Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Report 138

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry N. Chaiear

Volume 12, Number 6, 2001

RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS A Rapra Review Report comprises three sections, as follows: 1. A commissioned expert review, discussing a key topic of current interest, and referring to the References and Abstracts section. Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from the References and Abstracts section. Where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the scope of the Rapra Abstracts database, these are listed at the end of the review, and cited in the text as a.1, a.2, etc. 2. A comprehensive References and Abstracts section, resulting from a search of the Rapra Abstracts database. The format of the abstracts is outlined in the sample record below. 3. An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the indexing terms which are added to the abstracts records on the database to aid retrieval.

Source of original article Title

Item 1 Macromolecules

33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83 EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han Akron,University The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and ether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs.

Location

GOODRICH B.F. USA

Authors and affiliation

Abstract

Companies or organisations mentioned

Accession no.771897

DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICE Almost all of the documents which are listed in the References and Abstracts section are available in full text form, as photocopies or pdf files from Rapra Technology Ltd’s Document Delivery Service. Documents can be delivered by a variety of methods, including email, post or fax. Customers may pay for individual copies at the time of ordering by credit card or alternatively open up a deposit account. Please contact the Document Delivery Department for availability, current prices and delivery methods. Document Delivery Department Rapra Technology Limited, Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire SY4 4NR, United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)1939 250383 Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118 Email: [email protected]

Previous Titles Still Available Volume 1

Volume 4

Report 3

Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough.

Report 37

Report 4

Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI, Wilton.

Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright, University of Surrey.

Report 5

CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, N.W. Sandland and M.J. Sebborn, Cambridge Applied Technology.

Report 39

Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications, D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services.

Report 8

Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant.

Report 41

Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.

Report 11

Communications Applications of Polymers, R. Spratling, British Telecom.

Report 42

Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, Bayer AG.

Report 12

Process Control in the Plastics Industry, R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries.

Report 43

Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources, J.M. Methven, UMIST.

Report 44

Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics, J. Green, FMC Corp.

Volume 2 Report 13

Injection Moulding of Engineering Thermoplastics, A.F. Whelan, London School of Polymer Technology.

Report 45

Composites - Tooling and Component Processing, N.G. Brain, Tooltex.

Report 14

Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and Leisure Industries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 46

Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson, J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing.

Report 47

Report 15

Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and Applications, G. Woods, Consultant.

Chemical Analysis of Polymers, G. Lawson, Leicester Polytechnic.

Report 16

Polyetheretherketone, D.J. Kemmish, ICI, Wilton.

Report 17

Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 49

Report 18

Agricultural and Horticultural Applications of Polymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee for Plastics in Agriculture.

Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics, H.T. van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV.

Report 50

Report 19

Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging, R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd.

Automotive Applications of Polymers II, A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.

Report 51

Report 20

Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein, Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University.

Report 21

Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry, H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd.

Report 52

Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge, University of Manchester.

Report 22

Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey, Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd.

Report 53

Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, Building Research Establishment.

Report 23

Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank, Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd.

Report 54

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt, Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.

Report 24

Recent Developments in Materials for Food Packaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division.

Report 55

Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing, E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for Industriforskning, Norway.

Volume 3

Report 56

Plastics in High Temperature Applications, J. Maxwell, Consultant.

Report 25

Report 57

Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University.

Report 58

Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 59

Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications, A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd. Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom Technology Associates.

Volume 5

Report 26

Polymers and Structural Composites in Civil Engineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Report 27

Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans, Consultant.

Report 28

Adhesives for Structural and Engineering Applications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd.

Report 60

Report 29

Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton, Corrosion Monitoring Consultancy.

Volume 6

Report 30

Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds, National NDT Centre, Harwell.

Report 61

Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 31

Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan, Dow Corning Ltd.

Report 62

Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.

Report 63

Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.

Report 64

Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University. Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson, International Automotive Design.

Report 32

Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications, D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and 3M Belgium SA.

Report 33

Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels, T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd.

Report 65

Report 34

Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, Nova Petrochemicals Inc.

Report 66

Report 35

Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey, Hotpoint Ltd.

Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processing and Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey Polymer Extension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology.

Report 67

Report 36

Developments in Additives to Meet Health and Environmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation, V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy.

Report 68

Cure Assessment by Physical and Chemical Techniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 69

Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell, Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.

Report 70

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers, M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. England and D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center.

Report 71

Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s University of Belfast.

Report 72

Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier, Econology Ltd.

Report 94

Compressive Behaviour of Composites, C. Soutis, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.

Report 95

Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten & Masch Manufacturing Co.

Report 96

Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman, St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.

Volume 9 Report 97

Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, Fire Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 98

Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore & S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 99

Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes, Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.

Volume 7 Report 73

Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, University of Bradford.

Report 74

Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.

Report 75

Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, Boustead Consulting Ltd.

Report 100 Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory and Applications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Mulhouse.

Report 76

Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials, R.C.P. Cubbon.

Report 101 Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.

Report 77

Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves, Goodyear Technical Center.

Report 102 Plastics in Pressure Pipes, T. Stafford, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 78

PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications, J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd.

Report 103

Report 79

Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems, Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for General Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 80

Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and Other Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.

Report 81

Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Applications, J.A. Brydson.

Report 82

Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization, Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada.

Report 83

Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd.

Report 84

Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing, P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.

Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.

Report 104 Plastics Profile Extrusion, R.J. Kent, Tangram Technology Ltd. Report 105 Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development, B.G. Crowther. Report 106 Properties and Applications of Elastomeric Polysulfides, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University. Report 107 High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis, The Open University. Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Volume 10 Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide, J.A. Lindsay. Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers, R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Volume 8

Report 111

Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 85

Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université Pierre et Marie Curie.

Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications, J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.

Report 86

High Performance Engineering Plastics, D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd.

Report 113 Rubber-Modified Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula, University of Texas at Austin.

Report 87

Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene, V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Report 88

Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications, A.S. Wilson.

Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky, University of Hamburg.

Report 89

Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures and Separation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The Smart Chemical Company.

Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders, Y. Wang, Tunghai University.

Report 90

Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood.

Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing, R.J.M. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward Mackenzie Consulting.

Report 91

Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton, University of Surrey.

Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.

Report 92

Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profiles, A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke.

Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest and J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 93

Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, Sherwood Technologies Inc.

Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey, Shipley Ronal.

Volume 11 Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials, I.B. Page, BIP Ltd. Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and Processes, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company. Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research Council Canada. Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe, University of Exeter. Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR, H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated. Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd, University of Nottingham. Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant. Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau, Lucent Technologies. Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation, D.C. Wright. Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack, D.C. Wright. Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation, D.C. Wright. Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner, Clariant Huningue SA.

Titles Available in the Current Volume Volume 12 Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc. Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers, J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University. Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown. Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services. Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker Chemie GmbH.

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry Naesinee Chaiear (Khon Kaen University)

ISBN: 1-85957-301-0

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5 2 The Law Affecting Health and Safety ........................................................................................... 5 2.1 The Law Affecting Health and Safety in the United States ................................................................. 5 2.1.1 Federal Regulation of Occupational Health and Safety in the Workplace ............................. 5 2.1.2 Workers’ Compensation ......................................................................................................... 8 2.2 The Law Affecting Health and Safety in the United Kingdom and other European Countries ........... 8 2.2.1 Common Law ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1.1 Standard of Care of Occupational Health Specialist .............................................. 8 2.2.1.2 Duty to Inform and Warn of Risks to Health and Safety ........................................ 8 2.2.1.3 Balancing the Risk .................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1.4 Constructive Knowledge ........................................................................................ 8 2.2.1.5 The State of the Art ................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1.6 Employer’s Responsibility ..................................................................................... 8 2.2.1.7 Duty Owed for Mental Breakdown ........................................................................ 9 2.2.1.8 Stress and Other Mental Disorders ......................................................................... 9 2.2.1.9 Employees’ Duties .................................................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Statutes ................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2.1 UK Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 ................................................................ 9 2.2.2.2 Employer’s Statutory Duties................................................................................... 9 2.2.2.3 Employees’ Statutory Duties .................................................................................. 9 2.2.2.4 The Institutions ....................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2.5 UK Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) ............. 10 2.2.2.6 UK Regulations 1992 ........................................................................................... 10 2.2.3 European Law ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.3.1 General .................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.3.2 Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) ........................................................................ 10 2.2.3.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 10 2.2.3.4 Working Time Directive ........................................................................................11 2.2.4 Other Codes and Regulations on Health and Safety .............................................................11 2.2.4.1 BRMA Code of Practice ........................................................................................11

3 Industrial Safety: Equipment ...................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Industrial Statistics ..............................................................................................................................11

1

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

3.2 Mill and Calender Safety ....................................................................................................................11 3.2.1 Mill Safety ............................................................................................................................11 3.2.2 Calender Safety .................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.3 Machine Lockout ................................................................................................................. 14

4 Fire and Explosions ...................................................................................................................... 15 5 Solvents .......................................................................................................................................... 15 5.1 Health Effects .................................................................................................................................... 15 5.1.1 Benzene: C6H6 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15 5.1.2 Toluene: C6H5CH3 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 5.1.3 Xylene: C6H4(CH3)2 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 5.1.4 Methylene Chloride (dichloromethane): CH2Cl2 ................................................................................................................. 16 5.1.5 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methylchloroform): CH3CCl3 ................................................................................................... 16

6 Epidemiology ................................................................................................................................. 17 7 Natural Rubber Latex Allergy ..................................................................................................... 17 8 Skin Irritation and Dermatitis .................................................................................................... 19 9 Dust and Fume .............................................................................................................................. 19 9.1 Dust .................................................................................................................................................... 19 9.1.1 Carbon Black ....................................................................................................................... 20 9.1.2 Crystalline Silica .................................................................................................................. 21 9.1.2.1 Silicosis ................................................................................................................. 21 9.1.2.2 Cancer ................................................................................................................... 21 9.1.2.3 Autoimmune Diseases .......................................................................................... 21 9.1.2.4 Tuberculosis .......................................................................................................... 21 9.1.2.5 Kidney Disease ..................................................................................................... 22 9.1.2.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection ........................................................... 22 9.2 Rubber Fumes .................................................................................................................................... 22 9.2.1 Visible Fumes ....................................................................................................................... 22 9.2.2 Gases and Vapours ............................................................................................................... 22 9.3 A Strategy for Dust and Fume Control .............................................................................................. 23 9.3.1 Assessing the Risks to Health from Dust and Fume ............................................................ 23 9.3.2 Selection of Control Methods .............................................................................................. 23 9.3.2.1 Elimination and Substitution ................................................................................ 23

2

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

9.3.2.2 Containment.......................................................................................................... 23 9.3.2.3 Process Control ..................................................................................................... 24 9.3.2.4 Handling and Working Methods ........................................................................... 24 9.3.2.5 Ventilation Control ............................................................................................... 24 9.3.2.6 Segregation ........................................................................................................... 24 9.3.2.7 Housekeeping and Cleanliness ............................................................................. 24 9.3.2.8 Respirators ............................................................................................................ 24

10 Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders ................................................................................ 24 10.1 Prevention ........................................................................................................................................ 25

11 Nitrosamines ................................................................................................................................ 25 12 1,3-Butadiene .............................................................................................................................. 25 12.1 Health Effects .................................................................................................................................. 26 12.1.1 Animal Studies ................................................................................................................... 26 12.1.2 Human Studies ................................................................................................................... 26 12.2 Industrial Exposure and Control ...................................................................................................... 26

13 General Recommendations for Handling Rubber Chemicals ................................................ 27 13.1 Personal Hygiene ............................................................................................................................. 27 13.2 Handling........................................................................................................................................... 27 13.3 General and Local Exhaust Ventilation ........................................................................................... 27 13.4 Skin Protection and Protective Clothing .......................................................................................... 27

14 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 28 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................ 28 References......................................................................................................................................... 29 References and Abstracts ................................................................................................................ 31 Subject Index ................................................................................................................................. 121

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those of Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or liability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with any utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

3

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

4

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

1 Introduction The rubber industry uses both natural and synthetic rubber. Southeast Asia produces most of the world’s natural rubber, while synthetic rubber is a product of industrialised countries like the United States, Japan and Europe. Brazil is the one developing nation with a significant synthetic rubber industry. Tyres and tyre products account for approximately 60% of the synthetic rubber and 75% of the natural rubber used, and this industry employs about half a million workers worldwide. Important non-tyre uses of rubber include automotive belts and hoses, gloves, condoms and rubber footwear. Table 1 indicates the variety of rubber products made from rubber polymers (a.1). Occupational health and safety in the rubber industry are major concerns. Of the many scientific studies performed on workers in the industry, some have identified a disproportionate mortality from bladder, stomach, lung, haematopoietic and other cancers – deaths correlated to a workplace where long-term exposure to many chemical combinations occurred. Often such long-term exposure injuries, where ill effects are not detected for years, are overlooked so that prevention of dramatic injuries occupies safety agendas instead. In previous guides to health and safety in the rubber industry, the focus was upon the synthetic rubber industry. This guide follows a similar format but with expanded sections on the natural rubber industry. The first section outlines the laws affecting health and safety in the industry whilst the remainder of the guide presents specific health and safety issues of interest to employers and employees.

2 The Law Affecting Health and Safety Occupational health and safety requirements vary around the world. In mainland Europe, occupational health and safety regulations are based on civil law and requirements tend to be more specific than those in the United States.

2.1 The Law Affecting Health and Safety in the United States In the United States, toxic substances in the workplace are primarily controlled through three

federal laws: the Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) of 1970, and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976. The OSH Act established the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the Department of Labor to enforce compliance, and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the Department of Health and Human Services (under the Center for Disease Control) to perform research and conduct health hazard evaluations. The Office of Toxic Substances in the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) administers the TSCA. Regulatory laws under the OSH Act have clearly influenced other environmental legislation and will probably affect the implementation of the TSCA (a.2).

2.1.1 Federal Regulation of Occupational Health and Safety in the Workplace The OSH Act requires the OSHA: (1) to encourage employers and employees to reduce hazards in the workplace and to implement new or improved safety and health programs; (2) to develop mandatory job safety and health standards and enforce them effectively; (3) to establish separate but dependent responsibilities and rights for employers’ safety and health conditions; (4) to establish reporting and record keeping procedures to monitor job related injuries and illnesses; and, (5) to encourage states to assume the fullest responsibility for establishing and administering their own occupational safety and health programs (a.2). The OSHA thus: inspects workplaces for violations of existing health and safety standards; establishes advisory committees; holds hearings; sets new or revised standards for control of specific substances, conditions, or use of equipment; enforces standards by assessing fines or by other legal means; and, provides constructive services, training and education for both employers and employees. From the development of standards through to their implementation and enforcement, the OSHA upholds the right of employers and employees to be fully informed, to actively participate, and to appeal its decisions (a.2). The coverage of the OSH Act initially extended to all employers and their employees, except self-employed people, family-owned and -operated farms, and workplaces already protected by other federal agencies or other federal statutes. In 1979, however, Congress exempted approximately 1.5 million businesses (with

5

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Table 1 Some important rubber polymers Type of rubber/elastomer

Production (1000s of tonnes in 1993)

Properties

Common uses

Natural rubber

Thailand Indonesia Malaysia India

General purpose; not oilresistant, swollen by solvents; deteriorates when exposed to oxygen, ozone, UV light

Tyres, shock mounts, seals, couplings, bridge and building bearing, footwear, hoses, conveyor belts, moulded products, linings, rolls, gloves, condoms, medical devices, adhesives, carpet backing, thread, foam

Polyisoprene (IR)

US Western Europe Japan

47 General purpose; 15 synthetic natural rubber, 52 similar properties

Styrene-butadiene

US Western Europe Japan

920 General purpose: Second 1,117 World War natural rubber 620 substitute; poor oil/solvent resistance

Polybutadiene (BR)

US Western Europe Japan Eastern Europe

465 297 215 62 (1996)

Butyl (IIR)

US Western Europe Eastern Europe Japan

130 168 90 83

1,501 1,353 923 426

Same as natural rubber above Tyres (75%), conveyor belts, sponges, moulded goods, footwear, hoses, roll coverings, adhesives, waterproofing, latex carpet backing, foam products

Poor oil/solvent resistance; subject to weathering; high resilience, abrasion resistance and lowtemperature flexibility

Tyres, shoes, conveyor belts, transmission belts, toy superballs

Low gas permeability: resistant to heat, acid, polar liquids; not resistant to oil, solvents; moderate weathering

Inner tubes, tyre curing bladders, caulking and sealants, cable insulation, vibration isolators, pond liners and roofing membranes, high temperature conveyor belts and hoses

Ethylene-propylene/- US Ethylene-Propylene-- Western Europe Diene Japan

261 Low-temperature 201 flexibility; resistant to 124 weathering and heat but not oil, solvents; excellent electrical properties

Wire and cable jackets; extruded weather stripping and seals; moulded products; isolation mounts; liner sheeting for grain storage, roofing, ponds, ditches, landfill

Polychloroprene (CR) (neoprene)

105 Resistant to oil, flame, 102 heat and weather 74

Wire and cable jackets, hoses, belts, conveyor belts, footwear, wet suits, coated fabrics and inflatable products, extrusions, adhesives, bridge and rail mounts, sheeting, sponge gaskets, latex foam products

6

US Western Europe Japan

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Table 1 Continued Type of rubber/elastomer

Production (1000s of tonnes in 1993)

Properties

Common uses

Nitrile (NBR)

US Western Europe Japan Eastern Europe

Resistant to oil, solvents, vegetable oil; swollen by polar solvents such as ketones

Sealants, fuel-resistant hose linings and gaskets, roll coverings, conveyor belts, shoe soles, gloves, adhesives; oil drilling equipment

Silicone (MQ)

US Western Europe Japan

95 Stable at high/low 107 temperatures; resistant to 59 (1990) oil, solvents, weathering; physiologically and chemically inert

Wire and cable insulation, seals, adhesives, gaskets, specialty moulded and extruded goods, gas masks and respirators, food and medical tubing, surgical implants

Polysulfide (OT)

US Western Europe Japan

20 Resistant to oil, solvents, 0 low temperature, 3 weathering; low gas permeability

Roller covering, hose liner, gaskets, moulded goods, sealants, gas meter diaphragms, glass sealants, solid rocket propellant binder

64 108 70 30

Reclaimed rubber

Shorter polymer chains; easier processing; less mixing time and power consumption; lower tensile strength and low cost

Tyres, inner tubes, floor mats, mechanical goods, adhesives, rubberised asphalt

Source: Reproduced with permission from ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th edition, 1998, Volume 3, p 80.2, Copyright © International Labour Organization, 1998 (a.1)

10 or fewer employees) from routine OSHA safety inspections. Since federal agencies, such as the US Postal Service, are not subject to OSHA regulations and enforcement provisions, each agency is required to establish and maintain its own effective and comprehensive job safety and health programme. The OSHA provision does not apply to state and local governments in their role as employers, but does require any state desiring to gain OSHA support or funding for its own occupational safety and health programme to provide a programme to cover its state and local government workers that is as effective as the OSHA programme is for private employees. The OSHA can set standards either on its own or when petitioned to do so by other parties, including: the Secretary of Health and Human Services, NIOSH, state and local governments and nationally recognised standards-producing organisation, employers or labour representatives, or any other interested person. The

standard setting process involves input from advisory committees and from NIOSH. When the OSHA develops plans to propose, amend, or delete a standard, these intentions must be published in the Federal Register. Interested parties can then present arguments and pertinent evidence in writing (or at public hearings) in support of or against the changes. The OSHA is authorised to set emergency temporary standards, which take immediate effect but expire within six months. But in order to do this, the OSHA must first determine that workers are in grave danger from exposure to toxic substances or new hazards and are not adequately protected by existing standards. Standards can be appealed through the federal courts, but filing an appeals petition will not delay the enforcement of the standard unless a court of appeals specifically orders it. Employers may make application to the OSHA for variance from a standard or regulation if they lack the means to comply, or if they can prove that their facilities or methods of operation provide effective employee protection.

7

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

OSHA requires employers of more than 10 employees to maintain records of occupational injuries and illnesses. Irrespective of company size, the following must be recorded: all occupational injuries and diseases resulting in death, and injuries resulting in one or more lost work days, restriction of work or motion, loss of consciousness, transfer to another job, or medical treatment (other than first aid) (a.2).

2.1.2 Workers’ Compensation Workers’ compensation is a legal system designed to shift some of the costs of occupational injuries and illness from workers to employers. Workers’ compensation is a no fault system with a wider coverage than common law. Workplace injuries and illnesses are compensatable even if they are only in part work related and injured workers do not need to prove that their injuries were caused by employer negligence. Workers’ compensation laws generally require employers or their insurance companies to reimburse part of injured workers’ lost wages and their entire medical and rehabilitation expenses. Workers’ compensation provides income benefits medical payments and rehabilitation payments to workers injured on the job and benefits to survivors of fatally injured workers. There are 50 state and three federal workers’ compensation jurisdictions, each with its own statute and regulations. The law prescribes the benefit formulas. Some large employers pay the benefits themselves, but most pay yearly premiums to an insurance company, which then processes all claims and pays compensation to injured workers.

2.2.1.1 Standard of Care of Occupational Health Specialist The standard of care expected of a professional person, an occupational health specialist, is that he/ she performs well and up to the legislated industry standard.

2.2.1.2 Duty to Inform and Warn of Risks to Health and Safety Employers, with assistance from medical advisers, are obliged to inform and warn their workers, including prospective employees, of the potential dangers and inherent risks of the job.

2.2.1.3 Balancing the Risk The courts have determined that the greater the risk to health and safety, the greater the time and expense an employer must expend to lessen the risk(s) to employees.

2.2.1.4 Constructive Knowledge The courts consider the knowledge base in the industry at the time of an alleged negligence when judging whether an employer acted responsibly or not.

2.2.1.5 The State of the Art 2.2 The Law Affecting Health and Safety in the United Kingdom and other European Countries Common law, statutes, and European Directives and Recommendations can affect the employment of people with health problems, and the services available to them (a.3).

2.2.1 Common Law Common law covers both criminal and civil law. For centuries, common law courts have held employers liable for negligence if they have not taken reasonable care of the health and safety of their workers.

8

Employers should grow in their knowledge of health and safety and take advice and information offered to them by occupational health experts.

2.2.1.6 Employer’s Responsibility Employers have a greater responsibility toward employees with known medical conditions. It is vital that employers take informed advice regarding employee fitness for work. In addition, employers are responsible for any special arrangements, precautions or restrictions for employees with disabilities, which might affect the work or the health and safety of the workers and others.

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

2.2.1.7 Duty Owed for Mental Breakdown The courts have extended the principle of the employer’s common law duty to include psychiatric injury and the mental well being of employees.

of his employees. That is, he/she should obtain information not only from the manufacturers and suppliers but, where necessary, from other sources.

2.2.2.2 Employer’s Statutory Duties 2.2.1.8 Stress and Other Mental Disorders The employer must be mindful of the strain and trauma of the job and take steps to compensate employees accordingly. The courts have now recognised that an employer must care for both the physical and mental well being of employees.

2.2.1.9 Employees’ Duties In common law, employees have implied duties, including the duty to work with reasonable care and competence and to loyally and faithfully serve their employer.

The HASWA imposes general duties on employers, in Section 2, to take reasonable care of the health, safety and welfare of their employees at work, and to provide: •

A safe system and place of work;

•

Information, instruction and training on matters of health and safety and adequate supervision;

•

A safe system for the handling, storage and transport of substances and materials;

•

A safe working environment.

2.2.2.3 Employees’ Statutory Duties 2.2.2 Statutes

2.2.2.1 UK Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 The 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act (HASWA) defines the statutory duties UK employers must carry out for the reasonable care of their employees (a.4). The HASWA currently imposes only criminal liability. Companies and individual managers and employees can be prosecuted for breaches of their statutory duties. A provision in the HASWA – Section 47 – extends the jurisdiction of the Act permitting employees injured at work to sue in civil court. The Act covers everyone at work, including independent contractors and their employees, the selfemployed and visitors, but excludes domestic servants in private households. Under Section 6 of the HASW Act the manufacturers and suppliers of industrial chemicals have the responsibility to furnish appropriate information relating to the toxic potential of their products. The employer has a duty to provide such information as is necessary to ensure the health and safety at work

Employees’ duties are outlined in Sections 7 and 8. They are to take reasonable care to ensure their own health and safety and that of others, to co-operate on any matter of health and safety and to avoid behaviour or actions, which would endanger their own health and safety or that of others. This includes the duty to inform employers, when a medical history is requested.

2.2.2.4 The Institutions The Health and Safety Commission (HSC) – set up under HASWA as a tripartite body (Government, Confederation of British Industry (CBI) and Trades Union Congress (TUC)) – is responsible for policy. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is responsible for enforcing the Act. There are several divisions, the largest of which is the Factory Inspectorate (HMF). The Employment Medical Advisory Service (EMAS) is the field force of the medical division of HSE. Environmental Health Officers – employed by local authorities – carry out enforcement of the Act. Their powers are the same as the Factory Inspectors. Employment protection legislation includes sections on:

9

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

1) Standards of evidence of ill health

•

Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992;

•

Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992;

•

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1992;

5) Interpreting contracts vis-à-vis health and safety

•

Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992;

6) Recommended check-lists

•

Workplace (Health and Safety Welfare) Regulations 1992.

2) Standards of medical evidence and medical reports 3) Guidance for conflicting medical advice 4) Guidance for disclosure of medical notes

7) Strategies for dealing with misrepresented medical condition(s).

2.2.2.5 UK Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) COSHH imposes duties on employers to protect employees and other persons who may be exposed to substances hazardous to health, and also responsibilities on employees. Employers are required to prevent or, where this is not practicable, to control the exposure to hazardous substances. To help protect workers against ill-health HSE sets occupational exposure limits. There are two types of limit. Maximum Exposure Limits (MELs) and Occupational Exposure Standards (OESs). A MEL is set for substances which may cause the most serious health effect, such as cancer and occupational asthma; these are substances for which no threshold level of exposure for the key health effect can be determined, or for which exposure thresholds may be identified but at a concentration that is not yet routinely achievable in the workplace. COSHH requires that exposure should be reduced as far below the MEL as possible. An OES is set at a level at which (based on current scientific knowledge) there is no indication of risk to the health of workers who breathe it in day after day. If exposure to a substance that has an OES is reduced at least to that level, then adequate control has been achieved. It is recommended that exposure to all airborne contaminants is kept as low as possible (a.5).

These Regulations require that employers do risk assessments where ‘significant and substantial risks to health or safety’ exist and to appoint ‘competent’ persons to assist in this task. Employers are required to do these risk assessments regularly and to keep records of them. Other related health and safety regulations that affect employment of people in the UK are ‘Pre-employment Medical Examinations’ and the ‘Disability Discrimination Act 1995’ (a.3).

2.2.3 European Law

2.2.3.1 General In principle, when the European Union Council of Ministers adopts Directives, the 15 European Member member states are bound to uphold them. This means that employees may sue an employer for breach of the Directives. Since private sector employers are not directly bound by Directives, it is recommended that member states adopt the Directives into national legislation within a predetermined schedule.

2.2.3.2 Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) The matters which involve workers’ health and safety and product safety, require only QMV, 62 out of the possible 87 votes.

2.2.2.6 UK Regulations 1992 In January 1992, the UK introduced the ‘Six Pack’ •

10

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992;

2.2.3.3 Recommendations The Council of Ministers can make Recommendations although these are not legally binding. European Union

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

(EU) resolutions and Recommendations have the effect of law only once national provisions or supplements to existing Community measures are adopted.

3 Industrial Safety: Equipment

3.1 Industrial Statistics 2.2.3.4 Working Time Directive The Working Time Directive, under the QMV system, requires member states to limit working hours to 48 in any 7-day period. Scheduled rest breaks and restrictions on the number of night shifts are set out in detail. Organisation of work patterns must take into account health and safety requirements and the adaptation of work to the worker.

2.2.4 Other Codes and Regulations on Health and Safety

Injuries in the American rubber industry are one-quarter of those in other manufacturing industries. According to a 1999 US Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, the annual injury and illness rate was 269.4 per 10,000 full-time workers in the rubber and plastics industries. The UK rubber industry has had accident rates well above the ‘all manufacturing’ average in the 1990s and the main reason is the high number of handling accidents, according to the British Rubber Manufacturers’ Association. In 1997/1998 manual handling was responsible for over 40% of accidents reported to the HSE in the new tyres sector, retreading, and general rubber goods (67).

2.2.4.1 BRMA Code of Practice The British Rubber Manufacturers’ Association (BRMA) has prepared a Code of Practice on Rubber Chemicals (38) to help to secure the health and safety of people at work in the rubber industry. The practical points which are made are ‘based on the basic principles of occupational hygiene: (1) An assessment of the risk to health and of the precautions needed. (2) The introduction of appropriate measures to control the risk. (3) Ensuring that control measures are used, that equipment is properly maintained and procedures observed. (4) The monitoring, where necessary, of exposure of workers and the provision of appropriate health surveillance. (5) The information, instruction and training of employees about the risks and the precautions to be taken. The Code defines the recommended working procedures for handling compounding ingredients and other chemicals. If these recommended procedures are carefully followed, a high standard of industrial hygiene will be ensured without introducing unnecessary restrictions into the manufacturing operation.’

In the UK, injuries in the rubber and plastic industries reported to the HSE were the primary cause of ‘over three-day sick leaves’. Major injuries have been increasing since 1997 (Table 2). The fatal and major injury rates in 1999/2000 and 1998/1999 were 280.4 per 100,000 employees and 276.3 per 100,000 employees respectively (a.6).

3.2 Mill and Calender Safety This section is reproduced with permission from the ILO: J.R. Townhills, in Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th Edition, 1998, Volume 3, 80.1180.13, copyright © International Labour Organization, 1998.

3.2.1 Mill Safety Mills and calenders are used extensively throughout the rubber industry. Running nip accidents (getting caught in the rotating rolls) are major safety hazards during operation of these machines. In addition, there is a potential for accidents during repair and maintenance of these and other machines used in the rubber industry. This article discussed these safety hazards. In 1973 in the United States, the National Joint Industrial Council for the Rubber Manufacturing

11

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Table 2 Numbers of injuries in the rubber industry in the UK reported to the HSE 1994-2000 Fatalities

Non-fatal but major injuries

Over three days sick leave

1994-1995

1

329

3186

1995-1996

0

391

3133

1996-1997

3

606

3256

1997-1998

2

673

3608

1998-1999

5

635

3379

1999-2000

2

640

3438

Year

Source: Health and Safety Executive in the UK

Industry concluded that for in-running nip points, a safety device that depended on action of the operator could not be regarded as an effective method of preventing running nip accidents. This is especially true of mills in the rubber industry. Unfortunately, little has been done to force code changes. Currently there is only one safety device that does not require operator action to activate. The body bar is the only widely accepted automatic device that is an effective means of preventing mill accidents. However, even the body bar has limitations and cannot be used in all cases unless modifications are made to the equipment and work practice. The problem of mill safety is not a simple one; there are several major issues involved: •

mill height,

•

the size of the operator,

•

auxiliary equipment,

•

the way the mill is worked,

•

the tack or stickiness of the stock,

•

stopping distance.

