Hitler and the Jews : The genesis of a genocide

ϥ΍έϮΑΐϴϠϴϓ

ΩϮϬϴϟ΍ϭήϠΘϫ

ϥ΍έϮΑΐϴϠϴϓ

12604

ϥ΍έϮΑΐϴϠϴϓ

ΩϮϬϴϟ΍ϭήϠΘϫ ϱΪϳ΃ϰϠϋϦϴϴΑϭέϭϷ΍ΩϮϬϴϟ΍ΓΩΎΑ·Δϟ΄δϣϰϠϋ˯Ϯπϟ΍ϥϮΧέΆϤϟ΍ϰϘϟ΃ ΩΪϋϰϠϋϭˬΎϫάϴϔϨΗϲϓΖϠϤόΘγ΍ϲΘϟ΍Ϟ΋ΎγϮϟ΍ϭϕήτϟ΍ϰϠϋϭΔϳίΎϨϟ΍ ΖϘΒγ ϲΘϟ΍ Ι΍ΪΣϷ΍ Ϧϋ ΎϨϴϟ· Ϟλϭ ΎϤϋ ϡϮϴϟ΍ ϝ˯ΎδΘϧ ΎϨϧ· ΎϫΎϳΎΤο ϝϭ΃ϝΎγέ·ϰϟ΍ΕΩ΃ϲΘϟ΍ΙΩ΍ϮΤϟ΍ϭΕ΍έ΍ήϘϟ΍ΔϠδϠγϦϋϭ΃ΓέΰΠϤϟ΍ ˮϙϼϬϟ΍ϮΤϧΔϠϓΎϗ ΕΎγ΍έΪϟ΍ ΪϬόϣ ϲϓ ΫΎΘγ΍ϭ ίέΎΑ ϱήδϳϮγ ΥέΆϣ ˬϥ΍έϮΑ ΐϴϠϴϓ ΓΩΎΑϻ΍βϴγ΄ΗΔϴϠϤϋΔϴϤϠϋΔϘϳήτΑΡήθϳˬϒϴϨΟϲϓΎϴϠόϟ΍ΔϴϟϭΪϟ΍

ΩϮϬϴϟ΍ϭήϠΘϫ

Ϧϳήθόϟ΍ϭΪΣ΍Ϯϟ΍ϥήϘϟ΍ϢϟΎόϟΔϤϬϤϟ΍ήΒόϟ΍ΎϬϨϣκϠΨΘδϳϭ

17,90 € ISBN : 978-2-304-02566-8 ISBN 13 : 9782304025668

ϦϳΪϟ΍˯ϼϋΔΒΘϜϣ

ϦϳΪϟ΍˯ϼϋΔΒΘϜϣ

www.aladdinlibrary.org

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

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ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ ƽơƾƷ Śũ :ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ǺǷ ƨŦǂƫ

Ǻȇƾdzơ ƔȐǟ ƨƦƬǰǷ Éditions Le Manuscrit

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ƨȈǻȁǂƬǰdzȏơ Ǻȇƾdzơ ƔȐǟ ƨƦƬǰǷ DzǸů ƢȀǧǂƷƗ Ŀ ǂǐƬţ ƨȈŭƢǟ ƨǸǰƷ ƢĔƛ ."ƣƢƬǯ ǵƢǻȋơ Ŀ džȈǴƳ Śƻ" ǽƾǟƢLJ ƨƥƢƬǰdzơȁ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǦnjƬǯơ ǀǼǷ .ƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơ ƩơǁƢǔūơȁ ƩƢǧƢǬưdzơ DzǸǟ ƢĆǔȇƗȁ ǾƷǂǧȁ ǾǬǴǫȁ ǽǂǟƢnjǷȁ ǽǁƢǰǧƘƥ Ǻȇǂƻȉơ ǞǷ DzǟƢǨƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƣƢƬǰdzơ .ƨǧǂǠŭơ ǶǴǟ ǵƾǬƫ ȄǴǟ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǮǴƫ DzǔǨƥ Ŀ ƤƬǰdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ƨŦǂƬƥ ǵȂǬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ Ǻȇƾdzơ ƔȐǟ ƨƦƬǰǷ ǾȈdzƛ ȂƦǐƫ ƢǷ ơǀǿ .ƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơ ƨǧƢǬưdzơ ƩȏƢů ǁơȂūơ ƩȏƢů ȄǴǟ ŚǼƬdz ƝǁƢǫ Dzǯ ŚǸǓ ńƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ Ǻȇƾdzơ ƔȐǟ ƨƦƬǰǷ ǥƾǿ ǹƐ ƛ .DzȀŪơȁ ƨȈƦǐǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ƤǴǤƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨƦƄơȁ DzǬǠdzơ śǰǸƬdz ƩƢƸǨǏ ȄǴǟ ǾƫƢȈǗ Ŀ ŚǼȇ ƣƢƬǯ Ȃǿ Ǻȇƾdzơ ƔȐǟ ƨƦƬǰǷ ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ ƧǁȂǯƢƥȁ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ƣƢƬǯ Ȃǿ Ǿƥ řǟƗ ƢǷȁ Ƨǁơǂŭơȁ ƨdzƢǨLjdzơ ƺȇǁƢƫ ƨȈǻƢLjǻȏơ ƺȇǁƢƬdz ƨǸǴǜǷ ƩƢǧƢǬưdzơ ǦǴƬű Ŀ ǺȇǂǰǨǷ ǺǷ ƨǻȂǰŭơ Ǻȇƾdzơ ƔȐǟ ƨƦƬǰŭ ƨȈǸǴǠdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ ǹƐ ƛ ƨȇǂǯǀƬdzơ ƩƢǟơDŽǼdzơ ƢȀǔǧǂƥ ǂƻȉơ ǵơǂƬƷơȁ ƨǧǂǠŭơ ǶǴǟ ȄǴǟ ƧDŽǰƫǂŭơ ǶȈǬdzơ ƢēǂǗƢnjŠȁ ƧDŽȈǸŭơȁ ƨǯǂƬnjŭơ ƢǼƫƢǧƢǬưdz DzǔǧƗ ƨǧǂǠǷ ǂnjǻ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzơ ńơ ƶǸǘƫ ƨȇƾǬƬǠŭơ ƨȈƦǴLjdzơȁ .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ƨȈǷȐLJȏơ śƬǧƢǬưdzƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƨǏƢƻȁ ŇƢȇǁƾǻƗ ǭƢƳ ƢLjǻǂǧ ŚǨLJ ƨȈǻȁǂƬǰdzȋơ Ǻȇƾdzơ ƔȐǟ ƨƦƬǰŭ ƨȈǸǴǠdzơ ƨǼƴǴdzơ džȈƟǁ

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ƨǷƾǬŭơ Ŀ ǶȀƬǴƫ ǂnjƦdzơ ǺǷ śȇȐǷ .ǩǂnjdzơ ȂŴ ǾƴƬƫ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƔƢŴƗ ǞȈŦ ǺǷ ƨǴǬưŭơ DzǧơȂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƮưŪơ ǾǨǴţ ƢǷ ǹȂǸǴǸǴȇ ǞǻƢǐŭơ DZƢǸǟ .ƮưŪơ ǞȈǼǐƬdz ƢƆǐȈǐƻ ƩƘnjǻƗ ǞǻƢǐǷ ƪŰƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǫǂƄơ ƪǻƢǯ ơǀǰǿ .ǾdzƢǸǠƬLJƛ ǺǰŻ ƢǷ Dzǯȁ ƨǼȈť ƩƢȈǼƬǬǷ ǺǷȁ džƥȐǷ śȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƪǐĈƼǴƫ ơǀǰǿȁ ǹƢǰŭơ Ǯdzǀƥ ǂǷ ǹƢLjǻȍ ǂƯƗ Dzǯ śǬǴǷ ǹȂǴǴǠȇȁ ǹȂưƸƦȇ ơȂǰǨǻơ ƢǷ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǹȂƻǁƚŭơ ƢȀǓǂǟ ƢǸǯ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ȅƾȇƗ ȄǴǟ ȄǴǟȁ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ƪǴǸǠƬLJơ Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzơȁ ǩǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟȁ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨŻǂŪơ ȄǴǟ ƔȂǔdzơ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ǵǂǿ ńơ ƧƾȇƾƳ ǩǁơȁƗ ƨǧƢǓƛ ƧǁȁǂǓ ǺǷ džȈdzȁ .ƢǿƢȇƢƸǓ ƽƾǟ Ǻǟ ƢǼȈdzƛ DzǏȁ ƢǸǟ ǵȂȈdzơ DZƔƢLjƬǻ ƢǼǻƛ .1ƢƆǷȂǴǠǷ ƔȆNj Dzǯ ƶƦǏƗ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ Ƣđ DZƢLJǁƛ ńơ ƩƽƗ Ŗdzơ ƭƽơȂūơȁ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƨǴLjǴLJ Ǻǟ ȁƗ ƧǁDŽĐơ ƪǬƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƭơƾƷȋơ ŸǭȐŮơ ȂŴ ƨǴǧƢǫ DZȁƗ ȏȁ ǾȈǴǟ ƩƔƢƳ ȅǀdzơ ǞȈǼnjdzơ DzǰnjdzƢƥ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƾdzȂƫ ǺǷ ƾƥ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ȁƾƦȇ ƨǗƢƷȍơȁ ƢȀǼǷ ǪǬƸƬdzơ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ ơƾƥ ƩƢƦƦLjǷȁ Ǟǧơȁƽ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǷ ƧƽƢƥȎdz ƾƥ DZƢǰNjƗ ǝȂǼƫ ƢǸǯ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǂƫơȂƫȁ ƨǷƢƼǓ ńơ ƾƟƢǟ Ǯdzƿȁ .ƨȈźǁƢƬdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ Ƣđ ȅǀdzơ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ Ŀ ȁƗ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ȁƗ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƔơȂLJ ƧǁDŽĐơ ǾǴǠŸ ƢŲ ƢŮ ƹǁƚŭơ ǶȀǧ ǹȁƽ Ȑ Ɔ ƟƢƷ ǦǬȇ DZơDŽȇ ƢǷ ǂǷƗ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǽǀǿ ǾǼǟ ƪǔƼŤ ƩơȂǼLJ Ƨƾǟ ǀǼǷȁ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ .ƨdzƘLjŭơ DZȂƷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǺǷ ǾǴǏȁ ƢǷ ǩƾǏ Ŀ Ǯnjȇ ƨǏƢƻ ǾȈǴǟ ǦǏȁ ȅǀdzơ Dzǰnjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƭƾƷ ƢǷ DZȂƦǫ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ DZȂƷ DZƾƳ ǁȁƾȇ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǥƾǿ ǹƢǯ DzȀǧ .ǾǼǟ ƨȈdzȁƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ȃȂLJ ǮǴŶ ȏ ƢǼǻƗȁ ƽȂƳȂdz ƢƆǗǂNj ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ Dzǿȁ ŸƧƽƢƥȍơ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ńơ DZȂǏȂdzơ ȆǴǠǨdzơ ŸƢđ ǽƢǼǧǂǟ Ŗdzơ ƧǁȂǐdzƢƥ ǂǴƬǿ ƾǬdz :ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƣơȂƳ ǶȀȇƾdz ǁȂǼƬŭơ ƤǠnjdzơ ƨǬƦǗ ǶȀȈǧ ǺŠ śƻǁƚŭơ ǺǷ Śưǯ ǀǼǷ Ǯdzƿȁ ǾLjǨǼƥ ǾǠǓȁ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǃƢųƛ ȄǴǟ ǂǴƬǿ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƾƟƢǫ ǍǂƷ

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ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǹȂǰȇ ȅȂȈūơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ Ŀ ƨdzȂƳ ƔơǂƳƛ ƢǸŮȁƗ śƬȈLJƢLJƗ śƬǘǬǼƥ ǎĈƼǴƬȇ DzȇȂǗ ƪǫȁ .ǾȈdzƛ ȄǷǁ ȅǀdzơ ňƢưdzơ ǥƾŮơ Ȇǿ Ŗdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ƢȀƬƴȈƬǻ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǩǂnjdzơ ƢǿDŽǯǂǷ ǁǂȀǧ DzƦǫ ǺǷ Ǿdz ƽơƾǟȍơ Ļ ŚLJ ǖƻ ǞƦƬƫ Ń ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƨȇƢǰƷ ǹƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷ ȄǴǟ ǍǂǨdzơ ǺǷ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȏơ Ŀ ǾǫǀƷȁ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJȍơ ǂǴƬǿ ƨǻȂȈdz ǹƛ .ǾȈǟȁ DzǷƢǰƥ ǞƬǸƬȇ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗȁ Ƨƾǟ ƩƢƳǂƥ ǾƬLJƢȈLJ ƪǠƦǗ ƾǫ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨƦǠǴdzơ ƩƢǗȂǤǓ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ – ňƢŭȋơ ǦǴūơ ƧƾǿƢǠŭ ǾǠȈǫȂƫ ƾǼǟ DzǐƷ ƢǷ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ DzȈdzƽ ǃǂƥƗȁ .ƩƢLJƢǰǠǻƢƥ ȅǁǀƳ DzȇȂŢ ńơ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ƽƚƫ Ń ƩƢLJƢǰǠǻȏơȁ ƩƢǗȂǤǔdzơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǰdzȁ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǹƗ ǮNj ȏ .Ƣēơǁơǂǫ Ŀ ƨƦǴǐƬǷ ǥơƾǿƗ ńơ ȄǠLjƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ Ƨǁơƽȍơ ƨǧƽ Ŀ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƩƢǟơǂǐdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzƢƷ NJȈǠȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗȁ ǹȂLjǧƢǼǷ Ǿdz ǹƢǯ ȅǃƢǼdzơ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƢǿŚǠLJ ƲƳƚȇ ǺǷ ǾLjǨǻ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ƩƢǟơǂǐdzơȁ ƩƢLjǧƢǼŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǹƢǯ ƢŶƛ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ śƦƬǻ ơǀǰǿȁ .(ƾĄLjƫ ǩĈǂǧ) ǁƢǠNj Ǯdzǀƥ ƢƆǠƦƬǷ ƢȀǼǟ ȄǓƢǤƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƤƦLjdzơ ǾƟƽƢƦǷȁ ǾƬȈǐƼnjƥ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ .ƨȇƢȀǼdzơ ŕƷ ƾȇƾƷ ǺǷ ƨǔƦǬƥ ǾǷƢǜǼƥ ǮLjŻ ǽƔơƾǟȁ ǾƬȈǿơǂǯ DZȁȋơ ƢȀǯǂŰ ǹƢǯ ƩƢǟƢǜǧ ǺǷ Ƥǰƫǁơ ƢǷ ƣƢǰƫǁơ Ŀ ǂNjƢƦŭơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥ ƩƢǟƢǼǫ Ǿȇƾdz ƩƾdzȂƫ śƷ 1920 ǵƢǟ ǀǼǷ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz .2Ǯdzǀƥ ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ǿdz ƪƸũ ǹƗ ƢǷ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǵƾǫƗ ǾǴƻơƽ Ŀ ƨǼǷƢǯ Ƨǂǰǧ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzȁƢƸŠ ƽȂȀȈdzƢƥ DzȈưǸƬdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ śƻǁƚŭơ ǒǠƥ Ǻȇƾȇ ƩơȂǼLJ ǂnjǟ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǀǼǷ Ȃǿ ƢǷ Dzǰdz Ɣơƾǟ ǺǷ ǾǴưǷ ƢŠ ƧƽǂǨǼǷ ƨdzƢƷ Ȃǿ ƢŶƛ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ǶȀƟȐǷDŽdz ƩƢƦƯȍơ ǶȀǼǷ Śǣ ǞƦǘdzƢƥ ƨǓȂǧǂǷ DZơƾƳ ƨȈǓǂǧ ƩǁƢƯƗ ƢĔƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƨdzȁƢƄơ ǽǀǿ .ƩơƾǬƬǠǷ ƨǏƢƻ ƮƸƦdzơ ƤƳȂƬLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǂǜǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ǞƦƬƬǻ Ȇǯȁ .3 ƽƐȏȁ ǑƢű ƨƥƢưŠ ƩƔƢƳ ƢĔƗ Ƣđ ƽĈǂǨƫ ƨȇȂǘǴLJ ȄǓȂǨƥ ǵƾǘǐǻ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ºdz ƨLJơǁƾdz ǑǂǠƬǻ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƢǼǻƗ ǞȈǔȇ ƺȇơǂdzơ ǹƢǯ ƨǓǂǤŭơ ƨȇƢǟƾdzƢƥ ƨdzȂǬǐŭơ ƨǬLjǼŭơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƨȀƳơȁ ƔơǁȂǧ .4ǾǷƢǜǻ ȃȂǫȁ NJȈŪơȁ Ƨǁơƽȍơ DzưǷ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ȃȂǬdzơ ǺǷ ǮƥƢnjƫ ǾǻƢǰǷ ǃŐȇ Ȇǯ ȄNjȐƬȇȁ ƢŲ ǾƫƽƢƥƛ ǶƬȇ Ń ƢǷ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ljȂnjƫ ƪƷơǁ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƢȀǟȁǂǨƥ ƣDŽūơ Dzƻơƽ ƧƾȇƾƳ Ƨǁơƽƛ NJȈǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǍƢŬơ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƨƦǠNj Ȇǿȁ DžƗ DžƗ ºdzơ ȃȂǫ ŅȂƫ ńơ ȃƽƗ ȄǓȂǨdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǷƢǟ ơƆȂƳ ǪǴƻ ƢŲ NJȈŪơ ƣƢǘǫƗ ǦǼǠƥ ǶƳƢē ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨdzƢǟ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ȄǴǟ ŃƢǠŭơȁ ƨȇƙǂdzơ ƨƸǓơȁ Śǣ ƨƠƳƢǨŭơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ƿƢţƢƥ ơǁȂǴƦƫ ǹƢǿȂƬdzơȁ

10

ƨǷƾǬŭơ

ƨǟǃƢǼƬǷ ȃȂǬdz ƔƢǓǁƜǯȁ DzƸǯ ǀƼƬƫ ƢǷ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ ƪǻƢǯ Ʃơǁơǂǫ řƦƫ ƢǸǯ ƾȈǠƥ ȃƾǷ ǥȂǫȂdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƜǧ ǥƾǿ ƢŮ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ǂȀǛƗ Dzǰnjƥ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ .ǾȀǼǯ ȄǴǟ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǁȂǻ ǂǴƬǿ .ƾƷơȁ DzƳǁ DZȂƷ ǁȁƾȇ ǹƢǯ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǹƗ Ŀ ǮNj ŇƽƗ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz žƢȀƦƴŹȁ ƩƢǯŐdzơ ƶǼŻ ǺǷ Ȃǿȁ ƢȀȈǬƸƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǝǃȂȇ ǺǷ Ȃǿ ǾLjſȁ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǂǐǼǠdzơ ƩơǁƢǠnjdzơ Ƕǟƾȇȁ ƾȇƚȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ǮNj ȏȁ .ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƧƾȈǬǠdzơ DžơŐǻ Ȃǿ ǹƛȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȏ ơƆƾǬǠǷ ƢƆȇǂǰǧ ƢƆŸDŽǷ Dzǰnjƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơȁ Ƣđ ȅƽƢǼȇ ǾǷƢǜǻ ǹƢǯ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǹƛ .ǾƟƽƢƦǷ ƨNjƢnjǿ ńơ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƾǬūơ ƨǧƢưǰdz ơƆǂǜǻ ǽƽƢǠƥƗ ƔơǂǬƬLJơ ƽơǁƗ ƶǓơȁ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ƧƽƢȈǫ Ǻǟ ǾƦƦLjƥ DŽƴǠȇ džǻƢš ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ƵȂǓȂƥ DZƾƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƮdzƢưdzơ DzƻƽƗ Ƣŭ ǾƫƽƢȈǫ Ǻǟ DŽƳƢǟ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƜǧ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ơǀǿ ǩȂǧȁ .ŃƢǠŭơ ǾǗƢƦǓ ȄǴǟ ǵƢȀŭơ ǝǃȂȇ ǹƗ ǂǴƬǿ ƧƽƢǟ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ .ƧƿƢNj DzƟƢLJȁ ǺǷ Ǿƫǁơƽƛ ȄǴǟ Ɣơǁƕ DzƦǬȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ȂȀǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ƢǿƿƢţơ ƤƳơȂdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƾȇƾƸƬƥ ǾdzƢƥ DzǤnjȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƢǷ Dzǯ ǹƢǯ Dzƥ ǾǗƢƦǓ ǺǷ ƾƷƗ Ǻǟ ǁƾǐƫ ƧƿƢNj ƩơǁƽƢƦǷ ƤǫƢǠȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǸǯ ƾƷƗ ǾƫƢǧǂǐƫ Ǻǟ ƨšƢǼdzơ ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ƩƢǟơǂǐdzơ ǾǴǤnjƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǾƬƦȈǿ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơ Ȃǿ ǾǴǤnjȇ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ơƆǂNjƢƦǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǽǁȁƽ ǹƜǧ ơǀdz .ƢȀǼǷ ǦǫȂǷ ƿƢţơ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƢȀǴƷ ǥȁǂǜǴdz ƢƆǯǁƢƫ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƩƢƦǠNj ǦǴƬű śƥ ƨLjǧƢǼŭơ ȆǯDŽƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƳȂdzȂȇƾȇȍơ ǾƫƢǟDŽǻ ƤƦLjƥ .ƾƷơȂdzơ ƣDŽūơ ǥȂǨǏ śƥ ƩƢǟDŽǼdzơ ƽƾǠƫ ǺǷ ơƆȂƳ ǪǴź ǹƢǯ ƢŲ Ǻǟ ƢȀǐƸǧ ƾǼǟ ƢǼǻƗ ƮȈƷ ƆƢȈƷ ȏƆ ƢưǷ ǵƾǬƫ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ƪǠƦƫƗ Ŗdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹƛ .ȅƽƢƥƛ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ Ȇǿ ƢǷ ǁƾǬƥ ƶǓơȁ ȆLJƢȈLJ ǖƻ Ǻǟ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǷ ƾǠƥƗ ƢĔƘǯȁ ȁƾƦƫ ƣǂǫ ǹȂƦǫơǂȇ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƽơȂǫ ǹƢǯ 1941 ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƢȀǴƦǫ Dzƥ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƣǂūơ ƨȇơƾƥ ŕƸǧ ŐƴȈLJ ǺǷ ǶȀLjǨǻƗ Ƕǿ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ƢȀǴȈǏƢǨƫ ǩƽƘƥ ƢȈǻƢŭơ ƱǁƢƻ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ƨǂƴǿ .ǶȀǴȈƬǬƫ Ɣơǁȁ ƢƆȈǠLJ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƔƢŴƗ ƨǧƢǯ ńơ ǶȀƬdzȁƽ ƽȁƾƷ ƱǁƢƻ ƽƾǸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƢŭȋơ ǶȀǯǂƬȇ ơƿƢǸǴǧ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ńơ ǥƾȀȇ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ƢƆůƢǻǂƥ ȃǀǣ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ǹƜǧ .ŸƽȂǟȂŭơ ǵȂȈǴdz ơƆǁƢǜƬǻơ ǾƬǔƦǫ ƪŢ ǶȀƟƢǬƥƛ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƱǁƢŬơ ńơ ǹȂƥǂȀȇ ǺǷ ƺȇơǂdzơ ǂȇǂŢ :ǾǻơƾƳȁ ǾȈǴǟ ǮǴǷ DžȂǿ Dzƥ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǂǴƬŮ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ DzƳƗ ǺǷ Ƣǿǀţơ Ŗdzơ ƩơȂǘŬơ Dzǯȁ .ǵȂȇ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǷȂȇ ǶǿƽơƾǟƗ ƾȇơDŽƬƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ 11

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƪǠǓȁ ơǂƬǴǰǻƛȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ śƥ ƪǠdzƾǻơ Ŗdzơ ƣǂūơ ǹƗȁ ƨǏƢƻ DznjǨdzƢƥ ƩƔƢƥ Ǯdzƿ ǪȈǬŢ Ŀ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǞǸš ƔƢnjǻƛ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƩǀǬǻƗ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ƧǂƴŮơ ǮǴƬdz ơƆƾƷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ śǗȂƫ ńơ Ȑ Ɔ ǏƗ ǥƾȀȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ȁDŽǣ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ǂǬnjǣƾǷ ljȂȈŪơ ƨǷȁƢǬǷ ƤƦLjƥ DznjǨdzƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ȃǿ ƔƢƥ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ ǝȁǂnjǷ Dznjǧ ƾǠƥ ƢȀȈǧ ȆǓơǁȋơ Dzƻơƽ ňƢŭȋơ ǵƾǬƬǴdz ƢƆǠƦƫ ȅǂš ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƪǻƢǯ .ƨȈLJȁǂdzơ Ɣơǃƛ ǩǃƘǷ Ŀ ǾLjǨǻ ƾƳȁ ȅǀdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƾƟƢǫ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƢƆǟǂLjƫ ƾǟ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ ƨȈLJȁǂdzơ ȂƬȈǤdzơ ƽȂȀȇ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ńơ ơȁƾǸǟ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ śȈǴƄơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǒǠƥ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ ǂǘǓơ ƢǷ ǞƦƬƫ ƨĈǼLJ ȆƟơȂnjǠdzơ Dzūơ ơǀǿ ŐƬǟơ Ľ .DzǸǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǫ ŚǤdzơ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .ǾƟơȂȇȍ ǹƢǰǷ ȏ ƢƆƠƦǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƶƦǏƗ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ Dzūơ ơǀŮ ƧƾȇƚǷ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ƿƢţơ ǶƟȐƫ ƨƦǫƢǟ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ȄƫƗ ơǀǰǿȁ .ƔƤǠdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ȈƦLJ ƩȂŭơ ȃȂLJ DzǠǧ ƽǂǯ ƩƔƢƳ Ŗdzơ ƤǻƢŪơ ƨȇƽƢƷȋơ ȂƬȈǤdzơ Ƨǁơƽƛ ƩƢǧǂǐƫȁ ƨȈǷƢLjdzơ ƾǓ ǂǴƬǿ DžȂǿ .5ƢȀȈǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƤǠǏ ȂƬȈǤdzơ Ŀ ǝƢǓȁȋơ ǁȂǘƫ ȄǴǟ ơǀǿ Ǻǰdz .ƵȂǓȂdzơ ƨȇƢǣ Ŀ ȁƾƦƫ ƧƽƢƥȎdz ƨǔȇǂǠdzơ ǕȂǘŬơ ǹƜǧ ǪƦLJ ƢŲ śƦƬȇ ƢǸǯȁ ƨȈǨȈǯ ƢȀƬǬȇǂǗ ȄǴǟ ǶȀǨƫ ƧƾƷơȁ Dzǯȁ ȃǂƻȋơ ǑǁƢǠƫ ƧƾƷơȁ śƬȇǂǜǻ ǵƢȈǫ ǞǼŻ Ń ǹƘƥ ǹȂdzȂǬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ "ƾĈǸǠƬdzơ ƨȇǂǜǻ ƣƢƸǏƗ" Ƣđ ȅƽƢǼȇ ńȁȋơ .ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ȅǀdzơ ǪǴǘŭơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ DzƳǁ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǀǨǻȁ ǞǓȁ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƩƔƢƳ ƢŶƛ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ǁǂǫ ǺǷ Ȇǿ ǂǴƬŮ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ǹƘƥ ǹȂǴƟƢǬdzơ ǶȀǧ ƨȈǻƢưdzƢƥ ǹȁƽƢǼŭơ ƢǷƗ .ǂǴƬǿ Ȃǿ ƨǬƷȐǷȁ ƽƢȀǘǓơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƔƢƳ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ǹƜǧ ƨȇǂǜǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ƤLjƸǧ .ǀǨǻȁ ȄǴǟ Dzƥ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǸƟƢǫ Śǣ ƨǸǜǻƗ Ǫǧȁ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ DZƢƳǁ DzƦǫ ǺǷ DzǸnjȇ Ȇǯ śƬȇǂǜǼdzơ śƫƢǿ śƥ ǥȐŬơ ƾƬŻȁ .ǶƟƢǬdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƨȈƟơȂnjǠdz ƨƴȈƬǻ ƨȈƟơȂnjǟ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǂNjȂƥ ƾǫ ŚǘŬơ ǁƢLjŭơ ǹƘƥ ǹȁƾǯƚȇ ƾǸǠƬdzơ ƨȇǂǜǼƥ ǹȂǴƟƢǬdzƢǧ .ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƺȇǁƘƫ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ȁDŽǤdz ƩơƽơƾǠƬLJȏơ ƧǂƬǧ Ȇǿȁ ž1941 ǵƢǟ ǞȈƥǁ ńơ ƾƬŻ Ȇǯ 1940 ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȇǂǜǼdzơ ƣƢƸǏƗ ƢǷƗ .ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ DŽȈƷ ńơ ǾƬȈǻ ǁƢȀǛƜƥ ǂǷȋơ ȄǘǟƗ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗȁ ǹƗȁ ȆǴƄơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁǃƢĐơ ƩƗƾƬƥơ śƷ 1941 ǵƢǠdzơ Ǧȇǂş ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹȁƽƾƸȈǧ ȄǴǟ ȆǴǸǟ ǵƢǜǻ ǺǸǓ Ǯdzƿ Ʊơǁƽƛ ȄǴǟ DzǸǟ Ľ ǺǷȁ śǴǟƢǨdzơ ƤǫƢǟ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈŷȋơ ǺǷ ȂŮ Ǧȇǂƻ ȁƗ ǞȈƥǁ śźǁƘƬdzơ śƥ ǩǁƢǨdzơ ǹƛ .ĺȁǁȁƗ ƾȈǠǏ DzƬǬǷ DZȂƷ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǺǷ ƢǼȈdzƛ DzǏȁ ƢǸȈǧ ƨǫƾdzơ ǵƾǟ ƾǯƚȇ ƢŲ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƭƾū 12

ƨǷƾǬŭơ

ƢŶƛ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿȁ .ƢƆǷƢǟ śLjŨ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƢǼǻƢǷǃ Ǻǟ ƾǠƦƫ ȏ ƨƯƽƢƷ Ŀ ǂnjƦdzơ ǺǷ śȇȐǷ ȅƗ ƣƢȈǣ Ŀ ƨǏƢƻ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǽǀŮ ǪȈƯȂƬdzơ Ŀ ƨǴƟƢŮơ ƧǂǤưǴdz ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzơ Ŀ ƾƟƢǟ Ȃǿ ƪǻƢǯ ǂǷơȁȋơ ǹƗ ǾǬȇƾǐƫ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƢŲȁ .ǾLjǨǻ ǂǴƬǿ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƨǠƐǫȂǷȁ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƨǬȈƯȁ .ƨǷƢƼǔdzơ ǺǷ ǁƾǬdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǹƘnjƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ƨȇƗ ƾƳȂȇ ȏȁ ƨȈǿƢǨNj ơǀǿ ǺǷ ǁơǂǫ ǀȈǨǼƫȁ ǶȈǜǼƫȁ ŚLJ Ǻǟ ƞƦǼƫ ƨǬȈƯȁ ƾƷƗ ƧǃȂŞ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ ǾnjȈƳ ƾƟƢǫ śƥȁ ǂǴƬǿ śƥ Ʃǁơƽ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁȁƢƄơ Dzǰƥ ǖȈŹ ǵƢƬdzơ ǑȂǸǤdzơ ǹƗȁ ǝȂǼdzơ ƢŲ ƨǫǂǨƬǷȁ ƨǴȈǴǫ ƢǼǿ ȁƾƦƫ DzƟȏƽ DZȐƻ ǺǷ DzǸǠȇ ƹǁƚŭƢǧ .1941 ǵƢǟ DZȐƻ ǂǴŷ ƪǫȂdzơ ǞǷ ǂƻƕ ŘǠǷ ǀƼƬƫ Ƣēơƿ ƾŞ ”ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ“ ƧǁƢƦǠǧ .DZƢǼŭơ ƧƾȈǠƥ ƢēƔơǂǫ DzǠŸ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ńơ ƽȂǠȇ ȅǀdzơȁ ǾƬƥȂǠǏ Ŀ ƨȈŷƗ DzǬȇ ȏ ǂƻƕ DzǷƢǟ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǥƢǔȇ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƧƢȈƷ ƾǏǁ ƢǼȈǴǟ DzȀLjdzơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƢŠǁȁ .ǵơǂƳȍơ ŃƢǟ Ŀ ƢŮ DzȈưǷ ȏ ƨȈǐƼnjǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǮǴƬƥ ƨǗƢƷȍơ ǞȈǘƬLjǻ ƢǼǻƘƥ ǶǟDŽdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǼƫǁƾǫ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƨǏƢŬơ ƪǴǧǃȁǁ ȁƗ DzNjǂnjƫ .ǂǴƬǿ ƧƢȈŞ ƨǏƢŬơ ƤƦLJ ȅƗ ƢǼȇƾdz džȈdzȁ ǾȈǧ ǮNj ȏ ǶƟƢǬdz ƭơƾƷȋơȁ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ƨŦǂƫ ȄǴǟ ǝơǂǐdzơ ǹƛ ǃŐȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩƢȇǂǜǼdzơ ǑǁƢǠȇ ȅǀdzơ DZƾŪơ ǹƗ Śǣ ǾǴǿƢƴƬdz ȄǴǟ ƔȂǔdzơ ȆǬǴȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƢǸǯ śǧǂǘdzơ Ȑǯ Ʃơǁƾǫȁ ƩƢǫƢǬƸƬLJơ Ɔ ǰnjǷ Ƶǂǘƫ Ŗdzơ Ǒơǂǣȋơ ǁȁƾdzơȁ ƭƾūơ ǩƢȈLJ ǽǂƯƛ ȄǴǟ ǞȈǔȇ  6śǧǂǘdzơ Ȑǰdz Ȑ DzƳǁ ǞLJȂƥ Ǻǰȇ Ń Ŗdzơ DzǷơȂǠdzơ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƨǴLjǴLJ ƨȈŷƗ Ǻǟȁ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǾƬƦǠdz ȅǀdzơ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ǾƷǂNj ǺǰŻ ȏȁ ƶǓơȁ Śǣ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ȁƗ ƢȀǬǴƻ ƾƷơȁ ƾƷơȂdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǺǸǓ ƧŚưǯ ǵƢLjǫƗ Ƣđ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢǠǨdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ ƢǻǀƻƗ ǺǷ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ƨȈǣƢǘdzơ ǺǰǸƬȇ Ȇǯ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ Ƕǟƾdzơ ƪǴǰNj Ŗdzơ ƨǜǧƢƄơ ƨƦƼǼdzơ ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥȁ .ǾǸƟơǂƳ ǃƢųƛ ƨȇǂǴƬŮơ ƧƾȈǬǠdzơ Ŀ džǻƢƴƬdzơ ǦǏȁ Ŀ ƨǤdzƢƦŭơ ńơ ǥƾē ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ ƨȇǂǜǼdzơ ǹƛ DzǸē ȆȀǧ DzƥƢǬŭƢƥ .ƢȀȈǧ ǞƳơǂȇ ȏȁ ǀǨǼƫ ǂǷơȁƗ ǁơƾǏƛ Ŀ ƨǬǴǘŭơ Ǿƫǁƾǫ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơȁ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Śƴē ǺǷ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ŚȈǤƫ ńơ ȃƽƗ ƤƦLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƨȈŷƗ ǺǷ DzǴǬƫ ȁƗ ǂǴƬǿ ƨȈǻƢǘȈnjƥ ǶȈǴLjƫ ȃȂLJ ƪLjȈdz NJƬȈǧǃȁƗ ƩơȂǼLJ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾǯƚƫ ƢǸǯ ǶǿƽǂǗ

13

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǶđƢǰƫǁƢƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ǾƬǟƢŦ DzƦǫ ǺǷ DžǁȂǷ ȅǀdzơ ǾȇȂǸƬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǾůƢǻǂƥ ǪȈǬƸƬƥȁ .ǂǿƢǜŭơ ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ƨLJƢȈLJ ȃǂů ȄǴǟ ƔơȂƬdzȏơȁ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơ ơȂǷƾǫ DzǸǠdzơ ŚLJ ǺLjƷ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǜǧƢƄơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ Ǻǰdzȁ ƪLjȈdz ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹȋ .ǂƻȉơ ǥǂǘdzơ Ŀ ơƆŚưǯ ơȂǤdzƢƥ DzƥƢǬŭơ Ŀ ǶĔƜǧ ƨȈźǁƢƬdzơ ƭơƾƷȋơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨǧǂǠǷ Ŀ ƢŶƛ ƧƽƢƥȍơ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ Ȃǿ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ƨǧǂǠǷ Ŀ ǞǬƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ƾƥ ȏ ǹƢǯ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǹƗȁ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǨǏȁ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ Ȇǿ 1941 ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǁȂǷȋơ Ǻǟ ǝǂǨƬƫ Ń Ƣǿǁȁƾƥ ƨƦǣǂdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟȁ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƨƦǣǂdzơ Ǿȇƾdz Ǻǰƫ Ń ǹƛȁ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ǺǿŐǻ Ȇǯȁ .ƨȈƟƢĔ DZȂǴƷ ńơȁ ƩƢȀƳȂƫ ńơ ƩƽƗ ƨǷƢǟ ƨȈƳȂdzȂȇƾȇƗ ȄǴǟ ǁơǂǸƬLJƢƥȁ DŽǰƫǂƫ ǹƗȁ ƾƥ ȏ ƨȈǨȈǛȂdzơ ƨȇǂǜǼdzơ ǹƜǧ ǾLJƗǂȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǾǷƢǜǻ ŚLJƗ Ŗdzơ ŚȀǘƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJȁ ǂǴƬŮ ƨǴƫƢǬdzơ ƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơ śƥ ƢǷ ǑǁƢǠƬdzơ Ȃǿȁ ƪƥƢƯ ȄǘǠǷ .ƮdzƢưdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƢȀLJǁƢǷ ǒǠƥ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ǾȈǻȁƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ ơƆŚưǯ DzǰƬȇȁ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ơƆƽƽǂƬǷ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƾƥ ƞǗƢƻ Dzǰnjƥ Ʃǀţơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ǺǷ ơƆƽƾǟ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ǁȂǷȋơ .ƨǬȈǓ ƽȁƾƷ Ŀ ȏƛ ƨūƢǏ Śǣ ƩƢƳƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ǽǀǿ Dzǯ Ǻǰdzȁ Ǯdzǀƥ ƾȇ ǁǂȀǨǴdz ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ .ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ƧȂǘş ƧȂǘƻ ǂǴƬǿ ǞƥƢƫ ơǀǰǿȁ DzǟƢǨdzơ ǽǁȁƽȁ DzǷƢǰdzơ ǽǁȂǔƷ ǹƢȈƦƫ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ƢȀƬǼǸǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơǂǤưdzơ Dzǯ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjǷ ƨǏƢƻȁ ǽǁƢǰǧƗ ǶȈǸǏ ƪƥǁƢǫ Ǒǁȋơ ȄǴǟ DZƢǸǟȋơ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƢȀȈǧ ƧǂƬǨdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǾǻȂǴƬŹ ȅǀdzơ DŽǯǂŭƢƥ ǹȂǿǂǷ DZƢƳǂdzơ ǵƢǜǟ ǾƦǠǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁȁƾdzơ ǹƛ ǂǜǻ ƩƢȀƳȁ ǺǷ ƢǿǂǷƘƥ ƢƆǯȂǰnjǷ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǮǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƨǏƢƻȁ ǮǴƫ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǺǰŻ ȏ ơƆǁȁƽ ƾƷơȁ DzƳǁ ǾȈǧ ƤǠdz ǦǫȂǷ ǵƢǷƗ ƢǼǻƗ ǺǷ ǞǼŻ ȏ ƢǼǷƾǫ ƢǷ Dzǯ .Ƨƾȇƾǟ .7ǾƦǠdz ǽŚǤdz ȃƽƗ ȅǀdzơ ǦǘǠǼŭơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǁȁƽ ǃơǂƥƛ ljƢǬǼdzơ ƢǿǂȀǛƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ơǀǿ ƨLJơǁƽ ȄǴǟ ơƆǂƻƚǷ ơȂƦǰǻơ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǹȂƻǁƚŭƢǧ .ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ Ŀ DzȇƾƦƬdzơ ńơ .śǼƯơ ǺȇǁƢȈƫ Ŀ ǶđƢǿƿ ńơ ȃƽƗ ƢŲ ǶȀǨǫơȂǷ Ŀ ƽƾnjƫ ƨǜƷȐǷ ƢǼǼǰŻ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ƨȇDŽǯǂǷ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȏƛ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǩȐǗƛȁ ǵƢǜǼdzơ DzǸǟ ǥȁǂǛ ǹƗ DZȁȋơ ƧǂƬǧ Ŀ Ʋǔǻ Dzƥ ƢǿƢƸǓȁ ƨǴȈdz śƥ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƗ Ľ .ǂǴƬǿ Ƨǁơƽƛ ƪŢ 14

ƨǷƾǬŭơ

ǹƗ Śǣ .ǾǠȈƥǁ Ŀ džȈdzȁ 1941 Ǧȇǂƻ ȁƗ ǦȈǏ Ŀ ƢƆȈƟƢĔ ƾǸƬǠȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ƨȈdzƢǬƬǻơ śƻǁƚŭơ Ǻǟ ƩǁƾǏ ƩƢLJơǁƽ ƭȐƯ ǾƫǂȀǛƗ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǪǸǟ DZȂƷ ƢƆǸƟƢǫ ȄǬƦȇ ƢƆǧȐƻ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ ƨLJơǁƽ ȄǴǟ ơȂƦǰǻƛ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƆƢȈǰȈLJȐǯ ƶƦǏƗ Ǿdz ƣƢƬǯ Ŀ ƾǯƗ ȅǀdzơ (DzȈǯƢƳ ƽǁƢNjŐȇƛ) ňƢŭȋơ ƹǁƚŭơ ǹƛ ǂǴƬǿ ƩƢǧǂǐƫȁ ǁƢǰǧƗ śƥ ǒǫƢǼƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ǵȂȈdzơ ƾǯƚȇ ƨȇǂǴƬŮơ ƨȇǂǜǼdzơ Ŀ ƢƆǬLJƢǼƫ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ Ŀ ƹǁƚŭơ ƽƽǂƬȇ ȏȁ .Ǿȇƾdz ƩƢȈǴǔǧȋơ Ǻǟ ƾȈǨȇ ȏ ơǀǿ ǵƢƴLjǻȏơ ǵƾǟ ǹƘƥȁ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƢƆǼǴǟ Ǯdzǀƥ Ƶǂǐȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ƾȇǂȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾǬdz .ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƨǷƢƼǓ ƢȀƬƦƦLJ ƧƾȈǯƗ Śǣ ƩơȂǘƻ ƢȀƬǬǧơǁ Ƨƽơǁȍơ ƢƆǷȂȇ ƢǿǁȂǐƬȇ Ńȁ ǾLjǨǼƥ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȏ ǁȂǷƗ ƣƢǰƫǁơ ȄǴǟ ǾǗƢƦǓ ǂǴƬǿ ǞƴNj .ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ DzǸǠƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾǗƢƦǓ ƧǁƾǬǷ ǺƸƬǷơ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ .ǪȈǬƸƬdzơ ƨǼǰŲ Ǧȇǂƻ ƔƢǘƻƗ ǹƘNj ǺǷ DzǴǫ ƢǸǯȁ Ǿǻȋ ƔƢǘƻƗ ǺǷ ƢƆȈdzƢƻ džȈdz ǾǼǰdzȁ ňƢǘȈNj DzǸǟ .1941 ǵƢǟ ǭơƿ ƧƽƢƥȍơ DzǸǟ Ŀ ǾȀƳơȂƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƤǟƢǐŭơ Ŀ ǢdzƢƥ ƾǫ ȂȀǧ 1939 ǵƢǠdzơ ǽǀǿ .ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ńơ ƢȀǬȇǂǗ Ŀ ƧŚLjŭơ Ƣđ ƩǂǷ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔơȂƬdzȍơ Ƶǂnjȇ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ƨȈǻ ȄǬƦƫ ƾĈǸǠƫ śƥȁ ƨȈƟơȂnjǟ śƥ ƢǷ ƨǬǧơȂǷ DzǸǟ ńơ ǥƾē Ŗdzơ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ ȏ ȆȀǧ ƩƢLjƥȐŭơȁ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ƢǷƗ .ǝȂǓȂŭơ Ŀ DžƢLJȋơȁ ƨȇDŽǯǂŭơ ƨǘǬǼdzơ Ȇǿ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨǷƢǟ ƧǁȂǐƥ ǞǸŸ ǾǻƗ ȃȂLJ ƨȈŷƗ ǹȁƾƥ Ȃǿ ȅǀdzơȁ ƨƷȂǴdz ȆǨǴŬơ ǂǜǼŭơ ȃȂLJ Dzǰnjƫ .8ƣǂūơ ǥȁǂǛȁ ƧƽƢƥȍơ śƥ ǂǴƬǿ Ǻǿƿ Ŀ ǾLjǨǻ ƪǠǼȇ ȅǀdzơ (ǢǼǻȁơǂƥ ǂǧȂƬLjȇǂǯ) ȆǯŚǷȋơ ƹǁƚŭơ śƦȇ ǂƻƕ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ .śƯȐưdzơ ȁƗ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơ ƩơȂǼLJ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǥơƾǿƗ ǺǷ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ǹƗ DZƾƬǠŭƢƥ ȂǴƫ ƾƷơȂdzơ ƢȀǠǔȇ ƞƬǧ ƢǷ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ǾdzȂǴƷ DznjǨdz ȂȀǧ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ Ǯdzǀƥ ǂǷƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ 1940 ȆǷƢǟ Ƣđ ǵƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƣǁƢƴƬdzơ ǹƛ .ƧǂLjūƢƥ ȃȂLJ Ǯdzƿ ǾȈǴǟ ƽȂǠȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǂƻȉơ Ń Ŗdzơȁ ǽŚǰǨƫ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ǏƗ ƧƽȂƳȂǷ ǁǃƢů Ǟǧơȁƽ DzȈǏƘƫ ǺǷ ƢŮ ƾƥ ȏ ǹƢǯ 1941 – ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ Ŀ ǾƫƢȈǴǸǟ ƵƢų ƾǠƥ .DzƦǫ ǺǷ DzǷƢǯ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ƢǿƾLjƳ ƾǫ Ǻǰȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƜǧ ƨȈǔǬdz ƢƆƯǁơȁ ǾLjǨǼdz ǾƦȈǐǼƫȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ Ǻȇǂƻƕ śȇȐǷ ƾƳȂȇ ƮȈƷ ńơ Ǿƥ ȃƽƗ ƢŲ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ǾƫƢǫƢǨƻƛ DzǠǧ ƽȁƽǂƥȁ ŚƦǰdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ŚȀǘƫ ȃȂđ ƢƆǟȂǧƾǷ .9ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ DzȈƦLJ ǾǯȂǴLJ 15

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǹƘƥ DZƢǫȁ ǢǼǻȁơǂƥ ǺǷ Ƥȇǂǫ ƤǿǀǷ ńơ Ƥǿƿ ȅǀdzơ (ǁȁǁƢȇƗ Ȃǻǁƕ) ơƆŚƻƗȁ ǂǴƬǿ Ɣơƾǟ ǹƗ ǾȇƗǂƥȁ .ǂǴƬǿ ƨǘǴLJ ƪŢ DzǷƢǠdzơ ǕƢƦǔdzơ ǮǴLJ DZȂƷ ǁȁƾƫ ƢŶƛ ƢȀǴǯ Ƥǿǀŭȁ ǾȈǨnjdzȂƦǴdz ǾƟơƾǟ ńơ ƨǧƢǓƛ ơǀǿ ǾƫƾȈǬǟ ƩƢƦǯǂǷ ǺǷ ƾƷơȁ ȏƛ džȈdz ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ȄǴǟ DzǸǟ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǾȈǧ ǭȂǰnjŭơ ǺǸǧ ǹƿƛ .ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ǭơǀǻƕ ǂnjƬǼŭơ ǞLJȂƬdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǬǧ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ǕǁȂƫ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƜǧ .ƧƽƢƥƛ ńơ ǾůƢǻǂƥ ǥơǂŴơ ƨȈƦȈǴǏ ƨǴǸƸǯ Ƣǿǁȁƾƥ ŐƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ ǾƬǴŧ Dznjǧ ȄǴǟ DzǠǧ Ƨƽǁ ȄǴǟ .ƨǴȇȂǗ ƢƫơȂǼLJ ƢȀǴƳƗ ǺǷ DzǓƢǻ Ŗdzơ ǾƫƾȈǬǟ ƩƢƦǯǂǷ Dzǯȁ Ȃǿ ƢȀȈǧ ǕǁȂƫ ƨǴNjƢǧ ƧȂnjǻ ȄǴǟ DzǠǧ Ƨƽǂǯ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƽƾǠdzơ ǭơƿ ƩȂǷ ȁDŽǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ǢǼǻȁơǂƥ džǰǟ Dznjǧ ǮƥƢnjƫ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƩƔƢƳ ƢŶƛ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǹƗ (ǁȁǁƢȇƗ) ȃƗǁ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǽǁƢǐƬǻơ .10ȃǂƻƗ ƨǼǰǷƗ Ŀ Dznjǧ ǞǷ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ ƨȀƳ ǺǸǧ :ƩơƔơǂǬdzơ ǺǷ ǺȇǁƢȈƫ ƣƢǘǬƬLJơ DzǏơȂƫ ƢŮƢƷ ȄǴǟ ȄǬƦƫ ǹƿƛ ǦǫơȂŭơ .ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǻ ȅǁǀƳ ǁơǂǫ Ȇǿ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ ƧƽƢƥȍơ Ŀ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨȈǻ Ȇǿ ƢȀȈǧ ȃǁƗ ňƜǧ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ńơ ƢŮȂǏȁ ńơ ƢȀƬȇơƾƥ ǺǷ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǪƷȏƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȅǁȁƾƥȁ ǹƗ ŐƬǟƗ ňƜǧ ĺ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ .ƢƆǠǷ ǹƢƫƾƳơȂƬŭơ ǹƢƫƔơǂǬdzơ DzƻơƾƬƫ ƮȈƷ ȃǂƻƗ ƧƔơǂǫ ƨǬǴǘǷ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƨȈǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ Śǣ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzơ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ȃȂǻ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǞLJȁƗ ȏƆ Ƣů ǭǂƬȇ ƢŲ ƱǁƢŬơ Ŀ ǾƫȐŧ Dznjǧ Ȃǿȁ ƢƆǨǴLJ ƽƾŰ ǞǓȂƥ ƨǗȁǂnjǷ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ DZȂǫƘǧ ƧDŽȀƳȋƢƥ śǴƟƢǬdzơ Ƨǂǰǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ƾȇƙƗ ƢǸǯ.ǂƻƕ ȆLJƢȈLJ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ƨǠƥƢƬŭ Ļȁ ǪƦLJ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ŚLjǴdz ƢƆǸƟȐǷ ơƆȂƳ ǪǴƻ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǮƥƢnjƫ ǹƘƥ Ŀ ƢƆǷƢǿ ƢƆȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJƛ ơƆǁȁƽ ƨȈƦǴLjdzơ ƢȀƴƟƢƬǻȁ ǾƬǴŧ Dznjǧ ƤǠdz ƾǬdz .ǹƢǿƿȋơ Ŀ ǽƽơƾǟƛ .ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƾȈǫ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǞǓȁ ƨȇǂǜǼdzơ ǹƢȈƦƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƢƆǸȀǷ ǽơǁƗ ƢŠ ƧǁȂǐŰ ƨȇƙǂdzơ ǹȂǰƬLJ ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ƩƢƸǨǐdzơ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǶȀƬǷƾǬǷ Ŀ śȇǃƢǼdzơ ǕƢƦǔdzơ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ Ǧǐdzơ ȄǴǟ DŽǯǂƬƬLJ Ŗdzơȁ Ƣđ ǺǷƙƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJȍơ ǦǫơȂǸǴdz ǂǴƬǿ ǂȇƾǬƫ ƨȈǨȈǰdz ƨLJơǁƾƥ ǵȂǫƘLJ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ ǾƫƢȇǂǜǻȁ ƩơȂǼLjdz ƪȈǬƥ ƧŚưǯ ǂǿƢǜǷ ǦnjƬǰǻ ƢȀũǁ DZȁƢŴ Ŗdzơ ƨƷȂǴdzơ ǽǀǿ DzǛ Ŀȁ .ǾǷƢǜǼdz ƤǠnjdzơ ǺǷ ƨƦƼǼdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ƨȈǷƢLjdzơ ƾǓ ƔơƾǠǴdz ƨȈźǁƢƬdzơ ǁȁǀŪơ ƢȀŷƗ ƨǸǴǜdzơ Ŀ ǹƗ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ǂǘƻȋơȁ .ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ȃȂǬdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƨǠƦƬŭơ ǂǜǼdzơ ǂǐǫ ƩƢLJƢȈLJ ňƢŭȋơ 16

ƨǷƾǬŭơ

ǵƾǟ ƤŸ .DzȈưǷ Ǿdz ǪƦLjȇ Ń ƽƢȀǘǓƛ ǥƾǿ ǶĔȂǯ DžƢLJƗ ȄǴǟ ȏƛ ǹȂƦƟƢǣ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ DZȏƿȍơȁ ƤȇǀǠƬǴdz śǓǂǠǷ ǂnjƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ơȂǻƢǯ Ɣȏƚǿ ǹƗ ƝǁƢǬdzơ Ǻǿƿ Ǻǟ ƣƢȈǤdzơ ǵȂȈdzơ ȄƫƗ ǹƗ ńơ ǶēƢǷơǂǯ Ŀ ǹƢȀƬǷȎdz ǹȂǓǂǠƬȇ ƧŚưǯ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ǹȂǰǴŻ ƢǷ ƧǁƽƢǐǷȁ .ƩȂŭơ ǞǻƢǐǷ ńơ ǾȈǧ ơȂdzȂŢ ȅǀdzơ

17

DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǂǴƬǿ Ɣơƾǟ .ƨȈǷƢLjdzơ ƾǓ ƤǐǠƬŭơ ǾƟơƾǠƥ DŽȈŤ ƾǫȁ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ Ŀ ƢƆȇȂȈƷ ơƆDŽǯǂǷ ǂǴƬǿ DzǤNj ǁȁƾdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ơȂǨǴƬƻơ ǹƛȁ ǶŮȂȈǷ ǦǴƬƼŠ śƻǁƚŭơ ǞȈŦ ǪǨƬȇ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟȁ ƨǏƢƻȁ ƣ ǺǷƚȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǾƫƾȈǬǟ ƨǧǂǠǷ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ .ǂǴƬǿ ǾƦǠdz ȅǀdzơ ȆǴǠǨdzơ ǽƔơƾǟ ƨǏƢƻȁ ǽƾȀǟ Ŀ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƭơƾƷȋơ ȃǂů ǶȀǨǻ Ȇǯ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǽƔơƾǟ DZȂƷ Ÿ ǶǿǂǜƬǼȇ ǹƢǯ ŚǐǷ ȅƗȁ ǂǴƬǿ ƧƾȈǬǟ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzƬƷơ ǹƢǰǷ ȅƘǧ .ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz .ƨȇƢǨǰdzơ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ Ǯdzƿ ƩǂȀǛƗ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǹƜǧ ǶēƽƢƥƛ ȄǴǟ ơƆǁƽƢǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ Ǯdzƿ ǺǰŻ Ȑǧ DzǠǧ ƢǷ DzǠǨȇ ǾƬǴǠƳ Ŗdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ȄǴǟ ƔȂǔdzơ ƔƢǬdzƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷ Ǻǰdzȁ .ǾȈdzƛ DzǏȁ ƢǷ ńơ ǾƫƽƢǫ Ŗdzơȁ ŃƢǠǴdz ǾƬȇƙǁ Ŀ ǪǸǠƬdzơ ǹȁƽ Ŗdzơ ƨnjǿƾŭơ ƨȇǁơǂǸƬLJȏơȁ ƨǧƢưǰdzơ Ȃǿ ǾƬǜƷȐǷ ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǂǷȋơ ǹƛ 1920 ƨȇơƾƥ ǀǼǸǧ .ƢȀǼǷ ƨȇƾȈȀǸƬdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ƱȂǔǻ ƾǠƥ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȇƙǂdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪǬǧơǁ :ǁƢǠnjƥ ȅƽƢǼƫ ƨǧȁǂǠǷ ƩơȂǏƗ ƪdzƢǠƫ ȅǁƢĦƢƥ ǑǂŰ ƽǂů ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ ƨǻơƽƛ džȈƟǂdzơ ƗƾƦǷ ƧƾƷȂǷ ƨȈǼǗȁ ƨdzȁƾdz DZƢưŭơ Ȇǿ ƨȈǷƢLjdzơ ƧơƽƢǠǷȁ ƨȇǂǐǼǠdzơ ơǀǿ ńơ ǪƸǴǷ ǦȈǓƗ 1923 ǵƢǟ Ŀ .ȅƢLJǂĦ ƧƾǿƢǠŭȁ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƧǁȂưǴdz ƨȈǗơǂǫȂŻƾǴdz ƨLJƢȈLjǴdz ǵƢǟ ǵȂȀǨǷ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǾȈǴǟ ƾȇǃ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ȅȂȈūơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ ȁDŽǣ Ȃǿȁ ǁƢǠnjdzơ .ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǾƬȈǏȁ Ŀ ƽǁȁ ƢǷ ńơ ǂǴƬŮ ǍƢƻȁ ǵƢǟ ƮȇƾƷ ǺǷ ƢǼȈƫƘȇ ƢǷ Dzǯ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǀǼǷ ȏ .ơƆǁơǂǷ Ƣǿǁǂǯȁ ƢȀǼǴǟƗ ƢŭƢǗ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ ǾƬȇƙǁ ƨȇǁơǂǸƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ƾǯƚȇ 1945 ǞȈƥǁ Ŀ ȁDŽǣ .ǁơǂǸƬLJƢƥ ƢŮȁơƾƫ ǶƬȇ ƨǼȈǠǷ ǞȈǓơȂǷ ǭƢǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ǵƢȇȋơ ǂǷ ȄǴǟȁ ǾǻƗ ǮNj ƨȈǨǴƻ ńơ ƪdzȂŢ 1920 Ŀ DZȁơƾƬƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƩơǁƢǠNj ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ƔơƾǠdzơȁ ȅȂȈūơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ .ǾdzȂƷ DžƢǼdzơ ƤȈdzƘƫ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ ǂǘǓơ ƢǷƾǼǟ Ǯdzƿȁ 1932 ƢƆǔȇƗȁ 1930 ǵƢǟ śƥ ƨǷƢǟ – ƨƥȂǴǤŭơ ƣȂǠnjǴdz ŚǐǷ ǺǷ ǾƠƦź ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ƢǷƗ .ƪȈǬƥ Dzƥ 11ƢƆǷƢŤ ǦƬţ Ń ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ȆǨǻ – ƨƥȂǴǤŭơ ƣȂǠnjǴdz ŚǐǷ ǺǷ ǽƚƦź ǹƢǯ ƢǷ Dzǯ ƢȀǠǷ ȆǬƥȁ ƪȈǬƥ Dzƥ ȁơ ȆǨǻ 19

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǺǷ śƥǂǬŭơ ȄǴǟ ơƆǂǰƷ ȆǬƦǧ – ƨǴȀƳ ƾȈƦǟ ńơ ǂnjƦdzơ ǺǷ śȇȐǷ DzȇȂŢ ƧƽƢƥƛ ȁơ .12ǖǬǧ ƣDŽūơ ǕƢƦǓ ȄǴǟȁ ǾƬǏƢƻ "ƧƢȈūơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǝơǂǐǴdz Ņǃȋơ ƗƾƦŭơ" Ŀ ǺǸǰȇ ŃƢǠǴdz ƨȇǂǴƬŮơ ƨȇƙǂdzơ ƽƢǸǟ ǹƛ ƨȀƳȁ ǺǸǧ .ǾǼǷ ǦǠǓƗ Ƕǿ ǺǷ ȄǴǟ Ǿƫƽơǁƛ ǑǂǨȇȁ ǺǸȈȀȇ ȃȂǫȋơ ǂǐǼǠdzơ ƮȈƷ ƾǼǟ Ȇǿ ƢǸǯ ȃǂƻȋơ Ǻǟ ƢēƾƷơȁ ƧƾǟƢƦƬǷ ǩơǂǟƗ ǺǷ ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ ǦdzƘƬƫ ǂǴƬǿ ǂǜǻ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ DZȐƻ ƢȀǼǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơȁ ƢēƢƦƯƛ Ļ ƾǫ ƩƢǬƦǗ ǺǷ ǹȂǰƬƫ Ȇǿȁ .ƢƆǷƢŤ ƩƢǻơȂȈūơ ȄǴǟ ǚǧƢŹ ȅǀdzơ ǽƾƷȁ ǵƾdzơ ƔƢǨǏ ǹƗȁ Ƣēơƿ ƾŞ ƨǨȈǠǓ Ȇǿ ƨȈǬƦǘdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗȁ Dzƻƽ ƾǬǧ ƨǠȈƦǘǴdz ƧƾdzƢŬơ Džȁǁƾdzơ ǽǀǿ DzȀŸ ǹƢǯ ňƢŭȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǹȋȁ .ǝȂǼdzơ ƧƾƷȁ ǾǓơǂǟƗ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ȆǯǁƢǸLjƦdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ ƾǼǟ ƩƗƾƬƥơ ǕƢǘŴȏơ ǺǷ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀ ƨȈLjǯǁƢŭơȁ ƨȈǗơǂǫȂŻƾdzơȁ ƆȐưǷ ƨȈdzơŐȈǴdzƢǯ ƩƢȇǂǜǼdzơ ŁƢǐdz ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ǶȈǬdzơ ƧǁƢLjƻ ơƾǟ ƢȀǼǷ DzǫƗ ǩơǂǟƗ ǞǷ ȅǂnjƦdzơ śƴȀƬdzơ Ľ ƨȈƯơǁȂdzơ ȃǂƻȋơȁ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ǑơǂǷȋơ ǁƢnjƬǻơ .ƨdzƢǏƗ .ǽƾdzơȂƫ ƧƽƢȇǃȁ ǽŚȀǘƫ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ ǹƢǯ ǕƢǘŴȏơ ǺǷ ňƢŭȋơ ǩǂǠdzơ ǎȈǴţ DzƳƗ ǺǷ .ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ƽȂLjdzơ ƨǏƢƻȁ ƔƢƥǂǤdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢŭȋơ Ʊơȁǃ ǵǂŹ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ƩƢǼȇǂnjǠdzơ ƨȇơƾƥ ǀǼǷ ƔƢƳ ƢǸǯ ȅǁǀŪơ ŚȀǘƬdzơ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ džȈȇƢǬǷ DžƢƦƬǫơ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ ǹƢǯ ǝơǂǐdzơ ơǀǿ ńơ ƱȐǟ ńơ ƨƳƢŞ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǹƘƥ 1923 ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨȇǂȀNj ƨȈǯŚǷƗ ƨǴů ńơ Ǯdzǀƥ Ǿdz ƶȇǂǐƫ Ŀ śȈdzȂƸǰdzơȁ džǴǨLjdzƢƥ śƥƢǐŭơ ǹƛ .ƢȀƟƢǔǟƗ ǒǠƥ ǂƬƥ ńơ ƱƢƬŢ ƢŠǁȁ DZƢǠǧ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ƽȂǬȇ .ƾdzơȂƬdzơ ǾȈǧ ǶȀǼǰŻ ȏ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ǶȀǠǓȁȁ ǶŮDŽǟ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ śǷǂĐơȁ .13ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢLjǠƬdzơ ƧǁƢȇƘƷ ǺǷ ǶǿƗ ƨǷȋơ ƧǁƢȇƘƷ ǹƗ Ȃǿȁ ƾƷơȁ ǥƾǿ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬȇȁ ƩȏȂǬŭơ ǽǀǿ ǂǴƬǿ ǁǂǰȇ "ȆƷƢǨǯ" ǹơȂǼǟ DzǸŹ ȅǀdzơ ǾƥƢƬǯ Ŀ ǹȁƾƥ ǂǷȋơ ǵDŽdz ơƿƛ " Ǯdzƿ DzǠǧ ȄǴǟ ǁƾǬȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ .ƨǠǗƢǫȁ ƨȈLJƢǫ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ƿƢţơ ƔƢǬnjdzơ ǶŮ ƤƬǯ Ǻŭ ȅǂƥǂƥ Śƥƾƫ ƔƢǨnjdzơ ǶŮ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ǻȇǀdzơ DZDŽǟ ƤŸ ƨǬǨNj ƾǫ ƨȇǂǐǼǠdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƛ ."ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ DZƢȈƳȌdzȁ ǺȇǂǏƢǠǸǴdz ƨǯǂƥȁ śƥƢǐŭơ ǺǷ ơȂǻƢǯȁ ƪƦǿƿ Dzƥ DZƢǨǗȋơ ƣƢųƛ ǺǷ 14 ƨȈǴǬǟ ƨƯȂdz ǶȀƬǴƟƢǟ Ŀ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ȄǓǂŭơ ƪǠǼǷ ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .ǶŮƢǨǗƗ ƹȐƬLJƛ ȄǴǟ ƩƾǸǟ śƷ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ƾǠƥƗ ńơ ƩơƾǟƢLjǷ ƪǷƾǫȁ ǑƢȀƳȍơ ƪǷȁƢǫȁ ƔƢƸǏȌdz ƣƢųȍơȁ ƱơȁDŽdzơ ȄǴǟ ƪǠƴNj 20

ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǂǴƬǿ Ɣơƾǟ

ǥƾŮơ " ơǀǿ ǪȈǬŢ ȄǴǟ ƾǟƢLjȇ ƔȆNj Dzǰƥ ǵƢǫ ƾǬdz .ƽơǂǧȋơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩȐƟƢǠǴdz ."15DzLjǼdzơ śLjŢ DZȂǏƗȁ ƾǟơȂǬdz ƢƆǠƦƫ ǾȈdzƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ Ļ ǩǂǟ :ǾȈdzƛ ȄǠLJ ȅǀdzơ ȆǷƢLjdzơ DzȈƦLJ Ŀ ƨǴȈLJȁ Ȇǿ ƢŶƛȁ Ƣēơƿ ƾŞ ƨȇƢǤdzơ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǽǀǿ ǩǂǠdzơ ƤȈǯǂƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǹƛ ƢēƾƷȁ ƨǷȌdz ƾȈǠȇ ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ .ňƢŭȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǹƢǘǴLJ ƧȂǫȁ ƨǸǜǟ :śǠǷ ǥƾǿ Ŀ ƨdzȂŪơ Ɣƾƥ ǾǻƢǰǷƜƥ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƨȈǫǂǠdzơ ƨȈǨǐƬdzơ ƾǸƬǟơ ǹƗ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ǮǴŻ ňƢŭȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǹƛ ǂǴƬǿ ȅƗǁ ƤLjŞ .ƨǷȋƢƥ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǵǃȐdzơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ƽƾǟ śƥ ƢǷ ƧƾƳơȂƬŭơ ƨǬƥƢǘŭơ ǵƾǟ ƤƦLjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ǁƢnjƬǻȏơ Ŀ Ǫūơ DzǷƢǯ ƢǷ Dzǰƥ ǵȂǬȇ Ǿǻ Ɨ ƢŭƢǗ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǹȋ ƮȈƦƻ ŚǰǨƫ Ȃǿ ǞƦǘdzƢƥ .Ǒǁȋơ ƨƷƢLjǷ ǞǷ DzƟƢŮơ ŃƢǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ Ȃǿ ƨƷơǂǏ ǂǴƬǿ ǾȈdzƛ ǥƾǿ ƢǷ .ǹƢǰLjdzơ ƽƾǟ ƧƽƢȇDŽdz ǾǠLJȁ Ŀ :ǾƥƢƬǯ ǺǷ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨƸǨǐdzơ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ƤƬǯ ƢǸǯȁ .ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ǶǿƗ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūơ ȄǴǟ ƧŚǤƥ ǂȀLjƫ ǩơǂǟȋơ ȃȁƾǟ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ  Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƛ" ȅǂǐǼǠdzơ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠȁ " 16ŃƢǠdzơ ƢƆǷȂȇ ƽȂLjƫ ǹƘƥ ƧǂȇƾƳ ȆŮ ƢȀƬdzȁƽ ƩƢǻȂǰǷ ǩǂǟ Ǻǟ ƧǁƢƦǟ Ƕǿ ǂǴƬǿ ȅƗǂƥȁ  ǶĔȋ ǾǼǟ śƦƟƢǣ ơȂǻȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ǺǰŻ ȏ DŽƳƢǟ ƧǂǘǨdzƢƥ ǵơƾǿ ǩǂǟ žǶȀǘLJȁ Ŀ ǹȂnjȈǠȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƣȂǠnjdzơ ƱƢƬǻƛ DzǤƬLjȇ ȆǴȈǨǗ ȄǴǟ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ǁƽƢǐǷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ ȃȂLJ Ǿdz Ƕǿ ȏ ǩǂǟ žǾdz ƨdzȁƽ ƔƢǼƥ Ǻǟ ǁȁDŽŭơ ȅǂǐȈǬdzơ ƣƢƬǰdzơ ơǀǿ ǹȂȈȀǏ ƔƢǸǰƷ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ ǂȀǜȇ ƢǸǯȁ Ǿǻȋ .ŃƢǠdzơ ǖǘű DZȐƻ ǺǷ ǒǠƦdzơ ǶȀǔǠƥ ǹȂǴǐƬǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƘƥ ȄǸǟƗ ƢƆǻƢŻƛ ǂǴƬǿ Ǿƥ ǺǷƚȇ ȅǀdzơ ǁȂǼdzơ ƧƾȈǬǠǧ .DzƟƢLJȂdzơ ŕnjƥ ǾǣȂǴƥ ǹȂdzȁƢŹ ŃƢǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ńơ ǥƾȀȇ ȆŭƢǟ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ Ƨƽơǁȍơ śȈǴƫ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLjȇ ƩơȁƽƗ ƢȀǴǯ ƨȈǗơǂǫȂŻƾdzơȁ ƨŭƢLjŭơȁ ǭǂƸƬdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǼƥȁ DZƢũƗǂdzơ Ȇǿ ȃŐǰdzơ ǶēơƽƗ Ǻǰdz .Ƣđ ǹȂǘǴƬź Ŗdzơ ƣȂǠnjǴdz ňƢưdzơ DzǔǨƥȁ ƢǿƽƢȈLJƗ ǹȁŚǐȇ Ŗdzơ ƩơƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹȂŭȂǠȇ DZȁȋơ DzǔǨƦǧ .ȆLjǯǁƢŭơ ńơ Ƕđ ȅƽƚȇ ƢŲ ǒǠƥ ǶȀǔǠƥ ƔơƾǟƗ ǶĔȁĈŚǐȇȁ ƾƷơȂdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ ƔƢǼƥƗ śƥ ǹȂǫǂǨȇ ǹƜǧ ǂƻƖƥ ȁƗ Dzǰnjƥ .ǶȀȇƾdz ƨǷȁƢǬŭơ Ǟǧơƽ ȄǴǟ ȆǔǬƫ ƾǬūơȁ ǒǤƦdzơ ǺǷ ƣȁǂƷ .ȆǬȈǬƷ řǗȁ DZȐǬƬLJƛ Dzǯ ƔơƾǟƗ Ƕǿ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŃƢǠdzơ Ŀ ǶȀLjǨǻƗ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤǠnjƫ ǁƢƦƬǟȍơ śǠƥ ǀƻƘȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń Dzǿǀŭơ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ .ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǴLJ Ŀ ǶȀǠȈŦ ƩƢƬnjdzơ ƤǠNj Ǟǔȇ Dzƥ ǶȀȈǧ ƨǔǫƢǼƬŭơ ƩƢǯǂūơȁ 21

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǹȂǰȇ Ǿdz ƾƷȁƗ DzưŲ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ Ļ ƮȈŞ džǻƢƴƬdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǹƢȇǀŮơ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ DZƢƷ ȄǴǟ ǵȂȀǨǷ) .ǺǷDŽdzơ ȆLJƖǷ ƧǁƢǻƛ ȄǴǟȁ ǹȂǰdzơ ƧŚLjǷ ƵǂNj ȄǴǟ ơƆǁƽƢǫ ǂnjǴdz ƢƆǻơȂǼǟ Ʈȇǁȁ Ǿǻȋ ƧŚLjŭơ DzǸŢ ȄǴǟ ǁƽƢǬdzơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬȀǧ ƾȇƾƳ ȄǴǟȁ (ƨǓȂŭơ ǾƫƾȈǬǟ Řƥ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ .śǼLjdzơ Ʃơǂnjǟ ǀǼǷ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƧƾƟƢLJ ǶȈǿƢǨǷ Ŗdzơ ŃƢǠǴdz ƨǏƢŬơ ǾƬȇƙǁ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǥƢǓƗ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƧƽǁȂƬLjǷ ǁƢǰǧƗ ƨȈǨǴƻ ȄǴǟ ƨȇǂǐǼǠdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ǽǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ ǺǷ .Ǿƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȇǂǐǼǠdzơ ƝƽƢƦŭơ ǒǠƥ ƢȀȈǯǀƫȁ ƢȀǘnjǼƫ ʼnȂǬƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȇǁȁǂǔdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǺǷ ƧƾƷơȁ ȃȂLJ Ǻǰƫ Ń Ƣēơƿ ƾŞ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǴǬǠdzơ ǑơǂǷȋơ ȅȁƿ ȃȂƬLjǷ džǨǻ ȄǴǟ ơȂǻȂǰȇ Ń ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƛ .ƢȀǸȈǟƾƫȁ ƨǷȋơ ǶȀǨdzȁ .ŃƢǠǴdz ǂǴƬǿ ƨȇƙǁ ǾdzȂƷ ǁȁƾƫ ȅǀdzơ ǁȂƄơȁ DŽǯǂŭơ Ŀ ơȂǻƢǯ Dzƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǂǰǧ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽȂƳȂdzơ ƧƾǟƢǬdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ ǀƻȋơ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ȅƽƢǠŭơ ǽǂǰǧ ƨȈdzȂſ .ƨLjǰǼdzơ Ľ ƣǂūơ ƨƥǂš Ȇǿ :ǶƻDŽdzơ ǾȈǘǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơȁ ǽŚǰǨƫ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƾǼƬLjȇ ǹƢǯ ǾƷǂǧ ǂǴƬǿ ǂǯǀȇ ǾƥƢƬǯ Ŀ .ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ǾƬǟDŽǻ ǂǴƬǿ ǝȁǂnjŭ ƪǘǟƗ Ŗdzơ ƨLjǰǼdzơ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƪǸǴLjƬLJơ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾƷƢƬƳơ ȅǀdzơ ƤǔǤdzƢƥ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ 1914 ǵƢǟ ƣǂūơ ǝȏƾǻƢƥ ƽƢǬƬǟȏơ ơǀǿ .ƨȈǨǴŬơ ǕȂǘŬơ ǺǷ ƨǻƢȈƻ ƤƦLjƥ ƩƔƢƳ ƨŻDŽŮơ ǹƘƥ ǂǴƬǿ ƾǬƬǠȇ ǹƢǯ ƪǴǤNjȁ ƨȈǼȀŭơ ǾƫƢȈƷ ƨǴȈǗ ǾƬǬǧơǁ ƣƢnjdzơ ȅƾǼŪơ ƨȈLjǨǻ ȄǴǟ ƔȆLjdzơ ǽǂƯƗ Ǿdz ǹƢǯ ǁǂǰȇ ǹƢǯ ƮȈƷ 1918 ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƭơƾƷƗ Ŀ ƢƆȈǴƳ ǂȀǛ ǽǂǰǧ ǺǷ ƢƆǸȀǷ ơƆDŽȈƷ ƧǁȂưǴdz ƨƦǟǂŭơ ǵƢȇȋơ ǂƯƛ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ńơ DzǏȁ ǹƗ ńơ ǢȈǴƥ ǂƯƘƫȁ ƨȈǨǗƢǟ ƧǁơǂŞ Ǯdzƿ ƾȈǠȇȁ ńơ ƩƽƗ ƢǷ ňƢŭȋơ DznjǨdzơ ƣƢƦLJƗ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾƫŐƳƗ Ŗdzơ ǵƢȇȋơ ǮǴƫ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ Ŗdzơ ƢȀLjǨǻ ǵƢȇȋơ Ȇǿȁ . 17ƨLjǰǼdzơ ǂȀǫ ƢȀǧƾǿ ǹȂǰȇ ƨȈLJƢȈLJ ƨǯǂƷ ǺȇȂǰƫ ƧǁȁǂǓ ȄǴǟ ƩƢƦưdzơ ǽƽȂǼƥ ǶǿƗ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ȆǴƦǬƬLjǷ DzǸǟ ƨǷƾƻ Ŀ ǾǠǔȇȁ ǽǂǰǨdz ǂƐǗƚȇ ǾƬǴǠƳ .ǾȈǴǟ ǂǫ ƢǷ ǺȇǀǴdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ƨȈLjǨǻ ȄǴǟ ƨLjǰǼdzơȁ ƣǂūơ ŚƯƘƫ ȃƾǷ śƦǻ ǹƗ ƢǼǴǫ ƢǸȀǷ ǞȈǘƬLjǻ Ǻdz ǹƢǰǷ ƢŮ ƾǠȇ Ń ƨǸǯƢūơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǹƘƥȁ ƨǷȋơ ńơ DZƢǸǠdzơ ƧƽȂǟ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥ ǾǟƢǼƬǫơ ńơ ƢȇƽƗ Ƙǘƻ ǹƗ ǂǴƬǿ ȃǂȇȁ .Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ǾƬȀƳȁ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJȍơ ǾƟƽƢƦŭ ǾƳƢƬǼƬLJơ Ľ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƢǿƾǓ ǦdzƢƸƬƫ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ȃȂǬdzơ ƪǯǂƫ ƢĔƗ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȋơ ǮǰǨƬdzơ ǺǷ ƢȀƬdzƢƷ ȄǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ȃȂLJ ǦȈǴƷ ƢȀȇƾdz Ǻǰȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ ƤƸLjƥȁ ơǂƬǴǰǻƛ ǞǷ ƨūƢǐŭơ ƤǴǗ Ŀ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǸǰūơ ǹƗ Śǣ .ƩȐȇȁƽ ńơ DZȂƸƬdzơȁ 22

ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǂǴƬǿ Ɣơƾǟ

ȄǴǟ Ȑ Ɔ ƦǬƬLjǷ DzǸǠȈLJ ȂȀǧ ơǀdz .ȅǁƢǸǠƬLJȏơ ǞLJȂƬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ŀ ŚLjdzơȁ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ ȃȂǬdzơ .ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥȁ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ DZƢưǷƗ ƔƢǨǴƷ ńơ ƨƳƢŞ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ .Ɣơƾǟȋơ ǪǴƻ ȆNjƢŢ DZȁŚƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǾȈǴţ Ǻǟ 1920 ƨȇơƾƥ ǀǼǷȁ ǹȐǟȍơ ǂǴƬǿ Ɨƾƥ ńȁȋơ ƤLjǯ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷ .ƢȀǠǷ ǦdzƢƸƬǴdz ƾǠƬLjǷ ǾǻƘƥ ƨȈǻƢưǴdz ƾǯƚȇ ƢǸǯ (ƨȈƥȂǼŪơ ƢLjǸǼdzơ) ĺȂǼŪơ DzǏȁ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ .ƨȈǸȈǴǫƛ ƧǂǘȈLJ Dzǰdz ƧƽƢǔŭơ ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȍơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ƨȇƾƳ DzȀŸ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭƢƥ ǾȈdzƛ ǵƢǸǔǻȏƢƥ ơǂƬǴǰǻƛ ǝƢǼǫƛ ȄǴǟ Ǿŷ Dzǯ DŽǯǂƫ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ .Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ǵƢǣǁȍƢƥȁ ƨȇǂūơ ǺǷ ƢƆǔǠƥ ǾƸǼŤ ƨǴȈLJȁ ȃȂLJ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾȈdzƛ ƧȏơȂŭơ ǦȈdzƘƬƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǵƢǸƬǿơ ǹƛ ƧŚǤǏ ƣȁǂƷ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ Ǯdzƿȁ ȃǂƻƗ ńơ ƨƥǂǓ ǺǷȁ ȃǂƻƗ ńơ ƧȂǘƻ ǺǷ DZƢǬƬǻȏƢƥ Ǿdz Ļ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ .ƽȁƾǴdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ƨȁƾǟ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈƸǓ DZȁƗ .ǥƾŮơ ǺǷ ǾƥǂǬƫ ƨȈǴŰ ƾǟơȂǫ Ǿƥ Ƕǟƾȇȁ ǾƦǠNj Ǿƥ ƩĈȂǬȇ ƢǸǟ ƮƸƦȇ ǩǂnjdzơ ȂŴ ǞLJȂƬȇ ƺȇơǂdzơ ǪǴǘǻơ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƾǠƦƫȁ ǽƽȐƥ ƽƢǐƬǫơ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷơ Ǿdz ǺǷƚƫ ƨǨǗƢƻȁ ƨǠȇǂLJ ƣȁǂƷ .ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ǾƬǘǴLJ ƢǷ 1918 ǵƢǟ ƭơƾƷƗ ǹƗ ƾų ƢƆǔȇƗ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀȁ .ǽǀǿ ǾƥȁǂƷ ƨƴȈƬǻ DzĈǸŢ ǾƦǠNj ƆƢǠǷ ǹƕ Ŀ śƬȀƦƳ ȄǴǟ ƣǂƷ ƧǁƢƯƛ ǵƾǟ ƨȈǨȈǯ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ Ƕǿ ǂǐŴơȁ .ƧǂǓƢƷ ƪdzơǃ .ƢȈǻƢŭȋ ƨȈǓƢǬdzơ ƨƥǂǔdzơ ƢȀǼȈƷ ǹȂǰƬLJ ƢĔȋ ƪǻƢǯ Ʃơǁơǂǫȁ ƔơǁƗ ǎǴƼƬLjȇ ǾƬǴǠƳ ƨLjǰǼǴdzȁ ȃŐǰdzơ ƣǂƸǴdz ǂǴƬǿ ƨȇƙǁ ǹƛ ǹƘƥ ǽƽƢǬƬǟơ ƾǸƬLJƛ ńȁȋơ ƣǂūơ ǺǷ .ǾǸǰƷ ƧǂƬǧ ƨǴȈǗ ƧǃǁƢƦdzơ ƢēƢǷȐǟ ǺǷ ƧȂǬdzơ ƢēơǁƢƦƬǟƛ ƨȈƸǓ ƪǠǫȁ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȏơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǦǠǓ Ȃǿ ƢēǁƢLjƻ ƤƦLJ ǞǷ ǾƫƢƥƢLjƷ ȆǨǐȇ ǹƗ ƤƳȂƬŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ .ƨȈǷơǂƳȍơ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǹƛ ƨȈnjǷƢŮơ ƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƳȂƬȇ ǹƢǯ .Ǿdz ǶǿƔȏȁȁ Ǿƥ DZƢǸǠdzơ ƨǬƯ Ȑ Ɔ ǤƬLjǷ ńȁȋơ ǵƢȇȋơ ǀǼǷ śȈLjǯǁƢŭơ ȁƾǠdzơ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬǷ Dzǯ ƨǻơƽƛȁ ƣǂūơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƪdzǀƥ Ŗdzơ ƽȂȀƴǴdz śƥǂƼŭơ ƨƦǫƢǠǷ .ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƭơƾƷƗ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬǷȁ ǭǁƢnjǷ Dzǯ ƨȇƾǼŪơ ƤƳơȁ ƔơƽƗ ǺǷ ƣǁƢǿ Dzǯ ƤƦLjƫ ƢŲ ƧǁȂưǴdz DZȂȇƿ Dzǯ ƧƽơȂǿ ȏȁ ƨŧǁ Ȑƥ ƨdzơǃƛ ǾǷƢǷƗ ǹƢǯ ǥƢǘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀȁ .18 ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ƢƆȈǷǁ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ǥȏƕ Ƨƾǟ DzƬǫ Ŀ Dzƻơƾdzơ ƔơƾǟƗ ƨŻDŽǿ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ ƱǁƢŬơ ƔơƾǟƗ ǵDŽȀȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ǾǻƘƥ ƢƆǠǼƬǬǷ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ƾǬdz Dzǯȁ .DZȁȋơ ǵȂȈdzơ ǀǼǷ ǂǐǼdzơ ŘǠǷ ǥǂǠȇ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ƤǠnjǴdz ƨŻDŽŮƢǧ ȏƛȁ śǻȁƢǠƬŭơ 23

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǹƗ ǾƫȂǬdz ƾƥ ȏ Dzƻơƾdzơ ǺǷ ƔơƾǟȋƢƥ ƨǴưǸƬŭơ ƨŻDŽŮơ DZȐǜƥ ǾǟȐǓƗ śƥ ǚǨƬŹ ƤǠNj ơƆǁơǂǫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƲƬǼƬLjȇ 1918 ƨƥǂš ǺǷȁ .19 ƾƥȋơ ńƛȁ ƱǁƢŬơ ȁƾǟ ǂǐƬǼȇ ƮȈŞ ǂLjǰǼƫ ơƆǂǐǻ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ ǹƢǯ ƣǂūơ ǹƘƥȁ ƧŚƦǯ ƨǘǴǣ ǹƢǯ ǵȐLjƬLJȍơ ǹƗ Ȃǿȁ ǂƻƕ ǶǰƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁƽƢǫ DzƳǁ ƨǜū ǂƻƕ ŕƷ ƣǁƢŹ ǵǃƢƷ DzƳǁ ƽȐƦdzơ DžƗǂȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ Ȃdz ŕƷ ƣǂūơ ƪǠƥƢƫ ƪǻƢǰdz ƢĔƜǧ ƨǘƦŰ ƪǻƢǯ Ȃdz ŕƷ Ŗdzơ ƨǷȋơ ƨȈLjǨǻ ǺǷ ǺǰǸƬdzơȁ ǹƗ ƽƽǂȇ ǹƢǯ 1939 ƨȇơƾƥ ǀǼǷ .ƾƷȁȋơ ǽǁƢǠNj ǹƢǯ ƩȂŭơ ȁƗ ǂǐǼdzơ ǹƛ .ƨȇƢȀǼdzơ .ǂǷȋơ ǦǴǯ ƢǸȀǷ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz ƢƆǷȐLjƬLJƛ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǾƟơƾǟ ǺǷ ƽơǃȁ ǂǴƬǿ ƨȈLjǨǻ ȄǴǟ ȆLjǰǠdzơ ƢǿǂƯƗ ƨLjǰǼǴdz ǹƢǯ ƢŶƛ .ƔơƾǠdzƢƥ ƢȀǼǷ DžȂŮƢƥ ǾƦNjƗ Ȇǿ ƨǷȂǸŰ ƨȇDŽǯǂǷ ƨǘǬǻ ǂǜǼǴdz ƪǨǴǷ ƤǐǠƫ ńơ ƤǴǬǻƛ Ɣơƾǟ ńơ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz Ǿǿǂǯ DZȂŢ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾƥƢƬǯ Ŀ DZȂǬȇ ƢǸǯ ƢǼǼȈǧ Ŀ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ǮNj ȏ ƔơƾǠdzơ ǁȂǗ Ŀ DZơDŽƫ ȏ ǹƢǯ ƢĔƘƥ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ǽǀǿ ǦǏȁ ƢǼǼǰŻ ƢǼǼǰdzȁ .20 ƤǐǠƬǷ Ǯdzƿ ǚƷȐǻ .ƧǁơǂŭƢƥ ȆǴƻơƽ DžƢLjƷƛ ǺǷ ǪǴǘǼƫ ƢĔƘǯȁ Ʃƾƥ ƢĔƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ȅǂǰǨdzơ DzǸǠƬLJƛ śƷ 1918 ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƭơƾƷƘƥ ǽǀǿ ǾǴǠǧ Ʃơƽǁ ǾȈǧ ǖƥǂȇ ȅǀdzơ ǞǘǬŭơ Ŀ ."ƭơƾƷȋơ ǽǀđ ǵƢǫ ǺǷ ǽƢš ǽǂǰdzơ ǽǂǰdzƢƥ DžƢLjƷƛ ȅƾdz ƾƐdzȂƫ ƢȀǼȈƷ" ǽǂǯ ƨǸǴǯ ǦǴƷ ƨǷƢǫƜƥ ŚǰǨƬdzơ ǺǰŻ ȏ" :ǾȈǧ DZȂǬȇ ƱƢƬǼƬLJƛ ƢǿƾǠƥ ǂǘLJƗ Ƨƾǟ ǾƬǠƦƫ ǞǘǬŭơ ơǀǿ ƾǫ ƢǻƘǧ ĺ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ !ƔȆNj ȏ ȁƗ ƔȆNj Dzǯ ..Ʃơǁơǂǫ ǀƻƗ ǖǬǧ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǷ Ŀ DZȂŢ ƾǫ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ ."21 ȆLJƢȈLJ DzǸǠƥ ǵȂǫƗ ǹƗ Ʃǁǂǫ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ . ƨǸƟơƽ ƨǨǏ ǽǂǰdzơ ǾƸǼǷ ȅƽȂƳȁ DžȂǿ ńơ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǽƙơƾǟ ǾLjǨǻ ǾLjǨǼdz ƢȀƸǼǷ Ŗdzơ ƣƢƦLJȌdz ƨƴȈƬǻ Ǯdzƿȁ ŃƢǠdzơ Ǻǟ ƨǏƢŬơ ǾƬȇƙǁ Ǿȇƾdz ƪǻȂǰƫ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȀǓƢƻ ƣǂū ǪȈǬŢ ƢĔƘƥ ǂǴƬǿ ƢǿǂLjǧ Ŗdzơ ƨLjǰǼdzơ ǽǀǿ .ƨLjǰǼǴdz ƩƢƦƦLjǸǯ ǹơŚǻ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzǠNjƗ ƱǁƢŬơ Ŀ .ǹƕ Ŀ ƨȈƳǁƢƻȁ ƨȈǴƻơƽ ƣǂƷ ƧƽơȂǿ Ȑƥ ǹƢŭȋơ ƾǓ ǹƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ .22 ƣǂūơ ǹȂƫƗ Dzƻơƽ ǾǴǯ ŃƢǠdzƢƥ ơȂǠǧƽȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƾǓ ǒǤƦdzơ ȄǴǟ DZƢǸǠdzơ ơȂǠƴNj ƢǸǯ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƾȈdzƢǬǷ ȄǴǟ ǹȁǂǘȈLjȇ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Dzƻơƽ Ŀ ǶĔơȂƻƗ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ơȂƸƦǏƗ ơǀǰǿȁ .ǂȀǜdzơ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ơȂǼǠǗ ǹơȁȋơ ǶŮ ǹƕ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ ƧǁȂưdzơ Ǻdz .ȅƢLJǂǧ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǂƯƛ ǹƢŭȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨǓȁǂǨŭơ ƨȇƽȂƦǠdzơ Ǻǟȁ ƨLjǰǼdzơ Ǻǟ ǺȇƾȈƷȂdzơ .śǧǂǘdzơ ƾƷƗ ǁƢǐƬǻƛ ƾǠƥ ȏƛ ǶȀǠǷ ǝơǂǐdzơ ȆȀƬǼȇ

24

ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǂǴƬǿ Ɣơƾǟ

ǹƛ .ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƨLJƢȈLjǴdz ǂǴƬǿ ǵȂȀǨǷ Ŀ Ƨǁơƾǐdzơ DŽǯǂǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzƬƷơ ƨȈǬǘǼǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƜǧ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀȁ .ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ :Ƕǿ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǵȂǐƻ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ǶŮ Ļ ƮȈƷ ƨȈǟȂȈnjdzơ ǝƢǼǬƥ ơȂǠǼǬƫ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ǽǂǷƘƥ ǶǯƢūơ Ƕǿ ƔƢĈǼƥ DzǸǟ ʼnƾǬƫ Ǻǟ ơƆDŽƳƢǟ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƢŠȁ .ňƢŭƗ DzǏƗ ǺǷ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơȁ ƨǸǯƢūơ ƨŻƾǬdzơ ǂǸƬLJơ ǂȇƾǬƫ ƔȂLJ ž23 "ǶȈǘƸƬdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƢƆƴǓƢǻ" ǹƢǯ ǾȈǴǟ ǂǘȈLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǹƜǧ śƥȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƨƦƼǼdzơ śƥ ƨȇǁƢLJ ƩƢǫƢǨƫȏơ ƪǻƢǯ ƢLjǻǂǧ Ŀȁ .1941 ǦȈǏ ŕƷ ȆǨǧ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .ƢȀƦǠNj ƽƢƦǠƬLJơ Ƕēƽơǁƛȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǒǤƥ ƢƆǠǷ ǶȀǠŦ ƾǫȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ Ŀ .ǹȂǸǔǷ Śǣȁ ƢƆǨǴƬű ǹƢǯ ǞǓȂdzơ ǹƜǧ Ǿdz ƢƆǨȈǴƷ ǂǴƬǿ ƢǿƽơǁƗ Ŗdzơ ƽȐƦdzơ ǕȂǤǔdzơ ƾǓ ǽƽȐƥ ŁƢǐǷ ƨȇƢŧ ȄǴǟ ǾȈǧ ǁƽƢǫ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ȁƾƦȇ ǹƢǯ řȈdzȂLJȂǷ ƨƦLjǻ ǹƗ ƮȈƷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Ŀ ǾǼǷ DzǫƗ ǹƢǯ ǞǓȂdzƢǧ ơǂƬǴǰǻƛ Ŀ ƢǷƗ .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ Ŀ ǽƽȂȀƳ ǹƗ ǂǴƬǿ ŐƬǟơ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǀǼǷ .ƨȈdzƢǟ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǑǂƬǨŭơ ǺǷ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚƯƘƬdzơ ȃȂǬdzơȁ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ȃȂǬdzơ śƥ ǹƾǼdz Ŀ ƨƦNjƢǼdzơ ƨǯǂǠŭƢƥ ǹȂǿǂǷ ơǂƬǴǰǻƛ ƽȁ ƤLjǯ Ƥnjǻ ƾǬǧ ǹƿƛ .ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƨǓǂƬǨǷ ƨȈdzƢǸƬƷơ Dzǰdz ơƆŚLjǨƫ ǮǴŻ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ žƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾȇȂȀƬdzơ ȃȂǫ śƥȁ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀLJƗǂȇ Ŗdzơ ƾȇƾƴƬdzơ ȃȂǫ śƥ ȆŭƢǠdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǝơǂǏ ȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ǾƦNj ǽƙơƾǟ ļƘȇ ƢǼǿ ǺǷ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ŚǷƾƫ ȄǴǟ ǂǐƫ Ŗdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢǼǿ ǺǷȁ ."ơȁƾŢơ ŃƢǠdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǷƢLjdzơ ƔơƾǟƗ Ƣȇ" :ǁƢǠnjdzơ ƪŢ ǾǼǟ ŐǠȇ ǹƢǯ ȄǴǟ ǞǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ DzƳǂdzơ ǾǻƘǯȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǾȈǧ ǂȀǜȇ ȅǀdzơȁ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ ƧƾǬǟ ƽȂƳȁ ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥ ȆŭƢǠdzơ ȁƾǠdzơ ơǀŮȁ .24ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǂǘŬơ ǺǷ Ǒǁȋơ ǎȈǴţ ƔƤǟ ǾǬƫƢǟ ǺǷ ƨLjǴƥƗ"ȁ ƽǂǘƥ ȆȀƬǼȇ řȈǼƫ ǝơǂǏ ƆƢȈǼȇƽ ƢƆǠƥƢǗ ǀƻƘȇ ǝơǂǏ ǪǴƻ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ ȄǠLjȈLJ . 25"ƔƢǸLjdzơ ǹȂƥǁƢŹ ȂȀǧ .ǹȂǰdzơ ǵƢǜǻ ǾƳȁ Ŀ ǦǬȇ Ȇǯ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤǐƬǼȇ ǾƫƢƥƢǘƻ Dzǯ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯ .ƢȀƦǠNj ƔƢǼǧ ńơȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ŚǷƾƫ ńơ ȄǠLjȇ ǹƢǯ ǺǷ Ȃǿȁ.ƾƷơȁ ǹƕ Ŀ ȅƾƬǠŭơȁ ƽǂǸƬŭơ DZȂǬȇ ƢǸǯ ȅƾȇȋơ ǥȂƬǰǷ ǾǷƢǷƗ ǦǬȇ ǹƗ ǂǴƬŮ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƤǠnjdz ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǾƦǠnjdz ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȀǴưǷ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȇƾƸƬdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ǾȈǴǟ Ǒǂǧ ǝƢǧƾǴdz ȃȂLJ džȈdz ǾǟơǂǏ ǹƜǧ ƨȇDŽǯǂǷ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƨǸǜǻȋơ ƨǧƢǯ ƢƆƦȇǂǬƫ Ƣđ DzǸǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴǬǠdzơ ǽǀǿ .26 ǾǻƢȈǰdzȁ ƧǂǷơƚǷ ǵƢǷƗ ȆǸƬƷ ƽǁ ƢĔƘǯȁ ǾƫƢǧǂǐƫȁ ǾLjǨǻ ȃǂȇ :ǥǂǘƬŭơ śǸȈdzơ ȆȈǼǗȁ ƾǼǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǂǜǼƥ ǹȋ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ ƢǿǀƻƗ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ ƨȇƙǂdzơ ǽǀǿ .ŚǤdzơ Ǿdz ƢǿƾȈǰȇ ƨȈǻƢǘȈNj 25

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǹƢŭȌdz ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ƢǿǁŐȇ ƨȈƟƢǫȁ Śƥơƾƫ ȃȂLJ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ Ʃǀţơ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Dzǯ ǵȐǯ ǹƘƥ ŚƦǸǴǯ ňƢŭȋơ ȅȂǤǴdzơ ȅƗǁ ƨȈǴȈǴǠƬdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ǽƾȇƚȇ ǂȇŐƬdzơ ơǀǿ .ƔƢǼǨdzƢƥ ǹƘƥ DžƢLjƷȍơ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǶƟơƾdzơ ǪǴǬdzơ śƥȁ ƨȇǂǐȈǬdzơ ƨǸǜǠdzơ ǹȂǼƳ śƥ ƢƆǰƥƢnjƫ ǂȀǜȇ ǂǴƬǿ .27 ǮǬƷȐȇ ǺǷ ǭƢǼǿ .ǂǴƬǿ ƨȇǂǐǼǟ ƾǼǟ ơƆƽǂǨƬǷ ƢƆǻƢǰǷ DzǤnjȇ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ƔơƾǠdzơ ǹƜǧ ƢǼǿ ȃǂǻ ƢǸǯȁ ŚȀǘƬdzơ ƢȀŷƗ ƽơȂŭƢƥ ƔȆǴǷ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǺǷ ƧƾƷơȁ ƧƽƢǷ Dzǰnjƫ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ƆƢȇƾƟƢǬǠǧ Ŀ ǾȈǴƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ Dzǯ DzǠŸ ƢŲ ƾƷơȁ ǞƥƢǘƥ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǞƦǘȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ȅǀdzơ ȆǫǂǠdzơ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ .DZơƾŪơ DzƦǬƫ ȏ ƨȈǻȐǬǟȁ ƧƾǷƢƳ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ ǀǨǼƫ ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀǿ ƨǷƾǐdzơ DzȈǴŢ DZȐƻ ǺǷ .ƧǂǘȈLjdzơȁ ȁDŽǤdzơ Ŀ ǾůƢǻǂƥ ǶȈǸǏ Ŀ ơƆǁǂǬǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ơǀǿ žƽȁƾǴdzơ ǶǐŬơ Ǧǐdzơ ńơ ȄǬƫǁƛ ƾǫ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ śƦƫ ƨLjǰǼdzơ Ǻǟ ƨšƢǼdzơ ƨȈLjǨǼdzơ ƶƦǐƫ ơǀđȁ .ǾǴnjǨƥ ȁƗ ǾƷƢƴǼƥ ǾǟȁǂnjǷ ǀȈǨǼƫ ǶȈǸǐƥ ƨǐǬƬǴǷ ƧǁȂǏ ƶƦǏƗ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ ǾǸǰƷ ƧǂƬǧ ƨǴȈǗ ǾǬǧơǁȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǪȇǂǗ Ŀ ƢƆǸƟơƽ Ǧǫȁ ƢƆȈLjǨǻ ƢƆǬƟƢǟ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ .ǂƻȉ śƷ ǺǷ ƨȈLjǨǻ ƩƢLJƢǰǠǻơ Ǿdz ƢƆƦƦLjǷ ƢǸȈǧ ŸǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ ǾůƢǻǂƥ ƽȁƾƷ ǞǓȁ Dzǿȁ  ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƞƦź ǹƢǯ ŚǐǷ ȅƗ Ǻǰdzȁ .ǽƾȇƾŢ Ļ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǾůƢǻǂƥ ǹƗ ƾǯƚȇ ƔȆNj Ȑǧ ƢǿƾȇƾŢ Ǿdz ǪƦLJ Ŗdzơ ǥơƾǿȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ȄǴǟ ƧDŽǰƫǂǷ ƨȈǻȐǬǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ƨƥǁƢŰ ƽȂƳȁ ƧǁȁǂǓ ǂǴƬǿ Ǒǂǟ 1919 Ŀ ƾǫ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈǨǗƢǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ƔơƾǠdzơ džȈdzȁ ƨȇǂǐǼǟ ƨǴǰnjǷ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ Ǻǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨƥǁƢŰ ƵǂƬǫơ ƾǬdz .ǂNjƢƦǷ DZƢǐƠƬLJơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ńơ ƽȂǬȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƪŢ ǹȂǘǬLjȇ ǶȀǴǠš ƨLJȁǁƾŭơ ƨǟƾŬơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟȁ ƨȈǟǂNj ƨƸǴLJƗ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ ǪȇǂǗ ǶǿƽƢǠƥƜƥ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ƿƢţơ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƤǻƢƳȋơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘȇ ȅǀdzơ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ƩƢƥǂǓ ƿƢţơ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ 1920 ǕƢƦnjdz ȅǃƢǼdzơ ƣDŽƸǴdz ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ƲǷƢǻŐdzơ .28ƽȐƦdzơ Ǻǟ Dzǯ ƔƢǐǫƛ ńơ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ ȅƽƚƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƢȀƷǂǗȁ Ǿdz ǪƦLJ Ŗdzơ ǁƢǰǧȋơ ƾȇƚƫ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƽǂǗ ƵǂƬǫơ Ľ DzȈǏȋơ ǩǂǠdzơ ȅƿ ňƢŭȋơ ǪƷ ǺǷ ǹȂǰƫ ƨȈǼǗơȂŭơ ƨƳǁƽ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǺȇǂƳƢȀǸǴǴǧ ƽȐƦdzơ ǺǷ ƽǂǘdzơ ƢǷƗ .ƨǧƢƸǐdzơ ƨǏƢƻȁ ǦƟƢǛȂdzơ ǒǠƥ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƤƳơȂƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƲǷƢǻŐdzơ ǺǷ ƨǠƥƢLjdzơ ƨǘǬǼdzơ .1914 ƣƕ 2 ƾǠƥ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ơȂǴƻƽ .ƤǻƢƳȋơ Dzǯ ƽǂǗ ńơ (Ƨǁȁǂǔdzơ DZƢƷ Ŀ) ƘƴǴƫ 26

ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǂǴƬǿ Ɣơƾǟ

ǹƗ ńơ Śnjƫ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƪǴƫ Ŗdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀǬǴǗƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǟƾdzơ ǹƛ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǺǷ śǷƽƢǬdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽǂǘƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢĔƘǯȁ ǾƬȈǔǫ ȁƾƦƫ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƘǧ .ŚǤƬƫ Ń ǾƫƢƦdzƢǘǷ ǹƜǧ ǹƢȈƷȋơ ǂưǯƗ Ŀȁ .29ƧƾȇƾƳ Ƨǂƴǿ ȅƗ ǞǼŠȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ ƽǂǘƥ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗȁ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ" :ƩơǁƢǠNj DzǰNj ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿȁ Ǿƥ ȅƽƢǼȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ Ȃǿ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ ƽǂǗ ƤŸ ȏ ǾǻƗ ǪƥƢLjdzơ Ŀ DzǠǨȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǴǟƗ 1928 DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀ ."ƱǁƢŬơ ƨȈdzơŐȈǴdzơ ƽȁƾƷ ȄǐǫƗ Ȇǿ ǽǀȀǧ ȃǂǻ ƢǸǯ .30ƔƢƥǂǤǯ ȏƛ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǷ ǹȁƢȀƬdzơ ƢǼƠƦǼƫ ƢǸǯȁÇ .ŕǷ ńơ Ǻǰdzȁ ƨƬƥƢƯ Śǣ ƨǻƢǰǷ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ǹȂǰȈLJ ƩȏƢūơ DzǔǧƗ Ŀ :Ǿȇƾdz .ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȇơȂǻ ƨǬȈǬƷ Ǻǟ ƨǫƽƢǏ ƧǁȂǏ ǺȇȂǰƫ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ ǾǻƜǧ ǞƳơǂŭơ :ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǺǷ ơƆƽƾǟ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ńơ Dzǐȇ ƢŭƢƷ ǪƦǘȇ ǹƗ ǁǂǫ ǾǻƗ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ǹƢǯ Ǻǰdzȁ žƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƧƢȈūơ ȄǴǟ ŚƯƘƬdzơ ǶŮȂţ Ŗdzơ DŽǯơǂŭơ Dzǯȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǦƟƢǛȂdzơ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽǂǗ .31ǶȀǯȐǷƗ Dzǯ ơȂƦǴLjȇ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƽȐƦdzơ ǺǷ ǹȁƽǂǘȈLJ DzȇȂǗ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟȁ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƲǷƢǻŐdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ ǽǂǷƗ ǶLjƷ Ŀ ƨƥȂǠǏ ǾƳơȂȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ǮNj ȏ ȅȂǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơȁ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ Ľ ƲǷƢǻŐdzơ ǥơƾǿƗȁ ƢȇơȂǻ DzȈǐǨƫ ńơ ǾƥƢƬǯ ǾȈǧ Ƥǿƿ ȏƛ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǽƢš ǽƢȇơȂǻ DZȂƷ ƢƆƬǷƢǏ ȆǬƥ ǾǼǰdzȁ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƢǿƽƢǸƬǟơ ơȂǴǤNj ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƘƥ ƢǼƬǜƷȐǷ Ȃǿ ǂǴƬǿ ǂǰǧ Ŀ DZȁȋơ DZƢǸƬƷȏơ .Ƕǰūơ Ŀ ƶƦǏƗ śƷ ơȂǴǏȁ ȅǀdzơ Śǐŭơ ńơ ǽǁơǂųơ DzȀLjdzơ ǺǷ DzǠŸ ƢŲ ǾǨǗơȂǟ ǺǷȁ ǽǂǰǧ ǺǷ ƢƆǸȀǷ ơƆDŽȈƷ .ƨȈǻƢŭƗ ƨǴǰnjǷ ǖǬǧ džȈdz ǾǻȂǯ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ňƢưdzơ DZƢǸƬƷȏơ .ǾȈdzƛ ǾǻƜǧ ƢȈǻƢŭơ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽǂǗ Ŀ ƢǼƸų ǹƛȁ" :1930 ǵƢǟ ƨȇơƾƥ ǢǼǼNjȁǁ Ŀ ƵǂǏ ơǀǰǿ .32ȆŭƢǠdzơ Ƣǻȁƾǟ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ȄǬƦȈLJ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽƢǠƥƛ ƨLJƢȈLJ śƥ ƢǷ ǒǫƢǼƫ Dzƥ ǂƫȂƬdzơ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ Ƙnjǻ ǁȂǨdzơ ȄǴǟ ȁƾǟ ƾǓ ƨǯǂǠŭơ ƢȀȈǔƬǬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ śƥȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ƨǴǰnjŭơ DzƷ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ Dzǯ ǁȁƾǏ Ŀ ƧȁơƾǠdzơ DzǠNjƗ ƾǫ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ǝơǂǐdzơ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ .ȆŭƢǟ DzƦǫ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ DzǐƸȈLJ Ǯdzƿ ǹƘƥ ƢƆǠǼƬǬǷ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ Ƕǣǁȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƾǓ ŃƢǠdzơ ƽȂȀȇ 1922 ǵƢǟ ǂƻơȁƗ Ŀȁ ŸǾȇƾdz ƨǼȈǿǂǯ ƽȂȀȈdzƢƥ ǙƢǨƬƷȍơ:ǾƟơƾǟƗ ȄǴǟ ƽǂdzƢƥ ȅƾƸƬdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƩƗƾƥ ƨǘǴLjǴdz ǾdzȂǏȁ ƾǠƦǧ .ƧǂǰǨdzơ ǽǀđ ƢƆǼǴǟ ƵǂǏ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƧǁƢƦǠƥ .ƾǬǠǼƫ Ń ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ DZȁƾdzơ ǞǷ ǺǷȋơ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƪǷơƽ ƢǷ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ǺƟƢǿǂǯ 27

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǹƛ 33ǒǧǂdzơ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ŅƢūơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǺǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ ȆǬƥ ƢŭƢǗ ȃǂƻƗ ƢŮ ǹƢǯ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ǽǀǿ ǾƬȇƙǁ ǹƘƥ ǾǴǯ ŃƢǠǴdz ƩǂȀǛƗ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǾƫƢƥƢǘƼǯ ǂǴƬǿ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ .ǾǴƻơƽ Ŀ ƨǴǏƘƬǷ ǁȁǀƳ ǙƢǨƬƷȏơ ƧǁȁǂǓ ǞǷ ǹơDŽȈǷ ƨǨǯ Ŀ ǞǓȂȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽƢǠƥƛ ǹƛ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƨǬǴūơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ơǀǿ .ƨȇơƾƦdzơ Ŀ ƧƽƾŰ ƧǂƬǧ ńơ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǺƟƢǿǂǯ Ƕđ ǹȁƽ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ǞǷ DzǷƢǠƬdzơ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȏ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ƢŠȁ .ǂǴƬŮ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ Dzūơ ơǀǿ ƩƢȈƦǴLJ ǺǷ ǦǨţ Ȇǯ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ DZȂǴūơ ƩƔƢƳ ǹƗ ńơ ƨǸƟȐǷ ǥȁǂǛ ǞȈŦ ƨǬǧơȂǷ ȄǴǟ DzǐŹ Ń ňȂȈȀǐdzơ Dzūơ .ǁǂǓ ǹȁƾƥ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǂǘŬơ ǺǷ DzǠšȁ Ǯnjȇ ǹƢǯ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ džȈdzȁ śǘLjǴǧ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǰǷ ǹƘƥ DZȂǬdzơ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǪǴƻ Ȇǿ ǶȀƬȇƢǣ ǹƗ Dzƥ ž.ƧƾƷơȁ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ǞǸƴƬdzơ ȄǴǟ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ǹȂǷǃƢǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ Ŀ ƩơǂǯǀǷ ƤLjŞ Ÿǹƿƛ Dzūơ Ȃǿ ƢǷ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨȇƢŧ ǶŮ ǂǧȂȈLJ ƢŲ ȆŭƢǟ ȅDŽǯǂǷ DzƬǰƫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǹƘƥ 1931 ǵƢǟ ƵǂǏ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ ȄǷơƾǬdzơ śƥǂǬŭơ ǂǴƬǿ ƔƢǫƾǏƗ ǒǠƥ Dzǯ ǹȁƢǠƫ ǶȀǷDŽǴȇ Ǻǰdzȁ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨdzȁƽ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǸš ƢǷ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ǂƯƘƬƫ Ǻdz ƨȇƽȂȀȈǴdz ƤȇǂǬdzơ ƾǤǴdz ƢƆǟȁǂnjǷ ǞƦǘdzƢƥ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz ơǀǿȁ .34Ǯdzƿ ǪȈǬŢ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ŃƢǠdzơ DZȁƽ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ǞǸš DŽǯǂǷ ǪǴƻ Ƨǂǰǧ ǦnjƬLjǻ ƩƢǸǴǰdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ .ǾȇƗǁ ƤLjƷ ǂǘƻ ȅƗ DzȈǰnjƫ ǶĔƢǰǷƜƥ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz ǂǴƬǿ ƨŧǁ ƪŢ ǶȀǠǓȂƥȁ .ƨLJơǂūơ ƪŢ ǞǓȂȇ .ƨȈǓǁȋơ Ƨǂǰdzơ ȄǴǟ ǺǸǧ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ .ƽȂƳȂǷ Śǣ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǹƗ ǹƗ ƢǼdz śƦƬȇ ǵƾǬƫ ƢǷ Dzǯ Ŀ Ƣđ ŅƽƗ ƧƽƢȀnjdz ƢƆǬǧȁ .ƢƆǼǴǠǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǥƾȀǯ ƢǸƟƢǫ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DZȂƦǬŭơ Ƕǰūơ ńơ Dzǐȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾǻƗ ƨǏƢƻ ƨƯƽƢŰ ƔƢǼƯƗ 1922 ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǴǟƗ ƣǂūơ ƾǠƥ Ń .35ƔơǂǠdzơ Ŀ DzǴƸƬƫ ǶȀưưƳ ǭǂƬȈLJ ǾǻƗȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢƷƢLjdzơ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƽȂȀȇ Dzǯ ǪǼnjȈLJ ȁƾƦƫ ƢĔƗ ƨǏƢƻ ȃǂƻƗ ǁƽƢǐǷ ƨȇƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƪƫƗ ȅǀdzơ ǩƢȈLjdzơ Ŀȁ ƧƽƢȀnjdzơ ǽǀǿ ƾǯƚƫ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨdzƽƗ Dzǰnjƫ Ŗdzơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ǹơƾǬǨdzȁ .ƢƆȈLJƢȈLJ ƢƆůƢǻǂƥ ǹȂǰƫ ƢŲ ǂưǯƗ ƢƆǷƢȀȈƬLJơ ȆŮ ŃƢǠǴdz ǂǴƬǿ ƨȇƙǁ ǹƛ .ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ŚǤdzơ ǩǂǘdzơ ǥƢnjǰƬLJơ ńơ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ńơ ƾǸǠǼLJ ƢǼǻƜǧ .ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ ƢǿǀƻƗ ȏƛ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƩƢǬǴǠƬǷ ƢŮ ǾǛƢǨdzƗ ƢǸǯ

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ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǂǴƬǿ Ɣơƾǟ

