloride

cis-Acetylene Dichloride

CI I

c=c

I I CI H PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

cis isomer

trans isomer

Acidity as HCl Boiling point @760 m m

0.0005 % by

wt,

mu.

60.3%

0 . 0 0 0 5 % by wt. max.

Acidity a s HCl Boiling point e 7 6 0 mm

48.0-48. 5'C

Boiling range @760 mm

47.0-48.5.C

24 max. 4'C

Coefficient of cubical expansion Av. /*C, liquid

0.00127

Color (Saybolt)

24 m a .

F l a s h point

6'C

Coefficient of cubical expansion Av./*C, liquid Color (Saybolt)

F r e e r i n g point Latent heat of vaporization @ B. p.

-80.5'C

F l a s h point

73.0 cal/g

Freezing point

Refractive index @ 15.C

1.4519

Latent heat of vaporization @B. P.

Residue on evaporation

0.007% by wt, max.

Refractive index @ 15'C

1.4490

Solubility i n water @25*C

0.77 g/100 g

Residue on evaporation

0.0007% by

Solubility in water @25*C

0.63 g/100 g

Solubility of water in solvent @lo% Specific gravity @20/4*C

0.03 g water/100 g

Solubility of water in solvent @lO'C

0.04 g water/100 g

Specific gravity @fO/4*C

1.282

Specific heat Idquid, L O T

0.270 cal/g/'C

V a p o r density (B. P., 760 m m ) Vapor premsure @ 30 * C Viscosity liquid @ Z O * C Water: no cloud @-15.C Weight p e r gallon @20%

0.00136

50 'C 73.7 cal/g wt,

max.

1.257

3.54 & i t e r

Specific heat Liquid, 20'C

273 m m

Vapor denclity (B. P . , 760 mm)

0.48 centipoise

Vapor pre8sure g3O.C

395 mm

0.001% by wt, m u .

Viscosity liquid @2O'C

0.41 centipoise

Water: no cloud @ 15.C

0.004% by wt, m u .

Weight p e r gallon @ 2 0 %

10.49 lb

10.70 l b

-

0.270 cal/g/ 'C 3.67 g/liter

118

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.25: Dichloroethyl Ether (7) 2,2'-Dic hloroethyl Ether sym- or B,B'-DichIoroethyl

Ether PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Acidity a s HCl

0.005% m u .

Apparent ignition t e m p e r a t u r e in a i r

396'C

Boiling point Boiling range @760 mm

178'C Not m o r e than 5% d i s tills below 173'C Not l e s s than 95% d i s t i l l s below 179'C

Color (500 rnrn tube)

Not m o r e than 2 yellow Lovibond

Ethylene dichloride F l a s h point (C. C. )

55'C

1 . 0 % max.

Latent heat of vaporization @ 178 'C

64. 1 cal/g

Refractive index @ 2 0 T Specific gravity @ Z O / Z O * ~

1.457 1.219-1.224

Specific heat @20-30'C Surface tension @25*C

0. 369 c a l 41.8 dynes/ a q c m

Vapor premmure @ 2 0 T Viscosity @Z5*C

2.0653 centipoises

Weight p e r gallon @ZO'C

10. 17 l b

1.2 mrn

Table 3.26: Dichlorohydrin (7)

G I yc erol DichIorohydr in Dichl oroisopropyI AI coho1

CIC H2C H( OH)CH2C I

1,3-Di ch Ioropropanol-2 Q-

Ropenyldic hl orohydri n 1 .3-DICHLORO-Z -PROPANOL FORMS AZEOTROPES WITH:

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling point

(1,3-) 174% ( 1 , 2 - ) 183%

Boiling range

174-176%

F l a s h point Refractive index

74'C

Specific gravity Vapor premmure

1.36-1.39

(95%)

1.47-1.48 7 mm

1.2-DICHMRO-3-PROPANOL FORMS AZEOTROPES WITH:

b

91

Bromobenzene

39

0-

Bromotoluene

170. 5

32

p- Brornotoluene

172.8 152.8

155.5

62

Camphene

43

u-Chlorotoluene

168.9

85

o-Chlorotolene

158.0

78

p-Chlorotoluene

160.0

45

Cymene

165.5

55

p- Dichlorobenzene

162.2

62

2 , 7-Dimethyllac tane

155.0

171.6

85

Dimethyl oxalate

162.0

Indene

173.5

B. P. 'C of Azeotrope Bromotoluene

B. P. 'C of Azeotrope

7Q

55

0-

15

Camphene

156.0

33. 5

60

u-Chlorotoluene

171.0

30

Iodobenzene

173.0

68

Indene

160.0

10

Isoamyl butyrate

178.6

169.3 172.5

52

Isoamyl e t h e r

43

d-Limonene

165.9 166.8

60

u-Limonene

43

2-Octanol

80

a-Pinene

153.0

50

Mesitylene

50

Thyrnene

170.8

41

p Methylanlaole

173.1

35

Methylheptenone

178.5

57

o-Phellandrene

63. 5

a Pinene

150.4

63

Pseudocumene

164.4

85 38

Styrene a-Terpinolene

166.8

40

Thymene

166.5

-

-

156.0

163.0

142.5

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

119

Table 3.27: Dichloromethane (22)

Methylene Chloride Methylene Dichloride

CHzC12

highls volatile and mobile. Methylene chloride is completely miscible with most organic liquids.

Methylene chloride is a clear, waterwhite liquid at ordinary temperatures. with a pleasant, ethereal odor. It 15

TYPICAL PR 0P E RTI ES Molecular \$'eight 84.93 Boiling Point, "F 103.6 "C 39.8 Freezing Point, O F - 142.1 "C - 96.7 Flash Point (Tag open cup) none lgnition Temperature, "F 1224 "C 662 Specific Gravity of Vapor 2.94 (air = 1.00) Density at 20°C, pounds per gallon 11.15 Viscosity at 20°C, centipoises 0.425 Specific Heat at 20°C, calk# "C) 0.29 Vapor Pressure at 2OoC,mm 348.9 Evaporation Rate at 25 "C (ether = 100) 71 Heat of Vaporization, caVg 75.3 BtuAb 135.5 Solubility .g methylene chloride/100 g water 2.0 at 20°C

g water/100 g methylene chloride at 25 "C Azeotrope with Water, Boiling Point, "F "C Azeotropic Water Content, wt '70

0.2 100.6 38.1 1.5

Specification for standard grade Appearance

Clear, free of suspended matter Color, APHA, maximum 10 Odor Characteristic; n o residual Specific Gravity, 25 T / 2 5 "C 1.319 to 1.323 Acidity, ppm, maximum 5 Nonvolatile Residue, ppm, 10 maximum Free Halogen none Distillation Range (loo%), "C 39.5 to 4 0 . 5 "F 103.1 to 104.9 Water, ppm, maximum 100

Flarnrnabilitv of Methvlene Chloride-Oxvoen-Nitroaen Mixtures

VAPOR PRESSURE

0

IO 20 10 TEMPERATURE, degrees Centigrade

40

(continued)

120

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.27: (continued)

1 , l -DICHLOROMETHANE FORMS A Z E O T R O P E S WITH:

z

B.

P. 'C of A z e o t r o p e

30

Ac et one

51. 6

23

Biallyl

56.5

94.8

1. 3-Butadiene

-5.0

20

C h l o r o m e t h y l m e t h y l ether

54

30

C y c lopentane

38.0

55

Diethylamine

52.0

11.5

Ethanol

54.6

21

Idomethane

39.8

8

Iaoproponol

56.6

51

Pentane

35.5

23

Propylene oxide

40.6

6

tert-Butanol

1.5

Water

51. 1 38. 1

Table 3.28: Dlchloropentanes (7)

Table 3.29: 2,4-Dichlorotoluene (7)

C5H 1OC'2 PHYSICAL P R O P E R T E S

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Acidity as HCl Average chlorine content Distillation Evaporation r a t e @ 109.F:Minutes 3.83

0.025% m u .

Acidity

48% 95% between 130-200'C

Boiling point @ 7 60 nun Hg @ S O rnm Hg @10 rnrn Hg

ZOO. 5 %

Congealing point Distillation Range @160 nun Hg F i r e pcint (Cleveland 0. C. ) F l a s h point (Cleveland 0. C. ) Moisture content

-13.C 199-ZOZ'C 383.F 199'F Nil

Molecular weight Pounds p e r gallon Purity Refractive index NU D

161.04 10.34

8.00

25% 50%

14.20 90.00

75%

Flaah point (0.C. ) Heat of vaporization Kauri-butanol value Solubility in water Specific gravity @ 2 0 T Specific heat Surface tension @tS*C Viscoaity @25*C Water azeotrope @80-9l*C Water content Weight per g8llon

100% 9?*F 68.5 cal/g 61 c c Negligible 1.01-1.08 0.369 c d / g 31.8 dynea/crn 0.016 poiae 66% CfiioCla (appr=. None 8.94 l b

1

as

acetic acid

Side chain chlorine Specific gravity @ts/zs'c Surface tenaion, DuNouy @25*C Vapor p r e a s u r e @l30*C

Nil 113.0.C 11. O'C

99.0% 1.5480 None 1.241 min. 1.251 m u . 38.29 dynes/crn 100 mm Hg

-

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

121

Table 3.30: Epichlorohydrin (7)

n

3-Ch loropropylene-1 ,2-oxide

O-CH2-CH-CH2CI

Epichlorohydrin i s a colorless, mobile, highly reactive liquid. I t i s completely miscible with many organic liquids such as acetone, carbon tetrochloride, alcohols, benzene, ethers, halogenated hydrocarbons, fixed oils, etc It i s not miscible with glycerin and water. The two reactive functional groups make i t a very useful chemical intermediate. In the presence of a catalyst, its epoxy group enters into an exothermic reaction with the active hydrogen atoms of alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, phenols, mercaptans, etc. The atom i n the molecule reacts w i t h acid salts, alkali metal phenolates, and alcohalates, amides, amines, etc.

.

Epichlorohydrin i s used to o large extent as a raw material i n the manufacture of epoxy resins. When condensed with dihydric phenols or phenolic resins, epoxy resins are obtained which range from liquids to solids. It i s also used i n the manufacture of ion exchange resins, adhesion resins and a lorge number of other chemicals.

Absolute viscosity a t 20"C.,

ABP/AP.,

at

1.1

cps.

740 to 760 mm. Hg, "C. per mm.

Boiling point, "C.,

115.2 45 16

760 mm. 50 mm. 10 mm.

Freezing point, "C.

-58.1

Heat of vaporization a t 1 atm.,

Btu/lb.

MolecuIar weight Refractive index, nD a t

0.044

174 92.53

20°C.

1.4359

Solubility, % by weight a t 2OoC., i n water water i n

5.9 1.2

ASG/A T.

0.00120

at

20" to 30°C.

Specific gravity at 20/20°C.

1.1761

Vapor pressure at 2OoC., mm. Hg

12.7

Flash point (open cup),

105

OF.

Table 3.31: Ethyl Chloride (22) (23) Manochloroethane Muriatic Ether

CzHsCl

TYPICAL PROPERTIES

Refractive Index of Vapor, nk5 1 .oo 1 Vapor Pressure, mm Hg 0°C (32°F) 464 10°C (50°F) 692 101 1 20°C (68°F) 2.23 Specific Gravity of Vapor (air=]) Solubility at 0"C, 0.447 g ethyl chloride/100 g water - 138.3 g water/100 g ethyl chloride 0.07 -217 Solubility: Ethyl chloride is soluble in most organic solvents.

Molecular Weight: 64.52 Description : Ethyl chloride is a colorless mobile liquid at 1 atmosphere below 12.4"C (54°F). Above the boiling point, i t is a colorless gas. Ethyl chloride has an ethereal odor and is highly volatile and flammable. Freezing Point, "C "F

(continued 1

122

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.31: (continued)

Flash Point, Tag open cup, "C -43 Reactivity: "F -45 At ordinary temperatures the oxidation and hydrolysis of ethyl chloride take place Explosive Limits, 3.16 to 15 slowly. In the absence of air and water, it volume % in air Autoignit ion Temperature, "C 519 can be used with most common metals up "F 966 to 200°C (392°F). Ethyl chloride burns with a green-edged flame, producing hydroSpecific Heat at P C , cal/ (9) ("C)or Btu/ (Ib) ("F) 0.37 gen chloride, carbon dioxide and water. It is thermally stable t o 400°C (752°F); Heat of Vaporization at Boiling Point thermal splitting yields ethylene and hydro92.5 calk Btu/lb 165.6 gen chloride. The reactivity of ethyl chloViscosity at 1 O"C, cps 0.279 ride as an intermediate is often based on Density at 2WC, pounds/gallon 7.461 the affinity of alkali metal atoms for its chlorine atom.

Specification and Typical Analysis Typical Analysis

Specification

Purity, wt % Color, APHA Appearance Acidity as HCI, wt % Water, wt % Nonvolatile Residue, wt % Total Impurities, wt % Distillation Range, "C Specific Gravity, oOC/4"C

99.5 minimum 20 maximum clear, free of suspended matter 0.002 maximum 0.02 maximum 0.01 maximum 0.5 maximum 12 t o 13 0.922 to 0.925

99.97 <5 clear, free of suspended matter <0.0001

0.0010 <0.0001

0.03 12.2 t o 12.4 0.922

Ethyl Chloride Vapor Pressure vs Temperature

Solubility, Approximate, g/100 g Solvent at 25OC Acetone Benzene n-Heptane Ethanol (21OC) Methanol Water ( 2 0 ' ~ )

TEMPERATURE, OF

103 110 87 48 37

0.6

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

123

Table 3.32: Ethylene Chlorohydrin (7)

Glycol Chlorohydrin

CICH2CH20H

2-Chlorethyl Alcohol PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Abaolute viacoaity @ 20 'C

3.4 centipoises 1.2040

Apparent apecific gravity @20/20*C Boiling point @ 760 m m Hg @ 50mmHg @ 10mmHg Coefficient of expansion @ 55%

0.00092

F l a a h point (Cleveland 0. C. ) F r e e z i n g point

- 6 2 . b'C

Molecular weight

80.52

128.7.C 60'C 29'C 140 'F

Pound. p e r gallon @tO*C

10.03

Solubility i n water @ZO*C

Complete

Solubility of water in solvent @ZO*C Vapor p r e a n u r e @2O'C

4.9 m m Hg

Complete

Table 3.33: Ethylene Dichloride (7) 1 ,2- Di c hl oroethane sym-Dichloraethane Ethylene Chloride Dutch Oil Eloyl Chloride

CI CH2 -CH2CI

PHYSICAL PROPERTEES Acidity aa H C l Apparent ignition t e m p e r a t u r e i n air Boiling point Boiling range e 7 6 0 mm Coefficient of cubical e x p n a i o n Av./.C, liquid (10-30.C) Color (500-mmtube) {Laviboad) Dielectric conatant @ 2 0 T E l e c t r f c a l conductivity Explomive limit. i n a i r

Not m o r e than 0.001% 449'C 83.6.C Below 82.5.C Above 84.O.C

none none

Not l e a l than 99. 0 %

Refractive index

1.4443

Solubility i n water Q20.C

0.87 % by wt

Solubility of water in solvent @ZO'C Specific gravity @20/2o*c

0.16% by wt 1.2550

0.00116

Specific heat

0. 31 cal/g/'C

Not m o r e than 1.0 yellow 10. 5e0.3

Specific reairtivity

9.0 x 10' ohma/cm

Surface tenaion @25'C

37.5 dynea/cm

3 x 10-8

T h e r m a l conductivity @ 2 0 %

0.0038 cal/cm/msc/'C

F i r e point

6.2-15.9% by 28%

VO~.

F l a a h point (ASTM 0. C. )

21'C

F r e e z i n g point

-35'C

Heat of combuation

2720 cal/g

Latent heat of evaporation @ B. P.

7 7 . 3 cal/g Not m o r e than 0.001 g/loo c c

Nonvolatile m a t t e r

Purity

Vapor dcnaity (B. P., 760 mm) Vapor preraure @ 2 0 T @30T

3.88 g/liter

Viacoaity @25*C

6 3 mm 99 mm 0.0078 poime

W a t e r cant ant

Not m o r e than 0.02%

Weight p e r gallon @ 2 5 %

10.38 lb

(continued)

124

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.33: (continued) ETHYLENE DICHLORLDE FORMS AZEOTROPES WITH:

m

B. P. 'C

18

Allyl alcohol

6

tert-Amyl alcohol

of Azeotrope

79.9 83

79

Carbon t e t r a c h l o r i d e

75. 6

19.5

1, 1-Dichloroethane

72

37

Ethanol

70.3

38

Formic acid

77.4

6. 5 43. 5

Isobutanol

83. 5

Isopropyl alcohol

74.7

19 10 I8

Propanol

32

Methanol

8.2

Water

80.7 84.1 EL. 9 61 70. 5

n-Propyl f o r m a t e Trichloroethylene

Limits of Flammability of Ethylene Dichloride i n Air and Carbon Dioxide

Water Content vs. Cloud Point (53)

CARBON DIOXIDE IN ATMOSPHERE, PERCEhT

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

mud Point Temperature. "C

Table 3.35: Glycerol a-Monochlorohydrin (7)

Table 3.34: 2-Ethylhexyl Chloride (7)

CICH2CHOHCH20H PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Average weight @.?O'C

7. 33 lb/gal

Boiling point

213'C

Boiling point @760 m m Hg

Boiling range (ASTM)

90% between 136-14L'C @40 rnm

F l a s h point (0. C. ) Refractive index @ Z 5 * C

F l a s h point (0.C. )

172.9'C 140'F

Molecular weight

148.67

Solubility i n water @ Z O X

0. 1% by

w(

Solubility in water

LBO'F 1.4781 100%

Solubility of w a t e r i n 8olvent@LO*C

0.1% by

wt

Specific gravity @ t O / l ° C

1.320

Specific gravity @LO/ZO*C

0.8833

Weight p e r gallon

10.98 lb

Vapor premsure @LO*C

1 . 3 rnrn ng

0

W C

f W

-:

.5

Y

W

a

u

a Y &

0

$ 0

W

rd

Y d

s .V

w

d m @,

o

w

4,

in

% .r( Y

0

N

P

*

fx

E

rs'

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

N

I-

9

d

-

u

Y

0

x

V

Y

d

Y

u

1

IC

N

l4 0

E E

I

1c

V

s

+ x

0 &

0

d

u

P

1 Y

a

d ai

v

5 &

V

a

0

125

126

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.37: n-Hexyl Chloride (7)

13"

" 6 ' Boiling range

133-135.C

Flamh point Specific gravity @zO/ZO*C

95T 0.871

Table 3.38: Methylene Chloride (53)

Methylene Chlorlde Water Content vs. Cloud PI

Product Description Methylene chloride is a clear, colorless, heavy, nonflamtoxic mableofliquid the chloromethanes with a pleasantand ethereal is notodor. photochemically It is the least

~~

I

reactive. As one of the most powerful solvents in the chlorinated group, it has found a wide range of applications where superior solvency is important. Vulcan's methylene chloride is available in Technical, Aerosol, Degreasing, Special and Decaffeination grades. The Technical and Decaffeination grades meet the requirements of the American Chemical Society Reagent Chemical Specifications, 7th Edition, 1987, the Food Chemicals Codex, 3rd Edition, the National Formulary XVI and Military 180 Specification MIL-D4998D.

I

3

E,

Physical Properties Formula CH,CI, Molecular Weight 84.94 Boiling Point 40.1"C; 104.2"F Density 10.98 Ibs./gal. @ 25°C Specific Gravity @ 25i25"C 1.320 Freezing Point -96.7"C; -142.1OF Viscosity @ 25°C 0.430 CP Flash Point None Latent Heat of Vaporization @ b.p. 78.7 cal/g; 141.7 BTU/lb Specific Heat, liquid @ 2O'C 0.276 callgPC Solubility @ 25'C water in solvent 0.1 70g/l OOg solvent solvent in water 1.32glOOg water

i" 9" &

$

150

,20

1

-i1I I

I

Ij-

6o

30

. ..

I---I---.

-

1

.

__ -70

-60

-50

-40

-30

Cloud Point Temperature, "C

-20

-4

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

127

Table 3.39: Isopropyl Chlorlde (7)

C H3C HCICH3 Boiling point

35.4.c

Freezing point Refractive idu Solubility in water @12, 5'C

-117.C

1.3811 0.344'

Specific gravity @ L O / 4 T Vi8COdty @ 22. 5 'c Weight per gallon

0.8590 g/100 g 0.2962 centipohe 7. 5 lb

Table 3.40: Methyl Chloride (23)

CH3CI

Monochloromethane

PHYSlCA L P ROPE FIT I ES Molecular Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.49 BollingPoint.760mm.Hg... . . . . . . . . . . . . -23.7OC.(-lO.7OF.)

S p x i f w Heat. cal.

................

Cntical Pressure R h v e lndex Vapor at 2 5 O C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.O00703 Solubihty. cc/lOO a.solvent at 20° C . Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4723 Carbon Tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3756

....................

EthylAkohoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3740

(continued)

Industrial Solvents Handbook

128

Table 3.40: (continued)

Thermodynamic Properties of Methyl Chloride (Ideal Gas State)

I

SO1

ENTROPY CAL /DEG / MOLE 298

300

9 73 9 76

18

400

11 50

1080

500

13 28 14 64 I5 92 17 03 17 76 I8 86 19 60. 20 26 20 82 21 32 21 75

2332 3707 5236

600

700 800 900 IOW 1100 1200

1300 1400

1500

55 80 55 a6 50 91 61 70 64 19 66 55 68 75 70 30 71 75 74 58 76 32 77 97 79 52

6885 B4M)

10480 12400 14400 16450

18560 20720

81 01

Fo-Hozss~s

E~NERGY FUNCTION

1

FORMATION FROM ELEMENTS 1

WEE

C M /DEG / MOLE 55

FREE ENERGYA F 4 CAL /MOLE

HLATAHOI. CAL /MOLE

so

-20630 -20642 -21283 -21825 22313 -22699 -23012 -23454

5580 56 21

w

57 50 02

59 07 60 I5 6@ 97 61 27 63 31 64 32 65 32 66 27 67 20

LOG,onr 10 960

14952 14918

10 868 7 052 4 699 3094 1918

12907

10750 8495 6144 3764 1111

-23444

2086

-23586 -23673 -23747 -23789 -22803

3551 6027 8493 10987

1028

269

. 455 705 - 1097

. 1427 . 1715 .I967

13502

I

'ACTUALLY 15 298 15" K

Density of Saturated Methyl Chloride Vapor

0 850,

0 825

- 70

0007

-68

0004.

/'

I

0 040

/' /.

0 0 0 1 4

2

0 010

TEMPERATURE. "C

Vapor Pressure of Methyl Chloride 10 000 6 000 6 000

61

23

6$

95 2 71 4 52 Z

4000

2

Viscosity of Liquid Methyl Chloride

m

37 26 v, 17 9

DM)

I 800

11

600 400

g 2

7; P

200 100 -40

ref

E

e

-30 -20

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 TEMPERATURE, O C

D B Stull. Ind Eng Chem

39, 517 (Apnl 1947)

3

1 75

'

1 50 40

20

0

20

40

60

80

IO0 120

TEMPERATURE. "C

(continued)

129

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.40: (continued)

Viscosity of Methyl Chloride Vapor

Heat Capacity of Liquid Methyl Chloride

0 134

0 128 0 122 m 0 116

w

$ 0110

3 0104 0098 0 092

0086y -40

'

-20

1

0

I

1

I

20 40 60 TEMPERATURE, "C

I

80

r

100

j

120

TEMPERATURE, C '

Heat Capacity of Methyl Chloride Vapor

TEMPERATURE, OC

Heat of Vaporization of Methyl Chloride

-100-80-60-40-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 TEMPERATURE, OC

Thermal Conductivity of Methyl Chloride Vapor

140

180

Surface Tension of Methyl Chloride

40 36 32

28

5 24 mi 20

16 12

l/

8 4

-100

-60

-20 20 60 TEMPERATURE. OC.

100

140

130

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.41: Monochlorohydrln (7)

C KH2C H(0 H)C HgOH PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Boiling point Boiling range Specific gravity @ l 8 %

213.C 213-228.C (decompoBes) 1.326

Table 3.42: Pentachloroethane (7)

C HC 12-CC 13

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PENTACHLOROETHANE FORMS AZEOTROPES WITH: 0.001% by wt. mu.

Acidity a* HCI Boiling point @760 mm Coefficient of cubical expansion Av./.C. liquid Color (Saybolt) Explodon limits Flash point F r e e halogen FreeAni point

Noqe -22.O.C

Latent heat of.vaporization @ B. P.

43.6 tal/ 78.4 BtuAb 0.0007% by wt. m a .

%

B. P. *C of Azeotrope

161.9.C 3

Nonvolatile matter Refractive index Solubility in water @25*C Solubility of water in aolvent

0.0009097

26

18 m u .

97

None Nonflammable

9.9

1. M 3 5

0.05 g/100 g

@to%

36 28 22. 5 32 65 50 16

46

0.24 g water/100 g

50

1.678

43

Specific gravity @ t o . 4 % Specific heat Liquid, 20% Vapor d e n d t y (B. P. and 760 rnrn)

0.215 cal/g/*C 568 g/liter

Vapor p r o m u r e @ 30 *C Viscosity liquid @20DC

6 mm 2.45 centipoirea

Weight per gallon @2O'c

14.00 lb

9 56

97 9. 5 89

Acetamide Butyric acid Camphene Chloroacetic acid Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone I , 3-Dichloro-2-Propanol Dlmcthyl oxalate Ethyl lactate 2-Furaldehyde Glycol Hexyl alcohol Isoamyl propionate Iaobutyric acid Isovaleric acid Mesitylene Methylheptenone Phenol u-Pinene

Table 3.43: Perchloroethylene (22)

PERCHLOR

TYPICAL PROPERTIES Perchlorethylenc is a clear, water-white liquid a i ordinary irmpcraturrs. I t is coni-

pletelg misciblc w.iih most organic liquids. The stabilized product. Perchlor, can be used \vith any or the common construction meials. Chemical Naines

Te~racliloroeth).lene: pcrcliloioethylene CCI 2 cc I 2 ; Chemical Formula.

Heat of Vaporization niiii Hg. cal!g

at 760

Brujlb

\'apor Density at 121.I"C and 760 nini Hp. gll

c\ /c' ,c=c, CI

CI

Ib/fi Specific Graviiy o f Vapor (air = 1)

Vapor Pressure at 20°C. nini Hg

'50.1

90.2 5.22 0.326

5.83 14.2

160.5 156.8 159.3 L 58.7 157.9 165..41 159.7 157.6 153.5

155.2

154.5 155.8

158.7 152.9

160.3 166.0 173. 3 160.9 155.6

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.43:(continued) TYPICAL PROPERTIES

Moleculai Weight Boiling Point. "F

165.85 250.0 121.1 -8.2 -22.3

"('

Freezing Point. "F "C Pounds per Galloii .it 68°F (20°C) Kilograrns per Liter at 20°C Refractive index. Dielectric Constant at 1000 cps and 25°C Specific Heat at 20°C cal/(g) ("C) or Btu/(lb) ("F) Flash Point (Tag open cup) Fire Point (Tag open cup)

Evaporalion Rare dt 77°F (15°C) (erher = 100) 9 gal/(ft?) (day) 0.15 Flammability Nonflammable Viscosily at 20°C. cps 0.88 Solubility at 2S"C, g Perchlor/IOO g water 0.015 g water/100 g Perchlor 0.0 105 Azeotrope with Water, Boiling Point, "F 189.2 "C 87.7 Azeotropicwater Content. wt % 15.8

13.57 I .63 1.5053

nho

2.365

Permissible Exposure Limit (8-hour TWA) ppm

0.205 None None

Specification and Typical Analysis, PPG Perchlor, All Grades:

Typical Analysis

Specification

Appearance

Clear, free of suspended matter 8 Characteristic; no residual No spot or stain

Clear, free of suspended matter 15 maximum Characteristic; no residual No spot or stain 1.623 to 1.628 0.0025 maximum None No cloud at 0°C 120.0 t o 122.0 248.0 to 25 1.6

Color, APHA Odor Spot Test Specific Gravity, 2O"C/~O"C Nonvolatile Residue, wt % Free Chlorine Moisture Distillation Range (loon),"C "F PH

1.624

0.0003 None No cloud at -5°C 120.8 to 121.6 249.4 to 250.9 Drycleaning. 6.8 Degreasing, 8.4

-

Perchloroethylene (53) Waler %tent

K Cloud pt.

ea

p

E 70

-30

-20

-10 0 10 Cloud point Temperature, "c

100

20

131

132

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.44: Propylene Chlorohydrin (7) Ch Ioroi sopropy I At cohc

CH3ChOHCH2CI

Propylene chlorohydrin i s a colorless liquid with a milk odor; i t i s freely soluble i n water. It i s largely used i n organic syntheses, for the purpose of introducing the hydroxypropyl group. PHYSIC A L PROPERTIES Acidity a s HCl

0 . 0 2 % by wt

Absolute viscosity @ 2 O T

4. 7 centipoises

Apparent specific gravity @20/20*C Boiling point @760 mm Hg 50 mm Hg 10 mm Hg

1.1128 127.4'C 59-2 31.C

Coefficient of expansion @ 5 5 %

0.00097

Constant-boiling mixture e 7 6 0 mm: Chlorhydrin approx. 46% Water 54%

B.P. 95.4.C 125.F

F l a s h point (Cleveland 0. C. ) Molecular weight

94.54

Solubility in water

Miscible i n a l l p r o p o r tions

Vapor p r e s s u r e @ZO'C

4 . 9 mm Hg

Weight p e r gallon @ZO'C

9.29 l b

Table 3.45: Propylene Dichloride (7) 1,2-DichIoropropane

C H3CHCICH2CI

Propylene Chloride PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Acidity a s HCl

0.005% max.

Boiling point

95.9.c

Boiling range @ 7 60 mm

9 3 9 9'C

Coefficient of expansion p e r *C

0.001108-20'c 0.001153-55'C

-

Dielectric constant, 85. 8 kilocycles

8 . 9 2 5 recip. o h m s @ 2 6 *

Explosive l i m i t s in a i r

Lower = 3. 14% by vol. g25.C Upper = 14. 5% by vol. @lOO*C

F l a s h point (ASTM 0. C. )

21 'C

F r e e halogen

None

F r e e z i n g point

-70.C

Ignition t e m p e r a t u r e i n a i r

557.C

Latent heat of vaporization @ B . P.

7 2 . 2 cal/g

Nonvolatile m a t t e r

0 . 0 0 5 g / l o o c c , mu.

Refractive index

1.4418

Solubility i n water @,?O*C

0.26% by

wt

0.07% by

wt

Solubility of water in solvent @20%

Specific gravity @ i ? o / ~ ~ . c

1. 157-1. 163

Specific heat Liquid, ZO'C Surface tenaion @25*C

0 . 31 cal/g/*C o r Btu/lb/*P

31.4 dynes/cm

Vapor density (B. P . , 760 mm) Vapor p r e s s u r e @ZO*C

3.72 g / l i t e r

Viscosity @ZO*C

0.00865 poise

Weight p e r gallon e 2 0 . C

9.65 l b

35.8 mm

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.46: 1,1,2,2-TetrachIoroethane (7)

Acetylene Tetrachloride Bonoforrn

Acidity a s HCl

0.0027% by wt, max.

Boiling point

146.5%

Coefficient of cubical expansion Av. / * C , liquid

0.000998 (15-99%)

F i r e point

Nonflammable

F l a s h point

Nonflammabk

F r e e halogen

None

F r e e z i n g point

-43'C

Heat of vaporization @B. P.

55.1 c a v a 1.4942

Refractive index Residue on evaporation Solubility in water

@,?sac

0.00062% by wt 0.32% by wt

Solubility of water in solvent @20*C

0.03% by wt

Vapor p r e s s u r e @3O'C

9 mm

Viscosity liquid @ZO*C

1. 7 centipoiaea

Water: no cloud @ - l o %

0.032% by

Weight p e r gallon @25*C

13.25 l b

wt

1 , l I 2.2-TETRACHLOROETHANE FORMS AZEOTROPES WITH: % B. P. ' C of Areotrope Butyl propionate

152.5

Butyric acid

145.7

I. 8

Chloroacetic acid

146.3

55

Cyclohexanone

159.1

74

2-Ethoxyethyl a c e t a t e

158.2

27

E thy1 c hloroac etat e

147.5

39

Ethyl orthoformate

151.5

97

2 -Furaldehyde

161.6

9 32

Glycol

145.1

Isoamyl acetate

150.1

9a

Isoamyl alcohol

131.3

37 7

Iaobutyl imobutyrate

144.9

Isobutyric acid

144.8

15

Neaityl oxide

147.5

52

Methyl lactate

143.3

60

Propionic a c i d

140.4

34

P r o p y l butyrate

150.2

45

Styrene

143.5

45 3.

a

133

134

$! Y

ai

d

V

"

u

Y

h

P

u

Industrial Solvents Handbook

N

n U U

JL

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.47: (continued) TEMPERATURE 50

68

86

I04

IO

20

so

40

122

140

50

60

F

158

176

194

212

70

80

qo

loo

164

162

160

158

156

154

152

TEMPERATIJHE

C

Specific Gravity vs Temperature of Hooker Perchlorethylene

0

50

68

86

104

0

10

20

30

40

TEMPERATURE, "F 122 140 1 5 8 176 194 212 230 248

0

E c

50 60 70 80 90 TEMPERATURE, "C

100 1 1 0 120

Vapor Pressure vs Temperature of Hooker Perchlorethylene

135

136

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.48: Trichlorobenzenes(7)

1.2.3-

TRICH OROBENZENE CI

1.2.4TRICHLOROBENZENE CI

Q' CI

-

-

6

CI,

I

Synonym:

VIE-

una Trrc hloro bcnsrnr

Physical state

White crystal.

C o l o r l e s s liquid

White crystals

Boilins point e l 6 0 mm

ZZI'C (429.8.F)

213'C (41 5 . 4 . F )

Z08.5'C (407. 3'F)

1 . 6 9 (solid)

I . 451 (liqurd)

Il3.C (235.4-F)

I10.C (23O.O.F)

107'C (224.6'F)

1. 5 7 7 6

1.5732

I . 5662

Density: 25/2 5 % Flash point (Tat C.C. ) Index (") of RcfrEtron:

Trichlorobenzene

I . 3.5TRICH O R 0 BENZENE

s y m -Trichloro-

benzene

Table 3.49: 1,1,l-Trichloroethane (53)

TLV-TWA Values

SOLVENT

T LV-TWA* (ppm in air)

Solvent I l l @(1,I ,I-trichloroethane) Trichloroethylene Perchloroethylene Methylene Chloride Chloroform 1,I ,2-trichloroethane Stoddard Solvent Toluene Xylene Turpentine Methyl Alcohol (Methanol) Benzene

3 so SO

50 100 10 10 100 100 100 100

200 10

*1985-86values

(continued)

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

I37

Table 3.49: (continued)

Specifications for SOLVENT 111 General Purpose Grade COMPONENT

SPECIFICATIONS

Appearance

Clear, free from suspended matter 15 max 1 318 - 1 324

Color. APHA Specific Gravity Q 25125OC Distillation Range, OC 760 m m IBP t o DP Free Halogens Acidity, as HCI Nonvolatile Matter Water Purity 1,1,I-trichloroethane content 1,l.l-trichlorethane content Individual halogenated impurities Total halogenated impurities Acid Acceptance, as NaOH (ASTM D-2942) Aluminum Corrosion Test Metals Corrosion Test Stability (accelerated oxidation test)

72 - 88 None 0001% by w t max 0001% by w t max 00100% by w t max 9 6 0 % by w t min 95 0% by vol min 0 5 % by w t max 1 0 % by w t max 0 20% by w t min Passes 0-T-620c Passes MIL-T-81533A Passes MIL-T-81533A

Solvent 111@,General Purpose Grade meets requirements of Federal Specification O T 620c (1,l.l-trichloroethane, technical) and Military Specification MIL-T-81533A (1.1,I-trichloroethane, vapor degreasing )

Aerosol Grade COMPONENT

SPECIFICATIONS

Appearance

Clear, free from suspended matter 15 max. 1 295 - 1.303

Color, APHA Specific Gravity @ 25125OC. Distillation Range, OC. 760 mm. IBP t o DP Free Halogens Acidity, HCI Nonvolatile Matter Water Purity: 1,I ,1-trichloroethane content 1.1.1-trichloroethane content Individual halogenated impurities Total halogenated impurities Acid Acceptance as NaOH

68 - 78 None 0 0 0 1 % by w t max 0001% b y w t max 00100% by w t max

9 5 0 % by w t min 95 0% by vol min 0 5% by w t max 1 0 % by w t max 0 20% by w t min

(continued)

138

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.49: (continued) Physical Properties of SOLVENT 111 Chemical Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CCI,CH,

Molecular.Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Freezingpoint,

OC

133.4 37.9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8oiiit'tgPointatl atm,

74.1

..........................................................................

Heat of Vaporization at Boiling Point, callg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.4* Btu/lb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98* Specific Heat, Liquid at 2OOC. cal/gl°C (Btu/lb/OF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.25*

Critical Temperature, O C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

272.5'

Critical Pressure, atm

. 39.8*

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thermal conductivity, Liquid at 2OoC, Btu/hr/ftVoF/ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.080

Specific Gravity of Liquid, 25/2SoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.319

Liquid Density, pounds per gallon at 25OC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Coefficient of Cubical Expansion, Liquid, per OC, (0 to40OC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.I 0.97 0.00116

SpecificGravityofVaporatl atm at bp(air=l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Viscosity, Liquid at 20°C, CP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.86 SurfaceTensionat25°C,Dynes/cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . 25.5

Solubility at 25OC, g S o l v e n t l l l " in 100 g water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g Water in 100 g Solvent 111" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.07 0.04

. . . 1.4374* Refractive Index nD, Liquid at 2OoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liquid at 250c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.435

Dielectric Strength, Liquid at 25OC, kV, (ASTM D 877) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Dielectric Constant, Liquid, 100 kHz, at 25OC (ASTM D 924) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VaporPressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Density of Liquid

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Flash Point (ASTM D 1310) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Explosion Point (ASTM D 1310) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

None

Autoignition Temperature, O C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

% by wt 4.3 23.0 17.4 18.2 7.1 28.9

458

7.5 - 15.0

Evaporation Rate (Ether=100) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Binary Azeotropes: Component Water Methanol Ethanol Isopropanol n-Propanol Hexane

6

None

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Flammable Range, % v in Air at 25OC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

35

Boiling Point 65.OoC (149OF) 55.5OC (132OF) 64.4OC (148OF) 68.7OC (155.6OF) 72.3OC (162OF) 60.0°C (14OOF)

'Values for unrtabilized 1.1.1-trichloroethane

(continued)

0

w-

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

N o (m O

139

140

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.49: (continued) Properties of Mixtures of SOLVENT 111 and Oil

Boiling Temperature

10

20

30

40

50

60

50

60

USP Mineral Oil Concentration, o/o By Volume

Specific Gravity

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.o

0

10

20

30

40

USP Mineral Oil Concentration, Yo By Volume

(continued)

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.49: (continued)

Comparative Physical Properties-Chlorinated Solvents

Properties

Solvent 111'

Trichloro. ethylene

Perchloro. ethvlem

Methylene Chloride

165 (74)

188 (867)

250 (121)

104 (39.8)

-3w-38)

-122(-85.5)

-9(-22)

-142(-97)

1.319

1.456

1.620

1.320

0.25

0.23

0.21

0.28

Heat of Vaporization, calls Btullb

54.4 98.0

57.2 103

50.8

91.4

78 7 141 7

Refractive Index at 25OC

1.435

1.473

1.503

1.424

Viscosity at ZOOC. CP

0.86

0.58

0.88

0 42

Density at 25"C. (Ibr./gal)

10.97

12.10

13.47

1098

Flash Point

None

None

None

None

Fire Point

None

None

None

None

Vapor Density at bp. Ib/ft'

0.279

0 278

0 326

0.206

Vapor Specific Gravity ( a i r = l 0)

4.55

4 54

5.73

2.93

Kaurkbutanol value (ASTM D 1133)

124

129

90

135

Boiling Point

(760rnrn' Hg).O F (OC) Freezing Point,

OF

(OC)

liquid Specific Gravity, 25/25OC Specific Heat of Liquid at 2OoC,

(cal/gl°Cl or (Btu/lb/OF)

Evaporation Rate,

35

28

9

71

Carbon Tetrachloride= 100

Ether=100

100

84

39

147

Energy required to convert 1 Ib liquid at 7OoF to vapor at bp and 1 atrn, [Btu)

127

124

125

151

Energy required to convert 1 gal. liquid at 7OoF to vapor at bp and 1 atm. ( M u )

1410

1500

1690

1660

141

142

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.50: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (7) beto-Trich Ioroethane Vinyl Trichloride Ethylene Trichloride PHYSICAL PROPERTLES Acidity a s HCl

0.0001% by wt. max.

Specific gravity @ 2 0 / 4 T

1.441

Boiling point @760 m m

113.5.C

Boiling range @760 m m

111.8-113.3.C

Specific heat Liquid, L O T

0.266 cal/g/*C

F i r e point

(5-9574

Nonflammable

F l a s h point

Nonflammable

F r e e halogen

None -36.7.C

Specific r e s i s t i v i t y

5.2 x 10' ohms/cm

Vapor density (B. P . , 760 mm)

4.21 g/liter 36 rnm 369 mm 505 mm 680 mm 764 mm

Latent heat of evaporation @B. P.

68. 7 cal/g

Vapor p r e s s u r e @ 3 0 X @90*C @lOO.C @ 110.C @ 114%

Nonvolatile m a t t e r

None

Water

0.007% by wt, m u .

Refractive index

i.4711

Weight p e r gallon @ 2 0 T

12.04 lb

Solubility in water @ 2 5 X

0.48 .@/loo g

F r e e z i n g point

(194'F) (212'F) (230'F) (237.F)

Solubility of water in solvent

@ZO*C

0.03 g water/100 g

Table 3.51: Trichloroethylene (7)(27) 1,2,2-Trichloroethylene

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Not m o r e than 0.001%

Acidity a s HC1 Boiling point

86.7.C

Boiling range @760 mm

95% o r better distills from 86.0-87.5.C

Coefficient of expanaion p e r 'C

0.00115-20*C

Color (Saybolt)

24 max.

Dielectric conatant, 1000 cycle

3.27

F i r e point

Nonflammable

F l a s h point (ASTM 0. C. )

None @B. P.

F r e e chlorine Freezing point

None -86.4.C

Latent heat of vaporization @EL P.

57.3 c a v g

Nonvolatile m a t t e r

0.00067% by wt, mu.

Power factor. 1000 cycle

2.2% 1.4735

Refractive index @27*C

0.10% by wt

Solubility i n water @Z5*C Solubility of water i n solvent @25'C

0.02% by

Specific gravity @to/2o*c

1.4655

Surface tension @25% Vapor p r e r s u r c @-2O*C @- 9%

@

0%

d 2O.C

@ 77.C

wt

32.0 dynes/cm 4.5 nun 9 . 0 mm 17.4 mm 56.0 nun 145 mm 230 mm 385 m m 562 m m

Vircosity @Z5*C Water coatent

0.00550 poise 0.002% by rt

Weight p e r gallon @ Z O * C

12.20 lb

(continued)

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.51 : (continued)

Trtchlorethylene- Vapor Pressure/ Temperature Vanatton

(Ha

PSlA 17.36 yL02

a68 19.34 1147 11.60 1.14

5m 387 1.93 1.55 1.16

0.77

as

an looC -20 -10 O F -4 14

0 10 20 30 40 50 MI 70 80 W1W 120 140 160 180 200 32 50 68 86 104 122140 176 212 248 284 320 356 392

Typical Boiling Point Curve of Trichloroethylene-Mineral Oil Mixture

I08

10

P

a

Percent Mineral Oil bv Volume

0

B

(0

143

144

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.51 : (continued)

TRICHLOROETHYLENE FORMS AZEOTROPES WITH:

k

B. P . 'C of Azeotrope

3. 8

Acetic acid

87.0

16

Allyl alcohol

81.0

7. 5

tert-Amyl alcohol Butanol tert-Butanol

86.7 15. 8

1.2-Dichloroethanc Diethoxymethane Iaobutanol

89.29 85.4

2. 5 33

12

46. 8 30

17 80 27

Isopropanol Propanol Propyl formate Ethanol

Trichloroethylene (53) Water Content vs. Cloud Pt.

86. 9 82.9

75. 5 81.8 19. 5 70.9

Rf

PE

ag

RIB

a,

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

RIB

145

I46

Indumial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.54: Trichloropropane (7) CH2CICHCICH2CI

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Analysis. % W Trichloropropane Epichlorohydrin Clyce r o l dichlorohydrin Color, P t - C o Distillation range, 1BP

97.0 1.5 1.5 15 150'C 156.1.C 156.1 *C 156.6%

90% 95%

DP

165'F 147.44 1.4832

Flaah point Molecular weight Refractive index Specific gravity @20/20'C

1.385

1.2.3-TRICHWROPROPANE F O R M S AZEOTROPES WITH

z

B. P. ' C of Azeotrope 152.9

30

Camphene 2 , 7 -Dim ethyloctane

155.5

15

a-Pinene

150.0

35

Table 3.55: Trlglycol Dichloride (7)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Acidity a s HCl

0.01% by w t . max.

Boiling point Q 760 nun

241.3%

Boiling range @760 mm

Not m o r e than 5% di8t i l l s below 235.C Not l e s a than 95% d i s tills below 242.C

Color (Pt-Co a c a k )

2 5 max.

Dryness @ t o %

Miscible with 19 vol. 60'Bi gasoline 2 50 'F 1.89% by w t

F l a a h point (0.C. ) Solubility i n water @ZO'C Solubility of water in solvent @tO'C Specific gravity @ZO/ZO*C Vapor p r e s a u r e @ Z O T

0.83% by wt 1.1950-1. LOO0 0.06 mm

Weight p e r gallon @ Z O ' C

9.97 l b

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

147

Table 3.56: Vinyl Chloride (7)

C H2m C HCI

MonochI oroethyI ene PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Acetaldehyde

Not m o r e than 0. 5% by

Boilily point e 7 6 0 mm

-13.9.C

Boiling range @760 mm

Not l e r r than 95% dirtillr over before the temperature of the

Color

Water -white

Freezing point Heat of evaporiration

81.6 cal/g

wt

liquid reacher 10.C -159.7%

Reridue Specific gravity @B. P.

Not m o r e than 0. 5% by vol.

Specific heat Solubility in water @ 2 5 T

0.97 0.27 cal/g/*C Slightly soluble

Weight per gallon @2O*C

7. 59 lb

Table 3.57: Vinylidene Chloride (23) 96 95

Molecular Weight (theoretical) Odor

Pleasant, Sweet

Appearance

Clear liquid

1015 APHA

Color Solubility of monomer in H,O at 25'C. weight % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.021

Solubility of H,O in monomer at 25°C. weight% ................... :........................

0.0335

+

Boiling Point (760 mm Hg). 'C Freezing Point,

'c

...........

............................

31.56

......._..- 122.5

Vapor Pressure

log P,,

= 6.98200~1104.29/(t+237.697l

Temperatures calculated at selected pressure Crerwr.

(mn,

no)

760 400 2w 100

60 40 20 10 5 1

(continued)

148

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.57: (continued) liquid density Tomp.ro)vn

(OC)

-20 0

+20 Pounds/ gallon

T o ~ r o t u r o(OC)

-20 0 20

Index of Refraction Tomporotun ("C)

Absolute Viscosity lomporotum (OC)

-200

+20

flash Point n a g closed cup) " F

0

Explosive limits in air (28°C) %

7 3.16.0

1058

Auto ignition temperature. " F

Q Value

=

0.22

e Value

=

0.36

Lalent Heat of Vaporization, A Hv cal/mole at 25°C at Boiling Point

=6,328 2 0.3% =6,257 2 0.3%

Latent Heat of Fusion, A Hm callmole

= 1,557

Heat of Polymerization, A Hp k callmole at 25°C A H p BTUllb at 77'F

= -18.0 2 0.9

= 334 (exothermic)

Heal of Combustion, Liquid Monomer A Hc k cal/mole

=

261.93 & 0.3

=

-6.0 -C 0.3 +0.3 2 0.3

Heat of Formation, Liquid Monomer, A HI k cal/mole Gaseous Monomer, A H f k callmole

.

Heat Capacity, Liquid Monomer, C. callmole deg at 25.15'C

....=

Heat Capacity, Ideal Gas State C. callmole deg at 25.15"C

....................................................

E

=

26.745 16.04

Critical Temperature, T, 'C .................................................................... -== 222 Critical Pressure. P. Atmospheres

..............................................................

Critical Volume, V, cmJlmole .......................................................................

=

51.3

= 219

149

Halogenated Hydrocarbons COMPARATIVE DATA Table 3.58: Alpha Cleaning Solvents (62) Alpha 564M and 565

Alpha 1001 and 1003

Alpha 564M and 565 are functionally deotropic blends of a chlorinated solvent and a polar component, designed for effective cleaning of postsoldering flux residues from pcb's and other electronic assemblies. Both formulations have no flash points. Compared to the fluorocarbons, they are more aggressive, more effective cleaners, yet lower in cost.

564M Perchlorethylene and propylene glycol monomethyl ether.

565* 1,l.l.-Trichloroethane and n-propyl alcohol.

Specific Gravity Lb./Gal. Residue on Evaporation (PPm max.) Alkalinity (calc. as ppm NaOH) Acidity (calc. as PPm HCI) Acid Acceptance (calc. as Wt. 'Yo NaOH) Appearance clarity color (Max. A.P.H.A.) Boiling Point Freezing Point Vapor Density at Boiling Point (1b.i cu. f t ) Z Latent Heat of Vaporization at Boiling Point (Btu/lb.)2 Specific Heat ( Btu/lb./°F)2 Vapor Pressure (mm Hg)Z((1' 20°C Surface Tension (dynekm.) 20"C2

e

565

1.540 -t 0.010 12.81

1.285 10.69

25

10

50(max.)

-

+. 0.005

-

10 (max.)

0.07, Min.

0.15, Min.

40

Clear 15

118°C (244°F)
74°C (165°F) -34 c" ( - 30°F)

0.307

0.272

100

133

0.244

0.268

14.0

92.8

31.9

25.0

Kauri-Butanol Value 182 Evaporating Rate (relati~e)~ 0.21 Solubility of Water in Solvent (grams/lOOcc)
1001 Contains 28% isopropyl alcohol and has a Tag Open Cup Flash Point of 85°F.

1003 Contains 15% n-propyl alcohol and has no TOC Flash Point below its boiling point of 180°F.

PHYSICAL PROPERTI ES' Property

Alpha 1001 and 1003 are azeotropes of Fluorocarbon 112 (tetrachlorodifluoroethane) and polar alcohols formulated for effective cleaning of postsoldering flux residues from pcb's and other electronic assemblies. Compared to chlorinated solvents, they are less aggressive and can be used on normally solvent-sensitive plastic materials. They are more effective solvents than Fluorocarbon 113 (trichlorotrif1uoroethane)-based products, because of the extra chlorine atom.

206 0.55 0.2 345

NOTES: 1. Unless specified, properties are at room temperature (25°C; 77°F) and 1 atmosphere (760 mm Hg). 2. Calculated values. 3. Relative evaporation rate calculated with a value of 1.00 assigned to FC113. 4. As per OSHA recommendations.

SPEC1FICATIONS' PropertySpecific Gravity Lb./Gal. Residue on Evaporation @pm max.)

__ 1001

1003

1.254 20.020 1.423 20.020 10.42 11.83 5

-

pH of Water Extract Neutral Min. Acid Acceptance (cal. as Wt. % NaOH) 0.50 0.22 Appearance clarity Clear color (Max. A.P.H.A.) 15 Boiling Point 76°C (168'F) 82'C (18O'F) Freezing Point - 14'C (6'F) 6'C (43'F) Vapor Density at Boiling Point (Ib./cu. ftJz 0.268 0.323 Latent Heat of Vaporization at Boiling Point (Btu/lbJZ 128 100 Specific Heat (Btul1b.l OF)' 0.323 0.271 Vapor Pressure (mm HQ)' 42.0 39.7 Kauri-Butanol Value3 71 Evaporation Rate (relative)' 0.53 Solubility of Water in Solvent (grams/ 100 cc) 5.6 1.a Toxicity (TLV)' 470 455 Flash Points5 Tag Open Cup 29°C (85°F) None to BoiIing Ta Closed Cup None None Fire point ___ 29% (85°F) None Notes: 'Unless specified, properties are room temperature (25°C; 77°F) and 1 atmosphere (760 mm Hg). 'Galc uIated values. 'Major constituent only. 'Relative evaporation rate calculated with a value of 1.00 assigned to F113. 5As per OSHA recommendations. Use of Cleveland Open Cup Test yields values significantly higher.

1.50

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.59: Ashland Chlorinated Solvents (69)

I

Methvlene Chloride

11.0

103-105

None

Chloroform

12 3

1481

1, 1, 1Trichlorethane

10 9

1312

60-62

140-143

None

-

72-88

162-190

None

4.6

Carbon Tetrachloride

13 2

1 582

76-77

169-171

None

60

Ethylene Dichloride

10 5 12.1

1260

83-85

180-184

70

45

1.456

86-88

187-190

None

2.6

9.6

1.157

92-99

13 5

1.619

120-122

198210

64

3.2

248252

None

2.1

1.101

131-133

268271

1 308

180-183

356-361

1.321

39.4-40.4

~_

I Trichlorethylene I ProDvlene Dichloride I Perchlorethvlene I Monochlorobenzene

9.2

a2 ~~~~~~

Orthodichlorobenzene

-

1

10 9

155

I

14.5

~~_

I I I 1

1.07 0.15

n-Butyl Acetate = 1

Table 3.60: Chemcentral Chlorinated Solvents (67)

80

I 1 I TRICHLOROETHANE

. _ ETHYLENE DICHLOF(1DE . METHYLENE CHLORIDE TECH

NONE

MONOCHLOROBENZENE ORTHODICHLOROBENZENE---PERCHLORETHYLENE TRICIILORETHYLENE Ezlracl

10 5 159

II

0 19

300'1

0348 IJ0 59 D

--?E!~

__ 0 03

zn

0 34

1 1

011

I07 ___

0.15

I3J

240

. ,

___

-22 --22 I

4 4b

R64

160 NONE NONE

85

98

NON€

92 22 -________ NONF NONE

no

__

10 5

100 93 C)

3

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

151

Table 3.61: Dow Chemical Chlorinated Solvents (23) Physical Properties of Chlorinated Solvents

PROPERTIES

METHYLENE CHLORIDE

SOLVENTS INHIBITED 1.1.1TRICHLOROTRICHLOROETHANE ETHYLENE

PERCHLOROETHYLENE

C,HCI,

c,c

131.4

165.8

165°F (74°C)

189°F (87°C)

250°F (121 1°C)

Freezing Point

-139°F (-95°C)

-34 O F (-37°C)

-124°F (-86.7"C)

-9°F (-22.8"C)

Specific Gravity @ 25125°C

1.32

1.32

I.456

1.619

Pounds per Gallon @ 25°C

10.98

10.97

12.11

13.47

Vapor Density (air = 1.OO)

2 93

4.60

4 53

5.76

Specific Heat @ 25°C calh0C

0.283

0.259

0.226

0.209

78.9 142

56.7 102

56.4 101.6

50.1 90.2

Refractive Index @ 25°C

1.421

1.434

1.474

1.503

Viscosity @ 25°C centipoises

0.41

0.79

0.54

0.84

none

none

none

none

none

none

none

none

0.17 1.70

0.05 0.07

0.04 0.10

0.0105 0.015

Surface Tension (dyneslcm @ 25°C)

27.1

25.1

28.7

31.8

Kauri Butanol Value

136

124

129

90

100.6"F (38.1 "C)

149OF (65°C)

164°F (73.3%)

190°F (87.8"C)

14 22

7.5 12.5

8.0 9.2 (saturation)

none none

Chemical Formula

CH,CI,

CH , C, I?

Molecular Weiqht

84.9

133.4

Boiling Pt. @ 760 mm HP

103 5°F (39 7°C)

I1

~~

~

Heat of Vaporization @ Boiling Point cal1g BTU1lb

Flash Point Tag Open Cup ASTM, Method D-1310 Tag Closed Cup ASTM, Method 0-56 Solubility (g11OOg) @ 25°C HO , in solvent solvent in HO ,

Solvent-Water Azeotropic Boiling Point Flammable Limits (volume % of solvent in air) @ 25°C Lower Limit Upper Limit

~~

(conti nued)

152

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.61 : (Continued) Relative Evaporation Ratest

1.o 1.4 1.5 2.1 3.0 3.9 4.6 5.7 7.0

n-Butyl acetate Ethanol* Perchloroethylene Methyl alcohol Trichloroethylene Methyl ethyl ketone 1,l .I-Trichloroet hane Acetone Methylene chloride '95% Et OH, 5% HO ,

t Evaporation rates measuredwith respect to n-butyl acetate Larger numbers reflect lastec evaporation.As measuredby ASTM 03539.76

Methylene Chloride Compatibility w i t h Plastics, Elastomers and Rubbers

Plastics Polypropylene (General Purpose Grade) ....................................... Polyethylene 3300 (High Density) ................................................ Polyethylene (Linear) ................................................................. Polyallorner (Ethylene Propylene Copolymer) ................................ Acetate (Cellulose Acetate) ......................................................... Butyrate (Cellulose Acetate Butyrate) ........................................... Propionate (Cellulose Acetate Propionate) .................................... Brand of Elastomers and Rubbers Chardon 15093' ......................................................................... Chardon 15096-2' ...................................................................... Chardon 15120. Hycar 1000 x 132' ...................................................................... (Acrylonitrile/butadienehigh acrylonitrile content) Hycar 1014' (Buna N low acrylonitrile content) .............................. Thiokol 3000 FAd (Polysulfide Rubber) .......................................... Thiokol 3600 ST-Cd .................................................................... Thiokol E45Sd ............................................................................ Dow Cornin 94-002b (Fluorosilicone Rubber) ............................... Silastic LS-63 (Fluorosilicone Rubber) .......................................... Silastic S-6526b (Silicone Rubber) ................................................. Silastic 80b (Silicone Rubber) ...................................................... Silastic 67Sb ..............................................................................

.........................................................................

B

% linear Swell Initial After Drying 0 3.5 1.o 0 3.0 -0.5 4.0 0 A.B 0 C C

-

56.0

80.5 76.5

44.5 55.0 52.5 50.0 64.0 16.0 16.5 34.5 24.0 38.5

-0.5 -3.0 -2.5 -3.0

4.5 -1.5 -0.5

4.5 -2.0 0

-

-0.5

-0.5

Key: (Negative sign indicates sample decreased in size. Data to nearest 0.5%.) a. Chardon Rubber Company . b. Dow Coming Corporation c. B.F. Goodrich Chemical Company d. Thiokol Chemical Company

A. Distorted and softened 6 . Partially dissolved or disintegrated C. Totally dissolved or disintegrated

(continued)

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

153

Table 3.61: (continued) Solubilities of Resins. Waxes and Fats in Methylene Chloride Solubilityt Solubilityt Material or Brand Material or Brand Resins >100 Rosin (wood) .............................. ABALYN . Resin esterified SARAN** F-120 . Vinylidene >I00 with glycerine .......................... < 1 chloride-acrylonitrile ACRYLOID 6-82 -Acrylic ester >I00 SARAN F-220. Vinylidene AMBEROL 801-XLT . Phenolic ....... >I00 chloride-acrylonitrile < 1 AMBEROL ST-137-X . PhenolVELSICOL AE9 . ET0 adducts <10 formaldehyde .......................... >I00 VERSAMIDE 940 . Polyamide >100 BAKELITE CKR-5254 . Phenolic < 20 VlNYLlTE AYAA . Vinyl acetate >100 BECKACITE 1001 . Phenolic .......... >I00 VlNYLlTE WHH . Vinyl chloride BECKACITE 1112 . Phenolic >I00 acetate ................................... <50' CUMAR Wi1 . ParacumaroneOils & Resins indene >I00 ALINCO Z2 . Linseed oil .............. >100 D.E.N.* 438 . Epoxy novolac >I00 Lanolin anhydrous ....................... >100 D.E.R.* 331 . EPOXY ..................... >I00 O K 0 S-70 . Soybean oil >100 D.E.R. 332 . EPOXY ....................... >I00 D.E.R. 661 -EPOXY ....................... >I00 Waxes < 5 Beeswax ..................................... D.E.R. 664 . Epoxy ....................... >I00 < 1 Candelilla wax ............................. D.E.R. 667 . EPOXY ....................... >I00 Carnauba wax ............................. < 1 D O W Resin PS-3 . Polystyrene ..... >I00 Ceresin wax ................................ < 1 EPON 812 . Epoxy ....................... >I00 < 1 EPON 836 . Epoxy ....................... >IO0 Japan wax ................................... Montan wax ................................ < 1 EPON 1004 . Epoxy ...................... >I00 Paraffin 4749°C ........................... <15 EPON 1109 . Epoxy ...................... >I00 <20 White petrolatum ........................ GENEPOXY 175 . Epoxy ................>I00 GENEPOXY M-180 . EPOXY ............ >I00 Fatty Acids & Derivatives GENEPOXY 190 . EPOXY ................>IO0 Calcium Stearate ......................... < 1 GENEPOXY 525 . EPOXY ................>I00 Potassium Oleate < 1 GENEPOXY 925 . EPOXY ................ >I00 Sodium Oleate GENEPOXY 1800 . Epoxy .............. >I00 HERCOLYN . Resin esterified with Miscellaneous >IO0 glycerine ................................. Silicone >100 D.C.R.-5061 . Polymethyl methacrylate ............... >IO0 D.C.R.-5581 . Silicone ..................>100 NEVINDENE Rs . Cumarin PARLON S-5 . Chlorinated indene .................................... >I00 rubber ..................................... >100 Orange Shellac ............................ < 1 PAKLON S-20 . Chlorinated PlCCO 420 ES . Indene polymer ... >IO0 rubber ..................................... >100 PICCOLASTIC A-75 . Polystyrene >I00 PARLON S-300 . Chlorinated PICCOLYTE S-85 . Polyterpene ..... >I00 rubber .................................... >60' Hydrocarbon >I00 PICCOPALE 100 . Polyvinyl Chloride ....................... < 1 Polyalkyl styrene .... >I00 Resin 276-V9 . *Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company 'Too viscous for further addition. **Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company overseas tSolubilities were determined by the incremental addition of solute to 100 grams of methylene chloride at room temperature. Solute was added in the following increments: 1 gram. 5 grams. 10 grams and so on in 5-gram steps up to a maximum of 100 grams Thus a notation of <5 indicates that more than 1 gram but less than 5 grams of solute can be dissolved in 100 grams of methylene chloride Similarly. a notation of - 4 0 indicates that more than 35 but less than 40 grams of solute will dissolve. Where 100 grams of solute dissolve. the result is reported as >IO0 Resin riolubilities were obtained on uncured material suitable for use in paints. adhesives. and coatings.

.................

......

................. ....... ........ .....

......

..........

.................................... .........

...............

......................... ...........................

..................

..

.....

.

.

.

(continued)

154

0

Industrial Solvents Handbook

%I WW

0

y.

i

Y

v)

W

.-W

E

W

->.

.c

8

-6 0 r

-

5 E I

W

8

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

155

156

6

0 W

$

+

0 -?

3

Industrial Solvents Handbook

m

CI

0" .-I>: j ! i

L

0

m

'

u) 3

+ v G

-IO m

+ +

0 N

0-U + o

LL

0

0 - -

. ..

.

.. ... ..

.

.. ... ...

.

.:Pas

.. zL .A y ... * z z

Z

Z Z P P Z

.. ... .: . ..

?q

.. . ..

.

. .

S S~ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .

.

.. . ..

~

a

-0 al

C

Y

.-C 0

..

0

v

F

al

2 m

n

c

w

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

157

158

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.61 : (continued) Blending Solvdnts to Eliminate Flash Points F W Poiits ("F) -Tag Closed Tater Volume 96 Chlorinated Solvent Family

Flammable Constituent Data Source

0

10

20

30 40

50

- - - - - _ .

Alcohol

Ester

Ethanol

60

n-Butanol

106 94

NF

Butyl Acetate

84

81

76 NF

Ethyl Acetate

25

32

34

39 41 NF

21

23

21

22 NF

Octane

59

49

NF

MethylIsobutylKetone

64

64

64

Hydrocarbon Heptane Ketone

54

48 NF

62 NF

Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature for Methylene Chloride

9 q B

Temperature, OF

3

E

Temperature, O C

C

$

v

4'

Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature for Methylene Chloride Temperature, O F

,m

1

700

500 M 300 200

3: E E

100

70

!E so 30

8 l-

2o 10

E ;

9 3 2 I

-70 -60

-so

4 0 -30

-20

-10

o + I O +2(1

Temperature, OC

+30 +40

3

so

.

-I

-60

-so

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

+ I O i 2 ( 1 +'r)

Temperature, O C

$40

is0

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.61: (continued)

Viscosity Curves for Common Secondary Refrigerants

3

I

I I I 1

X = Freezing Point

I

I

Temperature, O C Glycerol Ethanol Calcium Chloride Methanol Sodium Chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Methylene Chloride

= 64.8% Wt. (Aqueous Solution) = 56.8% Wt. (Aqueous Solution) = 29.0% Wt. (Aqueous Solution) = 38.4% Wt. (Aqueous Solution) = 2 1.O% Wt. (Aqueous Solution) = 100% Wt. = 100% Wt.

IS9

160

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.62: Vertrel Cleaning Agents (7 7) Vertrel KCD-9547 Cleaning Agent Introduction Vertrel KCD-9547 is a proprietary azeotrope-like blend of Vertrel XF hydrofluorocarbonwith trans-l,2-dichloroethylene and cyclopentane. It is ideally suited for use in vapor degreasing equipment to remove light oils, fingerprints, and particulate contaminants. Vertrel KCD-9547 is specially formulated to provide a high degree of compatibility with plastics, elastomers, and other nonferrous metals, such as in aerospace parts. Vertrel KCD9547 is nonflammable, has "zero" ozone depletion potential, and has low global warming potential. It can replace CFC-113,l ,I ,1-trichloroethane (1,I ,I -TCA), hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFC), and perfluorocarbons (PFC) in many applications. Physical Properties

Density and Vapor Pressure Change with Temperature

Vertrel' KCDUnits

9547

CFC-113

"C O F

37.2 99.0

47.6 117.6

Liquid Density

g/cc Ib/gal

1.29 10.8

1.56 13.1

Vapor Pressure

rnrnHg psi

414 8.0

334 6.5

Surface Tension

dyn/crn

15.3

17.3

"C OF

C-50

<-58

-35 -3 1

cal/g Btullb

47 85

35 63

cal/g "C Btu/lb O F

0.21 0.21

0.2 1 0.21

CPS

0.65

0.68

Property' Boiling Point

Freezing Point Heat of Vaporization at boiling point Heat Capacity at 2OoC (68°F) Viscosity

Temperature, "C (OF)

Density, g/cc (Iblgal)

0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60

1.34 1.32 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.21

(32) (50)

(68) (77) (86) (104) (122) (140)

(11.2) (11.1) (10.9) (10.8) (10.6) (10.5) (10.3) (10.1)

Vapor Praswre, mmHg (psi)

129 228 336 414 517 776 1034 1396

(2.5) (4.4) (6.5) (8.1) (10.0) (15.0) (20.0) (27.0)

Soils Cleaned with VertreP KCD-9547 Fingerprints Hydraulic Oils Light Mineral Oils

Other Synthetic Oils Particulates Vegetable Oils

*At 25°C (77°F) except where indicated.

Preliminary Plastic Compatibility Immersion: 15 min at boiling point (37°C 199"FI)

Preliminary Elastomer Compatibility Immersion: 15 min at boiling point (37°C [99"F1)

Compatible

Compatible

Acetal Epoxy HD Polyethylene Nylon Phenolic Polyester, PET and PBT Polvethvlene

Polyirnides Polypropylene Polysulfone PVA PVC Teflon' TFE, FEP, PFA

Exposure Limits Component VertrePXF trans-l.2dichloroethylene Cyclopentane

Limit, pprn

Buna-S* Buna-N Butyl Rubber" Chlorosulfonated PE EPDM (e.g., Nordel')

Fluoroelastomers Natural Rubber* Neoprene Polysulfide (e.g., Thiokol's FA) Urethane

*Swelling, but with low extractables

Vertrel" KCD-9547 Specifications Type

AEL 200 400

8- and 12-hr TWA

TLV 200 TLV 600

8-hr TWA 8-hr TWA

Ceiling*

AEL-DuPont's acceptable exposure limit. TLV -Threshold limit value established by the American Conference of Government & Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). TWA-Time weighted average. 'A ceiling limit is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working day.

Vertrel' XF, % trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, % Cyclopentane. % Appearance Nonvolatile Residue, ppm Moisture, ppm

65.0 f 1.0 20.0 f 1.0 15.0 k 2.0 Clear, colorless 10.0 rnax.

<200

(continued)

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

16I

Table 3.62:(continued) Vertrel KCD-9548 and KCD-9550 Wipe Solvents

Introduction Vertrel KCD-9548 and Vertrel KCD-9550 are two proprietary blends formulated as wipe solvents. Vertrel KCD9548 is an azeotrope-like blend of Vertrel XF hydrofluorocarbon with cyclohexane and acetone, whereas Vertrel KCD-9550 is an azeotrope-like blend of Vertrel XF hydrofluorocarbon and acetone. Both solvents are ideally suited for use as a gross wipe solvent: however, Vertrel KCD-9548 has a slight VOC compared with zero VOC for Vertrel KCD-9550. Vertret" KCD-9548 Specifications

Physical Properties

Units

Vertrets KCD9548

"C OF

52.0 125.6

60.6 141.1

Liquid Density

g/cc lb/gal

1.37 11.5

1.37 11.5

Vapor Pressure

mmHg psi

186 3.6

191 3.7

Component

Surface Tension

dyn/cm

15.6

15.6

Vertre1"XF

"C OF

C-50

c-80

C-50 <-8O

Acetone Cyclohexane

cal/g Btu/lb

43 77

46 83

cal/g "C Btu/lb OF

0.30 0.30

0.30 0.30

CPS

0.64

0.62

Property* Boiling Point

Freezing Point Heat of Vaporization at boiling point Heat Capacity at 20°C (68°F) Viscosity

Vertret' KCD9550

Vertrel'XF. % Acetone, % Cyclohexane, % Appearance Nonvolatile Residue, ppm Moisture, ppm

85.0 f 1.0 10.0 f 1.0 5.0 It 1.0 Clear, Colorless 10.0 max. c200

E m o s u r e Limits Limit, ppm

Type

AEL 200 400 TLV 750 TLV 300

8- and 12-hr TWA Ceiling* 8-hr TWA 8-hr TWA

TLV -Threshold limit value established by the American Conference of Government & Industrial Hygienists

(ACGIH). TWA-Time weighted average. *A ceiling limit is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working day.

*At 25°C (77OF) except where indicated. Vertret@KCD-9548 Density and Vapor Pressure Change with Temperature Temperature, ("9 "C

Density, glcc (Iblgall

0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60

1.42 1.40 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.34 1.32 1.30

(32) (50) (68) (77) (86) (104) (122) (140)

(11.9) (11.8) (11.6) (11.5) (11.4) (11.3) (11.1) (10.9)

Vertrel" KCD-9550

Density and Vapor Pressure Change with Temperature

Vapor Pressure, mmHg (psi) 52 98 155 186 248 362 569 776

(1.1) (1.9) (2.9) (3.6) (4.8) (6.9) (11.0) (15.0)

"C

("Fl

Density, glcc (Iblgal)

0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60

(32) (50) (68) (77) (86) (104) (122) (140)

1.42 1.40 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.34 1.32 1.30

Temperature,

~

~

(11.9) (11.8) (11.6) (11.5) (11.4) (11.3) (11.1) (10.9)

Vapor Pressure, mmHg [psi) 52 98 155 186 248 362 569 776

(1.1) (1.8) (2.8) (3.7) (4.5) (6.9) (10.0) (15.0) ~

~~

Preliminary Plastic Compatibility

Preliminary Elastomer Compatibility Immersion: 5 Minutes at R o o m Temperature 25°C (77°F)

Immersion: 5 Minutes at R o o m Temperature 25°C (77°F)

Compatible

Compatible

Polysulfide (Thiokol's FA) Silicone Chlorosulfonated PE Urethane Buna-S Buna-N

EPDM (Nordel") Butyl Rubber Natural Rubber Neoprene Adiprene \/iton@A and Viton" B

Vertrei" KCD-9550 Specifications Vertrel" XF, % Acetone, 'YO Appearance Nonvolatile Residue, ppm Moisture, ppm

85.0 f 1.0 15.0 f 1.0 Clear, Colorless 10.0 max. c200

Acrylic Polyethylene Polypropylene Polycarbonate Polystyrene PVA, PVC Polyimides Nylon

HD Polyethylene EPOXY Phenolic Teflon" TFE, FEP, PFA Polyester, PET, PBT Acetal Polysulfone

(continued)

162

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.62:(continued) Vertrel MCA Cleaning Agent

Introduction Vertrel MCA is a proprietary azeotrope of Vertrel XF hydrofluorocarbon with trans-l,2-dichloroethylene. It is ideally suited for use in vapor degreasing equipment. Its enhanced solvency power, compared to Vertrel XF alone, makes it particularly effective for precision and specialty cleaning applications in difficult soil situations. Vertrel MCA is nonflammable, has "zero" ozone depletion, and has low global warming potential. It can replace CFC-113, i,1,1 -trichloroethane (i,1,1 -TCA), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) in many applications. Physical Properties

Density and Vapor Pressure Change with TemDerature

~~

Vertrel' MCA

CFC-113 39 (102) 47.6 (117.6) 1.41 1.56 11.8 13.1 Vapor Pressure 464 33 4 9.0 6.5 15.2 17.3 Surface Tension Freezing Point "C ( O F ) C-50 (c-58) -35 (-31) Solubility of Water wt% 0.065 0.01 1 Heat of Vaporization cal/g 43.3 35.1 at Boiling Point Btu/lb 77.9 63.1 Unit

Property*

"C ( O F ) g/cc Ibigal mmHg psia dyn/cm

Boiling Point Liquid Density

Heat Capacity at 20°C (68°F)

0.27 0.27 0.49

cal/g-"C Btu/lb-"F CPS

Viscositv

0.2 1 0.2 1 0.68

Temperature,

"C ( O F ) 0 (32) 10 (50) 20 (68) 25 (77) 30 (86) 40 (104) 50 (122) 60 (140)

Density, glee (Ib/g)

Vapor Pressure, mmHg (psia)

162 (3.1) 258 (5.0) 375 (7.3) 446 (9.0) 552 (10.7) 795 (15.4) 1 1 1 1 (21.5) 1509 (29.2)

1.47 (12.3) 1.44 (12.0) 1.42 (11.8) 1.41 (11.8) 1.39 (11.6) 1.37 (11.4) 1.35 (11.3) 1.33(11.1)

Soils Cleaned with VertreP MCA Mineral Oils Vacuum Oils Waxes Heavy Greases

Cutting Oils Stamping Oils Hydraulic Oils Gear Oils

*At 25°C (77"F),except where indicated

Preliminary Plastic Compatibility Immersion:

1 Week at 55OC (131°F)

Preliminary Elastomer C o m p a t i b i l i t y Immersion: 1 Week at 55°C (131°F)

ComDatible

Compatible

Polyethylene Polypropylene Nylon Polyester, PET, and PBT Acetal

HD Polyethylene

EPOXY Phenolic Teflon' TFE, FEP, PFA Polyimides

Require Additional Testing ABS Acrylic Polyvinyl Chloride Polvsulfone

Polycarbonate Polystyrene Polyphenylene Oxide

Exposure Limits ComDonent

Limit, Dom

Vertrel' XF

AEL'

trans-1,2dichloroethylene

TLVc

200 400 200

Polysulfide (Thiokol FA) Chlorosulfonated PE Buna-S*

EPDM (Nordel') Butyl Rubber" Natural Rubber"

Require Additional Testing Buna-N Urethane Fluoroelastomers

Polychloroprene Silicone

"Swelling, but with low extractables

V e r t r e P M C A Specifications Tvoe

8- and 12-hr TWA Ceilingb 8-hr TWA

'AEL is the DuPont Acceptable Exposure Limit. Where governmentally imposed occupational exposure limits that are lower than the AEL are in effect, such limits shall take precedence. bA ceiling limit is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working day. TLV is the Threshold Limit Value established by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).

Vertrel' XF trans-1,2-dichloroethylene Appearance Nonvolatile Residue Moisture "Wt%

62.0% f 1.0* 38.0% 1.0*

*

Clear, Colorless 10.0 ppm max. c 200 ppm

(continued)

163

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.62: (continued) Vertrel MCA Plus Cleaning Agent Introduction

Vertrel MCA Plus is a proprietary azeotrope of Vertrel XF hydrofluorocarbonwith trans-l,2-dichloroethylene and cyclopentane. It is ideally suited for use in vapor degreasing equipment for precision cleaning and specialty applications. Its enhanced solvency power makes it particularly effective in difficult soil situations. Vertrel MCA Plus is nonflammable, has "zero" ozone depletion, and has low global warming potential. It can replace CFC-113, 1,1,1 -trichloroethane (1,1,1 -TCA), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), and perfluorocarbons (PFC) in many applications. Density and Vapor Pressure Change Physical Properties wlth Temperature VertreP

MCA

HCFC-

Unit

Plus

141b

*C

"C

37 99 1.28 10.7 440 8.5 15.9 <-50

OF

<-58

32 90 1.24 10.3 594 11.5 19.3 -103 -154

c-58

118 1.56 13.1 226 4.4 17.3 -35 -31

cal/g Btu/lb

55 98

53 94

57 102

35 63

cal/g"C Btu/lb"F

0.22 0.22

0.25 0.25

0.26 0.26

0.22 0.22

hop-*

Boiling Point Liquid Density VaporPressure Surface Tension Freezing Point

'F g/cc Ib/gal mmHg psi dyne/cm

Heat of Vaporization at boiling point Heat Capacity at 2OoC(68"F) Viscosity

CP

Flash Point ,

1,1,1 TCA

Freon. TF

48

74 165 1.31 11.0 140 2.7 25.9 c-50

0.61

0.43

0.45

0.67

None

None

None

None

*At 25°C (77'F) except where Indicated.

Plastic Compatibility Immersion: 15 min at 37°C (99OFI

Temperature, (OF) "C

0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60

(32) (50) (68) (77) (86) (104) (122) (140)

Epoxy

HD Polyethylene Nylon Phenolic Polyester, PET and PBT Polyethylene

Polyimides Polypropylene Polysulfone (e.g., GE's Ultem) PVA PVC TeflonQTFE, FEP, PFA

VertrePXF trans-l,2dichloroethylene Cyclopentane VertreP MCA Plus

Limit, ppm

Vapor Pressure, mmHg (PSI) 124 222 321 440 517 776 1034 1396

(2.4) (4.3) (6.2) (8.5) (10.1) (14.9) (19.9) (27.1)

Soils Cleaned with VertreP MCA Plus Stamping Oils Synthetic Oils (POE, POG, etc.) Vacuum Oils Waxes

Elastomer Compatibility Immersion: 15 min at 37°C (99°F) Compatible

Exposure Limits Component

(11.1) (10.9) (10.8) (10.7) (10.5) (10.3) (10.8) (9.83)

1.33 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.18

Cutting Oils Drawing Oils Gear Oils Heavy Greases Hydraulic Oils Mineral Oils

Compatible Acetal

Density, g/cc (Iblgal)

Buna-S+ Butyl Rubber* Chlorosulfonated PE EPDM (e.g., Nordel") Natural Rubber+

Neoprene Polysulfide (e.g., Thiokol's FA) Polyurethane VitonQA Viton' B

"Swelling, but with low extractables

VertreP MCA Plus Specifications TVRe

AEL 200 400

8- and 12-hr TWA Ceiling"

TLV 200 TLV 600

8-hr TWA 8-hr TWA

AEL 221 400

Calculated *" Ceiling "

AEL-OuPont's acceptable exposure limit. TLV-Threshold limit value established by the American Conference of Government & Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). TWA-Time weighted average. *A ceiling limit is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working day. **Calculated in accordance with ACGIH Formula for TLVs for mixtures.

Vertrei" XF, % trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, Cyclopentane, % Appearance Nonvolatile Residue, ppm Moisture, ppm

YO

46.0 f 1.0 40.0 f 1.0 14.0 f 2.0 Clear, colorless 10.0 max.

<200

(continued)

164

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.62: (continued) Vertrel SMT Cleaning Agent Introduction Vertrel SMT is a proprietary azeotrope-like blend of Vertrel XF hydrofluorocarbonwith trans-l,2-dichloroethylene and methanol. It is ideally suited for use in vapor degreasing equipment with solvency power for cleaning ionic soils and flux residues from electronic assemblies. It can also be used for precision and general industrial cleaning where this enhanced solvency is required. Vertrel SMT is nonflammable, has zero ozone depletion potential, and has low global warming potential. It can replace CFC-113, 1,1,1 -trichloroethane (1,1,1 -TCA), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), and perfluorocarbon (PFC) fluids in many applications. Physical Properties Vertrel' SMT

Property. Boiling Point, "C (OF) Liquid Density, g/cc (Ib/gal) Vapor Pressure, mmHg (psia) Surface Tension, dyn/cm Freezing Point, "C ( O F ) Solubility of Water, wt% Heat of Vaporization at Boiling Point, cal/g (Btu/lb) Heat Capacity at 20°C (68°F). cal/g."C (Btu/lb."F) Viscosity, cPs

Density and Vapor Pressure Change with Ternoerature

Freon* TMS

37 (99) 39.7 (103.5) 1.35 (11.3) 1.48 (12.3) 429 (8.3) 486 (9.4) 17.4 15.5 C-50 (c-58) -55 (-66) 0.34 0.27 49.5 (89.1) 50.4(90.7) 0.27 (0.27)

0.24 (0.24)

0.49

0.70

Temperature, "c (OF)

Vapor Pressure, mmHg (psia)

Density, glcc (Iblg)

1.41 (11.7) 1.38 (11.5) 1.36 (11.4) 1.35 (11.3) 1.34 (11.2) 1.31 (11.0) 1.29 iio.8i 1.27 (10.6)

0 (32) 10 (50) 20 (68) 25 (77) 30 (86) 40 (104) 50 (122) 60 (140)

169 (3.3) 265 (5.1) 397 (7.7) 486 (9.4) 581 (11.2) 839 (16.2) 1,192(23.i) 1,627(31.5)

*At 25'C (77oFJ.except where indicated.