Mill height makes a difference as to where the operator works the mill. For mills less than 1.27 m high, where the height of the operator is greater than 1.68 m, there is a tendency to work too high on the mill or too close to the nip. This allows for a very short reaction time for the automatic safety to stop the mill. The size of the operator also dictates how close the operator needs to get to the mill face to work the mill.

12

Operators come in many different sizes, and often must operate the same mill. The majority of the time on adjustment is made to the mill safety devices. Auxiliary equipment such as conveyors or loaders can often conflict with safety cables and ropes. Despite codes to the contrary, often the safety rope or cable is moved to allow for the operation of the auxiliary equipment. This can result in the operator working the mill with the safety cable behind the operator’s head. While the height of the mill and the auxiliary equipment have a part in the way a mill is worked, there are other factors which enter into the picture. If there is no mixing roll below the mixer to distribute the rubber evenly on the mill, the operator will have to physically move the rubber from one side of the mill to the other by hand. The mixing and moving of the rubber exposes the operator to increased risk of strain or sprain injuries in addition to the hazard of the mill nip. The tack or stickiness of the stock poses an additional hazard. If the rubber sticks to the mill roll and the operator has to pull it off the roll, a body bar becomes a safety hazard. Operators of mills with hot rubber have to wear gloves. Mill operators use knives. Tacky stock can grab a knife, glove or bare hand and pull it toward the running nip of the mill. Even an automatic safety device will not be effective unless the mill can be stopped before the operator reaches the running nip of the mill. Stopping distances must be checked at least weekly and the brakes tested at the beginning of each shift. Dynamic electrical brakes must be checked on a regular basis. If the zero switch is not adjusted properly, the mill will move back and forth and damage to the mill will result. For some situations, disc brakes are preferred. With electrical

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

brakes a problem can arise if the operator has activated the mill stop button and then tried an emergency mill stop. On some mills the emergency stop will not work after the mill stop button has been activated.

calender safety, see the two publications by the National Joint Industrial Council for the Rubber Manufacturing Industry (Running Nip Accidents, 1959 and Safe Working of Calenders, 1967).

There have been some adjustments made that have improved mill safety. The following steps have greatly reduced exposure to running nip injuries on the mills:

Unfortunately, when a calender or any other piece of equipment has been transferred from one company to another or one country to another, often the accident history is not included. This had resulted in the removal of guards and in dangerous work practices that had been changed because of a prior incident. This has led to history repeating itself, with accidents that have occurred in the past reoccurring. Another problem is language. Machines with the controls and instructions in a different language from the user country makes safe operation more difficult.

•

A body bar should be used on the working face of each mill, but only if the bar is adjustable for the height and reach of the operator.

•

Mill brakes can be either mechanical or electrical, but they must be checked each shift and the distance checked weekly. The stopping distances should comply with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) stopping distance recommendations.

Calenders have increased in speed. The braking ability of these machines has not always kept pace with the equipment. This is especially true around the calender rolls. If these rolls cannot be stopped in the recommended stopping distance, an additional method must be used to protect employees. If necessary, the calender should be equipped with a sensing device that will slow the machine when the rolls are approached during operation. This has proven very effective in keeping employees from getting too close to the rolls during the operation of the machine.

•

Where mixer mills have hot, tacky stock, a twomill system has replaced the single-mill system. This has reduced operator exposure and improved the mixing of the stock.

•

Where operators are required to move stock across a mill, a mixing roll should be added to reduce operator exposure.

•

Current mill work practices have been reviewed to ensure that the operator is not working too close to the running nip on the mill. This includes small lab mills, especially where a sample may require numerous passes through the running nip.

Some of the other major areas identified by the National Joint Industrial Council are still a source of injuries today: •

clearing jams and adjusting material,

Mill loaders have been added on mills to load stock. This has eliminated the practice of trying to load a mill using a fork truck, and has eliminated any conflict with the use of a body bar as a safety device.

•

running nip injuries, especially at wind-ups,

•

threading up,

•

communications.

•

Currently technology exists to improve mill safety. In Canada, for example, a rubber mill cannot be operated without a body bar on the working face or front of the mill. Countries receiving older equipment from other countries need to adjust the equipment to fit their workforce.

3.2.2 Calender Safety Calenders have many configurations of machines and auxiliary equipment, making it difficult to be specific on calender safety. For a more in-depth study in

An effective, well understood lockout programme (see below) will do much to reduce or eliminate injuries from the clearing of jams or the adjusting of material while the machine is in operation. Proximity devices that slow the rolls when they are approached may help deter an adjustment attempt. Running nip injuries remain a problem, especially at wind-ups. Speeds at the wind-up must be adjustable to allow for a slow start-up at the beginning of the roll. Safeties must be available in the event of a problem. A device that slows the roll when it is approached will tend to discourage an attempt to adjust a liner or fabric

13

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

during the wind-up. Telescoping rolls are a special temptation for even experienced operators. The problem of threading-up incidents has increased with the speed and complexity of the calender train and the amount of auxiliary equipment. Here the existence of a single line control and good communications are essential. The operator may not be able to see all of the crew. Everyone must be accounted for and communications must be clear and easily understood. The need for good communications is essential to safe operation when a crew is involved. Critical times are when adjustments are being made or when the machine is started at the beginning of a run or started after a shut-down which had been caused by a system that audits both. The answer to these problems is a well-trained crew that understands the problems of calender operation, a maintenance system that maintains all safety devices in working condition and a system that audits both.

3.2.3 Machine Lockout The concept of machine lockout is not new. While lockout has been generally accepted in maintenance programmes, very little has been done to gain acceptance in the operating area. Part of the problem is the recognition of the hazard. A typical lockout standard requires that “if the unexpected movement of equipment or release of energy could cause injury to an employee then that equipment should be locked out”. Lockout is not limited to electrical energy, and not all energy can be locked out; some things must be blocked in position, pipes must be disconnected and blanked, stored pressure must be relieved. While the lockout concept is viewed in some industries as a way of life, other industries have not accepted it due to the fear of the cost of locking out. Central to the concept of lockout is control. Where a person is at risk of injury as the result of movement, the power source(s) must be disabled and the person or persons at risk should have control. All situations requiring lockout are not easy to identify. Even when they are identified, it is not easy to change work practices. Another key to a lockout programme which is often overlooked is the ease with which a machine or line can be locked out or the power isolated. Older

14

equipment was not designed or installed with a single breaker for several machines. Other machines have multiple power sources, making lockout more complicated. To add to this problem, motor control room breakers are often changed or feed additional equipment, and the documentation of the changes is not always kept current. The rubber industry has seen general acceptance of lockout in maintenance. While the concept of protecting one’s self from the dangers of unexpected movement is not new, the uniform use of lockout is. In the past, maintenance personnel used different means to protect themselves. This protection was not always consistent due to other pressures such as production, and not always effective. For some of the equipment in the industry, the lockout answer is complex and not easily understood. The tyre press is an example of a piece of equipment for which there is little consensus on the exact time and method for lockout. While the complete lockout of a press for an extensive repair is straightforward, there is no consensus about lockout in such operations as mould and bladder changes, mould cleaning and unjamming equipment. The tyre machine is another example of difficulty in lockout compliance. Many of the injuries in this area have not been to maintenance personnel, but rather to operators to operators and tyre technicians making adjustments, changing drums loading or unloading stock or unjamming equipment and to janitorial employees cleaning the equipment. It is difficult to have a successful lockout programme if the lockout is time consuming and difficult. Where possible, the means to disconnect should be available at the equipment, which helps with ease of identification and can eliminate or reduce the possibility of someone being in the danger zone when the energy is returned to the equipment. Even with changes that make identification easier, no lockout can ever be considered complete unless a test is made to be sure the correct power isolation devices were used. In the case of work with electrical wiring, a test should be made after the disconnect is pulled to ensure that all power has been disconnected. An effective lockout programme must include the following: •

The equipment should be designed to facilitate a lockout for all energy sources.

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

•

Lockout sources must be identified correctly.

•

Work practices requiring lockout must be identified.

•

All employees affected by lockout should have some training in lockout.

•

Employees who are required to lockout should be trained and advised that lockout is expected and that anything less is unacceptable under any circumstances.

•

The programme needs to be audited on a regular basis to make sure that it is effective.

4 Fire and Explosions In the rubber industry, the risk of fires and explosions is high, and not only during the manufacturing process involving flammable solvents, but also during storage (of raw materials and finished products) and disposal (of flammable wastes). Some liquids such as solvents can give off large volumes of flammable vapours at room temperature. When mixed with air at room temperature, these vapours can ignite, often violently. Therefore, spills on clothing represent a serious risk of injury. To mitigate these risks contaminated materials should be disposed of safely or disposal experts called in, and flammables should be: •

stored in a separate storage area, or a specially designed bin or closet;

•

dispensed and used in a safe place where there is good ventilation and no sparking;

•

kept in closed containers when not in use. If possible, use safety containers which have selfclosing lids;

•

dispensed over a tray with non flammable, absorbent material handy for mopping up spills.

Some solid finished products, like rubber, are also flammable. When ignited they give off plumes of dense black smoke. Consequently: •

keep these materials away from heaters or electrical equipment,

•

keep gangways and exits to and from storage and working areas clear of flammable packaging materials and finished products.

More extensive treatment of this subject can be found in the HSE publication, ‘Safe Working with Flammable Substances’ (a.7).

5 Solvents Solvents are used extensively in the rubber industry during the manufacturing process to prevent tackiness. Solvents are also used to degrease and clean workshops. Users must recognise where particular solvents are likely to occur, namely: that aliphatic hydrocarbons are used for the freshening of rubber surfaces; aromatic hydrocarbons (like toluene and xylene) are likely to be found in rubber solutions; carbon disulfide is used in the traditional cold cure process; and, chlorinated hydrocarbons (like methylene chloride) are used in the production of non-flammable adhesives (a.8, a.9).

5.1 Health Effects The main effects of solvents are irritation to the skin, eyes and lungs, headache, nausea, dizziness and lightheadedness. Exposure can impair coordination making workers prone to falling-type accidents. A person may lose concentration or have a reduced reaction time thus affecting judgment of important or difficult tasks. These effects will vary and can be exacerbated by drinking alcohol. Very high exposure, especially where adhesives are used in unventilated, confined spaces, may cause unconsciousness and even death. A person who has been exposed to solvents and feels their health has been adversely affected should seek medical advice. Other effects vary according to the solvent, several are reviewed here.

5.1.1 Benzene: C6H6 Benzene is a volatile, colorless, clear, flammable liquid used to test the swelling property of rubber (i.e., the swelling index). It has also been used as a solvent in the rubber and shoe industries and in adhesives and paint removers. Benzene is absorbed systemically by inhalation and skin absorption. Acute effects on the nervous system include headache, tiredness, nausea, dizziness, narcosis and loss of consciousness. These

15

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

acute symptoms occur at high exposures (i.e., air concentrations of 7,500 ppm for more than 30 minutes cause narcosis leading to death), but there is considerable individual variability in response to benzene. Chronic effects include depression of bone marrow function and an increased risk of aplastic anaemia and leukaemia. It is also suspected of causing multiple myeloma. Haematotoxic effects have also been documented at chronic exposures of more than 50 ppm. Chronic benzene poisoning affecting the nervous system may even result in behavioural and psychomotor changes. Exposure limits for benzene in air vary according to different agencies. The US Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) has a permissible exposure level (PEL) of 1 ppm; the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has a threshold limit value (time-weight average; TWA) of 0.1 ppm. The Health and Safety Executive in the UK set the 2000 maximum exposure limit (MEL) for benzene at 3 ppm (TWA) and this current limit will be reduced to 1 ppm in 2003 (a.10). Preventive measures have focused on the elimination or substitution of benzene, and on reduction of exposure. According to the UK Injuries, Disease, and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR), 1985, cases of poisoning by benzene must be reported by employers.

5.1.2 Toluene: C6H5CH3 Toluene or methylbenzene is a monomethyl derivative of benzene. Toluene is used to indicate the swelling index of rubber. Acute exposure to concentrations >200 ppm may result in headache, dizziness, irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, paresthesia, incoordination, confusion and narcosis. Chronic exposure may give rise to muscle weakness, abdominal pain, impairment of gait/balance, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy and altered mental state. Enlargement of the liver and neurobehavioural effects have been documented. Effects on the blood system similar to benzene have been attributed to benzene being present as a contaminant in some commercial batches of toluene. The 2000 UK occupational exposure limit for toluene was 50 ppm (8-hour TWA reference period) with a short-term exposure limit of 150 ppm (a.10).

5.1.3 Xylene: C6H4(CH3)2 Xylene, or dimethyl benzene, is a volatile flammable liquid. Xylene is used to test the swelling property of

16

rubber, just as benzene and toluene are, and for cleaning rubber surfaces. Acute exposure to xylene irritates the skin, mucous membranes and respiratory tract. Systemic effects are similar to those described for other organic solvents acting on the central nervous system (CNS) including headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion and coma. CNS symptoms have been reported at inhalation exposure levels of ~700 ppm (a.11). In rodent experiments, delayed fetal development was related to inhalation of xylene, and increased malformations after ingestion of high doses. In a study of university laboratory employees exposed in the first trimester of pregnancy to a variety of solvents including xylene, miscarriage rates were slightly increased but not significantly different from pregnancies where no solvent exposure occurred. There are no adequate epidemiological data confirming xylene as a reproductive hazard to humans (a.11).

5.1.4 Methylene Chloride (dichloromethane): CH2Cl2 Methylene chloride is a solvent used for surface cleaning before applying an adhesive. It is also used as a blowing agent in foam. Prolonged skin contact with the liquid may produce chemical burns (a.12). The principal action is on the CNS as a narcotic causing headache, giddiness, irritability, and numbness and tingling in the limbs. Higher concentrations may cause light-headedness, drowsiness, unconsciousness and sometimes death. However, it is less toxic to the liver than other chlorinated hydrocarbons.

5.1.5 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methylchloroform): CH3CCl3 Methylchloroform is a colourless volatile liquid with a heavy chloroform-like, sweetish smell – the odour threshold being ~100 ppm. It is non-flammable but decomposes to hydrochloric acid and phosgene on heating over 360 ºC. In the rubber industry, it is used for degreasing and cleaning workshops. Acute inhalation at high concentrations has a depressant action on the CNS and may produce narcosis. Early effects are dizziness, lassitude and headaches but very high concentrations may cause a loss of consciousness, even death. Fatalities have occurred among victims in confined spaces where concentrations were between 5,000 and 50,000 ppm (a.13).

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

6 Epidemiology In the 1920s and 1930s, reports from the United Kingdom indicated that rubber workers had higher death rates than the general population and that the excess deaths were from cancer. In the late 1940s, British rubber workers had an increased risk of bladder cancer due to exposure to an antioxidant that contained 1-naphthylamine (alphanaphthylamine) and 2-naphthylamine (betanaphthylamine) (a.1). In the United States, early investigations by Mancuso and co-workers (1968) revealed excess cancer deaths among a cohort of Ohio rubber products workers employed in 1938 and 1939. By 1970, the United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum, and Plastic Workers of America (URW) joined with six major American rubber companies to establish a joint occupational health programme. They negotiated a contract with the Schools of Public Health at Harvard and North Carolina Universities to conduct epidemiological studies of rubber workers. The research focused on cancer incidence and mortality (467). The programme was discontinued in 1980. In 1982, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published a rubber industry monograph evaluating the available epidemiological, toxicological and industrial hygiene data (467). The principal adverse health effects reported were cancer and respiratory effects (e.g., reductions in pulmonary function, chest tightness, shortness of breath and other respiratory symptoms. The conclusion was that sufficient evidence existed to associate leukaemia with occupational solvent exposure in the rubber industry. No clear evidence indicated the cause of excess bladder cancers in British or American rubber workers. Limited evidence associated stomach, lung and skin cancers with occupational exposures in the rubber industry. There was inadequate evidence to link lymphoma, colon, prostate, brain, thyroid, pancreatic and oesophageal cancers with industry-related exposures. The current risk for cancer and other chronic diseases in rubber product workers are unknown because of the dearth of epidemiological and industrial hygiene research in the past decade. Toxicity data are also lacking for many chemical formulations found in tyre and non-tyre manufacturing. Categories of rubber compounding additives include (467): Accelerators Organic vulcanisers Antioxidants Pigment blends Antiozonants Plasticisers Antitack agents Reinforcing agents Extenders Resins Fillers Solvents. Oils (process and extender)

Workers in the rubber industry are also exposed to chemical by-products and curing fumes. In 1990 NIOSH recommended measures to reduce worker exposures to o-toluidine and aniline (chemicals used as intermediates in the manufacture of rubber antioxidants and accelerators) to the lowest feasible concentrations (a.14). The epidemiological evidence reported by NIOSH (a.15) showed an increased risk of bladder cancer among workers at a plant that manufactured rubber antioxidants and accelerators – an association of occupational exposure to o-toluidine and aniline. However, it is not known whether a similar risk exists for workers involved in the manufacture of rubber products. Most studies of cancer among rubber product workers were conducted as retrospective cohorts, or case control mortality studies, of workers employed in the tyre and non-tyre industries between 1940 and 1975 including those summarised in Table 3. Kogevinas and co-workers reviewed the literature and found an excess risk (1.5 times other studies) of bladder cancer, lung cancer, and leukaemia in 12 cohort studies in nine countries (a.30). By contrast, Straughan and Sorahan and co-workers completed an incidence survey of recent entrants (1982-91) to the UK rubber industry and found no excess deaths from lung and stomach cancer in the workers compared with the national rate. The only statistically significant excess was for cancer of the testis (observed 3, expected 0.51, SMR 589, 95% confidence interval 122 to 1,722) (a.29). Occupational exposure data do not exist for most of these studies so these have had to be estimated. The uncertainty of these exposure estimates is exacerbated by chemical formulations that differ with each plant or process.

7 Natural Rubber Latex Allergy Table 4 lists the uses of natural rubber latex, which is found in a variety of applications. Dipped products account for 75% of latex use. There are three main methods of dipping: (1) straight for thin items such as condoms, (2) coagulant for thicker products such as medical, household, and industrial gloves; balloons, bladders and catheters, and (3) heat sensitive for the thickest products such as baby bottle nipples (20). NRL is the milky sap of the tree Hevea brasiliensis. The protein contained in NRL products is the cause of

17

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Table 3 Epidemiological studies of cancer in the rubber industry Epidemiological studies

Type of cancer

Fox and Collier (1976) (473) Monson and Nakano (1976) (a.16) Bovet and Lob (1980) (a.17) Checkoway and co-workers (1981) (470) Negri and co-workers (1989) (365) Strauss and co-workers (1993) (a.18)

Bladder cancer (P < 0.05)

McMichael and co-workers (1975) (474) Wolf and co-workers (1981) (471) Arp and co-workers (1983) (466) Checkoway and co-workers (1984) (a.19) Santos Burgoa and co-workers (1992) (a.20)

Lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers

Fox and co-workers (1974) (475) Monson and Fine (1978) (a.21) Parkes and co-workers (1982) (468) Delzell and co-workers (1982) (a.22) Delzell and Monson (1985) (a.23) Andjelkovich and co-workers (1988) (a.24) Zhang and co-workers (1989) (366) Weiland and co-workers (1996) (a.25)

Lung and pleural cancer

McMichael and co-workers (1974) (a.26) Andjelkovich and co-workers (1976) (a.27) Blum and co-workers (1979) (a.28) Parkes and co-workers (1982) (468) Sorahan and co-workers (1986) (445) Sorahan and co-workers (1989) (367)

Stomach cancer

Delzell and Monson (1981) (469)

Colon cancer

Goldsmith and co-workers (1980) (472)

Prostate cancer

Delzell and Monson (1981) (469)

Liver and biliary cancer

Parkes and co-workers (1982) (468)

Oesophageal cancer

Straughan and Sorahan (2000) (a.29)

Testicular cancer

Table 4 Natural rubber latex products (a.31) Dipped products

Condoms, balloons, gloves, bladders, catheters, bottle nipples, other medical devices

Elastic thread

Garment industry

Foam

Moulded mattresses and cushions

Adhesives

Tape, packaging, envelopes and footwear

Carpet industry

Binder for backing compounds

Miscellaneous

Rubberised coir or hair for upholstery; cast products (toys); latex sheeting (e.g., dental dams)

18

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

NRL allergies experienced by glove users. Additionally, some rubber industry workers such as tappers and glove manufacturers suffer NRL allergies. The main routes of exposure to the proteins are direct skin contact and inhalation. The spectrum of clinical signs ranges from contact urticaria (nettle-like rash), generalised urticaria, allergic rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa), allergic contact dermatitis (itchy eyes and skin), angioedema (severe swelling) and asthma (wheezing) to anaphylaxis (a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reports that around 27 deaths annually are caused this way). Predisposing factors include: hand eczema, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis or asthma (among individuals frequently wearing gloves), mucosal exposure and multiple surgical procedures. Latex allergy is confirmed by a positive wear or use test with NRL gloves, a correct positive skin prick test to NRL or a positive RAST (radioallergosorbent test) blood test. Severe allergic reactions have occurred from the prick and wear tests. Therefore, epinephrine (adrenaline) and resuscitation equipment free of NRL must be available during these procedures (20). NRL allergy may be associated with allergic reactions to fruit, especially bananas, chestnuts and avocados. Hyposensitisation to NRL is not yet possible so NRL avoidance and substitution is imperative for sensitive persons. Prevention and control of NRL allergy includes NRL avoidance in healthcare settings and rubber industries for affected workers. Synthetic non-NRL gloves should be made available for the affected workers and their co-workers. A proper dust mask should be donned to reduce inhalation of NRL aerosols. Local exhaust ventilation should be installed where NRL allergens are emitted. Monitoring of NRL allergens in the workplace is not readily available, however, accurate methods of measuring NRL allergens in the air exist. In NRL glove factories, rubber plantations and hospitals, respectively, the geometric means of NRL allergens in the air were 7.3, 2.36 and 0.46 μg/m3 (32).

1,000 workers in the United Kingdom, Australia and Finland, respectively. California has a rate of 7 cases per 1,000 workers but this includes plastic workers (20). In the UK, dermatologists and occupational physicians reported that 16-17% of occupational cases of contact dermatitis were caused by rubber chemicals (a.6). Skin reactions among rubber product users have become more frequent and include irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, contact urticaria (hives), aggravation of pre-existing skin diseases and other less common skin disorders such as oil folliculitis, xerosis (dry skin), miliaria (heat rash) and depigmentation from certain phenol derivatives. Irritant contact dermatitis is the most frequent reaction and is caused by either acute exposure to strong chemicals or cumulative exposure to weaker irritants such as those found in wet work and in repeated use of solvents. In a Finnish study, 56% of all cases of contact dermatitis had irritant dermatitis, mostly from solvents and bulk rubber (a.32). Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed type of allergic reaction from the accelerators, vulcanisers, antioxidants and antiozonants, which are added during rubber production. These chemicals are often present in the final product and may cause contact dermatitis in both the end users and rubber workers, especially in those working with Banbury, calender, extruder and assembling operations. Some workers acquire contact dermatitis while doing tasks that do not permit the use of protective clothing. Some workers have even developed allergies to the protective clothing itself, most commonly rubber gloves. The key medical test to the suspected allergen is a valid positive patch test. The patch test is performed using the various common allergens to distinguish allergic contact dermatitis from irritant contact dermatitis. However, allergic contact dermatitis (Table 5) may coexist with irritant contact dermatitis as well as with other skin disorders (20). Table 5 shows some of the rubber chemicals associated with allergic contact dermatitis.

8 Skin Irritation and Dermatitis Adverse skin reactions have been frequently reported among workers who have direct contact with rubber and with the hundreds of chemicals used in the rubber industry. Contact dermatitis is relatively common among rubber workers but less so among rubber users. Prevalence rates from industrial studies were 3.1, 3.7 and 5.6 cases per

9 Dust and Fume

9.1 Dust Working with, and handling raw materials used in, the rubber industry exposes workers to high levels of dust.

19

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Table 5 Agents causing contact dermatitis in rubber product workers (a.33) Chemical

Process

Product

2(2´-4´ Dinitrophenylthio) benzothiazole, which was contaminated with dinitrochlorbenzene

All areas

Tyres

4,4´-Dithiodimorpholine

Not specified

Tyres

n-Isopropyln´phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD)

Assembly, maintenance, compounding

Tyres

n-Dimethyl-1,3-butyl-n´phenylparaphenylenediamine

Assembly, maintenance compounding

Tyres

para-Phenylenediamine compounds

Not specified

Tyres, footwear

Ethylene thiourea (ETU)

Sewing

Non-tyre products

Resorcinal

Not specified

Tyres

Thiuram mix

Vulcanising

Rubber gloves

Mercapto mix

Vulcanising

Rubber gloves

Rubber process dust arises during rubber manufacture where ingredients are handled, weighed, added to (or mixed with) uncured material or synthetic elastomers. For all such mixed dust, the aggregated occupational exposure limit (OEL) in the UK is 6 mg/m3 (maximum exposure limit (MEL), a.10) except where a specific limit exists for a given chemical. In such cases, where the chemical is present in a concentrated form, the specific limit applies. The most common dust types in the rubber industry are carbon black and talc, otherwise only a small proportion of rubber chemicals have yet

been assigned official exposure limits. Silica is used in rubber as a filler and has a carcinogen rating.

9.1.1 Carbon Black Carbon black is a substance of world importance in terms of both tonnage produced and its special ability to strengthen rubber. Carbon black is a very fine powdery form of elemental carbon manufactured by controlled vapour phase pyrolysis of, mainly liquid, hydrocarbons (Table 6). Its carbonaceous nature and

Table 6 Physical and chemical properties of carbon black by the four methods of manufacture Property

Furnace

Thermal

Channel

Lamp black

Particle diameter (nm)

13-80

150-500

9-29

30-200

Surface area (m2/g)

20-250

5-15

100-1000

15-95

Volatile material (%)

0.3-5.0

0.1-0.5

3.5-16

0.5-15

3.5-9

7-9

3-6

3-7

Inorganic impurities (%)

0.3-1.0

0.05-0.4

≤0.3

0.01-0.15

Organic impurities (%)

0.01-0.3

0.02-1.7

≤0.1

0.01-1.5

Sulfur (%)

0.1-1.5

≤0.3

≤0.2

0.01-10

97.9 0.4 0.7

99.3 0.3 0.1

98 0.2 0.8

98 0.4 0.4

pH

Composition (%) - carbon - hydrogen - oxygen

Redrawn with permission from K. Gardiner, The Health Effects of Carbon Black, in Hazards in the European Rubber Industry Conference, 1999 (53)

20

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

respirable size causes respiratory morbidity to those involved in its manufacture and use (53). Carbon black is a respirable dust when particle diameters are <7 μm. The first published report (1951) found pneumoconiosis in the German furnace and lamp black workers more often than in an unexposed group. Following this report, other studies confirmed the link between carbon black and pneumoconiosis and other chest morbidities such as bronchitis and lung fibrosis. In 1992, Gardiner had similar results except the prevalence of respiratory signs – measured by chest radiographs, spirometry and questionnaires – had decreased slightly since the first study (53). However, in recent years Gardiner and co-workers found both current and cumulative exposure to carbon black have a deleterious effect on respiratory morbidity (a.34). In 1995, IARC rated carbon black as IARC classification 2B – possibly carcinogenic to humans and definitely carcinogenic to animals. Toxicology studies are needed to confirm the human health risk. Such studies should involve the mechanism of action for tumour development in all types of rodents; mice, hamsters and rats, because only rats were used in the previous studies where tumors developed. The carbon black industry is sponsoring its own toxicology study to investigate the mechanisms of lung cancer in these three species of laboratory rodents (52). Two grades of carbon black (with low and high surface area) are being used (not yet published).

9.1.2 Crystalline Silica Crystalline silica or free silica is a naturally occurring mineral that is white or colourless and found in the earth’s crust. It is a core component of quartz, sand, flint, agate, granite, and many other mineral rocks. The three most common forms of crystalline silica found in industry are quartz, tridymite and cristobalite. Silica is used in the rubber industry as filler. It has potential health effects:

9.1.2.1 Silicosis Silicosis is a respiratory disease of the lungs that results from the inhalation of airborne crystalline silica dust. The dust contains silica particles that can, over time, cause fibrosis (scar tissue formation) in the lungs. Silicosis may be progressive; it may lead to disability and death.

Early symptoms include: •

Shortness of breath following physical exertion

•

Cough

•

More fatigue

•

Loss of appetite

•

Occasional chest pains

•

Bluish skin - at edges of extremities.

Silicosis can also make an individual susceptible to bacterial or fungal infections. The lung cells are overwhelmed by silica dust and are unable to fight off these diseases that can lead to other respiratory diseases such as lung cancer and tuberculosis.

9.1.2.2 Cancer IARC concluded that there was ‘sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of crystalline silica in the forms of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources’, and that ‘there is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of quartz and cristobalite’. The overall IARC evaluation was that ‘crystalline silica inhaled in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).’ The IARC evaluation noted that ‘carcinogenicity was not detected in all industrial circumstances studied’. Carcinogenicity may be dependent on inherent characteristics of the crystalline silica or on external factors affecting its biological activity or distribution of its polymorphs (a.35).

9.1.2.3 Autoimmune Diseases There are some studies that show excess numbers of cases of scleroderma and other connective tissue disorders in workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica.

9.1.2.4 Tuberculosis Individuals with silicosis are at increased risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis, if exposed to persons with tuberculosis.

21

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

9.1.2.5 Kidney Disease There is evidence that exposure to respirable crystalline silica (without silicosis) or that the disease silicosis is associated with an increased incidence of kidney diseases, including end stage renal disease.

9.1.2.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection Use sufficient local exhaust to reduce the level of respirable crystalline silica to below the permitted exposure limit. The 2000 UK exposure limit for respirable crystalline silica is 0.3 mg/m3 MEL (a.10).

9.2 Rubber Fumes The fumes given off from hot or previously heated rubber are complex mixtures of components, the associated hazards of which are unknown (211, 461). Epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to rubber fumes may be a significant factor in the increased incidence of certain types of cancer and in the cause of some other diseases. The BRMA recommends that all fume exposures should be kept to a minimum.

control procedures based on compositional analyses. Notwithstanding, the control of visible fumes is necessary, so it is recommended that total burden be monitored. The 1974/75 BRMA/Rapra environmental survey reported that the solvent-soluble portion of airborne particulate provides an effective measure of visible fumes from hot rubber. An official method for the measurement of rubber fume now exists. This is the HSE method MDHS 47: rubber fumes in air are measured as total particulate and cyclohexane-soluble material. However, the method is confounded in areas contaminated by cyclohexanesoluble organic dust, which comprise rubber chemicals and processing aids such as stearic acid.

