I ... for PC, workstation and mainframe

Eberhard Sturm The New PL/I IT From Enterprise Architecture to IT Governance by Klaus D. Niemann Understanding MP3 ...

Author: Eberhard Sturm

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Eberhard Sturm The New PL/I

IT

From Enterprise Architecture to IT Governance by Klaus D. Niemann

Understanding MP3 by Martin Ruckert

Process Modeling with ARIS by Heinrich Seidlmeier

Microsoft Dynamics NAV by Paul M. Diffenderfer and Samir El-Assal

www.viewegteubner.de

Eberhard Sturm

The New PL/I ... for PC, Workstation and Mainframe With 80 illustrations

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

This book is the expanded and improved 7th edition of the German book "Das neue PL/I" (© Vieweg+Teubner l GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2008) now offered to the English speaking audience by the original author.

1st Edition 2009 All rights reserved © Vieweg +Teubner | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2009 Editorial Office: Sybille Thelen | Walburga Himmel Vieweg+Teubner is part of the specialist publishing group Springer Science+Business Media. www.viewegteubner.de No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Registered and/or industrial names, trade names, trade descriptions etc. cited in this publication are part of the law for trade-mark protection and may not be used free in any form or by any means even if this is not specifically marked. Cover design: KünkelLopka Medienentwicklung, Heidelberg Printing company: Krips b.v., Meppel Printed on acid-free paper Printed in the Netherlands ISBN 978-3-8348-0726-7

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, " , "01

, " ., E2 -# )," - K)" 28 8-" ,.&," ,- "#"

" .*$ ",7, 01 7, " #," 7, , " # , ," . , ,#,,#)# #

01 " # #" , . ,"

7, , # , , # -# . ( @M # #. 5 # + ,-," . % # % & ,## ,#* # " ## " , 7,.5 -#

" #, , @# #K -# , , "# ## " , .9 , ,# ,

, " = %3% E2%% E2( %83% 2-%% 2-( .283 E2 28( ( (

," , # =

!.B$

M@

;< , 1 + 1 0 ! 0 0 ! 1 1!! A, B+ 1! 0!

2.3.4 The last run fastest – the INITIAL attribute "#" #,# ",# # , , " .C ,# ,, 7," 7," .

7," " -# #01 -H #..

, ", .!B)!@. , #= .2.2-.24.2+.2H.-2.-2-

#" ' 42-2-"%(

, " #

= 2222-2-22-2--22

7," -"# ,""

"# ## , ,#" = '% &7 <<(

," #" : ,# #. , " "#+ . ,

, @ @? 7," , , & #" * # & # * = 'E I", 2-242+2H252)29262I(

,

,M ," " " & , *= 'E I", IH(

9 , ,# ,# + 7," 7," = ' -2-24", -222-2-2-(

, " , .. -224 ,@G $ ,"

, +.C , " +, ,#. , ", H, " ,.$

#" , " " ,# .+ ""# ", " ""

"" " " #" .9 , " !B # 5::$8 #" ,.

M!

!.4)# "

<E.E.< -<E.<. , # '. I'-I: I<<(

+ . "" "" @? . , # "

"# " # "" " = 'E I'-I: I<<( ' I'-I: I<<( +# "" # ,

""" , ..= '0I I
,&* = ' )9"% I2 I(

$ + )

",.C, + "

"" ,

)

" ," "& ,-," *= '8", )*+(

401 " /#)

3 #. # " =)

",#" )

# . % , ,# #", , "" # ,", # # # ",

#,) " .

2.4 Structures " A # #" A

.01 ," " # #,# ##"" #. "# ,", !L.

2.4.1 Mind the hierarchy – working with structures )" "7,# ," ,", " " # ## "" # "." ,#, 7,#" , , ,# "", # " , ,# ## # . 2#, , " # )", # "01 " # = ! # =

! 3'_ "

$%+ (8%=

,%117QO3 "

!L 0 " "#" # . 01 ,",

1 ".

!.L,",

MB

+ &*=

%'"! "

+ &;1*=

QO111O3O#PG/$21#3LJ

C )= -- # & :%'"% % ' %' %% ( 'F ' 2 -#'77'",'52-2 -E''-I2 -O ",( ' :%' '2 -O ",2 -E''-I2 -#'77'",'52-2 -#'",'92-( 'G%",'92- I( "% '%2"I2-2-I2"4( &F ( % "! ( % "! ( :%'3F2! ( #'3 :%'#'77' :%'O ( :%''%H2"42,H2-I2 ,H2"I2-2,H2"I2-( G%*3#'( &F ( ( K< <2G% '%H422'%H42"I2-( --(

1'

#" . ,", F# :%'" ''#", . # ' &. '* #

.$ ,",#" , #"" "= ""," , ."" , @. ## " , #, ", " ##" ,." # ,", #, .9 ," ,## " ,# " , " #= 'F2 -#'77'",'52-2 -E'2 4/ '-I:2 4#% ''-I:2 -O ",(

$ , $" #, , ,- ,", "" " .< "# "01 # ,",.$ # ,", "# . , " , , ,# # ,"" , .

ML

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##,

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,. # ) "" " " # ,,7,

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, 01 , ", ! 4., ,, .,

" , # " . C , # !& * #'

& '* , " , #",. , ,#"#

" #, " , #"# #" . ",'52-, =I# !# #" .

$ , # , " # , , , # A" . ## ", ", ' H2I $8 ##.5 ,) " !.I. )", , & . ,", , ",

#.$

,", ,

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= @. ,",

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#"#, G, ,# " #" #) ""

# A

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#

, ,", " , , " , #"# , ""

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, :%'O 3FO ( :%'E'3FE'( :%'#'77'3F#'77'(

,",

, "#

G$# # ,# ' #

#. " %! " "#," !-

. 8 ,#,# #=# # # , " , " .$# , # ,./0# ,3 # =$", ,# ,, ,# "

".$ )"

# # ". 9 ,, " ," ," , .,", # @?" , ")!?#, ## B" , G,"" ,# ) , " ,# ,# "7, ,",# . 0 , # # &#% = ,## , ,

# .01

,

" # . $## '% = " #'%- "", H, ) " " " ," "# .. ", G ," ,= +D+6IHI65-II %%4+56II4+56II .&-IIIII-IIIII .9)III9)III ++-+II

( //& //

,"

" ,",. ,##= '2 -0", 42 -Q"%2 -'II:(

," )

,?= 3I(

? " # ", ' ", 4 "% # ' #

# ,",.

MI

!.4)# "

2.4.2 Why not – array of structures $ # ,",

,", .1' ,+ "# = 'D -2 -G 2 4 ",2 4,",2 4E:&",2 -D KG -J "2 4G%2E:&",(

@! ,", " . #"= '^ !",: ( '/ !",: -( ''",: 4( 'E",: +( '!",: H( '^ ",: 5( '^ !",: )( 'E & ",: 9( ' ",: 6( 'F'%",: I( 'O%: ",: ( '1' ",: -(

" DE & #" # $,, . ,D#" ,, ",K& # , ,",*. D ,",#" G D D , D E:& #"# , #" G " ".$# D#" # # ," " ,, = , , G$#" "

#"# . @ %

$ &

5 ) '^ !KD(

# , G % , # " . ,# ,", , = 'E2 -0", )2 -Q'-I: <E.<(

," ,", ,, =

!.L,",

M6

'KE % (

$ " ) '

= 'Y,Z8Y,Z...Y2...Z(

( /0& *3A

2.4.3 That's the limit – multiple declarations 5" # , ,", ,#, # " ".& " M.!" "7,# " .. -"#" #,# ,,*. # ,"#,"

, K K #, ,", " #," "#, )# ,", ##"# " . #" ## 01 = 'D%'4I:( ' '2 -D%'-I:2 -J'II:(

'D%#D%" # . 4 ,# " " , " "," )" ,#"& "

* , #," - , = ' # $ :

$

. 0 , ,",# # ,7," .9 ,"" ," " , " , .!M# , "", ,#. " ,#", " ,",

= ' '7"%2 -D%'4I:( ' '7"2 -D%'-I:2 -J'II:(

" " , 7, ,, '7"% D% '7"D%. $ " , & )7,* K " , 7, ,", . ," ,=$ ,7," ,",. $ -

# ,",

#

,",= !M " ) ," .

M@

!.4)# " 'E2 -E2 4E"%(

"

, " 7,#, E ,",EE) ,",#EEE"%-. # , # ',G @=

"Y2"Z...3 ")

( != Y2Z...3 ")

[)

( B= ,",Y2,",Z...3 ")

[ ,",)

Y2! Z( L= ,", Y2 ,", Z...3)

,", Y2!

Z [ ,",)

Y2! Z[)

[ ")

( ( /5& 5,!L #

."