Preliminary Plastic Compatibility Immersion: One Week a t 55% (131OF)

Preliminary Elastomer Compatibility Immersion: One Week at 55°C (131OF)

Compatible

Compatible ~

Polysulfide (Thiokol FA) Chlorosulfonated PE Buna-S*

~~~~

EPDM (Nordele) Butyl Rubber' Natural Rubber*

Require Additlonal Testing Buna-N Urethane Fluoroelastomers

Polychloroprene Silicone

*Swelling, but with low extractable8

Polyethylene Polypropylene Nylon Polyester, PET, and PBT Acetal

HD Polyethylene Epoxy Phenolic Teflon. TFE, FEP, PFA Polyimides

Require Additional Testing ABS Acrylic Polyvinyl Chloride Polvsulfone

Polycarbonate Polystyrene Polyphenylene Oxide

Exposure Limits Component Vertrel' XF

trans-1,2-

Limit, ppm AEL" 200 400

Type

Ceilingd

Stabilizer

VertreP XF

trans-1.2-dichloroethylene

TLVb

200

8-hr TWA

TLVb

200

8-hr TWA

STEL'

250

Methanol Stabilizer Appearance Nonvolatile Residue Moisture

TLVb

20

8-hr TWA

*Wt%

dichloroethylene

Methanol

Vertrel" SMT Specifications

8- and 12-hr TWA

'AEL is the DuPont Acceptable Exposure Limit. Where governmentally imposed occupational exposure limits that are lower than the AEL are in effect, such limits shall take precedence. bTLV is the Threshold Limit Value established by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). OSTEL is short-term exposure limit. A STEL is the concentration to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time, usually 15 min, without suffering from acute effects, e.9.. irritation. dA ceiling limit is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working day.

50.5% f 1 .O* 43.0% f 1 .O 6.0% f 0.3 0.5% f 0.1 Clear, Colorless 10.0 ppm max. 4200 ppm

(continued)

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

165

Table 3.62: (continued) Vertrel XMS Cleaning Agent Introduction

Vertrel XMS is a proprietary azeotrope-like blend of Vertrel XF hydrofluorocarbon with trans-l,2-dichloroethylene, cyclopentane, and methanol. It is ideally suited for use in vapor degreasing equipment with solvency power for cleaning ionic soils and flux residues from electronic assemblies. Physical Properties

Property (at 25°C)

Unit

Boiling Point

HCFC141b VertreP Freon" with XMS TMS MeOH

"C O F

36 96

40 104

29 85

Liquid Density

g/cc Ib/gal

1.22 10.2

1.48 12.3

1.22 10.1

Vapor Pressure

rnrnHg psi

465 9.0

429 8.3

527 10.2

15.9 C-50 <-58

17.4 -55 -67

18.5 C-103 <-154

Surface Tension dyne/crn Freezing Point "C OF Heat of Vaporization

cal/g

61

50

62

at boilingpoint

Btu/lb

110

91

111

Heat Capacity

cal/g "C

0.24

0.24

0.26

at 20°C (68°F)

Btu/lb "F

0.24

0.24

0.26

CP

0.65

0.7

0.45

None

None

None

Viscosity Flash Point

*At 25°C (77°F) except where indicated.

Exposure Limits

Density and Vapor Pressure Change with Temperature Temperature, "C (OF)

Density, glcc (Ib/gal)

0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60

1.27 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.19 1.17 1.15

(32) (50) (68) (77) (86) (104) (122) (140)

(10.6) (10.4) (10.3) (10.2) (10.1) (9.9) (9.8) (9.6)

Vapor Pressure, mmHg (psi) 155 259 414 465 620 931 1241 1706

(3.1) (4.9) (8.1) (9.2) (12.1) (17.9) (23.7) (33.1)

Plastic Compatibility Immersion: 15 min at boiling point of VertreP XMS (35.5"C [96"FI) Compatible Acetal EPOXY HD polyethylene Nylon Phenolic Polyester, PET and PBT Polyethylene

Polyirnides Polypropylene Polysulfone (e.g., GE's Ultern) PVA PVC Teflon' TFE, FEP, PFA

Component

Limit, ppm

Type

VertrePXF

AEL 200 400

8- and 12-hr TWA CeiI ing

TLV 200 TLV 600 TLV200

8-hr TWA 8-hr TWA 8-hr TWA

Elastomer Compatibility Immersion: 15 min at boiling point of Vertrets XMS (35.5"C [96"F1)

AEL 210 400

Calculated** Ceiling*

Compatible

trans-1,2dichloroethylene Cyclopentane Methanol VertreP XMS

AEL-DuPont's acceptable exposure limit. TLV-Threshold limit value established by the American Conference of Government & Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). WA-Time weighted average. *A ceiling limit is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working day. **Calculated in accordance with ACGIH Formula for TLVs for mixtures.

Buna-S* Butyl Rubber* Chlorosulfonated PE EPDM (e.g., Nordel") Natural Rubber"

Neoprene Polysulfide (e.g., Thiokol's FA) Polyurethane Viton' A VitonQ B

*Swelling, but with low extractables

VertreP XMS Specifications Vertrel" XF, % trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, Cyclopentane, % Methanol, % lnerting Agent, % Appearance Nonvolatile Residue, ppm Moisture, pprn

Yo

54.5 It 1.0 25.0 f 1.0 14.0 f 2.0 6.0 f 0.3 0.5 f 0.1 Clear, colorless 10.0 rnax. e200

(continued)

166

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.62: (continued) Vertrel XF Specialty Fluid Introduction

Vertrel XF is a proprietary hydrofluorocarbon fluid with "zero" ozone depletion and a low global warming potential ideally suited for use in vapor degreasing equipment for cleaning, rinsing, and drying. It can replace current hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)and perfluorocarbon(PFC) fluids in most applications. Unique physical properties include a higher boiling point and lower surface tension compared to CFC-113. This combined with nonflammability, chemical and thermal stability, low toxicity, and ease of recovery by distillation make Vertrel XF ideal for a broad range of applications. Solvency is more selective than CFC-113, but can be enhanced by use of appropriate azeotropes and blends with alcohols.' Density m d Vapoc. Pressure Change with Tempmature

Physical Properties ~

VertreP Property'

XF

CFC-113

Molecular Weight

252

187

55 (130)

47.6 (117.6)

14.1

17.3

Boiling Point, "C

(OF)

Surface Tension, dyn/cm

Liquid Density, g/cc (Ib/gal) 1.58 (13.2) Freezing Point,

"C (OF)

Solubility in Water, ppm of Water, ppm Critical Temperature, "C (OF) Critical Pressure, psia (atm) Critical Volume, cclmol

1.56 (13.1)

-80 (-1 12)

-35 (-31)

140 490

170 110

181 (357)

214 (417)

331.9 (22.6)

495 (33.7)

433

325

*At 25'C (77OF). except where indicated.

Environmental Properties Class:

HFC

Temperature, "C (OF)

Density, glee (Iblg)

Vapor Pressure, mmHg (psia)

-20 (-4) -10 (14) 0 (32) 10 (50) 20 (68) 30 (86) 40 (104) 50 (122) 60 (140) 70 (158) 80 (176) 90 (194) 100 (212) 110 (230) 120 (248) 130 (266)

1.70 (14.2) 1.68 (14.0) 1.66 (13.8) 1.62 (13.5) 1.60 (13.3) 1.57 (13.1) 1.55 (12.9) 1.51 (12.6) 1.49 (12.4) 1.46 (12.2) 1.43 (11.9) 1.40 (11.7) 1.38 (11.5) 1.34 (11.2) 1.32 (11.0) 1.30 (10.8)

16 (0.3) 36 (0.7) 62 (1.2) 109 (2.1) 176 (3.4) 284 (5.5) 434 (8.4) 641 (12.4) 921 (17.8) 1288 (24.9) 1753 (33.9) 2343 (45.3) 3072 (59.4) 3961 (76.6) 5032 (97.3) 6309 (122.0)

CFC

Vertrde Property Formula Flash Point

XF

CFC-113

C,H,F, None

C,CI,F, None

Flammable Range in Air

None

None

Atmospheric Lifetime, yr

20.8

100

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)

0.0

0.8

Global Warming Potential (HGWP)

0.25

1.35

Heat Transfer Prooerties Property'

VertreP XF 31.0 (55.7)

Specific Heat at 20°C (68"F), cal/g."C ( Btu/lb."F)

0.27 (0.27)

Viscosity, cPs *At 25OC (77'F). except where indicated.

VertreP XM XE MCA SMT

XF With

Boiling Point, O C (OF)

Methanol Ethanol trans-1,2-dichloroethylene trans-1,2-dichloroethylene and Methanol

46 (115) 52 (126) 39 (102) 37 (99)

Vertrel' XF Solvating Agents

Heat of Vaporization (at boiling point), callg (Btu/lb)

Vapor Pressure, mmHg (psia)

VertreP XF Azeotropes

226 (4.4) 0.67

Dibasic Esters (DBE) Diisobutyl DBE Methyl Decanoate Isopropyl Myristate KMethyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol (THFA) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Alcohols (continued )

167

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.62:(continued)

Plastic Compatibility Immersion: Two Weeks at 50°C (122°F) Common Brand Weight Plastic Name Rating Gain, % HDPE "Alathon" 0.3 0 "Tenite" PP 0.5 0 0.3 "Styron" PS 0 0.1 PVC 0 CPVC 0.1 0 PTFE '1 3.5 Teflon' 1.4 Tefzel' ETFE 1 PVDF 0.4 "Kynar " 0 lonomer 0.5 Surlyne 0 9 2 Acrylic Lucite' 0.0 ABS " Kralastic" 0 Phenolic 0 0.0 1' 4.7 Cellulosic "Ethocel" 0.0 0 EPOXY Delrin' Acetal 0 0.2 0.2 PPO 0 "Noryl" PEK -0.1 " UI t rapek " 0 PEEK -0.1 "Victrex" 0 PET Rynite' 0 0.2 PBT "Valox" 0 0.0 Polyarylate Arylon' 0 0.0 LCP 0.1 0 Polyimide A Vespel' 0 0.0 PB 0.1 "Ultem" 0 PA1 "Torlon" 0 0.0 1 2.7 PPS "Rython" Polysulfone 0 -0.1 "Udel" Polyaryl Sulfone "Rydel" 0 -0.1 Rating O-Compatible 14orderline 24ncompatible

Elastomer Compatibility Immersion, Sealed Tubes: T w o Weeks at 50°C (122°F)

Elastomer Rating 0 Natural Rubber 0 Butyl Rubber 0 Nordel' RPDM 0 Neoprene CR 0 SBR Nitrile Rubber 0 NBR 0 NHBR 2* Vamac' EA 0 Hypalon' CSM Fluoroelastomer 2 Viton' A 2 Viton' B 2* Zalak' 2 Kalrez' Fluorinated 2 Silicone 0 Si1icone Epichlorohydrin 0 Homopolymer 0 Copolymer I* "Adiprene" U 0 FA Polysulfide Thermoplastic 2* Alcryn' 0 "Santoprene" 1* "Geoplast" Hytrel' Polyester 0 Rating: 0-Compatible;

Unear Swell, %

Units Hardness Change

0.2

-1 -1 -2 1

0.7

0

-0.6 3.9 13.9 1.3

2 -8 -12

17.3

-1 4 -34 -13

-0.6 1 .o -1.0

22.8

13.7 21.6

0

-20

14.1 0.5

-1 1 -4

-0.5 0.0 2.7 1.5

1 2 -2 0

-1.2 0.1 -0.5 0.3

13 0 -3 0

1-Borderline; 2-Incompatible

*Noticeable extraction affecting rating

Physical Change 'More Flexible Sample Dissolved "Some Extraction

Vertrel' XF Specifications Fluoropentanes Appearance Nonvolatile Residue (NVR) Moisture Acidity, mg KOH/g

99.9% min. Clear, Colorless 2.0 ppm max. c50 ppm 0.01 max.

Exposure Limits Component Vertrel' XF

Limit, ppm AEL. 200

400

Type 8- and 12-hr TWA Ceilingb

'AEL is the DuPont Acceptable Exposure Limit. Where governmentally imposed occupational exposure limits that are lower than the AEL are in effect. such limits shall take precedence. b A ceiling limit is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working day.

(continued)

168

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.62: (continued) Vertrel XSi Cleaning Agent Introduction

Vertrel XSi is a proprietary blend of Vertrel XF hydrofluorocarbon and hexamethyldisiloxane. It is ideally suited for use in medical applications as a solvent for cleaning or depositing of silicone oil-based lubricants. It is also used as a swelling media for silicone rubber tubing. Physical Properties Solubility of Typical Silicone Fluids in VertreP XSi at Room Temperature Property Vertrel' Freon' HCFC(% Oil Loading in Solvent) (at 25°C) Unit XSi TF 141b Boiling Point

"C O F

Liquid Density VaporPressure Surface Tension

g/cc Ib/gal mmHg psi dyne/cm

Freezing Point Heat of Vaporization at boiling point Heat Capacity at20"C (68°F)

"C OF

57 134 1.17 9.8 135 2.6 14.0

48 118 1.56 13.1 226 4.4 17.3

32 90 1.24 10.3 594 11.5 19.3

<-50

-35 -31

-103 -154

35 63

~-80

cal/g Btu/lb cal/g OC Btu/lb OF

38 69 N/A N/A

0.22 0.22

53 94 0.25 0.25

CP

0.60

0.67

0.43

None

None

None

Viscosity Flash Point

Hexane

DC-200" DC-360* DC-550" DC-1107*

14 21 33 45

19 24 39 51

25 46 58 65

NuSil Med 4159

28

29

31

Es Solubility of Silicone Fluid (DC-360) In a Blend of VertreP XF + Hexamethyldisiloxene

I

7 - -1 --_---J6%1%'A

WC11017)

if 2o10 _ _ _ _ _-_- - - - _ _ - -

c _ _ - - -

- o"---*

Swelling of Polysilicone Tubing Vertrel. XSi

Freon. TF

*As manufactured by Dow Corning.

*At 25°C (77°F) except where indicated.

Test

Vertrel. XSI

Oil

Freon" TF Hexane

I

40%

42% 4% 4k% 4b% Hexamethyldisiloxane.Wto/.

At Room Temperature % Change in Width % Change in Weight

15 60

16 133

23 83

A t Boiling Point* % Change in Width % Change in Weight

Elastomer Compatibility Immersion: 15 min in Vertrel' XSi at Boilina Point 56.6"C 1133.9OF)

20 64

20 144

24 63

Comaatible

'47°C (117°F) for Freon. TF; 54°C (129°F) for Vertrel. KCD-XSi; 68°C (154OF) for Hexane

Plastic Compatibility Immersion: 15 min in VertreP XSi at Boiling Point 5 6 . 6 O C (133.9"F)

Polvcarbonate

HD polyethylene EPOXY Phenolic Teflon@TFE, FEP, PFA Polyimides Polysulfone (e.g., GE's Ultem) Polvurethane

Vertrel' XSi Specifications VertreP XF, % Hexamethyldisiloxane, % Appearance Nonvolatile Residue, ppm Moisture, ppm

EPDM (Nordele) Butyl Rubber' Natural Rubber* Neoprene Viton@B

*Swelling, but with low extractable

Compatible Polyethylene Polypropylene Nylon Polyester, PET and PBT Acetal PVC

Polysulfide (e.g., Thiokol's FA) Chlorosulfonated PE Buna-S* Polyurethane Viton@A

50%

57.0 f 1.0 43.0 f 1.0 Clear, Colorless 10.0 max.

400

Exposure Limits Component

Limit, ppm

Type

VertrePXF

AEL 200 400

8- and 12-hr TWA Ceiling'

IHG 200

8-hr TWA

AEL 200 400

Calculated** Ceiling'

Hexamethyldisiloxane VertreP XSi

AEL-DuPont's acceptable exposure limit. IHG -Industrial Hygiene Guidelines. WA-Time weighted average. *A ceiling limit is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working day. **Calculated in accordance with ACGIH Formula for TLVs for mixtures.

c

.........

. .

. .

L

c

s

8

. . .. . ..

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

.. .

169

170

E

C

E

3

-a s

Y

Industrial Solvents Handbook

.. . . . ... . . .

.... .

H

2s

c E

d

Y

i:

s

L

0

. I

E"

0

v

f L

Q)

n

e

p.

r

f

i

0

z.

c

z

s:

0 0

cl

C

E: 0

i

X

SI 0

's

30

(r.

.=

d

c

E

-

?5

0 c

-1

2 x

0

2

r

z

r

z

's o \

..-. c

2

m

o N \

0 Ln L T.

r 2

Z

rrc -

z"

" x

J:

h

h 4

C lrl

GI

GI

z" z" c N

2

N

8

2 e

0

0

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

d rn

d 0

?-

N

171

2 72

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.63: (continued)

Sales Specification

OXSOL" 10 Monochlorotoluenes Specifications

Appearance Color, APHA Monochlorotoluene Toluene

Clear, Free of suspended matter 25 Max. 99.5%Min. 0.4%Max.

Typical Physical Properties

Formula Molecular weight Specific gravity @ 25"C/25"C Density, Wgal (gA) Freeze point, "C (OF) Boiling point, "C (OF) Flash point CTCC), "C (OF) Vapor pressure @ 2OoC, mm Hg Kauri-butanolvalue Water, ppm

C7H7a 126.59 1.07 9 (1070) -25 (-13) 159 (318) 50.6 (123) 2.6 110 <100

Oxsol 10 Liquid Density 1.15

11

-

z

3 105 > c ln. C

a"

e2 1 CT

3

0 95

I 09 -20

I 10

I

I 40

1

1

1

70

1 100

1

1 130

1 160

Temperature (C)

(cont inued )

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

I73

Table 3.63: (continued)

Oxsol 10 Liquid Heat Capacitv 0.45

0.4

B

:

0.25

-20

10

40

70

100

130

160

Temperature (C)

Oxsol 10 Liquid Thermal Conductivitv

(continued)

174

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.63: (continued)

Oxsol 10 Vapor Thermal Conductivitv

Oxsol 10 Liquid Viscosity I

I

I

I

-. I

I

I

I

I

I

I

1

r

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

U .2 0.8 0.A

0.6 0.4 I

0.2 -

I I

0,

-20

10

40

70

100

130

160

Temperature (C) (continued)

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

175

Table 3.63: (continued)

Oxsol 10 Vapor Viscositv

190

160

220

250

310

280

340

Temperature (C)

Oxsol 10 Liquid Heat of Vaporization 160

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

i

I

I

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 -20

10

40

70

100

130

160

Temperature (C)

(continued)

176

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.63: (continued)

Oxsol 10 Liquid Vapor Pressure 1000

-

100

CJ,

I E E v

?

a

10

v)

2 a

b 0.

5

1

01

-20

10

40

70

100

130

160

Temperature (C)

Oxsol 10 Liquid Surface Tension

-20

10

40

70

100

130

160

Temperature (C)

(continued)

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

177

Table 3.63: (continued)

OXSOL 100 OXSOL 100 is a purified grade of p-chlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF) with the characteristic odor of chlorinated aromatic solvents. OXSOL 100 is a clear water-white liquid with solvency characteristics similar to the classical chlorinated and fluorinated solvents. PCBTF has been commercially produced for over thirty years as a chemical intermediate. OXSOL 100 has been used as a solvent since 1992 as a replacement for solvents with Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP). OXSOL 100 is not regulated as an ozone depleter. OXSOL 100 is not regulated as a Hazardous Air Pollutant. And on October 5, 1994, the EPA published in the Federal Register, a revised definition of VOC which specifically exempted OXSOL 100 from VOC regulations. The exemption was based on the very favorable atmospheric profile of the molecule. The use of OXSOL 100 or other PCBTF based OXSOLs will allow many solvent users to eliminate or reduce their use and emissions of VOCs without giving up the many benefits received from organic solvents. OXSOL can be used to extend or replace many organic solvents, including toluene, xylene, mineral spirits, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1, I ,I -trichloroethane and n-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP)>

Physical Properties of OXSOL 100 Freezing Point, "C Boiling Point, "C Flash Point, TCC, O F Evaporation Rate at 25"C, n-BuAc = 1 Solubility Parameter ( c a l / ~ m ~ ) ' / ~ Density @ 25"C, lb/gal Kauri-Butanol Value Solubility of water in OXSOL @ 25"C, ppm Solubility of OXSOL in water 6%25"C, ppm Surface Tension @ 25"C, dynes/cm2 Heat of Combustion, BTU/lb Viscosity @ 25"C, cp CAS#

Sales Specifications Appearance Color, APHA Acidity, ppm (by specific ion probe) Alkalinity, ppm a s NaOH Water content, ppm Specific Gravity @ 25"C/25"C Non Volatile Residue, Wt. %

-36 139 109 0.9 7.3 11.2 64 240 35 25 7100 0.79 98-56-6

CFOSM 20 Max 3 Max 10 Max 150 Max 1.33-1.35 0.0020 Max

(continued)

178

..

m

:

Industrial Solvents Handbook

-

P

0

I-

E

a

a,

?!

c

5

9

0.

2

8 OD 0

In 0

0 d

0 (u

0

0

B

0

S

8

'si r 8

x

N 0

P 0

V

W

e

c 3

Q

" ki-

o

8 " F-

- 8

c

E

a

f

c

3

9

-s 9 .E

- 0

0

"

Vapor Pressure, rnm of i ig

-8

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

0

-z

179

180

Industrial Solvents Handbook

0

s!

L 3

F?

c Q)

Q

E

llJi

>

Vapor Pressure, mm of Hg

f

v

1 c

f

Halogenated Zyydrocarbons 181

182 Industrial Solvents Handbook

-1

E:X 0

u)

>

m(1)

c

c

c

I Q)

-I

m

c

P3

C .+-

c u 0

I

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

183

184

..

m

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Vapor Viscosity, centipoise

8 0

N OD

0

3 N

e N

0

0

N

: 0

m

r

0 7 W

s

0

0

2

-8 aD 0

W 0

0 t

N 0

0

N

0

0

'f

h

9

0

8

(D

v) v)

Liquid Thermal Conductivity, Btu/hr.ft."F (0

v)

8

v) v

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

Ln

2

c

-8

185

186 Industrial Solvents Handbook

Vapor Thermal Conductivity, Btu/hr,ft,"F

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

187

Table 3.63: (continued) OXSOL 2000

Chemically, OXSOL 2000 is alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluorotoluene, an HFC. OXSOL 2000 has a number of desirable properties for precision cleaning, electronics cleaning, aerosol applications, and wipe cleaning. It is a pure compound, with a relatively fast evaporation rate and toluene-like odor. In its pure form, OXSOL 2000 is a good replacement for hexane, toluene, and VM&P naphtha where a rapid evaporation rate is desirable and a flammable solvent can be used safely. In addition, OXSOL 2000 can be blended with classical solvents like trichloroethylene yielding non-flammable, very fast evaporating compositions.

Physical and Chemical Properties of OXSOL 2000: Property Chemical Formula Molecular Weight Boiling Point: "C (OF) Dielectric Constant, 25°C Flash Point, TCC "C (OF) Fire Point, TOC "C (OF) Kauri Butanol Value Evaporation Rate, n-BuAc = 1 Latent Heat of Vaporization (B.P.), BTUllb Specific Heat, Liquid 20°C (BTU/lb/"F) Density, 20°C, gm/cc Density, 20°C, Ibs/gal Vapor Pressure (20°C), mm Hg Vapor Density (Air = 1) Surface Tension in Air: Dynes/cm:2O0C Viscosity (Cp), Liquid, 20°C

C,H,F, 146.11 102 (216) 11.5 12 ( 5 4 ) 23 (74) 49 2.8 97 0 306 1185 9 88 30 5.0 23 0 56

Density of OXSOL 2000 1.26 1.24 1.22

1.20 0 0 1.18

\

cn

v

2, 1.16

.-

v)

n

1.14 1.12 1.10

1.08

1.06 -40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Temperature (C)

(continued)

188

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.63: (continued)

Liquid Heat Capacity of OXSOL 2000 0.37

CI

n=

0.35

3

I- 0.33

9 .P 0

0.31

0" c)

L 0.29

I

Ea .g 0.27 J 0.25 -40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Temperature (C)

OXSOL 2000 Liquid Thermal Conductivity

(continued)

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

189

Table 3.63: (continued)

OXSOL 2000 Vapor Thermal Conductivity 0.005 A

!F

f 0.005

s

2 0.004

0.002

40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

80

100

120

Temperature (C)

OXSOL 2000 Liquid Viscosity

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

Temperature (C) (continued1

190

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.63: (continued)

0.030

0 025

g- 0.020

.0 v)

$

0.015

5 L

0

>"P 0.010 0 005

t

.___-

0.000

7

:

:

:

:

1

:

-

:

---+,I

:

:

1

.

.

:

.

1

.

.

~

.

i

,

,

'

'

I

.

.

,

,

I

,

"

'

OXSOL 2000 Heat of Vaporization

c 108 --

0 .c

-40

-

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Temperature (C)

(continued1

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

191

Table 3.63: (continued)

OXSOL 2000 Liquid Vapor Pressure 1000

100

10

__

/' /

' +---

I

___

-+____

_-

2 . -

I

1 -40

-20

~___

I 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Temperature (C)

OXSOL 2000 Liquid Surface Tension 31

29

E 0 3 27 E

h

s

c 25

.-0 v)

c

E

23

0)

0

21

; .u)

19

-I

17 15

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Temperature (C)

(conti nued)

192

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.63: (continued)

Sales Specification

OXSOL"550 Soecifications

Test Appearance Color, APHA Acidity, ppm as Total Inorganic Acidity (by Specific Ion Probe) Alkalinity, ppm as NaOH Water Content, ppm Specific Gravity Q 25"C/25OC Residue on Evaporation, Wt. %

Clear, Free of Suspended Matter 30 Max. 3 Max. 10 Max. 150 Max. 1.20-1.22 0.0025 Max.

Phvsical ProDerties OXSOL 550 is a clear, colorless blend of Halogenated Aromatic solvents with a characteristic chloroaromatic odor and the following physical characteristics: Distillation Range, 0 760 mm Hg Flash Point, (TCC) Freezing Point Evaporation Rate (n-BuAc=l .O) Solubility, Q 25% Density, Q 25OC Vapor Pressure, Q 20°C !(eat of Combustion Kauri-Butanol Value

142-159°C 113'F <-6O"C 0.7 <150 ppm in H20 10.11 Ibs/gal 3.9 mm Hg 9,900 BTU/lb 92

Sales Specification

OXSOL"73 Test Appearance Color, APHA Acidity, ppm as Total Inorganic Acidity (by Specific Ion Probe) Alkalinity, ppm as NaOH Water Content, pprn Specific Gravity Q 25'C/25"C Residue on Evaporation, Wt. %

SDeciflcations Clear, Free of Suspended Matter 30 Max. 3 Max. 15 Max. 100 Max. 1.22-1.26 0.0025 Max.

Phvsical Prooerties OXSOL 73 is a clear, colorless, non-flammable blend of Monochlorotoluenes and Perchloroethylene with a characteristic chloroaromatic odor and the following physical characteristics:

Distillation Range, Q 760 mm Hg Flash Point, (TCC) Freezing Point Evaporation Rate (n-BuAc=l .O) Solubility, Q 25°C Density, Q 25°C Vapor Pressure, @ 20°C Heat of Combustion Kauri-Butanol Value *

NFTB . No Fksh to Boiling

129-158OC NFt-6' -33% 0.6 4 5 0 ppm in H20 10.35 Ibdgal 8-10 mm Hg 8,300 BTU/lb 114

(continued)

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.63: (continued)

193

Sales Specification

OXSOL@253 Test

Soeclf icatlons

Appearance Color, APHA Acidity, ppm as Total Inorganic Acidity (by Specific Ion Probe) Alkalinity, ppm as NaOH Water Content, ppm Specific Gravity 0 25'C/25"C Residue on Evaporation, Wt. %

Clear, Free of Suspended Matter 30 Max.

3 Max. 15 Max. 100 Max. 1.27-1.32 0.0025 Max.

Phvsical ProDerties OXSOL 253 is a clear, colorless, non-flammable blend of Halogenated Aromatics and Perchloroethylene with a characteristic chloroaromatic odor and the following physical characteristics:

Distillation Range, @ 760 mm Hg Flash Point, (TCC) Freezing Point Evaporation Rate (n-BuAc=l .O) Solubility, @ 25% Density, 0 25OC Vapor Pressure, @ 20°C Heat of Combustion Kauri-Butanol Value * NFTB -

127-159°C NFTB * <-60°C 0.6 4 5 0 ppm in H20 10.81 Ibs/gal 10 mm Hg 7,600 BTU/lb 109

No Fhsh to Boiling

Sales Specification

OXSOL"325 Test Appearance Color, APHA Acidity, ppm as Total Inorganic Acidity (by Specific Ion Probe) Alkalinity, ppm as NaOH Water Content, ppm Specific Gravity 0 25OC/25'C Residue on Evaporation, Wt. %

SDeclfications Clear, Free of Suspended Matter 30 Max. 3 Max. 15 Max. 100 Max. 1.40-1.46 0.0025 Max.

Phvsical Prooerties OXSOL 325 is a clear, colorless, non-flammable blend of Halogenated Aromatics and Perchloroethylene with a characteristic chloroaromatic odor and the following physical characteristics: Distillation Range, 0 760 mm Hg Flash Point, (TCC) Freezing Point Evaporation Rate (n-BuAc=l .O) Solubility, 0 25OC Density, 0 25OC Vapor Pressure, Q 2OoC Heat of Combustion Kauri-Butanol Value 'NFEI

~

No Flash to Boiling

121-155°C NFTB C-50% 1.2 4 5 0 ppm in H20 11.95 Ibs/gal 13 mm Hg 5,100 BTUllb 100

(continued1

194

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.63:(continued) OXSOL SA

OXSOL SAs are based on parachlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF or OXSOL loo), an "environmentally friendly" solvent alternative. PCBTF has a unique atmospheric profile, making it one of the few volatile organic solvents not suspected of causing stratospheric ozone depletion or tropospheric ozone and smog. PCBTF is not an ozone depleting product (ODP). It is exempt from USEPA Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) regulations. It is not a hazardous air pollutant (HAP). It is not on the SARA Title 111, Section 313 list of toxic chemicals. It is not a carcinogen and is considered only "mildly toxic" (from Federal Register 50 FR 4221 6-4221 10/18/85. As a result of its favorable regulatory status and excellent properties, PCBTF is an ideal candidate for formulating environmentally friendly solutions without giving up the excellent physical and chemical properties of organic solvents.

OXSOL@ Dielectric Breakdown* Test #(kv) I

Product

Test #2 (kvl

OXSOL

73

30

38

OXSOL

253

50+

50+

OXSOL

325

50+

50+

OXSOL

550

35

40

OXSOL

100

48

50

OXSOL 1000

40

50

* ASTM Test Method D-877. Repotted In thousands of volts

Sales Specification

OXSOL@1000 Test Appearance Color, APHA Acidity. ppm as Total Inorganic Acidity (by Specific Ion Probe) Alkalinity, ppm as NaOH Water Content, ppm Specific Gravity @ 25OC/25OC Residue on Evaporation, Wt. %

Soecificatlons Clear, Free of Suspended Matter 20 Max. 3 Max. 10 Max. 150 Max. 1.47-1.49 0.0020 Max.

Phvslcal PrQDertieS OXSOL 1000 (3,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride) is a clear, colorless solvent with the following physical characteristics: Boiling Point, @ 760 mm Hg Flash Point, (TCC) Freezing Point Evaporation Rate (n-BuAc=l .O) Solubility, 0 25°C Density, 0 25OC Vapor Pressure, 0 2OoC Heat of Combustion Kauri-Butanol Value

174°C 170'F -12.4% 0.2 11.6 ppm in H20 12.36 Ibs/gal 1.6 mm Hg 4,830 BTU/lb 69

195

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Table 3.64: 3M Hydrofluoroether

3Mm HFE-7100, methoxy-nonafluorobutane (C,F,OCH,), is a clear, colorless and low-odor fluid intended to replace ozone-depleting materials. This proprietary fluid has zero ozone depletion potential and other favorable environmental properties. It has one of the lowest toxicological profiles of the new CFC replace materials, with a time-weighted average exposure guideline of 600 ppm (eight hour average).

The high boiling point, increased solvency and low surface tension of 3M HFE-7100 make it suitable for use in vapor degreasing applications as a neat (pure), azeotropic or co-solvent parts cleaner. In addition, its chemical and thermal stability, non-flammability and low toxicity make it useful for other industrial applications such as specialty solvent and heat transfer applications.

Typical 3M HFE-7100 Applications Cleaning and Rinsing Agent Heavy-duty (co-solvent) cleaning - heavy oils, greases, fluxes Medium-duty cleaning (azeotrope) - oils, greases, waxes Light-duty cleaning (neat) - particulates, tluorolubes, light oils, fluoropolymers Lubricant Carrier Fluorocarbons Hydrocarbons Silicones Spot-Free Water Drying Agent (with surfactants added) Specialty Solvents, Dispersion Medium Heat Transfer Medium Spray Contact Cleaner CFC. HCFC, HFC and PFC Replacement Agent

Properties Vapor Pressure' Viscosity? Heat of Vaporization' Specific Hear

Property

3M HFE-7100 CFC-113 210 0.6 I 30 0.28

33 1 0.68 35 0.22

3M HFE-7100 CFC-113

HCFC-14lb

I

HCFC-225cdcb

I

HFC-4310

I

290 0.43 53.3

HCFC-14lb

1

34.6 0.34

0.27

HCFC-225 cdcb

HFC-4310

(continued)

196

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

197

Table 3.64: (continued)

3 M HFE-7100 Toxicological Test Results Acute Lethal Inhalation Concentration Oral Eye Irntation Skin Irntation Skm Sensitization Inhalation Range Finding (28 day) Developmental Toxicity Mutagenicity Cardiac Sensitization Ecotoxicity 90 Day Inhalation

>100.000 ppm (4 hr)

Practically non-toxic (>5g/kg) Practically non-initating Minimally irritating Not a Skin Sensitizer 600 ppm Exposure Guideline' No abnormal effects observed Not a mutagen No signs of sensitization at exposures up to 100,000 pprn In Progress In Progress

' Exposure Guideline ser by the 3M Medical Depanmrnt

3 M HFE.7100 Materials Compatibility Metals

Plastics

Elastomers

Aluminum Copper Carbon Steel 302 Stainless Steel Brass Molybdenum Tantalum Tungsten CuDe Alloy C I72 MEAlloy AZ32B

Acrylic Polyethylene Polypropylene Polycarbonate Polyester EPOXY PMMA PET ABS

Butyl Rubber* Natural Rubber Nitrile Rubber EPDM

Coniprrtihle $et. one h o w esposirre at boiling teniperrttiire. *Brrtyl Rirhber best for estended e.\-posirre > I niortth Exceptions: some swelling of PTFE und Silicone Rtrhher-. Some sirtfcrce oxidation of copper dirritig heot ttp'n,y.

3M HFE-71 DE Hydrofluoroether Azeotrope

in an azeotrope formulation 3M"" HFE-71 DE is a hydrofluoroether, Methyl Nonafluorobutyl Ethers (C,F,OCH,), with trans-l,2-dichloroethylene. This mixture is a true azeotrope, with constant vapor and liquid composition at its boiling point. This fluid is suited to medium duty cleaning and degreasing tasks, as well as specialty solvent applications, and is intended to replace ozone-depleting materials. It has zero ozone depletion potential and other favorable environmental properties. 3M HFE-71 DE has a time-weighted average exposure guideline of 600 ppm for the 3M"" HFE-7100 component, and 200 ppm for trans-l,2-dichloroethylene (8 hr average). The increased solvency and low surface tension, nonflammability and constant composition during boiling of 3M HFE-71 DE make it suitable for immersion and vapor degreasing applications. These properties also may make the azeotrope suitable for certain coating and lubricant deposition applications where increased solvency is required. 3M HFE-71DE Typical Applications Cleaning, Rinsing and Drying Agent Cleaning of oils, greases, waxes Specialty solvent applications For infomiation on other applications, contact your 3M representative or 3M authorized distributor.

(continued1

198

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.64: (continued)

General Properties Properties

3 M HFE-71DE CFC-113

Formulation Boiling Pt "C Freeze Pt "C Liquid Density' Surface Tension' Kauri-Butanol Value Flash Point Flammability Range I n Air

Azeotrope' 41 -24' 1.37 16.6 27 None None

C,Cl3F, 48 -35 1.56 17.3 31 None None

HCFC-141 b

HCFC-225 ca/cb

HFC-4310

CCl,FCH, 32 -103 1.23 19.3 56 None 7.1- 18.6"

C,CI,HF, 54 -131 1.55 16.2 31 None None

Azeotrope* 39 not avail. 1.41 15.2 NIA None NIA -

Physical Properties

3MT"HFE-7lDE <: FC- I1 3

Properties

HCFC-141b

HCFC-225 ca/cb

HFC-43 IO'

~~

Vapor Pressure' Viscosity' Heat of Vaporization' Ozone Depletion Potential-ODP' G'lobal Warming Potential" Atmospheric Lifetime (yrs)

473 0.45 48 0.00

33 1 0.68 35 0.80

569 0.43 53.3 0.10

290 0.59 34.6 0.03

464 0.49 43.3 0.00

250

5000

630

I701330

N/A

4.1'

85

9.4

2.516.6

NIA

' 6 1.7% HFC-4310 (CsH2F,,,),38% trans- I , 2-dichloroethylene (Dupont Vertrel MCA) mmHg @ 25°C

' cps @ 25°C

' '

cal/g @ boiling point CFC-I1 = 1.0 GWP - 100 year ITH, CO, = 1 .O 4. I - 3M HFE-7 100,0.01 trans- 1, 2-dichloroethylene

3M HFE-71DE Material Specifications

Methyl Nonafluorobutyl Ethers' Trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene Appearance

SO% by weight

SO% by weight Clear, colorless

' 3M HE-7100 (C,F,OCH,) consists of two inseparable isomers wlth essentially identical properties. These are (CF3),CFCF2OCH3 (CAS No. 163702-08-7) and CF3CF,CF2CF10CH, (CAS NO. 163702-07-6).

(continued )

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

I99

Table 3.64: (continued) Regulatory Status The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has completed its Pre-Manufacturing Notification (PMN) review and has permitted 3M to commercialize 3M" HFEs immediately. Both components of 3M HFE-71 DE are TSCA listed. 3M is pursuing an "Acceptable" listing for Methyl Nonafluorobutyl Ethers under the EPA's Significant New Alternative Policy (SNAP) program. Trans-l,2-dichloroethylene is approved under SNAP for use as a cleaning solvent. As a result of its lower toxicity, trans-l,2-dichloroethylene is far less regulated in its use compared to "chlorinated solvents." The only regulations affecting 3M HFE-71DE due to the presence of trans are VOC emissions and reporting requirements if it is emitted into water or if a spill of 2000 Ib or more occurs. Trans is not considered a Hazardous Air Pollutant and is not subject to annual reporting requirements. The following table lists the regulations covering trans compared to chlorinated solvents.

I

Kcgvlatitm

?'r:ins-l,2-dichloro ethylene

'rrichloro ethylene

Perchloro ethylene

Methylene Chloride

Yes

Yes Yes

YttS

NO

Yes

Yes

100 Ibs

1,000Ibs

r

VOC Designation

__

_~_~____~

.- .

~

Yks l o r pure lrans

t I;lz,ardous Waste .

.

(no for 3M'IMHFE-7 I DE) __~-

~

Reporlnhle Qty 101Acciclentnl lielc~tsc~

~~

Regulated if Bnictetl inlo W;itci.......... 11ozarclous A i r Po II tiIant

.........

.-

._.

~~

1,000 Ibs IO0 Ihs (2,000 Ibs in 3M HFE-7 I DE) __ _ _ ~ ~

Yes No

Annual Reporting (EI'CKA 3 13) (SARA)

No

OSHA L i s t ol' roxins/c;irciiiogcns

No No

- -.

.......

Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes

Ycs ~. - . .~. Yes ~ _ Yes

Yes Ycs

Yes Yes

Yes Yes

~~

Tvpical Phvsical ProDerties of HFE L-13938 Boiling Point ("C) Freezing Point ("C) Flash Point ("C) Solubility for water (ppm) Solubility in water (ppm)

60 -135 None 9s <10

Thermal TransDort ProDerties of HFE L-13938 @ -4O'C

Density (gm/ml) Specific Heat (J/Kg "C) Viscosity (cSt) Thermal Conductivity (W/m "C)

1.54

1.63

1133 .60

1053 I .07 ,082

,074

(continued )

200

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.64: (continued)

P r o w of HFE L-13938 Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Atmospheric Lifetime GWP (IPCC 1994) HGWP

0 (CFCII = I ) No 4.0 years 500 (CO, = 1, 100th year) 0.09 (CFC11 = I )

Toxicolopical P r wrties of HFE L-13938 Practically non-toxic orally No imtation No Imtaiton Not a Skin Sensitizer No observable effects at 10,OOO ppm > 100,000 ppm (4hrs) In Progress

Oral Eye Irritation Skin Irritation Skin Sensitization Inhalation ALC Chronic Toxicity

Pressure Drop Factor for Secondary Liquids N K L (19% in water) ~ ~ ( 1 1in %water)

c.U2 (18% in water) U C 0 3 (27% in water)

Methyl Alcohol (20% in water) Ethylene Glycol (31% in water) Elbyl Achohol @%in water)

Propylene G l y c o l (33% in water) Dowtbcnnn

Syllhcrm'"

J XLT

HFE L-13938 Tyfaxltw 1.21 Tyfoxit'" 1.15 -60

0

-ss

-50

Cooling Limit

-4s

-40

-35

-zs -M -IS Temperature "C

-30

-io

-s

o

5

IO

15

m

(continued)

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

201

Table 3.64: (continued) GJ Shewood E=&

Heat Transfer Factor of Secondary - Liquids -

IZM

NsCL (199 In water)

IMO 11%

N l 1 3 ( I l % tn water)

1100 IO M

G C l l (18% in water)

ImO 9m

$m3 (27% in waler)

900

8sn Methyl Alcohd (mS in water)

BM 150

Elhylcnc Glycol (31% in water)

7al 650

wo

U y l Alcohol (25% in waler)

SM

500 4%

Propylene Glycol (33% in water)

400

DowthermrY J

3M

Mo

Syltherm'* Xlli'

250

200

L13938

150

100

Tyfooxit'" 1.21

M 0 60

0

ss

so

Coottng L,nl,t

TyfoxitT" 1.15 45

4

3s

-30

25

20

1s

10

5

0

5

10

IS

20

Temperature "C W Shewood 3M EFBS N K L (198 in water)

N113 (11% in walcr) GC$(18% in

water)

$m3(27% in waler) Methyl Alcohol (20%in water) Elhylenc Glycol (31% in water) Elhyl Alcohol (2.5% in water)

Propylene Glycol (33% in water) Dowtherm" J Syltherm" XLT

HFE L13938 TyfoxitTM1.21 Tyloxit'"

1.15

(continued1

202

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.64: (continued)

Theoretical Specific Pump Power Requirements

-45

40

0 Cooling

-35

-30

-20

-25

5

-10

-1s

0

5

IO

Temperature "C

Limit ~~

~

~~

~

Physical Properties of HFEs Property

C~FYOCFIICrF90GC15 CF2CICFCk (HFE A) (HFE B) ICFC-113)

CFbCCb (TCA)

60

73

48

74

-135

-117

-35

-39

None

None

None

None

Solubilih, for Water (ppm)*

95

92

170

266

Solubility in Water (ppm)'



110

700

Boilinr Point

("C) Freezing Point

("C) Flash Point

("C)

. ..

to

25r

tlrlllll'l" 1111\11 lor ,nl'lle,ldl

Physical Properties of HFEs Property C@~aC,

Liquid Densitv

GF90CH, (HFE A)

CcF90CnHs (HFE B)

CFzClCFCk (CFC-114 (825°C)


1 50

1.43

1 56

132

0.6 I

0.61

0.68

0 83

13 6

13.6

17.3

25 1

30

30

35

58

0 28

0 29

0.22

0 21

(TCA)

(g/d)

Viscosity (CP) Surface Tension (dynes/cm) Heat of Vaporization (cal/g) Specific Heat (cal/g/T)

(continued)

I

I

% -

4i

3

eg

n E

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

I

I

203

(continued)

204

2

N

7

-

Industrial Solvents Handbook

x

P.

-t. \o

3

P

x

N

c! a

r-

z

U

9

z

c

-

v f

; i

0 r.

r(

8

v1

u. w

- -<

m

E

0 0 0 r(

0 0

r( N

0 vi 0 N

i

cn

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

!"

!

205

c

c . '

.-c 0 V

-

206

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.64: (continued) ~

Cleaning Pevformance Results - A s An AVD TM Rinsing Agent Percent Soil Removal C990CH3 Heavy Oil Flux

C990CzH~

CFC-113

99.9

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

80.8

AVD is o tnirlnrwrk of Petrofmii Irtc.

-~

Solvency of MFEs Compound CFC-113 l,l,l-trichoroethane

HFE Cleaning Spectrum

Kauri-Butanol Value*

aeming System :

32 123

Neat HFE

+

HFE Azeotrope

-+

Cleaning C&olvent

Soil.:

q 1 4

0

C4F9OCH3

10

C4F90CH3Azeotrope

Solvating Agent 24

27 >150

Cleaning Perforinaiice Using Neat HFE

Cleaning Performance Using Neat HFE 90

I

(continued)

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

207

Table 3.64: (continued)

Cleaning Performance Using an HFE Azeotrope

Neat HFE Cleaning Performance a - Site Testing Results Examples of Components Successfully Cleaned using Neat HFEs C u s t o m e r Part

Soil R e m o v e d

Result

Medical Device

Light Hydrocarbon Oil

Meets Customer Requirements

Brominated Flotation Fluid

Meets C u s t o m e r Requirements

Light Silicone Oil*

Meets Customer Requirements

____

Gyroscope Diskette Shutter

Test ccmditions: one minute immersion in boiling sdvent with -tion Hydrccarbsn oil: Metalub 525

'CleanEd in V.pa phase

I

HFE Azeotrope Cleaning Performance

Cleaning Performance as a Co-Solvent Rinsing Agent

a - Site Testing Results Examples of Components Successfully Cleaned using an HFE Azeotrope:

Soil Removal (Percent by Weight) GFeOMi

CFC-I13

CFC-lI3/

Customer P ~ r t

Soil Removed

Resuits

~

EtOH

99.9

100.0

-----

Optical Coniponcnl

Medium llydrocarbon Oils'

avy Oil

Meets Customer Requirements Meets Customer

100.0

80.8

100.0

Medical Component

High MW Silicone Oil

RMAFlux

Hydraulic O i l

Meets Curtonier Requ~rrioonts

1

Metal Component Use of HFE employed a 1minute m e r s i o n in P e l d m Solvating Agent 24 w i h soniuh followed by 30 seconds immersion tinsing at the biling point CFC-113 used a 1 minute immersion with sonication at the boiling point.

Requirenients

* Clennecl m Vapor Ph-

Heavy Oil -DuoSeal Pump Oil (Sargmt-WeW1 Scientific Co.) Solder Flux - Alpha 611 (Alpha Metals, lnc.)

Co-Solvent Cleaning Process Equipment

HFE Co-Solvent Cleaning Performance a - Site Testing Results Examplea of Components Successfully Cleaned using an HFE Co-Solvent System Customer Par1

&--

Sol1 Rrmovcd

~erults

Aerospace Component

Hydrocarbon and Fluorinated Greases

Meets Customer Hcquircmcnts

Assembled Bearing

High U W Hydrocarbon Grease

Mcetr Custonier Requirements

Electrical Connector

RMA Flux

Mects Customer Ucquireiitents

(continued)

208

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.64: (continued)

Summary: Performance of Hydrofluoroethers in Cleaning Applications + Physical Properties Which Closely Match OD!% t Very Good

Environmental Profile Not Precursors to Photochemical Smog (VOCs ) Zero Ozone Depletion Potential Short Atmospheric Lifetimes Low Global Warming Potentials

t Solvency for

a Number of Soils

+ Effective Cleaning Agents in a Variety of Processes

Solubility (at 25°C) of Various Solutes in PFC, HFC, and HFE

1

Boiling Point of HFE/SA-24 Mixtures

I

Solubifity (percent)in

E" IPA Kerosene Mineral oil Limonene AVD 19

<1 <1
HFC"'

&j&.hyl HFE"$

Ethyl HFE"

Miscible 2 <1

Misdble 5 <1

3.5 Miscible

Miscible

Miscible Miscible <1 Miscible Miscible

20

(1) C,F,, (Perfluorohexane)

(2) C,F,,H ("1-H Perfluorohexane") (31 F,C,OCH, (4) F,C,OC,H,

IO

20

30

40

SO

60

70

Rfl

90

SA-24 Cancentratian in HFE 7100 (Val. %) I

Idling Emissions vs. Freeboard

perts Ball bearings Ball bearing assemblies Contact lens mounts Fuel injector components Graduated capillary spacing test assembly Heat exchangers Printed circuit assemblies

0 18

PF 3370

-:g

$5

Selected Parts and Soils Cleaned

0 12

snils Cutting Oil EP Grease RMA flux Wax

01°-

Lug o

~

0

OW

0.02

-I

1

I

I

1

1

I

60

RO

100

120

I40

I60

Percent Freeboard

(continued)

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

209

Table 3.64: (continued)

Solvent Dragout Versus Freeboard Dwell Time For Selected Halocarbons

7.00

-

.

A

C4F9OCH3

0 HFC43-10

HCFC-225

i

e

f 5 0 0 5

-> -ma 4 0 0

0 CFC-113

0

;300

2 200 100

ow

A

A HCFC-141b

T

.. ~

-

A

i

. . . ---

:Perchloroethylene

-

-

A

I

r

-

G

A

0

I

2M)

000

400

A I* I

I

4

6 00

-+E 00

c

A I

10 00

12.00

Freeboard Dwell Time (minutes)

HFE Toxicity Evaluation - Status +

Phase 1 - Acute Tests Inhalation ALC of C,F,-O-CH, ALC of C,F9-O-C2HS Oral Eye Irritation Skin Irritation Skin Sensitization

+

Phase 2 - Advanced Tests Ecotoxicity Inhalation Range Finding (28 day) Developmental Toxicity Cardiac Sensitization 90 Day Inhalation

No observable effects at 10,000 ppm > 100,000 ppm (4 hr) > 50,000 ppm (4 hr)

Practically non-toxic orally No Irritation No Irritation Not a Skin Sensitizer In Progress

(continued)

210

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 3.64: (continued)

Key Material Compatibilities with HFEs Applications for HFEs

Compatible after one hour exposure at boiling temperature: Metals Aluminum Copper Carbon Steel 302 Stainless Steel Brass Zinc Molybdenum Tantalum Titanium Tungsten Cu/ Be AUoy C172 Magnesium Alloy AZ31B Excephons.

Plastics Acrylic Polyethylene Polypropylene Polycarbonate Polyester Nylon Epoxy PMMA PVC PET ABS

Elastomers Natural Kuhbcr Butyl I
+

Cleaning Solvents Metals & Precision Cleaning Electronics Cleaning

Some rwellmg of PTFE and SIIICUIW Rubber. Sonic surface oxidahon of copper during heat agmg

+

Carrier Solvents

+

Dryingnuid

+

H e a t Transfer Fluid

+

Clean Extinguishing Agents

Cleaning Performance Using Pure HFE

Halogenated

Oil

Silicone Hydrocsrbon Oil

Oil

Test conditions: one minute immersion 111 boiling wlvenl with sonication followed by one inhute vapor rinse. Halognatecl Oil: Krytox 157FSM (Uul’unl) SiliconcOil. AK 350 (Wackrr Chemle) tlyrlraarbon Oil: Mobilmct Omicron

Hydrofluoroethers A Family of New Fluorinated Solvents + Cover a Range of Boiling Points

+ Effective Cleaning Agents + Good Materials Compatibility and High Stability + Are Not Precursors to Photochemical Smog (VOCs )

+ Have Zero Ozone Depletion Potential + Short Atmospheric Lifetimes

+ Low Global Warming Potentials + With Favorable Toxicity Results

+ Additional New Materials Under Development

Nitroparaffins Table 4.1: Angus Nitroparaffins (34) Nitromethane CH,NO,

N 0,

7-Nitropropane CH,CH,CH,

CAS Registry No.75-52-5

CAS Registry No. 108-03-2

2-Nitropropane CH, CH(NO, )CH,

Nitroethane CH,CH, NO, CAS Registry No. 79-24-3

CAS Registry No. 79-46-9

Specifications Purity, % by wl (min.)*. ............................... Total nitroparaffins,96 by wl (m1n.p.. ................. Speclfic gravlty at 25/26"C .......................... Acidity a8 acetic acid, % by wl (man) ................ Water, % by wt ( m a ) ................................ Color, APHA ( m a ) .................................. *Delemlned by gar chrornat~raphy

Nitromethane 98.0 99.0 1.124-1.135 0.1 0.1 20

Nitroethane 98.0 99.0

1-Nitropropane 98.5 99.0

2-Nitropropane 96.0 99.0

0.2 20

0.2 0.1 20

0.1 0.1 20

100-103 2.1 1

Nitroethane 112-116 2.58

1-Nitropropane 129-133 3.06

2-Nitropropane 119-122 3.06

0.001 4 9.4 112 96 7.333) 418 139 9

0.0012 8.75 106 87 3.4(30) 414 121 11

Nitromethane 61.041 101.20 36.66 -28.55 1.138 1.124 0.001 22 0.00068 1.38188 1.37738 37.48 0.647 0.576

Nitroethane 75.068 114.07 20.93 -89.52 1.051 1.039 0.001 12 0.00062 1.39193 1.38754 32.66 0.677 0.602

-

-

-

Typical Properties of Commercial-Grade Nitroparaffins Distillation range at 1 atm (90% min.), "C ............ Vapor density (air=l) .............................. Change of density wlth temperature, 0-50°C. g/(mi .*C) ......................................... Weight per US. gallon at 68"F, Ib ................... Flash point, Tag open cup, "F ....................... Teg closed cup, O F . . .................... Lower limit of flammability, % by voi (at "C) .......... ignition temperature, "C ........................... Evaporationrate (n-butyl acetate= 100) ............. Evaporation number (diethyl ether=l) .............. I

0.001 1 8.35 120 96 2.2") 420

80 16

0.001 1 a24 100 82 2.5(*') 428 110 10

Physical Properties of the Nitroparaffins Molecular weight (caicd.)............................ Boiling point at 760 mmHg. "C ...................... Vapor pressure at 25"C, mmHg ...................... Freezing point, "C ................................... Density at 20'C, a m i ............................... at S'C, a m i ............................... Coefficient of expansion per "C ..................... per OF.. .................... RefractiveIndeK no,at 20% ........................ at 30°C ........................ Surface tension at 20°C, dynes/cm .................. Viscosity at 20"C, cp ................................ at 30°C. cp ................................

1-Nitropropane 89.095 131.18 10.23 -1 03.99 1.001 0.991 0.00101 0.00056 1.40160 1.39755 30.64

0.844 0.740

2-Nitropropane 89.095 120.25 18.0 -9132 0.988 0.977 0.00104

aooom

1.39439 139028 29.87 0.770 0.677

(continued)

211

212

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 4.1 : (continued) Physical Properties of the Nitroparaffins Nitromethane -1 69.3 9.147 8.23 -27.03 25.33 0.415 35.87 3.50 3.1 7 83.59 76.4 6.4 10.5 11.1 19.3 1.8 2.1 7.6 2.5 12.7

....... ......... .........

Heat of combustion (liq.) at 25"C, kcal/mole.. Heat of vaporization (liq.) at 25%, kcal/mole at bp,kcaVmole ........... Heat of formation (lii.) at 25'C, kcal/mole Specific heat at 25%. caV(mole."C).................. at 25% caV(9.T) ..................... Dielectric constant at 30'C.. ........................ Dipole momenffi, gas, Debye unlts ................. liquid, Debye units ............... Aqueous azeotrope, bp, "C .......................... % NP by wt ...................... pH of 0.01M aqueous solution ...................... Solubllity in water at 20"C,% by wt .................. at 25%% bywt .................. at 70% % by wt .................. Sdubllity of water in NP at 2WC, % by wt ............ at 25'C, % by vd ............ at 70% % by wt ............ Hydrogen bonding parameter, y ..................... Sdubllity parameter, 8

..............................

Nitroethane -325.6 9.94 9.08 -33.9 33.10 0.441 28.06 3.58 3.19 87.22 71.0 6.0 4.6 4.7 6.6 0.9 1.1 3.0 2.5 11.1

1-Nitropropane -481.9 10.37 9.19 -40.15 41.96 0.471 23.24 3.72

-

9 1.63 63.5 6.0 1.5 1.5 2.2 0.8 0.6 1.7 25 10.7

2-Nitropropane -478.0 9.88 a79 -43.2 41.87 0.470 25.52 3.73

-

88.55 70.6 6.2 1.7 1.7 2.3 0.5 0.5 1.8 2.5 10.7

Table 4.2: Angus Nitro Alcohols (34)

(TRlS NITRO) CHzOH

(NE PD') CHZCH,

HOCH,-C-CH,OH

HOCHz-C--C Hz0H

I I

I

I

NO2 2-Nitre2-hydroxymethyl-1.3-propanediol or Tris (hydroxymethy1)nitromethane [CAS Reg. No. 126-11-41

NO2

2-N itre2-ethyl-l.3-propanediol [CAS Reg. No. 597-09-1 1

(NMPD') CH,

(NMP") FH3

I I

I

HOCH,--C-CHzOH

CH,--C--CHzOH

I Noz

NO2 2-Nitre2-methyl-1.3-propanediol [CAS Reg. No. 77-49-61

2-Nitro-2-methyl-1-propanol [CAS Reg. No. 76-39-11

(NB") H

I I

CHSCHZ-C-CHZOH NO2 2-Nit ro-1- butanol [CAS Reg. NO.609-31-41

(conti nued )

Nitroparaffins

213

Table 4.2: (continued)

Product Specifications* ______ Water % -~ By wt. (Max.)

MeRlng Pt., "C (Mln.)

___-_

Free Formaldehyde %bywt.

h r a y , % by wt. (mln.)

Aqueour Solutlonr TRlS NITRO 25% TRlS NITRO 37.5% TRlS NITRO 50% NEPD Aqueous NMP Concentrate

l%bywt.

Aq. Solutlon p~ Color (max.)

-

-

-

20-5.0 5 Gardner

___

pH, 20% by wt. Aq. Solution

Free Formaldehyde % by wt. (max.) 1 .o 1 .o

25.0 37.5

---__

-

_.

(Max.) 006

&11d Form NMP (pellets)t 86-90 05 TRlS NITRO (solid) t 23.60% (mln) by wl. of bound formaldehyde. 1.6%(max.)by w t of stearic acid.

-

Color, Gardner, (mcu.)

2.0- 5.0

5

50.0

1.o

55.0

1 .o

2.0- 4.5 2.0- 5.0

60.0

0.5

2.5 .5.1

5 5 1

Teal methods available upon request

Physical Properties of Purified Materials NMP Molecular weight (caic) Melting point, "C Boiling pt., "C at 10 mmHg at 15 mmHg pH of 0.1 M soh at 20°C Density at 292,g/mL W t per gallon, Ib at 68°F Coefficient of expansion per "C Refractive index, nd at 20°C Surface tension at 20°C dynedcm Solubility in 100 mL of water at 20°C (g)

NMPO

NEPO

119.12 90 94

135.12 2 1 60

149.15 ~150

decomp.

decomp.

5.1

5.4

5.5

-

350

-

-

-

-

-

80

400

___-

NB

TRlS NITRO

119.12 -47 - 4 8 105 4.5 1.129 9.43 0.00076

151.12 175-176 decomp.

-

5.0

-

-

1.444

-

37.7

-

54

220

Table 4.3: Angus Primary Amino Alcohols (34)

AB@

AMPD"

2-Amino-1-butanol CAS Registry No. 96-20-8 CH,CH,CHCH,OH

2-Amino-2-meth yl-l ,3-propanediol CAS Registry No. 115-69-5 CH,

I

I

HOCH2-C-CH20H

NHZ

I

NHZ

AMP 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol CAS Registry No. 124-68-5 CH,

I

H,C-C-CH,OH

I

NH Z

AEPDB 2-Arnino-2-ethvl-l.3-propanediol CAS Registiy No.'115-70-8 CH,CH,

I HOCH,-C-CH,OH

TRIS AMINO@ Tris(hydroxymethy1)aminomethane CAS Registry No. 77-86-1 CH,OH

I

HOCH,-C-CH,OH

I

I

NHZ

NH, (continued)

214

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 4.3: (continued) Typical Properties

Neutral Equivalent Water, % by wt. (max.) Melting point, OC (min.) Color (max.) Color of 20% aqueous solution (max.)

PArnlno-Z-rnethyll-propanol AMP AMP-95” RegulaP 88.5-91 93-97 0.8 5.8

P-Arnlnol-butanol AB 88.5-91 0.5

2-Amlno-2+thyl1,3-propanediol AEPD

2.Amlno-2-rnethyl1,g-propanedlol AMPD

124 (max.) 3.0

103-107 05

Trls(hydroxyrnethy1)amlnomethane TRlS AMINO Crystals 121-122 0.5 160

-

-

-

20APHA

20APHA

100APHA

-

-

-

-

2 Gardner

50 APHA

40 APHA

-

-

-

100

Physical Properties of Purified Materials

Additional Properties of AMP AMP Regular Viscosity at 10%. cps 25OC. cps W C , cps W C , cps 70%. cps

wc. cps

-

AMP-95 561 147

102 24 9 4 59 457

Vapor pressure at lOOOC, rnm Hg 150°C, mm Hg Specific gravity at 25I25OC Coefficient of expansion per OC Refractive index, n, at 2OOC

-

Heat of vaporization at 110OC. kcallmole 1W C , kcal/mole l W C , kcal/mole 165OC. kcallmole Heat of dissociationat 25OC. kcal/mole

13.2 12.5 12.3 12.1 1.29

0.00095 1.449

-

0.942 0.00096

-

-

-

Table 4.4: Angus DMAMP-80 (34) 80% 2-Dimethylamino-2-Methyi-1 -Propanol Solution CAS Reg. No. 7005-47-2 2-Dimethylamino-2-methyl-1 -propanol, a member of the family of Angus amino alcohols, is the tertiary-amine homolog of 2-amino-2-rnethyl-1 -propanol (AMP). 2-Dimethylamino-2-methyl-1 -propanol is available as DMAMP-80 which contains about 20% by weight water. (continued)

Nitroparaffins Table 4.4: (continued)

Typical Properties The following are typical properties of DMAMP-80;they are not to be considered product specifications. Neutral Equivalent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specific Gravity @ 25/25"C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weight per Gallon @ 25°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flash Point. Tag Open Cup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tag Closed Cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Freezing Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boiling point @ 760 mm Hg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viscosity @ 25'C, Gardner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pH of 0.1 N Aqueous Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . :-148 . . . . . . . .0.95 . . . . . . .7.9 Ib . .150"F/66"C . .153"F/67"C - 4"FI - 20'C 208'F/-- 98°C . . . . . . . .A-A, . . . . . . . .11.6

Table 4.5: Industrial Amines Ranked in Order of Decreasing Base Strength (34) Bolllng Polnt ' C Amlne Cyclohexylamine

Flash

Point

llatmJu3QU

Triethylamine Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) + AMINOMETHYLPROPANOL (AMP-95m) + AMINOBUTANOL (AB"') Monoethanolamine(MEA)

10.79 10.74 9.87 9.82 9.52 9.44

99 101 117 89 89 61

9.40 9.31 9.24 8.88 8.80 8.76 8.70 8.43

75 89 17 105 119 105 133 87

0.36 0.6 4.0 357 ao.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 10.08

8.03 7.86

121 191

<0.01 0.0008

7.77

149

<0.01

Monoisopropanolamine(MIPA) Dimethylethanolamine (DMEA) Ammonia (29.4%) Diethanolamine (DEA) + AMINOEMYLPROPANEDIOL (AEPDB) + AUINOUETHYLPROPANEDIOL(AMPDm) Diiiopropanolamine (DIPA) Morpholine + TRIS(HYDR0XYMETHYL)AMIND METHANE (TRIS AMINO.) Triisopopanolamine (TIPA) Triethanolamine (TEA)

95 57 1.o 0.7 1 .o

135 90 163 165 178 171

90 20 140 172 1932 195

160 134

165 105

NIA

-

269 153' 152' 250 129

300

>200 NIA 250 100

2203

NIA

305 335

320 365

' Cleveland open Cup Tag C W Cup 10 m m Hg

Table 4.6: Comparing Amines for Safety (34) AcoteOral

LD,

AcuteSkln Penetratlon

Eye injury

LD,, _-

Rabbtts

Prlmary Skln lrrltatbn

Threshold

urnn

3)

AUP

2.9 g k g (Rats)

None

3 PPM

185°F

(Cornbustible)' Corrosive

Severe

lOPPM

140°F

Severe

Severe

None Est.

105°F

0.5gkg

Severe

Corrosive

20 PPM

95°F

0.42 g/kg

Severe

Trace

25PPM

1

22.5 g k g Severe Killed 0 of 5

Minor

None Est.

Severe

1.0 g k g

Severe

Corrosive

1.4 &$I (Rats)

126gkg

Severe

Dimethyhminoethanol 1.3 sn(g

1.37 g k g

Diethyhmlnoethanol

( D W (DUW)

Morphdlne Trlethyhmlru

TrkthnoIamlne

(Rats) l.O&$I

(Rats) 0.46& (Rats) 8.7 gkg (Rats)

DOT Hazard Label d

172°F

Severe

No deaths at2glkg

M~~~thanolUnlne 2.1 gkg (=A) (Rats)

Flash Polnt (Tag Closed Cupl

None Est.

* Combustible Uatsrhlr Reqolre Placarding Only For Bulk Shlprnents.

7

>200"F

None (Combustible). None (Cornbustible)' Flammable ~ Flammable ~ None

215

216

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 4.7: NlPAR 640 (34)

n p i c a l Properties of

NIPAR640

Specifications

Distillation range at 760 mmHg (9096 min.), "C .................. Freezing point, "C .............................................. Vapor pressure at 20"C, mmHg ................................. Density of Vapors (ai-1) (calcd.) ................................ Specific gravity at 20/20"C ..................................... Weight per US. gallon at 20"C, lb ............................... Coefficient of expansion per "C ................................. Flash point Tag closed cup, O F .................................. Evaporation rate, by vol ......................................... (n-butyl acetate=100) Solubility in water at 20% % by wt .............................

112-133 2.-100 13 2.6-3.0 % , 1.01 -8.4 0.001

Nitroethane, % by wt ................ 35-40 1-Nitropropane,% by wt ............. 60-65 Total nitroparaffin content % by wt (min) ........................ BB.0 Water, 96 by wt ( m u ) . ................. 0.15 Color, APHA (max.) ..................... 20

94 100 2.6

Azeotropes of NIPAR640 Components (Nitroethane and 1-Nitropropane) Azeotrope with 1-Nitropropane

Azeotrope with Nitroethane Component "A" Water Ethyl Alcohol n9ropyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol n-Butyl alcohol sec-Butyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol t-Butyl alcohol Amyl alcohol Isoamyl alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether n-Heptane n-Nonane Toluene Ethylbenzene @Xylene Ethyl butyrate Ethyl isobutyrate Isobutyl acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether

Boiling Point, "C

Weight % Component "A"

Boiling Point, "C

Weight % Component '3''

Boiling Point, "C

100.0 78.3 97.2 82.4 117.8 99.5 108.0 82.4 138.2 131.9

28.5 87.4 68.2 89.4 45 72.4 60 95.5 17 22

87.2 78.0 94.5 81.8 107.7 97.2 102.5 82.2 137.8 112.0

36.5

91.2 -

91.63

67.8 95.9 84.8

115.3 99.4 105.28

135.1 98.4 150.8 110.8 136.2 143.6 121.5 110.1 117.4

-

-

-

72

89.2

75

106.2

-

27 73 40

128.3 94.6 126.2

41.0 15.0

127.5 130.9

58.7

121.4

-

113.7 108.5 1 12.5

124.5

-

36.1 85.8 36.4

-

-

-

96.95

-

-

It is desirable that the optimum quantity of NIPAR640 be used for each particular system. This optimum will vary from system to system, but normally it will fall in the range of 8% to 25% of the solvent blend.

Dimethylforrnamide Ektasolve EM+ NIPAR640 Ektasolve EE+ Ektasolve EB+ Isopropyl alcohol, 99% lsophorone Methyl ethyl ketone n-Butyl alcohol Methyl isobutyl ketone Isobutylalcohol Cyclohexanone ~

*n-Butyl acetate = 100

ResistivitK megohm

Relative Evaporation Rate*

0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.1 3 0.15 0.20

17 50 100 38 10 258 4 568 48 186 90 23

+Trademarkof Eastman Kodak Company (continued)

Nitroparafins

217

Table 4.7: (continued)

Isocyanate Coating Lower Resistivity

Improved Film Integrity I

23 I 21

0

-

1 I 3% 6%

2%

6%

4%

-

% lllrl(140 [by weight1

This significant improvement in cure time and film performance is best achieved when 3-6% (by weight) of the total solvent blend is replaced with NIPAR640.

%MIUOIbyweightl Isocyanate Coating 3% PM Acetate with Xylene 3% Eutylacetatewith Xylene 3% MEK with Xylene

I I

u o m u

N I ~ 640 R will provide the benefits of superior wetting, improved film integrity and improved cure time while enhancing electrostatic spray performance through its contribution to optimum resistivity of the coating. Specific Gravities of Nitromethane-Methanol Fuel Mixtures (34)

0.02

-

r

0

a 01

50

60

70

Temperature,

80 OF

90

218

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 4.8: COMSOL 101-X (34)

Typical Properties of COMSOL 101-X Distillation range at 1013 hPa (90 O/o min.), OC . .. . .. . ......... . . . .. . . . . . . . . 112-116 Freezing point, OC .................. .. ...... ... . . -89.5 Vapour density (air = 1) ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.58 Specific gravity at 25/25 OC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.045 Change of density with temperature, 0-50 OC,g/(ml x "C) . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0012 Flash point, Tag closed cup, OC . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Lower limit of flammability, O/o by vol. (at 30 "C). . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Ignition temperature, OC... . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Evaporation rate, by vol. (n-butyl acetate = 100) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Evaporation number (dietyl ether = 1) . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 1 Solubility parameter, 6.. . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 1 Hydrogen bonding parameter, y.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Solubility in water at 20 O C , Yo by wt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6

Improved Film Integrity 23

0

4 Oh

2%

6%

COMSOL (by weight)

Isocyanate Coating Lower Resistivity

I

01

3%

-

COMSOL (by weight) Isocyanate Coatlng

3 % PM Acetate wlth Xylene = = 3 % Butylacetate with Xylene 3 % MEK wlth Xylene

~ W U

(continued)

Nitroparaffins

219

Table 4.8: (continued)

VISCOSITY OF VINYL RESIN SOLUTIONS VISCOSITY; CENTPOISE 60

60

50

J

h

40pb&4

so

30

A

50

80

70

60

l01

15 g of Bakelite VYHH (D) in 100 rnl solvent A = methyl ethyl ketone B = COMSOL 101-X

C = NiPar S-20" D = methyl isobutyl ketone

30

40

50

60

70

80

8 g of BakeliteVYNS-3 (D) in 100 ml solvent

TOLUENE; PERCENT BY VOLUME

VISCOSITY OF ACRYLIC RESIN SOLUTIONS 550

500

550

1

350

4

A = methyl ethyl ketone B = COMSOL 101-x C = NiPar S-30" D = methyl isobutyl ketone E = n-butyl acetate

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

150 2oo

c 20

I

a

40

60

50 g Acryloid 8-66 in 100 ml solvent

80

I

20

40

60

50 g Acryloid B-72 (A) in 100 ml solvent

TOLUENE; PERCENT BY VOLUME

a0

220

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 4.9: COMSOL 280 (34)

SPECIFICATIONS Nitromethane, % wt. ......................... 75 - 85 l-Nitropropane, % wt. ...................... 15 25 2-Nitropropane, % wt. (max.) ........... 0.1 Total nitroparaffins,% wt. (min.)......99 Water, % wt. (max.) ......................... 0.2 80 Colour, APHA (max.)........................

-

AZEOTROPES OF COMSOL 280 COMPONENTS

Azeoptrope with Nitroethane COMPONENT ,,A' Water Ethyl alcohol n-Propyl alcohol Isoproyl alcohol n-Butyl alcohol sec-Butyl alcohol Isobutyl alcohol t-.Butyl alcohol Amyl alcohol Isoamyl alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether n-Heptane n-Nonane Toluene Ethylbenzene o-Xylene Ethyl butyrate Etyl isobutyrate Isobutyl acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether B.P. = Boiling Point

B. P. ("C) 100.0 78.3 97.2 82.4 117.8 99.5 108.0 82.4 138.2 131.9 135.1 98.4 150.8 1 10.8 136.2 143.6 121.5 110.1 1 17.4 124.5

Wt. Yo Comp. ,Au

Azeotrope with l-Nitropropane

B. P.

("(3

28.5 87.4 68.2 89.4 45.0 72.4 60.0 95.5 < 17.0 22.0

87.2 78.0 94.5 81.8 107.7 97.2 102.5 82.2 < 37.8 112.0

72.0

89.2

75.0

106.2

-

-

< 27.0 73.O 40.0

113.7 108.5 112.5

-

-

-

Wt. Yo Cornp. ,Au

B. P. ("C)

36.5

9 1.63

91.2

96.95

67.8 95.9 84.8

115.30 99.40 105.28

26.1 85.8 36.4

128.30 94.60 126.20

41.O 15.0

127.50 130.90

-

58.7

121.40

Nitroparaffins Table 4.10: COMSOL 820 (34)

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS Total Nitroparaffins, % wt. Specific gravity, 25/25 "C Water, YOwt. Colour, APHA

99.0 min. 1.001 1.009 0 2 max. 80 max.

-

TOXICITY DATA

skin irritation, E itest Eye irritation, E k e test Mutagenicity

: : :

Sensitization, LANDSTEMER& JACOBS (guinea pig):

non-irritating non-irritating due to the composition of the product no mutagenic effects must be expected. non-sensitizing

Lower limits of flammability of some solvents (YOby volume in air) Methyl isobutyl ketone............................... Xylene....................................................... Toluene..................................................... n-Butyl acetate.......................................... Methyl ethyl ketone................................... Acetone..................................................... Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether ...............

0.9 1.0 1.27 1.7 1.7 2.15 2.6

Flash point, OC ("CC) Acetone..................................................... -19 - 4 Ethyl acetate.............................................. -14 Methyl ethyl ketone................................... 6 Toluene..................................................... 14 Methyl isobutyl ketone.............................. Isobutyl acetate.............................. .......... 18 Xylene......................................... ............ 25 30.5 COMSOL 820.......................................... Cyclohexanone......................................... 44

.

.

221

Organic Sulfur Compounds Table 5.1: Carbon Disulfide (2)

Chemical Names: Carbon Disulfide, Carbon Bisulfide Common Names: Carbon Disulfide, Carbon Bisulfide Formula: CS,

PROPERTIES Grades: Commercial or Technical, and USP Important Physical and Chemical Properties Physical State: Liquid. Color: Clear, colorless liquid. Odor: Almost odorless when pure; the commercial grade has a strong disagreeable odor, due to presence of sulfur compounds. Specific Gravity a t 20" C/4" C (68"F/39" F) (Water = 1): 1.263 Vapor Density (Air = 1): 2.63 Boiling Point (760mm): 46.3" C (115" F) Melting Point: - 108.6" C ( - 163" F) Flash Point (closed cup): -30" C (-22" F) Explosive Limits (per cent by volume in air): 1 to 50 Ignition Temperature: 100" C (212' F) Corrosive: Commercial grade slightly corrosive to some metals due to impurities. Dangerously Reactive: No. However, it has an extremely low ignition temperature. Hygroscopic: No. Light Sensitive: Turns yellow when exposed to sunlight. V A P O R PREWURE OF C A R B O N

-78.2 -42.8

-26.35 -21.8

0 11.54 19.7

46.3

- 109 -45 - 14 -7 +32 53 87 115

222

DISULFIDE

0.68 11.81 34.3 12.7 127.0 211.3 284.3 760.0

C

..e .-ol

6

Organic Sulfur Compounds

-

c s E

Y 9 m F

3

g w

223

U

W

Y

'I

224

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 5.3: Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature for DMSO (36) 1000

100

10

1

0.1

__--

-

0

50

100

200

150

TEMPERATURE, "C

Table 5.4: Specific Gravity of DMSO as a Function of Temperature (36) Temperature PC)

Specific gravity (g/cm3)

15.6

1.1047

21

1.0993

25

10955

_ _

30

_____ 1 0904

________

40

10803

__ -

50

_ ~ -

75

_

_

_

10702 -

10454 -~

100

10200

125

0 9946

150

0 974

_~

~

______

____

_

Table 5.5: DMSO Viscosity as a Function of Temperature (36) I

I

Temperature ("8 25 30

Viscosity (cP) 1991

__

1 808

--

40

1511

50

1286

~-

_._____,

75

0 916 0 691

100

__

___ 0 546

125

--

__

_

250

Organic Sulfur Compounds Table 5.6: Comparative Hygroscopicities of DMSO at Various Relative Humidities at 22°C (36) 92%

-

40

120

80

160

WEIGHT INCREASE, grams H,0/100 grams DMSO

Table 5.7: Initial Sorption Rates of DMSO at Various Relative Humidities at 22°C (36)

20

40

80

60

RELATIVE HUMIDITY, %

Table 5.8: Freezing Temperatures for DMSO-Solvent

Binary System (36)

TEMPERATURE, "C

1 DMSO-M€rHYL ETHYL KETONE 2 DMSO-ETHANOL 3 DMSO-MONOETHYLENEGLYCOL 4 DMSO-CHLOROFORM 5 DMSO-PARAXYLENE

100

80

60

40

DMSO, weight %

20

0

225

226

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 5.9: Freezing Point for DMSO-Water TEMPERATURE, "C

Solutions (36)

20 18.55 + 18 16

14 12 10 8

6 4 2 0

-2 4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

10

9

WEIGHT % WATER

Table 5.10: Freezing Point Curves for DMSO-Water

Solutions (36)

25

0

0

E E a

3

I-'

-25

L1

f

-50

0

25

50

75

02

(00

wt % DMSO

Table 5.11: Heat of Mixing of DMSO-H,O

w t % Water

System at 22°C (36)

2000

z

0 F 1600

3

4 z 3 U

1200

0

zz

3

9

m

0

04

50 WEIGHT % DMSO

I M

04

0.8

Organic Sulfur Compounds Table 5.12: Specific Gravity of DMSO-Water

Solutions (35)

1.10

25°C

1.09 1.OB rn E 1.07

5

$

g

1.06 1.05 1.04

uY

1.03 1.02

x

40°C 60°C

1.01 1.oo 0.99

n 98 0

20

40

60

80

100

WEIGHT % DMSO

Table 5.13: Viscosity of DMSO-Water

Solutions (36)

25 50 75 WEIGHT % DMSO

0

100

Table 5.14: Results of Reflux of DMSO for 24 Hours with Various Compounds (35) COMPOUND (1009) IN 3009 DMSO

REFLUX TEMP.,"C

NaOH

185-140"'

93.7

63

31

-

-

-

Na,CO,

190

96.3

-

14

-

-

-

NaCl

190

98.7

-

15

-

-

-

NaCN

148-164'0

100.0

-

-

-

-

-

NaOAc

182-187

97.0

22

33

8

20

-

Na,SO,

181- 148'9'

85.4

66

-

-

11

DMSO ONLY

189

98.0

15

30

30

-

DMSO RECOVERED % OF ORIGINAL

DMS'"'

% DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS, DMDS'W BMTM'* HCHO MMId'

(a) Dimethyl sulfide (b) Dimethyl disulfide (c) Bis(methy1thio)methane (d) Methyl mercaptan (e) Reflux temperature decreased from 185°C to 140°C over the first 16 hours. (0 Reflux temperature was 148°C for 20 hours; increased to 164°C during the last 4 hours. (9) Reflux temperature decreased gradually From 181°C to 148°C.

-

227

228

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 5.15: Thermal Stability of DMSO (36) 10

7 - -t-

1

0.1

/ I

0.01

I

.

.. . -. .. . .

J

1 . ... . -. . . .. .

- .

__

-~~

.

-

__

.

__

~-~~ -

.

_. ..

0 001

100

120

140

160

180

200

TEMPERATURE, "C

Table 5.16: Refluxing of DMSO and Mixtures for Shorter Periods (36) ~~

COMPOSITIONOF SAMPLE PARTS

REFLUX TEMP,"C

TIME HR.

DMSO

10 DMSO1 H,O

152

5 15

100 99.7

60 DMSO: SH,O:l NaOH

155

5 8

60 DMSO12 H,O 1 NaHCO,

131

DMSO ONLY

191

ORGANIC PRODUCT COMPOSlTlON % DMS DMDS BMTM 0 0.15

0 0

0 0.15

99.8 99.3

0.1 0.6

0.1 0.1

0 0

6 12

99.9 99.8

0.1 0.2

0 0

0 0

5 9 16

99 8 99 1 99 0

01 02 02

01

0 05 06

02 02

Table 5.17: Effect of Heating DMSO with Concentrated Acids (36) (2009 DMSO WITH 209 OF CONCENTRATED ACID) ACID

CONC.

TEMP., "C

TIME, MIN.

DMSO LEFT %

% OF DECOMPOSITION PRO DMP DMDSO' HCHO

H,SO,

36N

100

15 30 120

99 99 98

100 100 100

H,SO,

36N

125

15 150 210

86 86 80

7 7 10

93 93 90

H,PO,

85%

100

15 30 45 60 120 150

92 89 89 87 87 86

25 45 45 46 46 50

75

25 33

H3P0,

85%

125

15 60 150

84 82 82

33

HCI

12N

95

15 30 60 120

99 99 99 98

100 100 100 100

HCI

12N

115

15 30 45 60 120

93 92 87 87 87

100 100 100 100 100

55 55 54 54 50

SOME

75 67 67 ~

~p

~

(a) Dimethyl Sulfide (b) Dimethyl Disulfide

~~

SOME

Organic Sulfur Compounds

229

Table 5.18: Solubility of Organic Materials in DMSO (36)

Material Acetic acid Acetone Acrawax Acrawax B Aniline Anthracene Beeswax Benzene Benzidine Benzidine methane sulfonate Bromoethane Butenes n-Butyl acetate Butly carbitol Calcium methyl sulfonate Camphor Candelilla wax Carbon Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Carbowax 600 Carbowax 6000 Carnauba wax Castor oil Ceresin wax Chloroform Chlorosulfonic acid Citric acid Coconut oil

Solubility Grams/100 cc DMSO 20-30°C 90-100°C Miscible Miscible

<1

>1

Insol. Miscible

4

2 <1 Miscible Soluble Insol. Miscible

2.1 Miscible Miscible Soluble Soluble

Soluble


8 c1

Miscible

Material Dyes Burnt Sugar FD&C Blue Pistachio Green B 1-Eicosanol Ethyl benzoate Ethyl alcohol Ethyl bromide Ethyl ether Ethylene dichloride Formalin (37%) Formamide Formic acid Glucose Glycerine Glycine Hexane 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid Hy-Wax 120 Imidazole Isophthalic acid Isoprene Kerosene Lanolin, hydrated (Lanette 0)

Solubility GramsllOO cc DMSO 20-30°C 90-100°C

Soluble Soluble Soluble Insol Miscible Miscible Miscible Miscible Miscible Miscible Miscible Miscible

Reacts

54 Miscible .e 0.05 2.9

0.1

24

<1

80 68

76

Miscible

0.5 1 1 (gets

<1 Miscible Reacts > 70 0.3

1.3 Misc.-160"C

Miscible Cresylic acid Cumene Miscible 4.67 Cyclohexane Cyclohexene Miscible Cyclohexylamine Miscible Decalin 4.5 n-Decane 0.7 Di-n-butylamine 11 o-Dichlorobenzene Miscible p-Dichlorobenzene Very Soluble SDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 4 100 Dicyandiamide 40 Dicyclohexylamine 4.5 Diethanolamine Miscible Diethylamine Miscible Diethyl ether Miscible bis-(2~ethylhexyl)arnine0.7 Diethyl sulfide Miscible Di-isobutyl carbinol Miscible Di-isobutylene 3.3(0.6% DMSO soluble in di-isobutylene) Disopropyl ether 11 Dimethyl ether 4.4 Dimethyl formamide Miscible Dimethyl sulfide Miscible Dimethyl sulfone 33.9 Miscible Dioxane Miscible Diphenyl Very soluble Dipentene 10 Dodecanol >loo n-Dodecane 0.38 Dodecylbenzene (Neolene 400) 3. 5

cold) Lauryl amide (Armid 12) Linear alcohols Lorol5 Lubricating oil Methionine Methyl borate Methyl caprate Methyl iodide Methyl isobutyl ketone Methyl laurate Methyl mercaptan N-methyl morpholine Methyl palmitate Methyl salicylate Methyl sulfonic acid Methylene chloride Microcrystallinewax Morpholine Naphthalene Neoprene Nitrobenzene Oleic acid Ouricuri wax Oxalic acid Palmitic acid Paraffin Paraformaldehyde Paradichlorobenzene Pentaetythritol n-Pentane Pentene 1 &2 Perchloric acid Petroleum ether

10

> 20

Miscible Miscible 0.4

0.1

0.3

Miscible Miscible Miscible 7 40 (Reacts) Miscible lmmiscible

Miscible Reacts

Miscible

Misc. 130180°C

Miscible Miscible Miscible

<1 Miscible

40 Insol. Miscible Miscible

Miscible lnsd

1

38 100 Insoluble Insoluble

Slightly soluble

56

5-10 0.35 7.1

30

Reacts violently

3 (DMSO soluble 0.3-0.5% in petroleum eth-r)

i:

rltinued)

230

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 5.18: (continued)

Material Phenol Phosphoric acid Phosphorustrichloride Phthalic acid Picric acid Pyridine Pyrogallol Rosin Rosin soap (Hercules Dresinate X) Sevin Silicon tetrachloride Sorbitan sesquioleate Sorbitan trioleate Sorbitol Soybean oil Starch, soluble Stearic acid Succinic acid Sugar (sucrose) Sulfamic acid Sulfuric acid

Solubility GramsllOO cc DMSO 20-30°C 90-1WC

Material

>loo Miscible Reacts vigorously 90 Soluble Miscible 50 5 100 Slightly soluble 0.9