9.2.2 Gases and Vapours

9.2.1 Visible Fumes

The airborne concentrations of gases and vapours in the workplace should be determined by approved trapping and detection procedures. Atmospheric pollution should be maintained below the official exposure limits. In view of the complexity of rubber production mixtures, more than one component may have to be taken into account when assessing the pollution hazard. The major components of invisible fumes depend largely on the curing system used. Thus the major volatile components of a tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) or zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate (ZDMC) accelerated cure will include carbon disulfide, dimethylamine and sometimes hydrogen sulfide. In the UK, EH40/2000 (a.10) imposes a maximum exposure limit of 10 ppm TWA for carbon disulfide, while the occupational exposure standards (OES) for dimethylamine and hydrogen sulfide are also 10 ppm TWA. Many of the common peroxide cures give off fumes which are principally tert.-butanol (TWA 100 ppm, short-term exposure limit (STEL) 150 ppm, EH40/2000 (a.10), OES) and acetone (8h TWA 750 ppm, STEL 1,500 ppm, EH40/2000 (a.10), OES). Sulphenamide cures yield free amines, e.g., CBS yields cyclohexylamines (TWA 10 ppm, EH40/2000 (a.10), OES). With mixtures of accelerators or curing agents, these different by-products may interact with one another so the composition of vapours will have a marked dependence on temperature and/or time. The composition of the visible fumes may also change after moulding.

The aerosol fraction of rubber fumes is complex and the composition is not defined. The toxic hazards are also unknown even for many of the species identified in these aerosols. The analytical difficulties and the lack of exposure limit data make it impractical to adopt

Residues of the polymerisation system (e.g., monomers) may also be volatile, but current indications suggest that species such as monomers are unlikely to provide significant contamination unless particularly low control limits are involved

Airborne contamination from rubber fumes is described as either visible or invisible. The invisible pollutants are gases and vapours of low molecular weight organic (e.g., carbon disulfide and amines) or inorganic (e.g., hydrogen sulfide) compounds. The visible pollutants arise from the formation of aerosols. The aerosol (or visible) fraction constitutes ‘rubber fumes’, as defined by the UK HSE. These aerosols are evolved during the mixing, milling and blending of natural rubber and synthetic rubber elastomers, or of natural rubber and synthetic polymers combined with chemicals in processes which convert the resultant blends into finished products (a.10). Fumes may even be evolved during inspection procedures. The OEL of 0.6 mg/m 3 (MEL, a.10) relates to material as determined by the HSE method MDHS 47 (49, a.36, a.37).

22

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

(e.g., acrylonitrile, MEL 2 ppm TWA, EH40/2000 (a.10)). It is certain that monomers are not the only residues of polymerisation and that the particular grade of polymers chosen may have a significant influence on the type and quantity of vapours evolved. Additionally, what might be thought of as a monomer may well have its origins elsewhere: 2-methylstyrene (TWA 100 ppm, STEL 150 ppm, EH40/2000 (a.10) OES) can be a significant component of some rubber fumes, when it is a by-product of a Dicup cure.

Further guidance on complying with COSHH has been produced by the HSE and the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee (RUBIAC).

9.3.1 Assessing the Risks to Health from Dust and Fume To assess the risks of exposure to dust and fumes determine: •

Who is exposed and to what?

•

How much are they exposed to and for how long?

•

Where are they exposed?

1 FRa FRb FRn = + + OELsol OELa OELb OELn

•

How are dust and fumes controlled?

OELsol = occupational exposure limit of the hydrocarbon solvent mixture (mg/m3)

Even if dust and fumes are not visible under normal (and sometimes murky) lighting of the factory, they can still be harmful. Therefore assessing the extent of exposure to dust and fumes is important.

HSE Guidance Note EH40/2000 (a.10) gives a procedure for the estimation of OEL values for mixtures of hydrocarbon solvents:-

OELa = occupational exposure limit or guidance value of the component ‘a’ (mg/m3) FRa = fraction (w/w) of component a in the solvent mixture It must be recognised that compliance with control or recommended limits does not necessarily ensure freedom from toxic hazards because the hazards for many of the species identified in rubber production vapours and fumes are not fully known. Furthermore, the multiplicity of formulations and process conditions used by the industry make it even more difficult to know the chemical composition of process fumes. The watchword is to limit exposures (51).

9.3 A Strategy for Dust and Fume Control A systematic approach to the control of dust and fumes is essential so that individual approaches or solutions do not conflict. In the UK COSHH regulations require employers to: •

Assess the risks to health caused by exposure to dust and fumes in rubber processes;

•

Prevent or adequately control exposure.

Personal samplers worn on the lapel, together with static samplers placed around the workrooms, give the most complete picture of dust and fume emissions and exposures. Dust releases can be detected using bright light or smoke tubes to follow air currents. The results of air sampling must be compared with relevant exposure limits to identify areas where improvements to dust and fume control are needed.

9.3.2 Selection of Control Methods

9.3.2.1 Elimination and Substitution Elimination is the best control method but it is not always practicable. Substitution means to substitute a particular chemical with a less hazardous one, or use the same substance in a less hazardous form. Anti-tack powders can be substituted in many applications by water-based dispersions.

9.3.2.2 Containment Use of enclosed and automated bag and powder handling plants with direct feeds to processing machines, where practical, is cleaner than handling paper sacks and bins. Proprietary enclosed bag

23

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

openings and disposal units fitted with local exhaust are available. Internal mixers and bulk powder handling plants have seals and joints, which need regular inspection and routine maintenance.

9.3.2.3 Process Control Significant reductions in fume levels may be achieved by avoiding compound temperatures in excess of process requirements. Fuming products should be cooled as soon as they have finished processing; for example, using water, air or passing cured items over chilled surfaces.

9.3.2.4 Handling and Working Methods Methods of work can significantly reduce dust and fume exposure.

9.3.2.8 Respirators Respirators should not be necessary if effective dust and fume control measures have been instituted and should only be considered as a last resort. They may be needed, however, for short-term exposures, (e.g., while changing filter bags, general maintenance or when urgent action is required due to plant failure). Worker training in the correct use and maintenance of respirators is essential.

10 Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Jobs in the rubber industry have been identified with an increased risk of specific types of musculoskeletal disorders, namely: back injuries and upper limb disorders. A sample of material handling jobs in the rubber industry indicated that the high-risk jobs had rates of lower back injury about 50% higher than in general industry. Typically, these problems arise while carrying rubber products, in jobs such as:

9.3.2.5 Ventilation Control

•

rubber processing (Banbury) operation

Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is used widely to control dust and fumes. The effectiveness of LEV should be checked. Faulty and careless maintenance is a major cause of failure of ventilation systems. The LEV plant should be examined and tested at least once every 14 months.

•

tyre builders

•

tyre finishers and

•

tyre transporters both in the factory and warehouse environment.

9.3.2.6 Segregation By segregating dusty processes, the number of workers at risk should be reduced, but this is only a partial solution and should be used in conjunction with other operational and engineering controls. Personal exposure can also be reduced by limiting the time spent close to dust and fumes (e.g., by using automatic feeds and take-off devices at two-roll mills).

9.3.2.7 Housekeeping and Cleanliness A regular and efficient cleaning program on every shift to remove the deposits of dust on floors, ledges and machine casings is essential. Using a vacuum cleaner rather than brushes or brooms, prevents dust from being airborne.

24

In addition, jobs involving repetitive hand and arm movements (exerting force on a tool or other equipment) result in upper limb disorders, including: •

Tenosynovitis – an inflammation of the tendon or surrounding tissue particularly the tendon sheath.

•

Carpal tunnel syndrome – affecting the peripheral nerves serving the hands and arms.

The main symptoms of these conditions are pain, restriction of joint movement and swelling of soft tissues. In some cases, the sense of touch and manual dexterity are affected. These work-related wrist problems frequently occur in tyre construction where low back pain predominates. However, shoulder injuries are also a problem but under-reported.

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Various workplace-related risk factors are responsible for these musculoskeletal problems, specifically: static, awkward or asymmetric postures of the back, heavy weights handled, and strong forces applied to the trunk. Rubber workplaces are often warm, dirty and dusty. The heat tends to increase the workers’ caloric demand. The resin and dust increase the likelihood of workers’ wearing gloves while performing their tasks. When workers wear gloves, they must increase their grip force since they cannot perceive when an object is about to slip out of their hands, so the use of gloves increases the tension required in the forearm to control the fingers.

10.1 Prevention To prevent musculoskeletal problems in the workplace, reduction of potential risk factors is crucial, such as: •

•

The simple rearrangement of the workplace (e.g., raising or lowering the work or moving the workstations) in order to eliminate large twisting or lateral bending motions of the trunk; the latter can often be accomplished by re-orienting origins and destinations of the lifting tasks from a 180º twist to a 90º turn. Incorporating adjustable workstations such as scissor jacks or lift tables, lifting assistance devices such as lifts and cranes, or even fully automating the workstation.

For further guidance on these topics the Health and Safety Executive have produced a Guidance Note, HS (G) 60 Work-related upper limb disorders – a guide to prevention.

already exist to reduce worker and consumer exposures to them. During the vulcanisation process in the rubber industry, the decomposition of certain vulcanisation accelerators generates nitrosamines – these escape into the factory and some slowly escape from rubber products (41, 86, 113, 461). The formation of NAs in rubber occurs principally during vulcanisation when temperatures are high and amines from the vulcanised agents are released. A high concentration source of NAs is salt baths containing nitrite and nitrate. Higher levels of NAs have also been identified near ultrahigh frequency (UHF) equipment, extruders, calenders, and in the final control and product storage areas. A further possible source in black rubber compounds is the carbon black itself. Nitrosamines belong to a small group of major carcinogens, which, over a broad dosage range, almost always induce tumours in test animals. The German MAK Commission used animals to classify the NAs usually found in workplaces. (This is the Commission within the German Research Association (DFG) responsible for testing hazardous materials.) The twelve ‘very hazardous’ NAs are shown in Table 7. In the United States, both the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the NIOSH consider NDMA an occupational carcinogen, but have not established exposure limits. In Germany, strict regulations for occupational exposure to nitrosamines are in place. In general industry, the total NA exposure may not exceed 1μg/m3. For certain processes, such as rubber vulcanisation, total NA exposure may not exceed 2.5 μg/m3.

11 Nitrosamines

Eliminating nitrosamine formation from curing vulcanisation operations can be done by reformulating the rubber compounds or using a curing vulcanisation process such as hot air with glass beads or microwave curing, rather than a salt bath. Both changes will require research and development to ensure that the final product has the same desirable properties.

Many nitrosamines have known carcinogenic effects in animals, particularly low molecular weight nitrosamines such as diethylnitrosamine, whose general structure is:

Another option to reduce exposure is to improve local exhaust ventilation. Not only do salt baths need to be enclosed and properly ventilated, so too do other areas along the line, where the product is cut or drilled (41, 74).

R – N– R |

NO

12 1,3-Butadiene

N-Nitrosamines (NAs) are suspected human carcinogens. In many countries, regulatory guidelines

1,3-Butadiene is a colourless gas, produced as a byproduct in the manufacture of ethylene, used largely

25

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Table 7 Nitrosamine type

Target organ

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)

Liver, kidney, lung, blood vessels

N-nitrosodiethylamine

Liver, oesophagus, blood vessels, nostrils, bile duct, haemopoietic tissue

N-nitrosodiethylamine

Liver, kidney, oesophagus, respiratory tract, glandular stomach

N-nitrosodi-p-propylamine

Liver, kidney, oesophagus, respiratory tract, upper digestive tract, brain, haemopoietic tissues

N-nitrosodi-I-propylamine

Liver, respiratory tract

N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine

Liver, oesophagus, urinary bladder, digestive tract, respiratory tract

N-nitrosoethylphenylamine

Not studied

N-nitrosomorpholine

Liver, kidney, respiratory tract, blood tissue

N-nitrosopiperidine

Liver, kidney, oesophagus, respiratory tract, upper digestive tract

N-nitrosopyrrolidine

Liver, bile ducts, nostrils

as a starting material in the manufacture of synthetic rubber (e.g., styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and polybutadiene rubber) and thermoplastic resins.

12.1 Health Effects

12.1.1 Animal Studies Inhaled butadiene is carcinogenic at multiple organ sites in rats and mice. Rats exposed to 0, 1,000 or 8,000 ppm butadiene for 2 years had an increased tumour incidence and/or dose-response trends, in the pancreas, testis and brains of males and in the mammary gland, thyroid gland, uterus and Zymbal gland of females. Inhalation studies of butadiene in mice were conducted at exposures ranging from 6.25 to 1,250 ppm. The induction of malignant lymphomas and uncommon haemangiosarcomas of the heart were reported. However, malignant lung tumours were induced at all exposure concentrations. The liver, forestomach, Harderian gland, ovary, mammary gland and prepubial gland of mice were the other sites of tumour induction. In mice, butadiene is toxic to both genes and bone marrow cells. Butadiene is also identified as having a mutagenic (heredity-altering) activity.

12.1.2 Human Studies Epidemiological studies have found excess mortality from lymphatic and haemopoietic cancers associated

26

with occupational exposure to butadiene. In the butadiene production industry, increases in lymphosarcomas in production workers were concentrated among men who were first employed before 1946. A case-control study of lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers in eight SBR facilities identified a strong association between leukaemia mortality and exposure to butadiene. The IARC (1999) classified 1,3 butadiene as probably carcinogenic to humans (a.38). Delzell and co-workers (1996) confirmed excess leukaemia mortalities among SBR workers exposed to butadiene (a.39). The site correspondence between lymphomas induced in mice exposed to butadiene, and lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers associated with occupational exposure to butadiene are especially noteworthy. Furthermore, estimates of the human cancer risk derived from data of butadiene-induced lymphomas in mice are similar to estimates of leukaemia risk determined from new epidemiological data.

12.2 Industrial Exposure and Control NIOSH in the US conducted a survey of exposure in butadiene producing industries. Exposures were greater than 10 ppm in 4% of the samples and less than 1 ppm in 81% of samples. Exposures were not homogeneous within specific job categories. Limited sampling from rubber tyre and hose manufacturing plants showed that levels were below the limit of detection (0.005).

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Exposure to butadiene can be reduced by ensuring the fittings on closed-loop systems are not worn or incorrectly connected. Further means of controlling potential exposures include the use of: (1) closed-loop systems for cylinder sampling, (2) dual mechanical seals to control release from leaking pumps, (3) magnetic gauges to monitor railcar filling operations, and (4) using a laboratory hood for cylinder voiding.

13 General Recommendations for Handling Rubber Chemicals

13.1 Personal Hygiene

utensils, e.g., single purpose scoops, ladles, buckets and knives. When hazardous materials are being handled only the minimum quantity required should be kept in the workshop. Properly labelled containers must be provided and these should be kept closed when not in use. Bags, cartons and drums should be clean on the outside, clearly labelled and protected from damage. There must be strict observance of filling levels for liquids. Direct skin contact with hazardous materials must be prevented by use of suitable protective clothing. Transfer of these chemicals must only be carried out at a location where any dust or vapour generated is removed by suitably designed local exhaust ventilation. Dustless forms and masterbatches should be employed, as this is one of the most practical and efficient ways of controlling dust at source.

Good personal hygiene at work is dependent on: •

An appreciation of the potential sources of industrial health hazards

•

The careful application of recommended procedures

•

A planned, clean and well organised working routine

•

The provision of appropriate facilities, including adequate washing, showering and changing rooms, clean and dirty clothes storage lockers.

•

Special attention to the placement of vending machine and/or drinking fountains so that food and drink are not taken into, stored, or consumed in work areas.

•

Smoking should be limited to ventilated smoking booths.

13.2 Handling Since chemicals can only enter the body by being inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin, they should always be handled in ways which minimise these types of exposure. Direct skin contact with chemicals should be avoided, and appropriate protective clothing should be worn when required. Care should be taken to transfer materials in ways which do not cause dust clouds or vapour concentrations. Operators must receive adequate training and instruction and be provided with proper

13.3 General and Local Exhaust Ventilation Inhalation of chemical products in the form of mists, fine dusts, powder, or fumes should always be minimised by good general ventilation. At specific operating points, there may be additional need of local exhaust ventilation to control the level of fumes, vapours or airborne dust at the source of emission. Respirators provided for use at work should conform to standards. In the UK, British Standard BS 4275 provides recommendations for the selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective equipment. Additional information relating to the suitability for specific protection against dust or fumes can be obtained from the manufacturers. The provision of a reference guide for use of the correct type of approved respirators is recommended. Respirators should only be used as a temporary expedient pending adequate dust or fume control at the source.

13.4 Skin Protection and Protective Clothing Prolonged or repeated contact of rubber chemicals with the skin should be avoided. Accidental splashes with liquids or contamination with excess dust should be washed off with plenty of soap and water, or special skin washing solutions, which may be provided in first aid boxes. The provision and use of protective clothing (e.g., gloves, aprons, hats, overalls with long sleeves) appropriate to the relevant conditions of handling should be standard practice. Supervision should ensure that operators make full use of any necessary protective clothing.

27

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

14 Conclusion Injurious health effects to rubber industry workers have been suspected for decades, but links to industry exposure are not always clear. Certainly, chronic exposure to solvents, dust and fumes has a cumulative negative health effect. Acute health effects such as allergic rhinitis, urticaria, asthma and dermatitis, occur because of exposure to natural rubber latex, accelerators, vulcanisers and other toxic chemicals. Musculo-skeletal injuries, such as low back pain, occur because of heavy work. It is vital that employers and employees in the industry pay heed to pertinent legislation and work together to implement and improve safety practices and equipment. RUBIAC publications from the UK HSE, contain information that has proven helpful to both employees and employers. Publications have also been produced by various other organisations and most

28

recommendations are being implemented, so that a decline in the incidence of accidents and injuries has been reported. Notwithstanding, health and safety in the rubber industry needs further improvements. The most pressing current issue is the allergic reaction to natural rubber latex and epidemiological research to find any links between working in the rubber industry and cancer.

Acknowledgments The author thanks the UK HSE for providing information and statistics used in this review, Mr Bryan Roderick Hamman for assistance with the English language presentation of the manuscript and Dr. M van Tongeren, Institute of Occupational Health, the University of Birmingham for help in the final preparation of manuscript.

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

REFERENCES a.1 L.S. Beliczky and J. Fajen in Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th Edition, Ed., J.M. Stellman, International Labor Office, Geneva, 1998, 80.1. a.2 The OSH Act (1970), Occupational Safety & Health Administration, US Department of Labor, h t t p : / / w w w. o s h a - s l e . g o v / O s h A c t - d a t a / OSHACT.html a.3 J.M. Harrington, F.S. Gill, T.C. Aw and K. Gardiner, Eds., Occupational Health (Pocket Consultant), 4th Edition, Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, 1998, 353. a.4 A guide to the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974), http://www.hse.gov.uk/child/comah/ level3/5c845d4.htm a.5 COSHH 1999. Health and Safety Executive, http://www.hse.gov.uk/hthdir/noframes/coshh/ coshhga.htm a.6 Health and Safety Executive, Health and Safety Statistics 1999/2000, TSO, UK, 2000, 188. a.7 Health and Safety Executive, Safe working with flammable substances, http://www.hse.gov.uk/ pubns/flamcent.htm a.8 T.C. Aw in Hunter’s Diseases of Occupations, 9th Edition, Eds., P.J. Baxter, P.H. Adams, T.C. Aw, A. Cockcroft and J.M. Harrington, Arnold, London, 2000, 261. a.9 EPA, Profile of the Rubber and Plastics Industry, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), EPA/310-R-95-016, 1995, 56. a.10 Health and Safety Executive, EH40/2000 Occupational Exposure Limits, TSO, Sudbury, 2000. a.11 G.M. Bell, R.U. Shillaker, M.D.J. Padgham and P. Standring, Health and Safety Executive Toxicity Review 26, Xylenes, HMSO, London, 1992. a.12 G.G. Well and H.A. Waldron, British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1984, 41, 3, 420. a.13 L. Levy in Hunter’s Diseases of Occupations, 9th Edition, Eds., P.J. Baxter, P.H. Adams, T.C. Aw, A. Cockcroft and J.M. Harrington, Arnold, London, 2000, 261.

a.14 NIOSH, Preventing bladder cancer from exposure to o-Toluidine and aniline. 1990, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 90-116. a.15 NIOSH, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Wiagara Falls, New York, Cincinnati, OH. NOISH Report No. HETA 88-159. a.16 R.R. Monson and K.K. Nakano, Am J Epidemiol, 1976, 103, 284-296. a.17 P. Bovet and M. Lop, Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1980, 110, 35, 1277. a.18 M.E. Strauss, E.D. Barrick and R.M. Bannister, British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1993, 50, 10, 888. a.19 H. Checkoway, T. Wilcosky, P. Wolf and H. Tyroler, Am J Ind Med, 1984, 5, 239. a.20 C. Santos-Burgoa, G.M. Matanoski, S. Zeger and L. Schwartz, Am J Epid, 1992, 136, 7, 843. a.21 R.R. Monson and L.J. Fine, J Natl Cancer Inst, 1978, 61, 1047. a.22 E. Delzell, D. Andjelkovich and H.A. Tyroler, Am J Ind Med, 1982, 3, 393. a.23 E. Delzell and R.R. Monson, Am J Ind Med, 1985, 8, 6, 537. a.24 D. Andjelkovich, H. Abdelghany, R.M. Mathew and S. Blum, Am J Ind Med, 1988, 14, 559. a.25 S.K. Weiland, K.A. Mundt, U. Keil, B. Kraemer, T. Birk, M. Person, A.M. Bucher, K. Straif, J. Schumann and L. Chambless, Occ Env Med, 1996, 53, 5, 289. a.26 A.J. McMichael, R. Spirtas and L.L. Kupper, Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1974, 16, 458. a.27 D. Andjelkovich, J.D. Taulbee and M.J. Symon, Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1976, 18, 386. a.28 S. Blum, E.W. Arp, A.H. Smith and H.A. Tyroler in Dusts and Disease, Eds., R. Lemen and J.M. Dement, Pathotox Publishers Inc., Park Forest, IL, USA, 1979, 325. a.29 M. Kogevinas, M. Sala, P. Boffetta, N. Kazerouni, H. Kromhout and S. Hoar-Zahm, Occup Environ Med, 1998, 55, 1, 1. a.30 J.K. Straughan and T. Sorahan, Occup Environ Med, 2000, 57, 574.

29

Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

a.31 C.L.S. Baker and W.S. Fulton, Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol, 4th Edition, 1997, 21, 562. a.32 S. Fregert, Contact Dermatitis News, 1971, 2, 204. a.33 NIOSH, Special NIOSH Hazards Review. Rubber Products Manufacturing Industry, US Department of Health and Human Sciences, 1993. a.34 K. Gardiner, M. van Tongeren and M. Harrington, Occup Environ Med, 2001, 58, 496. a.35. IARC, Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and paraAramid Fibrils, WHO Geneva, 1997, IARC Monographs, Volume 68.

30

a.36 HSC Rubber Industry Advisory Committee/ Health and Safety Executive, TSO, London, Control of fume at extruders, calenders and vulcanizing operations, 1994. a.37 HSC Rubber Industry Advisory Committee/ Health and Safety Executive, TSO, London, Dust and fume control in rubber mixing and milling, 1994. a.38 IARC, Re-evaluation of some organic chemicals, hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide, WHO, Geneva, 1999, IARC Monographs, Volume 71, p.109. a.39 E. Dezell and co-workers, Toxicology, 1996, 113, 1-3, 182.

References and Abstracts

References from the Rapra Abstracts Database Item 1 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 25th May 2001, p.18 HEALTHY WORK IN SAFE HANDS Dost A BRMA The performance of the rubber industry with regard to accident prevention is discussed and the role of BRMA in improving accident prevention strategies is highlighted. It is considered that efforts being made by the rubber industry and by the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee are improving the accident rate within the industry but there is much to be done over the next ten years to improve the rubber industry’s health and safety record. RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.818542 Item 2 Plastics and Rubber Weekly 25th May 2001, p.6 RUBBER FIRMS SET FOR ACCIDENT TARGET Hague C The Health & Safety Executive is expecting a drop of 15% in the overall accident rate in the period 1st April 2000 to 31st March 2001 but these figures do not meet the target set by the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee (Rubiac) of the Health & Safety Commission, which requires a drop of 30% between April 1998 and 2002. At the end of 3 years, a reduction in the accident rate of 24% has been achieved. Problems in the reduction of manual handling accidents are being experienced but Rubiac is expecting the target of 500 manual handling accidents for every 100,000 to be reached by May 2002. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE; RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

rubber processing. A description of the gas chromatography/ chemiluminescent thermal energy detector is given. Results of the determination of N-nitrosamines in some rubber articles are discussed. 8 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.817273 Item 4 Elastomery 5, No.1, 2001, p.29-34 Polish CARCINOGEN SUBSTANCES IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Domanski W Warsaw,Central Institute of Labour Protection Details are given about possible health hazardous substances and processes for employees in the rubber industry. Concentrations of N-nitrosamines, benzene and benzopyrene were investigated in several industrial plants. 14 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.817272 Item 5 Elastomery 5, No.1, 2001, p.17-28 Polish ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN THE RUBBER MANUFACTURING PROCESS Parasiewicz W Stomil Rubber Research Institute An overview is given about possible health hazardous substances and processes for employees in the rubber industry. Measures of prevention are outlined. A lack of comparable results of epidemiological tests is indicated. Monitoring the concentration of hazardous substances in air is discussed. 24 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.818539

Accession no.817271

Item 3 Elastomery 5, No.1, 2001, p.35-9 Polish TECHNIQUE OF SELECTIVE DETERMINATION AND CONTROL OF NNITROSAMINES COMPLYING WITH REQUIREMENTS OF EUROPEAN STANDARDS Kleps T; Parys T; Piaskiewicz M Stomil Rubber Research Institute

Item 6 Rubber and Plastics News 2 22, No.11, 12th March 2001, p.8 ERGONOMICS RULE’S DEATH PLEASES INDUSTRY OFFICIALS Moore M

Details are given of the development of a technique for the determination of vestigial amounts of N-nitrosamines in

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Tyre and rubber industry representatives are reported to have applauded Congress’ overthrow of an ergonomics standard, March 7th, which they claim, would have ruined them financially if implemented. Labour unions are said to have fought hard for the standard which was designed to protect US workers from musculoskeletal and repeated

31

References and Abstracts

stress disorders. However, groups such as the US Chamber of Commerce and the National Association of Manufacturers claimed the regulation would cost US business as much as 100 billion US dollars to implement annually. Comments from the Tire Association of North America, the International Tire & Rubber Association and the Rubber Manufacturers’ Association are reported. USA

Accession no.812545 Item 7 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques 77, No.786, May 2000, p.52-8 French VULCANISATION: IDENTIFICATION AND MECHANISMS OF REACTION Plessier L; Lemaitre T; Triquenaux O; Gomez E Ifoca; LRCCP Results are presented of a study in which the sulphur vulcanisation of polyisoprene was carried out at 150C and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and HPLC were used to determine the chemical nature of intermediates and accelerator residues formed during the vulcanisation reaction. 15 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.803898 Item 8 Fire Retardancy of Polymers. Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998, 54F, p.437-47 IDENTIFICATION OF CYANIDE IN GASEOUS COMBUSTION PRODUCTS EVOLVING FROM INTUMESCENT STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER FORMULATIONS Claire Y; Gaudin E; Rossi C; Perichaud A; Kaloustian J; El Watik L; Zineddine H Provence,University; Marseille,Universite la Mediterranee; Moulay Ismail,Universite Edited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel R (Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille; Torino,Universita; CREPIM) The most heavily used fire retardants for polymers have been halogenated agents. Today, these products can be criticised on account of their high toxicity during fire (release of halogenated acids). The replacement of these additives by intumescent systems seems to be a good choice. These systems are generally composed of a polyacid, a polyalcohol and a nitrogenated compound. A mixture of ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol and melamine is applied to the fireproofing of SBR. However, cyanide can be obtained in the gaseous combustion products at high temperature. A polarographic method with super-imposed potential of constant amplitude is

32

used for the detection and determination of such cyanide during the combustion of the SBR intumescent mixture. 8 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; MOROCCO; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795764 Item 9 Rubber and Plastics News 2 21, No.22, 31st July 2000, p.4 ATTORNEY SUGGESTS UNIFIED APPROACH TO NR RULES Worley L B This article presents views expressed during a presentation made at the recent Third Annual International Latex Conference, held in Ohio, on the subject of stringent natural rubber latex regulations in the USA. There is a fear that over-zealous regulation of latex products is threatening the entire US latex industry. CARDINAL HEALTH INC.; MALAYSIAN RUBBER PRODUCERS’ COUNCIL; ALLEGIANCE CORP. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; MALAYSIA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.795327 Item 10 Rubber Asia 14, No.6, Nov./Dec.2000, p.28-9 IS LATEX A HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE? Vance P Crusader Chemical Co. As only 1% of the US population is estimated to be latex sensitised, a possible and controllable risk for a few does not justify classification of NR latex as a hazardous substance for all, it is claimed. NR latex use in the food, drug and cosmetic industry is already an area of scrutiny and regulation under the authority of the FDA. Further regulation of the same area by other groups is neither appropriate nor warranted. USA

Accession no.795119 Item 11 158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000. Conference preprints. Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 73 DISPELLING THE MYTHS AND LEGENDS SURROUNDING ORGANIC PEROXIDES Eilo G W Hercules Inc. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Common myths and legends surrounding the use of organic peroxides as crosslinking agents in the rubber industry are discussed. An overview of regulatory requirements is included, as well as fundamental

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

precautions for safe storage and handling. Aspects considered include shipping, fire hazards, health hazards, decomposition, storage and handling. The chemicals are claimed to be predictably reactive, and safe to use if they are not overheated, are stored in approved packages, kept away from incompatible materials, and spillages are cleaned up. 6 refs. USA

Accession no.794174 Item 12 Rubber and Plastics News 30, No.6, 13th Oct.2000, p.30 GOVERNMENT SAYS CURING AGENT UNSAFE Dawson B A May 1973 government standard restricting the handling of a curing agent used in PU processing set off long-term opposition by the industry, a set of conflicts known as the MOCA Wars. There has never been hard evidence connecting MOCA, methylenebis(2-chloroaniline), with cancer in humans and the industry considered the standard unwarranted and debilitating. The standard threatened the PU industry’s existence because there was no substitute for MOCA and compliance costs were high. The PU industry, on the shoulders of the Polyurethane Manufacturers Association, fought back. Today, the only US state with a MOCA exposure standard is California, which requires controlled access to workplaces using MOCA and urinalysis testing for workers exposed to it. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.792778 Item 13 Rubber Asia 14, No.5, Sept./Oct.2000, p.113-5 NEW, BETTER PRESERVATIVE FOR NATURAL LATEX Petri C; Pendle T D Schill & Seilacher GmbH This detailed article describes tests on a new preservative for natural latex, known as Struktol LB219, which is free of nitrogen and therefore enables the production of latex concentrate which is free of all nitrosamines and nitrosatable amines. RUBBER CONSULTANTS ANALYTICAL LABORATORY EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL; WORLD

Accession no.791685 Item 14 Rubber and Plastics News 29, No.26, 24th July 2000, p.14

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

RHODE ISLAND OFFICIALS TARGET LATEX ALLERGIES Rasinski M After failing to regulate the use of latex products in the state, the Department of Health in Rhode Island (USA) is to develop regulations, protocols and management strategies to promote public education and awareness of latex allergies, so that people will minimise their use of this potentially-hazardous material. RHODE ISLAND,DEPT.OF HEALTH; US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION; ALLEGIANCE HEALTHCARE CORP. USA