,#

7," .' " , .$ " "", 7,

. , , " & "# * ,", ,", . )

#"

" ) "" " #

, .9 ,

,"

#,"#

#

,", ,",

"., ,##, " .9 , , ,# #01 ,", . # " "

#

. " #= " 7, 7,), " # . !- ", )

" ,", ,", . "

# "", # #

. # ,

)

#,# ". ,# , " #"" # # " 7,

"

. , " ,#

"" #

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= E 3*.( , 7, E3E *.(

!.M, "" *3

,)

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3

,)

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3

,)

,#

3

,)

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M3

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,)

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#, #" "7,#

)01 .$ " , ''#'' :! & .## " " MM ,-," " , ,

7, , . #,",-," "" ).5 ,

" , " , #,", ' , A A .$ " @ .$"" " ##@ " , " "" ##.8

" , #"" .!I

2.5.1 Two would do – SUBSTR and LENGTH ( ", , # ,""# # " )<J\E$< <$E\J<.5 ,

#

" , )"##,"" , "" . ,-," )" . , = ""

, # , = <E.1/\L^8$OF#`JGPD0Q<282(

,# ,8- & ""

@* <J\E$<2424(

, <\E$<. " " ,# ,#,= <J\E$<24 , , # "" . # )

# , " , . "# " " ,<J\E$<.$ , , ,-," .

!I $ - = "" , ## " G " [email protected] ,",

01 .

I?

!.4)# "

##

##,"" ""

7,

." ''H <J\E$<( 223<$<(

,# - . <$<

# @ "" "" ,#. $, , , "" " :! & ,= ,# ' "" ", " G5 ,

A A ,-," & . C"" ,& : *, ",A "" )#H, #"#& "#*.8 # ) = -4 J: &%PGJ2$O\GL %' %% ( '",( ' &2 ( '1%'-I:( 'D%'-I:( < .LEJ'% 2<( &D%( 1%3D%( ! &%"1% %3% &D%( 1%223 D%2 &D% *2( ( D%21%( -4(

$ ## ,-," #" &# . , #" 01 " ##," , "" " ,-," ," ,-," &

,, * , "" ,#", .1% "

# "1% , D%.

1%3D% ,"

", = D # !

$# # $ &3 !

$ & #

# 1% , " " ".# ' " "" ,"

. "D% " "A # H, # A

#

1%. ", 7, " " "" , .9 , ,# " ,# " ")

!.M, ""

I@

, * . &," %

", "" " #D%"" # ",. , ##' , ,-," : = :<J\E$< , <$E\J< # H, " , " , . ,-," " & # ' "" . " # ,="28 22 8" &28 2 & 8*. ' 2 8 8##"" . , " , "" #8 ##& *, ' " ' & # ' .&' ' "G*#" ##"& #' # , 8 "" . , " & # ' # #. # #' " !.I.@.9 ," = =* ) ) + + ) ! ) ! !!) 5 !!9 +0 ) 5 # 1 ! :K !% :K 22K :K !% :K !:K

2.5.2 Where and how many times – INDEX and TALLY $,,-," "" "

," ,#", # & .

, "" ," , ," ) = -+ # &%'% &< %<O10 %' %% ( ' , ( 'D%'9I:( % "! ( &D%( %W "! ( " ,D%2< %<W3I D%( &D%( ( -+(

,) # # & )*# ,

"" "" < %<."< %< -

I!

!.4)# "

. , # & " , ## # ,.,-," ,,

,"A A " #, ,# .# "", , ?. , "

,"#" #,. 9 ," "" "", , . ,-," ! , = 3
,# ,,,I.9 ,, ", " " #" !<,,,<2<,,<(

,# ,,!.,

" ,""

""

" A H, # ,#G , -# , = >9 +0 , !! 1 ! +0 !!0 . ! ! !!! +0 4 R

2.5.3 Hocus-pocus – TRANSLATE , # ) "

,# ," " )!L ;<(

< , , ,"" """ "", #, " " #,

. ,) "#0",

@I " ###, .",

\0] ," K ","\]

.9 ,

,# + , "#,#""" " # &' #

*.$"" #

"",#,,"#. , =

!.M, ""

IB

3 # # $ . ##" " ," &" * & *. #," # E.7' # E.7 # , " , . " "

,, "" , )", #" ," &*", . " " #" #"

"

," . " ## " , , #" #,"# , "= 'E7'' : <E.1/\L^8$OF#`JGPD0Q@AB<(

# # ," ", # " # )!M .

# , " #" " #<FEG<= -H F %"%%""% : & " "%'% % '% :% GJEO$EG %' %% (

'D%'9I:( % "! ( < .LEJ'% 2<( &D%( %W "! ( " &D%3+

" D%2< MMM MMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM<2 <E.1/\L^8$OF#`JGPD0Q< 3<M M<

D%MM<%%KKFEG]<( < %.LEJ'% 2<( &D%( ( -H(

, , #" " . & " # " ,# )# ""

"" #G* ## " , # ,

#.$# " " #" .," #, " <M M< G ,# = ' 1 ! 0 ! ! F !! =

IL

!.4)# "

'9 0 ) 0) '! ! 1 ! 7'-&3 !" % 2 # , #, G 9 ," ,# , # . , #"# " )", , " )" 7, ) ,## , # " " # #= 'G'-H5( G3'%( G2 K<<*23<[<( 3 2G(

!MI"" &

*##,

01

, " #, " =4""" "#"""

" " # " # "" "#. # ,-," '%# K .'%, "" "

" # "# # K" # "".9 ," , '% ,##@

. , #"# )" ""

G # ,## "" , #= " " $#42G

K ': . , 7, #= K':-HH3-HH.':, ', , " # ,. ",, , #,""" # "#,.

2.5.4 Forward and backwards – VERIFY(R) and SEARCH(R) 5 # :"!," . "" , . :"!<P#J.E$/JE\$G.<2 <E.1/\L^$8OF#`JGPD0Q<(

," ," , "" " "", " #,. " ,? ,. :"! " , ="" # "", " # ,

""& *. :"!
,# ,,L " # "", " #,. " , =:"! " ""# "", ,

"" . ,-," ,? # .

!.M, ""

IM

5 ,)) ,# ,

,# ,," )"" ,# # #, .. !

.$", # #" ." 0 , , " # # # . + , ,#, ! , ", #, " !% A" 0 . , " ! # % , #. , , #

= !
' &< MM<%& %]<(

# , & * ""# )## = !N1%!% :[! %% <K %N!G,(

! ! ,, "" # ! # , ,# . ' #!" , .&" ,.* 8 ) ,"#. )!I "" , #&" E ' *"

#"# # ,,= -5 ''KJ/Q2EJ.L %' %% ( 'E ')-:( ' K%",( 'J:7%",( '')-:( ' ",( 'O %",( !< 2]<!E ( 3I( K%3( %%%( O %3:"!E 2<<2 K%( "O %3I :( K%3'E 2<<2O %( " K%3I % K%3 &E *( 3 E %2O %2 K% O %( J:7%3:"!2<-4+H5)96I<( "J:7%3I *3( !< :''N< MM E 2O %*J:7% 2 MM
II

!.4)# "

5 , #,

# ," :"!. "

," .8) ," ' K

:"!#

, "" " "", " #,.#, # :"!. ,"" E ! :"!#'. :"! ## ,#

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.$" ", ,#,# ,.

7, ) "

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# "" * G ) , ,# 7, ,. $ # # " ,#, 01 # " "#

. " ) " , #. ' ### ", #""" " "#", ,,.C "", )# ", . , , . $ " = 3 $# $ $ ! & " :"!," = ''< 1 ) ! ! ! 00 1 0 ) 0 !0 " ),,-," #. # ## :"!#'" " "" = :"! # ' . #," . , ",

"" # ,"= L3:"!$% &2<<( G3:"!$% &2<<( %3 $% &2L2G L*(

& " #" / 3*.," ,#= %3 $% &2<<2<<(

, # , 01

, "" # , , "" " # # #. ,# ' # ,, #"

""" . C #) :- =

!.M, ""

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'$ 2. &'III:( &$ :( ""$ 23N
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. " ,##", " ,:- .

2.5.5 What you will – more functions ,-," # "

# ",

# . ,-," %#&

"" "" # " 7,"., % " # """ + &I " @.& A""" " ##@ .*% #

& <6< ,, $ 42. $ #," "" " "

#

" , '%!," = ''I: <E.<( '%!2-(

,"" <E.E.<.!6 & ,# -)" ,-," ." "" , MM& , U*.) 'EH'( E3<0<( &E(

,# ," " , <00000< "

" E ,<0<.

,", & ,# # , "" " ,",= '2 -0'-2 -Q'( &3<E.<(

" 0 ,# ,<E<#Q,<.<. !6 ," , # ,

, " # , # "," @ , '%!.

I@

!.4)# "

0", , ,# " #<

," '! = Name1_ = replaceby2(translate(Name1, 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZÄÖÜ', 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzäöü') <EFP<2<@AB?< Name2_ = replaceby2(translate(Name2, 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZÄÖÜ', 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzäöü'); <EFP<2<@AB?<(

"O 7UO -7

# " " ., ,<,, # # ^

.9 ," . " #, '!-, " # .$ )@6& "#*" ,# #, ,-," . " ",# ,-," ' , #. " "", ""- .$

" #, "

.