Tallow Tallow amide, hydrogenated (Armour Armide HT) Terephthalic acid Tetrahydrophthalic anhydride Tetralin Tetrapropylene Thiourea Toluene Toluene di-isocyanate Tributylamine Tricresyl phosphate Triethanolamine laurylsulfate Triethanolamine Triethylamine Trinitrotoluene Turpentine Urea Xylene

50 Reacts vigorously 2.5 Miscible 60 > 180 0.6 >2 2 Miscible 30 30 100 40 Miscible

Solubility Gramdl00 cc DMSO 20-30°C 90-100°C Insol.

1.9

Insol.

> 40

26

33

50 Miscible 1

40 Miscible Miscible 0.9 Miscible Soluble Miscible 10 Soluble 10 40 Miscible

85

110

Table 5.19: Solubility of Resins and Polymers in DMSO (36) Material

Solubility, GramsllOOcc DMSO 20-30°C 90-100"c Comments

Aminoplasts Melamine Formol Urea formol

Soluble Soluble

Polyacrylics Orlon (DuPont) Acrilan (Monsanto) Verel (Eastman)

>25 > 5

Creslan (Am. Cyanamid)

20

Polyimides Bismaleimide copolymers Kermid 353 (Rhone-Poulenc) Kermid 711 (Rhone-Poulenc) Polyamino bis maleimide Kermid 601(Rhone poulenc) I Polyamideimide Torlon 4203L (Amoco) Polyetherimide Ultem 100 (G.E.) Cellulose Cellulose triacetate Viscose rayon Cellophane Carboxymethyl cellulose Nitrocellulose

25 a t 130°C with some decomposition 25 at 130°C

5

Polyamides Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6 Nylon 6/10 Nylon 11 Rilsan(Elf Ato) Nylon 12 Oryasol(Elf Ato)

Viscous soh.

Insol. Insol. Insol. Insol. Insol.

40 at 130°C 25 at 150°C 40 at 150°C Soluble @ 140°C

Swells Soluble Insol. Insol. Swells 10

20 <1 Insol. Insol. 10

(continued)

Organic Sulfur Compounds

231

Table 5.19: (continued) Material Cellulose Cellulose triacetate Viscose rayon Cellophane Carboxymethyl cellulose NitrocelIulose

Solubility, Grams1100cc DMSO 20-3OoC 90-1oooc Comments 10

Chlorinated Resins Butaclor MC30 (Distugil) CM3630 (Bayer) Hypalon DH70 (DuPont)

Swells Swells Swells

Epoxies Epikote 1004 (Shell) Epon 1001 (Shell) Epon 1004 (Shell) Eoon 1007 (Shell)

Soluble 50 50 50

Fluorinated Resins Polyvinylidene floride Foraflon (Atochem) Elastomers Viton DF801 (DuPont) Viton DF809 (DuPont) Kalrez 4079 (DuPont) Teflon (DuPont)

20 <1 Insol. Insol. 10

Swells Swells Swells Insol. Insol.

Methacrylates Lucite 41,45 (DuPont) Plexiglas (Rohm & Haas)

Insol. <1

<1

PhenopI asts

Modified Novalac R7522 (Ceca) R7550 (Ceca) Norsophen Resin PH 13 KDF Chime)

Soluble Soluble Soluble

Polycarbonates Lexan (General Electric)

>5

Polyesters Dacron (DuPont)

>1

CX 1037 (Goodyear) Atlac (ICI-America) Poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) Poly(buty1ene terephthalate) Hvtrel (DuPont)

Silicones Dow Corning 803 soh. Dow Corning 805 soh. Dow Corning "Sylkyd 50" Dow Corning 26018 (flake) Sulfur Resins Polyphenylene sulfide Ryton V107 (Philips) Polyethersulfone Victrex 660P (ICI) Ultrason E3000 (BASF) Udel (Amoco) Urethanes Vithane (Goodvear) Vinyle-Polymers & Cc-polymers Butvar 8-76 (Monsanto) Formvar 7/70 E Monsanto) Elvanol 51-05 (DuPont) Elvanol 52-22 (DuPont) Elvanol 71-24 (DuPont)

Dissolves at 160°C; ppts at 130°C

7 50

Miscible Miscible Miscible 70

Swells Soluble Soluble Soluble 100

20 42 90 15 30

Very viscous Very viscous Viscous Vixous Viscous

(continued)

232

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 5.19: (continued) Solubility, Grams/100cc DMSO 20-30°C 90-1Oo"C Comments

Material Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (GAF) Geon 101 (WC Goodrich) Vinylite WHH (Union Carbide) Teslar (DuPont)

30

>loo

2

30

10 Partiallv sol. at 160-170°C

Vinylidenes Garvan (Goodrich) Saran film (Dow) Geon 200 x 20 (Goodrich) DNA (Goodrich)

5

Soh. cloudy and viscous

30 20 >5

25 at 130°C

Other Resinous Materials Melmac 405 (Am. Cyanamid) Neoprene Polyetherether ketone (PEEK) (ICI) Polyethylene Polypropylene Polystyrene Rosin (Hercules) Penton (chlorinated polyether)(Hercules) Vinsol (Hercules)

70 Insol. Insol. Insol. Insol.

lnsol Insol. Insol.

Sol. at 1SO'C; ppts at 130°C

>lo0

-

5 >loo

50

Table 5.20: Solubility of Inorganic Materials in DMSO (36) Solubility, Grams/lWcc DMSO 25Y 90-1W'C Aluminum sulfate (18HzO) Aluminum chloride Ammonium borate (3H10) Ammonium carbonate(Hz0) Ammonium chloride Ammonium chromate Ammonium dichromate' Ammonium nitrate Ammonium thiocyanate Barium nitrate Beryllium nitrate(4HzO) Bismuth trichloride Boric acid Bromine Cadmium chloride Cadmium iodide Calcium chloride Calcium dichromate(3HzO)' Calcium nitrate(4HzO) Ceric ammonium nitrate Cobaltous chloride (6HzO)

Insol. Reacts 10 1 Insol. 1 50 80 30 1 10 1 45' Reacts 20b 30 Insol. 50 30 1 30

Cupric acetate(H4) Cupric bromideb

Insol. 1

Cupric chloride(2H20) Cupric sulfate(5H3 Cuprous iodide Ferric ammonium sulfate (12H20)

Insol. <0.01 1 at 30'C

Ferric chloride(6H~O) Ferrous chloride(4Hz) Gold chloride Iodine Lead chlorideb Lead nitrate Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium dichromate(2H~O)' Lithium iodide Lithium nitrate Lithium perchlorate' Maanesium chloride(6H10)

30 30 5 >loo 10

a) 020.3'C

Insol.

20

10

Misc m.p. 86'C

6 20 150'c 27

Misc. m.p. 40°C 90 90

60

31.4 10.2 10 41.1 10 31.5 1.o

b) possible reaction

5

Solubility, GramsllOOcc DMSO 25°C 90-100°C Magnesium nitrate (6H20) Manganous chloride (4HlO) Mercuric acetate Mercuric bromide Mercuric iodide Mercuric sulfate Molybdenum bromide Nickel chloride(6HzO) Nickel nitrate (6HzO) Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium cyanide Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium nitrite Potassium perchlorate' Potassium thiocyanate Silver chloride Silver iodide Silver nitrate Sodium Sulfate Sodium azide Sodium chloride Sodium cyanide Sodium dichromate(2H~O)' Sodium hydroxide Sodium iodide Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite Sodium perchlorate' Sodium thiocyanate Stannic chloride Stannous chloride(2HzO) Strontium bromide(6H~O) Strontium chloride(2HzO) Sulfur dichloride Sulfur monochloride Tungsten hexachloride Uranyl nitrate (6HzO) Vanadium chloride Zinc acetate Zinc chloride Zinc nitrate(6H~O) Zinc sulfate

c) not recommended due t o safety considerations

40 20 100 90 100 <0.01 1

Reacts

60 60 6.5 0.2 1 0.013 20 12 2 38 20 <0.01 <0.01 130

2 20

50 180

<0.01 1.6 <1.o 0.4 10 1 12 0.035 30 20 20 24.2 1 25 40 5 10 Reacts violently Reacts violently 5 30 1 >loo 30' 55 <0.01

Organic Sulfur Compounds

233

Table 5.21: Solubility of Gases in DMSO at Atmospheric Pressure and 20°C (36) (FROM PURE GASES IN EACH CASE)

Gas Volume/ Volume of DMSO

Grams.Gasl 100 Grams Solution 2.99 2.6 4.35

Acetylene Ammonia Butadiene Butane Butylenes (mixed) Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Ethane Ethylene Ethylene oxide Freon 12 Helium Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Isobutylene Methane Nitric oxide (NO) Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxide(N02,N&) Oxygen Ozone Propane Propyne Sulfur dioxide

28.1 40.0 31.O 4.8

2.05 .05 <0.01 6.85 x lU’ .32

2.86 0.56 2.8 306.0 3.7 0.89 x 10’ 2.39~10’

60.0 1.a 1.46 x 104 1.95 x l W 0.5 (reacts) 2.5-3.0 7.92 x 10-’

0.00 2.99 x 10” Miscible (possible reaction) 6.44 x 10’ Reacts

0.6

0.049 1.a 58.2

57.4 (reacts)

Table 5.22: Solubility Parameters of Strong Solvents (36) Solvent

6,

5

4

6,

DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO) Butyrolactone Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) Dimethylformamide (DMF) N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) Propylene Carbonate Sulfolane

9.0 9.3 8.2 8.5 8.8 9.8

8.0 8.1 5.6 6.7 6.0 8.8 7.4

5.0 3.6 5.0 5.5 3.5 2.0 5.3

12.8 11.1 12.1 11.2 13.3 12.8

9.0

13.0

Table 5.23: DMSO as a Solvent Replacement (36) ReDkement Mixture

Solvents t o be Reolaced

5,

s,

Acetone

6, 7.6

5.1

3.4

Weight % 65% DMSO 35% Aromatic 150

Butyl cellosolve

7.8

2.5

6.0

10% DMSO

30% Aromatic 150 60% Isopropyl alcohol

6,

6,

s,

8.8

5.0

3.6

8.0

2.7

5.9

Butyrolactone

9.3

8.1

3.6

100% DMSO

9.0

8.0

5.0

Cellosolve

7.9

4.5

7.0

33% DMSO 67% 8utvl alcohol

8.1

4.2

7.0

Cyclohexanone

8.7

31

2.5

40% DMSO 60%,Aromatic 100

8.9

3.2

2.4

Dimethyl acetamide

8.2

5.6

5.0

67% DMSO 33% Amvl acetate

8.6

5.3

5.0

Dimethyl formamide

8.5

6.7

5.5

80% DMSO 20% 2-methyl butanol

8.6

6.6

5.4

Ethyl amyl ketone

8.0

2.5

2.1

30% DMSO 70% Aromatic 100

8.9

2.5

2.0

20% DMSO 60% Butyl alcohol 20% Amyl acetate

8.0

3.3

6.6

8.9

4.1

3.5

Ethylene glycol butyl ether acetate

8.1

2.8

6.7

lrophorone

8.1

4.0

3.6

50% DMSO 40% Aromatic 100 10% n-Butanol

Methyl ethyl Ketone

78

44

25

20% DMSO 80% MlBK

~

7.8

3.8

25

(continued)

234

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 5.23: (continued) Solvents to be Replaced

Replacement Mixture

Methylene chroride

8.9

3.1

3.0

40% DMSO 60% Aromatic 150

8.7

3.1

2.7

Nitrobenzene

9.8

4.2

2.0

45% DMSO 55% Toluene

8.9

3.6

2.6

NMP

8.8

6.0

3.5

70% DMSO 30% Aromatic 100

8.9

5.4

3.6

Pentoxone (discontinued)

7.3

4.2

2.8

50% DMSO 50% Aromatic 100

8.9

3.9

2.8

Propvlene carbonate 9.8

8.8

2.0

100% DMSO

9.0

8.0

5.0

Sulfolane

8.1

3.6

100% DMSO

3.0

8.0

5.0

9.0

Table 5.24: Hansen Solubility Parameters of Polymer Envelopes (36) Polymer

8,

6P

6,

Radius

Polymethylmethacrylate Rohm & Haas

9.1

5.1

3.7

4.2

Epoxy - "Epicote" 1001 Shell Chemical

10.0

5.9

5.6

6.2

Polystyrene BASF

10.4

2.8

2.1

6.2

Polyvinyl acetate "Mowilith" 50 Farbwerke Hoechst

10.2

5.5

4.7

6.7

Nitrocellulose 1 0 sec. H 23 A. Hagedorn

7.5

7.2

4.3

5.6

Cellulose acetate "Cellidora" A. 8ayer A.G.

91

6.2

5.4

3.7

Polyester "Desmophen" 850 A.6ayerA.G.

10.5

7.3

6.0

8.2

Polyvinyl chloride "Vipla"KR Montecatini

8.9

3.7

4.1

1.7

Table 5.25: Polymer Solvency of DMSOfletralin Mixtures (36) Polymer

Solvency'" Versus Mixture Composition DMSO, % Tetralin, %

100 0

80 20

60 40

50 50

40 60

20 80

0 100

~

Polymethylmethacrylate Rohm & Haas

42

87

99

93

80

38

ns

Epoxy- "Epicote" 1001 Shell Chemical

77

85

81

-

60

32

ns

Polystyrene BASF

ns

35

70

-

87

91

84

Polyvinyl acetate "Mowilith" 50 Farbwerke Hoechst

73

86

89

84

77

57

28

Nitrocellulose 1R sec. H 23 A. Hagedorn

67

65

65

4

ns

ns

Cellulose acetate "Cellidora A. Bayer A.G.

74

89

61

-

0

ns

ns

Polyester "Desmophen" 650 A. Bayer A.G.

85

83

14

-

57

35

5

Polyvinyl chloride "Vipla" KR Montecatini

ns

ns

ns

68

ns

ns

ns

('I

Solvency = lW[l-(AS/

RYI See appendix

equation 5 for explanation

If Solvency < 0, rating is -ns- indicating not soluble.

Organic Sulfur Compounds Table 5.26: Polymer Solvency of DMSO/MIKB Mixtures (36) ~~

Polymer

Solvency"' Versus Mixture Composition DMSO, % MIBK, %

100

80

40 60

0

20

60 40

20

0

80

100

Polymethylrnethacrylate Rohm & Haas

42

77

84

67

38

0

Epoxy - "Epicote" 1001 Shell Chemical

77

73

58

38

9

ns

Polystyrene BASF

ns

15

27

30

21

12

Polyvinyl acetate "Mowilith" 50 Farbwerke Hoechst

73

72

64

43

28

6

Cellulose acetate "Cellidora" A. Bayer A.G.

74

81

54

0

ns

ns

Polyester "Desrnophen" 850 A. Bayer A.G.

85

74

58

39

16

ns

Polyvinyl chloride "Vipla" KR Montecatini

ns

ns

ns

ns

ns

ns

NitrocelluloseIR sec. H 23 A. Hagedorn

v ' M I E K methyl isobutyl ketone

= f O O l l - ( A S / R H See appendix. equation 5 for explanaoon //Solvency < 0, rating is "ns" indicating notsoluble.

i'J Solvency

Table 5.27: Solvent Viscosities (36) Solvent

Viscosity, cps 825°C ~~

DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO) Dirnethylforrnarnide(DMF) N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP) Butyrolactone Cyclohexanone lsophorone Diacetone alcohol Propylene Carbonate Sulfolane

~

2.0 0.8 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.5

3.0 4.0

10.3@ 30°C

Table 5.28: Solvent Evaporation Times (36) Solvent DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO) Cyclohexanone Dirnethylforrnarnide(DMF) Diacetone alcohol N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP) lsophorone Butyrolactone Propylene carbonate Sulfolane

90% Evaporation Times, seconds 17,600

1,570 2,280

3,840 15,400 20,000

23,700 119,660 >1,000,000

235

236

Industrial Solvents Handbook

SULFOLANE Table 5.29: Properties of Sulfolane (4) property

Typical Value

Distillation, Range, "C, 760 mm 5% 50"/0 95% Specific Gravity, 3014°C 10014°C Flash Point, "F Freezing Point. "F Composition, vjt. % Sulfolane (Water-free) Ash Content, wt. % Water Content, wt % SO, Stability, mg SO4250 ml/hr Molecular Weight Boiling Point, "C Melting Point. "C Density, 15°C Viscosity, mPa.s ( = cP). 30°C 100°C 200°C Refractive Index, no, 30°C Heat of Fusion, kJikg' Dielectric Constant Surface Tension, 30°C mN1m ( = dynicm)

Specification

Test Method ASTM D 1078

284.8 285.2 285.6 1.264 1.201 330 79

282 Min.

99.9 0.006 0.06 4 120.17 287.3 28.5 1.276 g1cm3 10.3 2.5 1.o 1.48 11.44 43.3 35.5

99.0 Min. 0.1 Max. 0.25 Max. 20 Max

288 Max. ASTM D 891 Literature Value PPCO-6518-CH Gas Chromatography PPCO-6517-CG-1 PPC0-7505-CF ASTM D 1744 PPCO-6533-CZ Literature Value Literature Value Literature Value Literature Value Literature Value Literature Value Literalure Value Literature Value Literature Value Literature Value Literature Value

'To conwrl J to cai, divide by 4.184

This producl is also sold as Sulfolane-W, which is 3 0 wt % water added to Sulfolane, Anhydrous Phillips Chemical's Sultolane-Wmeets all specificationsfor tho SMolaiie process licensed by UOP, Inc

Table 5.30: Solubility of Sulfolane in Various Chemical Compounds (4) Chemical Compound

Temperature "C "F

Benzene Cyclohexane 2.3, Dimelhylbutane Hexene-1 Normal Hexane Perchloroethylene Toluene Mixed Xylenes

250 250 250 250 250 244 25 0 250

77 77 77 77 77 76 77 77

Grams Sulfolane/ gms Chemical

100 -

Miscible 04 03 10 03 16 Miscible Miscible

Table 5.31: Solubility of Various Chemical Compounds in Sulfolane (4) Chemical Compound Hydrogen Chloride (gas) Ethyl Mercaptan Methyl Mercaptan Methyl Mercaptan Tertiary Dodecyl Mercaptan Perchloroethylene Polystyrene Tnchlorcethylene

Temperature "C T 250 77 266 80 00 32 250 77

Grams Chemical/ 100 gms Sulfolane 9.3 Miscible Miscible 21.7'

2.0 77 76 37.5 392 0.02 76 Miscible 'Test performed at atmospheric pressure approx 34" F ahow the normal 250 244 1998 244

boiling point (42 6" F) of methyl mercaptan

Table 5.32: Thermal Stability of Suifolane (4) The tests summarizcd bclow wcrc madc with Sulfolane containing 10 mg of SO, pcr 250 ml. Phillips Test Method PPCo-6533-CZ.* Temperature "C "F 180 356 200 392 220 428 240 464

SO, (mg.) Liberated Per Hour From 250ml Sulfolane 0.6 2.8 3.3 24.1

FINDINGS: Sulfolanc has good thcrmal stability up to and including 428" F, but has a rathcr sharp dccomposition ratc beyond this tcmperaturc. Excessive tempcraturcs will cause Sulfolanc to "crack" to a dark polymcr and SO,. 'Description of test method available

on request.

Organic Sulfur Compounds Table 5.33: Comparative Freezing Point Depression (4)

Impurity Normal Butylbenzene 2-phenyl pentane Sulfolene SMethylsulfolane Water

- water mixtures

Freezing polnl curve lor Sulfolsne

Table 5.34: Specific Gravity (4)

Mol. K Impurity Roquind to Lower Fmzing Point l ° F 0.098 0.103 0.228 0.189 0.1 63

237

Monohydric Alcohols

METHANOL

Table 6.1: Physical Properties of Methanol (70)

Chemical Family

Alcohol

Chemical Formula

CH,OH

Chemical Structure

Critical Temperature, "C ("F)

240 (164)

H,-C-OH

Chemical Abstract Service Number

Critical Volume, cc/g (cu ft/lb)

3.6829 (.05899)

67-56-1

Density, Ib/gal @ 15.6"C (60°F)

6.63

Molecular Weight

32.04

Synonyms

Methyl Alcohol Carbinol Wood Alcohol

Explosive Limits, YOVolume in Air, Lower Upper Flash Point, Tag Closed Cup, "C (OF)

6.0 36.5 11 (52)

Heat of Formation, Liquid, @ 25°C K caVg mol @ 77"F, BTU/lb mol

- 57.021 - 102.6~10~

Heat of Formation, Vapor, @ 25°C K cal/g mol @ 77"F, BTU/lb mol

- 48.08 - 86.5~1 O3

Heat of Fusion, @ -97°C K caVg mol @ - 142.6"F, BTU/lb mol

16.4 29.5 1.3286

Auto Ignition Temperature, @ 760 mm Hg, "C (OF)

385 (725)

Boiling Point, @ 760 mm Hg, "C (OF)

64.7 (148.4)

Freezing Point, "C ("F)

- 97.7 ( - 143.8)

Coefficient of Expansion, per "C @ 20°C per "F @ 68°F

0.001 19 0.00066

Critical Compressibility

0.224

Critical Density, g/cc (Ib/cu ft)

0.272 (16.952)

Refractive Index, NF

81.12 (1153.95)

Solubility in Water, @ 20°C (68°F)

Critical Pressure, Kg/cm2(PSIA)

238

Completely Miscible

Monohydric Alcohols Table 6.2: Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Methanol (37) fRllZlNG WIMT 'f

YITIIANOL WT. VOL

Yo

7. 0

0 12.35 24.33 35.95 47.11 57.71 67.69 76.98 AS50 Y3.19

IO 20 30

40

so 60 70 80

vo loo ~~

100.0

BOILING POlMT 'f

fLASII POINT f ( c l o d CUP1

VISCOSITY (YllLlPOlSl SI

0%

A T VARIOUS T i M P l R A T U R l S 10% 15%

20%

32 21.7 5.9 -14.6 -39.1 -65.7 -101.2 -156.1 -1750' -171.4

212 197.2 187.3

I30

,9842

107

.Y725

IHO.0 17.1.2

94 n4

9(A),1

.W82 .%IS .Wh .Y515

,9159

.9345

169 5 165.6 161.6 157.5 153.0

.W87

,9156 .8Y.U,

-1,12.6

Im.3

76 6'4 63 58 53 49

,9999

.v(YH)

.litM19 3634 ,8374 .8102

AT VARIOUS T f Y P l R A T U R f S IS'C 4I-C 5SC

ZS'C

7.2

8.9 11.8 14.1

.8715

12.2

9.2 10.9 11.9 12.3 12.2 10.9 0.6

.8lbY

10.1

8.1

,8202 .7Yl7

7.9

6.5 4.8

15.5 15.8 15.7 14.0

5.5

5.9 7.4 8.6

9.4 97 9.7 8.8 7.8 6.7

5.5 4.1

~

VAPOR PRlSSURl (mm Ha) A T VARIOUS TlMPlRATURlS MO'C LOOT IU'C

WT

To

20.C

0 10 20

17.5 28.0 35.5 41 5 46.5 52.0 590

30 40 50 60 70

66.5

80 90

75.5 87.0 99.0

100

760 1030 1260 1450 1600 17W 1880 2020 21'40 2380

149 206

258 307 350 3W 427 462 503 557 620

2600

2700 3640 4300 47W

5200 5620 6040 6470 6970 7550 8150

WT 5% MITIIAMOL I N VAPOR AT 1.50 mm

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (CAL / S l C I C Y V C I C Y 1 A T VARIOUS TfYPlRATURfS 10% W C 10%

30%.

0

0.990

43.4 61.2 70.5 76.5 81.0 84.8 W.5 92.2

1.015

0.82 I 0.764 0.726

Y6.0 100.0

0.665 0.626

I .Ooo 0.974 0.947 0.w

SPfClflC M A T AT VARIOUS TlYPtRATURlS IO'C 80%

0.W4 1.022 1.014 0.W7 0.979 0.Y28 0.1169

1.m 1.032 1.035 1.031 1.026 0.988 0.WI

0.820 0.790 0.737 0.706

0.w5

m

m

0.886 0.m 0.826

0

-n

-ca

0

-60

-m

- Im

10

n

1

(0

Io

Io

Concentration of Methanol. %

m

5.1 6.2 7.1

7.7 7.9 7.Y 7.2 6.4 5.6 4.6 3.6

Imc 1.004 1.039 I .04Y 1.054 I .OS7 1.028

o.wo 0.%1 0.951 0.918 0.887

239

240

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.4: Density and Specific Gravity of Methanol-Water Solutions at 15°C (34)

0 e9913

I

o am

lam0 0 9*11

50 51

Y 139

00 991% 0-

51

59 Is)

0

2

0 99543

3 4

o wm

09 91s

5

099029 00 s101

I 1

I 9

0 Pay1

IO

14

0 01241 009 m 3 09 m 0 9n60

IS

o9

I6

0 91311

11

0 97231 0 910%

I2 13

ia

7

I9

096955

ZQ

0 96814 0 96671 0 96533 096392 0 96251

(0 773

51

61 nl

098632 0 wtn

55 51 51 Id 59

61m 63 in u ni am Srn

098326

60

61 893

0

61

0 99115

09lI950 0 9am

0-

II

u

51 112

$$In

09OWO

62

9651 69 601

0 91881 0 91145

63

mu1

€4

11 490

~ 0 91M2 0 91461

6

72 4 m

0 91321 o 9iim 09 1 m

66 67

sa 69

73 3b4 9 14 2 15 172 76 017

n 976 77 s b n 146 n cia

0-

70

0 96157

71

9 %6lb 0 96115 0963.34

n

'3 14

0 %IC# 00 w11 09568

0 96191 096046 00 95751

7s 16 71

a It2

7a

0 95601

n

a365

0 95518

0 %499

a, ai

34

095366 09913 09506 0944% 0 UlY

0 94918 0 W16

Iz &I 84

I

0 94510

0-

E

1

O

It

n n H

n 26 27

n

n 30 31

u 33

3)

O W 0 9231 0 9MSl

39

0-

41 (0

0 O W 093365

31

u u 44

urn

0 Ul6 0 93x1

00S I23

W

S

0 94.319

ai ad 89

0 94IU 0 93975

iia 93 912

92

94 611

0 9x81

9.3 94

95326 96 017

0928%

95

96 M1

% 91

91 3m

41

0 92-

0 92516 0 92322

W

I611

894u 90 212 90w 91 716 92 4%

90

o rum!

O

a1 a s

91

0 9x21

19

6499

s 310 w I10

0m 1

0 92815 0 mu

WOn Yao

0 33624 0 9344 0 93266

6 Y

u

m a 11 226

0 nla

s

980%

986%

99

99 1 1

io0

Irn m,

Monohydric Alcohols Table 6.5: Density and Specific Gravity of Methanol-Water Solutions at 30°C (34)

Sf&& Dens

Metknd %by %by Weight Vdum

SPeCl&

Densty.

5br2i

0.W 0.W 0.9043 0.9021

0 9123 0.9103 0.9082

0.8999

0 9@38

0.8977 0.8955 0.8932 0.8910 0.8887

0.9016 0.8994 0 8971

0.W

0.8902 0.8880 0.M7 0.8814 0 @all

0 9957

$3i 1 .oooo

M

58089

5 057

0 9939 0 9921 09903 0 9886

0.9982 0.W 0.9946 0.9929

51 52 53 54

59 121 €4 140 61 148 62 149

5 6 7 8 9

6 310 7 559 8 802 10 042 11 278

0 9868 0 9850 0 9832 0 9815 0 9798

0.9911 0.9893 0.9874 0.9857 0.9840

55 56 57 58 59

63 146

IO

12 511 13 738 I4 962 16 182 I7 398

0 9782 0 9765 0 9749 0 9733

0.9824 0.9807 0.9791 0.9775 0.9759

60

68 019 Ea 981 69 929 70 872 71 809

0.8812 0.8819 0.8796 0.8773

18 610 19 820 21 024 22 224 23 420

0 9701

09686 0 9670 0 9654

69

72 7U 73 656 74 566 75 471 76 369

0.8749 0.8726 0.8702 0.8678 0 8654

20 21 22 23 24

24 612 25 799 26 983 28 152

0 9622 09606 0 9590 0 9574 0 9558

70 71 72 73 74

77 261 78 146 79 017 79 881 80 729

0.8630 0.8606 0.8581 0.8556 0.853

0m7

25 26 27 28 23

30 509 31 676

0 9542 0 9510 0 9494 0 9477

75 76 77

0.8480 0.8154 0.8129

0.8542 0.8517 0.8491

18

81 580 82 425 83 253 84 085

0.8%

32 839 33 998 35 149

0.9583 0.9567 0.9551 0.9535 0.9518

79

84wo

0.W

0.8439

36% 31 439 38 577 39 706

0 94€4 0 3443

0.9501

80

0.9484 0.9467 0.9449 0.9431

81 82

85 719 86 522 87 317 88 095 88 867

0 8378 0.839 0.8326

0.W

0.9412 0.9394 0.9376 0.9358 0.9340

85

89 631 90 389 91 139 91 883 92 603

0.8245

30/4sE.

0 1

2 3 4

11

12 13 14 15 16

17 18

19

M 31 32 33

Oax, 1271 2 538 3800

B33a

0 9717

0 9638

o 9526

0 9426 09404 0 9390

34

10 E31

35 36 37 38 39

41 952 13 067 U 179 45 285 46 387

0 9372 0 9354 0 9336

40 41 42 43

47 479 48 572 49 654 50 732 51 805

0 9281 0 9263

52 867 53 925 54 977 56 cQ4 57 059

0 9186 0 9166

U 45 46

47 49 48

0 9318 0 9Mo

0 92U 0 9225 0 9206

0 9146 0 9126 0 9105

0.9743 0.9728 0.9712 0.96% 0.9680 0.W

0.9647 0.Wl

0.9615 0.9599

0.9321 0.9303 0.9284 0.9265 0.9246 0.9226 o.9zm 0.9185 0.9165

0.91u

61 62 63 €4

65 66

67 Ea

83 84 86 8J 88 89 90 91

64 136

65 114 66 093 67 059

93 327

92 93 94

9403 94 7M 95 415 96080

95

96 737

96

97 m

3014'C

0.8299

0.8272 0.8218

0.W

0.8948 0 8925

0.8787 0.8764 0.8710

0.8715 0.8691 0.8643 0.8618

0.8593 0.8567

0.8465 0.8114

0 . 0 0.8335 0.8308 0.82aI 0.m

0.8191 0.8164 0.8136

0.8226 0.11199

0.811 0 . m 0.8051

o.nu

0.8171 0.8115 0.0.8057

0.8022 0.7992

0.8021

0.7962 0.7933

0.79% 0.717

91

98w

0.7W

0.1931

98 99

98302 99 355

0.m

1w

Iw ax,

0.7871 0.7847 0 7819

0.7a1 0.71153

241

242

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.6: Resultant Volume When Methanol and Water are Mixed (37)

Table 6.7: Solubility of Methanol In Gasoline from 15" to 30°C (37)

Y

METHANOL. P E R CENT

Monohydric Alcohols

243

Table 6.8: Llquid Density of Methanol (70) Temperature, "F

- 200

- 100

0

100

200

300

500

400

600

1.o

08 0.8

06

$ 0,

2

0.6

0.2

0.2

0

0 -160

-120

-80

0

-40

40

80

120

200

160

240

280

320

Temperature, "C

Table 6.9: Liquid Heat Capacity of Methanol (70)

Temperature, "F

- 200

- 100

0

100

200

300

500

400

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

-.

1.0

1.o

-0

0.8

0.8

Oa Y

(J)

5

.-s

i

a

1

--. P

2

8

L

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

-160

-120

-80

-40

0

40

80

Temperature. "C

120

160

200

240

280

244

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.10: Vapor Heat Capacity of Methanol (70) Temperature, O F

0

200

400

800

600

1,200

1,000

1.800

1,600

1,400

0.9

0.9

08

0.8

0.7

0.7

c

Y

13r

Z V m

0.6

3 t-

-m

m

0.5

05

0.4

0.4

0.3 -

0.3 100

0

100

200

400

300

500 Temperature, "C

600

800

700

900

1,000

Table 6.11: Heat of Vaporization of Methanol (70) Temperature, "F

- 200

- 100

0

300

200

100

500

400

600

350

600 300

500 01 250 -. 0 m

400

.-2 K-

200

O .-

I

150

200

100

50

0

0

-160

-120

-80

-40

0

40

80 Temperature, "C

120

160

200

240

280

320

Monohydric Alcohols

245

Table 6.12: Surface Tension of Methanol (70)

c

Table 6.13: Liquid Thermal Conductivity of Methanol (70) Temperature, "F

- 200

0

- 100

100

300

200

500

400

6 x 10.'

0.14 0.12

0.10

0.08

0.04 ixio-'

0.02

3

0

0 -120

-80

-40

0

40

80 Temperature, "C

120

160

200

240

280

-

F g

246

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.14: Vapor Thermal Conductivity of Methanol (70) 200

0

400

Temperature, "F 800 1,000

600

1,200

1.600

1,400

1,800

3x10 '

0 07

E-- 2 5 x 1 0

0 06

--.. In

0 05

m0

(j 2 x 1 0 Y

004

.> .-

5

15x10'

U

003

C

1x10

a

0 02

f

E

>"

f . . 2

-00

g

*-

1

5. L

05x10'

0 01

0

- 100

0

100

200

300

400 500 Temperature, "C

600

700

800

900

0 1,000

Table 6.15: Vapor Pressure of Methanol (70) Temperature, "F

- 100

0

100

200

300

400

500

-200

-100

0 - 1

I

-

lff

I"

16

lo-'

I"

2

E E

E E

2

g

w E

B

c 102

10-3

g a

u)

-

10

1

10-' -100

a

0

100

200 Temperature, "C

300

-150

-100

-50

0

5

10.'

10-5

3

Monohydric Alcohols

247

Table 6.16: Vapor Viscosity of Methanol (70) Temperature, "F

0

400

200

500

800

1,000

1.200

1.400

1,600

1,800

350

300

20x10

.-3

8 250

e

0 .-

2

-

15x

E

200

5x

50 - 100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

900

800

1,000

Temperature, "C

Table 6.17: Liquid Viscosity of Methanol (70) Temperature, "F

- 100

0

200

100

300

600

500

400

60

3.0

50

2.5 $

v) Q)

'R E

.-

8

2

2.0

40

.E

s 1

0.5

10

0

0 -120

-80

-40

0

40

80

120

Temperature. "C

160

200

240

280

320

248

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Y

c

. n. , .c .

m

*

s

~ c a r - r n

m

9

L. 0

c

k Q

Q h

r 4

u m

a

c

?

ln

9

d

ln

0

c

u

m

W

3

. u

-N0 l 1n

2;

5 ;

-h uC

c u U

2 b

s

3, G O

e r

;s

W E

m m m m

w

:

u

3

0 a

u

c

5 5 x

w

u

x 0

v 2 . 2u.

-

2 % 5 5

2 2

Monohydric Alcohols

249

ETHYL ALCOHOL Table 6.19: Physical Properties of Anhydrous Ethyl Alcohol (37) Acidity as acetic acid

0.0015% by

Boiling point at 760 mm Hg 4 d p at 760 mm Hg

78.32.C 0.0334*C/mm Hg

Coefficient of cubical expansion

0.00060 per

Color, R - C o s c a l e

10 max.

Critical p r e s s u r e

6 3 . 1 atm

Critical temperature

243. I'C

Density at 25'C

0 . 7 8 5 1 g/ml

fi x

1'F

Latent heat of fusion

24.9 cal/g

Latent heat of vaporization at 78.3.C

204.3 cal/g

M(5C Melting point

1000 ppm in a i r

MoleculAr weight

46.07

Non-volatile m a t t e r

Not more than 0.0025

-114.4.C

gram when 100 ml a r e evaporated and heated t o constant weight at IOO'C t o 110'C

25.7

Dielectric constant at ZO'C Dapole moment.

wt. m i x .

1 . 7 0 ~

IO"

cm-'

Electrical conductivity a t L5'C

1 . 3 5 x IO-'

Explosive range

3.L8

f i r e hazard

Dangerous when exposed t o heat or flame

Flash point. T a g open cup F r e e energy of formation.

61'F

AF. at 2S.C

- 19%

ohm"

At least 2 5 minutes permanganate time at 15'C

Reducing I ubs tances

Refractive index at L5.C.

1.3596

nD

-40.1 kcal/mole

Specific gravity at 15.56'C ( 60/60*F) Specific haat at 20.C

0.7937 0.61 cal/g

Freezing poht Heat capacity. Cp. Liquid at ZS'C Cp. Vapor.90'C.l atm Cv. Vapor.90.C.l atm

-114.l.C

Specific tension at 25'C

2 2 . 1 dynes/cm

0.581 cal/g

T h e r m a l conductivity, k. at b8.F

0.105 (Btu) ( f t ) (sqft) ( O F )

Toxic it y

Heat of combustion

328 k c d / m o l e

Heat of formation. Liquid. AH at 25'C Heat of solution in Water at 13'C

Moderately toxic by ingestion .nd i n haletion

-64.7 kcal/mole

Vapor p r e s s u r e a t 2O.C

44.0 m m Hg

2.54 kcal/mole solute

Viscosity at 2O.C

1 . 2 2 contipoises

Weight p e r gallon at 2O'C

6.61 Ibs

Heat of solution of Water in Ethyl Alcohol, mole fraction of Water 0.640 at 77'C 0.843 at 79.2.C

0.406 c a l / ( g ) ( * C ) 0.359 c a l / ( g ) ( ' C )

-0.018

-0,038

Table 6.20: Physical Properties of 95% Ethanol (37) Acidity

as

acetic acM

Color. Pt-co scale

Distillatim ramie at 160 mm Hg Non-volrtila matter

0 . 0 0 2 5 l j l 0 0 m l . ma.. 10 mu. 77-C

- 80-c

N d more than 0.0025 gram wlva 100 ml a r e waporued .Dd

heated to coytni weigN at IW'C to 110.C

Permsn#uute time Reducing s u b t u x e s

30 minutes. min.

At h a s t 25 minutee p ? l n M g ~ U tC. h

.

at 15.C

Relative svaporuion rate. n-Butyl Acetate = 100 Specific gravity at 15.56 (60/60'r) Welght p r idlam at 20.C

230 0.8160

6.16 Ibs

Tablo 6.21: Properties and Specifications of Ethyl Alcohol (30) Sp8cnlcrtionr

Twbl Roarrbkr Unltr

19fP

2000

TedMsthcd

ullib

Ethyl Alcohol, mlnlmum strength .............vel X ......95 .............99.9 ..........IRS Gauging

Manual

AddnyasAcetic Acid,maximum .................d100ml .0.0025 ......0.0025 ......ASTMD1613 Non-Vowlle Matter, maxlmum ..............~/I00ml.0.0025 ......0.0025 ......ASTM D 1353

m-rm. n?inhum

..........................

minutes...W .............30 .............Quantum test

Specific GraVnyO60°F (15.56%). maximum .........................

0.816 ........0.794 ........ASTM D 891

Cdor,maxlmum .................. PtCo ......10 ............. 10 ............. ASTMD1209 Odor .................................... Fme fnnn tordpn odors ................Organoleptic

1w"

m 78.4 173.1

pa 4:............................................... 0.0011 ......0.0011 PStT ................................................ o.oO062 .....o.ooo62 MPOM ....21 18 ASTM D 1310 ... (Tag Own CUP) ....69 65 ASTM D 56 ........................ "c ........... 17 ............. 14 (Tag Closed Cup) ............... ......... 62 ............. 57 Weight per Gallon @ 60"F (15.56 4;) ................ lbs .......... 6.794 ........6.610 water WbiTi.................... soluble in all pmpoctiom OF...

250

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.22: Conversion Table-Weight Mixtures (30)

and Volume Percent of Ethyl Alcohol in Ethyl Alcohol-Water

% % Alcohol By Yo Alcohol '10 Alcohol Volume to be to be By By at 60F Converted Weight Converted Weight

BY

Volume at 60°F 1257 2 510 3 758 5 002 6 243

Oh

1 2 3 4 5

0795 1593 2392 3 194 3998

I

%

%

70

Alcohol

31 555 32719 33879 35033 36181

26 27 28 29 30

Oh llcohol % Alcohol BY to be ilolume BY at 60°F Converted Weight

21 285 22 127 22 973 23820 24 670

58.844 59.852 60.854 61 ,850 62.837

51 52 53 54 56

55

76 77 78 79 80

68.982 70.102 71.234 72.375 73.526

86.275 87 083 87.885 88 678 89.464

81 82 a3 84 85

74.686 75.858 77039 7a.233 79.441

90.240 91.008 91.766 92.517 93.254

86 87 88 89 90

80.662 8 i . a ~ 83.144 84.408 85.689

93.982 95.407 96.103 96.787

91 92 93 94 95

86.989 88.310 89.652 91.025 92.423

97.459 98.117 98.759 99.386 _ _ ... 00.000

96 97 98 99 100

93.851 95.315 96.820 98.381 100.000

31 32 33 34 35

25.524 26.382 27.242 28.104 28.971

.. .~

.~

67.690

60

48.214 49.187 50.167 51.154 52.147

8.862 9.679 10.497 11.317 12.138

42.944 44.050 45.149 46.242 47.328

36 37 38 .. 39 40

29.842 30.717 31.596 32.478 33.364

68.641 69.586 70.523 71.455 72.380

61 62 63 64 65

53.146 54.152 55 165 .56.184 57.208

16 17 18 19 20

12.961 13.786 14.612 15.440 16.269

48.407 49.480 50.545 51.605 52.658

41 42 43 44 45

34.254 35.150 36.050 36.955 37.865

73.299 74.211 75.117 76.016 76.909

66 67 68 69 70

58.241 59.279 60.325 61.379 62.44 1

21 22 23 24 25

17.100 17.933 18.768 19.604 20443

53.705 54.746 55.780 56.808 57830

46 47 48 49 50

38.778 39.697 40.622 41.551 42487

77.794 78.672 79.544 80.410 81.269

71 72 73 74 75

63.51 1 64.588 65.674

4804 5.612 6.422 7.234 8.047

13.613 14.832 16.047 17.259 18.469

11 12 13 14 15

19.676 20.880 22.081 23.278 24.472 25.662 26.849 28.032 29.210 -_ - . 30.388

II

values from TaMes 5 and 6. Bureau of Standards Circular No 19

__

__

fifi 7fiR

67.870

94.700

.

Table 6.23: Index of Refraction of Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures at 60°F (30)

0 10 20

2

30

< I 40

6

50

?!

60

5

70

3

p

<

C

80

90

100 1332 1335

1340

1345

1350

1355

INDEX OF REFRACTION ND Dale from International Crilical Tables

1360

%

Alcohol ilolume to be By at 60°F Converted Waght Oh

82.121 82.967 83.805 84.636 85.459

37323 38.459 39.590 40.716 41.832

6 7 8 9 10

BY

43.428 44.374 45.326 46.283 47.245

63.820

7.479 8.712 9.943 11.169 12.393

llcohol

1365

m

Monohydric Alcohols 251

252

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.27: Permanganate Time Test (30)

110

100

M

80

?

70

f-

60

111

I

w

$52 0 7 .

5 L

40

30 20

10

0

CONCENTRATION V N W

M IN 190 PAOOF U S I ALCOHOL

Ref U S lnduslrial Chemicals Company, Tuscola. IL

Table 6.28: Freezing Points of Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures (30)

0

30

20

10

Ethyl Alcohol % by Volume at 60°F 40 50 60 70

90

80

100

20

0 - 20 - 40

-50

2 ?

6o

5 -70 -80

1

I

Ethyl Alcohol %bywt. 25 48 68 11 3

EE!? -1

33 8

- 2

39 0 46 3 56 1 68 75

3

5 61

13 8

- 87 - 94

-106 12 2 14

110 29 9

-120

0

10

Ethyl Alcohol Yeby wt.

16 18 9 20

-60

2 -80

5

m

-100 $i - 120

80

-140

83 5 89 5

- 160

93 5 96

100 30

2;D'

-180 40

50

60

70

Ethyl Alcohol, % by Weigh1 lberl Mellan 'Industrial Sokenis Handbook' 2nd Ed Noyes Data Corporation (1977)

80

90

100

Monohydric Alcohols 253

254 0

-

C

0

-2 m

5 W (ID

0

r

C 0

0

U

I

-a (ID

cn a

a 0 al

z 0

r

al

m

U

I 0

al

0

r

n

..

r

v)

r? (0

al

n

z

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Monohydric Alcohols Table 6.33: Latent Heat of Vaporization of Ethyl Alcohol (34)

Table 6.34: Heat Capacity of Ethyl Alcohol at Various Temperatures (30)

255

2.56

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.35: Volumetric Equivalents (30)

The following table will be helpful in the preparation of reports showing disposition of 190 proof and anhydrous (200 proof) tax-free and specially denatured alcohol. Fluid Ounces

Milliliters

1 1

2

1

3

Wine Gallons

0.008

30.

I I

I I

59. 89.

,016 .023

Tl 1 I I

Proof Gallons 200 proof

190 proof

0.015 ,030 ,045

1

0.016

I 1

,031

I

,047

I

4

118.

,031

,059

,062

5

148.

.039

,074

,078

1

6

1

7

I I I I

I

I

1

177.

I

207.

1

~

,047

I

,055

1

8

237.

,063

,088

I

.094

I

,103

1

,109

I

I

,156

.119

9

266.

,070

,134

10

296.

,078

,149

11

325.

,086

,164

.172

12

355.

.094

,179

,187

13

385.

,102

,194

,203

14

414.

.lo9

.209

,218

15 16 (1 Dint) 32(1 quart) ~(2auarts)

1 I I I

96 128 (1 U.S. gallon)

1 1 I I

444. 473. 946. 1892

,117 ,125 250 ,500

I 1 I I

,238

I I

.475

I

,950

I

,224

I .250 I ,500 I 1.000 I ,234

2839

,750

1.425

1.500

3785

1.000

1.900

2.000

5.000

9.500

10.000

30.000

57.000

60.000

54.000

102.600

108.000

55.000

104.500

110.000

Table 6.36: Ethyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures (30)

Corresponding values for proof, parts by vo ume of water and alcohol, weight Q alcohol and specific gravity in air. PARTS BY VOLUME ' OF

US. PROOF degrees at 60°F

I

0

5

WATER

I

100.00

97 65

WEIGHT % ETHYL ALCOHOL

ETHYL ALCOHOL

I

0.0

2.5

I

0.00

1.99

at 60°/600F-(15.56"/15.560~)

I

1.0000

.9963

SPECIFIC GRAVITY fIt68"/WF (20"/20"C)

I

1.0000

at 7 P I T F (25725°C)

I

1.0000

,9978

,9978

,9970

.9970

I

,9963

'The Parts by volume of water and the parts by volume of ethyl alcohol do not add to unity (100) at any one proof reading, because of the shrinkage in volume whch occurs When ethyl alcohol and water are mixed The parts by vdume of ethyl alcohol are the same aspercent by vdume of ethyl alcohol used to determineproof fortax purposes Ethyl alcohol proof, by legal definition. IS twice the percent by volume

(continued)

Monohydric Alcohols

257

Table 6.36: (continued)

PARTS BY VOLUME* OF

U.S. PROOF degrees at 609

I

I

6

WATER

1

I

97.18 96.71 96.24

ETHYL ALCOHOL

1

1

3.0

X:

SPECIFIC GRAVITY _ _ ~ at W I W F (20"120"C)

WEIGHT Yo ETHYL ALCOHOL

I 1

2.39

at 7pln"F (25"125"C)

at W160"F (15.56115.~~)

1

,9956

I

,9956

1

,9956

2.79

,9949

.9949

,9948

3.19

,9942

,9942

,9941

I

3.60 4.00 4.40 4.80 5.21 5.61 6.02 6.42 6.83 7.23 7 64

'The parts by volume of water and the parts by volume of ethyl alcohol do not add to unity (100) at any one proof reading. because of the shnnkage in volume which occurs when ethyl alcohol and water are mixed. The paas by volume of ethyl alcohol are the same as percent by volume of ethyl alcohol used lo determine proof for tax purposes. Ethyl alcohol proof, by legal definition. is twice the percent by volume.

(continued)

258

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.36: (continued)

U.S. PROOF degrees

at 60°F

I

46

PARTS BY VOLUME* OF -__

WATER

I

79.03

WEIGHT '10 __ SPECIFIC GRAVITY ETHYL at 60160°F at WIWF ALCOHOL (15.56"/15.56"C) (20120°C)

-

ETHYL ALCOHOL

I

23.0

I

25 0

76 79

I I

53

I

54

52

I I I

76.34 75.89 75.44

25 5

I I I

I

21.28

26.5

I

21.71

27.0

I

22.13

,9692 ,9687

9691

1 I I

,9681

22.55

,9686 ,9680 ,9674

9679

I I I

,9673 ,9667 ,9661

.9662

.9648

,9656

,9642

73.62

29.0

23.82

,9664

,9650

71.81

31 .O 31.5

I I

67

1 I

69.51 69.05

1 I

34.0

33.5

68.59

34.5

68.12

35.0

67.66

I

I

63.90

1 3 p

37.5

,9609

25.95

,9602

28.10

I I

,9629

I

,9613

I

,9595

,9610

I I

.9593

I I

,9567

,9604

29.41

9 % : ;

I

30 72 31.16

,9584

1 1

,9574

,9565

,9552

I

,9544

9557

9537

9570

9550

9529

,9555

9542

I

,9535

I

952 1

I

,9513

38 0

31 60

9548

9527

9505

32 04

9540

9519

9497

39.0

32.48

,9533

,9512

,9489

39.5

32.92

41.5

I I

,9559 .9572 ,9579

9576

9562

I

,9586

38 5

62.47

61.99

.9626 ,9619

28.97

I

-4I

,9641

28.54 ___-

I

,9635

,9635

27.67

1 I

37 0

66 25 65.78

35.5

I

I

25.52

-.___--.

I I I

,9654

,9668

,9676

32.0

83

,9697

9686

,9670

I

I

9692

9703

1 I 1

I

---

9697

22.97

713 5

75

9713

,9710

23.40

70.89

I

I

28.0

I

I

,9720

28.5

64

71

I

74.08

I

I

,9729

9708

20 86

26.0

27.5

68

I

20 02 _ _ 20 44

77 69 77 24

18.77

at r p l 7 P F (25"/25"C)

,9525

,9504

,9481

,9517

,9496

9473

,9509

,9488

9464

34.25

,9501

,9479

,9456

34.70

,9493

,9471

9447

I

Monohydric Alcohols

259

Table 6.36:(continued)

degr-8

WATER

at 60°F

I I

84

85

I

WEIGHT % ETHYL ALCOHOL

PARTS BY VOLUME' OF

U.S. PROOF

ETHYL ALCOHOL

I

61.52 61.04

42.5

60.56

43.0

60.08

88

43.5

1

59.59

1 !: 1

I I

42.0

1

58 63

35.60

I I

36.05 __

1

44.0

5911 58 14

35.15

SPECIFIC GRAVITY at W I W F (15.56"115.56"C) (20"/20"C) at 60"/60"F

1

:t: 45 5

36.50

I

,9485 ,9477

,9454

,9469

,9446

9421

,9437

941 2

,9460

I

36.96

,9452

3741

9443

37 86

9434

941 0

38 32

9426

9402

39.70

,9399

40.16

,9389

94

56.68

47.0

95

56.19

47.5

96

55.70

48.0

40.62

.9380

97

55.21

48.5

41.09

,9371

-

at 7Tl7?T 125"/25"C)

,9338 ,9328 ,9345

,9319

98

54.72

49.0

41.55

,9361

,9336

,9309

99

5422

49.5

42.02

,9352

,9326

,9299

100

53.73

50.0

42.49

.9342

,9316

,9289

101

53.24

50.5

42.96

.9332

,9306

,9279

102

52.74

51 .O

43.43

,9322

,9296

,9269

105

51.25

52.5

44.85

,9292

,9266

,9238

106

50.75

53.0_ _ ~ _ _

45.33

,9282

,9256

.9228

107

50.26

53.5

45.80

,9272

108

49.76

54 0

46.28

,9262

109

49.26

54.5

46.76

,9252

~

,9217 ,9207

.9225

,9196

110

48.76

55.0

47.24

,9241

,9214

,9185

111

48.25

__ 55.5 56.0

47.73

.9230

,9204

,9175

48.21

,9220

,9193

48.70

,9210

,9182

-

~

112

47.75

t :::::

-

.-.

..

___

117 118

-

49.19

,9199

.9171

49.68

,9188

,9161

50.17

,9177

,9150 .9139 ,9128

45.23

58.5

50.66

.9166

44.72

59.0

51.15

,9156

,9142

,9098

119

44.22

59.5

51.65

,9144

,9116

,9087

120

43.71

60.0

52.15

,9133

,9105

,9076

121

43.20

60.5

52.65

,9122

,9094

,9064

122

42.69

61 .O

53.15

,9111

,9083

,9053

260

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.36:(continued)

PARTS BY VOLUME* OF

US. PROOF degrees at 6 0 F

WATER

123

42 18

ETHYL ALCOHOL

WEIGHT O/o ETHYL ALCOHOL

at 60 /60"F (15.56/15.56C)

61 5

53 65

9100

-

SPECIFIC GRAVITY at 68'/68"F (20/20C)

at 77177°F (25'/25"C)

907 1

904 1

,8971 .~

__-.

38.08

65.5

37.57

66.0

l*Gd

~

.9007

58.24

,8996

5876

8984

59 28

8972

8942

8912

8911

8882

8850

---I 1

66 5 670

-__

139

33 95

69 5

29 76 ____ .- _ 29 24 _ - _-__ ~ 28 71

- __

149 150

65 67

73 5 - _ _ - -_74 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ 74 5

-

-

28 19

75 0

151

27 66

75 5

152

27 13

76 0

__

-~

153 26 60 76 5 ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ __ _ _ 154 26 07 77 0

_______

155

1

156

25.01

I

_

66 77

~.

_..

67 32 67 87

8771

68 43

8758

68 98

8745

-

69 54 _ _ _ _ 70 10

_

8823 __ 8810 -__ 8797 - __ - _ 8784

-

77 5

I

78.0

8924

I

__ -___8793 ______ --_ 8754 ___ _ 874 1 ___ 8728

-~

8709

8715

8732 _____ 8718

8702 ____ 8688

8669 8655

8674

8642

_______._________________

25 54

I

8954

.a836

73 0 -

147 ____ 148

I

,8936

.a848

72.5 30 29

,8978 ,8966

__

61 91

72.0

146

,8948

57.72

70 67

I

71.23

8705

I

,8691

I

,8661

I

,8628

24.47

78.5

71.80

,8678

,8647

8614

23.94

79.0

72.38

,8664

,8633

,8600

159

23.40

79 5

72.95

,8650

,8620

,8586

160

22 87

80 0

73 53

8636

8606

8572

161

22 33

80 5

74 11

8622

8592

8558

I

Monohydric Alcohols

261

Table 6.36:(continued)

-

U.S. PROOF degrees at 604

WATER

162

21.80

163

21.26

178

13.05

179

12.49 ____ 11.93

PARTS BY VOLUME* OF

180

~

11.37 ___ 10.80

181 182

I

at 6O0/6O"F (15.56115.5WC)

81 .o

74.69

,8608

81.5

75.27

89.0

84.41

.E369

.a337

,8303

85.05

,8353

,8321

,8287

85.69

,8336

,8305

.E271

ETHYL ALCOHOL

1

I

I

._____

89.5 _____ 90.0

SPECIFIC GRAVITY at W / W F (2Oo/20"C)

90.5 91 .o

-___

8544

__-

86.34

,8320

.E288

,8254

86.99

,8303

.E271

,8237

87.65

,8286

,8254

3220

-

91.5

_

.E577

at TI"/TI"F (25"/25"C)

,8563

~.______-.-~--

____

--_-

10.24 _ _ 9.67

183 ~ _ 184

WEIGHT % ETHYL ALCOHOL

92.0

88 31

,8268

,8237

,8203

185

9.09

92.5

88.98

,8251

,8219

,8185

186

8.52

93 0

89.65

8233

,8201

,8167

7978

7944

197

_

I

1.93

1

.

98.5

~

-

~

__

100 00

____.

7955

7921

7962

7930

7896

7936

7905

7871

U S Departmentof Commerce STANDARD DENSITY AN@VOLUMETRIC TABLES CIRCULAR OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS NO 19 (Washington U S Governmenl Printing O(flce 1924) pp 8 9 8 I 8 U S Treasury Department GAUGING MANUAL EMBRACING INSTRUCTIONS AND TABLES FOR DETERMINING THE OUANTITY OF DISTILLED SPIRITS BY PROOF AND WEIGHT (Washington U S Governmenl Printing Office 1970) Spenftc Gravity at 2 0 20 C arid 25 25°C from Table 52 003 OFFICIAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS Twelnh Edltlon 1975 'The Parts by VOlUme 01 waler and the parts by volume of ethyl alcohol do not add to unity ~1001jl any one proof reddlng because 01 Ihe shrinkage In volume which occurs when ethyl alcohol and water are mixed The pans by volume of ethyl alcohol are the same as percent by volume of elhyl alcohol used IO determine proof for tax purposs Ethyl alcohol proof by legal dellnilon IS twice the percent by volume

262

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Monohydric Alcohols Table 6.38: Authorized Denaturants for SDA 386 (30)

The properties of SDA 38B are a s diverse as are the denaturants used in this formula and the products formulated with it. The authorized composition of SDA 38B requires that 10 pounds of any one, or a total of 10 pounds of two or more, of the oils and substances listed below are t o be added to 100 gallons of alcohol. The authorized denaturants include: Anethole, U.S.P. Anise oil, U.S.P. Bay oil (myrcia oil), N.F. Benzaldehyde, N.F. Bergamot oil, N.F. Bitter Almond oil, N.F. Camphor, U.S.P. Cedar leaf oil, U.S.P. XI11 Chlorothymol, N.F. Cinnamic Aldehyde, N.F. IX Cinnamon oil (Cassia oil), U.S.P. Citronella oil, Natural Clove oil, U.S.P. Coal tar, U.S.P. Eucalyptol, U. S.P. Eucalyptus oil, N.F. Eugenol, U.S.P. Guaiacol, N.F. Lavender oil, N.F. Menthol, U.S.P. Mustard oil, volatile (allyl isothiocyanate) U.S.P. Peppermint oil, U.S.P. Phenol, U.S.P. Phenyl salicylate (Salol), N. F. Pine oil, N. F. Pine needle oil, dwarf, N.F. Rosemary oil, N. F. Spearmint oil, N.F. Spearmint oil, terpeneless Spike lavender oil, natural Storax, U.S.P. Thyme oil, N.F. Thymol, N.F. Tolu balsam, U.S.P. Turpentine oil, N.F. Wintergreen oil (methyl salicylate) U.S.P. Because of the virtually infinite number of authorized denaturants and denaturant combinations, only a typical set of properties for SDA 38B have been listed

277

278

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.39: Denaturants Authorized for Completely Denatured Alcohol (CDA) and Specially Denatured Alcohol (SDA) (30) DENATURANT

USED IN

Acetaldehyde Acetone N F Acetaldol Almond oil, bitter N F Ammonia. aqueous Anethole U S P Anise oil U S P Bay oil (myrcia oil) N F Benzaldehyde N F Benzene Bergamot oil N F Bone oil (apples oil) Bonc acid U S P Brucine alkaloid Brucine sulfale N F IX n-Butyl alcohol ten-Butyl alcohol

S.D.A 29 S.D.A. 23A; 23-H C.D.A. 18 S.D.A. 38-8 S.D.A. 36 S.D.A. 38-8 S.D.A 38-8 S.D.A. 23-F; 38-8, 39-D S.D.A. 38-8 S.D.A. 2-8; 2-C. 12-A S D A. 23-F; 38-8 S.DA 17 S.D.A. 38-F S.D.A. 40 S D.A. 40 S D A 44 S D A 39. 39-A 39-8. 40,40-A. 40-8 40-C

Camphor U.S.P. Caustic soda, liquid Cedar leaf oil U.S.P. Xlll Chloroform Chlorothymol N.F. Cinchonidine Cinchonidine sulfate N.F. IX Cinnamic aldehyde (cinnamaldehyde) N.F. IX Cinnamon oil (cassia oil) U.S.P. Citronella oil, natural Clove oil U.S.P. Coal tar U.S.P. Denatonium benzoate N F. (Bitrex) Diethyl phthalate Ethvl acetate Ethyl ether Eucalyptol U.S.P. Eucalvotus oil N.F Eugeibl U S.P. Formaldehyde solution U.S.P. Gasoline Glycerol U S P Guaiacol N F Iodine U S P Kerosene Lavender oil U.S.P. Menthol U.S.P. Mercuric iodide, red N.F. Methyl alcohol Methylene blue N.F.

S D.A 27, 27-A. 38-8 S.D A. 36 S.D.A. 38-8 S.D.A. 20 S.D.A. 38-8; 38-F S.D.A. 39-A S.D.A. 39-A S.D.A. 38-8 S.D.A. 38-8 S.D.A. 38-8 S.D.A. 27-A; 38-0 S.D.A. 38-8 S.D.A. 1.40-8 S.D.A. 39-8; 39-C S.D A. 29: 35. 35-A S D A 13-A. 19 32 S D A 37,38-8 S D A 38-8 S.D.A 38-8 S.D.A. 22; 38-C; 38-D

C D A 18. 19. 20, S D A 28-A S D A 31-A S D A 38-8

S D A 25 25-A C.D.A. 18; 19: 20 S.D A. 27-8; 38-8

S.D.A 37; 38-8; 38-C; 38-D; 38-F S.D.A. 42 S.D.A. 3-A; 30 S.D.A. 4

DENATURANT

USED IN

Methyl isobutyl ketone C D A 1 8 . 1 9 , S D A 1 , S D A 23-H Methyl normal-butyl ketone C D A 18,19,SDA 1 Methyl violet (methylrosaniline chloride) S D A 33 S D A 33 Methyl violet (methylrosaniline chloride) U S P Mustard oil volatile (allyl isothiocyanate) U S P XI1 S D A 38-8 Nicotine solution

SDA 4

Peppermint oil U S P Phenol U S P Phenyl mercuric benzoate Phenyl mercunc chlonde N F IX Phenyl mercuric nitrate N F Phenyl salicylate (salol) N F Pine needle oil dwarf N F Pine oil N F Pine tar N F Polysorbate 80 U S P Potassium iodide U S P Pyridine bases Pyronate

S D A 38-0 S D A 38-8.46 S D A 42 S D A 42 S D A 42 S D A 38-8 S D A 38-8 S D A 38-8 S D.A. 3-8 S D A. 38-F S D A 25.25-A, 42 S D A. 6-B C D A 18

Quassia, fluid extract of N F VI1 Quassin Quinine N F Quinine bisulfate N F Quinine hydrochloride U S P Ouinine sulfate U S P

S.D.A. 39 S.D.A. 40 S.D.A. 39-A S.D.A. 39-A: 39-D S.D.A. 39-A S.D.A. 39-D

Resorcin U.S.P. Rosemary oil N.F. Rubber hydrocarbon solvent

S.D.A. 23-F S.D.A. 27; 38-8 S.D.A. 2-8; 2-C

Salicylic acid U S P Shellac (refined) Soap, hard N F Soap, medicinal soft U S P Sodium iodide U S P Sodium, metallic Sodium salicylate U S P Spearmint oil N F Spearmint oil terpeneless Spike lavender oil, natural Storax U S P Sucrose octa-acetate

S.D.A. 23-F; 39 S.D.A. 45 S.D.A. 31-A S D A 27-8 S D A 25,25-A S D A 2-C S D A 39 39-D S D A 38-8 S D A 38-8 S D A 38-8 S D A 38-B S D A 40-A

Thimerosal N F Thyme oil N F Thymol N F Tolu balsam U S P Toluene Turpentine oil N F Vinegar Wintergreen (Methyl salicylate) U S P

Primary Denaturants Authorized for Denatured Spirits-Title 27 Code of Federal Regulations 2 1 2 110

S.D.A. 42 S.D.A. 38-8 S.D.A. 37; 38-8; 38-F S.D.A. 38-8 S.D.A. 2-0: 2-C: 12-A S.D.A: 38-B S.D.A. 18 S.D.A. 38-8: 46

Monohydric Alcohols

279

Table 6.40: Uses of Specially Denatured Alcohol* (30)

PRODUCT OR PROCESS

FORMULAS AUTHORIZED

CODE NO

Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Adhesives and binders Aldehydes miscellaneous Alkaloids (processing) Animal feed supplement Antibiotics (processing) Antifreeze. propnetary Antiseptic, bathing solution (restricted) Antiseptic solutions, U S P or N F

55 1 512 036 552 344 910 343 760 220 244

1, 2-8. 3-A. 12-A, 13-A, 23-A, 30, 32, 35-A 1 46 23-A, 37. 38-8.38-F

Bath preparations Bay rum Biocrdes miscellaneous Blood and blood products (processing) Brake fluids

142 112 410 345 720

1 , 3-A. 3-8, 23-A, 30, 36, 38-8,39-8, 39-C, 40,40-A, 40-8, 40-C 23-A, 37, 38-8. 39, 39-8,39-D, 40,40-A. 40-8, 40-C 1, 3-A, 3-8, 23-A, 23-H, 27-A, 27-8, 30, 37, 38-8. 398, 40, 40-A, 40-8, 40-C 1, 3-A. 12-A. 13-A, 23-A, 30 1, 3-A

Candy glazes Cellulose coatings Cellulose compounds (dehydration) Cellulose intermediates Chemicals (miscellaneous) Cleaning solutions Coatings miscellaneous Collodions industrial Collodions U S P or N F Colognes Crude drugs (processing) Cutting oils

015 01 1 31 1 034 579 450 016 034 24 1 122 34 1 730

13-A, 23-A. 35, 35-A, 45 1. 23-A. 30 1, 2-8, 3-A, 32 1, 3-A, 12-A, 13-A, 19, 23-A. 32 1, 2-8. 2-C, 3-A, 6-8, 12-A, 13-A, 17, 20, 29, 30, 32, 36 1, 3-A, 23-A, 23-H, 30, 36, 39-8,40, 40A, 40-8,40-C 1 . 23-A 1. 3-A, 12-A, 13-A, 19. 23-A. 32 13-A. 19, 32 38-8, 39, 39-A, 39-8, 39-C, 40, 40-A, 40-8, 40-C 1. 2-8. 3-A. 23-A. 30 1, 3-A: 12-A

Dehydration products miscellaneous Dentifrices Deodorants (body) Detergents, household Detergents, industrial Detonators Disinfectants Drugs and medicinal chemicals Drugs miscellaneous (processing) Duplicating fluids Dyes and intermediates Dyes and intermediates (processing) Dye solutions miscellaneous

315 131 114 450 440 574 410 575 349 485 540 351 482

1 , 2-8. 3-A 31-A, 37, 38-8. 38-C, 38-0 23-A, 38-8, 39-8, 39-C, 40, 40-A, 40-8. 40-C 1, 3-A, 23-A, 23-H. 30, 36, 39-8, 40, 40-A, 40-8.40-C 1, 3-A, 23-A, 30 1. 6-8 1, 3-A, 3-8, 23-A. 23-H, 27-A, 27-8, 30, 37, 38-8, 39-8,40, 40-A, 40-8, 40-C 1. 2-8, 2-C. 3-A, 6-8, 12-A, 13-A, 17, 29, 30, 32 1, 2-8, 3-A, 13-A, 23-A. 30, 35-A, 38-8 1, 3-A, 30 1, 2-8, 2-C, 3-A, 12-A, 29, 36 1, 2-8, 3-A, 12-A 1, 3-A, 23-A, 30, 39-C. 40, 40-A, 40-8. 40-C

Embalming fluids etc Esters, ethyl (miscellaneous) Ether ethyl Ethers, miscellaneous Ethyl acetate Ethylamines Ethyl chloride Ethylene dibromide Ethylene gas Explosives External pharmaceuticals (not U S P or N F ) External pharmaceuticals, miscellaneous (USP orNF)

420 523 56 1 562 52 1 530 522 571 572 033 210

1, 3-A, 22. 23-A 1, 2-8. 2-C. 3-A, 6-8, 12-A, 13-A, 17, 29, 32, 35-A 1, 2-8. 13-A, 29, 32 1. 2-8. 13-A. 29.32 1, 2-0, 29, 35-A' 1, 2-8. 2-C. 3-A, 12-A, 29, 36 1, 2-8. 29, 32 1 , 2-8. 29. 32 1, 2-6, 29, 32 1, 2-8, 3-A 23-A, 23-F. 23-H, 27-A, 27-0, 36, 37, 38-8, 38-F, 39-8, 40, 40-A, 40-8, 40-C

249

23-A. 25,25-A, 38-8

Fluid uses miscellaneous Food products, miscellaneous (processing) Fuel uses miscellaneous Fuels, airplane and supplementary Fuels, automobile and supplementary Fuels, proprietary heating Fuels rocket and jet Fungicides

750 332 630 612 61 1 620 613 410

1 , 3-A, 23-A, 30 1. 2-8, 3-A, 13-A, 23-A, 30, 32, 35-A 1, 3-A, 28-A 1, 3-A, 28-A 1, 3-A, 28-A 1 , 3-A, 28-A 1, 3-A, 28-A 1, 3-A, 3-8, 23-A, 23-H, 27-A, 27-8, 30, 37, 38-8, 39-8.40, 40-A, 40-8.40-C

Glandular products (processing)

342

1 , 2-8, 3-A. 12-A, 13-A, 23-A, 30, 32, 35-A

Hair and scalp preparations

111

Hormones (processing)

342

3-8, 23-A. 23-F, 23-H, 37, 38-8, 39, 39-A, 39-8, 39-C, 39-D, 40, 40-A. 40-8, 40-C 1. 2-8, 3-A, 12-A, 13-A, 23-A, 30, 32, 35-A

13-A, 17, 23-A,

35-A

'Other products or processes may be authorized by the Director of the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms, Department of the Treasury, Washington. D C Uses of Specially Denatured Alcohol-27 CFR 212 105

(contin u ed )

280

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.40: (continued)

PRODUCT OR PROCESS

CODE NO.

FORMULAS AUTHORIZED

. .

.

Incense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 Inks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 052 Inks (including meat branding) ........................ 052 Insecticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Iodine solutions (including U.S.P. and N.F. tinctures) . . . .230

3.A. 22 37 38.8.39.8.39.C 40.40.A. 40-8.40-C 1.3-A, 13.A 23.A. 30.32. 33 23.A. 32 1.3.A. 3.8.23-A. 23.H 27-A. 27-8,30,37,38-8,39-8.40,40-A,40.8.40 .C 25. 25-A

Laboratory reagents (for sale) ........................ 810 Laboratory uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 Lacquer thinners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 042 Liniments (U.S.P. or N.F.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 .113 Lotions and creams (body. face. and hand) . . . .

3-A. 30 3.A. 30 1 . 23.A 27. 27-8.38-8 23.A 23.H. 31.A. 37. 38-8.39.39.8. 39.C. 40.40-A, 40.8.4 0.C

Medicinal chemicals (processing) 344 Miscellaneous chemicals (processing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 . Miscellaneous products (processing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 132 Mouth washes .....................................

1.2.8. 2.C.3.A. 12.A. 13.A. 17. 23.A 30.32. 35-A 1.2.8. 2.C. 3-A. 12.A 13-A. 17. 23.A. 30. 35-A 1.2.8. 2.C. 3-A. 12.A 13.A 17. 23-A. 30.35-A 37.38-8. 38.C. 38-D.38-F

Organo-silicone products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.8. 3-A

576

.

.

.

..

.

.

.331 Pectin (processing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perfume materials (processing) ....................... 352 Perfumes and perfume tinctures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 320 Petroleum products ................................ Photoengravin dyes and solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481 Photographic c%emicals (processing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353 Photographic film and emulsions ..................... 031 Pill and tablet manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Plastics. cellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 021 Plastics. non-cellulose (including resins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 022 Polishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 051 Preserving solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 Proprietary solvents (standard formulas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .041

30.35-A 1. 2.8.3.A. 12.A. 13.A. 30 38.8. 39. 39.8.39.C. 40. 40.A. 40.8. 4 0 4 1.2.8. 3-A 1. 3.A. 13.A. 30.32 1. 2.8. 3.A. 13.A. 30 1.2.8. 3.A. 13.A. 19.30. 32 1. 2.8. 3.A. 13.A 23.A. 30.35.A. 38-8 1.2-8. 3.A. 12.A. 13.A .30 1 2.8 3.A. 12.A. 13.A. 30 1.3-A. 30. 40.40-A. 40.8 . 40-C 42. 44 1. 3.A. 12:A. 13.A. 22. 23:A 30.32. 37.38-8. 1

Refrigerating uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740 Resin coatings. natural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 014 Resin coatings. synthetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 012 Resins. synthetic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 Room deodorants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 Rosin (Drocessina) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Rotogiavure dyeg'and solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Rubber (latex) (processing) .......................... 355 Rubber. synthetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Rubbing alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

1.3.A. 23.A. 30 1 . 23.A 1. 23.A. 30 3.A. 29. 30.35.A 3.A 22.37.38.8.39-B.39.C. 1. 3.A . 12-A 1 3-A.; 13.A.330. 2 1. 3-A 29. 32 23-H

Scientific instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 Shampoos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shellac coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soaps industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 Soaps. toilet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Sodium ethylate. anhydrous (restricted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .524 (dehydraticn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

1. 3-A

.

1. 2.8. 3.A. 13.A. 23.A.

.

. .

.

.

40.40-A. 40.8.4 0-C

.

.

3-8. 23-A. 27-8. 31.A. 36. 38-8. 39-A. 39-8 40.40-A 40-8. 4 0 4

.

.................................

035

Solutions. miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 Solvents and thinners. miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .042 Solvents, special (restricted sale) ..................... 043 Stains (wood) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 053 Sterilizing solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

1.3-A, 23-A 30 1 . 3.A. 3-8.23-A. 30.36.38-8. 39-8. 39-C. 40. 40-A 40-8.40-C 2-8 1 2-8. 3-A 1. 3-A. 23-A. 30 I . 3-A. 23-A. 30.39-8.40. 40-A. 40-8 40-C 1.2 3-A 1. 3-A 1.3-A. 23-A. 30 1. 3-A. 12-A. 13-A. 22. 23-A. 30.32. 37.38-8. 42. 44

Theater sprays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tobacco sprays and flavors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toilet waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transparent sheetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

470 460 122 032

3-A. 22. 37. 38-8.39-8. 39-C. 40. 40-A. 40-8. 40-C 4 38-8.39.39-A. 39.8.39-C. 40.40.A 40.8.4 0.C 1. 2.8. 3.A. 13.A. 23-A

Unclassifieduses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

900

1. 3.A

.

.

.

.

343 Vacane (processing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vinegar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 1 Vitamins (processing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

1.2.8. 3.A. 12.A. 13.A. 23.A. 30.32.35-A 18.29.35.A I. 2.8. 3.A. 12.A 13.A. 23.A. 30.32. 35-A

Xanthates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

573

1.2.8. 2.C. 29

Yeast (processing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

342

I.2-8.3.A. 12.A. 13.A 23.A. 30. 32. 35-A

.

.

.

. D.C

'Other products or processes may be authorized by the Director of the b r e a u of Alcohol. Tobacco and Firearms Department of the Treasury. Washington Uses of Speually Denatured Alcohol-27 CFR 212.105

Monohydric Alcohols Table 6.41 : Filmex Special Industrial Solvent Formulations (30) __ ... Quantum's Filmex Solvents are typically used in flexographic printingfor cleaning equipment, formulating and thinning inks and in producmg rotogravure etchings; in the textile industry to promote adhesion. improve dye penetration and to soften fibers; in chemical and pharmaceutical pmassing; and in chemical specialties production, such as latex coagulants and lacquers, among others. ~

Code #

Pmol

Formulation

To every 100 gallons 01 ethyl alcohol, add: Filmex A-1 .......190 ..........5.0 gal. methyl alcohol 1.05 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone 10.5 Ibs isopropyl alcohol, 99% Filmex A-2 ......,190 ..........15.5 gal. methyl alcohol 1.05 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone Filmex B ..........190 ..........10.25 gal. methyl alcohol 1.05 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone 5.25 Ibs isobutylalcohol, 9% Wmex C .......... 190 ..........5.0 gal. methyl alcohol 4.46 gal. ethyl acetate, 9% 1.05 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone Filmex D-1 ......190 .......... 5.0 gal. methyl alcohol 1.05 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone 15.75 Ib isopropyl alcohol, 99% Filmex D-2 ......190 .......... 20.75 gal. methyl alcohol 1.05 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone Filmex Solvents are also available in 200" (anhydrous) formulations.

Table 6.42: Completely Denatured Alcohol (CDA) Formulations (30) ......

CDA

~

Roof _ _ Formulation To every 100 gallons of efhyl alcohol, add:

~

Applications

CDA 19-1 ....190 ....4.0 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone ....... Cleaning fluids, 1.Ogal. kerosene, odorless antifreeze, thinners, detergents. brake fluids CDA 19-3 .. ,190 ....4.0 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone .......Cleaning fluids, antifreeze, thinner, 1.O gal. rubber hydrocarbon solvent detergents, brake fluids CDA 19-3.... 200 ....4.0 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone .......Cleaning fluids, 1.O gal. rubber hydrocarbon detergents, antifreeze, solvent thinners, brake fluids

Table 6.43: Proprietary Solvent Formulations (30) Code X

Formulation

Applications

Propsolv 1-1 ........... 100 gal. SDA 1-1 (190" or 200") ......Shellac, 1.0 gal. rubber hydrocarbon chemical specialties, solvent latex coagulants 4.25 gal. ethyl acetate Propsolv 1-2 ........... 100 gal. SDA 1-2 (190" or 200") ...... Shellac, chemical specialties, 1.0 gal. rubber hydrocarbon solvent latex coagulants 4.25 gal. ethyl acetate Propsolv 111-1 .........100 gal. SDA 1-1 (190" or 200") ......Shellac, 1.0 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone chemical specialties, 1.0 gal. rubber hydrocarbon latex coagulants solvent 0.87 gal. ethyl acetate Propsolv 111-2 .........100 gal. SDA 1-2 (190" or 200") ......Shellac, 1.0 gal. methyl isobutyl ketone chemical specialties, 0.87 gal. ethyl acetate latex coagulants 1.0 gal. rubber hydrocarbonsolvent

281

282

a v

o )

L

n

n

u L

n

a

n

Industrial Solvents Handbook

4

,Z'

a ln 0

4

n

v)

2 4

L n a

Monohydric Alcohols Table 6.45: Composition and Typical End Uses of Specially Denatured Alcohols (30)

.

283

284

0

Q

13

f

~ n d ~ ~Solvents i a l Handhook

&&

I

I

1 -%&E/

e$?",",,

Monohydric Alcohols

285

Table 6.48: Typical Physical Properties (79) ASTM

Relative Evaporation Rate (BrV\c=100)

Ib

50-86°F

at 20°C

Phl-6118 I'M-61 27

380 390

6 62 6.77

0.00399 0.00401

I'M-6129

400

6 62

I'M-61 93 I'M-6264

280 330

6.62 0 65

ANtIYDROL@Solvr nts I'M- 1473 210 I'M-1474 210

6 77 6 62

I'M-4081 I'M -4082

320 200

I'M-4079 I'M-4083

360 380

Flasli Point, Closed Cup. at 5S"C

"1:

oc'

Distillation at 760 nim Hg. "C

0.00109 0.00107

0 001 1 3 0 00 1 1 1

57 62

14 17

-

0.00403

0.00110

0 00 1 14

59

15 _ -_._.

0.00393 0.00401

0.00107 0.00109

000112 000117

58 55

14 13

-

0.00402 0 00402

0.00107 0.00110

0 001 1 2 0 001 14

61 55

16 13

755-805 75.5-80 5 -

6 70 6 60

0.00402 0.00398

0 00108 0 00109

0 001 12

(I

0 001 13

1 57

16 14

770-805 77.0-80 5

6 77 6 62

0.00402 0.00402 _-

0 0OlOT 0 00110

0 00 1 1 1 0 001 14

60 . 8i

16 14

75.0-800 74.0-80 0

6.74 6-_61

0.00402 0.00402

0.00108 0.00110

0 00112 0 001 14

60 56 ._

16 13

76.0-81.0 76.0-80.0

370 360

6 81 6 66

0.00412 0.0041 2

0.00109 0.00112

0.00113 0 001 16

55 53

13

12

76.0-80.0 75.0-79.0

330 350

6 7.5 6.63

0.00402 0.00398 -

0.00107 0.00108 ._

0 001 1L 0 001 13

62 58

17 14

76.5-80.5 77.0-82.0

370 380 ..

6.76 6.62

0.00407 0.00407

0.00109 0.001 11

000113 0 00116

58 55 -

14 13

74.0-79.0 74.0-79.0

SYNASOL@Solvents PM-0041 350 Phl-0100 410 ._. - _ ~

6 80 6.66

0.00413 0.00410

0.001 10 0.0011 1

0 001 14 0 001 16

53 47

12 8

I'M-3224 PM-0509

6.78 6.62

0.00406 0.00406

0.00108 0.00111

0 001 18 0 00120

57 51

14 11

74.5-79.5 74.5-79.5

Completely Denatured Alcohol (CDA) Ethanol CD-19 190 Proof 290 6.79 330 6.61 200 Proof

0.00407 0.00402

0 00109 0 00110

000113 0 001 14

54 51 _

12 11

76.0-82.0 76.0-82.0

0.00394 0.00395

0 00105 0 00 107

0.00109 0.00113

14 13

77 0-80 0 77 0-80 0

Product

INKSOLP Solvents

PM-4157 PM-4135

330 350 ~

PM-4085 I'M-4084 I'hl-4080 PM-4176 I'M-4078 PM-4217

_

360 360

__

_ _

Specially Denatured Alcohol (SDA) Ethanol SDA-ZB 300 6.80 190 Proof 330 6.61 200 proof ____ _ Ethanol SD:\-3A 190 Proof 320 6.78 200 Proof 360 6.62 Ethanol S D - 4 190 Proof 290 6.82 ____ __ - .._ Ethanol SD-23A 190 Proof 370 6 78 410 6 63 200 ProofEthanol SD-23H 190 Proof 390 6.78 _ _ ~ Ethanol SD-29H 190 Proof 290 6.80 200 Proof 310 6.62 -- Ethanol SD-291: 190-Proof 290 6_79~ _ _ Ethanol SI)-30 190 Prool' 330 6 78 62 200 Proof 370 - .. _ __ -6 __ Ethanol SI)-33,\ I90 Proof 3IO 6.83 6~66 Proof 340 __ZOO .__ ~

-

0 00403 0.00398

-

~

0 00107 000112 0.00111 0 00110 - __

62 56

17 76 0-80.0 13-. _76 - 0-80 0

0.00111

63

17

- -_

000403 0 00107 _._ 0 OM12 0 -00416 -

58 .~

55

74.5-79.5 74.5-79.5

-

0.00115 44 0.0011 I 0.00~1 13 0.00121 _ _ _ _._ 37

-

-

. .._

7 3

-

~~

0.004 16 _

000111

000115 ___---55

_13 _

-

0.00401 0 00396

000107 000108

0.00111 0.00112

63 57

17 14

-

0 00107

000107

000111 .

60

16

76.0-7') 0

0 00403 0 00395

000107 000109

000112 000113

60 59

16 15

76.0-60.0 76 0-XO.O

000410 0 00407

0.00109 000111

0.00113 000115

57 52

14 11

76.0-79 0 76.0-79.0

(continued )

286

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.48: (continued) AS'l'h.1 at 20°C

a1 55°C

I:lasli Point, Closcd Cup, 1: "C 0

6 79

0.00402

0.00 I 0 7

0.001 I 1

61

16

6.80

0.0030')

0.00106

0.00 1 10

63

17

6.83

0 00402

0.00 107

0.0011 1

(13

17

6.n I 0.62

o.o040:3 0.00:IOX

0.00l07 0.00 I07

0.001 I I 0.001 I 1

61 57

I(1 14

7h.O-X0.0 70.0-80.0

(1.7') 0.62

0.0040 I

0.00 I07

0.00 I IO

0.00 I I I 0.00 I I4

I 58

IO

0.00402

77.0-xo.0 77.0-xo.0

0.70

0.00402 0.00307

0.00107 0.00 IO0

0.001 I I

02 5X

17 14

0.00 I07 0.00 Iox

0.00 I I I 0.00 I IO

112

57

17 14

77.0-xo.0 77.0-xo.0

0.00 Iox

0.00 I I 2

50

15

77.0-xo.0

0.00 I07 0.00 IO0

0.00 I I I 0.00 I I:{

f12 5X

17 14

7x.2 7x.3

6.62

0.00 I I3

(1

14

Table 6.49: Densities of Pure Ethanol-Water Mixtures at Various Temperatures (79)

Monohydric Alcohols

287

Table 6.50: Vapor Pressure of Pure Ethanol at Various Temperatures (79) 1 .000 000 X(I0 700

I0.000

000

(l.000

500

5.000

400

4.000

:io()

3,000

200

2.000

'J.000 x.000

7.000

-E

<

bc

U 1

E c' L

F

2 VI

100

1 , o VI 900 800 3 700 600 ffi

5

90

=L 4

80 70 60

50

500

40

400

30

300

20

200

100

10 .O (321

10 (50)

20

(68)

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 (861 1104) (122) (140) (158)1176)(394i12121 30

140 (2x4)

120 12481

160

(320)

Temperature, "C W)

Table 6.51: Constant Boiling Mixtures (79) COMPONENTS

in Azeotrope,

or Layers

1.197

Ethanol Carbon Disulfide Water

0.7905 1.2657 1.oooo

Ethanol Carbon Tetrachloride

0.7905 1.5875

Ethanol Carbon Tetrachloride Water

0.7905 1.5875

Ethanol Chloroform Ethanol Chloroform Water

0.7905 1.4756 1.oooo

78.3 61.2 100.0

" -

5.0 93.4 1.6

46.5 100.0 1 1 1

I _I--_.-

i

-

Homogeneous ~

--

783 76 5

15 8 84 2

1.377

1.oooo

10.3 86.3 3.4

U 0.935 L 1.519

100.0

0.7905 1.4756

7.0 93.0

1.403

78.3 61.2

4.0 92.5 3.5

U 0.976 L 1.519

I

59.4 55.5

--. (continued)

288

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.51 : (continued) --

(:ompound(')

.-

~

~

._

700 nitn

30/20"(:

I&. -(:

0.7905 0.7 797

78.3 80.7

.

~-

~

I:thenol I:ttlyl r\retate L

at

1 .oooo

-~~

I:thiinol I:thyl r\cotatc

Water

Boiling point ;it

. . .. .-. -.

tithitnol Cyrlohexane CVatrr

Specific Gravity

_____

-

lithanol Ileotane

100.0

.

7s -- :i

71 X

0.7905 0.00 I X 1 .0000

iX.3

70 E

I i

.-

~

1

- ..

.

100.0

~

1 .0000

--

- . .

7Y.3

71 0

I 040

3x5 .

0.7005 1.2556

.?

--, .'

1.2556 ~

1:th;inol lithylcne Dichloride Water

62 h

0.7905 0.00 I8

0.7905

lithanol lithylenr Dichloride

.

Boiling Point at i 6 0 rnm llg. "C

.

78 3 8x5 100.0

67

x

1: 0 4, 1 I 1 I67

0.729

Monohydric Alcohols

289

Table 6.52: Proof Definitions and Conversion Factors (19) Proof: The ethanol content of a liquid at 60°F (15.56%) stated as twice the percent of ethanol by volume. Proof = 2 x volume percent ethanol in a liquid (at 60°F) Apparent Proof: The equivalent of proof for ethanol solutions containing ingredients other than water (Le., denatured alcohol). Apparent proof is determined by specific gravity readings for ethanol-water mixtures at 60/60"F. Proof Gallon: Amount of ethanol in one wine gallon of 100 proof alcohol at 60°F. Proof gallons = wine gallons at 60°F x 100/proof Wine Gallon: A United States gallon of liquid measure equivalent to the volume of 231.2 cubic inches. 1 Wine gallon = 231.2 cubic inches Tax Gallon: The unit measure of spirits for the imposition of tax under section 5001, IRC. For spirits that are 100 degrees of proof or more when withdrawn from bond, the tax is determined on a proof gallon basis. When less than 100 degrees of proof, the tax is determined on a wine gallon basis. Table 6.53 covers ethanol-water compositions from 0 to 200 proof. Keep in mind that, because of the contraction that occurs when ethanol and water are mixed, 100 volumes of ethanol of the designated proof result from mixing the volumes of ethanol and water given in columns 2 and 4. Table 6.53: Proof Conversion Tables (79)

Proof aI 60'F

Piire 200 Proof.. Ethanol, Elhanol. Parts by by Volume Wright at 60°F al60'F

Water. Parts by Volume at 60-F

Sprcilir Gravity a1 60/60'F

Proof at

60'F

Purr 200 Proor Elhanol, Ethanol. '%,b? Parts h? Volume \Yeiglit at 60°F a l 60'F

\Vater,

Parts by Voliiine .it 60'F

10.27 I0.hX 17.10 17.52 17.03

SI 7 2 X I 27 XO 82 80 3 8

18.35 18.77 I O . IO

70 4 X

Specific Gravity

at 60/6O"F

0.0750 0.0754 0.0740 0 0744 ( 1.0730

40 41 42 4 :3 4 'I

20.0 20.5 2 I .o 21.5

0.9963 0.9956 0.9949 0.9942 0.9935

4 'i 40

22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5

5 21 5 61

04.85 94.39 0 3 .0 3 03.46

0.9928 0.9921 0.99 13 0.9908 0.9902

50 jl 32 53 54

25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0

20.44 20.80 21.29 21.71 22 1 3

77.24 76.79 70.34 75.89 -I J.44 -

0.9708 0.9703 0.9697 0.9692 0.9687

75 80 85 90 93

6.02 6.42 6.83 7.23 7.64

93.01 92.55 0 2 00 0 I .63 01.18

0.9896 0.9890 0.9884 0.0878 0.9572

JJ

56 57 58 39

27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5

22.50 3 9 ')7 23.40 23-82 24.24

74.08 74..3i 74.08 73.62 73.17

0.968 1 0.0676 0.0670 0.9664 0.9659

20 21

IO 0

90.72 O( 1.2 i

24

II 0 II 5 12 0

ss.0 0

0.0566 0.0800 0.08X 0.9849 0.9843

60 61 62 63 64

30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0

24.67 25. IO

Y7 Y '3

3.05 8.45 8.86 9.27 3.68

25.05 26.38

72.72 72.26 71.81 7 1 .3 3 70.89

0.9653 0.9647 0.964 1 0.9635 0.9629

25 26 27 28 29

12 5 13 0 13 5 14 0 14 5

xs.43

0.9537

88.00 87.55 87. IO S6.03

0.9832 0.9820 0.082 I 0.08 IO

65 66 67 68

32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5

26.8 I 27.24 27.67 28 IO

70.43 09.97 60.5 I 00.05

'X 53

OX. 50

0.0623 0.9617 0.9619 0.9604 0.0507

35.0 355 36.0 36.5 37.0

2s 07 2 0 41

os I 2

37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0 39.5

3 I IO 3 1 .fJO

( .-

:3 2.04

32 48

h4.84 (14 37

32.w

fI?.OO

0 1

-3 3 4 )

6 7 8 9

00 05 10 15 20

0 00 0 39 0 80 1 19 159

I00.00 99.53 00.06 98.58 98.12

0.0983

25 30 35 40 45

1 09 2 39 3 79 3 19 3 60

07 63 07. I8 Oh.7 I 96.24 95.78

50 55 60 65 70

4 00

95.31

4 40 4 80

1 .0000 0.0993

0.9978 0 9970

4 i 48 40

22.0

I ') 00 20 0 2

i'I.'):{

7')0 3 7 8 .,X

--, .oo

77 I 4 I

O.(J734 0.072 9 0.0724 0 ')7IO 0.07 I :I

~

10 II I2 13

14

~~

15 16

17 18

I9

__ -.

30 3I 32 33

34

35 36 37 38

3')

10 5

15 0 15 5 I6 0 16 5 17 0 17 5 18 0 18 5 19 0 I9 5

10.09 10.50 10.91 11.32 11.73 __ 12.14 12.55 32.96 13.37 13.79

s0.s I so 30

~

__

-

00

80.20 85.75 85.30 S4.85

0.08 10 0.9805

X4.40

0 .(J780

70 71 72 7'3 74

14.20 14.hl 15.03 15.44

8 3 .0 5 x:3.50

15.35

X2.IO

0.0784 0.0779 0.9774 0.0760 0.0704

75 76 77 78 70

X3.Oh X2.fI

I

0.9800

0.0794

.-~

3.- - 7 -2.3-

. .

2O.X-l

30 28 30 72

07 66 07. IO 00.72 00 25 ).)

-is

(13 :I I

0.9300 0.0584 0.9-577 0.9570 0.9652

0.9555 0.9543 0.9540 0.9533 0.952 5

(continued)

290

Industrial alwents Handbook

Table 6.53: (continued)

Water. Parts by Volume at 60'F

specin( Gravity at 60/60"F

Proof at b0'F

Pare 200 Proof - - - - ..__ Ethanol, Ethanol. % b\ Parts b\ Volume' I V e cgh t at 60'F a1 6O'F

34.25 34.70 35.15

63.42 62.95 62.47 6 1.99 61.52

0.9517 0.9509 0.9501 0.9493 0.9485

I40 141 142 143 I44

70.0 70.5 7 I .o 71.5 72.0

(14.50

35.60 36.05 3 (I. 50 36.05 37.41

610.04 60.56 60.08 59.59 59.1 I

0.9474 0.9469 0.9460 0.9452 0.9443

I45 I4(1 I47 I 4x I40

72.5 73.0 73.5 74.0 74.5

1,5.(,7 flfl.22 Of1.77 f17.:$2

Proof at 60°F

Pure-200..Proof .. . Ethanol. Ethanol. % b) Parts by Weight Volume at 60'F at 60'F

80 81 82 83 84

40.0 40.5 41.0 41.5 42.0

85 86 87 88

42.5 43.0 43.5 44.0 44.5

--

IVater. Parts by Volume at 60'F

Specific Lra\ity at 60/60"F

- ..-~ ~

no

33.36

33.81

(12.44 h2.0X (L.51

33 .43

04.05

3 I .MI 3 I.34

(15.13

~~

~~

-~~-

45.0 45.5 46.0 40.5 47.0

37.x7 3X. 32 :ix.7x 30.24 30.70

sx.6:3 5x. I 4 5 7.66 57. I 7 5f1.6X

0.0434 0.0426 0.94 I 7 0.040x

150 151 152 153 154

75.0 75.5 76.0 76.5 77.0

67.87 68.43 68.98 69.54 70.10

40. I (I 40.b2 4 I 00 4 I.55 42.02

56. IO

o.o:3xo

55.70 55.2 I 54.72 54.22

0.03XO

99

47.5 4X.0 4x.5 40.0 49.5

0.937 I 0.030 I 0.9352

155 156 157 I58 159

77.5 78.0 78.5 79.0 79.5

70.67 71.23 71.80 72.38 72.95

100 101 102 103 104

50.0 50.5 51.0 51.5 52.0

42.49 42.96 43.43 43.90 44.37

53.73 53.24 52.74 52.25 51.75

0.9342 0.9332 0.9322 0.9312 0.9302

I60 161 I62 I63 I64

80.0 80.5 81.0 81.5 82.0

52.5 53.0 53.5 54.0 54.5

44.85 45.33 45.80 46.28 46.76

51.25 50.75 50.26 49.76 49.26

0.9292 0 9282 0.9272 0.9262 0.9252

I65 I66 I67 69

82.5 83.0 83.5 84.0 84.5

0 9241 0 9231 0 9220 0 9210 0 9199

70 71 72 73 74

8.5.0 85.5 86.0 86.5 87.0

00 91 02 03 04 05 0 (1

07 0x

~~

105 106 107 108

109

~-

.

__

~

110 111 112 113 114

55.0 55.5 56.0 56.5 57.0

47.25 47.73 48.2 I 48.70 49.19

115 116 117 118 119

57.5 58.0 58.5 59.0 59.5

49.68 50.17 50.66 51.15 51.65

120 121 122 123 124

.

48.76 48.25 47.75 47.25 46.75 46.24 45.74 45.23 44.72 44.22

-13

0.X707 0.X7X4

..~

25.54 25.01 24.47 23.94 23.40

0.8705 0.8691 0.8678 0.8664 0.8650

73.53 74.1 1 74.69 75.27 75.86

22.87 22.33 21.80 21.26 20.72

0.8636 0.8623 0.8608 0.8594 0.8580

76.45 77.04 77.64 78.23 78.X4

20.18 19.64 19.10 18.55 18.01