Accession no.791525 Item 15 Chemical Marketing Reporter 258, No.14, 2nd Oct.2000, p.45 CHEMICAL PROFILE - METHYL CHLORIDE This article provides a detailed profile of information on methyl chloride. It first lists key US producers and their capacities in millions of pounds per year. It then looks at demand, market growth, price, applications, and strengths and weaknesses. A market forecast is also included. DOW; DOW CORNING; GE PLASTICS; VULCAN USA

Accession no.791501 Item 16 Industria della Gomma 44, No.4, May 2000, p.16-8 Italian 1999/45/CE DIRECTIVE AND THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Garlanda B The 1999/45/CE European Union directive relating to substances hazardous to the health or the environment is examined. Its implications for chemicals used in the rubber industry are briefly discussed, and classifications are presented for a number of accelerators. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.790897 Item 17 Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri 65, No.5, May 2000, p.390-4 Italian SAFETY VALVE IN POWDER STORAGE SYSTEMS Bortolamasi M; Montorsi S WAM SpA The use of safety valves to protect against overpressure and underpressure in powder and granule storage systems

33

References and Abstracts

is discussed. German, Italian and European Union standards relating to safety devices are reviewed. 14 refs. UNI; INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION; DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER NORMUNG EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL; WORLD

Accession no.790883 Item 18 Rubber India 52, No.7, July 2000, p.11-5 PROTEIN ALLERGY IN LATEX PRODUCTS Paul J Midland Latex Products Ltd. Latex has long been the material of choice for protective gloves in health care settings, providing the wearer the flexibility, a barrier against exposure to infectious agents, and durability. Unfortunately, for a substantial number of healthcare workers and other regular wearers of latex gloves, latex glove wearing also leads to a permanent allergic sensitivity to latex, which can be life threatening. So life threatening, in fact, that once the allergic sensitivity to latex has fully developed its most intense form through repeated exposure to latex, the victim may no longer be able to tolerate latex products, without risking his or her life. The root cause of this problem is attributed to the residual extractable protein present in the latex product. The problem becomes all the more serious with hundreds of latex products being used regularly by medical practitioners. The products range from gloves to dental dams to enema cuffs. The residual proteins in latex products being the root cause of allergic reactions have to be reduced to the level considered ‘safe’. Many alternatives have been tried but none could fully replace the latex glove, until now. The quest for better alternatives is going on. Soon some product free from latex and with similar functional properties may be developed. This is a serious threat to the latex glove. To survive the onslaught of alternatives to latex gloves it is imperative that a low protein glove is developed which is very low in residual proteins. 4 refs. INDIA

Accession no.790131 Item 19 Rubber Bonding 2000. Conference proceedings. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 15th-16th May 2000, paper 3 ASSESSING AND CONTROLLING EXPOSURE TO SOLVENTS; THE UK’S GUIDANCE AND LIMIT SETTING SYSTEM AND COMPARISON WITH THE REST OF EUROPE Topping M UK,Health & Safety Executive (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Hydrocarbon based solvents have a valuable role in many industrial processes. However, a well-known hazard of

34

many hydrocarbon solvents is their flammability, but they can also have damaging effects on the environment and harm human health. Emphasis is placed on the latter. Some of the ill health effects are described together with how solvents users can get information on these; the UK approach to control, including the role of occupational exposure limits; a comparison of UK limits with those in other EU Member States; and finally a new approach taken by the UK Health & Safety Executive to help companies control health risks. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.790029 Item 20 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, No.3, July/Aug.2000, p.427-85 CUTANEOUS REACTIONS TO RUBBER Taylor J S; Yung-Hian Leow Cleveland Clinic Foundation A detailed review is presented of the literature on cutaneous reactions to rubber, the aspects covered including latex allergy, irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. The adverse cutaneous reactions to rubber occurring following industrial and occupational or consumer exposure to rubber chemicals or products or to natural rubber latex proteins are discussed. 261 refs. USA

Accession no.789319 Item 21 Progress in Organic Coatings 38, Nos.3-4, June 2000, p.199-206 ALKALISING AND NEUTRALISING EFFECTS OF ANTICORROSIVE PIGMENTS CONTAINING ZN, MG, CA AND SR CATIONS Kalendova A Pardubice,University The possibility of replacing toxic anticorrosive pigments with pigments acceptable from the viewpoint of environmental protection was examined. Spinel pigments containing Zn(II), Ca(II), Mg(II), Sr(II), Fe(III), Al(III) and Ti(IV) cations were synthesised. Combination of these elements gave five assorted oxide groups, which were applied to alkyd, styrene-acrylate, epoxy resin and chlorinated rubber binders. The binder containing acid groups gave an aqueous extract with better inhibitive properties than the non-reactive binders. Using spinel pigments allowed the corrosion reaction to be significantly inhibited in comparison with the corrosion running in pure water. The chemical composition of the synthesised pigments clearly showed that the compounds were ecologically harmless. 21 refs. CZECH REPUBLIC

Accession no.785957

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 22 Paper Film & Foil Converter 74, No.7, July 2000, p.16 PETITION BY NATURAL RUBBER LATEX COULD IMPACT CONVERTERS Millar S A Keller & Heckman A petition has been filed before the Consumer Product Safety Commission asking it to declare natural rubber latex a ‘strong sensitiser’ under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. The petition alleges that individuals have developed latex allergies or suffer allergic responses through exposures to NR latex in consumer products. In addition, the petition asked the Commission to declare NR latex in toys and other products intended for use by children a ‘banned hazardous substance’. Implications of such a petition are discussed. USA

Accession no.785621 Item 23 European Rubber Journal 182, No.9, Sept.2000, p.26 LATEX ALLERGY LAWYER CLAIMS LANDMARK VICTORY Raleigh P; Moore M A court in California has ordered Baxter Healthcare to pay 800,000 US dollars to a healthcare worker, after finding the glove maker 70% liable for causing the worker’s latex allergy reactions. The ruling was based on Baxter’s failure to introduce washing to remove the proteins that cause latex allergy until 1996, years later than other makers. There are currently around 40 latex allergy cases being processed in California. BAXTER HEALTHCARE CORP. USA

Accession no.785115 Item 24 Fire & Materials 24, No.2, March/April 2000, p.113-9 FIRE SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS IN THE COMBUSTION TOXICITY AREA: IS THERE A ROLE FOR LC 50 TESTS? Babrauskas V Fire Science & Technology Inc. It is well known that the bulk of fire fatalities can be attributed to the inhalation of toxic combustion gases. This single fact has led regulators in Europe, the US and other industrialised countries to consider (and in some cases to adopt) requirements for testing of products with various tests for toxic potency, commonly expressed as LC50. The regulators have more recently been joined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which has been developing standards for LC50 and related variables. All of the standards considered so far have been

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

limited to using only bench-scale test results. Engineers, however, have known for quite some time that the actual toxic effect from combustion gases must be viewed as a product of two factors: the product’s real-scale mass loss rate; and its real-scale LC50. Thus, two issues can be seen to arise: are real-scale values of LC50 adequately similar to the bench-scale ones; and is the range of mass loss rates exhibited by various products small enough so that differences could he ignored and products ranked/rated solely by their LC50 values? These questions are examined by the use of a database of experimental results covering a wide range of building products. The analysis shows that far from being the dominant factor in the fire toxicity picture, LC50 is a minor constituent. For real products, LC50 values simply do not vary much. Mass loss rates, however, vary tremendously. Thus, it is demonstrated that the proper strategy for controlling fire toxicity hazard is by reducing the burning rate, not by attempting to make the effluent less toxic. These findings directly indicate that regulations based on controlling the LC50 cannot hope to address the proper concern of reducing fire fatalities. 20 refs. USA

Accession no.784097 Item 25 Rubber Asia July-Aug.2000, p.41-6 NR WILL OCCUPY STRATEGIC POSITION IN THE FUTURE Loyen G; Dereinda R INRO The natural rubber industry’s current situation and future prospects are considered, with reference to technological, environmental and economic trends affecting its progress. Developments in the tyre, automotive and non-tyre enduse industries are examined, and statistics are included for production of vehicles by region, and consumption of NR by end-use industry. Production and consumption patterns are identified and growth trends are forecasted for supply and demand. WORLD

Accession no.782801 Item 26 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques 77, No.783, Feb.2000, p.46/53 French DOSING OF N-NITROSAMINES Khalfoune H; Aubin C; Gomez E LRCCP; IFOCA Consideration is given to the toxicity of nitrosamines formed during rubber vulcanisation in the presence of certain accelerators, the mechanisms by which they are formed, and French, German and European Union regulations relating to nitrosamines in the workplace

35

References and Abstracts

atmosphere and in rubber products. Methods used in the sampling and analysis of nitrosamines are also described. 6 refs. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL

Accession no.780260 Item 27 Rubber India 52, No.5, May 2000, p.11-6 LATEX PROTEIN ALLERGY Sebastian M S India,Rubber Board Allergic reactions to proteins in natural latex are discussed, and methods are described for reducing extractable protein in latex products, together with the availability of low protein level films. Methods currently available for reducing extractable protein content from latex products are leaching and chlorination. Enzyme treatment and radiation vulcanisation methods are newer techniques which are described. LOPROL low protein latex is produced by enzyme deproteinisation of natural rubber latex. INDIA

Accession no.779987 Item 28 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 42, No.6, 1st June 2000, p.613-20 NATURAL RUBBER LATEX GLOVE: GLOVE USE, SENSITISATION, AND AIRBORNE AND LATENT DUST CONCENTRATIONS AT A DENVER HOSPITAL Page E H; Esswein E J; Petersen M R; Lewis D M; Bledsoe T A US,National Inst.for Occupational Safety & Health The results are reported of a study carried out to determine the prevalence of sensitisation (immunoglobulin E antibodies to latex proteins) among two groups of hospital workers, namely those regularly using latex gloves and those not regularly using latex gloves, in a Denver hospital. Testing procedures included a single assay and protocol, determination of risk factors for sensitisation and determination whether work-related symptoms were associated with latex sensitisation or latex glove use. Air, surface and air-filter dust samples for NR latex were collected and analysed for latex proteins by radioallergosorbent inhibition assay. 51 refs. USA

Accession no.779805 Item 29 Additives for Polymers May 2000, p.12

36

UK HSE SETS NEW OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS This small article reports that the UK Health & Safety Executive has published its latest (and restructured) list of new occupational exposure standards. Some of the polymer additives which are mentioned in the list are highlighted. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.777909 Item 30 Industria della Gomma 43, No.10, Dec.1999, p.22-8 Italian HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE LIGHT OF THE 1999/45/CE DIRECTIVE Garlanda B An examination is made of the requirements of a European Union directive (1999/45/CE) relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of chemical substances considered harmful to the health or the environment. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.776766 Item 31 Rubber and Plastics News 29, No.21, 15th May 2000, p.10 WORKING ON THE EDGE Moore M No group of workers is in greater need of barrier protection than the 2.2 million nurses in the US, yet no group of workers is more prone to developing debilitating, occasionally deadly latex allergies. To protect its members, the American Nurses Association is preparing its own Glove Selection Guide. Among other things, the ANA already has recommended a total ban on powdered gloves. AMERICAN NURSES ASSN. USA

Accession no.775766 Item 32 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 44, No.2, March 2000, p.79-88 NATURAL RUBBER LATEX AEROALLERGEN EXPOSURE IN RUBBER PLANTATION WORKERS AND GLOVE MANUFACTURERS IN THAILAND AND HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN A UK HOSPITAL Sri-Akajunt N; Sadhra S; Jones M; Burge P S Birmingham,University; London,National Heart & Lung Institute; Birmingham,Heartlands Hospital

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Personal airborne NR latex concentrations were estimated for the above occupational exposure groups and the data used to classify the populations into appropriate exposure groups for exposure-response analysis in an epidemiological study of latex allergy. Exposure to the aeroallergens was found to be highest in the glove manufacturing factory, moderate in the plantation and low for health care workers. 21 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; THAILAND; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.768233 Item 33 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41, No.12, 1st Dec.1999, p.1079-84 META-ANALYSIS OF RISK ESTIMATES FOR PROSTATE CANCER RELATED TO TYRE AND RUBBER MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS Stewart R E; Dennis L K; Dawson D V; Resnick M I Case Western Reserve University Studies investigating the association between prostate cancer and exposure to the tyre and rubber manufacturing environment have reported weak and inconsistent results. A meta-analysis of nine cohort studies that used standard mortality ratios and three case control studies that use odds ratios is conducted. The pooled results from the nine cohort studies show a standard mortality ratio of 101 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 93, 110), whereas the pooled results from the three case control studies show an odds ratio of 1.10 (95% CI = 0.94, 1.29). The standard mortality ratios are converted to odds ratios by dividing by 100. The overall pooled risk estimate from all 12 studies is 1.03 (95% CI = 0.96, 1.11). The conclusion of this metaanalysis is that work exposure in a rubber and tyre manufacturing environment does not result in an increased risk of prostate cancer. 46 refs. USA

Accession no.765136 Item 34 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 44, No.1, 2000, p.67-74 IN VITRO AND VIVO TESTS FOR DETERMINATION OF THE PATHOGENICITY OF QUARTZ, DIATOMACEOUS EARTH, MORDENITE AND CLINOPTILOLITE Adamis Z; Tatrai E; Honma K; Six E; Ungvary G Hungary,National Institute of Chemical Safety; Joszef Fodor,National Center of Public Health; Dokkyo, University The effects of samples of crystalline quartz, diatomaceous earth, mordenite and clinoptilolite are investigated in vitro (as concerns erythrocyte haemolysis and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from peritoneal macrophages) and in vivo (on LDH, protein and phospholipids in rat bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

phospholipids in rat lung tissue). The respirable mineral samples are instilled intratracheally. Determinations in the BAL are carried out after 15, 60 and 180 days, and in the lung tissue after 90, 180 and 360 days. Quartz DQ and quartz FQ induce acute, subacute and chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis. However, due to the Al2O3 contamination on the surface of the particles, quartz FQ causes a delayed response in vivo. Diatomaceous earth produces acute/subacute inflammation that gradually becomes more moderate after 60 days. Clinoptilolite is inert, whereas the other zeolite sample, mordenite, is cytotoxic in vivo. The reason for this is presumably the needle and rod-shaped particles in the mordenite samples. The investigation reveals that different in vitro and in vivo methods can provide valuable data concerning the pulmonary toxicity of minerals. 27 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY; JAPAN

Accession no.765049 Item 35 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 44, No.1, Jan.2000, p.3-14 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ON THE CARCINOGENICITY OF SILICA: FACTORS IN SCIENTIFIC JUDGEMENT Soutar C A; Robertson A; Miller B G; Searl A; Bignon J Edinburgh,Institute of Occupational Medicine; Paris,Val de Marne University In view of the extended debate and differing opinions on whether crystalline silica is a human carcinogen, a selection of epidemiological reports is reviewed to identify areas of uncertainty and disagreement. The papers which in a recent review were considered to provide the least confounded examinations of an association between silica exposure and cancer risk are selected. A study of the mortality of coalminers very recently reported is also discussed. It is found that parts of the evidence are coherent but there are contradictions. On examination this resolves mostly into differences between types of studies. The three types of epidemiological study included are: exposure-response studies, the most powerful for the confirmation of a relationship between a specific exposure and a health effect; (descriptive studies in which incidence of disease in an exposed population is compared with that in a reference population; and studies of incidence of disease in subjects on silicosis case-registers. 69 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.765048 Item 36 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 44, No.1, Jan.2000, p.1-2 SILICA AND LUNG CANCER: HAZARD OR RISK McDonald C UK,National Heart & Lung Institute

37

References and Abstracts

When the IARC Working Group met in Lyon in October 1996 to assess the carcinogenicity of crystalline silica, a seemingly interminable debate ensued, only curtailed by a reminder from the Secretariat that the IARC was concerned with the identification of carcinogenic hazards and not the evaluation of risks. The important distinction between the potential to cause disease in certain circumstances, as opposed to the probability of doing so, and in what circumstances, is not always appreciated. Scientific agencies such as the IARC are primarily concerned with the former, whereas national bodies responsible for regulation have to consider the magnitude of the risks and practical aspects of control. Even so, the debate in Lyon continued for some time, finally ending in a narrow vote, reflecting the majority view of the experts present at that particular time. Details are given. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.765047 Item 37 ENDS Report No.300, Jan.2000, p.44-5 EC ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR INITIATIVE ATTACKED BY INDUSTRY, NGO’S This article describes the strategy on endocrine-disrupting substances issued by the European Commission last December, and details why its short-term goal to compile a priority list of chemicals for research and testing has been attacked by industry, environmentalists and scientists alike. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.763303 Item 38 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1999, pp.459. 921 TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING OF RUBBER CHEMICALS. BRMA CODE OF PRACTICE. FOURTH EDITION British Rubber Manufacturers Assn.; Rapra Technology Ltd. This reference book provides an essential guide to health and safety in the rubber processing industry. The British Rubber Manufacturers’ Association and Rapra Technology Limited have combined forces to update the information on hundreds of different rubber chemicals. New data has been compiled from reputable manufacturers and suppliers, and from standard sources of health and safety data. The book includes an introduction to the regulations governing the labelling and use of chemicals, together with definitions of toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and effects on reproduction. Specific hazard, risk and safety labels are explained. The issue of health surveillance in the

38

industry is dealt with in detail. Many rubber chemicals are examined individually in the form of abbreviated safety data sheets. They are listed under categories of use: reinforcing agents and fillers, accelerators and retarders, vulcanising agents, antidegradants, organic peroxides, peptisers and processing aids, ester plasticisers, blowing agents, bonding agents, latex auxiliaries, pigments and miscellaneous. Each chemical has a data sheet including trade names, suppliers, physical data, fire hazards (including explosion risk), regulatory labelling, health hazards, emergency first aid and food contact listings (FDA and BgVV). New to this edition is the addition of CAS and EINECS numbers to aid identification of materials. Accession no.762158 Item 39 Rubber and Plastics News 2 21, No.6, 20th Dec.1999, p.5 HYPOALLERGENICITY OF GUAYULE QUESTIONED Moore M Questions have been raised by a top official of condom manufacturer Custom Service International Inc. about the possible long-term hypoallergenicity of latex from the guayule shrub. In this article guayule researchers defend the substance and give information on testing and manufacturing processes. CUSTOM SERVICE INTERNATIONAL INC.; YULEX CORP. USA

Accession no.761836 Item 40 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 18 SO, YOU THINK YOU ARE PROTECTED? Howie R Howie R.,Associates The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the rubber industry is common, with equipment such as respiratory protective devices, personal hearing protectors and protective clothing being widely used. In setting up a PPE programme, it is essential that the role and reality of PPE performance in the workplace and any hazards specifically created or exacerbated by PPE are appreciated. In practice, the necessary requirements can be addressed by answering the following questions: when may PPE be used, how well does PPE perform in the real world and what hazard(s) can be created by PPE. 15 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760323

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 41 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 17 NITROSAMINE CONTROL AT SOURCE Scott K; Willoughby B G Rapra Technology Ltd. Some N-nitrosamines have been classified as possible human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and are recognised potential byproducts of rubber vulcanisation. For this reason the rubber industry has faced increasingly stringent requirements for the control of N-nitrosamines. Much work has been carried out on the possibilities of reformulation; however the factors influencing Nnitrosamine formation have remained obscure. Nnitrosamine-free formulations are now in use, but for many rubber compounders there are no easy options for the replacement of basic ingredients such as carbon black and tetramethylthiuram disulphide (TMTD). This has led to a study with the primary objective of investigating the key influences controlling N-nitrosamine formation when these two components are present in a rubber vulcanisate. Some of the published information about N-nitrosamine formation in rubber vulcanisates and its prevention is reviewed. The findings of a Rapra study on nitrosamine formation in TMTD/carbon black-containing vulcanisates are reviewed. 49 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760322 Item 42 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 16 STRATEGY FOR THE CONTROL OF HEALTH HAZARDS IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Hammond C Michelin Tyre plc A strategy for achieving the control of health hazards is described. It is based on a systematic approach that uses a whole package of actions taken step-by-step that ultimately leads to the implementation of worthwhile plans. It is based on well-tried and tested quality system concepts that are designed to guarantee success. Successful companies are those that have such quality standards as ISO 9000 and ISO 14001 in place, properly implemented and regularly audited and maintained. Such companies will engender a culture which promotes good health, safety and environmental management. A review of standards for substances that the rubber fume and rubber process dust exposure limits fail to address is called for. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760321

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 43 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 14 EFFECT OF CONTROL MEASURES IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY; THE RESULTS OF A NINEYEAR FOLLOW-UP Vermeulen R; Kromhout H; Swuste P; de Hartog J Wageningen,University; Nijmegen,University; Delft,University of Technology Epidemiological studies among workers employed in the rubber manufacturing industry have indicated a significant excess cancer risk in a variety of sites. Although several associations between exposures and observed cancer risks have been hypothesised, it has in general not been possible to identify specific agents for the observed cancer risks. As a result, it is unknown whether the findings in the epidemiological surveys represent the consequences of exposures from the past or that those cancer risks are still present. In 1988 a large project for workplace improvement in the rubber manufacturing industry in The Netherlands was carried out. Based on empirical modelling of the inhalable and dermal exposure, exposure-affecting factors were identified on which working conditions could be improved. These results were consequently used in a covenant for improvement of working conditions in the rubber manufacturing industry entered into by the Ministry of Social affairs and the social partners. A study is performed to evaluate current exposure to inhalable particulates and dermal exposure to cyclohexane soluble matter (CSM). Seven out of ten companies originally surveyed are re-studied. Exposure to inhalable particulates and dermal exposure to CSM is monitored and an inventory of implemented control measures made. Exposure trends are consequently studied to quantify the effectiveness of the control measures taken in the last decade. Extended abstract only. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760319 Item 44 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 13 RESULTS OF THE RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY IN THE GERMAN RUBBER INDUSTRY Straif K; Weiland S K; Holthenrich D; Taeger D; Sun Y; Keil U Munster,University There is sufficient evidence for excess occurrence of several cancer sites among workers in the rubber industry. However, with the exception of bladder cancer and leukaemia, there is only limited evidence for causal associations of excess cancer risks with specific agents or working conditions. In 1991, a retrospective cohort study was launched in the German rubber industry. Results

39

References and Abstracts

for the cohorts of male and female rubber workers, by time-related variables and by work areas, have been published for specific cancer sites and liver cirrhosis. The main findings of these earlier analyses are briefly summarised, together with recent investigations on associations between exposure to nitrosamines, asbestos, talc and carbon black and mortality from specific cancer sites. 13 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760318 Item 45 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 12 EPIDEMIOLOGY IN THE UK RUBBER INDUSTRY Sorahan T Birmingham,University The epidemiological evidence of a carcinogenic risk in the rubber industry was last reviewed in detail by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1982. This evaluation included eight reports from four studies from the UK; early work identifying a bladder cancer excess in rubber workers, work which examined bladder incidence in different groups of workers from the Michelin, tyre factory at Stoke-on-Trent, and reports from two large cohort studies set up to establish whether the removal of an antioxidant contaminated with bnaphthylamine had eliminated the bladder cancer problem. Further reports from one of these two large cohort studies were published after the IARC evaluation; it was clear that the cause of the early bladder cancer problem had been eliminated. All recently published epidemiological studies concerning the rubber industry have been reviewed and their likely relevance to the current UK industry commented upon. In 1994, arrangements were made to organise a new UK epidemiological study. This was initiated for two main reasons: to determine whether or not the improvements in working conditions introduced in the UK industry in recent decades have been accompanied by the elimination of concerns relating to occupational lung and stomach cancers in the UK rubber industry, and to provide an early warning of any new serious health problems. 14 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760317 Item 46 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 11 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING: NEW DEVELOPMENTS

40

Cocker J UK,Health & Safety Laboratory Some of the new developments in biological monitoring are presented. Aspects covered include a brief overview of biological monitoring, some recent developments interpreting in biological monitoring guidance values, new developments in breath sampling and analysis and some recent practical applications of biological monitoring. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760316 Item 47 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 9 SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Giese U Germany,Institute for Rubber Technology During the manufacture and storage of rubber products various gases, vapours and aerosols are emitted due to the complex compound compositions and the concurrent vulcanisation that occurs at high temperatures. These emissions consist of volatile components of original compound ingredients such as plasticisers, antioxidants and residual monomers or polymer oligomers, as well as primary and secondary reaction products from the crosslinking systems. Individual substances as well as their origin have been identified in numerous examinations. Using these results as a basis, well over a hundred substances are to be expected in the air at the workplace in the rubber industry. These substances are amines, amides, aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons, highly volatile sulphur compounds, aldehydes and ketones, phenols and esters. Solvents may also be present depending upon the manufacturing process, as these are used for assembly and cleaning. Furthermore, water may be expected in addition to aerosols dependant upon the weather conditions and manufacturing processes. Measurement monitoring of the air at the workplace requires implementation of a measurement method able to cope with the extremely complex situation in the rubber industry and can also satisfy the following requirements: sampling period must represent; a shift mean value; selectivity for individual hazardous substances; measurement range 1/10 up to 3x limit value; and high precision. The sampling and analysis procedure is developed from a base of approximately 30 relevant substances that can be expected as emissions and which also have limit values or toxicological ratings. 35 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760315

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 48 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 8 VISUALISATION USING REAL-TIME MONITORING AND VIDEO TECHNIQUES FOR UNDERSTANDING AND CONTROLLING EXPOSURE TO RUBBER FUME Walsh P; Piney M; Clark R D R; Flaherty S P UK,Health & Safety Executive A visualisation technique is used to investigate various tasks in the rubber industry, particularly autoclaving in order to better understand how exposure to rubber fume occurs. The system, based on a combination of video and direct-reading (real-time) monitoring, comprises a hand-held camcorder, portable video cassette recorder, radio-telemetry transmitter/receiver and handheld or notebook computers for remote datalogging and data analysis, and a personal aerosol monitor for monitoring rubber fume. The video output shows the normal image of the work activity onto which is dubbed a window showing the response from the personal monitor. The use of the system’s video mixing and data analysis tools allows the work activities to be analysed in detail, leading to recommendations for improved control measures. Autoclaving of weatherseal, hoses and tyres is investigated with the visualisation technique. The technique highlights the need to control exposure to rubber fume as weatherseals are unloaded from formers and to reduce high peak exposures of operators as they unload the trolleys of freshly cured rubber strip from the autoclave. For hoses, as with weatherseal autoclaving, jig unloading operations caused the greatest exposure to rubber fume. Differences in exposure were found when tyres of different sizes were removed from the autoclave. Recommendations are made for improved control based on modified work practice (timing and order of activities) and installation of exhaust ventilation. The effectiveness of the recommended measures after their implementation will be further investigated. 6 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760314 Item 49 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 7 RATIONALISATION AND PREDICTION OF THE COMPONENTS OF RUBBER FUME Willoughby B G Rapra Technology Ltd. The analysis of the fumes from a co-ordinated series of vulcanisations has enabled ingredient/emission relationships to be unravelled so that the origins of the

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

individual components of vulcanisation fume can be recognised. As a result, three distinct sources of volatile emission have now been distinguished, namely: the volatile components of ingredients, the volatile impurities of ingredients and the volatile by-products of chemical reaction. Many of the reaction sequences leading to these products have also been resolved, so it becomes possible to predict the components of rubber fume from a knowledge of the ingredients and the thermal history of the mix. It is shown how this is done, illustrating the performance of the predictive model in computerised form. 19 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760313 Item 50 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 4 SILICA DUSTS Bomal Y; Sartre A; Cornillon G; Hendrickx B; Leplay A Rhodia SA; Rhone-Poulenc SA Precipitated silicas are traditionally used as reinforcement fillers in rubber applications. A new-generation Rhodia silica has, due to its excellent dispersion capacity, made it possible to develop ‘green tyres’ which have low rolling resistance, while maintaining or improving their longevity and adherence. Any person who handles silicas may legitimately enquire about the risks entailed. However, confusion between the various classes of finely divided silicas needs to be avoided, as they differ greatly with respect to their biological properties after inhalation. The issue is particularly acute when they are handled in powder form, to be incorporated into elastomers. Some precaution is thus necessary when handling them, even though precipitated silicas do not cause silicosis or cancer. An attempt is made to clearly distinguish between the known health effects caused by the inhalation of the different forms of silicas and to recommend safety practices when handling solid powders such as precipitated silica. 22 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760311 Item 51 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 3 CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARD-SETTING ISSUES IN THE UK, EU AND ELSEWHERE FOR CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Levy L S Leicester,University Some of the solid particulate substances used in both the rubber and plastic industries make excellent examples of how

41

References and Abstracts

substances which have traditionally been considered to be biologically inert are now being re-evaluated as new data becomes available. One problem that emerges is that if they all have similar toxicological and health risk profiles due to their physical form, then a more generic approach may still be appropriate for standard-setting rather than dealing with each ‘dust’ on a one-off basis. Some of these ‘dusty’ chemicals used in the rubber and plastics industries are used to illustrate some of the current systems used for their classification. Particularly important have been the more recent concerns regarding possible cancer risks - not based on human findings, but rat studies in which lung tumours have been induced following lifetime exposures. Examples selected are carbon black, amorphous silica and titanium dioxide. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.760310 Item 52 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RESEARCH IN THE CARBON BLACK INDUSTRY McCunney R J Massachusetts,Institute of Technology Details are given of the occupational health related research sponsored and overseen by the International Carbon Black Association (ICBA), an organisation consisting of carbon black manufacturers in North America and Europe. Aspects covered include not only the occupational health research sponsored by the ICBA, but also an overview of the major health perspectives associated with carbon black and their corresponding regulatory implications. 19 refs. USA

Accession no.760309 Item 53 Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 1 HEALTH EFFECTS OF CARBON BLACK Gardiner K Birmingham,University Carbon black is a substance of world importance both in terms of tonnage production and its special ability to strengthen rubber. Its carbonaceous nature and respirable size give rise to concern regarding its effect on respiratory morbidity for those involved in its manufacture and use. A number of studies have used chest radiographs, spirometry and respiratory symptoms as means of assessing the various populations, but almost all of the studies have either methodological shortcomings or fail to report the necessary detail. However, exposure-related effects are evident in those populations studied in terms

42

of small opacities, reduction in FEV1 and FEF 25-75% and symptoms of chronic bronchitis. 31 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760308 Item 54 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 43, No.7, Oct.1999, p.435-7 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS AND HUMAN REPRODUCTION: FACT OR FICTION? Burdorf A; Nieuwenhuijsen M J Rotterdam,Erasmus University; London,University,Imperial College A brief review is presented of the literature on the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on human reproduction. The dangers of occupational exposure to compounds such as phthalates in the plastics and paint manufacturing industries are mentioned. 14 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.759785 Item 55 156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999. Conference preprints. Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 80 REMOVING NATURAL LATEX PROTEINS FROM DIPPED RUBBER GOODS WITH FUMED SILICA ADDITIVES Amdur S Polymerim Corp. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Natural proteins are the main reason for latex irritation suffered by sensitive people and about 10% of medical field employees dealing with an extensive use of dipped rubber goods. This problem has surfaced in the last several years with the increase in production of rubber gloves for protection from infectious diseases. Although NR latex is the best product available for price and performance, bad reputation and litigation potential has caused customers to shy away from it and look for more expensive and mostly inferior substitutes. Obviously many efforts have been made to dispose of the proteins, however protein traces may still remain and cause irritation in sensitive people. A way of eliminating the proteins with a simple, elegant and inexpensive method using fumed silica additives is described. The fumed silica attaches itself to the rubber particle and substitutes the proteins, which are then easily removed. All this can be performed on line, eliminating chlorination and/or extensive washing and handling of the products off line. 10 refs. USA

Accession no.759675

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 56 156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999. Conference preprints. Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 35 SAFER OILS FOR THE TYRE INDUSTRY Taylor P W H; Pocklington P W H Equilon Enterprises LLC; Deutsche Shell AG (ACS,Rubber Div.)

collar workers for at least one year in 5 factories owned by 3 different companies using computerised data maintained by the companies’ health insurance companies. Causes of all mortalities were close to those expected and death from cancer was decreased, except in the case of stomach, lung and lymphatic system cancers. Stronger associations were observed among sub-cohorts defined by time period hired. 36 refs.