2.5.6 Self-made – PICTURE character strings 01 ,

#"" )#=, ' ,. E#. ' #", = 'E'-I( '' <00000000000000000000<( '.'<-I0<(

# ,"., ,# # ,# " .## 0"" E#6 # #' .9 ," ,", "" # "" # "" #"

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, "# " @6=MB.""

# ' 01 ) " ", ' ,. '% :%

" #

!.M, ""

IJ

#. ,# ' # ""," )" " # &

" BB* #. # ' , ' "" . # ,1 01 K# )!M)

"" "# " ," , # "

G

2.5.7 Without detour – STRING instead of FILE ,# ,, ,#)" # ) "

)" ## """" # ,, # # "

,.$

#

,"" # # , "" , # 01 #".2" , # ,,"" . # # " , " # &. 5 )'" , )", ! !.9 ," #

", = !< % 2]<!E ( & &E O 2O -(

," , "" "# , , != &E O 2O -"4( !E (

E :! &"" .$)", &

",I "#, "4, O #O - # E .9 ,H, , # "42"4 -"4 -S"4,"4 " ,

" # " "

#. $

,# ,, , & #)" #" " , .5 ) '% ##,,- #.9 ,",# # ,+ "" #'% "

",

& ) "", *,#, .,- # & K'% ,#7, ", . # ## '% H, # &. ,- ,"" " ) ,.9 ," )" / 3 ," " # "" G$#&# & / 3A ,# ,.

2.6 Arithmetic $ , " 01 " ,#.."",, ,#

, " 01 # , "#" "# .# ## "

6?

!.4)# "

# $ " " ##" ," # " , # ##" ,

" . # ) " #=""% #. " . #" , #. ### #

6&&7& # ##)") " .1' , , .

2.6.1 Having a different base – the FIXED attribute # ",

,", ##"##"#, 01 )

#, ' # !.0 # ##" , "", -"#, . 7," ". , " ",' 01 " ,", "", #", &"##" ##*. " " #""", ," "

# ?#@"#" ,# /", 3#/", 3 #"# ", , " " . ,# , ," " ,# =

# @ " # !L@@I".= #"

@

!

B

L

M

I

6

@

J

@?

@

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@@

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( /9& " #", # #"# ," .0 # #""",

,#."" " # " , # #"# " #

# " .$,, ", ' +#,L6@! " ##.. = ?

L

6

@

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U

( /<& 4"# K ,, #B L#"# # .9 ," # , #, .## #, # , " ,# '

!.I$"

6@

"R)& " B.B.!*.# # . !I " , ., " #<II< #, " #<I<. ,#"",, #", N A " #", # #" ." # # # "# 01

, #" "" # #" . ,, )@.!@.! , ,# ",@.LL, #", ' 42-. , - , ,# " =@.! ,# # #" , -IIIIII+)594)H9-I4-H

# , 7, ,# ++IIIIIH)--I+H969+4)H

9 ," #"#=# , ## )""",# #" # , ## " , N" ,# ", ", ' , ## "#, & * , &*. , ", !## "" , # " " )G N01 " , # & :! & *" #" . ", G,@ ", " ,@B I. 8 , ", , #

," IIII .$ #, A ", " ,A ", ,

, #"" G9 ,, + 7, " "01 " , " , . 5 ,# " , # #

, ### ##. $8 ## ", ' ", ' I2I#", ", 4, @?#" # ," # B@# . ## ", 'H2I#", H , " ,. H, @M B@# N , ",#

", H , #@I " # ! .& #' " , #" A #A@ .

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6!

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,"" " ", 54. " # "# " !.I.B.L. 9 , " " , ..", 4 ", -I ," , ", )", H", 4 ", 54", #" "", + .01 , " " #' " , # ." ,

,##' " /"3, K , # . $ ,# , & *=

#

@

@M

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@

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( /=& # , ,# " " ### ! , = & . " ,.8 " # . ", @ " , @IB!#IL, )", 5 & .," , ,"

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,#"

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, , G&#"* ,!.M" " @?.@G =8

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5 ) "" , 6J@7, "" ,6UJU@W@6K

,@U6# "" , @. #

# " , "" , # ##

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= # ### "" ,#, ###@?.

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""" #,"## "

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# N01 # "

# , " " &) " *."

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! 1 ,, #", =" ' ", , # # " "#. , , ,-," : ., << , ##
2.6.2 Disappearingly small – the FLOAT attribute " ,+ =01 "%, "% ! # "% ' .$# "## " ,#. " "% - " "%'5. , " ""

, #

# 7," # .

""!@ " )" #" , , # =/ 7 3 %O 26*K

!.I$"

6M

# "%."%'5

I#"# "% - !@# . "%" " ..I4+H6. " ," " , "% !" =IIH ,#..@?!M.# ,

" # ) #"," ,#

# ) !.## , ", " "" #=4 , #" "% " )"

## & ,#*. # #" - ,= ,# ' )

&*, # , # # , , & *01 # & ! * T& ,! *.I "", L I "", @ #TI "

@I . # - , # "# ", # """ .$# ",#### ,# .

2.6.2.1 Floating-point since time immemorial , , "% "%'N )" = , ,# "%#, #"" . N( "% ' "% !, "#/)#" 3 )#"#

# .C)#"!J @I. ,", , ## # ? ,J/# 3$24#5 , ., ,!J @2. , , " ".9 ,

L-,@-,#@I-,. ," 6 ) @I " ,

#, " #" ## .5, ,@I-,@ #. 4) @

6

4) @

6

4) @

6

!L

MI

(, #

,

MI

@

MI

( /;&F ! !J # ' < 1), )#"#" #"& *.

6I

!.4)# "

"% ' #"% !) # ", # ,01 " ",#"% , ! # ' . # ##

,, , # ' " 7, # , & #"*= D $ 6 79 $ $ & #0 )@@# $%" , )B!# BB.$# + , "

+ L@#@I ".")

, 01 " )", # . , + ) = &#"*= 6J U6M. ) , "%, -"# " . , " @ @@ !@ B". # /" 3..# '" ,= -9 L % '/$FEG %' %% ( 'F7 "% I( '"%( 'O7 "%( %3!( O7 3F7 *( "O7 3F7 :( F7 3O7 ( (
, "#,"# ",)",#. ## " , N ) 7, = "% ,

#, )# ," " ""### .$ " " # " , ## .. ,#", " #.9 ,"# ,#" , " "% ' 5 # "%. ", ,",,

@I#"# .# # # " %

"%" & " !.!.!*. 9 ," #H, "7,# # =

!.I$"

66

'8( ) !

@ @ @

@

! B L

@ ! @

. 0 ! + !! 0!! !

2.6.2.2 Floating-point binary " 0 # 444 # ." #01 ," , .$# N" , , # "% !G4 , " ## , , " " .#,, ,' # " ,' #,# # " " . ( ,& *" " , # .B?9 ," ", #, ", ", #444 , ,

"#" , " # ,' "", # , )#"" ," # ,"

" #" 444 . ( ! $ # ,! & # )= ' " 7 "%,'( 'J7%"77%7 "%( "\ % " 7 ( J7%"77%7 3 " 7 *( "J"% J7%"77%7 (

0 " 7 " # 444 # ## " , #, ) 444 ," . ,"#"#=" ,' ## )",#, )#" ," , " # 444K " " 7 " # 444## #, 444 ," ., # #"#. " ## " " 01 ;& " 6.L*. C - , & , "*=

B? #, " #"##" ," , #.

6@

!.4)# "

4)

@

@

4)

@

@@

M!

!B

4)

@

@M

@@!

( 0>& ! 67 L@#@I . "" )#", , ) . " #/"3, #" "% !!@& L * #MB& @ *. #0 )@@# $%" , )B!# BB.$# + , "

+ L@#@I . , ""

&* , # !L#

L-, . , ,""" #!L#

!BA7, = , ,7, ? - #,

,#. 8 + )

= ," ",) #" ,# # L-, _B@ @, _B?@# @I-, _LJB!. C ," )#", 444, "", ."" # ##-5 ) . ,## ,. ,#") JJ ,, "" " # ) , ,# . " ,' " )

R " # #.0 #$% #, " 444 - .

2.6.2.3 Floating-point decimal 01 !??6 ,# ,# #," #- , ##" - "G" ," , "" # #" - &250* ##444 ## #A# " ##

#, "% ' ## ) 01 #"# . # ",# #" - , N #," #")#- , #"" .., " # " )")

# .$## #")#- , N9 , ," "", " .,' ) # ." )?.?@6@` &7, )I.L`*. "",B?

!.I$"

6J

# ## #" .," )" "" ,. - , ,# , 7, . , " # ,", L-,@-,#@I-,= #

@

M

#

@

M

#

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,

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,

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@@?