0.8566 0.8552 0.8537 0.8522 0.8508

79.44

0.,449:3 0.X478

8 1.90

17.46 16.92 16.37 15.82 15.27

82.52 Y3.14 83.78 x4.4 I 85.05

14.72 14.16 13.61 13.05 12.49

0.8385 0.8361) 0.8353

.~

~~

0.846:3 0.8447 0.X432 0.84 16

89.5

0 9133 0 9122 0 911 I 0 9100 0 9088

80 81 82 83 84

90.0 90.5 91.0 91.5 92.0

85.69 86.34 86.99 X7.65 8X.3 1

11.93 11.37 1o.xo 10.24 9.67

0.8336 0.x320 0.x303 0.X286 o.xm

92.5 93.0 03.5

88.08

0.09

00.:34 9 I .03 0 I .72

8.52 7.94 7.36 6.77

0.825 I 0.X233 0.x2 15 0.8 I [)(I 0.x I7X

.

62.5 63.0 63.5 64.0 64.5

54.66 55.17 55.67 56. 18 56.70

41.16 40.65 40.14 39.62 39.11

0 9077 0 9065 0 9054 0 9042 0 9031

85 86 87 X8 X9

130 131 132 133 134

65.0 65.5 66.0 66.5 67.0

57.2 I 57.72 58.24 58.76 59.2x

38.60 38.08 3 75 7 37.05 36.54

0 9019 0 9007 0 8996 0 8984 0 8972

'70

'74

05.0 05.5 96.0 96.5 07.0

135 I36 137 I 38 139

67.5 68.0 68.5 69.0 60.S

59.80

36.02

(10.33

35.50

0.8969 0.8948 0.XO 36 0.8923 0.89 I I

15 )7

07.5 OX.5

)O

00.0 00.5 IOO.0

34.99 34.47 33.')5

80.62

x I .2x

76 77 78 79

125 126 127 128 129

60.X5 6 I.38 (1 I .0 I

O.XX36 O.XX23 O.XXI0

0 9188 0 9177 0 9167 0 9156 0 9144

53.15 53.65 54.15

__

30.X2 30.29 20.7fl 21J.24 2x.7 1

0.877 1 0.8758 0.8745 0.8732 0.87 I 8

80.05

87.5 88.0 88.5 8'1.0

43.7 1 43.20 42.69 42.18 41.67

52.65

0.8874 O.XX6 I o.xx40

~~

60.0 60.5 61.0 61.5 62.0

52.15

o.xxx(,

:32.:3x

~

-~

168

32.0 I

28.19 27.66 27.13 26.60 26.07

-~ ~~~.

~~

0.XX"

w.0 04.5

_. 1)

I

1)

2

93

.

x o 65

02.42 (73.I 4 03.X5 04.5X 05.:32

'J0.07 ')7 (IO OX.3X OIJ. I I) IOO.0

~-

6 .I x 5.50 4.00 4.30 3.7x

3 17 I 03 I 20 O.fl5 0 00

o.woi

O.XI5X 0.X I3IJ 0.x I I x

0.xoox

o.xo77 O.X05(I

o.xo10 0.70x7 0 7002

0.7037

0

c tu

5 w 0

c

0

4

c W

N

A

-

N

-

N

E

0 N

w

u

u r r u

O

-

4

Monohydric Alcohols

u

9 : x x 11 2 2

v u

291

292

Industrial Solvents Handbook

n-PROPYL ALCOHOL n-Propanol

CH~CHZCH~OH n-Propyl alcohol i s a colorless, volatile liquid.

Table 6.55: Physical Properties of n-Propyl Alcohol (37)

Acidity a s a c e t i c acid

0 . 0 0 3 % by w t , m a x .

Alkalinity a s ammonia

0.003% by wt. m a x .

Autoignition t e m p e r a t u r e

540'C

Boiling point a t 760 mm

97.15.C

Coefficient of cubical expansion, 0 94'C

0.000956 x lo-'

-

C o l o r , APHA

5 rnax.

C r i t i c a l density

0.2734

Critical pressure

49.9 atm

Critical temperature

263.7.C

Distillation range a t 760 m m

Z'C including 97.15.C

E l e c t r i c a l conductivity, mhos p e r c m a t 25'C Explosive l i m i t s , Lower Wper F i r e hazard F l a s h point (open c u p ) (closed cup)

2 x lo-'

2 . 6 % by vol. in a i r 13.5% by vol. i n a i r Dangerous when exposed t o heat o r flame. 90'F 59.F

F r e e z i n g point

-127'C

Heat of combustion

8020 cal/g

Heat of vaporization a t 97. I5'C

162.6 cal/g

L i m i t s of flammability ( i n air by volume )

2.5% ( L o w e r )

(-196'F)

Melting point

-127.0.C

Molecular weight

60.09

Non-volatile m a t e r i a l

0.OGl gm/100 m l s a m p l e , max.

Odor

Alcohol -like

Refractive index at 2O'C

1.3845

Reid vapor p r e s s u r e a t 100'F

0.1 psi

Relative evaporation r a t e (butyl a c e t a t e = 1 )

!.3

Specific gravity a t 20/4'C a t LO/ZO'C

0.8036 0.8050

Specific heat at L5.C

0.586 cal/g/.C

S u r f a c e tension i n a i r , -5.C ZO'C 60'C

25.9 dynes/cm 23.8 dynes/cm 2 0 . 5 dynes/cm

Toxicity

Slight

Vapor p r e i s u r e 'C 'F 0 32 10 50 20 68 30 86 40 104 50 122 60 I40 70 I58 80 176 90 194 97.19 206.9

mm Hg

3.44 7.26 14.5 27.6 50.2 87. z 147.0 239.0 376.0 574.0 760.0

Viscosity. O'C 2O.C 40'C 90'C

3.8827 2.2563 1.4050 0.5310

W a t e r content

0.2% by w t . m a x .

Weight p e r gallon at ZO'C (68'F)

6. 7 Ibs

centipoise. centipoiee. centipoise. centipoiies

Monohydric Alcohols

293

Table 6.56: Azeotropes of n-Propyl Alcohol (31)

n - P R O P Y L ALCOHOL

F O R M S BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH;

70

n - P R O P Y L ALCOHOL FORMS TERNARY AZEOTROPES WITH:

B . P . of Azeotrope 'C

%

B . P . of Azeotrope ' C

63

Acetal

92.4

27.4

Water

83. I

Benzene

77.1

21

Acetaldehyde dipropylacetal

75

Biacetyl

85.0

7.6

31

1 -Bromobutane

89.5

82.3

89.5

2 -Bromobutane n-Butyl chloride Butyl f o r m a t e Carbon t e t r a c h l o r i d e

85.3

82 36 88.5 17

Chlorobenzene

74.8

5 84

Water Benzene

73.1

9

96.9

79

1 -Chlorobutane

74.8

8.5

91

2 -Chlorobutane

67.2

81.5

69

I -Chloro-3 -methylbutane

89.4

78

1 -Chloro-2 -methylpr,opane

67.7

89

Diethoxymethane

86.2

45

Dioxane

95.3

70

Di-n-propyl e t h e r

85.7

49

Ethyl propionate

72

Ethyl sulfide

81

Ethylene chloride

80.7

82

Fluorobenzene

80.2

96

n-Hexane

65.7

34

1-1odobutane

96.2

Water Carbon t e t r a c h l o r i d e

9 79.5 8

1.3-Cyclohexadiene

Cyclohexane

Cyclohexene

17.6

Water

85.5

59.5

Ethoxypropoxymethane

3 -1odopropene

17.5

Water

55.9

Nitromethane

1 -1odo-2-methylpropane

93.0

20

Water

Isobutyl f o r m a t e

93.2

60

3-Pentanone

21

Water

59.5

Propyl acetate

25.3

Water

16.5

Propyl chloroacetate

30

Is obutyronit r i l e

95.0

94.6

Methyl a c r y l a t e

70.9

65

3-Methyl-2-butanol

93.5

53

Methyl butyrate

94.4

74

Methyl isobutyrate

32

2 Pentanone

96.0

11.7

Water

37

3-Pentanone

96.0

68.1

Propyl ether

13

Water

82

Propyl formate

a-Pinene

97.1

60

Propyl a c e t a t e

94.2

91

n-Propyl bromide

69.7

90.2

Propyl formate

80.6

47.5

Toluene

92.4

28.3

Water

87.7

7 81

86.4

83.8

Water

72

55

89.5

63.2

Water

93.4

94.2

66.6

Water

Dipropoxymethane

8

67.8

Water

60

1.5

65.4

Water

47.2

2-Iodobutane

-

67.0

95.5

82

47

87.6

78.2

82.3

81.2

82.2

88.6

74.8

70.8

Water Trichloroethylene

71.6

294

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Tab le 6.57: n -Pr opano I-Wate r-Benzene (7 9)

D

A

PROPANOL.

T i e line intersections by Refractive i n d e x Lever r u i e

Table 6.59: n-Propanol-Water-Heptane

L1

P R O P ~ ~ O ~

0 B Y TITRATION

(79)

T i e l i n e intersections b y . Refractive index __----Lever r u l e Chemical ana t ysis

Table 6.58: n-Propanol-Water-n-Butanol

AP A N U

' PK

* o

(79)

T i e line intersection as by refractive i n d e x

Table 6.60: n-Propanol-Water-Hexane

(19)

Monohydric Alcohols

295

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL Isopropanol, Dimethyl Carbinol, 2 -Propanol

Table 6.61: Physical Properties of Anhydrous Isopropyl Alcohol (31)

Acidity, a s acetic acid

0 . 0 0 2 % by w t , rnax.

H e a t of fusion

2 1 . 0 8 cal/g

Boiling point a t 760 m m 50 m m 1 0 mrii

M 2 . 3'C

Heat of v a p o r i z a t i o n

287 Btu/lb

27°C 2°C

L o w e r l i m i t of f l a m m a b i l i t y in a i r

2 . 6 5 % vol.

C o e f f i c i e n t of expansion a t 55'C

0.d0lli

MAC

Color. P t - C o scale

400 ppm in a i r

10 max.

Critical pressure

53 a t m .

Critical temperature

234.9-C

D i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t a t ZO'C 40'C 80°C

18.62 16.24 11.91

Distillation a t 760 m m

D i s t i l l s e n t i r e l y within 1 . 0 " C r a n g e which Includes 8 2 , 3°C

Fire hazard

D a n g e r o u s when e x p o s e d t o heat or open f l a m e

F l a s h point ( o p e n c u p )

70'F

F r e e z i n g point

- 87.8"C

Heat of c o m b u s t i o n

79i0 cal/g 7942 c a l / g

M ol e c ula r weight

60.09

Non-volatile m a t t e r

0.002 g/100 m l . m a x .

Odor

Non - r e s idual

Purity

99.5%

R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x at ZO'C

1.3772

Specific gravity a t ~ O / Z O . C

0.7862

S p e c i f i c h e a t a t 2O.C

0 . 5 9 6 cal/g/'C

-

0.7867

Surface tension at 25°C

20.3 dynes/cm

T o x i c it y

M o d e r a t e by ingestion. otherwise slight

V a p o r p r e s s u r e a t 2O'C

33.0 mm Hg

V i s c o s i t y a t ZO'C

2.4 cps.

W a t e r content

0 . 5 % by w t , m a x .

Weight p e r gallon a t 20'C 60'F

6.55 l b 6.58 lb

Table 6.62: Physical Properties of 91% Isopropyl Alcohol (37) Acidity. a s a c e t i c a c i d

- 99.9% by v o l .

0 . 0 0 2 4 % by w t . m a x

Color, P t - C o s c a l e

15 max.

D i s t i l l a t i o n a t 760 m m

D i s t i l l s e n t i r e l y within a 1 . O'C r a n g e which i n c l u d e s 80.4.C

F i r e hazard

D a n g e r o u s when e x p o s e d to h e a t o r open f l a m e

F l a s h point ( o p e n c u p )

75'F

Non-volatile m a t t e r

0 . 0 0 5 g/100 m l . rnax.

Odor

Non-residual

Permanganate time

30 m i n u t e s , m i n i m u m , at 15'C when using the B a r b e t e n d point

Purity

91 09% by v o l u m e , m i n i m u m , a t 15.56.C. ~

-

S p e c i f i c Zravity a t Z J / ~ O ' ~

0.8175

T o x i c it y

M o d e r a t e by ingestion; otherwise slight

0.8185

W a t e r content

9% by v o l u m e , max.

Weight p e r gallon a t 2O'C

6.81 I b

60'F

6.84 lb

296

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.63: Specific Gravity of Isopropyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures (8)

Specific Gravity 1.000

0.9990 0.9980 0.9970 0.9960 0.9950 0.9940 0.9930 0. 9920 0.9910 0.9900 0.9890 0.9880 0 . 9870 0.9860 0.9850 0.9840 0.91~30 0.9820 0.9n10 0.9800 0.9790 0.97110 0.9770 0.9760 0.9750 0.9740 0. 9730 0.9720 0.9710 0.9700 0.9690 0.9680 0.9670 0.9660 0.9650 0. 9 6 4 0 0.9630 0.9620 0.9610 0.9600 0.9590 0.9580 0.9570 0.9560 0.9550 0.9540 0.9530 0.9520 0. 9 5 1 0 0.9500 0.9490 0.9480 0.9470 0.9460 0.9450 0.9440 0.9430 0.9420 0.9410 0.9400 0.9390 0.9380 0.9370 0.9360 0.9350 0.9340 0.9330 0.9320 0.9310 0.9300 0.9290 0.9280 0.9270 0.9260 0.9250

20/2o*c

k VOl.

0.0 0 .. .8 l.’6 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.6 6.5 7.3 8. 1 8.9 9.8 10.6 11.5 12.3 13.2

14.0 14.9 15.7 16.6 17.4 18. 3 19. I 19.9 20.8

21.7 22.5 23.4 24.2 25.1 25.8 26.6 27.3 28.0

28.7

29.4 30. 1 30.8 31.4 32.1 32.7 33.3 33.9 34.5 35.1 35. 7 36.3 36.8 37.4 18.0 38.5 39.0 39.6 40. 1 40.6 41.1 41.6 42. I 42.7 43.2 43.7 44.2 44.7 45.2 45.6 46.1 46.6 47.1 47.5 48.0 48.5 48.9 49.4 49.8

50.3

% Wt.

Spec i fic Gravity

k VOl.

0.9240 0.9230 0.9220 0.9210 0.9200 0.9190 0.9180 0.9170 0.9160 0.9150 0.9140 0.9130 0.9120 0.9110 0.9100 0.9090 0.9080 0.9010 0.9060 0.9050

50. 7 51.2 51.6 52.0 52. 5 52.9 53.4 53.8 54.2 54.7 55.1 55. 5 56. 0 56. 4 56. 4 57.3 57.7 58.1 58.6 59.0

43.3 43.7 44.2 44.6 45.0 45.5 45.9 46.3 46. 7 47.2 47. 6 48.0 48.5 48.9 48.9 49.7 50.2 50.6 51.0 51.4

0.9040 0.9030

59.4 59.8 60. 3 60. 7 61.1 61. 5 62.0 62.4 62. 8 63. 2 63.6 64. I 64. 5 64. 9 65.3 65.7 66.1 66. 5 66. 9 67. 3 67.7 68.0 68.4 68. 8 69.2 69.6 69. 9 70. 3 70. 7 71.1 71.4 71.8 72.2 72.6 12.9 73.3 73.7 74.0 74.4 74.8 75.2 75.5 75.9 76. 3 76.6 77.00 77.36 77.72 78.08 78.44 78.80 79.16 79.52 79.88 80.21

51.8 52.3 52. 7 53. I 53.5 53.9 54.4 54.8 55.2 55.6 56. 0 56. 5 56.9 57.3 57.7

20/2o*c % wt.

Specific Gravity

2o/zo’c % VOl. x WI.

0.0 0... 6. 1.3

1.9 2.6 3.3 3.9 4.5 5.2 5.8 6. 5 7. I 7.8 8.4 9.1 9.8 10.5 11.2 11.9 12.6 13. 3

14.1 14.8 15. 5 16.2 16.9 17.5 18.2 18.8 19.4 20.1 20.7 21.3 22.0 22.6 23.2 23.8 24.4 25.0 25.6 26.2 26.7 27.2 27.7 28.2 28.7 19.2 29.7 30.3 30. 8 31.3 31.8 32.3 32.8 33.3 33.8 34.3 34.8 35.2 35.7 36.1 36.6 37.0 37.5 38.0 38. 4

0.8690 0.8680 0.8670 0.8660 0.8650 0. 8640 0.8630 0.8620 0.8610 0.8600

38.8 39.3 39.7 40.2 40.6 41.1 41.5 42.0 42.4 42.9

0.8590 0.8580 0.8570 0.8560 0.8550 0.8540 0.8530 0.8520 0.8510 0.8500

0. 9020

0.9010 0.9000 0.8990 0 . n980 0.8970 0.8960 0.8950 0.8940 0.8930 0. 8920 0. 8910 0.8900 0.8890 0.

neeo

0. 8870 0. 8860

0. 8850 0. 8840 0.’8830

0.8820 0.8810 0,8800

0 . 8790

0.8780 0.8770 0.8760 0. 8750 0.8740 0 . 8730 0.8720 0.8710 0.8700

58.1 58.6 59.0 59.4 59.8 60.2 60. 7 61. I 61. 5 61.9 62.3 62.8 63.2 63. 6 64. 0 64.4 64.9 65. 3 65.7 66. I 66. 5 67.0 67. 4 67.8 68.2 68.6 69. I 69. 5 69.9 70. 3 70.75 71.17 71.59 72.01 72.43 72.85 73.27 73.69 74.11 74.54

0.8190

u. aino 0.817U 0. 0.

mi,o

((450 0.8440 0. 8430 0,8420 0 . 8410 0.84IYO 0.8390 0.8180 0 . m370

0.8360 0.8350 0.8340 0.8330 0. 8320 0.8110 0.8100

0.0290 0 . 82no

0.11270 0.8260 0.8250 0.8240 0 . B2JO 0.8220

0.82IO 0.8200

0.8190 0.8180 0.8170 0.81’JO

0.8150 0.8140 0 . 8 1 10 0. 8120 0.8110 0.8100 0.8090 0.8080 0.1070 0.8060 0.8050 0. SO40 0.8030

0.8020 0.8010 0.8000 0.1990 0.7980 0.7970 0.7960 0.7950 0.7940 0.7930 0.7920 0.7910 0.7900 0.7890 0.7880 0.7870 0.7863

no. 6 0 80.96

n i . 32 81.68 82.04 82.40 82.76 83.12 81.48 81. n4 84. 20

84. 55 R I . 70 85.25 85.60 85.95 86. 10 86.65 (17.00 87.31 87.69 88.03 88. 36 88.69 89.02 89.35 89.68 90.01 90. 3 4 90.67 91.00 91. 32 91.63 91.93 92.23 92.53 92.83 93. I 1 93.43 93.72 94.01 94.30 94.58 94.86 95. I 4 95.42 95.69 95. 96 96.23 9 6 . 50 96.77 91.04 97.31 9 7 . 57 97.83 98.08 98.13 98.58 98.83 99.08 99.33 99.58 99.8) 100.00

74.95 75.37 75.79 76.21 7 6 . 63 17.04 77.45 7 7 . 86 78.27 78.68 79.09 7 7 . 50 77.91 80.12

no. 7 3 81. I 4 n i . 55

81.96 82.37 82.78 83.19 83.60 84.01 84.42 84.83 85.24 85.65 86.06 86.47 86.88 87.29 87.70 88. I O

88.50 88.90 89. 30 88.70 90. IO 9 0 . 50 90.90 9 1 . 30 91.70 92.10 92.49 92.88 93.27 93.66 94.04 94.42 94,80 95.18 9 5 . $6 95.94 96.32 96.70 97.08 97.46 97.84 98.22 08.60 98.98 99.16 ??. 7 4

100.00

G r a v l t y - t a m p . r a t u r e c o e f f i c k n t of 100% alcohol 20-22 . 0 0 0 8 6 / T

-

Monohydric Alcohols Table 6.64: Vapor-Liquid Compositions of Isopropyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures and Their Boiling Points (8)

297

Table 6.65: Refractive Index VI Composition of Isopropyl Alcohol-Water Mixtures at 25°C (79)

Table 6.66: Isopropyl Alcohol-Water: Kinematic Viscosity vs Composition at 25°C (79)

298

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.67: Azeotropes of Isopropyl Alcohol (31)

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY A Z E O T R O P E S WITH:

%

B . P . of A z e o t r o p e ' C

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL FORMS TERNARY A Z E O T R O P E S WITH:

70

56

Acrylonitrile

71.7

7.5

66.7

Benzene

71.9

73.8

66

2 -Bromobutane

77.5

68

2 - Butanone

77.9

40

n-Butylamine

84. 7

28.1

Butyl i s o p r o p y l e t h e r

79.0

92

C a r b o n disulfide

44.6

82

Carbon tetrachloride

67.0

77

1 -Chlorobutane

70.8

82

2 -Chlorobutane

64.0

57

1 - C h l o r o - 3 -methylbutane

79.2

64

1 , 3-Cyclobexddiene

70.4

67

Cyclohexane

b8.6

7.5 74 7.5 71 10 9.3

B . P . of A z e o t r o p e ' C Water Benzene Watei Cyclohexane

Cyclohexene

Water E t h y l butyl e t h e r

Ethylene dichloride

73

Cyclohexene

70.5

48

Diethoxymethane

79.6

I1

Water

45.5

Diisobutylene

77.8

76

Isopropyl acetate

91

L , 3-Dimethylbutane

53.8

22

1 , 3-Dimethylcyclohexane

81.0

38

2 , 5 -Dlmethylhexane

79.0

74

Ethyl a c e t a t e

74.0

90

Ethyl propyl e t h e r

62.0

48

Ethyl s u l f i d e

78.0

13. I

Water

60.8

Ethylene d i c h l o r i d e

7L. 7

48.7

Toluene

70

Fluorobenzenc

74.5

49.5

n-Heptane

76.4

77

Hexane

62.7

30

1 -1odo-2 - m e t h y l p r o p a n e

81.5

81

Isobutyl c h l o r i d e

63.8

47.7

Isopropyl acetate

80.1

83.7

Isopropyl e t h e r

66. L

53.5

Methyl a c r y l a t e

76.0

47

Methylcyclohexane

77.6

75

Methylcyclopentane

63.3

70

Methyl e t h y l ketone

77.3

35

Methyl I s o b u t y r a t e

81.4

62

Methyl propionate

16.4

16

Octane

81.8

94

Pentane

>5.5

48

Propyl ether

78. L

64

Propyl formate

76.9

19

Tetrachloroethylene

81.7

57

Thiophene

76.0

31

Toluene

80.6

72

Trichloroethylene

74.0

77.6

Vinyl a c e t a t e

70.8

12.2

Water

79.5

6 32

7L.3

73.4

Water

73.3

4.7

61.1

Water Diisobutylene

10.4

88

64.8

Water

67.7 7.7

66. 5

69.7

75.5

Water Isopropyl e t h e r

61.6

Water Nitromethane

78.0

76.3

Monohydric Alcohols

Table 6.69: Viscosity of RS % Sec. Nitrocellulose In Mixtures of Toluene, Isopropyl Alcohol and Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (74)

Table 6.68: The Effect of Isopropyl Alcohol on the Dilution Ratio of Solvents (74)

1

I

I

I

I

I

299

1

H O P P L E R VISCOMETER A T

2O.C

I

110

P

4

SOLIDS C O N C E N T R A T I O N 120

8% by weight R S

-

yz s e c

Nitrocelluiose C O M P O S I T I O N OF

DILUENT

L

I

I-

I

SOLVENT %' W

TOLUENE

I

r n . ~ ~ r\ yC L~ I + ~ b5v0b E ISOPROPYL \ C E T + T E 15%-

3

1

I

5T

I

I

7,

M E T H Y L ISOUUTYL KETONE DlLUENT

ALIPHATIC P E T R O L E U M NAPHTHA

0 5

0

IO

.'U

1U

4"

50

LO

7u

P L R CLNT ISOPROPYL ALCOIIOL BY WEIGHT

P E R C E N T BY W E I G H T

OF T O L U E N E

Table 6.71 : Methanol-Isopropyl Alcoho1:LlquidTable 6.70: Methanol-Isopropyl Alcohol: Boiling Vapor Equilibria at Atmospheric Point vs Composltlon at 760 mm Hg (79) Pressure (79)

Y E T H A N O L . MOL

P f R CENl

0

IO

20

30

a

5a

60

70

10

SO

100

300

Industrial Solvents Handbook

>

cn

..

m

2

Monohydric Alcohols n-BUTYL ALCOHOL n-Butanol, Butanol-1,

CH3CH2CH2CH20H

Butyric Alcohol

Table 6.74: Physical Properties of n-Butyl Alcohol (37)

PHYSICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F n-BUTYL ALCOHOL Acidity a s a c e t i c acid

0.005% by w t . m a x .

Aldehydes

None

Boiling point a t 760 m m

117.7'C

Chlorides

None

Coefficient of c u b i c a l expansion p e r 'C p e r 'F

0.00093 0.00052

Coloi, Pt-Co

10 m a x .

Critical pressure

48.4 atm

Critical temperature

287'C

D i e l e c t r i c constant a t 25'C

16. I

Distillation range (including 117.7.C)

1.5.C m a x .

E l e c t r i c a l conductivity a t 25.C

9 . 1 2 x 10'' ohms

Explosive l i m i t s in a i r , Lower Upper

1.45% by vol. 1 1 . 2 5 % by vol.

Fire hazard

Moderate

F l a s h point, T a g open cup

115'F

F r e e z i n g point

-89.0.C

H e a t of combustion

8626 cal/g

Heat of fusion

29.9 cal/g

Heat of vaporization a t boiling point

141.3 cal/g

reciprocal

Ignition t e m p e r a t u r e

367'C

Iron

None

MAC

100 ppm i n a i r

Melting point

-09.8.C

Molecular weight

74.12 c a l c u l a t e d

Non-volatile m a t t e r

0 . 0 0 5 g/100 m l , m a x .

Odor

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c , nonresidual

R e f r a c t i v e index a t ZO'C, nD

I . 3992

Relative evaporation r a t e n-butyl a c e t a t e = I

0.45

I

Solubility in w a t e r a t ZO'C

7.8% by wt

Solubility of w a t e r in n-Butanol at ZO'C

2 0 . 1% by wt

Specific g r a v i t y a t ZO/ZO*C

0.8109

Specific heat of liquid a t 2O'C

0.563 cal/g

S u l f u r i c acid t e s t ( P t - C o )

25 m a x .

S u r f a c e tension a t 20'C

2 4 . 6 dynes/cm

Suspended m a t t e r

Substantially f r e e

Toxic ity

Moderately toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption

Vapor p r e s s u r e a t 20'C 40% 6O'C 75'C 100.8'C

4 . 3 9 mm Hg 18.6 mm Hg 5 9 . 2 m m Hg 1 3 1 . 3 m m Hg 4017.0 mm Hg

V i s c o s i t y a t LO'C

2.948 c e n t i p o i s e s

W a t e r content

0 . 1 0 % by w t , m a x .

Weight p e r gallon a t ZO'C

6 . 7 5 6 Ibs

301

302

..

w

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Monohydric Alcohols

303

Table 6.77: Solubility of Butyl Alcohol in Water at Various Temperatures (79)

Table 6.78: Azeotropes of n-Butyl Alcohol (37) n-BUTYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH: B . P . of Azeotrope 'C

70

u

B .P.of Azeotrope 'C

87

Acetal

101.0

60

Methyl isovalerate

68.5

1 -Bromo-3 -methylbutane

110.7

70

4 -Methyl - 2 -pentanone

114.4

32.8

Butyl acetate

117.6

50

Octane

110.2

12

Butyl e t h e r

117.3

48

Paraldehyde

115.8

76.4

Butyl f o r m a t e

105.8

I2

u-Pinene

117.4

92.2

Butyl vinyl e t h e r

93.3

29

Pyridine

118.7

Camphene

117.8

21

Styrene

116.5

Chlorobenzene

115.3

Tetrachloroethylene

110.0

Toluene

105.6

o-Xylene p -Xylene

116.8

2 44 88

1 -Chloro-3 -methylbutane

97.0

68 73

90

Cyclohexane

79.8

25

95

Cyclohexene

82.0

32

17.5

Dibutyl e t h e r

117.6 108.5

57

1, 3-Dimethylcyclohexane

72

2, 5-Dimethylhexane

101.9

48

Ethyl borate

113.0

36 37

Ethyl butyrate

115.7

Ethyl carbonate

116.5

83

Ethyl isobutyrate

109.2

82

Heptane

93.3

37.3

Water

97

Hexane

67.0

35.3

Butyl acetate

18.2

2-Hexanone

116.5

2G

3 -Hexanone

117.2

41.8

Water

22

I -1odo- 3 -methylbutane

117.3

31

Loamy1 formate

115.9

29.3

Water

50

Iaobutyl acetate

114.5

27.7

Butyl e t h e r

115.7

n-BUTYL ALCOHOL FORMS TERNARY AZEOTROPES WITH:

k

7.9

B.P. of Azeotrope *C

Butyl chloroacetate

5L

Isobutyl e t h e r

113.5

21.3

Water

46

Isopropyl isobutyrate

115.5

68.7

Butyl formate

55

Isopropyl sulfide

112.0

86

Methylc yclohexane

95.3

Methylc yclopentane

71.8

92

116.3

3. I 85.0

89.1

93. I

91.0

83.6

Water Carbon tetrachloride

64.7

304

Industrial Solvents Handbook

ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL Isobutanol, 2-Methyl Propanol -1,

Isopropyl Carbinol

Table 6.79: Physical Properties of Isobutyl Alcohol (31)

(CH 3 )2CHCH2 O H

Table 6.80: Azeotropes of Isobutyl Alcohol (31)

Alkalinity

0 . 0 0 3 % by w t . max.

Boiling point at 760 m m

107.9.C

Coefficient of cubical '-uxpansion a t 10 to 30'C

0.95

90.7

Benzene

Color, APHA

10 max.

36.4

1 -Bromo-3 -methylbutane

Critical p r e s s u r e

48 a t m

60

Butyl formate

103.0

Critical t e m p e r a t u r e

265'C

37

Chlorobenzene

107.1

Distillation range (including 107.9.C)

78

1-Chloro-3 -methylbutane

Z'C max.

94.5

88

1 , 3-Cyclohexadiene

Electrical conductivity at 25'C

8 x lo-' mho per c m .

79.4

86

Evaporation r a t e (n-Butyl Acetate = 1 . 0 )

Cyclohexane

78.1

0.8

85.8

Cyclohexene

44

1.3-Dlmethylcyclohexane

102.2 105.5

Explosive limits in lower limit

10-3

air,

ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH:

70

B . P . of Azeotrope 'C 79.9 103.4

80.5

1.68 % by volume

48

Ethyl isobutyrate

F i r e hazard

Mode rate

87

Ethyl propionate

98.9

F l a s h point, Tag open cup

103'F

91

Fluorobenzene

84.0

Heat of combustion

6382 cal/g

73

Heptane

90.8

97.5

Hexane

45

Isobutyl acetate

107.4

79.4

Isobutyl formate

97.8

93.8

Isobutyl vinyl e t h e r

27

Imopropyl sulfide

105.8 101.3

Heat of vaporization at boiling point

138 cal/g/mole

Ignition t e m p e r a t u r e

440'C

Melting point

-108'C

Molecular weight

74. I 2 calculated

Non -volatile m a t t e r

0.001 g/lOo m l , m a .

Refractive index at ZO'C, nD

1.3959

Solubility in water a t 25'C

8 . 8 m l per 100 m l

68.3

82.7

75

Methyl butyrate

68

M ethylc y c lohe xane

95

Mcthylcyclopentane

71.0

10

Methyl iaovalerate

107.5

92.6

Solubility of w a t e r in isobutyl alcohol at 25'C

20.0 m l per 100 m l

Specific gravity a t 20/2o*c

0.8034

4 -Methyl-2 -pentanone

107.9

Specific heat a t 15'C

0.716 cal/g/'C

81

L -Pentanone

101.8

Surface tension at 20.C

2 2 . 8 dynes/cm

80

3-Pentanone

101.7

Toxicity

Highly toxic by inhalation o r ingemtion

68

Pinacolone

105.5

83

Propyl acetate

101 .o

Vapor density ( A i r = 1 . 0 )

2.55

90

Propyl e t h e r

Vapor premaure at 2O.C

8.8 mm

55

Toluene

Vimcoaity at 20.C

6.68 centipoises

73

2.2.4-Trimethylpentane

Water content

0.2% by w i , max.

Weight p e r gallon a t 2O.C

6.68 lbm

9

89.5 101.2

92.0

ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL FORMS TERNARY AZEOTROPES WITH:

30.4

Water

46.5

Isobutyl acetate

33.6

Water

13.3

Isobutyl chloroacetate

17.3

Water

76

Isobutyl formate

86.8

90.2

80.2

Monohydric Alcohols

305

Table 6.81: Relative Evaporation Rates of Various Butyl Alcohols and Acetates (47)

:w -

. 0

< I>

Y

f

/h

-f

10-

1

io

0

1

1

a

io

1

0

1

io

IVAPORAIION

1

1

m

io RATE

1

io

1

r6

1 loo

1

1

r;orio

IN YlNUItS

sec-BUTYL ALCOHOL CH3CHOHCH2CHj

sec-Butanol, Butanol-2, Methyl Ethyl Carbinol

Table 6.83: Azeotropes of sec-Butyl Alcohol (37)

Table 6.82: Physical Properties of secButyl Alcohol (31) Acidity a a acetic acid Boiling point at 760 m m Coefficient of cubical expanaion at 20'C

0.003% by w t . max. 99.5-c

Color, Pt-Co (Hazen) Critical p r e a i u r e Critical temperature Diatilhtion range Fire h i z a r d

IO max.

Flaah Point, Tag open cup Tag cloaed cup Freezing point Heat of vaporization at I atm. Molecular weight Non-volatile m a t t e r Purity Refractive index at ZO'C n o Relative evaporation r a t e , n-Butyl acetate = 100 Solubility in water at 2O.C Solubility of water in, at LO'C Specific gravity at 20/20'c Specific heat at 8.5.C Surface tenaion at 20.C Tdcity Vapor preaaure at 2O.C Viacoaity at 20'C Water, preaence of

Weight per gallon at ZO'C

0 * 00101 'C

46.9 atm 265.19.C 98.0-101 .O*C Dangeroua when expoaed t o heat or name

8O'F 75.F -114.7.C 134.4 g cal/g 74.12 0 . 0 0 2 ml. m u . 99.0% min. 1.39719

#ec -BUTYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH:

% 61 93 84.6 13.7 32 71 79 46 53 68 62 92 60

41 59

I20

88.5

22.5% by w t

77

60.0% by wt 0.8079 0.596 23.0 dynea/cm Moderate 12.1 m m 3.78 cpa. Miacible without t u r bidity with 19 vol of n-heptane at 20'C 6.73 l b

42

.

16 48 78 45

B.P. of Azeotrope 'C tert-Amyl ethyl ether tert-Amyl methyl ether Benzene mc-Butyl acetate Butyl formate 1-Chloro-3 -methylbutane Cyclohexene 2,s -Dimethylhexane Ethyl propionate Ethyl aulfide Heptane Heune Iiobutyl formate Methyl butyrate Methylc ycloheune Methylc yclopentane Methyl iaobutyrate 3 -Pentanone Pinacolone Propyl acetate Propyl ether Toluene

94.5 86.0 78.6 99.6 98.0 91.5 78.1 93.0 95.7 89.0 89.0 67.2

91.7 97.7 89.9 69.7 92.0 98.0 99.1 96.5 81.0 95.3

306

Industrial Solvents Handbook

tert-BUTYL ALCOHOL tert-Butanol,

2-Methyl Propanol-2

Table 6.84: Physical Propertleo of tertButyl Alcohol (37)

Table 6.85: Azeotropes of tertButyl Alcohol (37)

Acidity a s acetic acid

0.003% by w t . max.

Boiling point at 760 m m

82.36.C

Coefficient of cubical expansion a t 26'C

0.30132.C

63.4

Benzene

74.0

Color, Pt-Co ( H a z e n ) max.

10 m a x .

94

Carbon disulfide

45.7

Compressibility at 2O.C. between 100-500 megabara

79.6 x IO-( megadynea/cm

Critical p r e s s u r e

46 atm

Critical temperature

234.9.c

Dielectric conatant a t 19'C (audio)

I I . 4 cgs unita

Distillation range

81.5-83.0.C

Carbon tetrachloride

29.5

I -Chloro-3 -methylbutane

81.2

61.5

1 , 3 -Cyclohexadiene

73.4

63

Cyclohexane

71.3

60

Cyclohexene

73.2

93

Cyclopentane

48.2

65

Dibromodichloromethane

79.0

94

1 , I -Dichloroethane

57.1

60'F (approx. ) 48'F (approx. )

33

Diisobutyl alcohol

81.5

87

2.3-Dimethylbutane

55.3

25.57.C

10

lI3-Dimethy1cycIohexane

82.2

23

2.5-Dimethylhexane

81.5

75

Ethyl acetate

76.0

38

Ethyl n i t r a t e

78.0

30

Ethyl aulfide

79.8

69

Fluorobenzene

76.0

Heptane

78.0

Hexane

63.7

Isobutyl chloride

65.5

1.65 x 10" Dangerous when exposed t o heat o r flame

Heat of fuaion at 25.5.C Heat of aolution at I 5 * C , of the aolid alcohol in water

6290 cal/g 6302 cal/g 6426 cal/g 2 1 . 8 8 cal/g

Heat of vaporization a t 1 atm.

3.23 k g c a l 130.6 g cal/g

Melting point

25.57.C

Molecular weight

74.12

Molecular volume, 20/VM

94.3 c c

38 78 83 34 74

Non -volatile m a t t e r

0.002 g / l o o m l . max.

70

Purity

99.0% by w t . min.

Refractive index a t 20*C, nD

1.3841

Solubility a t 20.C.

Complete Complete

in water water in Specific heat a t 26'C

B.P. of Azeotrope 'C

76

F i r e hazard

Heat of combustion Liquid at constant volume constant p r e s s u r e Vapor at constant p r e s a u r e

70

41

Dipole moment

F l a s h point, Tag open cup Tag closed cup F r i e z i n g point

t e r t -BUTY L ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH:

0.726 g cal/g

Specific gravity at 2 6 / 4 * ~

0.7793

Surface tension at LO'C 34.5.c 80'C

LO. 7 dynes

Toxic it y

Mode r a t e

Vapor p r e a a u r e at 3O.C

57.3 m m

19.45 dynes 14.6 dynes

Viscosity at 30'C

3.316 cpa.

Water

Miacible without turbidity with 19 vol. of n-heptane at 20.C

Weight p e r gallon a t 26'C

6.50 l b

Methylc yclohexane

78.8

Methylc yclopentane

66.6

Methylc yclopentene

69.5

Monohydric Alcohols PRIMARY AMYL ALCOHOL Primary amyl alcohol, a mixture of isomers all of which are primary alcohols, i s composed of approximately 60% pentanol-1 (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH20H); 35% 2-methyl butanol-1 (CH3CH2CH (CH3)CH20H); and 5% 3-methyl butanol -1 (CH3CH (CH3)CH2CH20H).

Table 6.86: Physical Properties of Primary Amyl Alcohol (79) Acidity as acetic acid

0.01% by w t . max.

Boiling point at 760 m m 50 m m 10 m m

133.1.C 68'C 39'C

Carbonyl, a s C, aldehyde

0.20% by wt, max.

Coefficient of expansion at 20.C

0.00092 p e r 'C

Color, R - C o

15, max.

Distillation a t 760 mm Ibp DP F i r e hazard

127.5.C 139.0.C.

max.

Mode rate

F l a s h point (open cup)

118.F

F r e e z i n g point

Sets t o glass below -9O'C

Heat of vaporization at 133.C

242 Btu/lb

P u r i t y , as p r i m a r y amyl alcohols

98.0% by

Refractive index a t 2O.C.

1.4084

nD

wt,

Solubility in water at 20.C

1.7% by wt

Solubility of water in, a t 20.C

9.2% by w t

Specific gravity at 20/20*c

0.81 34

min.

PRIMARY n-AMYL ALCOHOL Table 6.87: Physical Properties of Primary n-Amyl Alcohol (37) Acidity ( m g KOH/g)

0.06 m u .

Boiling point

137.8.C

Clarity

No turbidity or s u s pended m a t t e r

Coefficient of expansion p e r 'C

0.00092

Distillation. initial final

Not below 134.8-C Not above 140.0'C

F i r e point

140.F

F i r e hazard

Moderate

F l a s h point (open cup)

135'F

Heat of vaporization

120.6 cal/g ( c a l culated )

Melting point

-78.5.C

Molecular weight

88.15 (calculated)

Non-volatile m a t t e r a t IOO'C

5.

Refractive index at ZO'C

1.4099

Specific gravity a t 20/2o*c

0.82

o mg/100

rnl, m u .

Specific heat

0.712 cal/g

Toxicity

Highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion

Viscosity at ZS'C 60'C

3.31 cantipoises I . 33 centipoise.

Weight per gallon

6.82 lbs

307

308

0

rr: 4

5 m

G. c)

0

J

m U

u

i f u

..

00

U

W

-

m

0

U Y I.

V

D

V *

U

a V

2

U V

0

a

U

v

a * D

.-P

m m m m m o . . . . . . ?m3 nI-wm.39 -.ucImm

rUr-.uuum

2 x b 5 5 w

C

Industrial Solvents Handbook

3

2

r

0

I 0

al QD r

F

t

*

6

I.

* U m

EJ

0

2

U

U

-

X

i V V

0 0

-

7

M

\ V?

d

0 4

0

0 0

e

x

0

0

m

e u

C

I! M U

v)

v)

00m

9

r-

2-u 2 m c c

P

Monohydric Alcohols sec-n-AMYL ALCOHOL Table 6.90: Physical Properties of sec-n-Amyl Alcohol (31)

Acidity as acetic acid

0.06% max.

Boiling point

115.6.C

Coefficient of expansion p e r 'C Distillation, 95%

0.00149

F i r e hazard

Between 113.6

-

117.6.C

Mode rate 100.F

Flash point Freezing point

Less than r75.C

Heat of vaporization

96.8 cal/g (calculated)

Non -volatile at 1OO.C Refractive index a t 20.C

a . o 0 3 , ~ / 1 0 0c c max.

Specific gravity a t 2O'C

0.82

Toxicity

Highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion

Viscosity at 25.C 60'C Weight per gallon a t ZO'C

4.12 centipoires 1.09 centipoiser.

1.4098

6.81 lbs

Table 6.91: Azeotropes of sec-n-Amyl Alcohol (31)

s e c -n-AMYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH:

%

B.P. of Azeotrope 'C

97

Cyclohexane

80.0

80

Heptane Methylcyclohexane

96.0 97.4

77

65

4-Methyl-2 -pentanone

115.0

65

Toluene

106.0

309

310

Industrial Solvents Handbook

tert-AMYL ALCOHOL, REFINED (CH3)2COHCH2CH3

2-Methyl Butanol -2, Dimethylethyl Carbinol, Amylene Hydrate, tert-Pentanol

Table 6.92: Physlcal Propertles of Refined tert-Amyl Alcohol (37) Acidity as acetic acid Boiling point Clarity

0.15% max. 101.8.C N o turbidity o r nu. pended m a t t e r

Coefficient of expansion p e r 'C Distillation. 95% between

-

0.001 33 (calculated) 98.8 103.8.C

-

F i r e hazard

Dangerous when exposed to heat or flame

F l a s h point, Open cup Freezing point

70.F

Heat of vaporization Molecular weight Neutralization value, mg KOH/g

93.4 cal/g 88.15 (calculated) 0.06 max.

Non-volatile m a t t e r

0.003 g/lOO c c . m i x .

Odor Refractive index a t 2O.C

Camphor -like

Specific gravity at 20/20*c Specific lieat

0.81

Toxicity Viscosity a t ZS'C at 63'C Water content

Moderate

None

Water tolerance, water p e r 100 c c alcohol Weight p e r gallon

6.75 lbs

-11.9-c

I .4052

- 0.82

0.753 cal/g 3.70 centipoiies 0.99 centipoises

18.0 min.

Table 6.93: Azeotropes of tert-Amyl Alcohol (37) tart-AMYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH:

z

B . P . of Aaeotrope 'C

85 85

Bcnsene

80.0

1.3-Cycloheudiene

79.1

84

Cyclohexane Cyclohexens

80.8

83 32 50

73.5

1.3 -Dimethylcyclohe xane 2,5-Dimethylhexane

18.5 101.1 97.0 92.2

96

Heptane Heune

60

Methylcyclohe-

95 25

Methylcyclopentane &tMO

101.1

80

Propyl ether

44

Toluene

88.8 100.5

68.3 92.0 71.5

Monohydric Alcohols

31 1

ISOAMYL ALCOHOL 3-Methyl - 1 -Butanol, Primary Isoamyl Alcohol, Isobutyl Carbinol

Table 6.94: Physical Properties of Isoamyl Alcohol (31) Acidity a s acetic acid

0.01% max.

Boiling point a t 760 m m

131.4.C

Coefficient of expansion per *C per O F

0.00090 0.00050

Color, APHA

No. 1 0 m a x .

Critical t e m p e r a t u r e

307'C

Distillation range, below 128.C above 132.C

None None

Dryneaa

A 5 m l . sample is c l e a r l y miscible with a t l e a s t 19 p a r t s of 60 Be'gaaoline a t 60.F

Esters F i r e hazard

(CHS)~CHCH~CH~OH

Table 6.95: Azeotropes of Isoamyl Alcohol (37)

ISOAMYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH:

%

Not m o r e than 0.060% a s amyl acetate Mode rate

B . P . of Azeotrope 'C

15

Bromobenzene

131.7

82.5

Butyl acetate

125.9

35

Butyl e t h e r

129.8

76

Camphene

130.9

66

Chlorobenzene

124.4

Cumene

131.6

73

1.3-Dimethylcyclohexane

116.6

85

2 . 5 -Dimethylhexane

107.6

42

Ethyl iaovalerate

130.5

93

Heptane

6

97.7

2.6

Isoamyl acetate

129.1

F l a s h point, Open cup

125'F

74.5

Isoamyl formate

123.6

Heat of combustion

794.5 g r a m caloriea per gram

88

Iaoamyl vinyl e t h e r

112.1

78

Isobutyl e t h e r

119.8

Latent heat of vaporization

105.4 g r a m calorie. per gram

28

Iaobutyl propionate

131.2

MAC

100 ppm in a i r

76

Meaityl oxide

129.2

Melting point

- I 17. Z'C

87

Methylcyclohexane

88.15

65

Octane

120.0

Molecular weight

98.2

Non-volatile m a t t e r

0.003% ma;.

78

Paraldehyde

123.5

Odor

Alcoholic , non r e s idual

26

a-Pinene

137.7

47

Propyl iaobutyrate

130.2

21

Propyl aulfide

130.5

-

Refractive index at ZO'C

1.4014

Solubility in water at 14.C

2.0% by

Specific gravity a t Z O / L O * C

0.810

- 0.813

95

2.2.4-Trimethylpentane

Specific heat a t LO'C

0.544 g r a m c a l o r i e s p e r g r a m p e r 'C

48

0-,

wt

m - , o r p-Xylene

Surface. tension a t 2O'C

2 3 . 8 dynes p e r c m

Toxic it y

Highly toxic by ingeation and inhalation

Vapor p r e s s u r e a t 20'C

2.8 m m Hg

44.8

Water

V i a c w i t y ( a b s o l u t e ) a t 23.8.C

3.86 centipoisea

24.0

Isoamyl acetate

Weight p e r gallon at ZO'C

6.76 lbs approx.

46.2

Water

99.0 125-126

ISOAMYL ALCOHOL FORMS TERNARY AZEOTROPES WITH:

%

6.5

B . P . of Azeotrope *C

Iaoamyl chloroacetate

32.4

Water

48

Isoamyl formate

93.6

95.4

89.8

312

Industrial Solvents Handbook

ACTIVE AMYL ALCOHOL Table 6.96: Physical Properties of Active Amyl Alcohol (37) Acidity ( m g KOH p e r g ) Boiling point Coefficient of expansion p e r 'C Dimtillation: 95% 30% F l a s h point, Open cup Freezing point Heat of vaporization Refractive index at ZO'C Re sidue Specific gravity a t Z0/4'C Viscomity a t 20.C 60'C Weight p e r gallon at ZO'C

0.06 max. 128'C 0.00078 Between 1 2 5 131.C min. Above 130.C max.

-

120.F Lems than -7O'C

100.0 cal/g (calculated) I .4097

0.003 g/100 cc 0.816 5.09 centipoiies 1.44 centipoiscs 6.80 lbm

FUSEL OIL, REFINED Refined fusel oil is a volatile, poisonous, oily mixture consisting largely of amyl alcohols.

Table 6.97: Physical Properties of Refined Fusel 011 (37) Acidity as acetic acid Coefficient of expansion i e r I*C

1'F Color. APHA Distillation range (ASTM) below I 1 O'C below 120.C below 130 'C above 135'C Drynesm

0.01% max.

0.00051-0.0006 0.00092- 0.001 1 No. 10 max. None Not m o r e than 1 5 % Not lems than 60% None A 5 m l . sample is clearly miscible with at l e a s t 19 p a r t s of 60' B6 gas oline at 6O'F

-

Evaporation rate at 95'F

%

Minutes 3.5 17.0 36.5 75 64.75 90 90.25 95 103.5 Moderate 5 25 50

F i r e hasard F l a s h point, Open cup Clomed cup specific gravity at ZO/ZO*C Toxicity Water molubility at ZI'C, 100 c c solvent dissolves Weight per gallon d ZO'C

123.F. approx. 106'F. approx. 0.810- 0.81 5

Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation 9.9 c c w a t e r 6.76 6.77 lb.

-

Monohydric Alcohols

313

METHYLAMYL ALCOHOL Me thy1 lsobuty I Corb in01, 4-Me th yl pentan01-2,

MlBC

(CH-J)~CHCH~CHOHCH~

Methylamyl alcohol i s a secondary alcohol.

Table 6.98: Physical Propertles of Methylamyl Alcohol (37)

Acidity a s acetic acid

0.005% by wt. m i x .

Heat of vaporization a t I a t m .

98.6 g cal/g

MAC

2 5 ppm in a i r

Azeotrope with water: boiling point, 760 m m . * C methyl amyl alcohol, %w

94.3 55.6

Boiling point a t 760 m m

131.63

Coefficient of cubical expanaion at 2 o * c / * c

0.00103

Color, P t - C o s c a l e

10 max.

Refractive index a t ZO'C, nD

1.4081

Critical p r e s s u r e , a t m .

42.4

Solubility in water at 20.C

1.7

Critical temperature

312.C

Diatillation range, 760 m m

130.0

F i r e hazard

-

131.8.C

Molecular weight

102.17

Non-volatile m a t t e r

0.005 g/100 m l m i x .

Odor

Mild and nonreaidual

Purity, minimum

97.5% by wz

- 1.4113

- 1.87ebywt - 6.2% by wt

Solubility of water in, a t ZO'C

5.8

Specific gravity at 20/20*c

0.8079

Moderate

Specific heat at 20.C

0 . 5 2 g cal/g-'C

Flaah point, T a g open cup Tag closed cup

131.F 106.F

Surface teniion at 2O.C

22.8 dynes/cm

Suspended m a t t e r

F r e e z i n g point

Substantially f r e e

-90.C. seta t o a glass below

-

133.0.C

- 0.8080

2-ETHYLBUTYL ALCOHOL Table 6.99: Physical Propertles of 2-Ethylbutyl Alcohol (37) Acidity a s acetic acid

0.02% max.

Solubility in water at LO'C

0.43% by wt

Boiling Boilinn below below below above

147.0.C

Solubility of water in, a t LO'C

4.6% by wt

None Not m o r e than 5% Not leas than 95% None

Specific gravity at 20/20'C

0.8328

Specific heat at 25.C

0.586 cal/g

Surface tenaion a t 28'C

28.05 dynea/cm

point a t 760 m m ranne a t 760 m m 140'C 145.C 155.C

160'C

Coefficient of expansion p e r 'C Dryness at ZO'C

F l a s h point (ASTM open c u p )

0.000892 to 2O.C 0.000921 t o 55'C Miacible with 19 vol. of 60. Be' gasoline 58.C (137.F)

Heat of vaporization, 1 atm.

196 Btu/lb

Molecular weight

102.17

N m -volatile m a t t e r

0.005% max.

Refractive index at ZO'C

1.4229

Vapor p r e s s u r e aL 20.C

1.2 mm

Viscosity a t LO'C

5.63 cps.

Weight p e r gallon at LO'C

6.93 Ibs

314

Industrial Solvents Handbook

n-HEXYL ALCOHOL n-Hexanol, Hexanol-1,

Amyl Carbinol

Table 6.100: Physical Properties of n-Hexyl Alcohol (37) Acidity a s acetic acid

0.01% by wt

Refractive index a t 20.C. nD

1.4181

Boiling point a t 760 m m 50 m m 10 m m

157.1.C 89'C 60'C

Solubility in water at 2O'C

0.58% by wt

Solubility of water i n , at ZO'C

Boiling range at 760 m m

153 t o 160'C

Specific gravity at 20/20*c

7.2% by wt 0.8203 0.8208

Specific heat a t 16.9.C at 13.C

0.544 Cal/gm/'C 0.500 Cal/gm/*C

Color (F't -Co Scale )

15 max.

F i r e hazard

Moderate

F l a s h point (Open cup)

165'F

F r e e z i n g point

-44.6.C

Heat of vaporization at 1 a t m .

213 Btu/lb

Hydroxyl number

530 min.

Iodine number

1 . 2 min.

Mole c ula r weight

102.17

Odor

Mild

Table 6.101: Solubility of Water In n-Hexyl Alcohol (37)

-

Surface tension at 3n.C

23.6 dynes/cm

Suspended m a t t e r

Substantially f r e e

Vapor p r e s s u r e a t 20'C

0.43 m m

Viscosity ( a b s o l u t e ) a t 20.C

5.4 cps

Water content

Miscible without turbidity with 19 vol. of 60' API gaaoline a t 20'C

Weight p e r gallon a t 20.C

6.83 lbs

Table 6.102: Azeotropes of Hexyl Alcohol (37) HEXYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH: B . P . of Azeotrope ' C

% 63.5

Anisole

151.0

27

Benzyl methyl e t h e r

156.7

52

Camphene

150.8

56

o -Chlorotoluene

153.5

46

p -Chlorotoluene

154.0

65

Cumeme

149.5

53

2,7-Dimethyloctane

152.5

11

Isoamyl e t h e r

157.0

40

Iaoamyl propionate

156.7

60

Isobutyl butyrate

155.0

45

Me8itylene

153.5

19

Phenetole

157.7

60

,?-Pinene

150.8

55

Propylbenrene

152.5

32

P a e udoc m e ne

156.3

77

Styrene

144.0

a5

m -Xylene

138.3

82

o-Xylene

143.6

87

p-Xylene

137.0

Monohydric Alcohols

315

CYCLOHEXYL ALCOHOL Table 6.103: Physical Properties of Cyclohexyl Alcohol (3 1) Boiling point a t 7bO m m

1 6 l . l ' C (322'F)

Boiling range a t 7 b 0 m m , 5.95%

1 56 - 1 6 3.C

Color, A P H A

10 m a y .

C r y s t a l l i z a t i o n point

-1O'C m i n .

Dielectric constant a t 25'C

15.0

E v a p o r a t i o n r a t e a t 45'C (toluene = 100)

8 approx.

F i r e hazard

Moderate

F l a s h point ( C l o s e d c u p ) (Open c u p )

145'F 154.F

F r e e z i n g point

1 8-25.15.C

Heat of c o m b u s t i o n , liquld

8893 c a l / g

Heat of fusion

4.9 c a t / g

Heat of vaporization

108 c a l / g

Ketone a s cyclohexanone

0.5% rnax.

Phenol

0.05% rnax.

R e f r a c t i v e index a t ZO'C

1.4656

Solubility in w a t e r a t 20%

3.6% by wt.

Solubility of w a t e r in a t L O T

20% by wt.

Specific g r a v i t y a t 20/4'C

0.9493

Specific heat a t 15-18'C

0.417 c a l / g m

S u r f a c e tension a t 16.2.C

34.23 dynes/cm

Toxicity

M o d e r a t e by ingestion and inhalation

Vapor density ( a i r = 1.00)

3.45

Vapor p r e s s u r e a t 20 'C 70 80 100 120 140 150 161.1

0.8 mm 15 27 78 187 398 554 760

Viscosity a t 25 'C 39.1.C 65.9'C 90 'C

49.8 20.3 5.8 2.45

Water

0.5% m a x .

Weight p e r gallon a t 20.C (68.F)

7.91 Ibs.

Table 6.104: Azeotropes of Cyclohexyl Alcohol (31) CYCLOHEXY L ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH

%

B. P. of A z e o t r o p e 'C

70

Anisole

152.5

38

Benzyl m e t h y l e t h e r

159.0

59

Camphene

151.9

85

Chloroacetal

155.6

62

o-Chlorotoluene

155.5

p-Chlorotoluene

156.5

8

Cineole

160.55

72

Cumene

150.0

28

Cymene

159.5

25

Indene

160.0

22

Isoamyl ether

158.8

37

I s o a m y l propionate

157.7

80

Isobutyl b u t y r a t e

156.0

35

0-P h e l l a n d r e n e

158.0

60

Propylbenzene

153.8

83

Propyl isovalerate

155.1

40

Pseudocumene

158.0

35

@-Terpene

158.3

22

Thymene

95

rn Xylene

159.8 138.9

86

o-Xylene

143.0

45

-

centipoises cps. cps. cps.

316

Industrial Solvents Handbook

HEPTYL ALCOHOL Heptanol-1, Alcohol C-7

C7H 15 0 H

Table 6.105: Physical Properties of Heptyl Alcohol (31) Boiling point a t 765 mm

175'C

Freezing point

-34.6.C

Refractive index a t LOT, n

1.4233

D

Specific gravity at 25/4*C

0.824

Table 6.106: Azeotropes of Heptyl Alcohol (37) HEPTYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH:

"h

B.P. of Azeotrope 'C

80

Benzyl methyl e t h e r

167.0

90

Camphene

159.3

53

Cymene

172.5

50

Dipentene

171.7

63

lsoamyl e t h e r

170.4

92

Isobutyl isovalerate

171.0

48

p -Methylaniaole

173.0

72

Phenetole

169.0

60

a-Terpinene

169.7

2-HEPTYL ALCOHOL Heptanol-2, Methylamyl Carbinol 2-Heptyl alcohol i s

CH3(CH2)4CHOHCHQ a

secondary alcohol.

Table 6.107: Physical Properties of 2-Heptyl Alcohol (37)

Acidity as acetic acid

0.03% by wt., max. 160.4.C

Boiling point a t 760 rnrn Boiling range a t 760 rnm, below below below above Color (Pt-Co r c a l e )

155% 158% 162'C 165%

None Not m o r e than 5% Not l e a s than 95% None 15, max.

Dryneas a t ZO'C

Miacible with 19 vola. 60' B6 gaaoline

F i r e hazard

Mode r a t e

Flaah point (Open cup)

160.F

Solubility i n water a t ZO'C

0.35% by wt.

Solubility of water in a t 20%

5.80% by wt.

Specific gravity a t Z ~ / Z O * ~

0.8187

Vapor p r e s a u r e a t 2O.C

1.0 rnrn

Weight p e r gallon a t 2O'C

6.81 lbr.

Monohydric Alcohols

31 7

3-HEPTYL ALCOHOL Heptanol-3

CH3CH2CH (OH )C4Hs

Table 6.108: Physical Properties of 3-Heptyl Alcohol (31) Acidity a s acetic acid

0.02% by \ut.

Boiling point a t 760 m m

156.2.C

Boiling range

153- 1S8'C

Color, APHA (Pt-Co s c a l e )

5

F i r e hazard

Mode rate

F l a s h point

140.F

Freezing point

-70.C s e t s to g l a s s below

Specific gravity at zO/ZO*C

0.8224

Vapor p r e s s u r e at 20.C

0.58 m m

Weight per gallon at 20.C

6.84 lbs.

2-ETHYLHEXYL ALCOHOL 2-Ethylhexano1, Octyl Alcohol

Table 6.109: Physical Properties of 2-Ethylhexyl Alcohol (37) Acidity a s acetic acid

O.Ol%, max.

Heat of vaporization, 1 atm.

Aldehydes

None

Molecular weight

Boiling point a t 760 m m

184.8.C

Refractive index a t 20.C.

Boiling range, below 18O'C above 192'C

None None

Solubility in water at 20.C

0.10% by wt

Solubility of water in, a t 20.C Specific gravity a t 20/20.c

0.8339

Coefficient of expansion per ' C Color, APHA

0.000875 t o 20.C 0.000902 t o 55.C 5 max.

167 Btu/lb 130.22

nD

1.4316 2.6% by wt

Specific heat a t 25.C Surface tension at 22'C

0.564 cal/gm/'C 0.2% max.

30.0 dynes/cm

Constant -boiling m i x t u r e , solvent 20% water 80%

b.p. 99.1.C

Unsaturates.

Vapor p r e s s u r e at ZO'C

0.05 m m

F i r e hazard

Slight

Viscosity at 2O.C

9 . 8 cps.

F l a s h point, Open cup

185.F

Weight p e r gallon at 2O'C

6.94 lbs

F r e e z i n g point

-70.C s e t s t o glass below

a8

ethyl hexanol

n-OCTYL ALCOHOL n-Octanol, Octanol-1

Table 6.110: Physlcal Properties of n-Octyl Alcohol (31) Acid number Boiling point a t 760 m m

0.2 max. 195'C (383.F)

Boiling range a t 760 m m

194

Color, dichromate

0.002 m i x .

E s t e r number F i r e hazard F l a s h point (Open cup)

Molecular weight

130.22

Refractive index a t 20'C, "D

1.42920

Solubility in water a t 25'C

0.059 g p e r 100 g water

1 . 3 max. Slight

Specific gravity a t 20/4'C

0.827

Viicosity at 2O.C

8.925 centipoise

195'F

Water

0.25% max.

-

197'C

Freezing point

-15.C (5.F)

Heat of combustion

9690 cal/g

Hydroxyl number

415

Iodine number

1.3 max.

- 440

318

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.111: Azeotropes of n-Octyl Alcohol (37)

OCTYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH:

%

B . P . of Azeotrope 'C

80

N, N-Dimethyl-o-toluidine

184.8

88

Indene

182.4

85

Iaoamyl isovalerate

70

Iaobornyl methyl e t h e r

192.6 191.9

80

Iaobutyl carbonate

189.5

92

d -Limonene

177.5

20

Phorone

193.5

90

7-Terpinene

182.5

93

Thyme ne

179.6

sec-OCTYL ALCOHOL Table 6.112: Physical Properties of sec-Octyl Alcohol (37) 85% G r a d e

95% G r a d e

Boiling range f i r r t 5% 90% Denaity, I b i p e r gallon

6.8

6.8

F i r e hazard

Mode r a t e

Slight

174

173 178

- 181.5'C

-- 178'C 18L.S.C

F l a a h point

164'F

185'F

Hydroxyl n u m b e r

376

408

- 388

Melting point

-

414

-38'C

Methyl hexyl ketone content Mole,cular weight Refractive index a t ZO'C Specific gravity a t 2O'C Water content

- 15% I .4244 - 1,4252 0.814 - 0.820 1.0 - 1.2% 10

L e r i than 5%

130.23

130.23 1,4258

- 1.4262

0.818 a t 25.C

0.3

- 0.5%

Table 6.1 13: Azeotropes of sec-Octyl Alcohol (37)

s e c -0CTYL ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH:

%

B . P . of Azeotrope 'C

I4

Amyl e t h e r

179.8

50

Butylbenzene

178.2

89 73.5

Butyl irovaleratc

177.4

Cineole

175.9

Cymene

174.0

56 40

Indene

176.0

28 83

Iaoamyl butyrate

180.3

h o a m y l ether

172.7

55 73

d -Limonene

174.5

a-Terpinene

171.8

43

T e rpinolene

179.0

48

Thymene

176.0

Monohydric Alcohols

319

ISOOCTYL ALCOHOL Table 6.1 14: Physical Properties of lsooctyl Alcohol (37)

Acidity a8 acetic acid Carbonyl number Cozfficient of expansion p e r 'C Color (Hazen, P t - C o ) F i r e hasard F l a a h point ( T a g open c u p ) P o u r point Purity

0.001% by wt

0.000814 5 Slight 18O'F -95'F

Refractive index at 2O.C. nD

99.5% by wt 1.4308

Solubility in w a t e r at 25.C a t 50'C

0.06 g/lOOg 0.08 g/lOOg

Solubility of w a t e r in, at 5'C ZO'C 40.C

3.4 g/IOOg 3.8 g/lOOg 4 . 1 g/lOOg

Specific gravity a t zo/2o*c 60/60*F Specific heat, 50 150.C

0.832 0.834

-

Surface tension at 20'C Vapor pressure. *C 'F 50 122 75 167 100 212 125 257 150 302 175 347 180 356 'F Viacosity. 'C 37.8 100

0.10 m g KOH/g

20.0

68

-9.4 -17.8 -31.7

15

o

-25

Water Weight p e r gallon at 60'F

0.79 cal/g/'C

NONYL ALCOHOL Table 6.115: Physical Properties of Nonyl Alcohol (37)

Aldehyde content

0.30% by

Boiling point a t 760 mm

173.3.C

Color, Saybolt Distillation (ASTM), initial

30 193'C 196'C 198'C 201.C Z06'C

5%

50% 95% max.

wt

~

F i r e hazard

Moderate

Flaah point (Open cup) F r e e z i n g point

80.C (176.F)

Heat of vaporization ( L v ) , 100.F 300'F 400 *F Mixed aniline point

-65'C 22,000 Btu/lb mole 19,000 Btu/lb mole 17,400 Btu/lb mole -15'C

Neutralization number Refractive index at LO'C, nD

0.02 m g KOH/g

Solubility in water a t 20.C

0 . 0 6 % by wt

Solubility of w a t e r in, a t 20.C Specific gravity at Z O / ~ O * ~ Vapor p r e s s u r e at 20.C

0.99% by

Viscoaity at 0.C at 20'C

56.0 cpa. 14.3 c p s .

Weight p e r gallon a t ZO'C

6.75 lba

1.4390

0.8121 0.3 m m

wt

29.5 dynca/cm mm 1.95 8.4 30 94 250 600 700 Centistoke8 6.4 12.7 51.3 84.4 224.2 0.02% by wt 6.95 lba, approx.

320

Industrial Solvents Handbook

3,5,5-TRIMETHYLHEXYL ALCOHOL Table 6.1 16: Physical Properties of 3,5,5-Trimethylhexyl Alcohol (37) Boiling point at 10 m m 760 m m

83.C ( 1 8 1 . F ) 194'C ( 3 8 I ' F )

Boiling range at 760 m m , firmt drop 90% dry Color ( APHA)

190'C 194 f 1'C 195.5.C

Flaah point (Open cup)

ZOO'F

Freezing point

Below -7O'C

2 5 max.

Molecular weight

144.25

P u r i t y (by hydroxyl n u m b e r )

97.5% min.

Refractive index at 25'C, nD

1.4300

specific gravity at tSj4.C

0.8236

Viacority at 25'C

11.06 centipoise.

Water content

0 . 1 5 % max.

Weight p e r gallon at 25'C

6.86 l b r

DECYL ALCOHOL Table 6.117: Physical Properties of Decyl Alcohol (37) Oxo Process Acidity

Fatty acid Process

0.0015% by wt.

Acid number

Solubility in water at 20'C Solubility of water in at 20%

0.20%. max.

Boiling point at 760 mm

217.3.C

231'C (448.F)

Boiling range a t 7 6 0 m m

21 9-22 1.5%

90% between 229-233.C

Coefficient of expansion a t 55.C

0.00086

Color. Hazen P t - C o

5

Specific gravity at

2.3% by wt.

~ o / ~ o * c0.837-0.840

Sulfur

Substantially f r e e

Vapor p r e s s u r e . 0.003 m u . , Dichromate

Lese than 0.1%

F i r e hazard F l a a h point (Open cup)

Slight

Slight

225.F

22 0 9 ~

Freezing point

Sets to a g l a a s

6 . P C (44.F)

Heat of combumtion

9963 cal/a

Hydroxyl number

345-365

Iodine number

0.5 max. 158.28 -95'F 99.7%-99.9% by wt.

158J8

P o u r point Purity Refractive index at 20%. nD

1.1388-1.4390

1.43682

*F mrn

"C 75 100 I25 150 175

1.3 max.

below -6o'C

0.829 at 20/4)'C

4 ppm. max.

Suspended m a t t e r

Ester. a s decyl f o r m a t e E a t e r number

Fatty Acid Process

Less than 0 . 0 1 2 by wt.

0.2 max.

Aldehydes. am decanal

Molecular weight

Oxo Process

200

167 212

2.1

257

28.2 82 225

302 347 392

'C

'F

99 20 9.4 -17.8 -31.7 -40.0 -53.9

210

Viacoslty,

-

68 I5 0 -25 -40 -65

8.4

500 Centiatokes 1.76 21 115 209 701 1649 8826

Water content

0.03-0.07%bywt.

Weight per gallon a t ZOC ' 60'F

7.03 Iba. 6.96 Iba. approx.

13.83 centipoimes

0.25%

Monohydric Alcohols

321

ISODECYL ALCOHOL Table 6.1 18: Physical Properties of lsodecyl Alcohol (37) 0.002% by wt., max.

Aridity a s a c e t i c acid Aldehydes, a s dccanal

0 . 0 5 % by wt.. max.

Boiling point at 7 6 0 mm

zzo.1.c

Boiling range a t 760 m m . Ibp DP Coefficient of expansion a t 55'C

Z25'C, max.

Z15'C, min. O.OC083

Color, ( P t - C o s c a l e )

10, m a x .

F i r e hazard F l a s h point (Open c u p )

Slight

F r e e z i n g point

S e t s to a glass below -6O.C

22O.F

Molecular weight

158.29

Odor

C h a r a c t e t i s t i c , non-petroleurn

P u r i t y , a s decanol R e f r a c t i v e index a t ZO'C.

98.5% by wt., min. n

D

1.4408

Solubility i n w a t e r a t ZO'C

L e s s than 0.01% by wt.

Solubility of w a t e r in a t 2O'C

2.4% by wt.

Specific gravity a t 20/20

0.8423

S u l f u r i c acid t e s t ( P t - C o s c a l e )

50, m a x .

Suspended m a t t e r

Substantially Cree

Vapor p r e s s u r e a t 2O'C

Less than 0.01 rnrn

Viscosity a t 20.C

18.9 c p s .

W a t e r content

0 10% by wt.. rnax.

Weight per gallon a t 2O'C

7.01 l b s .

TRIDECYL ALCOHOL Table 6.119: Physical Properties of Tridecyl Alcohol (37) Acidity a a acetic a c i d

0.002% by wt

Carbonyl n u m b e r

0.7 m g KOH/g

C o l o r , Hazen, Pt-Co

5

'C

'F

99 20 9.4 -17.8

210 68 15 0 -25 40 -65

Viscosity,

~

Distillation: initial d r y point

252'C 269'C

Fire hazard

Slight

F l a s h point ( T a g open c u p )

i8O.F

Hydroxyl n u m b e r

278 mg KoH/g

Odor

Characteristic, non-petrolcum

P o u r point

-95'F

Purity R e f r a c t i v e index at ZO'C. nD

99.6% by w t 1.4475

Specific g r a v i t y at 20.C

0.8454

Sulfur Vapor p r e s s u r e ,

'C

'F

90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

194 212 257 311 347 401 437 491

2 PPrn mm 1.3 2.2 7.6 24 64 155 340 685

-31.7

-40.0 -53.9

-

Centipoiee8 2.61 47.5 382.2 808.3 3,692 11.081

95,433

Water

0.10% by wt.

Weigh4 p e r gallon a t 60'F

7.0 lbs.

322

Industrial Solvents Handbook

OTHER ALCOHOLS AND ALCOHOL BLENDS Table 6.120: ALFOL Alcohol Low Range Blends C6-C,, ~

.

~~

Typical I'roperties Iblal alcclh(l1,WI. '6 Molccular weigh1 distrihution (Io()% alcohol hiisis) c4 C6

~

.-

cx

~

~

100°F

Coefficient of thermal expansion Ib/gal/" F

____

. .. ... . .

610 A l W

610 ADIS X I 0

X__ I 0 lEli

YY.X

99.x

99.6

W.6

4 .X

4.8 54.4 40.1 0.7

9.0 42.1 47.8 0.5

45.1 53.2 0.5

X9.l 0.3

0.5

-

-

-

trace

-

135

I38 0 0.02 0.05 407 30 0.002

145 0 0.02 0.02 387 30 0.003

153 0

010 ~

-

43.2

~

CIO c12 C14 Average alcohol MW Calor, APHA Water, WI. %I Iodine number Hydroxyl number Carbonyl. a% ppin C=O Aciditv. as acetic acid. '6 Acid Heat Color, APHA Specific gravity at O F/" F F l s h point, (PM) O F Melting range. F Boiling range, I: Saponificationnumber Viscosity, cSt 70" F

(40)

~

S1.3

0.7 liiice I40 0 0.03

30 0.002

0 0.03 0.05 415 30 0.002

IO

-

10

0.824 77/77 I75

0.830 60/60 I75

0.829 60160 I67

0.05 40 I

1-5

1-5

0.19 II 6.4

350-460 0.27 II 6.6

35W60 0.19 II 7.1

0.00334

0.00334

0.00334

1-5 S51-459

_____XI0 A I 9Y.X 99.7

0.6

0.1 0.0 10.5 ~. 40.4 .

40.5

141 0

.

0.03 0.02 397

0.02 0.02 367

BO

BO

0.003

0.003

-

-

-

0.831 60/60 I88 3-7 401459 0.4 13.4

0.831

0.831

W60

W(fl

7.4

0.0()3!5

203 200 3-7 3-1 400-460 400-160

-

-

16.3 x.7

1.2

0.00334

0.003 17

13.5

I -

Table 6.121 : ALFOL Alcohol Pure Homologs C,-C,, __

-.___

'Qpical Properties btal alcohol, Wt.% Molecular weight distribution (100% alcohol basis) C6 C8 CIO c12 c14 C16

C18 c20 Average Molecular Weight Color, APHA Water. Wt.% Iodine number Hydroxyl number Carbonyl, as ppm C=O Acidity, as acetic acid, % Specific gravity, at F P F Flash uoinc. (PM) 'F Melting range. 'F

Boiling range, 'F saponificationnumber Viscosity, cSt 70" F 100" F Coeffcient of thermal expansion Ib/gaVF

(40) -~

10 99.8

6

8

99.4

99.9

99.4 0.6 trace trace

trace 99.9 0. I

-

-

-

-

I02 0 0.04 0.05 545 28

I30

0.001

0.8232

60/60 I30 49 3 13-3 I6 4.04

-

0 0.03 0.03 430 12 0.001 0.8293

3.5

60/60 180 1-3 381-385 4.04 10.5 6

0.00376

0.00351

5.5

0.5 99.3 0.2

158 0 0.02 0.05 351

I 0.001 0.8335 a6 i0 235 43-45 448453

4 . 0 4 14.5

9 0.00334

(continued)

Monohydric Alcohols Table 6.121: (continued) __-______ Typical Properties __ Total alcohol, WI % Molecular weight dimbution (100% alcohol haw) C6 C8 CIO c12 C14 Cl6 CI8 c20 Average Molecular Weight Color, APHA Water, WI.% Iodine number Hydroxyl number Carbonyl, as ppm C=O Acidily, as acetic acid, % Specific gravity, a( FI0 F Flah point, (PM) O F Melting range, 'F Boiling range, 'F Saponification number Vimsity, cS1 70" F IOO" F Coefficient of thermal exDansin lb/rdW

__

-

~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

~

lGNF 99.8

12 99.8

14 998

99 8

-

-

-

-

01 99 6 0.3

trace 04

-

-

-

0.3

trace 0.3 98.7 0.7

trace 0.3 98.7 0.7

-

-

16

323

18 99 6

IRNV

99 6

-

-

0. I 0.3 98.4 0.9 27 1

187

214

242

242

0. I 0.3 98.4 0.9 27 I

5

5

5

5

5

5

0.01 0.05 299 8 0.005 0.83

0.02 0.03 258 29 0.003 0.815 12w120 290 98-1 02 567-573 0.07

0.02 0.18 227

0.02 0.18 227

64

64 0.01 1

0.02 0.33 207 24 I 0.008 0.81 I

-

0.01 I 0.813 125/125 300 118-121 626-631 0.06

-

113-122 626-63I 0.06

0.02 0.33 207 24 I 0.008 0.81 1 140/140 355 132-136 662-670 0.1

-

-

-

15

I20F/18

12OF/I8

160F/I3.5

16OF/I 3.5

0.003 17

0.003 17

0.00317

0.00309

0.00309

99.4

-

-

60/60 265 13-76 490-498 0.04 80F/ I9 12.3 0.00325

Table 6.122: ALFOL Alcohol High Range Blends C,-C,

0.813 125/125

300

140/140

355 131-140 662-670 0.1

(40)

Tv~lrvlPronetlies

lOlZIi.4

lO14CDC

1214

1214CC

1216

1216 CO

Toial Almhol, WI. 4

99.8

99

99.5

99

99

99.7

0.I 0.6 56.5

(race

0.8 68.2

0.3 64.3

0. I 0.4 67.2

42.2 0.6

30.3 0.7

24 11.4

H~rnlalugDistribution. WI. Lx

a

0.6

CIO c12

x7.5 6.X

31 36.6

C14 C16

S

31.2

0.I

C18

urn

25.3 6.8 0.2

c20 c22 C24 C26 C28 C30 Avg. Molecular Wight

Color.APHA Water. Wt. 'A Iodine nunibei Hydroxyl number carbonvl. DITTI C.0

-

164

186

I98

I95

203

198

0 0.02

0 0.05 0.07 302 123

0 0.08 0.05 284 45

0 0.06 0.05 287 21

5

5 0.04 0.08 284 47

0.04 343 31

0.0s 0. I 216 40

Spedfi Gravity "FIO F Flash Point (PM) F Melting Range, F Boiling Rangc. 'F

0.834 7272 137 354 425-525

0.836 7272 250 4145 454-545

0.838 72/72 265 7&75 518-575

0.838 7272 265 70-75 518-575

0.84 72/72 265 63-70 514-592

0.84 12/72 265 63-70

Wseosiiy, CSI

10.4 100

12.5 100

14.3 100

14.3 100

14.5 100

14.5 100

0.03321 0.I clearcolorI s r liquid

0.003 0.1

0.003 16 0. I dearcolorI s r liquid

0.00316 0.18 clear&. lcss liquid

0.00316 0.5

0.00316 0.18 dcarmlorless liquid

Temperature, F

Coeficimt of Thermal Expansion,Ib/gsVF Saponification number Appearance

dear&lsr liuid

c!armlor-

lm liquid

529-590

(continued)

324

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.122: (continued) Typical Pmpcrtin Told1 A h b l .

Wt.$I

1218DCM

1412

1416GC

1418DDU

1418GM

1618

1618CC

1618GC

20+

99.6

99.7

99.8

99.Y

99.8

99.6

99.6

9R.5

88.5

bre

Homolog Dislribution.WI.9c

-

a

lrscc

bre

CIO

c12

0.5 38.3

0.5 37.7

0. I 6.3

C14 C16 C18

30 19.8 10.8

60.6 I .2

63.4 29.8 0.4

c20 c22

0.6

-

@ace

-

0.1

0.6

tme

trace

39.5 38.7 19.6

66.4 25.6 7

I .3 61

35.7

0.6 31.9 66. I

0.6 66.2 31.4

ISM20

0.4

2

1.4

1.6bcN)

C24 C26 C28 C30 Ave. Molecular Weirlit

214

205

222

Color.APHA Water. Wt. Q Iodine number Hydmxyl number Carhyl. ppm C=O

5 0.06 0.1 I 262 48

5 0.06 0. I 274 48

Specific Gravity OF/' F

0.84 72/72 275 68-73 S25-W

0.839 72/72 270 72-75

0.819

0.835

110/110

525-585

0.822 lWl00 305 95-99 582-638

2% 97-102 598459

15.0

14.4 100

11.5

100

100

14.6 I IO

0.00313 0.18 dear &I-

0.00314
0.0028
0.0028 0.5 white d i d

Flash Point (PM) 'F Melting Range. F &line Ran=. F visulsity. cst T e m p t u n 'F CoeffKient of Thermal Expansion, Ibl@ Saponification number Appearance

-

1.2 54.3 25.8 11.1

4.6 2. I 1

243

227

256

266

263

43 I

IO

IO

0.03 4.4 253 I IO

0.03 0.6 23 I

5 0.05 4.7 247

5 0.04 0.15 219 I80

5 0.03 0.15 21 1 155

5 0.04

150

848 0.03 8.7 157 1930

0.820

0.820

0.817

IW100

0.840 60160

120/120

140/140

140/140

305 97-im 598-660

325 i i w o 628662

340 11%120 630670

325

390 113-129 %50

-

15.0 I22

13.1 140

0.00303 0.07 white d i d

0.00310 0.07 while solid

n

-

0.0028 <1.0

while solid

0.R

213

Ilc-120 630470

5.3 210 0.003 0.5 white solid

Im liouid

0.003 I3 5.7 off-white solid

Table 6.123: ALFOL Typical Properties (40) Typical Properties

ALFOLCD 6

ALFOLB 8

ALFOLB 10

ALFOL@610 ALFOLCD 810 ISOFOLQ, 12

Total Alcohol, wt K

99.4

99.9

99.8

99.6

99.8

0.5 99.3 0.2

9 42.7 47.8 0.5

0.6 45.7 53.2 0.5

Molecular Weight Distribution (100% alcohol basis) C1 99.4 C6 0.6 ca trace c10 trace c12

trace 99.9 0.1

mln. 95

2-Butyloctanol Average Molecule weight Color, ALPHA Water, W h Iodine Number Hydroxyl Number Carbonyl, as C=O ppm Specific gravity at FPF Flash point, (PM)' F Melting Range, F ' Boiling Range, 'F SaponificationNumber Viscosity, Cst at 70' F at IOO'F Coefficient of thermal expansion IblgalPF

mln. 95

I02 0 0.04 0.05 545 28 0.8232 60WO I30 -49 313-316 <0.04 5.5 3.5

130 0 0.03 0.03 430 12 0.8293 60/60 I80 Wan 381-385 <0.04 10.5 6

158 0 0.02 0.05 351

138 0 0.02 0.05 407

7 0.8335 6OWO 235 43-45 448453

30

<0.04 14.5 9

0.829 6OWO 167 1-5 350-460 0.19 11 7.7

0.00376

0.00351

0.00334

0.00334

145 0 0.02 0.02 387 30 0.831 60180 188

186 appmx. 20 max 0.1 max 1.0 max 286-305 150

3-7 401-460 0.4 13.4 7.4

<22

0.00325

248 (IS0 2592) 291-300 1.O max.

Monohydric Alcohols COMPARATIVE DATA Table 6.124: Ashland Alcohols (69)

Methanol

6.60

0.791

64-65

147-149

6 58

0 790

74-80

165176

54 53

2.1

Ethanol, Anhydrous

' 17

Ethanol, 95%

6 76

0 811

75-00

167-176

55

kOp~pMOl91%

6 81

0 816

80-81

178178

63

13

Isopropanol. Anhydrous

6 55

0 786

82-83

180-182

53

16

n-Propanol

6 71

0 806

9898

205208

74

13

2-Butanol

6 72

0 808

9aioi

20~214

72

12

lsobutanol

668

0 803

107-109

225228

86

06

n-Butanol

6 75

0 811

116119

241-246

97

0 42

Amyl Alcohol (primary)

6 79

0 815

127-139

261-282

113

0 27

Methyl Amyl Alcohol

6 72

0 808

130-133

266-271

103

0 27

Cvclohexanol

7 91

09a4

160-163

320-325

1403

2-Ethylhexanol

6.94

0.834

182-186

360-367

164

wx

'n-autyl Acetate = 1

'At 30%

Table 6.125: Chemcentral Alcohols (67)

78 92 7

re, R U l Y l ALCOIiOl CYCLOHEXANOL

__ ETHANOL ANIiYDROUS PROPRIEIARY

-

_ I -

ETHANOL 95% PROPRIETARY FURFURAL ALCOHOL METHYL ALCOHOL IMalhmoIJ

46 07

OR12

lW.11-2 -__ 67 63 n

PROPYL ALCOHOL 91%

PROPYL

67 63-0 -

ALCOHOL

TEIRAHVDROFVRFURAL

lOll43:l _ _ 64 17 5 64 17 5 41)000 67 56 I

AMYL ALCOHOL (MIBC) -_METHYL s o PROPYl ALCOHOL ANHYDROUS 11"

7 1 2313 KcotioL

TEXANOL'

I

IRIDECYL A!ACIFL

--

25zb6.774 112709

-

AMYL AI C.01101 IMimd Isnme~s) 150 BLlTYl AI CO1iO1 II

BUTYL A I LOHO1

%(IC

17

BUlYl AL(.OlIOl

ETHANOL 95% I'HOPHICIARY r u R r i m A i AI COHOL M C T I I Y I A I C O I l O i IMeIlmnoll

METHYL AMYL ALCOHOL (MIBC)--

--

~ s o PROPYL ALCOHOL ANIiYDROUS

'Trade Mark Earlmsn Chemlul Products Inc.

@

1S.B'C

.Op.nb

'43 1W.C

0 05

< 0.01

325

326

Industrial Solvents Handbook

M d

m 0

co

0 d 0

V 0 N \

0

@,

N

E u

g

:: Lr, H

v)

8a P

m

0 rl

4 -

T--

Monohydric Alcohols

327

328

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.127: (continued) Denatured Alcohol Nomenclature (47)

I

Union Carbide

Tecsol 1, Anhydrous

Quantum

Grain Processing

Synasol PM 41

Solox-1

;PC 190 Gov't Form I(1-1)

Synasol PM 100

Solox-1,Anhydrous

4nhydrous GPC Gov't Form i(1-1)

Synasol PM 3224

Solox

3PC 190 Gov't Form ill (1-1)

Tecsol3, Anhydrous

Synasol PM 509

Solox, Anhydrous

inhydrous GPC Gov't Form ill (1-1)

recsoi A, 95%

Anhydrol PM 4081

Filmex A-1

GPC 190 Gov t Form A (3A)

Tecsol A, Anhydrous

Anhydrol PM 4082

Filmex A-1, Anhydrous

Anhydrous GPC Gov't Form A (3A)

Tecsol A-2,95%

Anhydroi PM 4079

Filmex A-2

GPC 190 Gov t Form A2 (3A)

Tecsol A-2, Anhydrous

Anhydrol PM 4083

filmex A-2, Anhydrous

Anhydrous GPC Gov t Form A2 (3A)

Tecsol B, 95%

Anhydrol PM 4157

Filmex B

GPC 190 Gov I Form B 13Al

Tecsol 8 , Anhydrous

Anhydrol PM 4135

Filmex 8, Anhydrous

Anhydrous GPC Gov t Form B (3A)

Tecsol C, 95%

Anhydrol PM 4085

Filmex C

GPC 190 Gov't Form C (3A)

Tecsol C, Anhydrous

Anhydrol PM 4084

Filmex C, Anhydrous

Anhydrous GPC Gov't Form C (3A)

T ~ C SD, O 95% ~

Anhydrol PM 4080

Filmex D-1

GPC 190 Gov't Form D (3A)

Tecsol D, Anhydrous

Anhydrol PM 4176

Filmex D-1, Anhydrous

Anhydrous GPC Gov't Form D (3A)

J ~ C S D-2,95% O~

Anhydrol PM 4078

Filmex D-2

GPC 190 Gov't Form 02 (3A)

Tecsol D-2, Anhydrous

Anhydrol PM 4217

Filmex 0-2. Anhydrous

Anhydrous GPC tiov'l Form D2 (3A)

Tecsol H

-

N

P

I

0

-ul 0

0

c Q)

z 0 Q)

C

-a s 0

Q)

c M C 0

I

Monohydric Alcohols

329

330

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Monohydric Alcohols

331

Table 6.130: Shell Chemlcz! Alcohols (14)

Typical Properties of the Alcohols

Molecular Weight Specific Gravlty (Apparent) 60/60 "F 20/20 "C 25/25 "C Wt. per U.S. Gallon (in air) 60 "F 20 "C 25 "C (VOC content) Boiling Polnt at 760 mm "C

"F Boiling Point Change W m m at 760 mm Vapor Pressure at 20 "C, mm Freezing Point at 760 mrn, "C Refractive Index. "20 Heat of Vaporization cal/g at 760 mm Heat of Fusion at Melting R. callg Specific Heat (liquid) cal/g "C Flash Point, Tag Open Cup O F , Approx. Flash Point, Tag Closed Cup "F,Approx. Autoignition Temp. OF, Approx. Flammable Limits in Air %v of Compound Upper Lower Solubility, %wt in water at 20 "C water in at 20 "C Azeotrope with Water % w compound Boil PI. at 760 mm, "C Viscosity, cps at15"C at 20 "C at 25 "C at 30 "C Surface Tension, dynelcm at 20 "C

Isopropyl Alcohol

Isobutyl Alcohol

Normal Butyl Alcohol

Secondary Butyl Alcohol

Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol

Dlacetone Alcohol

2-Ethyl Hexanol

60.096

74.124

74.124

74.124

102.176

11 6.162

130.231

0.7893 0.7864 0.7832

0.8060 0.8033 0.8006

0.8135 0.81 09 0.8082

0.8109 0.8080 0.8050

0.8107 0.8078 0.8048

0.9441 0.9409 0.9374

0.8362 0.8338 0.8312

6.574 6.544 6.510

6.71 2 6.685 6.654

6.775 6.748 6.718

6.753 6.724 6.691

6.751 6.722 6.689

7.863 7.830 7.792

6.964 6.938 6.909

82.33 180.19

107.89 226.20

117.73 243.91

99.50 211.10

131.8 269.24

169.2 336.6

184.8 364.64

0.0325 32.8 -88.43 1.37720

0.0360 8.77 -108 1.3959

0.0370 4.3 -89.3 1.3993

0.0349 12.5 -114.7 1.3969

0.0407 2.2 -90 1.4110

0.075 0.81 -44 1.4234

0.049 0.20 < -75 1.4328

159.23

139

141.5

134.41

99.87

90

93

21.37

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.541

0.581

0.564

0.540

0.52

0.62

0.564

60

100

110

80

131

135

185

53

86

98

72

103

126

166

750

800

650

761

-

-

-

12 2.0

10.9 1.7

11.2 1.4

9.0 1.7

5.5 1.o

-

-

complete complete

8.7 15

7.7 20.1

15.4 65.1

1.6 6.3

complete complete

0.07 2.6

87.70 80.16

67 89.8

57.5 92.7

72.7 87.5

55.6 94.3

12.7 98.8

20 99.1

-

-

3.8

2.9

-

-

-

22.8

28.9

-

2.859

-

-

-

2.4

3.98 3.4

2.96 2.6

3.78 2.9

-

-

21.35

22.8

24.6

23.0

-

-

8.14 7.7

332

Industrial Solvents Handbook

h

i)

P

P

v)

h

v

-

c

0.

0

v)

0 0.

0

W

Q

6 0

-

0

"0s

3

N

0

N

W

k

N P

i)

?)

0

a

m P -

__

0

ur

-

03

w

m N

El

t

0

53

C

u?

5 %m

R

El

c7,

f. i-

h

N

N

9

h. - R2 W

9

N

m N

N c1

0 ir)

N N

. ?

m

N

. 1

f

N "7

f

9

P

N

-

- N o '

N

- 0 .

-e

a

Bc

Monohydric Alcohols

333

ALLYL ALCOHOL Table 6.132: Physical Properties of Allyl Alcohol (37) Specific heat, Cp f o r liquid. 2 0 - 95'C

0.665 g c a l / g -'C

S u r f a c e tension a t 20'C

25.68 d y n e s / c m

Toxicity

Highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion

Boiling point a t 760 mm

96.90'C

Coefficient of expansion at ZO'C

0.00101 p e r 'C

C o l o r ( P t - C o . Hazen)

15 max.

Critical temperature

271.9'C

Distillation r a n g e , I B P DP

95'C, min. 98'C. min.

Vapor p r e s s u r e a t 20'C

17.3 m m

F i r e hazard

Dangerous when exposed t o heat o r f l a m e

Viscosity a t 30'C

0.01072 p o i s e s

Water

0.3% by wt., ma%.

F l a s h point (Open c u p ) (Closed cup)

90'F 72'F

Weight p e r gallon a t ZO'C

7 . 1 1 Ibs.

F r e e z i n g point

B e c o m e s a g l a s s a t -190'C

Heat of combustion ( v a p o r )

442.4 k g c a l / g m m o l e

Ignition t e m p e r a t u r e in a i r in oxygen

443'C 348'C

Latent heat of vaporization a t 760 m m

9550 c a l / m o l e (295 BTU/lb)

MAC

5 ppm in a i r

Melting point

- 129'c

Molecular weight

58.078

purity

98.0% by wt., min.

R e f r a c t i v e index a t ZO'C, nD

1.4134

Specific g r a v i t y a t 25/25'C

0.8501

Table 6.133: Azeotropes of Alkyl Alcohol (37) A L L Y L ALCOHOL FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH

%

B . P . of A z e o t r o p e 'C

70

Allyl e t h e r

89.8

82.6

Benzene

76.8

70

1 -Bromobutane

89.5

91

1 B romopropane

69.4

17.5

Chlorobenzene

96.5

85

1-Chlorobutane

74.5

71

1-Chloro- 3 -methylbutane

88.3

93

1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

67.0

80

Cyclohexane

74.0

78.3

Cyclohexene

76.3

89 46

Diethoxymethane

87.0

E t h y l propionate

93.2 85.1

-

55

E t h y l aulfide

63

Heptane

84.5

95.5

Hexane

65.5

48

Iaobutyl f o r m a t e

93.0

64

3 -Methyl-Z-butanone

93.5

49 77

Methyl b u t y r a t e

94.7

Methyl c a r b o n a t e

86.4

58

Methylcyclohexane

85.0

72

Methyl i a o b u t y r a t e

89.8

32 30

Octane

93.4

2-Pentanone

96.0

28

3 Pentanone

96.0

48

Propyl acetate

94.6

26

P r o p y l alcohol

96.7

70

Propyl ether

85.7

50

Toluene

91.5

-

334

Industrial Solvents Handbook

CROTYL ALCOHOL Crotyl alcohol is a clear, s t a b l e liquid with a straight-chain, bifunctional molecular structure, CH3-CH=CH-CH20H. A highly reactive compound, crotyl alcohol should find use in the manufacture of agricultural chemicals, plastics and polymer additives, varnish ingredients, and pharmaceuticals.

-

The bifunctionolity or two reactive points -hydroxy group and point of unsaturation a c c o u n t for the high d e g r e e of chemical reactivity of crotyl a l c o h o l . The hydroxy group undergoes such reactions as esterification and etherification; whereas t h e double bond enters into polymerization and addition reactions. Table 6.134: Physical Properties of Crotyl Alcohol (41) Empirical formula Molecular weight (theoretical)

C4H8O 72.10

Physical form

Clear liquid

Color, APHA, ppm.

15

Purity, by gas chromatography, %

97-98

Acidity, a s crotonic acid, %

0.049

Boiling range, 760 mm., 'C. Initial boiling point Dry point

121 126

specific gravity, 20' /2o0C. Bulk density, lb. /gal.

0.8550

, 20'C.

7.12

Flash point, Tag Open Cup, ' F.

113 (45'C. )

Fire point, Tag open Cup, F. Isomer concentration (approximate)

113 (45'C. )

Viscosity, 75'F. (23. 9'C. ), cs.

32.7

3:l trans:cis

Solubility, 25'C., wt. % in water water in

Completely miscible with water in all proportions miscible miscible

ethyl alcohol acetone

METHYLBUTYNYL ALCOHOL Methylbutynol, 2-Methyl -3-Butyn-2-01

HCCCOH(CH3)2

Methylbutynyl alcohol is a tertiary a c e t y l e n i c alcohol with an isoprenoid structure.

Table 6.135: Physlcal Properties of Methylbutynyl Alcohol (31)

- 105.C

Boiling point

104

Fire hazard

Dangerous when exposed to heat or

Flash point, Tag open cup Freezing point

81.4.~

flame

Refractive index at 2O.C. nD

2.6'C 1.4211

Specific gravity, z o / 2 o * c

0.8672

Surface tension at ZS'C

Vapor premsure at 2O.C at 52'C

2 3 . 8 dynes/cm ( p u r e ) 4 1 . 7 dynes/cm ( 5 % in water) 12 m m 80 m m

Weight per gallon

7 . 2 4 lbs

Monohydric Alcohols

335

METHYLPENTYNYL ALCOHOL Table 6.136: Physical Properties of Methylpentynyl Alcohol (37) -

Boiling point

121

F i r e hazard

Mode r a t e

F l a s h point, Tag open cup

101.3”F

122’C

F r e e z i n g point

-30.6’C

Refractive index a t 2 0 ” C , nD

1.4318

Solubility in w a t e r at 25°C

Iz.ag(100g)

Specific gravity at 2~/20’c

0.8721

S u r f a c e tension at 25‘C

2 3 . 8 dynes/cm ( p u r e ) 34.1 d y n e s / c m ( 5 % in w a t e r )

Vapor p r e s s u r e a t 20’C at 68‘C

4 mm

Weight p e r gallon

7 . 2 8 lbs

90 rnm

HIGHER UNSATURATED ALCOHOLS Table 6.137: Unsaturated Aliphatic Alcohols (69)

* Ralston, A. W . , “Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives”, p. 733. * Hilditch, T. A., “The Chemical Constitution of Natural Fats”. * Brockelsby, H. P . , “The Chemistry and Technology of Marine Oils with Particular Reference to Those of Canada”. p. 90.

DIACETONE ALCOHOL Table 6.138: Physical Properties of Diacetone Alcohol (3 7) Acidity a s a c e t i c acid Azeotrope with w a t e r : boiling point, 760 m m diacetone

0.01% by wt. m a x .

Molecular weight

116.16

Refractive index a t ZO’C, nD

1.4232

98.8.C 12.77obywt

Relative evaporation r a t e (n-butyl acetate = 100)

14

Boiling point, 760 mrn Coefficient of expansion a t 55‘C

169.2.C

Specific gravity a t 20’C

0.9406

0.00100

Specific heat at 15’C

0.500 c a l / g m / ‘ C

F i r e hazard

Toxicity Vapor p r e s s u r e at 20’C Viscosity a t ZO’C

Slight

F r e e z i n g point

Moderate 155’F -42.8.C

Heat of v a p o r i z a t i o n , I a t m .

162 Btu/lb

Water a t 2O’C

H y d r o c a r b o n solubility

Complete

Miscible without t u r b i d ity with 19 v o l . of 60‘ Be‘ gasoline

MAC

50 pprn in a i r

Weight p e r gallon a t ZO’C

7.82 Ibs

F l a s h point. Open c u p

3.97 m m 3.2 cps

336

Industrial Solvents Handbook

2-MERCAPTOETHYL ALCOHOL Table 6.139: Physical Properties of 2-Mercaptoethyl Alcohol (37) Boiling point a t 760 m m 50 m m 10 m m

156.9.C 83'C 53'C

Coefficient of expansion a t 55'C

0.00080

F i r e hazard

Moderate

F l a s h point, Open cup

170.F

Heat of vaporization

2 5 1 Btu/lb

Molecular weight

78.13

Refractive index a t 20'C. nD

1.5011

Relative evaporation rate (n-butyl acetate = 100)

13

Solubility in water at LO'C

Complete

Solubility of w a t e r in, at 2O'C

Complete

Specific gravity at ZO/ZO'C

1.1168

Vapor p r e s s u r e a t 20'C

1.2 mm

Viscosity ( a b s o l u t e ) a t 20.C

3.4 cpa.

Toxicity

Moderate (acute l o c a l )

Weight p e r gallon at 20.C

9.30 lba

2-ETHYLSULFONYLETHYL ALCOHOL Table 6.140: Physical Properties of 2-Ethylsulfonylethyl Alcohol (37) Acidity a8 acetic acid

0.25% mat.

Boiling range a t 2.5 m m

155 to 156'C

Fire hazard

slight

F i r e point

40 6'F

Flaah point, Tag open cup

370'F

Moimture content

1.5% m u .

Molecular weight

138.19