ǵȐLJ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƵƢǨǯ ǾǻƘǯȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ǾƷƢǨǯ ƢǼȇƗǁ ƢǸǯȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǂLjǧ ƾǬdz .śǧǂǘdzơ ƾƷƗ ƩȂŠ ȃȂLJ ȆȀƬǼȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ǺǰŻ ȏ ȅǀdzơ ƪȈǸƬLjŭơ ƵƢǨǰdzƢǯ ŃƢǠdzơ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨLjLJƚŭơ Ǻǟȁ ƆƢǨȈǼǟ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƵƢǨǰdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƧǂǷ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ Ŀȁ ǺǴǟƗ ƢǸǯ ƨȇƘƥ ǾǬǼǟ Ǻǟ ƾȈdzơ ǽǀǿ ƽƢǠƥƛ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȏ " ƤǠNj ȅƗ ǹƗ ƤƬǯ ŃƢǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢēǂǘȈLJȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ śƷ .36"ƔƢǷƾdzơ ƨǫơǁƛ ǹȁƾƥ" ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz ơǀǿȁ ."ǵƢLjūơ ȃȂLJ ȃǂƻƗ ƧơƽƗ DZȂƷ ƢȀǴǯ ǁȁƾƫ ƩƢǸǴǯȁ ƩơǁƢƦǟȁ ƢƆǛƢǨdzƗ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƜǧ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬȇ ƨǬǨNj Ȑƥ ƣǂǔȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȅǀdzơ ȁƾǠdzơ ȁƾǠdzơ ƨǨǏ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǶȀȈǴǟ ǞǴź ǹƢǯ žǁƢǷƾdzơ ǶȀǼǟ ǝDŽǼƫ ƩơƽǂǨǷ ƢƆǸƟơƽ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƢǯȁ .37ȄƸŻ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȅǀdzơ ȁƾǠdzơ ƨŧǁ ȏȁ ƩƢƥȁǂǰȈǷ .ƨȇƾLjŪơ ǶȀƬȈǨǐƫ ǾȈǴǟ DzȀLjƫ ƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơ ƨǨǏ ǶȀǼǟ ǾǟDŽǼƥȁ ƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơ Dzǰnjȇ ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ƮȈŞ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȇƿƚǷ ƩƢǫȂǴűȁ ƣǁƢǬǟ ƔƢǷƽ ȂǏƢǐǷ ǶȈƯơǂƳ ȆǴŻ ƮȈŞ Ǿdz ŚLJƗ ńơ ǹƢLjǻȍơ DZȂŹ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ơǀȀǯ ƮȇƾƷ .ǹƢLjǻȎdz ƢƆƷƢȈƫǁƛ ȅƗ ǾȈǧ džȈdz ƣƢǘŬơ ơǀǿ ǹƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ .ǾƟơȂdz ƪŢ ȅȂǔǼƫ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ǾȈǴǟ ƢLjǻǂǧ Ŀ .ƢƆȈǻƢŭƗ ǞƦǘdzƢƥ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ƽƢǠǷ ƾȈǴǬƫ ƪŢ ȅȂǔǼȇ Ǿǻȋ ȆǐƼNj ǂǷƗ ƧǁDŽĐơ ńơ Ȃǟƾƫ ƩƢǧƢƬđ Ǫǧơǂƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ƨƽȁƽ ƨǜǨdz ǹƜǧ ƩơǀdzƢƥ DžȂǨȇǁƽ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀȁ ȄǴǟ ǪǴǘƫ ƨǨǐǯ ȅƽȂȀȇ ƨǜǨdz DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǩȂǧ .38řǴǟ Dzǰnjƥ Ǻǰȇ Ń Ǿǻȋ ƢƆǬƟƢǟ Dzǰnjȇ Ǿƫơƿ ƾŞ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯȁ .ǶȀǼǷ śȈLjǯǁƢŭơ ƨǏƢƻȁ ǾƟơƾǟƗ Dzǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ńơ ƢȀȀƳȂȇ ǹƢǯƗ .Ǿƫơƾȇƾē ǾƳȂȇ ǺǷ ńơȁ ƭƾƸƬȇ ǺǸǟ ƨǧǂǠǷ DzȀLjdzơ ǺǷ .śȈLJƢȈLjdzơ Ɣơƾǟȋơ ǺǷ ǖȈǴŬơ ńơ ǵƗ śǧȁǂǠŭơ ǾƟơƾǟƗ ƧǁDŽĐơ ǹƗ ƮȈŞ ơƆŚƦǯ ơƆƾǬƷ ǂǴƬǿ ȃƾdz Śưƫ ƪǻƢǯ ȁƾǠdzơ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧǁȂǏ ǹƗ Śǣ ǾǻƘƥ ƱƢƬǼƬLJȏơ Ǿƥ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ǺǷ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ Ņ ȁƾƦȇȁ .ǾǴǬǟ ǮǴǧ Ŀ ǁȁƾƫ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ƪǻƢǯ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƜƥ ȆǔǬȇ ǕȁǂnjǷ Śǣ Ǿdz ƢƆǧƾǿ ƽƾƷ ƾǫ ǾǻƘƥȁ ƢƆǷǃƢǟ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ǹƢǯ 39 ǦȈǔƫ ơǀǰǿȁ . DzƬǬdzƢƥ ƨȈǻ ńơ ƨǴƫƢǬdzơ ǾƬǫƢǗ DZȂŹ ǹƗ Ǿdz ǺǰŻ ǾǻƘƥ ƱƢƬǼƬLJȏơ Dzǫȋơ DzƬǬdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǿȇƾdz ƨǴƟƢŮơ ƧǁƾǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹȋ .ƨǴǰnjǸǴdz ȆǴǠǧ DzǰNj ǺȇȂǰƫ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǾƦnjƫ ƢĔƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ Ƕƴūơ ȏȁ ŃƢǠŭơ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣ ȄǬƦƫ ǾƫƢǧǂǐƫ Dzǯ Ŀ ƨƸǓơȂdzơ .ƽƾŰ Śǣȁ ƶǓơȁ Śǣ ƢǷ ƔȆNj DzǠǧ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǷDŽǟ

29

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂǷȋơ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǂǴƬǿ ƩƢƥƢǘƻ ƣȂnjȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƾǬūơ ƢǻǂȀǛƗ ǹƗ ƢǼdz ǪƦLJ ƾǬdz Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƧǁȂƯ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǧ ƭƾƸƬȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǞǗƢǬŭơ Ŀ ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥȁ ǹƿƛ . 1918 ǵƢǠƥ ƩƢƥƢLjƷ ƨȇȂLjƬƥ Ǿȇƾdz ƨƦǣǂdzơ ȃƾǷ ǂȀǜȇ ǢdzƢƥ ǂƯƘƬƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǂǯǀȇ ƢǷ ǂưǯƗ ǹƢǯ ňƢưdzơ ǹƢŭȋơ DZƢǸǠdzơ DžƢŧ Ǻǟ Ʈȇƾūơ ǺǷ ȄȀƬǻơ śƷ ǵȐǰdzơ ƔƢƳ ơǀǰǿ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǷ ƨȇȂǷƽ ƾǬdz" :DZȂǬȇ ƤƬǯ śȈLjǯǁƢŭơ ƧƽƢǬdzơ Ǻǟ ǶǿƽƢǠƥƛ ƨȈǨȈǯ Ǻǟȁ  1914 ǦȈǏ Ŀ ƨǸǸLjǷ ƧǂǯƢŭơ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǸǤǘdzơ ǽǀǿ ƾǓ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţơȁ ȃƾǐƬǴdz ƪǫȂdzơ ǹƢƷ ȏ Ƕđ ƢǻǀƻƘƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǶŮ ƨǸǯƢŰ ǶȈǬǻ ǹƗ ƽƽǂƫ ǹȁƾƥȁ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ǀƠǼȈƷ .ƤǠnjdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ [ ...] ńƢǠƬȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ǺǰŻ ȅǀdzơ ǶȀǴȇȂǟȁ ǶȀƻơǂǏ Ɣơǃƛ ƨŧǁ ȏȁ ƨǬǨNj ƢǼǧȂǨǏ ƨȈǨǴƻ Ŀ ƾǸǠǻ ǹƗ ƢǼȈǴǟ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ƢǼǴǔǧƗ ƨȀƦŪơ ȄǴǟ ǾȈǧ ǖǬLjȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ ƢƆǸƟơƽȁ ǂǘLJƗ Ƨƾǟ ƾǠƥ ƆƢǔȇƗȁ .40 "ƨȈǴȈǨǘdzơ Ƨǂnjūơ ǽǀǿ ǪƸLJ ńơ :ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ơȂǻƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ƤLjŞ Ǻȇǀdzơ śȈLjǯǁƢŭơ ƧƽƢǬǴdz ňƢǘȈnjdzơ ŚƯƘƬdzơ Ǻǟ ǾưȇƾƷ ǂnjǟ ƨLjŨ ȁƗ ǂnjǟ řƯƛ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǠǧƽ ƢǼǔƦǫ ƢǿƔƢǼƯƗȁ ƣǂūơ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ƢǼǯ Ȃdz ƩƢƠǷ ƪǻƢǰdz ǵƢLjdzơ ǃƢǤdzƢƥ ǶǿƢǼǴƬǫȁ ƤǠnjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǂǷƖƬŭơ śȈǻơŐǠdzơ Ɣȏƚǿ ǺǷ ƢƆǨdzƗ ƩƾǸǏ ƪǻƢǰdz ǺȀŭơ Dzǯ ǺǷȁ DžƢǼƳȋơ Dzǯ ǺǷ ǹƢŭȋơ DZƢǸǠdzơ ƧŚƻ ǺǷ ǥȏȉơ ƢǼǯ Ȃdz džǰǠdzƢƥ ."ȃƾLJ Ƥǿǀƫ Ń śȈǻơŐǠdzơ Ɣȏƚđ ƨȈƸǔƬdzơ ƪǻƢǰdzȁ ƨȀƦŪơ ȄǴǟ ǹƢŭȋơ ǺǷ ǹȂȈǴǷ ƧƢȈƷ ƢŠǁ ƢǻƾǬǻƗ ƢǼǰdz ƽƢǣȁȋơ Ɣȏƚǿ ǺǷ ƢƆǨdzƗ ǂnjǟ řƯƛ ǂǷƗ ƢǼȈĔƗ .41DzƦǬƬLjŭơ ƔƢǼƥƗȁ DzLJơȂƦdzơ ǥơǂNjȋơ Ŀ ƨȈǼdzơ ǮǴŻ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƘƥ ƪƦưȇ Ȇǯ Ǯdzƿȁ ƩơǂǷȁ ƩơǂǷ ǞǗƢǬŭơ ǽǀǿ Ʈƥ ƽƢǠȇ ǽǀǿ Ǧnjǰdz ǎǼdzơ ơǀǿ ńơ ƔȂŪ ǾǻƘǯȁ Ņ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ ǶēƽƢƥƛȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǨǐƫ ƨǷȋơ DzƦǬƬLjǷ ǹƘƥ ƨǟƢǼǫ ǾƬƥǂš ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬLJơ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƜǧ ƢǼǴǫȁ ƢǼdz ǪƦLJ ƢǸǯȁ ƢŶƛ .ƨȈǼdzơ Ŀ ǾLjǨǻ ǂǴƬǿ Ǟǔȇ ƢǿƢǻǂǯƿ Ŗdzơ ǞǗƢǬŭơ Ŀ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƣǂƷ ƨȇƗ DzƦǫ ƢǿŚȀǘƫ Ŀ ǺǸǰȇ ƢǷ ƔȆNj Dzǯ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ ǺǴǠȇ Ȇǯ ƨǬƥƢLJ ƣǂƷ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬȇ Ǿǻȋ ǂƻƕ ǁȂǜǼǷ ƩơƔơǂƳȍ ƨǨǟƢǔǷ ƨǸȈǫ DZȁƢǼƬȇ ƨLjǰǼdzơ ƾǠƥ ǾƥƢƬǰdz ǽƔƢnjǻƛ ǹƛ .ǾǴǸǟ ƢƆǼǰŲ ǹƢǯ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƔơǂƳƛ ǹȋ ƨȈǧƢǘǠƬLJơ ƨǸȈǫ ȏƆ ȁƗ :ƨǟǂLjƥ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ ŘǸƬȇ ƨǠȇǁƿ ƢǿǀƼƬȇ ƧƢȈƷ Ǯdzǀƥ ƧǀǬǼǷ ǂǐǼdzơ ńơ ƽȂǬƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ ǹƢǯ ƣǂƸǴdz ƨƦǣǁ Ǻǟ ŐǠȇ ƢŶƛ ƩȂǷ :ǂưǯƗ ǂǜǼǴdz ƪǨǴǷ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ ƨȈǷƢǬƬǻơ ƨǸȈǫ ƆƢȈǻƢƯ .ǹƢŭȋơ ƽȂǼŪơ ǺǷ ǥȏȉơ

30

ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǂǴƬǿ Ɣơƾǟ

ƢǿǁŐȇ ƢǷ ƢŮ ǹƢǯ ƣǂūơ ƲƟƢƬǻ Ŀ ơƆƔȆNj ŚǤƫ Ǻdz ƢŠǁ ƢĔƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǥȏƕ .ƨȀƦŪơ ȄǴǟ ơȂǘǬLJ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢŭȋơ ƽȂǼŪơ Ƶơȁǁȋ ƢǷƢǬƬǻơ ǹȂǰƫ ƢĔƗ ƮȈŞ ȆȀƬǼƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ƣȂƬǰǷ ňƢŭȋơ ǵƾdzơ ƢȀǼť ǹȂǰȇ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƣǂƷ śƥ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƔơǂƳƛ ǹƛ ǹƗ ȏƛ ƤǔǤdzơ ƧƘŧ ƪŢ ǂǴƬǿ ǞLJȁ Ŀ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ƽơƾǟƗ ƩȂŠȁ ƨLjǰǼdzƢƥ ƩƢǏȐƼƬLJƢƥ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ ǂǯǀȇ ǾǻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ ŸƨȈǴƦǬƬLjǷ DZȂǴŞ ơƆƾǟơȁ ȆǓƢŭƢƥ ǂǯǀȇ Ȑ Ɔ Ʒ ƣƢǘŬơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ȃǂǻ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƨLjǰǼdzơ ǺǷȁ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƣȁǂūơ Dzǯ ǺǷ ƨƴƬǼƬLjǷ ŅƢƬdzơ ƶȇǂǐƬdzơ ǽƾǯƚȇ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ơǀȀǯ ǂƻƕ ƢƆǨǫȂǷ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƪNjƢǟ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǾǬȈƦǘƫ ǺǰŻ ơƆŚưǯ ƢǼǸǴǠƫ ƾǬdz " Ǿƥ ǩȂƯȂdzơ ǺǰŻ ǁƾǐŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ  1931 ǵƢǟ ńơ ǾźǁƢƫ ƽȂǠȇ ȅǀdzơȁ ƤǔǤdzƢƥ ǂǴƬǿ ƣƢǐȇ ƢǼǿȁ) ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ǎǴƼƬLjǼLJ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀȁ ƧŚƻȋơ ƣǂūơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ȁƗ ǵȂȀǨǷ ǹȂǰȇ Śǣ Ȇǟǂnjdzơ ƢǼǧǂǐƫ ơƾƥ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ.. (DžƢŧȁ ƧǁơǂŞ ǞƥƢƬȇȁ ƧƘƴǧ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ƨǴƴǟ Ƨǁơƽƛ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ƾȇǂƫ Ŗdzơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤƦLjƥ Ǯdzƿ ǞƦƫ ƢƆƸǴLjǷ ƢƆƷƢǨǯ .42 "ǪƸLjǴdz ǹȂǓǂǠƬȈLJ ƢȀǼȈƷȁ ǹƿƛ ...ǦǴŬơ ńơ DZȂǐǨdzơ Ŀ ǎȈƸǸƬǴdz ƨǠǓƢƻ ǹȂǰƬLJ ƨȈǓǂǨdzơ ǽǀǿȁ ƾǻƢLjǻ ǹƗ ƢǼǿ ƢǼǼǰŻ Ȇǿ ǾƬȈǻ ǹƜǧ ǾȈǴǟ ƢǻƢǯ ǺȇǀǴdzơ DžƢǸūơȁ ƧȂǬdzƢƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ɣơǃƛ Ǿǧǂǐƫ Ŀ ǹƗ ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơȁ Ǯdzǀƥ ƱƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ƨdzƢƸƬLJȏơ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨȈǻ ƢŠǁȁ ƨǴƫƢǫ ƨdzƢƷ ǹƛ .ƨȈŭƢǟ ƣǂƷ ȃƾŭơ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƣǂƷ ńơ ƧƽȂǠdzơ :Ȇǿȁ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ơǀǿ .ƨǨǗƢƻ ƣȁǂƷ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ Ǯdzƿ ǪȈǬƸƬƥ ǾƫƢȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJƛ Dzǯ Dznjǧ ńơ Śnjƫ ǽǀȀǯ ƣǂūơ ƲƟƢƬǻ ơȂǼƳ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ơƆƾȇƾƳ ơƆǂǐǻ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ƞƦǼȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǦǫȂŭơ ȏƛ ƢǿǀƼƬȇ ȏ ǶǿƾǓ ƨȇǁǀƳ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƿƢţƢƥ ƾǟȁ ƾǬǧ ǽǀǿ ƨdzƢūơȁ .ȃŐǰdzơ ǂǐǼdzơ ŕƷ ƵƢǨǰdzơ ƨǠƥƢƬǷ Ŀ Ǿƫƽơǁƛ ƾLjš ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ .ǺȇƽȁƾǴdzơ ǾƟơƾǟȋ ƢƆǬƦLjǷ ǶǬƬǼȈLJ ǹƘƥ ƾǠȇ ƢǸǯ ňƢŭȋơ ǵƾdzơ ƨǫơǁƛ ǾLjǨǻ Ǿdz DZȂLjƫ ǺǷ Dzǯ ƧƽƢƥƛ ȁƗ .ȆŭƢǠdzơ ǦdzƢƸƬdzơ ƾǓ ƢƆƥǂƷ ǹƢŭȌdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǹȂǰƬLJ Ŗdzơȁ ƨLjǰǼǴdz ǪƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ȆƟǂŭơ Śǣ ǒǫƢǼƬdzơ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ǶƻDŽdzơ ƧȂǫ ǾLjǨǻ ǩƢȈLjdzơ Ŀ ƾų ƢǸǯ ǹƜǧ ȆǴƦǬƬLjŭơ ŚƦǰdzơ ƺȇơǂdzƢƥ ȁƗ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ȆǓơǁȋƢƥ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƫ ƔơȂLJ .ǾȈdzƛ ƢǻǂNjƗȁ ȆǫǂǠdzơ ƔƢǬǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ȆLjȈƟǁ ǂǘƻ ǺǷ ǾǻȂǴưŻ ƢŠ ƨȇȂȈƷ ƧǁȁǂǓ Dzǰnjȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ʊȁǂƻ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ ǹƢǯ ǹƜǧ ƨǟǂLjƥȁ ǶǿƽƢǠƥƛ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ǹƿƛ .ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƧƾƷȂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ 31

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ȅƽƢǼƫ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƬǯ ƨȈdzȁƽ DZȂǴƷ ƽƢŸƛ ǞǷ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƶǴLjǷ ǝơǂǏ ǝȏƾǻơ ǶǿƽȂƳȁ ǹƜǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ .ƾƷƗ Ɣơǀȇƛ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǫ Śǣ ǶȀǴǠŸ ƢǷ ǶȀǴǠǸš ƽƢŸƜƥ ƱȁǂŬơ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ Ȇǯ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ǖǤǓ ƨǫǁȁ ǂǴƬŮ ǺǸǔȇ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ Ŀ Ŀ Ǿƥ ǶǬƬǼȇ ƔȆNj Ǿȇƾȇ DZȁƢǼƬǷ Ŀ ǹȂǰȇ Ȇǯ ƆƢǔȇƗȁ .ńȁȋơ ǵƢȇȌdz ƤȈǿǂdzơ ǩǃƘŭơ ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǺȇǂǷȋơ Ǻȇǀǿ ǺǷ ơƆƾƷƗ ǹƘƥ Ƕǰūơ ƢǼǼǰŻȁ .ǵƢǟ Dzǰnjƥ ǾǟȁǂnjǷ Dznjǧ DZƢƷ śǴǰnjǷ ǂǴƬǿ ǂǰǧ Ŀ ƤǼƳ ńơ ƢƆƦǼƳȁ ƢƆǠǷ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ơǁƢLJ ƾǬdz :ǂƻȉơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴǔǧƗ Ǿȇƾdz .ǵȂǟDŽǷ ȆŭƢǟ ȁƾǟ ƾǓ ƵƢǨǰdzƢƥ DžȂŮơ ƾƷ ńơ Ǿƫƽơǁƛ ƢǿǁǀƳ ƨƷȁơǂǷ Ǯdzǀƥ ǾƳơȁ ƾǫ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ ƽƾŰȁ ƶǓơȁ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ DzȈǰnjƫ ǞǼǷ Ŀ ƢŠǁ ǶǿƢLjƫ ƨƷȁơǂŭơ ǽǀǿ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ơƆƾȈǠƥ ƢƆȈǼǿƿ ơƆǂǷƗ Ǯdzƿ ȆǬƥ Dzƥ ȅȂȈūơ ƔƢǔǨǴdz ǽȁDŽǤƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƨƥȂǠǏ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ Ŗdzơ Ɣơǁȉơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸƴŠ ơƆƽȁƾŰ ǂǷȋơ ȆǬƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǽƢš Ǻǰdzȁ .ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơ ȆLJƢȈLJ ǦǫȂǷ ƿƢţƢƥ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǝǃƢǼƬdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǔǠƥ ǾƬȈǐƼNj ȄǴǟ ȆǨǔƫ ȄǴǟ ȏ ƮȈŞ ƤǼƳ ńơ ƢƆƦǼƳ ǹơŚLjȇ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ȅȂȈūơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ ǹƛ .ƽƾŰ ǹƗȁ DZƾƦƬƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ ƨǫȐǠƥ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǂǴƬǿ ǙƢǨƬƷơ ǞǷ ǂƻȉơ Ǻǟ ƾƷơȂdzơ Dzǐǧ ǺǰŻ ǹƜǧ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǥƾŮơ DzǰNj ȅȂȈūơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ ȁDŽǣ ǹƗ ƢŠ .ǥȁǂǜdzơ ƤLjƷ ŚǤƬƫ ơƿƛ Ǿǻȋ .ǾǬȈǠȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ǺǰŻ Dzǰnjƥ ǂǸƬLjȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz Ǻǰȇ Ń ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǂǘŬơ ƾǓ ƵƢǨǰdzơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ ȁDŽǤdz ǁĈƾǫ ǹƛȁ Ǻǰdzȁ .ǂǴƬǿ ƨŧǁ ƪŢ ǹȂƸƦǐȈLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƜǧ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƪŤ Ǻǟ ƣȂǼȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƢƆȈLjȈƟǁ ƢƆǧƾǿ ƶƦǐȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ƵƢǨǰdzơ ǹƜǧ DznjǨȇ ǹƗ ȅȂȈūơ .ǵƢǬƬǻơ ƨǴȈLJȂǯ ǂƻȉơ ǁƢNjƗ ƾǬǧ ơǀdz ǾǴnjǧ ǞǫȂƫ ƾǫ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǀǼǷȁ ǾǻƘǯȁ ȁƾƦȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ǂǜǼdzơ ƪǨǴȇ ƢǷ ǂưǯƗ ƧƢƷȂƬLjǷ ȏƆ ȂǴƷ ǭȂǴȇ ǹƢǯ ǶǰūƢƥ ǃȂǨȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ .DznjǨdzơ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǾǴǠǧ Ƨƽǁ ńơ ƢƆǬƦLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz žƧƾȇƾƳ ƧǁȂƯ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz .1918-1914 ƣǂƸǴdz ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ ǾƬƥǂš ǺǷ ǹƛ ƢƆǜǿƢƥ ǺǸưdzơ ǹȂǠǧƾȈLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƜǧ ǥƢǘŭơ ǂƻƕ Ŀȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ ǵȐLjƬLJơ ǭƢǼǿ ǪǘǼŭơ ńơȁ ǾƬȈǐƼNj ńơ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ .ƨǼǸȈŮơ ȂŴ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƧŚLjǷ ǑơǂƬǟƛ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ ơȂdzȁƢƷ ƽƾƷ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ Śǣ ǺǷ Ņ ȁƾƦȇ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǾƟơƾǠƥ Ǿƥ ǪǘǼȇ ȅǀdzơ ȅŚƬLjŮơ ǹƛ .ǞǫȂƬǷ ǂǐǻ DZƢƷ Ŀ ŕƷȁ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǸȀǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƜƥ ȆǔǬȇ ƢƆůƢǻǂƥ ǹƛ :ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀǴȈţ Ŗdzơ ƧȂǬdzƢƥ ǂǷȋơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ơȂǻȂǰȇ Ń ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ ǂȀǜȇ ǾǟȁǂnjǷ ƵƢų 32

ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǂǴƬǿ Ɣơƾǟ

.ǽǁƢǐƬǻƛ ƱȂƬȇ Ȇǯ ƢƆȈǧƢǯ ǹƢǯ ǾȈǧ ǶȀǠȈǸš Ļ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ Ŀ ƨƦǫơǂŭơ ƪŢ ǶȀǠǓȁ ǶȀƬǠȈƦǗ ƾǯƗ ƾǫ ǾǟȁǂnjǷ ƵƢų ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ƾȇƾȀƬdzƢƥ ǁȂǠNj Ǿȇƾdz ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǷ ƨȇǁǀƳ ǂưǯƗ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǾdzȂź ƢŲ ƨȈǻƢǘȈnjdzơ .ǾƬLjLJƚŭ ơƆŚǷƾƫ ǂưǯƗ ƨȇƢȀǼƥȁ Ƨǂǰǧ ǹƛ .ơƆDŽȈŲ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ńơ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǺǷ ƢǼdz ƾƥ ȏ ŚǰǨƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ǽǀđ ƣƢǬǠdzơ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǴǯ ƢƆƠȈLJ ǞǓȂdzơ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǴǯ Ƕđ DzȈưǸƬdzơȁ ȃǂLJƘǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠǷ ƮȈŞ ƣǂūơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƧǂƬǨdz ňƢŭȋơ ǥǂǘƬŭơ śǸȈdzơ ƾǼǟ ƧǂnjƬǼǷ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ȁƾƦƫ ƗȂLJƗ Ǻȇǀdzơ DZƢƳǂdzơ ǂǜǻ Ŀ .ƢƆǸƟƢǫ DZơDŽȇ ȏ ƢƌǟȂǓȂǷ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ƨLJơǁƽȁ DzȈǴŢ śǸȈdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǬƥƗ Ŀ DzǸƸƬȈLJ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǹƗ ƢƆȈǠȈƦǗ ǹƢǯ ƨȈŭƢǟ ƨȇƽȂȀȇ ƽȂƳȂƥ ǹȁƾǬƬǠȇ ơȂǻƢǯ .ǽƾȈLjš ǹȂǟƾȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ DZƢƳǂdzơ ńơȁ.ƨǴǐƥ ǺǗȂdzơ ńơ ƪŻ ƢǷȁ ǁȁƾȇ ƢǷ ƨǠƦƫ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ ƾƷƗ ǑǂǠƫ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƶƥơǀǷ ƨǷƢǫƜƥ 1930 DZȂǴȇƗ 19 Ŀ ƽƾǿ ƾǫ DzȈƥȂȈƳ ǹƗ ȃǂǻ ơǀŮȁ ǂǴƬǿ DZȂǏȁ ǺǷ ƨǴȈǴǫ ƧǂƬǧ ƾǠƥȁ 1933 ǁơƿƕ 21 Ŀȁ .DZƢȈƬǣȎdz śȇǃƢǼdzơ ǹƢŭȋơ ƽơȂǬdzơ ƢǻƾƟƢǫ ǽƢšƜƥ ƨǏƢǏǁ ƪǬǴǘǻƛ ǹƛ" :ŅƢƬdzơ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ǢȇDŽƦȈdz ƧƾȇǂƳ ƩǁƾǏƗ Ƕǰūơ ńơ ƔƢǷƾdzơ ǺǷ ǂŞ ǾǼǟ ƲƬǼȈLJ ƢŲ ǖƟƢūƢƥ ǹȂǬǐǴȈLJ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƽȂȀȇ Dzǯ ǹƜǧ ƣȂƦƄơ ȄǴǟȋơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ Ǻǟ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƧǂƬǨdzơ Ŀ ǹȁǂƻƕ ǹȂȇǃƢǻ ƭƾŢ ƢǸǯ ".43ǵȂȈdzơ DzƦǫ ǾǴưǷ ǂȇ Ń ǹƜǧ ƨǷƢǟ ǂưǯƗ ǙƢǨdzƘƥȁ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǽƢšƜƥ ƽȁƾūơ ǹȂȈLjǻǂǨdzơ Ȅǘţ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǹƢŭȋơ Ǒǁȋơ Džơƽȁ Ƥȇǂǣ NJȈƳ ȅƗ ǵƾǬƫ DZƢƷ Ŀȁ ǾǻƗ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬƫ ƪǻƢǯ ǕƢLJȁȋơ .44 ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƮưƳ ǩȂǧ ȆnjǸƬLJ ƢĔƜǧ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ Ŀ ƩƾƦƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈLjǨǼdzơ Ǒơǂǟȋơ ƨǧƢưǯ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ơƆDŽȈŲ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷ ǽŚǣ Ǻǟ ƨȈǴǬǠdzơ ƨȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ǾƫƢǧǂǐƫ ǺǷ ȃƾǏ DzǫƘƥ ǾLJȂǿ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǾƟơƾǟ Ǯdzǀƥ ǺȇǂƯƘƬǷ ƣǂƷ ǪƟơǂǗ ńơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ơȂdzȂƷ ǶĔȂǯ Ŀ ǾǻȂđƢnjȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ DZƢƳǂdzơ ǺǷ ǾȈǧ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǯ ƨǷƢȈǬdzơ ǵƢȈǫ ǾƦnjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǦǼǠdzơ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƢȈƻ śǐǴƼƬLjǷ ƨLjǰǼdzơ ƲƟƢƬǼƥ Ɣȏƚǿ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƨƦƬǟ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ ƢǼǿ DZƙƢLjƬdzơ ƢǼǼǰŻ .ǃƢȈƬǷƜƥ ƢƆǧƾǿ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨLjǰǻ ƢĔƛ .ƧƾǯƚǷ ƨȈǸƬƷ ƨǬȈǬƷ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǽȁƗǁȁ DzƦǬƬLjŭƢƥ ơȁǂǰǧ ƾǫ DZƢƳǂdzơ .ǺǸưdzơ ǹȂǠǧƾȈLJ ǶǿƾƷȁ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǴǬưƥ ȆǷǂƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǂŤ Ǻdz

33

ňƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ 1939º1933ŚƴȀƬdzơ

ƨLJƢȈLJ

ƨǷȂǰƷ DzȈǰnjƬƥ ǡŐǻƾȈǿ džȈƟǂdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǂǴƬǿ ǦǴǯ 1933 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 30 Ŀ ǾLjǨǻ ǂǴƬǿ ƾƳȁ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ƢȀƷƢų ȄǴǟ DzȈǴǬdzơ Ǻǿơǁ "řǗȁ ǞǸš" ƾȇƾnjƫ ǶȀƬȈǻ Ŀȁ ƨǷȂǰūơ ơȂƫƗ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǚǧƢƄơ śǸȈdzơ ƣDŽƷ ȆǴưŲ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƽƾǠƥ ƢƆǗƢŰ DzǸǠdzơ Ǫȇǂǧ DzǔǨƥȁ ǂǴƬǿ Ǻǰdzȁ .Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǴȈƼƬȇ ơȂǻƢǯ ơǀǰǿ .ǾdzȂƷ ǩȂǘdzơ DZȂŹ ǹƗ ǝƢǘƬLJƛ ƾǬǧ ǶēƢȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ Ƕđǂē DzǔǨƥȁ ǾƥDŽƷ ǾǻȂǰȇ ȅǀdzơ DzƟƢŮơ ƩƢǸȈǜǼƬdzơ Dzǯ DzƷ ƾǠƥȁ .ǽƾǓ ƤǠǴƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ ǹƢǯ ƤLJƢǰǷ śƥȁ ǶȀǼȈƥ ƾƳơȂƬdzƢƥ Ǿdz ƶũ ȅǀdzơ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ƣDŽūơ ȃȂLJ ƨƷƢLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦȇ Ń ƨȈƥƢǬǼdzơȁ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ǭƢƦnjdzơ ȆǷǁ ǾǧơƾǿƗ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơȁ ǾLjǨǼƥ ǾǴȈǰnjƫ ȄǴǟ ǂǴƬǿ DzǸǟ ȅǀdzơ ƣDŽūơ .ǩǂǠdzơȁ ƨǷȋơ DzȈųƛ ǾǼȈǬǴƫ Ľ ǺǷȁ ǾƬƦǫơǂǷ ǑǂǤdz ňƢŭȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ DZȂƷ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ńȁȋơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƩǁƾǏ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƢēƢȇơƾƥ Ŀ ȃȂLJ ǂǴƬǿ ƨǘǴLJ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƧƾǷ ƾǠƥȁ .ǵƢǟ ƔƢƬǨƬLJƛ Ǫǧȁ ǶǷȋơ ƨƦǐǟ ǺǷ ƶǴLjƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ǂŤƚǷ ǺǷ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƣƢƸLjǻƛ ƩƢȈǸǰƥ ƶǴLjƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƾȀnjƫ Ȇǯ ǹơǁȁƾdzơ ńơ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǴƴǟ ƩƽƢǟ ƧŚǐǫ ƪǷƢǫ ȅǀdzơ ȅȂǷƾdzơ ǝƽǂdzơ ǹƛ .ǾƬȈƦǠNj Ƕǟƽȁ ƨdzƢǘƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬdzơ Ŀ ǶǿƢLJ ƢŲ ƨǴƟƢǿ ƶũ 1934 ƣƕ Ŀ (ǡŐǻƾȈǿ) ƩȂǷ ǹƛ .ǵȂȇ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǷȂȇ ƾȇơDŽƬȇ ǎǼǫ ńơ DZȂŢ AS Ǿƥ ƢƆLjȈƟǁ ƶƦǐȇ ƨǨǐdzơ ǽǀđȁ ƺȇơǂdzơ džȈƟǁ ƨǨǏ ǾǴǤnjȇ ȅǀdzơ DŽǯǂŭơ ńơ ǦȈǔȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ƢĔȂǴǤnjȇ Ŗdzơ DŽǯơǂŭơ Ǻǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơ ƩƢȈǐƼnjdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ȄǴţ ǀƠǼȈƷ .ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƩơȂǬǴdz 1938 ǵƢǟ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ .śƳƾƬdzơ ǝȁǂnjŠ ǶȀǷȐƷƗ ƔƢƦǣ ǶŮ śƦƫ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƨǷȂǰūơ Ŀ ǡŐǷȂǴƥ :ƨȈŷȋơ ǺǷ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ śǜǧƢƄơ ǺǷ Ǻȇǂȇǃȁ ǂƻƕ ƨǷȂǰūơ ǺǷ ƤƸLjǻƛ ºƥ DZƾƦƬLJƛ ȅǀdzơ (ƭơǁȂǻ) ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ Ľ ǾƦǐǼǷ ǂǴƬǿ DzǤNj ȅǀdzơ ƣǂūơ ǂȇǃȁ ƢŲ Ȇũǁ Dzǰnjƥ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƩƢǟƢǸƬƳƛ ƪǨǫȂƫ 1937 ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǀǼǷȁ .(ƣȁǂƬǼƦȇǁ) .ǽǂǷƘƥ ǶǯƢūơ DzƳǂdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ơƆŚƻƗ ǂǴƬŮ ƵƢƫƗ

35

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǞǓȁ śLjŢ ŚƦǰdzơ ǾůƢǻǂƥ ǪȈǬŢ ƨȈǨȈǯ ȄǴǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǵƢǸƬǿƛ Ƥǐǻƛ ǾǼȈȈǠƫ ǀǼǷ ńơ ƨȈǷƢLjdzơ ƾǓ ǾdzơȂǫƗ ƨŦǂƬƥ Ɨƾƥ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ .ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ǪǗƢǼǷ ȁDŽǣ Ľ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ Ƨƾǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǀţƛ ƣǂūơ ǝȏƾǻơ ƪǬƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƪLjdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ .DZƢǠǧƗ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǽǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƫ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ śǸȈǬŭơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽƢȀǘǓơ ƢȀƴƟƢƬǻ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƨǬƷȐƬǷ ǥƾǿȁ śǠǷ ȆLJƢȈLJ ƲĔ ǂǴƬŮ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ Ŀ ǹȂǰǰnjȇ śƻǁƚŭơ ƪǴǠƳ ƨȈƟơȂnjǠƥ ƢƆǯǁƢƫ ǾȈdzƛ ƽȂǠƫ Ľ ǾǼǷ ǪǴǘǼƫ ƨȈƦdzȂdz ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǾƟȐƬǟƜƥ ǽƽȂƳȁ ƩƢƦƯƛ ȃȂLJ .ǶǿơȂǿ ȄǴǟ ơȂǧǂǐƬȇ ǹƗ ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ŀ ǾǻơȂǟȋ DZƢĐơ ǺȇǀǨǼǷ ǖǤǓ ƪŢ ǶƬƫ ƣǂūơ ǝȏƾǻơ ŕƷȁ ƪǻƢǯ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƧƽƢǔŭơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹƛ ƧǁơƽȎdz Ƕǿǁȁƾƥ śǠƥƢƬdzơ śǜǧƢƄơ ƔơǁǃȂdzƢƥ ƨǴưŲ ȏƆ ȁƗ ƨȇǁơǃȂdzơ ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƦdzơ Ƨƾǟ .DZƢŭơ ǂȇǃȁ (ƪƻƢNj)ȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ǂȇǃȁ (Ǯȇǂǧ) DZƢưǷƗ Ǻȇǂƻƕ Ɣơǁǃȁ ǺǷ śǷȂǟƾŭơȁ ƱĈȁǂǷ śƥ ƵȁơǂƬȇ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƢēƽǁƢǘǷ Ŀ ƢƆƳȁƽDŽǷ ơƆǁȁƽ ƤǠǴƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƦdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (džǿ) ƧƾȀǟ ƪŢ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ƣDŽūơ ǞǓȁ Ľ .ǹƕ Ŀ DzƐǘǠǷȁ (džǴƥȂǣ) .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ƢȀȈƦdzƘƫ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠȇȁ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ Ƨǁơƽȍơ ƨƦǫơǂǷ ƧǁơǂŞ Ƥǣǂȇ ǂƻƕ (ǂƬȈdzȂǣ) ȁ śdzǂƥ Ŀ (ǂƬȈdzȂǣ) ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ƨǓǂǤŭơ ƨȇƢǟƾdzơ Ɣơǁǃȁ ƾƷƗȁ (ǂnjȇǂƬLJ) ȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ƾǬūơ ƨǴƴǟ Ǟǧƾƥ ơȂǷƢǫ ƨȈǷƢLjdzơ ƾǓ ơƆƾƳ ƤǐǠƬǷ Ȃǿȁ ňȂǰǻơǂǧ Ŀ (ǂǴŷ) ƤǠdz ƾǫȁ .ƣDŽƸǴdz ƢȈǻƾdzơȁ ȄǘLJȂdzơ ƤǏƢǼŭơ ȅȁƿ ǒǠƥ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǶȀǯǁƢNj ơƆƾǟƢǐƬǷ ơƆǁȁƽ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ƾƟƢǫȁ (SS) ƨǏƢŬơ ƩơƾƷȂdzơ ƩơȂǬdz ȄǴǟȋơ ƾƟƢǬdzơ ƤƳȂƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ǁȁƽ ƨȇƢȀǼdzơ Ŀ ļƘȇȁ .ƣDŽūơ Ǻǟȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ǻǟ ƢƆȈŸǁƾƫ Ȑ Ɔ ǬƬLjǷ ǺǷȁ ƤǠnjdzơ ǺǷ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ DzǠǧ Ʃơƽǁ ǺǷ ƢǸǯ ǾƟƢǨǴƷ ǺǷ ǾLjǨǻ ȆǸŹ ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ Ǯdzƿȁ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƤƷƢǏȁ Ƕǰūơ ǁȁƾƥ ǾLjǨǼdz ǚǨƬŹ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȅǀdzơȁ ƨLjȈǼǰdzơ ƽǂǨƬŭơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ DzǟƢǨdzơ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǂǴƬǿ ǹƜǧ ȃǂǻ ƢǸǯȁ ǹƿƛ .ǞȈǸŪơ ƨǬǧơȂǷȁ ǶǴǠƥ ǹƢǯ DzȀǧ .ƨƷƢLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƤƷƢǏ ƾȈƷȂdzơ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ ƨȈǷƢLjdzơ ǽǂǯ ƨLJƢȈLjƥ Ŀ ƪǬƦǗ Ŗdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjǴdz ƢǼƬǠƥƢƬǷ DZȐƻ ǺǷ DZơƚLjdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ƤȈƴǼLJ ŸǶLJƢūơ DzǟƢǨdzơ .ǵȐLjdzơ ƩơȂǼLJ ƧǂƬǧ

36

ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ

ǽǀǨǼȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǺǸǔƬȇ ƢƆǨǴǷ Ǿǘƥƛ ƪŢ Ȑ Ɔ ǷƢƷ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ ƩƘȇ Ń ƨǔȇǂǟ ǕȂǘƻ ǾƬƦǠƳ Ŀ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǾǻƗ ǾȈǧ ǭȂǰnjǷ Śǣ ƢŲ .ƢƆǨǴLJ ƧƽƾŰ ƨǷƢǻǃȁǁ Ǫǧȁ ƽƾǟ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ŚǔƸƬƥ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ƣDŽūơ ǶƬǿơ ƾǬdz .Ȑ Ɔ ƦǬƬLjǷ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫ ȅȂǼȇ ƨȈƟƾƦŭơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǾƬƦưȇ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ƢƆǬƷȏ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz ƧƾǠŭơ ǞȇǁƢnjŭơȁ ƩƢLJơǁƾdzơ ǺǷ ǦƟƢǛȂdzơ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽǂǗ :śƬȈdzƢƬdzơ śƬǼLjdzơ Ŀ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǸƟƢǬdzơ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƬƥ ǵƢǫ Ŗdzơ ǒǠƥȁ .ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨƳǁƾdzơ ǺǷ śǼǗơȂǷ ƨǬƦǘǯ ǶȀǨȈǼǐƫ ǹƢŭȋơ ǞǷ ǶȀƳơȁǃ ǞǼǷ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƢŲ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǻǟ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȈǼǗơȂŭơ ƤƸLJ Ŀ ŚǰǨƬdzƢǯ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ƾǠƥƗ ńơ ƪƦǿƿ ǞȇǁƢnjŭơ .45ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƽȐƦdzơ ǺǷ ǶǿƽǂǗ ńơ ȅƽƚȇ ƢŲ ȁƗ ƧǂƴŮơ ȄǴǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǶȀȇƗǂƥ ŐƴȈLJ ƩơǂǿƢǜŭơ ƪǠdzƾǻƛ śƷ ƨȈƟơȂnjǟ ǾƦNj ƨdzƢŞ Ƕǰūơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ǁȂȀnjdzơ ƪǠƦǘǻƛ Dzǯ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂLJƾǰȇ ƨȈǟƢŦ ƩȐǬƬǠǷ ńơ ƣDŽƸǴdz ǑǁƢǠǷ Dzǰƥ Ǟǧƾƫ ƨȇǃƢǼǴdz Ƨƾȇƚŭơ ǝǁơȂnjdzơ Ŀ Ƥǟǂdzơ ǂnjǼƫ AS ºdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢǟȂǸů ƪƷơǁȁ .ǶȀƬLJƢȈLjdz ǑǁƢǠǷ ǹƢȈƷƗ Ŀ ǶĔȂƦǴLjȇ ƧȂLjǫȁ ǦǼǠƥ ǶĔȂƥǂǔȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Džȁƙǁ ȄǴǟ ƢǿƽơǂǧƗ ƤǐǼȇ ȄƫȂŭơ ƽƾǟ ǢǴƥ :ƧƢȈūơ ȅƾǫƢǧ ǶĔȁǁƽƢǤȇ ơȂǻƢǯ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗȁ DZơȂǷƗ ǺǷ ǹȂǴǸŹ ƢǷ ƧŚưǯ ǹƛ .ƧŚǘƻ ǶȀǔǠƥ ƵȁǂƳ ȄƷǂŪơ ǺǷ ƩƢƠǷ 1933 ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƢƆǐƼNj 45 ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǒǠƦdzơ ǁƢƦƳƛ ȁƗ ǂǜƷ ƩȐŧ ǶȈǜǼƬƥ ƪǷƢǫȁ Ƣǿǁȁƾƥ ƪǘnjǻ ƣDŽƸǴdz ƨȈǴƄơ ƩƢƦǠnjdzơ ƪǷƢǫ ƾǬǧ ƨȈǬǗƢǼŭơ ȁƗ ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǹƜǧ ƢȀƬȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ .ƧȂǬdzƢƥ ǶȀǨƟƢǛȁ ǭǂƫ ȄǴǟ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǦǫȂǷ ơǀǿ ǞǷ ƨȀƳơȂŭƢƥ .ơƆƽȂȀȇ ơȂǻƢǯ ǶȀȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹƗ ȃȂǟƾƥ ƢȀȈǨǛȂǷ ƽǂǘƥ ƔƢǨǓƜƥ Ǯdzƿȁ "ƨǼǿơǂdzơ ƨdzƢūơ" ƨƦǫƢǠŠ ơƆǁơǂǫ ǀƼƬƫ ǹƗ ȃȂLJ ƨȇǁơǃȂdzơ ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƦdzơ ǞLJȂƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ ƽǂǘȇ ƨȈũǂdzơ ƨǨȈǛȂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ śǻơȂǫ ƽơƾǟƛ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƨȈũǁ ƨǨǏ ƢȀȈǴǟ .Ȇũǁ Dzǰnjƥ ƤȀǼdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǁǂǰƫ ǽƢš ȅDŽŬƢƥ ǂǠnjȇ Ņȁƾdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ǹƢǯ Ǯdzƿ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǂǜŞ ƤdzƢǘƫ ƾǴƥ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ Ŀ ƩơȂǟƽ ƪǬǴǘǻơȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ǦǼǠdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟȁ ǶȈǜǼƫ (ǂnjȇǂƬLJ) ńơȁ (džǴƥȂǣ) ńơ ƤǴǗ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǧ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ .1933 ǹƢLjȈǻ DZȁƗ ǺǷ ƔơƾƬƥƛ DZȂǠǨŭơ ȅǁƢLJ ŐƬǠȇ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ƾǓ ǂǜƷ ƨǴŧ Ŀ ƤƬǯ ƾǫ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǹȂǰȇ ƢŠǁȁ ƣDŽūơ ǥȂǨǏ ǺǷ ƩƔƢƳ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ƢǸȈLJ Ŀ ƔƢǘnjǼdzơ ȆǓǂȇ Ȇǯ ǂǴƬǿ Dzƻƾƫ Ľ .46ǽǁơǂǫ ǀţƛ ƾǫ ǹȉơ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǹƗ ǾƫơǂǯǀǷ 37

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ȄǴǟ ǶǿŐŸ Ȇǯ śǜǧƢƄơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǗȂǤǓ DžǁƢŻ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ .ǾƥDŽƷ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǬǴǠȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈŷȋơ ƢƆȇƾƦǷ ǽǁơǂǫ ǺǴǟƗ ƨȇƢȀǼdzơ Ŀȁ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ śǻơȂǫ ƽƢǸƬǟƛ ȄǴǟ ƽǂȇ ǹƘƥ ƪǔǫ ǦǫȂǸǴdz ƨŦǂƫ ǁȂǨdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾƬǸŮƗ ƾǫ ŃƢǠǴdz ǾƬȇƙǁ ǹƛ .47ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ ȅǁơǃȂdzơ džǴĐơ Ŀ 1933 ǃȂŤ 14 Ŀ ǺǴǟƗ ƾǬdz .ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ ƽơŚƬLJƛ ǂǜƷ ǹȂǴǸƸƬȇ ƢȈǻƢŭơ Ŀ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ DzǐƷ DZƢƷ Ŀ žǾǴƬǫ ńơ ȄǠLjƫ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ǵƢǫ ǁơƿƕ 29 Ŀ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƨLjǴƳ DZȐƻȁ .48ƺȇơǂdzơ ȄǴǟ ǑȁǂǨŭơ ǂǜūơ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǹƗ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǺǷ ǾǻƘƥ ơȂǸȀǨƬȇ ǹƗ ǶȀȈǴǟ ȅǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾǓǂǧ ȅǀdzơ ǂǜūơ ǂȇŐƬƥ ǺƟƢǿǁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƛ .49ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzơ Ŀ ƢȀƴƟƢƬǻ ơȂǴǸƸƬȇ ǹƗȁ ƾƥ ȏ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƾǓ ƢƥǂƷ .ƣǂūơ ƨȇơƾƥ ǀǼǷ ƧDŽȈǸŭơ ǾǴǠǧ Ƨƽǁ ƪǻƢǯ ơǀǰǿ ǵƢǬƬǻȎdz ƨǓǂǟȁ Ɣơƾǟ ƾȇƾnjƫ ȃȂLJ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǹƢLjȈǻ DZȁƗ Ŀ ǶǿƾǓ ƣǂǓ ȅǀdzơ ǂǜūơ ǹƛ ơǀǿ ǪǴǫƗ ƾǬǧ ƢȈǻƢŭơ Ŀ ƢǷƗ .ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ ƨǠǗƢǬŠ ǶƳǂƫ ȅǀdzơ Ņȁƾdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǂǘƻ ƤȈē ȅǀdzơ (ƭơǁȂǻ) DZƢưǷƗ śǜǧƢƄơ ƨǬƦǗ ǦǫȂŭơ Ǻǰdzȁ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǂǜƸǴdz Ǻȇƾȇƚŭơ ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ (ǡŐǻƾȈǿ) ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ǹȂȇǃƢǼdzơ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ ǂǠNj ơǀǰǿȁ .50ƨȀƦŪơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨȀƳơȂǷ ƨȇƘƥ ǵȂǬȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ DZȂƷ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǍȂǐş ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǸǧ ƢȀȈǧ ǭǂƸƬdzơ ǶŮ ƵȂǸLjŭơ ƽȁƾūƢƥ ǺǷ džȈdz ǺǷ Dzǯ ǦƟƢǛȂdzơ ńơ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǞǼǷ ńơ ǥƾȀȇ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ơǀǿ .ƨȈũǂdzơ ƨǨȈǛȂdzơ ǦǫȂǷ ƿƢţƛ ȄǴǟ ǁƽƢǫ Śǣ ǾǻƗ ƣDŽūơ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦưȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ ǽǀǿ .ȅǁȉơ džǼŪơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǍȂǐǻ Ŀȁ .ǾƬȇȂǿ ƾȇƾŢ Ǻǟ DŽƳƢǟ Ȃǿ ȅǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ƶǓơȁ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȇȂŮơ ǹƘƥ ȃǂǻ ơǀǰǿȁ :ƢƆȇƽȂȀȇ ǽƾƳ ǹƢǯ ǺǷ Dzǯ DzǸnjȇ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƘƥ ƶǔƬȇ ǹȂǜǧƢƄơ Ǻǰȇ Ń .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǻƢȇƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩǂǐƬǫƛ ƾǫ ƢǿƾȇƾŢ DzȀLjdzơ ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń Ŗdzơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǬǧơȂȇ ơȂǻȂǰȇ Ń ǶȀǼǰdzȁ ƨǫǂǨƬdzơ DZȂƷ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǞǓȁ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǓǂƬǠȇ śƥ Ȑ Ɔ ǏƢǧ ƢƆǘƻ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƾǴƦǴdz ƢǿȂǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷƾŬơ :ȅǂǐǼǠdzơ śȇǃƢǼdzơ ƔƢǼưƬLJƛ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǸǔƬȇ ǹƗ ƵǂƬǫƛ ǹƗ (ǡŐǻƾȈǿ) ǹƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ǂƻƕȁ ȅƽȂȀȇ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ȄǷơƾǬdzơ śƥǁƢƄơ 1933 ǃȂŤ 14 ȆǨǧ .ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨƯƽƢūơ ȄǴǟ ǾǬȈǴǠƫ Ŀ ǂȀǜȈLJ ƢŲ ƢƆǿǂǰǷ ǂǴƬǿ Ǫǧơȁ

ǺǷ śȇǁƕ ŚǤdzơ řưƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǼȀŭơ ƧƢǷƢƄƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪnjǫƢǻ

38

ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ

ǂǴƬǿ Dzƻƾƫ ȄǷơƾǬdzơ śƥǁƢƄơ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ DZȐƻȁ ƢȀƬLJǁƢŲ ƨǧƢǯȁ ƤǏƢǼŭơ ƨǧƢǯ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ ƔƢǼưƬLJƜƥȁ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ DZȂƷ ƽƾnjƬdzƢƥ ƢƆƦdzƢǘǷ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƨǜƸǴdzơ ǮǴƫ ŕƷ ǹƢǯȁ ."ǑȂǧǂǷ ǾǴǯ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ" ƩƢǔȇȂǠƬdzơ ǹȁƽ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƤǻƢƳ ńơ ǭǁƢǠŭơ Ŀ ơȂǯǁƢNj Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȏƛ DzǸnjƫ ȏ ƔƢǼưƬLJȍơȁ ǂǜūƢƥ ǶǯƢƄơ Ŀ ȁƗ ǺȇȂǸƬdzơ Ʃơǁơǃȁ Ŀ ơȂǴǸǟ ǺŲ ǭǁƢǠŭơ ǪǗƢǼǷ Ŀ ǹȁƾƳơȂƬȇ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ Ǻǟȁ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ǾǟȁǂnjǷ Ǻǟ ŐǯƗ ƵȂǓȂƥ ǂǴƬǿ Őǟ ƾǬǧ ơǀǰǿȁ .51ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ .ƨȈǼǗơȂŭơ ǩȂǬƷ ǖLjƥơ ǺǷ ǶĔƢǷǂŞ ǾƬȈǻ ǞǷ ƨdzƘLjǸǴdz ƨǠȇǂLJ ƨȈǨǐƫ ƪǓǂƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ǪƟơȂǠdzơ ǹƘnjƥ DzǫƗ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǀƻƘȇ Ń ƨǟȂǸů ǵƢǷƗ Ǒǂǟ 1933 ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 6 Ŀ .ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟơ ȄǴǟ ǾǛƢǨƷ DzǸǟ ƨǘƻ ƣDŽūơ Ŀ śdzȁƚLjǷ ǾLjǨǻ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơȁ ǁƢƦǰdzơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ Ǻǟ ǵȐǰdzơ DzȈǘȇ ǹƗ ȄLjǼȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƱǁƢŬơȁ Dzƻơƾdzơ ƶȈǴLjƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ :ƢȀǟƢƦƫƛ ȅȂǼȇ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǺǷ ǾLJǁƢǸȈLJ Ƣŭ ơƆǁƢǜƬǻƛ ƨǻƽƢȀǷ ƨLJƢȈLJ ƽȂǬȇ ǹƢǯ .ƵȐLjdzơ ǝDŽǻ Ǻǟȁ ǵȐLjdzơ Ŀ "DZƢǫ Ľ ǽŚǷƾƫ ǹȁȂǼȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ńơ ƶŭƗ .ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƧȂǫ ȏ ǵȂǐş ƨǗƢŰ "ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ" ŅƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ."śƯǁơȂdzơ ǺŴ ǹȂǰǼLJ ƢǷ ƢǷȂȇ ǺǷ ǾǔȇǂŢ Ļȁ ǪƦLJ ŃƢǠdzơ ǺǷ ȄǬƦƫ ƢǷ .Ǯdzƿ Ƨǁȁǂǔdzơ ǝƾƬLjƫ Ń ǹƛ ǶēǁƢưƬLJƛ ƤŸ ǹƢǯȁ .ǹƢǰǷ Dzǯ Ŀ ǶǿƿȂǨǻȁ ǶǿǂƯƗ ǭǂƫ ǶȀǬƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzƦǫ ńơ ƢǸǯ ŃƢǠdzơ ƽȂȀȇ Dzǯ ńơ ǽơƾǏ Dzǐȇ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ǀƼƬȇ ƔơǂƳƛ ȅƗ Śǣ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟơ Ŀ DZȂƻƾdzơȁ ǁȂȀƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƢǼȈǴǟ ƤŸ ơǀdz ƢĔȁǂȇƾȇ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷȂǰūơ . 52ƨLJȁǁƾǷ ƱơȁDŽdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ śǻơȂǫ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǷƢǸƬǿƛ Ƥǐƫ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ ǝȂǻ ǺǷ ǞȇǁƢnjŭ ǡǂǨƬƫ Ȇǯ Ʊǁƾdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǠǔƫȁ ƢȀǼǟ ȄǴƼƬƫ ȆǿƢǿ ƨȈǼǗơȂŭơȁ ǖǴƬƼŭơ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ ǂȀǛƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƢȀȈǧ DZȁȋơ ǁȁƾdzơ DzǤnjȇ ȅǀdzơ ǂǴƬǿȁ ƨdzȂǤnjǷ ƩƢǷȂǰūƢǧ .ǂƻƕ ǥȁǂǜdzơ Ǿƥ ȆǔǬƫ ƢǷ ƤƳȂŠ ǾƳȂȇ ǾǻƗȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ȇǿ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ǾƬǴǰnjǷ ǹƗ ƨȇƢǨǰdzơ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȆǘǠƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ƧƾǠƥ ǵƢǫ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ .DžȁǁƾǷ Dzǰnjƥ ȆǨǧ .ƨȈƥƢŸȍơ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǴƻƽƗ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ Džȁǁƾŭơ Ƶǂǘdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ DZƢưǷ

39

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǹƗ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞƟƢǔƦdzơ ƔơǂNj ǞǼǷ ǁơǂǫ DzǸnjȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǑǂƬǟƛ Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ 1933 DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 53 . ƣDŽūơ Ŀ śǴǷƢǠdzơ Dzǯ DZƢǘȇ ƩơǂǤƯ ǒǠƥ ƾȈǸǔƫ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǮǸĔƛ ƾǬǧ ƨȈdzȁȋơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǽǀǿ ơƾǟȁ DzƥƢǬŭƢƥ ǶǬǠdzơ ǑǂǨƥ ȆǔǬȇ ƢƆǻȂǻƢǫ śǜǧƢƄơ ǾƟƢǨǴƷ ȄǴǟ Ǒǂǧ ǾǻƗ ƢȀƬƴȈƬǻ ǺǷ ǾǟȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ňƢŭƗ ǦdzƗ 400 ŅơȂƷ Dzſ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀǿ .ƨȈƯơǁȁ ǑơǂǷƘƥ ƣƢǐǷ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ȅŐŪơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ǁƢǰǼƬLJƛ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ǽǂǷƗ ǁƾǏƗ 1937 ǵƢǟ Ŀ .54ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǠȇ ơȂǻȂǰȇ Ń Ǻȇǀdzơȁ śǼȈǠŭơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨƠǧ DzǸnjƫ Ȇǯ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ƾƬŤ ǹƗ ƩƢȀǷƗ ǺǷ ơȁƾdzȁ ƣƢNj 500 ǶȈǬǠƫ Ļ ƾǬǧ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀǿ ƤƳȂŠ .ǑǂǷ ȅƗ ǺǷ DZȐƬƷȍơ NJȈƳ ǞǷ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ ơȂǻƢǯ ǒȈƥȋơ džǼŪơ ƱǁƢƻ ǺǷ ƽȂǼƳ ǺǷȁ ƩƢȈǻƢŭƗ .55ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǡơǂǧ ƧǂƬǧ ňƢŭȋơ ǞȇǂnjƬdzơ ǥǂǟ 1934 Ŀ ƨȈǷȂȇ ƩƢǬȇƢǔǷ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ńơ ƽǂǨǼǷ Dzǰnjƥ ǹȂǓǂǠƬȇ ơȂǻƢǯ ƮȈƷ ƆơƾƥƗ ǦǫȂƬƬdz ǺǷ .ǥƢȇǁȋơ Ŀ ƨǏƢƻȁ ƨȇƽƢŭơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ǒǠƥ ǺǷ ňƢǠƫ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǶēƢȈƷ ƪǴǠƳ .ǶȀƬǯǂƷ ǺǷ ƾŢ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ƩơǁǃȂdzơ ƩǂǸƬLJƛ ƢȀƬȈƷƢǻ ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ .Ȑ Ɔ ȈƸƬLjǷ ơƆǂǷƗ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ǶǿƔƢǬƥ DzǠš ƨȇǂLJ ƩƢǯǂƷ ƪǻƢǯ Ǯdzƿ ǩȂǧȁ .ƽȐƦdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ƧǂƴŮƢƥ ǹȁǂǰǨȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzǠš ǹƗ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǽǀǿ ǥơƾǿƗ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƪǻƢǯ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ƢŠȁ .ǂǴŷ ƧƽƢȈǫ ƪŢ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ǵƢLjǫȋơ ǾȈdzƛ ȄǠLjƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ơǀǿ DZƢǼŭơ ƤǠǏ ơƆǂǷƗ ǦȈǔŭơ ƾǴƦdzơ ǁƢȈƬƻƛ ǺǷ ƪǴǠƳ Ŗdzơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨǷǃȋơ ƤƦLjƥ Ȑ Ɔ ȈƸƬLjǷ ǂǴƬǿ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ śǘLjǴǧ Ŀ ƨǴȇƾƥ ǑǁƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǼǿơǂŭơȁ ƨǻȂȈȀǐdzơ ƨǫǁȁ ƤǠdz Ļ ơǀdz .ƢŮ ǑǁƢǠǷ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƧƽƢȈǫ ƪŢ ƪǠǓȁ Ŗdzơ DS ºdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ƨǰƦNj ƪǻƢǯȁ ǺǷȁ .1934 ǵƢǟ ƨƷơǂǏ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹơƽƽǂȇ ơƔƾƥ OPIS ºdzơ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ǃƢȀƳ ȄǴǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǟȂƫ ńơ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ǽǀǿ ƩƾǸǟ ƧǂƴŮơ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƽȂȀȇ ǞȈƴnjƫ DzƳƗ ǒǠƦƥ ȄǜŢ ƨȈǻȂȈȀǐdzơ ƩƢǸȈǜǼƬdzơ ƩǀƻƗ Ǯdzǀdzȁ .56Ƕđ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȇȂǿ ƽƢŸƛ ƧǁȁǂǓ ǽƢš ȄǓǂdzơ śǠƥ ǂǜǼȇ ǀƻƗ ȅǀdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ŁƢǐǷ ǞǷ ȄǫȐƬƫ ǶȀǧơƾǿƗ ƪǻƢǯ ƿƛ ƾȈȇƘƬdzơ .Ƕđ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨȈǓƢȇǂdzơ ȅƽơȂǼdzơ ńơ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ƧƾȇơDŽƬǷ ƨǟǂLjƥ ƧǂnjƬǼŭơ ƨȇŐǠdzơ Džǁơƾŭơ 40

ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ

ńơ ƧǂƴŮơ ȄǴǟ ǶȀǠƴnjƫ DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨǐǐƼƬŭơ ƨȈǟȂƬdzơ ƩȏȁƢŰ ƪǻƢǯȁ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǶǴǠdzơ Ǟǧǁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ǞǼŻ ƾƷơȁ ǡŐǻǁȂǻ śǻơȂǫ ƨǴŦ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .śǘLjǴǧ ǩǁǃȋơȁ ǒȈƥȋơ ƨȈǻȂȈȀǐdzơ ǶǴǟ Ǟǧǂƥ DzƥƢǬŭƢƥ ǶŮ ƪƸũȁ ƨȇǁƢƴƬdzơ ǶŮƢŰ ǵƢǷƗ ƨdzƢǯȂdzơ ǞǷ ǩƢǨƫƛ Ǟǫȁ śƷ 1933 ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǹƢǯȁ .ǶŮ ƢƆǠȈƴnjƫ ƽȁȁơƽ ƨǸų ƨǘLJȂƬƫ śǘLjǴǧ ńơ ƨdzȂǬǼŭơ ǶŮơȂǷƗ ǒǠƦƥ ƧǁƽƢǤŭƢƥ ǺȇǁȂLjȈŭơ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ǾƦƳȂŠ ƶǸLjȇ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ .57ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ǞƟƢǔƦǴdz ǪȇȂLjƬdzƢƥ ƵƢǸLjdzơ DzƥƢǬǷ śǷƢǠƥ Ƕǰūơ ńơ śȇǃƢǼdzơ DZȂǏȁ ƾǠƥ ŸƆȐǠǧ ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ƧǂƴŮơ ƪǻƢǯ Dzǿ Ǻǰdzȁ ǺȀŭơ ƣƢƸǏƗ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǶǜǠǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ǁơǂǬƬLJȍƢƥ ƩƗƾƥ ƾǫ ǝƢǓȁȋơ ƪǻƢǯ ǹȁƾƥ ơȂƸƦǏƗȁ ǶȀǨƟƢǛȁ Ǻǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ DzǠǨƥ ơȂǴţ ƾǫ ǾƥƢNj ƢǷȁ ƤǗȁ ƧƢǷƢŰ ƨȈũǂdzơ Dzǰnjƥ ƾǠƥ ƩǂƯƘƫ ƾǫ ǶēǁƢš Ǻǰƫ ǶǴǧ Ƨǂūơ ǺȀŭơ ƣƢƸǏƗ ǺǷ ǹȁǂƻȉơ ƢǷƗ .DzǸǟ ǶȀǴǠƳ ƢŲ ǁơǂǬƬLJȋơ ǺǷ ǽƾȀǟ ǪƥƢLJ ńơ ƽȂǠȇ Ɨƾƥ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƔȆNj Dzǯȁ .ǂNjƢƦǷ ƧǁȂǧ ƩƾȀNj ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ǎǫƢǼƬdzƢƥ ƧǂƴŮơ ƨǯǂƷ ƩǀƻƗ ơǀdz .DZƢūơ ǵơȁƾƥ ǹȁƾǬƬǠȇ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƧƽȂǠdzơ ơǀǿ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ńơ ƧƽȂǠdzƢƥ ǺȇǁƽƢǤŭơ ǞƟȐǗ ƩƗƾƥȁ 1933 ǵƢǟ ƧŚƦǯ ňƢŭȋơ ȂƥƢƬLjǤdzơ ǀƻƗȁ ȄǓǂdzơ ǵƾǟ śǠƥ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǂǜǼȇ ǀƻƗ ȅǀdzơ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǵƢǜǼǴdz ǩȁǂƬdz .(ȂƬȈǤdzơ) ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸƴƬdzơ ƩƢǸȈű Ŀ NJȈǠdzơ ńơ ƧƽȂǠdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǻȇǂǐŭơ ŐŸ ƩƾȀNjȁ ƩƽƢǟ ƢĔƗ ȏƛ ƢƆǷƢŤ ƩƗƾǿ ƾǫ ƨǬƷȐŭơ ƨǼȈǯƢǷ ƪǻƢǯ 1935 ǵƢǟ ǞȈƥǁ Ŀ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ (ǂnjȇǂƬLJ)ȁ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǺǷ Dzǯ ƢȀǯǂŹ ƽƢȀǘǓȍơ ǺǷ ƨƠƳƢǨǷ ƨǯǂƷ ƽƢǟ Ǿƫơƿ ǵƢǠdzơ ǦȈǏ Ŀȁ .ǶȀƬǯǂƷ ǺǷ ƾŹ ȅǀdzơ ȆǠȇǂnjƬdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǷ ǹȂǛƢƬǤȇ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ƽȐƦdzơ Ŀ ƩǂLJȁ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ƾȀǠdzơ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ńơ ǞǓȂdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ƢȀƬƦƷƢǏ ƽȐƦdzơ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzơ ǂǜŢ ƩƽƢǟ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǒǠƥ ǺǷȁ ƨȈũǂdzơ ňƢƦŭơ DZȂƻƽ ǺǷ ǶȀǠǼǷ DzưǸǯ ǶđȂǴǫ Ŀ Ƥǟǂdzơ ƮƦƫ ƩƽƢǟ Ŗdzơ ǒǠƦdz ƽȐƦdzơ ǺǷ ƽǂǗ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǽǀǿ ƪǬǧơǁ .ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈǴƄơ ǺǯƢǷȋơ Ʊơȁǃ ǞǼŻ ƶȇǂǏ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƽȂƳȁ ǵƾǠƥ ƽƾǼȇ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǀƻƗȁ .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƩƢȈǐƼnjdzơ DŽȈȈŤ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ƪǓǂǧ ƮȈŞ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ƾȇƾǼƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ǫǧơǁ ǹƢŭȋơ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ǁơǂǬƥ ǶēȐŰ DzƻơƾǷ ȄǴǟ ƽȂLJȋơ ŐūƢƥ ƽȁȁơƽ ƨǷȐǟ ǞǓȂƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ǶēȐŰ

41

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǭǂƬƥ ƤdzƢǘƫ ƩƗƾƥ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǁơǃȂdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ Ƨƾnjƥ ƾǬƬǼȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǶǯƢūơ ƣDŽūơ 58 .ƢȀȈdzƛ ǹȂǸƬǼȇ ƽȐƥ Ŀ ǵȐLjƥ DzǸǠdzƢƥ ǶȀǬƷ Ǻǟȁ ǶĔƘNjȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DZȂǬȇ ŸƢǿƿƢţƛ ȄǴǟ ǞƴNj ǺǷ Ȃǿ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀǬǴǗƗ Dzǿ ƨǴǸūơ ǽǀǿ DZȂƷ ǂǴƬǿ ǞǷ NJǫƢǼƬdzơ Ļ ƾǫ 1935 ǹƢLjȈǻ 29 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ǾǻƗ ǾƫơǂǯǀǷ Ŀ (džǴƥȂǣ) ƢƆƦȇǂǫ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȈLJ ǾǻƘƥ ƾǟȁȁ ǦǫȂǸǴdz ƢƆǸȀǨƬǷ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗȁ "ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ŅƢǠƬdzơ" ȃȂLJ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǂǴƬǿ ǹƜǧ ǁƽƢǐŭơ ǽǀđ ǩȂƯȂdzƢƥȁ .59 ǦǫȂŭơ Ŀ ƩơŚȈǤƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǻƢǯ ơǀŮȁ ƨǴǸūơ Ɣơǁȁ ƢǻƢǯ (ǂnjȇǂƬLJ) ƢŠǁ ǾǠǷȁ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǹƗȁ DzǐŹ Ƣŭ ǞƴnjǷ ǶǴǧ ƨȇǁơǃȂdzơ ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƦdzơ ƢǷƗ .ƣDŽūơ ǥȂǨǏ Ŀ ǂNjƢƦŭơ ƢǿơƾǏ ƾš ƩơȂǟƾdzơ ǽǀǿ ƨȇȂLjƬƥ ƢƦdzƢǗȁ ȄǓȂǨdzƢƥ (ƪƻƢNj) ȁ (Ǯȇǂǧ) ǺǷ Dzǯ ƽƾǻ ƾǬǧ ȅƾȇȋơ ƨǧȂƬǰǷ ǪƦƫ ƿƢţƢƥ ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ ǹȐǟƛ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ "ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ" ƾǓ ƧƾǟƢǐƬǷȁ ƨȈǟǂNj DZȐƻ ȅǂŸ ƢǷ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ơƆƾȈǠƥ ǂǴƬǿ ȆǬƥ ƨȈƥDŽūơ ǁƽơȂǰdzơ ƔƢǓǁƛ ńơ ƪǧƾǿ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǂǘǓƛ ƩƢǫȁȋơ ǺǷ ƪǫȁ Ŀȁ .ǵƢǸƬǿƜƥ ƾȈǠƥ ǺǷ ƢȀƬƦǫơǂǷ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzơ ǞǷ ƨǴǸūơ ǮǴƫ .Ƣđ ǂǷƗ ƾǫ ƢƆȈǐƼNj Ȃǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǷ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƨȇƗ ƿƢţƛ ǺǷ ƣDŽūơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ǞǼǷ ńơ ƩƗƾǿ ƾǫ ƨǴǸūơ ƪǻƢǯ ǡŐǻǁȂǻ Ŀ ƣDŽūơ ǂŤƚǷ ǝƢǸƬƳƛ ƔƢǼƯƗ DZȂǴȇƗ ǂȀNj Ŀ ǂǠNj ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǂǴƬǿ ƢŠǁȁ .ǹƘnjdzơ ơǀđ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǀƼƬƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƔȆnjdzơ ǒǠƥ ǵƢǬǧ ƆƢȈƟDŽƳ Ȃdzȁ ǾƥDŽƷ ƔƢǓǁƛ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƢǷ DzǸǠƥ ǵȂǬȇ Ȇǯ ǹƢƷ ƾǫ ƪǫȂdzơ ǹƘƥ śǻơȂǫ ǺLJ ǶȀǼǷ ƤǴǗȁ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzƢƥ śǐǐƼƬǸǴdz ƞƳƢǨǷ ƔƢǟƾƬLJƜƥ ȄǴǟ ƢǿƽƢǸƬǟƛ Ļ ƱơȁDŽdzơ ǕȁǂNjȁ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨǼǗơȂŭơ ǕȁǂNj ƢƆǠǷ ǹƕ Ŀ ƽƾŢ ƧƾȇƾƳ ǹƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ǡŐǻǁȂǻ Ŀ ƧƽƢǠdzơ ǩȂǧ ƨLjǴƳ Ŀ ǞǸƬƳƛ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢŭŐdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǁȂǨdzơ ȅƗ ƪǷǂƷ ƢǸǯ ǹƢŭȋơȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ śƥ ƢǷ ƱơȁDŽdzơ ǵƢƫ Dzǰnjƥ ƪǠǼǷ ƢĔƗ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƢƆǼǗơȂǷ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟƛ ȄǴǟ ƪǐǻ ƢǸǯ śǧǂǘdzơ śƥ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ȄǴǟ ǑȁǂǨŭơ ǂǜūơ ȄǴǟ ƽǁ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǂǴƬǿ ǂLjǧȁ .ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨƳǁƾdzơ Ŀ ƢǸǯ Dzƻơƾdzơ Ŀ ƩǂǸƬLJƛ ǂǜūơ ǹƗ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǥƢǓƗȁ .ƱǁƢŬơ ƽȂȀȇ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǽǀǿ ǹƘNj ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ƨLJơǁƽ ńơ ƽȂǠȈLJ ǹƜǧ ƱǁƢŬơ ƢǸǯ .60 ƗȂLJƗ ńơ ƞȈLJ ǺǷ DzǬƬǼȇ Dzƻơƾdzơ Ŀ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ DzǠš ǹƗ ȏƛ ǦǫơȂŭơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǹƘNj ƣDŽūơ ńơ DzǯȂȈLJ ǾǻƜǧ ƨǴǗƢǸŭƢƥ Ƨǁơƽȍơ ǂǸƬLJƛ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƘƥ ǥƢǓƗ

42

ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ

Ŀ ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ ƣDŽūơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƶȇǂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ .ƨȈƟƢĔ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀđ ǽƾǸƬǟƛ ȅǀdzơ ƲȀǼdzơ ǂȀǛƗ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈũǂdzơ ǂƟơȁƾdzơ ńơ ơƆǂNjƢƦǷ ơƆƾȇƾē DzǰNj ǾLjǨǻ ƪǫȂdzơ .ƔơȂLJ ƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƧǁơƽȎdz ȏȁ ƣDŽƸǴdz ȏ ƨȈŷƗ ŚǠȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ƢƆǬƷȏ ǹƗ ǮNj ȏ .ǪƦǘƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǺǷ ȄǴǟ ƾȇƾŢ ȃȂLJ ǪƦȇ Ń śǻơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǁȁƾǏ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ .ƨdzƢŰ ȏ ǶȀǴǸnjƫ śǻơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ ƽȂȀȇ ƽơƾƳƗ ƨǠƥǁȋ ǹȂǸƬǼȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ơǀđ ƶǓơȁ Śǣ ȆǬƥ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǹƜǧ ƽơƾƳƗ ƨƯȐƯ ȁƗ ǹƢǼƯƛ ǹƢǯ ǺǷ Ǻǟ ơƿƢǷ Ǻǰdzȁ ƾƳ ńơ ȆǸƬǼȇ ȅƽȂȀȇ Dzǯ :ƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǀǼǷ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ǹƢǯ ƣDŽūơ ǦǫȂǷ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǹƘnjdzơ ǖǴƬű" Ȃǿ ǺŠ ǥơǂƬǟȍơ ƣDŽūơ ǒǧǁ ƾǬǧ .ƢƆǸǰƷ ȅƽȂȀȇ ȂȀǧ ȅƽȂȀȇ ƾƷơȁ ǶȈƴŢ Ƥǣǂƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǁơǃȂdzơ ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƦdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǐǻ ƢǷ džǰǟ ȄǴǟ "ƤLjǼdzơ .ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤLjǼdzơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ȄǴǟȁ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȇơȂǻ ȄǴǟ ƔȂǔdzơ ȆǬǴƫ ơƆƾƥƗ ǂǯǀƫ Ń ƨǸȀǷ ƨǬȈƯȁ ǹƜǧ ļƢǷȂǴǠŭ ƢƆǬǧȁ ǂƬdzơȁ) ƨLJƢƟǂƥ ǝƢǸƬƳƛ ƾǬǟ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ 1935 DZȂǴȇƗ 25 ȆǨǧ .ǽDŽǯǂǷ Ƨǁơƽƛ Ŀ ǾƬǬȇǂǗ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ƽơȂǫ ǞŦ ȅǀdzơ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ƣDŽƸǴdz ȆǫǂǠdzơ ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ƤƬǰŭơ DZȁƚLjǷ (Džȁǂǣ ǀȈǨǼƫ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƢǿƿƢţƛ Ļ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƔơȂƳƗ Ŀ ǾdzȐƻ ǶȀǠǔȇ ǾƫǂƟơƽ Ŀ Ȃǿ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ǥƾǿ ǹƗ (Džȁǂǣ) DZƢǫ ȅƾȈȀǸƬdzơ ǾƥƢǘƻ Ŀ .61ǡŐǻǁȂǻ śǻơȂǫ ǥǂǐƫ ƧȂLjǬƥ ơƆƾǬƬǼǷ ǥƢǓƗȁ .ƢƦȇǂǣ ƢǸLjƳ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƿȂǨǼdzơ ǂǘƻ ƽƢǠƥƛ Dzƻƾƫ ǽǁơǂǫ ǹȐǟƜƥ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƢƆȈǐƼNj DzƻƾƬdzơ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ Ǟǧƽ ȅǀdzơ (ǂnjȇơǂƬLJ) "ƤLjǼdzơ ǖǴƬű" ǹƘƥ ǥơǂƬǟȍƢƥ DzƦǫ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ ǂNjƢƦŭơ ƣDŽūơ ƵǂƬǫƛ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯȁ .ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ǪƦǘǼȇ ƢǷ ǾȈǴǟ ǪƦǘǼȇ ȏȁ ȅƽȂȀȇ Ǧǐǻ Ȃǿ :Ɣȏƚǿ ǞǷ DZȂǴƷ ƨƯȐƯ ǺǷ ƾƷơȁ ƽƢǸƬǟƛ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ ǂǷƘƥ ǽŚƴē ȁƗ ǽ ƽǂǗ x ǾǸȈǬǠƫ x .ňƢŭȋơ DZȂƦǫ ǾdzȂƦǫ x ǹȂǰȇ "ƤLjǼdzơ ǖǴƬƼŭơ" ƨǴǰnjǷ DzƷ ǹƛ žǺȇǂnjdzơ ǹȂǿƗ ǁƢȈƬƻƛ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǥƾǿ .DZƢȈƳƗ Ƨƾǟ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ǞǸƬĐƢƥ ǾƳƢǷƽƜƥ 43

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǹƗ Ȃǿȁ ƨȈŷȋƢƥ ơƆǂȇƾƳ ƢƆƸȈǓȂƫ ǵƾǫ ƾǫȁ ƣDŽūơ Ƨƽơǁƛ ƾǓ ƢƆǨǫȂǷ ǺǴǟƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƛ ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ǵƢȇȋơ ǹƗ ƮȈŞ ǵȐȇȍơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƽƢǫȁ ƨȇȂǫ ƢȀǴǠƳȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨǠǧǁ Ȃǿ ǾǸȀȇ ƢǷ Dzǯ ƨdzȂǬŭơ ǽǀǿ ǶȈǘŢ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƢǷ Dzǯȁ .ƢǿŚǐǷ ƾȇƾŢ ȄǴǟ Ƣēǁƾǫ ȄǴǟ Ȑ Ɔ Ȉdzƽ ǹȂǰƬLJ Ƥǿƿȁ .ƢēơƔƢǸƬǻƛ Ŀ ƧƽƽǂƬǷ ƽơǂǧȋơ ǺǷ ƨǬƦǗ ǪǴź ǹƗ ƾȇǂȇ ȏ ȂȀǧ .ƾǠƦȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ (ƪƻƢNj) DZƢǫȁ .ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǝȂǼdzơ ǺǷ Ȃǿȁ ǂƻƕ ƢƆƦƦLJ ǂǴƬŮ ǹƗ DZȂǬdzơ ńơ (Džȁǂǣ) ǂǴƬǿ DZƢǫȁ .ƢȈǻƢŭȋ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƧǁƢƴƬdzƢƥ ǂǔƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƧȂLjǫ ǂưǯƗ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ǹƘƥ ƧƽȂǟ ƾǐǬȇ ǹƢǯȁ :ƢȀȈǼȈǟ Ƥǐǻ ǪƟƢǬūơ Ǟǔƫ ǹƗ ƨƳƢŞ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǹƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ Ǟǔȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ Ǯdzƿ ơƾǟ ƢǷ Dzǯȁ" ƽȐƦǴdz ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ DŽȈȀƴƬdzơȁ ƶǴLjƬdzơ ńơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .ǂǜūơ ƔƢǤdzƛ Ȃǿ ǹȉơ ǾǸȀȇ ƢǷ Dzǯ ǾǻƗ ǺǴǟƗȁ ."Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ DzǿƢǯ ȄǴǟ ƔƤǟ ơȂǠǬȇ ȏ Ȇǯ Ǯdzƿȁ ǺȀŭơ ǒǠƥ Ŀ DzǸǠdzơ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ǭǂƫ ǺǷ ǶǿƽǂǗ ȄǴǟ ƣDŽūơ ǾȈǧ ǂǐȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȍơ ƩơƾǟƢLjŭơ ǂǐȇ ƣDŽūơ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ .ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ńơ ƞƳǁƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ȏƛ ňƢŭȋơ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǥƢǘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀȁ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧǁƽƢǤǷ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥ ǽǁơǂǫƛ ǞǷ ƨȈǻȂȈȀǐdzơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ Ŀ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǶȀǴǸnjƫ ƤLjǼdzơ ȆǘǴƬű ǹƘƥ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǺǷ ǂǷƘƥ (Džȁǂǣ) ǺǴǟƗ ǾƳȂƫ ńơ ǥƾȀȇ ƣDŽūơ ƢŶƛȁ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJƛ ƪLjȈdz ǽǀǿ ǹƗȁ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzơ .ǁȂǷȌdz ǾƬȇƙǁ Ŀ ȆLJƢLJƗ ƨȇƙǁ Ǿdz ƪǻƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ƪƦưƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ƨƸǏ ƾǠƥ ǵDŽŪơ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ǶƬŢ Ŗdzơ DzƷơǂŭơ Ǻǟȁ ǾȈdzƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ƾȇǂȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǥƾŮơ DZȂƷ ƨƸǓơȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǶŮƢǸǟƗ Ǧǫȁ ǹƛ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ Ƨǂƴǿ :ƩƢȇȂdzȁȋơ ǵơǂƬƷƛ ȄǴǟ ƨȈƦǴLJ ƲƟƢƬǻ ơǀŮ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƢȀȈdzƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ȅȂǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ǹȂǰƬLJ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ ǾƬLJƢȈLJ Ȇǿȁ ǾůƢǻǂƥ ƩƢȇȂdzȁƗ ǂǴƬǿ śƥ ƢǸǯ .ňƢŭȋơ ƺȇơǂdzơ DzƷơǂǷ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǬƦǘȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǾLjǨǼƥ ƢǿƽƾƷ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǖǘƻ Ǫǧȁ ŚLjƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ńơ ňƢŭȋơ ƿȂǨǼdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Ȃǿ ȅǀdzơ ȆǴǏȋơ ǾůƢǻǂƥ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǂƯƚȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǹƢǯ Ǿǻȋ Ǯdzǀǧ "ƤLjǼdzơ ȆǘǴƬű" ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ȏƆ ơƾƬǟƛ ǂưǯȋơ Dzūơ ǁƢȈƬƻƛ ǾǻȂǯ .ǾȈǴǟ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ ňƢŭȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ džŤ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƨǏƢƻ ǾȈǴǟ Ǯdzƿ DzǠǧ Ƨƽǁ ǥǂǠȇ ǽǂǘǔȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ ƵƢƴǼdzơ ȃƾǷ ƾǿƢnjȇ ǹƢǯ Ǿǻȋ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ .Ɣȏƚǿ ƔƢƥǂǫƗ ǍȂǐŬơ .ƨǧǂǘƬǷ DZȂǴƷ ńơ 44

ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ

.ǽƽƾǐƥ ǺŴ ƢǷ ƶǓȂȇ ǂƻƕ ƢƆŹǂǐƫ DzǸŢ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǹƜǧ ǪƦLJ ƢǷ džǰǟ ȄǴǟȁ "ƤLjǼdzơ ȆǘǴƬű" ƨǴƯƢŲ ŁƢǐdz ǾȇƗǁ ǺǴǟƗ ǹƗ ƢǷ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƘƥ (Džȁǂǣ) ǹƢLjdz ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ǹȂǰȈLJ ǾǻƜǧ ƩƢȀƦŪơ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ƣǂƷ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƘºƥ" ǥƢǓƗ ŕƷ ǹƢŭȋơ ǞǷ DZƢƷ Ŀ ȁƗ ƤǠǏ ǦǫȂǷ Ŀ ǾLjǨǻ ƾƳȁ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ řǠȇ ƢŲ ."ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ Dzǰdz ơƆƾǠƬLjǷ ŘǠǷ Dzǰƥ ơƆƽȂȀȇ "ƤLjǼdzơ ȆǘǴű" ŐƬǠȈLJȁ Ǿƫơǁơǂǫ Ǻǟ ƽȂǠȈLJ ǾǻƜǧ ƢȀǼǷ DžȁƚȈǷ ȄǴǟ ƣǂƷ DZƢƷ Ŀ .ǵƢƫ Dzǰnjƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾǬƦǘȇ ƢǷ ǶȀȈǴǟ ǪƦǘȈLJ ǾǻƗȁ ƨǸǴǰdzơ .ƢƆȈǧǂƷ Ǯdzƿ ƶǓȂȇ Ń Ȃdzȁ ŕƷȁ ƨȈǠǸǫ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ǀƻƘȈLJ ȂȀǧ ƩƢȀƦŪơ Dzǯ Ƨǁơƽƛ ƨǬȇǂǗ ƵƢǔȇƛ Ȃǿ DzǐƷ ƢǷ Dzǯȁ ƔȆNj DzǐŹ Ń .ƪȀƬǻƛ ƢĔƘǯȁ ȁƾƦƫ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ ǂǴƬǿ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯ (Džȁǂǣ) ǝƢǸƬƳƛ ǺǷ ǵƢȇƗ DzƦǫȁ DZȂǴȇƗ 29 Ŀ .ǁȂǷȌdz ǁǂȀǨdzơ ºdz Ǿƥ ƵǂǏ ȅǀdzơ ǾǨǫȂǷ ǺǴǠȇ ǹƗ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥȁ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ .ǾǨǫȂǷ ǾƥDŽƷ ƧƽƢǫ ȄǴǟȋ ƶǓȂȇ ǦǴŭƢƥ ǾǸǴǟ ǞǷ DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǁȁƾȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǷȐǯ ǶǜǠǷ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ (Džȁǂǣ) ǾǻƗȁ ƵƢǔȇƛ ńơ ƱƢƬŢ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷ ǕƢǬǼdzơ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ DZȂǬdzƢƥ ǶƬź ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬŭơ .62Ƣđ ƪƦdzơ ǹƘNj ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƧǁơǃȂdzȁ ƣDŽƸǴdz ƽȂǠȈLJ ȅǀdzơ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ ǍȂǐş ƣDŽūơȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ Ƨǁơǃȁ śƥ ƨȈǷƢūơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ƪǠdzƾǻƛ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ǾȈǧ ƪǼǴǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ .ǂnjƦdzơ ǺǷ ǥȏȉơ Ʃơǂnjǟ ŚǐǷ Ǿƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǟƥǁ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬǴdz ǂǘǓƛ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ  ƣDŽūơ ƵǂƬǫƛ ǂǴƬǿ ǦǫȂŭ ƢƆđƢnjǷ ƢƆǨǫȂǷ Dzǯ ǩȐǗ ǁƢƦƳƛ DzƥƢǬŭƢƥ ƤǴǗȁ .Ȑ Ɔ ǷƢǯ ƢƆȇƽȂȀȇ ŐƬǠȇ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǧǐǻ ǹƗ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ ȅǁơǃȁ ǝƢǸƬƳƛ Ǻǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǴǟƗ .Ǯnjdzơ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǶȈǬǠƬdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ǖǴƬű Ʊơȁǃ ǞǫȂȇ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 14 Ŀ .ǽƢǤdzƗȁ ƽƢǟ ǂǴƬǿ Ǻǰdzȁ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƪȇȂǐƬdzơ ǾƦƳȂŠ ǶƬȇ ŐƬǠȈLJ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǧǐǻ :ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƢēƽǁȁƗ Ŗdzơ ǕƢǬǼdzơ ǶǿƗ DZȁƢǼƬƫ ƨȈǏȂƫ ơƆŚƻƗ .63ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǠƥƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ȁƗ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǺǷ ƢƆƳȁDŽƬǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǷ ƢƆȈǻƢŭƗ DzǠǧ Ȃdz ǾǻƗ ǥǂǠȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǸǧ DZȂǴȇƗ 29 Ŀ ǁơǂǫ ƿƢţƛ ǒǧǁ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƿƢţƛ ǹȁƾȇƚȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ (džǴƥȂǣ) .ƣDŽūơ ǁƽơȂǯ Ƥǔǣ ńơ ȅƽƚȈLJ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ :DZƢǫ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ Ǻǟ ǾdzơƚLJ ƔƢǼƯơ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ Ŀ .ƧȁƢLjǫ ǂưǯƗ ǁơǂǫ ƤƬǯ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 7 Ŀ .ƾǠƥ ǽǁơǂǫ ǂǬȇ Ń ǁǂȀǨdzơ Ǻǰdz ǂǷȋơ DZȂƷ ȏƆ ȂǘǷ NJǫƢǼƬǻ ƢǼǻƛ ƨȇȂLjƫ Ǻǰdzȁ :ƽơǁƗ ƢǸǯ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz ǾǼǰdzȁ .ǁơǂǫ ƿƢţƛ ƢƆȈdzƢƷ Ƥǣǂȇ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǹƗ DZȂǬȇ 45

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

.ǀţƛ ƾǫ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƗ ǺǴǠȇ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 15 Ŀ .ȄLJƘƥ ǥƢǓƗ ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ǹȂǰƬLJ ƢƆǷȐLJ ǹƜǧ ƅ ơƆƾŧ" :ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǺǷ ǾŹŚLJ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǾǼǰdzȁ ǽƽơǁƗ ƢǷ Ǻǰƫ Ń ."64ƭƾƸȈLJ ƿƢţƛ ǾƦƳȂŠ ǭǂƬȇ ƢƆƥȂǴLJƗ ǾLjǨǼdz ƾǸƬǟƛ ƾǬdz .ǾǐƼnjdz ƢƆǬƥƢǘǷ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǥǂǐƫ ǹƛ ǖǬǧ ƢȀǼȈƷǥȐƻ ńơ ƨȈǷƢūơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ȅƽƚƫ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ǂǷȋơ ǂƻƕ ńơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ .ƵƢȈƫǁƜƥ Ǿƫơǁơǂǫ ǥơǂǗȋơ ǞȈŦ DzƦǬȈǧ ǂǷȋơ ǶLjŹ Ȇǯ DzƻƾƬȇ ƣDŽƸǴdz ƨǷǁƢǐdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƨǻơƽƛ Ǻǟ ơƆƾȈǠƥ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ȃǂǻ ƢǸǯȁ ǾǻƜǧ ƩơǀdzƢƥ ǽƽƢǸƬǟƛ ǹȂǴƦǬȇ ǾǗƢƦǓ DzǠƳ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJƜƥȁ ǾǻƜǧ  ƧƽƾnjƬǷ ǥơǂǗƗ Ǻǟ ƨšƢǼdzơ ȄǴǟƗ ơƆƾƟƢǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȅȂǼȇ ǹƢǯ :ǦǫȂŭơ ȄǴǟ ǂǘȈLjȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ .ȏƆ ƾƬǠǷ ơƆǁơǂǫ ǵƢǫ ǡŐǻǁȂǻ Ŀ .ƾƷȋ ƨǼȈǿǁ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȄǓǂȇ Ǻdzȁ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƦǴdzȁ ƣDŽƸǴdz ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ .Ǿƥ ƪǷƾǬƫ ǁơǂǫ ƽƢǸƬǟƛ ǾǠǼŻ Ń ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǞǷ ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƦǴdz ǂNjƢƦǷ ǾȈƦǼƫ ƔƢǘǟƜƥ ǁƾǐȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ ǾǻƘƥ ǾǠǼǬȇ ǹƗ ƽƽǂƬȇ Ń ǾǠȈƴnjƬƥ ǵƢǫ ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ ƣDŽūƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ."65ƨȈǷƢLjdzơ Ɣơƾǟ" ƨȈǔǫ ǹƘNj Ŀ Ʃơǁơǂǫ Dzƥ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ƩȏƢǤnjǻƛ Ŀ ƨȇȂdzȁȋơ ƢŮ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹƛ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ DzǣƢnjdzơ ǹƛ .ŃƢǠŭơ ƶǓơȁ Śǣ ƢƆǘƻ DzƴLjƫ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƢĔƗ ƧȂǬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ Ŀȁ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƨǯǂƷ ƨȇǂƷ ȄǴǟ ǂǴƬǿ DZȂǐƷ Ŀ ǂǐƸǼȇ ǹƢǯ ƢŶƛ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǾǨȈǴƷ ƵƢƴǼdzơ ǹƢǯ .Ǯdzǀdz ƪǫȂdzơ śŹ śƷ DzƻƾƬƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ǞǷ ƾǬǟ 1935 ǁơƿƕ Ŀ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ǶLjŪơ DZƢƻƽƛ ƽƢǟƗ ǹƗ ƾǠƦǧ .ǞǘǬǼǷ Śǣ Dzǰnjƥ ǵƾǬƫ Ŀ ƾǟƢLJ ǾǻƘǯȁ ơƾƥȁ ǾǷȂǐƻ ƨȀƦƳ ƨǫǂǨƫ ǹƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢƆȇǂŞ ƢƆǫƢǨƫƛ ơǂƬǴǰǻƛ ƢȈƥȂȈƯƗ Ŀ ƣǂūơ ǝȏƾǻƛ ơƾƥ ƧDŽȈƳȁ ƧǂƬǧ ƾǠƥȁ .ǹƾǼdz ǞǷ ǩƢǨƫơ ƾǬǠƥ ǾǟȁǂnjǷ ȄǴǟ DzǸǟ ǦǫȂŭơ ǺǷ ơƆƾȈǨƬLjǷ 1936 ǁơƿƕ ȆǨǧ .ǽȂŴ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǵƾǬƫ Ŀ Ǿdz ƾǟƢLjǸǯ Dzǰnjƥ ƢȀȈǧ ǾƫơȂǫ ǶȈǟƾƫ ńơ ƾǸǟȁ ƨȇǂǰLjǟ ŚǤdzơ ƢȈǻƢǻȁǁ ƨǬǘǼǷ ńơ ǾƫơȂǫ DZƢƻƽƛ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ńơ ǾȈǧ DzƻƾȈLJ ȅǀdzơ ǵȂȈǴdz ƢƆƦLjŢ ǾnjȈƳ ƧǂƻƚǷ ƧǁƢȇƘƷ ȄǴǟ ƾǟƢLjȇ .ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ȁƗ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ

46

ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ

(džǴƥȂǣ) ƩơǂǯǀǷ ǹƜǧ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ DZȂƷ ǾǷȐƷƗȁ ǾƷȂǸǘƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧȁ ƨǔȇǂǠdzơ ǕȂǘŬơ DZȂƷ ǁȁƾȇ ƢŮȁƗ ǁȂǷƗ ƧƾǠƥ ƾȈǨƫ ȆȀǧ ǁȂǷȋơ ƩơǁȂǘƬƥ ŃƢǠdzơ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ȅȂȈūơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ Ŀ DzǣȂƬdzơ ơǂƬǴǰǻƛ ǞǷ ǦǴūơ :ƩƢǼȇǂnjǠdzơ Ŀ ǾƬLJƢȈLjdz ǥơǂǗƗ ŕƷ ȏƆ ȂǏȁ  66ŅƢǨƬLJȁ Ŀ ǵȐLjdzơ ǦLjǻ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ƽȂƳȁ ȅƗ ǚƸǴǻ Ń ƨǴƷǂŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ .67ǹȂǰƫ ȏ ȁƗ ǹȂǰƫ ƢȈǻƢŭƘǧ :ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǥơƾǿƗ ƨȇƗ ȁƗ ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƨȇƗ ȁƗ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ ƨLJƢȈLjǴdz ơǀǿ DZȂƷ ƨȇƾƳ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ńȁȋơ ƧǂǸǴdzȁ Ʃǁơƽ 1937 ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƧƽȂǟȂǷ DzȈƷǂƫ ȄǴǟ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ȃȂǻ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǹƗ ǾƫơǂǯǀǷ Ŀ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǂǯǀȇ śƷ ǂǷȋơ Ȇǿ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƢNjƛ DZȁƗȁ .68ƢƥȁǁȁƗ DzǷƢǯ ǺǷ ƢŶƛȁ ǖǬǧ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǺǷ džȈdz ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzǐƷȁ ǾƫǂȀNj ƪǴǟ ƢǸǴǯ ȂǴǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ƧǁƢūơ ǾƫƢŹǂǐƫ .ŐǯƗ ƩƢƷƢų ȄǴǟ ƢǸǯ ƣDŽūơ ǁƽơȂǯ ǺǷ Őǐdzơ ǡǁƢǨƥ ƧǂǜƬǼǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ƨǂƴǿ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǜƸǴdzơ ǽǀǿ ŕƷ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯȁ Ǻǰdzȁ .69ǵƢǣǁȍơȁ ǽơǂǯȍƢƥ Ǯdzƿ DzǐƷ ǹƛȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨȇDŽǯǂŭơ Ƨǁơƽȍơ ǺǷ ƩǂȀǛ ƢǸǴǯ ƨƷƢLjdzơ ńơ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ƩǂȀǛ ƢǸǴǰǧ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƨȈǴǬǠdzơ Ǻǟ ǵȂǴǠǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǁƽƢǤȇ ǹƗ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ .ƢŮƢȈƷ ǥǂǐƫ ȅƗ ǞǼŤ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩȐǔǠǷ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǁ ǹƛ ŸƢȈǻƢŭƗ ŁƢǐŠ DzȈƷǂdzơ ơǀǿ ǂǔȇ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢƆȇǁȁǂǓ ǹƢǯ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ .ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ƣDŽūơ Dzƻơƽ ƧƽƢƷ ƩƢǟơǂǐƥ ƧǂǷ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǾƥƢŸ ǹƢǯ .śǘLjǴǧ ńơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǺǷ ǶȀǠǼǷ ǵƗ ƢȀǼǷ ǶȀǴǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ʊȁǂƻ :ǂưǯƗ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ DzǤnjȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ Ȃǿ ƢǸǧ Ȃǿ ǾǴƻơƽ Ŀ ǝơǂǐdzơ ơǀǿ NJȈǠȇ ǾLjǨǻ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ Dzǿ ŸśǘLjǴǧ Ŀ Ƕđ ƨǏƢƻ ƨdzȁƽ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǺǷ ǶȀƳȁǂƻ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǬǧơȂǷ ƢƆǷȂȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń .ƩƢȀƦŪơ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ƶƥǂȇ ǹƗ ǾǸȀȇ ȅǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ƨǂƴǿ DzȈȀLjƫ ȄǴǟ ǪǧơȂǷ ǾǻƘƥ ƢƆȈũǁ DZƢǫ 1938 ǵƢǟ Ŀ .ǹȉơ ǾƬǬǧơȂǷ ǁƾǬƥ 70 .śǘLjǴǧ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ ƱǁƢŬơ ńơ ƨǼǰǸŭơ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ Dzǰƥ ƢǷ .Ǿȇƾdz ǺƟƢǿǂǯ Ƕđ ǙƢǨƬƷȏơ ƢƆǔȇƗ ŘǸƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ʊȁǂƻ ŘǸƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ 4 Ŀ .ơƆǁƘƯ Ƕđ DzȈưǸƬǴdz ƧơƽƘǯ ǶŮƢǸǠƬLJƛ Ŀ ǾƬƦǣǁ Ȃǿ ǶȀƟƢǬƥ Ŀ ƢƆȈǨǗƢǟ ǶȀǯǂŹ ǹƢǯ (ǥȂǴƬLJȂǣ) DZƢȈƬǣƜƥ ǂƫǁȂǨǰǻơǂǧ ƾȈǧơƽ Ȅǟƾȇ ȅƽȂȀȇ ƣƢNj ǵƢǫ  1936 ǂȇơŐǧ ƨȈƦŭȁȋơ ƣƢǠdzȋơ Ƨǁȁƽ ƵƢƬƬǧƛ ƣǂǫ ńơ ơƆǂǜǻ .ơǂLjȇȂLJ Ŀ śȇǃƢǼdzơ ǹƢŭȋơ DZȁƚLjǷ 47

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǽǂǷƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǁƾǏƗ ƢȈǻƢƫȁǁ ƶȈǴLjƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǑǂǤƥ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩơŚǔƸƬdzơ ńơ ơƆǂǜǻȁ ƨȇȂƬnjdzơ ƔƢƳ ȅǀdzơȁ ǾƫơȂǫ ǞȈǸŪ (džǿ) ǾǴLJǁƗ ȅǀdzơ ǶȈǸǠƬdzơ Ŀ ǺǴǠǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯȁ .ƽǂdzơ ǵƾǠƥ ǹƛȁ ŕƷ ƨdzƢƷ Dzǯ Ŀ ǽƾƷȁ ǁǂȀǨǴdz ƽȂǠȇ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƜǧ džǷȋơ Ŀ ƢǸǯ ǵȂȈdzơ":ǾȈǧ ƽǂdzơ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ƪǨǴǯ ƨƯƽƢūơ ǽǀǿ .71"ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǝƢƦƫƛ ƨȇƽǂǧ ƪǻƢǯ .ȅǁȂǧ ǵƢǬƬǻƢƥ ƶǴLjƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǝȂǓȂǷ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀƦƬǯ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀ ƔƢƳ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǂȀNjƗ Ƨƾǟ ƾǠƥ ǾƦǰƫǂȇ ƔơƾƬǟơ ȅƗ Ǻǟ śdzȁƚLjǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ ǺǷ DzǠŸ ǹȂǻƢǫ ȄǴǟ ƪȇȂǐƬdzƢƥ ƤdzƢǗ ƪǻƢǯȁ žňƢŭȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ƾǓ ȁƗ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƾǓ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯƗ ƔơȂLJ ǶȀǼǷ ƾƷơȁ ȅƗ DzǠƳ ƢŲ ǾƦǴǘdz ơƆǁȂǧ ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƦdzơ ƪƥƢƴƬLJơ .ǾǼǿƿ Ŀ ƨǴƯƢǷ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷ ǥȂǴƬLJȂǣ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƽƢǔǷ ȆǟƢǸŪơ ƣƢǬǠdzơ ǹƗ ǺǴǟƗ DZƾǠdzơ ǂȇǃȁ Ǻǰdzȁ ƾȇơDŽƬȇ Ǿdz śǼǗơȂŭơ ƪȇȂǐƫ ǂǴƬǿ Ǫǧơȁ .Ȑ Ɔ ưǷ œȇǂǓ ƣƢǬǠǯ Dzȇƾƥ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦȇ ǹƗ ǂǴƬǿ ȄǴǟ ƢƆƷǂƬǬǷ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ǹƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ ƆƢȇȂǼLJ ƨƦȇǂǔdzơ ƨǸȈǫ ƽƾŢ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǏƢƻ ƨƦȇǂǓ ǹȂǻƢǫ ƔƢnjǻƛ ȄǴǟ Ŀ ǝơǂLJȍơ ƤǴǗ ǾǻƗ ǂǜǼǴdz ƪǨǴŭơ ƔȆnjdzơȁ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǁ ȄǴǟ ƾǟƢLjȇ ǹƗ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ DzƫƢǫ ƢȀȈǧ ǶǯƢŹ ƨLjǴƳ ǂƻȉ ƢƆǬǧơǂǷ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƨƦȇǂǔdzơ ǽǀǿ ǞǓȁ .72ǥȂǴƬLJȂǣ .ǾǼǿƿ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ƯƢǷ ƽȂȀȈdzƢƥ DzȈưǸƬdzơ ƶƦNj ƔƢǬƥ ǞǷ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƭơƾƷƗ ǞƦƬƬȇ ǂǴƬǿ DzǛȁ ƣȂǴLJƗ DzǔǨȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ Ǻǰdzȁ .Ƕēǂƴǿ Ŀ ǝǂLjƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨƦȇǂǔdzơ ǹƛ ǵƢǬƬǻȏơ ƨLJƢȈLJ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬdzơ ǹȁƽ DzȈưǸƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJȁ ƽƢǠƥȍơ ƨLJƢȈLJ śƥ ƢǷ .ƨƦǫǂdzơ ȅȂdz śƬǼƯȏơ śƥ ƢǷ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ǾȈdzƛ DzǏȁ ȅǀdzơ ƵƢƴǼdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ǞǷ ǵƔȐƬƫ ƾǠƫ Ń Ŗdzơ Ʃƾƥ ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ Ŀ .ƢǼǠǷ ǂǷȁ ǪƦLJ ƢǸǯ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǀǼǷ ǒǫƢǼƬdzơȁ ǂƫȂƬdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǟȂǻ ƩƾȀNj ǹƢǰdz ƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǀǼǷ DzȈƷǂƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ȄǴǟ Ǫǧơȁ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ǹƜǧ ƨƸǓơȁ Ǯdzƿ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǹƛ .ƨǬȈǸǠdzơ ǾƬǟDŽǻ ƔƢǓǁƛ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƳȂƬȇ ǹƢǯ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƨȈŷƗ ǂưǯƗ ƲƟƢƬǻ ȄǴǟ DzǐƷ ǾƟơƾǠdz ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢŠ ǽǁƢǰǧƗ ǁȂǘƫ ȄǴǟ ƾǟƢLJ śƬǔǫƢǼƬǷ śƫǂǿƢǛ śƥ ƢǷ ǶƟơƾdzơ ǝǃƢǼƬdzơ .ƩƢǠǧƽ ȄǴǟ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽǂǗ Ļ :ƾȈǠǏ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȄǴǟ ǞǓȂdzơ ŚǤƫ 1938 ǵƢǟ Ŀ ȄǴǟ ǪǴǘȇ ǹƢǯ ǚǨǴdzơ ơǀǿȁ "73ňƢŭȋơ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǼăȇǁƗ ƧǁȁǂǓ" ƨǠȇǁƿ ƪŢ ňƢŭȋơ 48

ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ

ƣDŽūơ ǥȂǨǏ Ŀ DZȁơƾƬƫ ǂLJ ƨǸǴǯ ƨǼăȇǁȋơ .ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ňƢŭƗ Ȃǿ ƢǷ Dzǯ ǹƢǯ ȄǓǁ ǶȀƸǼǷȁ ƣDŽūơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ƔƢǓǁƛ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ .Ǿdz Ǻȇƾȇƚŭơȁ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨǠLJơȁ Śƴē ƩȐŧ ǽǀǿ ƨǼăȇǁȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ǫǧơǁȁ .ǂǴƬǿ ŅȂƫ ǀǼǷ ǾȈdzƛ ǹȂǠLjȇ DzƟƢLJȂƥ ǶȀƳȁǂƻ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǪƷȐƫ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ƪƷơǁȁ ǦǼǠdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƪLJǁȂǷ ǺǷ ǝǂLjȈLJ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ Ȑ Ɔ ǷƗ ǵƢǜƬǻƢƥ ƨǠƦƬǷȁ ƨLJȁǁƾǷ ǖǘƻ Ǫǧȁ ŚLjƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈLJƢǫ ƨǬǘǼǷ ǶǓ ơǀǿ ńơ ǦȈǓƗ Ľ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ńơ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ǶǓ ƔƢƳ ǹƗ ńơ ǶȀǴȈƷǂƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ƕǔdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ .ƣDŽūơ ǞǫơȂǷ ǺǷ ǃDŽǟ ƢŲ ǢdzƢƥ ǂǐǼƥ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǾƬǓƢƻ ȅǀdzơ (ƪȇƽȂLjdzơ) śȈǴƫ ȄǴǟ DzǸǟ ƪǸǐdzơ ơǀǿȁ ƺȈǻȂȈǷ Ŀ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ȃȂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƪǸǐƥ ƪȀƳȁȁ ǽǀǿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ŕƷ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏơ ƔȆnjdzơ ǒǠƥ .ƢŮ ƶƥƢǰdzơ ǁȁƽ DžǁƢŤ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Dzǯ Ŀ ƢǸǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǽƢš ƧȂLjǬdzƢƥ DŽȈŤ ƾǫ ǦǫȂŭơ ǹƜǧ ƢLjǸǼdzơ Ŀ ƢǷƗ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǽǀǿ ƧȂLjǬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ .ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƪŤ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ȄǴǟ ƪƦǴǣ Ŗdzơ ȄǓȂǨdzơ ǹȋ ʼnƾǬdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ Ŀ ƨǟƢLjdzơ ǮǴƫ ŕƷ ƪǬƦǗ ƾǫ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǞǫơȂdzơ ǂǷȋơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǺǷ ơƆȂƳ ƪǬǴƻ ƧǂǸǠƬLjŭơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ .ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ Dzǯ ńơ ƩƾƬǷơ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ƩDŽǯǂŤ ƢǼȈȈǧ Ŀ ǁǃƢůȁ ƨȈǨǐƫ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ʃǃǂƥ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǶǓ ƾǠƥ ǹƛ .ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠǷ ƨŻƾǫ ƩơǁƢǠNj ƢēƾȇƗ ƨȇƽȂȀȇ ƨȈǻƢǰLJ ƨǧƢưǯ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤǴǤȇ Ŗdzơ Ŗdzơ ƾǿƢnjŭơ ǺǷ ƪǻƢǯ ǞȈǸŪơ ƨȇǂƼLJ ǵƢǷƗ ƨǻƢǿȎdz ǑǂǠƬƫ DžƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨǟƢŦ ƾȀnjǷ ǮǴƬdz ƨǷǃȐǷ ȅƽƢLjdzơ ǦǼǠdzơ ǺǷ ƩȏƢƷ Ƨƾǟ ƩǂȀǛȁ .ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ǿdz ƾȀnjȇ ƢƆǧǂǫ ƩǁƢƯƗ ƪdzDŽǻ ǁơƿƕ 14-13 DzȈdz ȆǨǧ .ƩȂȈƦdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢƠŭ ƤĔ ƩƢȈǴǸǠƥ ƪŦǂƫ ƾǿƢnjŭơ Dzǯ ǹƜǧ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǷ ǂǷƘƥȁ .ǽǀǿ ƤȀǼdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ǭǂƬnjƫ ƩƢƷƢLjdzơ ńơ ƨǗǂnjdzơ .74śdzǂƥ ȂŴ ƢȀǬȇǂǗ ƩǀƻƗ ƨǼȈǸưdzơ ǞǘǬdzơ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǘƻ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ƢƆǨǴǰǷ ǹƢǯ ƾǫȁ ƢǼǼȈǧ Ŀ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǵƢǫ 1938 ǁơƿƕ 26 Ŀ ƢȀǗȁǂNj ơƆƽƾŰ ƨǼăȇǁȋơ ǁƢǠNj Ǟǧǂƥ .ŅƢūơ ňƢŭȋơ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨƦǫơǂǷ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ƩơȂǼLJ 4 ǺǸǓȁ ǵơǂȇ ƢǷ ǺLjƷƗ" ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ŚLjƫ Ȇǯ ǞǓȂdzơ ǾȈǴǟ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƢǷȁ ƔƾƦdz ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǁȂȀnjdzơ ȆǨǧ 75ǽǁƢť ǖǠȇ Ń Ǯdzƿ Dzǯ Ǻǰdzȁ ."ƢŮ ƨǼȈǠŭơ ǶǜǼdzơȁ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ 49

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƨȈƟơȂnjǟ ƢƆǫǂǗ ƢLjǸǼdzơ Ŀ ǞƦƬƫ ƩǀƻƗ ƨȈǟȂǘƫ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ŕƷ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǼăȇǁȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǒǠƦƥ ƩƽƗ ǽǀǿ ǖǤǔdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ńơ ƔȂƴǴdzơ ǹƛ .ȅŐŪơ ǞƥƢǘdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤǴǣ ǥǂǘƬdzơ Ƥǿƿȁ .ƢƆȈƟƢĔ DzȈƷǂdzơ Ľ ƧƾȈǿǃ ǁƢǠLJƘƥ ƢȀǠȈƥȁ ǶȀǠƟƢǔƥ ƨȈǨǐƫ ńơ ƔƢȈǼǣȋơ ƶǼƳ ƪŢ DzȈƷǂdzơ ȄǴǟ ǁƢƦƳƛ ńơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ƩƾǸǟ śƷ ǽơƾǷ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǶȀǠǷ śǴǷƢƷ 76ƾǼǴǼǣǁȂƥ ńơ ƨȇȁƢLjǸǼdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ƱǁƢƻ ńơ ǶēƽƢȈǫ ńơȁ ǵȐǜdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƢȀǟơǂƬƻơ Ļ ƧƾȇƾƳ Śƴē ǩǂǗ śNjƾƫ Ļ ƢǼǼȈǧ Ŀȁ .ȆǐƼnjdzơ ǝƢƬŭơ ǒǠƥ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƣDŽūơ DS ºdzơ ȃƾdz ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ȆƟƢǐƻƗ ƾƷƗ Ȃǿȁ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) Śƴē ƨdzƘLjǷ Ŀ ƔơŐŬơ ǵƢLjǫȋơ Dzǯ ȆǴưŲ ǞȈǸƴƬƥ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǵƢǫ .ȆǗơǂǫȂŻƾdzơ Ʊȁǂƻ ƶȇǂǐƫ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƶǼǷ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ǽǀǿ ǹƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ƾƷơȁ ŘƦǷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǶǿƽơƾǷƜƥ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ƨƦdzƢǘŠ ƢƆǔȇƗ ơȂǷƢǫȁ .ǶŮơȂǷƗ ƧǁƽƢǐŠȁ ƧƽȂǟ ǹȁƾƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ŐƳƗ ƢǸǯ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƶǼŤ Ŗdzơ ƶȇǁƢǐƬdzơ ǦȈdzƢǰƫ śǷƘƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ DZƢŭƢƥ ƨǴǸǠdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈƥ ńơ ƾǸǟ ƢǸǯ .ƔơǂǬǨdzơ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƶȇǁƢǐƬdzơ Ǻť Ǟǧƽ ȄǴǟ ƔƢȈǼǣȋơ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ DZȁƾdzơ Ŀ ƨǸȈǬǷ ƨȇƽȂȀȇ ƩƢȈǠŦ ǺǷ ļƘƫ Ŗdzơ DZơȂǷȋơ ǁƽƢǐȇ ǹƢǰǧ ƨƦǠǐdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ .ƢȀǼť ǦǠǔƥ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƢȀǠȈƦȇ Ľ ƨȈǴƄơ ƨǴǸǠdzơ ńơ ƢȀǴȇȂƸƬƥ ǵȂǬȈǧ ǀǼǷ Ǯdzƿȁ ƽȐƦdzơ ƨǼăȇǁƗ ȄǴǟ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ Dzǰdz ǶȈǜǼƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƨȈǴǸǟ ʼnƾǬdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ Ŀ DžǁƢŤ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǕƢnjǻ ǺǷ ƾūơ ȄǴǟ ƪǴǸǟ ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƨǴLjǴLJ ƪǟƾƬƥơ ƮȈƷ ǵƢǠdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ǧȇǂƻ ǶēƢǰǴƬŲ Ǻǟ ƶȇǂǐƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŐƳƗ 1938 ǹƢLjȈǻ Ŀȁ .Ȇũǁ Dzǰnjƥ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƢǷƛ ǶēƢǰǴƬŲ Ǻǟ ƶȇǂǐƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǁƢƦƳƛ :ǮȈǰnjƬdzơȁ ƨǬưdzơ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ ȂƳ Ŀ ƶȇǂǐƬdzƢƥ ǵȂǬȇ ǺǷ Dzǰdz œȇǂǓ DzȈȀLjƫ ƶǼŠȁƗ ƨȈũǁ ƧDŽȀƳƗ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǁơǂǫ ƤƳȂŠ .ǾƫƢǰǴƬŲ Ǻǟ Ń Ŗdzơȁ ƆƢȇȂǼLJ ƧŚǤƬǷ ƧƾƟƢǧ ƨƦLjǼƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƨƦȇǂǔdzơ Ƨǂǰǧ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ ƽƢǟ ǹƢLjȈǻ Ŀȁ ƣǂǓ ǞȇǂnjƬƥ ƵƢǸLjdzơ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǂǷȋơ ǽǀǿ ǹƢǯ .ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ŕƷ ƪǬƦǗ ƾǫ Ǻǰȇ ơǀǰǿȁ . 77"ƤǠnjǴdz ơƆȁƾǟ "Ǯdzƿ śƷ ǶǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ňƢŭƗ ȅȋ ơȂǓǂǠƫ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƽȂȀȈdz ǞȇǂLJ DzȈƷǂƫ ńơ ǥƾȀȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƘƥ ƱƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ǞȈǘƬLjǻ Džǁƾƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȇǁơǃȂdzơ ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƦdzơ ǹƛ .Ʊǁƾdzơ Ŀ ǦǴŭơ ơǀǿ ǞǓȁ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƧǂǷȁ ƧǂǯǀǷ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƩǁƾǏƗ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ŀ .ǁƢƦƳȍơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ Ǯdzƿ ǪȈǬŢ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ 50

ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ

ǾǻƜǧ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ǽǀǿ ƽȂǼƥ ƤƳȂŠ .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǔǬǴdz ǵƢǟ ǖǘű .ńȁȋơ ƧǂǸǴdz ƢȀȈǧ ƪǷƾǫ ǥǂǐƬƥ ǺǸưdzơ ǞǓȂƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ŁƢǐdz ǾƫƢLjLJƚǷ ǞȈƦȇ ǹƗ ȅƽȂȀȇ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ śǠƬȇ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟơ Ǻǰdzȁ .(ǞȈƦdzơ ƩơƾƟƢǠƥ ǝƢǨƬǻȏơ ǪƷ ǮǴŻ ȏ ǾǻƗ ȅƗ) ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǮǼƦdz ƢƆLjȈƟǁ ǾƬǨǐƥ (ƪƻƢNj) ǺǷ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ǺǷ Dzǯ Ƣđ ǵƾǬƫ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ńơ ǥƾē ƢĔƗ Ľ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǼăȇǁƗ ǞǷ ǪǧơȂƬƫ ȏ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƨǠȇǁƿ ƪŢ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƩơƾǟƢLjǷ ʼnƾǬƫ ȄǴǟ ƧŐů ǹȂǰƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆƠƦǟ ǶȀǴǠƴȈLJ ƢŲ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǬǨƫ ƢƆȈŸǁƾƫ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫ ǶƬȇ ƨLJȁǁƾǷ ƨǼăȇǁƗ DzǔǨƫ ƢĔƗ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƪdzƢǫȁ .ǶŮ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳơ ƨLJƢƟǂƥ ȅǁơǃȁ ǝƢǸƬƳơ Ļ 1938 ǵƢǟ ǺǷ ǂƥȂƬǯ 14 Ŀ .ƩơȂǼLJ Ƨƾǟ ȄǴǟȁ .ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȍơ ƧƢȈūơ Ǻǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DZDŽǟ ȄǴǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǁơǂǏƛ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ ǾƬƴȈƬǼƥ Ļ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ƭƾŹ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǝƢǸƬƳȏơ ƾǬǟ ȃȂLJ ƨǜƸǴdzơ ǽǀǿ ŕƷ ǂǷȋơ ƾǠƬȇ Ń Ǻǰdzȁ ƨǬȈǬƷ ƨǴǰnjǷ ǺǷ ňƢǠȇ ǹƢǯ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ ǹƛ .Ǒǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ȆǴǸǟƔȆNj ƨǴǸǠdzơ ƩƢǬǨǏ Ǿdz ƢȀǬǬŢ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƵƢƥǁȋơ Ǻǟ DZǃƢǼƬdzơ ǢǼȇǁȂǣ ǒǧǂȇ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǸǧ ńơ ǞǴǘƬȇ ǹƢǯ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷȁ ǶŮơȂǷƘƥ ƱȁǂŬƢƥ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƶǸLjȇ Ȇǯ ƨƦǠǐdzơ ȅƗ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƨƸǴǐŭ ƢƆǻƢů DzǸǠǴdz ƩƢǿȂƬȈǣ Ŀ ǶȀǠȈǸš ǶƬȇ ǹƗ ƵǂƬǫƛ Ľ .ǶȀƳȁǂƻ .78ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƨǠǨǼǸǴdz ǺǷ ƢȈǻƾdzơ ƩƢǬƦǘdzơ ȃƾdz ƢƆƠȈǘƥ ƢƆǷƾǬƫ ǪǬŹ ƨǼăȇǁȋơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǾȈǧ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǥȂǨǏ śƥ ǞȈƥǂdzơ ƨȇƢĔ ƢȀǸƟȐǟ ƩǂȀǛ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǺǷ ƨƸǨǼƥ ƤȈǏƗ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ Ƨǁơƽȍơ Ǟǧƽ ńơ ơƆƾǷƢǟ ǥȂǨǐdzơ ǶǟDŽƬdz ƧƾȇƾƳ ƧǂǷ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǵƢǫ śƷ Ǯdzƿȁ .ƣDŽūơ ƧƽƢǫ ȃƗǁ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ Ƨǂŭơ ǽǀǿ śdzǂƥ ƽȂȀȇ ƽǂǗ ȃȂǻ ƾǬdz .ƧƾȇƾƳ ƧǂǷ ǥǂǘƬdzơ ńơ ǁȂǷȋơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǩǂǘdzơ ǞƦĈƫƛ ǾƬdzƢǓ ńơ Dzǐȇ Ȇǯȁ .ƽơǁƗ ƢǷ Ǿdz ǂǧȂȇ ƢŲ ƨǟǂLjƥ ŚLjƫ ǁȂǷȋơ ƽơǁƗ ƢǷ Ǿdz ǶƬȇ Ń ƧƘƴǧȁ Ǻǰdzȁ .79ƤǠnjdzơȁ ƨǗǂnjdzơ śƥ ƩƢƦǣƢnjǷ ǝƢǼǘǏƛ Ȇǿȁ ȏƗ ǂǘǓơ ƢŲ ƽƢȀǘǓȏơȁ ƩƢǬƷȐŭơȁ ȄǓȂǨdzơ ǺǷ ǞǓȁ ńơ ƪƦǴǬǻƛ ƩƢƦǣƢnjŭơ ǹƗ ƿƛ ƧƢǘǠŭơ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ ǝƢƦƫƛ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥȁ .ƩƢȈƷȐǐdzơ DzǷƢǯ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ƔƢǘǟƛ ńơ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǺǷ ȅƽȂȀȇ 1500 DZƢǬƬǟơ ƢȀǼǟ ƲƬǻ ƤĔȁ ƨŷơƾǷ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ DžǁƢŤ ƩǀƻƗ ƢŮ ƢȀǼǷ Ʊǂƻ ǂǴƬǿ ǞǷ ƨǴƥƢǬǷ ǂƯƛ ǃȂŤ 25 Ŀȁ .ƢȀƬǿƢǨƫ ƪǤǴƥ ƢǸȀǷ ǪƥơȂLjdzơ ƣƢƸǏƗ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƨǧƢƸǐdzơ ƽƢǬƬǻơ ǹƗȁ śdzǂƥ Ŀ ǾƫȂǘƻ ȄǴǟ Ǫǧơȁ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǹƗ DZȂǬȇ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǶƬȈLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗȁ ƱǁƢŬơ ńơ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǟǧƽ Ȃǿ ǶȀŭƢǧ :ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƨȈŷȋơ ǺǷ džȈdz 51

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƾȇǂƫ" Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƢĔȋ ƩơȂǼLJ 10 ƢȀǷơȂǫ ƨǘƻ ƤƳȂŠ ƢƆȈŸǁƾƫ ǶȀǴȈƷǂƫ ǦǫơȂŭơ Ŀ ơƆƾȇƾƳ ƢƆǓǁƢǠƫ ǂȀǛƗ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ ."80ƨdzȁƾdzơ ȃƾdz ǺƟƢǿǂǯ ƽȂȀȈdzƢƥ ǙƢǨƬƷȏơ .ǂǴƬǿ Ǻǟ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ǹƗ Ȇǿȁ ƧƾƷơȁ Ƨǂǰǧ ȄǴǟ ơȂǬǨƫơ ƾǫ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƽơȂǫ Dzǯ ǹƢǯ 1938 ǦȈǏ Ŀ Ƨǂŭȁ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǽƢš ƧƽƢǔŭơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ȆǗƢǠƫ Ŀ ƶƬƬǨƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǴƷǂǷ ȄǴǟ Ȑ Ɔ ƴǠƬLjǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸǯȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǹȋ DZơȂǫȋơ ƨǴƷǂǷ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƾǠƬƫ Ń ƧƾȇƾƳ :ȃǂƻƗ DzǯƢnjŠ ȏƆ ȂǤnjǷ ǹƢǯ ƾǬdz .DzȈƷǂƬdzơ ǁơǂǫ ǀȈǨǼƫ ǶǫƢǨƬƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨǷǃȋơ x ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ŐǯƗ ƽƾǟ ǵƢǷƗ ǾLjǨǻ ƾƳȁ ƺȈǻȂȈǷ ǁƢǐƬǻơ ƾǠƥ x .ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ǝǂLJƘƥ ňƢǰLJ ǒƟƢǧ ǶȀƬǨǐƥ ǶȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ƧǁȁǂǓ x ȅƽȂȀȇ ǦdzƗ 27 ƽǂǗ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ Džǁƾƥ (ƣȁǂƬǼƦȇǁ) ńơ ƤǴǘdzƢƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǵƢǫ DzǸǟ ƾǬǧ ƪȇƽȂLjdzơ Ŀ ǹȂǸȈǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢǷƗ .ƢǼǼȈǧ Ŀ ǹȂǸȈǬȇ ȆǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ DzƦǬƬLjƫ Ń .ƧƽơȂǿ Ȑƥ ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ ńơ ǶǿƽǂǗ ȄǴǟ ȂƥƢƬLjǤdzơ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ǶǿȂƳȁ ȄǴǟ ơȂǷƢǿ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǶȀǼǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń Ǻȇǀdzơȁ ƢȀȈdzƛ śȈǨǼŭơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǶŮƢƦǬƬLJơ DZȁƾdzơ ǒǠƥ ƪǴƦǫ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Dzǯ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾȇǂnjƫ Ļ ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ .Ǻȇƽȁƾūơ śƥ ƽȂȀȇ ǞǷ ƭƾƸȈLJ Ƣŭ ƱƿȂŶ ȃȂLJ Ǻǰȇ Ń śdzǂƥ Ŀ DzǐƷ ƢǷ ǹƗ ƪǯǁƽƗ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ǹơƾǴƦdzƢƥ ƪǠǧƽ ƢLjǸǼdzơ Ŀ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƢȀǴǸǠƬLJơ Ŗdzơ ȅǂLjǬdzơ ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǹƛ .ơƾǼdzȂƥ ƪǷƢǬǧ ƢŮƢǨǫƜƥ ƢǿƽȁƾƷ śǷƘƫ ńơ ƾȇơDŽƬƫ ƨȈǷƢLjdzơ ƧơƽƢǠǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƮȈƷ ƧǁȁƢĐơ ƱǁƢŬơ Ŀ śǸȈǬŭơ Dzǯ ǺǷ ƪƦǴǗȁ ƱǁƢŬơ Ŀ ƢǿƢȇƢǟǁ ǂǨLJ ƩơǃơȂƳ DzȇƾƦƬƥ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ƢǸǯ ǶǿƽȐƥ ńơ DZȂƻƽ ƧŚNjƘƫ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐƸǴdz ǶǿƽȐƥ ƩơǁƢǨLJ ńơ ơȂȀƳȂƬȇ ǹƗ ǽǀǿ Dzǯ.ƨȈǻȂdzȂƦdzơ ƨȈǠƦƬǴdz ơƆƾǫƢǧ ƩơȂǼLJ 5 ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǀǼǷ ƱǁƢŬơ Ŀ ǶȈǬǷ Dzǯ ƩŐƬǟơ ǹƛ .ơƾǼdzȂƥ ȂŴ ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ȅȁƿ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǼǷ ńơ ǥƾē ƪǻƢǯ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǹƗ ǺǷ ȆǬȈǬƷ ǥȂƻ ǵƢǷƗ ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƪǠǓȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈũǁ ƢƆǫơǁȁƗ ǹȂǴǸŹ ȏ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǦdzƗ 27 DZƢƦǬƬLJƢƥ ȆǔǬȇ Ǟǫơȁ ǂǷƗ ǵƢǷƗ ƶƦǐƫ ƨǨȈǼǟ ǩǂǗ ǝƢƦƫƛ ƣDŽūơ ƧƽƢǫ ǁǂǫ ƾȇƾŪơ ǦǫȂŭơ ơǀǿ ǵƢǷƗ .ǶȀǴȈƷǂƫ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤǠǐdzơ ȂƥƢƬLjǤdzơ ǵƢǫ ǂȀnjdzơ ƨȇƢĔ DzƦǫȁ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ȅǁǀŪơ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ƢȀƬƴȈƬǻ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ 52

ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ

ǶǿƾǓ Ȑ Ɔ ǸǠƬLjǷ ơƾǼdzȂƥ ƽȁƾƷ ńơ ǶȀǼƸNjȁ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǦdzƗ 20 ńơ 15 ǺǷ ǦȈǫȂƬƥ ƪǔǧǁ ǹƗ ȏƛ ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǧ .DZȏƿȍơȁ ƣƢǿǁȍơ ǺǷ ƢƆǟơȂǻƗ ơǀǰǿȁ .ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǞǷ Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǷ ƾǠƥ Ǯdzƿ ƪǴƦǫȁ ƩƽƢǟ Ľ ǶŮƢƦǬƬLJơ .81ǶǿƽȂƳȂƥ ƣȂǣǂǷ ŚǤdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƪǐǴţ DzNjǂǿ) Ȅǟƾȇ ȅƽȂȀȇ ƣƢNj ǵƢǫ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǺǷ ǞƥƢLjdzơ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǵƢȇƗ ƾǠƥ ƾǓ DZƢȈƬǣơ ƨŻǂƳ ƣƢǰƫǁƢƥ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǺǷ ǾƬǴƟƢǟ DzȈƷǂƫ Ļ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ (őLjǼȇǂǣ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ńơ ŐŬơ DzǏȁ .ǾƬƥƢǏƛ ǺǷ śǷȂȇ ƾǠƥ ƩƢǷ džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ ňƢŭƗ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ǂƯƛȁ .1923 ƣȐǬǻƜƥ ȏƆ ƢǨƬƷƛ ǵƢǟ Dzǯ ǶēƽƢǠǯ ƺȈǻȂȈǷ Ŀ śǠǸƬů Ƕǿȁ śȇǃƢǼdzơ DzǟƢǨdzơ ƨƦǫƢǠŠ ơƆǁơǂǫ ǀţơ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ǾǼǷ ǶȀǧ ƢƆƥƢǘƻ ȄǬdzƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǞǷ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǝƢǸƬƳơ ƾȀnjƫ Ń Ƨǃǂů ƪǴǐƷ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨǴȈǴdzơ Ŀȁ .ƣƢǿǁȍơ ǺǷ ƨƳȂŠ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ƽǂdzƢƥȁ DzǧƢƄơ ǺǷ ƩƢƠǷȁ DZǃƢǼŭơ ǺǷ ƢƆǧȏƕ ƩǂǷƽȁ DzȈƬǫ 100 ƢȀƬƴȈƬǼƥ Ǟǫȁ ƢȀǴưǷ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ńơ ǁȂǨdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬǴLJǁƗȁ ƨȈǼǤdzơ ƩȐƟƢǠdzơ ǺǷ ƩƢƠǷ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ƪǨǫȁƗ ƢǸǯ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ...ƢȀȈǧ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸš ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ DŽǯơǂŭơ ȅǀdzơ ǪȈǬƸƬdzơ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǪǧȂǧ .džǴƥȂǣȁ ǂǴƬǿ śƥ ƩƢƯƽƢƄơ ȃȂƸǧ ƽȂLjȇ ƨǫƾdzơ ǵƾǟ ńơ ƤǴǗ ȁ .ƨȇȂǨǟ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƩơǂǿƢǜǸǴdz ƶũ ǾǻƗ ȁƾƦȇ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƨǸǰŰ ǾƫǂƳƗ ǁȁƽ ǹơ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǶȀǧƗ ǾƥƢǘƻ Ŀ .ƢēƽƢȈǫ ȁƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƨǯǁƢnjŭơ ǵƾǟ ƣDŽūơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ȏơ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȏ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ .82džȈdzơȂǰdzơ Ɣơǁȁ ƩơǂǿƢǜŭơ ǶȈǜǼƬƥ ȆǔǬȇ ƣDŽūơ ǹƗ ƨǟǂLjƥ ǝƢǘƬLJơ .ǁƢǷƾdzơ ǶƴŞ ƘƳƢǨƫ ƾǫ ǾǻƘǯȁ ơƾƥ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ DzȈưǸƬdzơ ƨLJǁƢǸŠ DZȂƦǬdzơ ƢĔơƽƗȁ ǁǃƢĐơ ǁƢǰǼƬLJƜƥ ňƢŭȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǵƢǫ ƾǬǧ .ǾȈǴǟ Ǯdzƿ DzǠǧ Ʃơƽǁ ǞǫȂƬȇ Ŀ .Ǯdzƿ.ơȁƾǬƬǻơ (ǂǴŷ)ȁ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ºǯ ǹƢŭȋơ śȇǃƢǼdzơ ƧƽƢǬdzơ ǒǠƥ ŕƷ .ƱǁƢŬơ ǺǷ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȍơ ǞǘƬLjȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ (džǴƥȂǣ) DzǠǧ ƨȈǘǤƫ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ ƾǸǟ ƩȏƢūơ Dzǯ ȆNjȐƬdzƢƥ ƾǟƢƦƬdzƢƥ ƩƗƾƬƥơ Ŗdzơ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǞǷ ǾƫƢǫȐǟ ƪƷơǁȁ .ƢȀǴǷƘȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƵƢƥǁȋơ ƨȇƘƥ ƶǸLjȇ ƾǠȇ ǶǴǧ DzǐƷ ƢŲ ƨǜǠdzơ ǀƻƗ ǾLjǨǻ ǂǴƬǿ ŕƷ .ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ǂưǯƗ 1941 DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ ƣǂūơ ƪǠdzƾǻơ ƢǷƾǼǟ ŕƷ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ǦǼǟ ƩƢǯǂƷ ȄǴǟ ǹƘƥ Ƨƽƾnjŭơ ǽǂǷơȁƗ ǂǴƬǿ ȄǘǟƗ ƔơǂǨǐdzơ ƨǸƴǼdzơ Dzŧ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǒǂǧ śƷ .DZȂǐūơ ǞǫȂƬǷ DzǰnjǷ ȅƗ Ŀ ǝȂǫȂdzơ ȃƽƢǨƬƫ ǹƗ ƨǗǂnjdzơ 53

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƨǴǰnjǸǴdz" DzƷ ƽƢŸƛ DzǿƢš ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ƾǠȇ Ń "DZƢƬLjȇǂǰdzơ ƨǴȈdz" ƵƢƦǏ Ŀȁ ȅǀdzơ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ƨLJƢƟǂƥ ȅǁơǃȁ ƾȇƾƳ ǝƢǸƬƳơ ƾǬǟ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 12 Ŀȁ ."ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǒƦǬȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ "ƨǴǰnjŭơ ǹƗ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǽƢȇƛ ǽƢǘǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ǂǷȌdz ƢƆǬȈƦǘƫ ǺǴǟƗ ǁȂȀnjdzơ Ŀ ǝȂǓȂŭơ Dzū ƢǿƢǘǟƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǏȐŬơ "83ǂƻƕ ȁƗ Dzǰnjƥ ƨȈǸƬƷȁ ƨȇƽǂǧ ƪǠǓȁ "ƨǴȈŦ ǖǘƻ" . ǵƢǜǼdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǞƥƢƬƫ ǵƾǟȁ džǻƢƴƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ƩǂȀǛƗ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ńơ ƩƽƗ śdzǂƥ Ŀ ƪǸǜǻ ƩơǂǿƢǜǷ Ľ .ƾȇƾNj ƔǖƦƥ ƩǀǨǻ žƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǼăȇǁȋ ńơ ƔȆNj DzǐŹ Ń ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ .ƨǸȈǜǟ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ƿƢţơ ńơ ƪȀƬǻƛȁ ƧŚưǯ ƩȐƳƢLjǷ ƔȆNj DzǠǧ ƤŸ ǹȉơȁ" ƢȀƬǴƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƽơȂūơ Ľ džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ DZƢȈƬǣȏơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƪŤ ǹƗ :"Ÿ ƢǷ DZƢƬLjȇǂǰdzơ ƨǴȈdz ǁƢƯƕ ȂŰ DzƳƗ ǺǷ Ʃǀţơ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǹȐǟƜƥ ȏƆ ȁƗ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǵƢǫ ŁƢǐdz ƨǗǂnjdzơ ƢēǁƽƢǏ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫȁǂLjŭơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ śǷƘƬdzơ ƩƢǯǂNj ńơ ƤǴǘǧ .ƨǏƢŬơ ǶȀƬǬǨǻ ȄǴǟ ǦǴƫƗ ƢǷ ƵȐǏƛ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƘƥ DZƢǫ ƢǸǯ .ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ơǀǰǿȁ .Ȇźơǁ ǭǁƢǷ ǁƢȈǴǷ ƢȀƬǸȈǫ ƨȈƟƢǼưƬLJơ ƨƦȇǂǓ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǒǂǧ Ǯdzƿ ǩȂǧȁ ƧƽƢǟƛ Ŀ DZƢŭơ ơǀǿ ƨǴǸǠƬLjǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƪdzƢǗ Ŗdzơ ǁơǂǓȋơ ƨǧƢǯ ǺǷ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƩƽƢǨƬLJơ Ǻǟ ǹȁƾǠƦƬLjȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǑȂǠȈLJ ǾǻƘƥ ǺǴǠȇ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ƽƢǟ Ľ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƶȈǴLjƫ ǹƗ ƾƦȇ Ń ƨǴǰnjǷ ƪȈǬƥ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƢȀǠȇǁ ǺǷ ǹȂnjȈǠȇ ƩơƾǼLJ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƽƢǐƬǫȍơ ǝƢǟǁ DzȈƷǂƫ ƧǁȁǂǓ Ȇǿȁ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǽǂǜǻ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƪǨǴǧ ƢŮ ǾƦǼƫ ƾǫ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) .ƽȐƦdzơ ǺǷ ƱȁǂŬơ ǶŮȂź ȏƆ ƢǷ ǹȂǰǴŻ ȏ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǦdzƗ 50 Ƨǂƴǿ ńơ ȃƽƗ ȅǀdzơȁ ƢLjǸǼdzơ Ŀ ǞƦƬŭơ ƲǷƢǻŐdzơ ǹƢŭŐǴdz (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƵǂNj ȄǴǟ Ǻǰȇ Ń (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ .ƧƾƷơȁ ƧǂƬǧ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǺǷ ǦdzƗ 19 DzƥƢǬǷ ȅƽȂȀȇ DzǐƷ Ŗdzơ ƨƦǠǐdzơ ƨǴǸǠdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ǂLjź ǹƗ ǥƢź ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǵƢǜǼƥ ǶǴǟ DZƢŭơ ǒǠƥ ȃȂLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ǂLjź Ǻdz ƺȇơǂdzơ ǹƘƥ ǾǻƘǸǗ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) Ǻǰdzȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ƨȇDŽǯǂǷ ƔƢnjǻƜƥ Ȅǔǫ ȅǀdzơȁ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) Ǒǂǟ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) DzƦǬǧ ǶȀǼǷ ƤǴLJ ȅǀdzơ 8 DZȐƻȁ ǾǻƘƥ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǵȂȀǨǷ Ǫǧȁ .ƢǼȈȈǧ Ŀ DzǐƷ ƢǷ ȂŴ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ŚƴȀƬǴdz .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ȅƽȂȀȇ ȄǬƦȇ Ǻdz ƩơȂǼLJ 10 ńơ

54

ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ

ƢǷ ơǀǿ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 12 ǝƢǸƬƳơ Ŀ Ʃǀţơ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁǂǬŭơ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ǂǴƬǿ Ǫǧơȁ ƨǼăȇǁȋơ ƪdzƢǗ ƢǷ DZȁƗȁ .(ǾȈƬȈdzȂǣ) ǞǷ ǝƢǸƬƳƛ Ŀ DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 5 Ŀ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǾǼǴǟƗ ǺǷ ǶȀǠƟƢǔƥ ƔơǂNj ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǒǂǧ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǁƢǬǠdzơ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơ Ľ ƩƢǯǂnjdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzơ Ɣ ȆNj Dzǯ DzƦǫ ƤƳȂƫ ŚƴȀƬdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ơƆŚƻƗȁ .ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩȐƄơ ƔơǂǨǐdzơ ƨǸƴǼdzơ ơȂǴǸŹ ǹƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǒǧǁ ƾǬǧ ǶȀǼǷ ȆǬƥ ǺǷ ƢǷƗ .ƔơǂǬǨdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ǶȀǓǂǠȇ ƢŠǁ ƔơǂǨǐdzơ ƨǸƴǼǴdz ǶȀǴŧ ǹƗ ƢƆȈǟƾǷ 84(NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƢȀƷǂƬǫơ Ŗdzơ .85ǶȀǼȇȂŤ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ DzǠŸȁ ƩơƔơƾƬǟơ ńơ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǺǷ Dzǯ ƢȀǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢƷǂƬǬŭơ ǹƘnjƥ ǁơǂǫ ȅƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǀƼƬȇ Ń džǰǠƥ .ǹƢŭȋơ Ǻǟ ǶȀǬȇǂǨƬƥȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƧƢȈūơ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽǂǘƥ ƨǴƟƢǬdzơ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ)ȁ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ Ǫǧơȁ ǹƗ ńơ ƧȂǘş ƧȂǘƻ ǂǴƬǿ ǪƷȐȇ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǹƜǧ ǂǿơȂǜdzơ Dzǯ ǹƗ ƵǂƬǫƛȁ ƩƢǿȂƬȈǤdzơ ƗƾƦǷ ǒǧǁ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯȁ .ȅƗǁ Ɣơƾƥƛ ȄǴǟ DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀ ǵȂǼdzơ ƩƢƥǂǟȁ ǶǟƢǘŭơ ƩƢƥǂǟ ǞǼǷ ƾǬǧ ŅƢƬdzƢƥȁ .ƧƽǂǨǼǷ ňƢƦǷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǸŸ ƢǸǯ .ƨǷƢǠdzơ ǺǯƢǷȋơȁ DzǬǼdzơ DzƟƢLJȁ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǼŻ Ń ǾǼǰdz .ƩơǁƢǘǬdzơ ƶũ ƆơŚƻƗȁ .ǶēƢǔȇȂǠƫ ȄǴǟ ơȂǴǐŹ ǹƗ śdzƢǬŭơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ śǨǛȂŭơ Dzǰdz Ǒǂǧ ȄǴǟ Ɣȏƚǿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǞǬƫ ȏ Ȇǯ ƢȀǴǸǟ DZȁơDŽƫ ǹƗ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƩƢLjLJƚǸǴdz ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƩƢǟơDŽǼdzơ Ŀ DzǐǨȇ Ȇǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǵȐǯ ƔƢƳ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷȁ .ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǪƫƢǟ ƩơǁǂǬŭơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ ŕƷ ƨȇǁǀŪơ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ȁ (džǴƥȂǣ) ƩƢƷơǂƬǫƛ ƢƆǔǧơǁ .86ŘǸƬȇ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǾdzȂǐƷ ńơ ȅƽƚƫ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ƩƢȈưȈƷ ǺǷ ǝĈǂLJ ơƆƾȇƾƳ ƢƆǠǧƽ ƪǘǟƗ ƾǫ DZƢƬLjȇǂǰdzơ ƨǴȈdz ǹƛ ǹƛ .ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ǂȀNjȋơ ǺǷ ƔơƾƬƥơ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ ǶƬȈLJȁ ƢȀǠǓȁ Ļ ƾǫ ňƢŭȋơ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨǼăȇǁƗ ǹƛ ƨȇDŽǯǂǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƢȀǸȈǜǼƫ ǶƬȈLJ :ƶǓơȁ Dzǰnjƥ DzǷƢǠƫ ńȁȋơ ƧǂǸǴdzȁ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧǂƴŮơ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǺǷ ǦȈǴǰƫ ȄǴǟ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DzǐƷ 1939 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 24 Ŀ .ƨũƢƷȁ ŚLjdzơȁ ƢǼǼȈǧ Ŀ ƪǴǐƷ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ƨȀȈƦNj ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧǂƴȀǴdz ƨȇDŽǯǂǷ ƽơƾǟƜƥ ȆǔǬȇ ơƆǁƢǐƬǻơ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯȁ .ƢȀǓǁƗ ȄǴǟ ȅƽȂȀȇ ȅƗ ƽȂƳȁ ǺǷ ƧǂƷ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ DzǠŸ Dzǰnjƥ ƢȀȈǧ Ŀȁ .ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ DZȐǬƬLJȏơ Ǿȇƾȇ śƥ ǮǴŻ ǹơ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ºdz

55

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ȄǴǟ ǪǧơȂȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ŕƷ ǵƢǷȋơ ńơ ƧǂƴŮơ Ǟǧƾȇ Ȇǯ ǽƾȀƳ DzǸǟ śƬȈdzƢƬdzơ śƬǼLjdzơ .śǘLjǴǧ ńơ ƢȀǸǜǼƫ ƨȈǻȂȈȀǐdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈǟǂNj Śǣ Ƨǂƴǿ ńơ DzǏȂƫ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ ƆơǂNjƢƦǷ ƢƆȈLJƢȈLJ ƢƆǧƾǿ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ǺǷ DzǠƳ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƢǿƾȀnjƫ Ń ƨƥȂǠǐdzơ ǺǷ ƨǴƷǂǷ ńơ ƧǂƴŮơ ǂǷƗ DzǏȁ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ Dzūơ ơǀǿ Dzǯ ǶǿƔƢǬƥ ǶȀǨǴǰȇ ǹƗȁ ƾƥ ȏ ƢȈǻƢŭơ ƽȂȀȇ DzưǷ ơȂǻƢǯ ǍƢƼNjȋ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǏƢƻȁ .ǞƳơǂƫ ȅƗ ǹȁƾƥ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ǝƢƦƫƛ ȄǴǟ ǶǸǏ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯȁ .ǶǿƽǁơȂǷ DZȁƾdzơ ǞǷ ǑȁƢǨƬdzƢƥ (ƪƻƢNj) ºdz ƶũ ǾǻƗ ƾƷ ńơ DzǏȁ 1939 ǵƢǟ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀȁ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ńơ ǶēƢǬƸƬLjǷ DzȇȂƸƬƥ ƶǸLjȈLJ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƘƥȁ Ɣȏƚǿ Ƨǂƴǿ DzȈȀLjƫ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ Ļȁ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) Ǻǟ ƭȂǠƦǷ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ǶƬƫ ƩƢǓȁƢǨŭơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯ .ǶŮƢƦǬƬLJƢƥ ȄǓǂƫ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǼȈƥȁ .87Ǯdzƿ ǪȈƦǘƫ DZƢƷ ƣǂūơ ǝȏƾǻơ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǩƢǨƫơ ńơ DzǏȂƬdzơ ńơ ƢǨdzƗ 40 ǶȀǼǷ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǦdzƗ 130 ǺȇǂƳƢȀŭơ ƽƾǟ ǢǴƥ ƾǫ 1937 ńơ 1933 1938 ǵƢǟ Ŀ ơȁǁƽƢǣ ǦdzƗ 118 ƨȈǟǂNj Śǣ ǩǂǘƥ ǺȇǂƳƢȀŭơ ƽƾǟ ǢǴƥ śǘLjǴǧ ƨƯƽƢƷ ƾǠƥ ƢLjǸǼdzơ ȁǂƳƢȀǷ ǥƢǔȇ ƽƾǠdzơ ơǀǿ ńơ .ƨƦǠǐdzơ ƽȐƦdzơ ǥȁǂǛ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ 100ºdz ƢƆǔȇƗ ƧǁƽƢǤŭƢƥ ƶũ 1939 DZȂǴȇƗ ńơ 1938 ǁƢȇƗ ǂȀNj ǺǷ ȁ ."DžȂǴnjǻƗ" .88ǂƻƕ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǦdzƗ ǞǷ ǑȁƢǨƬȇ DZơǃ ƢǷ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ "ǁǂŢ" ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ 1937 ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ (džǴƥȂǣ) ºdz DZƢǫ ƾǫȁ .ǶĔƘnjƥ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ DZȁƾdzơ ƨǼȇƾǷ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ǁǂǯ ǹƗ 1938 ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 24 Ŀ ǹƢǯȁ .89ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƢƆǷȂȇ ǹȂǯǂƬȈLJ DZƢǫȁ ."ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǺǷ ƢƆǷȂȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȆǨƬƼȈLJ" :ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ƣȂǼƳ ǝƢǧƽȁ ƽƢǐƬǫơ ǂȇǃȁ ȁơŚƥ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǔǫ ƪdzȂŢ 1938 ǵƢǟ ǺǷ ƔơƾƬƥơȁ .ƨȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȈǔǫ ƪLjȈdz ƢȀƬǷǂƥ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǹƗ ǶȈǟƾƫ ȁƗ ǞǫȂdzơ ǦȈǨƼƬdz ȃǂƻƗ DzƟƢLJȁ ǺǸǓ ƨǴȈLJȁ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǴǰnjǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂdz ƨdzȂƦǬǷ ƨǴȈLJȁ ǾȈdzƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơȁ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ǥȐƷȋơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯȁ .ǺƟƢǿǂǯ Ƕđ ǙƢǨƬƷȐdz ƧǁȁǂǓ ǺǷ ƾǠȇ Ń Ǻȇǀdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǺǷ DzƷ ƽƢŸƛ ƧǁȁǂǓ Ǻǟ ȄǴƼƬȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǶȀǼǟ ȄǴƼƬdzƢƥ ǽƿȂǨǻ ƧȂǬƥ ǂǠNj ƾǫ ƧǂƬǨdzơ .ƽǂdzơ Ǻǟ ǺȇDŽƳƢǟ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȂȀȇ DzǠŸ DzǷƢNj

56

ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ

ƨdzƘLjŭơ DzƷ ƾȇǂȇ ǾǻƗ (ȆǰLjƦȈdz) ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ŚǨLjdz ƵǂǏ ƾǫ DZȂǴȇƗ 20 Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzǬǻ Ŀ ǂǰǨȇ ǾǻƗȁ .ƢȈǻƢǷȁǁ ƢŠǁȁ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƦǯ DZȁƽ ǞǷ ǩƢǨƫȏƢƥ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ DzǠǧ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ǽƢǼǠǷ ƢŠ ȆǰLjƦȈdz ƽǁ ǹƢǯȁ .ƧǂǸǠƬLjǷ Dzƻơƽ ńơ DzƷ ńơ ǭơǀǻƕ ȄǠLjȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ Dzǿ .90ƢȈǧȂǏǂǧ Ŀ ƢƆȇǁƢǯǀƫ ƢƆƦǐǻ Ǿdz ǶȈǬƬLJ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 12 ǝƢǸƬƳơ Ŀ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǾdzƢǫ ƢŠ ƢǼǸǴLJ ơƿƛ Ǯdzƿ ȁƾƦȇ ŸǂǬnjǣƾǷ DzŞ ǾȈƦNj DzƷ Ŀ ȃǂƻȋơ DZȁƾdzơ ńơ ǾƳȂƬdzơ Ŀ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 9 Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ Ǒǂǟ ǂǴƬǿ : .ňƢưdzơ ńơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȂȀȇ DzȈƷǂƫ .ǂǬnjǣƾǷ ǾǷƢǷƗ ǂǯƿȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ƣDŽūơ ƔƢǔǟƗ śƥ ǾƬnjǫƢǼǷ ǶƬƫȁ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǀǼǷ ơƆƽǁơȁ ơƆǂǷơ ǹƿƛ ǹƢǯ ƧƾȈǠƥ ƨǬǘǼǷ ǹƘƥ ȆǔǬȇ ǂƻƕ ȏƆ ƢǸƬƷơ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 12 Ŀ ƵǂƬǫơ ƾǫ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǹƢǯȁ .ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǶĔơȂƻƛ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂǼǰLjȇ ơƾǼǯ Ŀ ȁƗ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢǯŚǷƗ Ŀ ȆǓơǁƗ ƔƢȈǼǣȋơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȅǂƬnjȇ .ƾƷơȂdzơ ǩǂǠdzơ ǺǷ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿȁ ƢȈǻƢǷȁǁ .ƢƆǸƟȐǷ ǹƢǯ Ņȁƾdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǔǬǴdz ǂǴƬǿ Ǒǂǟ ǹƛ ƔƢnjǻƛ ƵǂƬǫơ ǾLjǨǻ (ƪǴǧǃȁǁ) .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǷƢǫȍ ƧƾȇƢŰ ǑǁƗ ƽƢŸƛ ǂǴƬǿ Ƨǂǰǧ ƢƫƾȇƗ ȏƆ ȂǘǷ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǂǴƬǿ ǁƢƯƗ 1939 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀȁ .91ȏȂǤǻƗ Ŀ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǂǬƬLjǷ ȁǀū ƢƆǻơƾǴƥ ǂŸ ǹƗ DZȁƢŹ ǹƢǯ ǹƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷ .ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǺǷ śdzȁƚLjǷ ǞǷ ǾǻƗ ȁơŚƥ Ŀ DZƢǫȁ ǪƦLJ ƢǸǯȁ .ƨȈƦȈǴǐdzơ ǾƬǴŧ ńơ ǵƢǸǔǻȏơ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ǽȁǀƷ ǾǻƗ ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 5 Ŀ (Ǯƥ) ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȁ DZƢǫȁ .ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǽƔơƾǟ ǁĈƾǐȈLJ ƪŢ Ǟǔȇ ǹƗ ƢƆȈǐƼNj ǾǻƢǰǷƜƥ ǾǻƗ ƢƆǨȈǔǷ ƧƾȈǠƥ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǰLJƛ ȄǴǟ ǪǧơȂȇ ǾǟƢǸǗȋ ƢƆǸȀǨƫ ǂưǯƗ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ȃȂǬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈǬȇǂǧƛ ƢƆǓǁƗ ǶȀǧǂǐƫ .92ƨȇǁƢǸǠƬLJȏơ ƽƢȀƴǴdz ǵƢǸǔǻȏơ Ǿǧǂǐƫ ƪŢ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ǽƿȂǨǻ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ (Ǯƥ) DZȁƢƷ ƨȈǰȈnjƬdzơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ǂȇǃȂdz ƵǂǏ ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 21 Ŀȁ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ DzǠǨƫ ƢǸǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǺǷ 9 ºdzơ Ŀ ǶȀǧǂǐƫ ǹƗȁ ƺȇơǂdzơ Ŀ ǹȂǬƸLjȈLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ (ȆǰLjǧȂǰdzƢǨNj) ƨȈǻƢŭơ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǰƦnjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ƽȂǐǬŭơ ǹƢǯ .ƢŮ ǵƢǬƬǻȏơ ǶƬȈLJ 1918 ňƢưdzơ ǶȀǨȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ NJȈǠƫ "ƨȈǠƥƢƫ" ǶȀƬǨǐƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ńơ ƪdzȂŢ ƨdzƘLjŭơ Ǻǰdz DZȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ǾLjǨǻ ǁȁƢƸǸǴdz ǂǴƬǿ ƵǂƬǫơ ǞƦǘdzƢƥȁ .ƨȇƾLjƳ ƨȈǨǐƫ ǹȂǰƬLJ ƢĔƗ ƢȀǼǷ 57

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

DZȁƾdzơ ơƆǁǀŰ ƨȈǓǁȋơ Ƨǂǰdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǷ ǹƢǰǷ ńơ ƢȀȇƽȂȀȈƥ DzƷǂƬLJ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ Ń DZƢƷ Ŀ ǶǿƢȇƛ ơƆƽƾȀǷ ƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơ ƝƽƢƦŭƢƥ ǩƾnjƬƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻȂLjǯƢLJȂǴǰǻȍơ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ǽǀǿ .93ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƩȂǷ Ǻǟ ǹȂdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȂǻȂǰȈLJ ǶĔƗ DzȈƦLjdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ơȂǠLjȇ ǺǷ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȈƸǔƫ ƨȇƘƥ ǵƢȈǬǴdz ơƆƾǠƬLjǷ ǂǴƬǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń :ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǿƾƴǼLJ ƨȈǨȈǰƥ ơƆƾȇƾŢȁ ǶǿŚǐŠ ŚǰǨƬdzơ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƱǁƢƻ ǶǿŚǨLjƫ DzȈȀLjƫ Dzǔǧȋơ .Ƕđ ǵƢǸƬǿȍơ DzƴLjȇ 1939 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 30 Ŀ ǡƢƬnjȇơǂdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǽƢǬdzƗ ȅǀdzơ ƣƢǘŬơ ǹƛ ŃƢǠdzơ ƽȂȀȇ ǹƘƥ ƵǂǏȁ .94ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǦȇǂŬơ ǀǼǷ ƢǿƾǸƬǟƛ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǸūơ ƨǘƻ ǺǸǓ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ƧȂǫ ƨȇƗ ǞLJȂƥ Ǻǰȇ Ń .ȆǯơǂƬNjȏơ řǗȂdzơ ƣDŽūơ ƔơƾǟƗ ǶȀǴǯ ơȁǂǬƬLJơ Ŗdzơ ƽȐƦdzơ ơȁǁƽƢǤȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƽȂȀȈdzƢǧ :ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Dzƻơƽ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƢǿŚƯƘƫ ƾš ȏ ƢŮƢƷ ȄǴǟ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơȁ ƭƾŹ ơǀǿ Dzǯ .ǶǿƽȐƥ Ŀ ǶĔƘǯȁ ƢȀȈǧ ƢŮ ƾš ǹƗ DzƦǫ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ɨƾē Ǻdz ƨȈƥȁǁȁƗ ƨǴǰnjǷ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ƪƸƦǏƗȁ .Dzūơ ńơ ƢȀǬȇǂǗ ǁƢǰǧȋơ Ʃơƿ DZȁƾdzơ śƥ ǪǧơȂƬǴdz DZƢů ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ ƢŠǁ ǾǻƘƥ Ȑ Ɔ ƟƢǫ ǥƢǓƗ Ľ .Ȑ ƆƷ ǹƕ ƾǫȁ ƢǿǁƢǸǠƬLJơ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴƟƢǿ ƩƢƷƢLjǷ ǮǴŻ ŃƢǠdzƢǧ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ .ƨƥǁƢǔƬŭơ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ƕǿ ơȂǴǸǠȇ ǹƗ ǶȀȈǴǟ ƤƳȂƬŭơ ǺǷ .ǽǀǿ ƨȈǴȈǨǘdzơ ǶēƢȈƷ ơȁŚǤȇ ǹƗ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ǹơȁȋơ ƨǷǃȋ ǹȂǓǂǠƬȈLJ ǶĔƜǧ ƆȐƳƕ ǵƗ Ȑ Ɔ ƳƢǟ ȏƛȁ ȃǂƻȋơ ƣȂǠnjdzơ Dzǯ DzǠǧ ǶȀȇƾȇƘƥ Ǻȇǂƻȉơ ǹƗȁ (ƢƆȈƦǻ) ȆǓƢŭƢƥ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƢƆƷǂǐǷ ǞƥƢƫȁ .ƢǿǁȂǐƫ ǹȂǠȈǘƬLjȇ ȏ ƧŚƦǯ ƢƆǷȂȇ DzǐȈLJ ǾǻƘƥ ǶŮ DZƢǫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾǼǷ ơȁǂƼLJ ǶȀLjǨǻƗ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŕƷ .ǾƫơƚƦǼƫ ǺǷ ơȁǂƼLJ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƽơǁƗ .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ƧŚưǯ ǁȂǷƗ śƥ DzƸȈLJ ǾǻƗȁ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ńơ ƧǂǷ ŃƢǠdzƢƥ ǞǧƾƬLJ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƱǁƢƻȁ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ :DZƢǬǧ (ƢƆȈƦǻ) ƢŶƛ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ǂǐǼdzơȁ Ǒǁȋơ ƨǨnjǴƥ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdz ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ ǹƜǧ ƨȈŭƢǟ ƣǂƷ ńơ ȃǂƻƗ 95 .ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǩǂǠdzơ ŚǷƾƫ ƨȈǨǐƫ Ŀ ǂǰǨȇ ǂǴƬǿ :ŘǠǷ ǺǷ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǾǴǸŹ ƢǷ DZȂƷ ǮNj ȅƗ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz ȆǓơǁƗ Ŀ ǶǿDŽǯǂŤ Ŀ ǎƼǴƬȇ ǂƻƕ Ȑ Ɔ Ʒ ƵǂƬǬȇ Ȃǿ Ƣǿ DzǠǨdzƢƥȁ .ƢƆȇƾLjƳ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzŢ ƨƯǁƢǯ ȁƗ ƨȈŭƢǟ ƣǂƷ DZȂǐŞ ƢǷƛ ƢƆǗȁǂnjǷ ǹƢǯ ƨȈǨǐƬdzƢƥ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ .ƧƾȈǠƥ .Ǿƥ ǂǔƫ ǹƗ ńơ ǁȂǷȋƢƥ Ǟǧƾȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ơǀǿȁ .Ǟȇǁǀdzơ DznjǨdzơ Ǿdz ƤƬǰȈǧ ǾǟȁǂnjŠ 58

ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ

ǹȂǸǬƬǼȇ ǶȀǯǂƬȇ Ǻdz ǾǻƗ Ǯdzƿ ǺǸưdzơ ǹȂǠǧƾȈLJ ƨȇǂưǯƗ Ƕǿȁ śȈƥǁȁȋơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ ȏƛ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdz ȃƾǐƬȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ơǀǿ ǾƥƢǘƻ Ŀ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷ .ǶǿǂǐǼƥ ǹȂǸǠǼƬȇȁ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ȃǂƳ ƢǷ .(ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƱǁƢƻ) ƢǯŚǷƗ ƽȂȀȇ řǠȇ ǹƢǯ ǾƫƔȂƦǻ Ŀ Ǿǻȋ žƧƾƸƬŭơ ǹƜǧ ǾǼǟ ǥǂǟ ȅǀdzơ DžȂŮƢƥȁ ǾǼǿƿ Ŀ ƨȇƢǨǰdzơ ǾȈǧ ƢǷ ƢƆȈƷ ǹƢǯ 1918-1914 .96ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨǯǁƢnjǷ ǹȁƾƥ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdz ƢĔƗȁ ǞǬƬLJ ƨȈŭƢǟ ƢƆƥǂƷ ƪǻƢǯ 1939 ƣƢƬǟƗ ȄǴǟȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǍȂǐş ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀȈǧ ǂǰǨȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹƛ :ǂǏƢǼǟ Ƨƾǟ ǺǷ ǹȂǰƬƫ ȅǂLjǬdzơ DzȈƷǂƬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ Dzūơ ńơ ƢȀǬȇǂǗ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ

x

ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨƷƢLjdzơ ńơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ /ƨǴǰnjŭơ DzǬǻ ǶƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ȁƗ ƨȈǟƢŦ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƔơȂLJ ƧƾȈǠƥ ǑǁƗ Ŀ ǶĔƢǰLJƛ ƢȀǼǷ ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ DZȂǴūơ Džǁƾƫ .Ǯdzǀƥ ƪƦǣǁ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ƾƷơȁ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ ƨȇƽǂǧ Ŀ ƨǟƢLjdzơ ƮȇƾƷ ƶƦǏƗ ƧƾƷơȁ ǑǁƗ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸš Ƨǂǰǧ ǹƜǧ ƶǓơȁ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯ ƩŚƯƗ ƢǸǯ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǂNjƢƦǷ Dzǰnjƥ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ǽǀǿ Ǒǂǟ Ļ .ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƩơǁƢǐƬǻȏơ ǪƦLjȇ ǹƢǯ ơǀǿ Dzǯ .97ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ǻǟ ǁƾǏ "ǶȈǸǠƫ" DZȐƻ ǺǷ .ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ƨǧƢǯ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ Ǒǂǧȁ ƢȈǻƢŭȋ ƧŚƦǰdzơ Ǻǟ ǹȐǟȍơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭơ Dznjǧ ƨȈǓǂǨƥ DZȂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǂǐǼǠdzơ Ɔơǂƻƕ džȈdzȁ ơƆŚƻƗȁ .ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȂȀȈdz ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ DžǂǤǻȂǯ Ŀ ǾƫƢǟƢǸƬƳơ ǂNjƢƥ ƢǸǯȁ .ƢȀȈdzƛ DzǏȂƫ Ŗdzơ DZȂǴūơ Ȍŭơ ȄǴǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǴǟƗ ƢȀǬǬƷ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƷƢƴǼdzơ ƪǻƢǯȁ .(œǻ) ºǯ ǾLjǨǻ ǵƾǬȇ Ȃǿ Ƣǿ 1936 ǵƢǟ ǡŐǻǁȂǻ ǹƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ .ƨȈźǁƢƫ ƨǸȀǷ ƤƷƢǏ ǾǻƘƥ ƨǟƢǼǬdzơ ǾƬƸǼǷ ƾǫ ǵȂȇ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǷȂȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǹƢǯȁ .ƗƾƬƥơ ƾǫ ƩơǁƢƦƬƻȏơ ǺǷǃ ǹƗ ǥǂǠȇ ǹƢǯ .ǾƬǴȈű ǩǁƢǨȇ ȏ ƨŻDŽŮơ ƶƦNj ŚưǷ ƆƢȈnjƬǼǷ ǹƢǯ ƆȐȇȂǗ ǾLjǨǼdz Ǿƥ ǚǨƬƷơ ȅǀdzơȁ ǾƥƢƫǂȇ ȅǀdzơ Dzūơ Ȍŭơ ȄǴǟ ǺǴǟƗ ơƆƾȇƾē ǾƳȁ ǂǷȋơ ǂƻƕ Ŀȁ .Ƕǟƾdzơ ǺǷ ƨdzƢđ ǾLjǨǻ ƨǗƢƷƛ ǾǼǷ ƨdzȁƢŰ ǾdzȂƷ DžƢǸūơ Ŀ ǦǬȇ Ǻŭ DzȇȂdzơ ƾȇƾȀƬdzơ ơǀđ ǹȂȈǼǠǷ Ƕǿ ǾǴǯ ŃƢǠdzơ ƽȂȀȇ ǹƛ" :ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǾƟơƾǟȋ (Džȁǂǣ) ºdz ǾƫƢŹǂǐƫ Ŀ ƢǸǯȁ 1939 ƣƢǘƻ Ŀȁ .ƺȇơǂǴdz ǂǐƬǼŭơ ǵƾǬƬdzơ ǪȇǂǗ

59

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǵƢǬƬǻȏƢƥ ƢƆŹǂǐƫ ŐƬǟơ ƾǫ Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ DZƾƬǠǷ DzƷ Ǻǟ ǺǴǟƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ 1935 Ǧȇǂƻ Ŀ .ƢȈǻƢŭȋ ȁƗ ǂǴƬŮ Dznjǧ ȅƗ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈƟơƾǠdzơ ǾƬLJƢȈLJ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ȇȂǗ ƢƆǬȇǂǗ Ǟǘǫ ƾǫ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǹƢǯ ƩơȂǼLJ ƪLJ Ŀȁ ƢǸǯȁ .ƔȆnjdzơ ǒǠƥ "ǾȀƳȁ ȄǴǟ ǶƟƢŮƢǯ" ƨǬȇǂǘƥ Ǯdzƿ DzǠǧ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ȏȁ ǥơƾǿƗ ȏ ǾǐǬǼȇ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ ǦǫȂŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǷƢŤ ǂǘȈLjȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƜǧ ƆƢǬƥƢLJ ƢǼȇƗǁ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƆƢǨǴƬű ȁƾƦȇ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǹƢǯ Ǿǧǂǐƫ Ǻǰdzȁ ǁơǂǬdzơ ȄǴǟ Ƨǁƾǫ ƨǷƾƻ Ŀ ƨǠƥƢƬǷ Ƨǁơƽƛȁ ȃȂǫƗ ơƆǁȂǔƷ ƾų ƢǼǿ .ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzƢƥ ȁƗ ƽȂȀȈdzƢƥ ǞǷ Ǻǰdzȁ ƆƢƸǓơȁ ƢƆǷƢǟ ƢƆȀȈƳȂƫȁ ƢƆǏƢƻ ƢǷƢǸƬǿơ ƾų ƢǸǯ .ŃƢǠŭơ ƨƸǓơȂdzơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǾǗƢƦǔdz ƨȇƽǂǨdzơ ƩơǁƽƢƦŭơ ǞȈƴnjƫ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơȁ ƔȆnjdzơ ǒǠƥ ƨƸƳǁƘƬǷ Ƨǁơƽƛ .ƢŮ Ǟǧơƾdzơ ǁȁƽ ƤǠǴȇ ǝǁƢnjdzơ ǹƢǯ ƩƢƥǂǔƥ ƩơǁȂǘƫ Ǻǟ ǂťƗ ƢŲ ǾƬLJƢȈLjdz ƨȈǴƻơƽȁ ƨȈƳǁƢƻ ƨȈǟȂǓȂǷ ƩƢǫȂǠŭ ƢƆƥƢLjƷ ƤLjŹ ƢƆǸƬƷ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ Ǿdz ƪǻƢǯ ƾǬdz .řǗȂdzơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǾǸȀȈdz Ǻǰȇ Ń Ǻǰdzȁ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ Ŗdzơȁ Ǿƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ǾƫƢǟǃƢǼƫ Ǿdz ƪǻƢǯ ƢƆǔȇơȁ řǗȂdzơ ƿȂǨǼdzơ ƔƢǼƥ ƧƽƢǟƜƥ ǎƼǴƬƫ ƩƢȇȂdzȁƗ ǝơǂǐdzơ ǹƜǧ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǂǘȈLJ ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ .ƢƆǷƢǿ ơƆǁȁƽ ơȂƦǠǴȇ ǹƗ Ŀ ǾǗƢƦǔdz ƪƸũ ȄǴǟȁ ƾǬūơ ȄǴǟ ǾƫơȂǫ ƣǁƾȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ Őǯȋơ ƣDŽūơ DzǣƢNj ȆǬƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ƩƢǷȂǬǷ ǶȀƟƢǘǟƜƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƾǸţ ȏ Ȇǯ ƨȈƥDŽūơ ǶȀƬŷ ǀƸNj ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠǷ ƩơǁơƿƖǷ ńơ ǵƢǷȋơ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ ƣDŽūơ Ǟǧƽ ǹƿƛ ƢǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ .ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz ǶȀƬȈȀNj ǝƢƦNjƜƥȁ ƔƢǬƦdzơ Ǿǻȋ .ƢƆƠǘƥ ǂưǯƗ Ȅǘş ƢƆǸƬƷ Ǻǰdzȁ ǾȈdzƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ƾȇǂȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ ńơ ƧƽƢȇǂdzơ ǒǠƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾȇǂȇ ǹƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀȁ ǾǻƜǧ ƽȂȀȇ ǹȁƾƥ ƢȈǻƢŭƘƥ ǶǴŹ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȅǂLjǬdzơ ŚƴȀƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǵDŽǠdzơ ƾǬǟ ƾǬdz ǂǷȋơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀȁ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ǺƟƢǿǂǯ ǺǷDŽdzơ Dzū ƮŞ ǺǷ ǂǴƬǿ Ǿƥ ǵƢǫ ƢǷ ǹƛ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ DzȈǨǰdz ƱƢƬŹ ȏ Ȃǿȁ ǽƿȂǨǻ ƧȂǬƥ ƢƆǷȂǟƾǷ Ŀ ǾƬȈǻ Ǻǟ ǺǴǟƗȁ ǪƦLJ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ǶǴǠdzơ ǞǷ ȃDŽǤǷ ǺǷ ȂǴź ȏ ǂǷƗ ƨdzƘLjǸǴdz Ņȁƽ ǾdzƢǔǻ Ǻǟ ȄǴƼƬȇ Ǻdz ǾǼǰdzȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǺǷ ƱȁǂŬơ ǹȂǠȈǘƬLjȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƛ .ȅƽȁ DzƷ .ǶǿƾǓ

60

ƮdzƢưdzơ DzǐǨdzơ (1941-1939) ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛȁ ǾƫȁŐƳ ǶȈǟƾƫ ǝƢǘƬLJơ ƾǬdz .ǹȉơ ŕƷ ǂǴƬǿ Ǿdz ƽơǁƗ ƢǸǯ ǁȁƾȇ ƔȆNj Dzǯ Ŀ ƢŶƛ .ȅƢLJǂǧ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƢȀƬǓǂǧ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǫȂǠŭơ ǶǜǠǷ ǺǷ ƢȀǐȈǴţȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƶȈǴLjƫ ǶƳƢǿ ƢǷƾǼǠǧ . ǂǜƬǼȇ ǹƢǯ Ƣŭ ƢƆǷƢŤ ƨLjǯƢǠǷ ƩƢȈǘǠǷ ǵƢǷƗ ƧƘƴǧ ǾLjǨǻ ƾƳȁ 1939 ƢLjǻǂǧ ǞǷ ƣǂƷ Ŀȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȐdz ƢƆǨȈǴƷ ǹƢǯ DZȂǴȇƗ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ Ŀ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ǵƢLjƬǫơ Ŀ ƢŮ ƢȀƷǂƬǫơ Ŗdzơ ǾƬǬȇǂǗ ȄǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂǷ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ Ǻǰƫ Ń .ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥȁ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ .ǾǠǷ ƨȀƳơȂǷ ǦǫȂǷ Ŀ DzǬƯ ǺǷ ǾǴưŤ ƢǷ Dzǰƥ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƪǠǓȁ ơǀdz ŃƢǠdzơ ƔơDŽǟ ǹƢǯ ƶǴǨƫ Ń ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ƨǬƷȐƬǷ ƧŚǤǏ ƣȁǂƷ DZȂƷ Ǿƫǂǰǧ ǹƗ ǺǷ ƽƢŢȏơ ǥȂǫȁ DzǔǨƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƆƢǠǷ ƪǫȁ Ŀ śƬȀƦƳ ȄǴǟ ƨƥǁƢƸǸǴdz ǂǘǔȇ Ǻdz ǾǻƘƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ƩƢȇȏȁ Ǻǟ ǂǴƬǿ ȆǴţȁ ơƾǼdzȂƦdz ƾȇƾƳ ǶLJƢǬƫ Śǜǻ ƽƢȈūơ ȄǴǟ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ .ƢȀūƢǐdz ȄǴǟ ǽƽƾȀƬȇ ǂǘƻ ȅƗ ǺǷ ǹƢǷȋơ ǂǴƬǿ ƶǼǷ ǖǬǧ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ DZȐƻ ơƾǼdzȂƦdz ǾƷƢȈƬƳơ ǹƛ ǹƛ .ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƨȀŪơ ȄǴǟ ƣǂƸǴdz ŚǔƸƬǴdz ǡǂǨƬȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ƶũ ƢǸǯ ǽƽȐƦdz ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƨȀƦŪơ ƨŻDŽŮơ ǂƯƛ ƲȇȁǂǼdzơ DZȐƬƷơ Ľ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴƫ ȅǀdzơ ǞȈƥǂdzơ Ŀ ƨǨǗƢŬơ ƨȈƥǂūơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ƢǸǯȁ Ǻǰdzȁ .ǝǃƢǼǷ Ȑƥ ƧǁƢǬdzơ ƾȈLJ ǾǼǷ ƪǴǠƳ ƢLjǻǂǧ Ƣđ ƪƸǼǷ Ŗdzơ ȃŐǰdzơ ŚLjƫ ǹƗ Ʃǁǂǫ ƾǫ ơǂƬǴǰǻƛ ƪǷơƽƢǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǷƢǯ džȈdz ǁƢǐƬǻȏơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ Ŀ ǾLjǨǼƥ ǥǂƬǟơ ƆƢȈdzơDŽǠǻƛ ơƆǁȁƽ ƤǠǴƫ ƢĔȂǯ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƗȁ ƨȇƢĔ ȏ ƢǷ ńơ ƣǂūƢƥ .ƢƆȇȂǫ ƢƆǸǐƻ ȄǬƦȇ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ǹƗȁ ƨƸǴLJȋƢƥ ơǂƬǴǰǻƛ ƾŤ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷ ƢŮ ƨƳƢŞ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǂǴƬǿ Ǻǰdzȁ ǪƷȐƬƫ ƩơǁƢǐƬǻȏơ ƩǀƻƗ 1939 ǵƢǟ Ǧȇǂƻ Ŀ Ȇǰdz ȏƛ 1941 ǵƢǠdzơ ǺǷ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ǂȀNj ƩƘȇ Ńȁ .ƨȇǂǐǼǠdzơ ǾƫƾȈǬǟ ǪȈƦǘƫ ǂNjƢƦȇ Ȇǯ Ƥǿǀȇ Ń Ŗdzơ 1939 ǵƢǠdzơ ǦȈǏ ǀǼǷ ƢǿƗƾƥ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǂǐǼǠdzơ ǾƬLJƢȈLJ ƱȂƬȇ Dzǰǧ .ǹȂȇƾǼdzȂƥȁ ǹƢŭƗ ƨȈǨLjǠƬdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƪdzƢǗ ƢŶƛȁ ǶǿƾƷȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȀƬȈƸǓ DZȁƗ ƨȈƸǓ ơȂƷơǁ ǾǼǷ ƔƢǨNj ȏ ȁƗ ƾǠǷ ǑǂŠ ơȂƦȈǏƗ ȁƗ śǿȂnjǷ ơȁƾdzȁ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǹƢŭȋơ 61

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǶȀǨǴƼƬƥ Ǻȇǀdzơ śǨǴƼƬŭơ Ɣȏƚǿ Ŀ ǾȇƗǁ Ǻǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǴǟƗ ƢŭƢǘdz .ƩƢȈǨǐƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨƳȂǷ ǾǻƗȁ ǞǸƬĐơ ȄǴǟ ƨdzƢǟ ǶǿȂǫǂǠdzơ ƔƢǨǏ Ŀȁ ňƢŭȋơ ǞǸƬĐơ ƨȇǁƿ ƔƢǬǻ Ŀ ƢƆƦǴLJ ǹȁǂƯƚȈLJ Ŀ ǾǴƷ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ DZƢǰNjȍơ ơǀǿ .ǶēƢȈƷ ȄǴǟ ƨǜǧƢƄơ ƨdzȁƢŰ ǵơǂƳȍơ ǺǷ .ǾǼǿƿ Ŀ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ƪǻƢǯ Ǯdzƿ DzǠǨdz ƨȈǼdzơ ǹƗ ǞǷ ǾǸǰū ńȁȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ƨǯǂƷ ƾȀnjȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ǂǴƬǿ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ƩơȂǘŬơ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ļ 1938 ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ǵƾǬƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƩơȂǘŬơ ǽǀǿ ƩƗƾƬƥơ ƾǫȁ .ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƣǂūơ ƪǠdzƾǻơ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȏƛ ƨƥȁƙƽ ƢǸŮ ƶǸLjǧ DZƢǔǟ ǑǂŠ ƣƢǐŭơ ǶȀǴǨǗ DzƬǬƥ ǶŮ ƵƢǸLjdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ńơ ƤǴǘdzƢƥ ǹƢƳȁǃ ƢƆȈũǁ ơƆǂǷƗ ǁƾǏƗ ƮȈƷ ǭơƿ ǾǟȁǂnjǷ Ŀ ǩȐǘǻȏơ ƨǘǬǻ ǽƢǘǟƗ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .Ǯdzǀƥ 1939 ƣƕ 18 Ŀ .ƨȇƾLjƳ ȁƗ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈǫȐƻƗ ƨǿƢǟ ȅƿ ȁƗ ǩƢǠǷ Dzǯ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzƢƥ ȄǴǟ śǴǷƢǠdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇơƽ Dzǯȁ ƤȈƦǗ Dzǯ ǾƦƳȂŠ ŐŸ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ǺǷ "ǶȈǸǠƫ" ǁƾǏ ǂƥƢǼǟ Ŀ DZƢǨǗȋơ Ɣȏƚǿ ǞȈǸš Ļ .ǩƢǠǷ ƽȂdzȂǷ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ƶȇǂǐƬdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ .ƢƆǟȂƳ ƩȂŻ ǭǂƫ ǶȀǔǠƥȁ ƨǏƢƻ ǺǬƷ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ǶȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ Ļ ƮȈƷ ƨǏƢƻ ǑơǂǷȋơ ȅȁƿ ǺǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ǁǂǫ 1939 ǵƢǟ ǺǷ ǦȇǂŬơ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ƨǘLJơȂƥ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǂȀNj Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ƨŦǂƫ ƪŤ Ľ ƆƢȇȂǨNj Ǯdzǀƥ ǽǂǷƗ ǁƾǏƘǧ ƨȈǴǬǠdzơ Ŗdzơȁ ƨǴǸūơ ǽǀǿ Ƨǁơƽƛ ǹƛ .1939 DZȂǴȇƗ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ Ȃǿȁ ǪƦLjǷ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƩǂȀǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ ǾǸǫƢǗ ƽơǂǧƗ ƾƷȋ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀǴǯȁƗ ƢŶƛȁ (ǂǴŷ) ºdz ǶǴLjƫ Ń "ȅǃƢǻƢƫȁƗ" ǭơǀǼȈƷ ƪȈũ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ǽǀđ .ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ǵȐƬLJơ Ȑ Ɔ ǏƗ śdzȂű ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ "ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǹơȂȇƽ" ȅǁơƽȍơ ǾƫƽƢǟ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ƢǸȀǴǨǗ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǺȇǁȂǯǀŭơ śƳȁDŽdzơ ƨȈǻ ǂǴƬǿ ǶǴǟ ńơ DzǏȁ .ǾƬȈNjƢƷ ƔƢǔǟƗ śƥ ǵƢȀŭơ ǞȇǃȂƫ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢƆǸȈǜǼƫ ƨǷƢƫ ƨȇǂLjƥ ǞǓȁ ơǀǿ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǹơȂȇƽ :śƥƢǐŭơ ǺǷ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ƔƢũƗ ƪǸǓ ƨƸƟȏ ƪǸǜǻ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ƧƽƢƥȍơ Dzŧ ǺǷ Dzǯ ƨƸƟȐdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ǶǴLjȇ žDžȁȂȀǷ ǵơǂƳơ ǶƟơƽ DzǴNj ǝǂǏ ƢȈǼȇŚǧȁDŽȈNj .1940 ǦȈǏ ǺǷ ơƆƔƾƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǹȂǷǂĐơ ƢȀǼǷ řưƬLJơ Ľ "DzǸǠǴdz ŁƢǏ" ǾǨǴǷ DzǷƢǯ Ǻǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽǂǗ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ǹȁƾŸ ơȁǀƻƗ ƾǫ ƣDŽūơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ǹƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǯǂNj ƩƘnjǻƗ ƾǫȁ .ǂǨLjdzƢƥ ƶǸLjƫ ȏ ǾƬdzƢƷ ǺǷ ǶȀȈǧ ǺŠ ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ

62

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

ǺǷ ƨƸƟȐdzơ Ŀ ǶǿƔƢũƗ Ʃƽǁȁ ȅǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ DzǬǻ Ŀ ƢȀǷƢȀǷ ƪǐƼǴƫ .ƺȇơǂdzơ ƔƢŴƗ ǦǴƬű Ŀ ƩƾƳơȂƫ ƨȈǨǐƬǴdz ƩƢLjLJƚǷ ƪLJ ńơ ƩƢȈǨnjƬLjŭơ ƪǠǓȁ ǂǐǫ ǵƗ DZƢǗ ƽƽǂƫ ƾǠƦǧ .ƨǬǴǠǷ Ɣȏƚǿ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ƨǸȀǷ ƪȈǬƥ ƧƽƢǠdzƢǯ ǵƢŧ ńơ ǶđƢƸǘǏƛ Ľ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ȅǂǠƬƥ ȆǔǬƫ ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz ƧƾƷȂǷ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƾȈǫ ơȁƾǸǟ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥȁ ."ǹȂƥǂǯ ȁƽ ƾȈLjǯȂǻȂǷ" ǃƢǣ ƤȈƥƢǻƗ ƪƸƬǧ ƮȈƷ Ȇŷȁ ȆǟƢŦ .ƢȀǼǷ Ƥǿǀdzơ ǹƢǼLJƗ ǝDŽƬǼƫ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƩơȂǷȋơ ǩǂū ǹơǂǧƗ Ŀ ƮưŪơ ǩơǂƷƛ ńơ ƢǸǯ ǶēȂǷ ƨȈǨȈǯ Ǻǟ ǺǴǠȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǶȀȈdzƢǿƗ ńơ Ɣȏƚǿ ƩȂǷ ǹȐǟƛ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ȆǴƫ ƧƾƷơȁ ƧƢǧȁ ƨdzƢƷ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǹȐǟƛ ǹȂNjƢƸƬȇ ơȂǻƢǯ ǶĔƗ ƮȈŞ ǶȈƬǠƬdzơ Ŀ ǹȂǤdzƢƦȇ ơȂǻƢǯ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǽǀǿ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ƽƾǟ ǢǴƥ śƬǼLJ ǺǷ DzǫƗ Ŀ .ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ Ń ȅǀdzơ ǂLjdzơ ƔƢnjǧƛ ǵƾǠƥ ơȁƾȀǠƫ ƾǫ ơȂǻƢǯ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ǽǀǿ ȂǨǛȂǷ .ƨȈƸǓ ǦdzƗ 70 .ƨLjȈǼǰdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƪǯǁƢNj Ŗdzơ ƩơƾȇƾǼƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨƳȂǷ ƩƾǟƢǐƫȁ ƆơǁȂƬLjǷ Ȑ Ɔ ȇȂǗ ǵƾȇ 98 . 1941 ƣƕ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǷ ǂǷƘƥ Ǯdzƿ ǂƯƛ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƪǨǫȂƫ ňƢŭȋơ ǞǸƬĐơ ǎȈǴţ ǾȈǧ ǺǴǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ DzȈǴǬƥ ƣǂūơ ǝȏƾǻơ ƾǠƥȁ Ŀ ǾǟȁǂnjǷ ǺǷ ȆƳǁƢŬơ ǪnjdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷ" ǪȈƦǘƫ ǂǴƬǿ ǂNjƢƥ ƢȈǻƽ ƩƢǫȂǴű ǺǷ DZȂǏȂdzơ ȅȂǼȇ Ŗdzơ ǥơƾǿȋơ Ǻǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǴǟƗ ǂȀNjƗ ƧƾǠƥ ƣǂūơ ǹȐǟƛ DzƦǫȁ .ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ :ƢȀȈdzƛ ơƾǼdzȂƥ ǺǷ ǶLjǫ ƨǼŭƗȁ ǶǓ

x

.ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƨǷȋơ ǶȈǘŢ

x

ȏƛ ƨȈǻƢŭƗ ȆǓơǁȋơ DzǠƳ ǺǰŻ ȏ .1920 ǝȁǂnjŭ ǾƟƢǧȁ ȃƾǷ ǂǴƬǿ ƢǼdz śƦȇ Ǯdzǀƥȁ ƔƢǼƯƗ 1937 ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ .ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȈǠƥƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ǺȇǂƻƖƥ ǶŮơƾƦƬLJƛȁ ƢĔƢǰLJ ƽǂǘƥ ƭƾŢ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ƨȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƬdzơȁ ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ȁDŽǣ Ŀ ǾƬȈǻ Ǻǟ ǾưȇƾƷ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ƔƢǨƻƛ ȅȂǼȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń .99ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƢǰLJ ǺǷ śȇȐǷ 3 ŅơȂƷ ƽǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǧ ƨǴǟƢǨdzơ ƨȈūơ ȃȂǬdzơ DzƬǫ ǾǴǯ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǥƾŮơȁ .ƨǷƗȁ ƤǠnjǯ ƢŶƛȁ ƨdzȁƾǯ ȁƗ ǹȁƗǂǬȇ ƽƢǰdzƢƥ ƨǴȀƳ DZƢǸǟ ńơ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ƤǠNj DzȇȂŢ ƨȈǤƥ ƧȂLjǫ ǂưǯȋơ DzƟƢLJȂdzƢƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǶȀǷǂŹ Ǯdzǀƥȁ .ƢȀȈdzƛ ƱƢƬŹ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƾȈdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ńơ ǹȂǷƾǬȇ ƮȈŞ ǹȂƦƬǰȇ ǶȈǴǠƬdzơ ǵƢǜǻ ƔƢǤdzƛ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǶǿƢLJ .ƨƦƼǼǴdz ȏƛ ǪŹ ȏ řǗȁ džƷ ǺǷ ǾȇƗǁ ƤLjƷ 63

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ȁƗ Dzǰnjƥ .ƤǠnjǴdz NJȈǸē ǺǷ ǽƽơǁƗ ƢǷ ǂǴƬǿ ŚǧȂƫ Ŀ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ŀ ȆǠǷƢŪơȁ ȅȂǻƢưdzơ ƨǨǬưŭơ ƨƠǨǴdz ǾǬƸLJ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ Ǯdzƿȁ ǾȈdzƛ ȆǷǂȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ńơ DzǏȁ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƜǧ ǂƻƖƥ ǹƗ ƢȀƟƢǯƿ ȁƗ ȆǟƢǸƬƳȍơ ƢȀǠǓȁ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƔơȂLJ ƢŮ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƽȐƦdzơ Ŀ .100ƨȈƷ ƨȈǼǗȂdzơ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ȆǬƦƫ RSHA ºdzơ ƺȇơǂǴdz ȅDŽǯǂŭơ ƤƬǰŭơ ƘnjǻƗ ȅǀdzơ ǂǴŷ ºdz ƨǸȀŭơ ǮǴƫ ƪǴǯȁƗ

DzưŻ Ŗdzơȁ ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨǔƥƢǼdzơ ƧƢȈūơ ƨǴǔǟ ǺǷȋơ ƨǗǂNj (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƧƽƢȈǫ ƪŢ ǞŦȁ ƘnjǻƗ ƾǫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹƢǯȁ .ƨǔƥƢǼdzơ ƣDŽūơ ƨǴǔǟ SD ºdzơȁ ƢȀǟȁǂǧ ƾƷƗ ȂƥƢƬLjǤdzơ DzǠǧ ǹƗȁ ǪƦLJ ƢǸǯ "ƨƥǁƢǓ ȃȂǫ" Dzƻƾƫ ƩƢǟȂǸů Ȇǿȁ Einsatzgruppen ºdzơ ºdzơ ƩơȂǘƻ ȄǴǟ ơƆǂƟƢLJ .ƢȈǯƢǧȂǴLJȂǰȈnjƫ ǂƟƢLJ Ŀȁ ƪȇƽȂLjdzơ ƽȐƥ Ŀȁ ƢLjǸǼdzơ Ŀ :ºƥ Einsatzgruppen ºdzơ ƨǸȀǷ ƩǂǐŴƛ . wahrmacht ƺȇơǂǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠǷ ƩƢȈǐƼNj Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

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ƤƳȂǸƦǧ .ȆǓƢŭơ Ŀ ǾƬǴǠǧ ƢǷ Dzǯ ǩƢǧ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ŀ ƩƢǟȂǸĐơ ǽǀǿ ǾƬǴǠǧ ƢǷ Ǻǰdzȁ ǺǷ ǥȏƕ ȄǴǟ ǒƦǬdzƢƥ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DZƢƳǁ ǵƢǫ ƆƢǬƦLjǷ Ƣǿƽơƾǟƛ Ļ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƨƸƟȏ ƪƦƦLjƫ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ .ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ƢƆȈǷǁ ǶǿȂǴƬǫȁ ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƨƦƼǼdzơ ńơ ǹȂǸƬǼȇ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǥƢǬȇƛ ńơ ȃƽƗ ƢŲ NJȈŪơ ǥȂǨǏ śƥȁ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ śƥ ƩơƽƢǬƬǻơ ȁ ƨǷǃƘƥ .101ƢȀƬǷǂƥ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǘƫ Ń ƨȈǴǬǠdzơ ǑơǂǷȋơ ȅȁƿȁ ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƨƦƼǼdzơ ƨȈǨǐƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǹƛ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ NJǷƢǿ ȄǴǠǧ .ǾȈǴǟ ǹȁƾLjŹ ȏ ǞǓȁ Ŀ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ ơȂǻƢǯ ǦdzƗ 16 śƥ ǾǻƗ ǁƾǬȇȁ .ȆǷȂȇ ǦǼǟȁ ƩƢǬȇƢǔŭ ǹȂǓǂǠƬȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǯ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ƾǠȇ Ńȁ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ 102ǥȏƕ 5 ǶȀǼȈƥ ǺǷ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ ƨƬLJ ƧƾǷ Ŀ ǶȀǷơƾǟƛ Ļ ȅƾǼdzȂƥ ƣDŽūơ ƧǂǘȈLJ ńơ ǦȈǓƗ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ơƆƽǁơȁ ƾǠȇ Ń ƨȈǨǐƬdzơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǮNj ǭƢǼǿ ƨȈǔǬdzơ" ƾȈǬǠƫ ńơ ȅƽƚȇ ƾȇƾƳ DZȐƬƷơ Dzǯ ƶƦǏƗȁ .ĿƢǓƛ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǹȂȈǴǷ 2 ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ǧǐǻ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ǹƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ .ǂưǯƘǧ ǂưǯƗ "ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) ǽƽƾƷ ȅǀdzơ ǥƾŮơ Ǯdzǀƥ ƢƆǬǬŰ ƆƢƬǫƚǷ Ȃdzȁ ƢȀǴū ƨǴȈLJȁ ǵƾǬȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj 64

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

ǽƢšȏơ ơǀǿ Ŀ .ȅƽȂȀȇ ǞĈǸů ǪǴş ǂǴƬǿ ƩƢǠǴǘƫ ƤLJƢǼȇ ȅǀdzơȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ńơ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǴȇDŽǿ Ʃƾƥ ƢȀƴƟƢƬǻ ǹƗ ǞǷ ƨǤdzƢƥ ƨȇƾŝ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ŚLjƫ ƩǀƻƗ .DZǀƦƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƽȂȀŪơ ƩƢƷǂƬǬǷ ǁǂȀǨǴdz ǵƾǬȈLJ (ǂǴŷ) ǹƗ ǽƔƢLJƙǁ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǢǴƥƗ 1939 DZȂǴȇƗ 14 Ŀ ǺǷ ǁȂǔūơ ƽƾǟ ǹƢǯ ǹƢǰŭơ džǨǻ Ŀȁ ǝȂƦLJƗ ƾǠƥȁ .ŃƢǠdzơ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǬƷȐŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ : ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ DzƦǬƬLjŭ ǂǴƬǿ ǁȂǐƫ Ǻǟ ƔơƾǏƗ Ʃƽƽǂƫ ƽơǃ ƾǫ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩƢǟȂǸů ŅȁƚLjǷ ƨǸǏƢǟ ƢȈǧȂǯơǂǯ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ "ƨƦȇǂǣ ƨǤdz Ʃơƿ ȆǓơǁƗ ǪǴƻ" ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ǶǓ ȆǓơǁƗ ƨǧƢǯ ǺǷ Tziganes ǂƴǤdzơȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ  ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ƣȂǠNj ǺǷ Dzǯ Ƕǔƫȁ ƢŮ (ǂǴŷ) ƢȀǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƷǂƬǬŭơ ǹƘƥ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DZƢǬǧ ƽȂȀȈdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ .ƺȇơǂdzơ Ǻǟ ǶǿƽƢǠƥƛȁ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ȆǏƢǫƗ Ŀ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƽȂȀȇ Dzǯ ǹƢǰLJƜƥ ȆǔǬƫ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀȈǴǟ Ǫǧơȁȁ .103ƾƷơȁ ǵƢǟ ƢǿƢǐǫƗ ƧƾŠ ǶƬƬLJ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗȁ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƽȁƾūơ ǞȈǸƴƬƥ ƪǔǫ ƨǠȇǂLJ ƩơƔơǂƳȍ ǾǬȈƦǘƫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƢȀȈdzƛ ƾǸǟ Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƧȂǘŬơ ǞƟƢǔƥ ƩƢƥǂǟ Ŀ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǶȀǴȈƷǂƫ Ľ ǶȀƬƦǫơǂǷ DzȀLjƫ ƮȈŞ ǹƾŭơ Ŀ śȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ǶǿŐź DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơƾƷȁ ƔƢLJƙǁ ǞȈǸŪ ƤƬǯ ǾLjǨǻ ǵȂȈdzơ Ŀȁ .ǺǴǟƗ ƢǸǯ śȈǻȂdzȂƦdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ǹƘnjƥ "ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǥƾŮơ" ǹƘƥȁ ƢǿƿƢţơ ƤƳơȂdzơ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ .104ǹƢǸƬǰdzơ ƾȈǫ ȄǬƦƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾǯƗ ƢǸǯ ƆƢǰȈNjȁ ƶƦǏƗ ǖǘƼŭ ƢƆƸȈǸǴƫ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ơȁǂȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ śƻǁƚŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠǴdz ƣƢǗȁ ǽƽƾƷ ƢǸǯȁ .ƾƷơȁ ǞǸů Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸš Ŀ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȇƢǤdzơ ǹƗ ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ .105ƧƽƢƥȍơ DZƢſ śƥȁ ƢȈǧȂǯơǂǯ śƥ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸš ǺǷ ƧƾƟƢǧ Ȑǧ "ǶȈǸǠƬdzơ" ơǀǿ .ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ – ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƽȁƾūơ śƥȁ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƨǴǏƢǨdzơ ƨȈǯƢǧȐLJȂǰnjƬdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ǞȈǸƴƬdzơ DŽǯǂǷ Ȇǿ ƪƸƦǏƗ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ DZƢƷ Ŀ ȏƛ ŘǠǷ Ǿdz Ǻǰȇ Ń ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ ńơ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǹƜǧ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȁƾƸǴdz ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ƾȇƾƸƬdzơ Ļ ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ .ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ DZȂǴȇƗ 29 Ŀ ƢȀǼǟ ǺǴǟƗ Ŗdzơ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƨǘƻ ƤƳȂŠ Ŗdzơ Ȇǿ ǺǴƥȂdz DZȂƷ DZƢǸnjdzơ ƢŠǁ ȂȀǧ ǾǻƢǸƬǯ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƽơǁƗ ȅǀdzơ ǂLjdzơ Ǻǟ ƢǷƗ ."106ƺȇơǂdzơ ȂƬȈǣ" ǹȂǰƬLJ ƧǂǰƦǷ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟƛ Ŀ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǽǀǿ ƤƦLjƬƫ ȏ ƮȈŞ ƢƆǠǷ ƨȈǼǷƗȁ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƣƢƦLJȋ .107ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǵƾǬƫ ǦǫȂƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƱǁƢŬơ ƽȂȀȇ ǺǷ 65

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ĺǂǤdzơ ǶLjǬdzơ ǹƘƥ DZƢǫȁ ǡŐǻǃȁǁ ǵƢǷƗ ǽǀǿ ǽƢȇơȂǻ ǂǴƬǿ Ǒǂǟ 1939 DZȂǴȇƗ 29 Ŀ 8 ǹƗ ȅƗ .ƢƆȈǻƢŭƗ ǾǴǠƳȁ ƺȇơǂdzƢƥ ǾǫƢūƛ ǶƬȈLJ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƪŢ ǞǫơȂdzơ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ǺǷ Ŀ ǹȂnjȈǠȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǹƢŭȋơ ǶĔƢǰǷ DzƸȈdz ƽȐƦdzơ ǺǷ ǶǿƽǂǗ ǶƬȈLJ ǂnjƦdzơ ǺǷ ǹȂȈǴǷ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ŀ ǖLJȂdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ǻǟ ƢǷƗ .ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƪŢ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ .ƨȈǻƢŭƗ ƩƢǨǏơȂǷ ǶȀȈǴǟ ǪƦǘǼƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ śȈǻȂdzȂƦdzơ ŅƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ DzƦǬƬLjƬLJ ƢĔƜǧ ƨǧƢǯ DzƦǬƬLjƬLJ ƢĔƜǧ ǡȂƥ ȁ DZȂƬLjȈǧ śƥ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ơƆŚƻƗȁ Ƕǿ ǺŲȁ ǂƴǤdzơ ǺǷ108ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈǫƢƦdzơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ Dzǯȁ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƽȂȀȇ ǶȀȈǧ ǺŠ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ."ǞǸƬĐơ ƱǁƢƻ" DZơDŽȇ ƢǷ ȂȀǧ ȆƟƢĔ DzƸǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǾȈdzƛ ȄǠLJ ƢǷ ƢƆǸƬƷ džȈdz ƩƢȈLjǼŪơ ǺǷ ǞǸƴƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƨǼŭƗ ńơ ȅƽƚȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ȁDŽǣ .ǩǂnjdzơ ȂŴ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ȁDŽǣ Ŀ Ǿǘǘű ȄǴǟ Ŗdzơ ȃǂƻȋơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ śȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆƬǫƚǷ ƢȀǠȇǃȂƫ Ļ Ŗdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Dzǯ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ƭƾŢ ƾǬǧ ǍȂǐŬơ ơǀđȁ .ǵƢȇȋơ ǺǷ ǵȂȇ Ŀ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƧǁƽƢǤǷ ƢŮ ơƆǁƾǬǷ ǹƢǯ ƢŠȁ "109ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjǸǴdz DzƷȁ ƤȈƫǂƫ ƨdzȁƢŰ" Ǻǟ 1939 ǵƢǟ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 6 ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ ƽȁƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸš ǹƜǧ ƣǂūơ DzǠǨƥ ƨƦǠǏ ƪƸƦǏƗ ƧǂƴŮơ ǹƗ .ƢǷ ƢƆǟȂǻ ƨdzȂƦǬǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ ǾȇƗǁ Ŀ ŐƬǠƫ ƣǂūơ ǝȏƾǻơ ǂƯƛ ǾȈǧ ǾLjǨǻ ƾƳȁ ȅǀdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢƆȈǬǘǼǷ Ņ ȁƾƦȇ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǾǻƗ ǞǷȁ .ƩƢǼȇǂnjǠdzơ ǀǼǷ Ǿƥ ƶNjǂƫ ƮȇƽƢƷƗ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ǾǴƻơƽ Ŀ ƩǁƢƯƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ Ń ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ ƢƆǷƢŤ ǶǴǠȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ǾǗƢƦǓ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƣǂǤdzơ Ŀ ǂǐǼdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǬƯơȁ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨŻƾǬdzơ ǾdzƢǷƕȁ ȃŐǰdzơ ƣǂūơ ȃǂǯƿ Ǿdz ƾȇƾŪơ ǞǓȂdzơ ƢȈƷƗ ƧƘƴǧȁ .ƾǠƥ ǾƬǼƫ ƧƢȈƷ Ŀ ƾȇƾƳ 1918 DZȂǴȇƗ 18 ơƆƾƥƗ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz :ǺȇǂnjǠdzơ ƩơȂǼLJ Ŀ ƢȀǼǟ ǺǴǟƗ Ŀ ǾƫƢƥƢǘƻ Dzǯ Ŀ ǽƢȇƛ ơƆǁǂǰǷ Ǿdz ƣƢǘƻ DZȁƗ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǁƢNjƗȁ ǪƦLJ ƢǷ ơǀǿ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ .110ƔơȂLJ ƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƨǏƢŬơȁ ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƩƢǬǴūơ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǹƘNj Ŀ DzǿƢLjƬȇ Ǻdz ǾǻƗ ǺǴǟƗ ǾLjǨǻ ȆǸŹ Ȇǰdzȁ .ǵȐLjƬLJơ ȏȁ ƧǁȂƯ ȏ ȅƾǼƳ Dzǯ ǹȋ" śȈǷơDŽĔȏơ ǺǷ śƼƼǨŭơ ǺǷ ƣǂūơ ǺǷ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȍơ ǾLjǨǻ Ǿdz DZȂLjƫ ."ǺǗȂdzơ ƨǻȂƻ ƧƢȈƷ ǺǷ ƢǼȈǴǟ ȄǴǣƗ ǾƫƢȈƷ ǹƗ ǥǂǠȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƨȀƦŪơ ȄǴǟ DzLJƢƥ ǁƾȀȇ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƣǂūơ ǺǷ ƾȈǨƬLjǷ Dzǯ ƤLJƢƸȈLJ ǾǻƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǴǠȇ ƧǂǷ DZȁȋȁ 66

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

ǂǴƬŮ ơƾƥ ƽȁƾūơ ƨǧȁǂǠǷ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸƴƬǧ .111ǶǿƔƢǷƽ ǹȁǂƻȉơ ǾȈǧ ǾƫƾȈǬǟ ǞǷ ǪǧơȂƬdzƢƥȁ .ǞȈǸŪơ ǺǷȋ ȅǁȁǂǓ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǞȈǸŪơ Śƻ ǾȈǧ ǂǷƗ ǾǻƘǯȁ Dzǰnjȇ ƽȐƦdzơ ƧǂƻƚǷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽȂƳȁ ǹƗ Ǿdz ơƾƥ ȃŐǰdzơ ƣǂūơ DZȐƻ ƢǿƢŶƗ Ŗdzơ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƤǠnjdzơ ƨȈLjǨǻ ȄǴǟ ǂǘƻ .ƨȈǴƻơƽ ȄǓȂǧ ƣȂnjǻ DZƢƷ Ŀ NJȈŪơ ȄǴǟ ơƆǂǘƻ ǾƥƢƬǻơ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ǾǫơǁȁƗ Ŀ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǂǯǀȇ ƢǸǯ 1940 ǁƢȇƗ Ŀȁ .ǝơǂǐdzơ ơǀǿ DZƢǘƬLJơ DzǸǠȇ ǹƗ ƶǴǐȇ ȏ" .ǹƢŭȋơ DZƢǸǠdzơ ǖLJȁ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ ǶǴǟ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƤǔǤdzơ ."ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȈLjǨǼdzơ ǹȂǸǸLjȈLJ ǶĔƜǧ ȏƛȁ ǹƢŭȋơ Ǻǟ ƨǴǐǨǼǷ ƩƢLjLJƚǷ Ŀ ȏƛ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȇơȂǻ Ǻǟ ƢƆƠȈNj ƢǻƾȈǨƫ ȏ ƺȇơǂdzơ ǖȈŰ ȄǴǟ ƩƢLjLJƚǷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǓȁ ǹƛ ǾȈǘǠǻ ǹƗ ƢǻƽǁƗ ǹƛ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƩƢƦƬǟ ȄǴǟ ơƆƾȈǠƥ ǶȀǠǓȁ ǹƗ ǁȂǐƬdzơ ƢǼǼǰŻȁ .ƨȈǴƦǬƬLjŭơ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ .ƨǴȀLJ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǶȀǼǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ Śƥƾƫ ȏƛ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ƨȈǻƢǘȈNj ƨǨǏ ƢǼǼǰŻ ȏȁ ŸśǬƷȏ śǷƢǟ ƾǠƥ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǶǜǠǷ ƪŤ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ džȈdzƗ ƢǼdz ǶƬȇ Ń ƨȇƾƳ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǩȂǧ ƨǠȇǂLJ ƩơȂǘş ƢǻŐǟ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ƱƢƬǼƬLJȏơ ơǀǿ ńơ DZȂǏȂdzơ Śǣ ƨǘǬǻ ǽǀǿȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǹȋ .ƢƆǷƢŤ džǯƢǠǷ ǽƢšơ ńơ ƢǼƥ Ƥǿǀƫ Ŗdzơȁ ƢȀȈdzƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǶǿƔƢǬƥ ƾȇǂȇ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ƨȈǨȈǯ ǹƘnjƥ ƢƆǬǴǫ ǹƢǯ ǞȈǸƴǴdz ƨǧȁǂǠǷ .ǾǬƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƢǷ" ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀȈǧ ǁȂǐƬȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǴƷǂŭơ DZȐƻ Ŀ ȅƗ  1939 DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 17 Ŀ Ŀ OKW (ƪƻƢǸȀȇȁ) ºdzơ ƩơȂǬdz ȄǴǟȋơ ƾƟƢǫ ǺǴǟƗ "ƨȈǻȂdzȂƦdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzƢƥ ȄǸLjȇ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǹƗȁ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ƶƦǐƬLJ ƢȈǻƢŭƘƥ ƨǬƸǴǷ ŚǤdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǹƗ DzƬȈǯ ƣȂǣǂǷ ŚǤdzơ śȈǻȂdzȂƦdzơ ǺǷȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ƨȇǂƷ ƺȇơǂǴdz ơȂǯǂƬȇ ǹƗ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ƨȇƾȇȂLjdzơ DžȁǁȂǴǿơƽ ƨǼȇƾǷ Ŀ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ ƨƯȐưƥ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ǺǴǟƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .112ǶȀȈǧ ǹƛ .113ƔȂƴǴdzƢƥ Ǫūơ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ȄǘǠȈLJ ƮȈƷ ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ƽƢǠȈLJ ǾǻƘƥ ƨƦȇǂǬdzơ ƽȂȀȇ Dzǯ ƤǘǬƬLjƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǻƢŭȋ Ǧȇƽǁ ƨdzȁƽ ǹȂǰƬLJ ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǺǷ .ƨȈǻȂdzȂƦdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹȁƚNj Ŀ Dzƻƾƫ ȅƗ ǞǼǷ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǧ .ƺȇơǂdzơ ǺǷ ǥȏȉơ ǞȈǸš ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ DzǸŢ ǵƾǟ Ŀ ǎƼǴƬȇ ǹƢǯ DzǣƢnjdzơ ǾǴǤNj ǹƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ ƩƢǬǨǻ DzǸŢ ƾȇǂȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ǺǴǟƗ ǹƗȁ ǪƦLJ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .ƧŚǬǧȁ ƨǬǏȐǷ ǑǁƗ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ

67

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǺǷ DzǬƯƗ ƶƦǏƗ ƔƤǟ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǾƬdzȁƢƸŠ ǾLjǨǻ ǞǷ ƢƆLjǻƢƴƬǷ ǹƢǯ .ȅƽȂȀȇ ȅƗ .ƧŚƦǯ ƽơƾǟƘƥ ǶǿǂǬǧƗ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƨǏƢƻ ǪƥƢLjdzơ DZƢƳǁ śƥ ƢƆǘNjƢǻ DZơDŽȇ ƢǷ ǹƢǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧǂƴŮ ǪȇȂLjƬdzơ ǹƜǧ ơǀǿ Dzǯ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦƦLjƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƦǬǠdzơ ƨdzơǃƛ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ ƨǧƢǰƥ ǹȂdzȁƢŹ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DZȂǗ ȄǴǟ DžǁƢŤ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƽǂǘdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ Ȃǿ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǂǜǼdzơ ƪǨǴȇ ƢǷ .ƣǂūơ ƹǁƚŭơ ǾƥƢǘƻ Ŀ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) Ȅǟƽơ Ŗdzơȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ º ƢȈǻƢŭơ ȅƽȁƾūơ ǖŬơ ǵƾǬƫ ƾǫ NJȈŪơ ǹƢǯȁ .Ǯdzǀƥ ǶǴǟ ȄǴǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ 1939 ǵƢǠdzơ ǺǷ DZȂǴȇƗ 21 Ŀ Ǿdz ȂŴ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƢȇǃȐȈLJ ƽȂȀȇ ƽƢǠƥƛ ńơ ƾǸǠȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƮȈƷ ǽǀǿ ƽǂǘdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ Ŀ ơƆŚưǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǼŠ NJȈŪơ ǵƢǫ DZȂǴȇƗ 18 Ŀȁ .DZȂǴȇƗ 12 ǀǼǷ Ǯdzƿȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƪǸǴLjƫ  ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǂȀNjȋơ Ŀȁ .114ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ ńơ ƧƽȂǠdzơ ǺǷ ǩǂnjdzơ ńơ ơȂƥǂǿ ƱǁƢƻ ńơ ƧŚƦǯ ƽơƾǟƘƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹȁƾǠƦȇ ơȂƷơǁȁ ƽǂǘdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩơƾƷȂdzơ ǥȏȉơ ǺǷ Ʃơǂnjǟ Ƨƾǟ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ Ǻǰdzȁ ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ǂȇƾǬƫ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ .ȆǓơǁȋơ ǂȀǼdzơ ǁȂƦǟ ǶȀƬdzȁƢŰ Ŀ ǩǂǤdzơ ǂǘŬ ǹȂǓǂǠƬȇ ƧƢǨƷ Ƨơǂǟ ǩǂnjdzơ ȂŴ ǶǿƽǂǗ Ļ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƽǂǘǴdz ȃǂƻƗȁ  ǹƢŭȋơ ǩƽƢǼƦdz ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ǶȀLjǨǻƗ śǓǂǠǷ ǺȇƾǴƦdzơ śƥ DzǏƢǨdzơ ǽƽȁƾƷ ǭǂƫ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .Ƕđ ǺȇƾǏǂƬŭơ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀȁ .ǾȈdzƛ ƾǨƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǴƟƢŮơ ƽơƾǟȋơ ǵƢǷƗ ǁƢƴƬLJƛ ǹƗ ǂȀNjƗ Ƨƾǟ ƨƷȂƬǨǷ ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ DžƗǁ ȄǴǟ ǾǼȈǟ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (Ǯǻơǂǧ džǻƢǿ) ǁƾǏƗ 1939 DZȁȋơ ƢĔȋ ǽǀǿ ȆǨǼdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ǻǟ ǦǫȂƬdzƢƥ ȆǔǬȇ ơƆǂǷƗ ƨǴƬƄơ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ǺǷ ǂūơ ǶLjǬdzơ Ŀ .115ǺȇƾǴƦdzơ śƥ ƩƢǫȐǠdzƢƥ ǂǔƫ DŽǯǂǸƬƫ ƨǏƢƻ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸš ǁǂǫ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ƢǼǠǷ ǂǷ ƢŲ ǎǴƼƬLjǻ ǹƘǯȁ ƽȂǼŪơ DzǸǟ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǺǷ ǂǤȇ Ń ǁơǂǬdzơ ǁȁƾǏ Ǻǰdzȁ .ǾƬȇǁȂǗơŐǷƗ ƩƢƦƬǟ ȄǴǟ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀȁ .DZƢǷǂdzơ Ŀ ƣǂLjƫ ƾǫ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǵȐǯ ǹƗ ȁƗ Ǿdz ƨǸȈǫ ȏ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƨȈǸŰ Ŀ ǹȂnjȈǠȇ ǹƢǯ ǺŲ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǒǠƥ DzȈƷǂƬƥ ƢƆȀȈƳȂƫ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǶǴLjƫ 1939 ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƘǯȁ žǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǂǬǷ ńơ ȃŐǰdzơ ƢȇǃȐȈLJ ǺǷ Ǻȇǂƻƕȁ ƢȈǧơǁȂǷ -ƢȈǸȈǿȂƥ ǵƢǫ ǾƫƽƢǠǯ ƢƆLjǸƸƬǷ .ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǂǬŭơ ńơ ǞȈǸŪơ DzǬǼȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ƧŚƻƗ ƨƥǂš ƔơǂƳƛ ƾȇǂȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƔȐƳƛ ńơ ǾǼǷ ƨȈǐƼNj ƧǁƽƢƦŠ  ńơ ǥƾȀȇ ƵȂǸǗ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǞǓȂƥ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) 68

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

ńơ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ Ŀ śǟȂǘƬŭơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ǥȏƕ DzǬǻ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƪŤ ơǀǰǿȁ .ƢǼǼȈǧ Ŀ śǸȈǬŭơ ƨǷƢǫƛ ńơ ǥƾē ƪǻƢǰǧ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ƨȇƢǣ ƢǷƗ .śǴƥȂdz ƨǠǗƢǬǷ Ŀ ǹƢLjdzơ ǂĔ ȄǴǟ ȂǰLjȈǻ ǂǷƗ DzǏȁ ŕƷ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ƩƗƾƬƥƛ ǹƗ ƢǷȁ .ƱǁƢŬơ ńơȁ ǺǷ ǁȂƦǟȁ DZƢƦǬƬLJƛ ǶȈű ƾǫ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ.DzŷƗ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǾǼǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǧ ǁȂǨdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǧƢǬȇƜƥ ǂǷƘȇ śdzǂƥ ǺǷ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǸȈȀȇ śǯȁǂƬǷ ƔơǂǠdzơ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ǶLjǫ ƔƢǬƥ ǾƬƴȈƬǻ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢŲ ƢǿƗƾƥ ǂǷƗ ǶȀȈdzƛ DzǏȁ ǹƗ ńơ ǶĔƢǰǷ Ŀ ƔƢƬnjdzơ ơȂǔǷƗ ƾǬǧ ǶȀǼǷ ȆǬƥ ǺǷ ƢǷƗ ǶȀǿȂƳȁ .ƢȀǼǷ ơȂǬǴǘǻƛ Ŗdzơ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ńơ ƧƽȂǠdzƢƥ ǹȂǯ ƨŦ ƤǟƢǐŠ ǾƳơȂƫ ǹƗȁ ƢŮ ƾƥ ȏ ǹƢǯ ȂǰLjȈǻ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǹƛ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ ƧƾȈdzȁ ƨdzȁƽ ŁƢǐǷ ǒȇǂǠƫ ńơ ƩƽƗ ƨȈdzƢǠǨǻƛ ƪǻƢǯ Dzƥ ƨLJȁǁƾǷ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ƢƆȈǟƾǷ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟȏơ ǒǠƥ ȃƾƥƗ ǂǷȋƢƥ ǶǴǟ ƢǷƾǼǟ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǹƗ ǮNj ȏ .ǂǘƼǴdz ǺǷ ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩȐǸūơ ǞƟȐǗ DZȂǏȁ Ǻǰdz .ƾȇƾƷ ǮǰLJ ńơ ƨƳƢŞ NJȈŪơ ǵƢǷƗ ǾƬǠǓȁ ƾǫ (ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǑǁƗ) ƧƾȇƾŪơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ńơ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƿȂǨǼdzơ ǪǗƢǼǷ .ǹƢŭȋơ Śǣ ǺǷ ƽƾǠdzơ džǨǼƥ ǶȀǴƥƢǬȇ ƢǷ DzƷĈǂȇ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǾdzƢȈƷ ǞǘƬLjȇ Ń ƝǁƢǗ ǞǓȁ ǾǸȈǴLjƬƥ ǾȈǴǟ ǑĈȂǟ ƮȈƷ RSHA ńơ śdzǂƥ ńơ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ȆǟƾƬLJơ ǁȂǨdzơ ȄǴǟȁ Dzǯ ǖȈǘţ ƨǸȀǷ ǾȈdzƛ DzǯȂƫ Ȇǯ ȂƥƢƬLjǤdzơ Ŀ IV D4 ƨƦǠNj Ƨǁơƽƛ 1939 ŚǸLjȇƽ Ŀ .116ƩơƔȐƳȍơ ƨǬƸǴŭơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ƢǿƽȂȀƳ DŽȈǯǂƬƥ džȈdzȂƦdzơ ȃȂǫ ƪǷƢǫ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǂȀNjȋơ Ŀȁ 30 Ŀȁ ."ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏƢƥȁ ƾǼǴȈǿǁơȂdzơ" ºǯ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩƢǠǗƢǬǷ ƩƘnjǻƘǧ ǺǷ ƔƢȀƬǻȏơ ƾȇǂȇ ǾǻƗ ƧƽƢǬdzơ ǁƢƦǯ ǶǓ ǝƢǸƬƳơ Ŀ ǂǴŷ ƵǂNj 1939 DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǶȀǴƥƢǬȇ ǎƼNj ǦdzƗ 500 Ƕǿƽƾǟ ǢdzƢƦdzơ 1940 ǕƢƦNj ƨȇƢĔ DzƦǫ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƔȐƻƛ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǹƢǯȁ .ǎƼNj ǹȂȈǴǷ ƩơƔȐƳȍơ ǝȂǸů ƶƦǐȇ Ǯdzǀƥȁ śȈǻȂdzȂƦdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǠdzơ džǨǻ Ńȁ ƩŚǤƫ ƾǫ Ɣȏƚǿ ƨȀƳȁ Ǻǰdz ƽȂȀȈǴdz ȄǘǠƫ DzȈƷǂƬdzơ ƨȈǴǔǧƗ ǹƗ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ƽƽǂȇ ǂǴŷ ȅǁȁƽ ǵƢǜƬǻƢƥ DzȈƷǂƬdzơ DZƢǸǟƗ ƪǠƥƢƬƫȁ .ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ǪǗƢǼǷ ńơ Dzƥ śǴƦdz ńơ ơȁƽȂǠȇ ǥȏȉơ Ʃơǂnjǟ ǹƢǯȁ .1939 ǵƢǟ ƨǴȈǗ ǦǫȂƬƫ Ń ȅǂLjǬdzơ DzȈƷǂƬdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǹƗ ȏƛ ƨƠǧƾƫ ȏȁ ƽơǃ Ȑƥ ǺƸNj ǁƢǘǫ ƩƢƥǂǟ Ŀ ǶȀLjȇƾǰƫ Ļ ƾǫ śȈǻȂdzȂƦdzơȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ .ƽŐdzơ ǺǷ ǶǿǂưǯƗ ƩȂǷ ńơ ȃƽƗ ƢŲ ƨǴȇDŽǿ ƤƟƢǬƷ ǶȀȇƾȇƘƥ śǴǷƢƷ ǵƢȇȋ 69

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǾưƷ ƢŲ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǶǜǟƗ ƢǷ ńơ ƶǸǘȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǴŷ ǹȋ Ȃƫǂȇ Ń ƨǗǂnjdzơ ȃȂǫ džǸŢ ǾǼǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ƨǬƷȐdzơ ǁȂȀnjdzơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢƬƬǷ ƩơǂǷ Ƨƾǟ ǾůƢǻǂƥ ƨǠƳơǂǷ ȄǴǟ ȄǴǟ ȄǤǗ Ľ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ƢƆǔȇƗȁ NJȈŪơ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟơ ńơȁ DzǬǼdzơ DzƟƢLJȁ ƨǴǫ ńơ ƤƦLjƥ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ƾǬǟ 1940 ǕƢƦNj 12 Ŀȁ .ǾLjǨǻ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ƩƢǓơǂƬǟơ ǂǷȋơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ Ȃǿ ƢǸǯȁ .ȆƟƢĔ Dzǰnjƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǥƢǬȇƛ ǺǴǠȇ Ȇǯ ƨȈŷȋơ ǺǷ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǟƢǸƬƳơ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǁĈƾǫ ƾǬǧ ȆǫǂǠdzơ ŚȀǘƬdzƢƥ ǾǼǷ ǂưǯƗ ȅƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹƘnjdzƢƥ ǾdzƢǤnjǻơ ǾǼǟ ǥȁǂǠǷ ȄǴǟ ơƆǂǘƻ Dzǰnjƫ ǹƗ ȏȁ ňƢŭȋơ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ȄǴǟ ǂƯƚƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȏ ƔȐƻȍơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǹƗ ǹƗ ǶƬƄơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷȁ .ƨǬƸǴŭơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ƨȈǟơǁDŽdzơ ƨǏƢƻ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƾȈdzơ ǶƬȈLJ ǹƢǯ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ Ǻǰdzȁ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƽȂȀȇ Dzǯ ƨȇƢȀǼdzơ Ŀ DzƦǬƬLjƬLJ ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ȆǓơǁƗ ƨƟƾē Ǿƥ ƾǐǫ ǵȐǯ ȃȂLJ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .ƢĔƘnjƥ ǁȁƢnjƬdzơ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƨǸǜǼǷ ǩǂǘƥ ǵǃȐdzơ ƽƢƬǠdzơ śƥȁ ƢȀǴȈƷǂƫ ǶƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǴƟƢŮơ ƽơƾǟȋơ śƥ ǹǁƢǬȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) .ƽƾŪơ śǷƽƢǬdzơ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷȍ ǀƻƗ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǾǼǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǷȁ ƔȆLJ ǞǓȁ ǵƢǷƗ ǾLjǨǻ ǂǴŷ ƾƳȁ ǦǫȂŭơ ơǀǿ Ɣơǃƛ ƽȂǠȇ ȂȀǧ Ɣȏƚǿ DzȈƷǂƫ Ǻǟ ƢǷƗ .ƾǠƥ ǎƼNj ǦdzƗ 300 DzȈƷǂƫ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ǑơǂƬǟȏƢƥ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ ńơ ȃƽƗ ƢŲ ƣǂūơ ƪȈǫȂƫ ǞǷ ǺǷơDŽƬdzƢƥ ƩơƔȐƳȍơ ƢȀƬƦƦLJ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdz ƪǻƢǯ DzƥƢǬŭƢƥ .ƢȈƥơǁƢǐȈƥȁ ƢȈǧƢǯȂƥȁ ƢȈǻơȂƬdz Ŀ śǸȈǬŭơ ǹƢŭȋơ ǺǷ ƩƢƠǷ Ƨƾǟ ǵơƾǬƬLJơ ǺǷ Ǧdzơ 130 ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ ǺǷ ňƢŭƗ ǦdzƗ 70 ǵơƾǬƬLJơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ƩơƔȐƳȍơ .117.(Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǞǷ ǪǧơȂƬdzƢƥ ǶƬƬLJ ƩơƔȐƳȍơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ơƆƾǯƚǷ ƢȈǼȈŮȂǧ SS ºdzơ ƩơȂǫ ƩƾǸǟ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ ȆǨǧ ǂǿƢǜdzơ Ŀ ȃȂLJ ǶLjŢ Ń ǁȂǷȋơ ńơ ƩƢǠǧƽ Ƨƾǟ ǞƥƢƬƬǷȁ ǶǜƬǼǷ Dzǰnjƥ DzȈƷǂƫ ńơ DzƟƢǐǨdzơ ǂƟƢLJ Ǻǟ ƨǷƢƫ ƨȈdzȐǬƬLJƢƥȁ ǺǷ śǷƽƢǫ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǦdzƗ 1940 ǕƢƦNj Ŀ ƧǂǷ DZȁȋ ƢȀǼȈƥ ǺǸȈǧ ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ȆǓơǁƗ ǁƢǰǼƬLJȍơ ǺǷ ƨƳȂǷ ǁƢƯƗ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƾȇƾŪơ DzȈƷǂƬdzơ ơǀǿ .ʼnƾǬdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ Ǯdzƿ ǞǼŠ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) Dzƻƾƫ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ƤdzƢǗ ǂƯȋơ ȄǴǟȁ .ƱǁƢŬơ Ŀ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȍơȁ ơƆǂǷƗ ǁƾǐȇ Ń ƢǷ ȅƽȂȀȇ ȅƗ DzȈƷǂƫ ǵƾǠƥ ǁơƿƕ 9 Ŀ ơƆǂǷƗ ǁƾǏƗ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǾǼǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǧ ƣƕ ŕƷ DzȈƷǂƬdzơ ǦǫȂȈLJ ǾǻƘƥ ǂǴŷ ǺǴǟƗ Ƨƾǟ ƩƢnjǫƢǼǷ ƾǠƥȁ .Ǯdzǀƥ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) .1940 70

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

ǒǠƥ Ǻǟ DZǃƢǼƬȇ ǹƗȁ Ǿdz ƾƥ ȏ ǾǻƗ ǂǴŷ ǚƷȏ ƽȂȀŪơ ǺǷ ǂȀNjƗ ƨƬLJ ƾǠƥ ƽǂǗ Ļ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƞǗƢƦƬƫ ƨǬƸǴŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǺǷ ƽǂǘdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƩǀƻƘǧ .ǾƫƢƷȂǸǗ ƨȈǼdzơ ƾǬǟ ƾǫ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ  ʼnƾǬdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƽȂȀȈƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ ÍƽȂȀȈdzơ ơǀđ ǀƼƬƫ Ń ƩơƔơǂƳƛ ƨȇƗ ǹƜǧ ǕƢƦNj ǺǷ ǂnjǟ ňƢưdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǼǴǟƗ ƢǸǯ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǺǷ śǷƽƢǬdzơ ǹƢŭȋơ ǹƢǰLJȍ ƨȈǴǔǧƗ ƽȂƳȂƥ ǝǁǀƫ ǾǻƗ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƽǁȁ ƢǸǰǧ ǹƘnjdzơ ǀƻƗ ǥƾđ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ºdz ǂǴŷ ƢȀǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƧƾȈƷȂdzơ ƨǠȇǁǀdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ƱǁƢŬơ .ǹƚŭơ ƨǴǫ ǺǷȁ ƾȈǴŪơ ǺǷ ơȂƫȂŻ ǹƗ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ǶȀǷơƾǬƬLJơ ȄǴǟ ǾƬǬǧơȂǷ ƩǀƻƗ ƾǫ ǍƢƻ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸš Ƨǂǰǧ ƪǻƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǞǸů ǪǴƻ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ƨǂǰǧ Ǻǰƫ ŃƗ ƢǼǿ ǾLjǨǻ Ƶǂǘȇ ȅǀdzơ DZƙƢLjƬdzơȁ, .ǞƳơǂƬdzƢƥ ƪǬǧơǁ Ŗdzơ ƤǟƢǐŭơ Ǻǟ ǂǜǼdzơ ǒǤƥ ŸƨƸǐdzơ ǺǷ ƢŮ DžƢLJƗ ȏ ƶƦNj Ƨǂǰǧ ƽȂȀȈǴdz Dzǯ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ ǍȂǐŬơ ơǀđ ƨǫƾdzơ ǵƾǟ ǹƜǧ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƢǻǂNjƗ ǹƗȁ ǪƦLJ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ DzƦǫ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ƢȀǴǸǟ Ǻǰȇ Ń RASHA ƢƆǔȇƗȁ .ǥƾŮơ ơǀǿ ǡȂǴƥ ńơ Śnjȇ ǂǷ ƢǷ ƨȀƳȂƥ ƔȏƽȎdz ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ ƨƦǠnjdzơ ƪȈǟƾƬLJơ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ  1939 DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ" ǹơȂǼǟ ƪŢ ƧǂǯǀǷ ƩǁƾǏƗ  (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƨLJƢƟǂƥ ƨdzƘLjŭơ DZȂƷ Ƣǿǂǜǻ ƢŲ ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǽǀǿ ƢȀȈǧ DzǸǠƬLjƫ Ŗdzơ ńȁȋơ Ƨǂŭơ ƪǻƢǯȁ  "ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjǸǴdz ǁǂŰ DZƔƢLjƬȇ ƢȀȈǧȁ .1941 ǀǼǷ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƗǂǗ ȅǀdzơ ŚǤƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƾȀnjȇ ǹȂnjȈǠȈLJ ǾǻƗ ǵƗ ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǶēƢǬǨǻ DzǸƸƬƫ DzȀǧ :ƽȂȀȈdzƢƥ DzƸȈLJ ƢǸǟ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǞƥƢƬȇ Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ǹƜǧ ŸƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȈǠƦƬdzơ DzǸŢ ƧƾȇƢŰ ǑơǁƗ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ ŸƨȈǻƢŭƗ ƨƦǫơǂŠ ƨȈƫơƿ Ƨǁơƽƛ ƪŢ ǹȂnjȈǠȈLJ ơȂǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ DZƙƢLjƬdzơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǁǂŰ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ ǺǷ .ǂǸƬLjƫ ǹƗȁ ƢŮ ƾƥ ȏ Ƕēǂƴǿ ǹƜǧ ƧŚƻȋơ ƨdzƢūơ ȃȂǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ǖǤǔdzơ Ŀ ƧƾȈƳ ƨǴȈLJȁ Dzǰnjƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸš Ƨǂǰǧ" ǹƜǧ Dzūơ ńơ ƢǼǴǏȁ ƾǫ ǹȂǰǻ ƢȀǼȈƷȁ žƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǵȐLJ ƩơƾǿƢǠǷ ƾǬǟ DzƳƗ ǺǷ "ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ .118ȆŭƢǟ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǞǸů ȅƗ ȆŭƢǠdzơ Dzūơ ƨȈǔǫ" Ȃǿȁ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƪǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ Ŀ ƨȇƢǨǰdzơ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ ƩǁȂǴƦƫ ƾǫ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ śǴƥȂdz ƨǬǘǼǷ ǹƘƥ ǂǴŷ DZƢǫ ǵƢǟ ǝƢǸƬƳơ DZȐƻ ǕƢƦNj 12 Ŀȁ .ǝƢǸƬƳȏơ ƾȈǠƥ DZơǃ ƢǷ ǂǷȋơ ǹƘǯȁ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǾưȇƾƷ ǺǷ ơƾƥ Ǻǰdzȁ .ȅƽȂȀȇ ǞǸů ńơ DZȂƸƬƫ 71