( 0)& ! 67 1' .#

" , #"# & , *., #- ", ' ," , #" # " # , &/# " ##"3*# .,"#"# "##".1,

L- = !? )#" ., # ,a" ,

a=$ # ##" # ,

. "% ' )# , # - .$ )," BL BB. ) # " , ) . 9 , " ,

# ) ##" #G) ## @?, ,.$ 444

) &" )#"*. " "#" # ) " , #

, @?. ) L-, -JL UJ6@-, -B@! UB@M#@I-, -I@L! UI@LM. " ," - , ") @? " ##. 1, , " #&,"#" #*.(# # ","# ##.C H, ,"=" # #"# " ### ) , / ", 3, #, #88&. 8 8,*. , " # , ,= '/"%' <)IIIIII<,( OO /*3(

@?

!.4)# "

,# " /@ #" # :% ,# #&/# 3 " B.B.!*. +" , ) , #

, " . ,#'H, " )#" #" - " , . 5 - , "%""", = #"#"%' # " ##

#"# " ,' " , ##

)#"#. #, " %" = #"# ", ' # - , &)" , ," - * #)#" - , ,' &)" , , " - * "" " ## , #. 5 ,, " # = $ ! E ! # & 9 ,""" - # ", ,-," , ," # :% #= "

,N

"

,N

#,N

%

,N&, # ,

##+

K , ," .*

R%

,, , + N

<< ,# 7,
5

" #)"#" # 7,#, ," # ",

" ,#

," & #)*. 9 , ,# .$

,- "," 250- . ) ."" )#", #

#" ""," ,#.

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@@

2.6.3 Arithmetic means – rules and pitfalls 01 " "#"" # ",, . 9 ,"

, , 01 , ) . " , ## " .5 # ,# , " 7, . # ,= # # % $ - $ 6 7.

2.6.3.1 Mixed operations 0 " ," , #, = ",& )# * # ## ", # "%", ,

# ,#. ## "", )# , # # ! ", " ,"# ' . " $8 ## ,, #= , # !/, 3 ' . " # "", # ' "$8 ### ' " # . /

3, " # .C , , B.B! ,. " " ,, # 7, , #"# # = : 6G0&0/7 $ : 6+0&0/7 & C " #" ##.." ?.@ , @ @I, @ @?., , 7, #"," G , @ ### , # . # ,#

) B@= #"" &7* ,,7, " &

, 7*= &@U"&TB.B!*"&7TB.B!** $ #" ) , "",#., " ",###" " ## , # " , .$)= #"&!@*b[email protected]B.B!*b&@U6L*b&@L*

B@ ) : 01 !M;,!??6.

@!

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#,J.M= ",# L# "#"J @??@. ," # @ , ,# #JM 6" ., , ,## ,.

2.6.3.2 FLOAT operations "%## ," ## ,

,

. ) ""%) .$ 0 Q0

+ &", "", , *.< " #

,# , = %

# *+ . " #," #" - #&250*." , # , )"#" ", ", ## "#, 01 , . )= '8", ( 'E"%'( E38*E(

8 )# "% / 3 ", # ! ' . - , # #

. ## " = # " # , )",#"% ! #" #" "% ' .C "# N " = '8", ( 'E"%'( E3' 8*E(

8 " # ",' ,# "%' , ## "# ,# #" .

," "%' "# " A #250 ," "",.

2.6.3.3 FIXED operations in the ANSI standard $8 ## , ", !, A , ## A ## # , ", ' #", !, . "" #N( , ,#" "# , " "

, . ")

, $8 ## )",# . , ", $8 ##"# "# . ## ," ," ## '

!= ," , "#" , A )" ,", ' # G # # ", ' " # ##&

!.I$"

@B

*. # " # "", # #", " # ##. , # )" # ", ' , =

, #" , # #, # , @& *

, # #," , , # # , @& *

7, &", !G* , # , # ###& ,*.

$8 ##", !# #. " # , . # , " ,# . , ", ' , " # $8

## ###",

#, " .

2.6.3.4 FIXED operations in the IBM standard #### # ," ",, ## ," , # #

# ., # @ # " # . ", " "=J6UB @?? . ",," 01

#

=, # 7, , , # # . , , , # # , @. /, @3 ,++=JTJ @@#" # G 01 ,)"#. " ), ,G& ,,JUJJ-J@I!" ,G* , , 01 ,, ) , " .C ," #, /, @3, , )", .5 , , " #"" ,G $ # ",, 01 #

.# , " , "

,= , # " ," #

# "" # # G),

,#, , " @M#"#B@# & B@# IB*. 5 )@ ! 01 ?.M?????????????", " # #" " "",.),, # @M @L# #" . ' $ .

@L

!.4)# "

C = ,## " ", 54"", # , @ )#- , , " , # , " # . " ## " #, %% = , " ", 4254" # , L ,

, #"# ", 54 #. , , - ", ", ' H# ##" ", " , # " #", ' H .C ##@? " ," A -*I(

# ' , ,@?.M????????????? ,#)""" # , . N A" " # ### ," G , ,#@6# "" # 01 ,,@I# ",, ## @M#G, /# 3 ",%:"% "#01 ", ## 7, ? ", .8 . #," ,, # @?' ",,. ,# "" , .,

" # ", , .

# ,#, ,,

# " #01 " #,, "")" " # , # ,-," .

2.6.3.5 Built-in functions ## % ," # # ),"

' ", # "% "" , ,# # , .5 ))

III242I ", 42I,,@???",, ,III. , " " ,-," '%

" ## #'#" . 9 ,"#" " , ,-," '

! # : ., : E2 2 H2 I ## ,E, ," , " H2I. # " 2TN #" ", # 7, #"# #", " ##, # " " , .( , ,

" ."" '! # = @. # #" " , "##" # #", ,#. !. # ## , " # "# ? = * " # #, ,#

# #, ,#.

!.I$"

@M

* " # " , ,#

# ," " # #"# '44- # 'T44- # #" ," ,# ,#.

" '! . #"

'! ", ,# ') .C "= #

#&' )&

! $ /& $ $ 0& %# *+ & $ ,

" ,# , "" G ## ,-," # #, ," #).# " " )"&.. %*"&.. T '% *#," " , &.. :*. ", , ",-," "% " # "%," ,,# "%.$ ", "" . " #" ," , " #, ,. T-(

,,*IIIIG, ""# ""= ' ! $

6 7 !

&6 # $ 9 &7

" #01 " "" =01 , , "" .5 "" " +# " #. ) , )## ,K " ,01 "

# , G," ,# ",, # ##" NB!5

,# ", # , ## ," ," = $ ! # 6 " 7$ !. B! $ 1 " , " , "# 01 .

@I

!.4)# "

, "# ", 54 IB # B@ .

2.6.3.6 The default concept # " "# 01 #" ." "," ##= ;O1 8 " ## ", H "% 5.BB , ## $8, , ,# " " = " . ", " 4 #",' " IK ,

"

, ", !, 4.

, ,"/#,3, " #"

. # " ,' # # , , ,# ## .$ )H, #01 ##

, " = " &EL2F"%'52 &O", H(

# ' , "" #" #"". ,## "" %,'" /" 3 ,## #".

2.6.4 Janus-faced – PICTURE numbers 01 ' "" ," , /", ,

3 , .

#" , " "" 0 E . ' , ,",# '' ,. 2#, , " = "## ,"" " ""," ," ." "", #.9 , ,#" ,#= " .

1' , # . ' , , "" ' "" .,",, , , # ,

' ,"

.

#

###"" H, # # #",. " ,," )#, # = 'E' <666666<( E3)( E( !IIII)

, E ,) I# . ","" ""6 # " ., -#"# BB , "01 " #" " ,5 . .

!.I$"

@6

,, "" IIII) ,. # - -#"# ,,. , ,

#+

"" & +

,

* )"#" = ''<666< )( ( !SSSI)

5 ," ' ' " # , ,# ,, ' , -#"# ,,, -

."' , '' , , .&" , , , "- ,##" ,

,,#, ",", ' , #" # "" "" # "- # # ,, "" .*""

" ,

,

#+

., ,, SSSI)", +

,

#. , ,#

,@??? SSIII ,# ,, "#@ ,

# " , . "" + ,

= '.'< 6<( .3)( .( !

)

,", """ ## ##"# & *. ,) , ,# )

"" .$ +

"# " , . , "+ " ## " + ,, ""Q. " ,

,",, .& ,# "=9 c.* ,

) , "" ,= '1'<66< ( 1(

,, ,# I. " )"" U#b # " , , " ,

= ''< 6< ( (

",@

,, ##@.&, ,# ,?# '.*"" * ", ,, *+ . "" , , ,.$

"" *# = '/'<6< 9I( /'%)-2( !SSSS9I*

@@

!.4)# "

# ," # ,.$ "", ##"" , . , # ' " " ' , , '<6<# , , ," #.$ "" " , # -"#/#3 "" " ""# #"" .)"" # #.#" '\'<******6<(

, ,##, " # # " #" ,./# 3 ,# "#.#" "" # #"" "

, ## ""#"

# . ,", ' , ,.9 ," , " # "# "# ' , " , .5 "" ,

.## ' , # ### " # = 'L'<6666< I( L(

,", G # ', " #" . ,,, @??? ,#. " # , #

. ,)@?,

# # " # " # ., ' , " ,# , , #" G " ," " , ,#01 " , ,# #" #"" & "4, " , *. # # 01 -"# "" #" # = '8'<2666< 83)H(

,8, ,#

, ,4 - " , = , , # #" , .4

.6M, 8 ,#

SSSSSSI)H. "" #" # "# #"" ," ) =8 ,"," "# . 9 , ,# , ,, #" " ) . #" ,#.<66< #.<66< )= '^'<66< ( '^-'<66< ( ^2^-(

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5 ^ , ,# ,, I ^- I " #"

) "#. "" #" = "" # = '8'<

<(

@??? 88 ,#, III. ", ) , , # , . , ,#

,@? 8 ,# ,, I.# " "# # " . (# " # ,"# ,", ' ,

"".