Refractive index a t 26.C. n

D

Set point

1.4679 40.5 to 42.5%

Specific gravity a t 45/2Q0C

1.252 to 1.258 g/ml

Toxicity

Slight

Vi8co8ity a t 6O.C

12.8 Cp8.

1,1,1-TRIFLUOROETHYL ALCOHOL Table 6.141 : Trlfluoroethanol Physical Properties (25) Molecular Weigh1(CF,CH,OH). ................,100.04 .73.6 Boiling Point, "C .............................. Melting Point, 'C . . . . . . . . 45.0 Flash Polnl (Open Cup), ............... ,105 .92 (ClosedCup), 'F ...................... Fire Point ................................... .None Denslly,25'C14'C.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3823 Aelractlveindex,na; ......................... , I .2907

.....

Crillcal Temperalure, 'C ........................ Crillcal Pressure. psia ..........................

-

.227 .715

Heal ol Vaporizallon, Blullb. ..................... ,149 - 21 1.9 Heal of combusllon", kcal./mol Vapor Pressurevs. Temperalure, , .log p = 1910 + (mm. Hg.. 'K) T Thermal Conducllvlty, Btulhr. 11. @ 104°F ...................+...... . . . . . . . . . . . .0.071 Viscosity,cenlislokes. 1OO'F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 . 3 x I O - " IonizationConsIanlK,' Dipole Moment",p(D)25"C ..................... 2.03 Dielectric Conslanl",L(25'C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X I 4

................ . -

Monohydric Alcohols

I

solublllty

1

g./lOOg Solutlonatb p (ca8O"C) g.1100 g. Solution at 24'C

i

1

nylon616

I

nylon6

nylon6110

>20

id

11

3

Zytel'

61'

337

I I

13 3

.26 >26

Insoluble Polymers at b.p.:

Delrin@,Lexan? Mylar? Polyethylene (high and low density) Polypropylene, Orlona

Other Soluble Polymers:

Polymethacrylate (>27wt. % at 24%): Cellulose Acetate (>28 wt. % at 24 "C): Polyvinyl Acetate (>24 wt. % at 24 'C)

Slightly soluble:

Nylon 11 (0.2 wt. %)

* a duPonl "SOIuble" nylon

Table 6.143: Salt Solubillty (wt. %) In Trlfluoroethanol at 25°C (25) Salts Inorganic salts are slightly soluble trifluoroethanol containing 0.2% water. The same salts are bout 2 to 3 times more soluble in the alcohol containing 5% water. This combination of alcohol and water is convenient for conductometric titrations and organic ionic reactions. SOLUBILITY (WT.%) IN TRIFLUOROETHANOL AT 25°C Water Content

LiCl

NaCl

NaF

KI

KBr

CaCI,

0.2%

2.3

0.03

0.007

5.0%

4.2

0.08

0.02

0.9 2.1

0.3 0.6

0.04 0.12

Table 6.144: Solubility of Gases in Trifluoroethanol at 27°C (25) Gases The simple gases have solubilities in trifluoroethanol which are similar to their solubilities in water. SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN TRIFLUOROETHANOL AT 27OC (ml o f qasiml of Iiqiiid)

-

Table 6.145: Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature (25)

Industrial Solvents Handbook

338

Table 6.146: Freezing Point: Trlfluoroethanol-Water (25)

Mol % TrMluoroithanol

Table 6.147: infrared Spectrum (25) CU-' 0

a000

2'

a00

b 00

.IO

20

30 40

so a0

m I O

m 12 0 11".,.

)I.

WAVLLEMGltI LYICROIISI

PI...",.

1H,l HJH-TETRAFLUORO-1 -PROPYL ALCOHOL Table 6.148: Physical Properties of 1H,1H,3H-Tetrafluoro-l -Propyl Alcohol (37) Acid number Boiling point at 760 rnrn Denaity at LO'C Dietillation range at 760 rnrn

0.82 I09 - IlO'C 1.4853 g/ml 90% between 99.5' and 108..5'C

Fluorine content Formula weight

57.5% 132.06

Hydroxyl number

398

Melting point

-15.C

Moisture content

0.40%

Purity

> 95% 1.3197 27.6 dynes/cm

Refractive index at LO'C, nD Surface tension at ZO'C

Monohydric Alcohols

339

1Hll H15H-OCTAFLUORO-1-PENTYL ALCOHOL Table 6.149: Physical Propertles of 1H,l H15H-Octafluoro-1 -Pentyl Alcohol (37) Acid number Boiling point at 760 m m

0.70 140

Density a t ZO'C Distillation range. ASTM. at 760 mm Fluorine content

1,6641 g/ml 90% between 133.0' and 14l.O.C

-

141'C

65.5% 232.08

Formula weight Hydroxyl number Moisture content

224

Purity

> 95%

Refractive index at LO'C, nD Surface tension at LO'C

24.5 dynes/cm

0.08%

1.3190

BENZYL ALCOHOL Table 6.150: Physical Propertles of Benzyl Alcohol (37) Acidity a# benzoic .acid Aldehyde as benzaldehyde Boiling point Chlorine as benzyl chloride Dielectric conatant Distillation range, lbp 5% 90 % 95% Electrical conductivity at ZS'C

F i r e hazard Flash point (Open cup) Freezing point Heat of combuation

Latent heat of evaporation a t 204.25'C

11 1.5 8 gm ral/gm

20 5.3%

Mulecular weight Refractive index a t 2O.C.

108.13 1.5334-1.5397

0.15% m a .

Solubility in water

0.15% mu. 0.50%

mu.

n

D

1 part in 30 parts of water

1.66 195.C min. ZOCC 207.C LlO*C mu. 18 x lo-' recip. chmr.

Slight 213.F

1.044-1.058

Specific gravity at 25/25*c Specific heat at 15-2O.C

0.5402 cal/gm

Surface tension (c. g. a. unit.)

39.71 Slight

Toxicity Vapor presaure a t 30% Viacoaity at 20.C Weight per gallon at L O T

0.100 mm 0.05582 cp..

9.78 lbs.

-15.3.C 893 kg cal/mole

Table 6.151: VELSICOL Benzyl Alcohol (59) Benzyl Alcohol, Reagent Grade Benzyl Alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant aromatic odor. It is a primary alcohol with reactive methylene and nuclear hydrogen. The reagent grade is a high purity material with analytical utility.

SPECIFICATIONS Assay, (G.C.), % minimum Solubility, in 25 ml water at 25T, g Benzaldehyde content (U.V. determination), 7% maximum Halogen (Beilstein Test) TYPICAL PROPERTIES Boiling Point, 5 mm Hg, ,'F/<'C 760 mm Hg, "F/"C Vapor Prtssure, mm Hg at 86"Ff 30°C at 212"F/IOO'C Melting Point, "FPC Specific Gravity, 25"/25"C Refractive Index, 25°C Vapor Density (air=l) -___---

99.0 1

0.03 Negative

177.8"/81" 401"f 205"

__

0.1 13.3 -5"f-15" 1.042- 1.047 1.5390 - 1.5410 3.72

Industrial Solvents Handbook

340

FURFURYL ALCOHOL Table 6.152: Physical Properties of Furfuryl Alcohol (46)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES General Properties

Other Properties

Molecular Weight Boiling Point (at 760 mm Hg) "C "F Freezing Point, metastable crystalline form "C "F Freezing Point, stable crystalline form "C "F Density (at 20°C, 68"F), g/cm3 Specific Gravity, 20/20"C Refrzctive Index no noz5

Vapor Density (air = 1) Vapor Pressure (at 31.VC, 89.2"F), mm Hg

98.10 170 338 - 29 - 20.2

14.63 5.7 1.1285 1.1351 1.4868-1.4870 1.4843-1.4845 3.38 1

Also see Table I 8 Figure B

Thermodynamic Properties Heat of Vaporization, callg Heat Capacity, cal/g-"C liquid at - 20°C liquid at 0°C liquid at 25°C stable crystalline form at - 40°C stable crystalline form at - 20°C Thermal Conductivity, kcal/m-hr-"C Heat of Combustion, kcal/gmole at constant volume at constant pressure Heat of Formation, liquid, kcallgmole Heat of Fusion, stable crystalline form, cal/g Thermal Expansion Coefficient' p/"c ( - 17.8 to 37.8%) p/"F (0 to 100°F)

.p

= Pj2

- PZZ - t l ) PI P2

2 (tz

122 0.450 0.472 0.502 0.256 0.278 0.154 608.9 609.2 - 66.06 31.8 8.52 x O I -" 4.53 x io-"

Odor Chemical Oxygen Demand, lbllb FA Biochemical Ox gen Demand (5 days, 20"Cy, Ib/lb FA Dipole Moment, e.s.u. Solubility Parameter, ( c a l / ~ m ~ ) " ~ Solubility in Water Alcohol Ether

Flash Point Tagliabue, closed cup "C "F Pensky-Martens, closed cup "C "F

5 38.2

1.92 x 10'' 12.5 m m

m

77 170 83 182

(Based on flash point, furfur I alcohol is classified as a Combustible Liquid &ass IllA *)

Flammability Limits (in dry air at 72.5-122°C) % by volume Lower limit Upper limit Ignition Temperature In air "C "F In oxygen "C "F DOT Label Required International

Fluid Properties

Liquid Colorless to Yellow Mild & Characteristic 1.75 0.81

Flammability Properties of Commercial QO@FA@Furfuryl Alcohol

us.

(Note: p = specific gravity t = temperature)

Viscosity (at 25"C, 77"F), cps Surface Tension (at 25"C, 77"F), dyneslcm Furfuryl Alcohol-Water Azeotrope (at 760 mm Hg) Boiling Point of Vapor "C "F Composition, wt % FurfurylAlcohol Water

Physical State Color

1.8 16.3

391 736 364 687 none'* See IMCO regulations

'Refers to Code 29 CFR 1910.106 of Federal Regulations. "When shippin via UPS, consult their Guide For Shipping Hazardous Materials via ~ P S .

99 210.2

QO" FA" Furfuryl Alcohol Specifications* Furfuryl Alcohol, Assay, wt Yo,Minimum Moisture, wt Yo,Maximum

ca 9 ca 91

Furfural, wt %, Maximum Cloud Point, "C,Maximum**

98.0 0.3 0.7 10.0

'Methods available upon request. '*The cloud oint of furfuryl alcohol is determined by diluting 15 ml of the alcohol witR 30 ml of water and cooling the clear solution until it becomes definitely cloudy. The solution is then allowed lo warm up with stirring until it is just clear. At this point. cooling producesan immediate cloudiness; this temperature is recorded as the cloud point (9).

Monohydric Alcohols Table 6.153: Vapor Pressure of Furfuryl Alcohol (46)

Temperature "C 31 8 40 55 5 56 0 60 68 0 75 5 80 81 0 95 5 95 7 100 104 0 108 5 115 9 120 129 5 133 1 140 144 0 151 8 157 0 170 0

A

"F

89 2 104 131 9 132 8 140 154 4 167 9 176 177 8 203 9 204 3 212 219 2 227 3 240 6 248 265 1 271 6 284 291 2 305 3 314 6 338

18 55

1947

i

1,"F i

0

0

5

A

63 10 16 20 3 20 44 40 535 60 78 100 1274 194 200 271 0 343 400 522 760

0 n

Quaker Oats Chemicals, Inc., Research Laboratory, unpublished data. D.R. Stull, Ind. & Eng. Chem., 39,517,

0 G.S. Parks, private communication

Table 6.154: Pounds per Gallon of Furfuryl Alcohol at Various Temperatures (46)

Pressure mm Hg 1

341

e 0 A

0 A

0 L

0 A 0 A 0

0 A

0 A

0 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

- 17.78 - 17.22 - 16.67 - 16.11 - 15.56 - 15 - 14.44 - 13.89 - 13.33

-12.78 - 12.22

-11.67 -11.11 - 10.56 -

10

- 9.44 - 8.89 - 8.33 - 7.78

- 7.22 - 6.67 - 6.11 - 5.56

- 5 - 4.44 - 3.89 - 3.33 - 2.78 - 2.22 - 1.67 - 1.11 - 0.56

0 0.56 1.11 1.67 2.22 2.78 3.33 3.89 4.44 5 5.56

6.11 6.67 7.22 7.78 0.33 8.89 9.44 10

9.7380 9.7337 9.7294 9.7251 9.7208 9.7165 9.7122 9,7079 9.7036 9.6992 9.6949 9.6906 9.6863 9.6820 9.6777 9.6734 9.6691 9.6648 9.6605 9.6562 9.6518 9.6475 9.6432 9.6389 9.6346 9.6303 9.6260 9.6217 9.6174 9.6131 9.6087 9.6044 9.6001 9.5958 9.5915 9.5872 9.5829 9.5786 9.5743 9.5700 9.5657 9.5613 9.5570 9.5527 9,5484 9.5441 9.5398 9.5355 9.5312 9.5269 9,5226

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

T, "C

Ibs/gal

10.56

9.5182 9.5139 9.5096 9.5053 9.5010 9.4967 9.4924 9.4881 9.4838 9.4795 9.4752 9.4708 9.4665 9.4622 9.4579 9.4536 9.4493 9.4450 9.4407 9.4364 9.4321 9.4278 9.4234 9.4191 9.4148 9.4105 9.4062 9.4019 9.3976 9.3933 9,3890 9.3847 9.3803 9.3760 9.3717 9.3674 9.3631 9.3588 9.3545 9.3502 9.3459 9.3416 9.3373 9.3329 9.3286 9.3243 9.3200 9.3157 9.3114 9.3071

11.11

11.67 12.22 12.78 13.33 13.89 14.44 15 15.56 16.11 16 67 17.22 17.78 18.33 18.89 19.44 20 20.56 21.11 21.67 22.22 22.78 23.33 23.89 24.44 25 25.56 26.11 26.67 27.22 27.78 28.33 28.89 29.44 30 30.56 31.11 31.67 32.22 32.78 33.33 33.89 34.44 35 35.56 36.11 36.67 37.22 37.78

..

m m IC: (0

Industrial Solvents Handbook

N 0

Monohydric Alcohols Table 6.157: Solubility of Liquid Organic Compounds in Furfuryl Alcohol (at 25”C, 77°F) (46)

Comoound Acid, dichloroacetic. C.P. Acid, lactic, U.S.P. Acid. valeric Alcohol, amyl Alcohol, benzyl, tech. Alcohol, ethyl Alcohol, isoamyl, tech, Alcohol, isobutyl, C.P. Alcohol, isopropyl, tech. Alcohol, propyl Aniline 1,2-Butanediol Chloroform, U.S. P. Crotonaldehyde, tech. o-Dichlorobenzene Dichloroethyl ether, tech. Diethylaniline, tech. Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol dioleate Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tech. Oiethyl phthalate, C.P. Diethyl sulfate, tech. N,N-Dimethylaniline, tech. Dimethyl sulfate Ether, ethyl Ether, isopropyl Ethyl acetate, tech. Ethyl acetoacetate N-Ethyl-N-benzylaniline Ethyl bromide Ethylchlorocarbonate Ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene dichloride Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tech. Glycerol, U.S .P. Methyl acetate, tech. Methyl ethyl ketone Nitrobenzene o-Nitrotoluene, tech. Oil, lard Oil, linseed Oil, neatsfoot Oil, peanut Oil, rapeseed Oil, Turkey red Oil, whale Paraldehyde, U.S.P. Pyridine, tech. 1,1,2.2-TetrachIoroethane, tech. o-Toluidine, tech. Xylene

5 CCl5 cc 5 cc/lO cc Furfuryl Furfuryl Alcohol Alcohol

R S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S’ S S S S S R S R S S S S

ss

S

S

R

ss S S S S S S S I

ss I I I S I S S S S

S

ss

I (S at 125°C) SS (Sat 120°C) I (S at 120°C) I (Sat 125°C) I (Sat 120°C) I (Sat 125°C)

343

Table 6.158: Solubility of Solid Organlc Compounds in Furfuryl Alcohol (at 25”C, 77°F) (46)

Compound

1 915 CC Furfuryl Alcohol

Acid, acetylsalicyllc, U S.P S Acid, anthranilic S Acid, benzoic, U S.P. S Acid, citric, U.S.P. ss Acid, monochloroacetic S Acid, naphthionic, tech. I Acid, oxalic, tech. I Acid, stearic ss Acid, sulfanilic I Acid, tannic ss Acid, tartaric, U.S.P. I Acid, trichloroacetic R Anthracene, tech. I Anthraquinone I Benzidine ss 3-Bromo-d-camphor S Carbazole I Casein I Chloral hydrate. U S.P. S oChloronitrobenzene, tech. S Dextrose I Dianisidine, tech. S p-Dichlorobenzene S Dip,/col stearate ss N,N-Dimethyl-para-nitrosoantl~~e S Oinitrochlorobenzene, tech. S Dinitronaphthalene I Dinitrophenol S Diphenyl S Diphenylamine S Diphenylguanidine S Hexamethylenetetramine, U.S.P. S Iodoform, U.S.P. I Naphthalene I alpha-Naphthol, tech. S beta-Naphthol, tech. S beta-Naphthylamine, tech. I alpha-Naphthylamine hydrochloride R (violent reaction) m-Nitroanilind S p-Nitroaniline S p-Nitrophenol, tech. S p-Nitrotoluene S m-Phenylenediamine S Resorcinol, white, U.S.P. S Saccharin, U.S.P. I Sodium acetate I Sodium benzoate. U.S.P. I Sodium naphthionate, tech. I Sodium picramate, tech. I Thiocarbanilide I 2.4,6-Tribromophenol, tech. S Triphenylguanidine, tech. S

S = Soluble SS = Slightly soluble I = Insoluble R = Reacts’ ‘Reactions of furfuryl alcohol in the presence of acid or acid generators may be violent; use caution.

1 g;10 cc Furfuryl Alcohol

S I (Rat 115°C) R SS (S at 95°C) I (Rat 115°C) SS (SS at 125°C I (SS at 125°C)

SS (Sat 110°C) I (S at 130°C)

S-R I (Sat 120°C) I (I at 125°C)

I (SS at 125’C)

I (S at 100°C)

I (Sat 120°C)

I (S at 92°C) I (S at 92°C)

I (S at 92°C)

I (SS at 125°C) I (Sat115”C) I (I at 125°C) I (Rat 112°C)

I (S at 92°C)

344

Industrial Solvents Handbook Table 6.160: Effect of Time at Elevated Temperature on Certain Characteristics of Furfuryl Alcohol (Under Neutral Conditions) (46)

Table 6.159: Solubility of Thermoplastic Resins in Furfuryl Alcohol (at Room Temperature) (46)

I

ResinType

rradename (Manufacturer)

Cellulose acetate butyrate

LAB-500-1 (Tennessee Eastman)

vs

Cellulcse nitrate

RS (Hercules)

Ethylcellulose

N-50 (Hercules)

vs vs

Methyl methacrylate

Plexiglass@V(052)lOO (Rohm & Haas)

S'

Methyl methacrylate

Plexiglass' VMlOO (Rohm & Haas)

S'

Nylon

Elvamides 8023 (DuPont)

vs

Solubility

1 m H,012 m Furfuryl Alcohol x 10'

Nylon

Elvarnide' 8061 (DuPont)

S'

Nylon

Elvamide" 8061M (DuPont)

VS'

Nylon

Elvamide" 8064 (DuPont)

S'

Nylon

Elvamided 80625 (DuPont)

S

Nylon

Elvamide" PB8066 (DuPont)

S

Nylon

Rilsan* BMNO (Rilsan Corp )

I

Polyethylene

Dovdex" 2045 (Dow Chemical)

I

Polyethylene

Oowlex" 2598TB (DOWChemical)

I

Vinyl acetate

Bakelite* AYAT (Union Carbide)

vs

Vinyl acetatechloride

Bakeliteg WHH (Union Carbide)

I

Vinyl butyral

BakeliteSXYHL (Union Carbide)

vs

Vinylidene chloridc

Saran F-310 (Dow Chemical)

S = Soluble from 1 g to 10 g per 100 g solvent VS = Soluble 10 g or more per 100 g solvent I = Less than 1 g per 100 g solvent = Slowly

Rate of Water Formation

0

4

8

12 16 20 24 28 32

Hours of Heating

Rate of Change of Specific Gravity Specific Gravity, d;

1.1440

0

4

8

12 16 20 24 28 32

Hours 01 Heating

I Rate of Change of Refractive Index Refractive Index, nfP

0

4

8

12 16 20 24 28 32

Hours 01 Heating

Legand: x -At

100°C

0- At 150'C A - At 200°C A.P. Dunlop and F.N Peters, Jr., Ind. & Eng. Chem., 34, 814 (1942).

Monohydric Alcohols

345

Table 6.161: Stabilization of Furfuryl Alcohol With an Amine (at 150°C In Glass) (46) Stabilization of Furfuryl Alcohol with an Amine (at 150°C in glass) ~~

None

n-butyl amine, 0.3%

~

I

Hours

Refractive Index, n 20/D

Densit d 25/2g

Cloud Point, "C

0.0

1 .a870

1.1322

5.5

0.03

1.5

1.4875

1.1333

13.5

0.18

Time,

Sta bilizer

Water,

Yo

5.5

1.4890

1.1356

36.0

0.67

10.5

1.4944

1.1428

insol. @ 100°C

3.05

0.0

1.4868

1.1308

8.5

0.09

1.5

1.4870

1.1309

8.5

0.06

5.5

1.4869

1.1310

8.5

0.16

10.5

1.4871

1.1311

9.0

0.19

I

~~

A.P. Dunlop and F . N . Peters, Jr., Ind. Eng. Chern., 34, 814 (1942).

Table 6.162: Antoxldation of Furfuryl Alcohol (46)

Hours

Furfuryl Alcohol

Furfur I Alcohol plus I ~ HIOo

Furfur I.Alcohol plus 0.5% k i propy lamine

Furfur I Alcohol plus O.l#!iydroquinone

42

0.075

0.139

-

74

0.250

0.377

121

0.636

0.672

162

0.840

0.852

-

-

215

0.972 1.084

0.074

330

1.229

-

-

-

264

-

0.019

0.117

0.004

0.004

0.012

0.005

0.365

0.395

0.003

0.041

Time,

0 (initial) 330 (final)

346

Industrial Solvents Handbook

TETRAHYDROFURFURYL ALCOHOL (46) Table 6.163: Physical Properties of Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol (46) . .

Physical Properties of THFA@

QO@THFA@ Specifications -

-.

102.13

Molecular weight

colorless liquid

Appearance

THFA.,

0.424 120.6 709.5

178

Bolllng polnt at 760 mm, OC

74 Freezing point, 'C

below -80

165

1.054

282

Specific gravity at 20/2oOC

1.452

Refractive Index :n Surface tension at 25%. dynedcm

37 6.24

Vlscosity at 20°C, cps absolute

lowar, vol %

1.5

upper, vol %

9.7

Dlelectrlc constant at 23OC

13.6

Solubility parameter (est.)

12-13

Ralatlve evaporation rate (n-butyl acetate=l.OO)

.03

1.6 0.3

lnhlbltor Poiygard, wt. % Sodlum borohydrlde. wt. %

Table 6.164: Solubility of Various Substances In Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol (46) Amyl acetate Butyl acetate Cellulose acetate Diethyl acetate Diethyl phlhelale Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate Methyl acetate

Anthranlllc Benzolc Butyric cnrfc Cresyllc Naphthionic Oxalic Stearlc Sulfanilic Tannic

Alcohols: Benzyl alcohol Chloral hydrate Dlnltrophenol Ethanol Ethyleneglycol Glycerol lsobutanol Isopropanol a-Naphthol PNaphthol Pentanol Propanol Aldehydes: Benzaldehyde Crotonaldehyde Paraldehyde Amlnes: Anlllne Benzidlne Dlanlsldlne Diethyl aniline Dlmethyl anillne Dlphenylamlne Hexamethylenetetramine p-Naphthylamine mPhenvlenedlamlne

1

Trlphenylguanldlne Xylldlne

,

Aromatics: Anthracene Benzene Dinltronaphthalene Diphenyl , Naphthalene I pNitropheno1 eNltrotoluene pNltrotoluene xylol

1

Ethers: Dichloroethyl Diethliene dycol monoethg Elhvl Ethiiene glycol monobutyl Ethylene glycol monc-alhyl

S

Halkies: Benzyl chloride Bromobenzene Bromoform Chloroform eDlchlorobcnzene pDlchlorobenzene Dinltrochlorobsnzane Ethyl bromlde Ethylene chlorlde Iodoform eNltrochlorobenzene Tetrachloroethane

S S S

%stones: Acetone Anthraquinone Molhyl ethyl ketone

S S

S S SS-s S

S S S

S S

ss sss -s S S S

ss -.-.--s S S I

~

l

,

U

*

W

l

S

011s: Anillne Castor Chlnawwd Coconut Cononseed brd Llnsood Menhaden Nest's-foot Peanut Rapaswd Sperm Turkey Red Whale Ulrcellanwum Compounds: Caffelne Camphor, monobromo Casein Chloremlne Dexlrore Sodium acetate Sodium benzoale Kay; S=Solubl* klnsoluble

0.1

If-Pentanadlol, wt. % max.

8.79

Pounds per gal. at 20%

98.0

Molsture. wt.% max.

Color, APHA, max.

see pg. 6

Vapor pressure

Assay, wt. % mln.

Furfuryl alcohol, wt. % max.

I I I I IlrsUlso, I- ~ 1 l s * i w

ss -s

I~ S S w d l r W ; SSSllghtly Soluble t e m p Fahrenhelt

50

0.025 0.005

Monohydric Alcohols

347

348

a P >

al L

6

s

*r

(R

Y

al

v)

s c

I-

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Monohydric Alcohols

349

Table 6.170: Specific Gravity and Pounds per Gallon (46) Temperature

Sp. Gr.*

Lbs./Gai.

1.031 1.039 1.047 1.055 1.064 1.072

8.588 8.656 8.724 8.792 8.859 8.927

OC OF 50 122.0 40 104.0 30 86.0 20 68.0 10 50.0 0 32.0 Change per % Sp Gr -4 000815 'Referred 10 water at 20°C

Lbs /Gal 4 00679

Table 6.171: Vapor Pressure (Boiling Point Method) (46) Pressure (mm) 23 52 45 5 73 3 83 3 120 0 196 0 303 0 400 0 495 9 598 0 747 0

1PK

OK

OC 41.6 53.6 96.5 108.5 111.3 120.5 137.5 146.0 155.0 162 5 168.2 177.8

~-

314 6 326 6 369 5 381 5 384 3 393 5 410 5 419 0 428 0 435 5 441.2 450 8 ._

0.00318 0.00306 0.00271 0.00262 0.00260 0.00254 0.00244 0.00239 0.00234 0.00230 0.00227 0.00222 ~

Table 6.172: HERCO and YARMOR Pine Oil (28)

HERCO@PINEOIL A Eigh-Quality, General-Purpose-Grade Pine Oil -~ HERCO@pine oil"'is a clear, p i e yellow to near-water-white, oily liquid with a distinct pinelike odor. Derived from terpene oils of pinewood origin, it is a blend of related compounds, largely terpene alcohols. Herco pine oil meets requirements of Federal Specification LLL-P-400a for Type 1 pine oil. It is especially indicated for manufacture of high-performance cleaners and disinfectants, and for all other uses where a pine oil of uniform, high-terpene-alcohol content is required. (a) Hsreo pine oil is registered with the Oflice of Rdicide h g n m of the US. Environmental RMcction Agency under

EPA Regiantion Number 891-175.

General Sales Specifications *&Tal

Mub&

M

.d&m

Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6% Total terpene alcohols, % min Moisture, % m a Color, APHA, max

Typical Properties Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6C Total terpene alcohols, % Moisture, % Distillation range, %, (5% to 95%) Refractive index at 20% Color, APHA Kauri-butanol value Flashpoint, TCC 'F (T) Density at 601; (15.6C), lbslgal (kg,l) Freezing point, 'F CC)

0.930-0.938 80 0.5 70 0.933 85 0.4 206 - 220 1.481 25

> 500 150 (66) 7.78 (.93) 39 (4)

Outstanding Characteristics Clear, pale color; high terpene alcohol content; piney odor; high solvent activity; excellent wetting, penetrating, and dispersing properties, high bactericidal activity when properly formulated; uniform

(continued)

350

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.172: (continued)

YARMOR@F PINE OIL Flotation-Grade Pine Oil YARMOR@F pine oil is a frothing agent designed for flotation processes, particularly for benefication of metallic sulfide ores. Derived chiefly from oils extracted from pinewood, it is a mixture of terpenes, predominantly alcohols with lesser amounts of related terpenes.

Yarmor F produces a strong froth of good volume, satisfactory texture, and excellent cell life stability. Although normally used as a frother, it is also an effective collector for certain minerals.

General Sales Specifications -TMl-.n.m-

Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6 T Total alcohols, % min Moisture, % max

.

0.930-0.950 70 1.8

Typical Properties Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6 -C Total alcohols, % Moisture, % Refractive index at 20 *C Color, Gardner Distillation range, *C 5% 95 46 Flashpoint, COC, 'F('C) Weightlgal, Ibs (kg/l), 60 T (15.6 T) Viscosity, Ubbelohde, at 77 'F (25 T),cps Freezing point,"' 'F ('C) (a)Yannor

0.938 75 1.1 1.484 3 205 227 169(76) 7.8(.94) 10 3 m

P will ~ p e c o o and l can be handled saliilaclody a1 lower lcmpenlurer

Outstanding Characteristics Strong froth; excellent cell life stability; excellent wetting properties; low freezing point; low volatility

YARMOR@60 PINE OIL Terpene Alcohol YARMOR@ 60 pine oil"' is a clear, pale yellow to near water-white oily liquid with a distinct pinelike odor. Derived from terpene oils of pinewood origin, it is a blend of related compounds, principally terpene alcohols. It is intended for manufacture of cleaners and disinfectants, and for other uses where a good-quality pine oil is required. (a)Yamr 60 pine oil b registered wiiL tho office of Peuicide Fmgranu of Ihc U. S. Envimnmcntal Protection Agency under EPA

Registration Number 891-181.

General Sales Specifications -TUM*bod..o.OBR+d

Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6 -C Total terpene alcohols, % min Moisture, % max Color APHA, max

0.909-0.919

60 0.5 70

Typical Properties Total terpene alcohols, % Moisture, % Distillation range, 'C 5% 95 %

Color, Hazen Color, (Hercules terpene) Kauri-butanol value Flashpoint, TOC, 'C ('F) Weight, lbslgal (kg/l), 60 'F, (15.6 'C) Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6 .C

62.7 0.3 196.6 224.9 20 0.2 500

60(140) 7.75(.91) 0.91

Outstanding Characteristics Clear, pale color; high terpene alcohol content; piney odor; high solvent activity; excellent wetting, penetrating, and dispersing properties

(continued)

Monohydric Alcohols

351

Table 6.172: (continued)

YARMOR@302 PINE OIL Highest Quality, All Purpose-Grade Pine Oil YARMOR@302 pine oil" is a clear, pale yellow to near-water-white, oily liquid with a distinct pinelike odor. Derived from terpene oils of pinewood origin, it is a blend of related compounds, mainly terpene alcohols. Yarmor 302 meets requirements of Federal Specification LLL-P-4OOa for Type 1 pine oil. ( a ) Y a m r 302 pine oil is rcgktcrcd with the Office of Pelaicidc Rogmnu of the

US. Envinnuncd Rot.Elion Agency undn EPA

Regialrntion Number 891-174

General Sales Specifications b n . lI .

Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6*C Total terpene alcohols, % min Moisture, % max Color, APHA, max

0.9380.946 85 0.5 70

Typical Properties Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6'C Secondary alcohols, % Tertiary alcohols, % Total terpene alcohols, % Moisture, % Refractive index at 20 "C Color, APHA Kauri-butanol value Flashpoint, TCC, 7; ('C) Freezing Point, 'F ('C) Weight/gal, Ibs (kgll), W F (15.6'C)

0.941 16 76 92 0.35 I .481 25 > 500 172(78) 41 (5) 7.85 (0.94)

Outstanding Characteristics Clear, pale color; high terpene alcohol content; piney odor; high solvent activity; excellent wetting, penetrating, and dispersing properties; high bactericidal activity when properly formulated.

YARMOR@302W PINE OIL A General-Purpose-Grade Pine Oil YARMOR@302W pine oil" is a clear, pale yellow to near-white-water, oily liquid with a distinct pinelike odor. Derived from terpene oils of pinewood origin, it is a blend of related compounds, predominantly terpene alcohols with minor amounts of terpene hydrocarbons. It is suitable for all uses where a general-purpose grade of pine oil is required. ( a ) Y a m r 302W pine oil b rcgiuercd wih Iho

of Pelfieids Pmgmnu of tho U.S. EnvimnmenUl Rot.EIion Agency under EPA

Rcgislnlion Number 891-176

General Sales Specifications I k m bT

d

m m d b b m lopr*

Specific gravity at 15.6M.6 *C Total alcohols, 9s min Moisture, 96 max

Color, AF'HA, m u

0.9200.930 70 0.5 70

Typical Properties Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6'C Secondary alcohols, % Tertiary alcohols, % Total terpene alcohols, % Monocyclic terpenes, % Moisture, % Refractive index at 20 'C Color, APHA Kauri-butanol value Flashpoint, TCC, 'FCC) Weighugal, Ibs (kg/l), 60 'F (15.6'C)

0.923 8 65 13 27 0.35 1.480 25 > 500 130(54) 7.67(.92)

Outstanding Characteristics Clear, pale color; piney odor; high solvent activity; excellent wetting, penetrating, and dispersing properties; high bactericidal activity when properly formulated; uniform.

(continued)

352

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.173: Hercules TERPINEOL (28)

TERPINEOL^^ 101

Natural Tertiary Terpene Alcohol TERPINEOLTM 101 is a natural, high-purity grade of the tertiary terpene alcohol alpha-terpineol. Derived by fractional distillation of oils extracted from pinewood, it is a water-white, oily liquid at normal temperatures with an odor suggestive of lilacs. Its chemical nature, pleasant floral odor, and surface-active properties account for its usefulness to the essential41 industry and to manufacturers of disinfectants, household and industrial soaps, detergents, cleaners, and other chemical specialties. General Sales Specifications H e r c v l n T n Mohalrucsr.d.blo

m rqu9YIy

Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6'C,min Tertiary alcohols, min, % Moisture, max, % Color, Hazen (APHA), max Appearance

0.935 94 0.6 70 EFFM'"

(a) Essesenlially Free of Foreign Mallei

Typical Properties Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6"C Tertiary alcohols, % Moisture, % Distillation range, "C(7)

0.9410 96 0.2 219 (426) 220 (428) 20 90 (194) <25 (<77) 7.85(0.94)

5%

95% Color, Hazen (APHA) Flashpoint, COC,'C ('F) Freezing point, "C("F) Weight/gal, Ibs (kgll)

Outstanding Characteristics High purity; natural origin; light ~0101,pleasant floral odor; strong masking agent; excellent soIveiit; promotes surface activity; antibacterial activity when properly formulated.

TERPINEOL^" 200 Synthetic Tertiary Terpene Alcohol TERPINEOL" 200 is a high-purity grade of the tertiary terpene alcohol alpha-terpineol. Derived synthetically by hydrating alpha-pinene, it is a water-white, oily liquid at normal temperatures. Its chemical nature, pleasant floral odor, and surface-active properties account for its usefulness to the essential-oil industry and to manufacturers of disinfectants, household and industrial soaps, detergents, cleaners, and other chemical specialties. General Sales Specifications Hcr~ulriT~~IMohod.~~v.rliUimrqM

Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6eC, min Tertiary alcohols, %, min alpka/gamma-Terpineol, %, min Moisture, max, % Color, Hazen (APHA). max

0.935 95 93.5 0.6 70

Typical Properties Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6"C Tertiary alcohols, % Moisture, % alphdgamma-Terpineol, % Distillation range, "C(F)

0.941 97 0.2 96.2

5%

95% Color, Hazen (APHA) Flashpoint. COC,'C (F) Freezing point, "C ('F) Weight/gal, Ibs (kg/l)

217 (422) 220 (428) 20 88 (190) 4 5 (<77) 7.85 (0.94)

Outstanding Characteristics High purity; light color; pleasant floral odor; strong masking agent; excellent solvent; promotes surface activity; antibacterial activity when properly formulated.

(writi nued )

Monohydric Alcohols Table 6.173: (continued)

TERPINEOL^^ 318 PRIME Mixed Tertiary Terpene Alcohols TERPINEOLm 318 Prime is a mixture of isomeric terpineols obtained by dehydration of terpine hydrate. It is composed predominantly of alpha-terpineol, with lesser amounts of beta and gamma-terpineols. At normal temperatures, Terpineol.318 Prime is a water-white, oily liquid with a hyacinth-like odor. Terpineol 318 Prime is used by chemical specialties manufacturers for its odor, and by the essential-oils industry to produce perfume ingredients, particularly for soaps

General Sales Specifications HmlclTol M e k & n r i I l M e o a q u n

Color,Hazen (APHA), max Specific gravity, at 15.6/15.6'C,min Moisture, max % betddelta-Terpineol, % alphdgamma-Terpineol, % Tertiary alcohols, min, %

Typical Properties Color,Hazen (APHA) Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6'C Moisture, % Freezing point, 'C ('F) Flashpoint, COC,'C ('F) Weighdgal, Ibs (kg/l)

70 0.935 0.6 8 to 20 80 to 90 98

30 0.938 0.2 <-IO (+14) 88 (190) 7.8 (0.94)

Outstanding Characteristics High purity; light color; pleasant floral odor; excellent solvent; promotes surface activity; resistant to alkalies.

353

354

U

I-

d

Industrial Solvents Handbook

. .

_ . c .-2

.z

>A .-

* c

s a.

m .

Y

m .

E

v)Ev)v) t v)

v)nv)v)

d rn

OLn

C

Y

-> -sE

m c)

0

cn

m

.-CIn E u?

P

%E 0-v)-

-

0

m 01 Y

Monohydric Alcohols

355

Table 6.175: Melting Points of Saturated Monohydric Alcohols (69) 120

74.0

Ti IO

3

M

*

.d

0)

u

g

20

al

-; M

W

5

-30

3

0

B

-80

-130

22

CHAIN LENGTH IN CARBONS

Table 6.176: Rate of Evaporatlon of Various Solvents at Room Temperature (19)

Table 6.177: Comparative Evaporation, Rates of Alcohols (79) (Relative Values on 5 cc Samples a t 21 "C. and

734.4 mm. Hg)

0 w I00 I-

<

a

2

80

<

E

c 60

z w U

E a

40

20

' 0

50

100 150 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 350 400 450 TIME, MIN.

356 Industrial Solvents Handbook

Monohydric Alcohols Table 6.180: Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solution of Alcohols at 20°C (79)

Table 6.181 : Viscosity of Ethyl Cellulose in Alcohol-Hydrocarbon Mixtures (74)

10,000

9,oQ)

1,000

o

20 Y) 40 rn 60 ro m so ALCOHOL CONTENT OF SOLVENT (PLR (XNT BY VOLUME)

to

100

357

358

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 6.182: Evaporation Data for Various Solvents (74)

Active Solvents Acetone Methyl Ethyl Ketone Ethyl Acetate (85-90%) Isopropyl Acetate 95% Secondary Butyl Acetate Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (82.5% w)Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (17.5% w) Normal Butyl Acetate Mesityl Oxide Secondary Amyl Acetate Amyl Acetate (mixed isomers) Methyl Amyl Acetate CELLOS0 LVE Acetate Diacetone Alcohol Butyl CELLOSOLVE

Rate of Evaporation (Normal Butyl Acetate-I .OO) 7.7 4.6 4.6 3.9 1.8 1.6 1.o

1.o 0.9

0.8 0.6 0.5 0.2

0.2 0.1

Latent Solvents Ethyl Alcohol (anhydrous) Isopropyl Alcohol (anhydrous) Ethyl' Alcohol (190 proof) Normal Butyl Alcohol (50%VIAnhydrous Ethyl* Alcohol (50%v) Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (30%VIAnhydrous Ethyl' Alcohol (70%v) Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (30%VIAnhydrous lsopropyl Alcohol (70% V) Normal Propyl Alcohol Secondary Butyl Alcohol Normal Butyl Alcohol Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (60%VIAnhydrous Isopropyl Alcohol (40%v) Secondary Amyl Alcohol Amyl Alcohol (mixed isomers) Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol

1.9 1.7 1.7

0.1 0.7

0.7 1.1 1.o 0.5

0.5 0.5

0.3 0.3

*Proprietary grade. Diluents Toluene Xylene

2.1

0.8

Polyhydric Alcohols

ETHYLENE GLYCOL Glycol

I , 2-Ethanediol

HOCH2CH20H

Table 7.1 : Physical Propertie- and Specifications o Ethylene Glycol (32) Acidity a s acetic acid

0.01% by wt.. max.

Ash

0.005 g./lOO ml.,

Boiling point a t 760 mm. Hg

197.2-197.6'

Coefficient of expansion a t 20. C

O.O0062/'C 0.00063?5/

max.

C

10-15 a x .

Density (true) at 20' C

1.1134 g./ml.

Dielectric constant, 20' C

38.66 esu

Distillation a t 760 mm. Hg fiP 5 ml. 95 ml.

193' C. min. 194' C, min. 200' C. min. 205-208' C

Electric conductivity a t 25' C

1.07 x 10' recip. ohms (mhos)cm.

Molecular weight

62.07

Odor

Mild

Pour point

-75' F

Refractive index no 25' C no 20" C

1.4306 1.4316

Specific gravity (apparent), 25/25' C 20/20'

c

250' F 245' F

Flash point (open cup) ASTM, open cup

245' F 240' F

Free energy of formation a t 25. C

-80.2 kcal./mole

Heat of combustion (const. pressure) at 20' C

-283.3 kcal./mole

T

Color, APHA

rn

Fire point, Cleveland, tag ASTM, open cup

Heat of dilution [C,H, (OH), x 2 H,OJ

0.06 cal./g.

Heat of formation a t 20' C

-108.1 kcal./mole

Heat of fusion

44.7 cal./g.

Heat of vaporization a t 760 mm. Hg

191 cal./g. 344 Btuflb.

Inorganic chlorides, as CI

0.1 ppm, max.

Iron

0.15 ppm, max.

Viscosity at 10' C (50" F) 2 5 ' C (77" F)

JJ.6 17.4 12.3 5.2

Water content

0.3% by wt.. max.

Weight per gallon at 20" C

9.28 Ib.

35" c (95' F) 60' C (140' F)

cp. cp. cp. cp.

1.1133

Ethylene Glycol

1.1155

Specific heat at 20" C at 0. C

0.561

Spontaneous ignition temperature

398.9' c 412.8" C

0.544

Sulfates

Not detectable

,Surface tension a t 20' C

48.4 dynes/cm.

Suspended matter

Substantially free

Vapor at 20" C (68' F) 25. C (77' F) 93' c (200' F) 132.2' C (270' F)

0.06 0.12 11.0 75.0

mm. mm. mm. mm.

Glycol % by Wt.

% by

Flash Point 'F Cleveland, Tag

Fire Point 'F Cleveland

100 95 90

100

245 260 270

250 270 280

Hg Hg Hg Hg

359

VOl.

94.1 89.4

360

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.2: Boiling Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions (32) ~~~~~~~~

Glycol, % by Wt.

%by Vol.

Boiling Point "F

Glycol, % by Wt.

0 10 20 25 30

0.0 9.1

212

70

214 2 16 217 218

I2

% by

~

Glycol, % by Wt.

68. 4 70.5 72. (j 73.7 7(j. 8

238 2 40 2 43 245 248

90

89.4

91

90.5

92 93 94

91.5 92.6

93. 6

2 89 2!11 301

78.9 79.9

2 52

95

81

96 07 98 99

!14. 7 95.8

309 319

96. 8 97.9 98.9

330

100

VOl. ~~

18.4

23.2 28.0

35 40 45

32.8 37. R 42. 8

50 55

47.8 52.9

74

76 78

VOl. ~~~

219 22 1 22.i 225 227

80 82 83 84

81.0 82.0 83.1

254 356 258 260

60

58.0 60.1

230 232

85

62

86

84.1 85.2

262 265

61

62.2 64.2 66.3

233 235 2 :jt i

87

86.2

268

88 89

87.3

271

88.4

275

66 ti8

S by

Boiling Point "F

~

100

Table 7.3: Density of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions (32) Ethylene Glycol Percentage By Wt. By Vol.

0 0

10 9.1

20 18.4

30 28.0

68.4

80 78.9

90 89.4

1.068

1.08'7 1.086 1.084

1.110 1.108 1.105 1.103 1.100

1.125 1.122 1.120 1.117 1.114

1.137 1.134 1.131 1.128 1.125

1.138 1.135

1.048 1.147 1.045 1.044

1.066 1.064 1.063 1.061 1.059

1.082 1.080 1.017 1.015 1.073

1.097 1.095 1.092 1.089 1.086

1.111 1.107 1.104 1.101 1.098

1.123 1.118 1.115 1.111 1.108

1.131 1.128 1.124 1.121 1.117

1.136 1.132 1.128 1.124

1.070

Temp. 'F

4C 37.8

50 41.8

70

100 100

Density in g. /ml.

- 50 - 40 -30 -20 -10 0

10 20 30 40

60 58.0

1.000

1.015 1.014

1.031 1.030 1.029

80 90

1.000 0.999 0.998 0.997 0.995

1.013 1.012 1.011 1.009 1.001

1.026 1.024 1.022 1.020

1.042 1.040 1.038 1.035 1.033

1.056 1.054 1.051 1.049 1.046

1.061 1.064 1.061 1.058

1.083 1.080 1.016 1.073 1.069

1.094 1.091 1.087 1.084 1.080

1.105 1.101 1.097 1.093 1.088

1.113 1.104 1.105 1.101 1.097

1.120 1.116 1.113 1.109 1.105

100 110 120 130 140

0.993 0.991 0.989 0.986 0.983

1.005 1.003 1.000 0.997 0.994

1.018 1.0i5 1.012 1.009 1.006

1.030 1.027 1.024 1.021 1.018

1.043 1.039 1.036 1.033 1.029

1.054 1.051 1.047 1.044 1.040

1.066 1.062 1.058 1.055 1.051

1.076 1.072 1.068 1.064 1.060

1.085 1.882 1.078 1.014 1.069

1.094 1.090 1.186 1.082 1.078

1.101 1.097 1.093 1.089 1.085

150 160 170 180 190

0.980 0.977 0.914 0.970 0.967

0.991 0.988 0.985 0.981 0.977

1.003 0.999 0.996 0.992 0.988

1.014 1.011 1.007 1.003 0.399

1.026 1.022 1.018 1.014 1.009

1.036 1.032 1.028 1.024 1.020

1.047 1.043 1.039 1.034 1.030

1.056 1.052 1.048 1.044 1.040

1.065 1.061 1.057 1.053 1.048

1.074 1.069 1.065 1.061 1.057

1.081 1.077 1.073 1.068 1.064

200 210 220 230 240

0.963 0.959 0.995 0.951 0.947

0.914 0.970 0.965 0.961 0.957

0.984 0.980 0.976 0.972 0.967

0.995 0.991 0.987 0.982 0.978

1.006 1.001 0.997 0.942 0.988

1.016 1.011 1.003 0.998

1.026 1.021 1.017 1.012 1.008

1.035 1.031 1.026 1.022 1.017

1.044 1.040 1.035 1.031 1.026

1.052 1.048 1.044 1.039 1.034

1.060 1.056 1.051 1.041 1.042

250 260 210 280 290

0.942 0.938 0.933 0.928 0.923

0.952 0.948 0.943 0.438 0.933

0.963 0.958 0.953 0.948 0.943

0.973 0.968 0.963 0.958 0.953

0.983 0.918 0.913 0.968 0.963

0.993 0.988 0.983 0.978 0.973

1.003 0.998 0.993 0.988 0.983

1.012 1.008 1.003 0.998 0.993

1.021

1.030

1.017

1.002

1.025 1.020 1.016 1.011

1.038 1.033 1.029 1.024 1.019

300 310 320 330 340 350

0.918 0.913 0.907 0.902 0,896 0.890

0.928 0.923 0.917 0.912 0.906 0.900

0.938 0.933 0.928 0.922 0.917 0.911

0.948 0.943 0.938 0.932 0.927 0.921

0.958 0.953 0.948 0.942 0.937 0.931

0.96L) 0.963 0.958 0.952 0.941 0.941

0.978 0.973 0.968 0.962 0.951 0.951

0.988 e. 983 0.917 0.912

0.977 0.992 0.981 0.982 0.978 0.971

1.006 1.001 0.996 0.991 0.985 0.980

1.014 1.010 1.005 1.000 0.994 0.989

50 60 70

1.027

1.007

0.981

0.961

1.012 1.007

Boiling P o i n t "F 279 28'1

345 3t13 388

..

Y b

..

R

Polyhydric Alcohols 361

362

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o - N m u m NNNNN

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0 0 0 0

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mN O ~ - * O t-mmmo

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Industrial Solvents Handbook

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&

F

r ( r ( r ( r ( r (

00000

mwc-mm

o r ( N m S

gsg.gs r(r(*r(r(

NNNNN

0000

..

2 c

Polyhydric Alcohols

363

364

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.10: Relative Humectant Values of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol ( 1 7)

90 8')

70

r:

4t: B

60

50

u

.?

40

e d

2

30

20

LO

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ethylene Glycol, Weight

70

80

90

70

Table 7.11: Water Vapor Dew Points Over Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions (23)

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.12: Key Hygroscopicity Curve for Ethylene Glycol (55)

3 grains H?O/ft atm (abs hum) v.p. H20 at test temp

Table 7.13: Moisture Absorption of Ethylene Glycol at Various Relative Humidities (55)

The effect of t e m p e r a t u r e on the m o i s t u r e absorption of ethylene glycol for s y s t e m equilibrium a t various relative humidities. Valuesplotted w e r e calculated f r o m those of the key hygroscopicity curve for ethylene glycol.

Key hygroscopicity c u r v e f o r ethylene glycol showing influence of vapor p r e s s u r e of w a t e r a t t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e on amounts of m o i s t u r e a b s o r b e d by ethylene glycol for s y s t e m equilibrium a t v a r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e s and v a r i o u s absolute humidities.

Table 7.14: Moisture Absorption of Ethylene Glycol at Various Absolute Humidities (55)

3

grains H2O/ft atm (abs h u m )

The effect of t e m p e r a t u r e on the m o i s t u r e a b s o r p t i o n o f ethylene glycol for s;rst e n equilibrium a t v a r i o u s absolute humidities. Values used w e r e calculated f r o m those in key hydroscopicity c u r v e f o r ethylene glycol.

grains H$/ft 3 atm (abr hum)

The effect of t e m p e r a t u r e on the m o i s t u r e absorption of ethylene glycol f o r S Y S tern equilibrium of v a r i o u s absolute humidities. Values plotted w e r e f r o m experimentally obtained data.

365

366

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.15: Kinematic Viscosity of Anhydrous Ethylene Glycol and Trlmethylene Glycol Solutions (32)

Table 7.16: Freezing Points of Anhydrous Ethylene Glycol and Trlmethylene Glycol Solutions (32)

% E t h y l e n e Glycol

T e m p e r a t u r e , "C

Table 7.17: Azeotropes of Ethylene Glycol (19) Components

Compound

Specific Gravity at 20/20" C

Azeotrope Boiling Point, 'C a t 760 mm.

Boiling

Composition, % b y wt.

Point, 'C a t 760 mm.

In Upper Layer

& : In

Ethylene Glycol Butyl Carbitol

1.1155 0.9536

197.5 230.6

196.2

72.5 27.5

Ethylene Glycol Dibutyl Ether

1.1155 0.1694

197.5 142.1

139.5

6.4 93.6

Ethylene Glycol Dichlorethyl Ether

1.1155 1.2220

1237 96t

Ethylene Glycol Diethyl Carbitol

1.1155 0.9082

197.5 188.4

Ethylene Glycol Di(2-ethylhexyl) Ether)

1.1155 0.8121

1351

Ethylene Glycol Di-N-hew1 Ether

1.1155 0.7942

123t 137t

Ethylene Glycol Diphenyl Ether

1.1155 1.06771

Ethylene Glycol Diphenyl Ether

1.1155 1.0677t

91:

Lb: er Layer

Sp. Gr. 20/20s C of Azeotrope o r Layers 1.074

2 98

99

u 95

1

15

u

92.77 178.0

Relative Volume of L a y e r s a t 20' C

U0.777 L1.114

9.9

190.1

26.1 73.9

0.959

U 50

87:

L 50

112. 8 t

35.6 64.4

0.1 99.9

99.9

U 71.8 128.2

u 0.795

0.1

123t 1617

120.4t

62.3 37.7

0.2 99.8

98.5 1.5

U37.6 162.4

U 1.076 L 1.114

197.5 257.4

192.3

64.5 35.5

0.22 99.78

98.28 1.72

u 35.3.

U 1.0681 L 1.1081

L64.7.

L 1.115

(continued1

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.17: (continued) I I

Components

Compound

Specific Gravity at 20/20" C

Boiling Poict. "C at 760 mm.

Ethylene Glycol Exthoxydiglycol

1.1155 0.9898

197.5 208.8

Ethylene Glycol Methyl Carbitol

1.1155 1.0211

123t 1157

Ethylene Glycol Methyl Carhitot

1.1155 1.0211

157.1A 151.2.

Ethylene Glycol Methyl Carbitol

1.1155 1.0211

197.5 193.6

Azeotrope Boiling Point, *C a t 1 6 0 mm.

Ig2

14"

I

I b ywt' In Up,,er Layer

In

t:iii

Lb$er Layer

Relative Voltime of Layers at 20' C

1.050

4 96

1.025

12 88

1.033

30 70

1.051

PROPYLENE GLYCOL CH3CHOHCH20H

Table 7.18: Physical Properties of Propylene Glycol (32) 85O c 116' C 187.4' C

Boiling point at 10 mm. Hg 50 mm. Hg 760 mm. Hg &Boilingpoint/Apressure Coefficient of expansion to 20' to 55O

0.042' C/mm.Hg

c c

0.695 x lo-' 0.743 x lo-'

Evaporation rate (n-butyl acetate-1.0)

0.01

Fire point, ASTM open cup

225' F

Flash point, Cleveland open cup

210' F

Freezing point

-60 (sets to glass below this temperature)

Heat of combustion at 25' C

5728 cal./g. 10,312 Btu/lb.

Heat of vaporization at boiling point at 1 atm.

168.9 cal./g. 304 Btu/lb.

Ignition temperature

421' C

Molecular weight, calculated

76.094

c

Pour point

-59.5-

Refractive index, n, 20' C

1.4326

Specific heat at 20' C

0.593 cal./g./'C

Specific gravity, 2 0 / 2 0 ~ c

1.0381

.I Specific gravity/i\temperature, 0 to 40' C

O.O0073/"C

Vapor density (air-1.0)

2.52

Vapor pressure at 20" viscosity at 0"

c

c

zoo c 40' C

Weight per gallon at 25' C

of ,izeotrupc or Ldyers

45.5 54.5

tAt 50 mm. Hg $At 10 mm. Hg Heterogeneous at 20' C #At 30/20' C *At 30' C .At 200 mm. Hg

1,2- Propanediol

Sp. C r . 20/2G' C

0.05 mm. Hg 0.08 mm. Hg 243 cp. 56 cp. 18 cp. 8.64 Ib.

367

368

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.19: Propylene Glycol Specifications (79)

Standard Grade Specific gravity at Z O / Z o ' C Distillation a t 760 mm. Hg

1.0370 to 1.0390 Lbp, 1 8 5 ' C , max. 85 ml. 109" C, max.

". s. p,

Air-Treatment Grade

Special Grade

1.0375 to 1.0400

1.0375 to 1.0400

1.0380 to 1.0390

t

t

f

97.5% by wt. 0.005% by wt.5

-

97.5% by wt. 0.005% by wt.5 1.4316 to 1.4335

99.0% by wt. 0.005% by wt. tr

a

A

0.001% by wt.

0.001% by wt.

Grade

Dp. 1 9 4 ° C . max. Propylene glycol. min. Acidity, max. Refractive Index a t 20' C. no Solubi I i ty Chlorides, max. ( a s CI) Oxidizing substances Carbonyl groups Sulfates Heavy metals, max. (a$ Pb) Lead, max. ( a s Pb) Arsenic, max. ( A s 2 0 , ) Water, rnax. Ash, max. Color, max. (PI-Co Scale) Odor Suspended matter

0.001% by wt. -

0.005% bq wt.3

-

-

-

0.5% by wt. 0.005% by wt. 10

-

substantially f r e e

ppm 0.2% by wt. 0.005% by wt. 1

10

mild substantially f r e e

0.001% by wt. none shall pxss test

-

none 5 ppm

-

-

-

**

0.0003% by wt. 0.001% by wt. t t

-

0.5% by wt. 0.007% by wt. 15

15

substantially f r e e

mild substantially f r e e

-

tShall entirely distill within B 5" C range which shall include 187.3' C. ishall entirely distill within a 5' C range, and 90 ml. shall distill within a 2.2' C range. §Calculated a s acetic acid. This i s equivalent to 0.047 mg. KOH per g. sample. #Calculated a s hydrochloric acid. This is equivalent to 0.077 mg. KOH p e r g. sample. *Miscible in all proportions with water, acetone, and chlorform a t 25' C. ACompletely miscible in all proportions with water at 20' C. **This Is equivalent to 3 ppm. t t T h i s i s equivalent to 10 ppm.

Table 7.20: Boiling Points of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (79)

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.21: Conversion Chart for Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (23)

90

80

2la

70

SW W

W

s 40 30 20

IO 0

0

IO

20

30

40 50 60 WEIGHT PERCENT GLYCOL

70

80

90

I00

Table 7.22: Density of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (Percent by Weight) (23)

1.m

E Y n M

f

u E >-

k

M

z

0 W

TEMPERATURE, DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

369

370

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.23: Effect of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions on Dew Points at Various Contact Temperatures (79)

-a o

IO

20

Y)

u)

50

so

ro

eo

'x)

100

110

im

iao

BO

CONTbCT T L Y P E l r \ T U I E O f SOLUTION, 'F

Table 7.24: Freetlng Points of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (2)

(I)

Observed;

(11) Theoretical, without hydration;

( I l l ) Theoretical, with complete hydration.

% PROPYLENE GLYCOL (1.2) BY WT.

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.25: Heat of Vaporization of Propylene Glycol at Varlous Temperatures (79)

0

Table 7.26: Refractive lndlces of Aqueous Propanediol Solutions at 20", 30", and 40°C (32)

1,3-Propanediol

1.2 -Propanediol

9.94 20.03 30.23 40.01 49.41 60.04 69.50 79.43 89.74 100

1.3435 1.3552 1.3670 1.3780 1.3887 1.3995 1.4082 1.4174 1.4252 1.4324

1.3422 1.3540 1.3650 1.3758 1.3863 1.3970 1.4055 1.4144 1.4221 1.4295

1.3411 1.3522 1.3630 1.3732 1.3833 1.3940 1.4028 1.4111 1.4190 1.4255

10.98 19.96 30.21 40.34 49.94 60.32 70.24 79.87 89.68 100

1.3433 1.3540 1.3654 1.3770 1.3880 1.3997 1.4103 1.4205 1.4300 1.4389

1.3430 1.3528 1.3640 1.3755 1.3861 1.3975 1.4080 1.4163 1.4276 1.4364

1.3410 1.3511 1.3623 1.3735 1.3639 1.3951 1.4065 1.4155 1.4250 1.4332

371

372

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.27: Relative Humectant Values of Propylene Glycol, N.F. (23) values are given as the per cent by weight of glycol in water solutions that will be in equilibrium with air of various temperatures and humidities Temperature Of Air

RELATIVE HUMIDITIES

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

88.0 87.5 87.5 8M.0 89.5 90.5 90.8 91.0 91.2 91.2 91.25 91.26 91.27

78.0 78.0 7M.5 79.5 81.0 83.0 84.0 85.0 85.0 85.5 85.8 8G.O 8G.5

73.7 73.7 73.7 74.0 76.0 77.5 78.0 78.5 79.0 79.5 80.5 81.0 81.3

70.0 70.5 71.0 71.0 71.5 72.0 72.0 73.0 73.0 73.5 74.0 75.0 75.0

62.5 63.0 63.0 62.0 G4.0 66.0 66.0 66.5 66.0 67.0 67.0 67.5

45.0

90%

~

0" F 10' F 20' F 30' F 40' F 50' F 60' F 70' F 80" F 90' F 100" F 110' F 120' F

93.0 93.5 93.0 92.7 9J.0 93.5 93.7 94.0 94.3 94.4 94.4 94.4 94.4

68.0

46.0 47.0 48.0 50.0 51.0 52.0

52.5 52.5 53.0 53.0 53.0 54.0

30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 35.0 33.0 33.0

Table 7.28: Specific Gravity of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions at Various Temperatures (79)

Polyhydric Alcohols

373

Table 7.30: Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions at Various Temperatures (79)

Table 7.29: Specific Heat of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (19)

0018

0016

I O

?

Y

:

6w

2Y

07

.-z

06

c

0 5

" 2

09

"-

08

u

YY U

0014

0012

0010

Y)

-60

?

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

00

TEUPERITURE

100

120

I40

.C

160

0008

180

2 U

a

0006

I I -.

0004

0

Table 7.31: Total Pressure over Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions Versus Temperatures (23)

TEMPERATURE, DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

IO

20

30

40

50 60 70 80 TEMPERATURE, * C

90

100

110

I20

Table 7.32: Vapor-Liquid Composition Curves for Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (23)

374

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.33: Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (79)

Table 7.34: Viscosities of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutions (23)

Table 7.35: Azeotropes of Propylene Glycol (79)

Azeotrope

Components Specific Gravity at

Compound

20/20' C

Propylene glycol dibutyl ether Propylene glycol di-(2-ethylhexy)

ether

Propylene glycol toluene

tAt 10 mm. Hg. tHeterogeneou8 a t 20' C.

Boiling Point, 'C at 160 mm. Hg

1.0381 0.7694

181.4 142.1

1.0381

0.8121

85t 135t

1.0381 0.8683

181.4 110.6

Boiling Point, 'C at 760 mm. Hg. 136

Relatlve Volume of Layers at 20' C Upper layer 93 Lower layer I

84t

108

Upper luyer 98 Lower layer 2

specific Gravity

at 20/2w

c

Polyhydric Alcohols 1,3-PROPANEDlOL Trimethylene Glycol 1,3-Dihydroxypropane Beta- Propylene Glycol

Table 7.36: Physical Properties of 1,3-PropanedioI (32) Boiling point a t 760 mm. Hg Freezing points of aqueous solutions, " C 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

-2.86 -6.5 -11.8 -18.8 -27.1 -40.0 18.1

Molecular weight Refractive indices of aqueous solutions a t 20, 30, and 40" C 11.O% 20.0% 30.2% 40.3% 50.0% 60.3% 10.2% 79.9% 89.1% 100.0%

Specific gravity at 20/20' C a t 0" C at 2 1 4 " C

nia 1.3433 1.3540 1.3654 1.3110 1.3880 1.3991 1.4103 1.4205 1.4300 1.4389

nia 1.3430 1.3528 1.3640 1.3155 1.3861 1.3915 1.4080 1.4183 1.4216 1.4364

1.3410 1.3511 1.3623 1.3135 1.3839 1.3951 1.4065 1.4155 1.4250 1.4332

1.055.4 1.0625 0.9028

Thermal expansion of aqueous solutions between 20 and 40" C (0 x 10') 20% 40%

60% 80% 100%

Isothermal contraction in volume on mixing with water between 20 and 40' C (ml. contraction per 100 ml. of initial volume) 20% 40% 60% 80%

0.39 0.47 0.55 0.60 0.61 20' C

40°C

0.37 0.90 1.19 1.01

0.29 0.81 1.01 0.83

Table 7.37: Freezing Points of Aqueous Solutions of 1,3-PropanedIol (32)

X PROPYLENE GLYCOL 11.1) BY I I

F r e e z i n g P o i n t s of P r o p y l e n e Glycol ( 1 , 3 ) - W a t e r M i x t u r e s . ( 1 ) O b s e r v e d ; (11) T h e o r e t i c a l , without hydration; (111) T h e o r e t i c a l , with c o m p l e t e hydration.

375

376

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.38: Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of 1,3-Propanediol at 20" and 40°C (32)

LOIS

1.001

o.s.1 0

10

*O

5

1.1

-

eo

eo

mo

PIOCAIICDIOL

1,P-BUTANEDIOL Table 7.39: Physical Properties of 1,P-Butanedloi (32)

Freezing points of aqueous solutions. 'C 10% 20% 30%

40% 50% 60%

Refractive indices of aqueous solutions at 20, 30, and 40' C 10.13% 19.69% 29.72% 39.79% 49.68% 59.88% 69.31% 79.73% 69.40% 100.0%

Vlacoslty of aqueous solutions at 20 and 40- c, in centismker 10.125% 19.7% 29.1% 39.8% 49.1% 59.9% 36.4% 79.1% 89.4% 100.0%

-2.6 -6 .O -11.0 -16.5 -22.4 -29.0

ni8

$

nr

1.3452 1.3572 1.3693 1.3813 1.3920 1.4027 1.4120 1.4211 1.4297 1.4315

1.3436 1.3553 1.3672 1.3188 1.3892 1.4000 1.4090 1.4185 1.4265 1.4347

1.3420 1.3534 1.3850 1.3160 1.3865 1.3966 1.4058 1.4165 1.4230 1.4310

c

40- c

1.520 2.187 3.310 4.802 6.139 9.72 13.82 21.31 35.54 68.0

0.910 1.243 1.690 2.311 3.088 4.221 6.7U 8.312 12.69 21.25

20'

Thermal allp~nslonof aqueous solutions between 20 and 40' C (a x 10') 20%

40% 60%

80% 100%

IaothermPI cmcsntrntion In volume on mixing

0.454 0.664 0.126 0.765 0.715

2o.c

(O'C

1.12 1.96 1.92 1.21

1.01 1.61 1.05 1.10

w M l m t e r ~ 2 0 ~ W C (ml. contraction per 100 ml. of

inlual Volume) 208 40% 80% 80%

Polyhydric Alcohols

377

Table 7.41 : Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1,2-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C (32)

Table 7.40: Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1,2-butanedioi Solutions at 20" and 40°C (32)

1.011

1.m0

1.018

t

E . )

1.000 0

f

i

f

0.9.1

t 0.ws

0.100

0.100

0

IO

.O

%

1.I

-

eo

wo

100

DUIIUI~IOL

CH3CH(OH)CH2CH20H

1,3-ButyIene Glycol

Table 7.42: Physical Properties of 1,3-Butanediol (32)

-.

Acid as acetic

0.005g by wt.,

Boiling point

207.5' C

Color, APHA

15, mu.

Distillation range

200-215' C

Flash point, tag open cup

250' F

Frwsing point

Below -50 C

Specific gravity at 20/20' C

1.0062

155 cal./g.

Surface tendon at 25 C

37.8 dynes/cm.

Vapor pressure at 10 C

0.06 mm. Hg

Viewsity at 25' C at 35' C

104 cp. 89 cp.

Water

0.5% by wt.,

Weight per gallon at 20' C

8.38 Ib.

Heat of vaporizatlon Hygroscopicity, weight % water absorbed in 144 hours at: 25-28' C and 81% relative humidity 25-28' C and 47% relative humidlty 25-28 C and 20% relative humidity

38.5 12.5 4.3

Molecular weight, calculated

90.12

Purity

95% by wt., mln.

Refractive index at 20' C/D

1.4401

Solubility (%by weight) in castor oil in ether either in In ethyl acetate ethyl acetate in in dibutyl phthalate

18% 7% 9% 32% 41% 2%

mu.

378

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.43: Freezing Point of Aqueous Solutions of 1,3-ButanedIol (32)

Table 7.44: Refractive Index and Freezing Point of Aqueous Solutions of 1,3Butanediol (32)

Content of 1,J-Butanediol,

-

*/.

Freezing Point

n25'C

% by Weight

D

19.4 39.4 49.5 58.5 64.5 69.0 79.5 89.0

1.3561 1.3806 1.3922 1.4032 1.4093 1.4138 1.4237 1.4319

'C

'F C25

-4 -15.5

+4 -13 -35 -44 -60

-25

-37 -42 -51

Viscous liquid

.

I.J-DUTANLDIOL

BY W C l G H l

Table 7.45: Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1,3Butanedioi solutions at 20" and 40°C (32)

Table 7.46: Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of 1,3-Butanedlol (32)

1.01s

.

;

Content of 1,3-Butanediol, % by Weight

1.01s

1.00s

t . I

O..SS

0

10

40

U

-

so

ao

m

19.4 39.4 49.3 58.5 69.0 79.5 89.0 100.0

Viscosity, centipoises 25.0' C

-171' * C

6.1

10.2 16.7 21 .I 50.8

98.3

95 172 304 620 1,360 3.150

Table 7.47: Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1,3-butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C (32)

1.W

rf

1.*00

c

a f

I.000

-: i

e

0.-

..IO0

* 1' c

2.1 4.7

1.1 w T m a o m L

*.a00

-37

7,000 18,500 35,000

Polyhydric Alcohols

Tetramethylene Glycol

379

HOCH2CH2CH2C H 2 0 H

Table 7.48: Physical Properties of 1,4-ButanedioI (32) Freezing point L e s s than 0.8% L e s s than 1% Refractive index, n; 0% Solubility a t 25' C (g./lOO ml. solvent) 221-231' C in water L e s s than 0.5% in methanol More than 250' F in ethanol L e s s than 0.1% in acetone 18-19.S0 c benzene Over 96% carbon tetrachloride 1.4435-1.4445 chlorobenzene ethyl acetate 1.012-1.016 ethyl ether L e s s than 1% petroleum ether (35-60' C) 65-10 Cp. IS L e s s than 0.8% Specific gravity, d,

Acetals (as CH, 0 ) Acidity (as HCO, H) Ash Boiling range 1-Butanol Flash point (ASTM open cup) F r e e aldehyde a s CH? 0 Freezing point range Purity Refractive index, n z r Specific gravity, d< Unsaturation (as butendiol) Viscosity, 25' C Water content P u r e 1,4-Butanediol

118' c 133' C 170' C 187' C 228' c

Boiling point a t 10 mm. Hg 20 mm. Hg 100 mm. Hg 200 mm. Hg 160 mrn. Hg

Table 7.49: Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 1,4-Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C (32)

20.9

1.4446 Infinite Infinite Infinite Infinite 0.3 0.4 0.4 14.1 3.1 0.9 1.0154

% Water In

Freezing Point

1,I-Butanediol

('C)

Viscosity (cp. a t 25' C)

0.0 0.1 0.5 1.o

20.0 19.8 19.0 18.1

11.5 71.3 10.2 68.9

Table 7.50: Specific Gravity of Aqueous 1,4-ButanedioI Solutions at 20" and 40°C (32)

1.010

.o

r

1.010

E

v)

0.IWI

,

*.m

e*

4.

a*

% 1,4-Butanediol

%, 1.4-Butanediol

c

Y

I n

380

Industrial Solvents Handbook

2,3-BUTANEDIOL

2,3-Butylene Glycol 2,3- Dihydroxybutane Table 7.51 : Physical Properties of 2,3-Butanediol (32) Acidity a s acetic

0.005% by wt., max.

Boiling'point at 760 mm. Hg

182.5. C

Color, APHA

15 max.

Density of liquid

1.048

Distillation range

175-195' C

Flash point, tag open cup

185.

Freezing point

19' C (5% water lowers to +lo' C)

Hygroscopicity (% water pickup-400 hrs.) 25. C and 50% rel. hum. 25' C and 75% rel. hum.

24 33

Molecular weight

90.12

F

Purity

95% by wt., min.

Refractive index, n:'

1.4371

Solubility (1%by weight) in castor oil in ether ether in in ethyl acetate ethyl acetate in in dibutyl phthalate

78% 5% 5% 14% 9% 2%

Specific gravity at 20/20' C

1.0093

specific heat at 30' C

0.60 cal./g.

Specific tension a t 25. C

36 dynes/cm.

Vapor pressure at 20. C

17 mm. Hg

Viscosity a t 25. C at 35' C

90 cp.

Water content

0.5% by wt., max.

Welght per gallon

8.41 Ib.

F. P .

121 cp.

Table 7.52: Boiling Points of Aqueous ievo-2,3-Butanediol Solutions at Atmospheric Pressure (32)

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.53: Boiling Points of Aqueous levo-2,3Butanedlol-Ethanol Solutions (32)

Table 7.54: Boiling Points of Aqueous ievo-2,3-ButanedioiMethanol Solutions (32)

X ETHANOL BY WEIGHT

Table 7.55: Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2,3-Butanediol Solutions (32)

381

382

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.56: Freezing Points of Aqueous meso-dextro-2,3-Butanedlol Solutions (32)

Table 7.57: Effect of meso-2,3-Butanediol on the Freezing Point of Aqueous levo-2,3-Butanedlol Solutions (32)

-~

~~

~

Composition of Diol

40% Water

60% Water

100%levo

-40.4' C

-19.4' C

-37.0

-21.0

-28.2

-21.0

85%levo 15%mem

-18.6

-17.2

80% levo 20%mem

-14.0

-12.4

95% levo

5%meso 90% levo

10%meso

50% levo 50%mem

+1.55

+1.55

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.58: Freezing Points of Aqueous levo-2,3-Butanedlol-Ethanol Solutions (32)

Table 7.60: Freezing Points of Aqueous ievo-2,3-ButanedioiMethanol Solutions (32)

Table 7.59: Freezing Points of Aqueous ievo-2,3-Butanedloi-Ethyiene Glycol Solutions (32)

Table 7.61 : Freezing Points of Aqueous ievo-2,3-ButanedioiTetrahydrofurfuryi Alcohol Solutions (32)

383

384

Industrial Solvents Handbook Table 7.63: Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo2,3-Butanediol Solutions in Relation to Concentration and Temperature (32)

%LEVO-O,I-WTANEMOL

Table 7.64: Kinematic Viscosity of 60% levo-2,3Butanediol, Glycerol and Ethylene Glycol Solutions at Low Temperatures (32)

Temp.,

'C.

Table 7.65: Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo-2,3-Butanediol-Ethanol Solutions at 20°C, Expressed in Centistokes (32)

Polyhydric Alcohols

385

Table 7.66: Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo2,3-Butanediol-Methanol Solutions at 20"C, Expressed in Centistokes (32)

Table 7.67: Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo2,3-Butanediol-Ethylene Glycol Solutions in 20"C, Expressed in Centistokes (32)

Table 7.68: Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous levo2,3-Butanediol-Tetrahydrofurfuryi Alcohol Solutions at 20"C, Expressed in Centistokes (32)

Table 7.69: Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol, levo-2,3-Butanediol, meso-dextro2,3-Butanediol and Glycerol at 20°C (32)

386

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.70: Optical Rotatory Power of Aqueous ievo-2,3-Butanedlol Solutions at 20°C (32)

Table 7.71: Effects of Concentratlon and Temperature on the Specific Rotatory Power of Aqueous levo2,3-Butanedlol Solutions (32)

Table 7.72: Refractive indices of Aqueous levo2,3-Butanediol Solutions at Different Temperatures (32)

Table 7.73: Refractive Indices of Aqueous Solutions of meso- and levo2,3-Butanediol at 25°C (32)

Temperature, 'C

Diol, % 0 10.0 19.9 29.9 39.9 49.9 59.6 70.0 79.1 89.7 99.5

20

25

30

35

1.3330 1.3450 1.3514 1.3700 1.3820 1.3930 1.4027 1.4115 1.4197 1.4264 1.4322

1.3325 1.3445 1.3566 1.3689 1.3807 1.3915 1.4012 1.4098 1.4180 1.4247 1.4302

1.3319 1.3437 1.3557 1.3617 1.3793 1.3900 1.3991 1.4082 1.4162 1.4229 1.4283

1.3312 1.3429 1.3549 1.3666 1.3779 1.3885 1.3982 1.4065 1.4146 1.4212 1.4264

% Butanedid

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.74: Specific Gravity of Aqueous levo2,3-Butanediol Solutions at 20°, 30", and 40°C (32)

387

Table 7.75: Specific Gravity of Aqueous meso2,3-Butanediol Solutions at 20°, 30",and 40°C (32)

% meso 2.3-BUTANEDIOL

Table 7.76: Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of ievo-2,3-Butanediol and Ethylene Glycol (32)

388

Industrial Solvents Handbook

BUTANEDIOLS

1.2-Butanediol

1.3-Eutanediol

1.4-Eutanediol

Table 7.78: Kinematic Viscosity of Aqueous Butanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C, in Centistokes 132)

1,3-B~ta~diol

1,2-Butanediol

10.125 19.69 29.72 39.79 49.685 59.88 69.37 79.73 89.40 100

1.520 2.187 3.310 4.802 6.739 9.72 13.82 21.37 35.54 68.0

0.910 1.243 1.690 2.311 3.088 4.227 5.744 8.372 12.57 21.25

9.505 19.175 30.20 39.94 49.45 60.02 70.1 80.20 89.67 100

1.51 2.295 3.529 5.419 8.313 13.44 21.57 35.36 63.43 129.8

0.91 1.291 1.818 2.593 3.695 5.600 8.413 12.88 21.21 39.70

1.4-Butanediol

10.51 20.01 30.02 39.86 49.70 59.95 70. 15 79.85 90.1 100

-

1.446 2.109 2.867 4.258 6.57 10.20 18.48 30.63 54.35 87.62

0.89 1.218 1.6602 2.382 3.202 4.707 7.982 12.62 21.40 33.8

2-BUTENE-l,4-DIOL HOCH2CH=CHCH20H

Table 7.79: Physical Properties of 2-Butene-l,4-dioi

(32)

Purified Cis-Z-Butene-1,4-DioI

Physical Properties of Technical Cis-2-Butene-1,4-DioI

flash point (Cleveland open cup)

232-235' C Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg 100 mm. Hg 270. F 20 mm. Hg 10 mm. Hg 263. F 5 mm. Hg

Freezing point range

4.0-7.0'

Molficular weight

88.1

Boiling point range F i r e point (Cleveland open cup)

Refractive index,

np

C

Specific graviw a t 25/15' C

1.067-1.074 22 cp. 10.8 cp. 2.5 cp.

100'

F

210. F

Freezing point

12.5. C

Refractive index, n':

1.4768-1.4773

1.476-1.478 Specific gravity at 25/15' C

Viscosity at 68' F

234. C 177' C 140' c 122. c 109' C

1.070

Polyhydric Alcohols P-BUTYNE-1,4-DIOL HOC H2C ECC H2 0H

Table 7.80: Physical Properties of 2-Butyne-l,4-Diol (32) Physical Properties of Commercial 2-Butyne-1.4-Diol Acetals ( a s CHzO) Aldehydes ( a s CHz 0) Butynediol content Freezing point Methanol (by distillation) PH Propargyl alcohol Saponification No. (as mg. KOH/g. product) Specific gravity, d p Weight per gallon

L e s s than 0.6% L e s s than 0.58 35 f 1:"' L e s s than -7' C 0 .O'A

4to6 L e s s than 0.5%

Less than 6 1.04 to 1 -8.7 Ib.

Purified 2-Butyne-1,l-Diol Boiling point a t 10 mm. Hg 100 mm. Hg Crystal structure system principal forms

140' c 194' C Orthorhombic Basal pinacoids and p r i s m s with crystals flattened parallel to the basal pinacoids

Melting point

57.5'

Refractive indices n:'

(Y

Solubility (g./lOO ml. solvent) in water a t 0' C in water a t 25' C in ethyl alcohol a t 25' C in acetone a t 25' C in ethyl ether a t 25. C in benzene a t 25' C

f

0f

c

1.450 1.528

- 0.002 - 0.002

121 374 83 70

2.6 0.04

1$-PENTANEDIOL Pentomethylene Glycol

HOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH20H

Table 7.81 : Physical Properties of 1,5-Pentanedlol (32) Boiling point a t 760 mm. Hg 50 mm. Hg 10 mm. Hg

242.5' C 166' C 134. C

Coefficient of expansion a t 55' C

0.00061/'C

Flash point (open cup)

265' F

Freezing point

-15.6.

Molecular weight

104.16

C

Refractive index a t 20' C

1.4489

Specific gravity at 20/20* C

0.9921

Surface tension at 20' C

43.2 dynes/cm.

Vapor p r e s s u r e a t 20' C

Less than 0.01

Vlscosity at 0' C (absolute) 20' c 40' C

415 cp. 128 cp. 48 cp.

Weight per gallon a t 20' C (average)

8.23 lb.

389

390

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.82: Absolute Viscosity of Aqueous 13Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C (32)

Table 7.83: Specific Gravity of Aqueous 13Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C (32)

1.100

1.010

1.800

1.000

L.04

8 E

1.000

o.ss0

" :

s

Y

0.W

to

O

40

& .

O.tW

SO

m

80

I.*- P C l 1 A l l C O I O L

i.wo

2,4-PENTANEDIOL Amylene G l y c o l

Table 7.84: Physical Properties of 2,4-Pentanedlol (32)

c

Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg

199'

Flash point, Cleveland open cup

210' F

Melting point

45.

Molecular weight

104.15

Specific gravity (apparent), 20/20'

C

c

0.964 (supercooled liquid)

NEOPENTYLGLYCOL

CHI I HO-CH2-C-CH2-OH

"NPG" G l y c o l 2,2-Dirnethyl-l,3-Propanediol

I

CHI Table 7.85: Physical Properties of Neopentyi Glycol (41) Empirical Formula CsHiA Molecular Weight (calcd.) 104.15 Equivalent Weight (theor.) 52.08 Acid Number 0.01 Hydroxyl Number (average) 1075 Saponification Number 0.14 Acid, as acetic acid, wt. Yo 0.05 max. Aldehyde, as hydroxypivaldehyde, wt. % 0.70 max. Ester, as neopentyl hydroxypivaldehyde, wt.% 1.50 max. Water, wt. % 1.00 max. Appearance White, crystalline solid Autoignition Temp. (ASTM D286-30), "F. 750 ,"C. 399 Boiling Range, "C., at 3.35 mm. Hg 93-94 25 mm. Hg 121-123 760 mm. Hg 210

Bulk Density, 2loC., g./cc. 1.06 Ib./cu. ft. 66.4 Color, APHA, ppm., max. 25. Critical Pressure, atm. (estd.) 36 Critical Temp., "K. (estd.) 653 0.059 Critical Volume, cu. ft./lb. (estd.) cc./g. (estd.) 3.683 Crystal Density, 25"C., g./cc. 1.11 Ib./cu. ft. 69.3 Crystallization Point, "C. 128 (same as m.p.1 Effect on Metals: No corrosive effect on mild steel, galvanized steel or t i n p l a t e . Slightly corrosive to aluminum. Fire Point (Cleveland Open Cup), O F . 305 "C. 151.6 Flash Point (Cleveland Open Cup), OF. 305 "C. 151.6

(continued )

Polyhydric Alcoholr Table 7.85: (continued)

391

Solubility Solubility, g.1100 g of Solvent, at 5°C. 15°C. 60°C.

- -

Solvent Heat Capacity, Solid, B.t.u./lb./"F. (estd.) 0.383 cal., g./g./"C. (estd.) 0.383 Heat of Combustion, B.t.u./lb. (estd.) - 12,917 cal., g./g. (estd.) -7,176 B.t.u./lb. mole - 1,345,306 cal., g./g. mole -747,391 Heat of Fusion, B.t.u./lb. (estd.) 90 cal., g./g. (estd.) 50

173 Water Acetone 23 Benzene 0.6 Cyclohexane 0.0 Hexane 0.5 Isobutyl alcohol 87.5 Methyl ethyl ketone 25 Methyl isobutyl ketone 7.9 Toluene 0 Trichloroethylene 0.2 Specific Gravity, 25"/4"C.

aMolten

181 60 12 <1

400 439 199 0.4 1.E

-

-

41 14 <1 <1

>309 76 39 117 1.066

PENTANEDIOLS Table 7.86: Klnemal.; Viscosity o Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40"C, in Centistokes (32)

I

1,2-Pentanediol

1.5-Pentanediol Viscosity

Viscosity Glycol, %

Glycol, % 10.36 19.91 30.18 40.13 50.02 59.96 69.91 19.85 90.05 100

20" C

40' C

1.5415 2.264 2.88 4.06 5.13 8.02 13.03 19.85 38.20 68.55

0.9275 1.258 1.538 2.08 2.82 3.142 5.125 8.138 13.62 20.82

10.11 20.09 30.42 39.82 50.04 60.12 IO.45 80.20 89.15 100

20' C

40' C

1.516 2.246 3.300 4.135 7.08 11.30 20.9 36.22 66.25 115.65

0.9210 1.217 1.195 2.331 3.350 5.250 8.842 14.46 25. IO 43.58

Table 7.87: Refractive Indices of Aqueous Pentanediol Solutions at 20" and 40°C (32)

1,2-Pentanediol

10.36 19.97 20.64 30.94 41.26 51.05 61.28 70.00 80.04 90.05 100

1.3452 1.3585 1.3705 1.3830 1.3930 1.4050 1.4120 1.4223 1.4320 1.4390

1.5-Pentanediol

1.3430 1.3500 1.3682 1.3800 1.3895 1.3990 1.4068 1.4182 1.4254 1.4326

10.17 20.29 20.59 30.42 40.43 50.45 60.51 70. 73 80.08 90.15 100

1.3444 1.3572 1.3100 1.3833 1.3960 1.4080 1.4198 1.4304 1.4417 1.4500

1.3420 1.3543 1.3682 1.3800 1.3910 1.4033 1.4159 1.4260 1.4367 1.4448

392

Industrial Solvents Handbook

116-HEXANEDIOL CH20HCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH

Table 7.88: Physical Properties of 1,B-Hexanediol (32) T h i s glycol is very soluble in water.

Boiling point at 160 mm. Hg

243' C

Flash point, Cleveland open cup

265. F

Melting point

42' C

Molecular weight

118.11

Specif ic gravity (apparent)

0.958

2$-HEXANEDIOL CH3CHOHCH2CH2CHOHCH3

Table 7.89: Physical Properties of 2,5-Hexanediol (32) T h i s six-carbon glycol is the most viscous of the family, It is completely miscible with water.

Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg

220.8.

c

Flash point, Cleveland open cup

220' F

Freezing point

Sets to a glass below -50. C

Molecular weight

118.17

Refractive index at 20' C, no

1.4474

Specific gravity (apparent) at 45/15.6' C

0.9617

Viscosity at 20' C

37 cp.

HEXYLENE GLYCOL 2-Methyl-2,4- Pcntomdiol Methyl Amylene Glycol Diacetont Glycol

Table 7.90: Physical Properties and Specifications of Hexyiene Glycol (32) Acidity as acetic acid

0*005'bby

Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg

198.27. C 197.1' C 125' C 94- c

dt/dp at the boiling point

0.045' C/mm.

Color, Pt-Co (Haze@ standard

15. m u .

Flarh point,, Cleveland open cup

210.

Critical propertier, P.

499 psia 1221. R 6.78 W m o l e

Freezing point

Becomer damirolld at -40. C without cryrtdline fornutlon Sets 0 *a. blow -so* c

Distillation range ( M T M D-1078) (S5S will distill behveen 196' C and 199. C)

195 to 200' C

at 50 mm. Iig at 10 mm. Hg

T. V.

IMx.

wt.l

Density (in air) at 780 mm. Hg

o.ns g./cc.

Density in air at any temp. may be obtalned from equation:

4 - 0.952

Density (in vacuo) at 0 20.

c c

30. C

- 4.02 x 10't

0 . 9 m g./cc. 0.0216 g./cc. 0.9145 g./cc.

P

ais' F

-

(continued)

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.90: (continued)

Latent heat of vaporization

12.3 x 13' cal./g.-mole 104.1 g.-cal./g. 208 Btu/lb.

Molecular weight

118.11

Pour point

-31.2' C (35' E')

-

Refractive dispersion. (Nr Nc) x lo'

72.5

Refractive index, nio

1.4216

n;'

1.4243

Specific gravity a t 20/4* C 20/20* c

0.9216 0.9234

A Sp. GrJA t, 0 to 55. C

0.00097

Surface tension. 20. C

33.1 dynes/cm.

Vapor pressure, 2(P C

0.05 mm. Hg

Viscosity (absolute), 20. C

34.4 cp.

Water a t 20' C

Miscible without turbidity with 19 vols. of n-heptane

Weight per gallon a t 20' C

1.69 lb.

Table 7.91: Freezing Points of Hexylene Glycol-Water Mixtures (32)

F r e e z i n g P o i n t s of Hexylene C 1y c o 1 (2-Methyl-2.4-pentanediol)-Water Mixtures. (1) Observed; (11) Theoretical,

without hydration; ( I l l ) T h e o r e t i c a l , with complete hydration.

Table 7.92: Specific Gravity and Freezing Point of Hexylene GlycoiWater Mixtures (74)

HEXYLENE GLYCOL. PER CENT BY WEIGHT

393

394

Industrial Solvents Handbook

PINACOL Pinacone

2,3- Dimethy 1-2,3- Butanediol Tetramethylethylene Glycol

HOC(CH3)2 * C(CH3)20H

Table 7.93: Physical Properties of Pinacol (32)

Boiling point a t 760 mm. Hg

174.4' C

Melting point

41.1' C

Molecular weight

118.17 The Hexahydrate

c

Melting point

45.4'

Specific gravity, d"

0.967 (supercooled liquid)

HO C H ~ C ( C ~ H Z ~ ) ~ C H ~ O H

Table 7.94: Physical Properties of P,P-Diethyl-l,3-Propanediol

(32)

Boiling point a t 10 mm. Hg

125. C

Freezing point

61.3' C

Molecular weight

132.20

Solubility in water a t 20. C

25% by wt.

Specific gravity (apparent) a t 20' C

1.052

2-ETHY L-1 J-HEXANEDIOL Ethohexadiol Octanediol

Table 7.95: Physical Properties of P-Ethyi-1,3-Hexanedioi (32)

Acidity a s acetic acid Boiling point a t 760 mm. Hg Color, Pt-Co Distillation range Flash point, open cup Freezing point Molecular weight Refractive index, 20. C, no Solubility in water, 20' C Solubility of water in, 20. C Specific gravity, ZO/Zo. C Suspended matter Vapor pressure, 20' C Viscosity, 20' C Weight per gallon (average), 20' C

0.01% by wt.. max.

243.1' C 15. max. 241 to249. C 265' F Sets to glass below -40. C 146.22 1.4511 4.2% by wt. 11.7% by wt. 0.9422 Substantially f r e e Less than 0.01 mm. Hg 323 cp. 7.83 lb.

Polyhydric Alcohols

Dimethyl Hexynediol

CH3 1 C C

CH

- -

CH,

C

I

Boiling point Freezing point Surface tension at 25. C 5% in water 0.1% in water 0.01% in water

H,,

- CI - CH, I

OH

Table 7.96: Physical Propertles of 2,5-Dlmethyl-3-Hexyne-2,5-dlol

395

OH

(32)

205-6' C 94-5' c 41.2 60.9 66.9