Legislation and public pressure in Europe is changing the nature of process oils in the European market. This has caused the rubber industry to evaluate new tyre and rubber formulations without the use of potentially carcinogenic aromatic oils. This situation is reviewed and the possible dynamics in the US market are examined, given the different product demands and the changing face of lubricant base and process oil manufacture in North America. Methods of producing this new generation of process oils for tyre compounds and comparative data on competing oil types are presented. 10 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.758332 Item 57 New Scientist 164, No.2216, 11th Dec.1999, p.9 RUBBER TROUBLE Walker M This article gives brief details of a new virus resistant, hypoallergenic alternative to latex. The guayule plant (Parthenium argentatum) found in the deserts of Mexico and south-western Texas was found to be stronger, have a longer shelf life and when tested with a solution containing viruses such as phix174, Hepatitis B and Herpes simplex passed standard tests with flying colours. Plans are now being made to reproduce products such as surgical gloves, catheters and condoms currently made from Hevea sourced rubber. YULEX; US,DEPT.OF AGRICULTURE USA

Accession no.756905 Item 58 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41, No.9, 1st Sept.1999, p.807-12 OCCUPATIONAL COHORT MORTALITY STUDY OF WOMEN IN THE GERMAN RUBBER INDUSTRY: 1976 TO 1991 Mundt K A; Weiland S K; Bucher A M; Straif K; Werner B; Chambless L; Keil U Muenster,University; Massachusetts,University; North Carolina,University The results are reported of a historical cohort mortality study among 2871 German women employed as blue-

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.755968 Item 59 Tyretech ’99. Conference proceedings. Prague, 27th-28th Sept.1999, paper 6 NEW UNLABELLED PROCESS OILS FOR THE TYRE AND RUBBER INDUSTRY Wadie J Mobil Oil Co.Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal) To date, the tyre and rubber industry has predominantly used distillate aromatic extracts (DAE) for the oil extension of synthetic rubbers and plasticising rubber compounds in tyre manufacture. However, several studies have been conducted that found certain DAEs cause skin tumours in mouse skin painting assays. Mobil is well established as the leading supplier of process oils to the European tyre and rubber industries and has a long relationship of working closely with the industry on health and safety issues. To meet the technical, labelling and supply criteria set by BLIC (Bureau de Liaison des Industries du Caoutchouc de l’U.E.), Mobil is unique in offering both a Treated Distillate Aromatic Extract (TDAE) and a Mild Extraction Solvate (MES) product to address individual customer needs. Mobil Tyrex 20 is the most aromatic unlabelled and readily available process oil. It is a TDAE product demonstrating performance benefits over other types of unlabelled oils. It balances the benefits of higher aromaticity to give good rubber compatibility and performance, with low polycyclic aromatics (PCA) content. Mobil Prorex 15 is a MES product. It exhibits lower aromaticity than Mobil Tyrex 20 but meets specific customer requirements. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.755776 Item 60 European Rubber Journal 181, No.11, Nov.1999, p.32-3 RUBBER RISKS AND HOW TO AVOID THEM White E An outline of opinions presented at a meeting on hazards in the rubber industry, organised by Rapra Technology, is presented. There is no consensus in different countries on which health problems may be associated with working

43

References and Abstracts

in the sector, and many of the long-term epidemiological studies on which conclusions are based are now rather dated, specialists at the meeting said. Rubber companies need to focus, as they have been doing for some time, on practical ways to control exposure to hazardous materials and hence reduce risks to their staff. RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD.; MICHELIN GROUP EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.754441 Item 61 Rubber Asia July-August,1999, p.177-9 FDA PROPOSES NEW GLOVE REGULATIONS Yellin A K Proposed new regulations relating to natural rubber latex gloves are discussed. The FDA has put forward new regulations covering protein levels, powder levels, expiration date, and reclassification of medical gloves. A working party from the Center for Devices and Radiological Health concluded that evidence was sufficient to demonstrate that at least some natural rubber latex proteins are allergenic and that these proteins can also bind to cornstarch. It was also found that existing evidence supports a causal relationship between airborne powder from natural rubber latex medical gloves and respiratory allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Recommendations from the CDRH working group are reported which have formed the basis of the FDA’s proposed regulations. US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.748841 Item 62 Rubber and Plastics News 2 20, No.19, 21st June 1999, p.3 OSHA BULLETIN HIGHLIGHTS LATEX ALLERGIES IN WORKPLACE Moore M The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has issued a technical information bulletin outlining problems with NR latex allergies in the workplace. The bulletin is intended to alert OSHA field personnel to the potential for allergic reactions in some individuals using NR latex products, particularly gloves, in the workplace setting. The document outlines all the possible allergic reactions and also suggests strategies for avoiding latex sensitisation. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.747140 Item 63 European Rubber Journal

44

181, No.7-8, July/Aug.1999, p.14 EX-NURSE SUES GLOVE MAKERS Moore M A former nurse from Florida is seeking 20m US dollars from 13 companies or their subsidiaries that make NR latex gloves, claiming their negligence caused her severe latex allergies. The case will soon be transferred to Philadelphia to join a multi-district litigation organised in the federal district court there. USA

Accession no.743014 Item 64 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 60, No.3, 1st May 1999, p.396-402 ISSUES AND CONTROVERSY: THE MEASUREMENT OF CRYSTALLINE SILICA; REVIEW PAPERS ON ANALYTICAL METHODS Miles W J Bentonite Performance Materials The analytical methods for crystalline silica polymorphs are reviewed and promising techniques for compliance with health-related regulations are summarised. X-ray diffraction analysis appears to be the most promising method of determining quartz and cristobalite content at this threshold in many bulk mineral and chemical systems. Other analytical techniques can be used in some mineral and chemical assemblages, but usually lack polymorph specificity or sensitivity. All analytical methods benefit from concentration techniques that do not alter crystalline properties of silicas. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Analytical Method 7601, as written, suffers from destruction of the mineral residue containing crystalline silica polymorphs after dissolution of many silicate minerals in phosphoric acid and may also include digestion-resistant minerals, but it is a promising concentration method for other analytical methods such as NIOSH Analytical Method 7500 (X-ray diffraction). 48 refs. USA

Accession no.742010 Item 65 Toxic Substances Bulletin No.39, May 1999, p.5 ORGANIC SOLVENTS AND NEUROTOXICITY Dyne D UK,Health & Safety Executive Organic solvents are regularly used by around two million workers across a range of industries, including degreasing operations, in paints, printing, chemicals, adhesives, pesticides, toiletries and dry-cleaning. However, there is no doubt that solvents can produce effects on the nervous system. A single exposure to a sufficiently high level of any organic solvent can cause headache, nausea, dizziness,

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

lightheadedness and impaired co-ordination. Very high levels can cause unconsciousness and death. It is also known that repeated exposure to sufficiently high levels of some organic solvents can cause specific forms of nervous system damage. This is well understood and is related to the chemical structure of those particular solvents. However, the contention that long-term occupational exposure to low levels of organic solvents in general can cause a debilitating effect on the central nervous system, sometimes referred to as ‘chronic toxic encephalopathy’ (CTE), is more controversial. The UK Health & Safety Executive has a number of projects to explore the scientific uncertainties surrounding the health consequences of exposure to organic solvents. Details are given. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.741653 Item 66 Toxic Substances Bulletin No.39, May 1999, p.4 WHAT GOES IN MUST COME OUT Solvents are widely used in industry and many can enter the body through the skin as well as by inhalation. Controlling exposure to these substances depends not just on reducing air levels, but also on preventing skin contact. The substances are easily recognised because they have Sk notations in the HSE publication ‘Occupational exposure limits EH40/99’; assessment as to whether exposure is being properly controlled is carried out by biological monitoring - working on the principle that what goes in must come out. Biological monitoring is done by collecting blood, urine or breath samples. Blood sampling is less common these days; it is not popular with workers and is being replaced wherever possible by urine and breath samples. These are much easier to collect and can give similar information. Some new developments in biological monitoring are outlined. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.741652 Item 67 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1793, 2nd July 1999, p.1 RUBBER ACCIDENT RATES APPALLING The rubber industry has had accident rates well above the ‘all manufacturing’ average in the 1990s, and one of the main reasons is the high number of handling accidents, according to the British Rubber Manufacturers’ Association. In 1997/98 manual handling was responsible for over 40% of accidents reported to the HSE in three sectors: 40% of reported accidents in new tyres, 43% in retreading, and 35% in general rubber goods (GRG). The

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Health and Safety Commission (HSC) has launched a comprehensive package of safety guidance for the industry. The new guidance booklet describes the costs associated with manual handling injuries both in financial and human terms, and includes ten case histories. Brief details are noted. BRITISH RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.739444

Item 68 Polymer Degradation and Stability 64, No.3, 1999, p.545-56 REGULATORY STATUS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES OF BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS UNDERGOING RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE EU: DBDPO, OBDPO, PEBDPE AND HBCD Hardy M L Albemarle Corp. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a structurally diverse group of compounds; their major point in common is not their chemical structure but rather that of their use as flame retardants. BFRs undergoing risk assessment in the EU under the existing chemicals regulation are polybrominated diphenyl oxides (ethers; PEDPO), decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO), octabromodiphenyl oxide (OBDPO) and pentabromodiphenyl oxide (PeBDPO), and the cyclic aliphatic, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). The toxicology and environmental properties of these flame retardants are addressed, as are research and regulatory activities affecting them. The physicochemical properties of BFRs minimise their potential to move into and in the environment irrespective of their lack of ready biodegradability. In addition, DBDPO, which has been extensively studied, hag been found to have a short half life in rats, minimal absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, rapid elimination and to lack bioaccumulation potential in fish. These properties, coupled with the minimal effects on mammalian species on repeated dosing of DBDPO and HBCD, and their lack of mutagenicity and skin sensitisation, indicate these brominated flame retardants can be used by society to provide needed protection from the hazard of fire. 15 refs. EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.739434 Item 69 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41, No.6, 1st June 1999, p.500-9 ABSENCE OF POLYNEUROPATHY AMONG WORKERS PREVIOUSLY DIAGNOSED WITH

45

References and Abstracts

SOLVENT-INDUCED TOXIC ENCEPHALOPATHY Albers J W; Wald J J; Werner R A; Franzblau A; Berent S Michigan,University An association between polyneuropathy and occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, trichloroethane, perchloroethylene or similar solvents alone or in combination is controversial. An attempt is made to determine whether workers previously diagnosed with solvent-induced toxic encephalopathy had objective evidence of polyneuropathy. 30 railroad workers previously diagnosed with toxic encephalopathy are examined in the context of litigation against their employers. All describe long-term occupational solvent exposure averaging 20 years in duration (range, 10-29 years) and producing acute intoxication on a regular basis. The diagnosis of subclinical or clinical polyneuropathy is established using a combination of symptoms, signs and nerve conduction study (NCS) measures, consistent with standard clinical practice. Potential confounders are identified. NGS results are compared with historical controls, including unexposed workers matched by gender, age and body mass index. Dose-response relationships are evaluated using simple linear and stepwise regression models. Three workers fulfil clinical polyneuropathy criteria. The only worker fulfilling NCS criteria for confirmed clinical polyneuropathy has diabetes mellitus. Mean NGS values for most measures are similar to control values, and existing differences in sensory amplitudes disappear when compared with the matched control group. NGS measures are not significantly influenced by exposure duration or job title. Separation in exposure into groups on the basis of the presence or absence of polyneuropathy symptoms, previous diagnosis of polyneuropathy disability status, and severity or type of encephalopathy does not demonstrate significant NCS differences. The complaints of these workers claiming neurotoxic injury from occupational solvent exposure are not explained by peripheral nervous system dysfunction. 43 refs. USA

Accession no.739292

kind in Israel and one of the rare cases reported worldwide. The patient’s diagnosis is based on typical features: restrictive lung function, abnormal chest roentgenogram lung fibrosis, a history of exposure to silica and hard metals, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid findings and mineralogical studies. BAL cells show an abundance of giant multinucleated macrophages. The CD4/CD8 ratio of T lymphocytes is 1.1, with a high percentage of CD8 and CD8/38 positive cells (37% suppressor/cytotoxic and 12% cytotoxic T lymphocytes, respectively). mRNA transcripts isolated from BAL cells are positive for interleukin-1 (IL-1) and transforming growth factor (TGF) IL-5, IL-2 and IL-10 but not for IL-6, IL-4 and interferon. Polarising light microscopic studies of BAL and induced sputum cells show polarising particles, which are typical for silica. Mineralogical studies of electron microscopy performed on BAL fluid and on dust collected at the patient’s workstation reveal silica particles as well as aluminum-titanium and other particles. The latter might have contributed to the patient’s lung disease. 14 refs. ISRAEL

Accession no.739291 Item 71 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.773, Dec.1998, p.75-7 French STRENGTHENING LEGISLATION ON POLLUTION IN THE WORKPLACE Aubin C LRCCP A survey is made of French and European Union legislation relating to hazardous chemicals in the workplace, and particular attention is paid to regulations concerning exposure to chemicals in the rubber industry. The carcinogenicity of nitrosamines formed during vulcanisation processes is examined, and methods used in their detection are discussed. 2 refs. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.736308

Item 70 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41, No.6, 1st June 1999, p.480-5 ACCELERATED SILICOSIS WITH MIXEDDUST PNEUMOCONIOSIS IN A HARD-METAL GRINDER Cohen C; Fireman E; Ganor E; Man A; Ribak J; Lerman Y Ra’annana,Occupational Health & Rehabilitation Institute; Tel Aviv,Medical Center; Tel Aviv,University

Item 72 International Rubber Exhibition and Conference 1999. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 7th-10th June 1999, Environment paper 5. EXPOSURE TO RUBBER FUME AND RUBBER PROCESS DUST IN THE GENERAL RUBBER GOODS, TYRE MANUFACTURING AND RETREAD INDUSTRIES Dost A A; Redman D; Cox G UK,Health & Safety Executive (Crain Communications Ltd.)

A fatal case of accelerated silicosis with a component of mixed-dust pneumoconiosis in a young hard-metal grinder is described, that is believed to be the first case of its

The aim of this study is to assess the current patterns and levels of exposure to rubber fume and rubber process dust in the British rubber industry and compare and contrast

46

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

the data obtained from the general rubber goods, retread tyre and new tyre sectors. A total of 179 companies manufacturing rubber products are visited during the survey. These included 117 general rubber goods, 53 retread tyre and 9 new tyre manufacturers. The survey is conducted using a questionnaire and includes a walkthrough inspection of the workplace to assess the extent of use of control measures and the nature of work practices being employed. The most recent exposure monitoring data for rubber fume and rubber process dust is obtained from these companies, no additional sampling is conducted. 31 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734449 Item 73 International Rubber Exhibition and Conference 1999. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 7th-10th June 1999, Environment paper 4. NITROSAMINE FREE CURING SYSTEMS FOR MODERN RUBBER COMPOUNDS Schuch A; Fruh T Rhein Chemie GmbH (Crain Communications Ltd.) The international discussion about carcinogenic Nnitrosamines generated during or after vulcanisation of rubber products started in the late 1970s. It reached its climax in 1994 when the German government passed a law limiting nitrosamines to a maximum concentration of 2,5 mug per cubic meter of air. International discussion lost momentum because other countries did not follow the German initiative. The topic was more an intellectual than a real problem until recently, when the automotive industry demanded nitrosamine-free products. With increasing sensibility regarding environmental aspects, there is a growing list of curing agents (and additives) that may no longer be used in the new future. It is shown that the substitution of curing agents with a high toxicological potential does not necessarily mean that compounding is getting more difficult or that the products show a reduced performance. 2 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734448 Item 74 International Rubber Exhibition and Conference 1999. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 7th-10th June 1999, Environment paper 3. NITROSAMINES: A REGULATORY UPDATE AND AN ANALYST’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE INDUSTRY’S RESPONSE Stephens S Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre (Crain Communications Ltd.)

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

When the issue of nitrosamines and their possible harmful effects was first raised in the late 1970s, it was thought that the problem for the rubber industry would be solved quite quickly and go away. That proved to be far from the truth, and twenty years on it is still a significant source of concern for suppliers of raw materials, manufacturers, toxicologists, QC staff, end-users and environmentalists in general. The ability to detect nitrosamines at the low ppb level coincided with an escalation in Health and Safety legislation. Industry has responded at considerable cost by producing goods which comply with the legislation and accelerators which do not conflict with it, but the possibility of new areas becoming subject to control is ever present. Recent changes in legislation and law, together with how industry is meeting the challenge, are reviewed. 21 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734447 Item 75 International Rubber Exhibition and Conference 1999. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 7th-10th June 1999, Environment paper 1. NATURAL RUBBER LATEX ALLERGY - A PROBLEM IN PERSPECTIVE Williams H London International Group plc (Crain Communications Ltd.) The problem of allergic responses to NR-containing medical devices amongst users and patients is a topic that has attracted much attention over the last decade. The nature of these responses and the possible causes for their appearance and increase are summarised. Published prevalence data is briefly reviewed and the regulatory response of authorities across the world are described. The methods available for estimation of allergenic potential of devices are summarised and the steps available to device manufacturers to reduce these are discussed. Finally some published data is presented which indicates some trends in allergen levels in medical gloves over the years. 29 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734446 Item 76 Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position. Conference proceedings. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.61-7. LEGISLATIVE APPROACH TO LATEX PRODUCTS Potter W London International Group plc (European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants) Manufacturers and users of latex goods have for many years been aware of the possibility of allergic skin

47

References and Abstracts

reactions to vulcanising chemicals, but where problems have arisen they have more often than not been resolved by careful selection of product to avoid specific ingredients. Provision of products shown to be hypoallergenic on the basis of skin patch tests has aided this selection and so-called atopic individuals have avoided the risks of sensitisation by using such products only. There is no good reason why such tests should not continue to be used to indicate products least likely to cause allergic sensitisation. Simple listing of ingredients on the label would not be of much benefit. The more recent increase in allergic reactions to water-soluble proteins in NR is potentially more serious in that the ultimate consequences of such reactions can be fatal. On current research evidence the level of protein capable of causing a reaction in a sensitised individual is extremely low. Such individuals must therefore avoid contact with NR latex. While there is no clearly established preferred and problem-free method for quantifying extractable protein levels, there is fairly good agreement that levels can be greatly reduced by washing procedures in manufacture. It is premature to set a maximum level for extractable protein. Ultimately progress in research on production processes and identification of specific allergenic proteins might eventually lead to the claim of free from allergenic protein. 17 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734437 Item 77 Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position. Conference proceedings. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.59-60. MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LATEX PROTEIN ALLERGY Leynadier F; Autegard J-E; Levy D A Paris,Hopital Rothschild (European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants) Immediate allergy to latex from Hevea brasiliensis (LHB) has become a real public health problem with increasing frequency of sensitivity in populations using LHB in gloves, condoms etc, with more and more side effects, some of which are life threatening. The classical aspects of allergy to latex, such as contact urticaria and anaphylactic shock, are more easily prevented by better knowledge of the clinical aspects among health workers and the general population. It is more difficult to prevent and to treat occupational rhinitis and asthma, because these symptoms can appear anywhere that gloves are used or stocked, since the cornstarch powder, which adsorbs the proteins of LHB, represents a dangerous source of airborne allergenic particles. The management of patients with LHB allergy may be

48

described under three headings: prediction and diagnosis, avoidance and treatment. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734436 Item 78 Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position. Conference proceedings. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.43-5. MANUFACTURE OF HYPOALLERGENIC RUBBER PRODUCTS Bodycoat I Ansell GmbH (European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants) The topic ‘manufacture of hypoallergenic rubber products’ is wide and all encompassing. Emphasis is placed here only on the manufacture of rubber gloves. Hypoallergenicity can be defined as a significant reduction in the propensity to cause an allergenic effect to a glove user, be it caused by proteins the polymer or compounding ingredients in the rubber. Before examining the manufacturing process, the reasons behind current concerns relating to latex allergies are reviewed. There are currently two theories, after almost a hundred years of glove use, why there is suddenly the experience with protein allergies: downstream effects and increased exposure. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734434 Item 79 Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position. Conference proceedings. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.41-2. RELATION BETWEEN PROTEIN LEVEL AND ALLERGIC RESPONSE Lovell C R Bath,Royal United Hospital (European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants) Type I allergy to rubber latex appears to have been relatively rare in the UK despite report of numerous cases in Scandinavia and in the USA. However, there has been an opportunity to study four patients with a typical history of latex-induced urticaria and/or anaphylaxis. Of the four patients, three were female, one male. All except one female were health care workers who were sensitised by wearing latex rubber gloves. The remaining female patient exhibited anaphylaxis after examination by her gynaecologist. All individuals exhibited a positive prick test with ammoniated rubber latex. 3 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734433

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 80 Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position. Conference proceedings. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.33-9. DIAGNOSIS OF ALLERGY TO LATEX PROTEINS Levy D A Paris,Hopital Rothschild (European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants) Natural rubber latex proteins are allergenic, i.e. they can induce allergic reactions. Allergy to these proteins is a prototype immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Immediate hypersensitivity is a subset of antibody-mediated pathophysiological responses that are mediated by antibodies of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) class. While in the vast majority of cases it is not difficult to establish a diagnosis of allergy to latex, there is still concern regarding the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of the currently available diagnostic reagents and methods. In the absence of standardised reagents, some patients may be at unnecessary risk when skin tested. 13 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734432 Item 81 Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position. Conference proceedings. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.25-31. MEASUREMENT OF LATEX PROTEINS BY CHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS Beezhold D H Guthrie Foundation for Medical Research (European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants) Latex proteins have been shown to be potent allergens capable of inducing anaphylaxis that in some cases has been fatal. Accurate measurement of the proteins in latex medical products has proved to be difficult. While protein can be isolated from the end-use products, the extract solutions are difficult to study by standard laboratory techniques used to study proteins. Routine protein assays often are not sensitive enough to measure protein levels in extracts from end-use latex products. Chemical additives to the latex interfere in the colourimetric protein assays, producing false positive reactions. An immunological approach is employed to develop an assay with increased sensitivity and specificity for latex proteins. Present knowledge of latex proteins is reviewed and methods to measure them are described. 22 refs. Accession no.734431 Item 82 Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position. Conference proceedings. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.21-4.

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

ORIGIN AND SOURCE OF LATEX PROTEIN ALLERGY Kekwick R G O Birmingham,University (European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants) Potential protein allergens causing an immediate or Type I allergic response on contact with dipped NR latex goods arise either from the endogenous proteins of latex or, in less usual circumstances, from protein added in the course of fabrication. The principal protein additive used by a few manufacturers is bovine milk casein. Although I have not been able to obtain clear evidence for the elution of this protein from glove extracts, a recent report 1 has shown that casein was the cause of a Type 1 immune response when an atopic individual came into contact with latex gloves from which the protein could be extracted. However by far the greatest number of reported Type I allergies to latex goods have been traced to the endogenous proteins. The proteins of raw latex are associated with each of the three principal phases separable by ultracentrifugation. Latex is normally preserved by the addition of 0.7% ammonia (high ammonia HA latex) or by the addition of 0.2% ammonia and other anticoagulants (low ammonia LA latex). The protein composition of the three principal phases of raw latex obtained by centrifugation, the changes which occur on preservation with ammonia and the detection and characterisation of the component polypeptides of these proteins in eluates from rubber films obtained from latex are discussed. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734430 Item 83 Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position. Conference proceedings. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.17-9. EUROPEAN MEDICAL EXPERIENCES Turjanmaa K Tampere University Hospital (European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants) The history of immediate allergy to NR latex (NRL) has mostly been connected with articles by Nutter and Forstrom, although some isolated reports date back to the 1920s. Nutter and Forstrom describe the experience of immediate symptoms by a housewife in the UK using latex gloves and a nurse in Finland using surgical gloves. These two groups of housewives and nurses still represent the most important prototypes of NRL allergy. Hundreds of new cases have since been published, with Finland, France, Germany, Spain and Sweden being the leading countries in NRL research. A review of European research is presented. 34 refs. FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734429

49

References and Abstracts

Item 84 Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position. Conference proceedings. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.7-16. LATEX ALLERGY - THE US MEDICAL EXPERIENCE Slater J E Washington,Children’s National Medical Center (European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants) Type I or immediate hypersensitivity reactions to latex were first reported in Germany in 1927. The next published case appeared 52 years later, and the earliest North American reports were published simultaneously in 1989. Over the next four years, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received over 1,100 reports of injury, and 15 of deaths associated with latex allergy. The pathophysiology of latex-induced Type I reactions, and the clinical experience with these reactions in the USA and Canada are discussed. 108 refs. USA

Accession no.734428 Item 85 Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position. Conference proceedings. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.3-6. INTRODUCTORY PAPER Russell-Fell R (European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants) It has been recognised that skin contact with rubber latex articles may, for some people, produce adverse reactions. To help understand this the nature of this versatile material and its origin are outlined. Aspects covered include NR, allergenic sensitisation, irritant contact dermatitis, Type I contact dermatitis, anaphylactoid reactions, effects of process temperature, differences with latex, increased exposure and threshold levels. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734427 Item 86 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, No.4, Sept-Oct. 1998, p.766-77 NITROSAMINE FORMATION IN RUBBER. II. INFLUENCE OF CURE Willoughby B G; Scott K W Rapra Technology Ltd. Details are given of nitrosamine formation in twenty-nine different EPDM cures. Both ingredient and processrelated effects were investigated. Two different levels of tetramethylthiuram disulphide and carbon black were variables in this study, as was the type of carbon black used. Batch effects with respect to both polymer and carbon black were also studied as was the presence or absence of mercaptobenzothiazole. 14 refs.

50

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.730170 Item 87 International Polymer Science and Technology 25, No.7, 1998, p.67-70 WAYS OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF NITROSOAMINES IN THE PRODUCTION OF TYRES AND MECHANICAL RUBBER GOODS Novopol’tseva O M; Novakov I A; Krakshin M A Volgograd,State Technical University The carcinogenicity of nitrosamines, compounds which are formed during vulcanisation by the reaction of amines produced during the thermal decomposition of certain vulcanisation accelerators with nitrosing agents, is discussed. Methods of eliminating conditions where nitrosamines may be formed and enter the human body are considered. Particular attention is paid to the elimination of the possibility of formation of nitrosamines and/or the creation of conditions for reactions of nitrosamines with certain reactants with the formation of non-toxic compounds and to the replacement of vulcanisation accelerators and other rubber mix ingredients that are capable of forming nitrosamines with amine-free compounds or with compounds containing primary amines instead of secondary amines. 30 refs. (Full translation of Kauch.i Rezina, No.2, 1998, p.5) RUSSIA

Accession no.727056 Item 88 Industria della Gomma 42, No.6, July/Aug.1998, p.19-25 Italian NOISE? NO, THANK YOU Garlanda B A survey is made of Italian legislation relating to noise in the environment, including noise generated by industrial activities. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.726277 Item 89 Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings. Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 12. 012 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING FOR SOLVENTS: NEW DEVELOPMENTS Cocker J UK,Health & Safety Executive (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal) Some of new developments in biological monitoring are described. Aspects covered include a definition of biological monitoring, some recent developments in

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

interpreting biological monitoring guidance values, new developments in breath sampling and analysis and some recent practical applications of biological monitoring.

from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

RUSSIA

Accession no.725090 Item 90 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1997. Reprints. Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct. 1997, Paper VIII NATURAL RUBBER LATEX BARRIER PROPERTIES IN MEDICINE Perrella F W Tillotson Healthcare Corp. (ACS,Rubber Div.)

Accession no.716771 Item 92 Journal of Rubber Research 1, No.3, 1998, p.146-53 BINDING PATTERNS OF IGE ANTIBODIES IN SERA OF RUBBER TAPPERS TO FRESH HEVEA LATEX SERUM PROTEINS Hasma H; Shahnaz M; Yip E; Azizah M; Mok K L; Nasuruddin B A Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia; Kuala Lumpur,Institute of Medical Research

Natural rubber latex (NRL) is the material of choice for medical gloves that require good barrier properties. Rubber latex provides good characteristics like that of forming smooth, continuous films with high tensile strength and elasticity. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration guidelines for bloodborne pathogens require that health care workers have adequate hand protection. NRL medical gloves protect the hands by reducing the passage of pathogens to the skin of the user. Medical gloves are tested for the properties of tensile strength, elongation, dimensions, and resistance to ageing and holes. Medical gloves may be tested for skin biocompatibility by the manufacturer using the ASTM standards for rabbit skin irritation, Guinea pig sensitisation, and reduced chemical sensitisation of humans using the repeat insult patch test as guidelines. While conformance with these standards implies barrier and biocompatibility effectiveness of medical gloves, it cannot always ensure safety in use. When choosing a medical glove, consideration of the tasks performed should be balanced against the desired clinical outcome. A thorough understanding of the applications for which the gloves are used is necessary to ensure that clinical needs are met. 14 refs.

The binding patterns of IgE antibodies to fresh NR latex B- and C-serum proteins were determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblotting technique. All the IgE samples were from Malaysian rubber tappers who had been skin-prick tested with extracts of gloves and food. The results obtained are presented and discussed and the reliability of the in vitro immunoblotting test in predicting latex allergy is considered. 19 refs.

USA

Prick test studies of raw materials and products of commercial natural rubber latex and highly deproteinised natural rubber latex showed different threshold levels of residual extractable protein. It is recommended that some process be introduced to decompose the protein contained in NRL. 12 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology.