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƨǧƢǯ ǀƻƘȈLJ" ǾǻƘƥ ǺǴǟƗ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǞǸů ȅƗ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ơǀǿ ǪȈǬŢ DzƳƗ ǺǷȁ .ǪȈǬƸƬdzơ .ƺȇơǂdzơ ńơ śǴƥȂdz ǥơǂǗƗ ȄǴǟ ǹȂnjȈǠȇ ňƢŭƗ ǦdzƗ 30 DzǬǼdz "ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƩƢǗƢȈƬƷȍơ ǶǴǟ ǹƗ ƢǷ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǹȋ Ǯdzƿȁ ǁơǂǫ ȄǴǟ ǂǬƬLjƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƶƳǁƘƬƫ ƪȈǬƥ ƧǂǰǨdzơ Ǻǰdzȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǷ ǶǴLjƫ ƾǫ ǾǻƗ ńơ Śnjȇ ƔȆNj ȅƗ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdzȁ ž 119ǽƔƢȈƬLJƛ ȃƾƥƗ ŕƷ ǂǷȋƢƥ Ƨǁơƽƛ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzƢƥ ǦǴǰŭơ ǵƢǫ 1940 ǹƢLjȈǻ Ŀȁ .ƧǂǰǨdzơ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ơƆǂǷƗ ƨǬǘǼǷ" ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ DZȂƷ ƢƆǬȈǬŢ "ǶȈǸǠƫ Ŀ" ƤǴǘdzƢƥ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ."120 ȅƽȂȀȇ ǞǸš .ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƨǠƥƢƬǷ DzŻ Ɨƾƥ ƾǫ ǾǻƘǯȁ ơƾƥ Ǿǻȋ ǾLjǨǻ ǂǴƬȀǧ ȆƻơǂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǁƾǐǷ ƢǷƗ ƨƷƢLjǷ ƨdzƘLjǷ Ȇǿ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ 1940 ǁơƿƕ 12 Ŀ ǺǴǠȇ Ȃǿ ƢȀǧ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ ǥơǂǗƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȇƽȂȀȇ ƨdzȁƽ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǹƗ ǥƢǓƗ Ľ .ŅƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ǮǴŻ ȏ ǾǻƗȁ ǶȀǠǼǸȈLJ ƢŲ ǶȀLjǨǻƗ ȄǴǟ śǷȂǰǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȂnjȈǠȈLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹȋ Ȑ Ɔ Ʒ Dzǰnjȇ Ǻdz śǴƥȂdz 121 Ȃǿȁ (Džȁǁ śdzȂǯ) ǽǁȁƢŰ ǹƢǯȁ . DzǔǧƗ ȆǟƢǸƬƳƛ ȃȂƬLjǷ ńơ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǺǷ ȅǀdzơ Dzūơ Ǻǟ ȆİŚǷȋơ ǵƢǠdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ǶǴǠȇ ǹƗ ǾǼǷ ƤǴǗ ƾǫ ȅǃƢǻ ŚƯƘƫ ȁƿ ǖƥƢǓ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ǻǟ ǾȈǴţ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ Ǿƥ DzǴǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ƤƦLjdzơ ƢǷƗ .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjǸǴdz ǽǁȂǐƬȇ ȆȀǧ Ņ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗ .ȏƛ džȈdz ƨȇƢǟƾdzơ ńơ ǥƾȀȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ Ǯdzƿ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǞǸů ǪǴƻ .ŘǠǷ Ʃơƿ .ǞǸĐơ ǭơƿ ƨǷƢǫƛ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȀnjȈǠȇ Ŗdzơ ȆLJƖŭƢƥ ǶǴǟ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƘƥ ƾǯƚƫ ƢĔƛ ƤƳȂƬȇ ǾǻƘȇ ǽƽƢǬƬǟƛ Dzƥ ƢĔȂnjȈǠȈLJ Ŗdzơ ƧƢȈūơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ǾǬǴǬȇ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ ȆǯŚǷȋơ ǵƢǠdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ƾǐǬȇ ƢǼǿȁ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ Ņȁƾdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ ȅƗǂǴdz ƢƆǷơǂƬƷơ Ǯdzƿ ǾȈǴǟ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ .ȆǯŚǷȋơ ǵƢǠdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǾǻơƾǬǧ řǠƫ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤǠnjǴdz ƨǷƢƬdzơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǹȋ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ƧǂǰǨƥ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ ƤƴǟƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƾǯƚȇ Ǿǧǂǐƫ ǹƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǪƟƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǬƬLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǥǁƢǐǷ ǹƘƥ ƾǬƬǠȇ ǹƢǯ Ǿǻȋ Ǯdzǀǧ ǵƢǸƬǿƛ Dzǯ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƨȇƢĔ ǀǼǷ ƾǬǧ ǾǻƗ NJǿƾŭơ ǺǷ džȈdzȁ .ƢǿƔƢnjǻƛ ȅȂǼȇ ơǀǿ DzƦǬȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ƢŠȁ .Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƾȈǫ džȈdz ǾǻƗ ǥǂǟ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ǝȁǂnjŭƢƥ ƣǂǤdzơ Ŀ ƨǴǸūơ ŚǔŢ ǹƛ .ƾȈdzơ DZȁƢǼƬǷ Ŀ ǾǼǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ ǹƜǧ ȅǁƢǜƬǻƛ DzƸǯ ȏƛ Dzūơ .Ƣđ ǹȂǿǂǷ ƔȆNj Dzǯ ǹȋ ǾǬǿǁƗ ƾǫ 72

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

.ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ DZȂƷ ǾLJƗǂƥ ǁȁƾȇ ƢǷ ǥǂǠȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǖȈŰ ǞȈŦ ǹƢǯ 1940 ǞȈƥǁ Ŀ ƧǂǯǀǷ ǂǴŷ ƤƬǯ ȆLjǻǂǨdzơ ǵȂƴŮơ ƾǓ Ǿdz ƵƢų DZȁƗ ƾǠƥ ƢŠǁȁ ǁƢȇƗ ǂȀNj DZȐƻ ǶȀǴǠƳ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ DzƟƢLJȁ Ƨƾǟ ƵǂƬǬȇ ƢȀȈǧȁ .ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ŀ ňƢŭƗ ŚǤdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ ŚǐŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨdzƘLjŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ .ƨȇǃƢǼǴdz ƢƆǟȂǔƻ ǂưǯƗ ǶȀǴǠƳȁ řǗȂdzơ ǶǿƔƢǸƬǻƛ ǹȁƾǬǨȇ ǪǗƢǼǷ ƨȇƗ ńơ ȁƗ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ ńơ Ɣȏƚǿ Ƨǂƴđ ƢȀǼǷ ǎǴź ǹƗ DzǷƘȇ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ǶǴƬLJơ ǾǻƗ ƾǯƚƫ ƪǴǸǠƬLJơ Ŗdzơ ƨƴȀǴdzơȁ ǵȐǰdzơ ƨǬȇǂǗ ǹƛ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ǻǟ ƧƾȈǠƥ ȃǂƻƗ ȅǀdzơ Dzūơ ǹƗ řǠȇ ơǀǿ Dzǿ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǂǷƗ ǾȈdzƛ DZƢƷƗ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƘƥ ȆƷȂƫ ƨǷƢǟ ƨȈƷȐǏ .ǾƫǂǯǀǷ Ŀ ǂƻƕ ǞǘǬǷ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƤȈŸ ŸƧƽƢƥȍơ Śǣ ǂƻƕ ƔȆNj Ȃǿ Ǿƥ ȄƷȁƗ ǺǷ ơȂǟDŽƬǼȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ňƢŭƗ ǵƽ ǺǷ ǹȂȈǻȂdzȂƦdzơ DZƢǨǗȋơ ǹƘƥ ǂǴŷ ƶǐǻ ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ ƢĔȂǯ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ" DZȂǬȇ ƤƬǯȁ .ƺȇơǂdzơ Ŀ ƨǏƢƻ DžǁơƾǷ ńơ ǹȂǸǴLjȇȁ ǶēȐƟƢǟ ǦǘdzƗ ƶƳǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ǽǀǿ ȄǬƦƫ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǒǠƦdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȇǂƥǂƥ ƨǬȇǂǗ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨǠȈƦǘǴdz ǂȇƢǤǷ Ȃǿ Ɣȏƚǿ ǒǧǁ ǹƘƥ ǹȂǠǼƬǬǷ ƢƆȈǴƻơƽ ƢǼǯ ơƿƛȁ .ƢȀǴǔǧƗȁ ƨǴȈLJȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǞǴǗƗ ǁƢȇƗ 28 Ŀ .ȆǨȈnjdzȂƥ ǥǂǐƫ Ȃǿ"DzǷƢǯ ƤǠnjdz ƨȇƾLjƳ ƧƽƢƥƛ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ ǹƗ DzƦǫȁ ƨdzƽƢǟȁ ƧƾȈƳ ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ ǪǴǟȁ ƢȀǯǁƢƥ ȏƛ ǾǼǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǧ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ .122ǖǸǼǯ ƢǿƽƢǸƬǟƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷ (ƨǬƸǴŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǂƬȈdzȂǣ) ȁ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǞǴǘȇ ƢƆǟȁǂnjǷ ǂǴŷ ǵƾǬȇ DzȈǴǬƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ .ơƆƽǁơȁ ƾǠȇ Ń ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ŀ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǞǸů ǪǴƻ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƬƥ ǎƼǴƬȇ śȇǃƢǼdzơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǵƢǸƬǿơ ȄǴǟ ƿȂƸƬLjȇ ơƆƾȇƾƳ ƤƦLjƥȁ ƢǿƾǠƥ ƤƦLjƥ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ .ǂǬnjǣƾǷ Ŀ ƨȈLjǻǂǨdzơ ƩơǂǸǠƬLjŭơ Ƨƾǟ ǀǼǷ śȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƨȈǷƢLjdzơ ƔơƾǟƗ ǵƢǸƬǿơ ȄǴǟ ƧǂȇDŽŪơ ǽǀǿ ƩƿȂƸƬLJƛ ƾǬǧ Ƣēǁơǀǫ Ǻǟ ơȂƯƾŢ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǶȀȈǧ ǺŠ śȇǃƢǻ śdzȁƚLjǷ Ƨƾǟ ǹƜǧ ƢǼȇƗǁ ƢǸǯ 1938 Ŀ .ƩơȂǼLJ ƧǂǰǨdzơ DzƻƽƗ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǞǷ ǵȐLjƥ ȆƷȁƗ ȅǀdzơ Dzūơȁ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƨLjǰǻ ǹƛ .Ǯdzƿ ."ǺǰǸŭơ" ǹơȂȇƽ Ŀ ƧƘƴǧ ƧǂǯǀǷ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzƢƥ ǎǐƼƬŭơ ƤƬǯ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ DZȁƗ Ŀ ƩǀƻƗȁ DžƢǸŞ ŐŬơ RASHA ºdzơ ƪǬǴƫȁ .ǂǬnjǣƾǷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸš ƢȀȈǧ ƵǂƬǬȇ 24 Ŀ (ƣȁǂƬǼƦȇǁ) ńơ ƢȀȀƳȁ ƨdzƢLJǁ Ŀȁ .Ǯdzǀdz ƨȈǴȈǐǨƬdzơ ƩƢǘǘƼŭơ ǞǓȂƥ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǹơƾǬǧ ǺǷ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƨȈLjǨǻ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǏǂƷ" ǎǐƼƬŭơ DZƢǫ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 73

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǪƟơȂǠdzơ ƩƽƾƦƫ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ "ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ƨȈǔǫ ƨŪƢǠǷ ǾȈdzƛ DzǯȂƬLJ ǾǻƜǧ ǾƬƦǫơǂǷ ƪŢ ǶƬƫ ȅǀdzơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ńơ ǶǔǼȇ ǹƗ ǾȈdzƛ ƤǴǗ ƢǸǯ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǹȂǴǬƬǼȈLJ Ŗdzơ ƨǠǬƦdzơ ƽȂƳȂƥ ơȁƾǸǟ Ǻȇǀdzơ śȇǃƢǼdzơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ƧǂƟơƽ ǕƢLJȁƗ śƥ ƨǟǂLjƥ ŐŬơ ǂnjƬǻơȁ .123ǾƬdzȁơƾǷ .124ƱǁƢŬơ Ŀ ǾƬǟƢNjƛ ńơ ǁơƽ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 20 Ŀ .ǝȁǂnjŭơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ Ǟºǫȁ ǽǁȁƾƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ Ȃǿ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ Ƕǿȋơ ǂǯǀȇ .(DzƬȈǯ) ǽǂǔƷ (ǁƾȇơǁ) DZơŚǷȋơ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȇǂƸƦdzơ džȈƟǁ ǁȂǔŞ ǝƢǸƬƳơ ƪŢ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ǂǬƬLjǸǯ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ ƾȇǂȇ ǁǂȀǨdzơ" ǹƗ (ǁƾȇơǁ) ǺǷ ƢƆǫȐǘǻƛ ǖǘű RASHA ºdzơ ǾȈǧ ƾǠƫ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ."125ƨȈLjǻǂǧ ƨȇƢǟǁ  SS ºdzơ ƨƦǫơǂǷ ƪŢ ơƆƾȇƾŢȁ ƨȈǻƢŭƗ ƨƥƢǫǁ ƪŢ ǹȂǰȈLJ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǸĐơ ǹƗ Ƨǂǰǧ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ǞǷ ƤLJƢǼƬƫ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƆƢǷƢŤ ƨǨǴƬű ƧǁȂǐƥ ǁȂǷȋơ ȃǂȇ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ ǂǴƬǿ ƢǷƗ ƢǼǿȁ .śǴƥȂdz Ŀ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǞǸů ǍȂǐş 1939 DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ ǽǀţơȁ ǪƦLJ ǹƢǯ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ǹƗȁ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ǺǷ ƔƢȀƬǻȏƢƥ ǎƼǴƬȇ ǹƢǯ Ǿŷ Dzǯ ǭƢǼǿ ƢǸǯ .Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ Ƕđ DzŹ ƢǸǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǺǷ ǵƢȇƗ ƾǠƥ .(Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǞǷ ƪŤ ƨǴƥƢǬǷ ǂƯƛ ǾǨǫȂǷ Ǻǟ ǞƳơǂƬdzơ ńơ ƽƢǟ ǃȂŤ 8 Ŀ ǪǗƢǼǷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƩȐȈƷǂƫ ǹƗ ǵƢƫ ƔƢǨƬǯƢƥ ƢȈǧȂǯơǂǯ Ŀ ǾȈǻȁƢǠŭ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǺǴǠȇ Ǯdzƿ ǞȈǫȂƫ ƾǠƥ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƽȂȀȇ Dzǯ DZƢLJǁƛ ǂǜƬǼŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ƢƆȈƟƢĔ ǦǫȂƬƬLJ ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ńơ ƢŠǁȁ ƨȈǯŚǷƗ ȁƗ ƨȈǬȇǂǧƛ Ŀ ƧǂǸǠƬLjǷ ńơ ƪǫȁ ǝǂLJƘƥȁ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǵȐLjdzơ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ǀǼǷ ƩƗƾƬƥơ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ "ƩƢǿȂƬȈǤdzơ" ƔƢǼƥ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƪǨǫȂƫ ǁȂǨdzơ ȄǴǟ .126ǂǬnjǣƾǷ ǹȂǴƷŚLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǞǷ ƨǴƥƢǬǷ ƾǠƥ ǾǫơǁȁƗ Ŀ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǂǯǀȇȁ .ƣƕ ǦǐƬǼǷ .127ǭƢǼǿ Ƕđ ƨǏƢŬơ ǶȀƬdzȁƽ ǹȂƠnjǼȇ ƮȈƷ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ ńơ ȂŪơ ơǀǿ Ƕǔƻ Ŀ .ǾƬǸǜǟȁ ǽƿȂǨǻ ƨǸǫ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ƢLjǻǂǨdz ƧƽȂȀnjŭơ ƨLjǰǼdzơ ƾǠƥ ƢǸǯ 1938 ǀǼǷ .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjǸǴdz Ȑ Ɔ Ʒ ǵƾǬȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǝȁǂnjŠ ƽǂǨƬȇ ƨǘƦǤdzơ ǺǷ Ŀȁ .ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǔǫ DzƷ Ŀ ǾƬƦǣǁ ńơ ƶŭƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƢǼȇƗǁȁ ǪƦLJ ƶǸǘȇ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ǪȈǬŢ Ŀ ƨǷƢƫ ƨȈdzȐǬƬLJƢƥ Ǿdz ƶǸLjȇ ǞǓȁ Ŀ ǹƢǯ 1940 ǦȈǏ ƽȐƦdzơȁ ƪȈdzƢƫƢLjdzơ ǞǷ ƢȀǴǏȁȁ ƨǷȁDŽȀŭơ ƽȐƦdzơ Ŀ ƨǷǃȐdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƿƢţơ Ȃǿȁ ǾȈdzƛ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjǴdz ǁƢnjƬLjǸǯ džȇǁƢƥ ńơ Ƥǿơǀdzơ DŽƬƥƕ ȂƫȁƗ ńơ ƵǂǏȁ .ƨǨȈǴūơ 74

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

ƽȂȀȇ Dzǯ DzȈƷǂƫ ǁǂǫ ǾǻƗ ƣƕ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ (ȆnjȈǧ) ƢȀǸǰŹ Ŗdzơ ǺǯƢǷȋơ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩơǁǂǬǷ DzǸŹ ƾȇƾŪơ ŚǨLjdzơ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ .128ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƣǂūơ ƔƢȀƬǻơ ƾǠƥ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ȅƗ Ŀ ǥǂǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƾǬǧ ƪȈdzƢƫƢLjdzơ ȁƗ ƨǨȈǴūơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ƢǷƗ .ƢȀǟƢƦƫƛ ȅȂǼȇ Ŗdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjǴdz ǹƘƥ DZȂǴȇƗ ǺǷ ǂNjƢǠdzơ Ŀ ǽǂȇǃȂdz ȅǁƢǤǼǿ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ƤƬǯ ƢǸǯȁ .ƵƢȇǂdzơ ŚLjƫ ǽƢšơ ȄǠLjƫ ƢȇǁƢǤǼǿ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǿƿƢţơ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ Ŀ ƨȇǁǀƳ ơƆŚƥơƾƫ ǭƢǼǿ .129ƢǷȁǁȁ śdzǂƥ ǞǷ ƧƾȈǗȁ ƨǫȐǟ ǂȇȂǘƫ ńơ Ń ƢȈǻƢŭƘǧ .Ǯdzƿ ǶƬȇ Ȇǯ ǵȐLJ ǕȁǂNj ƤǴǘƬȇ ǁƢƸƦdzơ Ɣơǁȁ ƢǷ ƽȂȀȇ DzȈƷǂƫ ǹƗ ȏƛ ȏ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǹƜǧ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƨǬǧơȂǷ ǹȁƾƥȁ ƨȇǂŞ ƩơǂŲ ȄǴǟ ƾǠƥ ǂǘȈLjƫ Ǻǰƫ ƢLjǻǂǧ ƨŻDŽǿ ǹƗ DzǷƘȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǴƦǬƬLjǷ ǞǼǐȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ .Ǿdz DzƦǬƬLjǷ ǵȐLJ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǾǠǷ ǑȁƢǨƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧŐů ǹȂǰƬLJ Ŗdzơ ǹƾǼdz ńơ ƩơǂŲ Ǿdz ƶƬǨƬLJ ƨƥȂǠǏ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ơȂǠǔź ǹƗ ǹȂȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ ǒǧǁ śƷ Ŀ .ǪǧơȂƬdzƢƥ ƽơƾǟƜƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǵƢǫ ȅƾƸƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǵƢǷƗ .ƣǂūơ ƨǠƥƢƬǷ Ŀ ǶȀƬƦǣǁ Ǻǟ ơȁŐǟ Dzƥ ǶȀǠǓȁ ȅƽƢǠŭơ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ DZȂǘLJȋơ ǩȂǨƬƥ ǾǸǴǟ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ǁDŽƴǴdz ǵƢƸƬǫơ DzȈƳƘƫ Ǻǟ ǺǴǟƗ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀȁ .ƧǂǗƢƼŭơ ǺǷ DZƢǟ ƤǻƢƳ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǷƢǤŭơ DzǠƳ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ Ǻdz ǾƫơǂƟƢǗ ǹƗ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ǹƢǯ ǦȇǂƼǴdz ńȁȋơ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ Ŀȁ .ǵƽƢǬdzơ ǞȈƥǂdzơ ńơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ .ƾǷȋơ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƣǂū ƽơƾǠƬLJȏơ ȃȂLJ ǾǷƢǷƗ ǪƦȇ ƾǬǧ ơǀdz ȁƾǠdzơ ƨǯȂNj ǂLjǯ Ŀ ƶƴǼƫ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƽƾŰ Śǣ ǺǷǃ ńơ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƔƢƳǁƛ Ļ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ǞƟƢǫȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ǵƢǷƗ ńơ ȄǠLjȇ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) ƢǷƗ .ƧǂǰǨdzơ Ǻǟ ȆǴƼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ơƆŐů ǂǴƬǿ ǾȈǧ ơƾƥ ȅǀdzơ ǹƗ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 3 Ŀ ǾƥƢƳƗ (ǹƢǷȁǂƥ) Ǻǰdzȁ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ" Ǻǟ DZƢǬǷ ƨƥƢƬǯ ƢŠǁ Ǻǰdzȁ ǂǓƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ DZƢǬǷ ǁȂȀǜƥ Ƥǣǂȇ ȏ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǞǷ ƨƯƽƢŰ ƔƢǼƯƗ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀȁ .130ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ǁȂȀnjdzơ Ŀ Ǯdzǀƥ Ǿdz ƶǸLjȈLJ ǂưǯȋơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǺǷ Ȃǿ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȂȀȇ ƨȈǔǫ DzƷ ǹƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǴǟƗ ȅǁƢǤǼǿ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ .131ƢēơǂǸǠƬLjǷ ȃƾƷƛ ǾǸȈǴLjƫ ȄǴǟ ƢLjǻǂǧ ŐƴȈLJ ǾǻƗȁ ƣǂūơ ƔƢȀƬǻơ ƾǠƥ ƨȈŷƗ ǁȂȀnjdzơ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢLjdz ȄǴǟ ƢƆǷȁƽ ƽƽǂƬƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƩơǁƢȈƻ ǺǸǓ ơƆǁƢȈƻ ƪǻƢǯ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ DzǷƘȇ ǹƢǯȁ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƱǁƢƻ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DZƢLJǁƛ ǵDŽƬǠȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬŮ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǮNj Ȑƥ .ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ .Ƥȇǂǫ DzƦǬƬLjǷ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ DzǐŹ ǹƗ 75

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

DZȁȋơ .ǪȈƦǘƬdzơ ƤǠǏ ǽǁȁƾƥ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǹƗ śƦƫ śǴƥȂdz ǝȁǂnjǷ Dznjǧ ƾǠƥȁ .ǪȈǬƸƬǴdz ƨūƢǏ Śǣ ȆȀǧ ơǀdz ƨƬƥƢƯ Śǣ ƩƢȈǘǠǷ ǖLJȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǽǀţơ ňƢưdzơ ƢǸǯ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǠǧ ňƢưdzơ ƢǷƗ ǖȈLJȁ ǝȁǂnjǷ ȃȂLJ Ǻǰȇ Ń DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ DZȁȋơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ǍȂǐŬơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟȁ śǟȁǂnjŭơ ǺǷ Dzǯ DzƟơǃ .ƢƆȈƟƢĔ Ȑ Ɔ Ʒ ǂǧȂȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǎǴƼƬdzơ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ƨƦǣǁ ǹơǂȀǜȇ ňƢưdzơ ǝȁǂnjŭƢǯ DZȁȋơ ǝȁǂnjŭơȁ .132ňƢưdzơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ DzƟƢŮơ ƽƾǠdzơ ơǀđ ƨȇƢǼǠdzơ Ŀ ȃǂƻƗ DZȁƽ DzǿƢǯ ȄǴǟ Ǿƥ ȆǷǂȇ DzȈǬƯ Dzŧ ǺǷ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǰdz ƾƷơȁ ǞǸů Ŀ ǹƢLjǻƛ ǹȂȈǴǷ ǞȈǸš ǹƜǧ ƆȐǠǧ Ǯdzƿ Ļ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ Ǯdzƿ ǾǸȀȈdz Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ ơƆƾȈƳ Ǯdzƿ ǶǴǠȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ .Ƨƾȇƾǟ ƢȇƢƸǔƥ ƤƦLjƬȇ ǹƗ ƾȈǯƘƬdzƢƥ .ǂnjƦdzơ ǺǷ DzƟƢŮơ Ƕǰdzơ ơǀǿ ŚǐǷ ǽŚǣ DzǸƸƬȇ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ǾǸȀȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ Dzǯ DzȈƷǂǧ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾȈƦȇ ǹƗ ńơ Ǿƥ ȅƽƚȇ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾǬǬƷ ȅǀdzơ ǂǐǼdzơ ǹƛ ƪǴǛȁ .ƤLJƢǼŭơ ƔơDŽǠdzơ Ǿdz ǂǧȂȈLJ ǹƢǯ ƧƾȈǠƥ ȆǓơǁƗ Ŀ ǶǿǂƴƷȁ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȂȀȇ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ .ȆƴȈƫơǂƬLJȍơ ǾǠǓȁ ǞǷ ƨǷǃȐƬǷ ƨǫȐǟ ȄǴǟ DŽǰƫǂƫ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ ǾƬLJƢȈLJ ƨȈǼǿǀdzơ ǾƫơƽơƾǠƬLJơ ǎƸǨƥȁ .ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJȍơ ǮǴƬdz ƢƆǠƦƫ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ƪǻƢǯ ǶǐƼǴdz ǾƬȇƙǁ ǞǷ ƨǻǁƢǬŭƢƥ ƆƢLJƢLjƷ ơƆǁȂǘƫ ƪǧǂǟ ƢĔƗ śƦƬǻ ƢǼǻƜǧ 1941 – 1939 Ŀ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǾǠǓȁ ƢȀǧǂǟ Ŗdzơ ǒȈǔūơ Ŀ ȃǂƻƗȁ ƨǸǬdzơ Ŀ ƢƆǻƢȈƷƗ ƨƸƳǁƘƬŭơ ǝƢǓȁȋơ ǂLjǯ ȄǴǟ ǽǁơǂǏƛ śƥ ȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǞǷ ǽƾǬǟ ȅǀdzơ ǦǴūơ śƥ ƢǷ ȆƴȈƫơǂƬLJȍơ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǯȂNj ǾƬȇƙǁ Ŀ ƢƆȈLJƢLJƗ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǽƙơƾǟ ǹƢǯ ȃƾǷ ȅƗ ńơ ǦnjǰƬLjǻ ǹƗ ǞȈǘƬLjǻ ƢǼǻƛ ǹƗ ǾȇƗŐǧ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ-ňƢŭȋơ ǦǴūơ ƢǿǂǧȂȇ Ŗdzơ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ ńơ ƽƢǼƬLJȏƢƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ŃƢǠǴdz ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǞǷ ǝǃƢǼǷ Ȑƥ ƢƆȇƽȂȀȇ ƢƆǸǰƷ ǹƢǯ ȆǰȈǨnjdzȂƦdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƤƦLjdzơȁ .ǾǠǷ ƢƆǨǴƷ ƾǬǠȇ ǹƗ ȆǓǁ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ  ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƩȂŭơ ńơ ǽȁƾǟ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƨǯȂNj ǂLjǯ Ŀ ƶų śdzƢƬLJ ȆƳǁȂȈŪơ ǹƗ 1940 ǁơƿƕ 18 Ŀ řȈdzȂLJȂŭ ǾƷǂNj ƢǸǯ .133ƧƾdzƢŬơ ƢȈǧȂǰLjǷ ǞǷ ŁƢǐƬȇ ǹȉơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ Ȃǿ Ƣǿȁ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƿȂǨǼdzơ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǾȇȂnjƫ DzǔǨȇ ǹƢǯ :ƶǫȁ ǾǻƗ ȃȂLJ ǂǴƬǿ Ǻǟ ƔȆNj ȅƗ DZȂǬdzơ ƢǼǼǰŻ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ -ňƢŭȋơ ǦǴūơ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ƢǼǿ ǵƢŮơ ǹƢǯȁ .ŃƢǠǴdz ǾƬȇƙǁ ǵƢǜǻ ȄǴǟ ȆǔǬƫ ǹƗ

76

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

ǾƷƢų ǵƢǷƗ DZƔƢǔƫ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƿȂǨǼdzơ ǹƗ řǠȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƤƳơȂdzơ ǺǷ .ǶȈǜǠdzơ ǹƢǯ ƨǨȈƼLjdzơ ƣǂūơ ǵƢȇƗ Ŀ ŕƸǧ ǾƬǸǜǟ ǁƢȀǛƛ Ǻǟ ǂǴƬǿ DzǘǠȈdz ƔȆNj Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƨǗǁƢƻ DzȈǐǨƫ ƾȈǠȇ ǾǫơǁȁƗ Ŀ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǾǷƾǬȇ .ƨǤdzƢƥ ƨǬưƥ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ ǁȂǐƬȇ ǁƢǸǠƬLJơ ȆǓơǁƘǯ ǾȈǻȂǣǁȂƥ ơƆƽƾŰ ŅƢǨƬLJơȁ Ŀ ǵȐLjdzơ DzƦǫ ƢǷ Ƣǿǁȁƽ ƢȈǻƢŭȋ ơƆƾȈǠǷ ǁȂǠnjdzơ ơǀǿ .ŃƢǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǻƢŭȋ ƨȈǴƦǬƬLjŭơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ Ǻǟ ƢƆƯƾƸƬǷ ƣȂǼŪơ DZȁŚƫ ǹƢŭȋ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ .Ƕǿǁȁƽ Ǻǟȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǻǟ Ƣđ ƭƾƸƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǂȀǜȇ ƨǬưdzƢƥ Ǻǟ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƛ .ƣǂūơ Ŀ ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǶȀǴǸŹ Ń ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ǦǼǠƥ ƢƆǸƟơƽ Ƕǿǂǯǀȇ ǹȂȈǗơǂǬŻƾdzơǹȂȈǠƳǂdzơ ƔƢȇǂƯȋơ ǹȂǘǴLjƬŭơ ƽȂȀȇ Śǣȁ ƽȂȀȇ Ƕǿ ƣǂūơ ǾǻƘƥ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǽȂǼȇ ǹƢǯ .ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ȃȂƬLjŭơ džǨǻ ȄǴǟ ơȂǻƢǯ 134.łƛ ǹȂȈdzƢũƗǂdzơȁ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǹƗ ǥƽƢǐȇ ǹƢǯȁ .ƱǁƢŬơ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǶȀǷȁƢǬȈLJ ǾǻƗȁ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ǶȀǷDŽǿ ƾǫ Ŀ ƨǟơƿȍơ ƢȀưƦƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƢǟƾdzơ ƨǼǰdz ƾǴǬȇ śƷ ƨȇǂƼLjdzơ Ŀ ǾǼǷ ƧƽƢƬǠǷ Śǣ ƨƴŮ .135ǹƾǼdz ǶȀǨǐȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƜǧ ǵȂǐƼǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾǻƗ ǂưǯƗ ƪǨǴŭơ ǺǷȁ ǕƢƦNj 24 Ŀȁ .ǶȀȈǧ ƢǿƾǬƬǟơȁ ƢȀǴȈţ ƢŭƢǗ Ŗdzơ ƧȂǬdzƢƥ ơȂǻȂǰȇ Ń ǵȂǐƻ ȄǬǸūƢƥ ƢǸǯ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǶȀǧ .ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ǒȇǂƸƬdzơ ƨȈƸǓ Ȇǿ Ŗdzơ ƣȂǠnjdzơ ǺǸǓ ǶȀǨǼǏ 1940 Ƕǿƾǟȁ ƾǫ ǁȂǨǴƥ ƶȇǂǐƫ ǹȋ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǹȂǫȂƸLjǷ DZȂǬȇ ǹƢǯ Ǿdz DZƢǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǂǯǀȇ 1940 ǹƢLjȈǻ 25 Ŀȁ . 136ƣǂǠdzơ ǮǴǷ Ȇǿ ǑǁƘƥ 1940 ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǺǷ ǺǷƢưdzơ Ŀȁ .137"ȄǬŧ Ƕǿ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƜǧ ǂǷȋơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ" ǹƗ ǺǷ ǪŧƗ ƤǠNj ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz" ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǺǴǟƗ ƺȈǻȂȈǷ Ŀ ʼnƾǬdzơ ƣDŽūơ DžǂƷ ǵƢǷƗȁ ƢŭƢǗ ƧȂǫ "ƨȈǻƢǘȈnjdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ" ǶĔƘƥ ǶȀǨǏȁ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǪƟƢǫƽ ƧƾǠƥ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫȁ ."ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǖǬLjȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ƣDŽūơ ƣƢƦNj ȄǴǟ ƣǂūơ ǺǴǟƗ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƪǸǰƷ ƽȂȀȈǴdz Ǻǰȇ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ DZƢŦȍơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ .138ƧǂǐƬǼŭơ ǾƫƢƥǂǓ ƪŢ ǶȀǧ žƆơƾƥƗ ǦƬź Ń ơƆǁȂǠNj ŐƬǠȇ ňƢưdzơ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ŕƷ ǥȂƻ Ȃǿ ƢŲ ǂưǯƗ ơƆǁƢǬƬƷơ .139ȄǬŧ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀȁ ƨȈǻƢǘȈNj ƧȂǫ ǾȈdzƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ơȂǻƢǯ

77

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

.ƨǗȁǂnjǷ Śǣ ƨȈǨǐƫ ǶĔƘnjƥ ȃƘƫǁơ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ Śǣ ǺǷ DzǠŸ Ǯdzƿ Dzǯ ǹȂǻƢǯ 5 Ŀȁ .ǍȂǐŬơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨǸȀǷ ƩƢǜƷȐǷ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǩơǁȁƗ ǺǷ ǞǘǬǷ Ŀ ǂǯǀȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȂǘǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƢƯƾŢ ǂǴƬǿ śƥȁ ǾǼȈƥ ƨǴƥƢǬǷ ƨƸȈƦǏ Ŀȁ 1939 DZȁȋơ ȄǴǟ ǂƬƦȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǂǘŬơ" ǹƘƥ ǽǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ ǾũƢǫ ƾǫ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǹƗ (džǴƥȂǣ) ƽȂƳȁ ȏ Ǿǻȋ ǽƾǓ ǩƢȇǂƫ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdzȁ .DZƢȈƳƗ Ƨƾǟ ƾǠƥ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƪƦǼȈLJ ǾǼǰdzȁ .ƢǼȇƾȇƗ ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǸǴǠǷ ǹƢȇǀǿ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ƨǸǜǠdzơ ǹȂǼĐ ƧDŽȈŲ ƩƢǨǏ ǺǷ Ȃǿ ǵȐǯ .140ơƆƾƥƗ Ǿdz .ƾdzƢƻȁ ǩǁƢƻ DzǸǟ ǃƢųƛ Ŀ ƵƢƴǼdzƢƥ ǶȀƷȂǸǘƥȁ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨǷȋơ DzƦǬƬLjŠ śǴǤnjǼŭơ ǪǴǬdzơ ǾȈǧ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǡơǂǨdzơ ǺǷ ƩƘƫ Ń ƧƽƢƥȍơ Ƨǂǰǧ ǹƗ ƪǨǴŭơ ǺǷ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǾƫơǃȂǯǂǯ ǵƢǷƗ ǂǴƬǿ ƽƽǂƬȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń .ǩƢȇǂƬdzơ ǶȀȈǧ ȃǂȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǂǘȈLjŭơ Ŀ ơǀǰǿȁ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ơȂLjȈdz ƢĔȁǁȂǐƬȇ ơȂǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǹƗ ȏƛ ƨȇƽƢƥƛ ȏƆ ȂǴƷ ǂǯǀȇ DzȈǸŢ Ǻǟ ǾƯƾƷ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ƢȀǼȈǟ ƨƯƽƢƄơ Ŀ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǂǯǀȇ 1940 ƣƕ 17 Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢŬơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ƨǏƢƻȁ śǷǂĐơ ƾǓ ǦȈǼǟ ǵȐǰƥ ǚǨǴƫ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ .141ƨȈǴƦǬƬLjǷ ƧǁȂƯ śƷ ńơ Ƕđ ǙƢǨƬƷȏơ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ǶēƽƢƥƛ ǾȈǴǟ ǶƬƸƬȇ Ŗdzơȁ ǞǸƬĐơ ƪǻƢǯ ƾǬdz .ơƆƾȇƾƳ ƢƆȈšơǂƬLJƛ ƢƆǠǓȁ ǾƳơȂȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǾLjǨǻ ƾƳȁ 1940 ǦȈǏ ƨȇơƾƥ ǀǼǷ ƣǂūơ ǂǘƻ ǹƘƥ ǂnjƦƫ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȁƢǬŭơ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ǶȀƦǫǂƬȇ ŚƦǯ ǂǘş ǂnjƦƫ ǾƫƢƷƢų ȄǴǟ ƧǁƾǬdzơ ǮǴŻ ȏ ǵȂǐŬơ ǺǷ ơƆƾƷƗ ǹƗȁ ƨȇƢĔ ȏ ƢǷ ńơ ƢƆǸƟƢǫ ȄǬƦȇ ǹƗ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƪǻƢǯ ǾǨǫơȂǷ ǶȈǟƾƬƥ ǵƢǫ ƾǫ ƺȇơǂdzơ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǼȈƥ Ǻǰdz .ǂƻȉơ ǪƸLJ Ƕǟƽ ńơ ȄǠLjƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǸǯ ǺȇƾȇƢŰ ơȂdzơǃ ƢǷ ơȂǻƢǯ ƢȀǨǏ ńơ ƔƢǨǴƷ ǂŪ ȄǠLjƫ  1939 ǦȈǏ Ŀ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƢǷ ƢƆǷȂȇ ƢŠǁȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ƨƥǁƢǔdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ƢȀƬƸǴLJƗ ǦǠǔdz ơƆǂǜǻ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJȍơ ǾƫƢƥƢLjƷ ǺǷ ƾǠƥƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ƨȈdzơDŽǠǻơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ƢȀǫƢǼƬǟȏȁ ƾǫ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǼLJ ƾǠƥȁ .DzǸƬŰ Śǣ ƣǂūơ ƢŮȂƻƽ DzǠŸ ƢŲ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ .ƧƾȇƾŪơ ǂǴƬǿ ƩƢƥƢLjƷ ǪǸǟ ƪǴƻƽ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǹơǂLjş DzƦǬƫ Ǻdz ȆȀǧ ƵȂǓȂdzƢƥ Ƣǿǁȁƽ ǀƻƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƗ ƢŠȁ ƨƸǴLJȋƢƥ ǹƾǼdz ƾŤ ƩǀƻƗ Ǯdzǀdz ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨŻDŽǿ ƢȀȈǴǟ DzǔǨƫȁ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ǒǠƥ ƩơǁƢŸƛ Ǧǫȁ DzƥƢǬǷ ƧǂǷƾǷ 50 ƪǸǴLJ 1940 DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ .ƨǛȂƸǴǷ ƨǟǂLjƥȁ 78

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

ƨdzȁƽ ƢĔȂǯ ǺǷ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƪƳǂƻ ƧȂǘŬơ ǽǀđȁ .ƣǂǤdzơ Ŀ ƨȈƥǂūơ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢȀǴƻƾƫ ǹƗ ƢƆǬƦLjǷ ǥǂǠȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ ."Dzƻƾƫ" ƨdzȁƽ ńơ "ƽƢȈūơ" ȄǴǟ Ȇǯ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ śǷƢǟ ńơ ǵƢǟ ƱƢƬŢ ƢĔƗ Ǯdzƿȁ ŅƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ơƆǂǘƻ Dzǰnjȇ Ǻdz Ŀ ƢȀǴǬưƥ ǾȈǧ ȆǬǴƬLJ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ śƷ žƢȈǻƢŭȋ DzƯƢŲ ĺǂƷ ȃȂƬLjǷ Ŀ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǬǧ Ǯdzǀdzȁ ǾūƢǐdz DzǸǠȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƪǫȂdzơ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƮȇƾƷ ƭƽƢƷ Dzǰdz ǹȂǰȈLJ ƣǂūơ ǞȇǂLjƫ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƢǷ Dzǯ Ǻǟ ƽƢǠƬƥȏơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȀƦǼǷ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƧǁǀƷ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǞƦƬȇ ǀƻƗ ƾȇƚȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (ǁƾȇơǁ) ǕȂǤǓ ǵȁƢǫ ǽƾƷȁ ƤƦLjdzơ ơǀŮȁ .ƣǂūơ Ŀ ǶŮȂƻƽ ǦȈǓƗ Ǯdzƿ ńơ ."Dzƻƾƫ ƧȂǫ" ƢǿŐƬǠȇ ƨdzȁƽ ƾǓ ƨȈǷȂƴǿ ƨȇǂŞ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǝƢǧƾǻƢƥ ȅǀdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ȄǴǟ ǾǴǸŢ ƤǠǐȇ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ơƆǂǘƻ DzǫƗ ǾǻƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ȅǀdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ DzǷƢǠdzơ .ǽǂǰdzƢƥ ǾdzƢȈƷ ǂǠnjȇ ǹƢǯ ƨŻDŽǿ ǂƯƛ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ DZȁƾdz ǾǟȐƬƥơȁ ǦǫȂǸǴdz ǾdzȐǤƬLJơ śdzƢƬLJ Ŀ ȃǂȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯȁ Ńȁ .ƢȈǼȈǧȂǯȂƥ ǺǷ ǶLjǫȁ ƢȈƥǁƢǐȈƥ Ǻǟ ǾūƢǐdz ȆǴƼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȈǻƢǷȁǁ ƢƆǸǣǂǷ ƢLjǻǂǧ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷ .ǹƢǬǴƦdzơ DZȁƽ ǺǷ ǂưǯȋ ǞǷƢǘdzơ ǂȀǜŠ ǂȀǜȇ ǹƗ śdzƢƬLJ ƲǟDŽȇ Ǻǰȇ ȏȁ ƢǸȀǼȈƥ ƽȂǬǠŭơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ DzŢ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ Ǻdz ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ǹƘƥ ǥǂǠȇ ǹƢǯ ǽŚǰǨƫ Ȃǿ ƢȈLJȁǁ ǞǷ ƣǂūơ ǾdzȂƻƽ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ǾǨȈź ǹƢǯ ƢǷȁ .ƢƆǔȇƗ śdzƢƬLJ ǹƗ ǹȉơ ǾȈǴǟ ǶƬŹ ȅǀdzơȁ ǞLJȂƬdzƢƥ ʼnƾǬdzơ ǾƷȂǸǗ ǾưǠƦǷ ȅǀdzơȁ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ȆƴȈƫơǂƬLJȍơ ƣǂūơ Ǧǫȁ Ŀ ƾǻƢǠƫ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǹƜǧ ǂǴƬǿ ȅƗǁ ƤLjƷȁ .ǾƟƢǨǴƷ ƾǓ ƤǴǬǼȇ ǵƗ Ȑ Ɔ ƳƢǟ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǹȂǸǔǼȈLJ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǹƗ ƢȀǼǷ ƢƆǼǛ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǂš ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ ƨǨǗƢƻ ƣǂƷ Ŀ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ƨŻDŽǿ ǹƜǧ ơǀdz .Ȑ Ɔ Ƴƕ .ƢƆǨȈǠǓ Ȑ Ɔ ǷƗ ƶƦǐȇ ȆǯŚǷƗ Dzƻƾƫ DZƢǸƬƷơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǞǷ ǵȐLJ ƧƾǿƢǠǷ ƾǬǟ ńơ ǺǷ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ǁǂŢ ƾǫ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ƨŻDŽǿ ǹƗ ƤLjŹ Ń ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ DzǰnjȈLJ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗȁ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƢǿƽȁƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƽȐƦdzơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀǓǂǨƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǗȂǤǔdzơ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ƵƢȈƬƳơ ǹƜǧ DZơȂƷȋơ ƗȂLJƗ Ŀ ǹƗȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ơƆǂǘƻ .ǹȂLjǯƢLJ-ȂǴǰǻȋơ ƾǓ ƣǂūơ ǞƥƢƫ ǾǻƗ DZƢƷ Ŀ DzǔǧƗ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƺȇơǂdzơ ǞǔȈLJ ƨǴǸūơ Ǻǰdzȁ 1940 ǃȂŤ ƨȇơƾƥ ǀǼǷ ǂǴƬǿ ǾǼǟ ƣǂǟƗ ȆƴȈƫơǂƬLJȍơ ŚǰǨƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ń ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ ŅƢƬdzơ ǞȈƥǂdzơ Ŀ ȏƛ ƢȀǼǟ ǺǴǠȇ Ń ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ƾǓ

79

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǞƥƢƬȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ ơǀǿ ƔƢǼƯƗ .ǾLjǨǻ ǵƢǠdzơ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀ ȏƛ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǀƼƬȇ Ŀ ƢĔƗȁ ƽƢȈūơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǞǔƬLJ ƢĔƗ ǾǼǷ ƢƆǼǛ ǖLJȁ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJƛ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀȁ .ƨƸǴLJȋƢƥ ƢǿƾŻ ǺǸǟ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ DZDŽǟ ńơ ǥƾȀƬLJ ǾLjǨǻ ƪǫȂdzơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǝƢǼǫƛ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơȁ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơȁ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǞǷ ȆƯȐưdzơ ǦǴūơ ƺȇơǂdzơ Ǟǫȁ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƽǂǗ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ ƾǸǟ ǃơȂǷ ǖƻ ȄǴǟ .ƱǂǨƬǸǯ Ƣǿǁȁƽ ȄǴǟ ǙƢǨūƢƥ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƤǴǘƬȇ ǹƢǯ ǖLJȂƬŭơ ǹȁƚNj Ŀ DzƻƾƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǖLJȂƬŭơ ǒȈƥȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ ǺǷ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢēƢȈƷȐǏ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȇƾǠƫ ǽƢȇƛ ƧŐƬǠǷ ƧǁȂȈǣ śǠƥ ǾȈdzƛ ǂǜǼƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ _ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ǹȁƢǠƫ .ȆnjȈǧ ƨLjǻǂǧȁ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ǹȁƢǠƫ ńơȁ _ ƢǿƿȂǨǻ ǪǗƢǼǷ Ŀ ƨȀƦƳ ǪǴƻ ńơ ƪǧƾǿ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƦȇƽ ƨǴŧ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ ƾǸǟ ǶǐŬơ DZDŽǟ DzƳƗ ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ƢȀȈǧ ǭơǂƬNjȍơ ńơ Ȇǟƽ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǾƳȁ Ŀ ƨƦǴǏ .Śưǰdzơ ƔȆnjdzơ (ƣȁǂƬǼƦȇǁ) Ƣǿǂȇƾȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǸūơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ǂǜƬǼȇ ǂǴƬǿ ƨȈǨǐƫ ǞǼŤ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ȂǰLJȂǷȁ ǹƾǼdz śƥ ƩƘnjǻ ƨǠȈǘǫ ǹƗ ƨǴǸūơ ǽǀǿ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǺǷȁ ǥȂƫȂdzȂǷ ǞǷ ǂǴƬǿ ƢǿơǂƳƗ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƯƽƢƄơ ǹƛ .ǽȐƫ ȅǀdzơ ǞȈƥǂdzơ Ŀ ƨȇǂǰLjǟ ƩƢƥƢLjƷ ǞǷ ǾǨǫȂǷ DZȐǤƬLJơ ńơ ǥƾȀȇ śdzƢƬLJ ǹƗ Ǿdz ƩƾǯƗ śǻƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƨȇơƾƥ śdzǂƥ Ŀ ơƾƥ 1940 ƨǼLJ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ .ƧǁƢǬdzơ Ŀ ƿȂǨǻ ǂƻƗ ȄǴǟ ȆǔǬȇȁ ǽƿȂǨǻ Ƕǟƾȇ Ȇǯ ǹƾǼdz DzƦƳ DZȐƬƷƛ DzȈƸƬLjŭơ ǺǷ DzǠƳ Ȃǰǻơǂǧ ƽƢȈƸǧ .ƢƆǠǨǻ ƾš Ń ƨǘŬơ ǮǴƫ ǹƗ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ .ǖLJȂƬŭơ ǒȈƥȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ ňƢǘȇŐdzơ ƾƳơȂƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬdzơȁ ǩǁƢǗ .ǵƢǠdzơ džǨǻ ǞȈƥǁ Ŀ ǹƢǬǴƦdzơ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ƻƾƫ ƤǴǘƬȇ ǹƢǻȂȈdzơ Ŀ ǁƢȀǼŭơ řȈdzȂLJȂǷ ǞǓȁ ǹƢǯ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢǷƗ .1941 ńơ 1939 ǺǷ ƨǴǸūơ ƧǂƬǧ ƨǴȈǗ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǩȐǣƛ ńơ Ƣǟƽ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ Ʃƽƾnjƫ ƢĔƗ Dzƥ ƔȆNj Ŀ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǂƯƚȈdz Ǻǰȇ Ń ȆƯȐưdzơ ǦǴūơ ǹƜǧ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ȄǴǟ ƾǟƢLJ "ƨȈŭƢǟ ƧǂǷơƚǷ" ƔƢǔǟƗ ƢǿŐƬǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ȃȂǬdzơ DZƢȈƷ ƢȀǨǫơȂǷ Ŀ ǂưǯƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǞƥƢƫ ǦȈǐdzơ Ŀȁ .ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭȋ ǾƟơƾǠƥ ǥȁǂǠŭơ ƪǴǧǃȁǁ ƣƢƼƬǻơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƨȇȂǬƫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJƛ ƣƢƦLJȋ ƢȀǼǷ ƾƥ ȏ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ "ƢLJȁǂƥǂƥ ƨȈǴǸǟ" ȂŴ ǾƫŚLjǷ ơƆƾȈǠƥ ǾƬǴǠƳ ƾǫ ƭơƾƷȋơ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ "ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǥƾŮơ" ǡȂǴƦdz ǍǂǨdzơ ǶǼƬǣơ ƾǫ ƽƢŢȍơ ƾǓ ƣǂūơ ƪǻƢǯȁ ."ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǩǂNj Ŀ ȅȂȈūơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ ȁDŽǣ Ȃǿȁ ȏƗ ǽǂǰǧ Ǻǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǴǟƗ ƢǸǰǧ .ǹƕ Ŀ ƢƆȈǷȂƴǿȁ ƢƆȇƾƟƢǬǟ žƨȈŷȋơ ƱȁƽDŽǷ ƢƆǻƢǿǁ Dzǰnjƫ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ 80

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

ƢƆƥǂƷ ǾƳơȂƬLJ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ" 1941 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 9 Ŀ śȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ǾƥDŽƷ ƔƢLJƙǂdz ƆƢǠǷ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơȁ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơȁ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǺǷ ƨǠǸƬĐơ ȃȂǬdzơ ǞǷ ƢǷ ƢƆǷȂȇ .142ƨƦǠǏ ǦǫơȂǷ Ŀ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƾƴƬLJ ƢĔƜǧ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǽƢš ǂǴƬǿ ƨƴŮ ƩŚǤƫ ȆƴȈƫơǂƬLJȍơ ǁȂǘƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǞǷ ȅǃơȂƬdzƢƥ .ƔȆNj ƢȀǨȈź ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǹƜǧ ƢƆȈƷ śdzƢƬLJ ǵơƽƢǷ" řȈdzȂLJȂŭ ƵǂǏ 1941 ňƢưdzơ ǂǘŬơ ."143ƨȈǷƢǷȋơ ƨȀƳơȂdzơ ńơ ƽȂǠȈLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ ǹƜǧ ȆǨƬź ƢǷƾǼǟ Ǻǰdzȁ Ǻǰdzȁ .ǾǸƴƷ Dzǰƥ ǂȀǛȁ ƽƢǟ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ žǽƽƢŨƛ Ļ ƾǫ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ ưŲ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ Ŀ ǾdzȂǬȇ ǹƢǯ Ƣŭ ǽǁơǂǰƫ ȁ ơƆƽƾů ňƢǘȈnjdzơ ǂǘŬơ ơǀǿ ƧǁƢƯƛ ȄǴǟ Ƨƾǯƚŭơ ƨǷȐǠdzơ .1939 ǵƢǟ ƧƔȂƦǻ Ǻǟ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ƧǂǷ ƣǂūơ ǝȏƾǻơ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ Ǻǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǴǟƗ ǡƢƬnjȇơǂdzơ ƨǐǼǷ ǩȂǧ ǺǷ ƢǷ Dzǯ Ŀ ǂƯƗ ȅƗ ƾƳƗ Ńȁ .ƣƢǘŬơ ơǀŮ DZƢů ǭƢǼǿ ƾǠȇ Ń śūơ Ǯdzƿ ǀǼǷ .ȃǂƻơ 30 Ŀ śǷƢǟ ƾǠƥȁ .ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƣƢǘƻ ƽȂƳȁ ƾǯƚƫ ǪƟƢƯȁ ǺǷ ȅƾȇ DzǏȁ ǵƢǷƗ ƭƾƸƬǴdz ƽƢǟ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ǵƢƸƬǫơ Ŀ ǾƬȈǻ Ǻǟ ǺǴǟƗ ƾǠƥȁ 1941 ǾȈǨǻƢƳ ǺǷ ƨƷƢLjdzơ ńơ ƽȂǠƫ Ȇǿ Ƣǿȁ ǾǣƢǷƽ Ƣȇȁơǃ Ŀ ƧƾǷƢƻ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǾƫƔȂƦǻ Ǻǟ DžƢǼdzơ Ŀ .ǍƢŬơȁ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǽǁơǂǫ ƧŚƦǯ ƭơƾƷƗ ƨƦƬǟ ȄǴǟ Ƕǿȁ Ȍŭơ ȄǴǟ ǺǴǠƫ Ȇǯ ƾȇƾƳ ơǀŮ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ .1939 DZȂǴȇƗ ńơ ǾźǁƘƫ ȏƆ ƾƦǷ 1939 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǰƥ ǂƐǯƿ ƣƢǘŬơ ơǀǿ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢƸǴdz ǩȐǘǻơ ƨǘǬǻ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ƨŦƢȀǷ Ŀ ȃǂȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ řǠȇ ȂȀǧ ŘǠǷ ǺǷ ƘǘŬơ .ǂǘŬơ ǞǫȂǷ žǹȉơ ƢȀȈǴǟ Ȃǿ Ƣǿǂǯǀȇ ȂȀǧ Ƨǂŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ńơ ƶȈǸǴƬdzơ Ļ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƧǂǷȁ Ǻǟ ƢǷƗ .ǹƢǯŚǷȋơ ǵDŽǿ ǾƬȈǻ Ǻǟ ƢƆǼǴǠǷ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ȄǴǟ ǵȂƴŮơ ǾƬȈǻ Ǻǟ ƭƾŢ ƢǸǴǯ ƢƆǼǴǟ Ŀ ƢǸǯ DzǸǠƬLjȇ Ń ȂȀǧ .ƨǨǴƬű ƢǷ ƢƆǟȂǻ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƢȀǼǟ ƭƾŢ ƾǫ ǾǻƜǧ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƧƔȂƦǼdzơ .ȆȀƬǼȈLJ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǁȁƽ ǹƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ ƧǁƢƦǟ ƢŶƛȁ "ƔƢǼǧƛ" ƧǁƢƦǟ 1939 ǵƢǠdzơ ǞŦƗ ŃƢǠdzơ ńơ ƣǂūơ ƽơƾƬǷơȁ ƽȂǟȂŭơ ƣƢǬǠdzơ śƥ ƢȀǴǠƳ Ŗdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƪȈǬƥ DzƥƢǬŭƢƥ ǹȂǰȇ ǀƠǼȈƷ ƨǴǷƢNj ƣǂƷ ńơ ŃƢǠdzơ Ǟǧƽ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƶƴǼȈLJ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ"...:ƨǸƟƢǫ 144 ."ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ Ŀ ǁȁƽ ƤǠdz Ŀ ơȂƸų ƾǫ ƽȂȀȈdzơ

81

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ŸƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ƔƢǼǧƛ ƣǂƷ ǹȐǟƛ ǁǂǫȁ ǾǨǫȂǷ Śǣ ƾǫ ƪǫȂdzơ ǭơƿ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ Dzǿ ȏ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ơƆǁơǂǫ ǹƜǧ ƾǬƬǟƗ ƢǸǯ ƩƢŹǂǐƬdzơ ǽǀđ ǵƢǫ śƷ ơƆƽƢƳ ǹƢǯ ǹƜǧ ƨǜǨdz Ǿƥ ƵǂǏ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ǪǴǗƗ ƾǫ ǾLjǨǻ Ȃǿ .ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǹƢǰǷȍơ DŽȈƷ Ŀ Dzƻƾȇ :Ǖǂnjƥ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀǿ ǖƥǁ Ǻǟȁ ǵƽƢǫ ƭƾƷ Ǻǟ ŃƢǠǴdz ǺǴǠȇ ǾǻƗ ǹƿƛ řǠȇ ǹƢǯ ."ƧƔȂƦǻ" Ń 1939 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ǀǼǷ ƩŐǯ ƾǫ ƨȈdzƢǸƬƷơ  "ƨǴǷƢNj"ȁƗ "ƨȈŭƢǟ ƣǂƷ" ǁȂȀǛ ǹƛ džȈdz ƢĔƗ DZƢǫȁ ǪƦLJ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǾLjǨǻ Ȃǿ Ŗdzơȁ1941 ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ƢȀǬȈǬŢ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ ƤƦLjƥ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ƢƆƸǓơȁ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ ǾƫƔȂƦǻ ǾȈǧ ƽƽǂȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ."ƨȇǁȂǧ" ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ȃǂȇ ǹƢǯ .ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǒȇǂƸƬdzơ ńơ ƢȀƦLjǼȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƨǷȁƢǬŭơ ǵȂƴǿ Ǻnjƥ ǾǼǷ ǎǴƼƬȇ ǹƗ ǁǂǫ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ Ŀ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǂǘŬơ ǶȀǨȇ ǹƗ ǑǂǤƥ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚƯƘƬdzơ ȁƗ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂǴdz ǽƔơƾǟ ǺǴǟƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .ǞȇǂLJ ơƆǂǘƻ ƪƸƦǏƗ ƢȀƬȈdzȂſ ȁƗ ƣǂūơ ƽơƾƬǷƛ ǹƛ .ƾǠƥ ǽơƾǷ ǢǴƦȇ Ń ŚƯƘƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ŃƢǠdzơ ŅơȂƫ ƢŶƛ .ƩơȂǼLJ ǞƥǁƗ ƾƬŤ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƣǂƷ ƶƦnjƥ ƢƆLJȁȂȀǷ ƶƦǏƗ ƢŠǁȁ .ƢƆȈǬȈǬƷ .DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƨȈǬȈǬƷ ƢȀǼǷ DzǠƳ ƢLJȁǂƥǂƥ ȂŴ NJȈŪơ ǵƾǬƬdz ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǂȀNjȋơ Ŀ ƭơƾƷȋơ ǹơǂȇDŽƷȁ 1940 Ǧȇǂƻ śƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǂǰǧ ńơ ƢǻƽƢNjǁƛ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ǁƽƢǐŭơ ǹƛ ǶȀǠȈǸšȁ śȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ Ŀ ƨǸƟơƾdzơ ǾƬȈǻ ńơ Śnjƫ ƢĔƗ ȏƛ ƢȀƬǴǫ ȄǴǟ 1941 ǀǿ ǹƗ ƨȇŐdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƽȂǬȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (DzȈǤǻơ) ǁȂŸƢŭơ ǩơǁȁƗ ƤLjŞȁ .ƢǷ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ǩȂƯȂǷȁ ƨȇƾŪơ ƶǓơȁ ǹȂǸǔŠ Ǿƥ ƨǬưdzơ ƢǼǼǰŻ ȏ ƺȇǁƘƬƥ ƢȀȈǸǜǼƫ ƾȈǟƗ ƾǫ ǩơǁȁȋơ 2 Ŀ (DzȈǤǻƢǿ) ǞǷ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǔǬdzơ DZȂƷ ȏ Ɔ ȂǘǷ ǺǴǟƗ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ Ǿƥ .(ŚƦLJȁ ȅȏ ǹƢǷǁȂƥȁ DzƬȈǯ) ǁȂǔŞ 1941 ǕƢƦNj Ŀ ƺȇơǂdzơ Ǟǔƫȁ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ DzƸƬLJ ƣǂūơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ " ǂǴƬǿ ƵǂǏȁ ǾȈdzƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨǴǰnjŭơ ."ƧŚưǯ ƤǟƢǐǷ ȅƾƦƫ ƢĔƗ ȏƛ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǒǠƥ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjǴǠǫȂǷ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨȈLJ ǾǻƘƥ ǥƢǓƗȁ ."ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ śȇȐŭơ ǽǀǿ ǞǔȈLJ ǺȇƗ" ƨǧǂǠǷ Ŀ ƪǻƢǯ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzǬǻ ƨȈǨȈǯ Ǻǟ "ǹƢǷǁȂƥ" DZƘLJ .Ǿǧǂǐƫ ƪŢ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ ǞǓȁ ƢLjǻǂǧ .ƤǯơǂǷ ǂLjź ǹƗ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƾȇǂȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ ǂǰǨȈLJ ǾǻƘƥ ƣƢƳƘǧ ƣǂūơ ǺǷ ."145Ƙǘƻ Ƥǰƫǂȇ ǹƗ ƾȇǂȇ ȏ ǾǻƘƥȁ ƨǨǴƬű ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǹȉơ ǁȂǷȋơ ȃǂȇ" ǾǻƘƥ ǶƬźȁ Ƨǂǰǧ ƪȈǬƥ Ǻǰdzȁ .ǾLjǨǼƥ ǾǬǴƻ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ Dzǰnjŭ Ȑ Ɔ Ʒ ǮǴŻ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ 82

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

ƽơƾƬNjơ ńơ Śnjƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ ƧŚƻȋơ ǾƬǴŦ .ǽŚǰǨƫ ȄǴǟ ǂǘȈLjƫ ǹƢǰŭơ ƨȈǧơǂǤƳ .ƧƽƢƥƛ ƣǂū ƢƆǘǘű ƪLjȈdz ƢƆǔȇƗ Ǻǰdzȁ ƨƴȀǴdzơ ǁơƿƕ Ŀȁ 1940 ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ śƫǂǷ ǂǯƿ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǾƬȀƳ ǺǷ ǹȁƽ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǺǷ ƢǷ ǵȂȇ Ŀ ǶȀǴȈƷǂƫ ǶƬȈLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǞǷ ƩȐƥƢǬǷ ǂƯƛ  1941 ǞǷ ǁƢƯƗ ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ  1941 ǹƢLjȈǻ Ŀ .146ƢȀȈdzƛ ǹȂƦǿǀȈLJ Ŗdzơ ƨȀƳȂdzơ ǂǯǀȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǾưȇƾŞ ǂǴƬǿ Ǧǘǟ ƾǼǴƯǁȁȁ ǺǷ śȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƽǂǗ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȅǁƢǤǼǿ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƥƽ ǝǁǃ ƧƽơǁƜƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǾǻƘƥ DZƢǫȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ ȆǓƢŭơ Ŀ ǶȀǴȈƷǂƫ Ļ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ śƥȁǁȁȋơ ǺǷ ƩƢƠǷ .ƢǷ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ 147 2 Ŀ . ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨƳǁƾdzơ ǺǷ ǺȇǂǧƢLjǷ ǶǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǨLjƫ Ŀ ǞǻƢǷ ȅƗ ȃǂȇ řȈdzȂLJȂŭ ƵǂǏ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ DzƦǫ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ ƨƯȐƯ ȅƗ 1940 ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ǹȂǼǰLjȈLJ ǶĔƗ ƢŠǁȁ ƣǂūơ ƾǠƥ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ơȁǁƽƢǤȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ ǹƗ .148"ǂǬnjǣƾǷ" DZȂƦǬdzơ ƤŸ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƘnjƥ ǽŚǰǨƫ ƨȈǨǴƻ ǂǴƬǿ ƔƢǨƻơ ƽƢǠƦƬLJơ ƢƆǸƬƷ ƢǼǼǰŻ ȏ ơǀǿ Ŀ .ƢȀǟƢƦƫƛ ƽơǁƗ Ŗdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǂȀǜƫ Ń Ƣēǁơƽƛ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƨdzȉ ǭǂƫ ƾǫ ǁȂǷȋơ ǹƘƥ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ǾǟƢƦƫƛ ǪƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǖŬơ ǞǷ ǥȐƬƻơ ȅƗ DzƴLjȇ Ń ǾǻƜǧ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƪǫȂdzơ ǶǿǂƯƢǰƫ ǵƾǟ ȁƗ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǝȂƳǁ ǵƾǟ ńơ ǥƾē Ŗdzơ ȆƸǐdzơ ǂǸŭơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǹƛ .ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƧƽȂǠƥ ƵƢǸLjdzơ ǵƾǠƥ "DŽƬȈƥƕ" Ŀ ǂǷơȁƗ ǂǴƬǿ ȄǘǟƗ 1940 ƣƕ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ 149 1941 ǹƢLjȈǻ Ŀȁ ƨǴƬƄơ ƢLjǻǂǧ ȆǓơǁƗ DZȂƻƾƥ ƢȈǻƢŭơ ǺǷ ơȂƥǂǿ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƾȈdzơ ƨǴǫ Ǻǟ ơȂƥȂǼȇ Ȇǯ ƺȇơǂdzơ ńơ ƧƽȂǠdzơ ǺǷ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ƽȂȀȇ ǞǼŭ Dzƻƾƫ . 150ǢǼȇǁȂǣ ǞǷ ǩƢǨƫȍƢƥ ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ƨǧƢǯ ƿƢţƛ ǀǼǷ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ DžǁȂǷ ƢǷ DZȁƗ ƽǂǘdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǏǂǨdzơ ƪƸǼLJ ƢǸǴǯ ƨǼŭƗ ƨǸȀǷ ǶȀǬƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (DzȈǯǁȂƥȁ ǂǼǣƢǧ) (ǂƬȈdzȂǣ) ºdzơ Ƶơǁ 1940 ƨȇơƾƥ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿȁ ȆnjȈǧ ƨLjǻǂǧ ńơ ȅƽȂȀȇȁ ȆLjǻǂǧ ǹȂȈǴǷ Ǟƥǁ ƽǂǘƥ ǺȇǁȂǴdzơȁ DžơDŽdzȋơ Ŀ ǹȂnjȈǠȇ ȅƽȂȀȇ 6500 DzȈƷǂƫ Ļ ǂǴƬǿ ǞǷ ǩƢǨƫȍƢƥȁ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀȁ .ƩƢǠǧƽ ǺǷ ƢƆǸƟȐǷ ơƾƥ ƾǫ ƢȀǼȈƷ ƪǫȂdzơ ǹƢǯȁ .ǪǗƢǼŭơ džǨǻ ńơ "ƢǼȈƫȏƢƥ"ȁ :ƽƢƥ"ȁ "ǾȇƢǣ" ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƨǬǘǼǷ ǺǷ DzȈƷǂƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǹƛ .151ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ǶēƢǠǗƢǬǷ ŚȀǘƫ DzƳƗ 83

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ .1940 ǵƢǟ Ŀ ŐǯƗ ơƆƾǠƥ ƩǀƻƗ ƢĔƗ ȏƛ ǁơƿƖƫ DZơDŽƫ ƢǷ ƪǻƢǯ ǾƫƢǸȈǴǠƫ ǁơƾǏƛ Ŀ ǂǸƬLJƛ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ȏƛ (Ǯǻǂǧ) ºdz ƨȈǴǸǟ ńơ ǾƦƦLjƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǩơǁȁƗ ƤLjŞȁ .ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ ȄǴǟ śǸȈǬŭơ śȈǻȂdzȂƦdzơ Dzǯ DZƢƦǬƬLJƢƥ ƆơǁȂǧ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǹȂȈǻȂdzȂƦdzơ ƽǂǗ ǹƗ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 4 Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ Ǿdz ƵǂNj (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǺǷ ƤƦLJ .ƣǂūơ ƔƢȀƬǻơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ńơ ȆǬƥ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈdzȁƽ ƨǴǰnjǷ Ǯdzƿ Śưȇ ǹƗ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ .152"ƧƽƢƥȍơ " ǞǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǏƗ ƤLJƢǼƬƫ ȏ DzǯƢnjǷ ńơ Śnjȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ňȂdzȂƥȁ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǦdzƗ 831 ȂƸǼdz ƔȐƻƛ ǖǘű ƢNjơǂdzơ ƪǠǓȁ 1941 ǵƢǟ ƨȇơƾƥ ȄǴǟ ǂǴŷ Ƨǁơƽƛ ƩƾǸǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƧǂǷȁ .ƨǬƸǴŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ ǹȂnjȈǠȇ ơȂǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ ƢŮ ǪƦLJ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ ƩơƔȐƻƛ ƲǷơǂƥ ǀǨǼƫ ƩǀƻƗȁ ŐǯƗ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƧƾǟƢǐƬŭơ NJȈŪơ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷƛ ǵƢǷƗȁ 1941 ǁơƿƕ ǦǐƬǼǷ Ŀȁ .ƢēƾǸƬǟƛ DzǸǠdzơ ǦǫȁƗ ƢȈLJȁǁ ȄǴǟ ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ǾƬǴǸū ƩơŚǔƸƬdz ƨȇǁȁǂǓ ƾȇƾƷ ǮǰLJ ńơ ƾǬƬǨȇ Dzǯ DzȈƷǂƫ ƩơǀdzƢƥ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƽǁơȂdzơ Śǣ ǺǸǧ ơǀdz .ƢŮƢǸƬǯơ DzƦǫ ƨǘŬơ ǽǀđ .ƨȈdzƢǬƬǻơ ƨǬǘǼǷ DžƢLJȋơ Ŀ ŐƬǠƫ Ŗdzơȁ ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ śǸȈǬŭơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƽȂȀȇ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǦdzƗ 60 DzȈƷǂƬƥ ƶȈƸǏȁ ƪƦưǷ ơǀǿȁ ǂǴƬǿ ƶũ 1940 DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀȁ ǺǯƢǷƗ ŚǧȂƫ ǵƾǟ ƤƦLjƥ ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ȏƛ ǀǨǼȇ Ń ŚƥƾƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǰdz .ƢǼȈȈǧ Ŀ ǹȂnjȈǠȇ ơȂǻƢǯ Ʊȁǂƻ ƾǼƥ ƪŢ ƱǁƾǼȇ ȏȁ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJơ ǾǻƘƥ DzȈƷǂƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǂǴƬǿ DzǴǟȁ .ƢǼȈȈǧ Ŀ ǶŮ ƨǷƢǫƛ ."153ƣǂūơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ńơ DzƳƚŭơƽȂȀȈdzơ ƣǂūơ ƢǿǃǂǨƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƤǟƢǐŭơ Dzǯ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƩǂǸƬLJơ ƵȁDŽǼdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǹƗ Śǣ ǂȀǜȇ "ǶȈǸǠƫ" ǞǓȁ ńơ ƢNjơǂdzơ ƩƾǸǟ 1941 ǵƢǟ ǺǷ ǁƢȇƗ 20 Ŀȁ .ǵȂȇ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǷȂȇ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƢȀǰǴŻ Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ Dzǰƥ ƣǂŮơ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǟǧƽ ńơ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ȄǠLjǷ ǺǷ ƧǂƴŮơ ǞǼŤ ǹƗ ǁȂǨdzơ ȄǴǟ Ʃǁǂǫ ƾǫ ƢNjơǂdzơ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ǭơǀǻƕ ƣǂūơ ǥȁǂǛ Ŗdzơ ƢƫȂǰdzƢƥ ǙƢǨƬƷȏơ ǑǂǤƥ Ǯdzƿȁ DZȐƬƷȏơ ƪŢ śƬǠǫơȂdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǺǷȁ ƢǰȈƴǴƥ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ .154ƢȈǻƢŭơ ƽȂȀȈdz ǁƢƸƦdzơ Ɣơǁȁ ƢǷ ƽȐƥ ǞǷ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ļȁ ǪƦLJ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ƪǻƢǯ ǩƢLJȁ ǵƾǫ ȄǴǟ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƾȈǫ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ǾȈǧ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ 1940 ǦȈǏ ǀǼǷȁ .ƣǂūơ ƔƢȀƬǻơ Ƨơƾǣ ǪƦǘȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ DzƷ ƽƢŸƛ ƨȀŪ ǖnjǼƫ ǁȂǷȋơ ƱǁƢƻ ńơ ƽȂȀȈǴdz DzȈƷǂƬdzơ ƾǟơȂǫ ǞǓȂƥ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨȈǼǠŭơ ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƦdzơ ƤǠNj ƪǷƢǫ

84

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȈLjǼŪơ ǝDŽǻ ǾƦƳȂŠ ǶƬȇ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǂȇǂŢ ńơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƩƾǸǟ ƢǸǯ .ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ǂnjǻ Ļ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .ƢēơƽƢǔǷȁ ǞȇǁƢnjŭơ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǟ ƾǠƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǧƢǯ Ǻǟ ƩƢLjǸǴdzơ Ǟǔȇ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǾȈǧ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀȁ .ƢƆǷƢŤ ƨǨǴƬű ƨǬȇǂǘƥ 1941 ǹȁǁƢnjƬLjǷ ǹƢǯ 155ƨǟȂǼƬǷ ơƆǃƢȀƳ 15 ƨǻȁƢǠŠ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ ǖǘƼŭ śdzǂƥ Ŀ ƧŚƻȋơ ƔȐƳȍơ ǵȂȈdz ơƆƾȈȀŤ DZȐƬƷȏơ ƪŢ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ńơ ơȂǴLJǁƗ ƾǫ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ǹȁƽƢǠǷ ȄǴǟ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƽƢǠǷ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǪȈƦǘƫ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzơ ǺȇǁƢnjƬLjŭơ Ɣȏƚǿ ƨǸȀǷ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ŚƦǰdzơ ƔƢǐƷƛ ƔơǂƳƛ DZȐƻ ǺǷ Ǯdzƿȁ ȅǃƢǼdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƪŢ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ƨȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ȆǓơǁȋơ DzǷƢǯ ǺǰǷƗ ǹƛȁ ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơ ƧƢȈūơ Ǻǟ ǶǿƽƢǠƥƛȁ ǶēƢǰǴƬŲ ǺǷ Ƕǿƾȇǂš ńơ ǥƾȀȇ ƽȂȀȈǴdz .ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǶŮƢǬƬǻơ ƢȀǠǷ DzȀLjȇ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ǶȀǠȈǸƴƬdz ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ƽƢŸƛ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ǩƢǘǻƛ ƨǘǬǼǯ DzǸǠƬLJơ ơǀǿ ǶǿƔƢǐƷƛ ǹƗ Ɣȏƚǿ DzǸǟ ǹƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .Ȑ Ɔ ǏƗ Ǯdzƿ ńơ ǥƾǿ ƾǫ ƔƢǐƷȍơ ơǀǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ Ǯdzƿ ƪǠƦƫ Ŗdzơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ơǀǿ .ȆƟƢĔ DzƷ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǵƽƢǬdzơ DzȈƷǂƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬƫ ƨȈLjȈdzȂƦdzơ ƨdzȉơ ƪǻƢǯȁ ǀƻƗ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ 1939 ǵƢǠdzơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ƢǼȇƗǁ ƢǸǯȁ ǂȀǛ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ "ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ" ŚƦǠƬdzơ "ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨǤȈǐdzơ DzǸŹ ȆǘŶ Dzǰnjƥ ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥȁ 1940 ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǞLJȁƗ ƾȈǠǏ ȄǴǟ ǂnjƬǼȇ ǺǷ Śưǰdzơ ƪǠǓȁ ƨƦȈǿǁ ƨǤȈǏ .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjǸǴdz ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ƣơǂƬǫơ ƩơǁƢƦƬǟȏ ƧǂǷ Dzǯ Ŀ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ńơ ƧǁƢNjƜǯ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƪǴǸǠƬLJơ ƢĔƗȁ ƨǏƢƻ ƢȀƟơȂƳƗ Ŀ śƻǁƚŭơ 1941 ǁƢȇƗ 20 Ŀ ƢNjơǂdzơ "ǶȈǸǠƫ" ǹƗ ńơ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ơǀǿ .Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ Ʈȇƾūơ ƢȀȈǧ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ ǞǷ ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǽǀǿ ȃȂƷ Ǿǻȋ ȏƛ ƔȆNj ȏ ƧƽƢƥȎdz ǖǘű ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǂǯǀȇ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǹƢǯ ƢǼǻƗ ƢŠ" :ƾǠƥ ƢĔơȁƗ ǹƕ ƾǫ "ƨȈǨǐƬdzơ " ǹƗ ǂȀǜƫ Ń ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǽǀǿ ƢȀƬǼǸǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǸŪơ ƨǴƬƄơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ƨǂƴǿ ǹƜǧ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjǸǴdz ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ǺǷ ƣơǂƬǫơ ȄǴǟ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ŘǠǷ ƢŮ džȈdz ƨǨǏȁ .156"ǞǼŤ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƢǼƫǂǘȈLJ ƪŢ Ŗdzơ .ǶēƽƢƥƛ ǑǂǤƥ Ɣȏƚǿ ǞȈǸš džȈdzȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ǞȇǂǨƫ ńơ ǥƾȀȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǹƗ ơȂǸȀǧ ƾǫ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ǾƬdzƕ ƔƢLJƙǁȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ džǨǼƥ ǶȀǫȂǠȇ ȏ ǾǻƗ ǶȀǼǷ ƢƆǼǛ ǶȀǷDŽǟ Ǻǟ ǶȀȈǼưȇ Ń Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ Śǣ .DZȂǠǨŭơ ȅǁƢLJ Śǣ ƶƦǏƗ Dzūơ" ǵȂȀǨǷ ƾȇƾƸƬƥ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǵƢǫ 1941 ǕƢƦNj 5 Ŀȁ .ƧƽȂǐǬŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ȃȂLJ džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ .ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǽƾȇƾŢ ǶƬȈLJ ǂƻƕ ƾǴƥ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȇȂŢ ǾǻȂǯ ȄǴǟ "ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ 85

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƵǂNj ȅƗ ƔȆnjdzơ džǨǼƥ ǵƢǫ ƾǫ Sipo-SDºdzơ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ DZȁƚLjǷ ǹƢǯ ƔȐƳƛ ƨȈǤƥ "ȆƟƢĔ DzƷ ǝȁǂnjǷ" Ǻǟ ǶǴǰƫ śƷ Ǯdzƿȁ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ǵȂȀǨǷ ƾȇƾŢȁ ƾǠƥ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzƷǂȇ ǹƗ ǑǂƬǨŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ 157 ƾǠƥ ƽƾŹ Ń ǹƢǰǷ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ .Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ńȂƬƫ ƮȈƷ ƣǂūơ ƨȇƢĔ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǸǯ .ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǴƷǂǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǷƽƢǫ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǹƗ ǂȀǜȇ ǵƾǬƫ ƢǷ Dzǯ Ŀ ƔȆNj ȏ ƾǫ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ȃǂǼLJȁ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ Ǯdzǀƥ ȆƷȂȇ ĺȁǁȁƗ ƾȈǠǏ ȄǴǟ ƩơŚǔŢ ǭƢǼǿ ȏ ȆȀǧ ǂǴƬǿ ƩƢƥƢǘşȁ Ņȁƾdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ ȅƗǂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ .ƧǂƻƘƬǷ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀ ǂȀǛ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƾǠƦƬLjǻ ȏ ƢǼǻƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ǹȁǂƻȉơ ǾȈdzƛ Ƥǿƿ ƢǷ ǾǼǷ ǶȀǨȇ DZƢů ȅƗ ǭǂƬƫ ƔơǁƖƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǎź ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƲƬǼƬLjƫ ƢǼȇƾȇƗ śƥ Ŗdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǹȋ ƨȈƟƢǼưdzơ ƨȈǓǂǧ ǭƢǼǿ ǾǻƗ ȃǂƻƗ ǺǷȁ ƵƢƴǼdzơ ǵƾǟ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǵƢǬƬǻȏơ ȅȂǼȇ ǹƢǯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǸǧ .śǿƢšơ Ʃơƿ Ŀ ǖǬǧ ƨȈǧơǂǤƳ ƨǴǰnjǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjǷ ǹȂǰƫ ƢȀǼȈƷ žǾƷƢƴǼƥ ƾǬƬǠȇ ǹƗ ƾȇǂȇ ǹƢǯ .158.ƣǂūơ ƨȇƢĔ ƾǠƥ ǂƻƕ ǹƢǰǷ ȅƗ Ŀ ȁƗ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ DzǐǨdzơ Ŀ ƢǼȈǴǟ ƤƳȂƬȇ .ƨƬǫƚǷ ƨǸȈǬƥ ȏƛ ǂǓƢūơ ƪǫȂdzƢƥ ȄǜŢ ȏ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǹȂnjȈǠȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƧǂƥƾǷ ƧƽƢƥƛ ƨLJƢȈLJ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨǫƾƥ ǂǜǼdzơ ǵƽƢǬdzơ Ȇǿȁ ƨȈŷȋơ ǺǷ ƤǻƢƳ ȄǴǟ ƨǘǬǻ ƧǁƢƯƛ Ņ ƤȈǘȇ ơǀǿ DzƦǫÇ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ DZơƚLJ ŸǶȀLjȈƟǁ ǁƢǰǧƗ ǹȂLjȈǬȇ ơȂǻƢǯ DžƢȈǬǷ ȅƘƦǧ .ǂǴƬǿ ǕƢƦǓ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ Ȃǿ ǾǻƗȁ ǾLJȂǿ ǶȀLjȈƟǁ ǹȂǯǁƢnjȇ ơȂǻȂǰȇ Ń ǶĔƗ Ņ ȁƾƦȇ Ǻǰdzȁ ǾȈǴǟ ƨƥƢƳȍơ ƾȈȇƘƫ ǞȈǘƬLjǻ ǺƸǼǧ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ .ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ŚǰǨƬdzơ ƾƷ ńơ Ƥǿǀȇ ǹƢǯ ǺǷ ǽƾƷȁ ơǀđ ǂǯǀǻ ǺŴȁ .ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ǮǴƬƥ ǹȂǼǷƚȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń 1940 Ŀ ǾǻƗ Ƨǂǰǧ ƧƽƢƥƛ Ƨǂǰǧ ƢȀȈǧ ǒǧǂȇ Ŗdzơȁ  1940 ǁƢȇƗ Ŀ ƢǿǁǂƷ Ŗdzơ ǂǴŷ ƧǂǯǀŠ ǍȂǐŬơ ƾǠƥȁ .ƢƆȈǻƢƯ "ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨǠȈƦǘǴdz ƨǨdzƢű" ƢĔƗȁ ƆȏȁƗ ƨǴȈƸƬLjǷ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ǹƗ ƮȈƷ ƤǠNj ǾƯƾŹ ǾLjȈƟǂdz ƧǂǯǀǷ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DzLJǂȇ 1940 ƨȈǴȇȂƳ 2 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ǎǻ Ŀȁ ǺȇǂȀNj Ŗdzơȁ 159ƨȇƾǼdzȂƦdzơ ƨƦƼǼdzơ ǺǷ ǥȏƕ ƨȈǨǐƫ ǂƯƛ NJȈŪơ ƢȀȀƳơȁ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǧȐŬơ Ǻǟ ƢȀȈǧ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǸȀŭơ ǶƴƷ DzȈƼƬȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷ .ơƆƾƳ ƨũƢƷ Śƥơƾƫ ƢĔƘƥ ƢǿȂǨǏȁ ǽƙơƾǟ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬǻ ȏ Ȇǯȁ .Śǐǫ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƢǿƙơƽƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ .ƨȈǴǸǟ Śƥơƾƫ ƽƢǸƬǟƢƥ ǾǼǟ DZǃƢǼƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ ǾǻƜǧ Ǯdzƿ ǞǷȁ ǵȁƢǬȇ ȏ ƢƆƦǴǏ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz 86

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

ǺǷ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƩƢŹǂǐƫ DZƢƳǂdzơ Ɣȏƚǿ Ƣđ DzƦǬƬLjȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ƨǧǂǠǷ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷ ǾƫơǂǯǀǷ Ŀ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǎŬ 1939 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 30 ƣƢǘƻ ƨƸȈƦǏ Ŀ .ǶȀLjȈƟǁ ǪƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ ǞƳǂŭƢǧ .160ƧƔȂƦǼdzơ ǂǯƿ ȄǴǟ ļƘȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ǕƢǬǼdzơ ƨǴȈǴdzơ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ǂǯǀȈǧ .1941 ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 20 ƺȇǁƢƫ DzǸŹ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ȄǴǟ ǵȂƴŮơ Ŀ ǞǓȂdzơ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǾƬǬǧǂƥ ǹƢǯȁ ǂǴƬǿ ƾǼǟ ǹƢǯ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ DZȂǬȇ .ǭƢǼǿ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǾnjȈǠȇ ȅǀdzơ ȅȁƢLJƘŭơ ǞǓȂdzơ ńơ ơƆŚnjǷ ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƨǬǘǼǷ DZƽƢǟ ƣƢǬǟȂǿ ǾǻȂǻƢǠȇ ƢǷ ǹƛ .ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ŀ ƢƆƠȈnjǧ ƢƆƠȈNj ǞƳơǂƬƫ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ" (džǴƥȂǣ) .161" Ǯdzǀƥ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƘƦǼƫ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǁǂȀǨdzơ .ƨLJǂnjdzơ ǶēơǂǷơƚŭȁ ƨƴȈȀŭơ ǶȀLjƟƢLJƾdz .ǶLJƢƷ Śǣ ƣȂǴLJƗ ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ ƢǿǂLjǧ ǾǻƗȁ ǾLjȈƟǁ ƧƔȂƦǻ ơƆƾȈƳ ǶȀǨȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ƢǼǿ ǚƷȐǻ .ƔȏƚŮ ǶȈƴŢ Ƨǂǰǧ DZȂƦǫ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȂȀǧ ƧƽƢƥƜƥ DzƦǬȇ Ń ǹƛȁ ǾǻƗ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǚƷȐǻ ƢǸǯ Ŀ ǖȈLjƦdzơ ǦǛȂŭơ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ ǦdzȁƽƗ) ǹƢǯ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǺǷ DzǫƗ ƩƢƳǁƽ ƧƾǠƥȁ .ǾƬȈǧǂŞ ǂǴƬǿ ǵȐǯ ǀƻƘȇ Ń ǽǁȁƾƥ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹȁƚnjdzơ Ŀ ȆƟƢǐƻƗ ǾǼǰdzȁ ȂƥƢƬLjǤdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ȃȂLJ ƢȀȈǧ ǂȇ Ń ǾǻƗȁ ǂǴƬǿ ƧƔȂƦǼƥ Ǟũ ǾǻƘƥ ǶȈǴNjǁȁƗ Ŀ ƧƢǔǬdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ƵǂǏ ƾǬǧ DZƢưǷƗ DZƢƳǁ ǽƢƦƬǻơ ƪǨǴƫ Ń ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ Śǣ ǺǸǧ . 162Ʋȇȁǂƫ ƔȆNj ȏ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ .Ƨƾǟ Ʃơǂŭ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ Ʃǁǂǰƫ ƢĔƗȁ ƨǏƢƻ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ)ȁ (ǂǴŷ) ơȂǻƢǯ ǶȀǼǰdzȁ ƩƢƷǂƬǬǷ ʼnƾǬƬdz ȁƗ ƩơǁƽƢƦŠ ǵƢȈǬǴdz ǺȇȂǟƾǷ ơȂǻƢǯ ǶĔƗ ńơ Śnjȇ ơȂǻȂǰȇ Ń ƢǷ ǁȂǐƫ ơȂǟƢǘƬLJȏȁ ƆƢǸLjƷ ǂưǯƗ ƢƆǬǧƗ Ǯdzƿ Ɣơǁȁ ǹƗ ńơ ǾƦǼƬdzơ ǹȂǠȈǘƬLjȇ .ǾǴȈţ ǹȂǠȈǘƬLjȇ ǶȀLjǨǻƗ Ƕǿ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ ȅǀdzơ ƹƢǼŭơ ǁȂǘƫ ńơ Śnjǻ ǹƗ ƢǼǸȀȇ ơǀǿ ǁȂǐƬdzơ ǝȂǓȂǷ Ŀ ǹȂȇǃƢǼdzơ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ ƢǷƗ .ǀǨǼȇ ơƆǂǷƗ ƧƔȂƦǼdzơ ƪƸƦǏƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨǏƢƻȁ ǀȈǨǼƬdzƢƥ ƶǸLjȇ ǹƗ ǝȂǻ ǺǷ ƪƦǰƥ ǶŮ ƤƦLjƬƫ ƩƗƾƥ ƾǬǧ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ƨŪƢǠǷ ǶȀȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzơ ǺǷ ƢƥȁǁȁƗȁ ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ ǂȀǘȈLJ ǾǻƗ ƽơƽǂƫ Ǻǟ ǦǫȂƬȇ ȏ ǂǴƬǿ .ȅƾƳ ƨȈǔǫ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƨȈǼȇƽ ǾƦNj ƨǸȀǷ ǾǻƘǯȁ Ǿdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƶƦǏƗ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ .ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞƳơǂƬdzƢƥ ǂǸƬLJơ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ Ǻǰdzȁ .ǾǼǟ ȆǓƢǤƬdzơ ǾǗƢƦǓ ǺǷ ơƆƾƷƗ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȏ ƨdzȁƽ Dzǯ ǞǷ ǹȁǂƯƢǰƬȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǾȈǧ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǽȂŴ ơȂǷƾǬƫ ƢǸǴǯ ǵȂȇ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǷȂȇ .ƧȁDŽǣ 87

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƾƥ ȏ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀǼǰȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ ƨȈƦǐǠƬdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǁơƿƖȇ ȅǀdzơ ǖǤǔdzơ ǹƛ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ .ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǹȂǸǰŹ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ƣDŽūơ ƔƢLJƙǁ Ƣđ ǂǠnjȇ ǹƗȁ ǙƢƬǤȇ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ śdzŐdz ƢƆǸǯƢƷ ǹƢǯ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƤǏƢǼǷ Ƨƾǟ DzǤnjȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (džǴƥȂǣ) ơǀǿ Ŀȁ ǶȀǴȈƷǂƫ ńơ ǾǠǧƾȇ ǾƷȂǸǗ ǹƢǯ .DžȂŮơ ƾƷ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽƾǟ ƾȇơDŽƫ ǺǷ Śưȇ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ńơ Śnjƫ ǽǂƫƢǧƽ ǹƛ .ƨǘǴLjdzơ Ɣơǁȁ ǾȇǂƳ ǞǷ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǾƟơƾǠƥ ȄǫȐƬȇ ǾǻƜǧ ǶǿƽǂǗ ȄǴǟ ƨǘǴLjdzơ ǮǴŻ ȏ Ǿǻȋȁ .ƢǸēȐƥƢǬǷ DZȐƻ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǂǴƬǿ ǞǷ ƤǠnjdzơ Ǻǟ ǶǿƽƢǠƥƛ Ŀ ƽƾnjƬdzơ ǾǼǷ ƢƆƦdzƢǗ ƧǂǷ Dzǯ Ŀ ǶȀƬȈǔǫ ƵǂǗ Ŀ ƽƽǂƬȇ Ń ǪǴǬƥ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ǽǂǯǀȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǗƢƦǓ DžƢŧ :ƱȁƽDŽǷ ŘǠǷ Ǿdz ǹƢǯ ǹƿƛ ǖǤǔdzƢǧ .ňƢŭȋơ .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjǸǴdz Dzūơ ƣƢȈǤƥ ǶȀǬƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ǞǬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƔȏƚŮ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƨȈLJƢLjƷ ǾǼǷ DzǫƗ ǦǫȂŭơ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ƾƳȂƫ ƮȈƷ (ƾǼǴƫǁơȁ) ºdzơ DZȁƚLjǷ (ǁDŽȇǂǣ) ǵƗ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǹƢǯƗ ƔơȂLJ DzǸūơ Dzǯ ǾȈǧ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ .ƨǬƸǴŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ ǹȂǼǰLjȇ ơȂdzơǃ ƢǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈƦǴǣƗ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǹƢǯ ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƨǬǘǼǷ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DZƢLJǁȍ ǾǠLJȁ Ŀ ƢǷ Dzǯ DzǠǨȇ (ǁDŽȇơǂǣ) ƿƢţȏ ơǂųơ ňƢưdzơ ƢǸǯ DZȁȋơ .ǶȀǼǷ ǾȈǧ ǎǴƼƬȈLJ ȅǀdzơ ǵȂȈdzơ Őǐdzơ ǡǁƢǨƥ ǂǜƬǼȇ ƨǷȐǟ Dzŧ ȄǴǟ ǶȀǷƢǣǁƛ ƨȇŐŪơ DZƢǸǟȋơ Ǒǂǧ :ºǯ ƨƬǫƚǷ ƢĔȁƾǬƬǠȇ ơȂǻƢǯ Śƥơƾƫ ƾǠƥ ǾǠǓȁ Ļ ơǀǿ Dzǯ .śǴƬƄơ ŁƢǐdz DzǸǠƫ ƽȂȀȇ ȃǁȂNj dždzƢů ǶȀƟƢnjǻƛ ƨǫǁƢǧ ǞȈǸš Ļ ƢǷ ǹƢǟǂLjǧ ƾǼǴƫǁơȁ ºdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ .DzȈǴǬƥ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩơȂǬdzơ DZȂǏȁ ǩȐǗȍơ ȄǴǟ ƢǿŐǯƗ "ǃƽȂdz" ǹƢǯ ƮȈƷ ƨǼȇƾŭơ ǂƟƢLJ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁDŽǠǷ ƩƢǿȂƬȈǣ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽȂǠƫ Ȇǯ ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ 1940 ǁƢȇƗ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ Ŀ ǾǫȐǣƛ Ļ ȅǀdzơ ȂƬȈǤdzơ ǽƔƢnjǻƛ Ļ ƾǫ ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƢȈǧȂǏǂǧ ȂƬȈǣ ǹƢǯȁ .Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƔǖƦƥ ǾȈdzƛ ƨǯǂūơ ƾǬǧ "śǴƥȂdz ȁ ƢȈǧȂǯơǂǯ" ȂƬȈǣ ƢǷƗ  "ǃƽȂdz ȂƬȈǣ" ǪLjǻ ȄǴǟ 1940 ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ ŕƷ Ǯdzƿȁ ǞǓȂǷ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ Ŀ ƩƢǿȂƬȈǣ ńơ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ 1941 ǁơƿƕ Ŀ ƢŷƔƢnjǻƛ Ļ .1942 ǺǷ ƢƆǔǠƥȁ 1941 ƨȇƢĔ ǥƾē "ƢȈǧȂǏǂǧ" Ŀ ƢǸǯ "ǃƽȂdz" Ŀ ƨǬǴǤŭơ ƩƢǿȂƬȈǤdzơ ƔƢnjǻƛ ǹƢǯ ńȁȋơ ǵƢȇȋơ Ŀ ƔơǂNj DzȈƦLJ Ŀ ƨǏƢŬơ ǶŮơȂǷƗ ǹȂǧǂǐȇ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ śǯƢLjŭơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ǁƢǐƬǟƛ ńơ ƪǤǴƥ ŕƷ ƵơȁǁƗ ƾǐƷ ȏƛ ƢǸȀǼǷ Ǻǰȇ ǶǴǧ ƔƢƥȂdzơȁ ƨǟƢĐơ Ǻǟ ƢǷƗ .NJȈǠdzơ ƨǸǬdz 88

ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ

ƿƢţȏ ƧǂǘǔǷ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƨǷȂǰūơ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ƩƢǿȂƬȈǤdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƢǿȐǟƗ ƩơȂǷȋơ ƨƦLjǻ Ǻǟ DžƢǼdzơ ƾǐŢ ƨǟƢĐơ ǭǂƫ ńơ śȇǃƢǼdzơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǒǠƦƥ Ǟǧƾȇ ǹƢǯ ƢŲ ǦǫơȂǷ ǽǀǿ ǂǜǼdzơ ƩƢȀƳȁ Ǻǰdzȁ .ǶȀǴǯ ǶȀȈǴǟ ƩƘƫ Ń ǹƛ ǶǿƽơƾǟƗ ǺǷ ǦǨţ ƢȀǴǟ ƾǸǟ Dzƻơƽ ƔȏƚŮ DzǸǟ śǷƘƫ Ȃǿȁ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƤǴǤȇ ǹƗ ǂƻƕ ǁƢȈŬ DZƢĐơ ƨǯǁƢƫ ƨdzȂƦǬǷ Ǻǰƫ Ń .163ǶȀnjȈǟ ƤLjǯ ȄǴǟ ǶǿƾǟƢLjƫ ƩƢǿȂƬȈǤdzơ DZƢǸǠƬLJƢƥ ơȂǤdzƢƥ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƨdzƢūơ ǞȈƦǘƫ ńơ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ǹȂȇǃƢǼdzơ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǏȂƫ ǹȉơ ƢƆƬǫƚǷ ƶƦǏƗ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽȂƳȂdzơ .ƩƢǿȂƬȈǤdzơ Ŀ ȆǨLjǠƬdzơ ƱDŽdzơ :ºǯ ƨȈǨLjǠƫ Śƥơƾƫ ƶƦǏƗ ƨnjȈǠŭơ ǕȁǂNj ǁȂǿƾƫ ǹƗ ƨǏƢƻ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ Ɣȏƚǿ ŚǐǷ Ǻǟ ǶŮƢƥ ơȂǴǤnjȇ Ǻdzȁ .ƪǫȁ ǝǂLJƗ Ŀ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǽǀǿ DzƷ Ŀ śdzǂƥ ȄǴǟ ǖǤǔdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ Ƣđ ǹȂǴǴǠƬȇ ƨǠȇǁƿ ǀţơ ǝȂŪơȁ ǁȂŬơ ǺǷ ǶȀǼǷ ƩƢƠǷ ƩȂŠ ǹȂǰƬLJ ƨƴȈƬǼdzơ ǹƗ ǂȀǛ ƢǷƾǼǟ Ǻǰdzȁ DzƷ ƽƢŸƛ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥȁ ǶȀǼǷ ǍȐŬƢƥ ǶȀƬƦǣǁ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ ȆǨź ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǶȀƬdzƢǟƜƥ ǁơǂǬdzơ ńơ ǾǬȇǂǗ ǥǂǠȇ ǀƻƗ ƾǫ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǾƴƟƢƬǻ ƩǂȀǛ ơƆŚǤƫ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇ Ǻǰdzȁ .ǶŮ ǞȇǂLJ ǹȁǂǰǨȇ śdzȁƚLjŭơ DzǠŸ ơƆƽȁƽǂǷ ǹȁǂǧȂȈLJ DzǸǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǬdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ .ǹƢǿƿȋơ

Ǿdz ǦLJƘȇ Ǻdz ǶđƢȈǣ ǹƜǧ DzǸǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǫ ŚǤdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǻǰdzȁ .ǶēơƽȂȀů DZȐǤƬLJƢƥ .ƾƷƗ

ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƱǁƢƻ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǹƗȁ ƞǗƢƦƬƫ ǁȂǷȋơ ǹƗ ǚƷȏ ǽǁȁƾƥ ǂǴŷ ǥǂǠȇ Ȃǿ ŸDzǸūơ ǦȈǨƼƬdz ȃǂƻƗ DzƟƢLJȁ DZƢǸǠƬLJơ ǺǰŻ ȏƗ .ǵȂȇ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǷȂȇ ǞƳơǂƬƫ ƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơ ǶŮ ǪƦLJ ȃǂƻƗ DzƟƢLJȁȁ (ǑǂǷ Ǿƥ Ǻŭ ǶȈƷǁ DzƬǫ) ȅǃƢǻƢƫȁȋơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǵƢǟ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀȁ .ƢǿǃƢųƜƥ ƨȈǼǬƬdzơ ǶƟơǂŪơ ƨƸǧƢǰǷ ƨǗǂNj ƧDŽȀƳƗ ƪŷƢLJ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŀ ǾƫƾǟƢLjǷ ȄǴǟ ǾƬǸǜǼǷ ǞǓȂƥ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ƨȈǓȂǨǷ džȈƟǁ (ǂǴǿȂƥ) ǺǷ ƤǴǗ 1941 .ƩƢǿȂƬȈǤdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǺȇƽȂƳȂŭơ DZƢǔǟ ǑǂŠ ǶȀǼǷ śƥƢǐŭơȁ ǺȇƾǠǬŭơ ǺȇǃȂƴƄơ DzƬǫ ƺǔdzơ .ƨȈƸǓ ǦdzƗ 20 ƢȀƬǴȈǐƷ ǹƢǯȁ "13 ǥƗ 14" DŽǷǂdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪǴŧ Ń ǂǴŷ Ǻǰdzȁ DžƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨƠǧ ȄǴǟ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ƨƸƳƢǻ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ȃǿ ǃƢǤdzƢƥ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ƢŮƢǸǠƬLJƢƥ ƾǠƥ ǂǰǨȇ DzƬǬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǂȇƾǷȁ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ƨȈǓȂǨǷ ŅȁƚLjǷ ƾƷƗ ǭơǂƥ ǁȂƬǰȈǧ) ǵƢǫ ǡŐǻǁȂǻ Ŀȁ Ŀ ǾƬƦǣǁ Ǻǟ 1941 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀ ǾƯƾƷ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǂǴŷ ǹƘƥ ƶȇǂǐƬdzƢƥ ǶȈƷǂdzơ 89

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

."164ȆǟƢŦ ǶȈǬǠƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ" ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ Ŀ ƮƸƦȇ ǹƗ ǽƾȇǂȇ Ȃǿȁ "ǶǬǠdzƢƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨƥƢǏƛ" :ǾƫƢȇǂŢȁ ǾƯƢŞƗ ƨǴǐŰ 1941 ǁơƿƕ 28 Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ ǵƾǫ ǹƗ ȏƛ (ǭơǂƥ) ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǧ .ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ƨǠƥƢƬǷ Ŀ ƆƢȈǴǸǟȁ ƢƆȇǂǜǻ Ǿǧǂǐƫ ƪŢ ǾLjǨǼƥ ƢƆǠǓơȁ žƨǼǰŲ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǾǻƗȁ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ɨǂǫ ƾǫ ǾǻƘƥ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ ƨƬLJ ǁȁǂǷ ƾǠƥ ǾƥƢƳƗ ƾǫ ǂǴŷ ǹƢǯȁ 165 1942 Ŀ ȏƛ ǁȂǷȋơ ǁȂǘƬƫ Ńȁ . ƢȀȈǧ ǽƙƢǬdz Ǿdz ƵƢƬȇ ƨǏǂǧ DZȁƗ Ŀ ǾǠǷ ǾdzȁơƾƬȈLJ ƩƗƾƥ ƾǫ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƪǻƢǯ Ǯdzƿ ƔƢǼƯƗ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ ǶȈǬǠƫ ƨȈǔǫ ǂǴŷ ǁƢƯƗ śƷ Ɔ Ʒ ƢǿŐƬǠȇ ǂǴŷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƨȈǴǸǟ Ȇǿȁ .1941 ƨȇơƾƥ ńơ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjǸǴdz Ȑ ǺǷ ǥǂǗ ȄǴǟ .1941 ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ƢŮ ŚǔƸƬdzơ Ļ ƾǫ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƧŚưǯ ơƆǁȂǷƗ Ǻǰdzȁ ȆǟƢŦ DzǬƬǠǷ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ƨǬƸǴŭơ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ŀ "NJƬȈǧǃȁƗ" Ȅǟƾƫ ƧŚǤǏ ƨǼȇƾǷ ǥơǂǗƗ Ļ 1941 ƨǼLJ ǞǴǘǷ Ŀ .1940 Ŀ ǽƔƢnjǻƛ Ļ śȈǻȂdzȂƥ śȈLJƢȈLJ śǻȂƴLjǷ ǶǓ DzƳƗ ǺǷȁ .ļƢȈǧȂLJ ƣǂƷ śƸLJ ǦdzƗ 100 ƤǟȂƬLjȇ Ȇǯ DzǬƬǠŭơ ơǀǿ ǞȈLJȂƫ Ȇǯ ǶȈƼŭơ ǺǷ ȅƽȂȀȇ 6000 ƽǂǗ Ļ ŚƦǰdzơ ǶȈƼŭơ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ śǸȈǬdzơ ǹƢǰLJƛ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǶȈƼŭơ ńơ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǶȀǫƢūƛ ƾȈǟƗ Ľ 166ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ǹƾǷ Ƨƾǟ ȄǴǟ ơȂǟǃȂƬȇ .ƧƽƢƥȎdz ƧƾǟƢǫ ńơ DZȂŢ ƾǫ

90

Ǟƥơǂdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ Ǯdzǀƥ ƢƆƦǴǬǼǷ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȁƾūơ ȄǴǟ ňƢŭȋơ NJȈŪơ Ƕƴǿ 1941 ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 22 Ŀ ǪǸǟ Ŀ DzǣȂƬȇ NJȈŪơ ǾȈǧ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ .ƨǯǂǠǸǴdz ơƆDŽǿƢƳ Ǻǰȇ Ń Ƕǐƻ ȄǴǟ ȏ Dzǰnjƥ ƆȐȈƬǬƫ DzǸǠƫ Ƨǂƻƚŭơ Ŀ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩƢƦǠnjdzơȁ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ƩơƾƷȁ ƪǻƢǯ ƽȐƦdzơ ƢŮ ƾȀǠȇ Ń ƨƦȈǿǁ ƨȇǂƥŐƥ ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ƢƆȈǷǁ ƨȈǟƢŦ DzƬǫ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ńơ ƩƾǸǟ .Ǿdz ǪƥƢLJ ǹƢǯ ňƢŭƗ ǹƢȈǟ ƾǿƢNj ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǮǴƫ DZȂǐƷ ȄǴǟ ǡŐǻǁȂǻ Ŀ ƾȀNj ƾǫȁ .DzȈưǷ :ƨȇȂǫ ǍƢǏǁ ƩƢǬNjǁ Ǟũ ǾǻƗ Ȑ Ɔ ƟƢǫ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ Ŀ ǶȈǬȇ DžƢǻƗ ƢȀǴƻơƽ Ŀ ƨǸƼǓ ƧǂǨƷ ǵƢǷƗ ȆLjǨǻ ƩƾƳȂǧ ƣơǂƬdzơ ǞǨƫǂǷ DZȂƷ ƪǨǨƬdzơ" ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .Džȁƙǂdzơ ȃȂLJ ǶȀǼǷ ȃǂȇ ȏ ǒǠƥ ƤǼƳ ǶȀǔǠƥ ǹȂLJƾǰǷ ǹȁŚưǯ .ƢƆȈƷ DZơǃ ƢǷ ǾǻƗ ńơ ƧǁƢNjƛ ǽƾȇ Ǟǧǁ ǺǷ ǶȀȈǧȁ .ǭǂƸƬȇ DZơDŽȇ ƢǷ ǹƢǯ ǺǷ śƥƢǐŭơ ŅơȂƷ ƧǂǨūơ Ŀ ǹƢǯ ȅǂȇƾǬƫ ƤLjŞȁ .ƢȀǟƢƥǁƗ ƨƯȐƯ ńơ ȃȌǷ ƧǂǨūơ ƪǻƢǯȁ ƨƦǠnjdzơ ƩơȂǫ ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ Ƴǁ ƩƾƳȂǧ ǁƢǼdzơ ǪǴǘǷ Ǻǟ ȅǂǜǼƥ ƪưŞ .ǎƼNj ŅơȂƷ ljƢNjǂdzơ ƨȈǫƾǼƦdzơ Ǟǔȇ ƧǂǨūơ Dzƻơƽ ǾȈǴƳǁ ȏƆ ƾdzƾǷ ƧǂǨūơ ƨǧƢƷ ȄǴǟ ƢƆLjdzƢƳ ƨǏƢŬơ ńơ ƪdzDŽǻ ƾǫ ƢƆǷƢŤ ƨȇǁƢǠdzơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ƪǻƢǯ .ƧǁƢƴȈLJ Ǻƻƾȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǾƦǯǁ ǩȂǧ ǩȂǧ ƨǬǴƷDŽƬǷ ƢȀȈǧ ƨǷƾǬƬǷ Ľ ƢȀƦǻơǂȇDŽƷ ƾƷƗ ȄǴǟ ǽǂǨƷ Ļ ǶǴLJ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƧǂǨūơ Śnjȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ ńơ ȏƆ ȂǏȁ ǭƢǼǿ ǝǃƢǼƫ DZơDŽƫ ƢǷ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ Džȁƙǁ ǵơƾǟȍơ ǶǰƷ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ƢǿȂǬƦLJ ȅǀdzơ śdzȂƬǬŭơ ǩȂǧ ǵƢǼƫ Ľ .ƨǏƢŬơ ƨƦǠnjdzơ DzƳǁ ǾȈdzƛ ǺǷ ƨǬNjǁ ƪǠũ Ľ ƪǧƢƻ ƩȂǐƥ ǶȀƯƾŹ ƔƢȈƷȋơ džǷȐȇ ǹƢǯ ǺǷ ǶȀȈǧȁ .Ƕđ ."...167ƩƢǬǴǘdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ǽǀđ ǶȀǷơƾǟƛ Ļ DZƢǨǗƗȁ ƔƢLjǻ DZƢƳǁ ǎƼNj ǦdzƗ 500 ºdzơ ŅơȂƷ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƣǂūơ ƪǴƴLJ Ǯdzǀƥȁ .ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ Ŀ ƽƾǠdzơ ơǀǿ DzưǷȁ 1941 ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƣȁǂūơ ńơ ƢƆLJƢȈǫ ƣȁǂūơ ƣȂǴLJƗ Ŀ ƨȇǁǀƳ ƨǴǬǻ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ƾǓ

91

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƾƷ ƪǤǴƥ ǶƟơǂƳ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ DzƴLJ ơǀǰǿȁ DŽǸȀȇƾdz DzƬǬdzơ DzƟƢLJȁ ƩǁȂǘƫ ƮȈŞ .Ƨȁǁǀdzơ ŚǰǨƬdzơ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ ǺǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǾǻƜǧ ƢȀƦȈdzƢLJƗ ƽƾǠƫ ńơ ǂǜǼdzƢƥȁ ǁǃƢĐơ ǶƴƷ ńơ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ ǹƛ .1941 ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 22 DzƦǫ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǀţƗ ƾǫ śȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǹƘƥ ƽƢŢȍơ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ ǽƿƢţƛ ǪƦLJ ƾǫ ƩȂŭƢƥ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǬǨƬȇ śƻǁƚŭơ ǂưǯƗ .1681941 ǞȈƥǁ Ŀ ƶƳǁȋơ ȄǴǟȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ȏƛ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ƤƬǯ ƢȀǼǸǔƬdz Ǯdzƿȁ ǞȈǸŪơ DZȁƢǼƬǷ Ŀ Ȇǿ ƭơƾƷȋơ ơǀǿ ƧƔơǂǫ ǹƛ ǽǀǿ .ƨȇǂǴƬŮơ ƧƾȈǬǠǴdz ƨƸǓơȁ ƨȇƙǁ Ǻǟ ŐǠƫ ȏ ƨǴȇDŽǿȁ ƨǨȈǠǓ ǪƟƢƯȁ ńơ ƾǼƬLjƫ ƢĔƗ ǾǷDŽǟ ơƆƽƾnjǷ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǷ ƨȈǨȈnjdzȂƦdzơ ǖƥǁ ńơ ƢƆǸƟơƽ ơƆƾǷƢǟ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀǨź Ń Ŗdzơ ƧƾȈǬǠdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷƛ ȄǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ȄǴǟ ǵDŽǟ ǾǻƗ ȁƗ .ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǸǯ ńȁȋơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ȄǴǟ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǽŚǷƾƬƥ ǽŚǰǨƬƥ ƨǘƦƫǂǷ ƢĔȋ ǖǬǧ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǺǷ ǩǂnjdzơ ńơ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ƩƢƷƢLjŭơ Ŀ :ƢȀǓǂƬǠƫ ƧŚƦǯ ƨƦǬǟ ǹƗ ȏƛ ƲƟƢƬǼǴdz ơƆǂǜǻ ƨǬȈǬūơ ǺǷ DzƟȏƾdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƢǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬdzơ Ŀ ǹƢŭȋơ ƢǿƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ƩơŚǔƸƬdzơ ǹƗ ńơ Śnjƫ ƢǼȇƾȇƗ śƥ Ŗdzơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ǹƛ Ŀ ǀţơ ƾǫ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƜǧ .1941 ǦȇǂŬơ DzƦǫ ƗƾƦƫ Ń ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ŸƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ DzǐƷ ȅǀdzơ ŚƻƘƬdzơ ƵǂNj ǞȈǘƬLjǻ ǦȈǰǧ ǞȈƥǂdzơ žƧƽƢƥȎdz ǹƢǼƯƛ ǹƢǐǻ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ DZȂǬǻȁ ǝȂǓȂŭơ DZȂƷ ǥƢǨƬdzȍơ ƢǼǼǰŻ ǞƦǘdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬǷ ǦȈǐdzơ Ŀ ňƢưdzơȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ƽȂȀȇ ƧƽƢƥƜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇȁ ǞȈƥǂdzơ Ŀ ǁƾǏ DZȁȋơ Ɣơǁȁ ǺǸǰƫ Ŗdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ƨǠǼǬǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥȁ Śnjǻ ǹƗ ƢǼǷƢǷƗ ȄǬƦȇ .169ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȂȀȈƥ ƢǼǠǧƾȇ ƢǷ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƛ .ƧǂȇƢǤǷ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǺǷ ȆLJƢLJȋơ ǪƟƢǠdzơ ȄǬƦȇ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƱȁƽDŽŭơ ǎǼdzơ ơǀǿ ƾǫ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷ .ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ ǎǼdzơ ƽȂƳȂƥ ǮnjǴdz ƩƗƾƥ ƾǫ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ Ǻǰdzȁ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǶēƽƢƥƛ ƩƗƾƥ ƨƯȐƯ ȁƗ ǺȇǂȀNj ƧƾǷ ǹƜǧ ǺǷDŽdzơ DžƢȈǬƥ ŸƨǴǸūơ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ ǦȈǰǧ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ ƨȈǧƢǯ Ƨƾǟ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ ǹƜǧ ǽǀȀǯ ȃǂƻƗ ǦǫơȂǷ Ŀ Ǻǰdzȁ ƨǘȈLjƥ ƨȈǼǷǃ ƧƾǷ ŐƬǠƫ ǂȀNjƗ .170ƤǬǟ ȄǴǟ ƢƆLJƗǁ ǵƢǜǻ ƤǴǬdz ǾǨǼƬǯơ džǷơƽ ǵȐǛ ƤǿƢȈǣ Ŀ Dzƻƾȇ ƹǁƚŭơ ǹƜǧ ƮƸƦdzơ ǺǷ ȃȂƬLjŭơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ǂǴƬǿ śƥ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƯƽƢƄơ ȃȂƸǧ DZȂƷ ƢǻŚǼȇ ƔȂǓ ȅƗ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz .Ƨǂưǰƥ ǁƢƦǤdzơ 92

ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ

ǂǷơȁȋơ ŕƷ ȁƗ Ʃǀţơ Ŗdzơ ƩơǁƽƢƦŭơ ȁƗ ƪǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƷǂƬǬŭơ ǍȂǐş ǂǴŷȁ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz ƆȐǏƗ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭƢƥ ƨǴȈƼƦdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ Ǻǟ ǒȇȂǠƬdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷȁ .ƪȈǘǟƗ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀŮ ǺȇǀǨǼŭơ DZƢƳǂdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ńơ ƮƸƦdzƢƥ DZƢǬƬǻȏơ ȃȂLJ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǴȈLJȁ ǺǷ ƢȀƬǓǂǧ Ŗdzơȁ ƢŮȂǏȁ ńơ ơȂǠLJ Ŗdzơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ƔơǂǬƬLJơ ƨdzȁƢŰ Ľ ơȁǂǤǏ ǵƗ ơȁŐǯ žļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸƸǴdz ńȁȋơ ǂȀNjȋơ Ŀ ƢȀǬȈƦǘƫ ȄǴǟ ơȂǴǸǟ Ŗdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ .ǦȈǐdzơ ƨȇƢĔ ǞǷ ȆȀƬǼƫ ƨǨǗƢƻ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǹȂȇǃƢǼdzơ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ ƢŮ ǁǂǫ Ŗdzơ ƨǴǸūơ .ǵƢǠdzơ ǞǴǘǷ ǞǷ ƩƗƾƥ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǴǸƸǴdz ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơȁ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩơŚǔƸƬdzơ ǹƛ Ŗdzơ ǥơƾǿȋƢƥ ǁơƿƕ Ŀ ǹƢǯǁȋơ ƩơƽƢȈǫȁ ǵƢLjǫȋơ ƔƢLJƙǁ ǞȈŦ ǶǴǟƗ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯȁ ƪLjȈdz Ȇǿ ƨǴǸūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ǶŮ DZƢǫ .ƨǴǸūơ ǽǀǿ Ɣơǁȁ ǺǷ ƢȀȈdzƛ DZȂǏȂǴdz ȄǠLjȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǹƿƛ ȂȀǧ .śƫƾȈǬǟ śƥ ƨǯǂǠǷ ƩȂŭơ ŕƷ ƨǯǂǠǷ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƨȇƽƢǠdzơ ƣǂƸǴdz ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ǹƛ .ǾƟƢǼǧƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƢŶƛȁ ǶǐŬơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǬƥȍơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƣǂūơ ȅȂǼȇ śǨǛȂŭơ ƨȈǨǐƫ ǹƛ ."ǦǼǠdzơ ƩƢƳǁƽ ȄǐǫƗ" DZƢǸǠƬLJƢƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ȆǨƬź ǹƗȁ Ǿdz ƾƥ ȏ ƢǷƗ .ƢȀƬŪƢǠǷ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ "ƨȈǨȈnjdzȂƦdzơ – ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ" ƨǨǬưŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ śȈǟȂȈnjdzơ ƢƆǷƢŤ ƨǠǓƢƻ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƪȈdzƢƫƢLJ DZȁƽ Ƨƾǟ ƔƢnjǻƛ ȅȂǼȇ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƤŸ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ƣǂūơ ǹƗ NJȈŪơ ǶȀǨȇ ǹƗ ńơ ǞǴǘƬȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ .ƨǸǯƢƷ ƨǬƦǗ ȅƗ ǺǷ śnjƬǨŭơ ǹƛ .ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƣǂǣ Ŀ Ƣđ ơȂǷƢǫ ǹƗȁ ǪƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƢȀƬǴȈưǷ Ǻǟ ƨǨǴƬű ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ơǀǰǿȁ .171DžƢLJȋơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ơȂǴǷƢǠȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǹȂǷǂů Ƕǿ ǂǴƬŮ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ śȈǟȂȈnjdzơ ƾǫȁ .ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ƣȁǂūơ Ŀ Ņȁƾdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ džȈȇƢǬǷ ǵơǂƬƷơ ǵƾǟ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ Ƨƽơǁƛ ƩǁǂǬƫ ȄǴǟ ơƆDŽǰƫǂǷ ǾȀƳơȂƫ ƨǴǰnjǷ ȅƗ ǹȁƾƥ ǾǼǷ ǽǂǜƬǼȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ NJȈŪơ ǾƥƢƳƗ ƢȀǴǸǟ Dzǘƥ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ǶǯƢƄơ ǹƜǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ .ƧƽƢǠdzơ ǩȂǧ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƫ ơƆǀȈǨǼƫ ǾǴǠǨȇ ƢǸǟ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǵƢǷƗ DZȁƚLjǷ ȅƾǼŪơ ƾǠȇ ǶǴǧ ƢȈLJȁǁ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ ǹƢƥƛ ǾȈǧ ƪǓƢǤƫ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƩƢȈǨǐƬƥ ǾƥȂƳ ƨȈLJȁǂdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǹƢǰLJ ƽǂŤ ǹƛ .ǂǷơȁȋ ȄǴǟ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƬdzơ ƪǴǸǟ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ .Ƣǿƽơǂǧơ ƩơǁơƿƖǷ ƨƦǫƢǠǷ Ǻǟ NJȈŪơ ƧƽƢȈǫ ǵơƾǟȍơ ǶǰƷ ǶȀȈǧ ǀǨǼȇ śǴǬƬǠǷ Dzƥ ƣǂƷ ȃǂLJƗ śȈLJƢȈLjdzơ śnjƬǨŭơ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ǵƾǟ .ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ǺǷȋơ ƩơƽƢȈǫ ńơ ƔȆLjȈdz ǥǂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .ǶŮƢǬƬǟơ ƨǜū ǺǷ ƔơƾƬƥơ ơȂǻƢǯ ƤǏƢǼŭ ȃȂLJ ƔȆnjdz ȏ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸƴŠ ǵơƾǟȍơ ǶǰƷ ǀǨǻ ơǀǰǿȁ .ƢĔȂǴǤnjȇ 93

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƵƢų ƢȀưǠƦǷ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ ǂƯƛ ǾƫƢǧǂǐƫ ǺǷ Śǣ ƾǫ NJȈŪơ ǹƢǯȁ ƨȈǟȂȈnjdzơ ǽǂǯ Ǻǰdzȁ .ŚȈǤƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ơƆǂNjƢƦǷ ƢƆƦƦLJ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơȁ ŚǜǼdzơ ǞǘǬǼŭơ ǂǴƬǿ žƽȂȀȈǴdz ǾƳȂƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǟƿȐdzơ ƩơƽƢǬƬǻȏơ ȄLjǼǻ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ śȈǧȐLjdzơ ǁƢǬƬƷơ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ǺǷ ƧƽƢǠLJ DzǫƘƥ ǹȂȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .ƽƾnjƬdzơ Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ǷƢǟ ǹƢǯ Ǯdzƿ Dzǯ .ǂǴƬǿ ǺǷ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ǽǂǷơȁƗ ȄǬǴƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǂǴŷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭƢƥ ǹȂǬǴȇ ơȂƷơǁ śƷ ƽȂǼŪơ ƪŢ" ǵȂǬƫ ǹƗ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơƾƷȁ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǽƾǬǟ ȅǀdzơ ǩƢǨƫȏơ ƤƳȂŠ ƵƢǸLjdzơ ƤǴǗ (ǂǴŷ) Ǻǰdz .ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǪǗƢǼǷ Ŀ ŚȀǘƫ ƨǸȀŠ "ƢȀƬȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǥƢǔȇ .ǾƬǘǴLjdz ǺȇǂNjƢƦǷ śǴưǸǸǯ ƨǗǂnjdzơȁ DžƗ DžƗ ºdzơ ǺǷ "śdzƢǟ ƔƢLJƙǁ" śȈǠƬƥ ƩơƾƷȁ ƽơǂǧƗ ǺǷ Ǯdzǀǯȁ DžƗ DžƗ ºdzơȁ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ƩơȂǫ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǺǷ ǹȁƾǟƢLjǷ ǶȀȈdzƛ .ǾƦǴǗ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ (ǂǴŷ) DzǐƷ ƾǫȁ .DzƻƾƬdzơ ƾƳȂȇ ȏ ƨǗǂnjdzơ džȈƟǁ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀǴǯȁƗ Ŗdzơ "ƨǏƢŬơ ƨǸȀŭơ" ǽǀǿ ƨǠȈƦǗ DZȂƷ ƾǫȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏơ ǝƢǘƬLjȇ 1941 ƨǼLJ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ǁȂȀnjdzơ ńơ ƢȀźǁƢƫ ƽȂǠȇ ƨǬȈƯȁ ƾǬƬǠȇ" ǾǻƘƥ 1941 ǕƢƦNj 26 Ŀ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ƶȈǴLjƬdzơ ǶLjǫ džȈƟǁ ńơ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ƵǂǏ ƽƢŢȏơ ńơ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ljȂȈŪơ DZȂƻƽ ƨǜū ƢȀƬǷǂƥ ǖǬLjƬLJ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǹƗ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ȃƾdz ǹƢǯȁ ."ƨǟǂLjƥ śȈǨnjǴƦdzơ ƔƢǸǟDŽdzơ ƨȈǨǐƫ ȆǤƦǼȇ" ǾǻƘƥ ǥƢǓƗȁ 172"ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗ Dzƥ ǖǬǧ ȆǟȂȈnjdzơ ǃƢȀƴǴdz ƨȈǨǐƫ Ǻǟ ƭƾŢ Ǿǻȋ ȏ ǞLJȁƗ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ǂǴƬǿ ǥƾȀȇ ǾǻƜǧ Ŀǂūơ ǾǐǼƥ ǾǷȐǯ ƢǻǀƻƗ Ȃdzȁ ."ƨȈǨȈnjdzȂƦdzơ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǨǬưŭơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ" ǵƢǜǼǴdz ǝƢǧƾdzơ ǖƻ ǹȂǴǰnjȇ ǾȇƗǁ ƤLjŞȁ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ śǨǬưŭơ Dzǯ ơƆƾȇƾŢ Ń ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ ǂǴŷ ƩơȂǫ ƨǸȀǷ ǹƜǧ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƪƸǏ ǹƛȁ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ŚǷƾƫ .ǭƢǼǿ ƢǸǯ ƢǼǿȁ .ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ŀ Ƣǿǁơƿƕ Ŗdzơ ǮǴƫ Ǻǟ ƢȀƬǠȈƦǗ Ŀ ǦǴƬƼƬdz Ǻǰƫ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǹƗ ƢƆǬƦLjǷ ǹȂǧǂǠȇ ơȂǻƢǯ ǶȀǧ žƨǸǯƢūơ ƨǬƦǘǴdz ȂŰȁ ƨdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢLjLJƚŭ ǦȈǼǟ ǞǷ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƨȇơȁǂdzơ Ŀ ƢǼǿ ǖǴƬţ ƨǸǯƢūơ ƨƦƼǼdzơ ǹƗ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƢƆǷDŽƷ ƾNjƗ ƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƬLJ .ȁƾǠdzơ ǩǂǠdzơ Ȇǿ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơƾƷȁ ƨǸȀǷ Ǻǟ Ƨǂǰǧ ƢǼȈǘǠƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƧƾȈƷȂdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǹƛ Ȇǿ ńȁȋơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǹƛ .ƨǴǸūơ ƨȇơƾƥ ƺȇǁƢƫ DzǸŢ ƢǸǯ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǞȈǫȂƫ DzǸŢ Ŗdzơ Ŀ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢNjƗ ƾǫ ǂǴŷ ǹƢǯ HSSPF ńơ ƨȀƳȂǷ ǃȂŤ 2 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƨdzƢLJǁ Ǻǟ ƧǁƢƦǟ

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ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ

ơǀdz ǶēǁƽƢǤǷ DzƦǫ śdzǂƥ Ŀ Ƕđ ǝƢǸƬƳȎdz ƨƦLJƢǼŭơ ƨǏǂǨdzơ ƾŸ Ń ǾǻƗ ƢŠ. 173ǾǫơǁȁƗ ƩơȂǬdz ƢǿƢǘǟƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ŚƥơƾƬdzƢƥ ǶȀǸǴǠȇ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǶȀȈdzƛ ƤƬǯ ǶȀǷƢȀǷ ńơ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ .ƨǴƬƄơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ ǺǷȋơ ǚǨƷ Ȇǿ ǶȀƬǸȀǷ ƪǻƢǯȁ .DzƻƾƬdzơ ƨǸȀǷ ǶȀȈdzƛ DzǯȂƫ (łơ ƨƦǫơǂǷȁ ƩȏƢǐƫơ ƨǰƦNj ǞǓȁ ǦȈNjǁȋơ ǚǨƷ) ƧƽƢƬǠŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ Ľ ȆǟȂȈnjdzơ ƣDŽūơ Ŀ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ DžƗǁ ȄǴǟ žƩƢƠǨdzơ ǒǠƥ ǵơƾǟƛ ǺǷ .ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ŀȁ ƣDŽūơ Ŀ ƨǸȀǷ ƤǏƢǼǷ ǹȂǴǤnjȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ơƆŚƻƗȁ ǾȈǧ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ƨȇȂǷƾdzơ ƩƢƥơǂǘǓȏơȁ ȄǓȂǨdzơ ǝȏƾǻơ ǹƜǧ ǂƻƕ ƤǻƢƳ .DZȐƬƷȎdz ńȁȋơ ǵƢȇȋơ Ŀ Ƣđ ơȂǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ ǶȈǜǼƫȁ ǞȈƴnjƫ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ǂƻƕ ǀǼǷ ǝȁǂnjǷ DzǰNj ȄǴǟ ƩƔƢƳ ƨȈǴȇȂƳ 17 ƨƻǁƚŭơȁ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ƢǷƗ ƢȀȈǴǟ Ǟǫȁ Ŗdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ƩƢƠǨƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ȆǘǠȇ ƢȀȈǧȁ .ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƩƢȈǧȂLJ ƣǂƷ ȂǷǂů ǶĔƗ ȄǴǟ ǶȀǷơƾǟƛ Ľ ǁƢȈƬƻȍơ .174ǵơƾǟȍơ ƢȀȈǧ ǀǨǼȈLJ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ Ɣȏƚǿ śƥ ǺǷ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ ƧƽƢƥƜƥ ǂǷƗ ƽȂƳȂƥ ƱƢƬǼƬLJȏƢƥ ƶǸLjȇ ȏ ȁƗ Śnjȇ ȏ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ȅƗ ƨǴǸūơ ǀǼǷ ƧȁƢLjǫ ǂưǯƗ ƶƦǏƗ śȇǃƢǼdzơ ǥǂǐƫ ǹƗ ǹơǂȀǜƫ śƬǬȈƯȂdzơ ǹƗ ǞǷ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ .ńȁȋơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ƽƢǠƦƬLJȏ ǞǼǬǷ ƤƦLJ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz ȅǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ ǺǷ .ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ȄǴǟ ǭȂǰnjŭơ ǺǷ .ƢǿƿƢţơ ƤƳơȁ Śƥơƾƫ ǞȇǂLJ Dzǰnjƥ ȆǴŻ ƤƬǯ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷ ńơ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ ǽǀǿ ǾȈǧ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƣȂǴǘŭơ ǽȂNj ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǾȈǧ ǑǂǤƥ ƨƥƿƢǯ ƨdzƢLJǁ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ DzǬǠȇ Dzǿ .DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ ǕƢnjǻ ƨǼȇƢǠǷ ǾƬǸȀǷ ȆǔǬƫ DZƢǠƬǧƢƥ ǾdzƢƳǁ ǂǷƗ ǾǻƗ ńơ Śnjȇ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) Ǻǰdzȁ ŸƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ńơ ƢȀŻƾǬƫ ǞǷ ǭƢǰƬƷȏơ ȆNjƢŢ ƾȇǂȇ ǹƢǯ ."ǽǁȁǂŭ ơƆǂƯƗ ǭǂƬȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ" ƩƢƥơǂǘǓơȁ ȄǓȂǧ .ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǹƗ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DZȂǬȇ .ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ƨƸǏ ŁƢǐdz ƧƾǿƢNj ȁƾƦƫ ȃǂƻƗ ǂǏƢǼǟ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ǥƢǓƗ ǾǼǰdzȁ .ƨǴƬƄơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ŀ ƧƢǟơǂǷ ǹȁƽ ǺǷȋơ DZȐƷƛ Ȃǿ ȅǁȂǨdzơ ǥƾŮơ ƲƬǻ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ ."ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƨŭƢLjŭơ" Ȃǿ "ƾȇƾnjƬdzơ ƤŸ ǾȈǴǟ ȅǀdzơȁ" ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǥƾŮơ Ŀ ơƆǁȂǧ DzǸǠdzơ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ȄǴǟ śǬǴǬdzơ śȇǃƢǼdzơ śdzȁƚLjǸǴdz ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ DZƢǤnjǻȏơ ǾǼǟ ǍȂǐş ƔȆNj ȅƗ Ǧǔȇ Ń ƨȈǴǔǧȋơ ǮǴƫ ńơ ǾƫǁƢNjƜƥ .ƽȐƦdzơ ƩơŚƻ DZȐǤƬLJƛ 95

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǹȂǴǤnjȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ" ǥƾȀǯ ǶǿǀƻƗ ńơ ǾƫǁƢNjƜƥ ǂƻƕ ƤǻƢƳ ǺǷ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǺǷ ƨƦƼǼdzơ ƢƆǸƬƷ ƾǐǫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹƜǧ "ƨdzȁƾdzơȁ ƣDŽūơ Ŀ ƤǏƢǼǷ ƨǸǯƢūơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ƨȈǨǐƫ ńơ ȄǷǁ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀǼǟ Őǟ Ŗdzơ ƨƦǣǂdzơ ƾų ƢǼǿȁ .ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ."ƨȈǨȈnjdzȂƦdzơ – ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ" ƪǓƢǧ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ ƨǸȀǷ ǹƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ ǂȀǜȇ ƤǠnjdzơ ƧǁƢƯƜƥ ǂǷȋơ ǹƛ ƣǂǓ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǹƛ .ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȍơ ƨǬƦǘdzơ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ƨƠǧ ƨȈǨǐƫ ƪǴſ ŕƷ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ Ǿdz ŘǠǷ ȏ ơǀȀǯ ơƆǂǷƗ Ǻǰdzȁ .DZȐƬƷȐdz ńȁȋơ ǵƢȇȋơ Ŀ ƣƐǀǟȁ DŽȈȈŤ ǹȁƾƥ ƧƽƢƥȎdz ƢƆȇǂLJȁ ƢƆȈǫǂǟ ƢƆǸȈǜǼƫ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƶƦǐȈLJ ƢǷ śƥ .ƨȈǨǐƫ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Ȃǿ ǥƾŮơ .ǁƢǰǧȋơ ǺǷ ŃƢǟ ƾƳȂȇ ƨȈdzȂſ ǂưǯȋơȁ ƨȈnjƷȁ ǂưǯȋơ ǦǼǠdzơ DZƢǸǠƬLJȍȁ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƩǀƻƗ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ ǂȀNjƗ ƾǠƥȁ .ƣǂŮơ ƨǯǂƷ ǦǟƢǔƬdz ȏƛ ƢŮ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƶƥơǀŭơ ǹƛ ƤǠnjdzơ śǸǘƫ Ŀ ƨǴȈūơ ńơ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹȁƘƴǴȇ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DZƢƳǁ ǹƢǯ ƢȀǬȇǂǗ ƧƽȂǠdzƢƥ śƥǁƢŮơ ǝƢǼǫƛ ńơ ơȂƦǿƿ ǶĔƗ ŕƷ ǶȀǼǯƢǷƗ Ŀ ƔƢǬƦdzƢƥ ǶȀǟƢǼǫƛ ńơ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȀƷǂNj ǺǰŻ ȏ ƨȇȂǷƽ ƩƢƥơǂǘǓƛ ǶȈǜǼƫ Ƨǂǰǧ ǹƛ .ǶȀǴǯ ǶȀǴƬǬƥ ǶŮ ƶǸLjƫ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǶȀǴǠƳ Ŗdzơ ƨǴȈLJȂdzơ ƪǻƢǯ .ƨǴǸūơ ƧƾǷ ǂǐǫ ǁƢƦƬǟȏƢƥ ƢǻǀƻƗ ơƿƛ ȏƛ ȆƟƢĔ Dzǰnjƥ Ŗdzơȁ ǶȀǧǂǐƬƥ ƪǠǓȁ Ŗdzơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ǒǠƦdz ơƆǂǜǻ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢƥǂǓ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ǹȁƽƾLjȇ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ƨǷƢƼǓ DzƥƢǬǷ DzƳǁ 3000 Ƣǿƽƾǟ ǢǴƥ ơƾǟ ŸƨǴƷǂŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƢƆȈǧƢǓƛ ơƆƔȂǓ ȆǬǴƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ ȃǂƻƗ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǭƢǼǿ Dzǿ ƩơŚǔƸƬƥ ǕǁȂƬǷ DzƳǁ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ǁƢƦǯ śdzȁƚLjǷȁ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ NJȇǁƾȈǿ ǂǴŷ) ƨǟȂǸů DžƗǁ ȄǴǟ ǁơƿƕ ǂƻơȁƗ Ŀ ǾǼȈǟ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ ƽǂǨdzƗ) Ȃǿ ƨǴǸƸǴdz ǹƢLjȈǻ 20 Ŀ ǾǼȈȈǠƫ ƾǯƗ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯȁ ."ǩǂnjdzơ ƨȈǔǬdz ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ƤƬǰŭơ" ƪȈũ ơƆǂȇǃȁ ǾǼĈȈǟ ƨȈǴȇȂƳ 17 Ŀȁ .ƨǴƬƄơ ȆǓơǁȌdz ƨȈǴƦǬƬLjŭơ Ƨǁơƽȍơ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǾƬǨǐƥ DZȂǷƘŭơ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǂǴƬǿ ńơ ƢŠǁ ƆƢȈǘƻ Ǒǂǟ ƾǫ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) ǹƢǯȁ .ǩǂnjdzơ ȆǓơǁȋ ƔȅDŽšȁ ƨȈǨȈnjdzȂƦdzơ– ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzȁƾdzơ Ƨǁơƽȍ DzǷƢǰdzơ ŚǷƾƬdzơ" ơƾǟ .ƢȀȈdzƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ ǹƢǰLJ ƨǏƢƻ ƤǠnjdzơ DzǬǻ ȅȂǼȇ ǡŐǻǃȁǁ ǹƢǯ ǪǗƢǼǷ Ƨƾǟ ńơ ƽȐƦdzơ śǼǗƢǬdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) DZƢǫ .ƢȀƬǼŭȋ ơƆƾȈȀŤ ǹƢǰLjdzơ Dzǯ ǺǷ ƢȀǤȇǂǨƫȁ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ

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ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ

ǪǗƢǼǷ Ŀ ǶȀǟǁǃ ƽƢǠȈLJ ǶȀȈǧ ƣȂǣǂǷ ŚǤdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ńơ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ .175"ƢȈLJȁǁȂǴȈƥ" ºǯ ȃǂƻƗ ǹƛ DZȂǬȇ ƤƬǯ ǾƬǸȀŭ ƧŚƦǰdzơ ǕȂǘŬƢƥ ǽȂǻ ƮȈƷ ǹƢLjȈǻ 29 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀȁ DzƷ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ Ǯdzƿ śŹ ǹƗ ńơȁ ǹƜǧ ơǀdz  Ȑ Ɔ ǷƢNj ƢƆǸȈǜǼƫ ƤǴǘƬƫ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ" DzǸǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ǶǿǁƢƦƳƛ DzưǷ ƨǏƢƻ Śƥơƾƫ ǺǸǔƬȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȅǀdzơȁ ǪƦǘȇ ŅƢǬƬǻơ ńơ Ǻǰdzȁ ƧƽƢƥƛ ńơ ȅƽƚȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz džȈdz ŅƢǬƬǻȍơ Dzūơ ơǀǿ.176ȂƬȈǣ Ŀ ǶȀȈǴǟ ǩȐǣȍơȁ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ǹƢǯ Ǿƫǁơƽƛ Ǻǟ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ńơ ƨȀƳȂǷ DZȂǴȇƗ 3 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƫ Ŀ .DzȈƷǂƫ ƔƢǼƯƗ .ƣǂūơ ƔƢȀƬǻơ DzƦǫ ƢȀȈǧ ƪƦȇ Ǻdz ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Dzǯ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ DzƷ ǹƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ʈƥ Ŀȁ ƨǟơǁDŽdzơ DZƢů Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǦȈǼǐƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƢȀǼǷ ƢǿƿƢţƛ Ļ Śƥơƾƫ Ƨƾǟ ǹƜǧ Ǯdzƿ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) ºdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣ ǑơǁƗ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Džǂǣ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǹƛ .177ƨȇŐǠdzơ ƨǤǴdzơ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥȍ ǖǘű ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ."ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǔǬǴdz ƢƆȈƟƢĔ Ȑ Ɔ Ʒ" Dzǰnjȇ ǮǴƬƥ ǾȈdzƛ ƾȀǟ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ Dzǿ .Ǿƥ ǥǂǟ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) ǹƜǧ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǾǠǓȁ ȅǀdzơ Ȃǿȁ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǽǀđ ǁơǂǫ ǩƢȈLJ Ŀ ǾǠǓȁ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǵƢȀŭơ .DZƢǸƬƷȏơ DzȈǴǫ ơƆǂǷƗ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǸǯȁ ǾǻƗ ǞǷ Ǯdzƿ ƽƢǠƦƬLJơ ǞȈǘƬLjǻ ȏ ŸDZȁƚLjŭơ ƤǐǼŭơ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) ǞǷ ńȁȋơ ƨǜƸǴdzơ ǀǼǷȁ ǾƫƢǫȐǟ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǂǴŷ ńơ ǹȉơ ƪǨƬǴǼdzȁ ǾƫƾǟƢLjǷ ǾdzƘLjȇ (ǹƢǷǁȂƥ) ńơ ǾƳȂƫ ǁƢȇƗ ǂȀNj ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ .Ƨȁơƾǟȁ ƾŢ ƩƢǫȐǟ 16 Ŀ .ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ƨǴƬƄơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ ǾƬǘǴLjdz ǾǟƢǔƻƜƥȁ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) ƤdzƢǘŭ ȅƾǐƬdzƢƥ .ǂǴŷ ǾǼǷ ǾƦǴǗ ƢǷ ǹƘnjƥ (ǂǷȏ) ƺȇơǂdzơ ƨȈǓȂǨǷ DZȁƚLjǷ ńơ (ǹƢǷǁȂƥ) ƤƬǯ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƗ ǥƢǓƗ Ľ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ƢǿǀǨǼȈLJ Ŗdzơ ƨǸȀŭơ ƨȈŷƗ ȄǴǟ ƽƾNjȁ ǂȀNjȋơȁ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ Ŀ ƨǏƢƻ" ƢȀȈdzƛ ƨdzȂǯȂŭơ ƨǸȀŭơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧƢǰdzơ ƧƔƢǨǰdzơ ƢŮ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢǼǿȁ .178ƨǷȐǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǞǬƫ Ǻdz ƢĔƗȁ ǂǷȋơ Ŀ ńȂǘdzơ ƾȈdzơ ƢŮ ǹȂǰȈLJ "ńȁȋơ ǶƬƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǂǴŷ ƨǸȀǷ ǹƗȁ Ƨƾŭơ ƧŚǐǫȁ ƨǠȇǂLJ ƨǴŧ ńơ Śnjȇ ǾǻƘǯȁ Ǫǧȋơ ȁƾƦȇ .ŅƢūơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǶȀǷ Ȃǿ ƢǸȈǧ ǵơǂȇ ƢǷ ǺLjƷƗ ȄǴǟ ºƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ Ȇǿȁ ǂǯǀdzơ ǪƸƬLjƫ ƨǬȈƯȁ ǮǴŶ ƢǼǻƛ ƨȈǴƦǬƬLjŭơ ǂǴŷ ƩƢǠǴǘƫ DZȂƷ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .ǦȇǂǠƬdzơ Ǻǟ řǤdzơ Generalplan Ost NJȈƴǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǖǘƼŭơ" ǂǯǀƫ ƢǸǯ ƨȈǴȇȂƳ 15 Ŀ ƢȀǸǴLjƫ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 24 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ǾȈǻȁƢǠǷ ƾƷƗ ǺǷ ƢȀƦǴǗ Ŗdzơ 97

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǾȈdzƛ ƢǼǴǏȂƫ ƾǬǧ ƢǿơȂƬŰ Ǻǟ ƢǷƗ .179NJǠȇ Ń ǾLjǨǻ ǎǼdzơ ǹƗ ǞǷ ƪNjƢǟ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǞȈƥǁ Ŀ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) Ƨǁơǃȁ Ŀ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ƾƷƗ Ǿƥ ǵƢǫ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ȅƾǬǻ DzȈǴŢ ƾǠƥ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ Śǣ ǺǷ ǾǻƜǧ ƆƢǸƟơƽ ƾǯƚȇ ǹƢǯ ƢŲ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟȁ .1801942 ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǽǂȇǂƸƬƥ ƪǷƢǫ ƾǫ RSHA ºdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ǂƻƕ ǖǘƼŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƢȀǴȈǴŢ Ļ Ŗdzơ – ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ śȇȐŭơ Ʃơǂnjǟ ƽǂǗ ńơ ȆǷǂȇ ơǀǿ "ǩǂnjdzơ ǖǘű" .1811941 ǎƼNj ǹȂȈǴǷ 405 ǶĔƢǰǷ ǹƢǰLJƛȁ ƢȈǻƢŭơ ǩǂNj ȆǓơǁƗ ƱǁƢƻ – ǹȂȈǴǷ 31 .ƢƆǷƢǟ 30 ƧƾǷ DZȐƻ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǶƬƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩơǂǸǠƬLjŭơ ǺǷ śǷƾǬƬLjǷ .182ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƢȇŚƦȈLJ ǽƢšƜƥ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƵǂƬǬŭơ ǺǷ ǾǻƜǧ ƽǂǘdzơ ǹƢȇǂLJ ƢǷƗ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ǞǷ ƨǻǁƢǬŭƢƥ ȄŰƛ ƨǬƸǴŭơ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ŀ DžǁƢŻ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ DZƢǬƬǻơ ǹƛ ńơ 5 ǺǷ ǹȋ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈŷƗ ƢŮ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǹƜǧ ƽȂȀȈdzƢƥ ǾǼǷ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷ .ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ơƆǁǂǬǷ ǝȂǸů ǺǸǓ ǺǷ ǶĔƗ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ǹƢǯ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ǹȂǼǰLjȇ ȅƽȂȀȇ śȇȐǷ 6 ƢŶƛȁ ƧƽƢƥȍơ Ǻǰƫ ǶǴǧ ǶǿŚǐǷ Ǻǟ ƢǷƗ .183ƽǂǘǴdz ǺȇƾǠǷ ǹȂȈǴǷ 31 ºdzơ ƣǁƢǫ ǁǂŰ ǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯȁ .DZơǁȁȋơ DZƢƦƳ ƨǴLjǴLjdz ƨǴƥƢǬŭơ ƨȀŪơ Ŀ ȅŐŪơ ǶȀLJǂǣ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƬdz" ƢƆǬǧȁ Ǿǘǘű ĻƗ ǾǻƜǧ ƨȈǴȇȂƳ 15 Ŀ ƨƻǁƚŭơ ǾƬdzƢLJǁ Ŀ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ Śǣ ǺǸǧ .ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 24 Ŀ ƨȇǁơƽƛ ƨǴƥƢǬǷ DZȐƻ Ǿdz ƢǿƢǘǟƗ ƾǫ ǂǴŷ ǹƢǯ "ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzȁ ŸƨǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀŮ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǾǠǫȂǷ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬȇ ǹƗ ȆLjǻ ƾǫ ǂǴŷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǂǴƬǿ ƾǼǟ ƢƆLjdzƢƳ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǹƢǯ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 19 ȆǨǧ .(Ǯǻơǂǧ) ȂŴ ǹȉơ ƪǨƬǴǼǴǧ DZȂǬȇ ."ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ" ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ǞǓȂdzơ Ǻǟ ǶȀƯƾŹ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǁȂǔŞ ."184ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽǂǗ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƾǬdzƢƥ śƷǂǧ ƢǼǯȁ [...]":ǍȂǐŬơ ơǀǿ Ŀ (džǴƥȂǣ) ńơ ƽƢǟ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ .ƢƆǔȇƗ Dzǰnjdzơ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǾǸȀǧ ƾǫȁ ƢƦȇǂǫ ơƾƥ ƾȈǠLjdzơ ƭƾūơ Ƕǰūơ" ƨǬǘǼǷ ǹȂǯǂƬȈLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ DZƢƴǠƬLJơ ȄǴǟ Ǿdz DZƢǫ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǹƗ ǺǴǟƗ ƢȈǧȂǯơǂǯ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .185ƩƢǿȂƬȈǤdzơ ƔƢǼƥ Ŀ DzǸǠdzơ ǦǫȁƗ ǾƬƴȈƬǼƥȁ ž"Ƥȇǂǫ DzƦǬƬLjǷ" Ŀ "ǵƢǠdzơ ǪƟƢƯȁ Śnjƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǸǯȁ .ƨȇƾŝ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǪǨƬǷ ƨLJƢȈLJ Ǻǟ ŚƦǠƫ ǾǻƘǯȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǵȐǯ ǶȀǧ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ŀ ǞǸƬĐơ Ǻǟ ƨƳǁƢŬơ ȃǂƻȋơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ ǶȀǧ ƾǫ ǾǻƜǧ ȃǂƻƗ ǾƦdzƢǘȇ (ǂǷȏ) ńơ ƤƬǯ ǃȂŤ 19 Ŀ .186ǩǂnjdzơ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ǺǯƢǷƗ ńơ ǹȂǴƷŚLJ ǺǷ ƢŮ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫơ ƨȈŷƗ ȏ ƢĔȂǰdz ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ" ƨǬǘǼǷ ńơ "ǾȈƦȇǂƥ" ƩƢǠǬǼƬLjǷ "Ƕǔƥ 98

ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ

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ǽǀđ ƢƆǸǴǟ DžƢǼdzơ ǂưǯƗ Ƕǿ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơƾƷȁ Ǻǟ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƛ .śƻǁƚŭơ ǶǰƷ .ǒǠƦdzơ ǶȀǔǠƥ DZơȂǫƗ ǞǷ ƤLJƢǼƫ ƩơƽƢȀnjƥ ǹȂdzƾȇ ơȂǻƢǯ ƮȈƷ ǹȁƚnjdzơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ Ȃǿȁ  "ƽ" ƨǟȂǸĐơ džȈƟǁ (ǥǁȁƾǼǴǿȁƗ ȂƫȁƗ) Ȃǿ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǶȀƬŭơ ǹƛ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ Ŀ ơȂǯǁƢNj Ǻȇǂƻƕ ƩƢǟȂǸů ƔƢLJƙǁ ƨǠƥǁơ śƥ ǺǷ ƨǸǰƄơ ǂǔƷ ȅǀdzơ ƤƦLjƥ ǾƫƽƢȀNj ǞǸLjƫ Ń (ljơǁ ȂƫȁƗ) Ǟƥơǂdzơȁ ƢƫƢǷ ǹơǂƻƕ ǹƢǼƯƛ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ǂȇȁƢǤǷ" ǵƢLjǫƗ ƔƢLJƙǁ Ƨƾǟ ǺȇƽƗ (ǥȁǁƾǼǴǿȁƗ) ƨǻơƽƜƥ .ƧǁȂǿƾƬŭơ ƨȈƸǐdzơ ǾƬdzƢƷ ƢȀǼǷ ǝǂǨƬƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ (ƨdzƢƸǴdz ƢƆǠƦƫ ƨLjŨ ȁƗ ƨǠƥǁƗ) ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩơƾƷȂdzơ  "Dzƻƾƫ Ȃǻȁǂƥ) ǺǷ ơȂǬǴƫ ǶĔƗ ȄǴǟ ǹȁƾǯƚȇ ǹƢǼƯƛ ơƾǟ ƢǷ DZƢƳǂdzơ Ɣȏƚǿ Dzǯ .ǝȁǂǧ Ƨƾǟ DzȈǴǬƥ ƨǴǸūơ DzƦǫ  ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƜƥ ơƆǂǷƗ RSHAºdzơ Ŀ śǟȂǘƬŭơ džȈƟǁ (ƹƢƦǼǰȇǂƬNj Ǻǟ ǹȐǟȍơ ǹƛ .ǍȂǐŬơ ơǀđ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ȁ (ǂǴŷ) ǺǷ ƧǁƽƢǏ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǼƥ ǞǷ ƧƽƢƷ ƩƢnjǫƢǼǷ ƢȀǼǟ ƲƬǻ ƨǷƢǟ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷơ ƧǁƢƯƛ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ "ǂǷȋơ" ơǀǿ 190 ǁǂȀǨdzơ Ǻǟ ƩǁƾǏ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ ǹƗ ǵDŽŪƢƥ ljƢǬǼǴdz ơƆƾƷ ǞǓȁ ȅǀdzơ (ƹƢƦǼǰȇǂƬLJ) .ǾLjǨǻ ƧƽƢȀnjdzơ ƨƥơǂǣ ȅƾƦƫ ƢĔƜǧ .ƤƴǠdzơ Śưȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƩơƽƢȀnjdzơ śƥ ƤLJƢǼƬdzơ ǹƛ ǂǷȋơ ơǀđ ǞǸLjȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ƾǯƗ ȅǀdzơ (DŽƬdzȂNj Ǻȇȁǂȇƛ) "džǷƢŬơ ǁơȂǤŭơ" Ƣđ ńƽƗ Ŗdzơ ǀƻƗ ƾȀnjŭơ ǹƢǰdz .ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 22 ƺȇǁƢƫ ƾǠƥ ǖǬǧ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ ƾǠƥ ȏƛ ǁǂȀǨdzơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ DZơDŽȇ ƢǷ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƨǟȂǸĐơ džȈƟǁ ǂƻȉơ ǎƼnjdzơ ǹƗ Ȃdz ǡŐǻǁȂǻ Ŀ ǂƻƕ Ȑ Ɔ ǰNj ȄǴǟ Ƕǰūơ ƢǼǼǰǷȋ ǾƫƽƢȀnjƥ Ņƾȇ ǹƗȁ ƨǸǰƄơ ǂǔŹ ǹƗ ǝƢǘƬLJơ (ljơǁ ȂƫȁƗ) ƆƢȈƷ 5 ǁơȂǤŭơ /ȁƾǻȂǷȂǰdzơ ǹƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ .ǾȈǷƢŰ Ǿƥ ńƽƗ ȅǀdzơ ȆƟƾƦŭơ ƶȇǂǐƬdzơ ǺǷ ǾǸǴLjƫ ǶƬȇ Ń ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ǂǷȋơ .(DŽƬdzȂNj) ǾLjȈƟǁ ǾdzƢǫ Ƣŭ ƨǬƥƢǘǷ ǾƫƽƢȀNj ǵƾǫ ƾǫ ǵƗ ƣƕ Ŀ ǹƢǯ Dzǿ ǽƾȇƾŢ ǞǘƬLjȇ Ń ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƨǴǸūơ Ɣƾƥ ǺǷ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ ƾǠƥ ȏƛ ǁǂȀǨdzơ .191DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ ȁƗ ǮȈǰnjƬdzơ ńơ ƽȂǬƫ ƨǸǯƢƄơ ƨƦLJƢǼŠ ƩǂȀǛ ƧƾȇƾŪơ ƩƢȈǘǠŭơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ǵȂȈdzơ ơƆǁȁƽ ƪǘǟƗ ƨȈǓǂǨdzơ ǀǿ .ǡŐǻǁȂǻ Ŀ ƢȀǼǟ Ǟǧơƾŭơ ƨȈǓǂǨdzơ DZƢǘƥƛ ńơ ƶƳǁȋơ ȄǴǟ DzƦǬƫ ȏ ƨȈǬǘǼŠ .ǾƫƢȈƷȐǏ ǺǸǓ ǺǷ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƢĔƗ Ƕǣǁ (ƹƢƦǼǰȇǂƬLJ) ºdz ƢƆȇǁȂŰ ǹƜǧ Ǻǰȇ ƢǸȀǷ .ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ǂǷȋơ ǂǷƗ DzǬǻ ǺǷ ǾLjǨǼƥ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹƛ ǒƷƾdzơ 100

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DzǬƬǠǷ ǺǷ ƽƢǟ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƪȈǷ ǾǻƘƥ 192ǡŐǻǁȂǻ Ŀ ǹȂǸȀƬŭơ Ȅǟƽơ ȅǀdzơ (ƹƢƦǼǰȇǂƬLJ) ǂǷȋơ" DzǬǼƥ ǵƢǫ ǾǻƗ ǂǰǻƗȁ ƩƢǼȈLjǸŬơ ǦǐƬǼǷ Ŀ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƔƢǼƴLjǴdz ȆǟƢŦ ƾǫ ƨdzơƾǠdzơ ǺǷ ơȂų ƾǫ ƨǟƢLjdzơ ǽǀǿ ŕƷ ơȂǻƢǯ ǂȇȁƢǤǷ ƔƢLJȁƙǁ ǹƢǯȁ ."ŚȀnjdzơ Ŀ śǸȀƬŭơ ǺǷ ƨƯȐƯ ƆơŚƻƗ .ǡŐǻǁȂǻ Ŀ ƾǸƬǟơ ȅǀdzơ ǎǼdzơ ǖdzƢǤƫ ƩơƽƢȀnjƥ ơȂdzƽƗ ǺǷ ƨȇȂǫ ǕȂǤǓ ƪŢ ơȂǻƢǯ ǶĔƗ śǟǁǀƬǷ ǶēơƽƢȀNj Ǻǟ ơȂǠƳơǂƫ ƾǫ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ / ǂǷȋơ ǵȐƬLJơ ƾȇǂȇ ǹƢǯ ǾLjǨǻ Ǻǟ ǝƢǧƾdzơ Ŀ ǾƬƸǴǐŭȁ ȅǀdzơ (ǥǁȁƾǼǴǿȁƗ) ȆǷƢŰ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ Ļ ǾƦǠdz ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǁȁƾdzơ ǹƛ žǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ǝǂLJƗ Ŀ ƧƽƢƥȍơ .193Ȃǿ ǽȂǷƢŰ ǶȀȈǧ ǺŠ ǡŐǻǁȂǻ ȆǸȀƬǷ ǒǠƥ ƢƆǏȂǐǻ ƢȀǟȂǸƴŠ ǹĈȂǰƫ ǂȇȁƢǤǸǴdz DZȁȋơ ƔƢLJƙǂdzơ ƩơƽƢȀNj ǹƜǧ ŅƢūơ ƢȀǠǓȂƥ Dzǯȁ ƨƫȁƢǨƬǷ ƩƢƳǁƽ ȄǴǟ ǹȂdzȁƢŹ ǶȀǴǯ śǸȀƬǷ ǍƢƼNjƗ Ƨǂnjǟ ǹƛ .ƨǔǫƢǼƬǷ ƨȈǟƢǧƽ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJƛ ȄǴǟ ǾǷȐǯ řƦȇ DZȂȀů DzƦǬƬLjǷ ǺǷ ƢƆǧȂƻ ƨǏƢŬơ ǾƬƸǴǐŭ ƩơȂǼLJ ƧƾǠdz ƢȀƦȈǯǂƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ śdzȁƢŰ ǂƻƕ ȁƗ Dzǰnjƥ ƨȈLJƢǬdzơ ǶēƢȇǂǯƿ ǞǷ ǹȂǟǁƢǐƬȇ ǂǯǀȇ ƾǠȇ Ń ǶȀǼǷ ơƆƾƷƗ ǹƗ Śǣ .DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ ǶȀǼǷ ơƆǂǜƬǼǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ơǀǿ .ƨȈǓƢǷ DZȂƷ ǮnjǴdz ơƆƾȈǯƗ ȏƆ Ƣů ǭǂƬȇ ƢŲ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǂǷƗ ǢǴƥ ȅǀdzơ DZƢLJǂŭơ ǾƬǨǐƥ (ƹƢƦǼȇǂƬLJ) ǵƢǟ Ŀ ǁȂǷȋơ ǞǓȂƥ ǶȈǴLjƬdzƢƥȁ . 194ǡŐǻǁȂǻ Ŀ ƪǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƩơƽƢȀnjdzơ ƨǬȈǬƷ ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ǂǷƗ ȅƗ ǶǴLjƫ ǵƾǟ ǹƢǸǟDŽȇ ǶȀǼǷ ǹƢǼƯơ ǂȇȁƢǤŭơ ǺǷ Ƨǂnjǟ ǹƜǧ 1951973 ǂǷƗ ơǀǰǿ ǶǴLjƫ ǾǻƗ ƆƢǬƥƢLJ Ȅǟƽơ ǶȀǼǷ ƾƷơȁ .ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƪLJǁȂǷ Ŗdzơ .ƨǴǸūơ ƨȇơƾƥ ƾǠƥ ǂǷȋơ ǶǴLjƫ ǹȂǟƾȇ ǹȂǫƢƦdzơ ƨǠƥǁȋơ ƢǸǼȈƥ 196ƨǴǸūơ ƨȇơƾƥ DzƦǫ .197ƣƕ ǂȀNj ńơ ƢĔȂƦLjǼȇ ǂƻȉơ ǒǠƦdzơȁ ǃȂŤ ǂȀNj ƨȇƢĔ ńơ ƢȀƦLjǼȇ ǶȀǔǠƥ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 22 DzƦǫ ǶȀȈdzƛ DzǬǻ ƾǫ ǁǂȀǨdzơ "ǂǷƗ" ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǹȁƾǯƚȇ śǫƢƦdzơ ƨǠƥǁȋơ ǹƛ ƭƾūơ ǾȈǧ Ļ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ DZȂƷ ǹȂǨǴƬź ǶȀǼǰdzȁ .ǾǴǬǼƥ ǵƢǫ ǺǷ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹƗȁ Ŗdzơ ƨǼȇƾŭơ Pretzsch NJȇDŽƬȇǂƥ ńơ ǽȂƦLjǼǧ ǹơǂƻȉơ ƢǷƗ "śdzǂƥ Ŀ" ȏƢǫ ǶȀǼǷ ǹƢǼƯƛ ƾǯƚƫ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƩơƽƢȀnjdzơ Dzǯ ǾȈǧ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ 198ƩơȂǬdzơ DzȈǰnjƫ ƢȀȈǧ Ļ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ .ƢȀȈǧ ǦǫȂƬȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǾdzƢƳǁ ƾǬǨƬdz ƨǼȇƾŭƢƥ ǂǷ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ȄǘǟƗ ƾǫ (DŽƬdzȂNj Ǻȇȁǁƛ) ǹƜǧ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ǦǐƬǼǷ ŅơȂƷ śdzǂƥ Ŀ ƾǬǟ ȅǀdzơ ǂŤƚŭƢƥ ǹƗ (DŽƬdzȂNj) ƨȇơȁǁ ƤLjŞȁ .199śǸȀƬŭơ ǺǷ ȅƗ ƢȀȈǧ ǾǨdzƢź Ń ǾdzȂƷ ƨǴǐǨǷ ƧƽƢȀNj 101

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ƢĔƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ƨǯǂǠǸǴdz ǵƾǫ ǾǻƗȁ ȅǁȂǨdzơ ƨǴǸūơ ǩȐǘǻƢƥ ǶȀǸǴǟƗ ƾǫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹȂLJǂNj ƔơƾǟƗ Ƕǿ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗȁ ƔȆNj ȅƗ ǵƢǷƗ ǝƾƫǂƫ ȏ ƨȈǨȈnjdzȂƦdzơ ǹƛ .śƫƾȈǬǟ ǝơǂǏ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤǠnjǴdz ƧƽƢƥƛ ƨȈǔǫ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƢǷƗ .ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ŀ DzǐƷ ƢŲ ȄLjǫƗ ǶđǂǓ ƤŸ Ç.200Ǻǰȇ Ń Ǯdzƿ ǹƜǧ Dzǰnjƥ ǪƥƢǘƬƫ ȏ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ .ƨdzƽƢǟ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǝǃȂƬƫ ǂƻȉơ ǒǠƦdzơȁ ǒǠƦdzơ ƩơƽƢȀNj ǹƛ ƩƢǬȈǬƸƬdzơ ǹƛ .ƢȀƬǸȀǷ ƔơƽƘƥ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƩơȂǫ Ǿƥ ƪǷƢǫ ȅǀdzơ Dzǰnjdzơ ǞǷ DZƽƢǟ ǺLJ Ŀ ǶȀǔǠƥ DZƢƳǂdzơ ǺǷ ǶȀƬȈƦdzƢǤƥ ơȂǻƢǯ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǹƗ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ ƩǂȀǛƗ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ǂȀNj ƨȇơƾƥ ǺǷ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ Ƨƾǟ ƾǠƥ ƩǂƳ ƾǬǧ DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ ƨȈǨǐƫ ƢǷƗ .ƨǬǿơǂŭơ ǾǸƐǴLjƫ Ļ ƾǫ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǂǷƗ ǹƘƥ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƔƢLJƙǁ ƩơƽƢȀNj ǹȂǯ ǹƛ .ƨȇǁȁƽ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƣƕ ƨǬƥƢǘŭơ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ ơƆȂƳ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǪǴź ƢŲ 201ǂȇȁƢǤŭơ DZơȂǫƗ ǞǷ ǪƥƢǘƬƫ ȏ ƢĔƜǧ ƨǴǸūơ DzƦǫ .DZơȂǫȋơ Ŀ džȈƟǁ (ƩŐǴȈǧ) ƢȀǷƾǫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƷȁǂnjdzơ ƆȐưǷ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ ǀƻȋơ ƾǠƥ ȃǂǻ ƢǼǻƛ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ǹƢǯ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǾǴǬǻ ȅǀdzơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǂǷƗ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈǧ ƾǯƗ Ŗdzơȁ 9 ǂȇȁƢǤŭơ ȏƛ ǾǬƦǘȇ Ń ƆƢȈǐƼNj Ȃǿ ǾǼǰdzȁ žȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ Dzǯ DzǸnjȇ ǾǻƗȁ ƵȂǓȂdzơ ǵƢŤ ƢƆȈǸƬƷ ơƆǂǷƗ ǶǴƬLJơ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ .śdzǂƥ ƢȀƬLJǁƢǷ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǗȂǤǔdzơ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ DZƢƳǂdzơ ȄǴǟ ǶĔƢƥ ơȂƷǂǏ ƾǫ ơȂǻƢǯ ǾȈLJȁƙǂǷ ǹƛ . 202DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƔƢǔǬdzƢƥ ǶȀǼǰdzȁ ǃȂŤ ǺǷ ƧŚƻȋơ ǵƢȇȋơ Ŀ "ǂǷȋơ" ǭơƿ Ǻǟ ǶȀǴǏȁ ȅǀdzơ ǡȐƦdzơ ǹȁǂǯǀƬȇ ƾǫ ơȂǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ "ƾȇƾnjƫ" ȁƗ "ǞȈLJȂƬƥ" ǪǴǠƬȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǹȁƾǯƚȇ 203 .Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ƢǿȂǬƦǗ ǂƻȉơ ƤǻƢŪơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ Ƨǁơƽơ Ŀ ǎǐƼƬŭơ ƪȈLjǴƫ ǁơȂǤŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂƻƕ DZƢưǷ .ǩǂnjdzơ ȂŴ ǞȇǂLjdzơ ǵƾǬƬdzơ Ŀ ǶēƾǟƢLjǷȁ ƩơȂǬdzơ Ǻǟ ǦȈǨƼƬǴdz ƨȈǻơȂƬǴdzơ ƽȁƾūơ džȈƟǁ ȄǘǟƗ ƣǂūơ ǝȏƾǻơ ǂƯƛ ǾǻƗ ǺȇǂNjƢƦŭơ ǾǼǟ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ƩƢŹǂǐƫ ƤLjŞ ƔƢLjǼdzơ ǶȀȈǧ ǺŠ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ DzƬǬƥ ơƆǂǷƗ (stahlesker ǁȂǰLJȂǴǿƢƬNj ǂƬdzơȁ) Ɨ ƨǟȂǸĐơ ǾǻƗ ƨǸǰƄơ ƩƢȇǂŢ ƩǂȀǛƗ ƢǸǯȁ .ƽȁƾūơ Dzƻơƽ ǶǴǯ 25 ǪǸǟ ȄǴǟ DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƨdzƢƷ ńơ ǂȇȁƢǤŭơ džȈƟǁ ƶŭƗȁ .DZƢƳǂdzơ ǺǷ ƢȀƬȈƦdzƢǣ Ŀ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ƣƕ ǂȀNj ŕƷ "ǂǷȋơ" ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ǝơǂLJȏơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ ǁȂǰLJȂǴǿƢƬNj ƢȀLJǁƢŻ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǖǤǔdzơ 102

ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ

ǩȐǗƛ ǶȀLjǨǻƘƥ ơȁǂNjƢƥ ƾǫ ǹȂȈǻơȂƬǴdzơ ǹȂǻȁƢǠƬŭơ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ .Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ǂǰǻƗ ǾǼǰdzȁ .204DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ǍƢǏǂdzơ ƢǸǯȁ .ǂƻƕ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ǺǸǰȇ ǶȀŭơ ƔȆnjdzơ ǹȋ ƨǸǰƄơ ǞǼǬȇ Ń Śƻȋơ ƾȈǯƘƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǽǀȈǨǼƫ ǵƾǟ Ŀ ǽŚǸǔdz ƔƢǓǁƛ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦȇ ǹƗ DZȁƢŹ ǂȇȁƢǤŭơ džȈƟǁ ǹƜǧ (ƩŐǴȈǧ) DzǬǻ ƢƆǼǸǔƬǷ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ǺǰŻ ǹƢǯ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ǶǴǠdzơ ǞǷ .Ǿdz ȄǘǠŭơ ǂǷȋơ ǹƗ ǹƢȈǠǴdz ƶǓơȁ Ǿǻƛ .ƢƆȈǘƻ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ ƾǯƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǾLjǨǼƥ ǂǴŷ .ǵȁƢǬƫ ȏ ƨǘǴLjdz ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ .(ƩŐǴȈǧ) DzǠǧ ƢǸǯ ǦǫȂŭơ ǺǷ ǾLjǨǻ Ʊơǂƻƛ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǢdzƢƦȇ ǶȀƬŭơ Ń ǹƛȁ .ǾǼǷ ƤǴǗ ƢǷ ǀȈǨƬƥ ǵƢǫ ǹƢǰdz Ƣđ ơȂƯƾŢ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ǁƾǏ ƾǫ "ǂǷȋơ" ơƆǂǷƗ" ǹƘƥ ǵDŽŪơ ǞȈǘƬLjǻ Ǻdz .ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀđ "ƢƆȈǴǠǧ ơƆǂǷƗ" ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń Ǿǻȋ Ǯdzǀǧ DzǠǨȇ .ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬǼLJ .ƨƸǓơȁ ȁƗ ƨƸǓơȁ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ȆǘǟƗ ƾǫ "ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ƨǴǸǠƬLjŭơ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƨǬȇǂǗ :ơƆƾȇƾƳ Ȑ Ɔ Ȉdzƽ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ƩǂȀǛƗ ƾǫ ƨȈƟƢǔǬdzơ ƩƢǬȈǬƸƬdzơ ǹƛ ǁƢǐūơ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƢƆǬǧȁ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ DzƬǫ Ļ ńȁȋơ ǞȈƥƢLJȏơ Ŀ .ƢƆȇǁǀƳ ƢƆǧȐƬƻƛ ǦǴƬţ ǩƽƢǼƦdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƽƾǟ ƪǴŧ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƨǴȈǐǧ ǹƛ .ƨȈǧǂǟ ǵƢǰƷƗ ǶȀȈǴǟ ƪǬƦǗ ƮȈƷ ƔƢǼƥ ǍƢǏǂdzơ ǺǷ ƨǬNjǁ ƪǬǴǗƗ .ǩƽƢǼƦdzƢƥ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ƨȈǨǐƫ ƪŤ .ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ƽƾǠdz DzƯƢŲ ǀȈǨǼƫ" ƨǸȀŠ ǥǂǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ 205ƪȈLjǴƫ ǁơȂǤŭơ ƧǃǂǨǷ .ǁƢǼdzơ ǩȐǗƜƥ ǁƾǏ ǂǷƗ ȄǴǟ .ƧǂǨƷ Ŀ ǶǿƙƢǬdzƛ Ļ ƾǬǧ ǶȀLjƥȐŠ ơȂǜǨƬƷơ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ƢǷƗ ."ǵơƾǟȍơ ǶǰƷ ƪǷƢǫ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƨǴȈǐǧ Ǻǟ ȏƆ ƾƦǧ ƆƢǨǴƬű ƢƆǠƥƢǗ ƔƢȈNjȋơ Ʃǀţơ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ Ƨƾǟ ƾǠƥ ƧơǂǠdzơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ Džȁƙǁ Ŀ ȁƗ ǪǼǠdzơ Ŀ ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ȆǷǂdzơ ƣȁƢǼƬƥ SS ºdzơ DzƟƢǐǧ ǩȂǧ ƣơǂƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǬƦǗ ȄǬǴƫ ƨȇơƾƥ .ƢȀǴƻơƾƥ ǺȇƽƾŲ ȁƗ ƧǂǨƷ ǥǂǗ ǩȂǧ śǠǯơǁ . 206ƮưŪơ ǩȂǧ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƔƢȈƷȋơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ƽƾŤ DzƟƢǐǨdzơ ƪƷơǁ Ľ ƮưŪơ ǺǷ ǦǏ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ DZƾƦƬƫȁ ŚǤƬƫ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǴǷƢnjdzơ ƨŞǀŭơ ńơ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ƔơǂƳȍơ ǺǷ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƪǫȂdzơ ƤLjǰdz ǶȀƬǠǧƽ ƩƢǫȁȋơ ǺǷ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ǁȂǷȋơ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǥȁǁƾǼdzȁƗ ƾǯƗ ƢǸǯ Ǿƥ ǶǴǠdzơ ǪƦLJ ȁƗ ǽŚǔŢ Ļ ƾǫ Ǻǰȇ Ń DzǷƢnjdzơ ƔơǂƳȍơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǂȇȂǘƫ ǶƬȇ ."207ƨǴǸūơ DzƦǫ DzǐƷ Ƥȇǁƾƫ ȅƗ ȏȁ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ȏ" ǩƾǐƫ .ƢǿǁȂǐƫ ƾǫ ƨǴƬǬdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƾƷƗ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫ ǩǂǗȁ DzƬǬdzơ

103

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǪƸƬLjƫ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 22 ƾǠƥ ȄǘǟƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ "ǂǷƗ" DzȈǏƢǨƫ ǹƜǧ ƨdzƽȋơ ǽǀǿ ńơ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ ƨȇơȁǁ ǹƘƥ ȏƆ ƾƳ ƢǼǸǴLJ ơƿƛ .ƨȇȁǂŭơ ƨȇơȁǂdzơ ǞǷ ƪǬǧơȂƫ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ƢǷ ƨǬȈǬƷ ƢȀȈǴǟ ŘƦƫ ǹƗ DzƬǫ ǂǷƗ ǹƜǧ Ǻȇǂƻȉơ ƽȂȀnjdzơ ƨȇơȁǁ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƨƸȈƸǏ ƨǠƥǁȋơ ǂȇȁƢǤŭơ ƔƢLJƙǂdzơ Ŀ ȅƗ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ńơ DZȂƻƾdzơ ƾǠƥ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ Ƨƾǟ DzǐƷ ƾǫ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƩȐƟƢǠdzơ ǾƫƾǯƗ ƢǷ ƤLjƷ ǂǷȋơ ǁƾǏƗ ǺǷ ǾLjǨǻ ǂǴŷ .ƣƕ ƨȇƢĔȁ ǃȂŤ ƨȇƢĔ śƥ ƨǠǫơȁ ƧǂƬǧ ǦǐƬǼǷ Ŀ ǮLjǼǷ Ŀ DzǠǧ ƢǸǯ ƢȈLJȁǁ ńơ Ǿdz ƨǠȇǂLJ ƧǁƢȇǃ ƔƢǼƯƗ Ǯdzƿȁ ǾdzơȂǫƗ śƥ ƨȈǼǷDŽdzơ ƩƢǫȁǂǨdzơ ǒǠƦƥ ǾǣȐƥƛ Ļ ƾǫ ƨȈǨǐƬdzơ ǂǷƗ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ .208ƣƕ .ǀȈǨǼƬǴdz ƢƆūƢǏ ơƆǂǷƗ ǾǼǷ DzǠšȁ ǾƸȈƦƫ ŚȇƢǠŠ Ƨǂŭơ ǽǀǿ ƤƷȂǏ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ƩƢǟȂǸĐơ ƾǠƥ (ljơǁ)ǾƬǟȂǸů džȈƟǁ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǽƙƢǟƾƬLJƛ Ļ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƾȀNj ƾǫ (DŽƬdzȂNj) ǹƢǯȁ ƧǂƻƚǷ Ŀ ƨȀƦƳ ǹȂǨdzƚȇ ơȂǻƢǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƘƥ (DŽƬdzȂNj) ƵǂǏ .ŚǷȂƬȈƳ ńơ ǃȂŤ 25 ƨȈǨǐƬƥ ǂǷƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ƩơȂǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆƬȈŲ ơƆǂǘƻ Ǯdzǀƥ śǴǰnjǷ ƨȀƦŪơ DzƬǬƥ ȆǔǬȇ ơƆƾȇƾƳ ơƆǂǷƗ (DŽƬdzȂNj) ȄǬǴƫ DzȈǴǬƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ .ǹȂǴǸǠȇ ȏ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ džȈƟǁ (ǮLJȂǻ) ǹƢǯȁ .209DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǶȀǷƢǬƬǻȏ ƢƆǠǼǷ Ǯdzƿȁ ƢƆǔȇƗ DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ ĿȐ Ɔ ƟƢǫ ƵǂǏ ǡŐǻǁȂǻ Ŀ ǥȁǂǿƾǼdzȁƗ ǵȐǯ ȄǴǟ Ǫǧơȁ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ 12 ǂȇȁƢǤŭơ ǾǷȐǟƜƥ (ljơǁȁ ǥȁǁƾǼdzȁƗ) ǵƢǫ ƨǴǸūơ Ɨƾƥ ǺǷ ǺȇǂȀNj ƾǠƥ ǾǻƗ ÅƢƊǯǁƾƬLjǷ 1971 DzƦǬƬLjŭơ ǵȂǐƻ ƩƢȈǨǐƫ Ǻǟ ȅơ DZƢǨǗƗȁ ƔƢLjǻ DzƬǫ Ǻǟ śƯƾƸƬǷ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǂǷƘƥ ǀȈǨǼƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǽǁȂǔƷ ǂƯƛ ǂǴŷ ƵǂǏ 1941 ƣƕ 15 Ŀȁ ǮLjǼǷ Ŀȁ .210Ɣơƾdzȋơ ǹƛ .ƨǴƯƢŲ ơƆŚƥơƾƫ ƤǴǘƬƫ ǹƢŭȋơ ƢǿƽȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢǬdzơ ƨǯǂǠŭơ Ǻǰdz ǃơDŽƠſȍƢƥ ǂǠNj ǾǻƗ ǂǴƬǿȁ ǂǴŷ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ ǶēƽƢƥƛ ƤŸ ơǀdz ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƨȈǨȈnjdzȂƦdzơ ơȂǠǼǏ Ǻȇǀdzơ Ƕǿ ƽȂȀȈdzơ .211ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǵƢǷƗ Ǯdzƿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǹȐǸƸƬȇ ƣǂūƢƥ ƨǫȐǟ ƢŮ ǂǸǔǷ ǵƗ ǺǴǠǷ Dzǰnjƥ ƪǻƢǯƗ ƔơȂLJ ƩơǂȇŐƬdzơ ǽǀǿ Dzǯ .Ȑ Ɔ ǸƬŰ ƢƆȇǂǰLjǟ ơƆǂǘƻ ǹȂǴǰnjȇ DZƢǨǗȋơȁ DZƢƳǂdzơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƛ .ƧǂƟơƾdzơ ȏ ǹƢǯ SS ºǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ŕƷ .ŘǠǷ Ʃơƿ ƨdzȏƽ Ǿdzȁ ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ńơ ƱƢƬŹ ȏ Ǯdzƿ ǂȇŐƫ ƾƥ ȏ ǹƢǯ ƩơǂȇŐƬdzơ ǽǀǿ .ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ǺǷȋƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ DzƬǬdz ǂȇŐƫ ǺǷ ƾƥ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǹȁƾǯƘƬǷ ơȂǻƢǯ ǶĔƗ Ǯdzƿ ƨǴǸūơ DzƦǫ ƢȀƟƢǘǟƛ ǺǷ śȇǃƢǼdzơ śdzȁƚLjǸǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ȀLJȁ ƢƆǠȇǂLJ ǹȂǰȈLJ Ƕǿǂǐǻ

104

ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ

ȏ Ǯdzǀǧ ƾȈǠƥ ƾƷ ńơ ǩƾǐƫ DzƷơǂǷ ȄǴǟ ƣǂūơ ƨǬǘǼǷ ǞȈLJȂƫ Ƨǂǰǧ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ȁƗ ƾǯƚƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ Ŗdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǁƽƢǐǷ ǎƸǧ ƢǼȈǴǟ ȄǬƦȇ .ƨǬȈǬƷ ƢĔƗ řǠȇ ƢƆÅǬȈƯȂƫ ǂưǯȋơ Ȃǿ ȆƟƢǼưƬLJƛ Dzǰnjƥ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơƾƷȁ ǕƢnjǻ ǹƛ .ƨȇơȁǂdzơ ǽǀǿ ȆǨǼƫ ǂȇǁƢǬƫ ǞǸš ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ RSHA ºdzơ ƢȀưƦƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈǷȂȇ ǾƦNj Ʃơǂnjǻ DzǔǨƥ Ǯdzƿȁ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ƩȐȇƾǠƬdzơ ǒǠƥ ƔơǂƳƛ ƾǠƥ ǂȇȁƢǤŭơ DZƢǸǟƗ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ "ȆǷȂȈdzơ ƽȂǼŪơ DzǸǟ" Ǻǟ ǁǃƢĐơ ƢȇƢƸǓ ƽơƾǠƫ .ƧƽƾƄơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǺǷ Śưǰdzơ ƤdzƢǤdzơ Ŀ ǺǸǔƬƫ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ ǽǀǿ .212ƧƾƷ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƷȁ Dzǯ ǞǷ ǞƥƢƬȇ ƨƦȈǿǂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢȈǨǐƬƥ ơȂǷƢǫ NJȇǁƾȈǿ DZƢƳǁ ǹƗ śƦƫ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǀǼǷȁ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƛ ǵƢȇȋơ Ŀ .ƩƢƠŭƢƥ ƢƆȈǷȂȇ ƾǠƫ ǶǿƢȇƢƸǓ ǹƗȁ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ŀ ƢȀƬǴȈưǷ ǺǷ DzſƗ ȃȂƬLjǷ ƨƦLjǻ ƪǴƴLJ Ŗdzơȁ ƧƢǘǠŭơ ǂǷơȁȋơ ǞǷ ǪǧơȂƬdzƢƥ ǶǜǼƫ ƩƢƥơǂǘǓȍơ ƪǻƢǯ ńȁȋơ ǹƾŭơ ƮȈƷ ƢȈǻơȂƬdz Ŀ ǍȂǐŬơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟȁ ǹƢǬǴƦdzơ Ŀȁ ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ Ŀ ƨƸǓơȁ ƵƢų ƾǫ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩƢǟƢǸŪơ ǹƛ .ǩƢǘƫ ȏ ƨȈǸǼȀƳ ƨdzƢƷ ƩƾȀNj ƢȀȈǧ ƨȈLjȈƟǂdzơ ǹƛ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ DZƢƳǂdzơ Dzǯ DzƬǬƫ Ń ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƽȂȀȇ DZƢƳǁ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǼdzơ ǩȐǗƜƥ ƪǷƢǫ :śǨǬưŭơ ƨƠǧ ƪǻƢǯ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǺǷ ƨǠǧƽ DZȁƗ ǹƗ ńơ ƵȂǓȂƥ Śnjƫ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ ǂǷƗ ȅƗ ǶĔƘnjƥ ǁƾǐȇ ǶǴǧ ƔƢƦǗȋơ ƢǷƗ .ǶǿŚǣȁ Ǻȇƽ DZƢƳǁȁ ǹȂǷƢŰ ǹȂLJǁƾǷ ǶȀǟƢǔƻƛ Ľ (ǮLjǼǷ) Ŀ ǶȈű Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸš Ļ ƾǬǧ ǾȈǴǟ ƔƢǼƥȁ .213ƨȈǨǐƬdzƢƥ Ļ ƾǬǧ Ǻȇǂƻȉơ ƢǷƗ ǶȀƬȈǨǐƬdz ƢȈLjǻƢƴǴƬǻȍơ ƔƢǔǟƗ ǃǂǧ ƢȀƟȂǓ ȄǴǟ Ļ ƩƢǻƢƸƬǷȍ .214ƩƢǿȂƬȈǤdzơ ńơ ǶȀǴȇȂŢ ǂǷƘƫ śǻơȂǫ ǺLjƫ ƨȇƽȂȀȇ ƢƆǻƢŪ ƢǿǁȁǂǷ ƔƢǼƯƗ Dzǰnjƫ DzǠǨdzƢƥ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ ƪǻƢǯ ƔƢǨƬƻƛ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ńơ ƽƚƫ Ń ƶƥơǀǷȁ Ŕǧ ǶǜǼƫ ƩƢǿȂƬȈǣ ƔȄnjǼƫ ƨǫǁƢǧ ƩƢǷȐǟ DzǸŞ ǦǼǠƥȁ ƧȂǬƥ ƣǂǔƫ ƪǻƢǯ ǽǀǿ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ǺǷ ƨǘȈLjƥ ƽơƾǟƗ .ƨȀƦƴǴdz ƨȈǷƢǷȋơ ǕȂǘŬơ ńơ DZȂǏȂǴdz ƢȀưƸƬLjȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƢȀLJƗǁ ȄǴǟȁ ǶǿƿơȂƸƬLJƛ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǠǧ ǂưǯƗ ǶȀǴǠŪ ƨǴȈǨǯ ƪǻƢǯ Ƣđ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ ơȂǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǟǂLjdzơ ǹƛ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ śȈǟȂȈNj śdzȁƚLjǷ ǂLJƗ Ŀȁ ƨȈŷȋơ ƨȇƢǣ Ŀ ǦȈNjǁƗ ȄǴǟ ǶȀǷƾǬƫ DZȐƻ ǶƳǂƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǂǷƗ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ DzǣƢnjdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ DzǤNj ǹƛ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨƠƳƢǨǷ 105

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǹƗ ƾȇǂȇ ǹƢǯ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) .ǺǷDŽdzơ ǞǷ ǩƢƦLJ Ŀ ƢĔƘǯȁ Ƣđ ƣǂǔƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǟǂLjdzƢƥ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .DzȈǴǫ ƪǫȁ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ǶȀȈdzƛ ƨdzȂǯȂŭơ ƨǸȀŭơ ǀȈǨǼƫ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǫ ǾdzƢƳǁ ȃǂȇ DZȂƻƽ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƽƢǫ ǹȂǰƫ ƨǠȈǴǘdzơ Ŀ DžȁƾǻƢǷȂǯ ƨǫǂǧ DzȈǰnjƫ ǃȂŤ 14 Ŀ ƵǂǏ .ƣDŽƸǴdz ńȁȋơ ǞƟȐǘdzơ ǞǷ 215ȂǰLJȂǷ .ƢŮ ȄǘǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǂǷơȁȋơ ƢǿǂȇǁƢǬƫ Ŀ ǂǯǀƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ơƆǁƽƢǻ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ ǹƛ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƔÅ ƢǼưƬLJƛ ǹĈȂǰȇȁ ƣƕ 5 ƺȇǁƢƫ DzǸŹ ƣ ƨǟȂǸĐơ ǍȂǐǻ ǺǷ ǎǻ ơȂǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǗƢnjǼdzơ DzǸů ǹƗ ńơ ƧǁƢNjƛ ǎǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǹȂǸǔǷ Ŀ . 216ǝȂǓȂŭơ ǹȂȈLJȁǁȐȈƥ ƢǷƛ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȈLjǼƴȈǴƬǻȋơ ƾǓ ƨȀƳȂǷ ƪǻƢǯ "ǹȉơ ńơ" ƢĔȂLJǁƢŻ ƔȐǸǟ ǶĔƗ śƦƫ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ƢƆȈǷǁ ǵơƾǟȍơ ǶǰƷ ǶȀȈǧ ǀǨǼȇ ǹƢǯ ƮȈƷ [...]":ƢǿȂLJǁƢǷ Ŗdzơ ƨǸȀŭơ ǦȇǂǠƫ ǹƢǯ ơǀǰǿ .ǝƢǼǫȍơ ƨƴƷ ǹȂǰǴŻ ǹȂȈǟȂȈNj ǂƯƚȇ ȏ ƮȈŞ ǮȈǨnjdzȂƦdzơ – ƽȂȀȈdzơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨǬƦǘdz ƨǟƢų ǂưǯȋơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzƢƥ ƣǂǔdzơ džǨǻ ."ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƣǂūơ ƩơȂǫ ƾȈǨȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ȅǀdzơ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ .ǃȂŤ 2 Ŀ ǾƫơȂǫ ńơ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƨdzƢLJǁ Ŀ ƩƔƢƳ ŚƥƢǠƬdzơȁ ǙƢǨdzȏơ Ƨƾǟ Ŀ ǁǂǰƬƫ "ǹȉơ ńơ" ƧǁƢƦǟ ǹƛ .ƾȈǠǐƬdzơ ƨǬȈǬƷ DzƥƢǬŭƢƥ ƾǯƚȇ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ "ƧŚƻȋơ ǵƢȇȋơ Ŀ" :ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ǞǘǬǷ ǞǷ ƢȀƬƥǁƢǬǷ ȃƾƳȋơ ǺǷ ƧǁƢƦǟ ǞǓơȂǷ Ļ Ŗdzơ ǁȂƦǠdzƢƥ ƶȇǁƢǐƬdzơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ "ǞLJȁƗ ǩƢǘǻ ȄǴǟ " ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ DZƢǸǟȋơ ƪƸƦǏƗ DZȁƢŹ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǁǂŰ ǹƛ .Ƣđ ƾƬǠȇ ƾǠȇ ѝƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ǩȐǘǻȍơ ƾǼǟ ƢǿƾȇƾŢ Ļ Ŗdzơ ƨǸȀŭơ śƥ ƢƆǓǁƢǠƫ ƨƷơǂǏ Ƣǿǂǯǀȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ śȈƦƫ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ DZȐǤƬLJƛ Ȃǿȁ ƽȂnjǼŭơ ǥƾŮơ ǑǁƢǠȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƨȈǔǬǴdz ƾȇƾƳ ǾȈƳȂƫȁ .ƩƢƳǁƾdzơ ȄǐǫƗ ńơ ȆLJȁǂdzơ ńȁȋơ ƧǁƢNjȍơ .ƣƕ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ȏƛ ƧƽƢƥȎdz Ƨƽơǁƛ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ńơ ƩơǁƢNjȍơ ǂȀǜƫ Ńȁ (ƽ ƨǟȂǸů) Ɨ 10 DžȁƾǻƢǷȂǰdzơ ƨǫǂǨƥ ǍƢŬơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ǞǘǬŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǺǸǰƫ ƢǷ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨǴǷƢNj ƧƽƢƥƛ ƗƾƦŭ " ǒǧơǂdzơ ňơǂǯȁȋơ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ǹȁƾǬƬǼȇ ǾȈǧ ȅǀdzơȁ ǝȂǼdzơ ǺǷ ƩơǁƢNjƛ Ƨƾǟ ƾų ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǂȀNjȋơȁ ǞȈƥƢLJȏơ Ŀ .217"ƢǼǿ ǹȂnjȈǠȇ ơȂdzơǃ ǺǷ ƢƆƠȈNj ǂȀǜƫ ȏ ńȁȋơ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ǹƿƛ ǂLJ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƆƢȈƟƾƦǷ .ǾLjǨǻ .ƽȂƳȁ Ǿdz Ǻǰȇ Ń ǂǷƗ ȄǴǟ ǃƢǰƫǁȎdz ǝơƽ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń Ǿǻȋ Ǯdzƿ DzȈƦǬdzơ ơǀǿ 106

ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ

Ʃơƿ ƢĔƗ ȏƛ ƢŮ ƨǠƳƢǼdzơ DZȂǴūơȁ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ DZȂƷ ƨǴȈǴǬdzơ Ɣơǁȋơ ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟ Ɔ ưǸǧ .ƩơǂNjƚǷ ƣ ƨǟȂǸĐơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ ǃȂŤ 23 Ŀ ƹǁƚŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǺǷ ǞǘǬŭơ Ŀ Ȑ Ŀ ǾǬȈǬŢ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ ơƆǂǷƗ ȁƾƦȇ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjǸǴdz DzƷ :ƢȈLJȁǁȐȈƥ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǓȁ Ǻǟ ƧƽƢǟƜƥ ȏƛ ƢȀǴƷ ǺǰŻ ȏ ơǀdz .ƢȀȈǧ ƽȂȀȈǴdz DzƟƢŮơ ƽƾǠdzơ ƤƦLjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǽǀǿ śdzǂƥ ǹƘǯȁ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ DZƢȈƷ ǪǴǫ ƽȂƳȂƥ ǂǠnjǻ ƢǼǿ .218ȃǂƻƗ ǪǗƢǼǷ Ŀ ǶȀLJǂǣ .ƨǴǸūơ ǾȈǧ Ǻnjƫ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǽƢšȍơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǭǂƸƬdzƢƥȁ ŚǰǨƬdzƢƥ ƪƦdzƢǗ ƾǫ .ƾǠƥ ƾȈdzơ DZȁƢǼƬǷ Ŀ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾǬȈƦǘƫ ƽơǂŭơ Dzūơ ǹƘǯȁ Ȃǿ (ljơǁ) ǹȂǰȇ ƢŠǁȁ ƣƕ 14 Ŀ ƹǁƚŭơȁ Dž ƨǟȂǸĐơ ǾƬǠǧǁ ȅǀdzơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǹƛ ǁǂŰ Śnjȇ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjǸǴdz ǽǂǯǀƥ ȂȀǧ .ǂƻƕ ǝȂǻ ǺǷ ǾȈƦǼƬƥ ǁǀǼȇ ǽǂȇǂƸƬƥ ǵƢǫ ǺǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǔǬdzơ DzŢ ǹƗ ǁƢǜƬǻƜƥ .ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǪƟƢǬūơ ǀƻƗ ƧǁȁǂǓ ńơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ŀ ƩƢǠǬǼƬLjŭơ ƵȐǐƬLJƛ Ŀ ǶȀǨȈǛȂƫ ǺǰŻ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǵȂǸǟ ǹƜǧ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ǺǷ .219ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ŀ ƔƢƳ ơǀǰǿ "ǹȂǰȀǼǷȁ ǹȂǨǛȂǷ" .ƢǤdzȂǨdzơȁ ŐȈǻƽ Ŀȁ ǾȈƦȇǂƥ Ǿǻƛ .ǾȈǴǟ ǩƢǨƫȏơ Ļȁ ǪƦLJ ƢǸǟ ǪƦǘȈLJ Ȑ Ɔ ȇƾƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ʒ ǹƘƥ ȏƛ ǞǘǬŭơ ơǀǿ ŚLjǨƫ ƤǠǐdzơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƦǧ :ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǾȈƦNj ǾǼǰdzȁ ǹȂǸǔŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ǦǴƬű DzƷ ƧǂǰǨdzơ ǽǀǿ .ǶȀȈǴǟ ȆǔǬȇȁ ƨǸȀŭƢƥ ǵȂǬȇ ƢŠǁ ǂǸƬLjŭơ DzǸǠdzơ ǹƜǧ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨȇȂǷƾdzơ .220ƨǟȂǸĐơ džǨǼdz ǂƻƕ ǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ǂȀǜƫ ƩƽƢǟ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ Ɨ ƨǟȂǸĐơ ơƾǟ ƢǷ ƩƢǟȂǸĐơ Dzǯ řǠƫ ǹȉơ ŕƷ ƢȀȈdzƛ ǁƢnjŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ǹƛ ƢȈLjǻƢƴǴƬǻȍơ ńơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ Śnjƫ ȏ ƨǟȂǸĐơ ǽǀǿ ǂȇǁƢǬƬǧ .ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ Ŀ ƢƆǨǼǟ ǂưǯƗ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǀǼǷ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǟȂǸĐơ ǽǀǿ ƩƢǗƢnjǻ ǹƗ ƢƆǟƢƦǘǻƛ ǭǂƬȇ ƢŲ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ǦǐƬǼǷ Ŀ ƢȈǻơȂƬdz Ŀ ǡǂƥƢǻȁƽ Ŀ ǹƗ ńơ Śnjȇ ơƆǂƻƕ ơƆǂȇǂǬƫ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ƢƆǧơƾǿƗ DzǫƗȁ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ǹȂǷǂȇȁ ǹȂǨǫȂƬLjȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DZƢƳǂdzơ ǹƢǯ  ǃȂŤ ơƾƥ ƢǸǯ ǥƾŮơ ǹȋ ǁƢȈƬƻƛ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬȇ Ń ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ .ƨǼȇƾŭơ ǺǷ ǶēȐƟƢǟ ȄǨǼƫ ǹƗ ƽƢǠƦƬLJƛ ƢǼǼǰŻ ȏ DZƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀȁ .221ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ǺǷ ƨǼȇƾŭơ ǢȇǂǨƫ Ŀ ǺǸǰȇ .ƨǏƢƻ ƩơƽƢNjǁƛ Ǫǧȁ DzǸǠƫ ƨǟȂǸĐơ ǽǀǿ

107

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

.ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƢȇơȂǼdzơ ƤƦLjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƢƆǔȇƗ DzǸƬŰȁ DZȂǬǠǷ ǂǷȋơ ǹƗ ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȃǂƻȋơ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǥȐş ƨŻƾǬdzơ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ƽȐƥ ȅƗ ơƾǼdzȐƬLJȁƘǧ ǺǴǟƗ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) ǁȂǔŞ ƣƕ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ Ŀ ƪǸȈǫơ ƧǂǓƢŰ ƔƢǼƯƗ Ŀȁ .ƺȇơǂdzƢƥ ǪƸǴƫ ǹƛ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ƤLjƷȁ ǾǻƘƥ (džǿȂdz) ƾǻȐƬLJȁƗ ǹȁƚnjƥ ǦǴǰŭơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ǑȂǨǷ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ "ƽƢǠƥƛ" ƨǸǴǯ ǹƛ .222ƢȀǼǟ ƢƆȈƟƢĔ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽƢǠƥƛȁ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ƨǼŭƗ Ȃǿ ǥƾŮơ ȅǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ ǂǷơȁȋơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǹƛ ."ƢƆȇȂǷƽ ơƆƽƢǠƥƛ" řǠƫ Ǻǰƫ Ń (džǿȂdz) ºdz ǎǻ Ŀ DZȂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ (ǂǰȈdzƢƬNj) DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƩƢǓơǂƬǟƜƥ ǾƳȁȁ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǾǼǟ ƤƬǯ -DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǬdz ƧƢǘǠŭơ ǂǷơȁȋơ ǞǷ ǪǧơȂƬƫ ȏ ƨƷǂƬǬŭơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǹƘƥ ƣƕ 6 Ŀ ƹǁƚǷ ƢĔƘǯȁ ȁƾƦƫ ƩƢȈǘǠŭơ ǽǀǿ Dzǯ .223ƾǻȐƬLJȁƗ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢŠ Ɨ ƨǟȂǸĐơ ǂǷơȁƗ ƪǻƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǂǰȈdzƢƬNj ƢȀǼǟ ƭƾƸƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǂǷơȁȋơ ǹƗ ńơ Śnjƫ (ǂǰȈdzƢƬNj) ǵƢǫ 1942 ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ŸƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǀǼǷ Ǯdzǀǯ ǂǷȋơ ǹƢǯ Dzǿ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ .1941 DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 15 ƺȇǁƢƫ ńơ ǾƬǟȂǸů ƩƢǗƢnjǻ ƲƟƢƬǻ ƢȀȈǧ ǶȈǬȇ ƨǬȈƯȁ ǂȇǂƸƬƥ ňƢưdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ Ȇǿȁ ǡŐǻǁȂǻ ƩơƽƢȀNj ǺǸǔƬƫ ǽǀǿ Ǻǰdzȁ Ʃǁǂǰƫ ƢŭƢǗ ƨǬȈƯȁ Ȇǿ .ƢȈLJȁǁ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ DzƦǫ ǁƾǏ ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ǂǷƗ ƽȂƳȁ ƨȈǓǂǧ ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƾǯƚȇ ȅǀdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ DzƷ Ʃǁǂǫ ƾǫ ǺǷȋơ ƨǗǂNj ǹƛ "ǂǷơȁȌdz ƢƆǬƦǗ":DZȂǬȇ (ǂǰȈdzƢƬNj) ƢȀȈǧ ƤƬǯ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƘƥ (ǂǰȈdzƢƬNj) ƽƾŹ ǂǘLJƗ Ƨƾǟ ƾǠƥ ."ǵǃƢƳ ǵDŽŞȁ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ Dzǰƥ" ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ŔǨdzơ ƧǁƢƯƛ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ǹơƾǴƥ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ DzŢ ȏ ǹƗ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǀǼǷ ƆƢȈǸƬƷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ǺǰŲ ƽƾǟ ŐǯƗ ƨȈǨǐƫ ńơ ǥƾē" ƪǻƢǯ "ŚȀǘƬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ" ǹƜǧ ơǀdz .ǖǬǧ ."224ƨȈǴǏȋơ ǂǷơȁȋƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ Ǯdzƿȁ ǾƬǸȀŭ ȄǘǟƗ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȆǠƳǁ ǂƯƘƥ (ǂǰȈdzƢƬNj) ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƾǠƦƬLjŭơ ǺǷ džȈdz .DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƭƾƷ ƢǷ Ȃǿ ơǀǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƧǁȁǂǔdzƢƥ džȈdz Ǻǰdzȁ .ǾȈǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢŲ ŐǯƗ ơƆƾǠƥ ǞǷ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ ƧƽƢƥƜƥ "ǂǷƗ" ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ȄǘǠŭơ ǂǷȋơ ƽƾŹ Ń ǾǻƗ DzƴLjǻ ǹƗ ǶȀŭơ ǺǷ Ǿǻƛ ńơ Śnjȇ ǹƗ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯ Ǻǰdzȁ ."ƢƆǷƢƫ ƔƢǤdzƛ" ƧǁƢƦǟ DzǸǠƬLjȇ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ǹƗ Ǿdz ơƆǁǂǬǷ ǹƢǯ ǂǷȋƢƥ ǾǼǟ Őǟ ȅǀdzơ Dzǰnjdzơ ǹƛ ȆȇƗǂƥ .ǾƬǸȀǷ ǺǷ Ǿdz ȄǬƦƫ ƢǷ ơǀǿ ǺǷ .ƨǴǸūơ ƢȀƦǴǘƬƫ Ŗdzơ Ƨƾŭơ ǂǐǫ ơƆƾȇƾŢȁ ƢȀȈǧ ȆǘǟƗ Ŗdzơ ǥȁǂǜǴdz ƢƆǠƦƫ ǶȀǨȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzƢƥ ƢŶƛȁ .ƧƽƢƥȍơ řǠƫ ȏ "ǺǰŲ DzǰNj ǞLJȁƘƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǨǐƫ ǹƜǧ" ǁȂǜǼŭơ

108

ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ

Ŀ ƨȈǨǐƬdzơ ļƘƫ DZƢūơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ .ƣǂūơ ƧƾǷ ƨǴȈǗ ǪȈƦǘƬǴdz DzƥƢǫ ǂǷƗ ǾǻƗ řǠƫ Ƣđ ƪǴȈǫ .ǥƢǘŭơ ǂƻƕ ǹƢǸǔdz Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈLJƢǫ Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţƛ ȄǴǟ ƪǓǂƷ ƾǫ Ɨ ƨǟȂǸĐơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ ŃǂǷȋơ ǹƛ DZơȂƷȋơ Dzǯ Ŀ .ƢȀȈȇƽȂȀȇ ǺǷ ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ǝǂLJƘƥ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ǂȇǂŢ ǽǀǿ ƧǂǘȈLJ ƪŢ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ȂǻȂǯ ƨǼȇƾǷ Ŀȁ .ńȁȋơ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ ǀǼǷ DžǁƢŤ ƧƽƢƥƛ ƨǸȀǷ ŔǨdzơ DZȐƻ ȅƽȂȀȇ 7800 DzƬǬǷ ńơ Śnjȇ ǃȂŤ 11 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǭƢǼǿ ƨǟȂǸĐơ .śȈǻơȂƬdz śǻȁƢǠƬǷ ȅƾȇƗ ȄǴǟ ǶȀǷơƾǟƛ Ļ ǶȀǼǷ ǶLjǫ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƪƦnjǻ Ŗdzơ ƩơǀȈǨǼƬƥ ƢŮơƾƦƬLJƛȁ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƩƢǷơƾǟȍơ ƔƢȀƬǻƛ ńơ ƢƆǔȇƗ Śnjȇ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ǻǰdzȁ ƧǂǷ ơȁƾǸǠȇ ǹƗ ǂǜƬǼŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ǎƼNj 100 ńơ 50 śƥ ƢǷ ƵȁơǂƬƫ ƧƽȁƾŰ ƨȇǁȁƽ Ȃǿ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǵơƾǟƛ ǶŮ ƶȈƬƫ ƨǏƢƻ ƣƢƦLJƗ ƽƢŸƛ Ņƛȁ ǹȂƴLjdzơ ǖȈnjŤ ńơ ƧƾȇƾƳ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȈǼǷƗ Śƥơƾƫ ƿƢţƛ ȄǴǟ HSSPF225 ºdzơ ǞǷ ǩƢǨƫȍơ Ļ DzƥƢǬŭƢƥ .ȅƽȂȀȇ ȄǴǟ ǁƢǼdzơ ǩȐǗƜƥ ǂǷȋơȁ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽȂǠdz ƢƆǠǼǷ ȂǻȂǯ ƨǼȇƾǷ DZȂƷ řǷƗ ǁƢǻǃ ƔƢnjǻƜƥ .226Ǯdzƿ ǾLjǨǻ Ǿdz DZȂLjƫ ǺǷ Dzǯ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ 1942 ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ƹǁƚǷ ǂȇǂǬƫ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ ƨƷƢǐǧ ǾǼǟ DzǬȇ ȏ ǾǻƘƥ DZȂǬȇ .ǚǧȁ Ǻnjƻ ǎƼNj Ȃǿȁ 3 DžȁƾǻƢǷȂǰdzơ džȈƟǁ (ǂƳƢƳ) ǽǁǂƷ ƾǫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƨȀƦŪơ ƧǂƻƚǷ ǁơǂǬƬLJƛ ǹƗ "ǾƬƦȈƬǯ ƩƢǗƢnjǻ DZȐƻ ǺǷ " śƦƬȇ ǹƗ ǝƢǘƬLJƛ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƗ ǂƯƛ ƨǠǗƢǬǷ ƢȀǨȈǜǼƫ ǶƬȇ ƨȈǻơȂƬǴdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǹƛ" ."ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǒǠƥ DZƢȈƬǣƛ" ǽǂǧȂȇ DzƷơǂŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴƷǂǷ Ŀ ǃȁƢš ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƾǯƚȇ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ ."227śLjǼŪơ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǒȇǂƸƬƥ ǶȀǷƢȈǫ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǼŭ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ƨȀƦŪơ Ƨǂƻƚŭ ƨȈǼǷƗ Ʃơǁȁǂǔƥ (ǂƳƢƳ) ƢȀǴǴǟ ȆǘǟƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ơƆǂǷƗ ǹƘƥ DZƢǫ ǾƬǻơƽƛ ƾǠƥȁ ǂƻƘƬǷ ƪǫȁ Ŀȁ .ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǹƢǰLJ .ƨǴǸūơ DzƦǫ ǹƢǯ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗȁ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ Ȃǿȁ ƆƢǔȇƗ (ǂƳƢƳ) ºdz ƽȂǠȇ ǂƻƕ ǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢƆƷȂǓȁ ǂưǯƗ ƧȂŮơ ǂȀǜƫ Ǿdz ǞƥƢƬdzơ DžȁƾǻƢǷȂǰdzơ Ƣđ ǵƢǫ ƩƢǷơƾǟȍơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸƴŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ 228ƢȀǟȂǻ ǺǷ ƧƾȈƷȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǞȈǸš ǶƬȇ ǹƢǯ .1941 DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ ŕƷȁ ǵȂȇ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǷȂȇ Ƕđ ǀǨǻ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽƾǟ ǹƗ ƢǼdz śƦƬȇ ǵƢǫǁȋơ ǽǀǿ ǞǸŝȁ .DZƢǨǗƗ Ľ ƔÅ ƢLjǻ ƆȏƢƳǁ ƩƢƠǧ ǂȀNj Ŀ ƢǷƗ .ƧƗǂǷƛ 135 ǶȀȈǧ ǺŠ ǃȂŤ ǂȀNj Ŀ ƢƆǐƼNj 42390 ǢǴƥ ǵơƾǟȍơ ǶǰƷ 109

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǦǐƬǼǷ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǐƼnjƥ 32430 ńơ ȄǴƬǬdzơ ƽƾǟ ǞǨƫǂȇ ơǀǰǿȁ  37186 ǢǴƥ ƾǬǧ ƣƕ DZȂǴȇƗ ǂȀNj Ŀȁ .ƧŚƦǯ ƽơƾǟƘƥ DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ DzƬǫ DžȁƾǻƢǷȂǰdzơ ǂNjƢƥ ƮȈƷ ƣƕ 15104 ȂȀǧ ǶȀǴȈǐǨƫ ƢǷƗ .ƢȇƽȂȀȇ Ȑ Ɔ ȈƬǫ 56459 DzƴLJ ƮȈƷ Ǿƫȁǁƿ ȄǴƬǬdzơ ƽƾǟ ǢǴƥ Ǻǟ ȏƛ ƘnjǼȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ǺǰŻ ȏ ƣȐǬǻȍơ ơǀǿ .Ȑ Ɔ ǨǗ 15112 ȁ ƧƗǂǷƛ 26243 DzƳǁ .ǝǃƢǼǷ Ȑƥ Ǿƥ ƪǧǂƬǟƛ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ ƩƢǫȁȋơ ǺǷ ƪǫȁ Ŀ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLJƢȈLJ Ƨƽơǁƛ ƧƽƢƥȍơ Ŀ DZȂƸƬdzơ ȂŴ ƵȂǸŪơ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ƢƆǫȂǨƬǷ (ǂƳƢƳ) Ǫȇǂǧ ǹƢǯ DZƢů ȏ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ŕƷ ƣƕ ǂȀNj ƨȇƢĔ ȂŴ ȏƛ ƩƢǟȂǸĐơ ǩǂǧ ǞȈŦ ƾǼǟ ǂȀǜȇ Ń ǹȉơ ŕƷ ơȂǴƬǫ ǶĔƗ ƣƕ 20 Ŀ ƪǼǴǟƗ ƣ ƨǟȂǸĐơ DZƢƳǁ ǹƛ .ƢǸȀǼȈƥ ƨǻǁƢǬǸǴdz Dž ƨǟȂǸĐơ ƢǷƗ .DZȂǴȇƗ 28 Ŀ 30094 ȁ (ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ǶȀƬȈƦdzƢǣ) ƢƆǐƼNj 16964 DZȂǴȇƗ ǂȀNj ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀȁ ƆƢǐƼNj 8000 ǢǴƥ ƢǿƢȇƢƸǓ ƽƾǟ ǹƘƥ ƣƕ Ŀ ƪƷǂǏ ƾǬǧ ǎƼNj 8425 ȄǴƬǬdzơ ƽƾǟ ǢǴƥ ƾǬǧ ƽ ƨǟȂǸĐƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ.DzȈƬǫÇ 80000 ǢǴƥ ȄǴǟ ƨǷƾǬŭơ Ŀ ļƘƫ Ɨ ƨǟȂǸĐơ ǹƛ .DZȂǴȇƗ 30 Ŀ 35782 ȁ ƣƕ19 ŕƷ Ǯdzƿȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ƢǿƢȇƢƸǓ ƽƾǟ ǢǴƥ ƮȈƷ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 15 ŕƷ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢǟȂǸĐơ ǞȈŦ ƢǿŚǣ ǺǷ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ DZȁƽ Ŀ ǾǼǷ ƾNjƗ ǹƢǯ DzƫƢǬdzơ ǖǤǔdzơ ǹƛ .229DzȈƬǫ 120000 ǖǬǧ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ Śƥơƾƫ ǑơǂƬǧƛ ƤǴǘƬȇ ƮȈŞ ƨȈŷȋơ ǺǷ džȈdz ǩǁƢǨdzơ Ǻǰdz ȏ ƢǼǻƛ .ȆƟƾƦŭơ "ǂǷȋơ" ƨǴǰnjǷ ńơ ƽȂǠǻ ǹƗ ƤŸ ǁǃƢĐơ ǺǷ ǵǃǂdzơ ǽǀǿ DzƥƢǬǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƢŠǁ Ǻǰdzȁ ƨǴǸūơ DzƦǫ ȆǘǟƗ ƾǫ ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ơƆǂǷƗ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƽƢǠƦƬLJƛ ǞȈǘƬLjǻ ǺǷ ǂŤ ǹƗ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ƨȈǴȈǧƢȈǰŭơ ǹƘǯȁ .ƵǂNj ńơ ǽǁȁƾƥ ƱƢƬŹ ŃƢǠŭơ ƽƾŰ Śǣ ơƆǂǷƗ Ņȁƾdzơ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ ƔƢLJƙǂdz Ƣǯǂƫ ƾǫ ƢǻƢǯ ƢŠǁ (NJȇǁƾȈǿȁ ǂǴŷ) .ǂƥȍơ ǵȁǂƻ ǺǷ ǾǼǟ ƤƫǂƬȇ ƢǷȁ ȆǘǟƗ ȅǀdzơ "DzǷƢnjdzơ ǂǷȋơ" ȃȂƬŰ ǥƢnjƬǯƜƥ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ .ƢƆȈǷȂȇ ǾǻȂǴǠǨȇ ƢǷ ǞǷ NJȇƢǠƬdzơ ǹȂǠȈǘƬLjȇ ǶȀǧ ơǀǰǿȁ .ƨǴǸūơ ƪǷƾǬƫ ƢǸǴǯ ƩƢǘȇǁȂƫ DZƢƳǁ ńơ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ŕƷ ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ơƆǂǷƗȁ ƧŚǐǫ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƨǴǸūơ ǹƗ ơȂLjǻ ǶĔȂǯ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ơƆǂǷƗ ǹƛ ."ǥƢnjƬǯȍơ" ƨȇƢǼǠdz ǭǂƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǂǷơȁȋơ ǝȂǻ ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǂǴŷ .ǾƳȁ DzǸǯƗ ȄǴǟ ǀǨǼȇ Ȇǯ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗȁ ƾƥ ȏ

110

ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ

ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǪŞ ǁǃƢĐơ ǥƢǬȇƛ ǾƬȈǻ Ŀ ǹƢǯ ǂǴŷ ǹƗ DzƥƢǬŭƢƥ ǑǂƬǨȇ ǹƢǿǂdzơ ǹƛ DZȂƷ Ǯnjdzơ ńơ ƢǼǴǸŢ ƨǴǸƸǴdz ńȁȋơ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ Ŀ ǾƫƢǧǂǐƫ ǹƜǧ ǹƿƛ .ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƢŲ ȄLjǫƗ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƩǀǨǻ ƾǫ ǽǂǷơȁƗ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ DZƾƫ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƨdzƽƗ ƾƳȂȇ .ƨȈǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ƨƸǏ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƾǯƘƬdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ .ȅȂǷƾdzơ ƾǟƢǐƬdzơ ǥƢǬȇƛ ǾǠLJȂƥ ƾǠȇ Ń ǾǻƗȁ ƢŮ ƽơǁƗ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ ȃȂLJ Ǻǰƫ Ń Ŗdzơ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ Ǻǟ ƢǻǁƢǜǻƘƥ DZȂƸƬǻ ǹƗ ƢǼȈǴǟ ƨȈǔǬdzơ HSSPFºdzơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ .ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ Ǿǧǂǐƫ ƪŢ ơȂǻƢǯ ǺȇŚưǯ DZƢƳǁ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ƩơȂǫ ȄǴǟ ńȂǘdzơ ƾȈdzơ Ǿdzȁ ǶȀǼȈȈǠƫ Ŀ Ǫūơ ȄǘǟƗ ƾǫ NJȈŪơ ǹƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǁǃƢů Ŀ ǕǂƼǼƬLJ ƨȈǴȇȂƳ ǂȀNj ƨȇƢĔ ǺǷ ƔơƾƬƥƛȁ WAFFEN SS ºdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǸǯ ǺǷ ǥȏȉơ Ʃơǂnjǟ Ƨƾǟ .ƢȈLJȁǂdz Ǻȇƾȇƚŭơ ƾǓ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾǓ ..230(NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DzLjǴLjǷ ńơ ǹƿƛ ƪǨȈǓƗ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ Ǻǰƫ Ń .ƢȀǓȂǸǣ ȄǴǟ ȄǬƦƫ ƨǴǸūơ DzƦǫ ƩơȂǬǴdz ƢǿƙƢǘǟƛ Ļ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdzơ ǹƛ ŕƷȁ ǾǻƗ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƢǼǿ ǂȀǜȇ ǶǯƢƄơ DzȈǰnjƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǹƛ .ƨȇƽƢƥƛ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǺǷ DZơȂƷȋơ Dzǰƥ ǹƛ ǃȂŤ 11 Ŀ .ǵơƾǟȍơ ǶǰƷ ǶȀȈǧ ǀǨǼȇ ǹƢǯ ǺǷ DZƢƳǂdzơ ǶǿƾƷȁ ǹƗ ƣƕ ǂȀNj ǹƘƥ ȆǔǬȇ ƨȇDŽǯǂŭơ HSSPF ºdzơ ǺǷ "ơƆǂǷƗ" ǾƫơƾƷȁ ńơ DzǬǻ ƨȇDŽǯǂŭơ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ǪǴȈǧ ƨǫǂLJ DZƢǸǟƘƥ śǸȀƬŭơ  45 ńơ 17 ǺǷ ǶǿǁƢǸǟƗ ǢǴƦƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǁȂǯǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ ǶǰƷ ǶȀȈǴǟ ǪƦǗ ƾǬdz .ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬǴdz ƢƆǬǧȁ "ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ȆǷǂdzơ" ǶǰƷ ǶȀȈǧ ǀǨǼȇ ǕƢƦǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ǹƛ .ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ǾǬǧơǂȇ ǹƢǯ "ǂǷȋơ" ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ǾȈǧ ǢdzƢƦǷ ȆǟƾƬLjƫ Ŗdzơ Ƨǁȁǂǔdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ǶȀǷƢȀǧƛȁ ƩƢǷơƾǟȏơ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ śǨǴǰŭơ ƽȂǼŪƢƥ ǵƢǸƬǿȏơ .231ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ơǀǰǿ ƽȂƳȁ ǵȐLjdzơ DZȐƷƛ ƩȐŧ ǶȈǜǼƬƥ (ȆǰLjȇȂdzDŽNjƢƥ) ńơ ơƆǂǷƗ ǂǴŷ ǁƾǏƗ śǟȂƦLJƗ ƾǠƥ ȄǴǟ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ Ŀ DzǷƢǠdzơ NJȈŪơ ǺǷ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƪǟǃȂƫ ƾǫȁ .ǾȈƦȇǂƥ ƩƢǠǬǼƬLjǷ Ŀ ǵƾǟ ƤŸ :ƨǴǷƢNj ƪǻƢǯ ǂǴŷ Ƣǿƾǐǫ Ŗdzơ ƨŭƢLjŭơ ǹƛ .ňƢŭȋơ ƽơƾǷȍơ ǕȂǘƻ Dzǯ ǹƢǰLjdzơ Dzǯ .ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ƩơƽơƾǷƛ ȁƗ Ǿdz ƾǼLJ ȅƗ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǰƫȍƢƥ ǶǐƼǴdz ƵƢǸLjdzơ ƽǂnjƫ ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ƢƆȈǷǁ ơȂǴƬǬȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ śdzơȂǸǴdz ƩƢǷƾƻ ǹȂǷƾǬȇÇ Ǻȇǀdzơ Ƕđ ǾƦƬnjŭơ : Ȃǿȁ ȏƗ Ƕđ ǍƢƻ ŚǐǷ ǶǿǂǜƬǼȇ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢǷƗ .232ǶēȂȈƥ ǩǂŢȁ ǶēȐƟƢǟ ǹȂƫȂŻ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ ƧƢnjŭơ SS ºǴdz DZȁȋơ ǪǴȈǨdzơ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǐdzơ 42 Ƕǫǁ ǂǷȋơ ƤƳȂŠ

111

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ȆǘǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ǂȇŐƬdzơ ǹƢǯ ƾǫȁ .Ƥǘdzơ ƨȀǼǷ Ŀ śǴǷƢǠdzơ ǒǠƥ ƔƢǼưƬLJƜƥ ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ƢƆȈǷǁ ǺǷ ƢȇȐƻ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ơȂǴǰnjȇ ǹƗ ǶŮ ǺǰǸŭơ ǺǷ ǾǻƘƥȁ śdzơȂŭơ ǹȁƾǻƢLjȇ ǶĔȂǯ ǹƗ ǾLjǨǼƥ ǂǴŷ DŽƳȁƗ  ƣƕ ǺǷ DZȁȏơ Ŀ .ňƢŭȋơ NJȈŪơ ƧǂƻƚǷ Ŀ ƩƢƥơǂǘǓȍơ Ŀ ǹȂǷǂȇ DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ ǹƗȁ ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ƢƆȈǷǁ ơȂǴƬǬȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƽȂȀȈdzơ .233ƩƢǠǬǼƬLjŭơ śƟȁƢǼǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ ǁƢƦƬǟơ ńơ ƤǴLJ DZƢǸǟƘƥ ǶȀǷƢēơ ƾǠƥ ǶȀǴƬǫȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǦȈǫȂƫ .DzǐƷ ƾǫ ƢǷ ơƆǁȂǘƫ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƾƥ Ȑǧ DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ DzƬǫ ƣȂƳȁ ńơ śdzƢǠǧ ƪLjȈdz ǁȂǷȋƢǧ ǶȀǴƬǬƥ ǂǷȋơ ƔƢǘǟƛ ȄǴǟ ƙǂŸ Ń ǂǴŷ ǹƗ ǂǯǀǻ ǹƗȁ ƾƥ ȏ Ǻǰdzȁ ƧƢnjŭơ SS ºdzơ ňƢưdzơ ǪǴȈǨdzơ ǕƢnjǻ Ǻǟ ǾȈdzƛ Ǟǧǁ ȅǀdzơǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ƾǼǟ ǦǫȂƬǼdzȁ .ƨǴȀLJ ƨƴȈƬǻ ǹȁƾƥ ƩƢǠǬǼƬLjŭơ Ŀ ǶȀȈǷǁ Ļ ƾǫ DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ ǹƗ ńơ Śnjȇ ȅǀdzơȁ ǹƗ ƢǼǼǰŻ ǎǼdzơ ƪǸǏ ǺǷ .ƨȇƢǨǰdzơ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ ƨǬȈǸǟ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǽƢȈŭơ ǹȂǯ ơȂǫǂǤȇ Ńȁ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ǵƢȇȋơ Ŀȁ .234ǹȂnjȈǠȇ ơȂǯǂƫ ƾǫ ơȂǻƢǯ ƔƢLjǠƬdzơ Ɣȏƚǿ ǹơ ǎǴƼƬLjǻ -ƢǻƢǷƢǯ Ŀ DzǐƷ ƢǸǯ ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ƢƆȈǷǁ DzƬǬƫ ƨǴƟƢǿ ƽơƾǟƘƥ DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ .DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨǧƢLjǷ ơȂǠǘǫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǂǴŷ DZƢƳǁ ƾȇ ȄǴǟ ǮLjdzȁƽȂƥ ƢǼǷƾǫȁ ǪƦLJ ƢǸǯ ƣƕ 15 Ŀȁ .ƧǂȇǂǷ ƨƥǂš Ȇǿ ǽǀǿ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǹƗ ǶŮ śƦƫ ƢȀȈǧ ƾǬǧ Ŗdzơȁ ǮLjǼǷ Ŀ ƩǂƳ Ŗdzơ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ȃƾƷƛ ǂǔƷ ƾǫ ǂǴŷ ǹƢǯ ǂưǯƗ ƧƽƢƥȎdz ƨǴȈLJȁ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦȇ ǹơ ƣ ƨǟȂǸŪơ džȈƟǁ (ǾƦȈǻ) ńơ ƤǴǗ ƢȀǼȈƷ .ǾǻơDŽƫƛ Ŀ ƤƦLjƬƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƩƢǷơƾǟȍơ ǽǀǿ ǹȋ ƆƢǠƦǗ ǥƢȈLjǴdz ƨȈǻƢLjǻƛ ǂưǯƗ .ƨȈǻƢLjǻƛ ƤŮƗ śƷ ƨƦȈǿǁ ƨƥǂƴƬƥ ǵƢǫ ǹƗ ȏƛ (ƨƦȈǻ) ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǧ.ǺȇǀǨǼŭơ ȃƾdz ƨȈLjǨǻ ƩƢǟǃƢǼƫ ǺǷ ƮǠƦǼŭơ ǃƢǤdzơ ǖǴLjȇ ǹƗ Ƨǂǰǧ ǾƫƔƢƳ Ľ ƨƯȂǴƥ śƥƢǐŭƢƥ ȃȌǷ ƨȇȁƢƷ ƪȈǷƢǼȇƾdzƢƥ ǞȈǸƴƬƥ ƢNjơǂdzơ ƪǷƢǫ ǂȀNjƗ Ƨƾǟ ƾǠƥȁ .ȃǂƻƗ ƨȇȁƢƷ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƢȈLjdzơ ǭǂŰ ǵȂǗǂƻ Ƨƾǟ .ƨǼƷƢnjdzơ Dzƻơƽ ńơ ǃƢǤdzơ ǖȈǴLjƬƥ ƶǸLjȇ ǵȂǗǂş ƧƽȁDŽǷ ƨdzǃƢǟ ƩƢǼƷƢNj .1941235 ǵƢǠdzơ ƨȇƢĔ ŅơȂƷ ǩǂnjdzơ ńơ ƪǴǏȁ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƩƢǼƷƢNj ǹȂǴƬǬȈLJ ǂȀNjƗ Ƨƾǟ ƾǠƥ ǶŮƢƳǁ ǹƗ ǞȈƥǂdzơ ǀǼǷ Ƣǧǂǟ NJȇǁƾȈǿȁ ǂǴŷ ǹƢǯ Ȃdz ȆǷǂdzơ ǺǷ ƨƦǿǁ DzǫƗ ǩǂǗ ǝơǂƬƻƜƥ ơȁǂǰǧ ơȂǻƢǰdz ƧŚƦǯ ƽơƾǟƘƥ DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ ǩǂǗ Ǻǟ ơȂưƸƦȇ ǹƗ ǶȀȈǴǟ ƤŸ ǹƢǯ Dzƥ DzǐŹ Ń ơǀǿ ǺǷ ƢƆƠȈNj ǹƗ ȏƛ .ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ 112

ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ

śƷ DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƨǬƥƢLJ ƨƥǂš ƪNjƢǟ ƾǫ ƢNjơǂdzơ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ơȂǟǂƬź ǹƗȁ ȃǂƻƗ ƨǤǴƥ .ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƢȈLJȁǂƥ Ŀ śȈǴǬǠdzơ ȄǓǂŭơ DzƬǫ Ŀ 1940 ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƨǼƷƢNj ƪǴǸǠƬLJƛ ƢƆǔȇƗ ơȂǴƬǫ ƾǫ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǹƢǯȁ .ƤȈdzơȁƾƥ ǃƢǣ ƨǧǂǣ ǶLJƜƥ ǥǂǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǫƽ ǂưǯƗ ƨƥȂǠǐdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ňƢǼǬdzơ ǮǴƫ DzǬǻ ǹƛ .ǹȂƥǂǰdzơ ƾȈLjǯȂǻȂǷ ǃƢǤƥ ƩȌǷ ňƢǼǫ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ƾȈdzȁ ƆƢȇǁȂǧ ƢƆƥơȂƳ ǹƢǯ ǃƢǤdzơ ƨǼƷƢNj ǹƛ .ƨǨǴǰƬdzơ ŅƢǣ ǾǻƗ ƮȈƷ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƩƢǧƢLjŭ Dzǰƥ ǂǴŷ Ǻǰȇ Ń .ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ǹƢLjǻƛ ǾǴȈţ ƾǫ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǦǫȂǷ ȄǴǟ ơƆƽǁ ƨǟƢLjdzơ ǂǷƘƥ ȏƆ ȂǤnjǷ ǹƢǯ ǾǻȂǯ "ƧƽƢƥȋơ ǂǷơ" ǹȂǸǔǷ ǥƢnjƬǯƛ ńơ ǾdzƢƳǁ ǂƳ ƾȇǂȇ ǂǰǷ ƨǬȇǂǗ ǝơǂƬƻƛ ƧǁȁǂǓ ǾȈǧ ơȂǨnjƬǯƛ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ ǦnjƬǯƛ śƷ ǂƻƕ .ǾƬǴǠǧ ƔƤǟ DzǟƢǨdzơ Ǻǟ ǦǨţ ƾǠƥ ȁƾƦȇ ƨǴǸūơ ƨȇơƾƥ DzƦǫ ȆǘǟƗ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ƾǫ ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ǂǷƗ ƨȈǓǂǧ ǹƜǧ ƆơŚƻƗ ƨǏƢƻȁ DZƢǸƬƷȍơ ƧƾȈǠƥ ƨȈǓǂǧ ǾǻȂǯ ȁƾǠȇ ȏ ơǀǿ ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ .ƢƆǨȈǠǓ ơƆǂǷƗ ǪȈǫƾƬdzơ ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ Śǣ ǺǸǧ .1941 ǞȈƥǁ Ŀ śȇǃƢǼdzơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǁȂǜǼŭ ƔƢǼƥ ƾȈǠǻ ƢǷƾǼǟ ơȂǴȈƼƬȇ ǹƗ ǾǼǷ DzǫƗȁ ǖǬǧ ǂȀNjƗ Ƨƾǟ Ŀ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǺǷ śȇȐǷ DzƬǫ Ŀ ơȁǂǰǨȇ ƨǜǧƢƄơ ƨƦƼǼdzơ Ƨǁơƽȍơ NJȈŪơ .ƨƸƳƢǻ ƨȇǂǰLjǟ ƨǴŧ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ńơ ǁǃƢĐơ ǁơǂǸƬLJƛ ƔƢLjǻ ǵơƾǟƛ ƨǏƢƻ śȈǻƾǸǴdz ȆǟƢǸŪơ ǵơƾǟȍơ Ƨǂǰǧ ơȂǴƦǬȇ ǹƗ ƤǠǐdzơ ǺǷ Ɣȏƚǿ Dzǯ .ƨǴǸūơ ƔƢȀƬǻƛ ƾǼǟ DZƢǨǗƗȁ ƔƢǔǬdzƢƥ ƢȀǸƬȀǷ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ƆơǂǷƗ ƪǸǴƬLJƛ ƾǫ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ȅȂǷƽ ǦǼǠƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ƣǂǓ ƆơƽơǂǘƬLJƛȁ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨƦƼǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƾǠƥƗ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ ƨȇơƾƥ ǺǷ ǂȀNj ƾǠƥ Ɨƾƥ ơƆƾȈǠǐƫ ǹƗ Śǣ ƶƥơǀǷ ńơ ƽȂǬƫ Ŕǧ ǶȈǜǼƫ ǃȂŤ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ śƥ ƢǷ ƢǷ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƆơŚǘƻ ƢƆǨǘǠǼǷ ǀţƛ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƾƷ ƾǫ ǂǴŷ ƩơȂǫ ƨǸȀǷ ǹƜǧ ơǀǰǿȁ .DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ ǁǃƢĐơ ƪǴſ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƣƕ ƨȇƢĔȁ ƣƕ ǦǐƬǼǷ ŕƷ ȅƽȂȀȇ 50000 ŅơȂƷ DzƬǫ Ǻǟ ƩƽƢǧƗ Ŗdzơ ƩơǂȇƾǬƬdzơ ǹƛ .ƩŚǤƫ 10 DZƽƢǠȇ DzǿǀǷ Ƕǫǁ .ƨǬȈǫƽ Śǣ ƩơǂȇƾǬƫ Ȇǿ ƨǴǸūơ Ɣƾƥ ǺǷ ǖǬǧ ǺȇǂȀNj ƾǠƥ ȅƗ ƽƾǠdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢƆǠǓơȂƬǷ ƢƆǸǫǁ ȄǬƦȇ ǾǼǰdzȁ ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ ǁǃƢů ƢȇƢƸǓ ƽƾǟ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƩơǂǷ ơȂǠǧƽ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷ .ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ǂȀNjƗ ƨǠƥǁƗ ƾǠƥ ȅƗ ǵƢǠdzơ ƨȇƢĔ ńơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ

113

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ȆȀƬǼƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǁǂǬŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƨǴǸū ơƆƽơƾƬǷƛ ƔƢƳ DžȁǁƾǷ ȅǂǰLjǟ ǵƾǬƬdz ƢƆǠƦƫ ǶēƢȈƷ .DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ

114

džǷƢŬơ DzǐǨdzơ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƣƕ Ŀ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ DZȂȀLJ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǞǓȁ ǺǷ DZƾƥ ǶLJƢƷ ƭƾƷ Ȇǯ Ƣđ DzǷƢǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƝǁơȂǘdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ǻǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƪǴţ ƾǬǧ .1941 ƽƢŢȏơ Ŀ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ ƶƦǏƗȁ .ǪƟƢǬūơ DZƢů Ŀ Dzƻƾƫ ǹƗ ƆƢǔȇƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ .ƩȂŭơ ǞǷ ƾǟȁ ȄǴǟ ƨǜƸǴdzơ ǮǴƫ ǀǼǷ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ Ƕƴū ƨǬƥƢLJ ƨǧǂǠǷ ǹȁƽ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ DzȈƬǬƬƥ ơƆǂǷƗ ƪǸǴƬLJƛ ƾǫ SS ºdzơ ƩơȂǫ ǹȂǰƫ ƢǼǼǰŻ ƢŠǁ .ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƨǸƸǴdz ƨǬƷȐdzơ ƩơǁȂǘƬdzƢƥ ǖƦƫǂȇ ȅǀdzơ ǂǷȋơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ƨȇȂǷƾdzơ ƨƳȂŭơ řǠƫ Dzǿ :ŅƢƬdzơ DZơƚLjdzơ ȄǴǟ ƽǂdzơ ƢǼǠǘƬLJƛ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƢȀǼǷ ǶLjǬƥ DZȂƦǬdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƪŢ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ ƾǓ ǀţƛ ƩȂŭƢƥ ơƆǁơǂǫ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƪƥǂǓ Ŗdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹƜǧ ǦȈǐdzơ ǦǐƬǼǷ Ŀ ƢǿǂȇǂǬƫ Ļ ƾǫ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ŸȅǃƢǼdzơ .Ǯdzƿ ǂȀǜƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁơ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȆǴǟ ƪLJǁȂǷ Ŗdzơ ǎǻ ȄǴǟ ǪƸǴǷ ƨƥƢưŠ ŐƬǠƫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ńơ ƨdzƢLJǁ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) Ǟǫȁ ǃȂŤ 31 Ŀ Ŀ ǾǨǴǯ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .1939 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 24 Ŀ Ǿdz ǾĊ Ƿƾǫ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƣơƾƬǻȍơ Dzǯ ƿƢţƛ" ńơ ǾƬȈƷȐǏ ƽƾŻ Ȃǿ Ƣǿȁ ǹƢŭȋơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Śƴē ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzƢƥ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ǞǫơȂdzơ ǝƢǘǬdzơ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjǸǴdz ŅƢŦƛ DzƷ" ǪȈǬƸƬdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ "ƨȇŚǔƸƬdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ƧƾǷ DZȐƻ Ǿdz ǵƾǬȇ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǔǣ Ŀ ǾǼǷ ƤǴǗȁ ."ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ňƢŭȋơ ƿȂǨǼdzơ ƪŢ 236 ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ǭơƿ ǀȈǨǼƬdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ DZȂƷ ƢƆǷƢǟ ƢƆǘǘű ƧŚǐǫ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨdzƘLjŠ ǂǷȋơ ǪǴǠƫ ƢǸǴǯ ǂǯǀȇ ƢǷ Ƨǂưǰdz ƆơŚȀNj ƶƦǏƗ ǎǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǞǫȂǷ ǾǻƗ ƶȈƸǏ .ǎǼdzơ ǭơƿ ǞƦǼǷ DZȂƷ ƧǁƢNjƛ ȅƗ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ džȈdz Ǻǰdzȁ .ƽȂȀȈǴdz Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ DzƬǬƥ ƧǂNjƢƦŭơ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǰNjȂȇ ǂǴŷ ȂǻȁƢǠǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ Ŀ ǹƢǯ ƔȆNj ȏ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƪǫƽ ƾǫ ǹȂǰƫ ƢŠǁ śȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƩȂǷ ƨǟƢLJ ǹƛ .ǩǂnjdzơ .Ǯdzǀƥ ǁǀǼȇ

115

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƾƬŤ ǾƦƳȂŠ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǦȈǴǰƬdz ǪƸǴŠ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǾǻƗ ńơ ƵȂǓȂƥ Śnjȇ ǎǼdzơ ǹƛ ȄǴǟ ǎǼȇ ƢǸǯ .ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ DzǷƢǯ ȄǴǟ ȆǬȈƦǘƬdzơ DZƢĐơ Ŀ Śƻȋơ ơǀǿ ƩƢȈƷȐǏ ƢēǁƢnjƬLJƛ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ȄǴǟ ǹƜǧ ƩơƔƢǨǯ Ʃơƿ ƧƾȇƾƳ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƪǴƻƽ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ȅǀdzơ ǦȈǴǰƬdzơ ǺǷ ǑǂǤdzơ ńơ ƵȂǓȂƥ ǎǼdzơ Śnjȇ ƢǸǯ .ǹȁƢǠƬdzơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƤǴǘdzơȁ Dzǯ Ŀ DzưǷȋơ Dzūơ Ȃǿȁ ƔȐƻƛ ȁƗ Ƨǂƴǿ DzǰNj ȄǴǟ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ DzǸŞ ǪǴǠƬȇ .ƔȐƻƛ ȁƗ Ƨǂƴǿ ȄǴǟ ƨƷȁǂǘŭơ DZȂǴūơ ȅȂǘǼƫ ƆƢȈǘƻ .237"ǥȁǂǜdzơ ƢƆǘǘű ǵƾǬȇ ǹƗ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯ Śƥơƾƫ ƨȇƗ ƿƢţƛ DzƦǫȁ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ ƩƢƷǂƬǬŭ ƩơŚǔƸƬdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ DZơǃ ƢǷ ǹƢǯ ǞǓȂdzƢǧ ǹƿƛ .(ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ºdz ƢƆǷƢǟ ǪǧơȂǷȁ ǪǨƬǷ ǖǘű ǪȈǬƸƬdz džȈdzȁ ƨLJơǁƾǴdz Ƣǿǁȁƾƥ ƨǠǓƢƻ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ǵƢǟ ǁƢǗƛ ǞǓȁ ȃȂLJ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ƨdzƢLJǁ ǹƘƥ ǾȇȂǼƬdzơ ƤŸ Ľ .ǾȈǴǟ ǾǻƘǯȁ śūơ Ǯdzƿ ǀǼǷ ǥǂǐƫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) Ǻǰdz .ƪƟƢǨdzơ ǦȈǐdzơ ǀǼǷ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ǞǓȂǴdz Őǟ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǂȀǛ .ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ȆǓơǁƗ ƨǧƢǯ ȄǴǟ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ Ŀ ƧƔƢǨǯ ȁƿ .ǹơƾǴƦdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ ńơ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ǺȇƽƢǠǷ ǺȇǁƢnjƬLjŭ ǾdzƢLJǁƛ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ƩơǂǯǀǷ Ŀ .ƨǔǷƢǣ ȄǬƦƫȁ ƪǻƢǯ ǎǼdzơ ơǀǿ ƢȀȈǧ Ƙnjǻ Ŗdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ǵƢǫ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǹƗȁ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǭơƿ ǂȇǂƸƬƥ ǵƢǫ ǺǷ ǍƢŬơ ǾǴǸǟ Ǫȇǂǧ ǹƘƥ DZȂǬȇ ƵǂǏ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹƗ "ȆLjǼǻơȁ" ǂŤƚǷ Ŀ ǭǁƢnjǷ DZơȂǫƗ ƤLjŞ . 238Ǿ ǠȈǫȂƬƥ ƪƦưȇ ȏ ǂŤƚŭơ DZȂǯȂƫȁǂƥ Ǻǰdzȁ ǂǴƬǿ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƬdz ƢƆǬȈƦǘƫ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǺǷ ǾȈǴǟ DZȂǐūƢƥ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ .(ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ƨȇơȁǁ Ȇǿ ƢƆǬȇƾǐƫ ǂưǯȋơ ƨȇơȁǂdzơ .239ŘǠŭơ ơǀđ ƢǷȐǯ DzƦǬƬLjǷ Ŀ ǂǜƬǼǷ ǞǓȂdz ƢƆƦLjŢ ƆƢȈǘƻ ǾƫơƔƢǨǯ DzƴLjȇ ƽơǁƗ ƾǫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹȂǰȇ .ƩƢȇȂdzȁȋơ ƨǸƟƢǫ ȄǴǟ "ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ" DzǠƴƬLJ ƢȈLJȁǁ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ ƨȇƢĔ :Ƥȇǂǫ ƺȇǁƢƫ ŕƷ ǽŚƥƾƫ Ļ ƾǫ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢƆƠȈNj ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾǿƢNj Śƻ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ƨdzƢLJǁ ǹơ ȆȇƗǂƥȁ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ Ŀ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ńơ ƔȂƴǴdzơ Ŀ ǂǰǧ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .ƢȀƬƥƢƬǯ .ƨǸȀŭơ ǮǴƫ ǀȈǨǼƬdz ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƩơƔƢǨǰdzơ śǠȇ ǹƗȁƗ ƆƢȈǘƻ Ǯdzƿ ƽƾŹ ǹƗ ǾǸȀȈdz ƾǫ ƧƽƢƥƛ ǹƗ ńơ Śnjƫ ǦȈǐdzơ ǺǷ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƧǁƽƢǏ ƨǬȈƯȁ ƨȇƗ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǮǴƫ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬLjǻ Dzƥ .ƢŮ ŚǔƸƬdzơ Ļ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ȁƗ ƢĔƘnjƥ ǩƢǨƫȍơ Ļ ƨƥƢưŠ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƢǰǷ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ Ŀ ǺǸǰȇ ǂǜƬǼŭơ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ǹƘƥ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟ 116

ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ

ƤƬǯ ŚȀnjdzơ ǎǼdzơ ȄǴǟ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǞȈǫȂƫ Ƨơƾǣ ȅƗ ƣƕ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ Ŀ ."ǞǸš" ƤǴǘƥ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ơǀǿ .ǹȂǻƢǫ ǝȁǂnjǷ ǍȂǐş ǾȇƗǁ ǀƻȋ DZƾǠdzơ ǂȇǃȁ ńơ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) śȈǻȂdzȂƦdzƢƥȁ ƽȂȀȈdzƢƥ ǍƢƻ Ȇǫǂǟ ȆƟƢǼƳ ǹȂǻƢǫ DZƢƻƽƜƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǷ DzƴǠƬLjǷ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƤdzƢǘȇ ǾƥơȂƳ Ŀ .ƢȈǻƢŭƘƥ ƨǬƸǴŭơ ȆǓơǁȏơ ǹȂǼǰLjȇ ơȂdzơǃ ƢǷ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǹƛȁ ŕƷ" :ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟȁ śȈǻȂdzȂƦdzơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧǂǠdzơ ǵƢǰƷȋơ ǶȈǸǠƫ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǺǸǔƬȇ ǹƘƥ ǹȉơ ƢǼǯ ǹƛȁ" ǥƢǓƗ Ľ ."DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƢƆȇƽȂȀȇ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ ȏ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ śǷǃƢǟ ƢǼǯ ǺǷ . 240ǶȀȈǴǟ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzơ ǪȈƦǘƫ ńơ "ƨƳƢūơ ƾNjƘƥ Ǻǿơǂdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ Ŀ DzƦǬƬLjǷ Ŀ Dzƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǂƼƦƫ ƢƆƸǴǷ ȃǂȇ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǯdzƿ ŕƷ  Ǻǰȇ Ń ǹƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ džǷȋƢƥ ǶǴƬLJơ ƾǫ ƢȀǴƟƢǫ ǹƗ ǩƾǐȇ ǹƗ DzǬǠȇ ȏ ƮȈŞ ƨǸȀƦǷ ǽǀǿ ǾƫǁƢƦǟ .Ƥȇǂǫ .ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ "ơƆǂǷƗ" ƿƢţȍ ǂǘǓƛ ƣƕ ƨȇơƾƥ ȆǨǧ .ƢƆƷȂǓȁ ǾǼǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƾƦȇ ȏ ƢƆǔȇƗ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǹƗ ƢǸǯ Ŀ ǾǻȂǴǸǠȇ ƢǷ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƾǠȇ Ń :Ȑ Ɔ ƟƢǫ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈǤnjƫ ǹƘnjƥ ǦǫȂǷ DzƟƢǐǧ DzǰNj ȄǴǟ ǶȀǴȈǤnjƫȁ ǶȀǨȈǫȂƫ ƤŸ ƆơƾǟƢǐǧ ǹȉơ ǺǷ ƨǴƬƄơ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ǯdzƿ ơƾǟ ƢǷ ƢǷƗ .ƨǏƢƻ ƨƦǫơǂŭȁ ȆǴƻơƽ ǹȂǻƢǬdz ƨȈǷȂȈdzơ ǶēƢƦƳȁ Ǟǔţ ǹƗȁ DzǸǟ ƩȂŭƢƥ ǍƢǏǂdzơ DZơƾƦƬLJƜƥ ǂǷƗȁ ƔȏƚŮ ƢƆǧǂNj ŐƬǠȇ ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ƢƆȈǷǁ DzƬǬdzơ ǹƘƥ DZƢǫ ƾǬǧ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ Ȃǿ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ǾdzƢǫ ƢǷ Dzǯ .ƩȂŭơ ƨƥȂǬǠƥ śǷȂǰƄơ Dzǰdz 241 ƢƆǬǼNj ǹƛȁ .Ǯdzƿ ƢȀȈǧ ǶƬȈLJ Ŗdzơ ƨǜƸǴdz Ȑ Ɔ ǿƢƳ ơƾƥȁ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ȆǓơǁƗ ǺǷ ǹȂƳǂƼȈLJ ǶēȂǷ ȄǴǟ ǪǴǠȇ ǹƗ ƨƳƢūƢƥ ǂǠnjȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz Ǻǰȇ ǶǴǧ Ʃǁǂǫ ǹƗȁ ǪƦLJ ƾǫ ǶēƽƢƥƛ ƪǻƢǯ .ƢƆǬǼNj ǍƢƼNjȋơ ȄǴǟ ƔȂǔdzơ ƢǼǘǴLJ ƢǷ ơƿƛ 1941 ǦȈǏ Ŀ ƢƆƷȂǓȁ ǂưǯƗ ǁȂǷȋơ ȁƾƦƫ ȄǴǟ ."ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ" ǶǜƬǼƬƥ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ śȈǼǠǷ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơȁ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ǃƢȀƳ Ŀ śǴǷƢǠdzơ DžƗǁ ȄǴǟ ƢȈLJȁǁ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūƢƥ ƨǯǁƢnjŭƢƥ Ƥǣǂȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ƢǸǯ ƨǸȀǷ ǺǷ ǾƫƢų ȄǴǟ ǾLjǨǻ ƘǼǿ Ľ .ǵƾǼǧ Ǯdzƿ Ǿdz ǺLjƬȇ Ńȁ DžȁƾǻƢǷȂǰdzơ ƩơȂǫ .242ǾǴȈƼƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǟ ƢȀǧȐƬƻƛ ƩǂȀǛƗ RSHA ºdzơ ƢȀƬǸǴLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ ƩƽƢǧƗ ƾǬǟ ǾǻƗ ƮȈƷ ȅǁơƽƛ DzƫƢǫ ńơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ƧǂƬǧ ƾǠƥ DZȂŢ ƾǬǧ śdzǂƥ Ŀ ȆǬƥ ǾǻƗ ƢŠȁ

117

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

Ƨǁơǃȁ Ǻǟ śǴưŲ ǒǠƥ RSHA ºdzơ ǞǷ ǾǸǓ ǾȈǸȈǜǼƫ ǺǷ ƢƆǟƢǸƬƳƛ ƣƕ 13 Ŀ .ƣDŽūơ ƨȈǓȂǨǷ ńơ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ ƩơȂǼLJ Ǟƥǁȋơ ºdzơ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƨǟȂǸůȁ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ ƱơȁDŽdzơȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ "ƤLjǼdzơ ȆǘǴƬű" ƨȈǔǫ ƨŪƢǠǷ Ȃǿ ǝƢǸƬƳȍơ ǺǷ ȅǁȂǨdzơ ǑǂǤdzơ ƱǁƢƻ ƧŚƦǯ ƢǷ ƢƆǟȂǻ ƽơƾǟƘƥ ǂƻƕ ȁƗ Dzǰnjƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ǵƢǟ Dzǰnjƥ ǪǗƢǼŭơ śƥ DzǸǟ ƩƢǟȂǸů ƔƢnjǻƛ ƵǂƬǫƛ ơǀdz ǞLJȁƗ ƨȀŠ ǶǴŹ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǹƢǯ .ƽȐƦdzơ ƪǻƢǯ .ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǵȂȀǨŭ "ǦȇǂǠƫ" ƽƢŸƜƥ ǶƬē ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ Ŗdzơ ǺǷ ǦȈǴǰƫ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DzǐƷ Ŗdzơ"ƨȇŚǔƸƬdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ" ƨȇơƾƥ ǽǀǿ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ DZƢǸǟȋƢƥ ǦǴǰŭơ ǂǘŬƢƥ ǂǠNjƗ ƢŲ ǀȈǨǼƬdzơ ǞǓȂǷ ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ ǞǓȂƥ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƩƢǨǏơȂǷ ƾȇƾŢ ƢȀƦƳȂŠ ǶƬȇ ƨǬȈƯȁ ƽơƾǟƛ ƧǁȁǂǓ ƨƴŞ :ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ŀ ƣDŽūơȁ RSHA ºdzơ ǂǰǨƫ ŃƗ .ƨȈǻƢŭƗ ƨƥƢǫǁ ƪŢ ƧƾƳơȂƬŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Dzǰdz ƨūƢǏ Ļ .ǵǂǰdzơ ƨǤdzƢƥ ǶȀȇƗǁ ƤLjŞ ƢĔȂǰdz ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ Ŀ ƧƽǁơȂdzơ ƩƢǨǏơȂŭơ Ǻǟ ǝȂƳǂdzƢƥ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ Ƣđ DzǸǟȁ 1935243 ǵƢǠdz ǡŐǻǁȂǻ ǂŤƚǷ DZȐƻ ƢǿƽƢǸƬǟƛȁ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǽǀǿ řƦƫ .ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ ŚNjƗ ƢǸǯȁ .ƨdzƘLjŭơ ǺǷ ȃǂƻƕ ƨȈƷƢǼƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ǝƢǸƬƳȍơ ǂȇǂǬƫ ƨǏȐƻ ƧƾƟƢǧ Ǻǰdzȁ ƨȀƳȁ ǹȂũƢǬƬȇ ƣDŽūơȁ Ǟƥǁȋơ ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ǖǘű ƨǟƢŦ  RSHA ºdzơ ŅȁƚLjǷ ǹƜǧ DZȂƷ .ƢȀƬǷǂƥ ƱơȁDŽdzơ ƨȈǔǫ DZȂƷ ƢǸǯ ƤLjǼdzơ ȆǘǴƬű" ƨȈǔǫ DZȂƷ ƧƾƷơȁ ǂǜǻ ƢȀƳȁǃ ǞǷ ƨȈǻƢŭƗ ƨƳȁDŽdzơ ƪǻƢǯ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƽƢǠƥƛ ȄǴǟ ȅƗǂdzơ Ļ ǖǴƬƼŭơ ƱơȁDŽdzơ ƨȈǔǫ ǕƢǬǼdz ƢƆǬǧȁ Džǁƾƫ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǹƜǧ ƆƢȈǻƢŭƗ DzƳǂdzơ ǹƢǯ DZƢƷ Ŀȁ .ƢŷƽȏȁƗȁ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ :ƭȐƯ ňƢŭȋơ ǞǸƬƴǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǎƼnjdzơ ƨǸȈǫ

x

ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ǾƬǴƟƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸƬƄơ ƨȈƦǴLjdzơ DzǠǨdzơ ƽȁƽǁ

x

."ȅƽȂȀȇ ƤǐǷ Ŀ ǖǬLjƫ ƨȈǻƢŭƗ ǵƽ ƨǘǬǻ ȅƗ ǭǂƫ ǵƾǟ" ńơ ǾƦǼƬdzơ

x

ȅǀdzơ DZƢǤnjǻȍơ ǹƜǧ ǽǀǿ ƨdzƢūơ Ŀȁ .ǶȀǴƬǫ ǞǷDŽǷ ŚǤdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǎţ ǕƢǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ǵȂȀǨŭơ ƤLjŞ .ƢƆȈǻƢŭƗ ƢƆǷƽ ƽƢƦȇ ȐȈǯ ƧƽƢƥƛ ƽȂƳȁ ȆǨǼȇ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ ƨLJơǁƽ Ƥǯơȁ ǾǻƗ ƱƢƬǼƬLJȍơ ǞȈǘƬLjǻ .ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǩǂǠdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ ǺǷ Ǟǧǂȇ ňƢŭȋơ ǵƾdzơ ǹƜǧ ȅǃƢǼdzơ

118

ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ

ƨdzȁƾǴdz ƨȈũǂdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹƘƥ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǶȀLJƗǁ ȄǴǟȁ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ȆƟƢǐƻƗ ŚǰǨƫ ƤLjŞ .ǾȈǧ ǹȂǸȈǬȇ 244ǞǸů ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DZƢLJǁƜƥ ȆǔǬƫ ƣƕ ǦǐƬǼǷ ŕƷȁ DzǤNjȁ ǪƦLJ SS ºdzơ Ŀ ǖƥƢǓ Ȃǿȁ ǂǼƥȂǿ DŽǼȇƢǿ-Ǧdzơǁ) ǾĈƳȁ DZȂǴȇƗ 3 Ŀ ƧǂǯǀǷ ƾǼǴƫǁơȁ ºdzơ Ŀ ǹƢǰLjdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjǷȁ DS ºdzơ džȈƟǁ ƤǐǼǷ ƧŚƻȋơ ǾƫƢƯƽƢŰ ȄǴǟ ƧŚƻȋơ ƩƢLjǸǴdzơ ƢȀȈǧ Ǟǔȇ ƨƸǨǏ 13 ǺǷ RSHA ºdzơ ńơ 1939 Ǧȇǂƻ ǀǼǷȁ ƨǬƸǴŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Ŀ ƾƳȂȇ :(ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǞǷ śdzǂƥ Ŀ ƢǿơǂƳƗ Ŗdzơ ǞȈLJȂƫ (ǂǼƥȂǿ) ƤǴǗȁ ."ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ" ƨǬǘǼǷ ńơ śȈǻȂdzȂƦdzơȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƬdz ƢƆǸȈǜǼƫ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơ ǹƢȇǂnjdzơ ƶƦǐƫ ǹƗȁ ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ Dzǯ DzǸnjƫ ƮȈŞ ƨǸȀŭơ ǽǀǿ ǶȀȈǧ ƣȂǣǂǷ ŚǤdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ DzȈƷǂƫ ƢǷƗ .ƣǂūơ ƔƢȀƬǻƛ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ńơ DzƳƚŭơ DzȈƷǂƬdzơ .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǔǬǴdz ȆƟƢĔ DzƷ ǁƢǗƛ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ řǠȇ DZƢūơ ƨǠȈƦǘƥ ơǀǿȁ ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ DzLJŚLJ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǰŭơ Ǻǟ ǂǼƥȂǿ) DZƔƢLjƫ  ǶȈǜǼƬǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǁƢǗȍơ ǦǏȁ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ Ǿƥ ǂǰǨȇ ƢǷ ǾdzƢƥ Ǻǟ ƣƢǣ ƩơǁƢƦǠdzơ ǽǀŮ ǾƬƥƢƬǰƥȁ ."ǶȀȈǧ ƣȂǣǂǷ ŚǤdzơ" ǹƢǰLjdzơ ƢŮȂţ ƩƢƷƢLjǷ ǂǧȂȇ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ǹƗ DzȈţ ƾǬdz DZƢƷ ƨȇơ ȄǴǟ .ǁƢƦǰdzơ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǝȂǓȂŭơ DzȈǐǨƫ ƾȇǂȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾǼǰdzȁ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǠdzơ ơǀǿ ƣƢǘǬƬLJƛ Ǿŷȁ Ǻǟ ŐǠȇ ǹƗ ƾȇǂȇ ǹƢǯ Dzǿ ơǀǿ ǩȂǧ .ƾǠƥ ǾǻƘnjƥ ǀƼƬȇ Ń "ƢƆȈũǁ ơƆǁơǂǫ" ǹƗ ƢŭƢǗ ƢƆƸǓơȁ ǹƢǯ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ ǀǼǷȁ ǾǻƗ DZƢĐơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƾȈǨŭơ .ƨȈǔǬdzơ Ŀ Ƕǿȋơ ǂǐǼǠdzơ ǾǻƘƥ DzȇȂǗ ȃƾǷ ȄǴǟ ǶŮ ǺǷƚȇ ǹƗ" ǥƾŮơ ǹƢǯ DzȀǧ .ǹȁƾǠƦȈLJ Ǻȇǀdzơ Ɣȏƚǿ ŚǐǷ Ÿ245"ƢƆǠȈŦ ǶēƽƢƥƛ Ŀ ƨȈǼdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ǵƗ ƧƢȈƷ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ .ƾǼǴƫǁơȁ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐŠ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƧǂǯǀǷ ǃȂŤ ǦǐƬǼǷ Ŀ (ǂǼƥȂǿ) ƤƬǯ ǾLjǨǼƥ ƵǂƬǫƛ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨȈǴƄơ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ǂƟơȁƽ Ŀ ƢŮȁơƾƫ Ļ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƷǂƬǬŭơ džǨǻ ǁǂǰȇ ƢȀȈǧȁ ǹƢǯ ǂǘŬơ ǹƗ ƢŠȁ .DzǸǠdzơ ǶȀǷơDŽdzƛȁ ŚƦǯ ƾƷơȁ ǶȈű Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ śƠƳȐdzơ ǞȈǸš ƤŸ ǹƢǯ ƔƢƬnjdzơ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈŦ ǵƢǠǗƛ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ ƾǠȇ Ń ǵƢǟ ƾǠƥȁ ǾǻƜǧ ƆơƽȂƳȂǷ .DzǸǠdzơ Ǻǟ DŽƳƢǟ Dzǰdz ǝǂLJƗ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ DzƬǬdzơ Ȃǿ "ƨȈǻƢLjǻƛ ǂưǯȋơ Dzūơ "ǹƘƥ ŚǰǨƬdzơ DzŢ ơǀǰǿȁ .DzǸūơ ȄǴǟ ƩơǁƽƢǬdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƔƢLjǼdzơ ǶȈǬǠƫ ƣƕ Ŀ ƵǂƬǫƛ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ ǃȂŤ 16 Ŀ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ńơ ƢȀǴLJǁƗ Ŗdzơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ǽǀǿ ǞǷ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ DzȈƳ DzǯƢnjǷ

119

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƨǼǰŲ ǾȇƗǂƥ ƢĔƗ ȏƛ "ƨǴȈƼƬǷ" ȁƾƦƫ ƧǁƢưŭơ ǞȈǓơȂŭơ ǹƗ DZȂǬȇ DŽǼƥȂǿ ƤƬǯ .246ǪȈǬƸƬdzơ Ŀ SS ºdzơ ŅȁƙƚLjǷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƞƳƢǨŭơ ǺǷ džȈdzȁ .ƢȀǬȇǂǗ ƩƗƾƥ ƧƽƢƥȍơ Ƨǂǰǧ Ǯdzƿȁ ǶȀȈǴǟ Ȑ Ɔ ȈǬƯ Ȑ Ɔ ŧ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƶƦǏƗ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ǶǿŚǣ DzƦǫ ƢȀȈdzƛ ơȂǴǏȂƫ ƾǫ ƾǼǴƫǁơȂdzơ ƤƬǯ ƢǷƾǼǟ (ǂǼƥȂǿ) ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ƢȀǼȈƷ ƨǠƥƢƬǷ ȅƘƥ ǚŢ Ń ƩƢƷǂƬǬŭơ ǽǀǿ .śƬǼLJ ǀǼǷ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƾǠƥ ǀƼƬƫ Ń ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ ǹƘnjƥ ƨȈLJƢLJȋơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ ǾƫǂǯǀǷ DZȂƷ ǁƢLjǨƬLJƛ ƤǴǘdz ǽƢƬǠǧƽ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ ǕƢnjǼƥ ǾƬǧǂǠǷȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ȂŪƢƥ ǾƬǗƢƷƛ ƣơȂƳ ǾǴǏȁ ƧDŽȈƳȁ ƧƾǷ ƾǠƥ .ŸƩȂŭơ ǵƗ ƧƢȈūơ :"ǶȀȈǧ ƣȂǣǂǷ ŚǤdzơ" ǹƢǰLjdzơ ŚǐǷ ǶȀLjǨǻƘƥ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǶǰƷ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ơȂǷƢǫ Ǻȇǀdzơ DZƢƳǂdzơ ǹƢǯ DZȂǴȇƗ ƨȇơƾƥ ȆǨǧ .ǾdzơƚLJ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƬƥ ǹȁƾǬƬǠȇ ƾǠƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƣƕ ǂȀNj Ŀ ǾǻƗ Ƕǣǁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ƢƆƷȂƬǨǷ ȆǬƥ ƧǂƴŮơ ƣƢƥ ǹƜǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ ƽȐƦdzơ ƧǁƽƢǤǷ ǺǷ ƵȐLjdzơ Dzŧ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǬdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǼŤ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ƩǁƾǏ ƺȇơǂdzơ Ŀ ơȂǬƥ Ǻȇǀdzơ DZƢƳǂdzơ ǶǜǠǷ Ǻǰdz .247ƨǼLJ 45 ńơ 18 ǺǷ śǤdzƢƦdzơ DZƢƳǂdzơ ȅƗ ƨȈŷƗ Ǯdzƿ Ǻǟ DzǬȇ ȏȁ .ǶȀǼǷ ǂƳƢǿ ǺǷ DZȁƗ ơȂǻƢǯ ƣƢƦnjdzơ ǹȋ ǺȇǂǸǠŭơ ǺǷ ơȂǻƢǯ ƧǁƽƢǤǷ ǺǷ ǶȀǠǼŠȁ ƵȐLjdzơ Dzŧ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǬdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzƢƥ śȇǃƢǼdzơ ǵƢǸƬǿƛ ǚƷȐǻ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǹƢŭȋơ ǂǸƬLJƛ ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ Ƕǣǁ Ǯdzƿ ƔƢǼƯƗ .ǶǿƾǓ ƧȂǫ ǶȀǴȈǰnjƫ ǺǷ ƢƆǧȂƻ ƽȐƦdzơ Ŗdzơ DŽƳơȂūơ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ .248ȂƥƢƬLjǤdzơ džȈƟǁ ǽǁƾǏƗ ǶȈǸǠƫ ƤLjŞ ƧǂƴŮơ ǞȈƴnjƫ .1941 Ŀ ơȁǁƽƢǣ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ǥȂdzƗ Ƨƾǟ ǹƜǧ ƣǂūơ Ƣđ ƤƦLjƫ ƺȇơǂdzơ Ŀ ǂǴŷ DZƢƳǁ ƢǿǀǨǻ Ŗdzơ ƩȂǸǴdz ńȁȋơ ƩơŚǔƸƬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ƣƕȁ ǃȂŤ Ŀ ƶƴǼȇ Ń RSHA ºdzơ ƨǬǧơȂŠȁ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ džȈdzȁ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ śnjƬǨŭơ DzƬǫ ńơ ǥƾē ƽȐƦdzơ ƧǂƻƚǷ ńơ ǶŮƢLJǁƛ Ȑ Ɔ ǔǨǷ ǾǼǷ ǂǜƬǼȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ DzƬǬdzơ ǂǷƗ ǪȈƦǘƫ Ŀ NJȈŪơ Ŀ Ǫūơ ȄǴǟ NJȈŪơ ǺǷ DzǐƷ ƾǫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹƢǯȁ .ƣǂūơ ȃǂLJƗ ńơ ǶȀǸǓȁ ƨȇǂLJ Ŀȁ .ƣǂūơ ȃǂLJƗ ƩƢǸȈű Ŀ ƨǏƢƻ ƩƢȈǴǸǠƥ ǹȂǷȂǬȇ DžȁƾǻƢǷȂǯ DZƢLJǁƛ ǃȂŤ śƥ ƢǷ .ǾȈdzƛ ơȂǴǏȁ ǶȈű DZȁƗ Ŀ ǶȀȈǴǟ ǒƦǬdzơ Ļ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ DzƬǫ Ļ ƨǷƢƫ NJƬǨǷ (Ǯȇƛ) ǁȂǔŞ śdzǂƥ DZƢſ ǹǃȂȀǼNjƢNj ǶȈű Ŀ ǝƢǸƬƳƛ ǁơƽ ƣƕȁ

120

ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ

ƨǬȇǂǗ ǝơǂƬƻƛ ƤǴǗȁ ļƢȈǧȂLJ Ǧdzơ 18 DZȂǏȁ Ǻǟ ǺǴǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƩȐǬƬǠŭơ .ǶȀǴƬǬdz ƨǠȇǂLJ ƪŢȁ .ƢƆǟƢƦƫ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩƢǸȈƼŭơ ǞȈŦ ȄǴǟ ƪǸǸǟ ƧDŽȀƳƗ ƤȈǯǂƫ Ļ ǑǂǤdzơ ơǀŮȁ ƮȈƷ ƨǧǂǣ ńơ ǂƻȉơ ƾǠƥ ƾƷơȁ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ DZƢƻƽƛ ȅǂŸ ǹƢǯ ƨȈƦǗ ƨǼȇƢǠǷ ƔƢǘǣ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ Ľ DZȂǘdzơ DžƢȈǬdz DzǸǠƬLjƫ ƧǂǘLjŭơ ǺǷ ǝȂǻ ƪŢ ǶȀǧƢǬȇƛ ǶƬȇ ǹƢǯ śƥ ƢǷ .ǁȂǨdzơ ȄǴǟ ǎƼnjdzơ DzƬǬȈǧ ǪǼǠdzơ ǩǂƬź DžƾLjŭơ ƨǿȂǨǯ ƣȂƦǻƗ ǪưƦǼȇ ǪǼǠdzơ ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ ǽǀđ ȄǴǟ ļƢȈǧȂLJ 6500 DzƬǫ ȃǂƳ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǦǐƬǼǷȁ DZȂǴȇƗ ƨȇơƾƥ ƧƽƢŠ ǶȀƼǓ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ śƳƢLjǷ ǃƢǤdzƢƥ DzƬǫ NJƬȈǧǃȁƗ Ŀȁ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ .249Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȃȂƬLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ DZƢǸǠƬLJƛ ƾȈǟƗ .ƣ ǹȂǴǰȇǃ ƧƽƢǷ Ȇǿȁ ǶȈƟơǂƴǴdz ƨǴȇDŽǷ .250ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzƬǫ Ŀ ȆLJƢLJƗ Dzǰnjƥ DzǸǠƬLjƫ ǹƗ DzƦǫȁ ƢȀƬǴƫ Ŗdzơ ǂȀNjȋơ Ŀ ǪȈǓ ǺǷ ơŚǣ ơƔǂǗ ǺȇŚƥƾƫ ǹƗ ȏƛ ƨȇƽƢǟ ƽƢȀǘǓƛ ƧƢȈƷ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƽȂȀȇ NJȈǠȇ ǹȉơ ńơ ǁƾǏ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀȁ ƧDŽȈŲ ƧǁƢNjƛ Dzŧ ȄǴǟ ǶǿŐŸ ǁơǂǫ ƣƕ Ŀ ǀţơ ƾǬǧ .ǶǿŚǐǷ ǁƢLjǷ .ƨǬƥƢLjdzơ ǾƬLJƢȈLJ ƢǸđ ǂĈȈǣ ǂǴƬǿ Ǻǟ ơǁƾǏ ǹơǁơǂǬdzơ ǹơǀǿ .ǩǂnjdzơ ńơ ǶȀǴȈƷǂƬƥ ǁơǂǫ ǀǼǷȁ .ƧDŽȈǸŭơ ƧǁƢNjȍơ ǽǀǿ Dzŧ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǨȇ ǹƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǒǧǁ 1938 ǵƢǟ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǞǼǫơ 1941 ƣƕ Ŀȁ .ǩǂnjdzơ ƽȂȀȇ ȄǴǟ ȏƛ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǪƦǘƫ Ń śūơ Ǯdzƿ ǞǓȁ ǺǷ ǂƫȂƬƥ ƣƢǐŭơ śdzǂƥ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽȂƳȂƥ ƢƆǸƟơƽ DžȁȂȀŭơ ǾLjǨǻ (džǴƥȂǣ) .ȃȂǐǬdzơ ƧǁȂǘŬơ ǺǷ ǞǓȁ ńơ ƪǴǏȁ "ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ" ǹƘƥ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ƨȀƦŪơ Ŀ ǹȂǟǂƬȇ ƔƢȈǼǣȋơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƔƢǬƥ ǃȂŸ ȏ ǾǻƘƥ ƧǃƢƳƛ ǺǷ ǺȇƾƟƢǠdzơ ƽȂǼŪơ ǒǠƥ ƤƬǯȁ džǼƴǴdz ƨȇȂȈƷ ƨȈŷƗ DzưŤ ƨǟƢǔƦƥ ǹȂǸǰƸƬȇ ǹƢŭƗ śǨǛȂǷ ǹȂǷƾƼƬLjȇ ƨǸƼǧ ǪǬNj ƨȇƽƢǠǷ ǁƢǰǧƗ Ʈƥ ǶȀǼȈǰŤ ǺǷ ƢƆȈǧȐƫ ƧǁƢNjƛ Dzŧ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǒǂǧ Ǯdzƿ ǂƯƛ .ȅǁȉơ ƾǬǠdz ƔƢǟƾƬLJȍơ Ļ ƣƕ 15 Ŀȁ .251ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȈǴǬǠdzơ ƣǂţ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢŭȌdz ǹȂǐƬƼŭơ ǵȐǟƛ Ļ ƮȈƷ Dzƴǟ ȄǴǟ ȆǷȐǟȍơ ȆƟƢǟƾdzơ ƲȇȁǂƬdzơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ŀ ƧǂǓƢŰ ǽǀǿ Ƕǟƽ ǶȀǼǷ ơȂƦǴǗȁ (džǴƥȂǣ) ƩƢƷǂƬǬŠ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩơǁơǃȂdzơ ǺǷ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭƢƥ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹƗ ǁȂǔūơ ǵȐǟƜƥ RSHA ºdzơ DzưŻ ȅǀdzơ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǵƢǫȁ .ƩƢƷǂƬǬŭơ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǹƘƥ ǾƥƢƳƗ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ƢŠ .ƢȀǼȈǟ ƩƢƷǂƬǬŭơ ǾȈdzƛ Ǟǧǂȇ (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ńơ DzLJǁƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ 121

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƽơƾǟȍơ ƾȈǫ ǹƢǯ ǂƻƕ ƢƆǟȁǂnjǷ ǹƜǧ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȅǀdzơ ƾȈƷȂdzơ Ȃǿ .252ǂǴƬǿ ńơ Ǟǧǂȇ ǂǴƬǿ ƨǴƥƢǬŠ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ȄǴǟ Ǫȇǂǘdzơ ǞǘǬƥ ǝǂLJƗ ǹƗ ȏƛ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ DzȇDŽȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƢNjƛ Dzŧ Ǒǂǧ ǹƛ .ǾȈdzƛ Ǟǧǁ ȅǀdzơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ȄǴǟ Ǫǧơȁ ȅǀdzơ śƥ ǹȂLJƾǼȇ "śǓǂŰȁ ǺȇǂǷǀƬǷ" ǶȀȈǧ ȃǂȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ ȅƗǂdzơ ȄǴǟ Ƕǿǂǘƻ ŚƥƾƬdzơ ơǀǿ .253ǾƬǷǂƥ ǞǸƬĐơ ȄǴǟ ơƆǂǘƻ śǴǰnjǷ ǶȀȈǧȐƫ Ǻǟ ǺȇDŽƳƢǠdzơ DžƢǼdzơ ȅǀdzơ ƤǠǐdzơ ǝơǂǐdzơȁ ƽȐƦdzơ ƢȀnjȈǠƫ Ŗdzơ ƣǂūơ ƨdzƢƷ ǞǷ ǪǧơȂƬȇ ƢŠ ǀţƛ ƾǸƬǠŭơ .ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȈLjǨǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆƦǴLJ ƾƫǂȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ȅǀdzơȁ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƨȀƦŪơ Ŀ ƽȂǼŪơ ǾnjȈǠȇ ƣǂūơ DZȐƻ .ǂǴƬǿ ȃƾdz DžƢLjƷ ǂƫȁ džŭ ȄǴǟ ǁƽƢǫ ǾǻƗ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǶǴǠȇ ǹƢǯ ƨȀƦŪơ ȄǴǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǽǁơƿƖȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ œǴLjdzơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ ǺǷ ǂǘŬơ ƩƘȇ ŃƗ ńȁȋơ ŸƨȈǨǴƼǴdz 6 ºdzơ ǺLJ ǺǷ ƔơƾƬƥƛ ƔơǂǨǏ ƨǸų Dzŧ ƧǁȁǂǓ ƢƆȈũǁ ǺǴǟƗ DZȂǴȇƗ DZȁƗ Ŀ

.ǹȁƙƢnjȇ ŕǷ ƢȀǟDŽǻ ǾǠǷ ǹȂǠȈǘƬLjȇ ȏ Dzǰnjƥ džƥȐŭơ ȄǴǟ ǕƢţ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ  ƩơȂǼLJ ơǀǿ ǺǷ Śƥƾƫ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ .ƽƢǬƬǟȍơ ơǀđ ƶǸLjȇ ƢǷ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz ŸƨȇƢȀǼdzơ ƨȇơƾƥ ƪǻƢǯ Dzǿ .ǁȂǨdzơ ȄǴǟ ǶƬȇ Ȇǯ ƢƆůŐǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń DzȈƷǂƬdzơ ǹƜǧ ǪƷȏ DzȈƷǂƬdz ơƆƾȈȀŤ ŐƬǠȇ ǝȂǼdzơ ƾǫ ƢƆǔȇƗ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǹƢǯ ȆǷȐǟȍơ ȆƟƢǟƾdzơ ƲȇȁǂƬdzơ Ƨǁơǃȁ Ŀ ƣƕ 15 ǝƢǸƬƳƛ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǹƢǯȁ .RSHA ºdzơ Ƣđ ǵȂǬƫ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƔȐƻȍ ǞȇǁƢnjǷ ƽȂƳȁ Ǻǟ ǁȂǔūơ ǶǴǟƗ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƨȇƗ ǶƬƫ ǹƗ ǒǧǁ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǾǼǰdz  Ȑ Ɔ ǐǨǷ ƢƆůƢǻǂƥ ǁǂȀǨǴdz ǵƾǫ ƾǫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ȆƟDŽƳ ƔȐƻƛ ńơ ǥƾȀȇ ǂƻƕ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƽơƾǟƛ ńơ Ƣǟƽ ƢǷ ơǀǿ .ƣǂūơ DZȐƻ ƔȐƻƛ ǶƟƢǬdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ ńơ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ ƢŶƛ .ƧƽȂǐǬǷ ƨȀƳȁ ȅƗ ǾǼǟ ƶNjǂȇ Ń 254ƧŚƦǰdzơ ǹƾŭơ ǺǷ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ Ȇǿ ƨȀƳȂdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǷ ƾƥ Ȑǧ DzƦǫ .śdzǂƥ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ (džǴƥȂǣ) ƤǴǗ ƣƕ 18 Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǞǷ ǾƬǴƥƢǬǷ ƔƢǼƯƗ .255ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ ƨȇƢĔ DzƦǫ ǶȀǼǷ ȅƗ DzȈƷǂƫ ǒǧǁ ǾǼǰdz ǑǂǠdzơ ǂǴƬǿ DzƦǫ ǹȂǴĈƷǂȇ Ǻdz .ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ DZȂƷ ǾǨǫȂǷ ȄǴǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǂǸƬLJƛ 1940 ǦȈǏ ǀǼǷȁ DzƦǫ ơƆƾȇƾŢȁ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƨȀƦŪơ ńơ ǶȀǴȈƷǂƫ Ŀ ǂǜǼǴdz ƾǠƬLjǷ ȂȀǧ ǹȉơ ƢǷƗ .ƨǴǸūơ ƨȇƢĔ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǬǧơȂǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń DZơȂƷȋơ Dzǯ Ŀ Ǻǰdzȁ .ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǞǷ ƣǂūơ ƔƢȀƬǻƛ 122

ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ

ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ƪǷƢǫ DZȂǴȇƗ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ .ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ƨǴǸūơ ƔƢȀƬǻƛ DzƦǫ Ǯdzƿ ǶƬȇ ƨǠȇǁǀƥ ƨǬǘǼŭơ Ŀ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǥȏƕ 8 ºdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzƢƥ ƢȈƥǂǏ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ǺǷ ƤǴǘƥȁ .ƽȐƦdzơ Őǟ ƽƾǸƬdzơ ơƙƾƥ Ǻȇǀdzơ Ǻȇƾȇƚŭơ ǒǠƥ ƾǓ ƣǂūơ ƣƢǠȈƬLJƛ ƢȈLJȁǁ ńơ ȁƗ ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƨǬǘǼǷ ȂŴ ƽȂȀȈǴdz DzǸƬŰ DzȈƷǂƬƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ .256ƺȇơǂdzơ ƽȂȀȇ ŕƷ ȏȁ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǾƬǬǧơȂǷ ǵƾǠƥ DZȂǴȇƗ 13 Ŀ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ƽǁ ǂǬŭơ Ŀ ǾƦƬǰǷ ǺǷ (ǂǴŷ) ƤƬǯ ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥ DZȂǴȇƗ 18 Ŀȁ ǵƢȇƗ ƧƾǠƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ .ƾǼdzǁơȂdzơ ǍȂǐş ǂǴƬǿ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ Ŀ ȅǁǀƳ ŚǤƫ Ǻǟ (ǁDŽȇǂǣ) ǶǴǠȇ ǁǂȀǨǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ "ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ǝǂLJƘƥ" ĿơǁȂǷ º ǶȈǿȂƥ ºdzơ ƨȈǸŰȁ ƺȇơǂdzơ ǂȇǂƸƬƥ ǹȉơ Ƥǣǂȇ ǂǴƬǿ DzƦǫ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǀȈǨǼƫ ǾƬƦǣǁ Ǻǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǴǟƗ ƢǸǯ .ǭƢǼǿ ǺȇƾƳơȂƬŭơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ ǺǷ Ľ ńȁƗ ƨǴƷǂǸǯ ƨǬƸǴŭơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ ƵǂƬǫƛȁ .ǵƢǠdzơ ƨȇƢĔ ƢǸǯ .ǩǂnjdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ ńơ "ƾǠƥƗ ǹƢǰǷ ńơ" ǾȈǴȇ ȅǀdzơ ǞȈƥǂdzơ Ŀ Ɣȏƚǿ DzȈƷǂƫ ǶƬȇ ƧǂƬǧ ƨȈǔŤ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǃƽȂdz Ŀ ǎƼNj Ǧdzơ 60 DZȂƦǬƥ (ǁDŽȇǂǣ) ńơ ƔƢƳǂdzƢƥ ǾƳȂƫ DZƢǐƫȍƢƥ ǵȂǬȈLJ ȅǀdzơ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ńơ ƨǸȀŭơ ǽǀǿ DzǯȁƗ ƾǫ ǾǻƘƥ ǾǸǴǟƗ ƢǸǯ ƔƢƬnjdzơ .257Ǯdzƿ ǹƘnjƥ Ǿƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǾǼǴǟƗ ȅǀdzơ ƞƳƢǨŭơ ŚǤƬdzơ ơǀǿ Ɣơǁȁ ƪǼǸǯ Ŗdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ńơ Śnjȇ ƔȆNj ȏ ǕȂȈŬơ ƾƷƗ .ǂȇƾǬƫ ƾǠƥƗ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬǴȈdz ȁƗ DZȂǴȇƗ 18 ǺǷ ǵȂȈdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ ǂǴŷ ºdz ǦȈǴǰƬƥ ǵƢǫ DZȂǴȇƗ 14 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ȅǀdzơ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) ńơ DzǏȂȇ Ǯdzƿ Ƶǂnjdz ƨǼǰǸŭơ ʼnƾǬƬƥ (ǵƢƴȈƫơǂƥ ȂƫȁƗ) ƨȇŐdzơ NJȈŪơ ƩơȂǬdz ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƧƽƢȈǬdzơ Ŀ Ǿȇƾdz DZƢǐƫȍơ ǖƥƢǓ ƽǂǴdzȁ .ƢǤdzȂǨdzơ ńơ ǹƢŭȋơ DzȈƷǂƫ Ǻǟ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ǺǴǟƗ :ǂǴƬŮ ŅƢƬdzơ ƵơǂƬǫȍơ DZȂǏȂdzơ (ǵƢƴȈƫơǂƥ) ǝƢǘƬLJƛ .ǩǂnjdzơ ńơ ȄǘLJȂdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȂȀȇ DzȈƷǂƬƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǵƢǫ ǾȈǴǟ ȅǀdzơ (ƩƾǼNj) ǂǴƬŮ ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ (ŅơǁƾȈǨdzơ ǝƢǧƾdzơ Ƨǁơǃȁ) ƪƻƢŷơȂdzơ Ŀ ƾǟƢLjŭơ ńơ ǶǴǟ ƾǤdzơ Ŀȁ ."ǁǂȀǨdzơ Ƕē ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƨǴƴǠƬLjǷȁ ƨǸȀǷ ƨȈǔǫ ƪǻƢǯ" ƢĔƘƥ Ǿdz DZƢǫ ƢĔƘǯȁ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ Ʃƾƥȁ ."258ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǑǂǠƥ ǂǷƗ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ǁǂȀǨǴdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǂǬŭơ ȃƾdz (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) ºƥ ǍƢŬơ DZƢǐƫȍơ DzƳǂǧ .DZƢǷǂdzơ Ŀ ƪǟƢǓ ǂǷƘƥ ǶǴǠȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ƶȈƸǏ .ƾǠƥ ǽǁơǂǫ ǀƼƬȇ Ń ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǹƗ DZȂǴȇƗ 21 Ŀ DZȂǬȇ ƤƬǯ ƵơǂƬǫƢƥ DzƦǫ ǂǴƬǿ Ǻǰdz DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǺǷ 7 ºdzơ DzƦǫ ǩǂnjdzơ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ

123

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƿƢţƛ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǁȁƽ ǹƛ .259ǖǬǧ ƨȈǸƄơ ƽȂȀȇ DzȈƷǂƬƥ ơǁơǂǫ ǾǸǴǟ ƤLjƷ ǡŐǻǃȁǁ ȏƛ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ ȏ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ ƢŶƛ ƨǴǸūơ ƔƢȀƬǻƛ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƬƥ ǁơǂǫ .ƢƆȇȂǻƢƯ ơƆǂǷƗ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƽǁ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǀţƛ Dzǿ Ÿǁơǂǫ ơǀǰǿ ƿƢţƛ ǾǴǸŹ ȅǀdzơ ŘǠŭơ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ǹƗ řǠȇ ǾǻƗ ȁƗ ŸǁǃƢů ƣƢǰƫǁƛ Ŀ ƨȈǻ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ǥǂǐƫ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ ǽǀǿ DZȐƻ ƩǂǷ Ŗdzơ ǁȂǷȋơ ǺǷ Śưǯ ŸƪǧǃƗ ƾǫ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǨǐƫ ƨǟƢLJ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƆƢǔǷƢǣ ȄǬƦȇ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ńơ DZȂǴȇƗ ǺǷ ƨũƢūơ .ƢƆǼǰŲ ơƆǂǷƗ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ ƽƢǸƬǟƛ ǺǷ ƪǴǠƳ ƨƥǁƢǬƬŭơ ƩơǁƢNjȍơ ºdz DZȁƗ ƾǟƢLjŭơ ǹȁƢǠŭơ ǞǷ ƨǴƥƢǬǷ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ȃǂƳƗ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǺǷ 4 ºdzơ Ŀ Ŗdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǺǷ ƧƾƷơȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǔǫ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǴƥƢǬŭơ ǽǀǿ DZȐƻ Ŀȁ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) Ƨǁơǃȁ ƪǻƢǯ ơƿƛ ƢǸǟ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DZƔƢLjƫ ǹƗ ǹƢǰǧ .ƔƢǬǴdzơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢȀƬnjǫƢǼǷ ƪŤ ǾƬƦǣǂdz Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ƨŪƢǠǷ Ŀ ƢȀǴƦǫ ǺǷ śǨǴǰǷ ǮǴŤ ƪdzơǃ ƢǷ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǶȀŭơ .ƢȇƢǔǬdzơ ǮǴƫ DzǸů ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƢǿƾƷȁ SS ºdzơ ƶǼǷ Ŀ ǭơǀǻƕ ƩŚƯƗ ƾǫ Ǻǰƫ Ń ǕƢǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǘǬǻ DZȂƷ ǁơƽ ȅǀdzơ ljƢǬǼdzơ Ȃǿ ƨǴƥƢǬŭơ Ƨƾǟ ǾǼǟ ƩŐǟ ȅǀdzơ "ǂǘŬơ" Ŀ DzưǸƬƫ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿȁ (ǁȁǁƢȇƗ) ǞǷ ƨnjǫƢǼŭơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ƢȀȇƾdz śǴǷƢǠdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DZƢǸǠdzƢƥ ǙƢǨƬƷȏơ Ŀ Ƥǣǂƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻƢŭƗ ƩƢLjLJƚǷ ǂǰǧ ƾǫ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǺǷ ƾƷƗ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .ȆǷȂǬdzơ ƱƢƬǻȎdz ǹȂȇǁȁǂǓ ǶĔƗ ƨǠȇǁǀƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƨǘƻ ȆǤǴȇ ƾǫ ơǀǿ Ǻǰdzȁ" .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƾȈdzơ DzŰ DzŢ ƨǴǷƢǟ ƾȇ DzȈǿƘƬƥ ."260ƢǼǷ ƨǴƬƄơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ƱǁƢƻ ƨǴǷƢǰdzơ ǶȀǟǁǃ ȄǴǟ ǂNjƚǷ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ ǂǨǐdzơ ƨǘǬǻ ńơ ƨȈǔǬdzƢƥ ƽȂǠȈLJ ǵȐǰdzơ ơǀǿ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ .ŘǠǷ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ DzǸŹ ƾȈǯƘƬdzƢƥ Ȃǿ ǶȀŭơ ǵȐǰdzơ ơǀǿ . RSHA ºdzơ DZƢƳǁ ƤǐǠƫ ǹƗ ǹȂǧƢź ǩƢǘǼdzơ ǞLJơȁ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƔƾƦƥ ǁǀǼȇ ȂȀǧ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ǯdzƿ ŕƷȁ ǾǻƗ ǂȀǜȇ ȂȀǧ .ƨȇƾƳ DzȈǫơǂǟ ǾǬȈǬŢ ǾƳơȂȇ ƨǠǓƢŬơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Dzǯ DzǸnjȇ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ơǀǿ ǹƘǯȁ ơƾƥ Ǯdzƿ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟȁ ƢŶƛȁ Dzǰǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǂǯƿ ȄǴǟ ǂǴŷ ƩƘȇ Ń (ǁDŽȇǂǣ) ńơ ǾƬdzƢLJǁ Ŀ .ƺȇơǂdzơ ƨƥƢǫǂdz ǾǴLJơǂǷ ǝơDŽǧƛ Ƙnjȇ Ń ǾǻƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ .ǖǬǧ ƨȈǸƄơȁ ƺȇơǂdzơ ȆǓơǁƗ ȄǴǟ ǾưȇƾƷ ǂǐƬǫƛ 124

ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ

ǝȁǂnjŭơ ƢŠǁ ȁƗ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǪǗƢǼǷ Dzǯ ǺǷ ǹȂǷƾǬȈLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ Ǿdz ǂǯƿ Ȃǿ ǹƛ Ǻǟ ǹȂƯƾƸƬȇ Ŗdzơ ǽǀǿ "ǝǁDŽdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ" DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ .DzȈǴǬƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ǞLJȂƫ ƾǫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ŸƧƽƢƥƛ ǝȂǓȂǷ ơƾǟ ǂƻƕ ƢƆƠȈNj ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ Dzǿ ƢȀǬȈǬŢ ƧǁȁǂǓ Ŀ "ǶȀǟǁǃ ƧƽƢǟƛ" ǶŮ ǺǰŻ Ǻȇơ .ǁȂǯǀŭơ "Ǿǘǘű" ǺǸǓ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ DzǠƳ Dzǯ ǺǷ ǹȂǷƾǬƬLjȈLJ ƽȂȀȈdz ƽȂǟȂǷ ƩȂŭơ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǹƛ ŚǐǷ ȅƗȁ ŸƧǂƟơƽ ƣǂƷ ǺǷǃ .ŸDŽȈȈŤ ǹȁƾƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ DzȈƬǬƫ ƢȀȈǧ ǶƬȇ ƨǬǘǼǷ ńơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨǫȐǟ ȄǴǟ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ ǂǷƗ ƭƾƷ śǷȂȈƥ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ƨǠƦLJ ȄǴǟ ŚƴǨƬdzƢƥ ƔơƾƬǟơ DzǐƷ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 3 – 2 DzȈdz ȆǨǧ .Ǿƫơƿ ǝȂǓȂŭƢƥ ȄǴǟ .ǹƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǹƢȇƾǼƳȁ śȈLjǻǂǧ Ƨƾǟ Ƨƾǟ ǾdzȐƻ ƵǂƳ džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȇ ƾƥƢǠǷ Ƨǁơƽȍơ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƢLjǻǂǧ Ŀ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DzưŲ (ǺNjȂǼǯ ƩȂǸǴǿ) ƔƢǟƾƬLJƛ Ļ ǁȂǨdzơ ƢŠǁ ǥǂǏ ȆLjǻǂǧ Ȃǿ ǂǷȋơ ǹƘƥ ƣƢƳƗ ȅǀdzơ ǂǷȋơ ƔȐƳ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǂƯƛ ȄǴǟ .ǹƢŭȋơ ǞǷ ǹȂǻȁƢǠƬǷȁ ƨȇƽȂȀȈǴdz ǹȁƽƢǠǷ ǍƢƼNjƗ Ǿƥ ǵƢǫ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ Ǯdzƿ ƨȈǫơƾǐŭơ ǺǷ ȂǴţ (ǺNjȂǼǯ) Ƣǿǂǯƿ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơ ǹƗ śƦƫ ƧǁơƽȎdz ƪǴǏȁ ƨǟƢǸŪ śǻȁƢǠƬǷ ƔƢǔǟƗ Dzƻƾƫ Ǻǟ ƲƫƢǻ ȆLjǻǂǧ Śƥƾƫ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ ƭƽƢūơ ǹƗ .ǾLjǨǻ (ǺNjȂǼǯ) ǃƢȀƳ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ǶȀȈdzƛ ƪǴǏȁ ƾǫ ƩơǂƴǨƬŭơ Ǻǰdz (DzǰǼdzȁƽ śƳȁƗ) ňƢŭȋơ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ƾƟƢǬdzơ (DzȈšƢǻȂƬLJ ǹȂǧ ȂƫȁƗ) ºƥ ƤǔǤdzơ ƾƦƬLJƛ ơǀŮ ƨƴȈƬǻ . 261(ǺNjȂǼǯ) ƔƢǟƾƬLJƛ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƤǴǘȇ śdzǂƥ ńơ ƤƬǰǧ ǀƻƗ (OkH) NJȈƴǴdz ȄǴǟȋơ ƾƟƢǬdzơ ńơ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 6 Ŀ ƢȀȀƳȁ ƨdzƢLJǁ Ŀȁ ƩơƔơƾƬǟȏơ ǺǷ ƨƳȂǷ ƨƴȈƬǼƥȁ .ƨǴǷƢǯ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǾǬƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƢǻƢǯ Ƣȇơƽȁ DZƢǧȏ śǻȁƢǠƬǷ śȈLjǻǂǧ śȈLJƢȈLJ śdzȁƚLjǷ ƾǓȁ ňƢŭȋơ NJȈŪơ ȄǴǟ ƨǠƳȂǷ ƩƢƥǂǓ ǾȈƳȂƬƥ ǾLjǨǼƥ ƽǂȇ ǹƗ (DzǰǻȂdzȁƽ) ƵǂƬǫƛ (ƣƕ 29 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƢƷǂƳ ƾǫ ƾǯƘƫ ƾǠƥ ȏƛ"ƩƘȇ Ń ǾdzȂƦǫ ǹƘƥ DZƢǫ ǾǼǰdz ǾƫƢǷƾƻ DzƦǫ ƾǫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹƢǯȁ .ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƩơŚƴǨƬdzơ Ŀ DzǷƢǯ ǞǴǓ ƢŮ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǸǜǼŭơ ǹƗ ƢȈǴǟ ǞƳơǂǷ ǺǷ Ǿdz .262ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǺǷ ƢƆȈƟƢĔ ȆǨƬţ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƢĔƗȁ Ŀ ǹƢǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ǂǷƗ ǹƗ řǠƫ ƨǴǸŪơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ ŘǠǷ ƩƢǸǴǰǴdz ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ŚǤdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ƧǁƢNjƛ ǹƗ ƾŪơ DzǸŰ ȄǴǟ ǀƻƘǼdzȁ .ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ơƆǂǷƗ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ 125

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƨdzƘLjǷ "ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƔƢǨƬƻƛ"ǂǷƗ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ DZƢǬƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ ȏ "ƩƢȇȂƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟƗ ȄǴǟ" Ŀ ǹȂǰȇ ƢŠǁȁ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ ǁƾǏ "ǂǷȋơ" ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾǯƚȇ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .ƨƠȇǂƥ ƢǼǻƛ .ƔơƾƬǟȏơ ŚǔƸƬdz ǹƢȈǧƢǯ śǼƯƛ ȁƗ ƢƆǟȂƦLJƗ ǹƜǧ ǂȀnjdzơ ǺǷ ňƢưdzơ ǦǐǼdzơ Ȃǿȁ ƨȀƳơȂdzơ ńơ ƨȈǔǬdzƢƥ ǞǧƾǴdz Ǿƥ ơȂǟǁǀƫ ȅǀdzơ ǞǧơƾdzƢƥ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ ǮLjǸƬǻ ǶĔƗ ƨȇǂǴƬŮơ ƨǤǴdzƢƥ ǽƢǼǠǷ ơǀǿȁ ."ŔǨdzơ ȆǴǠnjǷ" ƽȂȀȈdzơ "ƔƢǨƬƻƛ" ƧǁƢƦǠdz ǶŮƢǸǠƬLJơ Ȇǯ ƺǨǼƫ Ȇǿ Ƣǿȁ DzȈƬǨdzơ ƪǴǠNjƗ Ŗdzơ ƣǂūơ Ǻǟ ńȁȋơ ƨƳǁƾdzƢƥ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ .ǾǴǯ ŃƢǠdzơ Ŀ ƢȀƴƳƚƫ ǹƘƥ ƆơǁȂǠNj ƢǼȈdzƛ DzǸŢ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǾƫƢǧǂǐƫ Ǯdzǀǯȁ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƨdzƢLJǁ ǹƛ Dzǯ Ŀ ǾƬȈǨǴƻ ǹƗ ƾǬƬǠȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ȁƾƦȇ .ǾȈdzƛ ƪǴǯȁƗ Ŗdzơ ƨǸȀŭƢƥ ơƆƾȈǠLJ ǹƢǯ ǂǘŬ ǾǓǂǠƫ ƢĔƗ Ƕǣǁ ǽǀȀǯ ƨȇƽƢƥƛ ƨLjLJƚǷ Ŀ ǕǂƼǼȇ ǾǴǠƳ ƢŲ ƨǼǷƚǷ DZơȂƷȋơ ƪǷǁ ƢǷ ȆǟȂdzơ Dzǯ ƢƆȈǟơȁ ǹƢǯ" ǾǻƘƥ ǾǫơǁȁƗ Ŀ ƤƬǯ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .NJȈŪơ ǞǷ ǵƽƢǐƬdzơ ŚǔƸƬƥ ƩơȂǼLJ ǀǼǷ ǦǴǯ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗȁ ƨǏƢƻ Ƣǿǀţƛ Ŗdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ "ƨLJƢȈLJ ǾȈdzƛ ǽƢǼǠǷ ƔơƾƬǟȏơ Ǯdzǀƥ ǵƢȈǬǴdz džȇǁƢƦdz ǽǁƢƬȈƻơ ǹƛ .ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjǸǴdz ȆƟƢĔ DzƷ ǮǴƫ ŕƷ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƽȐƦdzơ Ŀ ǵȂȈdzơ ƾǠƥ ǹƢǷƘƥ ơȁǂǠnjȇ Ǻdz ǶĔƗ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ƢƆǻȐǟƛ ǹƢǯ džȇǁƢƥ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾƥƢǠŭơ ŚǷƾƫ ǹƛ .ǶŮ "ƢƆȈƥȁǁȁƗ ơƆDŽǯǂǷ" ƨǟƢLjdzơ .ǵƽƢǬdzơ ǩƢƸLjǻȍƢƥ ƢƆȇDŽǷǁ ƢƆǻȐǟƛ ƩȂŭƢƥ ǺȇǂȀNj" ǁƾǏ ƾǫ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƜƥ ơƆǂǷƗ ǹƘƥ ǶǴǟƗ ǾǻƘƥ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ƵǂǏ ǶȈǴNjǁȁƗ Ŀ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ȆǟƾƬLJƛ ƢǷƾǼǟ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ȄǴǟ ƣǂūơ ǺNj Ɣƾƥ ƾǠƥ "ǂȀNjƗ ƨƯȐƯ ȁƗ ǂǷƗ ƾǬdz" :ǾȈdzƛ ƪǷǁ ƢǷ ńơ ƨȇơƾƦdzơ Ŀ ǶȀǨȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƨǴǸŪơ ƽƽǂȇ ǾǠũ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƽơǁƗ ǾǻƘǯȁ ƪǸǏȁ ƨǴǸŪơ ǽǀđ ȆǷƢǷƗ ǚǨǴƫ"." ."ƢƆȇƾLjƳ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǨǐƬƥ ǁǂȀǨdzơ Ǻǰdz .263"ǵȂȈdzơ ńơ ƢƆǷƢŤ Ǯdzƿ ǂǯƿƗ ƪdzǃ ƢǷ .ȆǴǟ ǾƫƢǸǴǯ Ǟǫȁ ȃǂȇ ǹƗ ƢȀǼȈƷ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹƗ DzƥƢǬŭƢƥ ƾǯƗȁ .ƨǴƥƢǬŭơ ǽǀǿ ƺȇǁƢƫ ƾȇƾŢ Ǻǟ DŽƴǟ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ƾǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǨǐƬdzƢƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ƩơŚǔƸƬdzơ ƨƦǫơǂǷ ńơ ǾǼȈǟ ǵȂȈdzơ Ŀ ǾǴLJǁƗ .SS ºǴdzȁ ƨǗǂnjǴdz ȆǬǗƢǼŭơ DZȁƚLjŭơ (ǮȈǼǯȂƥȂǴǣ) ƾȇ ȄǴǟ śǴƥȂdz Ŀ ƢēơDŽȈȀš ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzƬǬdz ơƆƽơƾǠƬLJƛ ƨȈƦnjƻ ƩƢȈǓǁƗ ƾLJ ǹȂǸǰŹ ƆȏƢƳǁ ȃƗǁ ǾǻƗ ǂǯǀƬȇ ǾǻƗ DZƢǫȁ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƢȀǨǐȇ ƢǸǯ ƢȀǼǟ ƭƾƸƬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǹƛ .ŚƦǯ DZDŽȇƽ ǭǂŰ ƨǘLJơȂƥ ǃƢǤdzƢƥ 126

ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ

DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƨȇƢĔ DzƦǫ ƗƾƦƫ Ń ƨȇŚǔƸƬdzơ DZƢǤNjȋơ ǹƗ ȏƛ .ǭDŽǴƥ ȃȂLJ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀ ƪǻƢǯ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǮǴƬdz ǾƫǁƢȇǃ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƾǯƚȇ ƢŲ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƨȇơƾƥȁ ƢǸǯȁ .264śǼȈǠǷ śƯƾƷ Ǿƫǂǯơƿ Ŀ ǹDŽƻ ƾǫ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǹƗ ƾƥ ȏ .DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ȁƗ ƨȇƢĔ ǀǼǷ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǝȁǂnjŠ ƢƆǧǁƢǟ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ Ǻǜdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǼǴǸŹ ƢǷ ƢǼȇƾdz ƢǼǻƜǧ ȃǂǼLJ .DZȂǴȇƗ ƾǫ ǃƽȂdz ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ǶLjǫ DzȈƷǂƫ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƪǻƢǯ DZȂǴȇƗ ǂȀNj ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ ƾǫ ǃƽȂdz Ŀ ƩƢǘǴLjdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƪǬǧơȁ DZȂǴȇƗ 29 Ŀȁ .ƢǿƾȈǯƘƫ Ļ džȈƟǁ ǹȋ ƶȈƸǏ Śǣ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ơǀǿȁ .ƽȂǐǬŭơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƬǬǧơȂǷ ƪǘǟƗ ǞǬƫ SSºdzơ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǟ ƨƦƫǂƥ ǖƥƢǓ Ȃǿȁ (ǁȂȀǴȈƥȁƗ NJȇǁƾȇǂǧ) ƨǠǗƢǬǸǴdz Ƨǁơƽȍơ ǺǷ ǥȏȉơ Ʃơǂnjǟ DZȂǏȁ ȄǴǟ ǑǂƬǠȇ ǹƢǯ ǾƫƢȈƷȐǏ ƧǂƟơƽ ǺǸǓ ǃƽȂdz ƨǼȇƾǷ ǽǀǿ ǽǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ ƵǂNj ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .ȆǤƦǼȇ ƢŲ ǂưǯƗ ȅȂŹ ȂƬȈǣ ńơ śȈǧƢǓȍơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢǿŐƬǠȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ńơ ƧǁƢNjȍơ DzǸȀȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ  ơƆǁơǂǷ ǂǴŷ ńơ ƨǼȈȀǷ ƨƦLjǷ ŐƬǠȇ ƢŲ "ǂǰǼƬǷ ȅǂƴǣ" ºƥ ǽƢȇƛ ƢƆǨǏơȁ ƧǂǗƢƼŭơ ǺǷ ȂǴţ ȏ ƨȈƫơǂǷƢǤǷ Ŗdzơȁ 265ƢǼȇƾdz ƨǧȁǂǠǷ ƪƸƦǏƗ Ŗdzơ ƩȐLJơǂŭơ ǽǀǿ Dzǯ Ŀ .SS ºdzơ ǕƢLJȁƗ Ŀ Ŀ ǵƢǿ ļƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǂǐǼǟ Ȃǿ DzƳǂdzơ ơǀǿ .ǂǴŷ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƺȈƥȂƫȁ ǥƢǨŝ DzƥƢǬƫ ƪǻƢǯ .ǾdzƢŷƛ Ļ ƢǷ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ǀǼǷȁ ǾǻƗ DZȂǬȇ (ǁȂȀǴȈƥȁƗ) ƤƬǯ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǺǷ 9 ºdzơ Ŀ ƨƻǁƚǷ ƨdzƢLJǁ Ŀ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ǃƽȂdz ȂƬȈǣ ǶȈǜǼƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ȄǴǟ ȆǴƄơ ȂƥƢƬLjǤdzơ DzǸǠȇ ǵƢȇƗ Ƨƾǟ ǹƢǰLjǴdz" ǎǐź ǾǼǷ DZȁȋơ ǶLjǬdzơ .ƢƆǷƢŤ śǴǐǨǼǷ śǸLjǫ ńơ ǾǸLjǫ ǹƗ ǽǀǿ ǶȈǜǼƬdzơ ǎǐƼȈǧ ňƢưdzơ ƢǷƗ ƆƢƴƬǼǷ ƢƆǗƢnjǻ ǹȁǁơƿƖȇ ǺŲ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǦdzƗ 40 Ƕǔȇȁ "DZƢǸǠdzơ ǝȁǂnjŭơ ơǀǿ .ǎƼNj ǦdzƗ 100 ǹȂǤǴƦȇȁ ǶŮ ƨǼȀǷ ȏ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ƕǔȇȁ "ƨǻƢȈǐǴdz" Ļ ƾǫ ǞǻƢǐŭơ ǹƘƥ Ȑ Ɔ ƟƢǫ ƨǨȈǼǟ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷƜƥ ǾȀƳơȁ ȅǀdzơ (ȂȀǴȈƥȁơ) ȄǓǁ DzǼȇ Ń Ŗdzơ ƨƷƢLjŭơ Ŀ ǎƼNj ǦdzƗ 100 ǂnjƷ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǾǻƗȁ DZƽƢǟ Śǣ Dzǰnjƥ ƢȀǠȇǃȂƫ ǞƥǂǷ ǂƬǷȂǴȈǯ 0.748 ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ȏ ňƢưdzơ ȂƬȈǤdzơ ƨƷƢLjǷ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ȂƥƢƬLjǤdzơ ǶŮ ƢǿƽƾƷ ǶȈǜǼƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǹƛ .266ơƆǂƬǷ 162 ȁ ƩơǂƬǷȂǴȈǴǯ 3 ǾƬƷƢLjǷ ƪǤǴƥ ȅǀdzơ DZȁȋƢƥ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ ǺȇǁƽƢǬdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzƢƥ ǙƢǨƬƷȏƢƥ ƶǸLjƫ ȂƬȈǤdzơ ƨǸLjǫ ǹƛ :ǮnjǴdz ȏƆ Ƣů ǭǂƬƫ ȏ ȂƬȈǤdzơ ơǀǿ 127

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǹƗ DZȂǬǠŭơ ǺǷ džȈdz Ǿǻƛ .ǹȂǴƬǬȈLJ ǮNj ȏ ǶĔƜǧ ǂƻȉơ ǶLjǬdzơ ǹƢǰLJ ƢǷƗ DzǸǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ǃƽȂdz Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬǴdz SS ºdzơ DZȁƚLjŠ ƨǬȈƯȁ ƨǫȐǟ Ǿǘƥǂƫ ȅǀdzơ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǹȂǰȇ .ƩơŚǤƬdzơ ǽǀǿ Ɣơǁȁ ǖƥƢǔdzơ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƧƽƢƥȎdz ŚǔƸƬdzƢƥ ƧDŽȀƳȋơ ƩƗƾƥ ƧǂƬǨdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ ƧǁDŽĐơ Ǻǟ DZȁƚLjŭơȁ "ǹǃȂƥ" ºdz ǞƥƢƬdzơ ȂƥƢƬLjǤdzơ Ŀ DzǷƢǠdzơ (Ʋǻȏ Ʃǂƥǂǿ) SS ºdzơ ƧǂNjƢƦŭƢƥ ơƆǂǷƗ ǶǴƬLJƛ ǪƥƢLJ ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƪŤ Ŗdzơȁ śȈǴǬǠdzơ ȄǓǂŭơ ǪŞ ƩǀǨǻ Ŗdzơ Ǻǟ ƾǼǴƫǁơȁ ºdzơ Ŀ ƮƸƦdzƢƥ ǵƢǫ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǒǠƥ ƨǻȁƢǠŠ .ƨǷǃȐdzơ ƤȈǯǂƬdzơ DZƢǸǟƘƥ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀȁ .267 RSHA ºdzơ ƤƫƢǰǷ ńơ śdzǂƥ ńơ DZȂŢ Ľ ƤLJƢǼǷ ǹƢǰǷ ƔƢǼƦƥ ơȂǷƢǫ ƮȈƷ ȂǸǴNj ƨǼȇƾǷ ǺǷ ƢǷ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ DžȁƾǻƢǷȂǰdzơ ǺǷ Ǫȇǂǧ ǂǬƬLJƛ DZȁȋơ ńơ RSHA ºdzơ ƪǴLJǁƗ DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀȁ DzȈǴǬƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ .ǭƢǼǿ DzǬƬǠǷ ǁȁƽ ƔƢƳ ǾȈǨǻƢƳ Ŀȁ .ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǮǴƫ ƽȂȀȇ DzƬǫ Ŀ ƢƬǴǸǠƬLJƛ ǃƢǣ ŖǼƷƢNj ƨǬǘǼŭơ .ǃƽȂdz Ŀ DzǸǟ ǶŮ Ǻǰȇ Ń Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȂƬȈǤdzơ ǹƢǰLJ ƢȀȈǧ ǎǴƼƬǴdz (ǁDŽȇǂǣ) ƢȀȈdzƛ ƾǸǟ ƨǏƢƻ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƾǼǴƫǁơȁ ºdzơ ƽȂȀȇ ƧƽƢƥƛ ƪǻƢǯ Dzǿ śƥȁ ǾǼȈƥ ƪŤ ƨǔȇƢǬǷ ƨȈǴǸǟ DzȈţ ƢǼǼǰŻ ŸǾȈǴǟ ƢƆƠƦǟ ơȂǴǰNj Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ǺǷ .DzǸǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǫ ŚǤdzơ DzƬǫ DzƥƢǬǷ ƽƾŪơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ƽƾǟ DZƢƦǬƬLJƜƥ ƪǔǫ ǂǴŷ Ǧdzơ 100 ƧƽƢƥƛ DžȂǐş ǂǴŷ ńơ ƤƬǯ ƾǫ ǁƢȇƗ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƨdzƢLJǁ Ŀ ǹƢǯȁ ǺǷ ƪƫƗ ƢĔƘǯȁ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ȁƾƦƫ Ǯdzǀƥȁ .ǂǴŷ Ƣđ "ƶũ" ǹƢǯ ǾƬǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ȅƽȂȀȇ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǹƘƥ ƱƢƬǼƬLJȍơ ǞȈǘƬLjǻ ȏ ƢǼǼǰdzȁ ǺǰŲ ơǀǿ ǹƛ .268ǾLjǨǻ (ǁDŽȇǂǣ) ńơ ơƆƾȈǠƥ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀȁ Ǿǻȋ .269ǵƢǟ ǖǘű ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳ Ǻǰƫ Ń ƢĔƗȁ ƨȈǴŰ ƩƗƾƥ ƨǬǘǼǷ ƽȂȀȇ ƧƽƢƥƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǶƬƫ ƢȀǼȈǟ ƩơŚǔƸƬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ śǴƥȂdz ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀȁ ǩǂnjdzơ ."ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ" ƨȈǓȂǨǷ ƨǟƢŦ ńơ ƨǧƢǓȍƢƥ (ǂǴǿȂƥ) Ǫȇǂǧ ǶȀǧ ƨǬǘǼŭơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƢȀǼǟ ǹȂdzƚLjŭơ ƢǷƗ ǒȇǂŭơ ǂǸǠdz ƾƷ ǞǓȁ – ȅǃƢǻƢƫȁƗ" ƨǸȀǷ ǺǷ śȈǨǠǷ ǶȀLjǨǻƗ ơȁƾƳȁ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ƾǠƥ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƔƢǤdzƜƥ ǂǷƗ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ƣƕ 14 Ŀȁ Ǿǻȋ ƶȈƸǏ ơǀǿ "ǾƫƢȈƷ ƔƢĔƜƥ ǵƢǫ ƾǫ ǂƬLjǻȂǷ ǦǬLJƗ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȍơȁ ƩơƽƢǬƬǻȍơ ƪǸǟ ǹƗ ƢƆƳƢƴƬƷƛ ơǀǿ ƤƦLjȇ ǹƗ ǥƢź ǂǴƬǿ ǺǷ ƪǴǠƳ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǂƯƛ řǴǟ ƱƢƴƬƷƜƥ 128

ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ

ńơ ƨƳƢŞ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ƣǂūơ ǾȈǧ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƽȐƦdzơ Ŀ ƩƢƥơǂǘǓƛȁ ƢƆȈƦǠNj ǂǴƬŮ ǹƢǯ Dzǿ .ǾdzȂƷ DžƢǼdzơ ǥƢǨƬdzȍ ƨƳƢūơ džǷƘƥ ǹƢǯ ƣDŽūơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ œǠNj Ƕǟƽ ȁƾƦȇ ȏ ŸȃǂƻƗ ƨƷƢLJ ńơ ƢǿƢȇƛ ȏƆ ȂŰ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ǦǫȁƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾLJƗǁ Ŀ ǂƻƕ ƤȈƫǂƫ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǺǷ ơƆŚƦǯ ơƆƽƾǟ ǹƜǧ ǡŐǻǁȂǻ Ŀ (ǭơǂƥ ǁȂƬǰȈǧ) ƧƽƢȀNj ƤLjƸƦǧ .Ǯdzƿ ȁ ǂǴŷ śƥ ƨǴƥƢǬǷ ǂƯƛȁ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ Ƨƾǟ ƾǠƥȁ .270ǶȀŹǂLjƫ Ļ ƾǫ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀđ śǨǴǰǷ ǩƢƸƬdzȎdz ƩƽƢǟ ƢȀŹǂLjƫ ǪƦLJ Ŗdzơ ƩơƔƢǨǰdzơ ǹƜǧ 271ȁƾƦȇ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ (ǂǴǿȂƥ) DzǸǠǴdz śǴƥȂdz ńơ ƢŮƢLJǁƛ Ļ ƾǬǧ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩơƔƢǨǰdzơ ƢǷƗ .ǂǜƬǼǷ Śǣ Dzǰnjƥ ƨǷƾŬƢƥ Ŀ ǂǴŷ ƧǁƢȇDŽƥ ƢǷƢǫ ƾǫ ƢƆǔȇơ 272(ǂǴǿȂƥȁ ǭơǂƥ) ǹƢǯȁ .(ǮȈǼǯȂƥȂǴǣ) Ƨǁơƽƛ ƪŢ ƤȈǬǼdzơ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .273ǭơǂƥ ƧƽƢȀNj ƤLjŞ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ǭơƿ Ǧȇǂƻ Ŀ ơƆǁȁƽ ƤǠǴȈLJ ȅǃƢƫȁȋơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ǭǁƢNjȁ ǪƦLJ ȅǀdzơ (ƭǂȇȁ ǹƢȈƬLjȇǂǯ) Ƕǰūơ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƩƢǸȈű Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ńȂǘdzơ ƾȈdzơ Ǿdz ǹȂǰƫȁ ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ Ŀȁ .274"1941 ǵƢǠdzơ ǭơƿ ǦȈǏ ǺǷ " (ǮȈǼǯȂƥȂǴǣ) ƨǷƾƻ Ŀ ǾLjǨǻ ƢƆǠǓơȁ ǵƢǠdzơ ơƆǁơǂǫ ǹƗ ńơ ƢǼƥ ƽȂǠȇ ơǀǿ Dzǯ .ǭDŽǴƥ ǶȈű ƔƢǼƥ ǺǷ ƔƢȀƬǻȍơ Ļ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƨȇƢĔ 275 .DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƨȇơƾƥ ȁƗ DZȂǴȇƗ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǀţƛ ƾǫ ƢƆũƢƷȁ ƢƆȇDŽǯǂǷ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ǝǁƢLjƫ RSHA ºdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ƧƽƢƥȍơ Ʃȏƕ ƔƢǼƥ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠdzơ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ .ơƆDŽǿƢƳ ƔȆNj Dzǯ ƶƦǏƗ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ǂưǯƗ ǁƢǜƬǻȍơ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ ƾǠȇ Ń .DzȈƷǂƬdzơ DzǧơȂǬdzơ ƪǯǂŢ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 16 Ŀ .ǺǰŲ ƪǫȁ ǝǂLJƗ Ŀ "ƽȂȀȈdzơ" ǺǷ ƺȇơǂdzơ ǂȇǂŢ ǝƢǸƬƳƛ ƾǬǟ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǺǷ 10 ºdzơ Ŀ ǵƢȇƗ ƧƾǠƥ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ .ǃƽȂdz ǽƢšƜƥ ńȁȋơ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ƨǁơƽƛ ǵȐƬLJƜƥ DZȂǴȇƗ ƨȇƢĔ ǀǼǷ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǷ ǦǴǰŭơ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƨLJƢƟǂƥ ǡơǂƥ Ŀ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǹƢǯȁ .ƨǠLJơȁ ƩƢƥơǂǘǓƛ ƨǯǂƷ ƾȀnjƫ ƩƗƾƥ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ .SS ºdzơȁ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ǺǷ śǴǴƄơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟƗ ƨǬǧǂƥ ǝƢǸƬƳȍơ Ǯdzƿ ǂǔƷ ƾǫ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƔƢǨƬƻƜƥ Ƥǣǂȇ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ŚǯǀƬdzơ Ļ ƾǫ ǝƢǸƬƳȍơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǹƢǯȁ DzǬǻ ƨǴǰnjǷ ȏȁ DŽƳƢƷ ȅƗ ǑǂƬǠȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȏ" ǵƢǠdzơ ƨȇƢĔ DzƦǫ "ňƢŭȋơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ" ǀȈǨǼƫ SS ºdzơ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ Ǟǫơ ƨȈdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƗ ƆƢǔȇƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ ƢǼǿ ǂǠnjǻ ."ǝȁǂnjŭơ .ƨȈźǁƢƫ ƨǸȀǷ

129

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƨnjǫƢǼǷ ƾǠƥ ǾǻƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ .ƢȀǓǂƬǠƫ Ŗdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơȁ ǃƽȂdz ƨȈǔǫ ƢƆǔȇƗ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯȁ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǦdzƗ 20 ǥƢǘŭơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǃƽȂdz ȂƬȈǣ ƤǘǬƬLjȇ ǹƗ ǁǂǬƫ ǂǴŷȁ (ǁDŽȇǂǣ) śƥ ƪǻƢǯȁ .ǶȀǼǟ ǺǴǟƗȁ ǪƦLJ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǦdzƗ 60 ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ȅǂƴǣ ǥȏƕ 5 ȁ ǂȇǂǬƫ ƨǏȐƻ ƾȈǨƫ ƢǸǯ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȀȈdzƛ DzLJǂƫ ȃǂƻƗ ǺǯƢǷƗ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦƫ RSHA ºdzơ ǶȈǸǏ Ŀ śƬǠǫơȂdzơ ǮLjǼǷȁ ƢǤȇǁ ŖǼȇƾǷ ȄǴǟ Ǟǫȁ ƾǫ ǁƢȈƬƻȍơ ǹƗ ǝƢǸƬƳȍơ ơǀǿ ńơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DZƢLJǁƛ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǁƢƯƗ ƾǫ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǹƢǯȁ .DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƨǬǘǼǷ .Džȁ ƣ śƬǟȂǸĐơ ƧǂǘȈLJ ƪŢ ƧƾƳơȂƬŭơ "śȈǟȂȈnjdzơ ƔƢǼƴLjdzơ Ƕǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƩȐǬƬǠŭơ" ƢǻǀƻƗ ơƿƛ ƨǏƢƻ ǍƢƼNjȋơ Ɣȏƚǿ ŚǐǷ DZȂƷ ƾǠƥ DZƙƢLjƬǴdz ƧǁȁǂǓ ǺǷ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz ƢǤȇǁ ńơ ǶŮƢLJǁƛ ǶƬȈLJ Ǻȇǀdzơ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǦdzƗ 50 ºdzơ ǹƛ :ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƨdzƽƢǠŭơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ ȄǓǂŭơ ǺǷ ǶǿǂưǯƗ ǹȂǰdz "ƢƆǫƢǿǁƛ ǹȂǴǰnjȇ" ǶȀƬǨǐƥ ǶǿǁƢȈƬƻƛ ȅǂƴȈLJ ǮLjǼǷȁ ǺǷ ƔÅ ơƾƬƥƛȁ . 276Dz ǸǠdzơ Ǻǟ śǴǗƢǠdzơȁ ƨȈǐǠƬLjŭơ ǑơǂǷȋơ ƣƢƸǏơ śǫƢǠŭơ DzƬǫ ƮȈƷ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ȂŴ ǾƳȂƬƫ DzǧơȂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ƪǻƢǯ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ14 .ǶŮȂǏȁ DZƢƷ ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ƢƆȈǷǁ ƢǿƽơǂǧƗ ǶǜǠǷ ƧƽƢƥȎdz ǖǘű Ǻǟ ƾȈǨƫ ȃǂƻƗ ƮȇƽƢƷƗ DZȁơƾƫ ȃǂƳ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǝƢǸƬƳȍơ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƾƷơȁ śǼƯƛ śǴǬƬǠǷ Ŀ ƨȈǸƄơ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞŦ ǁǂǬƫ ǾƦƳȂŠȁ .Ǿdz ǖȈǘƼƬdzơ Ļ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǶLjǫ ǹȂǰǴȀȈLJ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀđ ǶĔƗ ơȁƾǬƬǟƛ ơǀǰǿȁ .ƨǻƢȈǐdzơ DZƢǸǟȋ ǂƻȉơȁ ƱƢƬǻȎdz DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ƤǴǗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .ǩǂnjdzơ ńơ ǶȀǴȈƷǂƫ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƤǏƢǼŭơ ȅȁƿ ǺǷ ƨȇƢǸŞ ǹȂǠƬǸƬȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ǵƾǟ Ŀ ơȂȀƦǼƬȇ ǹƗ ǕƢȈƬƷȍơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ śƥ ƨȇƽȂdzơ ƩƢǫȐǠdzơ ǺǷ ƾūƢƥ ơȂǷƢǫ ǹƗ ǞƦƫƛ ȅǀdzơ ƔơǂƳȍơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨȈdzƢǠdzơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ƩǀƻƗ ƾǫȁ .277ǶŮ ǞǨnjƬƫ ǹƗ ƢŮ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƤǏƢǼŭơ ȅȁƿ ǒǠƥȁ ƾǠƥȁ ǾǻƗ ǂǴƬǿ ƤƬǯ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ Ŀ ƮȈŞ ƨȇƾŪơ ǺǷ ƢƆǸȀǷ ƢƆǠƥƢǗ :ŅƢƬdzơ DZȂƷ ǾȈǧ ǩƢǨƫȍơ Ļ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǞǷ ƨȈǨƫƢǿ ƨŭƢǰǷ 278ƢƆǷƢǟ 60 ºdzơ ǩȂǧ ǶǿǁƢǸǟƗ ǢǴƦƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǷƢǫƛ .ƽƢƬLjǼȇDŽȇǂƯ Ŀ DZƢūơ Ȇǿ ƢǸǯ  "ƨȀƳơȁ" ȂƬȈǣ ǝȁǂnjǷ Ŀ .ƨǰƦnjdzơ ƾLJ ȃȂLJ ǪƦȇ Ń ƩơŚǔƸƬǴdz ƧŚƻȋơ ƩƢLjǸǴdzơ ǞǓȁ DzƳƗ ǺǷȁ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǵơƾǬƬLJƜƥ ǵƢǬǧ ǦȈȈǯ Ŀ ǂǴŷ ǹƢǯ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǺǷ ƮdzƢưdzơ ȁƗ ňƢưdzơ 130

ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ 18 Ŀȁ .

279

ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ƨǂƴǿ DZƢƷ ǾȈdzƛ ƪǴǏȁ ƢǸǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǐǨǷ ơƆǂȇǂǬƫ Ǿdz ǵƾǬȇ Ȇǯ ƧǂƟƢǘdzƢƥ DzƴLjȇ Ń" DZƢǫ ȅǀdzơ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǞǷ ƨȈǻȂǨǴƫ ƧǁȁƢŰ ƾǠƥȁ ǾǻƗ ǂǯƿ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ȂƥƢƬLjǤdzơ džȈƟǁ ǶǴǟƗ ǵƢȇƗ ƨLjǸş Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ."ǁƢƸƦdzơ Ɣơǁȁ ƢǷ ńơ Ƨǂƴǿ ƨȇƗ ȏȁ ǭƢǼǿ .280ƽȂȀȈǴdz Ƨǂƴǿ ƨȇƗ ǞǼŤ ơƆƾǟƢǐǧ ǹȉơ ǺǷ ǾǻƘƥ ǾdzƢƳǁ

Ǻȇǂnjƫ 18 ȁ DZȂǴȇƗ 18 śƥ ƢǷ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ 4 ƧƾǷ Ŀ ǾǻƢǰǷ ǀţƛ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƔȆNj Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ǾȈdzƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ Ļ ƾǫ ƢƆȈƟƢĔ Ȑ Ɔ Ʒ ǹƗ DzȈƴLjƬƥ ȃȂLJ ǶǬȇ Ń ȆLjǼǻơȁ ǂŤƚǷ ǹƛ .DZȁȋơ ǾȈdzƛ DzǏȂƬdzơ Ļ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ Dzūơ ơǀǿ .DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǦǐƬǼǷ ǺǷ ƔÅ ơƾƬƥƛ Ǯdzƿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ Ƣđ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǺǷ ƔDŽƳ Ȇǿȁ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ Dzǯ ǕȂȈƻ ǞŦ ƾǠƥ ǩǂǗ .1939 ǵƢǠdzơ Ǧȇǂƻ ǀǼǷ Ǯdzƿȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸš ƨdzȁƢŰ DzƳƗ ǺǷ RSHA ºdzơ ƧƽƾŰ ǥơƾǿȋ ȁƗ .ƧƽƾǠƬǷ ǥơƾǿȋȁ DzǐǨǼǷ Dzǰnjƥ ǁȂǘƬƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ DzȈƬǬƬdzơ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ Ŀ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DZƢƳǁ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ƢƆǔȇơȁ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ƨȈǓȂǨǷ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǕƢLJȁƗ Ŀ ǝƢNj ȅǀdzơ DzǸǠdzơ Ǻǟ DŽƳƢǟȁ DzǷƢǟ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ śƥ ǪȇǂǨƬdzơ Ľ .ƢȈǻȂdzȂƥ Ŀ ƩƢǿȂƬȈǤdzơ Ǻǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DZƢLJǁƛ ǹƛ .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭƢƥ ƨǬǴǠƬŭơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ƿƢţơ Ŀ ƞǗƢƦƬdzơ ƧŚƫȁ ƪǨƻ ȅǀdzơ ǂǴƬǿ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǶȀȈǴǟ DžǁƢŻ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǖǤǔdzơ ńơ ƾƟƢǟ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ńơ ǂNjȂƥ ƾǫ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǞǫơȂǷ ƪǻƢǯ śƷ Ŀ ǵƢǠdzơ ƨȇƢĔ DzƦǫ ƺȇơǂdzơ ŚȀǘƬƥ Ƥǣǂȇ ǹƢǯ ƔƢnjǻƜƥ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ȂdzȁƚLjǷ ǂǰǧ ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ȁƾƦȇ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ .ƢȀƟƢnjǻƜƥ 23 Ŀ ǵƢǠdzơ ǂǬŭơ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ (džǴƥȂǣ) ȄǬƬdzơ ƾǬǧ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ Ŀ ƩȐǬƬǠǷ ƩƢǸȈű Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǝǁǃ ƧƽƢǟƜƥ ƵǂǏ ȅǀdzơ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) DZȂǫ Ǯdzǀǯȁ DZȂǴȇƗ ƶǸLjȇ ƢŭƢƷ 281ǒȈƥȋơ ǂƸƦǴdz DZƢǼǬdzơ DZȂǗ ȄǴǟ ǹȂȈǟȂȈnjdzơ ƢǿƘnjǻƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȃǂƻƗ Ļ Ƣđ ŚǰǨƬdzơ ȃǂƳ Ŗdzơ ǞȇǁƢnjŭơ Džǁƽ ƾǠƥ Ǻǰdz . Ǯdzǀƥ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ .ƢȈǴǠdzơ ƢȇǃȐȈLJ Ŀȁ ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƨǬǘǼǷ Ŀ ƩȂŭơ ƩƢǸȈű DŽǯǂƬƫ Ȇǯ ƢȀǼǟ ƔƢǼǤƬLJȍơ .ǞLJȂƬƫ ǂǷȋơ ȄǴǟ śǠǴǘŭơ ƧǂƟơƽ ƩǀƻƗ 1941 DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǦǐƬǼǷ ǺǷ ƔÅ ơƾƬƥƛ ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ ƧƾȇǂŪơ Ȇǿȁ strümer ºdzơ ƧƾȇǂƳ Ŀ ǁǂŰ ƤƬǯ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 23 Ŀ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ Ʃǀţƛ ƾǫ "ƨǏƢƻ Śƥơƾƫ" ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ (ǂźơǂƬLJ) Ƣǿǁƾǐȇ Ŗdzơ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨȈǴȈǨǘdzơ Ƨǂnjūơ ǺǷŚƦǯ ǶLjǫ " ȄǴǟ Ƥȇǂǫ DzƦǬƬLjǷ Ŀ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ǶƬȈLJ ƢȀǴǔǨƥ 131

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǡŐǻǃȁǁ ƧǁơǃȂdz ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȇƢǔǬdzƢƥ ǦǴǰŭơ ǵƢǫ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 25 Ŀ .282"ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ȁ (ǭơǂƥ) ƨȇǃȂȀŝ ǾǸǴǠȇ ƾǻȐƬLJȁƗ ºdzơ ǹȁƚnjdz ƺȇơǂdzơ ǑȂǨǷ (džǿȂdz) ºdz ƨƥƢƬǰdzƢƥ .DzǸǠdzơ Ǻǟ ǺȇDŽƳƢǠdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzƬǬdz ơƆƽơƾǠƬLJƛ "ǃƢǤdzƢƥ ƧDŽȀĐơ Ʃȏȉơ" ƾȇȁDŽƬdz (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǬdzơ ǹƗȁ ǩǂnjdzơ ńơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƽȂȀȇ DzȈƷǂƫ Ǻǟ ǺǴǟƗ ƾǫ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǹƢǯȁ .283ƺȇơǂdzơ ƣƢLjū ǹȂǴǸǠȈLJ DzǸǠdzơ Ŀ ǞȈǸš ǺǯƢǷƗ ńơ" ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ Ŀ DzǷƘȇ DZơǃ ƢǷ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǹƢǯ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ ºdz ƵǂǏ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 13 Ŀȁ .284DZơǁȁȋơ DZƢƦƳ ńơ ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥȁ " ƢȈLJȁǁ ǩƢǸǟƗ ƣơȂƳ ǹƢǰǧ .ǩǂnjdzơ ńơ ǵƢǠdzơ Ƕǰūơ ƨǬǘǼǷ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzǬǻ Ŀ ǾƬƦǣǁ Ǻǟ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǾǠLJȂƥ ƢǷ DzǸǠȈLJ ǾǼǰdzȁ Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ DzȈƸƬLjǷ ǂǷȋơ ǹƗ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǂǷƘƥ ǶǴǟƗ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) ǹƗȁ ƾƥ ȏ .285ǭƢǼǿ ǶȀǟǁǃ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǪȈǬŢ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ" ǹƗ DZƢǫ ȆǨƸǏ ǂŤƚǷ Ŀȁ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 18 Ŀȁ .DzȈǴǬƥ śǷȂȈƥ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ǹƢǯȁ .286Ƣƥȁǁȁơ ƽȂȀȇ Dzǰdz ƨȈƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ȏƛ DzŢ ǹƗ ƢŮ Ŀ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ƧƔȂƦǻ ǹƗ ǾȈǧ DZȂǬȇ "ƺȇơǁ ǃơƽ" ƧƾȇǂƳ Ŀ (ǡŐǻǃȁǁ) ºdz DZƢǬǷ ǂȀǛ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ǞǴǗƛ ƾǫ ǾLjǨǼƥ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷȁ .ǪǬƸƬdzơ ńơ ƢȀǬȇǂǗ ǵƢǫ DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 16 Ŀȁ .śdzǂƥ ńơ ǾȈǻȁƢǠǷ ƾƷƗ DzLJǁƗ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƨȇƢĔ .287ƢƆƦȇǂǫ DzǐƸƬLJ ǁǃƢů ǹƘƥ ǾǠǷ śǻȁƢǠƬŭơ ƣǂǫƗ ǵȐǟƜƥ DZȂƷ ȅǁơǃȁ ǂŤƚǷ ƾǬǠdz ŚǔƸƬdzƢƥ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ǶƬǿƛ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ DZȁƗ ǺǷ ƔÅ ơƾƬƥƛ 9 Ŀ ǂŤƚǷ ǁȂǔƷ ńơ ƩơȂǟƾdzơ DZƢLJǁƛ Ļ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 29 Ŀȁ ."ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ" ƤƦLjƫ ƢŲ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ňƢƥƢȈdzơ ƔơƾƬǟȏơ ƾǟȂǷ ǥƽƢǏ ȅǀdzơ DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ǹȋ DZƢƴǠƬLJȎdz ƧǁȁǂǓ ǭƢǼǿ ƾǠȇ Ńȁ .1942 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 20 ńơ ǂŤƚŭơ ƔƢƳǁƛ Ŀ .ǾdzƢǸǟƗ ƩǂNjȂƥ ǞLJơȁ ǝȁǂnjŭ ƨȇǁơǃȂdzơ ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƦdzơ ƾȈȇƘƫ ǹƢǯ ǂŤƚŭơ ǺǷ ǥƾŮơ ƨǏȐƻ ƨǤȈǏ ƨƥƢƬǯ ơƽƢǟƗ ƾǫ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ƧƾǟƢLjŠ ȂƥƢƬLjǤdzơ džȈƟǁ (ǂdzȂǷ) ǹƢǯȁ Ǻǰdzȁ ƔȆNj Dzǰƥ Ƶǂǐȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷ .ǾLjǨǼƥ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ƢȀƦƬǯ Ŗdzơ ǂŤƚŭơ Ŗdzơ ƨǼŭơ ƾȈǯƘƬƥ Ƥǣǁ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ǹƗ (ǹƢǸnjȇƗ) ƤLjŞ .ǖǬǧ ƨǔȇǂǠdzơ ǕȂǘŬơ Ń ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ƨǤȈǐdzơ ǹƛ .288ƨdzȁƾdzơ ǂLJ ƔƢǼǷƗ ǝƢǸƬƳȍơ ƔƢǔǟƗ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ǾƬǸȀŭ ƪƸǼǷ ǺǷ ǾƬǧǂǠǷ ƢǼȈǴǟ DzȀLjdzơ ǺǷ Ǿǻƛ .DzǸǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǫ ŚǤdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ Ǻǟ ƢƆƠȈNj ǂǯǀƫ 132

ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ

Ǻȇǀdzơ Ɣȏƚǿ ǺǷ ơƆŚƦǯ ƢƆǸLjǫ ǹƛ .DzǸǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǬdzơ Ǻȇǂƻȉơ ŚǐǷ ƨǧǂǠǷ DZȐƻ ƆƢǔȇƗ ǹȂǴƬǬȇ ơȂǻƢǰǧ ǶȀǼǷ ȆǬƥ ǺǷ ƢǷƗ .ǶȀȈǴǟ Ȇǔǫ DzǏơȂƬǷ Dzǰnjƥ ǹȂǴǸǠȇ ơȂǻƢǯ .289ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ǾǻȂǴǰnjȇ ƾǫ ǂǘŬ ƢƆƦLjŢ .ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƾȈdzơ DZƢǸǠƬLJƛ ƢƆȇƾƳ ǹȁȂǼȇ ơȂǻƢǯ śȇǃƢǼdzơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƗ ȁƾƦȇȁ ƾǫ ǂǴŷ ǹƢǯȁ .ƔơǂƳȍơ ơǀǿ ǶȀȈǼƦƫ Ŀ ƪǸȀLJƗ ƨǴǷƢǟ ƾȇ ƨǷǃƗ NJȈǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƾǴƦdzƢǧ ƨȈƳƢƬǻƛ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƾȈdzơ DZƢƻƽƛ ǾƬȈǻ Ǻǟ DZȂǴȇƗ ƨȇƢĔ ǀǼǷ Ǯdzƿȁ ǞȈǸŪơ ǶǴǟƗ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȋơ ƔƢǼƥ ƧƽƢǟƛ Ŀ ơȂŷƢLjȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƔƢƸǏȋơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƛ .ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƩȐǬƬǠŭơ ȄǴǟ ƪǔǫ ƾǫ ƩƢǯ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨdzƕ ƢŶƛ 290.ƢǿƔƢnjǻƛ ȅȂǼȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǹƘƥ ƱƢƬǼƬLJȍơ ǞȈǘƬLjǻ ȏ ƢǼǻƛ .ǶǿŚǣ ǞǷ ƾƷơȁ ƪǫȁ Ŀ ƔƢƸǏȋơ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǶǜǠǷ ȄǴǟ ơȂǻȂǰȇ Ń DzǸǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǬdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƛ :DzƬǬdzơ Ŀ ƨƦǣǂdzơ ǺǷ ƽơǃ ƢƆȈǧƢǓƛ ƢƆƦǴǐƫ .ƩȂŭơ ǞǷ DzƳƚǷ ƾǟȂǷ ȄǴǟ ȃȂLJ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ

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DžƽƢLjdzơ DzǐǨdzơ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơȁ ǂǴƬǿ ƢĔƗ ƢǼdz śƦƬȇ ƣǂǫ Ǻǟ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ȅǀǨǼǷ ǕƢnjǻ ƨǠdzƢǘǷ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƩƢȈǨǐƬdz ƪdzȂŢ ƢǷƾǼǟ Ǯdzƿȁ ƣƕ ǂȀNj DZȐƻ DZȁȋơ :ǺȇŚƦǯ śǨǘǠǼŠ ƩǂǷ ǀţƛ ƢǷƾǼǟ DZȂǴȇƗ ǦǐƬǼǷ ŅơȂƷ ňƢưdzơȁ .ƧƽƢƥƛ ńơȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ƪdzƽ ƩơŚǔŢ Ǯdzƿ Ǫǧơǁ ƿƛ .ǩǂnjdzơ ńơ ŚƦǰdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƽȂȀȇ DzȈƷǂƬƥ ǁơǂǬdzơ .ƩȂŭơ ǞǷ ƾǟȂǷ ȄǴǟ ǵȂȈdzơ ơȂƸƦǏƗ ƨȇǃƢǻ ƨƥƢǫǂdz śǠǓƢƻ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Dzǯ DžƢǸūơ ơǀǿ .śǨǘǠǼŭơ Ǻȇǀǿ śƥ ǂǷ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ DzǷƢǯ ǂȀNj .DzƳƚǷ ȁƗ ȅǁȂǧ ƩȂǷ Ʃǀţƛ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ ǁȂǷȋơ ǹƗ ȃȂLJ řǠȇ Ń ǹƿƛ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ Ŀ ǁơƽ ȅǀdzơ DzƬǬǴdz ƾǫ ƢȀƬǷǂƥ ƨȈǔǬdzơ ǹƗ ńơ Śnjƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƢȀǴǯ ǁȂǷȋơ ǹƜǧ ȁƾƦȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ .ƨȈƟƢĔ ƨǤȈǏ ǁơǂǬdzơ"DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ ƆƢȈƟƢĔ ǖǬLjȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ǞȈƥƢLJȋ ƩƾƬǷƛ DzƷơǂŭơ ǺǷ ƨǴLjǴLJ ƪǠƦƫƛ ."ǵȁƚnjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǒƥƢǬdzơ ƾƷơȂdzơ DzƳǂdzơ ƣDŽƷ ƣDŽūơ ƩƢƳǁƽ ȄǴǟƗ ǺǷ Ƕǿ ǺȇǀǨǼŭơ ǹƛ ǂǴŷ Ƣđ ǾLjǨǻ DZƽƢǟ ƢǷ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ Ŗdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ƨǘǴLJ ƢĔƛ .ǂǷƗ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ǞǴƐǘŭơ ǁȂǷȋơ ǵƢǷǃ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ Ŀ DZƢǨǗȋơȁ ƔƢLjǼdzơ ƧƽƢƥƜƥ ǂǷƗ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǾdzƢƳǁ ńơ ǾƳȂƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǷƾǼǟ ƨǸƴǼdzƢƥ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƽȂȀȇ ǶNjȂƥ ǂǷƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǺǷ Ȃǿ ǾLjǨǻ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƛ .ǾȈǴǟ ǥȐƻ ȏ ơǀǿ ǵƢǫ ǺǷ Ȃǿ ǾǻƗ Ŀ ǮNj ŇƽƗ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz .ǩǂnjdzơ ńơ ǶȀǴȈƷǂƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ƔơǂǨǐdzơ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƔȆNj ȅƗ ǭƢǼǿ džȈdz Ǻǰdzȁ .ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƩơDŽȈȀš ńơ ƔȂƴǴdzƢƥ ǂǷȋơ ƔƢǘǟƜƥ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ȁƗ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǮǴƫ ǂǴƬǿ ƿƢţƛ ƪǟƽ Ŗdzơ ƣƢƦLJȋơ ȄǴǟ ƔȂǔdzơ ȆǬǴȇ ƢƆƠȈNj ǹƗ ȏƛ .ƩơƔơǂƳȍơ ǮǴƬƥ ǾǗƢƦǓ ǝƢǼǫƛ Ŀ ǽƾǸƬǟƛ ȅǀdzơ ƣȂǴLJȋơ ȄǴǟ DZƾȇ ǩƢȈLjǴdz ƤȈǯǂƫ ƧƽƢǟƜƥ ƢǼǸǫ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ơǀǿ ǶȀǨdzơ Ǻǟ ƾȈǠƥ Śǣ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ DzǠŸ ǦȈǯȁ ƢȈLJȁǁ Ŀ ƨǴǸūơ ŚLJ ǂǴƬǿ ǁȂǐƫ ǦȈǯ .ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǽǀǿ ƿƢţƛ ǾȈǧ ȃǂƳ ȅǀdzơ ǾdzơȂǫƗ ǦǼǟ Ŀ ƩǂȀǛ ǾǴǠǧ Ʃơƽǁ ǹƜǧ ǪǸǠƥ ƪLJǁƽ ƢǷ ơƿƛ .ƢŮȂƷ ǾǴǠǧ Ƨƽǁ ƪǻƢǯ

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ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƩƢȀƳȁ ǺǷ ƣƢƬǰdzơ ơǀǿ ǾƷǂǘȇ ƢǷ ǶȈȈǬƫȁ ƨƷȂǴdzơ DZƢǸǯƛ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DZƢȈƷ .ǂǜǻ ǽǀǿ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ śǴǷƕ DZȁȋơ ǂǘnjdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿ ǪȈƦǘƫ ƢǼǻƢǰǷƜƥ ƢǼǻƛ DZȂǬdzơ ƨǬȈǬƷ ƺȇơǂdzơ Ǻǰȇ ŃƗ 1941 ǦȈǏ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ .ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ƭơƾƷȋơ ŚLjdz ƨƦLJƢǼǷ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ ǭǁƢǠŭơ ǺǷ ǞƥǁƗ ƢƆƫơȂǼLJ ȆǔŻ ŃƗ ŸĿơǂǤŪơ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾƫƢƦLjƬǰǷȁ ǾƫơǁƢǐƬǻƛ ƨǸǫ Ŀ ǺNj ƢǷƾǼǟ ȆŭƢǟ ǝơǂǏ ńơ ǾƷƢǨǯ DZȂƸƬȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ǝƢǔƻƛ ƨdzȁƢŰ Ŀ ƨȇǁƢǔdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǺǴǠȇ ƨǏǂǧ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀǴǤƬLJƢǧ DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ǂȀNj Ŀ ǂƥǁƢǿ DZŚƥ ƾǓ Ǿǻơȁƾǟ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ȁƾƦƫ ƢǼǿ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƣǂƸǴdz ƨȇǁƢǯǀƬLJƛ Ƨǂǜǻ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆƥǂƷ Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀȈǴǟ Ƣǿƕǁ Ŗdzơ ƧǁȂǐdzƢƥ ƭơƾƷȋơ ƨȇƙǂdz ƧƽȂǠdzơ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏȁ .ƨǴǴǔǷ ȅǀdzơ ǩƢȈLjdzơ ȄǴǟ DzǷƢǰdzơ ƔȂǔdzơ ȆǬǴƫ ƮȈŞ ƧŚǧȁ ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀŮ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǹƛ .ƪǫȂdzơ .ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ńơ DzǏȂƬdzơ ǾȈǧ Ļ ȏ džǨǼdzƢƥ ƨǬưdzơ ǺǷ ƔơȂƳƗ Ŀ ƢǿŚǔŢ Ļ ƾǫ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ ǹƛ ǽȁƾǟ Ŀ ȃǂȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƵƢų ńơ ƵƢų ǺǷ Śǘȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ňƢŭȏơ NJȈŪơ ǹƛ .ƢŮ DzȈưǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ .ǾƫơƽơƾǠƬLJƛ DzǷƢǰƥ Ǻǰȇ Ń ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ NJȈŪƢǧ .ƨǤƟƢLJ ƨǸǬdz ȃȂLJ .ƣǂūơ ǮǴƫ ǁƢǸǣ ǑȂƻ Ŀ ƢƆƦǣơǁ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ǽŚǗƘƫ DzǷƢǰƥ ǂȇƾǬƫ ńơ ơȁƾǸǟ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢŭȋơ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ Ƣǿƕǁ Ŗdzơ ƧǁȂǐdzơ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ Ȇǿ ǽǀǿ ǶȀǷƢǰƷƗ Ǯdzƿ ńơ ǥƢǔȇ .Ǿȇƾdz ƶǴLjƬdzơ ȃȂƬLjŭ ƨƦLjǻ ȆLJȁǂdzơ NJȈŪơ ƧȂǬdz ȆƟơȂnjǟ ǶǿǁƢǰǧƗ ǥƢǔƫ Ǯdzƿ ńơ .ǵƢǜǼdzơ Ǻǟ śȈǧȐLjdzơ DŽƴǟ Ǻǟ ǶȀȈǧ ƨǴǏƘƬŭơȁ ƨǬƦLjŭơ ǶŮȂƷ ƔȆNj Dzǯ .śdzƢƬLJ ƨȈƦǠNj ǵơƾǠǻƛ DZȂƷ ƢǿŚȈǤƫ ǺǰŻ ȏ Ŗdzơȁ ƆƢǨǴLJ ƨƦǯǂŭơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǵȂǬƫ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ǾƫƢȈdzƕ NJǘƥȁ ǾƫȂǫ ȄǐǫƗ ǾdzƢǸǠƬLJƜƥ :DZƙƢǨƬǴdz ǶǿȂǟƾȇ .ǞƳơǂƬdzơ ǺǷ Ɣȏƚǿ ǺǰǸƬȇ ǹƗ DzƦǫ ƢȀǬƸLJȁ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƧǂǏƢƸŠ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ DzǷƢǰƥ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǕȂǬLjƥ ƞƳƢǨƬLJ ƵƢȈƬƳȍơ ơǀǿ Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjŭơ Ʃơǁơƽȍơ .ǾȈdzƛ ƽƾLjƬLJ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƥǂǔdzơ ƪŢ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ǾǬdzƢȈǧȁ ǾƫDŽȀƳƗ ǂȀNjƗ Ƨƾǟ ńơ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ ǺǷ ƵȁơǂƬƫ ƧƾǷ ƨǨǗƢŬơ ƣǂūơ ǽǀŮ ňƢŭȋơ NJȈŪơ ƽƾƷ ƨƦǠNj ǹƛ .ǂƻȉơ ǒǠƦdzơ ǵƙƢnjƫ ńơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǒǠƥ DZƙƢǨƫ ƨƦLjǻ ƢŮȐƻ ƪƫȁƢǨƫ 136

ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƾƸǯ 291DZȂǴȇƗ ǦǐƬǼǷ Ŀ ơƆƾǟȂǷ ƢŮ ƩƽƾƷ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ ȅŐdzơ NJȈŪơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƣǂƷ Ǻǟ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ŀ (džǴƥȂǣ) ºdz ŐƻƗ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯȁ .ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨȇƢȀǼdz ȄǐǫƗ ǹƗȁ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ǵȁƾƫ Ǻdz ƢĔƗ ǺǷ ơƆƾǯƘƬǷ ǂƻȉơ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǼȈƥ ǂȀNjƗ 4 ƢēƾǷ ƧŚǐǫ śǴƟƢǨƬŭơ ƨƠǧ śƥ ƾǠƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ .292" ǩǁȁ ǺǷ ǂǐǫ ǁƢȈĔƜǯ ǁƢȀǼƬLJ ƨȈǨnjdzȂƦdzơ" ǞǫȂƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ .Ƨǁǀūơ ǾƬǠȈƦǘƥ ǥǂǟ ȅǀdzơ Ȃǿ ƆȐǬǠƫ ǶȀǼǷ ǂưǯƗ ǹƢǯ ǾdzƙƢǨƫ Ǻǰdz ƨǯǂƷ ƨdzȂȀLJ ȄǴǟ ǦǫȂƬȇ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƵƢų ǹƗ ǶǴǠȇ ǹƢǯȁ .ƨǜū ǂƻƕ Ŀ ǂȀǜƫ DzȈǫơǂǟ ǹƢǯǁȋơ džȈƟǂdz ƵǂǏ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯȁ .ǪƟƢǟ ƢȀǬȈǠȇ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȏ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǸǴǠdzơ ǀǼǷ ƩƢƷƢƴǼdzơ ǪȈǬŢ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ":1941 ǁơƿƕ 17 Ŀ (ǂdzƽƢǿ DŽǻơǂǧ)ƨȇŐdzơ ƩơȂǬǴdz .293"ƢȀǬȈǠȇ ǹƗ ƔȆNj ƭƾŹ ȏ ǹƗȁ ƣǂūơ ƨȇơƾƥ ȆǨǧ .ƢƆǷƢŤ Ǯdzƿ ǥǂǠȇ ǹƢǯȁ ǹƢǿǂdzƢƥ ǾƦNjƗ ƪǻƢǯ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ȄǴǟ ǾƬǴŧ ǹƛ .ƽȂǟȂdzơȁ ǁƢǘƻȋơ ǂǯƿ Ǻǟ ǦǫȂƬȇ ȏ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 22 ƪǬƦLJ Ŗdzơ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ ǹƢǯ .295ƢƆǔȇƗ ƧŚƦǯ ƧǂǗƢű Dzƥ "294ƧǂǗƢű" Ǻǟ ƧǁƢƦǟ ǹƢǯ "ƢLJȁǂƥǂƥ" ƨȈǴǸǠǧ ƨƸǴLJƗ " ƨȀƳơȂŠ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ Dzǿ .DZȂȀĐơ ȄǴǟ ƶƬǨȈLJ "ǪǴǤǷ ƣƢƥ ǵƢǷƗ" ǾǻƘǯȁ ǂǠnjȇ Ń ǹƛȁ .ƢƆƦǠǏ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƢLJȁǂƥǂƥ ǹƗ ǮNj ȏ Ÿ296śƦǐǠƬǷ ƽƢǼǟ ǾƳơȂȇ ǵƗ ."ƨȇǂLJ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ .297ǞȈǔȈLJ ƔȆNj Dzǯ ǂƻƕ ȁƗ Dzǰnjƥ ƵƢƴǼdzơ ƢŮ ƤƬǰȇ ȆȀƬǼȇ ǹƗ ƢǷ ǦǫȂƬƬLJ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǞǷ ǾƥǂƷ ǹƗ ǁȂǐƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ ƧŚƦǯ ƨǬƯ ǾnjȈŝ Ǫưȇ ȅǀdzơȁ ƣǂūơ Ǧǫȁ ńơ ƢǿǂǘǔƬLJ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ƨŻDŽǿ ǹƛ .ƢȈLJȁǁ ǞǷ ǾƥǂƷ ǺǷ .298ǵƢǠdzơ ƨȇƢĔ DzƦǫ ļƘȈLJ ƢŠǁ ǽǀǿ ƔƢȀƬǻƜƦǧ ."ƢLJȁǂƥǂƥ" ƨǴŧ ƵƢų ȄǴǟ ƢȀƷƢų ƾǸƬǠȇ ƧŚưǯ ơƆǁȂǷƗ ǹȋ ơǀǿ ƢǿǁƢǜǻƗ DZȂŢ Ǯdzǀƥȁ .ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǞǷ ƣǂūơ ƔƢȀƬǻƛ ǹȐǟƛ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ȄǴǟ ƤƳȂƬȇ ƨǴǸūơ ǁơǂǫƛȁ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ǽǀǿ ƵƢų ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ Ǿǻƛ .ƨȈǻȂLjǯƢLJ-ȂǴǰǻȍơ ǦdzƢƸƬdzơ ȃȂǫ ȂŴ ƧŚưǯ ƩƢǗȂǤǔdz ƨǓǂǟ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƣǂƷ ǑȂƻ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ǾǴȈǿƘƫ ƾȈǟƗ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƽƢǐƬǫƛ ƣǂūơ DzǠŸ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǂƻƕ ƤƦLJ ơǀǿȁ .ƨȈdzȁȋơ ƽơȂŭơȁ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƾȈdzơ ƨǴǫ ƢȀǼǷ .ƽȐƦdzơ ƩơŚŬ ǞȇǂLJ DZȐǤƬLJƜƥ ƶǸLjȇ ƽȁƾƄơ ŚǷƾƬdzơ ǹƛ :ƾǷȋơ ƧŚǐǫ ňƢŭȋơ NJȈŪơ ǂNjƢƦȇ ǹƗ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ǵDŽȀǼȇ ǹƗ ƢǷ ǦȇǂŬơ Ŀ ǁǂǬŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ơǀǰǿȁ .ǩǁƢǗ DzƦƳ ǪȈǔǷ ȄǴǟ ŅȂƬLjȇȁ ǖLJȂƬŭơ ǂǏƢŹ Ňƽȋơ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ǾƫƢȈǴǸǟ 137

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ńơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǂǘǔƬLJ ƢȀǼȈƷ .ȆLjǴǗȋơ ǁDŽƳ DZȂǗ ȄǴǟȁ ƨȈƥǂǤdzơ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƗ Ŀ ǂǬƬLjȇ Ļ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ǾƬȀƳ ǺǷ .1942 ǵƢǟ Ŀ ƾƷ ƾǠƥƗ ȄǴǟ ƶǴǐdzơ ƾǬǟ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ȄǴǟ ƔȐȈƬLJȍơ ńơ ƾǸǠȈLJ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ǖǤǓ ǺǷ ǽǂȇǂŢ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ DzƻƾƬdzơ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǘǤǓ DzǰnjȈLJ ƢŲ Ȅǐǫȋơ ǩǂnjdzơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DzƻƾƬƫ Ń DZƢƷ ȆǨǧ .ǂǴƬǿ ŚǰǨƫ ȄǴǟ ƿȂƸƬLjȇ ǹƢǯ ȆǯŚǷȋơ ǝơǂǐdzơ ǹƜǧ ƢȀƬǴƻƽ ǹƛȁ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƾƷ ƾǠƥƗ ȄǴǟ ǵƢǠdzơ ƨȇƢĔ DzƦǫ ȆȀƬǼƬLJ ǾƥǂƷ ǹƜǧ .299" ƨǴȇȂǗ ƩơȂǼLjdz" ǂǸƬLjȈLJ ƪǻƢǯ ƾǬǧ .ǽǂǜƬǼȇȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǾǴǷƘȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ ȄǴǟ ƪƥƢƳƗ ƨǴǸƸǴdz ńȁȋơ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ ǹƛ ńơ ƧŚƦǯ ƨǟǂLjƥ ƢȀƬǬū Ľ ƽȐƦdzơ ǪǸǟ ńơ ƣȁǂŮơ ȄǴǟ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩŐƳƗ ƾǫ ǾƫơȂǫ NJȈŪơ ǶƟƢǼǣ Ǻǟ ǺǴǠƫ ǩơȂƥȋơ ƪǻƢǯ ǵȂȇ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǷȂȇȁ .ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ǪǸǟ ǃȂŤ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ .ƔƢǼƴLjdzơ ǺǷ ǥȏȉơ ƩƢƠǷ Ʃȏȉơ ǺǷ ƧŚƦǯ ƽơƾǟƗ :ƨƦLjƬǰŭơ ňƢŭȋơ ƾǬǧ ǂǴƬǿ ƢǷƗ .300ƪƸų ƾǫ ƨǴǸūơ ǹƗ ǹȁƾǬƬǠȇ ňƢŭȋơ NJȈŪơ Ŀ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƢǯ ǽƢš ǽǁȂǠNj Ǻǟ ƩŐǟ ƨǨȈǼǟ ǙƢǨdzƘƥ ƢȀƷǂǘȇ ƨȇǁƢǸǠƬLJƛ ǵȐƷƗ Ŀ ǽǁƢǰǧƗ ƪƷǂLJ Ƨǂǰƥ Ǻǟ ƽơǂǤǼǼȈdzȁ ȂǰLJȂǷ ƾȈƦƫ ǾƫơǂƟƢǗ DzLJŚLJ ǾǻƘƥ ǺǴǟƗ ǃȂŤ 8 Ŀȁ .ƨǴǸūơ ǮǴƫ ƨdzƢǟƛ ńơ ǂǘǔȇ Ǻdz ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ ƽƢƬǠdzơ ȏȁ DZƢƳǂdzơ ǂLjź Ǻdz Dzǰnjdzơ ơǀđȁ .ƢȀȈƥƗ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdz ƨȈǧơǂǣȂŻƽ ƨƯǁƢǯ ǵȁƾǫ ǂǠnjƬLJƛȁ .ǵƽƢǬdzơ ƔƢƬnjǴdz ǹƾŭơ ǮǴƫ ǹƢǰLJ .301ƢƆǔȇƗ ǹƾŭơ ǮǴƫ ǹƢǰLJ Ǻǰdzȁ ƢȀƬȈƸǓ ƢǿƾƷȁ ƨȈǨȈnjdzȂƦdzơ ǑȂƻ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƱƢǿ Dzƥ ǞƦǘdzƢƥ ǾǯǂƬȈdz Ǻǰȇ Ń ƨȇƽȂȀȈǴdz ȅƽƢǠŭơ ǾLJȂǿ ǹƛ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǟǁƾŭơ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ Ǿǫǂǧ DZƢȈƷ ơƆŚƦǯ ƢƆǬǴǫ ǂȀǛƗ ǃȂŤ 10 Ŀȁ .ǭǁƢǠŭơ ǹȂǴǰnjȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǼȇƾŭơ ǹƢǰLJ ǹƘƥ ƢƆǠǼƬǬǷ ǹƢǯ .ǦȈȈǯ ńơ ƢȀǬȇǂǗ Ŀ DzǣȂƬƫ śǘNjƢǻ ƢƆǷȂǐƻ ǶȀȈǧ ȃǂȇ ǹƢǯ .ǁȂLjŪơ ǵƾǿ ńơ ǹȁƾǸǠȈLJ  302ƨƠŭƢƥ 35 10 ǵȂȇ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀȁ .ǽŚǰǨƫ Ǻǟ ƧƾȈǠƥ DZơDŽƫ ȏ ƪǻƢǯ ǁǃƢĐơ Ƨǂǰǧ ǹƗ ȏƛ .śLJǂNjȁ Ʃǂƥȁǁ) ƢƆȈLJƢȈLJ DZƽƢǠȇ ǾǻƗ ǾǻơȂǟƗ ǺǷ ƧŚǤǏ ƨǟȂǸů Ŀ ƵǂǏ ƩơǀdzƢƥ ǃȂŤ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǦnjƬǯƛ ǽǁȁƾƥ Ȃǿ DzȈLJƢƦdzơ ƢȇŚƬǯƢƥ (ljȂǯ) ǦnjƬǯƛ ƢǸǰǧ .(ljȂǯ ƨdzȁƽ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ ǞǗƢǬdzơ DZƢưŭơ Ȅǘǟơ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǾǼǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǷȁ ."ȆǟƢǸƬƳȍơ DzǴƸƬdzơ ƧŚŨ" .303ǶȀȈdzƛ ƢǿƽƾLJ Ŗdzơ ƧȂLjǫ ǂưǯȋơ ƨƥǂǔdzơ ƪǻƢǰǧ :ƽȂȀȇ ǹȁƾƥ ƢȈŢ ǹƗ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ 138

ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƔƢȀƬǻƛ ƾǼǟ ǾȈǴǟ DzǸǠdzơ ƗƾƦȈLJ ȅǀdzơ ƶǴLjƬdzơ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ȄǴǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǩƽƢǏ ǃȂŤ 14 Ŀ ǺǷ ƲǷƢǻŐdzơ ơǀǿ .NJȈŪơ Ŀ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ƽƾǟ ǦȈǨƼƬƥ ȆǓƢǬdzơȁ ƢLJȁǂƥǂƥ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƩƢȈdzȉơ ƽƾǟ ǺǷ ǦǟƢǔȈLJȁ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ƨǴǷƢǟ ƾȇ ǦdzƘƥ ƱƢƬǻȍơ ȄǴǟ ƽȂǠȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj .ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƛ Ŀȁ Ňƽȋơ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀǓȂƼȈLJ Ŗdzơ ƣǂƸǴdz ơƆƽơƾǠƬLJƛ Ŀ ǶǿƢLjƬLJ ƢĔƗ ƮȈƷ ǽǀǿ ƶǴLjƬdzơ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƨȈǴǸǟ ǺǷ Őǯȋơ ƾȈǨƬLjŭơ Ȇǿ ƩơǂƟƢǘdzơ ƾǯƚȇ ȂȀǧ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ƢǷơ .ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ơǀǿ 304ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǞǷ ƩƢƥƢLjūơ ƨȈǨǐƫ ǹƢǯ ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ơƾǟ .ƩƢǠǫȂƬǴdz ƨǬƥƢǘǷ ƩƔƢƳ ƨǴǸƸǴdz ńȁȋơ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ ǹƗ ǂǴƬŮ .ƨȈƷƢǻ Dzǯ ǺǷ ǾƬŦƢǿ ƧŚưǯ ƩƢƥƢLjŞ Ȑ Ɔ ǤnjǼǷ ǺǷ DzƟƢŮơ Ƕǰdzơ Ɣơǃƛ ǾƬnjǿƽ Ǻǟ řȈdzȂLJȂŭ Őǟ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 30 ǺǷ ƔÅ ơƾƬƥƛ ȃƾdz ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǹȁDŽű ǹƘƥ ƞƳȂǧ ƧDŽȈƳȁ ƧǂƬǧ ƾǠƥȁ .305ǶǐŬơ ƢȀǰǴŻ Ŗdzơ ƨƸǴLJȋơ ǾƬnjǿƽ ƪǻƢǯ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗȁ .ǾȈdzƛ ƪǴǬǻ Ŗdzơ ƩƢǠǫȂƬdzơ ǺǷ Śưǰƥ ŐǯƗ Ȃǿ ǶǐŬơ ȅǀdzơ ƽƢǼǠdzơ ơǀǿ DZƢƬǬdzơ ƨǴǏơȂǷ Ŀ ƢŮƢƳǁ ƽƢǼǟȁ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƧǁƾǬǷ ǵƢǷƗ ƧŚƦǯ ŚǐǷ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ǹȂȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ǹȂnjƬǨŭơ ǾȀƳơȁ ȅǀdzơ ŚǐŭƢƥ ơȂǸǴǟ śƷ ƽơǃ Ŗdzơ ǹƢǰLjdzƢƥ ȄǸǟȋơ DzȈưǸƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ơƾǟ ơǀǿ .ǵƢǟ Dzǰnjƥ śȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ƔƢǼƴLjdzơ ǞǓȂdzơ ǹƢǰǧ ƪǫȂdzơ ơǀǿ ƔƢǼƯƗ Ŀȁ ƣǂǤdzơ Ŀ ƢǷƗ .ǍƢƻ Dzǰnjƥ DzƬƄơ ƢȀǠƦƫƛ ȃǂƻƗ ƧǂǷ .ơƾǼǴLjȇƛ Ŀ ƢŮ ƧƾǟƢǫ ƩƘnjǻƗ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzƢǧ :ƢƆǔȇƗ ǁȂǿƾƬȇ ƣǂūơ Ŀ DZȂƻƾdzơ ƾȇǂȇ ȏ ȂȀǧ žǾƬȇǂŞ ƩơȂǫ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƩƢǗȂǤǓ ǵƢǷƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǾLjǨǻ ƾŸ ǾƫơȂǫ ǂǐǻ ǹƗ ƾǬƬǠȇ ƮȈƷ "Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǂȀNj ȁƗ ǂȀNj DzƦǫ" ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǞǷ .ƣǂūơ DZȂƻƽ Ǻǟ306 ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DZȁƾǟ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠȈLJ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ƨǴLjǴLJ" ȂƳ Ŀ ǽƢȇƛ ƢƆǠǓơȁ (ƢǸȈNjȁƗ) ňƢƥƢȈdzơ ŚǨLjdzơ ǂǴƬǿ DzƦǬƬLJƛ ǃȂŤ 15 Ŀ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩơȂǬǴdz ƨǴƟƢŮơ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƧȂǬdzƢƥ ƞƳȂǧ śƷ ƢȀǼǷ ŇƢǟ Ŗdzơ "ƩƖƳƢǨŭơ ."ƨLJǂƬǨǷ ƩƢǻơȂȈƷ" ºǯ DzƫƢǬƫ ƨƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ .DZƢƬǬdzơ Ŀ ǶȀLJƘƥ Ǻǟȁ DZƙƢǨƬdzơ ơǀǿ .DZȂǴȇƗ ǖLJơȁƗ Ŀ ȆȀƬǼȈLJ DZƢƬǬdzơ ǹƗ ǁƾǫ ƾǬǧ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ ǾǼǰdzȁ ǵƢǫ ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ Ȃǿȁ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƽƾŰ ǥƾǿ ńơ ȆǷǂȇ ǾǼǰdz ǩƽƢǏ ǾǻƗ ǮNj ȏ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ƩƢǰǴƬǸŭơ ƨŦƢȀǸÃǴǟ ǞȈƥǂdzơ ƧǂƬǧ ƨǴȈǗ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ǞȈƴnjƬƥ ǂǴƬǿ DZƢǫȁ .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ƾǓ ǾƥǂƷ Ŀ ǾƦǻƢƳ ńơ ǾdzȂƻƽ Ƥǣǂȇ Ȃǿ Ƣǿ Ȅǐǫȋơ 139

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

DzǸǠȈLJ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƤǻƢƳ ńơ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ DZȂƻƽ Ǻǰdzȁ ƧƾǟƢLjǷ ƨȇƗ ńơ ƨƳƢŞ džȈdz ǾǻƗ ơƆƾǯƚǷ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǾƦǻƢƳ ńơ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ DZȂƻƽ ǹƘƥ ƆƢǨȈǔǷ DZƢǫȁ .DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ ƢǸēƢǫȐǟ DŽȇDŽǠƫ ȄǴǟ Ȑƥ ƽȂǠƬLJ ƩƢȈǧȂLjǴdz ƨǠȇǂLJ ƨŻDŽǿ ǹƛ .ƢȀƟƢȀƬǻƛ Ŀ ǝǂLjȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƣǂūơ DZȂƻƽ ǵƾǟ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ǶǣǂƬLJ ƢĔƗ ƢǸǯ śǧǂǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾƟƢǨdzƢƥ ǮNj džǨǻ Ŀ Ȃǿ ǾȇƾƦȇ ȅǀdzơ DZƢǤnjǻȍơ ǂȇƾǬƫ ǖLjƥƗ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ǪǴǬdzơ ơǀǿ .307ƣǂūơ 9 Ŀ ǁƢNjƗ ƾǫ ƢǷȁǁ Ŀ (ȂǻƢȈNj) ǹƢǯ ƾǫȁ .ƨǨȈǴūơ ȃȂǬdzơ DZƢǤnjǻƛ Ǻǟ ŐǠȇ ƪǫȂdzơ DzƫƢǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨƦǴǐƬŭơ ƨǷȁƢǬŭơ ƤƦLjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƾȇƾNj ƔǖƦƥ ǵƾǬƬȇ ňƢŭȋơ NJȈŪơ ǹƗ ǃȂŤ ƺȇơǂdzơ ǹƗ řȈdzȂLJȂǷ ǥȂƻ ǾǼȈǟ ǂȀnjdzơ ǺǷ 16 Ŀ DzǬǻ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǯ .ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ Ƣđ .308ƨdzȂȀů ƩȏƢǸƬƷƛ ǵƢǷƗ ǽƔƢǨǴƷȁ ǾǠǔȇ ƢǷ ƔƢƬnjdzơ DzƦǫ ǁƢǐƬǻȍơ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ Ǻdz ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƦǧ .ƨȈǬȈǬƷ ƨǷǃƗ ńơ ƾǟƢǐƬŭơ ǪǴǬdzơ DZȂŢ ǃȂŤ ǺǷ ňƢưdzơ ǦǐǼdzơ Ŀȁ DzƟƢǐǧ ƩǀƻƗ ƢǸǯ ŚƦǯ ƪǼǠƬƥ DZƢƬǬdzơ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƪǠƥƢƫ ƨǸȈLjŪơ ǂƟƢLjŬơ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǵƾǬƫ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ ǾǻƗ ƶǓơȂdzơ ǺǷ ƶƦǏƗȁ .ǁȂȀǜdzƢƥ ƢŮ ƨǠƥƢƫ ƧŚƦǯ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƧȂǬdzơ ǹƛ .ƽȂnjǼŭơ ǥƾŮơ ńơ Dzǐƫ Ń ƢĔƗ ȏƛ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ Dzƻơƽ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǒǬƫ Ń ƢĔƗ ȏƛ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƨŻDŽǟ ǺǷ ƪǨǠǓƗ ƾǫ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ Ƣđ DzƫƢǬȇ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ǶLjǬƥ ƾǸǟ ƾǫ ǶǐŬơ ǹƢǯȁ .309ǃȂŤ 23 Ŀ (ǂdzƽƢǿ) ǂȇƾǬƫ ƤLjŞ ǶȈǜǼƫ ǾdzȂź ǞǓȁ Ŀ ƶƦǏƗ Ǯdzǀƥȁ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩơȂǬǴdz ǪȇȂǘƫ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ńơ ǾƫơȂǫ ǾǻƘƥ (NJƬȈNjȁǂƥ) ƨȈǓǁȋơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƾƟƢǫ ƵǂǏ ǃȂŤ 25 Ŀȁ .DzǔǧƗ Dzǰnjƥ ǾƫƢǟƢǧƽ ǶǔǬƫ ƣǂūơ ƧƾǷ DZȂǗ" ǹƘƥ ǥƢǓƗȁ "ȅƾƳ Ƕǐƻ" ǵƢǷƗ ǾLjǨǻ ƾŸ ńȁȋơ ƧǂǸǴdzȁ ."310ƣƢǐǟȋơ (DzƬȈǯ) ƩơǂǯǀǷ Ŀ .ƣǂūơ ǺǷǃ ƽơƾƬǷơ ǺǷ ǂǴƬǿ ȄǴǟ ǺǸȈȀȇ ǪǴǬdzơ ǀƻƗ ƢǸǯ ǾǷƢǷƗ ȆǬƥ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ǻǟ ƨǛȂƸǴǷ ƨȈnjş ǁǂȀǨdzơ DZƔƢLjƫ " ǃȂŤ 25 Ŀȁ ǾǻƗ DZȂǬȇ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǹƗ ƢǸǯ .311"ƾǠƥ ǂǜƬǻƗ ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ ƪǫȂdzơ ǺǷ Ƕǯȁ .ƢȈLJȁǁ ǺǷ ȆȀƬǼȇ Ȇǯ ǂȀǨǰȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨǟǂLjdzơ ńơ Śnjƫ ǽǂƫƢǧƽ ƩǁƢNjƗ ƢǸǯ ǂƫȂƬdzơ ǂǿƢǜǷ džǨǻ ǾȈǴǟ Ʃƾƥ ȁƾǠdzơ Ƣđ ǵȁƢǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǫǁƢŬơ ƧȂǬdzơ Ǻǟ ǦǟƢǔƬǷ ǪǴǬƥ ǺǴǟƗ ǃȂŤ 17 Ŀ .ȂŪơ ƢȀȈǧ ƔƢǬƦdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƢƆǟơǂǏ ƣǂūơ ȃǂȇ ƶƦǏơ śǷȂȇ ƾǠƥȁ .312ƩƢȀƦŪơ ǦǴƬű ȄǴǟ ƔƢǘǟƛ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ ƾǸǟ ǃȂŤ 26 Ŀȁ .313ƨȇǃƢǼdzơȁ ƨȈǨnjdzȂƦdzơ śƫƾȈǬǟ śƥ ƢƆǟơǂǏ 140

ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƣǁƢŢ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǹƗ ǶȀǨȇ ǹƗ ƤǠnjdzơ ȄǴǟ" ǾǻƗ ƢǿƽƢǨǷ ƨȇƢǟƾdzơ ƤƬǰŭ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩƢǸȈǴǠƫ ȄǴǟ ƢēǂǘȈLJ śƥȁ ǪǴǘŭơ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨǷȋơ ƩȂǷ śƥ ǁƢƬŵ ǹƗ ƢǼȈǴǟȁ ƢȀƟƢǬƥ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ."314ŃƢǠdzơ ǖǘƼŭơ ǹƛ .ǾȈǴǟ ǂǘȈLJ ƾǫ ƨǬưdzơ ǹơƾǬǨƥ ơƆǁȂǠNj ǹƗ ǂǴƬǿ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ǺǷ ȁƾƦȇ ǹƢǯȁ .ƧǂǜƬǼǷ ŚǤdzơȁ ƨLJǂnjdzơ Džȁǂdzơ ƨǷȁƢǬǷ ǵƢǷƗ ǾƫǁơƾƳ ǵƾǟ ƪƦƯƗ ƾǫ ƩƢȈǴǸǠǴdz Ņȁȋơ ǾȈƳȂƬdzơ ǹƛ .ƧƾǠdzơ ǹƢŭȋơ ƢŮ ƾǠȇ Ń Ŗdzơ ƨȈdzƢǸƬƷȍơ ǽǀǿ ńơ Śnjȇ ƢǷ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǾǼȈƥ ǂȀNj Ƨƾŭ ǂǸƬLJƛ DZƾŪơ ǺǷ ƢƆƥƢƥ ƶƬǧ ǃȂŤ 19 Ŀ ǞǫȂŭơ  33 Ƕǫǂdzơ DzǸŹ ȅǀdzơ ƢǿƿƢţƛ ƤŸ Ŗdzơ ƩơȂǘŬơ ƤƦLjƥ (ǂdzƽƢǿ) ǞǷ ƨǏƢƻȁ śȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ǺȇǁƢnjƬLjŭơ śƥȁ NJȈŪơ ǹƢǯǁƗ ƧƽƢȈǫ džȈƟǁ ǹƢǯ Ǿƫơƿ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ .ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ƨǴǏơȂǷ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨƸǴLJƗ ǺǷ ǺǰŲ ƽƾǟ ŐǯƗ ǪƸLJ ǥƾđ ȂǰLJȂǷ ńơ ƩơȂǫ DZƢLJǁƛ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ DzƴǠƬLjȇ ƨƸǼƳȋơ ȄǴǟ ƩȐŧ ǺNj Ŀ Ƥǣǂȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ śƷ Ŀ .ȆLJȁǂdzơ NJȈŪơ ƽƢƬǟȁ ƨȇǁȂǨdzơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ǾdzȂţ ƢǸǯ ƢȀǼǟ ǝƢǧƾdzơ ǕȂǘƻ śƥȁ ȂǰLJȂǷ śƥ Ǫȇǂǘdzơ ǞǘǬƫ Ǻǰdz .ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ DZƢſ Ŀ ƨȇȂdzȋơ ƽơȂŭơȁ ƨǫƢǘdzơ ǁƽƢǐǷ ȄǴǟ ǃȂŤ 30 ºƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ǮǴƫ ƢȀǼǷ ƨǜǨdzơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ǽǀǿ Ǻǟ ƩǁƾǏ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƩƢȀȈƳȂƫ ƨǸƼǓ ƩơȂǫ ǁȂȀǛ ƤƦLjƥȁ ƨǟƢLjdzơ ǽǀŮ .ȅǁǀŪơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƢēƢȈǗ Ŀ ƪǴŧ Ŗdzơȁ ǹƜǧ ƨƸǨǐŭơ ƢǼǴƟƢǐǧ ƵȐǏƛ ńơ ƢǼƬƳƢƷȁ ƽơƾǷȍơ ƩƢƳƢȈƬƷƛ ƤƦLjƥȁ ƨȇƽƢǠǷ ǞǓȁ ńơ ǵȂƴŮơ ǞǓȁ ǺǷ DZȂƸƬƫ ƨȀƦŪơ ǖLJȁ Ŀ ƧƾƳơȂƬŭơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƨǟȂǸů .315ǝƢǧƾdzơ ƔȆLjdzơ ǂƯƗ ƢŮ ǹƢǯ ǃȂŤ ǦǐƬǼǷ ǀǼǷ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƢȀƬȀƳơȁ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơ ǹƛ Ǿǧǂǐƫ Ŀȁ ǺǷȋơȁ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ǚǨƷ Ƨǁȁǂǔdz Ǿǯơǁƽƛ DZȂƷ ƨǏƢşȁ ǂǴƬǿ ƨȈLjǨǻ ȄǴǟ .DZƢƬǬdzƢƥ ňƢŭȋơ NJȈƴǴdz Ǻȇƾȇƚŭơ ƾǓ ǽƔơƾǻ śdzƢƬLJ ǪǴǗƗ ǃȂŤ 3 Ŀ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ DZƢȈƷ ƾȇơDŽƬȈLJ ǾǼǰdz ǦȈǠǓ ǂǘƻ ƾǓ ǭǂƸƬƫ ƢȈdzƢǘȇȍ ƨǴȈǴǬdzơ ƨȈǻƢŭȏơ ǕƢȈƬƷȍơ ƩơȂǫ ƩơƽƢȈǫ ǶǿƗ ǶǓ ǂŤƚǷ DZȐƻȁ ǃȂŤ 16 Ŀȁ .ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩơȂǬdzơ NJǘƥ ƤƦLjƥ ƢƆǸƬƷ ƢǸǯ .ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ƣǂūơ ǹȐǟȍ ǾƬǟƽ Ŗdzơ ǥơƾǿȋơ Ǻǟ ǂǴƬǿ ƭƾŢ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ƣDŽūơ :ƨǷǃȐdzơ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ Dzǯ" ƩơǂǸǠƬLjǷ ńơ ƨƦǐƬǤŭơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ơƆǂLJ DzȇȂŢ ǾƬȈǻ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗ ƢǼǴȇȂţ" Ŀ ƢǿƾƟơȂǧ ƢŮ ǹƜǧ Ǻȇƾȇƚŭơ ƾǓ ƣǂūơ ƢǷƗ ."...łƛ ȆǨǻ ǍƢǏǂdzƢƥ ƢƆȈǷǁ 141

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƨǴȈLJȂdzơȁ ƨŭƢLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ƨǴƬƄơ ȆǓơǁȋơ "...ƢǼǓǁƢǠȇ ǺǷ Dzǯ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬdzơ Ń ǹƛȁ ǑǁƢǠǷ ǾǻƗ ǾƫƢǧǂǐƫ ǺǷ ǂȀǜȇ ǎƼNj ȅƗ DzƬǬǻ ǹƗ" Ȇǿ Ǯdzƿ ǪȈǬƸƬdz Ǟųȋơ ."316Ƥǔǣ Ƨǂǜǻ ƢǼȈdzƛ ǂǜǼdzơ ȃȂLJ DzǠǨȇ ƨȈǨǴŬơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ ƩơƽƢȈǫ ńơ ǽǂǷƗ ơƆǁƾǐǷ ǽǁơǂǫ Ǻǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǞƳơǂƫ ǃȂŤ 22 Ŀ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ Dzǯ .ǺǷȋơ ǚǨū ƢēȂLjǫ ƪǤǴƥ ƢǸȀǷ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ Dzǯ DZƢǸǠƬLJƜƥ ƩơȂǬǴdz ƾǸǟ ǵƢȇƗ ƨƯȐƯ ƾǠƥ .317ƔƢȈǸǠdzơ ƨǟƢǘdzơ ȄǴǟ ǶȀǴŧȁ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ǝƢǔƻƛ Ŀ ƨƷƢƬǷ Dzǯ .ƽȁƾūơ Ɣơǁȁ DzƟƢŭơ ǂǘŬơ ǺǷ ǦǫȂǷ ƿƢţȍ NJȈƴǴdz ȄǴǟȋơ ƾƟƢǬdzơ ǽǁȁƾƥ ƨȈƦǴLJ ƨǷȁƢǬǷ ȅƗ DZƢƷ Ŀ .ǾǴƬǬƥ ǾǼǷ ǵƢǬƬǻȏơ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ ƨǯǂǠŭơ Ŀ ǾȈǴǟ ǒƦǬȇ Ƕǐƻ ơȂǰLjŻ Ń ǹƛȁ "Ƣđ ǾƦƬnjŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠǴdz" ƨȈǟƢŦ ƩƢǷƢǬƬǻơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ńơ ƾǸǠȇ ǹƢǰLjdzơ ǺǷ ńơ ơƆǁȂǧ ǹȂǸǴLjȈǧ ƨǷȋơ ơƆǂǘƻ ǹȂǴǰnjȇ ǶĔƗ Ƕđ ǽƢƦƬNjȍơ DzǐƷ ƢŶƛȁ śLjƦǴƬǷ Ƕđ .ǽǂǷƗ Ŀ ƪƦǴdz 318DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ ǹƢŭȋơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨǛƢǜǨƥ Ǒǁȋơ ȄǴǟ ǶƳǂƫ ȅǀdzơ SS ºǴdz ȅȂǷƾdzơ ǕƢnjǼdzơ Őǟ ǶēơȂǫ Dznjǧ ƨƴȈƬǻ ƢĔȐǟƛ ǺǷ ǖǬǧ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ ƾǠƥȁ ƨǴǸūơ DZȐƻ ƢēŚƫȁ ƩƾǟƢǐƫ Ŗdzơ ƾǓ DZƢƬǬdzơ ơǀŮȁ ƨƦǓƢǤdzơ ƩƢǧǂǐƬdzơ ǽǀŮ Ǫȇǂǘdzơ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƧƾȈǬǠdzơ ƩƾȀǷ .ƽȁƾūơ ȄǴǟ ňƢŭȋơ NJȈŪơ ǹƢǯ .ǥǂǘƬdzơ ȂŴ ƢƆǠȈŦ Ƕđ ƪǠǧƽ ǹƕ Ŀ ǺǘȈnjǷȁ ǂǬƬŰ Ƕǐƻ ƨƠǧ ǽǀǿ ǹȂǴưŻ ǶĔƗ ȄǴǟ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ńơ ǁƢNjƗ ƾǫ ƨǴǸūơ ǹȐǟȍ ńȁȋơ ǵƢȇȋơ ǀǼǷȁ ǞǸŪơ ǹƛ ƢǸǯ .ǵDŽƷȁ ƧȂLjǫ Dzǰƥ ƣǁƢŹ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȅǀdzơ ǂǘŬơ ǶĔƗȁ ƢȀȈǧ ƢƆȀƦƬnjǷ śȇǂǰLjǠdzơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ƨLJƢȈLJ Ŀ ǾLjǨǻ Ǒǂǧ ƽȂȀȈdzơ śƥȁ ƽȁƾūơ ǦǴƻ śǷȁƢǬŭơ śƥ ǹƗ Ŀ SS ºdzơ ƩơȂǬdz ǹƢǼǠdzơ ǪǴǗƗȁ .NJȈƴǴdz ƨȈǨǴŬơ ǕȂǘŬơ ȄǴǟ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Dzǯ Ŀ .319ǦǫȂƫ ǹȁƽ DzǸǠƫ ơǀǿ ƔƢǼƯƗ Ŀȁ .(ǮȈǻǂƫƢǨǯ) DZƢNjǁƢŭơ ƆƢȈƫơȁǂǯ ȏƆ ȁƚLjǷ ǂǴƬǿ DzƦǬƬLJƛ ǃȂŤ 22 Ŀ DZȐƻ ƢȀƬȈǨǐƫ ǶƬƬLJ ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ ȃȂǬdzơ ǺǷ Őǯȏơ ǶLjǬdzơ ǹƘƥ ǾƬǟƢǼǫ Ǻǟ ǽŐƻƗ ƔƢǬǴdzơ ƨȇƢĔ ƢƆǷƢŤ ǥǂǠȇ śdzƢƬLJ ǹƗ ơƆǂǯơƿ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǠƳǂǷ Ǿdz ơƆǀƼƬǷ ǞȈƥƢLJƗ ƨȈǻƢť ȁƗ ƨƬLJ ƾȈǠǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾǼǰdzȁ ƔȆnjƥ ƨȈǻȐǬǠdzơ ńơ ƪŻ ȏ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǷ ƶȇǂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ .ǹȂȈǴƥƢǻ ƢȈƫơȁǂǰdz ƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ DzǯƢnjŭơ ńơ Ʈȇƾūơ ƢǸđ ǁȂǘƫ Ľ .ƧŚưǯ Ʃȏȏƽ ȁƿ ȆLjǨǼdzơ ƿƢţƛȁ ƧȂLjǫ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ ƾNjƗ DZƢǸǠƬLJƛ Ƨǁȁǂǔƥ ǾǨȈǓ ńơ ƶǐǼdzơ ƔơƾLJƜƥ ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀǴǤƬLJƜǧ 142

ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƢǷ ƨdzȁƽ ǹƛ .śǷǂĐơȁ ǞǸƬĐơ ƔơƾǟƗ ǺǷ ǎǴƼƬdzơ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ .ƢȈƫơȁǂǰdz ƨȇŚȀǘƫ Śƥơƾƫ ǂǧȂƫ ǹƗ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ȏ ȆȀǧ ǶēƢȈŞ ǑǂǠƫ Ȇǯ ƨȀƦŪơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǶǿƗ DzLJǂƫ ƢǷƾǼǟ .ǝƢǟǂdzơ ƧƢȈƷ ơȂǻƢǯ ǶĔƘƥ ǶǿƢȇƛ ƢƆǨǏơȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǻǟ ǂǴƬǿ ƭƾŢ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ǞǓȂdzơ ńơ ƧƽȂǠdzƢƥȁ ƽȐƥ Ŀ ƨȈǨȈnjdzȂƦdzơ Ǻǟ śǓȂǨǷ ǶȀǨǏȂƥ Ƥǟǂdzơ ǹȂLJǁƢŻ ǶĔƛ ."ƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơ ƨǧƕ" ǂǴƬǿ ǺǴǟƗ ƢǸǯ .ƢƆȇȂǷƽ ƢƆǷƢǬƬǻơ ǶȀǼǷ ǹȂǸǬƬǼȇ ƽȐƦdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƢǰLJ ǹƜǧ ǹȉơ ƢǷƗ .ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ǵƗ ǂǬnjǣƾǷ Ŀ Ǯdzƿ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ǾǸȀȇ ȏ ǾǻƗȁ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ǻǟ ǶǿƽƢǠƥƛ Ŀ ǾƬƦǣǁ Ǻǟ ƢȀǼȈƷ ơȂƦƦLjƫ ƢǷȁ ǽȂǴǠǧ Ƣŭ ǶǿƽƢƥȍ NJǘǠƬǷ Ƥǔǣ ǂǴƬǿ ƮȇƾƷ Ŀ ǹƢǯ .320ƢȇŚƦȈLJ Ŀ ƢǷ ƨȈdzȁƚLjǷ ǶǿƾƷȁ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzĈǸŹ ȏ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ .ƨǯǂǠŭơ Ŀ ƽȂǼŪơ ƔƢǷƾdz ƨǫơǁƛ ǺǷ Ǿƥ ƽȐƦdzơ Dzǿȋ ǹƗȁ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ƽȐƥ Ŀ ƪƦǰƫǁƛ Ŗdzơ ǁǃƢĐơ DžƢǸŞ ǂǯǀȇ ǹƢǯȁ . ƭƾƷ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȂȀȇ ǞȈǸš Ŀ ǾǷDŽǟ Ǻǟ ƾǯƗȁ ƽƢǟ ƢǸǯ .ƢȀȈǧ ơƆǃǁƢƥ ơƆǁȁƽ śȈǴǏȋơ .ƢǷ ǺǰŻ ȏ ƨȈdzȁȋơ ƨǷƢǻǃȁǂdzơ ǹƛ .ǶǴǜǷ ǪǧƗ ǵƢǷƗ ƾȇƾƳ ǺǷ ǾLjǨǻ ƾƳȁ ƣƕ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ Ǻdz ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ȄǴǟ ǾƬǴŧ ǹƗ ƨǏƢƻȁ ǵȂȇ ƾǠƥ ƢƆǷȂȇ ƽơƽDŽȇ ǂǘŬơ ǹȋ ƢȀǟƢƦƫơ ȆȀƬǼȇ Ǻdzȁ ƣƕ ǺǷ 15 ºdzơ Ŀ ȂǰLJȂǷ Ŀ ǹƿƛ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz .ƔƢƬnjdzơ DZȂǴƷ DzƦǫ ǾƬǼƫ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ 321(ǡŐǼdzȂǴNj) ŚǨLjdzơ ƾǟȁȁ ǪƦLJ ƢǸǯ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ƣǂūơ ǺǷ ƩƽƢǟ ƨǴǸƸǴdz ƨǬƷȐdzơ ƩơȂǘŬơ DZȂƷ śȇǂǰLjǠdzơ śƥ ƧƽƢūơ ƩƢnjǫƢǼŭơ ǹƛ .ƨǴǸūơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƨƬǫƚǷȁ ƨȈƟDŽƳ ƩƢǫƢǨƫƛ ńơ ơȂǴǏȂƬȇ Ȇǯ ƢēŚƫȁ ǞǨƫǂƬdzȁ ƢĔƢǰǷ ǀƼƬƬdz Ŀ ǞǓȂdzơ ǦǏȂƥ (ǂdzƽƢǿ) ǵƢǫ ƣƕ 11 Ŀ .ǥơǂǗȋơ śƥ ƔơȂƳȋơ ŚǰǠƫ ƢĔƘNj ȆLJȁǂdzơ NJȈŪơ ƧȂǫ ǂȇƾǬƫ ƔƢLJƗ ƾǬdz . ǞƴnjǷ Śǣ ǾǻƗ ȄǴǟ ǦƸǐdzơ ȃƾƷƛ 12 Dzǯȁ .Ȑ Ɔ Ȉǐǧ 360 ơȂǨǘǏƛ Ƕǿ Ƣǿ ǞǫȂƬǷ DzȈǐǧ 200 ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥȁ .ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƧƾƳơȂƬǷ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƧDŽȀů Śǣ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƛȁ ǾǼǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ǹȁǂƻƕ 12 ƤǐƬǼȇ ǂǷƾȇ Ȑ Ɔ Ȉǐǧ Ŀ ǽƾǟơȂǫ ǺǷ Ǿƥǂǫ ǺǷ ƾȈǨƬLjȇ ǶǐŬơ ǹƜǧ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ .ƨǯǂǠŭơ ƨƷƢLJ Ŀ ƽƾŤ ǺǷ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȍơ ǾǻƢǰǷƜƥ ǶǐŬơ ǹƗ Dzƥ .ǶǿƾǟơȂǫ Ǻǟ ǹƢŭȋơ ǾȈǧ ƾǠƬƦȇ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ .322ƢȀƬǬƷȐǷȁ ƢŮ ǾƬŦƢȀŠȁ ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ ƨȀƦŪơ ǕȂǘƻ

143

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƢǸǧ .ȂǰLJȂǷ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ńơ ǥƾȀȇ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǖǘű NJȈŪơ ƵǂƬǫƛ ƣƕ 18 Ŀ ơƆƾƷ ƢƆǠǓơȁ ǽǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ ǑǂǨdz Dzƻƾƫȁ ǖǘƼŭƢƥ ƘƳƢǨƫ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǑȂƷ DZƢǸnjdzơ Ŀ ƽơǂǤǼǼȈdz ƨǬǘǼǷ :Ȇǿ ǶǐƼǴdz ƨȇȂȈūơ DŽǯơǂŭơ ǹƛ DZƢǫ Ľ .ƨnjǫƢǼǸǴdz .ƔƢƬnjdzơ DzƦǫ ƢȀȈǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƤŸ ƣȂǼŪơ Ŀ ǾȈŻǂǰdzơ ƧǂȇDŽƳ ǾƦNj ƨǬǘǼǷȁ džƫƢǻȁƽ .ƨǠƥǁȋơ DŽǯơǂŭơ ǽǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƾǠƥ ȏƛ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ǺǰŻ ȏ ȂǰLJȂǷ ȄǴǟ ǵȂƴŮơ ǹƛ DzƦǫ ƨǴǸūơ ƔƢȀƬǻƛ ǺǷ ǂưǯƘǧ ǂưǯƗ ǹȂǰǰnjȇ ǹƢŭȏơ ǹȂdzȁƚLjŭơ ǹƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ ơǀǿ ǀǼǷ ǶƬȇ ǹƗ ƢŮ ơƆǁǂǬǷ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǶȈǜǼƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ǹƛ ƣƕ 19 Ŀ .ƔƢƬnjdzơ ƨȇƢĔ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀȁ .ƽƾŰ Śǣ ƪǫȁ ńơ ǾǴȈƳƘƫ Ļ ƢLJȁǂƥǂƥ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƾǠƥ ǦȇǂŬơ Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ ǞȈƥǂdzơ Ŀ ƢȀǓȂƻ ơƆǁǂǬǷ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƾǓ ƨȈǴǸǠdzơ ƪǠƳơǂƫ ƾǫ ƪǻƢǯ .Ǻǿơǂdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȈŷƗ ǂưǯƗ ȃǂƻƗ ƩȏƢů ȄǴǟ ƩƢǗƢnjǼdzơ ǞȇǃȂƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ .ƢȀǴǿƢš ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ ƾǠȇ Ń ƲƟƢƬǻ ƢŮ ǹƢǯ "ǞǫȂƬǷ Śǣ Dzǰnjƥ" ƨǴǸŪ ǾdzƢǸǠƬLJơ ǹƛ ƲƟƢƬǻȁ ƩƢƥƢLjƷ ƔơǂƳƜƥ (DzƬȈǯ) ǵƢǫ ƣƕ ǂȀNj ǺǷ ƮǴưdzơ Ŀ ƪƦƬǯ ƧǂǯǀǷ Ŀȁ ǂǿƢƦdzơ ƵƢƴǼdzơ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ƨǴǸūơ ǺǷ ǞȈƥƢLJơ 8 ƾǠƥ .ƩƢǠǫȂƬǴdz ƢƆǓǂǟ ǵƾǫȁ ƨǴǸūơ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ .ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǞǷ ƢȀǷƽƢǐƫ DzǏơȂƫ ƪƻƢŷǁơȁ ºdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ǹƢŭȌdz .ǂȇƢǤǷ ǂǷƗ DZȂǐƷ Ǻǟ ƞƦǼȇ ƭơƾƷȋơ ȃǂů ǹƜǧ ƧƘƴǧ ǶǐŬơ ƩơȂǫ ǁƢȀǼƫ ǹƗ ƢƆǼǰŲ DzƦǫ ƆƢǷƢŤ ǾȈǴǟ ȄǔǬȇ Ǻdz ȁƾǠdzơ ǹƗ DzǸǠdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǓǂǧ ǺǷ (DzƬȈǯ) ǪǴǘǻƛ ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ ƨȈƦǴLjdzơ Ǯdzƿ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǑǂǠȇ ǹƢǯȁ .ǵƽƢǬdzơ ǵƢǠǴdz ǂǸƬLjƬLJ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǹƗȁ ƔƢƬnjdzơ ƔƢȀƬǻƛ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢŭơ ƤǻƢƳ ńơ ǾǗơǂŵƛ Ƨǂǰǧ Ǻǟ ȄǴƼƬȈLJ ǹƢƥƢȈdzơ ǹƛ .ƺȇơǂdzơ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJƛ ȄǴǟ DzǷƢNj ǂǐǻ ƨdzƢŞ  ƨǗȁǂnjǷ ǹƢǯ ƢȀƬǯǁƢnjǷ ǹȋ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ȄǴǟ ƣǂūơ ǾǠǼǷ ǺǰŻ ȏ ǹơǂȇƛ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ńơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǵƢǸǔǻƛ ǹƛ .ƢȈǻƢŭȋ ǹƜǧ ǖLJȂƬŭơ ǒȈƥȋơ ǂƸƦdzơ Ŀ .ƽƢȈūơ ȄǴǟ ǹȁǂǐȇ ƢLjǻǂǧȁ ƢȈǻƢƦLJƛ ȁ ƢȈǯǂƫ ǹȋ ƔơƾƬǟơ ǺǷ ǥȂŬơ ȏȂdz ƆơŚƻƗȁ .ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ƢŲ ƤǠǏơ ƶƦǏƗ ǁȂƄơ ƩơȂǫ ǞǓȁ ƾȇ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢǸnjdzơ ƢȈǬȇǂǧƛ ƪǠǫȁ ơƿơ ƆƢȇǁǀƳ ŚǤƫ ǞǓȂdzơ ǹƢǰdz Ƥȇǂǫ ȆǯŚǷƗ-ȂǴǰǻƗ .ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƧƽƾȀǷ ƢȈdzƢǘȇƛ ƶƦǐƬLJ ƢȀǼȈƷ .ǵȂǐŬơ ơǀǿ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ƨŻDŽǿ Ŀ ǺǸǰȇ (DzƬȈǯ) DZƢǫ ƢǸǯ ƺȇơǂǴdz Śƻȋơ ǥƾŮơ ǹƛ ǞǓȂǴdz (DzƬȈǯ) ƧƔơǂǫ ǹƛ .ǾȈdzƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ Ŀ ǹƢǯ ƪǫȁ ȅƗ ǺǷ ƤǠǏƗ ƶƦǏƗ ǥƾŮơ 144

ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƪǫȁ ȅƗ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƢƆǸƟƢǫ ƢŶƛȁ ƆȐǸƬŰ ƾǠȇ Ń ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ Dzƻƾƫ ǹƗ ǂȀǜƫ ȆLjǴǗȋơ ǩƢưȈŭ ƪǴǧǃȁǁȁ DzNjǂnjƫ ǞȈǫȂƫ ǹƛ .ƪǫȁ ƨdzƘLjǷ ȃȂLJ ƪLjȈdz ƢĔƛ .ȄǔǷ Ŀ ǶǐŬơ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ .ňȂLjǯƢLJ-ȂǴǰǻȍơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǺǷƢǔƫ ȌǸǴdz ǂȀǛƗ ƣƕ 11 Ŀ ƨǷȁƢǬŭơ ǹƗ Dzƥ .ƢƆǸƟƢǫ ȄǬƦȈLJ ǝơǂǐdzơ ǹƜǧ ŅƢƬdzơ ǞȈƥǂdzơ Ŀ ǾǬƸLJ Ļ ƾǫ ǩǂnjdzơ ńơ ƨǨǗƢƻ ƣǂƷ ǺǷ DZƢǬƬǻȏƢƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƨȇƢĔ Ȑƥ ƣǂƸǴdz ƾȇƾŤ Ǻǟ ƪǼǴǟƗ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ Śǣ ǺǷ .(DzƬȈǯ) ƧǂǯǀǷ ǁȂǘLJ śƥ ǺǷ ǾƫƔơǂǫ ǺǰŻ ơǀǿ Dzǯ .ƾǷȋơ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƣǂƷ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀȁ .Ǿƥ ǥơǂƬǟȍơ ǒǧǂȇ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ơǀǿ ǁȂǐƫ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹȂǰȇ ȏƗ DzǸƬƄơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ƔƢLJƙǁ ńơ ƢŮƢLJǁƜƥ ƶũȁ (DzƬȈǯ) ƧǂǯǀǷ ȄǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂŭƢƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǵƢǫ ǂǷȋơ ƢǿǂȇȂǐƫ ǞǼǷ ǾǼǰdzȁ .(ƣȁǂƬǼƦȇǁ) ńơ ƢǸǯ (Ǒǁȋơ ȂŪơ ǂƸƦdzơ) ƭȐưdzơ ƨƸǴLjŭơ .323Ǻȇǂƻƕ śdzȁƚLjǷ ńơ ƢŮƢLJǁƛ ȁƗ ǹƢǯ ƧǂǷ Dzǯ ȆǨǧ .ƣƕ ǂȀNj ƨȇơƾƥ ǀǼǷ ƣǂūơ ƾȇƾŤ ȃȂǻ ƾǬdz ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ ƾǫ ƤǠǐdzơ ǹƗ ǶŮ ƾǯƚȇ ǹƢǯ ƨǷƢǟ ƔƢǨǴƷ ƨdzȁƽ DZƢƳǁ ƤǻƢƳƗ ơƆǁơȁǃ ƢȀȈǧ DzƦǬƬLjȇ .ƨǴƟƢǨƬŭơ ǾƬƠȈǿ ǩǂƬţ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ ǭȂǰNjȁ ƩƢǜǨŢ .ƾȈǯƗ ǂǐǼdzơ ǹƗȁ ƩƢǧ ǍȂǐş "DzǷƘǻ" ƧǁƢƦǟ śƫǂǷ ǂǴƬǿ DzǸǠƬLJƛ ƣƕ 6 Ŀ (ȂǰLjȈǻȂǘǻƗ) ǾdzƢƦǬƬLJƛ ȃƾdzȁ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǶǐŬơ DŽǯơǂǷ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ Ŀ "DzǷƘȇ" ǹƢǯ .ƢŮ ƾǠƬLJơ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǥơƾǿƗ ƢǷƗ .324ƔȆLjdzơ ƔƢƬnjdzơ Dzǐǧ DzƦǫ ǥơƾǿȋơ ǽǀŮ DZȂǏȂdzơ Ŀ "DzǷƘȇ" ǹƢǯ .ƨȇȂȈūơȁ ǾƫƢƷȂǸǗ ƪǻƢǯ ƾǬǧ ǮLjǴȈųƢNjǁƗ – ƢǤdzȂǨdzơ ǖƻ ȆLJƢLJȋơ Ǿǧƾđ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƱƢƬǻƛ DŽǯơǂǷ DZơǁȁȋơ Ɣơǁȁ ǮǴŻ śdzƢƬLJ ǹƗ ǶǴǠȇ ǹƢǯ .ǙȂƸǴǷ Dzǰnjƥ ǎǴǬƬƫ Ǻǟ ơƆƾȈǠƥ ƔơǁȂdzơ ńơ DZƢǸǠdzơȁ ǞǻƢǐŭơ DzǬǼdz ƨǏǂǧ ǾƸǼǷ ǂŻ ǝȂƦLJƗ Dzǯ ǹƗȁ ƨǸƼǓ Ǯdzǀƥ ƢƆǠǼƬǬǷ ƢŠǁ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ Ǯdzƿ ƨȈŷƗ DzȈǴǬƫ DzǔǨȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǼǰdzȁ .ƨȀƦŪơ .DZƢǷǂdzơ Ŀ ǍȂǤƫ ƣǂƷ DZȂƷ ǾƬǟƢǼǫ ƢƆŤƢǯ ǂǐǼdzơ Ǻǟ Ƣǿƽơƽǂƫ ƽĈȂǠƫ Ŗdzơ DZơȂǫȋơ džǨǼƥ ǾƯƽƢƷȁ řȈdzȂLJȂŠ ȄǬƬdzƛ ƣƕ 25 Ŀ Ŀ ƾƷ ƾǠƥƗ ȄǴǟ Ǯdzƿȁ ƧǁǂǰƬŭơ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩƢƥǂǔdzơ ƪŢ ǁƢȀǼȈLJ ȁƾǠdzơ ǹƛ .ǂǜƬǼŭơ džǨǻ Ŀȁ ǾǼǰdzȁ .ǽǁƢȈĔƛ Ŀ ƾǟƢLjƬLJ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǽƾǟơȂǬdz ǾƫǁƢLjƻ ǹƛ.DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǁȂȀNj Ƨƾǟ Ŀ ȁƗ ƧŚǐǫ ƧƾŠ ǁƢȈĔȍơ ơǀǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ơƆŚưǯ ǶȀȇ ȏ ǾǻƘƥ DZƢǫ ƨǴƥƢǬŭơ ƤƬǯ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .325ǹƢŭȋơ ȅƾȇƗ śƥ ǂǐǼdzơ ƩơȁƽƗ ǹƛ .ǵƽƢǬdzơ ǞȈƥǂdzơ ńơ ǂƻƘƬȇ ǹƗ ȁƗ 145

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

DZƙƢǨƬƥ" ǹȂǠƬǸƬȇ ǹƢŭȋơ śȇƽƢȈǬdzơ ǹƗ :ƨǴƥƢǬŭơ ǮǴƫ ơȁǂǔƷ Ǻȇǀdzơ śȈLJƢǷȂǴƥƾdzơ ƾƷƗ .326ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƨǷȁƢǬŭơ ǾƬƦƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ǥȂƼǴdz ƨȈƸǓ ǶĔȂǯ Ƕǣǁ "ƗƾƦŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ Ŗdzơ ǵȐLjdzơ DZƢǷƕ ƢȀȇǀǤƫ ƪǻƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ȅȂǬdzơ ƪƬnjƬdzơ ƶǷȐǷ ǹƛ ƾǬǟ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǺǷ NJǿƾǼŭơ  (džǴƥȂǣ) ǵƢǷƗ ǁƢƯơ ƣƕ 18 Ŀ ƮȈƷ .ƢȀȈǴǟ ǑȁƢǨȇ Ɨƾƥ ƩƢǻƢǸǓ śdzƢƬLJ Ǿdz ǵƾǫ ƢǷ ơƿƛ ǾdzȂƦǬdz ƾǠƬLjǷ ǾǻƘƥ DZƢǫȁ .śdzƢƬLJ ǾǷƾǫ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƶǴǏ .ƨȈǫƾǼƥ ǂƻƕ ŕƷ ȁƾǠdzơ ƵȐLJ ƨdzơǃƛ ȄǴǟ DzǸǠȈLJ ǾǻƘƥ ƾȀǠƬdzơ ƆƢǔȇƗȁ ƨǠLJơȁ ƨȈǧơǂǤƳ ǺǷ .DZơǁȁȋơ ǺǷ ǂƻȉơ ƤǻƢŪơ ȄǴǟ Ǿdz ƔƢNj ƢǸǯ ǵƾǬƬdzơ ƨȈǨȈnjdzȂƦdzơ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ƢȀǼȈƷȁ ǂǐǻ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ȏƛ ƢȀȈǴǟ DZȂǐūơ ǾǼǰŻ ȏ ƢȀȈǧ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ƩƢƦǴǘdzơ ǽǀǿ ǹƗ ȆǠȈƦǘdzơ Ǯdzƿ śdzƢƬLJ ǞǷ ǵȐLJ ǞȈǫȂƬdz ƾǠƬLjǷ ǾǻƘƥ DZȂǬȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ȂȀǧ ƨȈǻƢƯ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ .ǪƷƢLJ ǞǷ ƢǿơǂƳƗ Ŗdzơ ƢȀLjǨǻ ƨǴƥƢǬŭơ Ŀȁ .ǾȈǴǟ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ǾƬǟƢǘƬLJƢƥ džȈdz ǾǻƘƥ ǂǠnjȇ ǹƢǯ Ǿǻȋ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ Ŀ Ÿ327DzNjǂnjƫ ǖǬLjȇ ƢŠǁ .ƧƘƴǧ ļƘȈLJ ƢŠǁ ǵȐLjdzơ ǹƘƥ DZƢǫ (džǴƥȂǣ) .ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ ǞǷ ƣǂƸǴdz ƨȈƟƢƴǧ ƨȇƢĔ ƨȈǓǂǧ ƩơǂǷ ƧƾǠdz ǂǴƬǿ ǁƢƯƗ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ .ǵȐLJ ȁƗ ȂǨǟ ǞȈǫȂƫ ȄǴǟ ǽŐŸ ǹƗ ȁƗ śdzƢƬLJ ǵƢǜǻ ƤǴǫ ǹƢǰǷȍƢƥ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƢȀǼȈƷ ƽƾǸƬdzƢƥ Dzǫȋơ ȄǴǟ ȁƗ ƢȈLJƕ Ŀ ǞƳơǂƬdzƢƥ DzƥƢǬŭƢƥ ȄǓǂȇ Dzǿ ǂǴƬǿ Ǻǟ ơƿƢǷ Ǻǰdzȁ ơǀǿȁ ȄǸǜǠdzơ ƢȈǻƢǘȇǂƥ ǞǷ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨȀƳơȂǷ Ŀ ǾǠǔȈLJ ƢŲ ȆLJǁƢǨdzơ ƲȈǴŬơ ȂŴ ƨƥȂƴǟƗ ǵȐLjƥ ǶǴŹ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ .328ƺȇơǂdzơ Ŀ DZƢǸǟȋơ ǞȇǂLjƫ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ .ǾȈǧ ǾLjǨǻ ǶƸǫƗ ȅǀdzơ ƺǨdzơ ǺǷ ǾƳǂź ºdzơ ńơ 8 ºdzơ ŅơȂƸǧ .ƢƆǛȂƸǴǷ ƢƆƦǴǐƫ ƾȀNj ƽȂȀȈdzơ DZƢȈƷ Ǿǧǂǐƫ ǹƜǧ ȅǃơȂƬdzƢƥ ƨǟƢLJ ńơ ƢȀLJǁƢŻ ǹƗ ǾƫƽƢǟ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ǾƫƢƳȂdzȂǻȂǷ ƾƷƗ DZȐƻȁ ƣƕ ǺǷ 10 ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ǾƫơǂǯǀǷ Ŀ ƢȀǴȈƴLjƬƥ ǵȂǬȇ (ǹƢǷǁȂƥ) ƪǴǠƳ ƨƳǁƽ ńơ DzȈǴdzơ ǺǷ ƧǂƻƘƬǷ ȆȀǧ Ǯdzƿ DzǠǧ Ŀ Ǫūơ ǮǴŤ ƨdzȁƽ ǺǷ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛ .ǹƢǰLjǴdz ƔȐƳƛ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬȇ ƣǂūơ Ƨơƾǣ  ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƢȈLJȁǂƥ ǭǂƫ ȄǴǟ ǹƢŭȋơ ǺǷ ǥȂdzȋơ ƩƢƠǷ Őš ŃƗ .ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ǿǻƛ .ǦȈǼǟ DzǸǠƥ ǵƢǫ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ 329ȅƽȂȀȇ ǦdzƗ 600 ƔȐƳƛ ǶȀǨȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ŸȃŐǰdzơ ƣƕ 18 ºdz ƢǸȀƬǴƥƢǬǷ Ŀ (džǴƥȂǣ) ºdz DZƢǫ ƢǸǯ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƽȂȀȇ ƽǂǗ :ǾdzȂǫ ǁǂǰȇ ƤǬǟ ǩǂnjdzơ ȂŴ ǶȀǴȈƷǂƫ ƨȈǔǫ ǾǠǷ ǁƢƯƗ ƢǸǯ .ƧDŽȈŲ ƧǁƢNjƛ Dzŧ ǶȀȈǴǟ Ǒǂǧ ƢǸǼȈƷ .ƧƢȈūơ ǶȀǸǴǠȈLJ ȆLJƢǬdzơ ƹƢǼŭơ ǹƘƥ Ȑ Ɔ ƟƢǫ ƣǂūơ 146

ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

Ŀ" DZƢǬǧ ."ǾƫƔȂƦǼƥ" ºƥ ǂƐǯƿȁ ƽƢǟ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ Ȃǿ ƱȂdzȂǻȂŭơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ǶȀǷ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ" .ƨƦǟǂǷ ǾƦNj ƨǻƢǸǔƥ ǪǬƸƬƬLJ "ǂȀNjȋơ ǽǀǿȁ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ƢǷƗ .ǺǸưdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǸLjǫ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ ơȂǠǧƽ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƢǼȈǴǟ ƨǠǫơȂdzơ ǂƟƢLjƼǴdz ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzǸŢ ƾǬdz .ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨŞǀǷ ńơ Śnjȇ Ǿǻƛ .330" ǂưǯƗ ǹȂǠǧƾȈLJ ǶĔƜǧ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ ȄǴǟ .ƢēȏȂŢȁ ƣǂūơ ǁƢLjŠ ǖƦƫǂǷ ƤȇǂǬdzơ džǷȋƢƥ DzǐƷ ƭƾŞ ǾƦNjƗ ƪǻƢǯ džȈdz ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ Ȃǿ ǶȀȈǴǟ DžǁȂǷ ȅǀdzơ ǹƜǧ ǹƿƛ ."ǁơǂǓȋơ" Ǻť ơȂǠǧƾȇ ǹƗ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȅǂLjȇ ǹƘƥ ǂǴƬǿ ƾǟȁ ơǀǿ ǩȂǧȁ .ǁȁƾȀŭơ ňƢŭȋơ ǵƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ƽǂǯ ǵƢǬƬǻơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ȃȂLJ ȄLjǫƗ ǶǿŚǐǷ ǹȂǰȇ ƢŠǁȁ .ƾǠƥ ƢȀŰȐǷ ǥǂǠƫ Ń ƧȂLjǬƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢŭȋơ ȄǴǟ ǾǷƢǬƬǻơ ƢƆǠƦƫ ƾLjƴƬƫ ƧƽƢƥȍơ Ƨǂǰǧ ǹƛ .ƧȂLjǫ DzǫƗ ǹȂǰȇ ƢŠǁȁ .ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǽƾȀNj ƢŲ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƗ ǞǷ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ňƢŭȋơ NJȈŪơ ƢȀȀƳơȂȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơ Ƕƴū .ƾǠƥ ǶȀȈǴǟ Ǟǫȁ ƾǫ Ǻǰȇ Ń ȅǀdzơ ǦȇǂŬơȁ ǦȈǐdzơ Ǯdzǀdz ƨȈƳȂdzȂǻȂŭơ ǾƫơǁơȂƷ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ǂǜǼǴdz ƪǨǴŭơ ǺǷ ǾȈǧ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ȆǨǧ .1918 ńȁȋơ ƣǂūơ ȃǂǯƿ ǂƬŸ DZơǃ ƢǷ ǹƢǯ ǽȐƫ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơȁ ƣǂƸǴdz Ƨǂŭơ ǾƬƥǂš śƥ śƬdzƢūơ śƥ ƨǻǁƢǬǷ DzǸǟ ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ ǹƢǯ ƪǻƢǯ ƢǷ ǩȂǧ ƨƥƢƥƽ 400 ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƧǃȂŞ ǹƢǯ Ȃdz" ǭơǀǻƕ ȆLJƢȈLjdzơ ǾŭƢǟ DzǬǏ ƢĔƘNj ƢƆƫơȂǫ ǮǴŤ ǹƗ ƪǟƢǘƬLJƛ Ȃdz" .331"ƣǂūơ ƪŞǁ ƪǻƢǰdz ńȁȋơ ƣǂūơ Ŀ ǾǰǴŤ ơǀǿ ǺǷ Śưǯ ǵȐǯ ."ƣǂūơ ƪŞǁ ƪǻƢǰdz 1918 Ŀ ǺŻȋơ ƵƢǼŪơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǧƢǓƛ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ǦǫȂŭơ ǹƗ ȏƛ .ƧǂƬǨdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǦȈLjdzơ ƾƷ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ śƦȇ ǝȂǼdzơ ƭƾŢ DZȂǴȇƗ 14 ƔƢLjǷ Ŀ .ǽƾƷȁ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ǖǘƼŭơ ƮȈƷ ǺǷ ƨǻǁƢǬŭơ ȆǟƾƬLjȇ ȏ .ǁǂǰƬȇ Ǻdz ơǀǿ ǹƗȁ ǹȂƴLJ ȆŸǂƻ ơȂǻƢǯ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƢēơƽƢȈǫ Ǻǟȁ 1918 ƧǁȂƯ Ǻǟ ǂǴƬǿ ǞȈŦ DzƬǫ ńơ ƾǸǠȇ ǹƗ ƨȈǴƻơƽ ƩƢƥơǂǘǓƛ ƨȇƗ ƣȂnjǻ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǂǴǸŮ ơƆǂǷƗ ǁƾǏƗ ƾǬdz ƣƢǬǟ ƨƥƢưŠ ǹȂǰȇ ƢȀȈƦƦLjǷ ƣƢǬǟ ƮȈŞ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƩȐǬƬǠŭơ Ŀ śƳƢLjŭơ .332ǞȈǸƴǴdz DZȂǴȇƗ ǺǷ ǞȈƥƢLJȏơ ǽǀǿ ȆǨǧ ǵƙƢnjƬdzƢƥ ƢƆǫǁƢǣ ǦǫȂŭơ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǂƻƕ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ ǩƢLJȁ ǵƾǫ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȎdz ƩơŚǔƸƬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫȁ ƩƢȈǨǴƻȁ ƨȇƽȁƾƸŠ ǥǂƬǠȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƢŶƛ ƨǬưdzơȁ DzǷȋơ ǺǷ ƨdzƢƷ Ǻǟ ŐǠȇ ȃǂƻƗ

147

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ȄǴǟ ȆȀƬǼƫ Ǻdz ƣǂūơ ǹƗ ƨȈdzƢǸƬƷƛ ǭƢǼǿ ǹƗ ǥǂƬǠȇ ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ ơƿƛȁ .Ǿǘǘű ǹȂǰȈLJ ǦǫȂŭơ Ŀ ƢƆƥȐǬǻƛ ǹƘƥ ǪȇƾǐƬdzơ ǾǼǷ ǂưǯƗ ƾȇǂȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ȂȀǧ ƔƢƬnjdzơ ƩƢƦƬǟ ȂŴ ǵȂƴŮơ ńơ NJȈŪơ ƾǸǟ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ DzǏƢūơ ŚƻƘƬdzơ ǒȇȂǠƫ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ DŽƫƢǻȁƽ ǑȂƷ ȄǴǟȁ ǦȈȈǯ ȄǴǟ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ Ŀ ƵƢƴǼdzƢƥ ƱȂƬȈLJ Ǯdzƿ ǹƗ ƣȂǼŪơ ƧǂǘȈLjdzơ ƪǟƢǘƬLJƢǧ ȂǰLJȂǷ ȂŴ ǾƫơȂǫ Ǟǧƽ ǂǴƬǿ ǁǂǫ ƢȀǼȈƷ .ǾȈŻǂǰdzơ ǺǷ ơƆƔDŽƳȁ Ŀ ƶƴǼȇ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƨǤdzƢƥ ǂƟƢLjƻ ǶǐŬơ ƾĈƦǯ ǵȂƴŮơ ơǀǿ .ƢǷǃƢȈǧ ȄǴǟȁ ǮLjǻƢȇǂƥ ȄǴǟ .ƢŮ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǪȇȂǘƫ .ƾȈǯƗ ǂǐǼƥ ǦƬē ƨǧƢƸǐdzơ ǩơȂƥƗ ǂǴƬǿ ǪǴǗƗ  ǵȂƴŮơ ǭơƿ ǪƦLJ ȅǀdzơ ƔƢLjŭơ Ŀȁ ƾǯƚȇ ǹƗ ƾȇǂȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƘǯȁ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ ńơ Ǿƥ ƩƽƗ ǪǴǬdzơ ƢȀưǠƦǷ ƨȈLjǨǻ Ǟǧơȁƽ džǰǠȇ ǹƢǯ ƢŶƛ ơǀǿ Dzǯ .ǂǐǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁƽƢǫ ǾƫơȂǫ ǹƗ ňƢŭȋơ ƤǠnjǴdz ƢǸǯ ǾƟƢǨǴū Ŀ .ǾƬȈǐƼNj Ŀ Ȑ Ɔ ǏƘƬǷ ƢƆǬȈǸǟ ƢƆǬǴǫ ȆǨź ȏ ǾǼǰdz ƾȈǯƗȁ ȆƟƢĔ ǂǐǼƥ ƢƆƼLJơǁ ƢƆǻƢŻƛ ǩǂNj Ŀ ƨȀƦŪơ ȄǴǟ ǽƽȂǼƳ ńơ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǺǷ ňƢưdzơ Ŀ ǾȀƳȁ ȅǀdzơ ƔơƾǼdzơ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ Ŗdzơȁ ƨȀƦŪơ ȄǴǟ Ƣǿƽơƾǟƛ Ļ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƦȈƫǂƬdzơ Dzǰƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǽȂǻ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȁƾūơ ƾǠƥƗ" ńơ :Ǧǐȇ ǹƗ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ǾǻƘƥ ƾƳȁ ǾǻƗ ȏƛ .ȁƾǠdzơ ƨǯȂNj DZƢǐƠƬLJơ ŅƢƬdzơ ǵȂȈdzơ Ŀ Ǿƥ ńƽƗ ƣƢǘƻ Ŀȁ ."ǦǫȂŭơ ƽƢȈLJƗ ơȂǻȂǰȇ ǹƘƥ ƢǼdzƢƳǂdz ƶǸLjƫ Ŗdzơ ǾdzƢǷƕ ǹƛ .333 ƣǂūơ ƾǷƗ ƾȇƾŤ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ńơ ƨǫƢƦǴƥ ƶŭƗ ǂǐǼdzƢƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƘƦǼƫ ǹƗ ƾǠƥȁ Ŀ 334ƨƥǀǠŭơȁ ƨǔǷƢǤdzơ ƨȈLjǨǼdzơ ǾƬdzƢū ƨƴȈƬǻ Ȇǿ ƢƆƦdzƢǣ ƨǬưdzơ Ŀ ǾƫƢǤdzƢƦǸǯ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǁȂǧ DzȈƷǂƫ Ŀ ǂǷƘȈdz Ǻǰȇ Ń ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ Ƥȇǂǫȁ ȆƟƢĔ ǂǐǼƥ ƢƆǠǼƬǬǷ ǹƢǯ ȂȀǧ .ǹƕ .ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǂǐǼdzƢƥ ǾǻƢŻƛ ǺǷ ǞƥƢǼdzơ ǪƯơȂdzơ Ǿǧǂǐƫ ǞǷ ǒǫƢǼƬȇ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƢƆǧǂǐƫ ƽȂȀȈǴdz Ǯdzƿ ǂȀǛ ƾǫȁ .ƢȀƦǴǐƫ DzǏơȂƫ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ƨȇƽƢǠŭơ ǾƫƢŹǂǐƫ ƪǻƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀ ƣǂūƢƥ ƤƦLjƬdzƢƥ ǶǿƢȇƛ ƢƆǸȀƬǷ ǁơǂǸƬLJƜƥ ǶȀȈdzƛ Śnjȇ ǹƢǯ ƮȈƷ ǾƫƢƥƢǘƻȁ ǾǴƟƢLJǁ Ŀ ƨȈǨȈnjdzȂƦdzơȁ ƨȈdzƢũƗǂdzơ ǝƢǼǫ Ɣơǁȁ śƠƦƬƼŭơ śȈǨnjdzȂƦdzơ Ɣơƾǟȋơ ǹƘNj Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ǶĔƘNj Ǻȇǂnjƫ 3 Ŀȁ .335ňƢŭȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ȄǴǟȁ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ơȁƾǿƢǠƫ Ǻȇǀdzơ Ŀ ƣǂūơ DZȂƻƽ ȄǴǟ DzNjǂnjƫ ơȂǓǂƷ Ǻȇǀdzơ Ɣȏƚǿ DzǸnjȇ Ȇǯ ǾƥƢǘƻ ǁȂǘƫ DZȁȋơ ǶĔƜƥ [...] "ǥƢǓƗ Ľ ƢȇƢǜNj ǂȇƢǘƬƫ ƢȈǻƢŭơ ƨȇƙǂƥ śƷǂǧ 1939 DZȂǴȇƗ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ ńơ ǂnjȇ Ń .336"ǶȀǸƟơǂƳ ǁƢǜǼŠ ƨǠƟơǂdzơ ƣǂūơ ǽǀǿ ƆơƾǟƢǐǧ ǵȂȈdzơ ǺǷ ǹȁŚLJ ƢŠǁ 148

ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ńơ Śnjȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ Ǯdzǀƥȁ ǮNj ȏ śȈǼǠŭơ ơȂǻƢǯ ǶȀǼǰdzȁ ƶǓơȁ Dzǰnjƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǀţƛ ƾǫ ơƆǁơǂǫ ǹƗ ƢȀǼǷ ƲƬǼƬLjȇ ƆơƾǟƢǐǧ ǹȉơ ǺǷ ƧǁƢƦǟ ǹȋ .ƨȈǟƢŦ ƧƽƢƥƛ ƣǂƷ .ǶĔƘnjƥ ǦǫȂŭơ ƶȈǓȂƫ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƨǷƽƢǬdzơ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ ǹƜǧ ǍƢŬơ ǾǠǸƬů Ŀ ƢǷƗ ƨǏƢŬơ ǾƫƢƳȂdzȂǻȂǷ Ǻǰdz .ƢǷ ƔȆNj ńơ ƨƸǸǴŭơ ǾƫơǁƢƦǟ ƢƆǷƢŤ ǦǫȂƬƫ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ơǀǿ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǂȀnjƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ǮǴƫ Ǯdzƿ ǺǷ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟ .ǵƢǿ ƔȆnjƥ ƾȈǨƫ ȏ DZȂǴȇƗ ǂȀnjƥ ƔƢǼƯƗ ǂǴƬǿ ƵǂǏ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 21 Ŀ ƮȈƷ ŚƦǠƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨƳǁƽ ȄǴǟ ƪǻƢǯ DZȁȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ȏ ƨȈǻƢLjǻȎdz ƨǷƾş ǵȂǬȇ "Ƨǂnjūơ ǽǀǿ ƧƽƢƥƜƥ" ǾǻƗ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǻǟ ǾưȇƾƷ ǂǯƿ (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ȁ ǂǴŷ ǁȂǔŞȁ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 25 Ŀȁ .337ǹȉơ ƢǿǁȂǐƫ ňƢŭȋơ ƣǂūơ Ŀ ǂnjƦdzơ ǺǷ ǹȂȈǴǷ 2 DzƬǬǷ ǶǿǂƟƢǸǓ Ŀ ǹȂǴǸŹ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƘƥ ƢƆǨȈǔǷ ǾƫƔȂƦǼƥ ǞȈǘƬLjǻ ȏ ƢǼǻƗ ƾƷƗ Ņ DzǬȇ Ȑǧ" .ƣǂūơ ǽǀŮ ǥȏȏơ ƩƢƠǷ Ƨƾǟȁ ńȁȋơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƢǻŚǣ ƢǼǬƦLJ ƢǼǻƗ ǂƼǧ ƧƢǟƾǷ Ǿǻơ ŸƢǼdzƢƳǁ Śǐŭ ǶƬȀȇ ǺǷ "!ƩƢǠǬǼƬLjŭơ ńơ Ƕđ DZƢLJǁȍơ ."338 Ȑ Ɔ njǧ ǹȂǰȈLJ ƨȇƽȂȀȇ ƨdzȁƽ džȈLJƘƫ ƨdzȁƢŰ ǹƛ .ƨȇƽȂȀȈǴdz ƢǼƫƽƢƥƛ Ŀ DzƦǫ ƢǷ ƨǴǸŪơ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƩȂŠ ǩơǂŭơ ňƢŭȋơ ǵƾdzơ ǖƥǁ ńơ ǂǴƬǿ ƾǸǠȇ ƆƢǔȇƗ ƢǼǿ ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ ǂȀǜƫ ƢĔƛ .ƨȈŷƗ ǺǷ ȂǴţ ȏ ƢȀǼǰdzȁ ƨǸȀƦǷ ƢȀǼǷ ƔDŽƳ Ŀ ȄǬƦƫ ƧŚƻȋơ ǺǷ ƢƆǬǴǫ ȁƾƦȇ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȈƷƢǻ ǺǷ .ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǵǂƳ Ɣơǃƛ ǒǷƢǤdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ǥǂǐƫ Ȑ Ɔ ǿƚǷ džȈdz ňƢŭȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǹƘƥ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 21 Ŀ ǺǴǟƗ ƢǸǯ ǂLjdzơ ơǀŮ ǾƟƢǨƻƛ ǽǀǿ ƽơƽǂƫ ńơ ƱƢƬŹ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ƾǬdz .ƨȈǻƢLjǻȎdz ǂǴƬǿ ƢȀȇƾLjȇ Ŗdzơ ƨǷƾŬơ ǶȀǨdz ƾǠƥ ƨȇƢĔ ǀǼǷ .ǾǴǔǨƥ ǥơǂƬǟȏơ ňƢŭȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ƤdzƢǘȇ ǾǻƘǯȁ ƩơǂǷȁ ƩơǂǷ ƩơǁƢƦǠdzơ ǹƢǯ .ǪǬƸƬǴdz ƢȀǬȇǂǗ Ŀ ƢĔƗ ńơ ƢƆƸǸǴǷ ǾƫƔȂƦǻ Ǻǟ Ʈȇƾūơ ǁǂǰȇ ǂǴƬǿ ƽƢǟ ǵƢǠdzơ .Ǿdz ǾƬǓǁƢǠǷ Ǻť Ǟǧƾdz ǾǬȇǂǗ Ŀ ǾǻƗ ǶȀǨȇ ǹƗ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇǂȇ .ǾǧȁƢű ƾǯƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǺȇŚƻȋơ ǺȇǂȀnjdzơ Ŀ ƨǴǸƸǴdz ƭơƾƷȋơ ŚLJ ǹƗ ƨǬȈǬūơ Ŀ Ǯdzƿȁ ȂǰLJȂǷ ńơ ƨȈǷȂƴǿ ƩơȂǫ ǾdzƢLJǁƜƥ ǁƾǬdzơ Ƕǣǂȇ ǹƗ ƽơǁƗ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ŀȁ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ ƔƢƬnjdzơ ƩơDŽȈȀš ƨǴǫ ǺǷ ǾnjȈƳ ƢȀƬŢ Ƶǃǂȇ Ŗdzơ DZơȂƷȏơ ƔȂLJ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ Ǻǟ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀȁ ǁơǂǫ Ǻǟ ƽƢǼǠƥ ƮƸƦȇ ǹƢǯ .ƽƢƬǠdzơȁ NJȈŪơ ǺǷ ǾǗƢȈƬƷƛ ƨdzƢƷ ȂǰLJȂǷ ȄǴǟ ǵȂƴŮơ ǹƛ :ǾǨǫȂǷ ƨƥȂǠǏ ǥȁǂǛ ƢȀȈǟƾƬLjƫ ǥơƾǿƗ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƣǂūơ 149

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƣǂū ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdzơ ǹȂǰƬdz ƨȇƢǨǰdzơ ǾȈǧ ƢŠ  ǶǐŬơ ƧȂǫ ǥƢǠǓƛ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǹȋ .ƨȇơƾƦdzơ Ŀ ȏƛ ƵƢƴǼdzơ ǪȈǬŢ Ŀ ǪǨƻƗ ǵȂƴŮơ Ǻǰdz .ǂǗƢű ǹȁƾƥ ǞȈƥǂdzơ ǾȈǓơǁƗ Dzƻơƽ ňƢŭȋơ ƽƾǸƬdzơ Ǧǫȁ ȄǴǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǷƢǟ ǵȂƴŮƢƥ ǵȂǬȇ ǺǷ Ȃǿ ǶǐŬơ ǂǓƢūơ .ƨȈǓƢǬdzơ ƨƥǂǔdzƢƥ ǶȀȀƳơȂȇ ǹƗ ǮNjȁ ȄǴǟ Ȃǿȁ ƢŠ ơȂǴƦǬȇ ǹƗ śȇǃƢǼdzơ śdzȁƚLjŭơ ȄǴǟ ǹƢǯȁ .ƢLJȁǂƥǂƥ ƨȈǴǸǟ ƪǴnjǧ ƨȇƢȀǼdzơ Ŀȁ Ǻǰȇ Ń śūơ Ǯdzƿ ǀǼǷȁ ǾǻƗ ǞǷ .DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǂȀNj ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǽȂǔǧǁ ƾǫ ơȂǻƢǯ .ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơȁ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ śƬȈƷƢǼdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǿǂdzơ ơȁǂLjƻ ƾǫ ǶĔƘƥ ǮNj ǺǷ ǭƢǼǿ ǂƟƢLjƻ ǹƢǯƗ ƔơȂLJ ǾǠǫȂƬȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƢǷ ňƢŭȋơ NJȈŪơ ƪǨǴǯ ƾǫ ƣǂūơ ƪǻƢǯȁ ȆǫƢǠǷ śƥǁƢƄơ ǂưǯƗ Ʊȁǂƻ Ŀ ƪƦƦLjƫ ƢĔƗ ơƾǟ ǂƟƢƻƿȁ ƽƢƬǟ ǺǷ ƨȇƽƢǷ ǵƗ ƨȇǂnjƥ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz ǾǻƗ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 23 Ŀ ǾǫơǁȁƗ Ŀ ƤƬǰȇ ǹƗ (ǂdzƽƢǿ) Ƣǟƽ ƢŲ ƣǂƷ ǺǷ ǹƢǯȁ .3391941 ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 22 Ŀ ǾǰǴŻ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzƢǯ DzƦǬƬLjŭơ Ŀ NJȈƳ ƺȇơǂǴdz ƤǠǐȇ ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫƛ ƨǷǃƗ Ŀ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǝȂǫȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ Dznjǧ ƲƟƢƬǻ ǺǷ ƩƾƷ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƨȈdzȁȋơ ƽơȂŭơȁ ƨǴǷƢǠdzơ ƾȈdzơ ƨǴǫ ǹƗ Ǯdzƿ ƢȀǼǷ ƱȁǂŬơ ƶȇǂǐƬdzƢƥ ƧŚƻǀdzơȁ ƶǴLjƬdzơ ǂȇǃȁ (ƽȂƫ) ǵƢǫ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 29 Ŀȁ . ƨƸǴLJȋơ ƱƢƬǻƛ ƩƢǓȁƢǨǸǴdz ǶĔơǂLjƻ Ǯdzƿ ńơ ǥƢǔȇ ƺȇơǂdzơ ŁƢǐdz ƣǂūơ ƨȇƢĔ ƨdzƢƸƬLJƜƥ ǂǴƬŮ .340ƨȇƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ǺǷƚȇ DZơǃ ƢǷ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ǾdzƘLjǧ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǂǴƬǿ ȄǬƬdzƛ ƾƷơȁ ǝȂƦLJƘƥ Ǯdzƿ DzƦǫ ǹƢǯȁ DZơǃ ƢǷ ǹƢǯ śƷ 1918 Ŀ ǽǂǐǼƥ ǺǷƚȇ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ ǾǻƘƥ ǂǴƬǿ ƣơȂƳ ǹƢǰǧ .ǂǐǼdzƢƥ ǾǼǷ ƤǴǘƬȇ Ƕǰǧ ȄǨnjƬLjǷ Ŀ ǂȇǂLJ ǩȂǧ ǾǷƾƥ ƢƆǫǁƢǣ ȄǸǟơ Ǧǐǻ DZơǁȂƥƢǯ ƨƦƫǂƥ Ǒǁȋơ ǾƳȁ ȄǴǟ NJȈƳ ȃȂǫơȁ ŐǯƗ DžƗǁ ȄǴǟ ŐƬǠȇ ȅǀdzơ Ȃǿȁ ǵȂȈdzơ ǾǻƢŻƛ ŕƷ Ǫȇǂǘdzơ ǹƘƥ ƢƆǧơǂƬǟƛ ǂƻƖƥ ȁƗ Dzǰnjƥ ơǀǿ ǹƢǯȁ .ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Dzǰdz ƢƆƦȇǂǬƫ ƢƆǸǯƢƷȁ ƢǸǯ ƨƦLJƢǼǷ ǕȁǂNj ǺǷ ƾƥ ȏ ǾȈdzƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƆȐȇȂǗȁ ƢƆƦǠǏ ǹȂǰȈLJ ǂǐǼdzơ DZŚƥ ȄǴǟ ňƢƥƢȈdzơ ƔơƾƬǟȏơ Ǟǫȁ DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀȁ .ȆǓƢŭơ Ŀ DZƢūơ ǹƢǯ ǾǧȂǫȁ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ ơƆƾǯƚǷ .ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƾǓ ƣǂūơ ǹȐǟƛ ȄǴǟ ǽŐƳƗ ƢŲ ǂƥǁƢǿ ǾǻƗ ȃƗǁ ƢŭƢǗ Ƕǐƻ ƨƥǁƢŰ Ŀ ǾƬƦǣǁ Ǻǟ ŐǠȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷȁ ǾǨȈǴƷ ƤǻƢƳ ńơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ǾƬNjƢǟ ȅǀdzơ ǭơƿ ǾƦnjȇ ǾǠǓȁ ƶƦǏƗ ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǮǴƫ Ŀȁ .ƣǂūơ Dzƻƾȇ ǥȂLJ 150

ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǾǴǰnjȇ Ƣŭ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzƢƥ ǵơƾǘǏȍơ ȆNjƢŢ ńơ ƪǠLJ ƢŭƢǗ Ŗdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȏơ .ǪǬŰ ƩȂǷ ǺǷ ǵơƾǘǏȍơ ơǀǿ ǂǴƬǿ ǂǜƬǼȇ Ń .Ƣēǁȁƽ ƩǂNjƢƥ ƾǫ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨdzƕ ƪǻƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ .ǾdzƢǸǟƗ ǂNjƢƦȇ Ȇǯ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ ƾǓ ƣǂƷ Ŀ ǾdzȂƻƽ ƨǴǸūơ ƨǷǃƗ ƽơƾƬNjȍ ƢƆǠƦƫ ǾƫƾƷ ƾƬnjƫ ǵǁƢǠdzơ ȅȂǷƾdzơ ƤǔǤdzơ ǺǷ ƔơȂƳƗ DzǛ Ŀ ǀţƛ ƨȇơƾƥ ǀǼǷ .ǾƬǷǂƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǝȁǂnjǷ ƢȀȀƳơȂȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ DznjǨdzơ ƩơȂǘŬ ƢƆǠƦƫȁ ƢȈLJȁǁ ȄǴǟ ƾȈǠƥ ƶƦǏƗ ƔƢƬnjdzơ ƨȇƢĔ DzƦǫ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ƢƆȈƟƢĔ ơƆǂǐǻ ǹƗ ǶǴǠȇ ǹƢǯ ƣƕ ǂȀNj ƨǷȁƢǬŭơ Ʃƾƥ ńȁȋơ ƨǴǿȂǴdzȁ .ƢƆǔȇƗ ǵƽƢǬdzơ ǵƢǠǴdz DzǏơȂƬƬLJ ƣǂūơ ǹƗȁ DZƢǸƬƷȍơ ǂȇƾǬƫ ƔƢLJƗ ƾǫ ƢŠǁ .ȏƆ ƢǸƬƷƛ ǂưǯƗ ȆǯŚǷȋơ DzƻƾƬdzơ ơƾƥȁ ljƢǠƬǻƛ ƨdzƢƷ Ŀ ƨȈǻƢǘȇŐdzơ ǽƽȁơǁ ơƆǁȂǠNj ǹƗ Ȃǿ ƢǼǿ ǶȀŭơ Ǻǰdz .ƢǯŚǷƗ Dzƻƾƫ ǪȈǠƫ ǹƗ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ Ŗdzơ DzȈǫơǂǠdzơ ǁƢǜƬǻƛ ȅǁȁǂǔdzơ ǺǷ ƾǠȇ Ń ǥȁǂǜdzơ ǽǀǿ DzǛ Ŀ .ǾǼǷ ǂǬǷ ȏ ƭƽƢƷ ǝȂǫȂƥ .ƨȈŭƢǟ ƢƆƥǂƷ ƣǂūơ ƧǁȁŚǏ ǽǁơǂǫ ƿƢţƛ Ļ ƾǫ ǾǻƗȁ DznjǨdzơ Ƨǂǰǧ ǞĈƳǂȇ DZDŽȇ Ń ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ ǭǂƬǠǷ Ŀ ǾdzȂƻƽ ǀǼǷ ƢƆƥǂƷ :ǾǟȂǫȁ śƷ Ǿƥ ǥǂƬǟƛ ƢŭƢǘdzȁ Ǿƥ ǪȈƄơ ǂǘŬơ ǥǂǠȇ ǹƢǯ .DZȂǴƷ ƽƢǸƬǟƜƥ ǁǂǫ ƢǷƾǼǟ 1941 DZȂǴȇƗ ǦǐƬǼǷ ŅơȂƷ .ƨŻDŽŮơ ƶƦNj ƢēƢȇƢĔ DzǴǜȇ ƾǷȋơ ƨǴȇȂǗ ơƆƾǯƘƬǷ ǹƢǯ ǾǼǰdzȁ ƣǂūơ Ŀ ǾƬŻDŽǿ ǺǷ ơƆƾǯƘƬǷ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ƔƢǔǬdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ȅǀdzơ ǺǸưdzơ ǁơƾǬǷ ǶǴǠȇ ǹƢǯ ǾǻƗ ƾǯƚŭơ ǺǷȁ .ƢȀȈǧ ƤǴǤƬȇ Ȇǯ ǚƸǴdz ƱƢƬŹ ǾǻƗ ǺǷ ƢƆȈǷƢǬƬǻơȁ ƆƢȈƟƢǓǂƬLJƛ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ǾȈdzƛ ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ DzǰNj ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƩȂǷ ǹƛ .ǽǁƢǐƬǻơ Śǜǻ ǾǠǧƾȈLJ śȈLJƢLJƗ ƔơƾǟƗ ǶǿŐƬǟƛ ƢŭƢǗ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȄǴǟ ƩȂŭƢƥ ǾǸǰƷ ǪǴǗơ ƢǷƾǼǟ .ǹƕ Ŀ Ȃǿ ǾȈǼǠȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ Dzǯ .ƨȀƳơȂŭơ ȄǴǟ ǺȇǁƽƢǫ Śǣ ƆȏDŽǟ ƢƆǻƢǰLJ ǶĔȂǯ ǾȈǼǠȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƽȂȀȇ ǾƦǰƫǁƛ ǵǂƳ Ǻǟ ƢȇƢƸǓ Ɣȏƚǿ ǺǷ ơƆǀƼƬǷ ƧȂǬdzƢƥ ǾƷƢǨǯ Ŀ ǾǻƢǘǴLJ ƪƦưȇ ǹƗ ƣǂŞ ȁƗ ǂǐǻ ǪȈǬƸƬƥ ǾǼǷ Ȑ Ɔ ǷƗ ǾȇƗǁ Ŀ ƢƆƦǴǐƬǷ ǶǿƾǓ ƤǐǠƬƥ ǾƥǂƷ ƽƢǬǧ .ǶȀǴưǷ ňƢŭȋơ ǵƾdzơ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬȇ ǂƬǨȇ ȏ ǹƢǯ ƪǫȂdzơ džǨǻ Ŀȁ .ơƆƾƷƗ ǶȀǼǷ ǪƦƫ ȏ DžȁǂǓ ƢǸǨȈǯ ȆǷƢǬƬǻȏơ ǾǟȁǂnjǷ ƽƢǫ ƾǬdz .ƨǷƽƢǫ Ƣǿơǂȇ ƪǻƢǯ ƨŻDŽŮ Ǯdzǀƥ ƢƆǸǬƬǼǷ ǩơǂŭơ ǺǷ ƣǂƬǫƛ ƢǸǴǯȁ ǁȂǿƾƬdzơ ǺǷ ǾǠǓȁ ƣǂƬǫƛ ƢǸǴǯ DzLjƦƬLjŭơ ƽƢǼǠdzơ ǺǷ Śưǰƥ ǪǨƫƛ .ŃƢǠdzơ ƨȇƢȀǼƥ ǾƦNjƗ Ȇǿ ƨȇƢĔ 151

ƨǏȐƻ ǪǴǠƫ ƔơȂLJ .ĺȁǁȁȋơ ŚǸǔdzơ ȄǴǟ ǾǴǬưƥ ȆǷǂȇ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơȁ ǹǂǫ Ǧǐǻ ǀǼǷ ǾǻƜǧ ǝȂǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ǾǻȂǯ ȄǴǟ ǽƽǂǨƫ Ǻǟ ƮȇƾūƢƥ ȁƗ ǾƟƢȈƷƜƥ ǽǁƢǰǻƜƥ ǂǷȋơ ǽƢƦƬǻƛ ƤǴƴƬLjȇ DZơǃ ƢǷ ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ .341ƣȂǴǬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƿȂƸƬLjȇȁ DZȂǬǠdzơ ǦǘǠƬLjȇ ȄǬƦȇ ǾǴȈǏƢǨƫȁ ǾƟơDŽƳƗ Dzǰƥ Ʈȇƾūơ ƤȈǯǂƫ ƧƽƢǟƛ ƨȈƟƢǼƯ ƨǸȀǷ ǹȂȀƳơȂȇ Ǻȇǀdzơ śƻǁƚŭơ Ŗdzơ DzƟƢLJȂdzơ ǹƜǧ ńȁȋơ ƨǸȀŭơ ȄǴǟ ƽǂǴdz .ǾƬǠȈƦǗ ǶȀǧ ƨdzȁƢŰ Ľ ƧƽƾǠƬŭơ ǽƽƢǠƥƗȁ ƤȈǯơǂƬdzơ ǦǴƬű ǹƜǧ ǁƽƢǐŭơ ƨdzƢƷ ńơ ǂǜǼdzƢƥ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ŕƷ ƨȈǧƢǯ ƹǁƚŭơ ƢȀǰǴŻ ƢǷƗ .ƨȈǫơƾǐŭơ ǺǷȁ džǻƢƴƬdzơ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ȁƗ DzǫƗ ƨƳǁƽ ȄǴǟ ȃȂLJ ƤǴǤƬdzơ ǞȈǘƬLjƫ ȏ Dzǰƥ ȁƾƦƫ ƭƾūơ ǞǷ ȆǗƢǠƬdzơ DzƟƢLJȁ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ȆȀǧ ƨȈǻƢưdzơ ƨǸȀǸǴdz ƨƦLjǼdzƢƥ ǾƬǧƢưǯ ƤƦLjƥ Ǯdzƿȁ ƆƢǔǷƢǣ ȁƾƦȇ ǾǼǷ ŚƦǯ ǶLjǫ Ŀ ƭƾūơ ǹƛ .ƨǨȈǠǓ ǦLJƗ ƣƢǐȇ ƹǁƚŭơ ǹƛ" :DZȂǬȇ (ǁƾǼdzƾȇǂǧ DZȂǏ) ǾǼǟ ƤƬǯ ƢǸǯȁ .ǾǼȇƢƦƫ ƤƦLjƥ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ňƢǘȈNj ƤǐǠƫ ǺǷ .ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƧǂǧƢǼƬŭơ ƨǼȇƢƦƬŭơ ǂǿƢǜŭơ Dzƻơƾƫȁ ǺǷơDŽƫ ǵƢǷƗ DzǴnjdzƢƥ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ ƨȇǁơƽƛ Ʃơǁơǂǫ Ľ ƨȈǓǂǷ Ǟǧơȁƽ ńơ ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƥ ƩƢLjLJƚǷ ńơ ."342 ǵƾǬƬǷ ȆǟƢǼǏ ǞǸƬůȁ ƨȈƟơƾƥ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ƢȀȈdzƛ ƤLjƬǻƛ ƨLjLJƚǷ ǹƢǯ śȈƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȂȀȇ ȄǴǟ ƩȂŭƢƥ Ƕǰūơ ǹƛ DžƢǸūơ ǺǷ .ƢŮ ƩƢǷƾŬơ ƔơƾLJƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ơȂǟȂǘƫ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƔƢŴƗ Dzǯ ǺǷ ǍƢƼNjȋơ ǹƗ ƢǷ .ǂǷȋơ ơǀǿ ǪȈǬŢ Ŀ ƪŷƢLJ ƢȀǴǯ ƨȈƦǴLjdzơ ńơ ƨǬǧơȂŭơ ǺǷȁ ƧǂǷơƚŭơ ńơ ǹƛ .ŚǜǼdzơ ǞǘǬǼǷ ƽȂǸŝ DzǸǠƫ ƢĔƘǯȁ ơƾƥ ŕƷ ƢȀǴǸǟ ƨȈǷơǂƳȍơ ƨdzȉơ ƩǂNjƢƥ ƢƆƦǐǼǷ ǾƬǸȀǷ ȅƽƚȇ ƾƷơȁ Dzǯ .ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƥ ƨŻǂƳ ƢȀǼǷ ŚƦǯ ǶLjǬƥ ƪǻƢǯ ƨŻǂŪơ Ŗdzơ ƨǸƼǔdzơ ƨǴLjǴLjdzơ ǺǷ Ǿǐţ Ŗdzơ ƨǬǴƸǴdz ȏƛ ƪǨƬǴȇ ȏ ǾȈdzƛ DZȂǯȂŭơ ǾǴǸǟ ȄǴǟ Ǻǰdzȁ .ǽǂǗƚƫȁ ƤƫƢǰŭơ Ǿƥ ǶǰƸƬƫ ƩȂǷ ǺǸǰȇ Śƻȋơ ƢȀǧǂǗ Ŀ ƨǴLjǴLJ Ǿƥ ǖȈŢ ƆȏȂȀů Ȑ Ɔ Ǹǟ ŐƬǟƛ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ȁƗ ƧǂNjƢƦǷ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǽǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ǹƢǯ ǹƛȁ ǝǃƢǼȇ ȏ ơƆǁȁƽȁ ƨƦǴǏ ƩƢǟƢǼǫ ǮǴŻ ƆơƾƷơȁ Ȑ Ɔ Ƴǁ ǹƜǧ DzƷơǂǷ ńơ ƢƆƟDŽůȁ ơƆƾǷƢƳ

153

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǺǷ ƾȈƷȂdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƜǧ ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ .ƨȇƢȀǼdzơ ńơ ǾƫŚƫȁ ȆǴǟ ǙƢǨūơȁ ǾȈǴǟ .ȅǁȂǨdzơ ƢȀǯǂŰȁ ƢǿǁȂŰ ǹƢǯ ƾǬdz ƨȈƟƢȀǼdzơ ƨǸǴǰdzơ ǮǴŻ Ŀ ƾǼǴƫǁơȁ ºdzơ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ǹƗ ǾǸǴǠȇ ǂǴǸŮ (DŽȇơǂǣ) ƤƬǯ 1942 ǁƢȇƗ Ŀ Ǧdzơ 30 ȄǴǟ ŚƥơƾƬdzơ džǨǻ ǪȈƦǘƫ Ŀ ǾƬƦǣǁ Ǻǟ ƣǂǟƗ ƢǸǯ .DZƢǸǰdzơ ńơ ƢȀǬȇǂǗ 1942 ǁƢȇƗ 14 Ŀ ǾƥƢƳƗ ǹƗ ȏƛ ǂǴŷ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƢǸǧ .DzLjdzơ ǑǂŠ śƥƢǐǷ ȅƾǼdzȂƥ ǹƗ ơƾǟ .ǾȈǴǟ ƨǬǧơȂǸǴdz (NJȇǁƾȈǿ) ńơ ǾǴȇȂŢ Ļ ƾǫ ơǀǿ ǾƦǴǗ ǹƘƥ ǽƾǟƢLjǷ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ ǂǷƗ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ƣǂǤƬLjŭơ ǺǷ .ǾȈǧ ƪƦdzơ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ ǺǷ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǽƾƷȁ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ .343ƨǬȇǂǘdzơ džǨǼƥ ǶƬȇ Ń ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ǹƢǯ ƾǬdz Ÿ ǾƫȂǷ ƾǠƥ ƪǴǐƷ ƾǫ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƪǻƢǯ DzȀǧ 1941 ǦȈǏ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ƩƢǷ Ŀ ǹȂǻƢǠȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǯ Dzǿȁ .ǾƫƘǘƻƗ ƾǫ ƨũƢūơ ƨǟDŽǼdzơ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ǺǰŻ DzȀǧ ƆƢƦƟƢǣ ǹƿƛ ƪǻƢǰdz DŽȈȈǸƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ ǹƛ .ŸǂǴŷ ȁƗ (džǴƥȂǣ) (ǢǼȇǁȂǣ) ƢǿƽȂǬȇ Ŗdzơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ȇǰdz Ǻǰdzȁ .ǹƢȈǐǠdzƢƥ ǾƦNjƗ ȅŚǿƢŦ ǦǼǟ ƢŠǁȁ Ƥǰƫǁƛ ǦǼǠdzơȁ ƩǂǸƬLJƛ Ń .ƾȈǠƦdzơ ǺǷ ƨȈƫƕ ƨǟDŽǻ ƨȇǂǴƬǿ ƨǟDŽǻ ǺǷ ǶŮ ƾƥ ȏ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ȄǴǟ ơȂƦǐǼȇ ǹȋ Dzƥ ǾǴǠǨȇ ǂƻƗ ƢƆƠȈNj ƾŪ ǾǻƗ ƢǸǯ ƾǐǫ ǹȁƾƥ ƧƽƢƥȍơ Ŀ ǞǬȇ Ȇǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǂưǠƬȇ ǹƢǯ ƲǷƢǻǂƥ ǪȈƦǘƫ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ȏƛ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƾȈƦȇ Ǻdzȁ .ƪǴnjǧ ƾǫ ȃǂƻȋơ ƩơǁƢȈŬơ Dzǯ .ǂǷȋơ ǦǴǯ ƢǸȀǷ ǾǬȈǬŢ ȄǴǟ ǶLjǫƗ ƾǫ Dzǰnjƫ Ń ƮȈŞ Ʃơǁơǂǫȁ ƩƢȈǏȂƫ ǾȈǴǟ ȄǴǷƗ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ƽȂȀȈǴdz ǽƔơƾǟ ǹƛ ƢǿƾƷȂdz ȆǨǰƫ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ǽǀǿ .ǖȈLjƥ ǺǷ ǂưǯƗ ƢƆLJȂǿ ƢŶƛȁ DzǠǨdzƢƥ ƢƆůƢǻǂƥ ƢȀǟȂǸƴŠ ǶǣǂdzƢƥȁ ǑȂǸǤdzơ ƢđȂnjȇ ǂǴƬǿ ƩƢǧǂǐƫ ǺǷ ǶǣǂdzƢƥ ǾƬǯǂƷ ƽȂǬƬdzȁ ǾȈdzƛ ȆƷȂƫ Ȇǰdz ƨȇƢĔ ǀǼǸǧ .ƢȀǼǷ Dzǯ ƨȈǬƦLJƗ DZȂƷ ƩƢǟơǂǏȁ ƩƢLjǧƢǼƫ Ƣēơƿ Ŀ DzǸŢ ƢĔƗ ǺǷ ǹƢǸǰŹ ǂǴƬǿ ǂǰǧ Ŀ ơǁȁƢš ŚǰǨƬdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǘƻ DZơȂƷȋơ Dzǯ Ŀ 30 ƩơȂǼLjdzơ ǹƗ DZƢƷ Ŀ Ȇǫǂǟ ǵƢǬƬǻơȁ ǽǁƢǐƬǻƛ DZƢƷ Ŀ ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ :ǾƫƢǧǂǐƫ ǺǷ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƔȐƻƛ ńơ ƢƬǧƾǿ ǹƢƬǴdzơ śƬLJƢȈLjdzơ śƫƢǿ śƥ .ƢŮ ƽơǁƗ ƢǸǯ ǂLjƫ Ń ǁȂǷȋơ ƢǿƽơƾƬǷƛ ǺǷ ƢȀƬȈǧƢǟ ƾǸƬLjƫ ƾƷơȁ Dzǰǧ .ǽǂǷȋ ǶLJƢƷ ǒǫƢǼƫ ǭƢǼǿ Ǻǰȇ Ń ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǺǷ ơƆŚƦǯ ƢƆǸLjǫ ȂƸŻ ǹƗ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ƾȈǠƥ DŽǯǂǷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞȈǸš ǹƛ .ȃǂƻȋơ Ŀ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ Ŀ ƨȈǧȐLjdzơ ƣȂǠnjdzơ ŚǐǷ ơȂũƢǬƫ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƢǰdz DzǐƷ Ȃdz .ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ƤǠnjdzơ 154

ƨǏȐƻ

ȃǂƻƗ ƨǬȇǂǗ Ȇǿ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǹƛ .ƢȇŚƦȈLJ ńơ ǶȀȀƳȂƫ ƔƢǼƯƗ Śưǰdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ƩƢǷ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǫǂnjdzơ ƢǿǁȂƦǟ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨƦƬǟ ƾƳȂȇ ƨȈǻƢưdzơȁ ńȁȋơ śƥ ƢǷ Ǻǰdzȁ .ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȂȀȇ ǎǴƼƬdzơ Ŀ ƨǼǰŲ ƨǸȀŭơ :śƬLJƢȈLjdzơ Ȑǯ Ŀȁ .ǾǧƢƻ ƢŭƢǗ ǦǫȂǷ ƨȀƳơȂǷ ǺǷ ǂǴƬŮ ƾƥ ȏ ǹƢǯ .ǪȈǬƸƬdzơ Ɣơǁȁ ƢǷ ńơ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȂȀȇ DZƢLJǁȍ ơƆƾǠƬLjǷ ǹƢǯ ǾƫƢƷƢų ƨǸǫ Ŀ 1940 ǦȈǏ Ŀ ȅƗ DzǸǠƥ ǶǬȇ Ń ǂǐǼdzơ ńơ ƢƆǼƠǸǘǷ ƢȈLJȁǁ ƾǓ ƨǴǸƸǴdz ǽŚǔŢ ƔƢǼƯƗ Ŀȁ .ǁƢƸƦdzơ džƷƘǧ ǂǜƬǼǷ Śǣ ƢƆǨǘǠǼǷ ƩǀƻƗ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȏơ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ ǹƛ .ǶǿƾǓ ƔȆNj DzƳǂdzơ ǹƢǯ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǸǴǰƥ .ǒȇǂǷ DZƢȈƻ Ǻǟ Ȑ Ɔ ǏƗ ƧǁƽƢǏ ƧƾŞ DZǁƢȇƘƬȇ ǂǘŬƢƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ƴǁ ǹƢǯ .ƢƆǨȈű ơƾƥ Ǿǧǂǐƫ ǹƜǧ ǾǨLjǠƫ ǁƢȀǛƛ Ǻǟ ơƆƾȈǠƥ .ǦǫȂǷ ơǀǰŮ ƾƷȁȋơ .ǾƬƴȈƬǼƥ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǁơǂǬdzơ ƔƢƴǧ ǾǴnjǧ Ȑ Ɔ ȇȂǗ ǂǜƬǻơ DzȈǏƘƫ ńơ ƨƳƢŞ Ǻǰȇ Ń ȂȀǧ ơǀdz ƾȈǠƥ ǺǷǃ ǀǼǷ ǽǁơǂǫ ǀţƛ ƾǫ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ Ǻǰdzȁ ƗƾƬƥơ Ŗdzơ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǺǷ ƢƆǫȐǘǻƛ ƢƆǸƟƢǫ ƢƆƯƾƷ ǾǴǠŸ ǹƗ ǾȈǴǟ ǹƢǯ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟ Dzƥ ǽǁơǂǫ ƾǟƢǐƫ ǵǁƢǟ Ƥǔǣ ƨdzƢƷ ƨƴȈƬǻ ơȂǻƢǯ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƢȇƢƸǔdzơ ǹƛ .ƔȆLjdzơ ǦǘǠǼŭơ ƢȀǼǷ ƩƢƥǀƥǀdzơ ǾƬǴǠǧ ȄǴǟ ǾǠƴnjȇ ǾǬȇǂǗ ƽƢŸȍ ȄǠLjȇ ǾȈǧ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ǾǴƻơƽ Ŀ Ŀ ƩƢǫȁȋơ ǺǷ ƪǫȁ Ŀ .ǾƥDŽƷ ƔƢǔǟƗ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ǶLjǫ Ŀ Ƣǿơǂȇ ǹƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȇȂǷƾdzơ ƪǫǂƬƻƛ ƨǴȇȂǗȁ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƣǂƷ DZȂƷ ǂȀǸƴƬdzơ :ƧǂǜƬǼŭơ ƧDŽǨǬdzƢƥ ǵƢǫ ƢŠǁ ƆƢƦdzƢǣ DZȂǴȇƗ Ŀ .ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ǹơƾȈŭơ Ŀ ǾǼǷ ƪƥǂǿ ƢĔƘƥ ǂǠNj Ŗdzơ ƧǁƽƢƦŭơ ƽƢǠƬLJƛ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀđ .ǾǻƢȈǯ ǶȈǘŢ ȄǴǟ ƢƆǸLjǬǷ ǁȂLjŪơ Dzǯ ǞǘǬƥ ǵƢǫ  ǾƫǂǘȈLJ ǝȁǂnjŭ DzǸƬŰ Dznjǧ ƨȀƳơȂǷ ƾǓ ǁǃƢů ƣƢǰƫǁơ Ŀȁ ȅǂǰLjǠdzơ ǝơǂǐdzơ Ŀ DzƸǨƬLJơ .ǾƷƢų ǵƾǟ Ǻǟ śdzȁƚLjŭơ .ǭȐŮơ ńơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƢȀǠǷ DzǏȁƗ ƨƳǁƽ ńơ ƔƢȇǂƥƗ DžƢǻƗ ǽƾƷȁ .ƧȂǘŬơ DŽǨǬȇ ǹƗ Ǿdz ǁǂǫ 1941 ǦȇǂŬơ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ƨǴȇȂǗ ƣǂƷ ǝȏƾǻơ ǹƛ ƨť ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƧDŽȀƳƗ Dzǯ Ŀ .ǀǨǼȇ ǹƗ ǁơǂǬdzơ ơǀŮ ƵƢǸLjdzƢƥ DzȈǨǯ ƨǴǷƢNj ƣǂƷ ǵȁƾǫ ǥǂǐƫ ǹƛ .ǽǀȀǯ ƨȈǴǸǠƥ DžƢǸŞ ǵƢȈǬdzơ ȃǂƻƗ ǥȁǂǛ Ŀ ǹȂǠȈǘƬLjȇ ȏ DZƢƳǁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ȁƾǠǴdz ƨLJǂnjdzơ ƨǷȁƢǬŭơ ƨȀƳơȂŭ ǂǘǓơ ƢǷƾǼǟ Ǯdzƿ ȄǴǟ DZƽ ňƢŭȋơ NJȈŪơ ǺƄơ ǹƛ Ƨǂƻƚŭơ Ŀ .ƶƥơǀŭơ ƣƢǰƫǁơ ȄǴǟ ǞȈƴnjƬdzơ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƨǴƯƢŲ ƩƢǧǂǐƬƥ ǵƢǫ 155