,CHIOH

H,

dynedcm. dynedcm. dynes/cm.

,CH,OH

H' ~ H , O HHOH& \H cis-isomer trans-isomer

Table 7.97: Propertles of 1,4-CyclohexanedImethanol (approx. 70% trans-, 30% cis-isomers)

Emplrlcal formula

cBH16%

Molecular welght (calcd. )

144.21

Equfvalent welght Crystallizatlon polnt, 'C.

72.1

25°/4eC. (super-cooled)

1.026

35

50°/4'C.

1.010

10

100'/4*C.

(super-cooled) (molten)

41-61

150'/4*C.

0.946

43

200'/4'C.

0.914

70

Solld:

Pour point, 'C. (super-cooled) Meltlng polnt, 'C. cis Isomer trans Isomer

Specific gravity Liquid:

Bolllng polnt, 'C.

2 7e/40C.

0.978

1.069

760 mm.

285

100 mm.

216

1 0 mm.

180

70.F.

(super-cooled)

8.59

1 mm.

118

100'F.

(super-cooled)

8.49

2 88

200.F.

8.20

284

300'F.

7. 90

400'F.

7.60

cia isomer trans lsomer

Density Liquld, lb. /gal. :

Solld. 70*F., lb. /cu. ft.

66.74

(continued)

396

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.97: (continued)


Acid number Hydroxyl number

22.89

Saponification number

0.91

Refractive index, n g (super-cooled)

1.4893

Flash point, Cleveland Open Cup, 'F.

165

Fire point, Cleveland Open Cup, OF.

255

Solubility, 25"C., wt. % in water

miscible

water in

miscible

in methanol

miscible

in ethanol

miscible

in diethyl ether

2.5

in VM & P naphtha

<1

in benzene

<1

in acetone

56.4

Heat capacity, (estd. ) Temp., 'C.

Liquid:

Solid: CP'

C , B. t.u./Ib. 'F.

C

, B. t.u./lb.

50

0.505

100

0.553

0.716

150

0.609

0.794

200

0.669

0.877

B. t.u. Ab.

OF.

(estd. )

OF.

0.648

0.410

Thermal Conductivity (estd. ) Vapor:

k, B.t. u. h r . ft. 'F.

Temp., 'C. 50

0.00602

100

0.00772

150

0.00960

200

0.01229

k. B.t . u . h r . ft. 'F.

T e m p . , 'C.

Liquid:

50

0.1118

100

0.1229

150

0.1280

200

0.1311

CrItIcal temperature, Tc, 'C. (estd.) c i s ieomer

457

t r a m isomer

451

CrItical preeeure, Pc, atm. (estd.)

34.85

CrItIcal volume, Vc, cu. ft. /lb. (estd. )

0.0506

Viscosity:

Temp., 'F.

CO.

S.U.S.

75

1421.6

6568

100

478.1

2209

125

183.4

847

Polyhydric Alcohols p-XYLYLENE GLYCOL w ,w'-Dihydroxy-p-Xylene

Table 7.98: Physical Properties of p-Xylylene Glycol (32)

0.6% max. 370' F 138.16

Chlorine (total) Flash point (Cleveland open cup) Molecular weight Purity Set piint Specific gravity at 117' C Toluene insolubles

95% min. 115-117.6' C 1.100

0.5% max.

2-ETHYL-2-BUTYL-l,3-PROPANEDIOL HOCHzC(C2 Hg)(CqHg)CH20 H

Table 7.99: Physical Properties of 2-Ethyl-2-Butyl-l,3-Propanediol

(32)

Boiling point a t 100 mm. Hg

195' C

Melting point

41.4' C

Molecular weight

160.25

Solubility in water a t 20' C

0.8% by wt.

Specific gravity (apparent) a t 50/20' C

0.931

3,6-DIMETHY L-4-OCTYNE-3,6-DIOL Dimethyl Octynediol

CH, - CH,

-

CH3 I C - C= C

-

I

OH

CH 3 I C - CH, I OH

Table 7.100: Physical Properties of 3,6-Dlmethyl-4-0ctyne-3,6-dloi(32)

Boiling point at 20 mm. Hg Freezing point Surface tension at 25' C 5% in water 0.1% in water 0.01% In water

135. C 55.6' C 30.1 d y n e d c m . 55.3 dynedcm. 63.9 dynes/cm.

- CH,

397

398

Industrial Solvents Handbook

THIODIGLYCOL Thiodiethy lene GIycol

H2CH20 H

HOCH2CH2-S-C

19,B '-Dihydroxyethyl Sulfide

Table 7.101 : Physical Properties of Thlodiglycol (32)

Acidity

1.0 mg. KOH/g. sample, IWL. Heat of vaporization at 1 atm.

235 Btu/lb.

Boiling point at 160 mm. Hg 50 mm. Hg

283. C 194' C

A Boiling point/A p Color (PI-Co) Coefficient of expansion at 55. C

Molecular weight

122.19

Refractive index at 20' C n,

1.5217

Specific gravity

1.1841

A

0.00012

0.055. C/mm. Hg 200 max. 0.00061/*

Flash point (open cup)

320.

F

Freezing point

-10.

c

c

Sp. Gr./A t

Vapor pressure at 20. C

Less than 0.01 mm. Hg

Viscosity at 20. C

65.2 cp.

Weight per gallin a t 20' C a t 15.56'

c

Table 7.102: Vapor Pressure of Thiodlglycol at Various Temperatures (79)

1000

BOO 000 700

000

SO0 00

aoo

100

100 90 00 70

00 SO 40

SO

to

IO

too

2-

so0

9.85 lb. 9.88 lb.

Polyhydric Alcohols MISCELLANEOUS GLYCOLS Table 7.103: Hydrates of Aliphatic Glycols (32)

Glycol

Hydrate

Number

of c

Skeletal Structural Formula

M.p. (' C )

no-c-c-on

-12.9

Name

Atoms

2

Ethylene glycol

-49.6

2

(cone.) 2

Ethylene glycol

4

meso-2,3 -Butane-

no-c-c-on

no on I

diol

no on

4

5

I

c-c-c-c I

I

-40.7

34.4

16.8

0.67 6Wt

7.6

c -c -c -c

noI on I

2-Methyl-2.3butanediol

-12.9

c -c-c-c

liq.

23.5-4

6

41.4

41.25

1

41.4

46.5

92

41 -2

76-71

60-61

1

59

2

I

C

noI on I

6

Pinacol

c-c-c-c I 1 c c

6

Pinacol

c-c-c-c I 1 c c

8

2,5-DImethyl-2,5hexanediol

c-c-c-c-c-c I c c

9

2,6-Dimethyl-2,6heptanediol

c-c-c-c-c-c-c

no on I 1

noI

no I I

C

no 10

I

yi on I

I C

on I

2,7-Dimethyl-2,7octanediol

c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c

2,10-Dimethyl2,lO-undecanediol

c-c-ccccccc-

F-C c

no

on

I C

no 13

14

2,ll-Dimethyl2,ll-dodecanediol

I

::

92

I C

on I

I I C-~-CCCCCCCC~-C

61

61.5

t5HZ 0 (50% H1 0)has been assigned. The maximum of the very flat freezing point curve has been found a t 55% Hi 0, no formula being assigned. This composition agrees excellently with 6Ht 0 which requires 54.5% Ha 0.

399

400

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.104: Hydrates of Cyclic Glycols (32)

Glycol Number of c Atoms

Hydrate Skeletal Structural Formula

c C)

n in R(OH)a x nHIO

73-4

---

0.5 to 1.0

10

trans-hcahydronaphthalene-9,lOdiol

96

80-5

1.0?

10

cis-Decahydronaphthalene-9,lOciol

89.5

--_

Unknown

10

trans-p-Menth8 (9) -ene-l,Z-diol

73

60

3

10

c i s -p Menth8 (9) -ene1.2-diol

71-2

__-

0

53-4

21

37

121

1

9

Name

M.p.

cb

trans-Octahydroindan-8.9diol

on

10

-

J

cis( 7)-p-Menthl ( 2 ) -ene-3.6-diol

10

cis-Terpin1

10

trans-Terpin$

10

p-Menthane-2.5diol

HO

cQ-(

on 105

cw

156-8

___

0

88-9

58-9

3

HO

10

p-Menthane-I,Zdiol

10

p- Menthane -2,8 diol (neoisodihydrocarveol hydrate) .

cm

no no'

89

52

93-4

65-15

3 0 1

/

no

Unknown

HO

tsubject of crystalloKraphlc studies. $Steizner's Lkeratu;&gister 1919-21 reports the formation of a hydrate and cites 0. Aschan. "Bidrag till k h n e d o n af Finlands natur ochfolk," 77, No. 1 (1918). The report appears to be without foundation.

(continued )

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.104: (continued) Hydrate

Glycol Number of c Atoms

Name

10

(+)-Carene-pglycol or 3,4Carane-diol (--2,3dihydroxy -3,7,7trimethylbicyclo-0,1,4heptane)

11

Skeletal Structural Formula

90 -9 1

75-6

Homoterpin

is0 (*)-Hydrobenzoin

15

n in R(OH)2 x n H 2 0

1

HO HO

HO 14

M.p. ('C)

___

1

HO

PhCHOHCHOHPh

12 1

96

Unknown

20

Dihydrodicarveol

166

100

29

3,3'-Dihydroxy3,3'-diphenyl2,2' - s o biindan

164

125-30

31

3,3'-Dihydroxy3.3' -dibenzyl2.2 ' -spirebiindan

169

134

38

cr-9-2.2'Diphenylbenzopinacol

175

___

1

152-8

__-

1

p -5-2.2'38

Diphenylbenzopinacol

2

1813

3

Table 7.105: Freezing Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol Solutions (42)

PERCENT GLYCOL a y WEIGHT

401

402

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.106: Freezing Points of Various Aqueous Glycol Solutions, "C (32)

Glycol,

% 10 20 30 40 50 60

1.3panediol

1,2Butanediol

-3.12 -7.6 -14.0 -22.1 -34.5 -48.2

-2.86 -6.5 -11.8 -18.8 -27.7 -40.0

-2.60 -2.34 -8.0 -5.2 -11.0 -10.5 -16.5 -16.8 -22.4 -25.2 -29.0 -35.3

Pro-

1.3Butanediol

I.:!

1.2Propanediol

diol

1,4Butanediol

-3.1 -1.1 -12.4 -19.4 -29.6 -40.4

-2.30 -2.3 -2.3 -5.48 -4.8 -4.9 -6.8 -8.4 -10.0 -14.8 -8.4 -11.3 -22.0 -10.2 -15.3 -31.3 -12.6 -21.0

taneBu-

1.2Pentanediol

1,5Pentanediol

Table 7.107: Freezing Points of Various Aqueous Alcohols, Glycols and Glycerol (32)

Methanol

Ethanol

Ethylene Glycol

Glycerol

solute

levo2.3-ButnnedlOl

~

10

-6.3

-6.46

-4.5

-4.49

20

-15.3

-14.5

-10.5

-10.1

-3.6

-3.33

-2.0

-2.25

-3.1

-2.30

-8.3

-8.27

-5.2

-5.05

-7.1

-5.11

-8.67

-12.4

30

-26.3

-24.9

-20.0

-17.3

-14.7

-12.9

-9.9

40

-39.7

-38.8

-29.4

-27.0

-23.5

-20.0

-15.9

50

-55.2

-58.1

-31.0

-40.4

-35.0

-30.0

-43.8

-60.7

-50

-45.0

60

Table 7.108:

-8.85

-12.0

-19.4

-14.3

-24.6

-20.2

-29.6

-20.7

-31.9

-30.3

-40.4

-31.0

Water

Polyhydric Alcohols

403

Table 7.109: Key Hygroscopicity Curve (55) I

I

1

I

I

I

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.1

9.4

0.5

I

I

I

I

1

I

- 170 -150

-139

-110

-90

-

70

-TO

-10

-10

Key hygroscopicity c u r v e s for the various glycols: (a) ethylene glycol; (b) diethylene glycol; and (c) dipropylene glycol.

Table 7.1 10: Surface Tension of Glycol-Water Systems (14)

WEIGHT PER CENT GLYCOL

Table 7.111: Vapor Pressure of Glycols (74)

404

Industrial Solvents Handbook Table 7.1 13: Water Absorption by Glycols as a Function of Time (14)

Table 7.112: Viscosity of Glycols (32)

700

m

1

I

L

1

l

!

l \ l \ l

I\

\

\

i

I

\

\

l

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

!

I

I

i

I

I

I

I

I

!

i

I

I

I

I

I

I

!

1

1.100

1010

0

IO

5

I5

20

25

30

35

40

45

SO

TIME IN HOURS

Table 7.114: Water Absorption by Glycols as a Function of Relative Humidity (14)

Table 7.1 15: Refractive Index, Specific Gravity, and Boiling Point Measurements of Various Glycols (32) Compound

1.100

1.2-Propanediol

1.3-Propanediol

1.010

Refractive Index 25'C.

1.4316 (17) 1. 4313t 20OC. 1.4331 (14) 1. 4324t

Specific Gravity, d: 23'C.

1.0354 (17)

20OC. 1.0364 (14) 1.0361t

Boiling Point, OC.. 160 mm. 187 (17)

lWt

25OC. 1.4385 (17) 20'C. 1.0538 (17) 1. 4380t 1.052gt 21'C. 1.4394 (17) 20°C. 1.4389?

215 (17)

1.2-Butanediol

20°C. 1.437Et

20°C. 1.0024t

190. 5t

1,3-Butanediol

25'C.

1.4410 (17) 1.4391 (12) 1. 438Et 1.4404 (2) l.439Et

20°C. 1.0053 (11) 1.0035 (12) 1.002 (2) 1. 0O3lt

207.5 (17) 208 (2)

20°C. 1.4461 (10) 1.4459 (2) 1.4460'

20°C. 1.0171 (10) 1.0160 (2) 1.0185t

230 (2)

24'C. 1.4390 (16) 25OC. 1.43801 20'C. 1. 4390t

24OC. 0.9691 (16)

210 (16)

2OoC. 0. 9123t

206t

26'C.

239 (16)

20'C.

PER CENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT 25-C

1,4-Butanediol

1,Z-Pentanediol

1.5-Pentanediol

26'C. 1.4480 (16) 25OC. 1.4484' 20°C. 1.4500t

0.9890

20°C. 0.9914t

213.5t

201t

22E1

238+

'Authors' observations. $As cited in the fifth and earlier editions of Getman and Daniels' h t l i n e s of Physical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1931.

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.1 16: Relative Solvent Properties of Glycols (23) S = Completely Soluble I = Insoluble

< >

--

Ethylene Glycol

Less Than Greater Than

5.7 Benzene ......................... Carbon Tetrachloride’ . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Dibutyl Phthalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 Dichloroethyl Ether’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6 Diethanolaymne’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S

Diethyl ene Gl~ml

31.3 26.2 10.6

Triethylene Glvml

Tetra ethylene Glycd

Propyl. ene Glycol

S

S

33.6 16.5

62

19.2 23.4 8.1

S S S

S S S S S S

16.3

16.9

20

48.4

S S S S S

S 22.5

4.5

S S S S S S

S

S

S S S S S

07

10 7

15.0

19.0

14.5

S

S

3.4 2.9 48

36 17.2 30

S S

S S

24.8

89 28

Castor Oil ........................ 1 1 Coconut Oil ...................... 1 Cottonseed Oil ................... Hydrous Wool Fat ................ <0.5 1 Lard Oil ..........................

<0.5

DOWANOL‘ PM GI col Ether’ .... DOWANOL’ DPM lilycol Ether’ . . . Ethyl Alcohol.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethyl Ether.. ..................... Methyl Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol . . . . . . . . . . Methyl Isobutyl Ketone . . . . . . . . . . . Monochlorobenzene’ . . . . . . . . . .. . . Monoelhanolamine’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ortho-Dichlorobenzene’ ........ ... Perchloroethylene’ . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Phenol’ ....................... . . . Styrene’ ...................... ... Toluene, ...................... ... Urea .......................... ...

Linseed Oil . . ............ Oiticica Oil . . . Olive Oil ..... Pine Oil .......................... Soya Bean Oil.. ..................

S S S

S S S S S

8.2

S S 12 57

S

S

37

1 <1 1

1 <1 1

S

S

S

1

1

1

(1

1

1 <1 1

<1 <1 <1

12

12

<1

‘Product 01 The Dow Chemical Company ‘Forms Slable @mulrionlrom lhis concenlrelu ’Becomes loo VISCOUS lo slli beyond 16% ‘Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company

,”



C0.5 <0.5

C0.5 <0.5

IO

<0.5 C0.5 C0.5

1 1.4
<1

1
1

<1

S

S

1

<1

32

4‘

1 1

1 1

1

10

C0.5 <1 <0.5 <5


<1 <1 14 c1

<1 <1 <1 > 16’ <1 <1



<1 1

2.5 <1 1.5

S


<1


<1 116’ <1 <1

(5 <0.5 <0.5

(0.5 C0.5

tM)%

Table 7.1 17: Effect of Various Glycols on Synthetic Rubber Samples-Results as % Volume and % Weight Increase (23) GN427T1 Glycd

S 3 <1
1 <0.5

1

<0.5

<1 <0.5

10

S 1

S

<0.5


12

1

<1

<0.5

S S S S S S S

S

1 1
Anlmal Glue (Dry) ................ Dextrin ......................... Gum Damar.. .................... Kauri Gum ....................... Sudan 111 ........................ Shellac ..........................

S 15 12.3 29

S

S

1 1 <1

1

S S S S S S S S S

0.7

Paraffin Oil ...................... SA€ No. 10 Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VMP Naphtha ....................

1

S S S

<1 <1

1 <12

<1

S S S S S S S S S S

1
Sperm O i l . . ...................... 1 Tall Oil .......................... <1 1 Tung Oil ......................... Turkey Red Oil ................... <1

<1

ene

S S

19.4

10.5 1

<1

S

Propyl.

S S S S

S

1 1

1 <1 1

<0.5

S

S S S S S S S


1

1 1

Glycol

37.1

0.8 1 1

<1

<0.5 1 1 <0.5 1

Tri-

DiPropyl. ene Glycd

GRS-531157

FA.ThiokOl

Reported

Gum Rubber

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Vd

Wt

Vol

wt

Vol

wt

VOl

wt

.2

3 Days lmmrrrlon Ethylene ............. -.2 Diethylene ........... -.12 Triethylene ........... .1 Propylene ............ -.2 Dipropylene .......... .1

- .2 - .2 - .1 - .2 - .2

- .1 -.l .l

Ethylene ............. -.2 Diethylene ........... -.3 Triethylene .O Propylene ............ .l Dipropylene . . . . . . . . . . .l

-2

-.3

-

...........

-

- .3 - .1 - .2 .1

-.l

.o

.5

-.5 - .5 -.5 -3

.3

.O

.5

-.5

.3

.1 .O -.l

.2 .1 .3 .2 .1

.2 .O

.3 -.2

.3

10 Day8 Immrrrlon -.7 .3 - .2 - .8 .3 -.l -.6 .6

- .3

- .7

.o

-.l

-.6

.l

.3 -.l -.2

.a

-.l

.o

.2

.o .l

.o ,l

.5

.o .l

.o

.1

405

406

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.1 18: Solublllty of Cellulose Derivatives In Glycols (23) CelluloseAamte

H second c.llulme Glvcsl

60 CPS. ST. EIC

Nitr8te

FM 3

Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble

Swelled >20X Soluble >205 Soluble Swelled >20% Soluble

Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble

Ethylene ...... . . . . . . . Diethylene ... ........ Triethylene ... ........ Propylene.. .. ........ Dipropylene . ........

.

Table 7.119: Compatibllity of Film Cast from 80/20 Toluene/Alcohol (23) 60 CPS. ST. EIC

w second c.llulose

Cellulae Ambte

Nh8n

FM 3

Glvcol

Char 1% 1%

Ethylene ............. Diethylene ........... Triethylene ........... Propylene ............ 1% Dipropylene .......... 20%

-

Hire O p q w Clur 3% 3% 10% 1% 10% 3% 1% 1% 3% 1% 3% 10% 25% 30% >50%

Hw

5% 5% 3% 3%

-

Clur H8zm 20 10% >10 30 10% >20 15% >20 30 20 10% >10 - > 4 0 5 0

Omw

~FWW

---

Note: Table shows % glycol in f i l m w i t h the properties shown.

Table 7.120: Relative Humectant Values (23) Rel8tiv8

Ternp.r8turr

40 (4.4'C)

60 (15.6' C)

80 (26.7'C)

100 (37.8'C)

120 (48.9' C)

e m

90%

63

48

68

79

66 55 67

52 51 40 51

69 77 77 68 79

80 67 65 55 67

42 50 51 40 51

86 78 77 88 79

57 68 65 55 67

73 81 82 75 85

84 75 76 88 79

55 85 64 55 67

36 47 50 40 51

79 85 84 82 89

72 81 82 75 85

83 74 76 88 79

53 64 64 55 67

35

78 85 83 83 89

71 80 82 78 85

62 73 75 88 79

51 63 63 55 67

34 45 49 40 51

10%

20% 30%

97.5 97.8 98.5 96.8 98.5

93.4 95.1 96.8 91.4 97.0

89.3 92.0 94.0 90.0 95.1

40% 85.7 89.0 91.1 84.6 92.6

m8ox 70%

Ethylene Diethylene Triethylene Propylene Dipropylene

82 86 89 77 89

78 83 83 73 85

Ethylene Diethylene Triethylene Propylene Dipropylene

97.3 97.7 98.4 97.0 98.4

93.2 95.0 96.5 92.3 96.9

89.1 92.0 93.8 90.2 95.0

65.4 89.0 91.0 85.2 92.5

82 86 88 78 89

76 82 83 74 85

Ethylene Diethylene Triethylene Propylene Dipropylene

97.1 97.7 98.2 97.1 98.4

93.0 95.0 96.2 92.9 96.8

88.9 92.0 93.6 90.4 94.8

85.0 89.0 90.8 85.8 92.4

81 86 86 80 89

75 82 82 74 85

Ethylene Diethylene Triethylene Propylene Dipropylene

96.8 97.6 98.1 97.1 98.3

92.8 94.9 96.0 93.5 96.7

88.8 92.0 93.4 90.5 94.7

84.7 89.0 90.7 86.3 92.3

80 85 85 81 89

EthyIene Diethylene Triethylene Propylene Dipropylene

96.6 92.7 88.4 97.6 94.8 92.0 98.0 95.7 93.2 97.2 93.9 90.6 98.3 96.6 94.8

84.3 89.0 90.6 86.8 92.1

Ethylene Diethylene Triethylene Propylene Dipropylene

96.4 97.6 97.8 97.2 98.2

92.5 94.8 95.4 94.3 96.5

84.0 89.0 90.5 86.7 92.0

of Air'F

20 (-6.7'C)

Humiditia

Glvd

88.2 92.0 93.0 90.7 94.5

72 78 78

68

37

48 50 40 51

46 49

40 51

..

el

(u

c

9)

C

L

al

Ba E

Y

ai3 n s

._

e

c m JZ LL ul

em

0"

Polyhydric Alcohols apBJ6!lUe3see~6ea

407

408

Industrial Solvents Handbook

(RS

0

w

..

T:

(D (u

yc

c

(R

¶

0 al

zi3

as

..

v) (u

T: yc

..

OD (u

T: yc

-al

n

z

.. yc

(u c

*

0

0

is

..

..

a T

r-

c

*

0

0

is

..

m (Y

r-

T:

8

s s U

c

is

..

Polyhydric Alcohols 409

8

410 Industrial Solvents Handbook

..

..

m m T:

IC

..

(v m

T: IC

ol

d

a

0 n

0

Polyhydric Alcohols 41 1

412

Industrial Solvents Handbook

0

r

"

Polyhydric Alcohols 413

414

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.141 : Viscosities of Aqueous Trlethylene Glycol Solutions (23)

'able 7.142: Viscosltles of Aqueous Tetraethylene Glycol Solutions (23)

Degrees Centigrade -I?

Imo

c m ' 6M

02

- io0

-50

0

50

IM

150

10

50

I

I

I

1

10

90

2w

Temperature. Dagrws Fahrenhelt

Table 7.143: Viscosities of Aqueous Propylene Glycol Solutlons (23)

Table 7.144: Viscosities of Aqueous Dlpropyiene Glycol Solutions (23)

Degrees Centigrade

Degrees Centiarade

Jrm

3om

m

Zm,

lm

Im, Do UD

400 100

4m

Do UD

300 200

200 tm M

m

40 30

r:

r:

20

.-

.-

0 Y)

5

20

0

,o

10

5

8

10

8

6

6

4

4

3 2

3 2

I 08 01

08 06

04

04

03

03

1

.Temperalure. Degrees. Fahrenheit

Temperature, Degrees Fahrenheit

w

Polyhydric Alcohols 415

416

h

..

Industrial Solvents Handbook

..

m D

2

C

P v)

0

F

0

Polyhydric Alcohols

41 7

418

Industrial Solvents Handbook

0

r

Polyhydric Alcohols

41 9

420

c 0

I-

. .. ..

..

..

.. ...

...

Q

Industrial Solvents Handbook

. ..

.

.. .. .. .. .. ... m

C

-a. f 2

c

t”

C

Polyhydric Alcohols

421

422

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.165: Conversion Chart for Aqueous Tripropylene Glycol Solutions (23)

10

0

20

30

40

50

70

60

60

90

06

Weight Percent Glycol

Table 7.166: Freeze Points and Burst Points of Aqueous Solutions (23)

- DEG

-10 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Weight % Glycol

Note: It should be remembered that the freezing points are the temperatures at which the first crystals form, and that even below these temperatures, a slushy solution exists which will still flow.

Polyhydric Alcohols

423

Table 7.167: Solubility of Various Compounds In Glycols (23)

Benzene .............................. Carbon Tetrachloride’ Dibutyl Phthalate ..................... Dichloroethyl Ether.. ................. Diethanolarnine’ ......................

5.7 6.2 0.5 10.6

DOWANOL* PM Glycol Ether’

19.2 23.4 8.1 37.1 S

S S S S S

S S S S S

S S S S S

S S S S S

S S S S S

S S S S S

S S 22.5 S 19.4

S S S S S

S S S S S

19.0

S

89 28

14.5 S 15 12.3 29

S S S S 10

<1 <1 <1 <1 <1

0.8 1 1 ~0.5 1

S

S

33.6 16.5 S S

62

S

31.3 26.2 10.6 S S

S S S 8.2 S

S S S 16.3 S

S S S 16.9 S

S S S S S S 20 S

S

4.5

S S S S 48.4

S S S S S

Perchloroethylene’ ................... Phenol’. ............................... Styrene’ ................................ Toluene ............................... Urea.. .................................

0.7

10.7

15.0

S

Castor Oil ............................. Coconut Oil. .......................... Cottonseed Oil ....................... Hydrous Wool Fat .................... Lard Oil ...............................

1 1 1 ~0.5 1

S 36 17.2 30 <0.5 1 1 ~0.5 1

S S 24.8 37 <0.5 1 1 ~0.5 1

Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol ............. Methyl Isobutyl Ketone.. ............. Monochlorobenzene................. Monoethanolamine’ .................. ortho-Dichlorobenzene ..............

12 5.7

S

3.4 2.9 48

S S

S S S 12 S 1 1

~0.5 1

Linseed Oil ........................... Oiticica Oil. ........................... Olive Oil.. ............................. Pine Oil ............................... Soya Bean Oil. .......................

1 <1 1

1 <1 1

1 <1 1

<1 <1 <1

1 <1 1

1.4 <1 0.7

S

S 1

S 1

S

S

S

1

<1

1

1

Sperm Oil ............................. Tall Oil.. ............................... Tung Oil ............................... Turkey Red Oil .......................

1 <1 1 <1

1 <1 1 <12

1 <1 1 1’

<1 <1
1 <1 1 <12

1 1 <1

1 1 <1

1 1 <1

<1 <1 1

1 1 1

1 S 1 3’ 1 1 10

~0.5 <1 <0.5 ~0.5 <0.5 ~0.5 ’

Product of The Dow Cbmical Company Forms stable emulsion from this concentrationto 100% Becomes too viscous to stir beyond 16%.

~0.5
<0.5
<1 <1 <1 >163 <1 <1

~0.5
~0.5
S 3 <1 <1 <1 2.5


S <1 42

<1 <1 14 <1 <1 <1 >163 <1 <1

424

0

.c

Industrial Solvents Handbook

x

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.170: Technical Data: Ethylene Glycol Products (27) Purrneten Chemlcal formula CAS ?I

HMlS raUng:

MEG

DEC

TEG

CZW, 107-21-1

C,H,OO> 111-46-6

C,H,,O, 112-27-6 1

Health hazard

1'

1

Fire hazard

1

1

1

Reacuvity

0

0

0

Molecular welght

62.07

106.1

150.17

Specificgravity a t 20/20°C

1.1154

1.118

1.125

9.28

9.31

9.36

1.4316

.1.447

1.4559

Weight/gal (US) In lbs at 20°C Refractive index at 20°C Viscosity a t 20OC. CP

21

54

64

244 (118)

280 ( 138)

340 (171)

197.6 (387.1)

245 (473)

287.4 (549.5)

-13 (8.6)

-8 (17.6)

-7.2 (19)

Vapor denslty

2.1

2.14

5.2

Explosive h l t s : Lower (%)

3.2

1.6

0.9

Flash point (PMCC). 'F PC) Boiling poht. 'C PF) Freezing point. "C ("F)

Upper (96) Autoignition temperature. OF ("C)

15.3

10.8

9.2

752 (399)

442 (227)

699 (370)

Vapor pressure at 20°C. mm Ug

0.06

< 0.01

< 0.01

Surface tenslon at 20°C. dyne/cm

48.4

44.7

45.2

Speciflc heat a t 20°C, cal/g/"C

0.56

0.50

0.53

CoeNident of expansion. per "C

0.00062

O.ooo64

0.00068

(10"- 40'C)

Table 7.171: Ethylene Glycol Compatibility (27) Acceptable Metals

Acceptable Non-Metals

Alumlnum (to 100°F) Brass (to 80°F) Bronze Carbon steel (to 100°F) Hastelloy 8. Hastelloy CO High sllicon Iron Inconel. Lead (to 90°F) Monel. Nickel Nickel resist 304/347 Stalnless steel 316 Stainless steel 20Cb3 Stainless steel Tantalum [to 90°F) Tltanlum Zirconium

Butyl GR- 1 (IIR) Carbon graphite resin impregnated Chlorinaled Polyether CPVC Ethylene Propylene Diene (EPDM) Epoxy Compounds Ethylene-Terefluoroethylene(ETFE, TefzeP) Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) Fluoroelastomers (FKM. Won A*. Fluorel*) Furfural Alcohol (Furans) Modified Phenylene oxide (Noryle) Natural Rubber Pemuoroalkoxy (PFA) Perlluoroelastomers (FPM. Kalrd. C h e m W . Kel-P) Phenolics Polyamides (Nylon. 12. Nylon. 661 Polybutadlene (Isoprene) Polychloroprene(Neoprene) Polyester Terephthalate (PEn Polyethylene Polypropylene Polystyrenes Polysulfones Polyphenylene Sulfldes (Ryton.) PolyvinyUdene fluoride (F'VDF, KynaPl Silicone Rubbers Vinyl Ester

I

Registered Trademarks

Teflon@,KalrezO. Nylonm Neoprene. TefzeP, Viton A m Chemraz9 Buna-Ne Hastelloy Be. Hastelloy C@ Inconel". MoneP Fluorel*, Kel-P Nolylm Rflonm KYn@

Registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Neumois Registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Neumols Registered trademark of Green, Tweed & Co.. Inc. Registered trademark of Mobay Corporation Registered trademark of Cabot Corporation Reglstered trademark of Inco Alloys International Reglstered trademark of 3-MCorporation Registered trademark of General Electric Co. Registered trademark of Phillips Petroleum Corp. Registered trademark of Pennwalt Corporation

425

426 Industrial Solvents Handbook

I-

Polyhydric Alcohols

427

428

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Polyhydric Alcohols 429

430

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.181: Fire Hazard Information (23)

Glycol EthyleneGlycol

Flammable Limits Vol 96 Lower Upper 3.2

Diethylene Glycol Triethylene Glycol

AutoIgnition TempT'

NFPA* Hazard Identification Health Flam. Reactivity

Flash Point F" C"

748

1

1

0

247

119

435

1

1

0

281

138

325

163

0.9

9.2

700

1

1

0

1

1

0

400

204

2.6

12.5

700

0

1

0

218

103

DipropyleneGlycol

0

1

0

250

121

Tripropylene Glycol

0

1

0

285

141

Tetraethylene Glycol PropyleneGlycol

'In presence 01 air 'NFPA - National Fire Protection Association

Table 7.182: Acute Oral Toxicity (23) LD9 Values for Various Glycols Single Doses to Rats Glycol

Ethylene............................... ... .... ...................6.1 Diethylene......................................................16.6 Triethylene .................................. . ........ ...........22.0 Tetraethylene..................................................32.8 Propylene....................... ................................33.7 Dipropylene............................... ......... ............14.8 Tripropylene....................................................,......3.0t tLargest dose survived by all rats tested: 10.0 gmkg resuiled in Me death of all the rats tested.

Table 7.183: Environmental Considerations, Biodegradation (23)

Biodegradation Glycol

I Ethylene Glycol I DiethyleneGlycol I Triethylene Glycol I Tetraethylene Glycol I PropyleneGIVCOI I Dipropvlene Glvcol Tripropylene Glycol

'

ThOD2

BOD3- 20 Day

1.29p/p* 1.51

1.15plp 0.88

1.60

0.27

1 I I

1.65

0.71

I

1.68

1.45

1.91 1.38

0.71

I 1

-

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.184: Ethylene Glycols: Products, Grades and Specifications (27) MEC Ugh Purity

ME0

ME0

Fiber

[nduatrid

MEC intifreeze

MEG,wt%min

99.9

99.9

99.0

95.0

DEG,wt%max

0.05

0.05

0.5

5.0

spedflcatlon

0.1

Other glycols, wt % max Color. APHA max

5

5

10

15

Acidity, wt % as Acetic Acid, max

0.003

0.003

0.005

0.005

Ash.wt%max

0.005

0.005

0.2

0.5

0.003

0.003

Chlorides (as Cl). ppm max

0.1

0.1

Iron. ppm max

0.07

0.07

Water. wt % max

0.05

0.05

SpecUic resistivity. ohm-cm. min

3 X1W

W transmittance. '/an

350 mu OhT min

98

98

275 mu %T niin

93

93

220 mu %T min

70

70

Distillation range. "C("F) Initial boiling point

193(379)

190(374)

Dry point

20l(394)

250(482)

Specificattons

TEG

DEG

Gas Treat.

Polyester

5.0max

MEG. wt %

0.2max

DEG. wt %

99.3min

99.0min

TEG. wt %

0.3maw

0.5max

Color. APHA max

10

15

Color. sulfuric test APHA

30

1.0max

99.0min

95.0min

1 .o

Other glycols

25

25

Acidity. wt % as Acetic Acid, max

0.003

0.005'

0.005

0.01

Ash.wt%max

0.003

0.005

0.005

0.005

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.1

Initial boiling point

242(468)

278(532)

Dry point

250(482)

300(572)

Water. wt % max Distillation range, "CrF)

Speclflcatlons are subject to change. This section is intended for comparison use only. Please contact your sales representative or Technical Service for the current sales specification.

Table 7.185: Ashland Glycols (69)

Propylene Glycol

8.64

Ethylene Glycol Hexvlene Glvcol

367374

225

228-236

379-399 385-390 442-457

240 215 280

240-250

464-482

1.023

263-280

505-536

1.125

278-300

532-572

290 310 330

9.28

1.038 1.115

186-190 192-204

0.923 1.023

196-199

DiDroDvlene GlvCol

7.68 8.51

Diethvlene_Glvcol _ _ _ ~

9.31

1.119

Tflpropylene Glycol

8.52.

Trlethylene Glycol

9.36

431

432

Industrial Solvents Handbook

2 r

3 e0

0 0

+

u N

0

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.187: Hoechst Celanese 1,3-ButyIene Glycol (42) Physical Properties AutoignitionTemperature, OC

Critical Temperature, OC

393.9 207.5 405.5 49.4 370.0

Evaporation Rate (BuAc = 1)

Nil

Flash Point, Tag Open Cup, OF Tag Closed Cup, OF Freezing Point, OC

250 228 -50

Heat of Combustion, kcaVmole at constant volume

594.7

Heat of Vaporization, btwb at nom1boiling point

279

Boiling Point at 760 mm Hg, OC Boiling Point at 760 mm Hg, OF Critical Pressure, atmaspheres

Hygroscopicity, water absorbed in

144 hours, 25-2WC at 81 percent relative humdjty,wt% at 47 percent relative humidi,wt% at 20 percent relative humidty,wt%

38.5

12.5

Refractive Index n g

4.3 90.12 1.4412

Solubility at 20°C,wt % in alcohd, ether, water

Complete

Specific Gravity, 20/2OOC

1.005

Specific Heat of Liquid, b t m F at 6WF

0.505

Molecular Weight

Sutface Tension in Air at 25%. dynes/cm Vapor Density (air = 1)

37.80 3.20

Vapor Pressure, 20%. mm Hg

0.06

Viscosity at 25OC, centipoise

103.9

Weight, pounds per gallon at 20% ( 6 8 O F )

8.37

Table 7.188: Occidental Ethylene Glycol

Monoethylene Glycol (MEG or EG) Synonyms for monoethylene glycol include: ethylene glycol, 1,2-ethanediol, d ihyd roxyethane, ethylene alcohol, glycol alcohol, ethylene dihydrate, and glycol.

Diethylene Glycol

(DEW

Synonyms for diethylene glycol include: Z,Z'-oxybisethanol. 2.2 -0xydiethanol, bis(2-hyd roxyethyl ether, diglyco1,and 2.2'dihydroxydiethyl ether.

Triethylene Glycol (TEG) Synonyms for trieihylene glycol include: 1.2-bis (hydroxyethoxy) ethane, 3.6-dioxaoctane- 1,8-diol, iriglycol, and

2,2-ethylenedioxydiethanol.

433

434

Industrial Solvents Handbook

GLYCEROL (GLYCERINE)

Table 7.189: Physical Properties and Specifications of Glycerol (32) Acldlty

Neutral to lltmus

Heat of fusion

47.5 cal./g.

Ash

0.019 by wt., pax.

Auto lgnltion polnt (on glass)

804' F t

Latent heat of vaporlratlon at 55' C at 195' C

Bolllng polnt at 760 mm. Hg

290' C'

Meltlng polnt

228.7 g.-cal./g. 197.3 g.-cal./g. 17.9. C'

Molecular welght

92.094

Refractlve Index at 25. F

1.4722t

Bolllng polnls at low preasurer:

mm.

Chlorine

125.0. C 153.6. C 167.2. C 182.2' c 196.0' C 0.0005% by wt.. mnx.

Color, Pt-Co (Hazen) standards

20 max.

Fatty aclds, mez/100 g.

1 max.

at 1

5 mm. 10 mm. 20 mm. 40

mm.

[Ipeclflc gravlty at 25/25' C

1.2627

Bpeclflc heat at 25' C

0.677 cal./g. 'Ct

63.3 dynedcm. 58.6 Qnes/cm. 51.9 dynes/cm.

Surface tension at 20' C 90'

c

150. C

Vapor pressure a t 20. C Fire polat

400. F t

Flash polnt, tag open cup tag closed cup

350' Ft 320' F t

Freeslag polnt

17.9. C*

Glycerol

99.5% by wt.. mln. (sp.gr. at 20. C, In air 1.2626).

200'

0.0016

c

Vlscoslty at 25' C

945 cp.t

Welght per gallon at 25' C

10.50 Ib.

'D. R. Wl, Iad. Eagl. Chem., 39, 517 (1947).

tACS M O I W ~ W , No. 117.

Table 7.190: Boiling Points and Specific Gravities of Aqueous Glycerol Solutions (23)

J E maoy mg

2608 2 s k: 9JfJ c m: 180

"b IO

120

P

md 0

Table 7.19

l

0

m

3

0

mm. Hg

42 mm. Hg

4 0 5 0 s u SLICEO*E.w3ll ERENl

M

8

0

Converslon Chart for Aqueous Glycerol Solutions (25°C) (23)

W

~

Polyhydric Alcohols

435

Table 7.192: Density of Glycerol-Water (23) enslly a1

Glycerol (% 1

100

99 98

97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86

85 84 83 82

15°C

15.5OC

20°C -

1.25130 1.24865 I .24600 1.24340 1.24075

1.25095 1.24830 1.24565 1.24305 1.24040

1.24825 I.24515 1.24190 1.24560 1.24250 1.23930 1.24300 1.23985 1.23670 1.24035 1.23725 1.23410 I .23770 1.23460 1.23150

1.23810 1.23775 1.23545 1.23510 1.23280 1.23245 1.23015 1.22980 1.22750 1.22710 1.22485 1.22445 1.22220 I .22180

1.23510 1.23200 1.22890 1.23245 1.22935 1.22625 1.22975 1.22665 I .22360 1.22710 1.22400 1.22095 1.22445 1.22135 I .21830

1.21915

1.21955 1.21915 1.21650 1.21690 I .2I650 1.21380 1.21425 1.21385 1.21115

80 79

1.21160 1.20885 1.20610 1.20335 1.20060

77

76 75

74 73 72 71 70

69 68 67

66 65 64 63 62 61 60

59 58 57

56 55 54 53 52 51

30°C

1.26108 1.25802 I .25850 1.25545 I .25590 1.25290 1.25335 1.25030 1.25080 1.24770

81

78

25°C

1.264I5 1.26381 1.26160 1.26125 1.25900 1.25865 1.25645 1.25610 1.25385 1.25350

I .22I80

1.21870 I .2I605 1.21340 1.21075 1.20810 1.20545 1.20275 1.20005 1.19735

I .25495 1.25235 1.24975 I .24710 1.24450

1.21565 1.21300 I .2IO35 1.20770 1.20505

1.21120 1.20845 1.20570 1.20300 1.20025

1.20850 1.20575 1.20305 1.20030 1.19760 1.19465

1.20240 1.19970 1.19705

1.19785 1.19750 1.195IO 1. I9480 1.19235 1.19205 1.18965 1.18930 1.18690 1.18655

1.19485 1.19195 1.19215 1.18925 1.18940 1.18650 1.18670 1.18380 1.18395 1.18110

1.18900

1.19435 1.19170 1.18635 1.18365 1.18100 1.17830

(% 1

50 49 48

47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40

39 38 37

36 35 34 33 32 31 30

29 28 27

26 25 24 23 22 21

1.18415 1.18135 1.17860 1.1 7585 1.I 7305

I . I8385 1.18125 1.17840 1.17565

1.18105 1.17850 1.17830 1.17575 1.17555 1.17300 1.I 7275 1.17025

1.17565 1.17295 1.17020 1.16745

1.17030 I . 16755 1.16480 1.16200

1.17000 1.16750 1.16725 1. I6475 1.16445 1.16205 1,16170 1.15930 1. I5895 1.I 5655 1. I 5615 1.15380 1.15340 1.15105 1.15065 1.14830 1.14785 1.14555 1.14510 1.14280

1.16475 1.16195 1.16200 1.15925 1.15925 1.15650 1.15655 1.15375 1.15380 1.15100

1.14285 1.14010 1.14015 1.13740

8 7 6

1.14230 I . I4005 1.13955 1.13730 I. 13680 1.13455 1.13400 1.13180 1.13125 1.12905

1.13740 1.13470

5

1.13465 1.13 I95 1.13195 1.12925

4 3

1.12920 1.12650 1.12650 1.12380

2

1.15925 1.15650 1.15370

1.15095 1.14815 1.14535 1. I4260

I . I3980

1.13705 1.13425 1.13I50

Denslly at

;lycerol

1.15105 1.14835 1.14560 1.14285

1.17290 1. I7020 1.16745 1.16470

20

19 18 17

I6 15 14 13 12 11

1.14830

IO

1.14555

9

15°C

.I2870 ,12600 ,12325 I. 12055 1.11780 1.11510

20°C I5.5"C -

. I2845 .I2575 ,12305 .I2030 ,11760 ,11490 1.11215

25°C

30°C

I. 12630 1.12375 1.12110

1.12110 1.11840 1.1 1575 1.11310

1.11845 I. 1 1580 1.11320 1.11055

1.11280 1.11040 1.11010 I .I0775 I.10960 1.10945 1. IO740 1.10510 1.10690 I. 10670 1.10470 1. IO240 1.10415 I. IO400 1.10200 1.09975 1.10145 1.10130 1.09930 1.09710 1.09875 I.09860 1.09665 1.09445 1.09605 1.09590 1.09400 1.09180 1.09340 1.09320 1.09135 1.08915 I.09070 I.09050 1.08865 1.08655

I . 10795 1.10530 1.10265 1.10005 I .09740

1.1 1235

1.08800

1.08530 1.08265 1.07995 1.07725 1.07455 1.07195 1.06935 1.06670 1.06410

1.08780 I .OS515 I.08245 1.07975 1.07705 I .07435 1.07175

1.06915 1.06655 1.06390

1.1 2360 1.l2090 1.11820 1.11550

1.OS600 1.08335 1.08070 1.07800 1.07535 1.07270 1.07010 1.06755 1.06495 1.06240

1.09475 1.09215 1.08955 1.08690 1.08430

1.Os390 1.08165

1.08125 1.07860 1.07boo 1.07335 1.07070 1.06815 1.06560 1.06305 1.06055

1.07905 1.07645 1.07380 1.07120 1.06855 1.06605

1.06355 l.06I05 1.05855 1.05605 1.05350 1.05100 1.04850 1.04600

1.06150 1.05885 1.05625 1.05365 1.05100

1.06130 1.05980 1.05800 1.05720 1.05465 1.05205 1.04950

1.05545 1.05290 1.05035 1.04780

1.04840 1.04590 1.04335 1.04085 1.03835 1.03580 1.03330 1.03080 1.02830 1.02575

1.04690 1.04440 1.04195 1.03945 1.03695 1.03450 1.03200 1.02955 1.02705 1.02455

1.04525 1.04280 1.04035 1.03790 1.03545 1.03300 1.03055 1.02805 1.02560 1.02315

1.04350 1.04105 1.03860 1.03615 1.03370

1.02210 1.OI970 I ,01730 1.01495 1.O1255

1.02070 1.01835 1.01600 1.01360 1.01125

1.01905 1.01670 1.01440 1.01205 1.00970

1.01015 1.00780 1.00540 1.0030(1 1.ooobcl 0.99823

1.00890 1.00655 1.00415 1.00180 0.99945 0.99708

1.00735 1.00505 1.00270 1,00035 0.99800 0.99568

1.02325 1.02085 1.01840 1.01600

1.01360

1.05870 1.05610 1.05350 I.05090 1.04825 1.04575 1.04325 1.04075 1.03825 1.03570 1.03320 1.03070 1.02820 1.02565 1.02315 1.02075 1.01835 1.015% 1.0135C

1.01120 1.0111c 1.00875 1.0087C 1.00635 1.0063C 1.00395 1.00385 1.00155 1.00145 0.99913 0.99905

1.03130 1.02885 1.02640 1.02395 1.02150

-- -- -- - -- -- 1

0

436

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.193: Freezing Points of Glycerol-Water Solutions 123) "F

"C.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent of Glycerol By Weight

a0

'N,

100

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.194: Freezing Points of Glycerol-Water Solutions (23) Gi)wrol by WI.

Frcczing I ~ t r i n b

Glycerol by Wt.

(“0

(% )

(X)

Water (%)

n.w

1nn.n

n

5.0

95.0

- 0.6 - 1.6 - 2.0 -3.1 4.8 - 6.0 - 7.0 - 9.5 - 11.0 - 12.2 - 15.4 - 18.5 - 18.8 - 23.0 - 26.0 - 28.2 - 34.7 - 35.0 -41.5 - 42.5

1n.n

90.0

11.5“ 15.0 20.0 22.6” 25.0 30.0 33.3b 35.0 40.0 44.5b 45.0 50.0 53.0“ 55.0 60.0 60.4“ 64.0“ 64.7”

88.5 85.0

-

80.0

n.4 75.0 70.0 67.0 65.0 60.0

55.5 55.0 50.0 47.0 45.0 40.0 39.6 36.0

35.3

65.0 65.6“ 66.0“

66.7” 67.1b 67.3” 68.0“ 70.0 70.9” 75.0 75.4” 79.0” 80

84.8b 85.0

90.0 90.3b 95.0 95.3” 98.2b 100.0‘

Water (%)

35.0 34.4 34.0 33.3 32.9 32.7 32.0 30.0 29.I 25.0 24.6 21.0 20.0 15.2

- 43.0 - 44.5 - 44.7 - 46.5 -45.5 - 44.5 - 44.0 - 38.9 - 37.5 - 29.8 - 28.5 - 22.0 - 20.3

15.0 10.11

- 10.9 - 1.6 - 1.0 7.7 7.5 13.5 17.0

- 10.5

9.7 5.0 4.7 1.8 0.0

Taken from literature. hActual determination. Remaining values were interpolated from curve

Table 7.195: Viscosity of Aqueous Glycerol Solutions Centipolses (23)

Glyccrtrl %

WI. 0’ 10

20 30 40 50

60 65 67 70 75 80 85

90 91 92 93 94 95

96 97 98

0

10

20

I .79

I .3nx I .74 2.4 I

1.005 1.31 1.76 2.50 3.72 6.00

2.44 3.44 5.14 8.25 14.6 29.9 45.7 55.5 76 132 255 540 1310 1590 1950 2400 2930 3690 4600 5770 7370 9420 2070

3.49 5.37 9.01 17.4 25.3 29.9 38.8 65.2 116 223 498 592 729

15.2 17.7 22.5

35.5

1040 1270 I 580 1950 2460 3090

60.1 109 219 259 310 367 437 523 624 765 939 ti511

3900

1410

860

-- 9

Inn

10.8

30 0.XOOi 1.03

1.35 I.X7 2.72 4.21 7.19 9.85 11.3

14.1 21.2 33.9 58 109

127 147 172 202 237 281 340 409 500 612

Te ierature 40 50 -

70 6n 0.65(Xl 0.5494 0 . 4 ~ 0.4061 0.500 0.w 0.826 0.575 0.635 0.731 I .07 0.879 O.XI6 0.956 I .46 1.16 I .62 1119 1.30 2.07 I .86 1.53 3.10 2.37 2.29 2.85 5.08 3.76 2.91 6.80 4.89 3.66 3.23 7.73 5.50 4.09 3.78 4.86 9.40 6.61 5.01 6.61 13.6 9.25 6.94 9.42 20.8 13.6 10.0 14.2 21.2 33.5 22.5 15.5 60.0 35.5 17.1 25.1 68.1 39.8 19.0 28.0 44.8 78.3 21.2 31.6 51.5 89 23.6 58.4 35.4 05 26.4 21 67.0 39.9 29.7 45.4 42 77.8 66 33.6 51.9 88.9 104 38.5 59.8 96 43.6 122 69.1 r35 50.6 81.3 142 !84

---

I

xo 0.3565 0.690 0.91~ 1.25 1.84 2.28 2.50 2.911 3.80

5.13 7.28 11.0

11.9 13.1 14.4 15.8 17.5 .19.6 21.9 24.8 27.8 31.9

*Viscosityof wter taken from “Properties of Ordinary Water-Substance:’N.E. Dorsey, p. 184. New York (1940)

90 0.3 105

0.763 I .05 1.52 I .86 2.03 2.34 3.00 4.03 5.52 7.93 8.62 9.46 10.3

11.2 12.4 13.6 15.1 17.0 19.o 21.3

0.2x3x 0.668 0.910 I .28 1.55 I .a 1.93 2.43 3.18 4.24 6.00 6.40 6.82 7.54 8.19 9.08 10.1

10.9 12.2 13.3 14.8

--

437

438

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.196: Hygroscopicity Curves for Glycerol and 1,3-Butylene Glycol (42)

Table 7.1 97: Hygroscopicity Curves for Glycerol and 2,3-Butylene Glycol (42)

AT 25'C AND 75% RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT 25% AND 50% R E U T I V E HUMIDITY

@

jl

CP GLYCERINE

T

40

15

2,34UTYLENE GLYCOL

IS

SO

50

100

I50

200

250

3M)

350

400

450

IM

IS0

100

150

304

nwRs

HOURS

Table 7.198: Relatlve Humidities Over Aqueous Glycerol Solutions, 20" to 100°C (23)

350

400

450

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.199: Solubility of Sucrose and Dextrose in Aqueous Glycerol at 15", 24", and 35°C (32)

Table 7.200: Solubility of Various Compounds in Glycerol (32)

Substance

Alum Ammonium carbonate Ammonium chloride Atropine Benzoic acid Boric acid Calcium hydroxide Calcium hypophosphite Calcium sulfate Codeine hydrochloride Ethyl ether Ferrous sulfate Guaiacol Iodine Iodoform Iron and potassium tartrate Iron lactate Morphine acetate Novocaine Phenacetin Phenol Potassium iodide Quinine sulfate Sallcin Sodium bicarbonate Sodium carbonate (crystals) Sodium tetraborate (borax) Tannic acid Tartar emetic Urea Zinc chloride zinc iodide

Glycerol Concentration % Weight

t t t

t

98.5 98.5 35 99.04

t 99.04 99.04

t 99.04

t t t t

95

99.04 99.04 99.04

t 98.5

t t

t

t t t t t t

Temperature 'C 15 15 15 15

--

20 25 20 15 20 20 15 20 15 15 15 15 15 20 20 20 15

--

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Solubility in P a r t s per 100 Parts of Solvent 40 20 20.06 3 2 24.80 1.3 2.5 5.11 11.1 0.65 25 13.1 2 0.12 8 16 20 11.2 0.41 216.4 39.12 1.32 12.5 8.08 98.3 60 48.8 5.5 50 49.81 39.18

tOlyceml concentration not specified. probably 95 to 100 per cent.

439

440

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.201 : Specific Gravity and Percent Glycerol (32)

Apparent Specific Gravitv ..

Glycerol

Apparent Specific Gravity Glycerol

15/15' C

15.5/15.5* C

1.26557 1.26300 1.26045 1.25785 1.25525

1.26532 1.26215 1.26020 1.25760 1.25500

1.26362 1.26105 1.25845 1.25585 1.25330

1.26201 1.25945 1.25685 1.25425 1.25165

Per Cent 50 49 48 41 46

1.12985 1.12710 1.12440 1.12165 1.11890

1.12910 1.12695 1.12425 1.12 150 1.11880

1.12845 1.12510 1.12300 1.12030 1.11160

1.12120 1.12450 1.12185 1.11915 1.1 1650

1.25210 1.25005 1.24740 1.24415 1.24210

1.25245 1.24980 1.24115 1.24450 1.24185

1.25075 1.24810 1.24545 1.24280 1.24020

1.24910 1.24645 1.2 4380 1.24115 1.23850

45 44 43 42 41

1.11620 1.11345 1.11015 1.10800 1.10525

1.11605 1.11335 1.11060 1.10790 1.10515

1.11490 1.11220 1.10950 1.10680 1.10410

1.11380 1.11115 1.10845 1.10515 1.10310

90 89 88 87 86

1.23950 1.23680 1.23415 1.23150 1.22885

1.23920 1.23655 1.23390 1.23120 1.22855

1.23755 1.23490 1.23220 1.22955 1.22690

1.23585 1.23320 1.23055 1.22190 1.22520

40 39 38 37 36

1.10255 1.09965 1.09715 1.09445 1.09175

1.10245 1.09975 1.09705 1.09435 1.09165

1.10135 1.09870 1.09605 1.09335 1.09070

1.10040 1.09775 1.09510 1.09245 1.08980

85 84 83 82 81

1.22620 1.22355 1.22090 1.21820 1.21555

1.22590 1.22325 1.22055 1.21190 1.21525

1.22420 1.22155 1.21890 1.21620 1.21355

1.22255 1.21990 1.21120 1.21 455 1.21 190

35 34 33 32 31

1.08905 1.08635 1.08365 1.08100 1.07830

1.08895 1.08625 1.08355 1.08085 1.01815

1.08805 1.08535 1.08210 1.08005 1.01135

1.08115 1.08455 1.08190 1.07925 1.07660

80 I9 18 77 16 15 14 13 72 I1

1.21290 1.21015 1.20140 1.20465 1.20 190 1.19915 1.19640 1.19365 1.19090 1.18815

1.21260 1.20985 1.20110 1.20440 1.20165 1.19890 1.19615 1.19340 1.19070 1.18195

1.21090 1.20815 1.20540 1.20210 1.19995 1.19120 1.19450 1.19:15 1.18900 1.18630

1.20925 1.20655 1.20380 1.20110 1.19840 1.19565 1.19295 1.19025 1.18155 1.18480

30 29 28 21 26 25 24 23 22 21

1.07560 1.07295 1.01035 1.06170 1.06510 1.06250 1.05985 1.05125 1.05460 1.05200

1.01545 1.01285 1.01025 1.06160 1.06500 1.06240 1.05980 1.05715 1.05455 1.05195

1.07 410 1.07210 1.06350 1.06690 1.06435 1.06115 1,05915 1.05655 1.05400 1.05140

1.01395 1.01135 1.06880 1.06625 1.06310 1.061 15 1.05860 1.05605 1.05350 1.05095

IO 69 68 67 66

1.18540 1.18260 1.17985 1.17105 1.11430

1.18520 1.18240 1.11965 1.17685 1.11410

1.18355 1.18080 1.17805 1.17530 1.17255

1.18210 1.17935 1.17660 1.17385 1.17 110

20 19 18 11 16

1.04935 1.04685 1.04435 1.04180 1.03930

1.04935 1.04680 1.04430 1.04180 1.03925

1.04880 1.04630 1.04380 1.04135 1.03885

1.04840 1.04590 1.04345 1.04100 1.03850

65 64 63 62 61

1.11155 1.16875 1.16600 1.16320 1.16045

1.11130 1.16855 1.16515 1.16300 1.16020

1.16980 1.16105 1.16430 1.16 155 1.15875

1.16835 1.16560 1.16285 1.16010 1.15135

15 14 13 12 11

1.03675 1.03425 1.03175 1.02920 1.02670

1.03675 1.03420 1.03110 1.02920 1.02665

1.03635 1.03390 1.03140 1.02890 1.02640

1.03605 1.03360 1.03110 1.0286 5 1.02620

60 59 58 51 56

1.15110 1.15490 1.15210 1.14935 1.14655

1.15745 1.15465 1.15190 1.14910 J.14635

1.15605 1.15325 1.15050 1.14175 1.14500

1.15460 1.15185 1.14915 1.14640 1.14365

10

9 8 I 6

1.02415 1.02175 1.01935 1.01690 1.01450

1.02415 1.02175 1.01930 1.01690 1 .O 1450

1.02395 1.02155 1.01915 1.01615 1.01435

1.02310 1.02135 1.01900 1.01660 1.01425

55 54 53 52 51

1.14375 1.14100 1.13820 1.13540 1.13265

1.14355 1.14080 1.13800 1.13525 1.13245

1.14220 1.13945 1.13610 1.1p395 1.13120

1.14090 1.13815 1.13540 1.13265 1.12995

5 4 3 2 1

1.01210 1.00965 1.00125 1.00485 1.00240

1.01205 1.00965 1.00125 1.00485 1.00240

1.01195 1.00955 1.00120 1.00480 1.00240

1.01185 1.00950 1.00710 1.00415 1.00235

Per Cent 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91

20/20' C 25/25. C

15/15' C

15.5/15.5' C 20/20' C 25/25' C

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.202: Speclflc Gravities of Glycerol and Glycol Mixtures (23)

GLYCERIWE IN GLYCOL. PERCENT

Table 7.203: Speciflc Heat of Glycerol (23)

TEMPERATURE, DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

Table 7.204: Vapor Pressure of Glycerol (23) Temperature,

v.

p. mm. Hg.

or.

120 130 140 150 160 170

180 190 200

_1.41 2.61 4.48 7.44 12.0 18.9 29.0 43.4

Temperature,

*r

V . P . mm. Hg.

210 220 230 2 40 250 260 270 280 290

63.8 91.9 130 181 248 334 445 586 760

Table 7.205: Vapor Pressure of GlycerolWater Solutions (23)

TEMPERATURE, OEGREES CENTIGRADE

441

442

.-C

0

.c

I-

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Polyhydric Alcohols

443

COMPARATIVE DATA Table 7.207: Emery CP/USP Glycerines (63) SPECIFICATIONS specific Gravity Giycerol 25/25"C min ___ _ %. min _______ EMERY@912 96% CP/USP 96 251 Glycerine EMERY@916 99 7% CPNSP 99 12612

Color APHA max 2ot

EMERY@917 99.7% CPNSP

99,7

EMERP918 99.8% CPNSP Ultra Glvcerine I

'

Chloride PPM rnax __

100

10

Arsenic PPM

Heavy Metals PPM

max -

mar

20

15

Sulfate PPM

max

Chlonnated Compounds PPM max

Fatty Acids and Esters2

Readily C&CX+ izable

5

30

10

3

_I___

100

10

20

15

5

30

10

3

,2612

100

10

20

1.5

5

30

1.o

3

1.2615

100

5

20

1.5

5

30

0.18

3

Olwnnnn

Kosher Glycerine -

Residue on Ignition PPM,m%

:"'

Meets USP specificatkm which is 6quh'alent to 20 APHA. MI OSN NaOH per 50 g of glycerine. tighter than matching H fluid

Table 7.208: Proctor & Gamble Glycerine (39)

Glycerine (Ivorydale Production) SlrperoP Glycerine-U.S.P. Food Grade

starm Glycerine-U.S.P. Food Grade

Glycerol (Bosarl 6 Snoddy fables)

99.7% minimum (999)

96% minimum (96.3)

Specific Gravity, by density meter: at 2P/25"C (77'/77'F)

1.2613 minimum (1.2618)

1.2517 minimum (1.2524)

Color, APHA Pt-Co (Hazen) scale

!?hum

?1!

Residue on ignition

0.007% or 70 ppm max

0.007% or 70 ppm max

Chlorides (as chlorine)

0.001% or IO ppm max

0.001 % or 10 ppm max

Sulfates

O.OOM% or 20 ppm max

0.002%or 20 ppm max

Arsenic (as Asd

0.00015%or 1.5 om max

0.00015% or 1.5 ppm mox

Heavy Metals (as Pb)

0.0005% or 5 ppm max

0.0005% or 5 ppm mox

Chlorinated Compounds (as a)

0.003%or 30 ppm max

0.003% or 30 ppm m a

Fatty Adds and Esters

Not more h n 03 ml. H/2 NaOH is absorbed by 50 g of glycerine, witid is equivalent to 0.009% 01 Nolo,

Not more h n 0.3 ml. N/2 NoOH is absorbed by 50 g of glycerine, whim is equivalent IO 0.009% os Na20,

(0.13) maximum

(0.12) maximum

Superd b olro mvlikbk in Kosher pmde. W No. 56-81-5. b~bolh bmndr.

444

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.209: Witco Refined Glycerine (26)

._ DESCRIPTION (CTFA ADOPTED NAME) CAS NUMBER

PRODUCT

OOlNE VALUE

ACID VALUE

SPEC1FICATH)NS

TYPICAL CARBON C I

x SAP VALUE

#ELTINO 'OINl *c NPICAL)

CMOR MAX

UNSAP MAX

COMPOSITN

-

SATURATED SATURATE0 -._____ cia1 :14 c1s C18 e 2 0 c 2 1

HERS _ I

Neustrene 045

Hydrogenated Marine Triglycerides (HydrogenatedMenhaden 0111

8-30

6

188-201

1

3 Gardner

47

8

34 18 11 5

7

17

88424-54-9

Neustrene 053

Hydrogenated Marine Tnglyrerides (HydrogenatedMenhaden 0111 68002-72-2

5

5

186-201

1

3 Gardner

55

9 38 20 17 10

6

Neustrene 059

Hydrogenated Tallow Triglycerides (HydrogenatedTallow Glycerides1 67701-27-3

5

IO 193-205

I

5 Gardner

61

2 25 67

3

Neustrene 060

ReRned Hydrogenated Tallow Triglycerides (HydrogenatedTallow Glycendesl 67701-27-3

I

2.5 193-205

1

5.OY-0.51

62

2

28 67

3

Neustrene 064'

Hydrogenated Soya rnglyiiridt 5 [Hydrogenated Soybean 0111 68002-71-1

2

I 1 8R

I

Lovlbond

4

188-200

66

3 Gardnrr

I

*Alsoavallable In powder form Typical molslwe Inelr are below 0 3%

I

PRODUCT"

I

~-

PLYCERINE DESCRIPTION SPECIFIC GRAVITY ICTFA AWPTEDNAMEI 25/25'C,MIN CASNUMBER

Kemstrene 99.7% USP

99.7%USP (Glycerinel

Kemstrene 96.0% USP

96.0% USP (Glycerinel

1.2612

~-

SPECIFICATIONS** CHLORIDE l 0 P V MAX

SULFATE

COLOR MAX

RESIDUE ON IGNITION ppm MAX

MAX

ARSENIC 1.5Qpn MAX

IOAPHA

70

Pass

Pass

Pass

Pass

Pass

Pass

70

Pass

Pass

Pass

Pass

Pass

pass

2 O m

HEAVY METALS

SPW MAX

CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS X SAP F A T N ACIDS 3Owm EQUIVALENT AND MAX MAX ESTERS'..

56-81-5 I 25 I65

56- 6 1-5

Pass

0.05

Table 7.210: Physical Properties of 1,2,4-Butanetrlol (32) Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg 0.17 mm. Hg

312' C* 116' C

F i r e point, Cleveland open cup

393' F

F i r e point, Cleveland open

387' F

Flash point

343. F

Flash polnt, Cleveland open cup

332. F

Freezing point

Supercoois (resistance to crystallization)

Heat of combustion

555 kcal./mole

Heat of formation

Refractive index a t 25' C. n,

1.473

165.1 kcal./mole (liquid) 151 kcal./mole (gas)

Specific gravity, d/4

1.182

Heat of vaporlzation

14.0 kcal./mole

Vlscosity at 25' C

1038 cs. (kinematic)

Speciflc gravity, d/4

1.184

Purified l.2,4-Butanetriol

1227 cp.

Weight per gallon at 25' C

9.86 lb.

*Decomposes before reaching boiling point at atmospheric pressure. This Is an extrapolated value.

Polyhydric Alcohols

445

1,2,6-HEXANETRIOL HOC H2CHO H(CH2)3CH20 H

Table 7.21 1: Physical Properties of 1,2,6-HexanetrioI (32) Boiling point at 5 mm. Hg Coefficient of expansion at 20' C

0.00054PC

Flash point, open cup

375' F

Vapor pressure at 20. C

Less than 0.01 mrn. Hg

Freezing point

-32.8' C (freezes under controlled

Viscosity at 20" C Weight per gallon at 20'

2584 cp.

A Ib./gal./A t

0.00499' C

178' C

conditions; usually sets to glass at below -20' C) Molecular weight

134.17

Refractive index

1.4771

Specific gravity at Z O / Z O * C A Sp. Gr./A t a t 10 to 40' C

Table 7.212: Freezing Points of 1,2,6-Hexanetriol-Water Mixtures (32)

(I) Observed (11) Theoretical, without hydration (Ill) Theoretical, with complete hydration

Table 7.213: Vapor Pressure of 1,2,6-Hexanetriol (79)

1.1063 0.00059/'C

9.19 Ib.

446

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.214: Solubility of 1,2,6-HexanetrioI in Organic Solvents (32)

4cc. solvent and lcc. triol at 20'C. Acetone

M

Ethyl Acetate

I

Benzene

I

Ethyl Alcohol (Absolute)

M

Butanol

M

Ethyl Ether

I

Butyl Acetate

I

Heptane

I

Butyl CELLOSOLVE

M

Isophorone

M

Castor Oil

I

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone

I

CELLOSOLVE Acetate

I

Mineral Oil

I

CELLOSOLVE Solvent

M

Pine Oil

M

Diacetone Alcohol

M

Toluene

I

Dibutyl Phthalate

I

Trichlorethylene

I

Dichlorethyl Ether

I

M =Miscibh

I = ImmIadbl*

Table 7.215: Compatibility of 1,2,6-Hexanetriol (32)

4 parts material to 1 part triol

Animal Glue

C

PC

Gelatin

Beeswax

I

Nitrocellulose

I

Carnauba Wax No. 3

I

Paraffin Wax

I

C

CClSein

Ester Gum C Ethyl Cellulose C = GampaUble

I

Rosin

I

Shellac

I

Zein

I = Incornpatibia

Pc C PC = Pady Compatible

Table 7.216: Viscosities and Freezing Points of 1,2,6-Hexanetrioi (32)

1.2.6-Hex.neLlioI. % by rl.in H,O

30 50

FmedFp Point, C.

VlsC0.i~. 100°F.

CPS. a1

0.977

10

20

In

-

1.37

-

-2.5

_ _

-4.5

2.01

-7.0

5.06

-15.5

Polyhydric Alcohols TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE 2,2-Dihydroxymethyl-l

-Butanol

E thy1 Tri methylot methane TMP

Table 7.217: Physical Properties of Trimethylolpropane (32) Acidity a s formic acid

0.002% by wt., max.

Ash

0.01% by wt. , min.

Boiling point a t 5 mm. Hg abs. 50 mm. Hg abs. 760 mm. Hg (extrapolated)

210. 295' C

Bulk density (free-flowing)

35.5 Ib/ft'

Color of 10% aqueous solution

5 Pt-Co units, max.

Combining weight

44.72

160' C

c

Fire point, Cleveland open cup

380' F

Flash point, Cleveland open cup

355'

Freezing point

59'

Hydroxyl content

37.5% by wt., min.

Hygroscopicity (water absorbed in 68 hrs.): at 27' C and 18 to 26% RH at 25- C and 29 to 44% RH at 27' C and 70 to 80% RH

F

c

0.00% by wt.

0.06% by wt. 0.23% by wt.

c

Melting point range

57 to 59'

Molecular weight

134.18

Phthalic color, Gardner

1 max.

Water content a s packaged

0.05% by wt., max.

PENTAERYTHRITOL Tetramethy lo1methane

PE

Table 7.218: Physical Properties of Pentaerythrltol (32)

Ash Bulk density Dipentaerythritol (combined) Hydroxyl content Melting point (capillary final) Melting point range Moisture Molecular weight Monopentaerythritol Nonvolatile Specific gravity a t 25/4* C

0.01% by wt.. max. 40 lb./ft.' 0.3% 47.0% min. (technical) 49.5% (pure) 240. 250' C initial (pure) 185-245' C (technical)

c

0.40% by wt. (technical) 0.10% by wt. (pure) 136.1 88.0% by wt. (technical) 97.0% by wt. (pure) 99.50% min. 1.38

447

448

Industrial Solvents Handbook

SORBITOL d-Sorbi to1 Sorbi t

C H20H(C HO H)4CH20H

Sorbol d-Glucitol

Table 7.219: Physical Properties of Sorbitol (38)

Density at -5" C Heat of combustion Negative heat of solution Molecular weight Melting point, metastable form stable form Refractive index at 25' C , in 10% aqueous solution Rotation, 9

1.172 3994 cal./gm. -26.5 cal./gm. 182.17 93' c 97.7' c 1.3477 -0.985' C

Table 7.220: Boiling Point of Sorbitol Solutions (38)

x

SOLIDS

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.221: Hydrogenolysis of Sorbitol and Glycerol at a Hydrogen Pressure of 2,000 psi (32)

0

50

700 I50 200 250 300 350 4 0 0 450 500 550 SOC' MlNU TES

Table 7.222: Hydrogenolysis of Sorbitol at 215°C and a Hydrogen Pressure of 2,000 psi (32)

0

100

200

'300

rimE im1NurE.s)

400

500

600

449

450

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 7.223: Phase Diagram of Sorbitol Solubility in Hydroalcoholic Liquids at 25°C (38)

Table 7.224: Solubility of Sorbitol in Hydroalcoholic Liquids at 25°C (38)

'001

Table 7.225: Viscosity Curve for Pure d-Sorbitol Solutions of Various Concentrations (38)

Polyhydric Alcohols SUGAR ALCOHOLS Table 7.226: Physical Properties of the Sugar Alcohols (38)

Melting point,

"C

Sugar alcohol

tetritols erythritol o-threitol rAhreito1 D,bthreitol pentitola ribitol xylitol

D-arabitol icarabitol hexitoh allitol dulcitol sorbitol (0-glucitol)

L-glucitol D,lrglucitol D-mannitol L-mannitol D,L-mannitol D-talitol L-talitol D.L-tAlitol o-iditol Liditol heptitols glycero-pulo-heptitol D-glyCero-D-ldo-heptitOl

perseitol volemitol octitol D-erylhro-D-ga/adooctibl

optical activity in H,O,

IaIY

499.9(941

120

mesO

88 5-90 88 5-90 69-70

+4.3 -4.3

1 02 61-61 5 (metastable) 99-94 5 (stablej 103 102-103

meso meso

very soluble 179

+ 131.

very soluble

155 189 90.4-91.8 (me& stable) !% 7-97 7 (stable) 89-91 135-137 166 162-163 168 88-89 87-83 95-96 73.5 75.7-76.7

meso mea0

very soluble 3.2(15"C)

720.3(94)

-1.98

235

723.5(6)

-0.2

21.3

722.1(6)

+3.2 -2.9

very soluble

129 129 187 153

- 130"

61 5 very soluble

611 7(124)

f1.7

+3.5 -3.5 rneso +0.7 -1.1 +2.15

169-l i 0

In aqueous molybdic acid (46). aqueous ammonium molybdate (27). ' A t 25°C unless otherwise indicated.

a

* In 5%

Solubility, g/lOO g HIOI

Heat of combustion, constant volume, kcal/mole

-11'

very soluble very soluble 7.4(18"C) ??.2(14"c)

835.8(124)

451

452

Industrial Solvents Handbook

MISCELLANEOUS POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS Table 7.227: Hydrates of Polyhydrlc Alcohols (32)

~~

Hvdrate

Alcohol Skeletal Structural Formuli

Number

of

c

Name

Atoms

M. p.

M. p.

('C)

( 'C)

n in H(0H). nHaO

185

115

2

63

31

110-112

96

A. Trihydric Alcohols

OH

- (or G ) - P h l o r o (Y

6

glucitol

4( 1,2-Dihydroxyn-propyl)-ehexanol

9

10

p-Menthanei,4.8-triol

10

e-Menthane1,2,4-triol

10

c>(=sr( OH OH

HO

Glycol (a dihydroxyether ?)

Cia HIOOs

Z(2.3 -Dihydroxy-

13

129

115

103-105

---

1

195

1

HO HO'

---

n-propyl) -2hydroxy camphane

B. Tetrahydric Alcohols

6

cycloHexane-l,2, 4.5-tetrol

+ z J HO

6

8

10

-

M o H e x a n e 1.2, 4.5-tetrol

A dimethylether

of a n inositol

trans( ?)-pMenthane-l,2,6.8-

---

!OH

" o b ; OH ?

242

230

156

tetrol

(continued)

Polyhydric Alcohols Table 7.227: (continued)

Hydrate

Alcohol iiuniher of c .Atoms

10

Slwletdl Structural Formula

S:inie

p-Menthdne-1,2, 4.b-tetrol

M.p. ("C)

cmH

HO

149

100

1

1JO

___

1

I 4 1 - I 45

2

ti0

10

38

-p-&lenthane- 1,2, J,J-tetrol

cQd

HO HO

OH

2,2'-Dihydroq ti.G'-his ( g hydroxybenzhydry1)-diphenyl

308 I

OH

1

OH

C . Pentahydric Alcohols OH

G

Viburnitol (cyclohexane2,3,5/4,G-pentol)

6

Inositol hromohydrin

170-5

6

Inositol chlorohydrin

180-5

6

Scyllitol chlorohydrin

___

7

1-Metnylenecyclohexane-2.4, 6/3,5 -pent01

205

181

1

2

D. Hexahydric Alcohols G

(+)-Sorbitol

HOHzC (CHOH), CHzOH

111

._ mesa-Inositol 6

(1,2,3,5/4,6cyclohexanehexol)

225

55 15

___

1

0.5

2

OH

dV

andl-Inositols (active). .(1.3.4/2. - . . 5,s-cyclohexanehexol)

248

&H ; i

6H

'

bH

2

453

Phenols

Table 8.1: Phenol (2)

Carbolic Acid

C6H50H PHYSICAL P R O P E R T I E S O F PHENOL

Boiling point

181.6.C

Distillation r a n g e

95% d i s t i l l s within a r a n g e of 1 . 5 ' C

F l a s h point (Open c u p )

175'F

F r e e z i n g point

Not l e s s t h a n 40.C

MAC

5 ppm in a i r

Odor

Characteristic

Purity

98'10, m i n .

Solidifying point

Not l e s s than 40.7'C

Solubility in w a t e r , above 68'C at 20.C Specific gravity a t 41/4'C

In a l l proportions 8.3%

Toxicity

Highly toxic

1.058

P H E N O L FORMS BINARY AZEOTROPES WITH B.P. of Azeotrope OC.

%

B.P. of Azeotrope "C.

%

92.2

Acetophenone

202.0

28

Heptyl alcohol

185.0

22

Amyl ether

180.2

55

Indene

173.2

58

Aniline

186.2

Isoamyl ether

172.2

49 55

Benzaldehyde

185.5

85 74

Isobutyl c a r b o n a t e

192.5

Benzylamine

196.8

17

Isopropyl l a c t a t e

184.8

57

m B romotoluene

175.7

79

Mesitylene

163.5

60

o Bromotoluene

174.4

20

2 - Methylcyclohexanol

183.1

37

2-Butoxyethanol

186.4

77

Methyl f u m a r a t e

194.9

54

Butylbenzene

175.0

33

Methylheptenone

184.6

30

Butyl i s o v a l e r a t e

184.0

32

2 -0ctanone

184.5

78

Camphene

156.1

87

n-Octyl alcohol

195.4

97

o-Chlorotoluene

159.0

50

s e c - O c t y l alcohol

184.5

28

Cineole

182.9

65

a-Phellandrene

lb5.0

13 28

Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone

183.0 184.5

82

Phorone

198.8

29

65

Decane

168.0

81

Pinacol a-Pinene

185.5 152.8

59 75

E t h y l oxalate

189.5

75

Psrudocumene

166.0

Fenchone

196.2

55

Terpinene

171.5

60

Glycol d i a c e t a t e

189.9

60

Thymene

172.3

-

-

454

Aldehydes FURFURAL CH-CH II

Furfuraldehyde Furol Pyromuc ic Aldehyde

II

cy O/C-CH=o

Table 9.1: Properties of Pure Furfural (46) Furfural(2-furaldehyde),C,H,OCHO, is a liquid aldehyde with a pungent almond-like odor Colorless when freshly distilled, it darkens on contact with air Industrial furfural is light yellow to brown in color

General Molecular weight Boiling point (at 760 mm),"C ("F) Freezing point, "C ("F) Refractive index (n 1.0) at 20" C (68" F) at 25" C ( 7 7 F) Density (d t/4) at 20" C (68" F) at 25" C (7P F) Vapor pressure Vapor density (air= 1)

96.08 161.7 (323.06) -36.5 (-33.7) 1.5261 1.5235 1.1598 1.1545 See Table 9.7

3.3

Thermodynamic properties Heat of vaporization, AHVg cal/g mole Specific heat (liquid), cal/g/deg 14 to 8 6 C (57.2to 176" F) 20 to 100"C (68to212" F) Thermal conductivity, Btu/(hr)(ft2) ("Flft) at 100"F cal/(sec) (cmz) ("Ckm) at 38" C Heat of combustion (liquid), A Hm.2 kcal/mole

11,614.6 0.401 0.416 0.1525 6.3 x 10-4 -560.3

Fluid properties Viscosity, cps, at 0" C (32"F) at 25" C (77 F) at 38" C (100.4" F) at 54" C (129.2"F) at 9 9 C (210.2"F) Surface tension, dynes/cm at 0" C (32" F) at 29.9' C (85.9 F) at 30.0"C,(86" F) Vapor diffusion coefficient, cm*/sec at 1P C (62.6"F) at 25" C (7P F) at 50" C (122" F)

455

2.48 1.49 1.35 1.09 0.68 43.5 40.7 41.1 0.076 0.087 0.107

(co ntinued)

456

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 9.1 : (continued)

Electrical properties Dielectric constant at 1" C (33.8"F) at 20" C (68"F) at 25"C (77"F) at 50" C (122"F) Specific conductivity, mho Minimum Maximum

46.9 41.9 38 34.9 0.26x 10-5 0.37x 10-5

Other properties Critical pre'ssure, psia kg/cm* Critical temperature, " C (" F) Molar volume, 25"C, ml/mole Molecular association Solubility in water, wt % at 20" C (68"F) alcohol ether

798 56.1 397 746.6) 83.19 1.11 8.3 m OD

Note Furfural is miscible with most common organic solvents except saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons

Flammability properties Explosive limits (% by vol ) 2.1 Lower limit (at 125"C [25P Fl and 740 mm Hg) Flash point 61.7(143) Tagclosed cup, "C (OF) 61 .7(143) Pensky-Martens, "C ("F) (Based on flash point, furfural is classified as Class Ill A * ) 393 (739) Ignition temperature, "C ("F)

Note: Furfural has a high order of thermal stability in the absence of oxygen. At temperatures as high as 230" C (446"F), exposure for many hours is required to produce detectable changes in the physical properties of furfural, with the exception of color (29). 'Refers to Code of Federal Reguiatlons, 29CFR 1910 106

Table 9.2: Typical Properties and Specifications of Furfural (2) Acidity, an acetic Boiling point Density at 60°F 1000 1500 175' 2x30 250'

3000 Distillation range (Engler) 1%, 'F (min.) End point, "F (max.) Recovery, yo (min.) Residue, yo (max.) Loss, % (max.) Explosive limit,^ lower Flash Point (Cleveland Open Cup) Freezing point Heat of Vaporization Purity

Technical 0.3% Refined 0.1% 158-162OC 1.164 1.140 1.110 1.095 1.080 1.049 1.019

300 335 98.5 0.9 0.9 2.1% at 257'F 131-5'F -34'F 107.51 cal./g 98.5% Technical 99.0-99.5% Refined

Refractive index at 6 8 7 Solubility in water at 2o'C Specific gravity at ZO/ZO'C Surface tenaion Vapor pressure at 60'F 1000 150' 175' 200' 250'

300" 350' 40000' 450'

Viscosity at l00'F 130' 210' Weight per gallon (P'C)

1.5261 8.3% 1.161 1.158-1.160Technical 1.59-1.161Refined 49 dynes/cm. 0,035Iba./aq. in. aba. 0.la Ibs./sq. in. abs. 0.540 Iba./aq. in. abs. 0.950 1bs.le.q. in. abs. 1.650Ibs./aq. in. abs. 4.40Ibs./sq. in. abs. 11.50 Ibs./sq. in. abs. 22.50 Ibs./sq. in. abs. 43.5Ibs./aq. in. a b . 77.0 Ibs./aq. in. abs. 1.35 centipoisea 1.09 centipoisea 0.68 centipoise8 9 Ibi.

Aldehydes

457

Table 9.3: Solubility of Various Substances in Furfural (46) Acetone Acids: Abietic (technical) Acetc Benzoic Butyric (technical) Cinnamic Citric Formic Lactic Maleic Naphthenic acids (practical) Oieic (U S P ) Oxalic Oxalic (anhydrous) Palmitic (technical) Phthalic Promonic (technical) Sali'cylic . Sebacic (mp 132-133°C [269.6-271.4"R) Stearic (U.S.P.) Succinic Tartaric Alcohols: Amyl n-Butyl Ethylene glycol Glycerol

S 9.4 S 14.8

S 4.1 3.6 S S R S S 4.8 3.6 1.6 17.6

S

11.0

0.8 2.1 3.0 10.9 M S S 2 .l-2.e

Isobutyl n-Octyl Amyl acetate Benzene Butyl acetate Carbon tetrachloride Castor oil Chinawood oil Chloroform Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethylether Diethyl phthalate Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethylether Ferric chloride Ferric chloride hexahydrate Hydrogen cyanide Linseed oil Nitrobenzene Nitrotoluene Paraldehyde Pyridine Quinoline Toluene Xylol Zinc chloride

S S M

S

M

S

M M

S

M M M

S S M M 0.55 20.0

M

M M M M

S

S S

M

20.6

S-infinitely soluble M=miscible in equal volume at room temperature R- reaction

Table 9.4: Solubility of Selected Thermoplastic Resins In Furfural (46) (At 23°C [73 4" Fl) RESIN TYPE

MANUFACTURER

SOLVENT ACTION

Nitrocellulose Ethylcellulose Cellulose acetate butyrate Polyvinyl butyral

Hercules (RS) Hercules (N-50) Eastman

vs vs vs

Vinyl acetate Vinyl acetate chloride PVC

Union Carbide (BakeliteQ) Union Carbide (BakeliteQ) Union Carbide (BakeliteQ) Uniroyal (Marvinol" VR-10)

S;VSH

S=Soluble from 1 g to 10 g per 100 g solvent VS-Soluble 10 g or more per 100 g solvent H=Temperature, 70-75°C (158-167 F); time one hour B =Cloudy 1=Less than 1 g per 100 g solvent

RESIN TYPE

YANUFACTURER

PVC

Goodrich (GeonQ 222) Du Pont (ZyteP 31) Du Pont (Elvamide) Du Pont (Alathon") Du Pont (LuciteB 140) Du Pont (Lucitee 130) DOW(PS-3)

Nylon Nylon Polyethylene Acrylic Acrylic Polystyrene

SOLVENT ACTION

458

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 9.5: Specific Gravity and Pounds per Gallon of Furfural (46) (Change per"C.Sp. Gr -0 00110,Ibs /gal -0 00917) SP.OR?

TEMPERATURE 'C *F

122 0 118 4 114 8 111 2 107 6 104 0 100 4 96 8 93 2 89 6 86 0 82 4 78 8 75 2 71.6 68.0 64 4 60.8

50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16

LBS /GAL.

9 403 9 421 9 440 9 458 9 476 9 494 9 502 9 531 9 549 9.568 9 586 9 604 9 623 9 631 9 660 9 678 9 696 9.715

1.127 1.129 1.131 1.134 1.136 1.138 1.140 1.142 1.145 1.147 1.149 1.151 1.153 1.156 1.158 1.160 1.162 1.164

SP.OR.'

TEMPERATURE 'C 'F

57.2 53.6 50.0 46.4 42.8 39.2 35.6 32.0 28.4 24.8 21.2 17.6 14.0 10.4 6.8 3.2 -1.6 -4.0

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20

LBSJQAL.

1.167 1.169 1.171 1.173 1.175 1.178 1.180 1.182 1.184 1.186 1.189 1.191 1.193 1.195 1.197 1.200 1.202 1.204

9.733 9.752 9.770 9.788 9.807 9.825 9.833 9.861 9.879 9.898 9.916 9.935 9.953 9.971 9.990 10.008 10.027 10.045

'Referred to water at 4OC.

Table 9.6: Composltion/Density of Furfural-Water Solutions' (46)

DENSITVFURFURAL

fi BY WEIGHTI

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 .o

1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4

to

DENSITV-

4

2c c

0.9982 0.9986 0.9990 0.9993 0.9997 1.0001 1.0005 1.0008 1.0012 1.0016 1.0020 1.0023 1.0027 1.0031 1.0034 1.0038 1.0042 1.0046 1.0049 1.0053 1.0057 1.0060 1 .om

2sc 0.9971 0.9974 0 9978 0.9982 0.9985 0.9989 0.9993 0.9996 1 .oooo

1.0003 1.0007 1.0011 1.0014 1.0018 1.0022 1.0025 1 .0029 1.0033 1 .OC36 1.0040 1.0044 1.0047 1.0051

'Mains, G.H., Chem. & Met. Eng., 26,779 (1922). $Saturated solutjon of furfural in water at 20°C (68°F). Saturated solution of furfural in water at 250C (77OF).

FURFURAL (%BY WEIGHTI

4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.32 8.4 8.65

to

4

20-c

1.0068 1.0072 1.0075 1.0079 1.0083 1.0086 1 .ow0 1 .OW4 1 .OW8 1.0101 1.0105 1.0109 1.0113 1.0116 1.0120 1.0124 1.0127 1.0131 1.0135 1.0137

-

2sc 1 .0054 1.0058 1.0062 1.0065 1.0069 1 .w73 1.0076 1 .0080 1.0084 1 BO87 1 .m1 1.0094 1 .0098 1.0102 1.0105 1.0109 1.0113 1.0116 1.0120 1.0122 1.0124 1.0127

0

c

..

2

Aldehydes

459

460 I

-e a a

r L

0)

U

I

E

5 E a

L

I

I

-n P

-E

gs

W

JP

U2!

I

Lo

aal

O L

.. 3

p i 0

c

..

2

Industrial Solvents Handbook

I (3

Aldehydes Table 9.1 1: Vapor-Liquid Composition of Furfural-Water System (46)

I I I I 02 Oh 06 0.8 MOLE FRACTION FURFURAL IN LlOUlD

1.o

OTHER ALDEHYDES Table 9.12: Vapor Pressures of Various Aldehydes (79)

B

C I

C METHACROLEIN

*IO -10

-60

-50

-40 -30 -20 O-10

0

IO 20 30 40

TEMPERATURE, *C.

60

80 X

461

462

0

v-

Industrial Solvents Handbook

P

I ' 0

0 0

v Y

Ethers Table 10.1: Dimethyl Ether (34)

C H3-0-C

Methyl Ether

H3

Physical Properities Molecular wight (calc.) . . . . . . . . 46.07 Boiling point at 760 mni . . . . . . . . -24.Y'C Vapor pressure at 20'C. . . . . . . . . 5.24 atm Freezing point . . . . . . . . . . . . - I4l.S'C Density at 20'C. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.661 g/ml Vapor density (air = 1.0). . . . . . . . I .59 Critical pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.5 atm temperature . . . . . . . . . . I28.8.C density . . . . . . . . . . . .0.2714 g/ml Hcat of combustion. gas . . . . . . . . 347.6 kcal/niolc Hcit of formation, gas . . . . . . . . . -44.3 kcil/molc Heat of melting . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.621 call6 Hcat of vaporization at -24.8'C . . . . I I I .64 caI/g Flee energy of formation. 25'C . . . . . -27.3 kcal/molc Entropy at 25'C. . . . . . . . . . . . 63.72 cal/'C-molc Spccific heat ill -27.68"C . . . . . . . 0.5151 caI/g Surfacc tension. liquid-vapor intcrfacc, at -4O'C. . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 dyncr/cm -20 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I 8 -10

101 . . . 825 . . . . . . . . . 855 Diclcctric constant at 25'C . . . . . 5.02 E.S.U. Flash point, Tag closed cup. . . . . -42°F

Viscosity of gas at O'C, q x

a

Autoignition temperature. . . . . . Explosive limits, "/. by vol. in air . . Solubility' in water at 24'C . . . . . Solubilit of water in methyl ether

..

............

at24&

662'F 3.45-26.7% 35.3% by wt. 7.0% by wt.

Solubility in gasoline (unleaded) at -4O'C. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . 647; by wt. ............ 19 ............ 7

0

25

Solubility at 25°C in: carbon tclrschloridc at 782 mm wctonc.

..... .....

benzene chlorobenzene. nuthyl acctate. . At about 5 atni.

.. .

762 761 795 704

. . . .

. . . .

. . 16.13 molt . . 11.81 . . 15.29 . . 18.55

....

I I . I7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

SOME PHYSICAL. AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF DIMETHYL ETHER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES Temperature OC

-- 3400 -20

- 10 0 10 20 30 40 50

60 70 80 90

100 110 120

Density

Vapor atrn.

0.392 0.741 1.35 1.97 2.80 3.86 5.24 7.00 9.06 11.6 14.7 18.4 22.7 27.4 33.0 39.5 46.6

I

vapor g/ml

-

0.7174 .7040 .6905 .6759 .6610 .6455 .6292 .6116 .5932 .5735 .5517 .5257 .4950 .4575 .4040

g/d

-

0.0027 .0039 .0055 .0076 .0104 ,0142 .0188 .0241 .0306 .Om5 .OW

.0623 .om0 ,1060 .1465

Dielectric :onatant

-

5.15 4.90 4.67 4.41 4.18 3.93 3.70 3.48 3.25 3.00

-

Heat of vaponzation kcal/kg

kcal/kg

3 / Y g

116.13 113.17 110.12 106.95 103.64 100.17 96.44 92.64 88.48

77.58 83.08 88.64 94.23 100.00 105.79 111.75 117.60 123.63

193.71 196.26 198.76 201.23 203.64 205.96 208.19 210.24 212.11

-

-

463

Enthalpy ..

Entropy

liquid

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.9342 0.9568 0.9787 1.0000 1.0206 1.0410 1.0604 1.0795

-

-

1.3996 1.3918 1.3851 1.3791 1.3744 1.3700 1.3660 1.3620

-

I

464

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.1: (continued) Binary Azeotropes Containing Dimethyl Ether

Some Properties of (CH3)20.BF3

.

Molecular weight (calc.) . Meltingpoint . . . . . B o i i g point. . . . . . Density at 20°C . . . . Vapor pressure at 30°C . at 70°C . Surface tension at 20.5% Diseociation constant . .

113.89 -12OC 128°C 1.241 g/ml 6.1 torr . 52.7torr . 33.03 dynes/. log K = (-2983)/ T 7.228

Component A

. . . .

Azeotrope Boiling Compopoint, nent A, "C Ytbywt

Boron trifluoride . . . . Hydrogen chloride . . . . Ammonia at 1 atm. . . . at 11 atm . . . Sulfur dioxide at 1 atm . at 56.1 atm at 77.1 atm at 108.7 atm Dichlorodifluoromethane at 3 atm . . . . . . .

+

. . . . . . . . . .

.

,

. . . .

127 -2 -37 25 0 6.6 12.1 26.7

. .

0

Suhibilily of Mclliyl Elhcr at Various Prcsrurcr Tcmperatu~= 25°C C';nhon lclrscbluridc

I

hlcthyl cthcr. Mole 7;

1

p,""" 112.4 127.6 ?W.I M.II 612.X

782.4 '122.7 1072.Y

0.ooo

I

Acrtonc p.nini

23.2

3.0

311.1

5.96 8.52 12.17 lh.31 IY.Y3

4113.1

-. '1 ..10

1075.0

54x.1

w.x

762.3 'JJ9.I

Methyl clhcr. Mole X 0.0 1.79 2.78 7.01 Y.23 I I.RJ 15.77 18.YS

I

knzcne

p.mn

I

Clilurolwnicnc

1

Mok 7:

2.30 372.6

503.0 634.11 761.4

913.0 1006.7

6.32 '1.32 12.2~ l5.?9 18.R4

0.0 1.75 5.0R 8.17 11.17

120.4 Jl(1.S

423.3

13.16

16.27 19.50

21.00

Table 10.2: Chlorodlmethyl Ether (2) C H3-O-CH2CI Chlorodimethyl ether i s a colorless liquid which decomposes in water and in hot ethyl alcohol. It i s soluble in acetone, carbon disulfide and concentrated hydrochloric acid. Physical Properties Boiling Point (760 mm. Hg), "C.

59

Dipole Moment In Carbon Tetrachloride D

1.88

In Benzene D

1.82

- 1.85

Melting Point, "C.

-103.5

Molecular Weight

80.52

Purity

90% min.

20 Refractive Index n D 20 Specific Gravity D 4

Methyl dcc'eliilc Methyl ether. Mole ' !:

Methyl ether,

1.39737 1.0703

60 38 42.5 56 65 60 60 60 90

Ethers Table 10.3: Chloromethyl Ethyl Ether (2) CICH2-0-CH2-C

H3

This ether i s a colorless liquid which i s an irritant to the mucous membranes. It i s used as a raw material in organic syntheses. Physical Properties Assay (chlorine)

App. 98%

Boiling Range, 760 mm. Hg, "C.

79

20 Density D 4 20 Refractive Index n D

- 83 1.03 - 1.05 1.40 - 1.41

Table 10.4: Ethyl Ether (7)(79)(23)(49) Ether Ethyl oxide Sulfuric ether Typical Properties and Specifications Apparent ignition temperature i n air

190°C.

Boiling point at 760 mm.

34.5"C.

Coefficient of expansion

0.00164 per 1°C.

Constant-boiling mixtures ("h by wt.) Ethyl ether 99% Carbon disulfide 1 .O% Ethyl ether 44.5% Methyl formate 55.5% Ethyl ether 98.9% Water 1 .l%

B.P. at 760 mm. 34.5"C. B.P. at 760 mm. 28.2"C. B.P. at 760 mm. 34.1"C.

Electrical conductivity at 25°C.

4x

Explosive l i m i t s

2.34

Flash point

-40°F.

Freezing point

-116.2"C.

Heat o f combustion

651 Cal ./mol

Heat o f vaporization

83.96 cal./g at B.P.

Refractive index at 17°C.

1.3542

Specific gravity a t 20/20°C.

0.7146

Specific heat at 30°C.

0.5476 cal ./g

.

Surface tension at 20°C.

17 .O dynes/sq

. cm .

Solubility in water a t 20°C.

6.9% by w t .

Solubility o f water in solvent at 20°C.

1.3% by wt.

Viscosity at 20°C.

0.00233 poise

Vapor pressure at 20°C.

442.0 mm. Hg

Weight per gallon at 20°C.

5.95 Ibs.

Weight per gallon a t 17°C.

5.3542 Ibs.

Acidity (as acetic)