Accession no.719721 Item 91 Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR) No.2, 1998, p. 5-8 Russian METHODS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF NITROSAMINES IN THE PRODUCTION OF TYRES AND INDUSTRIAL RUBBER PRODUCTS Novopol’tseva O M; Novakov I A; Krakshin M A Volgograd Polytechnic Institute A review is presented of the literature covering the avoidance of generation of nitrosamines in the production of tyres and industrial rubber products by choice of alternative curing agents and accelerators. 30 refs. Articles

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

MALAYSIA

Accession no.715451 Item 93 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 71, No.3, 1998, p.168-72 Japanese GUIDANCE FOR MAKING LATEX ALLERGY FREE NATURAL RUBBER LATEX PRODUCTS Nakade S; Hayashi M; Okada J; Tanaka Y; Bito T; Ichihashi M Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd.; Kao Corp.; Tokyo,University of Agriculture & Technology; Kobe,University

JAPAN

Accession no.713944 Item 94 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 42, No.5, July 1998, p.287-94 QUARTZ HAZARD: A VARIABLE ENTITY Donaldson K; Borm P J A

51

References and Abstracts

Napier,University; Maastricht,University An attempt is made to place the apparently conflicting findings of cancer incidence in quartz-exposed industries into a unifying thesis, based on mechanistic studies. These mechanistic studies have enabled the events leading from deposition of quartz to silicosis and cancer to be partially elucidated and have shown that the biological effects of quartz can be understood in terms of surface reactivity. Particular attention is paid to the ability of quartz to generate free radicals and cause oxidative stress and the fact that this can be modified by a range of substances that affect the quartz surface. It is, therefore, proposed that the hazard posed by quartz is not a constant entity, but one that may vary dramatically depending on the origin of the silica sample or its contact with other chemicals/minerals within its complex constitution. 57 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

DERMAL UPTAKE OF SOLVENTS FROM THE VAPOUR PHASE: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN HUMANS Brooke I; Cocker J; Delic J I; Payne M; Jones K; Gregg N C; Dyne D UK,Health & Safety Executive Groups of human volunteers were exposed to a small range of substances (xylene, toluene, THF, MEK and 1methoxypropan-2-ol) either ‘whole body’ or via the skin only. Uptake of xylene, toluene and THF vapours via the skin under the conditions of this study was estimated to contribute around 1-2% of the body burden received following whole body (including inhalation) exposure. MEK showed more uptake via the skin, contributing around 3-3.5% of the body burden. Most dermal uptake was seen for the glycol ether, for which estimates of between 5 and 10% of whole body exposure body burden were obtained. 12 refs.

Accession no.713785

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 95 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 42, No.2, Feb.1998, p.91-5 SELECTING AN ADEQUATE RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICE: CHOICE BETWEEN A RESPIRATOR AND BREATHING APPARATUS Cherrie J W Aberdeen,University; Edinburgh,Institute of Occupational Medicine

Item 97 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 42, No.7, Oct.1998, p.453-65 PERSONAL THORACIC CIP10-T SAMPLER AND ITS STATIC VERSION CATHIA-T Fabries J F; Goerner P; Kauffer E; Wrobel R; Vigneron JC Institut National de Recherche et de Securite

The U.S. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health’s IDLH (immediately dangerous to life or health) levels are compared with UK occupational exposure limits. For some substances there is a relatively small difference between the IDLH level and the short-term occupational exposure limit(STEL). The median ratio of the IDLH level to the STEL is 10 for gases and vapours and 50 for aerosols. For almost half the substances with UK occupational exposure limits, there is no IDLH value. It is concluded that the published IDLH concentrations are, on their own, an insufficient basis for selecting breathing apparatus over a filtering respirator. It is equally important to consider the likelihood that a filtering device may fail catastrophically as this determines the risk from wearing a respirator in an IDLH atmosphere. More emphasis should be placed on the control of potentially high exposure levels by means other than respiratory protection. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713784 Item 96 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 42, No.8, Nov.1998, p.531-40

52

Accession no.713720

The design of a specific version of the personal aerosol sampler CIP 10, named CIP10-T, for sampling the conventional CEN thoracic fraction is described, together with that of a static sampler, named CATHIA. The experimental assessment of sampling efficiency is discussed, with reference to aerodynamic particle sizer method and the Coulter method. 36 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713717 Item 98 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 42, No.6, Aug.1998, p.407-11 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION GUIDANCE ON ALLOCATING OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE BANDS Guest I Glaxo-Wellcome There are no occupational exposure limits for many hazardous substances which may require control of inhalation exposures. The necessary data and other resources required for setting such limits is restricted and unlikely to match the potential demand. A hazard categorisation scheme was, therefore, developed for

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

application within the chemical industry. The scheme used readily-available information on toxicological endpoints to place hazardous substances into a limited range of hazard categories, expressed as Occupational Exposure Bands. These Bands could be used as a basis for risk assessment and the selection of appropriate control regimes. 10 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713716 Item 99 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 42, No.6, Aug.1998, p.391-400 OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A STRUCTURED APPROACH TO SELECT CHEMICAL CONTROL STRATEGIES Maidment S C UK,Health & Safety Executive The occupational hygiene basis of a new UK scheme to help small firms control the health risks from supplied chemicals is explained. The scheme groups hazard information and the potential for a material to become airborne into bands and, from this information, predicts the control strategy necessary to ensure that the hazardous substance is used safely. A simple model based upon an empirical approach to risk assessment and risk management, developed for this purpose, is presented. 15 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713715 Item 100 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 42, No.6, Aug.1998, p.377-90 UK SCHEME TO HELP SMALL FIRMS CONTROL HEALTH RISKS FROM CHEMICALS: TOXICOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Brooke I M UK,Health & Safety Executive The UK’s scheme for providing practical control advice to small and medium-sized enterprises, to assist them in their risk assessments and risk management decisions, is described. The scheme makes use of toxicological hazards information indicated by R-phrases assigned under the European Union classification system to assign substances to hazard bands. An evaluation exercise, undertaken to compare the output of the scheme with established healthbased occupational exposure limits, for more than 100 substances, is discussed. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.713714

Item 101 IRC ’98. Conference Proceedings. Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.283-8. 012 French RUBBER AND ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS: REGULATIONS AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Aubin C; Coupard A; Khalfoune H; Le Huy M LRCCP; SEP-DPPC (AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle) French and European Union legislation relating to the control of emissions in the workplace is examined, with particular reference to the rubber processing industry. Air sampling and analytical procedures used in the detection of nitrosamines formed in vulcanisation reactions are reviewed. 2 refs. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.710622 Item 102 IRC ’98. Conference Proceedings. Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.259-60. 012 French STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF VULCANISATION ON N-NITROSAMINE FORMATION MECHANISMS IN RUBBERS Amelot V; Derouet D; Brosse J C; Aubin C; Gomez E Maine,Universite; LRCCP; IFOCA (AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle) The methodology used in a study of nitrosamine formation in vulcanisation processes accelerated by tetraethylthiuram disulphide is described. This involved the characterisation of nitrosable species and the mechanisms of their formation, and studies of the influence of vulcanisation reactions and curing systems on the formation of nitrosable species. The results of the study are summarised. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.710619 Item 103 Second International Conference on Carbon Black. Conference proceedings. Mulhouse, 27th-30th Sept.1993, p.277-9. 51B HEALTH STUDIES IN NORTH AMERICAN CARBON BLACK WORKERS Robertson J M Western Ontario,University (Societe Francaise de Chimie; CNRS; HauteAlsace,Universite; Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse; Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse) Since 1950, six studies of the health of North American carbon black workers have been completed and one is in

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

53

References and Abstracts

progress. Four investigations have used retrospective cohort methods to determine the occurrence of cancer and other chronic diseases in workers. A cross-sectional survey has documented the prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities in the employees of one company. The association between cumulative total dust exposure in carbon black plants and circulatory, malignant, and respiratory diseases in workers was the focus of a casecontrol study. An ongoing, prospective cohort study uses the results of periodic health examinations to examine the effects of dust exposure on workers’ respiratory function and the occurrence of chronic diseases. 7 refs. CANADA

Accession no.709127 Item 104 Second International Conference on Carbon Black. Conference proceedings. Mulhouse, 27th-30th Sept.1993, p.273-5. 51B RESULTS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS WITH MODERN EXAMINATION METHODS IN CARBON BLACK EXPOSED EMPLOYEES Kupper U; Breitstadt R; Ulmer W T (Societe Francaise de Chimie; CNRS; HauteAlsace,Universite; Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse; Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse) The influence of carbon black dust on the lungs as a result of carbon black production is not yet clear. It is generally supposed that there is no influence; so far, examinations are based on spirometric values such as the one-second forced expiratory volume test. Spirometric measured values have great inter-individual variation. Therefore it is impossible to detect individual changes in a logical way. They depend on the probands compliance and partly on the respiratory muscles. Extended abstract only. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.709126

and required all Member States to publish laws and orders to fulfil the requirements not later than 1st September 1996. Many petroleum products require labelling, as they may cause cancer. The influence of this Directive to aromatic process oils quality is discussed considering that these oils are a substantial part of rubber compounds. CZECH REPUBLIC; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.708412 Item 106 Polimery Tworzywa Wielkoczasteczkowe 40, No.5, May 1995, p.268-73 Polish HARMFUL AND TOXIC COMPOUNDS IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY: N-NITROSAMINES THEIR FORMATION AND METHODS OF DETERMINATION Kleps T; Domanski W Stomil,Institute of the Rubber Industry The authors discuss the problem of hazards due to toxic chemical compounds, particularly carcinogenic Nnitrosamines, formed during the production and application of rubber products. A special danger exists as a result of the release of these substances into the environment during processing and use of products intended for direct contact with the human body, particularly in the case of products for children (dummies, toys etc.). Using data from the literature the authors characterise the type and level of concentration of toxic chemicals involved in the production and application of rubber products and describe the methods of identification and quantitative determination of toxic and carcinogenic N-nitrosamines. The most modern and useful method is gas chromatography using a thermal energy detector. 32 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Item 105 Slovak Rubber Conference ’97. Conference proceedings. Puchov, 20th-21st May 1996, p.343-9. 4 Czech THE 21 DIRECTIVE ON THE ADAPTATION TO TECHNICAL PROGRESS OF THE DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES DIRECTIVE Valdauf J; Dejmalova M BP Czech Republic AS (Matador AS) Harmonised carcinogenity classifications were recently agreed by EU Member States for many petroleum substances and have been published in the 21st Adaptation to Technical Progress (ATP) of the Dangerous Substances Directive. The Directive was issued in December 1994

54

Accession no.704205 Item 107 Rubber and Plastics News 2 19, No.22, 3rd Aug.1998, p.4 OWNBY: ALLERGIC REACTIONS VARY Reinhard P This article explains the varying degrees of allergic reaction to natural latex rubber, from mild to fatal. Information comes from a presentation given at the International Latex Conference, by Dennis Ownby, a professor at the Medical College of Georgia. GEORGIA,MEDICAL COLLEGE USA

Accession no.703507

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 108 Industria della Gomma 41, No.8, Oct.1997, p.15-9 Italian WHAT RESTRICTIONS ON HAZARDOUS MATERIALS? Garlanda B

protein was in the range 50-120 nanogram protein per gram NRL. It is proposed that the proteolytic effect of enzymes may be used to reduce leachable proteins to safe levels, by the introduction of a purpose-designed proteolytic step in the product manufacturing process. 12 refs. Translation of Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi No. 3, 1998, p.168

A survey is made of European Union directives regulating the use of hazardous chemicals and other industrial materials. A list is presented of carcinogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic substances covered by Directive 97/10/CE.

JAPAN

EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.702478 Item 109 Elastomery 2, No.1, 1998, p.27-33 Polish RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT IN FIELD OF IMPROVEMENT OF ECOLOGY IN RUBBER INDUSTRY. I. ELIMINATION OF CAUSES OF NNITROSAMINES FORMATION Kleps T; Rajkiewicz M STOMIL Areas in which improvements have been attained in rubber manufacture with regard to ecology at the workplace and in contact with rubber goods are described. Some of the problems related to the carcinogenicity of N-nitrosamines formed during rubber processing are discussed. Methods proposed by several authors for elimination of the problems arising from N-nitrosamines are considered. The main trend is the use of ‘safe accelerators’ in place of the traditional amine accelerators used for diene rubber vulcanisation. New accelerators and chemicals for rubber processing are proposed. 31 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.699064 Item 110 International Polymer Science and Technology 25, No.3, 1998, p.T/29-32 STUDIES OF HIGH PURITY NATURAL RUBBER V: PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES ON THE DESIGN OF LATEX ALLERGY FREE NRL PRODUCTS Nakade S; Hayashi M; Okada J; Tanaka Y; Bito T; Ichihashi M Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd.; Kao Corp.; Tokyo,University of Agriculture & Technology; Kobe,University Water-soluble protein persists in small levels in rubber gloves and similar natural rubber latex (NRL) dipped products, and may cause allergies in users. The results of allergy tests on a group of patients are reported. It was established that the threshold concentration for leachable

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.697039 Item 111 Rubber and Plastics News 27, No.25, 13th July 1998, p.14-5 LATEX ALLERGIES CAUSE GOVERNMENT CONCERN Moore M This article reports that in the USA, growing concern over natural rubber latex sensitivities has led federal government regulators and state legislators to seek solutions via rule making. It looks at state bills, and also a new latex allergy prevention guide from the US National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health. US,GOVERNMENT; ALLEGIANCE CORP.; JOHNSON & JOHNSON; REGENT CORP.; US,NATIONAL INST.FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH; US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.696172 Item 112 Rubber and Plastics News 27, No.25, 13th July 1998, p.12-3 ALLERGIC REACTIONS TO LATEX CONDOMS VARY Moore M This article explores the dangers of latex condoms, and explains that they do not pose the same threat as powdered high-protein latex gloves. However, sensitivities are discussed, and alternatives on the market are highlighted, such as Durex Avanti polyurethane condoms, and the Reality female condom, also made from PU. US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LONDON INTERNATIONAL GROUP PLC; FEMALE HEALTH CO.; ANSELL INC. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.696171 Item 113 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, No.2, May/June 1998, p.310-22 NITROSAMINE FORMATION IN RUBBER. I. INFLUENCE OF MIXING HISTORY Willoughby B G; Scott K W

55

References and Abstracts

RAPRA Technology Ltd. N-Nitrosodimethylamine formation was studied in a range of TMTD-accelerated, carbon black-filled rubber formulations including EPDM, SBR, NR and NBR rubbers. Two levels of TMTD and carbon black were variables in this study, as was the type of carbon black used (N330 and N550). The use of statistical experimental design showed that reliable data on nitrosamine formation in vulcanisates could be obtained by paying strict attention to process history. For the SBR, NR and NBR rubbers, a correlation was observed between the temp. reached on mixing and the level of nitrosamine generated on subsequent vulcanisation. For these rubbers, the effect of this process history outweighed that of any ingredient variable. While allowing new insights to be gained on nitrosamine formation in rubber, these results allow development of a self-consistent mechanism for nitrosation processes where the reactions in diene rubbers mirrored those in air. 14 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.692441 Item 114 NRC 98 - Nordic Rubber Conference 1998. Conference proceedings. Halmstad, Sweden, 4th-5th June 1998, paper 6. 012 INTEGRATED NETWORK OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Kleiner T; Schuch A Bayer AG; Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH (Sveriges Gummitekniska Forening; NGTR) In this paper, Bayer’s efforts in the Responsible Care programme are explained and examples of processes with integrated environmental protection are given. Products are presented which can be used to advantage to reduce any environmental and health risks. SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.692113 Item 115 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1747, 31st July 1998, p.8 CALENDERS GET NEW GUIDANCE FROM THE HSC The Health & Safety Commission’s rubber sector group has published new guidance on how to ensure safety at calendering processes in the industry, it is briefly reported. The guidance contains advice on identifying and effectively safeguarding the main mechanical hazards at the calender rolls and at the auxiliary equipment in the calendering line. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.688839

56

Item 116 Polymers Paint Colour Journal 188, No.4405, June 1998, p.24 ADVANCE WARNING: CHEMICAL AGENTS AT WORK Candon J Denton Hall The Council Directive on the Protection of the Health and Safety of Workers from the Risks related to Chemical Agents at Work has been adopted on the basis of a previous Directive which laid down a framework of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work. The stated objective of this Directive is to lay down more detailed requirements for the protection of workers from risks to their health and safety arising, or likely to arise, from the effects of chemical agents. EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.687663 Item 117 Tire Technology International 1998, p.57-62 REPLACING RESORCINOL AND RESORCINOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESINS IN BRASS-COATED WIRE ADHESION SYSTEMS. Stuck B L; Souchet J-C; Morel-Fourier C SOVEREIGN CHEMICAL CO.; CECA Additives to enhance adhesion are an important element in compounding as resorcinol and resorcinol-formaldehyde resins have been used in combination with hexamethoxymelamine as an adhesion system to help bond rubber compounds to brass-coated steel wire. This is the common adhesion system in steel-belted radial passenger and truck tyres and other brass-coated wire reinforced rubber compounds. Resorcinol is a hazardous chemical and some health concerns have arisen over the use of this additive. This comprehensive article supplies a detailed examination of the replacement of resorcinol and resorcinol-formaldehyde with new modified resorcinol based resins and modified phenolic reinforcing resins, together with their formulations, properties and performance. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.685060 Item 118 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.757, March 1997, p.59-62 French REDUCING N-NITROSAMINES Amelot V; Gomez E; Aubin C; Derouet D; Brosse J C LRCCP; IFOCA; Maine,Universite The formation of nitrosable species by the decomposition of a tetraethylthiuram disulphide accelerator during vulcanisation

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

were investigated in an inert medium (hexatriacontane) and in 1,4-polyisoprene model compounds (squalene and 4methyloctene), and the influence of curing system ingredients (stearic acid and zinc oxide) on the formation of nitrosable species was evaluated. Trace amounts of diethylamine (DEA) in the accelerator played a significant role in the formation of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), and decomposition of the accelerator into nitrosable species occurred through the formation and decomposition of diethyldithiocarbamic acid. These results suggested two complementary methods for limiting the formation of NDEA, i.e. purification of the accelerator to reduce its DEA content and preventing decomposition of diethyldithiocarbamic acid. Zinc oxide was effective in inhibiting its decomposition. 16 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.682359 Item 119 Industria della Gomma 41, No.1, Jan./Feb.1997, p.18-22 Italian IMPROVEMENTS IN FEEDING SYSTEMS FOR MICROINGREDIENTS IN RUBBER COMPOUNDING Solinas M; Mazzoleni F Govoni Sim Bianca SpA Approaches to automation in the weighing and feeding of additives in rubber compounding are discussed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Blue Mountains, Australia, 12th-15th Oct.1997, paper 1. 012 PAH IN OILS: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Ward G Ampol Petroleum (Australasian Plastics & Rubber Institute) Mineral petroleum oils are used in the rubber industry in processing. The properties of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as a component of the refined oils are used to advantage in rubber formulations. Apart from this oils with higher PAH levels are less refined and hence are less expensive. Although The International Agency for Research on Cancer has no regulatory role, its judgements on carcinogenicity are considered the most authoritative within the scientific community . Both experimental and epidemiological studies have shown that high PAH levels in lubricating base oils can induce skin cancer in animals and humans. Therefore for occupational health reasons exposure to high level polyaromatic hydrocarbon containing oils must be avoided. 6 refs. AUSTRALIA

Accession no.679796 Item 122 Industria della Gomma 40, No.9, Nov.1996, p.16-9 Italian MACHINE SAFETY: FOUR DIRECTIVES Garlanda B

Accession no.682347

The provisions of European Union directives relating to the safety of machinery are reviewed.

Item 120 Rubber Asia 12, No.3, May-June 1998, p.23-4 LATEX ALLERGY: RISK POTENTIAL AND LIABILITY Vance P Crusader Chemical Co.

EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Following the award of 1 million US dollars in damages to a radiology technician who successfully argued that medical glove manufacturer, Smith and Nephew, was negligent, the growing numbers of such product liability cases against latex medical glove manufacturers in the United States, is examined. The technician based her case on the claim that the company had been negligent in taking the proper precautions to reduce the protein levels and to notify the public of the risk. USA

Accession no.681181

Accession no.679070 Item 123 Rubber and Plastics News 28, No.17, 23rd March 1998, p.6 STUDY TARGETS LATEX ALLERGIES Moore M This short article reports that the Medical College of Wisconsin in the USA will monitor a thousand healthcare workers in a five year study of natural rubber latex allergies, using funding from the National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health. Brief details are provided. US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPA.SAFETY & HEALTH; WISCONSIN,MEDICAL COLLEGE USA

Item 121 Polymer Technology for the New Millennium. Conference proceedings.

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.678759

57

References and Abstracts

Item 124 Journal of Natural Rubber Research 12, No.2, 1997, p.120-30 CORRELATION BETWEEN TOTAL EXTRACTABLE PROTEINS AND ALLERGEN LEVELS OF NATURAL RUBBER LATEX GLOVES Yip E; Palosuo T; Alenius H; Turjanmaa K Malaysia,Rubber Research Institute; Helsinki,National Public Health Institute; Tampere University Hospital Certain proteins or peptides eluting from NR latex products can cause immediate hypersensitivity reactions (Type I allergy) in subjects sensitised to them. The amount of total extractable proteins in manufactured latex products is believed to reflect reasonably well their corresponding allergenic protein level, but only a few studies have been published to substantiate this. An attempt is made to compare a widely used total protein measurement assay, namely, the RRIM modified Lowry test (EP RRIM) to latex allergen analysis, carried out by specific IgE-ELISA-inhibition tests. A series of 46 widely marketed medical NR latex gloves is investigated. Their EP RRIM values range from less than 20 micron/g to 1290 micron/g, and their allergen content vary from less than one AU/ml to 570 AU/ml. In the measurement of allergen contents, the reference allergen mixture is prepared from serum proteins of fresh Hevea latex, and IgE antibodies are sourced from both adults and spina bifida children sensitive to latex. Results show that the allergen levels are very well correlated with the total extractable protein contents. With the exception of a few, gloves with high total extractable proteins are generally found to have high allergen contents, and vice versa. Gloves with EP RRIM levels of 0.1 mg/g or 100 microns/g and below always have very low allergen contents. 20 refs. FINLAND; MALAYSIA; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.676596 Item 125 International Polymer Science and Technology 24, No.7, 1997, p.T/54-63 PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING POLYFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS AND MECHANISMS OF THEIR ACTION IN ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS Mukhutdinov A A; Mukhutdinov E A Kazan,State Technological University In recent years, stringent requirements concerning ecological safety have been laid down for additives to elastomer compositions. This is due to the fact that a number of components currently used in the production, processing and vulcanisation of elastomer compositions form carcinogenic substances. This applies, in particular, to the amine-containing components of sulphur vulcanising systems, which at increased temperatures form amine

58

radicals leading to the formation of amines. The latter, in the presence of nitrogen oxides in air, of compounds with a nitroso group in elastomer compositions, and of NO3 ions in the salt melts used for vulcanisation, undergo nitrosation with the formation of N-nitrosamines. Here, the concentration of N-nitrosoamines in the air of working premises can be hundreds of times greater than the maximum permissible concentration, which is due to their escape into the air when dust of powder components is released. Amine-containing additives posed danger not only in processes of rubber goods production, but also during the storage and service of products. On the basis of accumulated data of the International Cancer Research Agency, the rubber industry can be classified as among those industries having a reliably established carcinogenic effect on the human body. Therefore, the elimination of the formation of N-nitrosoamines in the production and service of products of elastomer compositions is an urgent problem of the rubber industry. This problem can be solved by replacing traditional amine-containing compounds with ecologically safe compounds that exhibit the properties of sulphur vulcanisation accelerators, scorch retarders, antiagers and anti-fatigue agents. 80 refs. RUSSIA

Accession no.675109 Item 126 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.752, Sept.1996, p.69-72 French LATEST GENERATION OF ACCELERATORS Rebours B; Krans J DSM France; DSM Elastomers Europe Studies were made of nitrosamine formation by a number of accelerators in EPDM compounds, and of the effects of nitrosamine-free accelerators on cure characteristics and heat resistance and compression set of vulcanisates. The results showed the possibility of reducing cure times and compression set values through the use of combinations of different nitrosamine-free accelerators. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.670803 Item 127 Rubber and Plastics News 2 19, No.4, 24th Nov.1997, p.7 CARCINOGEN LIST TARGETS RUBBER CHEMICALS Moore M This article provides information from the recentlypublished ninth “report on Carcinogens” from the US National Toxicology Program, which is recommending that rubber chemicals be listed officially as known or suspected human carcinogens. The chemicals include 1,3-butadiene and chloroprene. Details of the situation are given.

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES; UNITED STEELWORKERS OF AMERICA; US,UNITED AUTO WORKERS; US,NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM USA

Accession no.670721 Item 128 Rubber and Plastics News 2 19, No.7, 5th Jan.1998, p.3 RUBBER CHEMICAL RAISES CANCER FLAG A draft study by the National Toxicology Program claims that diethanolamine, a substance used to make rubber chemicals and other products, causes cancer in mice. The view was met by protests from the Chemical Manufacturers’ Association, which complained of technical problems in the research. Brief details are given of the findings which, amongst other reports considered by the NTP’s peer review panel, included acceptance of recommendation of a study which found evidence that pyridine, a solvent and chemical intermediate for rubber and other products, causes cancer in certain breeds of laboratory rats. US,CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSN. USA

Accession no.669294 Item 129 New York, N.Y., Van Nostrand Reinhold/John Wiley & Sons, 1996, pp.4252. 350.00. 26/2/98 15 SAX’S DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS. 9TH EDITION. 3 VOL.SET Lewis R J This comprehensive three volume set contains up-to-date hazard information on the properties of industrial materials. Each entry includes information on molecular formula, molecular weight, material description, physical properties and synonyms. Data on skin irritation, mutation, reproductive, carcinogenic and acute toxic dose is included. Each entry is also given a hazard rating on the basis of low, medium or high toxic, fire, explosive or reactivity hazard. More than 20,000 materials are listed. USA

Accession no.668233 Item 130 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.750, May 1996, p.97-102 French MIGRATION AND RUBBERS: ANALYTICAL PRACTICES AND REGULATIONS Coupard A; Le Huy M; Khalfoune H LRCCP European Union and French regulations applicable to the use of polymers in contact with foods are reviewed, and

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

mechanisms of the migration of additives and other chemicals from rubbers into foodstuffs and of food constituents into rubbers are discussed. Chromatographic techniques for the detection of trace elements in rubbers susceptible to migration are described and applied to the detection of nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 1 ref. EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.666453 Item 131 Elastomery No.3, 1997, p.37-44 Polish DETERMINATION OF TOXIC AND MALODOROUS SUBSTANCES EMITTED TO ATMOSPHERE BY RUBBER INDUSTRY Ptaszynski B Lodz,Polytechnic A description is given of methods for determining volatile chemicals in the atmosphere and the workplace when processing and curing rubber goods. Results of the determination of mercaptans, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, dimethyl disulphide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, benzene, and toluene are presented. Investigations are also presented for the determination of gaseous emissions formed during thermal decomposition of raw materials used in the rubber industry. 27 refs. EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.663225 Item 132 International Polymer Science and Technology 24, No.6, 1997, p.T/31-2 COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR DETERMINING THE COMPOSITION OF GAS EMISSIONS IN RUBBER PRODUCTION Nudel’man Z N NIIEMI The creation of a database and computer program for determination, without additional analyses, of the composition of gas emissions for vulcanisates produced by the rubber industry is reported. Tabulated information is presented on the comparative intensity of gas emissions from rubber mix IRP-1068. (Full translation of Kauch.i Rezina, No.6, 1996, p.46) CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA

Accession no.663034 Item 133 Rubber and Plastics News 27, No.8, 17th Nov. 1997, p.6 OSHA BRANCHES INVESTIGATE 2 ACCIDENTS Campanelli J

59

References and Abstracts

Two rubber industry accidents are currently being investigated by the Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Brief details are given of both incidents. The first was at Monmouth Rubber & Plastics Corp. in which a worker lost part of his hand when he reached down into an internal mixer, and the second involved a worker dying from third degree burns at Bayer when a fire broke out in the plant’s rubber chemical area. MONMOUTH RUBBER & PLASTICS CORP.; BAYER CORP. USA

Accession no.662689 Item 134 European Rubber Journal 179, No.8, Sept.1997, p.38-9 FUME & DUST STILL TOO HIGH IN UK Recent checks on dust and fume levels in UK rubber factories have shown a significant number breaching the limits set for these materials under the UK’s COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) regulations. Following inspections at about 20% of the UK’s general rubber goods factories in 1996 (117 plants), 24 improvement notices were issued under the COSHH regulations. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.661723 Item 135 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997. Conference Preprints. Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 130, pp.17. 012 RAPID ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE NNITROSAMINES IN BABY BOTTLE NIPPLES Andress M; Gurley T; Harsch S Abbott Laboratories (ACS,Rubber Div.) A new method for determining the concentration of nitrosamines in baby bottle nipples is described. The nitrosamines are purged out of the sample using a partial vacuum and heat, collected on a solid phase cartridge, eluted with methylene chloride and methanol, and measured by gas chromatography and thermal energy analysis. This method takes 3 to 4 hours to complete, compared to 2 to 3 days in the case of extraction procedures. 22 refs. USA

Accession no.659571 Item 136 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1712, 14th Nov.1997, p.11 NEW APPROACH TO POOR RECORD

60

The Health & Safety Executive aims to improve the rubber industry’s poor accident record. A training pack has been developed specifically for the industry. The comprehensive, fully references resource pack will enable companies to run in-house training programmes. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.659435 Item 137 IRC ’97. Conference proceedings. Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.360-6. 012 BINDING PATTERNS OF IGE ANTIBODIES IN SERA OF RUBBER TAPPERS TO FRESH HEVEA LATEX SERUM PROTEINS Hasma H; Yip E; Mok K L; Shahnaz M; Azizah M; Nasuruddin B A Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia; Kuala Lumpur,Institute of Medical Research (Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia) The binding patterns of IgE antibodies to fresh NR latex B- and C-serum proteins are determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblotting technique. All the IgE samples are from Malaysian rubber tappers skin prick tested with extracts of gloves and food: avocado, potato, tomato and watermelon. Two of the five IgE samples from tappers react to gloves bound to latex proteins, specifically to 35, 38 and 40 kD B-serum proteins and to 30 and 75 kD Cserum proteins. The remaining three either do not bind or bind faintly to the latex proteins. A similar binding pattern to only a few latex proteins is shown in one of the three sera of tappers reacting to both gloves and food. The other two, however, exhibit multiple bindings to a wide variety of B-serum proteins of molecular weights less than 20 to greater than 202 kD and to a number of C-serum proteins between 30 to 75 kD. The heterogeneous binding pattern is also demonstrated by 11 of the 20 IgE serum samples of tappers reacting to food and by 25 of 136 serum samples of tappers reacting negatively to both gloves and food. The fact that only two of 38 serum samples that show strong multiple binding pattern correspond to a positive skin prick test to gloves indicates that the in vitro immunoblotting technique is an unreliable indicator of latex allergy. 19 refs. MALAYSIA

Accession no.658903 Item 138 IRC ’97. Conference proceedings. Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.353-9. 012 MEASUREMENTS OF TOTAL EXTRACTABLE PROTEINS IN LATEX GLOVES: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RRIM AND ASTM MODIFIED LOWRY TESTS Yip E