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ǾȈǧ ƪǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǠȈƦǘdzơ ƨȈLJƢLjūơ ƪǨǠǓƗ ƾǫ ňƾŭơ ƤǠnjdzơ ƢȀNjƢǟ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƾǓ ǑǂƬǠƫ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ džƟƢǼǰdzơ ƩơȂǏƗ ǹƛ .ƢēǂǘȈLJ ǺǷ ƽƾnjƫ ƨǘǴLjdzơ .ǹȂǴƷǂȇ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ȃƗǂǷ ǵƢǷƗ ƾǸţ Ȇǿ Ƣǿ "ȅǃƢǻƢƫȁȋơ" ȅƗ DzƦǫȁ ƆƢƦǴǐƫ ǂưǯƗ Śǐƫ ǹƗ ȏƛ ƨȇƾƟƢǬǠdzơ ǂǏƢǼǠǴdz Ǻǰȇ Ń ƣǂūơ ƾǷƗ ƨdzƢǗƜƥȁ ǾƦǴǫȁ ǵƢǜǼdzơ ƨƦŵ ǞǷ ƢȀũƢǬƬƫ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨƦƼǼdzơ ƪǻƢǯ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǟȂȈnjdzơ ƧơƽƢǠǷ Ŀ ƔȆNj ȃȂǫȋơ ƾǟƢLjŭơ ǹƢǯ ƢŠǁȁ ƾǟƢǐƬȇ ǹƗ ȆǬǴŬơ ǁƢƬȀƬLJȏơ ơǀŮ Ǻǰȇ Ńȁ .ǒƥƢǼdzơ śƬǷDŽƬŭơ śȇǃƢǼdzơ ȃƾdz DzȈǏƘƫ ȄǴǟ ǽǀǿ ƣǂūơ ƪǴǸǟ Ǯdzƿ ǩȂǧȁ .ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ DzƸǴdz ƨLJǁƢŲ Ŀ ƾƷơȁ DzƳǂǯ ơȂǠǧƾǻơ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǶŮȐƻ ǺǷ ƢȀǴǤƬLjȇ ǹƗ ƨdzȂȀLjƥ ǂǴƬǿ ƧƾȈǬǟ .ǺȇǂǐƬǼŭơ ǹȂǻȂǰȈLjǧ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢǷƗ ǶǿƔƢǷƽ ǹȁǂLjƼȈLJ ǹƢŭȋơ ǹƛ .ƨȇǂƥŐdzơ DZƢǸǟȋơ Ŀ ǺǴǟƗ ơǀǰǿ .ǵƢǬƬǻȏƢƥ Ƥǣơǂdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ǂǰǧ ƤǴǫ Ŀ ǺǸǰȇ ǽƢǼȇƗǁ ƢǸǯ ǁȂǐƬdzơ ơǀǿ :DZƢǫ .ǾƫƔȂƦǼƥ ǂǯƐƿ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ 1942 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 30 Ŀ śdzǂƥ Ŀ ǽƢǬdzƗ ƣƢǘƻ ƧǂǸǴdzȁ Ƨǂŭơ ǽǀǿ ƔƢǷƾdzơ ǂLjź ǺǷ ǶǿƾƷȁ ơȂǻȂǰȇ Ǻdz ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƛ ńȁȋơ ƧǂǸǴdz" ." 344 ǺLjdzƢƥ ǺLjdzơȁ  śǠdzƢƥ śǠdzơ" ʼnƾǬdzơ ȅƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹȂǻƢǬdzƢƥ DzǸǠǼLJ ńȁȋơ ƔƢǼƥ ƧƽƢƥȍƢƥ ǾƬƦǣǁ ǀȈǨǼƬƥ ƤdzƢǘȇȁ ȄƳǂƬȇ .ǦǫȂŭơ DzƳǁ DZơǃ ƢǷ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ Dzǿ ǂưǯȋ DzǏȁ ǹƢǯ Ƣŭ ǾdzƢƷ ȄǴǟ ǭǂƫ Ȃdz ƣDŽūơ DZƢƳǁ ƾǼǟ ǽơƾǏ Ǿdz DzƫƢǫ ǽǂǯ ȄǴǟ ǹƗ ȄǴǟ 1941 ƣƕ 18 ǀǼǷ ƲƬŹ (džǴƥȂǣ) ǹƢǯȁ .ƩƢƥơǂǘǓȍơ ǺǷ ƨƳȂǷ ǺǷ ȏ Ǻȇǀdzơ" ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƢǟȍ ǹȁǂǘǔǷ ǶĔƜǧ ƣǂūƢƥ ǹȂǷȂǬȈLJ ǶĔƗ ȄǴǟ ƧȁȐǟ ǹƢŭȋơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ǹƗ ǾǫơǁȁƗ Ŀ ƣƕ 26 Ŀ ǂǯƿ ƾǫ ǹƢǯȁ .345"ƢǼƬŻDŽǿ ńơ ȏơ ǹȂǠǴǘƬȇ ƧƽƢǨƬLJȍơ ǺǷ ǹȂǷǂƸȈLJ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƜǧ ƢȀƟƢǬƥ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƢȀȈǧ ƣǁƢŢ Ŗdzơ ƧǂƬǨdzơ DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 16 Ŀ ǾȈǻȁƢǠǷ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǶǴǟƗ ƢǷƾǼǟȁ .346 ƢȀǼǷ ƧƢƴǼdzơ ȁƗ ƣǂūơ ǺǷ ȆǯơǂƬNjȍơ řǗȂdzơ ƣDŽūơ Ŀ ƢƆŻƾǫ ǾǨǏȂƥ DZƢǫ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzƬǫ ȄǴǟ ǶȈǸǐƬdzƢƥ 1941 "ƧǂǿƢǘdzơ ǶȀƟƢǷƾƥ" ǹƢŭȋơ ȄƸǓ ǹƗ ƾǠƥ ƣǂūơ ƾǠƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ljƢǟ DZƢƷ Ŀ" :DZȂǬȇ ńơ (Ǯǻơǂǧ) ƵȂǴȇ DZơȂǫȋơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ."ƢƆȈƟDŽƳ ȏƛ ƪƸų ƾǫ ǹȂǰƫ Ǻdz ƣǂūơ ǽǀǿ ǹƜǧ ǹơǂLjƻ DZƢƷ Ŀ ǁǃƢĐơ ǹȂǰƬLJ Ƕǰǧ ƢȈǻƢŭȋ ȆƟƢĔ ǂǐǻ ƾǠƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƩȂǷ ƨȈǓǂǧ ƵǂǏ Ƥƫǁ ƧƾǠƦƥ ǾǼǷ DzǫƗ Ȃǿȁ (ǭƢǧȂǻ Ǯǻơǂǧ) ǹƢǸnjȇƗ ƾǟƢLjǷ .ƣǂūơ ƢȈǻƢŭơ

156

ƨǏȐƻ

ơȂǻƢǯ ǺȇŚưǯ ǹƢŭƗ DzƦǫ ǺǷ ơƆƾȇƚǷ ǹƢǯ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzƬǫ ǁŐȇ ƢǷ ǹƗ ǾƬǸǯƢŰ DZȐƻ .347śǧƢǠǷ ƔƢƸǏƗ ƽȐƦdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǃƢƬŸ ȅǀdzơ ƪǫȂdzơ Ŀ ƣǂūơ ƔơǂƳ ǺǷ ǹȂƫȂǸȈLJ ńȁȋơ ƣǂūơ ƨŻDŽǿ ƨƥǂƴƬdz DZȁȋơ ǖŬơ ǺǷ ǾƷȁǁ ƾǸƬLjȇ ǂǷȌdz ʼnƾǬƬdzơ ơǀǿ ƤǠNj .ǥǂǘƬǷ ňƢŭƗ śŻ ƢȀǼǟ Ƙnjǻ ƨLjǰǼdzơ ƨǷƾǏ Ƣēǀǣ ƩƢǧǂǐƫȁ ǕƢŶƗ .1918 ǹȂǠǧƾȇ śǴǤƬLjŭơ ǺǷ ƤǠNj .ƣǂūơ Ŀ ǹȂǯǁƢnjȇ ȏ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƔƢǼƦŪơ ǺǷ ŃƢǠdzơ ǦdzƢŢ ȄǴǟ ơȂǴǸǟ ňƢǘȈNj ƤǠNj .ǶēǂǘȈLJ ơȂǘLjƦȇ Ȇǯ DzƫƢǬƬdzơ ńơ ǺȇǂƻȉƢƥ ǽǀǿ ƢȀǴǸŢ Ŗdzơ ƧǂǷƾŭơ ƧȂǬdzơ ǹƛ .ňƢŭȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ȄǴǟ śǸLjǬǷ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƾǓ ǹȂǬǴǠȇ ơȂǻƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢŭȋơ ƢȈƳȂdzȂȈƦdzơ ƔƢǸǴǟ ńơ ǂǷȋơ Dzǐȇ ƢǷƾǼǟ ǦǟƢǔƬƫ ƨȇƙǂdzơ ƢŮ ƩƾƳȂǧ ǵƢǬƬǻȏƢƥ ȅƽƢǼƫ ňƢŭȋơ ǵƾdzơ ƧDŽȇǂǣ ǹƛ .ňƢŭȋơ ǵƾdzơ ȄǴǟ ȃȂǐǫ ƨȈŷƗ .ȅǂǐǼǠdzơ ǂǰǨdzơ Ŀ ƢƆƳȁǂǷ ƨȈdzơŐȈǴdzƢǯ ǂǘƻ Ȃǿ ƢǷ Dzǯ ǹȁƾLjŸ ơȂǻƢǯ ǶĔȋ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƪƥǂǓ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǹƛ ǺǷ ƢŶƛ .ƨǨȈǼǟ DzǠǧ Ʃơƽǁ ƩǁƢƯƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈLjǯǁƢŭơ ƨǏƢƻȁ ƨȇƽƢŭơȁ ƨȈǗơǂǫȂŻƾdzơȁ ǭǂƄơ ǁȁƾdzơ ƤǠdz ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ƔơƾǠdzơ ǺǷ ȏƆ ƾƥ ƨȈǨȈnjdzȂƦǴdz ƔơƾǠdzơ ǹƗ ŐƬǠǻ ǹƗ ǾȈǧ ǢdzƢƦŭơ ǹƢŭȋơ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǦȇǂǠƬdzơȁ ƨȈǟȂȈnjǴdz ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ǽǂǯ ǹƛ .348ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ƨȈǴǸǠdz ƣƢƦLJƗ Ƶǂnjȇ ǹƗ ƆƢǸƬƷ ǾǻƘNj ǺǷ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ śƥȁ ƨȈǟȂȈnjdzơ śƥ śǻǁƢǬǷ Ǿƥ ǹȁƽƢǼȇ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ ǺǷ ńȁȋơ ǞȈƥƢLJȋơ Ŀ DzƬǬdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ǹȂLJǁƢŻ ơȂǻƢǯ śƷ ǶȀǨǼǟ ǹƗ ȏƛ .ǂǜƬǼǷ Śǣ ƢƆǨǘǠǼǷ ƣǂūơ ƩǀƻƗ śƷ ǦǼǠdzơ ơǀǿ DzȈǏƘƫ Ŀ Ǯdzǀǯȁ ƢȈLJȁǁ ǺǻƗ ƿƛ .śȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛ ńơ ȃƽƗ ƢǷ ǽƾƷȁ džȈdz ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ƣǂūơ ƾȇƾŤ ƢȀȀƳơȁ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƥȂǠǐdzơ ǹƛ .Śǐŭơ ơǀǿ ǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ǾƦȈǐǻ Ǿdz ǹƢǯ ȆǯŚǷȋơ ƤǠnjdzơ ƢŲ ƣǂūơ ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƩƢȇȏȂdzơ DZȂƻƽ ƨȈǻƢǰǷƛ ǺǷ ƩǃDŽǟ ǩǂnjdzơ Ŀ ňƢŭȋơ NJȈŪơ .ƢȈǻƢŭƘƥ ƨŻDŽǿ ńơ ȃƽƗ śƥȁ ļƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽƢŢȍơ śƥ DzǐƷ ȅǀdzơ ƣǁƢǬƬdzơ ƨƴȈƬǼƥȁ 1941 ǦȈǏ Ŀ ǪƫƢǟ ȄǴǟ ƣƢƦLJȋƢƥ ȄǷǂǧ Ņȁƽ ǦdzƢŢ ǵƢǷƗ ǾLjǨǻ ǂǴƬǿ ƾƳȁ ǹȂLjǯƢLJ – ȂǴǰǻȋơ śȈǨȈnjdzȂƦdzơ ȄǴǟ Ǿǻơȁƾǟ ǺǷ ƩƘƫ Ń ǾȈdzƛ DZȂǏȂdzơ ǝƢǘƬLJƛ ǺǷ ƧƽƢƥƛ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢƆȈŭƢǟ ơƆȁƾǟ Ƣđ ǾƳơȁ ƨȈǿơǂǰdz ƨǠȈǜǧ Ƨǂť ƪǻƢǰǧ .DZȁȋơ ǾƬǴŧ ǥƾǿ ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ǾǟƢǼǫ Ǻǟ ǵƢưǴdzơ ƨƷƢǗƜƥ ǵȂȈdzơ ǵȂǬȇ Ȃǿ Ƣǿȁ .ƨȈǨȈnjdzȂƦdzơȁ ƨȈdzƢũƗǂdzơ śǔǫƢǼƬǷ śȀƳȂƥ 157

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ơƆŚǐǷ ǥǂǐƬdzơ ơǀđ ơȂȀƳơȁ śȈƥȁǁȁȋơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǹƛ .ǹƢǘȈnjdzơ ǞǷ ǽƾƷȂƫ ŃƢǠǴdz ƢƆǨNjƢǯ ƨǷȁƢǬŭƢƥ ȏƛ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ǪȇǂǨdzơ ơǀǿ ǺǷ ǎǴţ Ń ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ǹƛ .ƢŮ DzȈưǷ ȏ ƧƢLJƘǷ Ǻǟ ǶǼȇ Ƕǰūơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǻǟ ƪǘǬLJƗ ǝơǂǐdzơ ƨŭȂǟ ǹƗ ȏƛ ȆǯŚǷȋơ DzƻƾƬdzƢƥȁ ƨȈƫƢȈǧȂLjdzơ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƢȈŞ ǾǼť ǞǧĄƽ Ƣƥȁǁȁơ ǂȇǂŢ ǹƛ .ƩȂŭƢƥ

158

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ 1961 džȇǁƢƥ ǁƢȇƢǧ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȂȀȇ ŚǷƾƫ ǡŐǴȈǿ DZȁȁơǁ .1 1986 ǃȂdzȂƫ ƢǨȇǂƥ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȇǁȂƫƢƬǰȇƾdzơ ŚNjơǂƥ NJȇǂƬȇƽ DZǁƢǯ .2 1977 DŽȇDŽȈǼȈƳ ȅơƽ ƾǻơ ǂǴƬǿ ǁơǃȁǂƥ ǺƫǁƢǷ .3

 Ǟƥơǂdzơ ƔDŽŪơ ǺȇȂǰƬdzơ ǂǨLJ ǺǷ ƧƽƢƥȏơ ƧƽȂnjǻƗ ǂǴƬǿ"  ơǃȁǂƥ ǺƫǁƢǷ džȇƽ ǹȁǂȇDŽȈǴȇǁ ȅơƽ  ǹDŽǷȂǷ DŽǻƢǿ ž 775 ńơ 739 Ǎ  1977  "ƺȇơǂdzơ" ȅǁȂǨdzơ DzLJơǂƬdzơ ȃƽȂƳ džȇƽ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ" ǺnjȈƥȂƫȁƗ  1983  ƮdzƢưdzơ ƔDŽŪơ  ƪǧƢnjdzDŽǣ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ" ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ŀ śȈLJƢȈLJ ǺȇǁƢȈƫ DZȂƷ ƨȈǠǷƢƳ ƩơǂǓƢŰ .4 .1985 džȇǁƢƥ DzȇȂLJ"ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛȁ 1984 ƧƽƢƥȍơ ńơ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ƔơƾǠdzơ ǺǷ ǹơȂǼǠƥ DZƢǬǷ ǁƾǼdzƾȇǂǧ DZȂLJ .5

ƽȂȇ ƩƢLJơǁƽ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭơ Ŀ džȈƟǂdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ǁȁƽ ńơ ƤƫƢǰdzơ ƶŭƗ .50 ńơ Î Ǎ 1984 ǂnjǟ DžƽƢLjdzơ ƾǴĐơ ǶȈNjƢǧ 1984 ơǂƬǴǰǻƛ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ DzȈǯƢƳ ƽǁƢǿǂƥƛ .6 1985 ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ DZȂƷ ƣǁƢš ǢǼǻȁơǂƥ ǂǧȂƬLjȇǂǯ .7

"ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ŀ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ǹơǂǧȋơ ǾǫǂŢ Ń ȅǀdzơ ƢǷ" ǁȂȇƢǷ Ȃǻǁƕ .8 1989 ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ 358 ńơ 356 .Ǎ 1969 ǁƢŻȁ ǁƽ ǹƛ ǂǴƬǿ Dzȇȁǃǂǣ ǦȈǴƫƽ .9

ńơ 159 Ǎ 59 ńơ 57 .Ǎ .1939 džȇǁƢƥ ǂǴƬǿ Ņ DZƢǫ ǹƢǷǂǿ .10 .160

159

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƾǫȁ .1976 ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ ǂǴƬǿ ȄǴǟ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƣǂūơ ŐƯƘƫ" ǹȂȈǼƥ Ǧdzȁƽȁǁ .11 ǵƢǟ ǽǂnjǻ ǾǼȈǟ džǨǼdzơ DZȂƷ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨǤǴdzƢƥ ǵƢǿ DZƢǬŠ ƣƢƬǰdzơ ơǀǿ ǪūƗ 1983

ƢȈǻƢŭơ 578 Ƕǫǁ  1924 º 1905 " ǺǤǼNjǃȁƗ ƺȈǴǷƢLJ " ǂǴƬǿ ǦdzȁƽƗ .12 .1980 .402 ńơ 254 Ǎ  1934 "ȆƷƢǨǯ" ǂǴƬǿ ǦdzȁƽƗ .13 264 Ǎ  1939 džȇǁƢƥ ǂǴƬǿ Ņ DZƢǫ ǹƢǷǂǿ ǺǤǼǼNjȁǁ .14

ƧƾȈǬǟ ǺLjdzȁ ǺǨȈƬLJ 1925-1905 ǺǤǼNjǃȁƗ ƺȈǴǷƢLJ ǂǴƬǿ ǦdzȁƽƗ .15 1982 ǹƾǼdz ƨƥǂšȁ DžǂǨǻƗ ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǩȂǬƷ Ǻǟ śǠǧơƾŭơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů .16 1933 1987 ǹƢǸǯȂǣ DžȂǴnjƬȇƗ ǵȁǃ ǹƢǻ Ʃǃƛ ǂǴƬǿ .17

.33 ńơ 28 .Ǎ "ŚƦǰdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ" ǵơƽƕ NJȇǂƬȇƽ .18 Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ "ĿƢnjƫǂȇȁ ǁƽ ǃȁƗ ǹƽȂƳ ǁƽ ǢǼǣơǁƽǂǧ ȅơƽ DznjǼǣ ƩȂǸǴǿ .19 1996 "ƪƻƢǷǁơȂdzơ 193 Ƕǫǁ ƨǬȈƯȁ 1983 ǂǴƬǿ ǢǻŚŸǁ ȅȏǃƢǰƻơǁ ǁƽ ŔǯƗ .20 1933 ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿȁ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƦȇƽ ǁǃƢǟ Ǻƥ ȂǿƢȈdzƛ .21 1986 DžȂǷDŽȈdzƢȇǃȁǃƢǻȂȇǃƢǻ ǵƛ ǺnjȇDŽȈdzǂƬnjǤǻơȁǃ ǭȂƥ DzȇDŽȈƳ .22

ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ ǁǃƢǠȈdzơ Ǻƥ ȂǿƢȈdzơ .23 .ƮdzƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǪȇȂLjƫ ƨǬȈƯȁȁ ǂǴƬǿ ǾȈȈǰǼƥ ƾȈǧơƽ .24 1939-1933 śdzǂƥ Ŀ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƦȇƽ ȆǰLjƦȈdz ǥǃȂƳ .25

ƾdzȂǻǁƗ ƽǁơȁƽƛ  ǹƾǼdz  ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơȁ ƨȈǐƼnjdzơ Ŀ ƨLJơǁƽ .ǂǴƬǿ  ǁƢǯ ǵƢȈdzȁ .26 .177. Ǎ  1978 

160

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

Ǯdzƿ Ŀ ƢLjǻǂǧ Ŀ ƨȈǷƢLjdzơ ƧơƽƢǠǷ .ƨƥǂƴƬdzơȁ ǂǰǨdzơ  ǹȂLjǴȇȁ ǺǨȈƬLJ .27 . 1982 ǵƢǟ  ǹƾǼdz  DžȂǨȇǁƽ ǹȂƠnjdzơ ǺǷ ƪǫȂdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ǞǷ ƩȐƥƢǬǷ. ƨȈǴȈưǸƬdzơ Ȑƥ ǂǴƬǿ .ǪƥƢLJ ǞƳǂǷ  ƨȈƳȂdzȂȇƾȇȋơ ǂǴƬǿ .28 . 82.  1969  ƨǏǁȂƥ  džȇǁƢƥ  ƧơȁƢLjŭơ ǵƾǫ. ȄǴǟ ǢǼƬȇǂƥ - ǂǴƬǿ 1986  ŐȇƢƥ  ƺǻȂȈǷ ǽƢšȏ džȈǴųơ DžȂdz  ǡƢƬnjȇơǂdzơ ƧǁȂǘLJƗ 1935 śdzǂƥ . ǶǫǂǷ Śǣ  ƨǷơƾƬLjŭơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ .29

Ƨǂǰǧ DZȂǏƗ ȄǴǟ :' ŃƢǠdzơ ƽȂȀȇ 'ǺǷ ǺƟƢǿǂdzơ»  DžȁơǂƬNj .Ɨ Ʃǂƥǂǿ .30  ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơȁ ƨǫǂƄơ ƩƢLJơǁƽ  ƢȈǻƢŭơ ƺȇǁƢƫ Ŀ ƨȈǟƢǸŪơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ -136125 Ǎ / 21988 ǂLJ ǃƢǤdzơ ǥǂǣ" DzȈǯȁǂƫŐdzơƽƗ ȁ śƦǤǻȂdz ǹƢǷǂǿ ǹȂǣȂǯ śƳȁƗ .31 ȅǀdzơ ǾƥƢƬǯ Ŀ ȅȐǯ ƪLjǻǁƗ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ  24 Ǎ 1984 džȇǁƢƥ "ƨdzȁƽ 1983 ƩǁȂǨǰǻơǂǧ ƺȇơǂdzơ Ŀ ȅǃƢǻƢƫȁƗ" ǹơȂǼǟ DzǸŹ 1941-1939

ƺȇơǂdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdz ƨǔȇǂǠdzơ ǕȂǘŬơǂƫȐƦǻDŽȇƛ ƽǁƢǿŚƳ .32 30 ńơ 29 Ǎ 1969 ƩǁȂǨǰǻơǂǧ

1985 ƩǁȂǨǰǻơǂǧ ǢǼƥơǂǰǻDŽȇƛ ǂǴƬǿ ǮȈǼLJȁơǂǯ ƩȂǸǴǿ .33 1982 ǹƾǼdz ƪLjǯȂdzȂŮơ džǴǗƗ ƩŐǴȈƳ ǺƫǁƢǷ .34

.1941 ǂǴƬǿ Ƣǿƕǁ ƢǸǯ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ .35 .1967 ƩǁȂǨǰǻơǂǧ ǂǴƬǿ ƨȈLJƢǷȂǴƦȇƽȁ DzƟƢLJȁ .36 1981 džȇǁƢƥ ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ȆnjȈǧ ǹȂƬLjǯƢƥ Śƥȁǁ º DžȁǁƢǷ .ǁ DzǯǁƢȇƗ .37

ƺȇǁƢƬǴdz Ƣƥȁǁȁơ DŽǯǂǷ ơƾǼdzȂƥ Ŀ ȅǃƢǼdzơ ȂƬȈǤdzơ ǢǼǻȁơǂƥ ǂǧȂƬLjȇǂǯ .38

161

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƨǷƾǬŭơ

1961 džȇǁƢƥ ǁƢȇƢǧ ƢƥȁǁȁƗ ƽȂȀȇ ŚǷƾƫ ǡŐǴȈǿ DZȁȁơǁ -

1

ǒǠƥ ȄǴǟ ǚǨƸƬȇ ǾǼǰdz ȆLJƢLJƗ ǞƳǂǸǯ ƣƢƬǰdzơ ơǀǿ ƤƫƢǰdzơ ƾǸƬǟơ ǶƬǿơ ƾǬǧ .ƧƽƢƥȍơ Ƣđ ƪŤ Ŗdzơ ǩǂǘdzƢƥ ǡŐǴȈǿ ǶƬȀȇ :DZȂǬȈǧ ǾȈǧ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ơƆƔƾƬƦǷ žǾǨȇǂǠƬƥ ǵƢǫ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzƬǫ Ŀ ƾǸƬǟơ ƱǃȂŶ ʼnƾǬƬƥ ƔȆNj Dzǯ DzƦǫ .ǶȀǴȈǬǼƫ ƩƢȈǴǸǟ ƾƷơȁ ǹƢǰǷ Ŀ ǶȀLjȇƾǰƫȁ ǶȀǠȈǸš ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȇǂǠƬƥ ǁȂǘƬdzơ ǹƘǯȁ ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ƔƢȈNjȋơ ǃŐȇ ǾǼǰdz ƶȈƸǏ Ȃǿ ǾȈdzƛ ǵƾǫ ƢǷ ƆƢȈǬǘǼǷ Ȃǿ ǾǸȀȇ ǹƢǯ ƢǷ Dzǯ .ƱǃȂǸǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǁȂǘƫ DzƷơǂŭ ƢƆǠƦƫ ȃǂƳ ȆźǁƢƬdzơ ơǀǿ .ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǨǐƫ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǗơǂǫȁŚƦdzơ ǁơǂǏƛ ǾƦǠdz ȅǀdzơ ǁȁƾdzơ ǃơǂƥƛ ƢǷ ǭƢǼǿ ƾǠȇ Ń ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƽƢȀǘǓơ ƨȈǴǸǟ Ŀ ǪǴǘǻơ ǹƛ ƢǷ ȅǀdzơ ǁơǂǏȍơ ƨLJƢȈLJ DzȈƷǂƬdzơ ƩƢȈǴǸǠdz ǽǂǯƿ ƆƢǔȇƗȁ . ǶŮ ǶēƽƢƥƛ ǪȈǬŢ DzƦǫ ǾǬǧȂȇ ŃƢǠdzơ ǺǷ ǹƢǰǷ ȅƗ Ŀ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǞǸů ǪǴƻ ƩƢǘǘű ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ŚƴȀƬdzơ Ƨƾŭ ƪǫƚǷ ƱƢƳȂǟơ Ȃǿ Dzƥ ȆLJƢȈLJ ǖŬ ƢƆŸȂƬƫ ƩƘȇ Ń DzǐƷ ƢǷ ǹƘǯȁ .ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ ǺǷ ƢǨȇǂƥ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơ ƨȇǁȂƫƢƬǰȇƾdzơ ŚNjơǂƥ NJȇǂƬȇƽ DZǁƢǯ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ ǂǯǀǻ -2 Karl Dietrich Bracher, La Dictature ȁ 1986 ǃȂdzȂƫ allemande, Toulouse, Privat, 1986 ; Eberhard Jäkel, Hitler Idéologue, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 1973 ; Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, New York, Holt, 1975 ;Gerald Fleming, Hitler und Endlösung, Wiesbaden & Munich, Limes Verlag, 1982; Helmut

162

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

Krausnick, “Judenverfolgung”, in Anatomie des SS-Staates, vol.2, Munich, DTV, 1967

ǝơǂǐdzơ ǾƥƢƬǯ Ŀ Dzǰǻơǂǧ ƪLjǻǁơ DZƢưǷƗ śƻǁƚŭơ Ɣȏƚǿ ǺǸǓ ǺǷ º 3 ǹƢǷȂȈǻ DŽǻơǂǧ ƣƢƬǯ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ 1941 ƽǁȂǨLjǯơ ƨǠǷƢƳ ƩƢǟȂƦǘǷ Ņȁƾdzơ ǵƢǟ ƩǁƾǏ ǾǼǷ ƨȇDŽȈǴǰǻȏơ ƨƼLjǼdzơ) 1987 džȇǁƢƥ ȂȇƢƥ "ljȂǸȈȀȈƥ" .1985 džȇǁƢƥ ȂȇƢƥ "ǂǴƬǿ ƨdzȁƽ" ǁơǃȁǂƥ ǺƫǁƢǷ ƣƢƬǯ ƢƆÅǔȇƗȁ (1944 ƢȈǻƢŭơ ƽȂȀȈƥ ǪǴǠƬƫ ƨȇǃƢǻ ƨǬȈƯȁ "NJȈǧǃȁƗ ńơ Ǫȇǂǘdzơ" džǻȂǴNj DZǁƢǯ ƣƢƬǯ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ" ǢǴȈƥ ǥǃȂƳ ƣƢƬǯ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ .1970 ơȂǼȈdzƛ ƨǠǷƢƳ ƩƢǟȂƦǘǷ ƮȈƷ 47 Ǎ 1977 ƾǴȈǨLJǁȐǯ ƪȈƥȁ ƱŚLJ  džȇǁƢƥ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjǸǴdz ƨȈǴǸǟ ǀȈǨǼƫ Ŀ ǾǗƢƦǔdz DzǟƢǨdzơ ǁȁƾdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ ȃƾdz ƽƽǂƬdzơ ƨdzƢƷ Ǧdzƚŭơ Ǧǐȇ džȇǁƢƥ ȆǨȈdzȁ ǹƢǸǴǯ "ǽǂǰdzơ ƧȐǏ" ǥȂǯƢȈdzȂƥ ǹȂȈdz ƣƢƬǯ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ .ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǺǷ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ǕƢƦǓ ƢŶƛȁ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ȅȂǼȇ Ǻǰȇ Ń ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ǾȈǧ ƾǯƚȇ ȅǀdzơ1951 .śǗƢȈnjdzơ ǺǷ ȆƷȂƥ śǟȂǧƾǷ Ǯdzǀƥ ơȂǷƢǫ Walter Petwaidic, Die Autoritäre 1946 Ŀ ǁƾǏ ƣƢƬǯ ǹơȂǼǟ Ȃǿ

4

Anarchie, Hamburg, 1946.

ńơ ǞƳǂȇ - 5 Martin Broszat, « Hitler und die Genesis der ‘Endösung’ », VfZ, Mommsen, “Die Realisierung des 4, 1977, p. 739-775; Hans Utopischen : Die ‘Endlösung des Judenfrage” im “Dritten Reich”, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 3, 1983, p. 381-420. 1985 ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛȁ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ Ǻǟ ƨȈǠǷƢƳ ƩơǂǓƢŰ -

163

6

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

Ȑ Ɔ ȈǐǨƫ ǹƢǷƾǬȇ śȈdzƢƬdzơ śǠƳǂŭơ ǹƜǧ  ǺȇǁƢȈƬdzơ Ǻȇǀǿ DZȂƷ ƨnjǫƢǼŭƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ :ǝȂǓȂŭơ ơǀǿ DZȂƷ L’Allemagne nazie et le Génocide juif, Paris, Gallimard-Le Seuil, 1985 ; Der Mord an den Juden in Zweiten Weltkrieg, édité ƩơǂǓƢŰ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ par E. Jäckel & J. Rohwer, Stuttgart, DVA, 1985 ǹƢƦdzƗ ƧƽƢƥȍơȁ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƨLJƢȈLjdzơ" ƢƆǔȇƗȁ. 1987 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ Ŀ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ Ǻǟ džȇǁƢƥ Michael R. Marrus, Holocaust in History, ,1989 džȇǁƢƥ DZƢnjȈǷ ƢǔȇƗȁ ˬ London, University Press of New England, 1987. Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship, Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, London, Arnold, 1982 (2e éd.).

ńơ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ǾƟơƾǟ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ȅDŽǯǂŭơ ǂǴƬǿ ǁȁƽ ńơ ǁƾǼdzƾȇǂǧ DZȂLJ ǁƢNjƗ -7 Saul ƧƽƢƥȍơ ńơ ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ƔơƾǠdzơ ǺǷ ǹơȂǼǠƥ DZƢǬǷ Ŀ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ńơ ǾdzȂǏȁ Friedländer, « From Antisemitism to Extermination », Yad Vashem Studies, XVI, 1984, p. 1-50. 1984 ơǂƬǴǰǻƛ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ DzȈǯƢƳ ƽǁƢǿǂƥƛ-

8

Eberhard Jäckel, Hitler in History, Hanover & London, University Press of New England, 1984, p. 44-65, Hitler Herrschaft, Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1986, p. 89122; S. Haffner, Un certain Adolf Hitler, Paris, Grasset, 1979, p. 217-218.

Dzūơ DZȂƷ ƣǁƢš ńơ ƾȇƾƸƬdzƢƥ ƽȂǠǻ ǢǼǻȁơǂƥ ǂǧȂƬLjȇǂǯ ƩƢǨdzƚǷ śƥ ǺǷ -9 1985 ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ

164

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

Fateful Maths. Essays on the emergence of the Final Solution, New York, Holmes & Meier, 1985. 1989 ǹơǂǧȋơ ǾǫǂŢ Ń ȅǀdzơ ƢǷ ǁȂȇƢǷ Ȃǻǁƕ -

10

Arno Mayer, Why Did the Heavens not Darken? The Final Solution in History, New York, Pantheon, 1989.

ƨȈǷƢLjǴdz ƔơƾǠdzơ ºÎ 1969 ǁƢŻȁ ǁƽ ǹƛ ǂǴƬǿ Dzȇȁǃǂǣ ǦȈǴƫƽ -

11

Detlef Grieswelle, Hitlers Rhetorik in der Weimarer Zeit. Diss. Saarbrük, 1969, p. 356-358. 1939 džȇǁƢƥ ǂǴƬǿ Ņ DZƢǫ ǹƢǷǂǿ -

12

Hermann Rauschning, Hitler m’a dit, Paris, Coopération, 1939, p. 57-59, 159-160.

ơǀǿ Ŀ ƔƢƳ ƢǷ ǹȁƾȇƚȇ Ǻȇǂƻƕ śƻǁƚǷ ǞǷ ǾdzȂǫ ƤLjŞ  ƢǼǿ ǺȇǁȂƥ ǭǂƬnjȇ .ǂǴƬǿ ƧƾȈǬǠdz ƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơȁ ƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơ ǂǿƢǜŭơ DZȂƷ ƣƢƬǰdzơ 13 1926 º 1025 Ǎ 1925-1905 ǺǤǼNjǃȁƗ ƺȈǴǷƢLJ ǂǴƬǿ ǦdzȁƽƗ Adolf Hitler, Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, 1905-1924, édité Par E. Jaeckel et A. Kuhn. Stuttgart. Deutsche Verlags-Anstal, 1980, n° 578, p. 1025-1026. Adolf Hitler, Mon combat, Paris, Nouvelles Editions 14 Latines, s.d. (1934), p. 254-402.

165

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

Adolf Hitler, Mon combat, Paris, Nouvelles Editions ˰15 404 -402. ˰ 250Latines, s.d. (1934), p. 25

ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ - 16 ǞƳơǂȇ ǂǴƬǿ ȄǴǟ ȃŐǰdzơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ƣǂūơ ǂƯȋȁ . 225 .Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ -17 Rudoloph Binion, Hitler Among the Germans, New York, Elsevier, 1976

ŚȀnjdzơ ǾdzƢǬǷ ƢƆǔȇơȁ “Der Jude ist Weg. Machtpolitische Auswirkungen des hitlerschen Rassengedankens”, in Die deutsche Frage im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Sous la direction de J. Becket et Hilgruber. Munich. Vöggel, 1983, p. 347-372. Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, op.cit., n° 566, p. 1003 ; Mon ˰ 18 combat, op.cit., p. 169-170, 517-518, 677.

.680 ,Ǎ ȆƷƢǨǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǦdzȁƽƗ º 19 20 71 Ǎ .ȆƷƢǨǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǦdzȁƽƗ 21 205 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º 22 653 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, op.cit., n° 103, p. 138 ; n° 109, ˰ 23 p. 148 ; n° 113, p. 153.

DzȈǯƢƳ Ƣǿǂǯƿ ǹƗȁ ǪƦLJ ǂǿƢǜŭơ ǽǀǿ . 644 Ǎ 338 ƧǂŶ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º24 Hitler Idéologue ǾƥƢƬǯ Ŀ 166

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

Mon combat, op.cit., p. 660. ˰ 25 Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, op.cit., n° 173, DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ º 26 p. 276 ; Mon combat, op.cit., p. 324. Victor Klemperer, LTI, Leipzig, Reclam. 1966 (1re éd. ˰ 27 1946), p. 71. « Sein letztes Ziel aber muss unverrückbar die Entfernung ˰ 28 der Juden überhaupt sein », Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, op.cit., n° 61, p. 89-90.

ÖÕ ƧǂŶ žÎÏÍ .Ǎ ÖÎ ƧǂŶ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ  DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ º 29 .ÎÏÕ.Ǎ º 30 « […] absolut nur als Gäste », BAK, NS 26/55, discours du 7 décembre 1928, p.33. Sämtliche

Ŀ 1922 DZȂǴȇƗ 18 Ŀ Ǿƥ ƤdzƢǗ ƢǷ ơǀǿ º 31 n° 405, p. 690. Aufzeichnungen, op.cit.,

Rauschning, Hitler m’a dit, op.cit., p. 264. ˰ 32

167

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƢǿƾǠƥ ƢǷȁ 420 Ǎ 1925-1905 ǺǤǼNjǃȁƗ ƺȈǴǷƢLJ ǂǴƬǿ ǦdzȁƽƗ -

33

n° 421, p. 727 (13 novembre Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, op.cit., 1922 Hitler – Memoirs of a Confidant, édité par H.A. Turner, ˰ 34 Jr., New Haven et Londres, Yale University Press. 1985, p.186.

William Carr, Hitler. A Study in Personality and Politics, ˰ 35 Londres, Edward Arnold, 1978, p.177, note 25. Mon combat, op.cit., p. 649. ˰ 36 Es 1937 ǹƢLjȈǻ 29 Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǽƢǬdzƗ ƣƢǘƻ Ŀ ȁƾƦƫ ơǀǿ ȄǴǟ ƧƽƢȀNj ŐǯƗ ˰ 37 spricht der Führer. Sieben exemplarische Hitler-Reden, édité par H. von Kotze et H. Krausnick, Gütersloh 1966, p. 147-148. Stephen Wilson, Ideology and Experience. Antisemitism in ˰ 38 France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair, Londres, Associated University Press 1982. Hitler idéologue, op.cit DzȈǯƢƳ ƨȇǂǜǼdz ƽƢǬƬǻơ ǾǻƗ ƢǼǿ Ņ ȁƾƦȇ -

39

1982 ǹƾǼdz ƨƥǂšȁ ƧƾȈǬǟ ǺLjdzȁ ǺǨȈƬLJ

Mon combat, op.cit., p. 170. º 40 677-678 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º

168

41

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

Hitler sans masque. Entretiens Hitler-Breiting, édité par E. ˰ 42 ǞƳơǂȇ ƣƢƬǰdzơ ơǀǿ DZȂƷ ,Calic, Paris, Stock, 1969, p. 82. Reichstagsbrand. Aufklärung einer historischen Legende, sous la direction de U. Backes et alii, Munich, Piper, 1986.

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ƮdzƢưdzơ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƣƢƬǯ ǺǷ ǞǘƬǬǷ Śƻȋơ ƽƢȀnjƬLJȏƛ -43 Le IIIe Reich et les Juifs, édité par le comité pour la défense des droits des juifs, Anvers, 1933, p. 94. Die DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 27 (śdzǂƥ) Judenkenner Ŀ ǂȀǛ DZƢǬǷ ǺǷ ǞǘǬǷ ˰ 44 Stellung des NSDAP zur Judenfrage, édité par le Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens, Berlin, s.d., non Der verwaltete Mensch, Tübingen, Mohr, 1974, p. 60. ȁ paginé. Herbert A. Strauss, « Hostages of ‘world Jewry’: on the ƢƆǔȇƗȁ origins of the idea of Genocide in German History, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 1988/2, p. 125-136.

ÎÖÐÐ-ÎÖÐÖ ŚƴȀƬdzơ ƨLJƢȈLJ - Ï Uwe Dietrich Adam, Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich, op.cit. -45 p. 28-33. Hitler ist nun zum Entschleus gekommen, 1987, p. 398 ; ˰ 46 Helmut Genschel, Die verdrängung 56 Ǎ DznjǼǣ ƩȂǸǴǿ º

47

der Juden aus der Wirtschaft im Dritten Reich, Göttingen, Musterschmidt Verlag, 1966, p. 56.

169

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

Akten 193 Ƕǫǁ ƨǬȈƯȁ 1983 ǂǴƬǿ ǢǻŚŸǁ ȅȏǃƢǰƻơǁ ǁƽ ŔǯƗ -

48

675 º 193 Ǎ der Reichskanzlei Regierung Hitler 1933-1938 47 Ǎ  DznjǼǣ º

49

-50 Eliahu Ben Elissar, La Diplomatie du IIIe Reich et les Juifs, 1933-1939, Paris, Julliard, 1968, p.38. Akten -51 der Reichskanzlei Regierung Hitler 1933-1938

Cf.

Gisela

633 º 630 Ǎ º 180 Ƕǫǁ ƨǬȈƯȁ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ  -

52

82 º 18 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ  DznjǼǣ-

53

Bock,

Zwangssterilisation im ˰ 54 Nationalsozialismus,

Opladen, 1986. 55

155 º 150 Ǎ  ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ  ǁǃƢǠȈdzƗ Ǻƥ º

Schleunes, The Twisted Road to Auschwitz. Nazi Policy -56 toward the German Jews, op.cit., p. 178-180. 85 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ ǁǃƢǠȈdzơ Ǻƥ ȂǿƢȈdzơ -

57

109 Ǎ  ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ  DznjǼǣ º

170

58

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

Er ist sehr zugänglish. In vielen wird es nun bald ˰59 Änderung geben”, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, op.cit., I/2, p. 488.

Ŗdzơ ƨȈƟơȂnjǠdzơ Ǖȁǂnjdzơ ȄǴǟ ǝȐǗȎdz  Genschel, op.cit., p. 114. º 60 Lothar Gruchmann, ǞƳơǂȇ śǻơȂǫ ơǀǰǿ ǺLJ ńơ Ʃƽơ « Blutschutzgesetz und Justiz. Zur Entstehung und wirkung des Nürmberger Gesetzes vom 15. September 1935”, VfZ, juillet 1983, p. 418-442.

º 61 “Bericht des mit der Führung der Geschäfte beauftragten SSSturmann Dr. Schlösser über die Besprechungim Rassenpolitischen Amt vom 25.9.1935”, BAK, NS 2/143.

“Das

Reichsministerium des Innern und die -62 Judengesetzgebung”, VfZ, juillet 1961, p. 281.

Adam, op.cit., p. 135 sq ˰

63

Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, op.cit., I/2, p. 520, -64 537, 540.

ƨǴȈǗ ƽƽǂƬŭơ ǁȁƽ ƤǠdz ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ǾƫơǂǯǀǷ Ŀ DZƢǫ ȅǀdzơ džǻȂǴNj ǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ - 65 ƧǂƬǨdzơ

171

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

66

Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, op.cit., I/2, 19 août ˰ 1935, p. 504; 29 mai 1936, p. 618, 15 novembre 1936, p. 727. 55 Ǎ  1937 ǕƢƦNj 23 ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º

67

351 Ǎ 3 ńơ Î ƔDŽŪơ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º

68

BAK, R 18/5514, “Vermerk über die Besprechung am 29. ˰ 69 September 1936.” 70

Adam, op.cit., p. 200 ; Ben Elissar, op.cit., p. 216, 219 sq ˰

71

Ben Elissar, op.cit., p. 183-184. º Adam, op.cit., p. 161-162 ; Genschel, ,ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ ǵƽƕ -

72

9 Ƕǫǁ ƨǜƷȐŭơ op.cit., p. 142, note

Ȇǿȁ ƺȇơǂdzơ ƨǸǴǯ ƢƆǬƥƢLJ Ʃƽǁȁ ƾǫȁ .ȅǁȉơ džǼŪơ ȄǴǟ ƽƢǐƬǫȏơ ǂǐƷ - 73 Ȃǿ ƺȇơǂdzơȁ .ǂǴƬǿ ǵƢȇƗ ơƆƾƟƢLJ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơȁ Ʈȇƾūơ ǵȂȀǨŭƢƥ ƨȈǻƢǷȁǂdzơ ƨȇǁȂǗơŐǷȍơ řǠƫ ǹƢŭȋơ ƢȀǸǰŹ Ŗdzơ ȆǓơǁȋơ ƨǟȂǸů Hubert Rosenkranz, Verfolgung und Selbstbehauptung. Die ˰ 74 Juden in Österreich 1938-1945, Vienne, Harold, 1978, p. 27. Genschel, op.cit., p. 150. ˰ 75

ƨȀƳ ƨȇȋ ȁƗ ƨƥƢǫǂdz ƨǠǓƢƻ ŚǤdzơ ǪǗƢǼŭơ Ȇǿ DžȂǷƢǬdzơ ƤLjŞ  ƾǼǴǼǣǁȂƥ -76 Rosenkranz, op.cit., p. 106 .ƪǻƢǯ Genschel, op.cit., p. 150. ˰ 77 172 º 168 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º

172

78

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, op.cit., I/3, 11 juin ˰ 79 1983, p. 452.

º 80 « Hauptsache ist, dass die Juden hinausgedrückt werden. In zehn Jahren müssen sie aus Deutschland entfernt sein. Aber vorläufig wollen wir die Juden och als Faustpfand hierbehalten »(Ibid., I/3, p.490). Ben Elissar, op.cit., p. 284 sq. ˰ 81 Krausnick, “Judenverfolgung”, in Anatomie des SS-Staates, ˰ 82 op.cit., vol.2, nouv.éd. 1984, p.276. Hermann Graml, Reichskristallnacht. Antisemitismus ƢƆǔȇƗȁ und Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich, Munich, DTV, 1988. & Rita Thalmann, La nuit de cristal, Paris, Laffont, 1982. 83

Stenographische Niederschrift von einem Teil der Besprechung über die Judenfrage [...]”, TMI, t. XXVIII, PS1816. Adam, op.cit., 217. ˰ 84 David Bankier, “Hitler and the Policy-Making Process on -85 the Jewish Question”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, vol. 3, n° 1, p.6.

.ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƢȇƢǔǫ ǁȂǘƬƥ ǶƟơƾdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ǵƢǸƬǿƛ ǁƢȀǛƛ ǂǰǻƢƥ DZȁƢŹ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ƢƆǨǏơȁ ƣƢƬǰdzơ ơǀǿ Ŀ ƭƾƸƬȇ Adam, op.cit., p. 218-219. º 86 .ȄǴǟȋơ ǖǘƼŭơ ǾǻƘƥ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ǽǀǿ 173

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

383 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ ǁǃƢǠȈdzƗ Ǻƥ -

87

Avraham Barkai, von Boykott zur “Entjudung”, Der ˰ 88 wirtschaftliche Existenzkampf der Juden im Dritten Reich, 19331943, Francfort, Fischer, 1987, p. 156; Rosenkranz, op.cit., p. 227. Lipskià Beck, 20 septembre 1938, doc. 99, in Jozef Lipski, ˰ 89 Diplomat in Berlin, 1933-1939, édité par W. Jadrzejewics, New York, Colmbia Uinversity Press, 1968, p. 411.

-1933 śdzǂƥ Ŀ ȆLJƢǷȂǴƦȇƽ" 1938 DZȂǴȇƗ 20 ȆǰLjƦȈdz ǥǃȂƳ - 90 411 Ǎ 1968  ǭǁȂȇȂȈǻ "1939 Ben Elissar, op.cit., p. 411 sq ˰ 1939 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 5  119 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ƨLjǷƢŬơ .ƽ ADAP -

91

92

ADAP, D4, doc. 158, p. 170-171. “Die Juden würden bei ˰ 93 uns verichtet. Den 9. November 1918 hätten die Juden nicht umsonst gemacht, dieser Tag würde gerächt werden.” Dokumente der Deutschen Politik, Berlin, Junker und ˰ 94 Dünnhaupt verlag, t. 7, P. 476-479. « Wenn es dem internationalem Finanzjudentum in – und ˰ 95 ausserhalb Europas gelingen sollte, die völker noch einmal in einen Weltkrieg zu stürzen, dann wird das Ergebnis nicht die Bolschewisierung der Erde und damit der Sieg des Judentums,

174

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

sondern die Vernichtung der jüdischen Rasse in Europa sein » (Ibid.).

śƥȁ ƧƽƢƥȍơ śƥ ǖƥǁ ǾǻƘǯȁ ǂǴƬŮ ǵȐǰdzơ ơǀǿ ǹȁƾǼLjȇ śƻǁƚŭơ ǺǷ Śưǯ -96 ƨȈƥȁǁȁƗ ƣǂƷ Ǻǟ džȈdzȁ ƨȈŭƢǟ ƣǂƷ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬȇ ǹƢǯ...ǵƢǟ Dzǰnjƥ ƣǂƷ ƭȁƾƷ Ǧȇǂƻ ǀǼǷȁ  ǂǴƬǿ ǕƢƦǓ ǒǠƥ ǹƗ ǂǯǀdzƢƥ ǂȇƾŪơ .ǂȀNjƗ ƨƯȐưƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ƪǠdzƾǻơ ƢǷ ơǀǿ .ƣǂūơ ƪǠdzƾǻơ DZƢƷ Ŀ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǞǷ ƣƢLjƷ ƨȈǨǐƫ Ǻǟ ǹȂƯƾƸƬȇ 1938 ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷ .1938 ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 12 Ŀ ǢǼȇǁȂǣ ơƆƾȇƾŢ Ǿƥ ƵǂǏ ǹƗ DzǸƬƄơ ǺǷȁ .śǐǴƼŭơ ǾǗƢƦǓ ǁȂǔŞ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨȈǔǫ Ŀ ǾȈdzƛ DzǏȂƫ ƢǸǟ ǽǂLjƥ ƵƢƥ ƢƆǬƥƢǘǷ ƔƢƳ ǶǿŚLjǨƫ ǹƜǧ DZƢƷ ƨȇƗ ȄǴǟ ǾǼǰdzȁ ǶȀƦǷ Dzǰnjƥ ǽȁǂLjǧ ƾǫ Ɣȏƚǿ ǹȂǰȇ .DZȁȋơ DzǐǨdzơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ƔƢƳ Ƣŭ TMI, t.32, PS-3358, t.41, Streicher-8. ˰ 97 1941 º 1939 ĿơǂǤƳ DzƷ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ -Ð Eugen Kogon, Hermann Langbein et Adalbert Rücherl, les -98 Chambres à gaz secret d’Etat, Paris, Minuit, 1984, p. 24 sq. ; Ernst Klee, « Euthanasie » im Dritten Reich, Francfort, Fischer, 1983. 30 Ǎ 19 ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ  Î .ƽ ADAP-

99

Gerhard Eisenblätter, Grunlinien der Politik des Reiches -100 gegenüber dem Generalgouvernement, 1939-1945, Diss. Francfort, 1969, p. 29-30.

175

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

Helmut Krausnick, Hitlers Einsatzgruppen, Francfort, -101 Fischer Taschenbuch, 1985. Martin Gilbert, Atlas of the Holocaust, Londres, Michael -102 Joseph, 1982, p. 33. BAK, R 58/825, “Amtschefbesprechung am 29.9.39. -103

104

“[...]dass die eplanten Gesamtmassnahmen (also das . Endziel) streng geheim zu halten sind”, “Schnellrief an die Chefs aller Einsatzgruppen der Sipo”, 21 septembre 1939, doc. 21, Faschismus-Getto-Massenmord, édité par l’Institut historique juif de Varsovie, Berlin, Rütten und Loening, 1961, p. 37.

.1961 .192 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ ȆǷơǂǣ ƔƢǐƷƛ -105 106 39/9/29 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ.58/825 BAK.R . -  DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ ƽơȂǫ ńơ ǾƳȂǷ 1939 ŐǸƬƦLJ 30 ƺȇƢƬƥ ǾǸȈǸǠƫ Ļ ǎǼƥ- 107 ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ǶǿƽƾȀƬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǂǘŬƢƥ ơȂǸǴǟ Ǻȇǀdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǾǴưŻ ȅǀdzơ ǂǘŬơ Ǻǟ ƭƾƸƬȇ Seev Goshen, « Eichmann und die ƢƆǔȇƗȁ .ƢƆǧȂƻ Ǯdzƿ ǶŮ Dzǰnjȇ Nisko-Aktion im Oktober 1939 », VfZ, janvier 1981, p. 81-82. Das Politische Tagebuch Alfred rosenbergs, édité Par -108 H.G. Seraphim, Munich, DTV, 1964, p. 99.

176

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

.1941 ǂǴƬǿ Ƣǿƕǁ ƢǸǯ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨǴǰnjŭơ-109 “[...] Der Versuch einer Ordnung une Reglung des jüischen Problems”. Der grossdeutsche Freiheitskampf. Reden Adolf Hitlers, Munich, Eher Verlag, 1941, vol. 1, p.95.

Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ ǡƢƬnjȇơǂdzơ ǵƢǷƗ Ƥǘƻ ƢǷƾǼǟ DZȂǴȇƗ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ Ŀ º 110 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 23 Ŀ ƨƸǴLjŭơ ƩơȂǬdzơ ǵƢǷƗ ǂǴƬǿ ƣƢǘƻ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ . 126 ȁ 35 º 26 Lagevortäge des Oberbefehlshabers der ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ,1939 Kriegsmarine vor Hitler 1939-1945, édité par G. Wagner, Munich, Lehmanns Verlag, 1972, p. 54. Der grossdeutsche Freiheitskampf op.cit., 3 septembre ˰ 111 1939, p. 35. Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, op.cit., I/4, p. 150. ˰ 112 Staatsmänner und Diplomaten bei Hitler, édité par A. -113 Hillgruer, Francfort, Bernard une Graefe Verlag, 1967, doc. 1, p. 30.

. Krausnick, op.cit., p. 57. ˰ 114 ADAP, D 8, doc. 419 et 477; Das Diensttagebuch des -115 deutschen Generalgouverneurs in Polen, 1939-1943, édité par W. Prag & W. Jacobmeyer, Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1975, p. 82.

177

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

Goshen, article cité ; Jony Moser, « Nisko ; the first ˰ 116 Experiment in Deportation” Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual, II, 1985, p. 1-30. TMI, t. 36, EC-305, “Sitzung über Ostfragen unter dem ˰ 117 Vorsitz des Ministerpräsidenten Generalfeldmrschall Göring”.

CDJC, CLXXXVI-21, “Endlösung des deutschen

º 118

11 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ Ʃơǂǯǀŭơ ȃƾƷƛ Ŀ ƔƢƳ ȅǀdzơ ŚƦǠƬdzơ ǹƗ ƾųȁ ,Judenproblems”.

Ŀ DzǯŚƥ ƨǟȂǸů Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȈdzơ ƨdzƘLjŭƢƥ ǦǴǰŭơ ǖş ƣȂƬǰŭơȁ  1939 DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Gerhard Botz, Wohnungspolitik und Judendeportation in :ƢǼȈȈǧ Wien 1938 bis 1945, Vienne-Salsburg, Geyer, 1975, p. 105. Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs, ˰ 119 op.cit., 4 mars 1940, p. 146. Faschismus-Getto, op.cit., doc, 16, p. 55-56.-120 ADAP, D 8, doc. 671, 12 mars 1940, p. 716. - 121 122

Denkschrift Himmlers über die Behandlung der Fremdvölkischen im Osten (Mai 1940) », VfZ, avril 1957, p. 197 & 195. 123

Christopher Browning, The Final Solution and the German Foreign Office, New York, Holmes & Meier 1978, p. 35 sq

178

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

ǞƳǂŭơ , 1940 ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 18 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ȂǻƢȈNj Ŀ ƣȁǂƬǼƦȇǁ ǶǴǰƫ º 124 Galeazzo Ciano, Diario 1937-1943, édité par R. De Felice, Milan, Rizzoli, 1980, p. 443.

-125 « Führer will Madagaskar für Judenunterbringung unter französischer Verantwortung verwenden », Langevorträge, op.cit.,p. 107. Das Diensttagebuch des Deutschen Generalgouverneurs, -126 op.cit., 12 juillet 1940, p. 252. Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, op.cit., I/4, 17 août ˰ 127 1940, p. 284. AA-PA, Inland IIg/177, note de Luther, 15 août 1940, -128 « Mitteilung für Hern Rademacher ». allianz Hitler-Horthy-Mussolini, édité par L. Kerekes, -129 Budapest, Akademiai Kiado, 1966, doc. 92, p. 287.

-130 « […]vielleicht aber schon in wenigen Monaten », CDJC, CXLIII-259 131

Staatmänner und Diplomaten bei Hitler, op.cit., doc. 46, ˰ 20 novembre 1940, p. 348

179

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ȆLJȂdzȁ ǂǤǼǴƬȇǁ ǁơŚƳ ȁ ǹƢǷƾȇǂǧ ƤȈǴȈǧ ƨǏƢşȁ śƻǁƚŭơ ǺǷ ŚƦǯ ƽƾǟ º 132 Ŀ DzȈǯƢƳ ƾǬƬǠȇȁ .ƧƽƢƥȍơ ƨȈǴǸǟ ȄǴǟ ǶȈƬǠƫ ȃȂLJ Ȃǿ džȈdz ǾǻƗ ơȁƗǁ DŽƬȇȁȁƾȇȁơƽ ƨdzȁƽ ƨǷƢǫƛ ƾǸƬǠȇ ǹƢǯ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ƪƦưȇ ƔȆNj ȏ ǹƗ 51 Ǎ "ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ" ǾƥƢƬǯ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǸȈǧ ƢǷƗ .ƢȀȈǨǻ ƤǠǐȇ ƢǸǯ ƢǿƾȈǯƘƫ ƤǠǐȇ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ .ǂǬnjǣƾǷ Ŀ ƨȇƽȂȀȇ ǾƥƢƬǯ Ŀ ǞǼǻȁơǂƥ ǂǧȂƬLjȇǂǯ ȅƗǁ ńơ ȅƗǁ ǶǓƗ ǹƜǧ ĺ Christopher Browning, « Nazi Resettlement Policy and the Search for a solution to the Jewish Question, 1939-1941 », German Studies Review, IX, 3 octobre 1986, p. 497-519. Staatsmänner und Diplomaten bei Hitler, op.cit., doc.10, -

133

Das Politische Tagebuch Alfred Rosenbergs, ƢƆǔȇƗȁ p.120 96. op.cit., p. 120 (27 janvier 1940). Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, op.cit., I/3, 3 ˰ 134 novembre 1939, p. 630; 17 novembre 1939, p. 645 ; I/4, 6 février 1940, p. 34.

Der  1939 DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 31 Ŀ ƢȀȀƳȁ Ŗdzơ ƨdzƢLJǂdzơ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟ º

135

grossdeutsche freiheitskampf, op.cit., vol.1, p. 132-134.

ƢƆǔȇƗȁ  50 Ǎ  ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ ,1940 ǃȂŤ 19 Ŀ ǽƢǬdzƗ ȅǀdzơ ƣƢǘŬơ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ 93 Ǎ  ňƢưdzơ ƾǴĐơ 1940 DZȂǴȇƗ 4 Ŀ ǽƢǬdzƗ ȅǀdzơ ƣƢǘŬơ 136 166 Ǎ 1940 ǕƢƦNj 24 ƣƢǘƻ ȁ 1940 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 30 ƣƢǘƻ137 175 ȁ 154 Ǎ  ǾLjǨǻ ƣƢǘŬơ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º 138 159 Ǎ ǾLjǨǻ ƣƢǘŬơ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ -

180

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

139

« […] dass die Juden doch am Ende immer sehr dumm ˰ sind », Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, op.cit., I/4, p. 127. Der grossdeutsche Freiheitskampf, op.cit., vol. 2, p. 116. -140 “Die Judengefahr muss von us gebannt werden. Aber sie -141 wird doch in einigen Generationen wieder auftauchen. Ein Allheilmittel dagegen gibt es gar nicht”, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, op.cit., I/3, p. 658.

ȄǴǟ ǪǴǘȇ ǹƢǯ ňƢǻȂȇ ǁƾǐǷ ǺǷ Ȇǿȁ L’hybris nazis ǁƾǐŭơ ƨǤdz Ŀ ƽǁȁ ƨȈLjǨǼdzơ DzǷơȂǠdzơ ǾưǠƦǷ ƢƆǨȈǼǟ ơƆǁȂǠNj řǠƫ ȆȀǧ ǂǓƢūơ Ƣǻǂǐǟ Ŀ ƢǷƗ .ƨȇǁȂǘLJȋơ ƨŮȉơ "ƨǸǜǠdzơ ǹȂǼƳ" Ȃǿ ǖLjƦǷ ŘǠŠȁ .ŐǰƬdzơȁ ǁȁǂǤdzơ ƨǏƢşȁ Kriegstagebuch des OKW, édité par P.E. Schramm, ˰ 142 Francfort, Bernard und Graefe, 1965, vol. 1. p.257 (9 janvier 1941).

ńơ ǞƳǂȇ ƨǴƷǂŭơ ǮǴƫ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ƨȈƴȈƫơǂƬLJơ DZȂƷȁ Andreas Hillgruber, Hitlers Strategie, Politik und Kriegführung, 1940-1941, Francfort, Bernard und Graefe, 1965; Saul Friedländer, Hitler et les Etats-Unis, 1939-1941, Paris, Le Seuil, 1966; Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, vol. 3 & 4, 1983-1984. Kriegstagebuch des OKW, op.cit., vol. 1, p. 275 (21 -143 janvier 1941). Der grossdeutsche Freiheitskampf, op.cit., vol. 2, p.222. -144

181

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

“Er dächte über manches jetzt anders, nicht gerade -145 freundlicher”, Heeresadjdant bei Hitler 1938-1943. Die Aufzeichnungen des Majors Engel, édité par H. Von Kotze, Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1974, p. 94-95. Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, op.cit., 5 -146 novembre 1940, I/4, p. 387 ; 18 mars 1941, p. 543. 147

Allianz Hitler-Horthy-mussolini, op.cit., 6 avril 1941, doc. 102, p. 305 Staatsmänner und Diplomaten op.cit., doc. 79, p. 573- º

148

574. 149

Franz Halder, Kriegstagebuch, Stuttgart Kohlhammer, vol.2, p. 77 (26 août 1940) : note de Best, 19 août 1940, CDJC. XXIV-1 Adam, op.cit., p. 290. ˰ 150 Jacob Toury, “Die Entstehungsgeschichte des -151 Austreibungsbefehls gegen die Juden der Saarpfalz und Badens”, Jahrbuch des Instituts für deutsche Geschichte, XV, 1986, p. 447-450. Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs, -152 op.cit., 15 janvier 1941, p. 327.

182

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ǂǴƬǿ ǁơǂǫ ǍȂǐş 1940 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ 3 Ŀ ƹơŚNj ńơ ǂǷȏ ƤƬǯ ƢǸǯ -153 .ƣǂūơ ƧǂƬǧ DZȐƻ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ

« also noch während des Krieges », TMI, t. 29, PS-1950. Gerhard Botz, op.cit ƢƆǔȇƗȁ Circulaire Schllenberg. 20 mai 1941, NG-3104. ˰ 154 CDJC, Procès Eichmann, séance 77, 22 juin 1961, p. K1. -155 « Eine Einwanderung von Juden in den von uns besetzten ˰ 156 Gebieten ist im Hinblick auf die zweifellos kommende Endlösung der Judenfrag zu verhindern”. Cf. Supra note 59. Michael R. Marrus et robert o. Paxton, Vichy et les Juifs, ˰ 157 Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 1981, p. 23 : CDJC, V-59, « Zentrales Judenamt in Paris », 21 janvier 1941.

ƾǬƬǠȇ ǹƢǯ ȅǀdzơ ǹƢǷǁȂƥ ńơ ǂǷȏ ƤƬǯ 1941 ǹơǂȇDŽƷ ǺǷ ǞƥƢLjdzơ Ŀ -158 Ŀȁ º Ŕǯƕ _ "ƣǂūơ ƔƢȀƬǻơ ƾǠƥ ƢȈǻƢŭơ Ŀ ƽȂȀȇ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ Ǻdz ǹƗ" ǂǴƬǿ ǵȐǰƥ ǹƗ ǥƢǓƗ Ľ ƣǂūơ ƾǠƥ ǽƔƢnjǻƛ ǶƬȈLJ ȅƽȂȀȇ ǞǸů Ǻǟ ǡŐǻǃȁǁ ƭƾŢ DžǁƢǷ 24 .ƢƆǬƷȏ ǽƾȇƾŢ ǶƬȈLJ Ǯdzƿ ǹȋ śǠǷ ǹƢǰǷ Ǻǟ ǹȉơ ƭƾƸƬǴdz Ȇǟơƽ ȏ CDJC.CXLVI-23, « Die Judenfrage als Weltproblem », p. 6768.

ƨǬȈƯȁ º 159

183

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

Helmut Krausnick, « Hitler und die Morde in Polen », VfZ, avril 1963, p.207. Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, op.cit., 1/3, 31 -160 janvier 1939, p. 566. Ibid, I/4, p. 705, 20 juin 1941, « Das Judentum in Polen ˰ 161 verkommt allmählich Eine gerechte Stafe für die Verhetzung der Völker une die Anzettelung des Kriegs. Der Führer hat das ja auch den Juden prophezeit.” CDJC, Procès Eichmann, séance90, 10 juillet 1961, p. -162 N1. A1, séance 106, 21 juillet 1961, p. Cf. Christopher Browning, « Nazi Ghettoization Policy in -163 Poland », Central European History, décembre 1986, p. 343368. 7484 Ǎ 1947 ǁƢȇƗ 13 ńȁȋơ ƨdzƢūơ ƣǂūơ ȆǷǂů ƩƢǬǨǏ -

164

Brack à Himmler, 28 mars 1941, NO-203; Tiefenbacher -165 (Persönlicher Stab RFSS) à Brack, 12 mai 1941, NO-204. From the History of KL Auschwitz, sous la direction de K. ˰ 166 Smolen, Cracovie, 1967, vol.1, p.2-3.

ƩƢȈǧȂLjdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ŚǐǷ º 4 2 ƨdzƢūơ ƣȁǂūơ ȂǷǂů ƩƢǬǨǏ Ƥȇơǂǣ ǹƢǷǂǿ ƧƽƢȀNj -

184

167

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

« Trials of War Criminals », Case 2 (german transcript), 29 septembre 1947, p. 45.

ńơ ƧƽȂǠdzƢƥ ƶǐǼȇ ƢƆǬƥƢLJ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ƩƢǨdzƚŭơ ơƾǟ -168 Andreas Hillgruber, « Die ‘Endlösung’ und das deutsche Ostimperum als Kernstück des rassenideologischen Programms des Nationalsozialismus”, VfZ, avril 1972, p. 133-153.

ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ƢȈǻƢŭơ" ƣƢƬǯ .ƧƽƢƥȍơ DZȂƷ ǢǼǻȁǂƥȁ ǢǼǴȈƥ ǦǫȂǷ ƢƆǔȇƗ Ȃǿ ơǀǿ -169 197 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ ƧƽƢƥƛȁ º DZƾǠdzơ ƧǁơǃȂdz ƨǠƥƢƬdzơ ƨȇDŽǯǂŭơ ƩơǁơƽȎdz ǵƢǠdzơ ǑȂǨŭơ Ȃǿ ʼnǂƬLJ ƾȇǂǨdzƗ º 170 ƽȂƳȁ ƾȇƚȇ ȂȀǧ .ǡǁȂƦǤȇȁƾȇȂdz Ŀ ƨȇǃƢǼdzơ ǶƟơǂŪơ Ǻǟ ƮƸƦdzơ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ºǁƾǻȐdzơ Die Behandlung ȁ ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 22 ǺǷ ƔơƾƬƥƛ ƩǁƾǏ "ǂǷơȁƗ" ƨǴLjǴLJ sowjetischer Kriegsgefangenen im Fall Barbarossa, Heidelberg, C.F. Müller, 1981, p. 74 sq

ƪǻƢǯȁ DžƗ DžƗ ºdzơ ŅȁƚLjǷ Ǻǟ ƩǁƾǏ "ǂǷơȁȋơ" ǽǀǿ ǹƘƥ ƢƆǔȇƗ ƾȇƚȇ ǾǼǰdzȁ DzƦǫ Ʃǀţƛ Ʃơǁơǂǫ ƤƳȂŠ ƢƆȈŸǁƾƫ ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫ ńơ ƧƽƢƥȍơ ǶƟơǂŝ śǨǴǰǷ Dzŧ ńơ ǥƾē ƨǴǸūơ 171

Kriegstagebuch des OKW, op.cit., 3 mars 1941, p. 341; Halder, Kriegstagebuch, op.cit., vol.2, 17 mars 1941, p. 320 ; 30 mars 1941, p. 336-337 « Zur Eröffnung des algemeinen Judenvernichtungsbefehls gegenüber den Einsatzgruppen », in Der Mord an den Juden im Zweiten Weltkrieg, op.cit., p. 118. BA-MA, RW 19/185, Thomas, “Aktennotiz über Vortrag ˰ 172 beim RM am 26.2.41”.

185

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

BAK R70/15 -

173

TMI, t. 26, PS-502. ˰ 174 CDJC, CCXC-10, “Betrifft : UdSSR”, 2 avril 1941. ˰ 175

Betrifft ƨȈǻƢưdzơ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ Ŀ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ ƽȂȀȈƥ ǍƢŬơ ǞǘǬŭơ ƾų 1941 ǹƢLjȈǻ Ï ǹƢLjȈǻ ǺǷ ňƢưdzơ ƾǠƥ ƧǁƽƢǐdzơ ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ Ǻǰdzȁ UdSSR, Denkshrift Nr. 2 », s.d Führermaschine ǝȂǻ ǺǷ ǒȇǂǟ ǖş ƨƦƫƢǯ ƨdzƕ ȄǴǟ ƪǠƦǗ ƾǫ ƢƆǸƬƷ ȆȀǧ ńơ Śnjȇ ƮȈƷ1941 ǹƢLjȈǻ Ï Ŀ ǡŐǻǃȁǁ ƩơǂǯǀǷ ǺǷ ǞǘǬǷ ńơ ǁƢnjȇ ƢǷ ƢƆƦdzƢǣȁ ȏ ȆǴƻơƽ Ŀ ǝȂƦǘǷ Ȃǿ ƢǷ ǵȂȈdzơ ƤƬǯƗ ǹƗ ƾȇǁƗ ȏ :DZȂǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǂǴƬǿ ǞǷ Ǿdz ƨǴƥƢǬǷ Eichmann und Komplizen, Zurich, Europa-Verlag, 1961, ) .ǽƢLjǻƗ ȁƾƦƫ ƨȈdzƢƬdzơ ƩơǁơǂǬdzơ ǹƗ ȏƛ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ ǽǁơǂǬƥ Ȑ Ɔ Ǡǧ Ǿdz ǂLJƗ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƢǯ ǹƛ .(p. 97. .Ǯdzǀdz ƧǂȇƢǤǷ « Allgemeiner Aufbau und Aufgaben einer Dienststelle º.

176

für die zentrale Bearbeitung der Fragen des osteuropäischen Ŀ ǡǂƥDŽǻǃȁǁ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ Raumes », 29 avril 1941, TMI, t. 26. PS-1024. « Anweisung an den Reichskommissar des .1941 ǹƢLjȈǻ 29 Ŀ ǃȂdz

Ǻǟ ǶǴǰƬȇ ƮȈƷ Reichskommissariats Ostland » (CDJC, CXLV-509) .ǩǂǘdzơ ƔƢǼƥ Ŀȁ ƣǂūơ ǁơǂǓƗ ƵȐǏƛ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈǤnjƫ . -177 “Die Zivilverwaltung in den besetzten Ostgebieten” (“Braune Mappe”). “IX Richtlinien für die Behandlung der Judenfrage”, CDJC, CCLIV-2, p. 35-36. Yitzak Arad (“Alfred Rosenberg and

186

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

the “Final Solution” in the Occupied Soviet Territories”, Yad Vashem Studies, XIII, 1979, p. 263-286). BAK, NS 19/3874, Himmler à Bormann, 25 mai 1941, et ˰ 178 Bormann à Lamers, 16 juin 1941. Dietrich Eichholtz, « Der ‘Generalplan Ost’ », jahrbruch ˰ 179 für Geschichte, 26, 1982, p. 256, doc.2. Wetzel, 24 avril 1942, “Stellungnahme und Gedanken -180 zum Generalplan Ost des Reichsführers SS”, reproduit in H. Heiber, “Der Generalplan Ost”, VfZ, Juillet 1958, p. 297-324.

 207 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ  ǂƫȐƦǻDŽȇƕ ǞǷ ƨǘǬǼdzơ ǽǀǿ Ŀ ȅƗǂdzơ ǶLJƢǬƫƗ ňƛ -181 :ǾƴƴƷ śƦȇ ƢȀȈǧȁ ƨǠƥơǂdzơ ƨǜƷȐŭơ 1941 ǃȂŤ 15 ƨƻǁƚŭơ ǾƬdzƢLJǁ Ŀ (Î 1941 ǃȂŤ 15 Ŀ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ ńơ Śnjƫ 1942 ǹơǂȇDŽƷ Ŀ ǾƫǁƢƦǟ(㸮 ǽƽơƾǟƜƥ ƪǷƢǫ ƾǫ ƢNjơǁ ºdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ƧǁƢƦǠdzơ džǨǻ DzǸŹ ǖǘű (3 182 301 Ǎ  14 Ƕǫǁ ƨǜƷȐŭơ ơǂƥȂLJ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ.º 183 Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, op.cit., I/4, p. 705 -

184 185

in absehbarer Zeit », Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen ˰ Generalgouverneurs, op.cit., 17 juillet 1941, p. 386.

Ibid, 22 juillet 1941, p. 389. º 186 BAK, R 6/21. ˰ 187

ADAP, D 13, DOC 207, p. 264 ˰

187

188

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ADAP, D 13, annexe III, p. 838 -

189 190

« Trials of War Criminals », Case 9 (german transcript), par exemple p. 641 (14 octobre 1947); p. 1811 (31 octobre 1947) 1947 DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 6 317 º 316 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º

191

« The Tasks :ǾdzƢǬǷ Ŀ Ƣǿƾų ʼnǂƬLJ ƢǿǃǂƥƗ Ŗdzơ ƨȈǻȂǻƢǬdzơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ǹƛ º 192 of the SS Einsatzgruppen », Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual, vol. 4, 1987, p. 309-328.

ǞȈƥǁ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǷ ȆǘǟƗ ƾǫ ơƆǂǷƗ ǹƘƥ ƨǴƟƢǬdzơ ƨȇǂǜǼdzơ ǹƘƥ ǮȈǼLJȁǂǯ ǵƾǬȇ ƢǸǯ Hitler’s Einsatzgruppen, op.cit Ŀ Ƣǿƾų ƢǼǻƜǧ 1941 ơƆǂǷƗ ǹƘƥ ƪƦưƫ Ŗdzơ ǡŐǻǁȂǻ śǻơȂǫ ǺǷ ƨƸǓơȁ ƶNjǂƫ ƧƢǘǠŭơ ƨȇǂǜǼdzơ ǹƛ -193 ńơ Ǯdzƿ ǾǼǟ Ƕǰūơ ǦȈǨƼƬƥ ƤdzƢǗ ƾǫȁ .ƢȈLJȁǁ ȄǴǟ ƨǴǸūơ DzƦǫ ǁƾǏƗ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǺǷ .ȆǫȐƻƗ ǁƢȈŬ Dzƻƾƫ ȅȋ ȏƆ Ƣů ǝƾȇ ȏ ƮȈŞ ƢȈǴǟ ƩƢȀƳ ǺǷ ǽǁơƾǏƛ Ļ ƾǫ ơƆǂǷƗ ǹƗ ǹƢnjƥ NJȇǁƾȈǿ ǞǷ ǾǷơƾǘǏƛ ȆNjƢƸƬƥ ƢǿŚLjǨƫ ǺǰŻ ƘƆƬȈǷ ǽǁƢƦƬǟƛȁ ǂǰȈdzƢƬNj -194 ."ǂǷȋơ" ǁơƾǏƛ ƪǠƦƫ Ŗdzơ ƩƢƳƢƴƬƷȏơ ȆǨţ ƢǸǯ Ƨǂǯǀŭơ ZStL, 415 AR 1310/63, E 32 ƹƢƦǼȇǂƬLjƥ ƨǏƢŬơ ǵƢēȏơ ƧǂǯǀǷ º

195

vol. 2, p. 181, sq.

Köger (EK 6); Ehrlinger (SK 1b). -196 Hermann (SK 4b), Schulz (EK 5), Nosske (EK 12), -

197

ƨȇơƾƥ DzƦǫ "ǂǷȋơ" ơȂǸǴLjƫ ǶĔƗ ȄǴǟ ơƾǯƗ ǹơŚƻȋơ ǹơǀǿ Bradfisch (EK 8). ƨǴǸūơ Jäger (EK 3), Blume (EK 7a), Filbert (EK 9), Zapp (EK -

198

11a

188

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

DzƦǫ ǺǷ ƢǿƾȈǯƘƫ Ļ ƢŶƛȁ DŽƬdzȂNj ƧƽƢȀNj ȄǴǟ ǑơǂƬǟȏơ ǶƬȇ Ń ǖǬǧ džȈdz º 199 Ŀ Ƣǿƾǯƚȇ Ŗdzơȁ ƨǴƟƢǬdzơ ǥȁǁƾǼdzȁƗ ǂǜǻ ƨȀƳȁ ƾǯƗ ȅǀdzơ EK : ºdzơ džȈƟǁ "ǵȂǴƥ" ǽǁơǂǫ ǀţơ ƾǫ ǁǂȀǨdzơ ǹƘƥ ǾƟơǂǜǻ ǺǷ ǾǠũ ƢŲ "ǑǂƬǧơ" ǾǻƗ śdzǂƥ Ŀ NJȇǁƾȈǿ ƣƢǘƻ « Trials of War Criminals », Case 9, 31 octobre ƢƆƠȈNj DzǬȇ Ń ǾǼǰdzȁ 1947, p. 1817.

ƢƆǔȇƗȁ  949 º 948 Ǎ 1947 DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 17 ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º 200 ZStL, II 201 AR-Z 76/59, vol. 6, p. 62. 1971 DžǁƢǷ 22 ƧƽƢȀNj 201

Pour l’EK 7a & l’EK 9, cf. Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, ˰ Amsterdam, University Press Amsterdam, t. XX, n° 588, p. 726727; t. XVIII, n° 540, p. 616-620; pour l’EK 3, cf. ZStL, II 201 AR-Z 76/59, vol. 11, p. 7571-7572. -202 ZStL, II 201 AR-Z 76/59, vol. 11, p. 7578 ; ZStL, 202 AR- ˰ 203 z 96/1960, P. 3582 ; Justiz und NS-Verrechen, op.cit., t. XVIII, n° 540, p. 618. Justiz und NS-Verrechen, op.cit., t. XV, 15 ƾǴĐơ ƨdzơƾǟ ƨǴů -

204

n° 465, p. 52 sq : p.194-195 Ǻǟ ƧǁƢƦǟ ǞǫơȂdzơ Ŀ Ȇǿȁ ǁơȂǤŭơ ƧǁƢƦǠƥ commando ºdzơ Ƶǂnjƥ ƢǼǸǫ -205

ǍƢƼNjƗ ƨǟȂǸů t. XVII, n° 519, p. 670.16 ƽƾǠdzơ ƨdzơƾǟ ƨǴů -206 « Trials of War Criminals », Case 9, 8 octobre 1947, p. -

207

538.

189

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ZStL, II 201 AR-Z 76/59, vol.11, p. 7608. ˰ 208

ZStL, II 201 AR-Z 76/59, vol.6, p. 64-65 ˰ ZStL, II 201 AR-Z 76/59, vol.7, p.35 ˰ Justiz und NS-Verrechen, op.cit., t. XX, 20 ƾǴĐơ ƨdzơƾǟ ƨǴů -

209 210

211

n° 580, p.436. Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm, 1981 ƩǁƢǤƫȂƬNj NJȇǁƾȈǿ džǻƢǿ -

212

Die Truppe des Weltanschaungskrieges, Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1981, p. 333 sq BAK, R 58/214 sq, Ereignismeldungen DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ -

213

UdSSR (EM), n° 22, 14 juillet 41 (EG D); n° 27, 19 juillet 1941 (EG B).

EM, n° 21, 13 juillet 1941; n°32, 24 juillet 1941 ˰ Einsatzbefehl Nr. 6 », 4 juillet 1941, BAK, R 70 SU/32 ˰

214 215

EM, n° 43, 5 août 1941. -216

Ŗdzơ ƺȇǁơȂƬdzơ džǨǻ Ȇǿ ƺȇǁơȂƬdzơ ǹƘƥ ǁƢƦƬǟȍơ śǠƥ ǀƻȋơ ƤŸ 1941 ƣƗ 5 śƥȁ ƺȇǁơȂƬdzơ ǽǀǿ śƥ ƢǷ ƶǓơȁ ǩǂǧ ǭƢǼǿ ǹȂǰȇ ƢŠǂǴǧ ơǀdz  ƢNjơǁ ºdzơ ƢēƾǸƬǟơ Ŀ ƽǁơȁ ȂȀǧ ǁȂǯǀŭơ ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ Ǯdzǀǯȁ .ƢǿǂȇǂƸƬƥ DzƻƾƬdzơ ƩơȂǫ ƪǷƢǫ Ŗdzơ ǂȇǁƢǬƬdzơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ǁǂƷ ƾǫ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ DŽƟƢŪơ ǺǷ ǾǻƗ řǠȇ ƢŲ ǃȂŤ 13 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƢNjơǁ ºdzơ ǂȇǁƢǬƫ Tätigkeits und Lagebericht der EG der Sipo und des SD .ǃȂŤ ǂȀNj ZStL, II 201 AR-Z 76/59, ƢƆǔȇƗȁ in der UdSSR », 31 juillet 1941 vol.2, p. 186 ; vol. 7, p. 10.

190

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

« […] um im Sinne einer totalen Vernichtung gegen das ˰ 217 hier noch lebende Judentum vorzugehen, » EM, n° 43, 5 août 1941.

-218 “Eine Lösung der Judenfrage während des Kriegs erscheini in diesem Raum undurchführbar, da sie bei der übergrossen Zahl der Juden nur durch Aussiedlung erreicht erden kann”, EM, n° 31, 23 juillet 1941

“Eine Lösung der Judenfrage während des Kriegs erscheini in diesem Raum undurchführbar, da sie bei der übergrossen Zahl der Juden nur durch Aussiedlung erreicht erden kann”, EM, n° 31, 23 juillet 1941 “[...] verwendet und verbraucht”, EM, n° 52, 14 août ˰

219

1941 EM, n° 86, 17 septembre 1941. ˰ 220 Yaacov Lozowick, ƨǴǸūơ ǂȀNjƗ DZȐƻ Dž ƧƾƷȂdzơ ǕƢnjǻ ƨLJơǁƽ DzƳƗ ǺǷ « Rolbahn Mord : The Early Activities of Einsatzgruppe C”, Holocaust and genocide Studies. 2.2, 1987, p. 221-241 EM, n° 24, 16 juillet 1941 ˰

221

BAK, R 6/300, “Protooll der Besprechung überdie ˰ 222 politische und wirtchaftliche Lage im Ostland in der Sitzung bei Reichsminister Rosenberg am 1. August 1941”. Hitler und die Befehle an die ȆǰƬLJȁǂƬLJ ƩȂǸǴǿ ǽǂǯƿ º

223

Einsatgruppen in summer 1941 “Andererseits hatte die sicherheitspolizeiliche -224 Säuberungsarbeit gemäss den grundsätzlichen Befehlen eine

191

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

möglichst umfassende Beseitigung der Juden zumZiel” (“Einsatzgruppe A Gesamtbericht bis zum 15.Oktober 1941”, 31 janvier 1942, TMI, t. 37, L-180).

Ǻǟ ƨdzȁƚLjŭơ Ȇǿ ƢǸǯ ƨǗǂnjdzơ ƩơƾƷȁȁ Džƛ Džƛ ƩơȂǬdz ƨǷƢǠdzơ ƧƽƢȈǬdzơ -225 ƨȇǂǰLjǠdzơ ƩơƽơƾǷȍơ ƧDŽȀƳƗ EM, n° 19, 11 juillet 1941 ˰

226

BAK, R 90/146, « Juden », s.d.-227 1941 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ǺǷ DZȁȋơ Ŀ DzȈǯƢƳ ńơ ƶǸǴȇ ǎǼdzơ ơǀǿ BAK, R 70 SU/15, rapport Jäger, 1er décembre 1941. ˰ 228

ǂȇǂǬƬdzơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ƧǁȂǯǀŭơ ǵƢǫǁȋơ ǒǠƥ ǺǸǔƬƫ ȏ ƢǼǿ ƢǿƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơ ǵƢǫǁȋơ ǹƛ .ƣƕ Ŀ ȁƗ ǃȂŤ Ŀ ƺȇǁơȂƬdzơ ƧƽƾŰ Śǣ ƩƢǷơƾǟƜƥ ǪǴǬƬŭơ EM, n° 73, 4 septembre 1941 ; EM, n° 108, 9 octobre ˰ 229 1941 ; EM, n° 58, 20 août 1941 ; EM, n° 128, 3 novembre 1941 ; EM, n° 89, 20 septembre 1941 ; EM, n° 101, 2 octobre 1941.

TMI, t. 37,  ǂǴǿƢǯ ǂȇǂǬƫ Ŀ ƧƢǘǠŭơ ǵƢǫǁȋơ ǞƳǂǷ  Ɨ ƧƾƷȂdzƢƥ ǪǴǠƬȇ ƢǷ

L-180.

Cf. Yehoshua Büchler, « Kommandostab Reichsführer -230 SS : Himmler’s personal murder brigades in 1941 », Holocaust and Genocide studies, vol. 1, 1986, n° 1, p. 11-25. 231

Auf Befehl des HSSPF [...] sind alle als Plünderer ˰ überführten männlichen Juden im Alter von 17-45 Jahren sofort standrechtlich zu erschiessen”, ZStL, CSSR 397

192

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

Richtlinien für die Durhkämmung und Durchstreifung von ˰ 232 Sumpfgebieten durch Reitereinheiten”, 28 juillet 1941, BAK, R 70 SU/32. Cf. Helmut Krausnick, Hitlers Einsatzgruppen, Francfort, ˰ 233 Fischer, 1985, p. 194; Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, op.cit., t. XX, n° 570, p. 47. BAK, NS 33/22, “Bericht über den Verlauf der Pripjet-˰ 234 Aktion vom 27.7-11.8.41. Cf. Mathias Ber, “Die Enticklung der Gaswagen bein ˰ 235 Mord an den Juden” VfZ, juillet 1987, p. 403-418.

ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ º5 PS-710. -236 « In Ergänzung der Ihnen bereits mit Erlass vom 24.1.39 ˰ 237 übertragenen Aufgabe, die Judenfrage in Form der Auswanerung oder Evakuierung einer den Zeitverhältnissen entsprechend möglichst günstigen Lösung zuzuführen, beaufrage ich Sie hiermit, alle erfrderlichen Vorbereitungen in organisatorischer, sachlicher und materieller Hinsicht zu treffen für eine Gesamtlösung der Judenfrage im deutschen Einflussgebiet in Europa” (Ibid.).

-238 239

Ich, Adolf Eichmann, édité par R. Aschnauer, Leoni am ˰ Starnberger See Druffel Verlag, 1980, p. 479

193

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

Luther, 2586, IIg, NG, 177 ; Inland , 21 août 1942, AA- ˰ 240 PA, « Wenn auch damit zu rechnen ist, dass in Zukunfit in den ˰ 241 eingegliederten Ostgebieten Keine Juden mehr sein werden, halte ich es doch nach den augenblicklichen Verhältnissen für dringend erforderlich, das Standrecht nicht nur für Polen sondern auch für juden anzuordnen”, TMI, t. 38, R-096. “Im übrigen sei es zu ehrenvoll, die Todesstrafe bei den -242 Juden durch Erschiessen zu vollzieen. Man müsse befehlen, dass sie gehängt würden”, “Wirtschaftsaufzeichnungen für die Berichtszeit vom 1.-14.8.941. BA-MA, RW 31/100. 243

CDJC, Procès Eichmann, séance 102, 19 juillet 1961, p. ˰ M1-N1 « Das

Reichsministerum des Innern und sie -244 Judenesetzgebung », VfZ, juillet 1961, p. 297.

Dr. Felscher, “Ergebnis der Besprechung im Hauptamt ˰ 245 Sicherheitspolizei über die Lösung der europäischen Judenfrage”, 13.8.1941. Collection D. Irving. Hitler’s War, Microflm 97125/8 (Microform Academic Publishers)

ǪƟƢƯȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ǺǷ ƨƼLjǻ ǮǴŤ ƨLjLJƚŭơ ǽǀǿ Institut für Zeitgeschichte « im Hinblick auf die kommende und in Vorbereitung benfindliche Endlösung der europäischen Judenfrage”. “Aktenvermerk. Betr. Oraganisation der ˰ 246 Umwandererzentralstelle”, Posen, 2 septembre 1941. 1941 DZȂǴȇƗ 3 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƨdzƢLJǁ Coll. Irving. Hitler’s War, Microfilm 97125/9

194

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

247

Adalbert Rückerl, " Adalbert Rukerl Ŀ ƨǬȈƯȂdzơ ǽǀǿ ƾƳȂȇ º Nationalsozialistische Vernichtungslager im Spiegel deutscher "Strafprozesse, Munich, DTV, 1979, p. 256-257. Joseph Walk, Das Sonderrecht für die Juden im NS-Staat, -248 Heidelberg, C.F. Müller 1981, p. 347. Rosenkranz, op.cit., p. 269 ˰

249

Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, op.cit., t. XXI, n° 591, p. 125 -250 sq. Cf. Alfred Strim, Sowjetische Gefangene in Hitlers Vernichtunskrieg, Heidelberg, C.F. Müller, 1982. Rudolf Hoess, Kommandant in Auschwitz, Munich, DTV, -251 1979, p. 157-158. BAK, NL 118/19, 12 août 1941, p. 17-18. -

252

253

Le mémorandum du 18 août de Lösener, « Das Reichsministerium des Innern und die Judengesetzgebung », VfZ, juillet 1961, p. 302-303 Journal de Goebbels, BAK, NL 118/90, 19 août 1941, p. -254 45. Le mémorandum du 18 août de Lösener, « Das -255 Reichsministerium des Innern und die Judengesetzgebung », .303 VfZ, juillet 1961, p. 13 Ŀ ŚNjǁƢǷƽơǁ ǶǴǬƥ ƨƥȂƬǰǷ ƩƢǜƷȐǷ Journal de Goebbels , -

256

ƢƆǬƥƢLJ ǁȂǯǀǷ .ƨȈƳǁƢŬơ ƢȈǻƢŭƗ ƤƫƢǰǷ ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ" ǢǼǻȁơǂƥ ƤLjŞ 1941 DZȂǴȇƗ . 38 Ǎ bak /ns/2655 -

195

257

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

H.G. Adler, Der verwaltete Mensch, Tübingen, J.C.B. -258 Mohr, 1974, p. 176-177. Notes de W. Koeppen, 21 septembre et 7 octobre 1941, ˰ 259 BAK, R 6/34 a. « Dies würde aber den Plan einer totalen Aussiedlung der -260 Juden aus den von uns besetzten Gebieten zunichte machen » (« Niederschrift über Besprechung zwischen SS-Obergruppf, Heydrich und Gauleiter Meyer [...] am 4. Oktober 1941”, BAK, NS 19/1734). Stülpnagel, 6 octobre 1941, H2 646, IHTP, Mfm A 110. -261 Seine Vorschläg Wurden von ir erst in dem Auenblick -262 angenmmen, als auch von höchster Stelle mit aller Schärfe das Judentum als der verantwortliche Brandstifter in Europa gekennzeichnet wurde, der endültig in Europa verschwinden muss” (Heydrich à Wagner, 6 novembre 1941, ibid). Das Eichmann Protokoll, édité par J. von Lang, -

263

ƪǻƢǯ ƨǴƥƢǬŭơ ǹƗ ǹƢǸnjȇƗ ǁƾǫ ƨǸǰƄơ ǵƢǷƗ Francfort, Ullstein, 1984, p. 69 (CDJC, Procès Eichmann, Séance 92, 11 juillet .DZȂǴȇƗ ȁƗ ƣƕ Ŀ .ǽȐǟƗ Ʃǂǯƿ Ŗdzơ ƣƢƦLJȌdz ƣƕ ǂȀNj ƽƢǠƦƬLJơ ǞȈǘƬLjǻ 1961, p.Hh1) Ŀ ǭDŽǴƥ ńơ ǾƳȂƫ ƾǫ ǹƢǸnjȇƗ ǹȂǰȇ ƢŠǁ 70 º 69 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ -264 ƪdzơǃ ƢǷ ƪǻƢǯ ǩơǁȁȋơ ǹƗ Ǻǜȇ ȃǂƻƗ ƨȀƳ ǺǷ . DZȁȋơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ȁƗ ňƢưdzơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ º 1941 ƔƢƬnjdzơ ƧǂƬǧ DZȐƻ Ǻǰdzȁ ǮLjǼǷ ńơ ƢƆǔȇƗ DzLJǁƗ ƢǸǯ .ƢȀǫơǁȁƘƥ ǚǨƬŢ DzǠŸ ƢŲ ƨǷƾŬơ ǁȂǗ Ŀ ƩơDŽȈȀƴƬdzơ ƪǻƢǯ ƮȈƷ ȂǼǸǴNj ƣƕ Ŀ ǁơǃ ƢǸǯ .1942 CDJC, Procès Eichmann, .1942 ňƢưdzơ ǹȂǻƢǯ ƨȇơƾƥ ƾǠƥ ǞǬƫ ǾƫǁƢȇǃ Séance 87, 6 juillet 1961, p. XI sq Cf. Par exemple Hilberg, op.cit., éd.fr., p. 186-188. ˰ 265 Übelhör à Himmler, 9 octobre 1941, BAK, NS 19/2655. ˰ 266

196

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, op.cit., t. XXI, n° 594, p. 246 ˰ Faschismus-Getto-Massenmord, op.cit., doc. 212, p. 278 -

267

268 269

Hitler und die Genesis der Ʃơǃȁǂƥ ǺƫǁƢǷ ƨȇǂǜǻ ǽǀǿ º : « Zur Genesis ‘Endlösung’”, VfZ, octobre 1977, p. 739-775; der ‘Endlösung’. Eine Antwort an Martin Broszat », Ibid., 1, 1981, p.97-109 Trials of War Criminals », Case 1 (english transcript), 13 mai 1947, p. 7504; 19 mai 1947, p. 7733 Trials of War Criminals », Case 1 (english transcript), ˰ 426 Ƕǫǁ 1946 DZȁȏơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 12 ǭơǂƥ ǁȂƬǰȈǧ ƧƽƢȀNj º Trials of War Criminals », Case 1 (english transcript), º

270 271 272

ǾƫƽƢȀNj ǑǂǠǷ Ŀ 13 mai 1947, p.7502-7503; 14 mai 1947, p. 7514. džǨǻ Ŀ Ǻǰdzȁ .DZȂǴȇƗ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ǺǴƥƽ ńơ ǾƬǴƷǁ ǹƗ ǭơǂƥ DZƢǫ 1947 ǁƢȇƗ 13 Ŀ ƤƳơȂdzơ ƽȂȀȈdzơ Ǻǟ ƭƾŢ ƢǸǯ ,"ƨǏƢŬơ ǾǸƬȀǷ"ȁ ǮȈǼǯȂƥȂǴǣ Ǻǣ ƭƾƸƬȇ ƧƽƢȀnjdzơ .ƨǴȈƸƬLjǷ DZȂǴȇƗ ƨȇơƾƥ Ŀ ǾƬǴƷǁ ǺǷ DzǠŸ ƢŲ ƺȇơǂdzơ ǺǷ ǶȀǴȈƷǂƫ 3010 Ƕǫǂdzơ . 1947 ǕƢƦNj 23 Ŀ DžƢǯǁȂǯ ,ƣ ,ºǿ ƧƽƢȀNj -

273

9 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ ǂȀNj DZȐƻ ǂǴŷ ƧǂǰǨǷ Ŀ ǮȈǻȂƥȂǴǣ ǶLJơ ǁǂǰƬȇ º

274

ƲȈdzȁƽ ǞǷ Telefongespräche ƤLjŞ ƨȈǨƫƢǿ ƨŭƢǰǷ ǭƢǼǿ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ 25ȁ 20ȁ 17ȁ .ǾǼȈǟ ǂȀnjdzơ Ŀ .(NS 19/1438) « Es sollen die lästigsten Juden herausgesucht werden -

275

« Notizen aus der Besprechung am 10.10.41 über die -276 Lösung von Judenfragen” reproduit in H.G. Adler, Theresienstadt, 1941-1945, Tübingen, J.C.B. Mohr, 1960, p. 720-722.

197

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ǾǼǷ ƨƻǁƚŭơ DzȈųƕ ǁȂŸƢŭơ ƨǜƷȐǷ Ŀ ƽȂƳȂŭơ ǵȐǰdzơ ǁƢƦƬǟȏơ śǠƥ ǀƻƗ ȏ ǽǀǿ ƤLjŞ heeresadjudant BEI Hitler , ibid, p. 11)( )/ 1941 ǂƥȂƬǯơ 2 ƽȂȀȇ ƢƆǔȇƗȁ ƢȈǻƢƫȁǁ ȁ ǪȈǘǴƦdzơ Ŀ ǞǓȂdzơ ńơ Ľ ƽȂȀȈdzơ DzȈƷǂƫ ńơ ƶǸǴȇ ƨǜƷȐŭơ ǺǷ ǹƢǯ ǽƾǟƢLjǷ ǺǷ ƾǠŭơ ƲǷƢǻŐǴdz ƢƆǠƦƫ .ǶȀǴȈƷǂƫ ȄǴǟ ǂǴƬǿ Ǫǧơȁ Ǻȇǀdzơ ǮȈǻȂdzƢLJ BAK, NS ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ Ŀ ǾLjǨǻ ƺȇǁƢƬdzơ  DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ï Ŀ ǂǴŷ ǹȂǰȇ ǹƗ ǑǂƬǨŭơ ,19/1792

NJȇǁƾȈǿ ƽȂƳȁ ǂȀǜƫ  ǂǴƬǿȁ ǡŐǻǃȁǁ śƥ DZƢǐƫȏơ ǖƥƢǓ  ǺƥȂǯ ƩƢǫȐǟ 5 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ƢȈǻơǂǯȁƗ ǺǷ ǂǴŷ ǝȂƳǁ ȄǴǟ ƾǯƚȇȁ DZȁȏơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ Ï ƺȇǁƢƬƥ ơƆƾȈƷȁ .(.BAK, R 6/34) DZȁȋơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ .ǪƷȏ ƺȇǁƢƬƥ Ȇǿ ƨǜƷȐŭơ Ǻǰdz BAK, NS 19/1438 ˰

277

CDJC, Procès Eichmann, Séance 98, 17 juillet 1941, p. ˰ 278 Aa1-Bb1. 1941 ǃȂŤ 17  98 ƨLjǴŪơ  ǹƢǸźƗ ƨǸǯƢŰ BAK, NS 19/1792. BAK, NS 19/1438 ˰ 279 1941 DZȁȏơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 18 Müller à Thomas, 23 octobre 1941, CDJC, XXVI-7

Journal de Goebbels, BAK, NL 118/91, 24 º 280 septembre 1941, p. 18-19.

198

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

281

Wurm à Rademacher, 23 octobre 1941, cité par Browning. The Foreign Office, op.cit., p. 67 Wetzel à Lohse, 25 octobre 1941, BAK, R 90/146. ˰ 282 283

Vertraulicher Informationsbericht einer Fahrt durch das ˰ Generalgouvernement einschliesslich Districkt Galizien », Breslau, 5 octobre 1941, p. 4, BAK, Sammlung Brammer, ZSg 101/41. Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs, ˰ 284 op.cit., 14 octobre 1941, p. 413.

BAK, R 6/37 ˰ Das

285

286

Dien Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs, op.cit., 16 octobre 1941, p. 457-458

º 287 288

CDJC, Procès Eichmann, Séance 106, 21 juillet 1961, p. ˰ A1 ; séance 107 24 juillet 1961, p. E1, F1 « Besprechungsprotokoll, NG-2586. ˰ 289 Le Système 1941 DZȂǴȇƗ 29 ƺȇǁƢƬƥ DzǿȂƥ / ǂǴŷ Ǻǟ ǁƽƢǏ ǶȈǸǠƫ º

290

Concentrationnaire nazi (1933-1945), Paris, PUF, 1968, p. 309310.

199

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

ƧƽƢƥȍơȁ ǂǴƬǿ º 6 Kriegstagebuch des OKW, op.cit., vol, 28 mai 1941, p. ˰ 291 412. 292

Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, op.cit., I/4, 16 juin ˰ 1941, p. 695 293

Wir müssen von Anfang an Erfolge haben. Es dürfen kein ˰ Rückschäge eintreten”, Halder, Kriegstagebuch, op.cit., t. 2, 17 : 4 juin 1941, P. 443. ƢǔȇƗȁ mars 1941, p. 319; Journal de Hewel, 29 mai 1941, Coll. Irving Hitler’s War, -294 Microfilm 97125/4. 1941 ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 20 ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ -

295

1941 ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 20 ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º

296

Wenn es schief geht, ist sowieso alles verloren », Ibid., 8 ˰ 297 juin 1941; 1941 ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 20 º ǹơǂȇDŽƷ 13 ǁƢȇƗ 29 ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ 1941 ǁƢȇơ 22 ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ -

298 299

Halder, op.cit., t. III, 3 juillet 1941, p. 38 ; Kriegstagebuch -300 des OKW op.cit., t. 1, 4 juillet 1941, p. 1020. Halder, op.cit., t. III, 8 juillet 1941, p. 60. -301

200

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

., t. III, 8 juillet 1941, p. 60 ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º Das ist der schlimmste 1941 ǾȈȈǴȇȂƳ 10 DZȁƢǿ ƧƾȇǂƳ -

302

303

Schlag, den ich den Juden versetzt habe”, Journal de Hewel, 10 juillet 1941 304 Directive n° 32b, 14 juillet 1941 ƣ 32 Ƕǫǁ ǾȈƳȂƫ º

, Hitlers Weisungen für die Kriegführung, 1939-1945, édité par W. Hubatsch, Francfort, Bernard-Graefe, 1962, p. 136-137. ADAP, D 13, doc. 50, p. 47 ˰

305

Lagevorträge, op.cit., 9 juillet 1941, p. 264˰ 306 . Staatmänner und Diplomaten, op.cit., doc. 83, p. 598-˰ 307 607. . Ciano, Journal politique, Neuchâtel, La Baconnière, -308 1947, p. 50, 53

ǂdzƽƢǿ ƨǸǯƢŰ ńơ ǞƳǂȇ 106 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º 309 .« Länge des Krieges zehrt an den Nerven », Ibid, p. 117--310 118

201

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

311

Cité par Klaus Reinhardt, Die Wende vor Moskau. Das ˰ Scheitern Strategie Hitlers im Winter 1941/42, Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1972, p. 36 Journal de Goebbels, BAK, NL 118/90, 17 juillet 1941, p. ˰ 312 5.

., 19 juillet 1941, 5 Ǎ 1941 ǃȂŤ 19 ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º

313

Ibid., 26 juillet 1941, p. 12 -314 315

Cf. Ernst Klink, « Die Operationsführung. Heer und ˰ Kriegsmarine”, in Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, op.cit., t. 4, p. 489 sq 316

“[...] dies geschehe am besten, dass man jeden, der nur schief schaue, totschiese”, “Aktenvermerk”, TMI, t. 38, L-221 . Ergänzung zur Weisung 33, TMI, t. 34, C-052˰ 317

. OKH, 25 juillet 1941, BA-MA, RH 26-221/17 º 318 Krausnick, Hitlers Einsatzgruppen, op.cit., p. 189 sq. Jürgen Föster, “Die Sicherung des Lebenstraumes”, in Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, op.cit., t. 4, p. 1033 sq. : Christian Streit, Keine Kamraden. Die Wehrmacht und die sowetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941-1945. Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1978. ADAP, D 13, annexe III, p. 835-838 ,-319 . Die Weizsäcker-Papiere 1933-1950, édité par L.E. Hill, ˰ 320 Francfort, Propyläen Verlag, 1974, p. 321 (4.2.43)

202

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

Halder, op.cit., t. III, 11 août 1941, p. 170 ˰ 321 322

Die strategische Lage im Spätsommer 1941 als Grundlage für die weiteren politischen und militärrischen Absichten”ADAP. D 13/1, doc. 265, p. 346. Staatsmänner und Diplomaten, op.cit.,doc. 85, p. 618 -

323

. Galeazzo Ciano, L’Europe verso la catastrofe, Milan, ˰ 324 Mondadori, 1948, p. 670. Documenti diplomatici italiani, 9e série, vol. VII, doc. ˰ 325 512, 26 août 1941, p. 509, 511. Journal de Goebbels, BAK, NL 118/90, 19 août 1941, p. -326 29-30, 47-48 PA AA . HADAKTEN ETZDORF. ZU 22. 22 ˰ 327 SEPTEMBRE 1941 .CF/ Die Weizsäcker-Papierd 1933-1950, op.cit., p. 269 (15 septembre 1941) : p. 270 (19 septembre) : p. 271 (28 JORNAL DE GOBBELS: 24 septembre 1941, p. ϭseptembre) : 26 328

Monologe im Führerhauptquartier 1941-1944, édité par ˰ W. Jochmann, Munich, Heyne Verlag, 1980, p. 55»

. . Sie bewahrheitet sich in diesen Wochen und Monaten mit ˰ 329 einer fast unheimlich anmutenden Sicherheit. Im Osten Müssen

203

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

die Juden die Zeche bezahlen : in Deutschland haben sie sie zum Teil schon bezahlt und werden sie in Zukunft noch mehr bezahlen müssen”, Journal de Goebbels, Ibid., p. 45-57. Monologe, op.cit., 8 août 1941, p. 57 : 17 septembre 1941, ˰ 330 p. 61. 59 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ º

331

332

Der grossdeutsche Freiheitskampf, op.cit., t. 3, p. 69 : “[...]wenn dieser Krieg länger dauert”, p. 84

ƽȂȀȈdzơ ǍȂǐş Ǿƫơǁơǂǫ ǶǜǠǷ ǀţơ ƾǫ ǂǴƬǿ ǹƗ ŐƬǠȇ džǰǠdzơ ȄǴǟ -333 ƧȂnjǼdzơ" ǺǷ ƩȏƢŞ Ǿdz ƶǸLjȇ ǞǓȂdzơ ƢȀȈǧ ǹƢǯ ƩƢǜū Ŀ ǶȀǴƬǫ ǁơǂǫ ƨǏƢşȁ Ņ ȁƾƦȇ . Nazi Resettlement Policy » article cité, p. 519."ƨǷǁƢǠdzơ Ǧȇǂƻ Ŀȁ 1941 ǦȈǏ Ŀ ǂǴƬǿ ƨdzƢƷ ƧȂnjǻ ǚǨǴdzơ džǨǼƥ ǂǴƬǿ ǦǏȁ ȐȈƸƬLjǷ .1941 12

Der grossdeutsche Freiheitskampf, op.cit., t. 3, ˰ 334 septembre 1941, p. 65.

74 Ǎ 1941 DZȁȏơ Ǻȇǂnjƫ 3 ƔƢƬnjǴdz ƧƾƴǼdzơ ƵƢƬƬǧơ ƣƢǘƻ º

Monologe, op.cit., p. 101 ˰ 107 Ǎ ǪƥƢLjdzơ ǁƾǐŭơ. º

Halder, op.cit., t. III, p. 306 -

204

335

336 337

338

ƣƢƬǰdzơ ǞƳơǂǷ

Klaus Reinhardt, op.cit., p. 148; cf Rolf-Dieter Müller, ˰ 339 “Das Scheitern der wirschaftlichen ‘Blitzkriegstrategie’”, in Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, op.cit., t. 4, p. 1022 sq 340

Journal de Goebbels, BAK, NL 118/92, 22 novembre ˰ 1941, p. 32.

ƨǏȐƻ Cf. Pierre Vidal-Naquet, les Assassins de la mémoire, -341 Paris, La Découverte, 1987 ; Ist der Nationalsozialismus Geschichte ?, sous la direction de Dan Diner, Francfort, Fischer, 1987 ; Charles S. Maier, The Unmasterable past : History, Holocaust and German National Identity, Cambridge University Press, 1988. Saul

Friedländer, « From Antisemitism to -342 Extermination », Yad Vashem Studies, XVI, 1984, p. 50. 343

Der letzte Entscheid muss ja in dieser Angelegenheit vom Führer gefällt werden” (“Trials of War Criminals”, Case 1, NO248). Der grossdeutsche Freiheitskampf, op.cit., t. 3, p. 204 -

344 345

Journal de Goebbels, BAK, NL 118/90, 18 août 1941, p. ˰ 12 ; 26 août 1941, p. 10 346

Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs, op.cit., 16 décembre 1941, p. 457 Rosenkranz, op.cit., p. 290. ˰ 347

ƢĔƢǬǴǠȇ Ŗdzơ ƨȈŷȋơ Ŀ ǹƢȈǬƬǴȇ ǂȇƢǷȁ ƪdzȂǻ DzưǷ ƣƢƬǯ ńơ Śnjȇ ƔȆNj Dzǯ º 348 ȆƟƢȀǼdzơ Dzūơ ǪǴƻ Ŀ ƨȈǨnjdzȂƦǴdz ƔơƾǠdzơ ȄǴǟ 205

ƽȂȀȈdzơȁ ǂǴƬǿ

Ernst Nolte, Der europäische Bürgerkrieg 1917-1945, Francfort, Propyläen, 1987 ; Arno Mayer, op.cit

206

ƩƢǧƢǬưdzơ ǁơȂƷ DzƳƗ ǺǷ ƨǯơǂNj ȅǂǰLJȂǼǷȂdz ƩơǁȂnjǼǷȁ Ǻȇƾdzơ ƔȐǟ ƨƦƬǰǷ ǩȐǗƛ ńƛ Ǻȇƾdzơ ƔȐǟ ƨƦƬǰǷȁ ȅǂǰLJȂǼǷȂdz ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ śƥ ƨǸƟƢǬdzơ ƨǯơǂnjdzơ ǥƾē ƨǫǂƄơ ǁƢǰǻƛȁ Ƨǂǯơǀdzơ ƩƢǟơDŽǻ ǒǧǁ ȄǴǟȁ ǾǷơǂƬƷƛȁ ǂƻȉơ ƨǧǂǠǷ ȄǴǟ DŽǰƫǂȇ ǁơȂƷ ƨȈźǁƢƫ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ Ǟǔƫ ƩƢǤǴdzơ ƧƽƾǠƬĄǷ ƨȈǸǫǁ ƨƦƬǰǷ ƔƢnjǻƛ DZȐƻ ǺǷ DzǷƘǻȁ .ƨȇĈǃƢǼdzơ .ƩƢǧƢǬưdzơ ǦǴƬƼĄǷ śƥ ǁȂLjŪơ ƔƢǼƥ Ŀ ƨŷƢLjŭƢƥ ǞȈǸŪơ ǥĈǂǐƫ Ŀ ƨȈǧƢǬƯȁ DŽĈȈǸƌŭơ ƢȀůƢǻǂƥ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ȅǂǰLJȂǼǷȂdz ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ ƪǬǴǗƗ 2001 ǵƢǠdzơ ǀǼǷȁ .ǂnjǼdzơ ǁƢǗƛ ǺǸǓ Dzƻƾƫ ƧƾȇƾƳ ǁơƾǏƛ ƨƷƢLjǷ ǂnjǼdzơ ƨǧƢǬƯ śƥ ǪƐǧȂƫ Ƨƾȇǂǧ ƧǁƢȀǷ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ȅǂǰLJȂǼǷȂdz ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ ǺĈǷƚĄƫȁ ƢȀȈǴǰnjƥ ƤƬǰǴdz ǂǸƬLjĄǷ ǂƐǧȂƫ ȃŐǰdzơ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ ƩơǁƢǰƬƥȍơ ǵơƾƼƬLJƛȁ ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ƨȈǸǼƬdzơ ƨǧƢǬƯ Ŀ ƣƢƬǰdzơ DzƻƾĄƫ Ŗdzơ ǂnjǼdzơ ƨȈǴǸǟ DzȈȀLjƫ ǥƾđ Ǯdzƿȁ ȆĈ Ǹǫǂdzơȁ ȆǫǁȂdzơ .ƨǷơƾƬLjƌŭơ ƨĈȈǠǷƢƳ ƭȂŞȁ ǵƢǟ ƣƽƗ) ǂnjǼdzơ ǺȇƽƢȈǷ ǦǴƬƼĄǷ ȄǴǟ ƵȂƬǨǷ DžǂȀǧ ƵǂƬǬȇȁ Ŀ ǶȀƦƬǯ ƩǁƾǏ ǦƐdzƚǷ 5000 ĈǶǔ Ą ȇ ƢǸǯ ƢǠƳǂǷ 7000 ńơȂƷ (...ƢƥȁǁȁƗȁ ĈǦdzƚŭơ ǩȂǬƷȁ ƨȇǂǰǨdzơ ƨȈǰǴŭơ ǹȂǻƢǫ ǺǷ Dzǯ ȆǸŹ Ǯdzƿ ńƛ ƨǧƢǓƛ .ƨǧƢǯ ƩƢǤǴdzơ ƧƔơǂǬdzơ ǹƢŪ ǞǷ ǹȁƢǠƬdzƢƥ ȅǂǰLJȂǼǷȂdz ƩơǁȂnjǼǷ ǂnjǼƫ ƢǸǯ .ƧǂƐǧȂƬŭơ ƤƬƌǰdzơ DzƐ ǯ ƭȂƸƦdzơ DŽǯơǂǷȁ ƩƢǠǷƢŪơ ǞǷ ǭơǂƬNjȍƢƥ ƤƬǰdzơ ǺǷ ƨĈǸȀǷ ƩȐLjǴLJ ƨǐǐƼƬƌŭơ .ň Ɛ ƾŭơ ǞǸƬĐơ Ŀ śǴǟƢǨdzơȁ ƩƢȈǠǸŪơȁ ƩƢLjLJƚŭơȁ ǺǷ ƨȈǴǟƢǨƬdzơ śǷƢǔŭơ ǺǷ ƧƾǟƢǫ ƽĈƾƴƬƌŭơȁ ȆǰȈǷƢǼȇƾdzơ ňȁǂƬǰdzȍơ ǞǫȂŭơ ƵǂƬǬȇȁ ƨȈǻȁǂƬǰdzȍơ śǨdzƚŭơ ƩƢĈǻȁƾǷ DZȂƷ ǞǸŸ ƢǸǯ ƩơǁȂnjǼŭơ ńƛ ň Ɛ ƢĐơ DZȂǏȂdzơ DZȐƻ śǨdzƚǷ ǶĈ ǔƫ ƧDŽĈȈŲ ƔƢǬdz ƨƷƢLjǷ Ǻǟ Ȑǔǧ ƨĈȈǧƢǬưdzơ ƧƢȈūƢƥ ǪƐǴǠƬƫ ƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ ǁƽƢǐǷ .śǘNjƢǻ ƔƢǯǂĄNjȁ Ɣơǂƌǫȁ

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