0.002% by wt

recip. ohm

- 6.190

., max.

465

466

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.5: Flammability of Ethyl Ether-Oxygen-Helium Mixture (7) 100

90

80

70 I-

$ 60 0 (r

w

n

i

50

(3

50 40 30 20,

10

0

20

10

30 40 50 60 ETHYL ETHER, PERCENT

70

80

90

Table 10.6: Dichloroethyl Ether (2) 2,2'-Dichlorethyl Ether B,fi'-Dichlorodiethyl Ether

Acidity (as hydrochloric) Apparent ignition temperature in air Boiling point a t 760 mm. Boiling range at 760 mm. Coefficient o f expansion at 20°C. Coefficient o f expansion at 55°C. Constant boiling mixture (% by wt.) Dichlorethyl ether Water B.P. at 760 mm. Flash Point (ASTM, open cup) Flash Point (ASTM, closed cup)

CI-CH2-CH2-0-C

.

0.005% by w t max. 396°C. 178 .5"C. 170-180°C. 0.00097 (per "C .) 0.00100 (per "C.) 34.4 65.6 97.7"C. 79°C. 55°C.

H2-CH2-C

Heat of vaporization at 178°C. Refractive index at 20°C. Specific grovity at 20/20°C. Specific heat (at 20-30°C .) Surface tension at 25°C. Solubility in water at 20°C. Solubility of water in dichlorethyl ether at 20°C. Viscosity at 25°C. Vapor pressure at 20°C. Water content Weight per gal. at 20°C.

I

64.1 caI./g. 1.457 1.2220 0.369 cal 41.8 dynes/sq. cm. 1 . l % by w t .

.

.

0.28% by w t 2.0653 centipoises 0.7 mm. Hg 0.10% by w t . max. 10.17 Ibs.

Ethers

467

lSOPROPYL ETHER Table 10.7: Properties of Pure Isopropyl Ether (74) Molecular Formula CsH,,O Molecular Weight 102.172 Boiling Point. " C 68.5 Boiling Point Change. "C/mm at 760 mm 0 042 Freezing Point. " C -85.5 Density at 20°C.g/ml (in vacuo) 0.7235 at 60°F. Ib/US gal (in air) 6.07 Specific Gravity, 2O/2O0C (in air) 0.7244 Coefficient of Expansion (1) at 20°C per 'c 0.00143 Refractive Index. nO/D 1.3784 n20/D 1.36820 n30/D 1.36301 Critical Temperature, " C 288 Critical Pressure, atm 27.5 Critical Volume, cc/g 3.80 Heat of Vaporization (2,3), 760rnm, cal/g 68.16 Heat of Fusion at Melting Point (4). cal/g 25.79 Heat of Formation (5) (vapor at 25OC) k-cal/mole -77 Free Energy of Formation (4) (vapor at 25" C) k-cal/mole -31

Specific Heat (Liquid). cal/g"C (at 20°C) Thermal Conductivity (Vapor at 100°C) cal/(sec) (cm2) ("C/cm) Viscosity, cps at -20'C 0" c 20" c 50"C Surface Tension (6). 25°C. dynes/cm Dielectric Constant (7), 85 8 kHz, 25°C

1 CaIcuIaIeQirom density measurements as 7242 - 7139

7iw a io 2 CaIcuImed via Ciapyron Equation Z = 0 95 3 File h Reid In6 Eng Chem 22 513 (19%) 4 P8rkS el I I J Am Chem Soc 55 2735(1923) 5 Kharasch M S J Rwearch NO1 I Bur S14s 2 359 (1929) 6 vopel A I J C h m Soc Pari I 616 (1948) 7 KirC-Othmer Ency of Chem Tech 5 670 (1954) 0 Pelroleurn Enpinbsr JUM lY5 219

Table 10.8: Vapor Pressure of Isopropyl Ether' (74)

toc

mm Hg

1°C

mm Hg

1°C

mm Hg

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10

13.4 18.4 24.9 33.3 44.0 57.3 74.0

15 20 25 30 35 40 45

94.4 119.4 149.5 185.6 228.4 278.9 338.0

50 55 60 65 70 75 80

406.6 485.8 576.7 680.3 797.8 930.1 1078.7

-

'Log VP mm Hg = 23.16817 2382.7fT 5.2545L0g T T = 273.15 + t"C

Table 10.9: Isopropyl Ether-Water Solubility (74) toc -10

0 10 20

30 40

"owt

%wt IPE in HIO

-

-

1.43 1.07 0.88 0.78

HtO in IPE 0.41 0.43 0.47 0.53 0.62 0.72

0.0000483 0.545 0.419

0.333 0.255 17.28 4 449

Other Propertlea of Commerclai IPE Autoignition Temp, OF 830 Flash Point (E), Tag Open Cup, " F (approx )+15 Tag Closed Cup, OF (approx ) -18 Flammable Limits of Vapor with Air VO vol of Compound, Upper 21 Lower 14 Relative Evaporation Rate at 25°C and OO/O R H I Shell Thin Film Evaporometer (n-BuOAc = 1 0 ) 8 04

RdHmCW

-

0.506

1" c

IPE In HtO

HIO in IPE

50

0.73 0.73 0.76 0.83 0.92 1.04

0.82 0.93 1.06 1.20 1.34 1.49

60 70

80 90 100

468

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.10: Mutual Solubility for the System: Isopropyl Ether-Isopropyl Alcohol-Water at 25%, % wt (14)

IPE

H,O

IPA

Sp. Gr.2SM0C

99.5 93.4 89.0 84.4 79.9

0.5 1.1 1.5 2.2 3.2

5.5 9.5 13.4 16.9

0.7210 0.7274 0.7326 0.7380 0.7427

74.4 72.8 70.3 68.7 65.3

4.6 4.7 5.2 5.8 6.7

21.0 22.5 24.5 25.5 28.0

0.7490 0.7509 0.7547 0.7564 0.7605

64.0 61.5 58.3 56.4 50.8

7.1 7.8 8.9 9.6 11.6

28.9 30.7 32.8 34.0 37.6

0.7620 0.7641 0.7698 0.7726 0.7812

47.6 42.6 38.6 35.7 31.5

13.0 15.5 17.8 19.7 23.0

39.4 41.9 43.6 44.6 45.5

0.7864 0.7958 0.8029 0.8091 0.8189

28.3 24.8 22.6 18.9 16.3

26.0 29.7 32.4 37.6 41.9

45.7 45.5 45.0 43.5 41.8

0.8275 0.8379 0.8450 0.8590 0.8707

14.5 12.6 12.2 10.6 8.6

45.0 48.4 49.0 52.1 55.6

40.5 39.0 38.8 37.3 35.8

0.8789 0.8884 0.8897 0.8982 0.9084

6.6 5.9 5.2 4.7 3.4

60.2 61.8 63.6 65.0 69.6

33.2 32.3 31.2 30.3 27.0

0.9200 0.9245 0.9293 0.9334 0.9437

2.2 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.o 0.9

74.8 78.3 83.3 09.4 93.8 99.1

23.0 20.1 15.4 9.4 5.2

0.9568 0.9634 0.9716 0.9796 0.9864 0.9928

Ethers

469

Table 10.11: Conjugate Solutions in the System: Isopropyl Ether-Isopropyl Alcohol-Water at 25"C, % wt (74) Upper Layer

Lower Layer

IPE 96.4 93.0 90.1 86.1 82.8

HzO 0.8 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.7

IPA 2.8 5.8 8.4 11.9 14.5

Tie Line' 1 2 3 4 5

76.3 72.1 64.2 54.2 45.4

4.0 5.0 7.0 10.2 14.0

19.7 22.9 28.8 35.6 40.6

6 7 8 9 10

1.3 1.4 1.4 1.7 2.3

80.3 77.8 74.1

16.3 17.0 18.3 20.5 23.6

36.9 31.5 25.3

18.7 23.0 29.0

44.4 45.5 45.7

11 12 13

2.9 3.7 4.7 9.8

71.2 68.3 64.6 53.3

25.9 28.0 30.7 36.9

Estimated plait point?

IPE 1.o 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

H2O 92.1 89.0 86.9 85.4 83.8

IPA 6.9 9.8 11.9 13.4 15.0

82.4 81.6

'See Table 10.12 2Point at which t w o layers converge into one phase. Reference: Frere, F.J., Ind. Eng. Chem. 41, 2365 (1949).

Table 10.12: Miscibility of Isopropyl Ether-Isopropyl Alcohol-Water at 25°C (74) i PE

I PA

470

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.13: Azeotropic Information-isopropyl Ether (14)

-

Ternary Azeotrope: IPA IPE (Boiling Point 61.7"C) Component

- Water

Azeotrope

Upper Layer

Lower Layer

60 89 0 50 100

5.8 93.1 1.1 95.6

10.0 1.o 89.0 4.4

IPA (Isopropyl Alc.) IPE Water o/o w

0ther Azeotropic information

Binary Azeotropes

B.P. "C 61. 62.2 70.5 <67.5 74.0 54.2 66.2 66.0 >69.0 <68.0 67.5

Other Components Boron Triflouride Water Chloroform Propronitrile 2, 2-Dichloropropane Acetone Isopropyl Alcohol 1-Propanethiol 1-chloro-2-methylpropane Methylocyclopentane Hexane

%wt Other Component 40 4.5 36 > 4 60 61 16.3 65

-

< 20 47

Ternary Azeotropes

B.P. 'C 66 Min B.P. Nonazeotrope

Components and %wt H,O, 7.0%; Ethyl alcohol 14.7Oh; IPE 78.3% H 2 0- %; Acetone %: IPE - % H,O - Sec. Butyl alcohol IPE

IPE does not form lueotropet with Trichloroethylene 1,l-Dichloroethane 1,2-DichIoroethane 2-Chloroethanol lodoethane 2-Bromopropane Thiophene

-

-

2-Bromo-2-methyl propane 1-Chlorobutane Ethyl sulfide Diethoxymethane Benzene Hexyl Alcohol

Ethers Table 10.14: Vapor Pressure of Isopropyl Ether at Various Temperatures (8)

471

Table 10.15: Specific Gravity of Isopropyl Ether vs Temperature (8)

0.75

O.L ' 0.73

0.71

0.70

0.69

0.0

-20

Temperature. 'c

Temperature. T:

Table 10.16: Mutual Solubility and Specific Gravity of Isopropyl Ether, Water and Isopropyl Alcohol at 25°C (2)

Isopropyl Ether

Water -

99.5 93.4 89.0 84.4 79.9 74.4 72.8 70.3 68.7 65.3 64.0 61.5 58.3

0.5 1.1 1.5 2.2 3.2 4.6 4.7 5.2 5.8 6.7 7.1 7.8 8.9

Isopropyl Alcohol

-5.5 9.5 13.4 16.9 21.0 22.5 24.5 25.5 28.0 28.9 30.7 32.8

0.7210 0.7274 0.7326 0.7380 0.1427 0.7490 0.7509 0.7547 0.7564 0.7605 0.7620 0.7641 0.7698

(continued 1

472

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.16: (continued) Isopropyl Ether

56.4 50.8 47.6 42.6 38. 6 35.7 31.5 28.3 24.8 22.6 18.9 16.3 14.5 12.6 12.2 10.6 8.6 6.6 5.9 5.2 4.7 3.4 2.2 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.9

Isopropyl Alcohol

Water -

34.0 37.6 39.4 41.9 43.6 44.6 45.5 45.7 45.5 45.0 43.5 41.8 40.5 39.0 38.8 37.3 35.8 33.2 32.3 31.2 30.3 27.0 23.0 20.1 15.4 9.4 5.2

9.6 11.6 13.0 15.5 17.8 19.7 23.0 26.0 29.7 32.4 37.6 41.9 45.0 48.4 49.0 52.1 55.6 60.2 61.8 63.6 65.0 69.6 74.8 78.3 83.3 89.4 93.8 99.1

--

SG d

25°C.

0.7726 0.7812 0.7864 0.7958 0.8029 0.8091 0.8189 0.8275 0.8379 0.8450 0.8590 0.8707 0.8789 0.8884 0.8897 0.8982 0.9084 0.9200 0.9245 0.9293 0.9334 0.9437 0.9568 0.9634 0.9716 0.9796 0.9864 0.9928

Table 10.17: n-Butyl Ether (2) C4H90C4H9 n-Butyl ether i s a colorless, stable liquid, soluble i n water. Having two butyl groups, this ether i s an excellent solvent for many natural and synthetic resins, gums, oils, fats, organic acids, esters, and alkaloids. Beeswax and carnauba wax have limited solubility in butyl ether at roam temperature, but become quite soluble at higher temperatures. n-Butyl ether w i l l not dissolve cellulose acetate, benzyl cellulose, or cellulose nitrate, but when i t i s mixed with ethyl or butyl alcohol i t becomes a solvent for ethylcellulose. Butxl ether i s used as a reaction medium in organic synthesis and i n the extraction and purification of essential ails, organic acids, waxes and resins.

'I'ypicol Properlies and Specificdons

Boiling point at 760 mm 50

10 Color Flash point Heat of vaporization Freezing point Specific gravity at ZO/ZO"C Refractive index at 20°C Surface tension at 20°C Solubility in water at 20°C Solubility of water in solvent at 20°C Vapor pressure at 20°C Weight per gallon at 20°C Acidity (84 butyric) Distillation range Water content

142.4"C 63 28 Water-nhito 30.6"C 68.8 cal./g Approx. -06°C 0.7604.771

1.3W2 B.9 dynes per 5q cm 0.03% 0.19yo 48mmHg 6.4 lbs 0.05% by wt., m a l . 137-143°C 0.10% by wt., max.

Ethers

473

Table 10.18: Dlamyl Ether (2) C5H1 1OCgH11 Commercial diamyl ether consists principally of di-n-amyl ether and di-isoamyl ether, with small percentages o f isomeric amyl ethers and diamylene. I t i s a colorless to light yellow liquid which i s quite stable. I t i s insoluble i n water but soluble i n methanol, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, aliphatic ond aromatic hydrocarbons, fixed oils, oleic and hot stearic acids, hot paraffin and carnauba waxes, the latter two solidifying when cooled. Unlike the lower aliphatic ethers, i t w i l l not dissolve nitrocellulose when admixed with ethanol. However, a mixture o f diamyl ether and 20% ethanol w i l l dissolve ethylcel lulose.

Typical Properties and Specifications Dielectric constant Flash point (open cup) Heat of vaporization Spccific gravity at 20/2O'C Specific beat Refractive index at 20°C Surfnce tension at 20°C Freezing point Vapor prcssure at 20°C Water azeotrooe at W98"C Weight per gniion at 2O'C Acidity (mg. ]
3.14 116°F 65.9 ce.l./g (cnlc'd) 0.78-0.80 0.513 cal/g 1.4198

24.8 dyncs/sq cm Below -75°C 0 67 mm 41% amyl ether (approx.) 6.61 Ibs 0.4, max. Not below 17OoC Below 200 Not above 210 0.2% by wt., max.

Table 10.19: n-Hexyl Ether (2)

n-Hexyl ether i s a colorless, stable liquid with a mild odor. It i s less volatile than the lower members of the aliphatic ether group and its solubility i n water i s very slight. It i s miscible with mast organic solvents and can replace butyl ether for many similar applications. I t i s used as a solvent medium in chemical reactions and i s a foam breaker for certain processes. Boiling point a t 760 mm. Bailing point a t 50 mm. Bailing point a t 10 mm. Flash Point Specific gravity a t 20/20°C. Solubility i n water at 2OOC. Solubility of water i n solvent a t 20°c. Vapor pressure a t 20°C. Weight per gallon a t 20°C. Acidity (as acetic) Distillation range a t 760 mm.

Color (A .P .H .A .) Water content

226.2"C. 136°C. 100°C. 170OF. 0.7942 0.01% by wt. 0.12% by wt. 0.07 mm. Hg 6.61 Ibs. 0.01% by wt., max. 205 235OC. 15 max. 0.10% by wt.

-

474

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.20: Solubility Data for Various Ethers (79) Types o f Ethers as Solvents Substance "Bakelite" vinyl resin AYAF "Bakelite" vinyl resin VYHH Cellulose nitrate (dry) Cellulose acetate Buna S Neoprene G N Carnauba wax Paraffin wax Beeswax Rosin Dewaxed dammar Zein Soluble starch Gelatin Hydrocarbons Linseed o i l (raw) Shellac Kauri gum Ester gum Unvulcanized rubber

S: G:

soluble tendency to gel

Ethyl -

I I SA I

S S

Isopropyl

I I SA I

-

ss S SW S

ss

Butyl

S S SA S

S S SA SA

-

-

-

sw sw sw

sw

S S

I I

-

-

-

S S S S S

S S I I S I

S S SSW SW S SS-G

-

-

-

-S

S S I I S S

S S I

S S

I S

S S 5- G

s sw

ss

S

sw

I: insoluble W : when warm

55: slightly soluble SA: soluble with alcohol

Table 10.21 : Comparatlve Evaporation Rates of Various Ethers (79)

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Ethyl ether Acetone Isopropyl ether Ethyl acetate Dioxane

Dichlorisopropyl

SW-G I I I

-

S

Dichlorethyl

~Dioxane

(F) (G) (H) (I)

(J)

Butyl acetate (Po%) "Ce Iloso Ive " so Iven t "Cellosolve" acetate Dichlorethyl ether Diethyl "Carbitol"

S

sw I I

-

S S S

Ethers Table 10.22: Specific Gravities of Various Ethers (79)

1.30A

1.25

B C

1.20

D 1.15

B TRIGLYCOL DICHLORIDE

1.10

ci

C D E F G H

1.05

I J. I(

0 (u

3

L

>- 1.00

M

t

0

N

EPlCHLORHYDRlN DICHLORISOPRWYI. ETHER DIOXANE DIETHYL'CIRBITOL. ETHYLENE OXIDE DIBUTYL'CARBITOL' PROPYLENE OXlOE DIBUTYL 'CELLOSOLVE' HEXYL ETHER B U M ETHER VINYL ETHYL ETHER ISOPROPYL ETHER ETHYL ETHER

2K W

0.95

0 5

G

u

5

0.90

I.

1 d

0.85 I

L Q80 h b C

0.75

0.70

0.65L

-20 -15

-10

-5

0

5

IO

I5

20

25

TEMPERATURE.*C.

30

35

40

45

50

55

475

476

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.23: Vapor Pressure of Various Ethers (79)

loo(

G

80( 70C 6 O(

50C

40C

30C

B VINYL 2-ETHYLHEXYL ETHER C DICHLORETHYL ETHER

i E DIETHYL 'CARBITOL"

H

TRIGLYGOL DICHLORIDE

I

DIBU~YL%ARBITOL.

I

4

.c

0

E E W

IOC

v) v)

a

a

0

0

P

I

I

20c

E

-

F OIBUTYL'CE LLOSOLVE' G HEXYL ETHER

m I

Ej

-H

0 OICHLORISOPROPYL ETHER

8C

7c 6C

sa 40

3c

2a

111

IC

1 1 1

B C D E

50

60

70

I

I

F 80

1

,

G 90 100 110

130

TEMPERATURE ,*C.

I50

170

I

190

210

230

(continued)

Ethers Table 10.23: (continued)

IO00 800

roo 600

500 400

300

200

I"

+

E

E W p:

I= n too v)

W

g a

0

a

p

80 70 60

50 40

30

20,

P

IO C

-60

-50

-40

-30 -20 -10

0

IO 20

TEMPERATURE, *C.

30 40

60

80 IO0 I I

477

478

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.24: Ethylene Oxide (2) E pox ye than e

CH2-CH2

Dimethylene O x i d e

0 ''

0.005 (max.)

A c i d i t y (as acetic acid), % by w t . Boiling point, "C. 760 mm. 50 rnm. 10 mm. A bp/ 4 p, "C ./mm. Hg Coefficient o f expansion at 55°C. Flash point (open cup), O F . Freezing point, "C. Heat of vaporization (Btu/lb. a t 1 atm.) Mo Iec u Iar weight Refractive index (nD a t 7°C .) Solubility, % by w t . at 20°C. i n water water i n Specific gravity, 20/20°C.

10.4 -44 -66 0.033 0.001 77 below 0 -112.5 245 44.05 1.3597 infinite infinite

o .a71 1

ASG/A T

0.00140 o .a763 7.30 1120 0.3

Specific heat a t 20°C. Ib./gal. a t 60°F. Vapor pressure, mm. Hg a t 20°C. Viscosity (absolute) i n centipoises, 0°C.

Table 10.25: Enthalpy and Entropy of Ethylene Oxide (79)

.,CRITICAL

400

300 200 154 100

14.7

10 8 6

0

50

100

150

200

ENTHALPY, BTU/lb.

250

300

POINT

Ethers

479

Table 10.26: Propylene Oxlde (2) 1,2--Epoxypropone

C H -CH-CH

\ / 2 0 Propylene oxide i s soluble in water and miscible with most organic solvents. I t i s found to be an excellent law-boiling solvent for cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, adhesive compositions and vinyl chloride-acetate resins. I t i s also a solvent for hydrocarbons, gums and shellac. Some o f its uses are as a solvent and stabilizer i n DDT aerosol-type insecticides, and as a fumigant and food preservative. Since i t i s an acid acceptor, i t i s a150 used as a stabilizer for vinyl chloride resins and other chlorinated systems. Acidity (as acetic acid), Boiling point, "C .: 760 mm. Hg 5 0 m m . Hg 10 mm. Hg

YO by w t .

(max,)

A BP/A P ., "C ./mm . Hg

Coefficient o f expansion at 55°C. Distillation at 760 mm., "C.: Initial BP/min. DP, max. flash point (open cup), O f . Freezing point, "C. Heat of vaporization (Btu/lb. at 1 atm.) Molecular weight Refractive index (nD a t 20°C .) Solubility, % by wt. at 20°C.: in water water in Specific gravity, 20/20°C.

SG/T. Specific heat a t 15°C. Ib./gal. a t 60°F. Vapor pressure, mm. Hg a t 20OC. Viscosity (absolute) i n centipoises, 20°C.

0.01 34.0

- 26

-52 0.037 0.001 57 33 .o 37 .o -35 -104.4 160 58.08 1 .3657

40.5 12.8 0.8304 0.00125 0.465 6.96 449 0.4

Table 10.27: Freezing Points of Solutions of Ethylene Oxlde and Propylene Oxide (79)

OXIDE, PER CENT ey WEIGHT

480

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.28: 1,2-Butylene Oxide (2)

C H3CH2C\H/C H2

1 , ?-Epoxybutane

0 1,2-Butylene o x i d e is o colorless mobile liquid. This low b o i l i n g liquid has but limited w a t e r solubility, y e t is miscible w i t h most common o r g a n i c solvents. It undergoes t h e usual r e a c t i o n s of epoxides w i t h compounds having labile hydrogen a t o m s . Some o f these a r e a c i d s , amines, ammonia, alcohols, phenols, polyols, thiols, e t c . Butylene oxide can be polym e r i z e d o r c o p o l y m e r i z e d w i t h o t h e r alkylene oxides to yield p o l y e t h e r s . The resulting polymers a r e less w a t e r soluble t h a n the polymers made from e t h y l e n e and propylene oxide, of e q u i v a l e n t chain l e n g t h .

63.2 0 .OO 1 32

Bailing point, "C. a t 760 m m . C o e f f i c i e n t of e x p a n s i o n a t 20°C. Freezing point, "C. H e a t of combusion (Btu/lb. a t 25°C.) H e a t of v a p o r i z a t i o n (Btu/lb. a t 1 atm.)

-150 14,665

181 72.11 1.3840

and 63.2"C. Molecular weight Refractive i n d e x (nD a t 20°C .) Solubility, % by w t . a t 20°C in w a t e r w a t e r in

.:

S u r f a c e tension a t 20"C., dynes/cm V a p o r pressure, mm. Hg a t 20°C. Viscosity (absolute) in centipoises:

.

.

23.9 141 0.54 0.41 0.33

0°C 20°C. 40°C.

5.91

2.65

Table 10.29: CARDOLITE NC-513: (77) 'I!pica1 \;tlue

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

Viscosity @ 25°C I cPs ]

%I

Slwcilicatioii 40-70

0

I

\

CA, - CH - CB,

I

0

Density @ 25 "C [Ibdgal (hgil)] Color [ Gardner ] Appearance

8 17((lY7) -13

reddish brown liquid

Hydrolyzable Chlorine Recommended PHR (Iiouid enoxv resins. EEW = 190)

DESCRIPTION

<2%

2-20

Cardolite' NC-513 is a unique reactive epoxy flexibilizer and diluent. This low viscosity fluid has predominantly one nactive epoxy group per molecule which combines chemically into the epoxy system.

APPLICATIONS: Flexibilizationof solvent free and high solids surface tolerant marine and industrial coatings Industrial flooring requiring excellent chemical-. water- and abrasion resistance. Preparation of amine adducts. Coatings in contact with potable water (NSF approval) ADVANTAGES: Excellent chemical and water resistance Increased thermal shock resistance Maintains electrical properties Low volatility Aids in Bis-Phenol F resin and Curing Agent compatibility

REGULATIONS :

- United Stales Deparlment of Agriculture acceptance. - National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), coatings for use with potable wzter; NC-513 is being used in coating that have NSF approval.

- Ozone Depleting Chemicals-certificationthat products are not classified as / are not manufactured with Class I or Class I1 ozone depleting chemicals.

i

Ethers

481

Table 10.30: 1,rl-Dioxane (2) 1 ,rl-Dioxan 1 ,GDiethylene Oxide

"7 /O\

Dioxyethylene Ether Diethylene Ether Diethy lene Dioxide

y 2

H2cvc H2

1,dDioxane i s a colorless, stable liquid with a faint, pleasant odor. Although i t has been known as far back as 1863, i t was not until 1929 that i s became commercially available. I t is chemically a di-ether obtained by the loss of water from two molecules of ethylene glycol. I t i s completely soluble in water, as well as most organic solvents. I t i s freely soluble in mineral, vegetable, blown and heot-bodied oils, and o i l soluble dyes. Most waxes are more readily soluble in dioxane when heated and examples o f these are beeswax, carnauba, montan, paraffin, gilsonite, and Japan wax.

Acidity (ne acetic) Boiling point 760 nini Distillation range n t 760 mm Coefficient of cspnnsion

0.010% by wt, max lO1.ROC !k.-lWC 0 001030 (per 'C) to 20°C O.MlOi0 (per "C) to 55°C 2 X 10-8 recip. ohms 05'F 11 .i"C 551 kg callrnol 33.8cal/g 08.6 cnl/g

Kleetricnl conductivity a t 25% Flash point Freezing point Heat of combustion Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Refractive index a t 20°C Specific gravity at u)/2O"C Specific heat a t 20°C Surface tension at 25°C Solubility in water at 20°C Solubility of water in dioxane at 20°C Viscosity a t 25% Vapor pressure a t 2O'C Water content at 20°C Weight per gal a t 20°C

1.4221 1.0356 1.0353 0.420 cal/g

36.0 dynes/cm Complete Complete 0.0120 poise 20 0 mm Hg hliscible without turbidity with 19 vol. 60' Be gasoline 8.61 Ibs

Table 10.31: Trioxane (2) 0/CH'\o Cyclic Trimeric Polymer of Formaldehyde

Trioxone i s a most unusual chemical. I t i s an excellent solvent for many classes of materials. Concentrated aqueous solutions of trioxane have solvent properties which are not possessed by trioxane itself. Molten trioxane dissolves numerous organic compounds, such as naphthalene, urea, camphor, dichlorobenzene, etc. I t i s stable in alkaline or neutral solutions, yet i t i s depolymerized to formaldehyde by srnoll amounts of strong acid or acid-forming materiols, and the rate o f depolymerization can be readily controlled.

Colorless, crystalline compound Molecular weight Odor Melting point Boiling point Vapor Pressure: 25OC 86OC 114.5'C 129°C Flash point Density (molten) a t 65OC

90.05 Mild, pleasant 61'C 115*C 13 mm 283 mm 759 mm 1212 mm 45OC 1.170

Properties Solubility: Water Alcohols Ketones Ethers Esters Chlorinated hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons Vegetable oils Naphthalene Phenol Petroleum ether

Readily soluble Readily soluble Readily soluble Readily soluble Readily soluble Readily sotuble Readily soluble Readily soluble Readily soluble Readily soluble Slightly soluble

482

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.32: Vinyl Methyl Ether (2) CH2=CHOCH3 Vinyl methyl ether i s a gas a t ordinary temperature and pressure. When condensed i t i s a colorless, mobile liquid having a vapor pressure at 760 mm. at 5.5"C. I t i s miscible with most organic solvents, but only slightly soluble in water or polyhydroxy organic compounds such as glycols. In v o l a t i l i t y and flammability i t resembles liquefied petroleum gases. Boiling point, 760 mm. Flash point (Cleveland open cup) Freezing point Molecular weight Odor

Refractive Index Solubility in water a t 25°C.

5.5"C. -69°F. (-56°C .) 122°C. 58.08 Sweet, pleasant 1 .3947 0 .E?% by w t .

-

Solubility of water in ether at 25°C. Specific gravity a t 5.7/4"C. Specific gravity at 20/4"C. Vapor pressure at 25°C. Vapor pressure at 70°F. Weight per gallon a t 25°C.

0.51% by w t . 0 .7694 0.7511 1550 mm Hg 28 psi abs. 6.17 Ibs.

Molec u I ar we i ght Refractive index (nD at 20°C .) Solubility, % by w t . at 20°C.:

72.10 1 .3774

in water water in Specific gravity,

0.9 0.2 0.7541 0 .OO 1 17 428 0.2

.

Table 10.33: Vinyl Ethyl Ether (2)

Boiling point, "C 760 mm.

50

.: 35.5 -24 -49 0.038 0.00165 below 0 -115.3 161

mm.

10 mm.

.

A BP/A P ., "C

./mm Hg expansion at

Coefficient of 55°C. Flash paint (open cup), O F . Freezing paint, "C. Heat of vaporization (Btu/lb. at 1 atm.)

20/20°C.

ASG/AT. Vapor pressure, mm. Hg at 20°C. Viscosity (abs.) in centipaises, a t 20°C.

Table 10.34: Vinyl 2-Chloroethyl Ether (2) CH2=C HOCH2CH2CI Bailing paint, "C 760 mm.

50 10

.:

mm. mm.

A BP/A P ., "C ./mm

109.1 39

. Hg

Coefficient of expansion ot 55OC. Flash point (open cup), O F . Freezing paint, "C. Heat of vaporization (Btu/lb. at 1 atm.) Molecular weight

Refractive index (nD at 20°C .)

IO 0.044 0.00118

90 -69.7 154 106.55 1.4381

Solubility, % by wt. at 20°C.: in water water in Specific gravity, 20/20°C.

ASG/AT. Vapor pressure, mm. Hg at 20°C. Viscosity (abs.) in centipoises: 0°C. 20°C. 40°C.

0.6 0.4 1.0498 0.001 23 18.6 1.1 0.8 0.6

Table 10.35: Vinyl Butyl Ether (2)

Bailing point, "C.:

760 mm. 50 mm. 10 mm.

A BP/A P ., "C ./mm. Hg Coefficient of expansion at 55°C. Flash point (open cup), O F . Freezing point, "C. Heat of vaporization (Btu/lb. at 1 atm.)

94.2 24 -4

0.044 0.00133 15 -112.7 137

MaIec ular weight Refractive index (nD at 20°C .) Solubility, % by wt. at 20°C

.:

in water water in

Specific gravity, 20/20°C. A SG/AT Vapor pressure, mm. Hg at 20°C. Viscosity (abs.) in centipoises, 20°C.

.

100.16 1.4007 0.30 0.09 0.7803 0.00100 40.4 0.5

Ethers

483

Table 10.36: Vinyl Isobutyl Ether (2) CH2=CHOCH2CH(C H3)2 Boiling point, "C 760 mm. 50 mm. 10 mm.

.:

Refractive index (nD at 20°C.) Solubility, % by wt. at 20°C.: in water water i n Specific gravity, 20/20°C.

83.4 17 -7 0.045 0.00140 15 -132.3 144 100.16

ABP/AP., "C./mm. Hg Coefficient of expansion at 55°C. Flash paint (open cup), O F . Freezing point, "C. Heat o f vaporization (Btu/lb. at 1 atm.) Molecular weight

ASG/AT. Specific heat at 15°C. Vapor pressure, mm. Hg a t 20°C. Viscosity (abs.) i n centipoises, at 20°C.

1.3961 0.2 0.08 0.7706 0.00104 0.512 59.5 0.4

Table 10.37: Vinyl 2-Ethylhexyl Ether (2) CH2=C HOCH2C H(C2H5)C4H9 Boiling point, "C 760 mm. 50 mm. 10 mm.

.:

Refractive index (nD at 20°C .) Solubility, Yo by wt. at 2OOC.: in water water in Specific gravity, 20/20°C.

177.7 95 62 0.053 0.00107 135 100* 129 156.26

ABP/AP., "C./mm.

Hg Coefficient of expansion a t 55°C. Flash point (open cup), O F . Freezing point, "C. Heat of vaporization (Btu/lb. at 1 atm.) Molecu lor weight

A SG/A T . Vapor pressure, mm. Hg at 20°C Viscosity (abs.) i n centipoises:

0°C. 20°C.

1 .4273

0.01

0.05 0.8102 0.00084 0.60 1.5 1 .o

*Sets to a glass below this temperature

Table 10.38: Typical Properties of the Vinyl Ethers (49) Melting Point Vinyl Bther

OC

Methyl

-1220

Isopropyl

-1400

Isobutyl

-1120

2-Bthylhexyl

-

1000

Bailing Point Plamabil ity Temp. OC at m~Ha Pressure 01 5-6'

760

-69'

55-560

760

-

25O 830

77 760

200 (a)

62-64' 178O

ia 760

a00

25 760

140° (a)

-800

f8OOCtyl

175-6'

(a)

.

Decyl

-410

60-980

5

1850 (a)

Cotyl

16O

142O 173O

1

325O (A)

5

124-168O 147-1870

5

Oc tadecyl

280

Dbethyl.rinoethy1

-

-

42-U0

Id F l r h Wim opm CUD mmod.

(b) F i n poht

2

30

- ASTM 042.

350° (a) 1100 (b)

(continued1

484

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.38: (continued)

Refractive V i n y l Ether

Index

Specific Gravity-

Pounds per Gallon f325OC

Typical Vinyl Ether Content

6.17

99%

Methyl

1.3947-3

0.7694

Isopropyl

1.3849

0.753

9

6.28

98%

Isobutyl

1.3965

0.768

2o T

6.40

98 %

2 -Ethy1he xy 1

1.4273

20 D

0.810

6.74

95%

Isooc t y l

1.4256

2

0.802

6.66

98%

Decyl

1.4278

9

0.812

6.75

98%

Cetyl

1.4444 25

b

0.822

6.85

97%

Octadecyl

1.4440

21! D

0 . 8 0 cast solid 0:821$liguid 6.84

95%

Dimethylaminoethyl

1.4225

2

0.830

99%

D

D

D

20

TiT

6.85

Table 10.39: Phenyl Methyl Ether (2)

Ani sole Anisole i s a high-boiling, mobile, straw-colored liquid with excellent thermal stability. It i s immiscible i n water and glycols but completely miscible with most common solvents. I t i s useful os a solvent for many organic compounds and i t has unusual solvency for asphalts and pitches. Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg, "C. Flash point (Cleveland open cup), O F . Heat of combustion, kcal ./g mol Heat of vaporization at boiling point, cal ./g, Refractive index (nD at 20°C .) Molecular weight Specific gravity, 18"/4"C. Specific heat:

.

24°C. 31 .6"C.

mol

153.8 125 905.2 8.8 1.5165 108.13 0.996 0.422 0.462

Vapor pressure, mm. Hg:

40°C. 60°C. 80°C. 100°C. 120°C.

8.4 25 63 140 275

Ethers

485

Table 10.40: Dibenzyl Ether (2) H2C-0-CH2

I

I

Dibenzyl ether i s a cleor, almost colorless liquid. I t i s miscible with alcohols and ethers, but insoluble in water. benzyl ether i s used as special solvent and delustering agent for textiles. Boiling point, "C .: 760 mm. 15 mm. Distilling range, "C.:

298 165-168 220 (min .) 300 308

5% 50% dry point

Flash point (open cup) O F . Me1ting point, "C Mol ecu lor weight Specific gravity, 25"/25"C. Solidifying temperature, O F .

.

Di-

275 5 (approx.) 198.3 1 .041-1 ,045 below 45

Table 10.41: Dlphenyl Oxide (77)

Diphenyl Ether

Diphenyl oxide i s a practically colorless crystolline solid with a strong geranium-like odor. I t i s almost completely insoluble i n water, but dissolves i n most o f the common organic solvents. Its high thermal stability a t temperatures as high as 350' to 400°C. together with i t s noncorrosiveness and general chemical inertness make i t eminently suitable as a component of high-boiling heat transfer media.

TYPICAL PROPERTlES

Mokcuhr weight Diphenyl oxide c?y8taiiLing pobt DYillatlon mags at 760 mm Hg : Initial boiling pobt 5% by volrmv %% by volume IlMI bouhg pobt

FLvi polnt -PI

170 >99% by might 26WC 2530'C WO'C WOOC

26o.oO'c

(petuky Marten# dacd

M Acidity (u hydrorblorlc Pad) wa(u N n l h t

?hen01 combill

UO'F (11S'Cj 0001% by weight

0001% by weight 002% by might 002% by mmt

486

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.42: Miscellaneous Alkyl Aryl Ethers (2) These ethers are generally high-boiling, water insoluble liquids of pleasant odor, miscible w i t h a variety of organic solvents and commercial oils, fats, waxes and resins. Physical Properlies Formul.

2gyc

G;Kty

mim ~~. 0.993

yyp

~~

Methyl Phenyl Ether (Anisole) n-Butyl Phenyl Ether Aniyl Phenyl Ether p-tert-Amylphenyl Methyl Ether p-tert-Amylphenyl-n-Amyl Ether Amyl Benzyl Ether Amyl Tolyl Ether Amyl beta Naphthyl Ether Amyl Xylyl Ether

CHiOCJI,

15&160

120

202-212 180 C,H,OCJL 214-229 185 C,H,!OCJI, C I H ~ ~ C B ~ O C H Z235-243 210

0.929 0.924 0.942

164.1

C L H ~ ~ C ~ H I O C L285-295 I I ~ ~ 260

0.9%

234.2

CIH~IOCH~CJII CJL,OC;H,CHz CIH!tOCnH~ CsHzIOCtHz(CHds

224-239 175 %Is264 I95

320-350 310 2 S 2 6 3 205

0.912 0.916 1.01 0.907

Table 10.43: Furan (77)

HS-5H HC C H 'd Furan i s a cyclic dienic ether stabilized by benzene-like resonance. Because of its conjugated unsaturation and heteroc y c l i c atom, furan w i l l undergo many types o f reactions. I t is, therefore, o f interest as a chemical intermediate for pharmaceuticals, insecticides and fine chemicals. The heterocyclic oxygen atom i n a ring w i t h conjugated unsaturation gives furan a combination of ether, aromatic and olefinic characteristics. This polyfunctionality permits i t to undergo a variety of reactions. Compared to benzene, the furan ring has greater reactivity, and i s more susceptible to cleavage, thus resembling the vinyl ethers. Like the vinyl ethers, the furan ring i s cleaved by aqueous acids. This reaction i s accompanied by resin i f ica tion . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical State Liquid Color Color l e s s Odor Characteristic ethereal S p e c i f i c G r a v i t y a t 20°/40C. 0.937 Freezing P o i n t -85 .6loC. (- 122. 10°F .) Vapor D e n s i t y 0.170 lb./cu. f t . B o i l i n g P o i n t (760 mm.) 31.3OC. (88.45'F .) F l a s h P o i n t (Tag. c l o s e d cup) -32'F. R e f r a c t i v e Index n20/D 1.4214 Molecular Weight 68.07 Flammability o r Explosive L i m i t s 2.3-14.3 v o l . % i n a i r Heat o f V a p o r i z a t i o n a t 31.2OC. 95.5 cal./gram Heat of Combustion a t constant v o l . 500.1 k g ca 1. / g r am-mo l e 2 14OC. C r i t i c a l Temperature Heat o f Formation a t 25OC. -14.9 kcal./mole S o l u b i l i t y in: Water (wt. % a t 25OC.) 1 Most o r g a n i c s o l v e n t s o o

.-

Table 10.44: 2-Methylfuran (2)

Sylvan

2-Methylfuran i s a c y c l i c diene possessing ether-like properties. It i s highly reactive w i t h many inorganic and organic compounds yielding a variety o f new derivatives which await exploration for the development of commercial applications.

(continued)

Ethers

487

Table 10.44: (continued) Appearance Odor Molecular weight 1)oilirrg point nt 760 m m Prccxing point Specific gravity, 204C./4'C. Iiidex of rcfruction, N20/D Flash point Vapor prcasurc at 15'C. (59°F) 20'C. (88'Y)

25'C. (77'F) 3O'C. ( W F ) Solubility in wnkr nt 25'C

Colorleas, tnolilc liquid 1Slhcr-like 82.098 6 2 4 ' C (144-47°F) 4 ° C (- 126.1'F) 0.816 1.434

-3O'C (-22°F) 110.5 mm 130 mm 174 mm 216 mm Less thnn 0.3 gm/IW gm

Table 10.45: Tetrahydrofuran ( 1 1)(49) Product information

Tetrahydrofuran (THF, tetramethylene oxide, diethylene oxide, 1,4-epoxybutane, tetrahydrofurane, oxolane) is an industrial solvent widely recognized for its unique combination of useful properties. DuPont THF is better than 99.9% pure with a small (0.025-0.040 wt % ) amount of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tertbutyl phenol) added as an antioxidant. Tetrahydrofuran is a cycloaliphatic ether and is not "photochemically reactive" as defined in Section k of Los Angeles County's Rule 66 (equivalent to Rule 442 of the Southern California Air Pollution Control District). THF has an ethereal odor. Physical Properties of Tetrahydrofuraq

Molecular Weight Boiling Point (760 mmHg). "C ("F) Freezing Point, "C ("F) Vapor Pressure, 20°C (68% mm Hg (kPa) Density, Liquid, 20°C (68"F), g/mL (mg/m3) Ib/gal Vapor (air = 1) Evaporation Rate In-butyl acetate = 1)

72.108 66 (151) -108.5 (-163) 143(19.1) 0.888 7.41 2.49

8.0

Viscosity, 20°C (68"F), CP(MPas)

0.48

Surface Tension in Air, 25°C (77"F), dynlcrn (mN/m) Refractive Index, n f

26.4

Heat of Vaporization (at bp), cal/g Btu/lb kJ/kg Heat of Combustion (-Aha at 25°C (77OF) liq kcal/mol Btu/lb kJ/g Specific Heat, Liquid, 20°C (68°F). cal/g.C (Btu/lb,F) kJ/kg.K 50°C (122°F). cal/g.C (Btd1b.F) kJ/kg.K Vapor, 66°C (151°F), cal/gX (Btu/lb.F) kJ/kg.K

1.4073 95 171 398 598.4 14938 34.72

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, 10-20°C. av/"C 50-68"F. avPF Flash Point (TCC),"C

(OF)

Autoignition Temperature, "C ( O F ) Flammability Limits i'n Air, 25°C (77°F). lower upper Critical Temperature, "C ("F) Critical Pressure, atm (MPa) Dielectric Constant, E, 20°C (68°F) 30°C (86°F) Conductivity, 25°C (77°F). p mhoslcm p S/m Dipole Moment, p, 25-50°C (77-122OF1, Debye Units Solubility Parameter, 6 Hydrogen-Bonding Index, y Miscibility: water, esters, ketones, alcohols, diethyl ether; aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons

0.001 26 0.00070 -14.4 (6) 321 (610) 2 11.8 268 (514) 51.2 (5.19) 7.54 7.25 0.01 5 1.5 1.6 9.1 5.3

Infinite

0.469 1.97 0.496 2.090 0.37 1.55

(continued)

488

m

0

s

8

H

0 0 v

H

H

8 51

Industrial Solvents Handbook

C

e

J

r

g

2

::

0

5:

P

8

r c

e c c"

r

0

t J In

t

B

n

Temperature, "F

s:

0 N

s!

0

z

.t

N

rn

0 N

h

Ethers

489

Table 10.45: (continued) Flash Points o f Tetrahydrofuran-Water Solutions (by Setaflash Closed Tester)

Combustible

Flammable

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 io 0 Rei.: Culver, L. J.. "Modern Paint and C0atings:Vol. 71 (1981). No. 10. pp. 145-149. (C. A. 96(10) 70460F)

%THF

Tetrahydrofuran-Soluble Plastics. Resins, a n d Elastomers Acrylic Resins Methyl methacrylate polymers Ethyl, butyl, and other methacn/late polymers Acrylic polymers and copolymers Alkyd and Amino Resins Alkyd resins Urea formaldehyde resins (uncured) Phenol formaldehyde resins (uncured) Cellulosics Cellulose acetate Cellulose acetate butyrate Cellulose acetate stearate Ethyl cellulose Nitrocellulose Miscellaneous Resins Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenecopolymers Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers Chlorinated polyethylene Polycarbonates Polysulfones Epoxy (uncured) Silicones (uncured) Polyesters (low molecular weight) Polyamides (low molecular weight) Polystyrene Styrene-butadiene copolymers (some)

Elastomers Sutadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers (some) Chlorinated rubbers Chlorosulfonated polyethylenes Polysulfides Polyurethanes (uncured) Rubber (natural, unvulcanized) Chloroprene elastomers Vinyl Resins Polyvinyl acetate Polyvinyl butyrate Polyvinyl butyrals Polyvinyl chloride Vinyl chloride copolymers Vinylidene chloride copolymers Vinyl acetate/ethylene (some) Natural Resins Congo ester Coumarone-indene Raw dammar Ester gum Manila copal Pentaerythritol ester gum Rosin Shellac (many)

(continued)

490

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.45: (continued) Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of Tetrahydrofuran

+ Water (760 mmHg)

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0

0.2

0.4

0.8

0.6

1.o

Mole Fraction THF in Liquid

Chemical Structure (49)

Typical Properties (49) m

Tetrahydrofuran (mol. wt.

-

72.1)

C.A. No. 109999. Other common names are: Diethylene Oxide 1.4-Ep~xybutane Oxacyclopentane Oxolane The G 4 F product assays better Illan 99.8% and is stabilized with 0.025% of the antixidant BHT (4-melhyl-2,6di-left-butylphend).

Water Content (wt%)___

OMlKU __-. _-_0 015 max 0 025-0 04 005max 66"Cw,,,(151 'F) ______________ -lOsS"C(-163 F) _____ ______--_ -

--

-.

Peroxides (as THF-hydroperoxide,wt%) Statnlizer (wt%) Other Immirities

Fling Pant Freezing Pant

-

Qqud Densty (20°C) Vapor Oenslty (ar 1) Specific Grawty (20/4"C) vlscoslty (20°C) -____ Surtacc Tensm (25°C) Relractive Index (nom) cceffilent of Cutxal Expansion (lo-20°C) Flash Pant (Tag closed cup) Fbmhlity Lirmts (%mi in air 25°C) Ignition Temperature Specihc Heat (cal/g/"C) for Lquid

Specrlc Heat (cal/g/ "C) for Vapw Latent Heat 01 Vaponzatim (cal/g, 66°C) Cntical Temperature Critcal Pressure Heat 01 Cwnbustion (kgcal/mde) Heat d Formation (kgcal/mde) b p d e1(25-S"CL

_. __

-

-

-___

_.

_.

ORB8g/cc(741 Iblgal) 256calc 0886-0889 0 53 cps 26 4 dynes/cm 1 4073 Oo0129Av/°C(Ooo070Av/"F) -14 4°C (6°F) 2 (lower). 11 8 (upper) 321"C (610°F) 0 469 cak at 20°C. 0 496 calc at 50°C 0 37 calc at 66°C 98 1 Calc 2 6 8 T (514°F) 51 2 atm 597 CalC -527 calc 17Debye 758 15x10' 80 9 1 calc 53

Cdnducttwty (mhos/cm, 25°C) Evgmalion Rateln-butyl acetate 1) Wutnlity Parameter Hydrogen-Bonding Index MiscihtiW with water, alcohols, diethyl ether. esters, ketones.'allphatic, aromatic. and chlorinated hydrocarbons inlinite There &la ue

ol cwrenl p r o d u c ~ LNJI UE nd nec88mW spscl(lCall0n.

(continued)

Ethers Table 10.45: (contlnued) High Solvont Capacity for Roalna Many THF applications are based on its solvent capacity lor resins. including high-molecular-weightvinyls For example THF IS the solvent-of-choice for PVC pipe welding and bonding of other molded items Vinyl lopcoating formulations, e g lor automobile roofs and upholstery Magnetic tape binder systems Thermoplastic polyurethane coatings Printing inks for plastics Polyurethane adhesives for shoes Polyester laminating adhesives Polymer reactor cleaning

.

.. ...

PVC, CPVC, polyvinyhdene,and vinyl chloride copolymers dissolve readily in THF at room temperature Solutions wdh high solids content and workable viscosities can be prepared Many other resins, elastomers, and uncured polyurethanesand epoxies are soluble The list includes

Extradon W e n t THF is an excellent extraction solvent for many natural products, including alkaloids. fats, waxes, rubbers, and resins The following natural resins are soluble in THF Congo ester coumarone-indene ester gum dammar manila copal pentaerythritol ester gum rosin shellac A 66" boiling point allows refluxing in normal water-cooled systems without loss of THF, it also simplifies separation and recovery of the desired product Mixtures of THF and water are especially effective solvents for alkaloids, such as caffeine

Typical Range of Reain 8duMlltka In THF va MEK

Resin Type

Wt% Realn for 2500 cpa, 25.C THF MEK

Polyvinyl Chloride' Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloridez Poly (Vinyl Chloride/VinylAcetateY Polyurethane' PolyvinylideneChloride5

13-20 16 27-40 17 44

__ - '"Exon" 654 (Firestone) "Geon" 121, 101, 103EP (Goodrich) PVC-71 Dispersion (Diamond Shamrock) WC Pearls 2200. 2250 (Escambia) "Marvinol" 10 (Uniroyal) "Vinylite" QYNV (Union Carbide) "Vygen" 1 10, 120 (General Tire)

<3-5 (5 17-22 (3 (3

'Hi-Temp "Geon" (Goodrich) a"Vinylde" WNS, VMCH. WHH. VAGH (Union Carbide) '"Estane" 5701 F-1 (Goodrich) 5"Saran" F-242 (Dow)

491

492

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.45: (continued) Rapid Evaporation and Diffusion Rates When used in topcoating, printing. or other continuous operations, THF has a distinct advantage over many other solvents due to its rapid evaporation and diffusion through plastic films This can substantially reduce costs by permitting increased machine speeds ~

Comparative Solvent

Evaporation Rate

THF DMF 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl Ether MEK Toluene Butyl Acetate

800 30 310 3300 570 240 100

The rate of diffusion of THF through PVC or polyvinylidene films ISabout twice that of MEK.

typical Resin-Sovent Applications Welding W C pipe and bonding molded plastic articles.

~

Topcoating formulations for vinyl labric and sheeting

Magnetic tape manufacture

Pigmented polyurethane coatings Shrink and blister packaging

Advantagem of THF Gives rapid, uniform bite into substrate Can be used uncompounded as primer coat for cement. Has short set lime or can be used with cosolvent lo control set time Compatible with inorganic fillers. Contributes excellent bond strength. Can be used with highest molecular weight resins for toughness. Low viscosity solutions simplify application by machine or hand. Stabilizes adhesive solutions and minimizes gelling. Redisperses accidentally gelled formulation. Rapid evaporation increases production rates. Exceptional capacity lor high-molecularweight resins. Coatings are dielectric heat sealable, resistant to plasticizer migration. have good strength and durability. Can be used in solvent mixtures to stabilize the cosolvent and reduce viscosity. Promotes uniform coating thickness when used in the binder system or in prime coats on polyester or cellulose acetate. Rapid drying. Increases production rates. No effect on colors. In solutions with coalescents, produces good films for transfer coating fabric laminates employing urethanebased adhesive tie coats. Produces films with strength, clarity and uniformity; more impermeable to moisture and air than many calendered or organosol-cast films. Requires minimum amount of solvent which is easily recovered for low cost. Rapid evaporation and diffusion reduce solvent retention and bubble formation.

(continued

Ethers Table 10.45: (continued) Typical Resin-Sovent Appllcations

493

Advantages of THF

Cellophane coating

Minimizes gelling of coating formulation. Gives high coating speeds. Improves clarity and functional properties of cast film.

__

Permits use of high-molecular-weight resins for ink toughness. Can be used in flexographic and gravure inks and for printing W C wire insulation and vinyl sheeting or fabrics. Quick bite and rapid evaporation reduces smears. Water flushable. Removes vinyl. polyurethane, ABS, polystyrene, and other resin deposits. Residues usually dissolve with mild agitation. Easily recov%&. Can be used to improve formulations for paint removers based on nonflammable solvents. Has synergistic effect in cold cleaners.

Printing inks

Cleaning polymer reactors, engines, machinery; paint removers

Table 10.46: 2,B-Dihydropyran (2) CHz C k

I

CII,

'CH

II

CH

'0' Phyrical Properties

Molecular weight Boiling point 20'C SP g. 4'c I

Colorless liquid with characteristic odor 84.11 8546°C 0.923

Table 10.47: Tetrahydropyran (2)

Pentamethylene Oxide

Tetrahydropyran reacts with chlorine to form mono-, di-, tri- and tetrachlorotetrohydropyrans. Reaction with acid chlorides yields omega-haloamyl esters. Conversion to dihalides such as 1,5-dibromopentane and 1,5-dichIoropentane can be effected. Ammonia and aliphatic and aromatic amines yield piperidine ond substituted piperidines. I t i s used as a solvent for resins, plastics and rubbers. Lacquers can be made by dissolving certain organic film-forming substances i n tetrahydropyran. Solutions of high solids content a t a working viscosity can be obtained. A solution of nitrocellulose i n tetrahydropyran gives clear, nonblushing films. Tetrahydropyran i s miscible with water, drying oils and most common organic solvents. The ether-like structure and ability of tetrahydropyran to dissolve a wide range of nonresinous materials suggest its use as a reaction medium for chemical processes such as Grignard reactions. Appesrunce Colorlee&,mobile, liquid Odor Ether-like hloleculnr weight 86.13 Boiling point &3'C at 760 mm 0.8814 Specific gravity, 2OoC/4'C Index of refraction, N20/D 1.420 Flash point -4'F Solubility-Miscible with nater; less soluble in hot than cold water. Miscible with alcohol, ether, and most common organic solvents.

494

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 10.48: Tetrahydropyran-2-Methanol (79)

Determined

on specially

purified sample

Molecular Weight ..................................... 116.16 Apparent Specific Gravity a t 20/20°C. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0272 ,4 Sp.Gr.A t., 10 to 40OC. ............................ 0.00083 per OC. .1.0254 g. per ml. True Density a t 20°C. ................................ Bailing Paint a t 760 mm. Hg . . . . . . . ........................ 186.8OC. a t 300 mm. Hg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154OC. at 1Omm. Hg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72OC. Vapor Pressure a t 2OOC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I b.p.l.4 p., 750 to 770 mm. Hg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Absolute Viscosity ............................. 29.3 cps. a t 0°C. a t 20°C. ................................. 11.0 cps. a t 40°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 cpr. Surface Tension a t 25°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 dynes per cm. Freezing Point . . . . . . . . . . .............. -70°C. (a) Heat of Vaporization a t 1 atm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Btu per Ib. 173 Btu per Ib. a t 300 mm. Hg ..................... 1.4581 Refractive Index, nD 20°C.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h nD/A t., 20 ta 4OOC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00043 per 'C. Solubility In Water a t 20°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Complete Water In a t 20°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Complete Solubility in Organic Solvents a t 25°C. ocetone, benzene, ethyl ether, heptane, Complete methanol, carbon tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flash Point, Cleveland open cup (ASTM Methad D92) . . . . . 200OF. (b) Sets to a glass belor this t.mp.rolur. (b) Commorciol motwial (0)

Table 10.49: Terplnyl Methyl Ether (2)

Terposol

No. 3

This terpine ether known as terpinyl methyl ether i s a light, colored liquid with a pleasant odor, which contains some impurities. I t i s a strong solvent for resins and i s used in alkyd enamels to the extent of 2 per cent to which i t imparts flow.

(continued)

Ethers Table 10.49: (contlnu2d) Aniline point Color (hvibond 51)o Amber Series OIMIW~) Dislillalion ranue (A8TM) 5%

W%

80% 95%

Flwh point (Cleveland open cup) Freezing point Kauri-Butanol aolvency value Moirture Ilelractive index at 20°C Specific gravity at 15.5/16.5'C Viscority at 26'C (Ubbelohde)

216.o~~ 2ie.60~ 217.6"C 218.T 178°F Below -1O'C Approx. 0.10%

1.4712 0.9192 31.8 cp

Mx)

495

Glycol Ethers Table 11.1: ARCOSOLV Ethylene and Propylene Glycol Ethers (70) Physical Properties ARC0

WIOENAME

ioluna

CHLMlUl NAME

us#

MOL.

w.

u_

PT. r lomm

OWCIFIC GRIVlTY

mo

eiworunoi LOW# 20%

&ETA FUSH'F

-

RAE

-.

BUltdml

PM

Pwylene Glycol Methyl Ether

107-98-2

120

0.923

7.65

89 TCC2

88

PE

Pmpykne Glycol Ethyl Ether

52125-53-6

104 1

133

0.902

7.50

95

47

PNP

Pmpylane Giycd n-PropylEther

1569-01-3

118.2

150

0.887

7.38

119 TCC 2

21

m

PmpykneGlycol1-ButylEthw

57018-52-7

132.2

153

0.870

7.25

113

25

PNB

Pmwlene Glycol n-Butyl Ether

513165-8

1322

170

0.880

7.30

136

7

DPM

Osxopylene Glycol Methyl Elher

34590-94-8

148.2

188

0.951

7.90

167

2

DPNP

olpmpylene Glycol n-Propyl Ether

29911-27-1

176.3

212

0.922

7.70

19OCC3

1.3

DPTE

BpmpybneGlycol t-Butyl Ether

132739-31-2

190.3

212

0.907

7.54

188

1.5

DPNB

w e n e Ghpol n-Butyl Ether

29911-28-2

190.3

229

0.912

7.58

214

0.4

TPM

Tlipnopyene Glycol Methyl Ether

25496-49-1

206.3

242

02

TPNB

Tr~mp)&ne GI@ n-BulylEther

55934-93-5

248.4

EM

Ethylene Glycd Methyl Ether

109-86-4

EE

Ethylene Glycol Ethyl Ether

11080-5

EP

Ethylene G i y d Propyl Ether

EB EH

90.1

0.962

8.03

232

276

0.934

7.80

255 PMCC'

76.10

124

0.966

8.04

105 TCC2

53

90.12

134

0.931

7.75

110 TCC2

35

2807-30-9

104.15

149

0.913

7.59

120TCC2

22

Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether

111-76-2

118.17

169

0.902

7.51

143TCCz

6

Ethylene Glycd Hexyl Ether

112-25-4

146.23

208

0.889

7.40

179TCC2

1

EEH

EthyieneGI@ Ethyl Hexyl Ether

155435-9

174.29

224

0.692

7.42

208

0.3

DM

kthylene Glycol Methyl Ether

111-77-3

120.15

191

1.023

8.51

191 TCC2

2

DE

Lhthylene G l v l Ethyl Ether

111-90-0

134.17

198

0.990

8.25

195TCC2

2

DP

Dethylene Glycol Propyl Ether

6881-94-3

148.20

202

0.963

8.04

200 TCC2

1

DB

W h y k n e Glycd Butyl Ether

112-34-5

162.23

0.955

7.94

232 c o C 5

0.3

-

-

-

230

-

-

<.l

-

(continued)

496

Glycol Ethers Table 11.1: (contlnued)

WSEN SOLUBl EQI

u11

COE

ffie

WILN 0

HMIB P

MIEN

H

Tom1 IMEN

- -- - - - - -

ARC0

MOElULIE

PM

100

1.402

27.0

8.1

1.7

7.5

3.2

7.5

11.1

PE

100

1.405

29.7

4.4

1.8

7.4

2.7

6.9

10.5

PNP

100

1.410

27.0

1 .8

2.3

7.6

2.4

65

7.3

-

I

0.58

83

98.5

0 55

7.8

10.3

93

0.55

7.4 6.9

107

PTB

17

1.410

24.4

1.9

3.4

2.1

6.0

8.7

61 .O

0.55

PNB

6

1.416

26.3

0.62

31

7.5

2.1

6.0

9.8

785

0.63

6.9

DPM

100

1.420

29.0

0.17

34

7.4

3.0

6.3

10.2

73.4

0.53

8.2

DPNP

18

1.42

25.8

0.05

4.4

7.4

2.4

5.7

9.6

74.9

0.51

7.2

m

12

1.421

26.0

0.04

4.9

7.3

22

5.4

8.3

67.7

0.59

6.8

DPNB

5

1.425

288

0.02

4.4

7.4

2.2

5.5

9.5

61.1

0.49

6.8

1W

1.428

29.0

0.03

5.6

7.4

3.0

5.7

9.8

74.0

0.51

TPM

- - -- - - - - - - -2A

5.1

ga

59.7

0.48

6.6

1.5

7.9

4.5

8.0

12.1

123.9

0.53

8.8

4.5

7.0

11.5

107.5

0.56

8.3

88.4

0.56

1.433

29.9

4.01

8.0

1.4021

30.8

6.2

EP

1w 1w 1w

EB

TPNB

EM

1.4076

29.3

3.8

2.1

7.9

1.4136

27.9

1.3

2.4

7.9

4.2

6.6

11.1

1w

1.4193

26.6

0.6

6.4

7.8

2.5

8.0

102

EH

1

1.4290

30.3

<1 .o

5.2

9.0

2.4

7.2

11.7

EEH

0.2

1.4361

27.6

0.08

7.0

7.8

2.0

2.5

8.4

EE

8.1

7.4

3

7.8 7.4 64 54

DM

100

1.4268

348

0.2

3.9

7.9

3.8

6.2

10.7

92.7

0.54

9.2

DE

1Mf

1.4260

322

0.12

45

7.9

3.8

6.2

10.7

e45

0.55

8.6

DP

100

1.4290

32 3

0.03'

41

78

3.5

5.5

10.2

0 02

4.7

7.8

3.4

52

10.0

74 3

0.54

DB

-

1W

1.4316

-

30.0

-

Regulatory Information

a

O

B

3

0

rw

o

x

1

3

0

rw

o

x

1

2

0

W

O

B

1

2

0

Ty)

o

x

1

7

0

W

O

B

0

2

0

rm

o

x

0

?

11

W

o

x

0

2

0

(w

o

x

0

1

0

rw

O

B

0

1

0

rw

o

x

0

-

1

'

W

2

2

0

2

2

0

2

2

0

2

2

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

-

L

yes

8.2 7.7

-

497

498

Industrial Solvents Handbook

'

/ I

I

,

v ) N - O O O O ~ O Q

I

Glycol Ethers 499

500

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 11.4: DOWANOL Glycol Ethers and Acetates (23)

Nomenclature of DOWANOL Products DOWANOGPWxkT

I

CHEMICAL NAME

I FORMULA

CA' INDEX NAME

I

CAS'NO.3

P-Series Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether

DPM

Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether I

2-Propano1,l methoxy-

107-98-2

Propanol, (2-methoxymethyleth6iry)-

34590-94-8 25498-49-1

I

TPM

Tripropylene Glycol Methyl Ether

CHfl(C3HsOf3H

2-Propanol, I-[2-(methoxy1-methylethoxy)I-methylethoxyl-

PMA

Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate

CH30C3H600CCH3

2-Propano1,l -methoxy, -Acetate

DPMA

Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate

CH30(C3H60)20CCH3

Propanol, (Pmethoxymethylethoxy),-Acetate

88917-22-0

PPh

Propylene Glycol Phenyl Ether

C6H50C3H60H

2-Propanol, 1-phenoxy-

770-35-4

BC-100

Propylene-based Glycol Ether Blend

107-98-2 34590-94-8

BC-200

Propylene-based Glycol Ether Blend

107-98-2 34590-94-8

BC-300

Propylene-based Glycol Ether Acetate Blend

108-65-6 88917-22-0

I

108-65-6

E-Series EB

Ethylene Glycol n-Butyl Ether

Ethanol, 2-butoxy-

111-76-2

OB

Diethylene Glycol n-Butyl Ether

Ethanol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-

112-34-5

TBH

Triethylene Glycol n-Butyl Ether and Higher Homologs

Ethanol, 2-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethoxyj-

143-22-6

DM

Diethylene Glycol Methyl Ether

Ethanol, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-

111-77-3

TMH

Triethylene Glycol Methyl Ether and Higher Homologs

CH+WZHIO)~H

Ethanol, 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxyl-

112-35-6

EPh

Ethylene Glycol Phenyl Ether

C~H~OC~HIOH

Ethanol, 2-phenoxy-

122-99-6

DALPAD A

Aromatic-Based Glycol Ether

C&,OC2H4OH

Ethanol, 2-phenoxy-

122-99-6

~

(n = 3,4,5)

Index (AmericanChemical Society) ChemicalAbsiracl Servlcs (American Chemical Society) 3 CAS No 101 malor component Rsler to MSOS lor detailed CAS No listing 1 ChemicalAbstract

2

(continued J

Glycol Ethers

501

Table 11.4: (continued)

Specification Limits and Analytical Methods for DOWANOL Products

DOWANOL

Dow Method tor Gas Chromatography Assay, Wt.% Glycol Ether, (GC) (GC) Wt.% (GC)

PM

ML-AM-85-1

DPM

22345A

TPM

I

Note 1 99

I

I

-~

I

22477A

99

0.5

DPMA

ML-AM-83-55

98

0.5

BC-100

22036

BC-200

22037

I

09987A

I

Specific Gravity, 25125°C (ASTM D-891)

117-125t

0.918-0.921t

10

0.1

0.01

184-193t

0.945-0.957t

15

0.15

0 01

236-251

I

0.962-0.965

Color, Water, Wt.%, APHA, max. max. (ASTM D-1209) (ASTM 0-1364)

I

15

I

I

0.01

~

PMA

BC-300

Yo Acidity, (as Acetic Acid), max. (ASTM D-1613)

Distillation Range, "C at 760 mm Hg IBP-DP (ASTM 0-1078)

15

0 05

0 02

15

0 05

0 05

98 .O

15

0 15

0 01

98 .O

15

0 15

0 01

98.0

I

0.5

~-

~~

140-150t

I

I

I

15

I

0.05

I

0.02

EB

169-173

0.898-0.901

10

0 10

0 01

OB

227-235

0.950-0.954

10

0 10

0 01

DM

191-198

1 017-1.021

10

0 10

0 01

Hexa-Adduct Total Glycol Wt.%, max. Wt.%, max.

Water, Wt.%, max.

Daw Method (for GC)

Di-Adduct Wt.%, max.

Tri-Adduct Wt.%, min.

Tetra-Adduct Wt. YO,max.

Penta-Adduct Wt.%, max.

TMH

22560A

5.0

65.0

24 0

6.0

1.o

60

02

TBH

22523A

53

32

8

1.5

5

0.2

Dow Method (for GC)

10

Related Assay, Wt. Yo, Compounds, min. Wt.%, max.

Specific Gravity, 25125°C

Color, APHA, max.

Phenol, Wt.%, max. (Note 2)

PPh

22484

93

7

50

0.1

EPh

22399C

90

10

50

0.5

DALPAD A

I

I

I

1

1.106-1.110

I

25

I

t Typical Property Note 1' DOWANOL PM assay includes i-methoxy-2-pmpanol, 97%. minimum. and 2-methoxy-1-propanol. 3 % maximum Note 2: Dow Method 22399C is used to determine phenol using 4-aminoantipyrine reagent in OOWANOL EPh Dow Method 22484 is used lo determine phenol in DOWANOL PPh.

(continued)

4

Glycol Ethers

503

Table 11.5: Eastman Chemicals Glycol Ethers (4 7)

Boiling Range OC -

Freezing Point 'C

Flash Point TCC

2Q012i0C

Acidity, as Acetic Acid Max Wt 96

0.931

0.005

134-136

-94

43 (110)

99.9

10

0:913

0.01

149-154

<-90

49 (120)

99.6

7.51

10

0.902

0.01

169-173

-75

62 (143)

99.6

8.51

10

1.023

0.01

191-198

-85

88 (191)

-

8.25

10

0.990

0.01

198-204

-90

91 (195)

99.3

EKTASOLVE DE-HG Solventb <0.01 8.56 (Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl EtherEthylene Glycol) ICzHs(OCzH320HJ[HOCHzCH~OH]

10

1.027

0.01

190-205

-70

96 (205)

-

EKTASOLVE DP Solvent 0.01 (Diethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)

8.04

10

0.963

0.01

202-216

<-90

93 (200)

99.4

7.94

10

0.955

0.01

230-235

-76

111 (232)

99.6

Evaporation Rate n-BuOAcrl EE Solvent' 0.30 (Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether)

Lbl Gal Ga 2Ooc

Color Pt-Co

7.75

10

7.59

Max

specific Gravltv @

(OF)

ASMY Mln Wt )c

C~HIOC~HIOH EKTASOLVP EP Solvent 0.20 (Ethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)

C,HX)CJ~AOH EKTASOLVE EB Solvent 0.06 (Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether)

CIHOOCIHIOH EKTASOLVE DM Solvent 0.02 (Diethylene Glycol Monomethyi Ether)

CHJ(OCZH~ZOH EKTASOLVE DE Solvent 0.02 (Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether)

CzHdOCzH4)zOH

CJHAOCZ~)ZOH EKTASOLVE DB Solvent 0.003 (Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether)

COC

C~HO(~ZH&OH EKTASOLVE EEH Solvent 0.003 7.42 (EthylenelDiethyleneGlycol 2-Ethylhexyl Ether)

50

0.892

0.01

224-275

<-6O

C~H~CH(CZHS)CH~OCZH~OH 'For s8le outside USA on/y bHigh gr8vity solvent

I uniar carbids

Ocndental

N(IMENCIATURE OF GLYCOL EEIERS AND GLYCOL EI;HER ESERS

98 (208)

-

504

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 11.6: Grant Chemical Glycol Diethers (GLYMES) (27) B.P.

POLYGLYME CH3-O-(CH~CHZ-O)~-CH~

00

___t-

Poly(ethy1eneglycol) dimethyl ether [24991-55-71

BUTYL DIGLYME -

B.P. 275°C

TETRAGLYME CH~-O-(CHZCHZ-O)~-CH~ Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether Bis[Z-(Z-methoxyethoxy) ethyl] ether Dimethoxytetraethyleneglycol 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxapentadecane (143-24-81

B.P. 256°C

i2C.H2CHzCH3 CH~CH~CHZCHZ-O-(CHZCHZ-O)Z-C~

Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Bis(2-butoxyethyl)ether Dibutoxydiethyleneglycol Dibutyl Carbitol' 5,8,11 -trioxapentadecane [112-73-21 B.P. 216°C

ETHYL DIGLYME' i 3 CH3CH2-O-(CHZCHZ-O)Z-CHZCI

ETHYL GLYME, CH~CH~-O-CHZCH~-O-CHZCH~ Ethylene glycol diethyl ether 1.2-Diethoxyethane Diethoxyethyleneglycol Diethyl Cellosolve' Ethane; 1,2-diethoxy 3,6-dioxaoctane (629-14-11

Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether 1,2-Bis(2-rnethoxyethoxy)ethane Dirnethoxytriethyleneglycol 2,5,8,11 -tetraoxadodecane [112-43-21

B.P. 189°C

Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Bis(2-ethoxyethyl)ether Diethoxydiethyleneglycol Diethyl Carbitol' Ethane, 1,l '-oxybis[2-ethoxy3,6,9-trioxaundecane [112-36-71

TRIGLYME CHB-O-(CHZCH~-O)~-CH~

B.P.

62"c

DlGLYME CH3-0-(CH2CH2-0)2-CH3 Diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether Bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether Dimethoxydiethylene glycol Dimethyl Carbitol' Ethane, 1,l '-oxybis[2-methoxy2,5,8-trioxanonane [ l 11-96-61

B.P. 121"C

MONOGLY ME CHYO-CHLCHZ-O-CH~ 6.P 85.2% -

Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 1.2-Dimethoxyethane Dirnethoxyethylene glycol DME Ethane. 1.2-dirnethoxy2.5-Dtoxatiexane 1110 71 4 ) (continued)

Glycol Ethers 505

506

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 11.7: Occidental Ethylene Glycol Ethers and Glycol Ether Acetates (27) Products, Grades and Specifications: Glycol Ethers and Acetates

SPECIFICATION.

EM

Purity. weight % niiri

99.5

Color. APIHA niax

Acidity (as acetic acid).

15

IO 0.01

DM

DMJ

TM

10

10

50 98

0.01

I

I

EE

IO

0.01

0.005

w1% I l l a x

Sperific gravity. 20/20"C

0.964 0.967

0.963 0.967

1.0211.027

1.0201.025

1.0381.058

0.9290.932

Distillation range, IBP. min DP. "C max

123.5 125

123.5 125.5

191.0 198.0

191.0 198.0

235.0 255.0

134 136

Water. weight % max

0.10

0.15

0.10

0.10

0.2

0.10

Acid no..mgKOH/gm. max

0.09

Ethylene glycol. wt % max

0.025

0.5

pH. 25% solution at 25°C

5.0 - 7.0

5.0 - 8.5

Refractive index at 20°C

4015-1.4025

Anlioxidant ( B W . ppm

50

-

0.09

50

150

Flash point (PMCC). "C

SPECIFICATION'

-

5.0 - 9.0

150

85

DE

EB

DB

Purity. weight % min

Color. APHA max Acidity (as acetic add).

10

10

10

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.989 0.994

0.9010.904

0.'9530.956

wt% max

specific gravity. 20/20'c

0.9750.985

Products, Grades and Specifications: Heavy Glycol Ethers

I

SPECIFICATXON*

HM

HHM

Triethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether and higher molecular wt. Monomethyl Ethers. wt % min

55.0

55.0

Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether. wt % max

10.0

2.0

HE

Trlethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether and higher molecular wt. Monoethyl Ethers. wt O h min

70.0

Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether. wt % max

10.0

HB

Methylene Glycol Monobuthyl Ether and higher molecular wt. Monobuthyl Ethers. wt % mln

88.0

Diethylene Glycol Monobuthyl Ether. wt % max

12

Water. weight % max

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

pH. alcoholic (50/50)

7.5-11.0

7.5-11.0

7.5-11.0

7.5- 1 1.O

100

100

100

200

1.031.06

1.04-1.06

0.941.06

).984-1.002

238

249

220

Color. AF'HA rnax

specinc gravity at 20/2o0c (typical) Minimum Boillng Point "C

250

(continued )

Glycol Ethers

507

Table 11.7: (continued) Occidental Glycol Ethers and Glycol Ether Acetates

rwIcAL PROPERTIES

-

I

EM

Molecular wright

76 1

Auto-ignition temp.. "C

285

76.1

120.15

DM-J

TM

EE

120.15

164.2

90.1 235

Boiling point. "C

124 2

194.0

249.0

135.5

kee;lry poinl, "C

-85

-68.9

44.0

-90

Flash point ITCC). "F

105

192

238

110

124.5

194.0

Surface tension Q 25°C. dynes/cm2

30.9

30.9

35.9

35.9

38.7

28.2

Refractive index at 20°C

1.4021

1.4021

1.4263

1.4263

1.4381

1.4076

Vapor pressure at 20°C. inm Hg

6.2

6.2

0.2

0.2


3.8

Viscosity at 20°C. cP

2.05

Coeff. of expansion at 20°C

0.00095

Weight/gal. in Ibs. at 20°C

8.04

TYPICAL PROPERTIES

::::1 ::

0.00095

0.00088

3.87

7.5

2.1

0.00088

0.00088

0.00097

8.51

8.74

7.75

DE

EB

DB

EEA

ERA

DBA

134.17

118.2

162.2

132.2

160.2

204.3

Auto-ignition temp., OC

204

244

228

379

340

200

Boiling point. "C

202

171

230

156.4

Freezing point, O C

-76

- 70

-68

-62 126

165

240

Molecular weight

Flash point W C ) , "F

196

150

214

Surface tension @ 25°C. dynes/cm2

31.8

27.4

30.0

Refractive index at 20°C

1.4297

1.4193

1.4316

1.4030

1.4200

1.4200

Vapor pressure at 20°C. mm Hg

0.1

<1

< 0.1

2.0

0.25

0.04

Viscosity at 20°C. cP

4.5

6.4

6.5

1.3

1.8

3.6

Coeff. of expansion at 20°C

0.00090

0.00092

0.00085

0.00109

0.001 00

0.00097

Weight/gal. in Ibs. at 20°C

8.25

7.52

7.95

8.11

7.85

8.16

(continued

508

..

rc

Industrial Solvents Handbook

9)

5 0

.c

>

(ID

Y

->s E

Q

f

OD

-E 0 0 OD

5

Glycol Ethers

.-B . I

c

s

509

c

510

m

4l

5

0

w

>

m

Industrial Solvents Handbook

8 rn

5

s:

.$

Y

f

F

0

r

E E 0

10

r-

@,

I

8 c-

Glycol Ethers

511

512

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 11.8: Olin Chemicals Poly-Solv Propylene Glycol Ethers (66)

Olin produces five ethylene glycol ethers: Poly-Solv@‘ EM, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (CH,OCH,2CH,2OH) Poly-Soh DM, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (CH3OC$C%OC$C%OH)

Poly-Soh DE, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (CH3C%OC4C%OC~C&OI-l)

PolySolv TM, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether CH3(OCH&q)3 OH

Poly-Soh TE, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether

cH3c%coc%c%)3oH Typical Physical Properties EM. DM DE Boiling Point (“C) Q 760 mm Hg @50mmHg @ 1OmmHg Coefficient of Expansion @ 20°C @ 55°C I Density @ 25°C (Ib/gal) Flash Point, TCC (“C) (OF)

194 115 82

0.00095 0.00099 8.05 41 106

-

-

0.00088 8.51 87 188

0.00084 8.24 85 185

-

-

-

-85 -121

-85 -121

555.9 76.09 1.4021 Complete Complete 0.966 2.233 6.2 1.7

Flash Point, COC (“C)

(“F) Freezing Point (“C) (OF)

Heat of Vaporization @ 760 mm Hg (jouledg) Molecular Weight Refractive Index @ 20°C Solubility @ 20°C Poly-Soh in water water in Poly-Solv Specific Gravity, apparent @ 2O/2O0C Specific Heat @ 2OoC (jouledg-”C) Vapor Pressure @ 20°C (mm Hg) Viscosity, absolute @ 20°C (cp)

EM

202 121 87

124 55 27

TM

TE

249 152 126

256 158 130 -

8.50

-

-76 -105

118 245 -55 -67

124 255 -2 1 -5.8

379.1 120.15 1.4263

402.4 134.17 1.4273

327.6 164.20 1.4381

299.8 178.23 1.4376

Complete Complete 1.021 2.149 0.2 3.9

Complete Complete 0.989 2.308 0.1 4.5

Complete Complete 1.048

Complete Complete 1.022

<0.01 7.5

<0.01

Specifications DM DE (regular)

DE

7.8

TM

TE

oow

gravity) Water, max (%by weight) Acidity, as acetic acid (%by weight) Specific Gravity @ 20/20°C Color, max (APHA) Odor Suspended Matter Boiling Range (“C) Initial boiling point, min 5%, min 950/, max Dry point, max

-

M Mld

N = Substmtlallynone

0.01

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.01 0.9640.967 10

0.01 1.0191.025 15

0.01 1.0241.030 10

0.01 0.9890.993 10

M

M

M

F

F

F

M F

0.01 1.0371.055 50 C F

0.01 1.020 1.035 50 C F

123.5

198

220 230

225 235

C = Chamamsuc

191

-

190

-

125.5

198

200 205

-

-

-

205

-

-

F = SubrtmtldiyF m

(continued1

Glycol Ethers

513

Table 11.8: (continued)

Poly-SohDPM, dipropyleneglycol monomethyl ether

Olin offers three propylene glycol monomethyl ethers:

Poly-Solv"' MPM, propylene glycol monomethyl ether

cH3

(OGH&OH

Poly-Solv TPM, tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether

CH3 (OC3H6)OH

cH3

(°C3Hfj)30H Typical Physical Properties

Specifications

Acidity, as acetic acid, max (% by weight) Water, m a (%by weight) Specific Gravity @ 20/2O"C

MPM

DPM

TPM

0 01

0 01

0.01

01

0.1

-

09220 925 10

Color, max (APHA) Suspended Matter Sb Boiling Range @ 760 mm Hg ("C) Initial Boiling Point, nun 119 Dry Point, max 125 2smoc

Boiling Point Q 760 mm Hg ("C) Flash Pointc ("C)

("F)

0.9530.957 15

0.9640.976= 15

S

S

180 196

236 25 1

Molecular Weight Pour Point ("C) Refractive Index, n,, @ 25'C Solubility in Water Specific Gravity @ 20120 Vapor Pressure @ 20°C (mm Hg) Viscosity @ 2 0 T (cs)

b= subMntlatyfircc

MPM

DPM

TPM

120 32 89 90.1 -97

187 78 172 148.2 -83

242 107 225 206.3 -78

1.419 1.428 1.4036d Complete Complete Complete 0.923

0.954

0.969

12.5 1.9

0.4 3.9

0.02

6.1

"@ 2 V C

Table 11.9: Union Carbide Glycol Ethers (19)

Alcohol -

Ethylene Oxide, moles 1

2

3

~

_ _ ~ ~ .

~

Methanol

Ethanol

Propanol

Butanol

Hexanol

Methyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent

CELLOSOLVE Solvent

Propyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent

Butyl CEI.LOSOLVE Solvent

Hexyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent

(Ethylene Glycol Monornethyl Ether)

(Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether)

(Ethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether)

(Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether)

(Ethylene Glycol Monohexyl Ether)

CAS" 109-86-4

CAS 1 10-80-5

CAS 2807-30-9

CAS 1 1 1-76-2

CAS 1 12-25-4

Methyl CARBITOL Solvent

CARBITOL Solvent

Butyl CARBITOL Solvent

Hexyl CARBITOL Solvent

(Diethylene Glycol Monornethyl Ether)

(Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether)

(Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether)

(Diethylene Glycol Monohexyl Ether)

CAS 1 1 1-77-3

CAS 11 1-90-0

CAS 112-34-5

CAS 1 12-59-4

Methoxytriglycol

Ethoxytriglycol

Butoxytriglycol

(TriethyleneGlycol Monomethyl Ether)

(TriethyleneGlycol Monoethyl Ether)

(TriethyleneGlycol Monobutyl Ether)

CAS 112 - 3 5 6

CAS 1 12-50-5

CAS 143-226

'Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Number

___

514

Industrial Solvents Handbook

METHYLAL Di methoxymethane

CH30CH20CH3

Methylene Dimethyl Ether Methylal i s a low-boiling solvent, stable i n the presence of alkalis and mild acids, and to high temperatures and pressures. I t differs from other ethers i n that i t forms only minute omounts of peroxides. I t w i l l dissolve such synthetic resins as nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate and propionate, ethyl cellulose, vinyl, "Epons" and polystyrene, and also many of the natural gums and waxes. Methylal as a latent solvent i s activated by the addition of esters, ketones or alcohols. Its evaporation rate, twice that of acetone, places this ether in a class with such solvents as acetone, methyl acetate and ethyl acetate i n resin formulations.

Table 11.lo: Physical Properties of Methylal (2) Acidity (as acetic acid), '/o by wt. (max.) Aldehydes, YOby wt. (max.) Appearance Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg, "C. Boiling range, "C. Flash point (Cleveland open cup), O F . Freezing range, "C. Heat of combustion (Btu/lb.) at 20°C. Refractive index (nD at 25°C.) Melting point, "C. Methylal content, Yo (min.) Molecular weight Specific gravity, 20/20°C. Surface tension at 25 ', dynes/cm. Vapor pressure at 20"C., mm. Hg centipoise5 Viscosity at 20°C

.,

0.1 0.1 water-whi te 42.3 42.0 to 43.5

0 -104.8 10.97 1,35335 -104.8

97 76.1

0.8601 21.1 330 0.325

ETHYLENE GLYCOLS Table 11.11: Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (2)

METHYL CELLOSOLVE Solvent POLY-SOLV EM ARCOSOLV EM Glycol Ether EM

HO-CH2C H2-O-CH3

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether i s a colorless, limpid liquid of mild odor. I t i s miscible with water and with aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. I t i s a solvent for essential oils, lignin, dammar, elemi, ester gum, kauri, mastic, rosin, sandaroc, shellac, Zanzibar, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, alcohol-soluble dyes and many synthetic resins. I t s solvency far cellulose esters i s augmented when a ketone or a halogenated hydrocarbon i s added. The uses for methyl "Cellosolve" are as a solvent i n quick-drying varnishes and enamels, i n conjunction with aliphatic, aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols and ketones; i n solvent mixtures and thinners for lacquers and dopes; i n the manufacture of synthetic resin plasticizers and as a penetrating and leveling agent i n dyeing processes, especially i n the dyeing of leather, animal and vegetable fibers. Other uses are as o fixative i n perfumes and as a solvent i n odorless nail-polish lacquers. "Dowanol EM" should not be added to nitrocellulose lacquers containing coumarone resins or ester gum because i t w i l l cause incompatibility between these substances.

(continued)

Glycol Ethers

515

Table 11.11: (Gontinued)

.

Acidity (as acetic acid) % by w t (max .) Boiling Foint at 760 mm. Hg, "C. Calor (APHA, max .) Coefficient of expansion at: 20°C. 55°C. Flash point (Cleveland open cup), " F . Freezing range, "C. Heat of vaporization (Btu/lb.) Refractive index (ng at 25°C.) Molecular weight Specific gravity, 20/20°C. Specific heat (average) cat ./"C. Surface tension a t ZOC., dynes/cm. Solubility: in water at 2OOC. water i n at 20°C. Vapor pressure a t 2O"C., mm. Hg Viscosity: at 25"F., centipoises at 60°F ., centipoises Weight per gal. a t 2OoC., Ib.

0.01 124.2 15 0.00095 0.00099 115 -85.1 239 1.4021 76.09 0.9663 0.534 30.8 complete complete

9.7 1.53 0.85 8.01

Table 11-12: Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether (2) CELLOSOLVE Solvent ARCOSOLV EE Glycol Ether EE

HOCH2CH20C2H5

This colorless liquid has a m i l d and agreeable odor and combines a low evaporation rate with a strong solvent action. It i s miscible i n a l l proportions with acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, methanol and water. It has a powerful solvent action on nitrocellulose and alkyd resins and an extremely high dilution ratio with coal-tar hydrocarbons. This solvent w i l l tolerate 4.9 times i t s own volume of toluene before the mixture w i l l cease to dissolve nitrocellulose, while butyl acetate w i l l tolerate only 2.9 times i t s volume. Acidity (as acetic acid), % by wt. (max.) Appearance Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg, "C. Fire point (open cup), O F . Flash point (Cleveland open cut), "F. Freezing range, "C. Refractive index (nD a t 20°C.) Molecular weight

0.01 wa ter-whi te 134.7 115 115 -59 1.4076 90.1

Specific gravity, 25/25"C. Specific heat (average) col ./"C. Surface tension at 25"C., dynes/cm. Vapor pressure at 25"C., mm. Hg Viscosity: a t 25"C., centipoises a t 60"C., centipoises Weight per gal. a t 20"C., Ib.

Table 11.13: Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether (21) MONOGLYME Molecular Weight Boiling Point, "C, 760 mm Hg Freezing Point, "C Specific Gravity, 20"/20"C Weight per Gallon, Ib 20°C Vapor Pressure, mm Hg/20"C Volatility, n-Butylacetate = 100 Viscosity, cp 20°C

90.1 2 85.2 -69.0 0.8683 7.24 54 499 1.1

Surface Tension, dynes/crn 20°C 22.9 Specific Heat, cal/g/"C 0.438 Auto Ignition, "C 205 Vaporization Heat, KcaVmol 6.7 Combustion Heat, Kcal/mol 602 Formation Heat, Kcal/mol 118 Flash Point, "C, closed cup -6 Refractive Index, at 20°C 1.3792

0.9311 0.53 28.2

5.3 1.84 0.94 7.72

516

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 11.14: Ethylene Glycol Dlethyl Ether (2) C2H50CH2CH20C2H5

ETHYL GLYME Boiling paint a t 760 mrn. Hg, "C. Flash point (Cleveland open cup), Freezing range, "C. Rsfmctive index (ng at 25°C .) Molecular weight

121.4 80 -74 1.3922 118.2

OF.

Specific gravity, 20/20°C. Vapor pressure at 20°C., mm. Hg Viscosity at 20"C., centipoises Weight per gal. at 20°C., Ib.

0.8417 9.4 0.65 7.01

Table 11.lS:Ethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether (79) Glycol Ether EP EKTASOLVE EP

Propyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent ARCOSOLV EP

Solvent

Formula Molecular Weight

Boliing Point, O C

Freezing Polnt, O C

Flash Polnt, OF(a1

Pnssum. mm Hg

Propyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent

104.15

151.1

-We)

135

1.71

~~

~