01

, H, ) #"".## ," " "" "#" #" ,." "

#

"" "" = '$'<66/-<(

,", # #'',, " # .,", , ,,@? ! # # # .$, / ,# #" . "" # ")#- , , ' ""

" , , .$ , , "#"" ) #= 'O'<66666<( O3-IH4( O(

"" <-IHI*+< ,# ,. ," ,# #

" ) #. , , #"". "" ""8= ''<66686<(

" " #O % % . " " 8 "" ) #,"#.

,@6 ,#", '',
" , . ," ), # "" #"")" .$ "" V#U", #= '#''
, #' "", <SSPJI2+H<. , , 4, - ," ,## . ,#" # ""4, """ = %'' '!
J?

!.4)# "

## ,#' , .- , " , "" "# ' ,. ,#, , , , ,# # # ,,. #", ,, " #= ,", ## , , # "", N ", "# " ##, # ", ! " ", ' .9 ,,

, " # #", # ""

,"" ., #.9 ,"' , "# ' ' "## ,", . , "", , " #A # A ",' . , , "",", " 7, #,# ,, ," , " , ,#" ' , .C ,

@. , ,# +# !.

#, , . , " # , ' , ,# ' - , , .5 )" " " ,# ' "" ." ' , '', ," ,H" , 7,. ) , ### , " # " = 'O'<666666<( O3-4+H5( O2<<2<<(

9 , ,#, " <-4+H5< ,,.9 ," ,#" ,",, " #",. 5 -#"# ,,' ,

#," " -#

. ' # ,, "" # ' "" . 9 ," ,

' ,- ," = ''-I:( 3)2<666<(

, "" " ,## ,#

# " #,." , " #,)

.,

"" , .

!.I$"

J@

2.6.5 Character weakness – calculating with character strings ## ", , "% , 7, ) " K !#' , . ' , ' , ' ,, " # ' .","" ", # . # " 01 = '2G'-I:( 3<-4H<( G3<-4-<( G(

$ ," ," " . " #" #,", " ,# . , " " " = # $ & , ,""

' , ,"#" #, ,-," . ," " ,"" #" "" ,-," '' .BL," " '8'4 <-4<( '",'H( 3''82<666<(

"

, 8 -#, #., '' "# " O , # # #"#A "" 7, #""# ' . , ,#

#8#" " ,##" "#, 01 ,&/ # ".3*. , '' " ," #

#". ## ,, % :! &"" " " # " # ' .4)" "#''. "" " # ",

, ""

, ,= ''-I:( '8",'H2 H( 38(
5 # ## #, , # #"# . , = ( $# " & BL ,-," (804" # " !.6.

J!

!.4)# "

01 # " + ##" . ,

", , "" , " # ",' " , & ",B.B! G*.9 ," ,

7," = ", H U",'5 U'6 ", 4 U",' U'+

C ,# ,)## ## ," /3 ,. , ##" , #),.

2.6.6 Nothing real – complex numbers ,# ' " ), , ,# " . # " , ,#

,# ) ,. 01 " " , = # '% , ., ## ,#

".$, """7,# BM, . $ , " ## , '% , , , " , = '0"%'% ,( 'KQ", '% ,(

0 "% , Q ", , . " )" 01 " .

" #& =*.$+ ,#

) ,"= '"%'% , 4*+( '-"%'% , 4I*+I(

", "%" , ## 'K01 " "" # " , . ))

,#"" #" , " . " )

) ," " H," ) ", , " ##,"" ,.01 " ,#, 6*6 6 6(

# ,, ,#5-*I. $ , # ,-," . ) ##

# & # & ,# -* " )

" ),& '% , *= 'E"% I( 'EE2"%'% ,( ''% ,2 &2 ( BM , # , , ,# " , =4 #/3# ' " G01 " "& *K5 # 0 "'G

!.I$"

JB

EE3'% ,E2)( 3E( &3)I( EE2 &EE2(

, IIIII*III # )IIII*III " ))

IIIII*III*)IIII*III ,.

# ' " H, " '% a&," = '% a&I*I(

,#I I. ,# , , #",-," " "#" ), . " "##)## ##. " ##= , , ,-," T" &, "

,)* # , #"

" ), .9 , ,# " #, . ##

# " G '- # . , , # " ),# , ,,-," # &= ''% ,", I*I( 2<<'<66<2( *I*I

$ , , " , ,, , 01 , .1 , ,# ,K '% :%

,# ,.&2, -#"#, " ))

"# .* , ) = '

( 0/& ! 5 ) " ), A" ,

""= -6 .'% .F#$0 %' %% ( 'E"%( '#% "%'% , 4*+( %E3I%4H6( K#% '% ,'%E2 E( ( -6(

0 BI? ""#, M& , 0 G*. # ," &BUL*& dU"

d*d , ? BMJ# .& '% # )" # ,# .*$ , " %

, "%.

JL

!.4)# "

,# , ", #" "%"" , 7, N&$ # " !.!.! #", " , "%" .*

2.7 Manipulation of bit strings " !.I# # " , #01 = #

& C # )"##. # & $# "01 +#

, '# , )#& % :! &*# &:! &*.9 ,#,:! &R "" " [email protected]. # ",

&' 2"" #' ," #"" , " 6.! " ', # 7, #.

2.7.1 A sister of character – bit operations ' #""7,#,: = 'I: <<( 3MM
" << , , .# ,"H )" ,"# ""

" " MM.## -

" . 3EUIMMW(

" "
" "
#. " :(4#5$14 , ,=

!.6,

JM

' &-
"," )# @ ," 7, << )",#." & 7, '?' " # )",#. #,' , "" = +## . 7, << ," " = '2G-I( '( <E% %"<( G <E% %"G<( % < G: %% <( (

#," ' ,# " , +#

"" " ,#

,'<<K " "

@.( "#' ,# " ,

, "# ," ) % ' . ""# ,-," ' " , # . ,"" ,

, K , ,"

, # :"! # ' ," " +

," # &*

<<
, ", A# ,, "" . ,-," ## ,= "" "" . ,-," ' " " , & # # ," *. 4 ,-," %% .

" ,"# " ) -"#/)", 3& " W , *= 'E+
# " #," #"" # " ## #,. ,& #* "

##

##

##

<<

##

<<

( 00& H H

JI

!.4)# "

" "# .9 , # ," ,

" , " , ,# # #" ,., ,
2.7.2 Set theory – working with bit strings ", , "" .BI 9 ," ) & ## ,# )

G*= 4I %!G %' %% ( '/!455 H-
## , =), " # .4"

" #

K " # <<
"" # ., " " ")"" <<

" <<=, "/#3 "#)

#01 =/!XG .

5#@B# '" ' # ,", 01 , = &..," ,?*

" 7, <<.5

#= 5#@B!???

, ," . " #= BI , ," 0 " #,-! "# # . # ,$# # # # " # ,

.

!.6,

J6

' #

. "" """ ," , '," "01 G " " , " # "" " , " " 7, . 9 , " ,# # # " " "#. "," ##' ' # "", . " """ " # . ! #" " "" #. " " # ""," ","

" , = '8", I( 8MM
,<SSSSSSII<&8 " # ' * " #
2.7.3 Orienting the machine – UNSPEC and others ",-," 01 "",# '" "" . , )# ," ,= ' ," , "#01 . ' " #/, "#3# / ,,3

""#" .4)" ,-," '' # # " # "# " ## . $ #" ## #=, '," $8 ##," , K ## ,#. , , $8, ' , ,# , " " "" $8 , PE\PO#.EO. ##01 " "% ,

.1 = , ' ' : , !-) ","" "", # ", H,. '," ,

, ""# / - 3= 3 $# $# ! . 8

", ," "H, " ##"" " .## ' " , # ,# -. -

J@

!.4)# "

, -"#42" # ,)" "" " # = '.' <E<( '.3 '.X
# 7, ,-," '."""" @ ,")", "/#3" . ,/#3<<, "/#3 " ,"#. ,/#3

#" 42" #G , # ,# - " , ,### ", ,# ##= '.223

2:"!2<<23<0<(

" ,# #", " + ,- ," ,# - ., ,, = '9( '.' <E<( 3 '.( 223
, ,# " ## " #

, ) "" # )"." " + " , A # # ,# ,", A ,", X#M # <<
<II< , " "# <<. " #" ,#

# ," , #

" , .," " #

" , ,"# " " , ,

,# # ",#. # ," " " " # " ##) " . # ' # , ,-," ' #%'. " # "- # ," 01 , ,## .0"

# . , " , , ," " , ,

,## , ## "# .