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia) Extractable protein contents of latex gloves generated by two commonly used methods, the RRIM (MS 1392:96P) and the ASTM (D 5712-95) modified Lowry tests, are examined and their relationship studied. Total extractable proteins, EP RRIM, determined by the RRIM test, range from 1326 micro grammes/g to under 20 micro grammes/ g for 90 gloves. Their corresponding EP ASTM values, obtained by the ASTM test, vary from 1377 micro grammes/g to under 50 micro grammes/g. Statistical analysis shows a very significant correlation between them, with a coefficient of correlation, r=0.93, P is under 0.001. Generally, EP RRIM values read higher than those of EP ASTM. EP ASTM of 50 , micro grammes/g and lower are found to be associated with EP RRIM, values ranging from 267 micro grammes/g to under 20 micro grammmes/g, suggesting higher sensitivity of the latter measurements. Relevance of the two sets of EP in relation to the allergenicity/allergic potential of latex gloves is discussed. Accelerated ageing at 70 deg.C for 7 days of latex gloves results in the lowering of protein contents. The effect appears to be more pronounced for EP RRIM than for EP ASTM. 13 refs. MALAYSIA

Accession no.658902 Item 139 Journal of Natural Rubber Research 11, No.4, 1996, p.240-6 LATEX PROTEIN ALLERGY: PREVALENCE STUDY OF FACTORY WORKERS Azizah M R; Shahnaz M; Hasma H; Mok K L; Yip E; Nasuruddin B A Kuala Lumpur,Institute of Medical Research; Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia The prevalence of Type I latex protein allergy among workers in various latex glove factories in Malaysia is studied. A total of 149 subjects (108 females and 41 males) with a mean age of 30.6 years are examined both by questionnaires and by skin prick test (SPT). In the absence of a standardised SPT latex allergen mixture, the clinical test is carried out using six glove extracts with extractable protein content varying from 0.02 mg/g to 0.75 mg/g of gloves, as measured by the RRIM modified Lowry microassay. Only three subjects are found to show wheal size ranging from 2-4 mm when tested with glove extracts with extractable protein content of greater than 0.6 mg/g. Such reaction is, however, not detected in all cases when protein levels are at 0.1 mg/g or lower This prevalence as compared to those reported in the West is relatively low. 35 refs. MALAYSIA

Accession no.656289

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 140 Rubber and Plastics News 2 18, No.25, 15th Sept. 1997, p.5 RUBBER INDUSTRY-RELATED DEATHS DECLINE Moore M Statistics from the US Bureau of Labor are reported which show that job fatality rates declined slightly in 1996 for workers who make, sell, service or install tyres and rubber products. Vehicle accidents, machinery or equipment accidents and workplace violence were the most common causes of on-the-job deaths in six rubber-related employment categories last year, the National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries reported. Brief details are given of numbers in each category. USA

Accession no.655790 Item 141 Pitture e Vernici 73, No.14, Sept.1997, p.66-7 English; Italian GROUNDLESS SUSPICIONS Degussa AG It is reported that studies carried out by Degussa on the employees working at its production department do not confirm any increase in the rate of the risk of cancer caused by carbon black. Fine powders such as carbon black are suspected to endanger health. However, such a suspicion is based on tests carried out with animals and are not based on medicinal data. Important research made in the industrial medicine sector have not managed to confirm these suspicions; on the contrary, studies on morbidity (concerning the occurrence rate of the disease) do not provide any evidence on the risk caused by carbon black. The same conclusion was drawn following the research on morbidity carried out by Degussa, a leading manufacturer of carbon black in the world. The application sector of carbon black includes the production of tyres and rubbers for technical sector, printing inks, varnishes and fibres. According to the results of the research, the exposure to carbon black does not bring about any increase in the occurrence rate of human lung and respiratory diseases. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.651707 Item 142 Rubber India 49, No.6, June 1997, p.9-12 CHLORINATED RUBBER - A CASE STUDY Kerres H Bayer AG

61

References and Abstracts

This article discusses chlorinated rubber, looking in particular at: the use of carbon tetrachloride (CTC) in the chlorinated rubber process, why CTC is used as a process agent, CTC emissions, and the chlorinated process developed by Bayer AG of Germany. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.650088 Item 143 Hazardous Substances 8, No.7, July/Aug.1997, p.5 RUBBER INDUSTRY GUIDANCE The HSC’s Rubber Industry Advisory Committee (RUBIAC) has launched new publications on health and safety in the rubber industry which give advice on COSHH. The first is a legal guide and the other two provide practical guidance on particular applications: powder handling and weighing, and the use of solvents. All three are revisions of existing guidance, to incorporate changes in the law and experience gained within the industry since COSHH first came into effect. They address key issues in the industry, including occupational cancers, dermatitis and respiratory sensitisation. The booklets incorporate recent legislative changes such as COSHH 94 and developments in industrial practices such as the increasing use of water-based adhesives. Useful information on biological monitoring has also been included. According to HSE, inspectors visited about 20% of all rubber factories in 1996/97, and found that over 20% of these still did not have a COSHH assessment for rubber process dust or rubber fume. Only half of those that did exist were ‘suitable and sufficient’ in the visiting inspector’s view. The guidance is aimed at helping companies to comply fully with their legal obligations. Copies of the binder package ISBN 0 7176 1373 9, priced 18 pounds sterling, are available from HSE Books and booksellers. The COSHH section can be purchased separately. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.645232 Item 144 Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings. Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.272-80. 43C6 STATE-OF-THE-ART IN THE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE MONITORING OF AIRBORNE TDI AND MDI Booth K S; Dharmarajan V Bayer Corp. (SPI,Polyurethane Div.) A comprehensive review is presented of developments in sampling and analysis procedures for the determination

62

of airborne isocyanates. These techniques are critically examined, and some special considerations relating to the sampling of isocyanates are discussed. 17 refs. USA

Accession no.643065 Item 145 Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings. Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.12-4. 43C6 DIISOCYANATE ASTHMA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY DISORDERS Jolly A T ICI Polyurethanes (SPI,Polyurethane Div.) An examination is made of the causes, diagnosis and management of respiratory diseases connected with exposure to diisocyanates. USA

Accession no.643027 Item 146 Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings. Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.10-1. 43C6 WORK PRACTICES FOR WORKING WITH DIISOCYANATES Booth K S Bayer Corp. (SPI,Polyurethane Div.) Safety measures which should be adopted when working with diisocyanates are discussed. Exposure limits and protective equipment and clothing are examined. 4 refs. USA

Accession no.643026 Item 147 Toxic Substances Bulletin No.33, May 1997, p.1-2 SOLVENTS IN THE UK Stear D UK,Health & Safety Executive In this article information is presented on the use of solvents in the UK, examining the trends in use and application of industrial solvents, and the major driving forces behind these trends. A recent survey carried out by the UK Health & Safety Executive showed a persistent lack of safety as far as exposure is concerned. CANADA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.639597 Item 148 Hazardous Substances 8, No.2, Feb.1997, p.7-8

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

EU INDICATIVE LIMIT VALUES It is reported very briefly that a new list has been published of indicative limit values as a step towards generating a uniform minimum standard for worker exposure to airborne hazardous substances across the EU. A chart showing the new levels is included. EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.636770 Item 149 Rubber and Plastics News 2 26, No.11, 13th Jan.1997, p.7 STUDY LINKS CHEMICALS TO CANCER Moore M This article reports on the findings of a study carried out by the US National Toxicology Programme’s Peer Review Panel that three chemicals used in rubber production chloroprene, ethylbenzene and tetrahydrofuran - caused cancer in rats after inhalation tests. Details are given. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION; DUPONT; DUPONT DOW ELASTOMERS LLC USA

Accession no.636354 Item 150 151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997, Conference Preprints. Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 32, pp.6. 012 DECREASING COSTS THROUGH INFORMATION: IMPLEMENTATION OF CHEMICAL INVENTORIES AND MANAGEMENT OF MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS Lutz E A EnviroCom Systems (ACS,Rubber Div.) The use of a chemical accounting or mass balancing inventory management system to account for all chemicals entering into and exiting out of a facility is discussed. By coupling such a system with material safety data sheet management software, it is possible to determine which chemicals in a standing inventory have data sheets on file and which do not. The advantages of these systems in reducing the costs associated with material purchases, process and support operations and waste disposal are examined. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Item 151 151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997, Conference Preprints. Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 31, pp.25. 012 HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT Read R B Hanna M.A.,Rubber Compounding (ACS,Rubber Div.) Aspects of industrial health and safety management are discussed, with particular reference to accident prevention. USA

Accession no.636041 Item 152 151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997, Conference Preprints. Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 19, pp.41. 012 OSHA VOLUNTARY PROTECTION PROGRAMS Atkinson J R Monsanto Co. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Details are given of the US Occupational Safety & Health Administration’s Voluntary Protection Programmes which are aimed at improving worker safety and health through cooperation among management, employees and the government. The benefits of these programmes are illustrated by reference to the experience of Dow Chemical, Mobil Oil and Monsanto. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION; MOBIL OIL CORP.; DOW CHEMICAL CO. USA

Accession no.636032 Item 153 Rubber and Plastics News 2 18, No.10, 17th Feb.1997, p.6 PHILADELPHIA COMPANY TO MAKE HYPOALLERGENIC LATEX Moore M The US Department of Agriculture, holding a new patent to make hypoallergenic rubber latex from guayule, is reported to have licensed the technology to a newlyformed Philadelphia company - Yulex. About 20 million Americans are allergic to latex; the agency hopes that this market will provide an impetus to popularise guayule as the raw material for over 40,000 latex products, including 300 designed for medical use. Details are given. US,DEPT.OF AGRICULTURE; YULEX CORP.

USA

USA

Accession no.636042

Accession no.634279

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

63

References and Abstracts

Item 154 Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology 12, No.4, 1996, p.258-73 BLADDER CANCER IN RUBBER WORKERS. A PHENYL BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE (PBNA) EXPOSED WORKFORCE Veys C A Keele,University An extension of the follow-up period from 1985 to 1990 for two quinquennial intakes of rubber workers (newly engaged at a large tyre factory in the Midlands between 1950 and 1960) was undertaken to assess bladder cancer morbidity. This gave the opportunity to examine more closely the spatial departmental distribution of cases on a factory plan, and to contrast this with that exhibited by rubber workers employed before 1949, when two carcinogenic antioxidants, Nonox S and Agerite resin, were in use then withdrawn at the end of that year. Both these latter agents were contaminated with about 2500 ppm of betanaphthylamine, a recognised potent human bladder carcinogen, exposure to which had also almost doubled the incidence of bladder tumours in the exposed workforce. 30 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.629066 Item 155 Journal of the Adhesive and Sealant Council. Volume 1. Fall 1996. Conference proceedings. San Francisco, Ca. 3rd-6th Nov.1996, p.69-81. 6A1 ECONOMICAL, LOW NITROSAMINE ULTRA ACCELERATORS Ferradino A G Vanderbilt R.T.,Co.Inc. (US,Adhesives & Sealants Council) The issue of nitrosamine formation from the decomposition of accelerators based on secondary amines during vulcanisation at elevated temperatures is being actively addressed by the rubber industry. R.T. Vanderbilt has developed two new commercially available ultra accelerators that provide an excellent balance of low toxicity, low nitrosamine formation, good technical properties, and cost effectiveness. The technology was discovered by B.F. Goodrich and is patented. The unique combination of properties offered by the new ultra accelerators based on diisobutylamine is discussed. 3 refs. GOODRICH B.F.,CO. USA

Accession no.626517 Item 156 European Rubber Journal 179, No.2, Feb.1997, p.24-5 LATEX GLOVES REACHING GOALS White L

64

Global use of all types of dipped latex gloves has now risen to well above 30 billion/year, possibly 35 billion. The US is by far the largest glove user per capita with 60 gloves per person annually. Glove and other latex product makers have put considerable resources into lowering the protein and chemical content of their products. Powdered gloves should be avoided as the powder can act as a carrier to take allergenic proteins into wound sites. Synthetic gloves are being developed, including polychloroprene and nitrile latex surgical gloves, as alternatives for the sensitised. WORLD

Accession no.619823 Item 157 Rubber and Plastics News 26, No.10, 16th Dec.1996, p.16 YEAR YIELDS MIXED GOVERNMENT RESULTS Moore M This article reports that 1996 has been a frustrating year for the US rubber industry, with regard to legislative issues. An overview of governmental regulations is provided, under the headings: the Clean Air Act, workplace exposure regulations, the International Rubber Agreement, uniform tyre grading, and association changes. US,GOVERNMENT; US,RUBBER MFRS.’ASSN. INDONESIA; MALAYSIA; USA

Accession no.618131 Item 158 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 38, No.12, 1st Dec.1996, p.1239-47 BLADDER CANCER INCIDENCE IN ARYLAMINE WORKERS Ouellet-Hellstrom R; Rench J D SRA Technologies This paper describes an investigation into the incidence of bladder cancer in a cohort of 700 workers, employees at a Connecticut chemical plant, between mid-1965 and 1989. The plant produced a number of chemicals, among them arylamines. Methods are explained, and results presented with a discussion. An epilogue is also included. 18 refs. USA

Accession no.617949 Item 159 Industria della Gomma 39, Nos.7/8, July/Aug.1995, p.31-2 Italian HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

A brief survey is made of European Union legislation relating to health and safety in the workplace, and topics discussed at seminars held by Assogomma on health and safety in the rubber industry are reviewed. ASSOGOMMA; CONFINDUSTRIA; LAB ANALISIS; CONSULENTI ASSOCIATI MILANO; BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE ITALIA; PIRELLI SPA EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.616891 Item 160 Rubber World 215, No.2, Nov.1996, p.14 OSHA CUTS BUTADIENE PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT TO 1 PPM UPON JOINT RECOMMENDATIONS The Occupational Safety & Health Administration has reduced the permissible exposure limit for 1,3-butadiene from 1,000 parts per million parts of air to 1 ppm. The agency claims that almost 10,000 workers will be better protected from cancer under the new standard. The final standard, which is expected to prevent at least 79 cancer deaths over a 45-year working lifetime, also includes a 15-minute short-term exposure limit of 5 ppm and an action level of 0.5 ppm. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.615930 Item 161 IRC ’96. International Rubber Conference. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 17th-21st June 1996, paper 75. 012 NITROSAMINES IN RUBBER - LEGISLATIVE TRENDS Loadman M J R Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn. (Institute of Materials) Before considering any legislative trends relating to nitrosamine regulations, it is helpful to know what legislation currently exists and how this position has evolved. An insight is provided into the thinking which has produced the current situation, with the aim of applying it to a future scenario. 22 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.610139 Item 162 IRC ’96. International Rubber Conference. Conference proceedings. Manchester, 17th-21st June 1996, paper 35. 012

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

NR LATEX PRODUCTS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS Pendle T D (Institute of Materials) Western markets responsible for most of the growth in dipped goods in recent years, through their requirements for single-use medical products, are also the sources of the problems facing the industry now. Western societies appear to be involved in a search for the perfectly safe life, i.e. one not only free of all actual hazards but one free of even the possibility of hazard. The two most important factors, relevant to the latex industry, arising from this quest for safety are the desire for nitrosamine-free products and the requirement for minimal, or zero, allergenic potential, the demand for these characteristics being particularly strong in the areas of medical, food-contact and child-related products. The demands for nitrosamine-free products and for freedom from Type IV allergy are such that it may only be possible to satisfy them by the use of nonsulphur vulcanising systems. An attempt is made to review the possible effects of these factors on the industry, covering ways of meeting the markets’ requirements and considering the possibilities of alternative vulcanising systems. 15 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.610051 Item 163 Plastics News(USA) 8, No.23, 5th Aug.1996, p.28 OSHA OFFICE TARGETS PLASTICS INDUSTRY SAFETY King R This article focuses on the growing issue of industrial accidents involving machinery, and looks at a pilot project of “strategic intervention” from the US Occupational Safety & Health Administration which urges plastics and rubber industry companies to use machinery shut-off, lock-out or tag-out safety devices during maintenance shut-downs and downtime. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.609868 Item 164 Rubber and Plastics News 26, No.1, 12th Aug. 1996, p.21 HEALTH CRISIS BOOSTS LATEX GOODS Sowa S This article investigates how the AIDS health scare resulted in a huge rush for latex barrier gloves and latex condoms, and reports how manufacturers reaped the

65

References and Abstracts

incidences of skin or respiratory diseases compared with the rest of the population. INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER; DEGUSSA AG

advantages. Emphasis remains on quality with these products that serve as life-savers. BAXTER TRAVENOL; ANSELL INTERNATIONAL; JOHNSON & JOHNSON; ALADAN CORP.; SAFESKIN CORP.

WORLD

MALAYSIA; THAILAND; USA

Accession no.605909

Accession no.609846 Item 165 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 57, No.10, Oct.1996, p.918-23 WORKER EXPOSURES TO NITROSAMINES IN A RUBBER VEHICLE SEALING PLANT Reh B D; Fajen J M US,National Institute for Occupa.Safety & Health Details are given of occupational nitrosamine inhalation exposures at a rubber vehicle sealing plant. 17 refs. USA

Accession no.608370 Item 166 Toxic Substances Bulletin No.31, Sept.1996, p.1-2 OCCUPATIONAL CONTACT DERMATITIS Ryecroft R UK,Health & Safety Executive This article supplies details of the incidence and causes of occupational contact dermatitis. Less severe cases can cause itchy, flaking, cracked, swollen and bleeding skin, especially on the arms and forearms. More disabling cases could mean the loss of a limb. Causative agents can be divided into irritants and allergens. The article describes the differences and suggests possible preventative measures. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.607457 Item 167 Rubber and Plastics News 25, No.27, 29th July 1996, p.15 WHO CALLS CARBON BLACK “POSSIBLE CARCINOGEN” Davis B; Shaw D Carbon black has been reclassified as a possible carcinogen by the World Health Organisation’s International Agency for Research on Cancer. The reclassification is based almost entirely on results of studies in which rats developed lung tumours in an environment of “gross lung overload with carbon black”, according to a UK consultant physician. Degussa claims the rats in the studies were exposed daily to carbon blacks at periods and levels that do not correspond with actual practice. Degussa has released the results of 25 years of medical check-ups on 677 employees at its Kalscheueren plant. The company observed no increased

66

Item 168 Analyst 121, No.8, Aug.1996, p.1101-6 DETERMINATION OF COMPLEX MIXTURES OF AIRBORNE ISOCYANATES AND AMINES. II. TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE AND AMINOISOCYANATE AND TOLUENE DIAMINE AFTER THERMAL DEGRADATION OF A TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE-POLYURETHANE Tinnerberg H; Spanne M; Dalene M; Skarping G Lund,University Hospital; Lund Institute of Technology The effectiveness of derivatisation of isocyanates with dibutylamine and selective derivatisation of amines as a method for determination of isocyanates, aminoisocyanates and amines in complex mixtures such as those formed during thermal decomposition of TDIPU in the workplace was demonstrated. 9 refs. (Pt.I, ibid, p.1095-9) SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.604344 Item 169 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 38, No.6, June 1996, p.625-30 EFFECTS OF PROLONGED LOW EXPOSURE TO METHYL ISOCYANATE Avashia B; Battigelli M C; Morgan K C; Reger R B West Virginia,University; Rhone-Poulenc; Western Ontario,University; Alderson-Broaddus College This paper reports on an assessment of human pulmonary effects from long-term, low-level exposure to methyl isocyanate in over 400 workers at a large chemical facility. Subjects and methods are explained, with results presented and discussed. 11 refs. CANADA

Accession no.603655 Item 170 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 38, No.6, June 1996, p.569-70 MORTALITY IN CARBON BLACK WORKERS IN THE UNITED STATES Robertson J McD; Inman K J Western Ontario,University; Victoria Hospital This paper provides information from a study on the mortality of carbon black workers in the USA, which

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

updated an earlier study to include an additional 20,000 person-years of observation and extended the follow-up from 1935 to 1994. Methods are explained, and the results obtained are presented and discussed. 12 refs.

A list is presented of 157 substances and their classifications as at March 1995. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

CANADA; USA

Accession no.598417

Accession no.603654 Item 171 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 49, No.7-8, July/Aug.1996, p.514/20 PROCESS OILS FOR THE RUBBER INDUSTRY LEGAL BASIS AND ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL CARCINOGENICITY von Meyerinck L; King D; Riley A; Wommelsdorff R BP Oil Europe; BP Oil Deutschland GmbH; BP Oil Product Stewardship Group The development and current status of European legislation relating to the carcinogenicity classification of the range of aromatic naphthenic and paraffinic process oils supplied to the rubber industry are reviewed. The available analytical markers and short-term tests for the assessment of carcinogenic potential are considered and discussed in relation to process oils. 31 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.602880 Item 172 Reinforced Plastics 40, No.9, Sept.1996, p.17 STUDY POINTS TO CANCER RISK FROM STYRENE A major international study carried out by the World Health Organisation’s International Agency for Research on Cancer has found some increased risk of cancer in workers exposed to styrene. The participants’ exposure to styrene was reconstructed through job histories, environmental and biological monitoring data, and production records of the plants in the study. INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.602764 Item 173 Industria della Gomma 39, No.5, May 1995, p.16-21 Italian CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES IN THE WORKPLACE Garlanda B The provisions of EU legislation concerning the use of carcinogenic substances in the workplace are examined.

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 174 Occupational Health Review No.62, July/Aug.1996, p.5 BEWARE OF HIDDEN LATEX ALLERGIES Occupational asthma due to latex is reported to have remained undiagnosed in a hospital worker for about five years because her exposure to latex was purely indirect and therefore unsuspected. It seemed unlikely because the woman, a medical secretary, did not handle medical gloves during her work. She also had not used cleaning gloves, or other latex materials, including condoms. Moreover, all cases of latex-induced occupational asthma had been reported only in workers manufacturing or using latex gloves. The source of the woman’s asthma remained a mystery; skin-prick tests with common inhalant allergens gave negative results. Sensitisation to latex was only considered after she developed contact urticaria from wearing household latex gloves. It was also observed that asthma symptoms became less frequent after the hospital changed to PVC examination gloves. The woman had developed occupational asthma from inhalation of airborne latex allergens. She became exposed to the aeroallergy when she had to walk though the emergency rooms to carry medical files. Very brief details are noted. 1 ref. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.597503 Item 175 Hazardous Substances 7, No.7, July/Aug.1996, p.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT: NEW BRITISH STANDARD The British Standards Institute has launched a new standard, BS 8800, as a strategy document for compliance with the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992. Described as a do-it-yourself kit for managers with little or no experience of health and safety management, it has sections on risk assessment, organising management systems, planning and implementation, performance measurement and auditing. The suggested quick benefits of implementing BS 8800 are a reduction in accidents and work-related ill health, which together have been estimated by HSE as costing businesses 10% of their annual profits through sick pay, insurance claims, lost production and other similar factors. Brief details are given. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.596181

67

References and Abstracts

Item 176 Plastics News International June 1996, p.24 STATIC ELECTRICITY...INVISIBLE HAZARD White G Allendale Products

Montreal, 5th-8th May 1996, paper 19, pp.7. 012 PANDORA’S BOX Jarrett E L Elastochem Inc. (ACS,Rubber Div.)

Electrostatic discharge is reported to be a potential hazard in the plastics and chemicals industries, and measures need to be taken to avoid injuries. It is the sudden transfer of electrical energy from one object to another, and can be observed when high voltages are stored in capacitors or on charged insulators. This sudden discharge releases all their stored energy. Details are given. KASUGA

A general review is presented of currently existing regulations for the handling, warehousing and use of hazardous chemicals in the rubber industry. Their impact on packaging and materials handling and the potential alternative methods of using hazardous materials safely and efficiently are discussed. Information is based upon current United Nations, US Department of Transportation, US Environmental Protection Agency, and US Occupational Safety & Health Administration Regulations.

AUSTRALIA

USA

Accession no.592867

Accession no.591660

Item 177 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 67, No.9, 1994, p.603-14 Japanese SAFETY OF RUBBER CHEMICALS Watanabe T Yokohama

Item 180 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 40, No.1, Feb.1996, p.65-77 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CARBON BLACK IN ITS MANUFACTURE: DATA FROM 1987 TO 1992 Gardiner K; Calvert I A; van Tongeren M J A; Harrington J M Birmingham,University

A survey is presented of trends in the safety and hygiene of organic rubber chemicals. Definitions of toxicity criteria are given and data on toxicity of rubber chemicals are listed. 49 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. JAPAN

Accession no.592335 Item 178 Muanyag es Gumi 31, No.9, 1994, p.228-31 Hungarian HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Scheuring I A brief review is given of the hazardous materials in general use in the rubber industry. Details are given of different carbon blacks, ageing inhibitors, accelerators and vulcanising agents. The European Community recommendations concerning the treatment, classification and packaging of hazardous materials are also reviewed. 20 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.592332 Item 179 149th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1996. Conference preprints.

68

This paper describes the exposure to carbon black dust in the first and second phase of a large multi-national epidemiological study investigating the magnitude of exposure-related effects such as respiratory morbidity. 29 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.587194 Item 181 Chimica e l’industria 76, No.12, Dec.1994, p.774-8 CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM DISTILLATES FOR TOXICOLOGICAL PURPOSES: A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH Locati G; Fantuzzi A; Maggi L; Riganti V Pirelli SpA; Pavia,University Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aromatic distillates used as plasticisers in the rubber industry were determined by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. The results were compared with those obtained by the IP 346/80 method used in the determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds, and by the Grimmer method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on the results, suggestions are made for approaches to the toxicological classification of petroleum products. 11 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.586668

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 182 Rubber World 213, No.4, Jan.1996, p.17 ESTIMATION OF PROTEIN CONTAMINATION IN LATEX Alam A Geno Technology Inc. Because of the health risk associated with latex protein, latex-based products that are likely to come into contact with humans require removal of the protein and careful monitoring of the protein content in the finished products. A simple and reliable method for estimation of protein content in latex called the Latex dotMetric protein assay has been developed. A proprietary test strip and reagent solutions have been developed such that when a 1 ul protein solution is applied onto the test strip, it produces compact and symmetrical protein spots. The diameters of the protein spots are proportional to protein concentration. This method has been found to be more sensitive than the Lowry method. 1 ref. USA

Accession no.584541 Item 183 European Rubber Journal 178, No.4, April 1996, p.27-30 MANAGING LATEX PROTEIN ALLERGY White L The Finnish National Public Health Institute and a team from the Universities of Helsinki and Tampere recently reported a step forward in establishing which proteins in latex cause allergic reactions. This work identified hevein, which has been extracted from a highly allergenic brand of surgeon’s gloves, as a significant latex allergen. Between 5 and 17% of healthcare workers are reported to be sensitised to latex because of their high exposure to the material, mainly in the form of gloves. Powder-free gloves are said to be essential to minimise environmental contamination and subsequent patient and employee exposure to latex proteins bound to powder particles. Improved test methods and standards are still called for. WORLD

Accession no.584489 Item 184 148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995. Conference Preprints. Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 12, pp.14. 012 DOWNSTREAM PROCESS IMPACTS OF SPECIALITY ANTITACKS, PELLET AND STRIP McAlaine R M Namico Inc. (ACS,Rubber Div.)