~~~

~

Solubility at 20°C. H by wt

Surface Tansion

SpeclRc Gravity, 2onooc

Pounds Per Gallon

Expansion at 20%

In Water

Water In

Relative Evapontlon Rate (nBuAc = 100)

0.913

7.60

0.00095

Complete

Complete

21

Coerncfent Of

sf 25% dynerlcm Neat Produd

25% Aq. Solutlon(b)

26.3

32.3

Table 11.16: Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether (2)

Butyl CELLOSOLVE DOWANOL E6 EKTASOLVE E ARClSlKV E B Glycol Ether E B

HOCH2CH20C4H9

Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether i s colorless liquid, miscible in al I proportions with many ketones, ethers, alcohols, aromatic paraffin and halogenated hydrocarbons. More specifically, i t mixes in a l l proportions with acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, n-heptane and water. Because of i t s excellent solvency, low evaporation rate and high dilution ratios, i t i s used as a solvent i n the manufacture and formulation of lacquers, enamels, inks and varnishes, employing such resins as alkyd, phenolic, nitrocellulose, maleic modified, styrene and epoxy. In lacquers butyl "Cellosolve" i m parts a slow evaporation rate, strengthens blush resistance, heightens gloss, improves flow-out and helps prevent orange peel. Hot spray lacquers usually contain about 10% of "Dowanol" EB based on the solvent-diluent weight.

Acidity (as a c e t i c acid), % by w t . (max.) Appearance Boiling paint at 760 mm. Hg, "C. Fire paint (open cup), O F . Flash paint (Cleveland open cup), O F . Freezing range, "C. Heat of vaporization, Btu/lb. Refractive index (ng a t 25°C.)

0.01 water-whi 170.6 165 165 -40 88.4 1.417

te

Molecular weight Specific gravity, 25/25"C. Specific heat (average), c a l ./"C. Surface tension at 25"C., dynes/crn. Vapor pressure at 75 "C , mm. Hg Viscosity at 25"C., centistokes Weight per gal. at 20"C., Ib.

.

118.2 0.899 0.54 27.4 0.88 2.83 7.48

Glycol Ethers

517

Table 11.17: Water Solubility of Ethylene Glycol n-Butyl Ether (23)

0

IO

20 30 40 60 PERCENT e y w E i e w DOWANOL

Table 11.18: Ethylene Glycol Monolsobutyl Ether (47)

CH,-CH-CH2-O-CH2-CH@H I CH3 Ethylene glycol monoisobutyl ether is a high boiling ether solvent for alkyd phenolic, malic, epoxy. alcohol-soluble butyrate, and ethyl cellulose nitrate resins. Specifications

Color (Pt-Co Scale), ppm, max

IO

Water, w t %, max

0.20

Specific Gravity, 20°/200C

0.89 1-0.894

Appearance

Boiling Range, 760 mm, O C Initial boiling point, rnin Dry point. max Acidity, as acetic acid, w t %, rnax

Free from insoluble matter or hate

158.0 162.0

Odor

Mild, characteristic, nonresidual

0.01

(continued1

518

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 11.18: (continued) Typical Properties

118.17

Molecular Weight (C6H 1402) Evaporation Rate (n-butyl acetate = 1)

0.1

Weight/Vol. 30°C, Iblgal. (U.S.) kg/liter Ibigal. (Imperial)

7.40 0.89 8.88

Solubility, 2O"C, wt 70 In water Water in

Complete Complete

Dilution Ratio. toluene VM & P naphtha

3.1

Refractive Index, 20°C

1.4168

1.6

Vapor Pressure, 163°C. mm Hg

752

Flash Point, Tag Closed Cup, "F ("C) Tag Open Cup, " F ("C)

136 145

(58) (63)

Firc Point, "F ("C)

146

(63)

Flamniable Limits in Air, 76 by volume Lower Upper

1.21 9.4

Autoignition Tcmpcraturc (ASTM D-2 155), "F ("C)

540

(-782)

Flammable Liquid. Cl;lss 11

NFPA Classification 30:

IC(' Labels Required

None

,Bureau 01' F.xplosivc\ Clitssific,:ition

Nonhazardous Liquid

Table 11.19: Ethylene Glycol Dibutyl Ether (2) C4H90CH2CH23C4H9

This glycol diether i s a colorless liquid. It i s completely miscible with acetone, ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl ether, heptane, ethylene dichloride and castor o i l . Because of its being a good solvent for metallic reagents, i t i s particularly suitable for the Grignard type of reaction. It i s also a solvent for inorganic halides and chlorosilanes, and i s therefore used i n silicone rubber formulations and i n the extraction of aliphatic acids from dilute aqueous solutions. Acidity (as acetic acid), Yo by wt. Boiling point, OC. 760 mm. 50 mrn. I O mm. hBP/AP, Oc./mm. Hg Coefficient of expansion a t 55OC. Distillation a t 760 mm., "C. Initial BP, min. DP, max. Flash point (open cut), O F . Freezing point, "C.

0.01 203.6 117

83 0.056 0.001 05 195 208 185 -69.1

Glycol Ethers

519

Table 11.19: (continued) Heat o f vaporization (Btu/lb. at 1 atm.) Molecular weight Refractive index (nD at 20°C .) Solubility, '/o by w t . at 20°C. in water water i n Specific gravity, 20/20°C.

A SG/A T . Specific heat at 20°C. Ib./gal. at 60°F. Vapor pressure, mm. Hg at 20°C.

118 174.28 1.4131

0.2 0.6 0.8374 0.00085 0.480 7 .O 0.09

Table 11.20: Ethylene Glycol Monophenyl Ether (23)

DOWANOL EPh

0 \

HO-CH2CH2-O-

Ethylene glycol monophenyl ether i s a colorless, high-boiling, like odor.

nonhygroscapic, water-immiscible liquid with a faint rose-

Molecular Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

138.2

Freezing Point. "F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51

Boiling Point, 760 mm Hg, "C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 mm Hg, "C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

245 131.3

Vapor Pressure @ 20°C mm Hg . . .

0.03

Specific Gravity @ 25/25"C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.104

Viscosity. cenlislokes, 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.5 4.3

Flash Point, O F (TCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

260

Specific Heal, (cal/g/"C) @ 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.62

Surface Tension, (dyneslcm) 25°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75°C .................................................

42

Heat of Vaporization, (callg) @ 760 mm Hg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80.2

Thermal Conductivity, K x 104 (cal/cm2 sec "Clcm) @ 60°C PoundslGallon @ 25°C Phenol content, max. %

,,,

.................................. ..................................

38

.

3.86 9.20

0.5

520

Industrial Solvents Handbook

Table 11.21: Ethylene Glycol Monobenzyl Ether (2)

HOCH2CH20CH2C6H5 Ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether is awater-white liquid which will dissolve a large number of organic substances among which are oils, fats, greases, some vinyl resins, dewaxed damar, rosin, ester gum, etc. It is used principally as a high boiling solvent in lacquers, inks, and textile dyeing. Acidity (as acetic acid), % by wt. (max.) Boiling point at 760 mm. Hg, "C. Distillation range a t 760 mm. Hg, "C. Flash point, O F . Specific gravity at 2O/2O0C. Solubility i n water a t 20"C., Yo by w t . Solubility of water in benzyl "Cellosolve" 20°C. ,Yo by wt. Vapor pressure at 20°C mm. Hg Weight per gal. at 2OoC., lb.

.,

0.010 255.9 248 to 260

265 1.0670 to 1.0720 0.4 18

0.02 8.90

Table 11.22: Terplnyl Ethylene Glycol Ether (2)

CHg

Terpinyl ethylene glycol ether is a light-colored liquid used in enamels, inks, paints, and varnish. Aniline point Color (Lovibond 500 Amber Series Glasses) Distillation range (ASTM) 5% 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 95%

Below -20Oc 3.0 248.0'0 252. O°C 295.0'C 263.5"C 268.0'C 2 78.0"C 284.0"C

Flash point (Cleveland open cup) Freezing point Kauri butane solvency value Moisture Refractive index at 20°C Specific gravity a t 15.!?~/15.5~C Viscosity a t 25'C (Ubbelohde)

284'F Below - 1 0 ' ~ Infinite 0.05% 1.4786 0.98 13 44.6 cp

Glycol Ethers

521

Table 11.23: Ethylene Glycol Butylphenyl Ethers (2) I. II.

-

Ethylene Glycol p-sec-Butylphenyl Ether

'1 2H1802

Ethylene Glycol p-tert-Butylphenyl Ether

Boiling point, O F . Flash point (Cleveland open cup), Freezing range, O F . Fire point, O F . MolecuI ar weight Specific gravity, 7 7 / 7 7 O F . Solubility (g./lOO grams woter) Viscosity at 77"F., centistokes 140OF.

OF.

'1 2H1802

I -

II -

313 to 322/10 300 below -4 320 194.3 1.008 0.1 64.6 8.8

31 1 to 350/10 315 54 325 194.3 1.016 0.1 120.7 11.6

Table 11.24: Ethylene Glycol Monohexyl Ether (79)

Hexyl CELLOSOLVE Solvent ARCOSOLV EH

HexylCELLOSOLVE Solvent

M12oOC

Gallon

CoeMcient of Expansion rtWC

0.889

7.40

o.Oo086

Speciflc

GmttK

208.1

146.23

Pounds Per

____ In Water

0.99

-50

Solubility at 20% Hby wt

179

0.051 Surfrce Tension

at 25%