!.6,

JJ

5 ,

"- # ""# . , # )#", . , @I L #. ))#", ? @M, ? J #$24#5 ".9 ," <II7III< <.<,,#" %#"

)#", "" = 'E'( E3<+1<,( E(

)$" # ,. ,- , " ,- ," "" "

, , #. ," ," # "" #. ," ,# )
##

" # L. B6 # ," ,", ," "

. ) ,", E## )" = 'E2 -"%2 -0'2 -/"%( '2 -"%2 -0'2 -/"% & (

,", E ,, # B 0 & -"# ##* "01

, , "", "%, A " & . 4- - #@I- - , ##

# @ " #" )#". ###@I- ,#. ,, # ,",. $ !--L--#@-, ", ! , ,#"" # .":! & !- ) !- , .5 " # & !"% ".* , L- ,#. C " "01 # , ," #" =

B6 #, # ""

"

=5 & "

,# ""

# ".

@??

!.4)# "

'E I2 -0"%2 -Q'(

E ,, # # # , "%A #., E# ' "", @? , 66G $ ##

, "#.5 )"" )# ). :! & !- ,# # , # ,# .9 , "" "& ,.(# " # , ,#' , # = " , #""

" . 5 "

,# " # ! , . ,#

# , ,

." " & " "" *, # , ,#

# )," , , ," ## ", 4.

" )#- , " #

#" # ., , #"# # " ,# ,, ,&, , *= '/", H2 4H( /(

$"" @L ,=
2.8 Abstract data types # # ",

# " "# "" " #.01 ## ,"## " #"" #" " ," A -"# "# . " ," , )" 01 A " " # .

2.8.1 Types having aliases – DEFINES ALIAS # ## , , " . ,, # ) , , , # = " ", 4(

# ,", #= '0! (

!.@$ "#

@?@

C # ! " " # 01 ,, # ,. &01 ,##) # , ,# '# ,.*9 ,# ! " ,# ". # -"# " # #G 9 ,, )" # ".

# ", 4" ## "" # ) .B@ $ # " , ## # " ##

" " "7,#

.9 ,, " # , ,",.

2.8.2 Showing colors – enumerating types # #- # # , #"# # # - .5 #," # " = " % .%% 2% &2!%2& 2 2 &%2:%(

# " % , #" ##.

, ,#., " % &"." . 7, #" = ' "'7'%%!.%%(

" )

'%%

# "'7'%%." G % " " # # . " , ," %

.% , # " . ," " ,

" ,# "

A # "" :% , .," # , , # # # %#!. ## ,")"

, , , # # .

# ," , , % K)

= %.%%3 :%( ( %.%%3 &%% % &( (

) , # , ##.C " ,

,, " #, "" N A

,-," ,

" " #, B@ 5 , " = G

@?!

!.4)# "

"" = % .9 , # " ,#" G 8 # ,# #)= 4 %'%%FJ1OE$ %' %% ( " % J %7'%% 2% &2!%2& 2 2 &%2:% '.%%!J %7'%%( 'D%'):( 'D%777 %7'%%( J '%% < '%%2<( &D%( 1 " %'%% D%777 %7'%%3
D%777 %7'%%3<<( ( "% % "D%777 %7'%%

D%MM< %'%%]<( D%MM< % %'%%]<( 4(

#"" &#- G*#" "" . " .# ," ,#" " , " "# ., ,#= ," "# " . $# "#= @. 9 , "# ,A +#. !. # " "", , " "" . # # )#, "# . " , " , . ,) ,# #= #, "

"#" .C , ,-," . "" ,= % " % .,, " # J %7'%%N " ,-," 7,## # G4)" = # # ,- ," ,- ," , ,

!.@$ "#

@?B

## " , .,

"

," = %.%%3"J %7'%% J %7'%%( (

, "#,, )"#"

# ,."

" "7,# ,," . $## / 3,-," = % # % ''.% , #"

# % '' ,""

,. ,", "= %.%%3"J %7'%% % ''.%% .%%3J %7'%%( (

= , G , , ## "

, " ,", " % .

" % .% 7'% O%: -2D2: *2% '% )& (

, #= , , . : , "#01 ,? " #" " ,@. :

"##, # " "# #

, ###" " @. ,# ' "" && & * H,

,"#, "#" =@! L , . & " " % , ," , L .* , ,#

" # "

#" , ", ,-," !: &. : *., : O%* : % (

, ,## , # ,# "" # # . 5 , , " " # #,.. ," . ," "

' # ' " " # )=

@?L

!.4)# "

4- .% :% J#.2.EG %' %% ( " % % 2 7'% 21( ' !( ' -!( 'F ", 9 & ( 3'2F ( -3'2( % ( % -( 4-(

# ,'#' # % .," ' " #,,"# , ## , ,.$ " ''# ' " ,#, "# "

#, #. ," ' ## #, , ." " #,

,A"" # $8, ,.5 ' ,, ," " '" ,

)./ )3", ' " # #"" #" . ,, " 01 "# ,,",-," '.$ #

, ," 01 # ", "

. 250#&"% ' #*, , # ' A , .

2.8.3 Strong types – DEFINE STRUCTURE $

,# ,",. " "7,# )

" L.L.$

,", . , " )= " ' J% 2 -O %", 42 -1 % %", 4(

9 ,## "# . )"# " #" % = 'O !J% (

" , # O N = #

,# ,",GC ##K ,", ," # ## .5 )##, '

" ,", , . )" ,# ,,G$ #

,

,", # ,

,", = O 3I( "% O ( "%

!.@$ "#

@?M

,#

", '" J% " J% "" .0# " , = O O %2O 1 % %3I O O %2O 1 % %(

5,", , #," . ,", , # ,, ,- ,", ""= " ' #!7'K2 -O '-I:2 -1!7& )",'H2-( ' :%!#!7'K(

9 ,, , , ,",# , ,# :%1!7&3I(

) ?.1!7& " #!7'K # #.

,", ")##= )

" L.L. 8 ""7,# # " = @=" 8, ( !=" % 8, ( B=" ' 8Y % Z2-8, 2...( ( 05&(C! 6DC@C 9&/&)7

2.9 Time calculations ##01 "# ##, ,- ," " ,""", " 0 < .C ## ,"" .

2.9.1 The fright of the turn of the millenium – date and time !?", # #, " ,#

#L# .# !# ##G, ,-," " 01 # #@JII=, !# . # ,# # ," " ## #.$""

@?I

!.4)# "

'17 ') ( <1 <2 17 22+2< <2 17 2H2-2< <2 17 2)2+2<<2 17 262-2<<2 17 22-2<<2 17 242-( -III I 4)+446

,## , ,#, # # . # " A " #"

" , . 8

#. ,"

## , G #=

- #
111 -##,, #. , "" 4 .

#

"",&)"

# * )11QQQQ- 4 . "

" # )<-4-II)<" <

11QQQQ<. '

, # "# ' ,. , 7,&

* , , ,-," " ,,

, , ,"" #
""," " , " ,/ 3. #, # #A,

# " " .

2.9.2 A language with SECS – the Lilian format 01 " ,7,##, "", .## #, ,-," 7,#. -"#1 A # #1,1 < "#&"" # "@J?? '#!???

G*.," ,

!.J"",

@?6

@M " @M@!BJ. # #,@ "", 01 .,-," ! , #' , " #,-," ' , , " # "

# " . C)" "" = ," =# "" #.5 ) !<-IIII6--<2
,, # # " # #,!!#!??? " #," < "#. , " #,01

, ##
, #,, . , # , = !" 2+MM<--+<2
" , # )" .&, , / 3 G* !, ", 4,#'"% ! H4,

#" #. $ ," ! # ' ) = !% # '% " ," " " #," ,"# .5 #," # # " # ,-," !%' # '%! . , "",, # , , ,# ## " # I? ,# !LK "," ,# ,, , ., ,# ,# , ,# #N # ,-," K!.9 ,# ,# 01 ##,# ,6. L? $ , K! , # ,#!. K!!<-IIIII<(

,@ ;,!??? ,#. ,"!#' ,"",-," :

, . , << , ### "" # " #,
&# , " B.B*. , ,# " @J?? " ,= ":<6III--6< <6II!]<( <6II %!]<( BJ 0 < ## # #"L " @M@!. L? # , , " ##@I?@"7, #,@# ,#,6.

@?@

!.4)# "

), ,!??? 01 =# # ,,#",#B@ 2"JJJJ. C , = ';< 0 0 +0 %

2.9.3 Revenge of the inherited – conversion of years C " " ##

!@ ,. # " ## ,# # ,-," # . !+ )# #

", .,-,"

. <66II-<2
# "" #"'QQ11<# " # #"" #"'QQQQ111<. ,,, 666II-. ' M? ,, " %. % 69I ,"" )J? # @JJ?#6? !?6?@? @J@?.$ , #= !? )",# !? ",.9 ," " , ,-," # ,,.$

,

" # " / #3# . # " " /#3 ,,01 . ," , ' 5 ,"/"3 " "# ! ," ##, #

" # . , # )" = " # ,# #,"#" #

",# #, # " . # " #" " #" ,,

. # " ## '# "". " " " ) " ##

.$"" ##" "" " #= '!'5( "!U3<< % '% & %'% < "!U<+)I6I-< '% & %'%

, ,# # #

"

# # ,# )## , . ,###

!.J"",

@?J

01 " # # " " # ",# = '17%'5( '!
, #,"### , =

' % :! &

' <6<

", '2I

7, #. , " ", , ,# " " 'K % ,G

B. " # ,",

@@@

3. Block and program structure '#

,", . ,", ,#

" , # # ,###", )" , .8 ,## " "", , , # ,""

. ", N A, " " )"" ,",. #,. " ##

,- ,-

,- ". ,

," ,- 01 # ,- "# "#, .

3.1 Scope and lifetime of variables $ , " , 7," 'O", ( &O( 'EO"%( % <%K

# $.9 ," #

," ,#= " # , N01 , " "", )"

" " , ## ##.," " "# " K& " #%' " .

3.1.1 Useful overhead – the BEGIN block 9 ," & " = 'O", ( &O( & ( 'EO"%( (

5 ,#, O# ,& " " ""+# & # . "

# E." ," ## #", .

' 7, ., , # & "

,#

,#G, ,

& " #" " " .(# " #

# " #. ) E " ""

# ., E " " . #O#"# , # " """

# # " ." " " # " " #"#",#, " # " ., # , .

@@!

B. " # ,",

C, )

# , ," ."7, ,# # #7," "",# " #"##" . " , #" )" , # " . #," # " , = %$ $ 6! 7

& # & " = @. " # "# ,

" "

!. " "## B. " " ##" " ,#"

. " # # = @. $"/ #3L@ -"# , " # , !. , #"

", #" " . ,

# & -"# "* # ,

# 7, #. , #.

3.1.2 More than once – the PROCEDURE block -"# %' "

# " & " . # %' " G "

# . ,, %' " , ,# & " .5 ) 7," 'O", ( ' "% I( &O( & ( '", ( 'E O"%( &E( %3%O( *3E( ( (

L@ " #, - #," "

.

B.@" #

@@B

&O( & ( '", ( 'E O"%( &E( %3%O( *3E( ( ( (

" # ", %' " = 'O", ( ' "% I( &O( 'J7 7 7 ( &O( 'J7 7 7 ( ( J7 7 7 %' ( '", ( 'E O"%( &E( %3%O( *3E( ( (

9 , # "#,# ,""" ' .8 7, "

,# '

. "#," "#)",#.$# )", " , '. , 7,"% ' %' " )",#,)", " ,

"# .

3.1.3 Taking care – nesting of blocks " "#, " # # " .1'

)= 44 %'K ' %' %% ( ''II:( 3<E<(

@@L

B. " # ,",

& ( ''II: <<( 3MM<<( '.( (

.%' ( 3MM<.<( .(

( 44(

7, = , =<E< <E.
# " ## "# "# ,

#& *." , ""<< " "# ".8 . "# #.<.< " "# , "N A 01 " " "## " 7,"= . <E.< ,. " "+# " .$##" ,# " "#A " # , .9 ,# ' # # " # " #., = '

% & $& " ")" %' " .5 " ," . # % # % # ) #" " #

+ . % " " & " " #"# ," #." #, % . & Y%[%Z%% Y [ % ZK

( 08& IC! # % + . # ",

%% ,# %' & . " B.!.6*. & " %% # =

@. " # & " "# ##& ! *. !. ,&.. ", * ##

, ,# " & " # '",, , - #," #. , #" , %

#

& " #. ,# ,# , ,#)",#"

A # " ### , + . %% " ,# H" + "=

B.@" #

@@M

' II", 4( $%% %3%II( %'K & %% ( '0 H", 4( &0( 3 ,020-20420+20H( %'K( $%%(

, ," " , "#, # & " #, 01 " " #" %&.

3.2 Structure of a PL/I program $ ## "" ," ,#& # * ,- " ," . 01 "#, " , ," " , . " ,"

" ' .

3.2.1 A matter of order – parameters $

" , "#, " #

, " ## ..

. ) ,- " "" # +. , , #.. " , # "#,. " ,#

, . , "#

. ' , " , # ,- A , " "# )= ' E22.(

,# " , %'

,- = %' 02Q2(

"" E#.""

,- 0Q# ". E#."#, K 0Q#"# . 7," "# " ## # "" ," " - ,#. = ' $-

.

@@I

B. " # ,",

",,

# ,- & " #*, -"###

".. ##

" , ,.C

, ,#" . ), # # ,- # , = 4+ % &%" ,III #EJEGJ %' %% ( '.% ", ( '", ( 'O III"%( J & % "! ( <#2 %III <( %3%III "! ( &O ( ( .% 3 ( %III O1"$ % &! '%.% 2O ( F %"%! O %3%.% ( % %' .% 2( '.% ", ( ' "%( '", ( 'E ,"%( '", ( ' 7%", ( %3%.% ( 7%3( %3*%.% ( "V 7#% 7%3( ( ,' &%" %" " 7#%W3 %( E ,3( 3 7%( 7%3E ,( ( ( %( 4+(

B.!,", 01

@@6

5 # ,#.

@ @???, #

G " ," %

" , "

. 8

G " , , K " # ,. # )@???,

,- # +."#"# " # # , "" ,- % + ,. ,) #" III, , O # " ##".9 ,""

,- @? !??? G9 ," # &. * #

"#, . "#, )#. -"# "

.9 ," , 7,"#

, " ,. , , )" , A , " "". , "#, ##" " #

," """. 3 +## 7%35= #)=

@

!

B

L

M

I

6

@

J

= @? !? B? M? 6? L? @? I? J? ( 09&

, "#, # . "#, # #- # ", " # # .

"#, #,"#.

, ," .9 ,

# ," "#, . ,# , # # = $ . 9 ,"

,- , "#,.$# " )" ' := EO %' # %% ( '# ' : % & (

C, #

@??"" . ## ," ",.

" " # . $

#", = #

H" # # ,, /### 3. #" = ," " 01 , .. # " 7, . ""

# . , # = & &# 02Q(

@@@

B. " # ,",

,%' = %'%% %,'%(

, " "## ,# ". 9 ,# # ", ),, ,, " " & " MM*." """ ,##,

% & &. % & *. 9 ,"##, % & ,",H, ,"## ,& &.& *= 'E 2 -"% % & 2 -.", 4& (

5 ,) )" ""#

.9 ," "& # % & "' .

3.2.2 One-way street – dummy arguments ,, ", , # )BL ,- " ",, # ,#.$" A , ) A, ", " O . ,. *+$ $# ! $ 4 & 01 , ,

, " )

", , . " " , #" " ,- . , " ,

" , "..' "#

., " ,- " "

# " & ,*# #,,

#. # " ," , " ," . , )

", " . , )

, " ,##

# " .

"" ,- " #, ,. , ", " ".5 )", ,#" # "%.#, , ,#" ", # ,#

# ,- . $ "" )# , " ## " " :! &,#" A#,, ,# #G

B.!,", 01

@@J

( - % # ! # 6 # 7& 3 # % $ ! $ % & , ," ,- ", ,- ,# ,, #, , , , ,#,"#. ,- # , , ,# . ,")

# 01 #," #, ,. 8 , ,# = '=9 ) 0 ! " ) ! ! ) ! " ! H &. " 0 "

"" #, , # + # ",#. , " ''K'% "% '" ## ," "" ." L.!.B ''K . $ " %, %

. "

, , ," # #"# & .

3.2.3 (Not) lasting long – AUTOMATIC and STATIC " "#, #, " "# "" %# # "#, " .$"" # , # , % 'K #" ,

" . ! .. #,.,

, % ' # )" "#,. # ,",

#

, = # " "# ,- G $ % ' , ' ., '", ' I(

#" ,- " ,"#".+ " % ' " ,- #, # # .2, , # ,K," #, )", ,"" A## #" " ,",. '

& ) # BM"# # # ,- # "" " # # , " .

@!?

B. " # ,",

4H &"% GEG. %' %% ( 'D%'HI:( % "! ( &D%( %W "! ( '# D%( &D%( ( '# <<( # %' D(

'D' : % & ( '$ '9I: <<'( '( &D3I%( K$ ( ( ( &$ 3I$ 3D( &$ * &DV , &$ $ MM3<<MMD( %%( K$ ( $ 3D( ( ( # ( 4H(

, # ' " ,,," ,- # ,

. ,,' ,# , " $ ,# "# "#+# , . ' ,"" # $ " ,# , " # . " ,- ,#".8 " " " ,#

G ,# =# )", . # ,- 0 , , # " "# ", .), "

" 0 # #" ,- ,#

,, # " "# . . " "#, " .., '

" " .C # , ,"

,

.$ ,- " ).."

"G 9 , , # ""

"# A)" # . &,"

B.!,", 01

@!@

" # "" . ,# ), "" ,", ,-,"

, & .

3.2.4 Home-made – functions # ,-," . ,# " ,#," , .%' " ", , , # ," . "#, # "#' "# , ,." ," "#,

" ,-," .. #, .C ""

,," , " "

.5 H, #

,= Yreturn valueZK

( 0<& A'DAC ,, # , "#," "#,#

, ,#. ) @?? # # ".$ ," "#,#. ,# " #= 45 ' &&%" '% %' %' %% ( '1'% ! II'HI:( &1'% !( "!"% " . ,1'% !( . , '!% %' 0 'HI:(

'0 ' : % & ( '", 4( ',", 4( ,3% 0( %3% 0*%% 0( "0U0,

,3( ( 0,( . ,( 45(

" . , ,# )

"..

# .,1'% ! #0

,- # #"# ' , + "" . ,-," % # % ##G

@!!

B. " # ,",

%' . , # ", ,," , .C" , "# " ," ", ," ,. , %' " " G # , " # )BI= "" ,# ' # +"/ 3 , #)

#&#, L ## M?*G '>I0 0 +0 )! !! !

. ! ) !" ,"# ," # , , " # = 3 # $ &D # & ," ," #,"# G C # ,", ,#.$ ,",,#.4.. /%' 0 !J% (

$" ," # ,",= /0O %34(

3.2.5 As in the Munchausen story – recursive procedures 5 " ", # ," - ) " = "I3 I]3 " 3" ]3 ]

5 -" )=LG& =L" * , @!BL.9 ," # ,"," 01 " ," = /' J' :" % %""'% %' 8 ", 4' :( '8", % & ( "83I

( /'8 8( /'(

%' ' : , "# " ""/'/' " .$ ,"/ #3 , ,"+ " ," ="" ,# ,, )",#. "" #"

B.!,", 01

@!B

# ,

K )", ,# ,

"= /' :" % %""'% %' 8 ", 4( '8", % & ( '", ( '/", 4( /3( %3-%8( /3/ ( ( /( /'(

" " , " , )" , ,#", ", .#" @! # , ". @!G &@!BLMI6@J@?@@@! W L6J??@I??* ',", 4G $", # " " # . , ", " ," ) . # C , # . #IL## "#"" # + # .

)" .$,) , ##,# # . "" !# "# "= , # # ,) # ,) . # , ,#

, ,) # # # =

origin pile

,)

( 0=&'#F

# "# # # " .

## "" # < # G,)", # , # !IL @ . $

, # " # )@?@! 7,#, ##G " , , # C ,# ,

@?# " , # . ,# , ,@, " - # IL# ,#, ,B? &@??? ,*.

@!L

B. " # ,",

"#, , . , = ,# ,# )" # # #,# .9 , # ", "#&.., ,)*, ,##,# . # ,# ,", ' ", ,",," )B6 = 4) G%%"L %J.PJ %' %% ( " % #F& 72E ,!72G&7( 'L %42 F& 72 E ,!72 G&7( L % J'K ! %"K %' O 2F& 2E ,2G&' :(

'O ", % & ( 'F& 2E ,2G& !# % & ( "O U :! & %% % ,! 'L %O 2F& 2G&2E ,( K%&' K<"% <MM% F& MM <%<MM% G&( "O U ,!%& 'L %O 2E ,2F& 2G&( L %( 4)(

$#) # N " .,# ' = G9 , ,,= "% FJ\O7#$%GEJ\G7#$ "% FJ\O7#$%EP0$EJQ7#$ "% GEJ\G7#$%EP0$EJQ7#$ "% FJ\O7#$%GEJ\G7#$ "% EP0$EJQ7#$%FJ\OE$7#$ "% EP0$EJQ7#$%GEJ\G7#$ "% FJ\O7#$%GEJ\G7#$

9 , , # , ,)# # , . ,

"", # , #"#& "" ##*.

,# " , " , ,#+"" "#,

B.!,", 01

@!M

### , . /3& " * # "

.$ "#, )# ,." , " ##" . 5 , . # % ' "# "" ,- &#, ,*. # #, ##

# . ,#,"

) "," " "#" "#,."""

# "" ##

##

# , , . , ", "#, .", #

# ,"# #" , ", 7,## " . # # !# $ !

$#

# & 9 ,", ," #" ,A # # A = -< ) + ) %

3.2.6 Compile separately, execute united – external procedures , ,- " # "#, "#,.$# 01

,#, " " " .

"#, " # # ) "#, " # , ." " 01 "# ' . )", "#, , " , H # .5 #, # / 3 / # 3. ) , " #.5 " = 49 .% &:%, %' %' %% ( ''% !' : ", ( '%
,- =

@!I

B. " # ,",

'% %":% %' ", ( '' : % & ( '.% ", ( '", ( .% 3I( %3% &( ":"! 222<EFP% <3I .% *3( ( .% ( '% (

" ,# #. 9 , " '% #"# !. , !#" " ,# / 3

,- '% )" " ,' :! &# ,# / 3,", ,. , !#" & ,#/"

3

*" ,#

,""

)# )"#&'" :! &G*# ,#, ", 4,$8 ###"%, ## & , #8G*. "

) " ' , #,," ," " ) "#,.$ # !, "## # , ," , "#. , "# !# %'N ", " "#, %' ! , G&9 ,"# ) " .* C # , = ,, / 3 = K,49%a'% %aFPG49,

9 ," ,"" # #) ,-

#" , T%' .

" ## " . # , ##" '% "#, '% . $ '% " , # , ," , K , A "" #

G, , ,# , !#" " ". !#' # ,

:! &# :! &. ,K ," ," "#, # , , "#, #=

B.!,", 01

@!6

"=

nameargument list

'nameargument list(

,=

value(

( (

#" )=

'name !attribute list attributes(

'name !attribute list(

%' -

%' parameter list attributes(

O %' parameter list(

=

( 0;&@ #D $ , ,01 " " #" ! ,.8 ,- " ## ! " .9 , ", '% , ". ,

,"" , "#,, , "

! G $ ! " = ! ! " ,",#" . #" ,# = ' I !:(

, #: # " " # " # , ,# " .$ "

,#

,", "" " " .$ " '% .

,# " " " : '% " . '% ,# )#-, % & . 9 ," , .. " ,"#. ' """ "= '4+(

# ," # " "#,L." , !"

# ! #. ,# ," , !,= 'J !",'% ! ( 'J4+(

, ' "#,. "#, , ,#.5 ,# "#,J=

@!@

B. " # ,",

J OGJQ %' / ! ( '/", % & ( '# 7T 2# 7' ' ! ( "/UI # 7T ( # 7' '( J(

$# " , , , # 7T ## 7' '= %'( # 7T %' 0( '0", % & ( 0

-(

# 7T ( %'( # 7' '%' 0( '0", % & ( 0

4(

# 7' '(

' ,# ,,,@I. $ " )= ! !, , # ," "##," ,

#N A , = @. & *," "#. !. !,

#. $ " %

" ! " ,""

! " !

#= '/ '% !:( %/ '% 3 2'% ( '17' :I2- #2/ '% ( (

, ,

-," #.% "# ," ,-," K, , , 17' : ,#" # # ", #. # ,# # " ) "#, ,# " ). ,.., , , ,", '%7'% , 2 -O ", 4 I2 -&'II: <<(

B.!,", 01

@!J

,", " ##) , " # .4" "" ,"#" ""

.$

# ,

.$ " # , ", " "# A "#,G

3.2.7 Packed procedures – PACKAGE # , )BM##" , , , # , ,# ," "# .1' # .$ "#, 7,#= , , "#, " " # ," "#,", ", "#,", " # " . " ,-

. " #,

# # , ""

"" # # "#, . ,# " , ". ,# , , ,# ## + .$ ,.. " . 01

" "#, ## H". 5 "#,= 46 Fa'#E.8E\ %' %% ( '.%' !' :( '$ & ! ", ( '.% ! '4-:( '1 !( '.%'<E<( \K% '.%'<"%<( $ &( K.% ( '1( 46(

8 , H"= Fa' %, 46 'K&,% ( '$ '4-:' <<( .%' %' D( 'D' : % & ( $ 3$ MMD( .%'(

.%'%

@B?

B. " # ,",

$ & ' &%" %' ", ( &$ ( $ &( .% ' '% %" %' '4-:( $ ( .% ( 1 %' ( $ 3<<( 1(

1

Fa'(

, " " # !#" & * ," ,#" " , " # ."" " H" H"- # .." # "#, & "

#" , ,# # *. )" 'K&

# ='K&# #" 1 "#, """

1. # ) "##" " ..

# ## " ".

= ' E - 4 # 6 7 . 9 , " ..# "" "" ,## # , #. 8 " )# " = name='K&Y,%list of namesZ Y: Z Y%% ZK ( 5>& 3J3I! ,%

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