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

An examination is made of problems associated with the use of antitack agents in the tyre industry. Effects on downtime and tyre quality and aspects of health and safety and maintenance, cleaning and disposal costs are discussed. USA

Accession no.580200 Item 185 London, 1995, pp.16. 10ins. 30/6/95. 123 SAFE TO BREATHE. DUST AND FUME CONTROL IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY UK,Health & Safety Commission This leaflet was prepared by the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee, and agreed by the Health & Safety Commission. It contains notes on good practice which are not compulsory, but which may prove helpful in dust and fume control. Accession no.576849 Item 186 Rubber and Plastics News 2 17, No.3, 13th Nov.1995, p.5 OSHA REOPENING FILE ON METHYLENE CHLORIDE Moore M OSHA has reopened its record on methylene chloride following carcinogenicity studies carried out on mice by Zeneca Central Toxicology Laboratories for the Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance. The study reported that although mice are uniquely sensitive at high exposure levels to methylene chloride-induced lung and liver cancer, other species including humans were not at similar risk. Brief details are given of the study. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.576389 Item 187 Archives of Environmental Health 50, No.5, Sept.-Oct.1995, p.337-40 OUTBREAK OF NAPHTHALENE DIISOCYANATE-INDUCED ASTHMA IN A PLASTICS FACTORY Fuortes L J; Kiken S; Kakowsky M Iowa,University; US,National Institute for Occupa.Safety & Health; Iowa Methodist Occupational Medicine Seven cases of possible naphthalene diisocyanate related occupational asthma occurred in 1987 and 1988. These cases were reported to the National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health by personnel at a factory that manufactures plastic wheels for fork-lift trucks. The reporting of cases prompted (a) an evaluation of the work-

69

References and Abstracts

place, including a medical screening of workers, to detect additional cases; and (b) an industrial hygiene survey to determine level of exposure to isocyanates. 14 refs. USA

Accession no.568082 Item 188 European Rubber Journal 177, No.11, Nov.1995, p.38 BLIC SAYS TYRE DEBRIS NO HAZARD White L The Brussels based organisation of European rubber manufacturers’ associations, BLIC, has issued a statement refuting some of the more dramatic claims in a Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate (KEMI) report on tyre debris. The KEMI data raised the question of health hazards resulting from the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of the high aromatic oils used in tyre formulations. BLIC claims that studies have shown that when tyre rubber is abraded onto the road during normal tyre wear, both the rubber and the PAHs in it are rapidly broken down and destroyed by natural biological and thermo-oxidative processes. BLIC BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.567591 Item 189 Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe 47, No.6, 1994, p.399-404 German NITROSAMINE-FREE VULCANISING SYSTEMS FOR EPDM Hofmann W; Diederichsen J Deutsche Oelfabrik The author outlines the problems with N-nitrosamines in the rubber industry, covering the biological effect of Nnitrosamines and their hazards, laws relating to the handling of these substances and the consequences of these for the rubber industry, and methods of reducing their formation (use of sulphenamides, safe amines, triazines, xanthogenates and dithiophosphates). Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.565950 Item 190 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 48, No.9, Sept.1995, p.600-5 German NEW EVALUATION OF DITHIOPHOSPHATES WITH REFERENCE TO ACCELERATORS INCAPABLE OF FORMING N-NITROSAMINES

70

Graf H J; Issel H M Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH The introduction of dithiophosphates in rubber chemistry is shown to offer an alternative to classical accelerators with reference to technological, economic and toxicological factors, the dithiophosphates being unable to form N-nitrosamines. Examples are given of optimised mixtures based mainly on dithiophosphates and exhibiting a comparable set of physical properties to conventional systems. The potential design of bloom-free curing systems for EPDM via dithiophosphates is described. 13 refs. (dkt ’94, Stuttgart, Germany, June 1994) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.564587 Item 191 Rubber and Plastics News 24, No.19, 10th April 1995, p.6 EPA: RUBBER INDUSTRY CUTS 1993 TOXIC RELEASES Moore M With figures from the US Environmental Protection Agency, this article reports that US industry cut its toxic chemical releases by 12.6% in 1993, with the rubber industry generally showing larger decreases. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; DUPONT; GOODYEAR USA

Accession no.561249 Item 192 Rubbercon ’95. Conference Preprints. Gothenburg, 9th-12th May 1995, Paper F2, pp.10. 012 RESPONSIBLE CARE IN THE SWEDISH RUBBER INDUSTRY Ringstrom A Association of Swedish Chemical Industries (Nordic Council of Rubber Technology) The objectives of the responsible care initiative in improving health, safety and environmental protection in the Swedish rubber industry are outlined. Examples are presented of improvements which have been achieved in the substitution of hazardous additives and cleaning materials and the organisation of safety procedures in the workplace, and reference is made to a project which was undertaken to assess the environmental impact of rubber chemicals and vulcanisation fumes. CEFIC; KAROLINSKA HOSPITAL EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.560454

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 193 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 37, No.6, June 1995, p.749-54 DEATHS FROM ACUTE EXPOSURE TO TRICHLOROETHYLENE Ford E S; Rhodes S; McDiarmid M; Schwartz S L; Brown J US,National Center for Environmental Health; Baltimore Gas & Electric Co.; Occupational Safety and Health Administration; Georgetown,University; Ramsey Clinic Details are reported on deaths attributed to trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure that occurred between 1975 and 1992. A case history is reported from the most recent death, including tissue concentration modelling. Recommendations are given on working practices to reduce the risk from exposure to TCE. 31 refs. USA

Accession no.558288 Item 194 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 37, No.6, June 1995, p.725-38 MAN-MADE VITREOUS FIBRES AND RISK OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CANCER: A REVIEW OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE I-Min Lee; Hennekens C H; Trichopoulos D; Buring J E Harvard Medical School; Harvard School of Public Health A review is presented of the available evidence regarding the safety, in particular the epidemiologic data, on manmade vitreous fibres (MMVF) and the risk of respiratory system cancer. Glass fibres (especially glass wool) have been studied most extensively. Taken together, the data indicate that among those occupationally exposed, glass fibres do not appear to increase risk of respiratory system cancer. Details of studies on rock and slag wool are examined. There are no published studies, in humans, of refractory ceramic fibres. 42 refs. USA

Accession no.558287 Item 195 Sudbury, 1994, pp.12 8 ins. 15/3/95. 921 GETTING TO GRIPS WITH MANUAL HANDLING. RUBBER - A SHORT GUIDE FOR EMPLOYERS UK,Health & Safety Executive A guide for employers is presented providing information about manual handling in the rubber industry, and the responsibilities of the employer to minimise any risks to personal injury by implementing proper training, the use

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

of automation where appropriate, and the provision of mechanical aids if necessary. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.556647 Item 196 Urethanes Technology 12, No.1, Feb/March 1995, p.3 MOCA’S BACK - YET AGAIN Reed D The article supplies brief details of a report in the Sunday Times which alleges that three separate studies of workers at Hickson International, a former manufacturer of MOCA, have been suppressed. The studies reveal that workers involved in the manufacture of MOCA have above average levels of bladder cancer. The BRMA have advised members to try to find a potentially less toxic curing agent. HICKSON INTERNATIONAL EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.555305 Item 197 Journal of Natural Rubber Research 9, No.4, 1994, p.270-7 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IDENTIFY DIFFERENT ANTIGENS IN PROTEINS ELUTED FROM NATURAL RUBBER LATEX GLOVES OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES Cardosa M J; Hamid S; Samuel-Verghese S; Yeang H Y Universiti Sains Malaysia; Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to show that proteins eluted from different samples of NR latex gloves contained different relative proportions of various antigens as defined by monoclonal antibodies directed against B-serum and C-serum proteins. Some gloves with low total protein content were shown to have a high proportion of one of these antigens, but negligible amounts of other antigens, while some other gloves had high levels of more than one antigen tested. These differences became important if some of these antigens were more allergenic than others. This report highlighted the inadequacy of total protein quantification in the absence of specific immunoassays as a measure of the safety of a product. 7 refs. MALAYSIA

Accession no.555244 Item 198 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 48, No.5, May 1995, p.364-9 German

71

References and Abstracts

N-NITROSAMINES - THE CHALLENGE AND THEORETICAL/PRACTICAL APPROACH TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM Seeberger D; Raabe G Eidgenossische Materialprufungs- und Forschungsanstalt; Huber & Suhner AG The results of toxicological studies, via animal testing, of N-nitrosamines and of the carbocations and carbenium ions derived therefrom are discussed and the initiation of carcinogenesis in animals by these metabolites of Nnitrosamines is considered. The widely-accepted metabolism of N-nitrosamines to carbenium ions is demonstrated. In order to understand the carcinogenic potential of one carbenium ion and not of another, however, the heat of formation is calculated for carbenium ions from readily-available thermodynamic data. Calculation of the energies of formation is described and a hypothesis on carcinogenicity/non-carcinogenicity is formulated. 19 refs. (dkt 94, Stuttgart, June 1994) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.553723 Item 199 Industria della Gomma 38, No.5, May 1994, p.21-3 Italian AROMATIC AMINE CONTAINING PREPARATIONS: HOW SHOULD THEY BE LABELLED? Garlanda B A survey is made of requirements under EC and Italian regulations for the labelling of packages for preparations containing aromatic amines. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.552402 Item 200 Archives of Environmental Health 50, No.1, Jan/Feb.1995, p.44-60 EFFECTS ON RESPIRATORY MORBIDITY OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CARBON BLACK: A REVIEW Gardiner K Birmingham,University A number of studies have used chest radiographs, spirometry, and respiratory symptoms as a means of assessing the various populations, but almost all of the studies have either methodological shortcomings or fail to report the necessary detail. However, exposure-related effects are evident in those populations studied in terms of small opacities, reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced mid-expiratory flow, and symptoms of chronic bronchitis. 45 refs.

72

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.551532 Item 201 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 48, No.4, April 1995, p.276-80 CURING FUMES - A LARGE-SCALE STUDY Asplund J Trelleborg Industri AB Five carbon black-filled rubber compounds with typical sulphur-curing systems and one rubber compound with a peroxide-curing system, based on different polymers and other ingredients, were studied. The results showed that amines and sulphur compounds were the main compounds in the vapour phase of curing fumes from sulphur curing. Amines together with aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were the main components of the vapour phase of curing fumes from peroxide curing. The emission of curing fumes contributed only slightly to the pollution in the urban environment in comparison with other sources, e.g. the traffic. Cleaning methods, using oxidation (thermal and catalytic), adsorption (active carbon), absorption (scrubbing), biofiltration and condensation, were studied with regard to curing fumes. The adsorption on active carbon was shown to be the most economic of the methods studied. 11 refs. SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.550871 Item 202 Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology 11, No.1, 1995, p.86-8 CORRIGENDUM. BLADDER CANCER IN RUBBER WORKERS Veys C A Keele,University A correction is presented to an earlier paper on bladder cancer as an industrial disease in the British rubber industry (ibid, 8, No.1, 1992, p.1-14). A misprint in the original paper led to a misalignment of some of the agegroups in the initial array for the technique of comparative cohort analysis and the expectation of bladder tumour morbidity (incidence) thus became artificially elevated. 3 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.550804 Item 203 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 37, No.3, March 1995, p.336-48

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES AND FEMALE BREAST CANCER MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES Cantor K P; Stewart P A; Brinton L A; Dosemeci M US,National Cancer Institute Mortality records from 24 states, gathered from 1984 to 1989 and coded for occupation and industry, were used to develop leads to workplace exposures as possible breast cancer risk factors. Suggestive associations were found for styrene, several organic solvents (methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde), and several metals/ metal oxides and acid mists. 37 refs. USA

Accession no.548635

Item 204 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 37, No.3, March 1995, p.288-93 OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS FOR BRAIN TUMOURS AMONG WOMEN IN SHANGHAI, CHINA Heineman E F; Yu-Tang Gao; Dosemeci M; McLaughlin J K US,National Cancer Institute; Shanghai Cancer Institute Occupation and industry at the time of diagnosis were identified for 276 incident primary brain tumour cases among women in Shanghai for 1980-4. Standardised incidence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated for all occupations and industries with at least three female cases. Data were compared with census information on the occupation for the urban population of Shanghai. Statistically significant excesses of brain tumours were seen among grain farmers, rubber workers, and workers in transportation equipment and repair. Elevated but non-significant risks were seen among, e.g. plastics products workers. 22 refs. CHINA; USA

Accession no.548634 Item 205 Rubber and Plastics News 2 16, No.12, 20th March 1995, p.3 STUDY SAYS LATEX RISK MAY BE GREATER Moore M Results are discussed of a study carried out amongst personnel at the Mont-Godinne Hospital in Belgium, to find the percentage of asthmatic reactions amongst those working with latex. Skin prick and inhalation tests were used. As a result of the study, latex allergy experts claim these results underscore the need to label products containing latex, and even setting protein content limits for latex goods.

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.548375 Item 206 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 39, No.1, Feb.1995, p.55-61 PROTOCOL FOR SYSTEMATIC WORKPLACE INVESTIGATION IN THE RUBBER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY van Tongeren M; Kromhout H; Swuste P Birmingham,University; Wageningen,Agricultural University; Delft,University A protocol for systematic workplace investigation in the Dutch rubber manufacturing industry was developed. The protocol, based on results and experiences of an industrywide hygiene study, made it possible to evaluate and control hazardous working conditions in rubber manufacturing facilities not included in the hygiene study. Emphasis was on assessment of exposure to particulates, rubber fumes, solvents and noise, and of dermal exposure to contaminants, but also of exposure to vibration, extreme climatic conditions, deleterious working postures, accident risks and unhealthy working habits. Data were collected by using questionnaires and check-lists with the analysis being performed using a large number of decision trees which were based on the best technical means of controlling hazardous working conditions. It was found that the protocol could be a useful tool for evaluating control measures, for indicating better means of controlling hazardous working conditions and for setting priorities for exposure monitoring and workplace improvement. 8 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.547263 Item 207 Rubber and Plastics News 24, No.15, 13th Feb.1995, p.6 OSHA TO RETHINK PROPOSED MC RULE Moore M OSHA has withdrawn its draft workplace exposure rule on methylene chloride, it is reported, to carry out further studies, following complaints from federal budget watchdogs. Methylene chloride is a suspected carcinogen, which is used as an auxiliary blowing agent for super soft and low density flexible polyurethane foams. Brief details are given of the concerns over methodology used by OSHA to determine the cancer risk. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.545352

73

References and Abstracts

Item 208 JANUS No.18, 1994, p.7-8 CANCER RISKS DUE TO WORKING WITH CERTAIN CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES - A STUDY USING REGISTERS Hansen J Working Environment Fund It is explained that scarcity of data is a problem with research into the causes of work-related cancer, and animal experimentation is often of dubious interpretation. This article looks at a Danish research project to see if it was possible to utilise existing data from a number of computerised registers. Verifying the validity of the method is explained, results obtained are given, and conclusions drawn. DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.542037 Item 209 European Rubber Journal 177, No.2, Feb.1995, p.18-9 NITROSAMINES: THE DEBATE GOES ON White L Calls were made at a recent symposium for a new European-wide research initiative on methods for nitrosamine analysis. Doubts were expressed about the validity of analytical methods specified in the regulations on latex products and in the new EC directive concerning the release of N-nitrosamines and nitrosatable substances from elastomer or rubber teats and soothers. It was pointed out that it is extremely difficult to prevent crosscontamination in a manufacturing environment and that measurable levels of N-nitrosamines can be found in a product formulated to be nitrosamine free. Further extensive reformulation of latex products is likely to be needed to meet the latest regulatory needs and property requirements. Here, the value of the latest computerised experimental design software was pointed out. WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.540097 Item 210 New York, NY, Marcel Dekker, 1993, pp.xviii, 461. 10ins. 12/7/93. 51B CARBON BLACK SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2ND EDITION Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.; Panjab,University; Degussa AG Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J The revised and expanded second edition of this practical reference text comprises 14 chapters covering carbon black manufacture, the mechanism of its formation, its microstructure, morphology, physical and other

74

properties, the chemical structure of carbon black surface, its fractal geometry and the role of carbon black in elastomers, plastics and xerographic toners. Individual chapters deal with STM, surface energy, conductivity, and health effects of carbon black. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; GERMANY; INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.539313 Item 211 Shawbury, 1994, pp.105. LS.150. 12ins. 11/1/95. 12392171T RUBBER FUME : INGREDIENT/EMISSION RELATIONSHIPS Willoughby B Rapra Technology Ltd. This comprehensive review covers the Rapra Vulcanisation Fume Project - a unique study analysing cure volatiles from a suite of formulations using a common pool of ingredients. The experiments were conducted under strict laboratory control and the analytical findings are presented, discussed, and where appropriate compared with on-site data. This publication may be purchased from Rapra Technology Ltd. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.539295 Item 212 Ends Report No.239, Dec.1994, p.8 AIR QUALITY STANDARDS PROPOSED FOR 1,3-BUTADIENE AND CO This reports on proposed air quality standards for carbon monoxide and the carcinogen 1,3-butadiene, which have been put forward by a UK Government expert panel. Details of the proposals are provided for each of the two pollutants. UK,GOVERNMENT; WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATON; UK,DEPT.OF THE ENVIRONMENT EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.539011 Item 213 BIBRA Bulletin 33, No.4, 1994, p.135-6 RUBBER MANUFACTURE AND METHYLENE CHLORIDE This article very briefly outlines a NIOSH review which concludes that rubber manufacture employees have suffered excess deaths from cancers. It also reviews a further document which deals with methylene chloride control in furniture stripping.

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPA.SAFTEY & HEALTH USA

Accession no.539008 Item 214 Tyretech ’94. Conference proceedings. Munich, 24th-25th Oct.1994, paper 14. 6T1 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE TYRE FACTORY Czech-Scharif-Afschar K Continental AG (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal) The rubber mix of a tyre consists of several compounds. Depending on their different chemical and physical properties, some of the materials have to be regarded as a possible hazard to health, especially if they are not handled correctly. A short overview is given of hazardous substances in a tyre factory, the situation concerning special hazardous substances in the German tyre industry, German legislation aspects and activities of the German and European Rubber Manufacturers’ Associations in Germany and in Europe. 15 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.538965 Item 215 Journal of Natural Rubber Research 9, No.2, 1994, p.121-6 HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS OF SYNTHETIC ALTERNATIVES TO NATURAL RUBBER LATEX Morris M D Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn. Considerable criticism has been directed against the use of NR latex for the manufacture of elastic medical goods because of the allergic reactions that can be caused. An analysis of published data reveals that the proportion of the population affected by latex proteins is small and that the effects are usually not serious. The four main groups of alternative materials (PVC, PU, NBR and neoprene, and styrene copolymers) are considered and it is concluded that the inferior performance of these materials can lead to increased health and safety risks and that they have also been known to cause toxic and allergic effects. 27 refs. MALAYSIA

Accession no.538295 Item 216 Journal of Natural Rubber Research 9, No.2, 1994, p.96-108 FACTORY PRODUCTION OF EXAMINATION GLOVES FROM LOW PROTEIN LATEX Ghazaly H M

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia Low protein latex (LOPROL) developed at the RRIM was found to be suitable for factory scale production of examination gloves. Both pre-vulcanised and postvulcanised formulations could give satisfactory tensile properties, the latter requiring modifications of the formulations and compounding techniques. A postvulcanised formulation was used in the factory run. Unaged TS of these gloves was in the region of 25 MPa to 27 MPa and a retention of more than 90% was obtained when they were aged at 70C for 7 days and 100C for 1 day. Although the mechanical stability time of LOPROL was reported to be lower than 650 s, continuous stirring of a compounded LOPROL caused a marginal increase in coagulum content after 7 days compared with HA latex treated in the same manner. Short on-line wet leaching time of about 1 min gave soluble protein contents of the LOPROL gloves to be less than 0.1 mg/g film. When these were dry leached for 30 s, the soluble protein contents further decreased to between 0.03 to 0.06 mg/g film. 4 refs. MALAYSIA

Accession no.538293 Item 217 Journal of Natural Rubber Research 9, No.2, 1994, p.87-95 PRODUCTION OF NATURAL RUBBER LATEX GLOVES WITH LOW EXTRACTABLE PROTEIN CONTENT: SOME PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS Ng K P; Yip E; Mok K L Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia The need to produce NR latex gloves with minimum extractable proteins because of the reported incidence of Type 1 hypersensitivity is discussed. The current practice of wet gel leaching for a short period of time is inadequate in reducing the extractable proteins. It was shown in this study that an additional leaching operation after drying was necessary. The most effective means was the use of a recentrifuged prevulcanised latex with a combination of wet gel leaching and dry-film leaching or direct water spraying. Under the most favourable conditions, an extractable protein content of about 0.03 mg/g could be achieved. Physical properties of the low extractable protein gloves were found to meet the requirements of ASTM D3578-91 for NR examination gloves. Their allergic response, as tested clinically on latex-sensitive patients by a skin-prick test, was found to be highly negative. 13 refs. MALAYSIA

Accession no.538292 Item 218 Journal of Natural Rubber Research 9, No.2, 1994, p.79-86

75

References and Abstracts

ALLERGIC RESPONSES AND LEVELS OF EXTRACTABLE PROTEINS IN NR LATEX GLOVES AND DRY RUBBER PRODUCTS Yip E; Turjanmaa K; Ng K P; Mok K L Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia; Tampere,University The way in which the allergic response elicited in hypersensitive persons by allergens in NR latex gloves was related to the amount of extractable protein present in the products was examined. Extractable protein content of a total of 39 different glove samples, determined by the RRIM-modified Lowry microassay procedure, was shown to range from 0.020 to 1 mg/g. Allergic responses to the proteins were evaluated by means of the skin-prick test. Results demonstrated that higher extractable protein contents were always associated with positive allergic responses, while very low extractable protein levels tended to exhibit weak or no allergic reaction. Similar studies were also carried out with 16 dry NRs of various commercial grades and five rubber products, including cut threads manufactured by processes very different from those of latex-dipped articles. The results indicated that dry NR products were free from the protein allergy problem reported from some latex products. 16 refs. FINLAND; MALAYSIA; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.538291

ORGANIC PEROXIDES: HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL PRODUCTS Fristel J C Societe Chalonnaise de Peroxydes Organiques Environmental, health and safety concerns associated with organic peroxides are examined, and some French and EC regulations are reviewed. 10 refs. SCPO EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.537917 Item 221 Industria della Gomma 38, Nos.7/8, July/Aug.1994, p.21-3 Italian HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES: SENSITISERS Garlanda B An examination is made of health hazards associated with chemical substances which can cause sensitisation through inhalation or contact with the skin. Reference is made to some EC directives covering this subject, and test methods used to determine the sensitising capability of substances are reviewed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Item 219 Journal of Natural Rubber Research 9, No.2, 1994, p.63-9 IMMUNOASSAYS FOR DETERMINATION OF ANTIGENS AND ALLERGENS IN LATEX PRODUCTS Cardosa M J; Samuel-Verghese S; Hamid S; Yeang H Y Universiti Sains Malaysia; Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia

Accession no.537899

The quality control of latex products used in medical applications has to take into account the presence of allergens which induce a type I hypersensitivity response. Assays to measure the total protein eluted from these products do not address the problem of allergenicity of the proteins extracted. The concept of enzyme immunoassay is described and various immunoassay formats by which antigens can be detected are considered. Several examples are presented which show that gloves produced by different manufacturers contain different amounts of antigens and monoclonal antibodies are used to show that different antigens are found in different gloves. 2 refs.

This paper reviews the literature on the effects of occupational exposure to organic solvents on the auditory system, and identifies work settings in which exposure to these agents might occur. References to ototoxicity were noted for three proven neurotoxicants (carbon disulphide, toluene, and trichloroethylene), and for two probables (styrene and xylene). The percentage of workers exposed to these solvents in each economic sector are shown. The need for future research is also discussed. 55 refs.

Item 222 Archives of Environmental Health 49, No.5, Sept/Oct.1994, p.359-65 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO NOISE AND OTOTOXIC ORGANIC SOLVENTS Morata T C; Dunn D E; Sieber W K US,National Inst.for Occupational Safety & Health

USA

Accession no.537258

MALAYSIA

Accession no.538289 Item 220 Composites Plastiques Renforces Fibres de Verre Textile No.4, July/Aug.1994, p.42-5 French

76

Item 223 Archives of Environmental Health 49, No.5, Sept/Oct.1994, p.332-6 ALDH2 POLYMORPHISM AND BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF TOLUENE Toshihiro Kawamoto; Koji Matsuno; Yasushi Kodama; Kazuhiro Murata; Shinya Matsuda

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Kitakyushu,University of Occupational & Environmental Health; Foundation of Kinki Health Administration Center This study evaluates the effects of the genetic polymorphism of ALDH2, (low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase), on toluene metabolism and determined biological exposure indices (BEI’s) of the genotypes of ALDH2, using 45 toluene workers and 122 non-exposed students as study subjects. The personal exposure levels to toluene were monitored, using diffusion type samplers and urinary hippuric acid, and creatine concentrations were determined. Results are presented and discussed. 16 refs. JAPAN

Accession no.537256 Item 224 Journal of Occupational Medicine 36, No.10, Oct.1994, p.1079-92 REVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH ON HEALTH EFFECTS OF HUMAN OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ORGANIC SOLVENTS Baker E L Centers for Disease Control and Prevention This paper reviews research performed since 1985 on the human health effects of occupational exposure to organic solvents, with particular attention given to issues of reversibility of neurotoxicity following exposure cessation. Health effects involving other organ systems, (e.g. reproductive, renal, hepatic), and further research developments, are also discussed. Finally, the practical implications of these recent research findings are described, focusing on the management of prevention programmes at the work site. 94 refs. WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION USA

Accession no.537254 Item 225 Chemical Week 155, No.23, 14th Dec.1994, p.22/4 RUBBER CHEMICALS BOUNCE SLOWLY BACK TO HEALTH Breskin I; Wiesmann G Medium term, the 1.5 to 2 billion US dollars worldwide rubber chemicals industry is expected to see modest growth of about 1-2%/year, driven primarily by demand for products used in the tyre industry. In 1994, North American demand for rubber-processing chemicals is projected to increase 3.3%. Consumption of antidegradants, which include both antiozonants and antioxidants, totalled 134,000 m.t. in the US, Japan and Western Europe markets in 1993. The next-largest category, accelerators and vulcanisation agents, is a 100,000-plus m.t./year market. The third, specialty additives, is significantly smaller. Prices are at last coming back after a prolonged period of erosion. Given the

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

dominance of the tyre industry, rubber chemical makers have reconfigured product to better serve them. WORLD

Accession no.536557 Item 226 146th Meeting, Fall 1994, Conference Proceedings. Pittsburgh, Pa., 11th-14th Oct.1994, Paper 2, pp.8. 012 SAFE HANDLING OF ORGANIC PEROXIDES Benge J E; Berkey B D Hercules Inc. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Hazards associated with the use of organic peroxide curing agents in the rubber industry are examined, and recommendations are presented for their safe storage and handling. USA

Accession no.535481 Item 227 International Polymer Science and Technology 21, No.8, 1994, p.T/18-23 NITROSAMINE-FREE VULCANISING SYSTEMS FOR EPDM Hofmann W; Diederichsen J Deutsche Oelfabrik Problems with N-nitrosamines in the rubber industry are discussed with particular reference to theory, biological action of N-nitrosamines, legislation for handling Nnitrosamines, and methods for reducing N-nitrosamine formation. Translation of Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.6, 1994, p.399. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.535265 Item 228 European Rubber Journal 176, No.11, Nov.1994, p.20-1 LATEX ALLERGY IS HARD TO SOLVE Moore M This article discusses the growing problem of latex allergies. For health care workers, finding a substitute for latex is imperative. Gloves made of vinyl, silicone, neoprene and other synthetics are on the market, but none of those has the utility of latex. There is a great deal glove manufacturers can do to reduce protein content in latex, but many of these methods are either expensive or destabilising to the rubber. Latex sensitivity can range from simple contact dermatitis to full-blown anaphylactic shock, and there are no medications available to protect latexallergic people. Canada is seriously considering setting up labelling and content standards for natural rubber latex products to help protect latex-sensitive people. CANADA

Accession no.532391

77

References and Abstracts

Item 229 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 47, No.9, Sept.1994, p.651/8 German INVESTIGATION ON THE FORMATION OF NITROSAMINES DURING PRODUCTION AND ON STORAGE OF ELASTOMERS. II. KINETIC ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION OF NNITROSODIETHYLAMINE IN THE GAS PHASE Schuster R H; Wuensch G; Blume A Deutsches Institut fuer Kautschuktechnologie eV; Hannover,Universitat The nitrosation of gaseous diethylamine using nitrogen dioxide was investigated. It was shown that this reaction was radical in nature and that the rate of reaction was high both in the dark and in sunlight. It was found that nitrogen tetroxide rather than nitrogen dioxide was the direct nitrosating agent. Before the nitrosation took place, an equilibrium of dimerisation between nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen tetraoxide existed. As a result, a negative activation energy for the whole reaction resulted. 38 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.531221 Item 230 Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology 10, No.3, 1994, p.221-46 RUBBER CHEMICALS... PROBLEMS AND PANACEAS Lloyd D G Monsanto Co. Some of the key developments in rubber chemicals since their inception are reviewed with particular reference to their advantages and to health and safety problems. The challenges now facing the industry are considered. The periods covered are pre-1918, 1919 to the end of the 1939/45 War, post-Second World War, and the current period. Possibilities for the future are examined, with reference to product form, accelerators, antidegradants, second-network systems, modulus enhancement and property assessment. 65 refs. (Institute of Materials, Manchester Polymers Group, May 1994) INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.531167 Item 231 European Rubber Journal 176, No.10, Oct.1994, p.34/6 TRELLEBORG LOWERS FUME LEVELS Roskvist B; Jakobsson E Rubber industry personnel can help reduce their individual exposure to potentially harmful curing fumes by careful use of an aerosol monitoring process developed by health and safety personnel at Trelleborg Industri AB in Sweden. As

78

well as giving an instantaneous check on fume levels in any particular location, so that individual staff in high risk areas can regulate their exposure, the device has also been useful in establishing the best types of screens and the optimum air flow to reduce fume levels on curing equipment. TRELLEBORG INDUSTRI AB SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.529120 Item 232 Hazardous Substances 5, No.9, Oct.1994, p.9-10 RESEARCH INTO OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA It is reported that the UK’s Health & Safety Executive has unveiled occupational asthma research, which may be helpful in investigating the immunological processes involved in sensitisation by low molecular weight chemicals. Chemicals known to provoke asthma, of both large and small molecular weight, are listed, the lung mechanism in an asthma reaction is explained, and the HSE research is detailed. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.528194 Item 233 Hazardous Substances 5, No.9, Oct.1994, p.6 RUBBER INDUSTRY - FUME CONTROL GUIDANCE Details are provided of a new guidance booklet published by the UK’s Health & Safety Commission, aiming to give practical advice to help the rubber industry come within the maximum exposure limit for rubber fume. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.528192 Item 234 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 55, No.8, Aug.1994, p.733-7 APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING WORKPLACE EXPOSURE TO O-TOLUIDINE, ANILINE, AND NITROBENZENE Pendergrass S M US,National Institute for Occupa.Safety & Health An approach to estimating employee exposure to otoluidine, aniline, and nitrobenzene, using a combination of surface wipe, dermal badge and air samples, is described. These health hazard evaluations were carried out at two chemical manufacturing plants, in response to concern generated by studies indicating a higher-thanexpected incidence of bladder cancer among workers

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

exposed to these chemicals during the manufacturing process. Full details of the approach, including results and a discussion, are presented. 12 refs. AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVT.INDUST.HYGIENISTS

tetraisobutylthiuram disulphide had better scorch safety but cured at the same rate as TMTD. Uniquely, N,N,N’,N’tetraisobutylthiuram monosulphide acted as a retarder as well as a ‘kicker’ for 2-benzothiazole sulphenamides. 13 refs. (ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Orlando, Feb.1993)

USA

USA

Accession no.525624

Accession no.523873

Item 235 Natural Rubber: Current Developments in Product Manufacture and Applications. Conference Proceedings. Kuala Lumpur, 14th-16th June 1993, p.3-18. 41C1 CHALLENGES FOR NR LATEX PRODUCTS IN MEDICAL AND FOOD-RELATED APPLICATIONS Pendle T D Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn. Edited by: Kadir A A S A (Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia)

Item 237 Journal of Occupational Medicine 36, No.6, June 1994, p.637-41 TOXICITY ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE INHALATIONAL AND DERMAL EXPOSURE TO DIMETHYLACETAMIDE AND 1,2ETHANEDIAMINE Marino G; Anastopoulos H; Woolf A D New England Deaconness Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Poison Control System Dimethylacetamide and ethanediamine are introduced and their uses explained. A very detailed case history is then presented of a worker accidentally exposed to both chemicals. Details are included of the clinical effects experienced by the victim. 28 refs. UNION CARBIDE CHEMICALS & PLASTICS CO.; MICROMEDEX CORP.; DUPONT

The NR latex industry is facing a number of serious challenges to its future expansion. These challenges, if not met and overcome, could mean erosion of established major markets by synthetic materials. Nonetheless, each of these challenges can be conquered and most of the knowledge required to succeed already exists. It is merely necessary that latex producers and product manufacturers acknowledge that the end users - predominantly western populations - will not reduce their demand for greater safety and security and will go elsewhere if the NR latex industry does not meet their demands. Aspects covered include nitrosamines, allergies and holes. 31 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.524761 Item 236 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, No.2, May-June 1994, p.299-313 MINIMISING NITROSAMINES USING STERICALLY HINDERED THIURAM DISULPHIDES/DITHIOCARBAMATES Layer R W; Chasar D W Goodrich B.F.,Co. Sulphenamide accelerators and sulphur donors based on secondary amines liberate all of their amine in order to function and are thus capable of producing relatively large amounts of nitrosamines. Thiuram disulphides and dithiocarbamates, on the other hand, only liberate their amines because of undesired side reactions. In an attempt to reduce these side reactions and thus the amount of nitrosamine formed, the effect of steric factors on nitrosamine formation was investigated. It was found that thiurams and dithiocarbamates made from sterically bulky amines, e.g. diisobutylamine, produced orders of magnitude lower levels of nitrosamine than TMTD. At the same time, when used as a ‘kicker’ for 2-benzothiazole sulphenamides, N,N,N’,N’-

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

USA

Accession no.521427 Item 238 Rubber Southern Africa 9, No.5, March/April 1994, p.12/4 NITROSAMINE-FREE CURING SYSTEMS Stone C; Gergely A; Lloyd D G Monsanto Technical Center Legislation enacted in Germany over the past four years concerning the level of certain N-nitrosamines in the workplace has had a major impact on the choice of curing systems for both NR and synthetic polymers. This impact is reflected in the volume of literature and patents from research and development groups worldwide. The concern engendered extends from Germany to manufacturers and suppliers wishing to export rubber products and raw materials to Germany and to responsible companies, worldwide, concerned with health and safety in the workplace. The current status concerning compounding is discussed, and it is shown how such concerns have stimulated the application of sophisticated techniques to the problem. This in turn is producing new information which is improving the understanding of the vulcanisation process. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.518363 Item 239 Journal of Natural Rubber Research

79

References and Abstracts

8, No.4, 1993, p.299-307 LATEX ALLERGY STUDIES: LOCATION OF SOLUBLE PROTEINS IN LATEX EXAMINATION GLOVES Bahri A R S; Hamzah S; Ghazaly H M; Yeang H Y Malaysia,Rubber Research Institute

WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE LEVEL GUIDES The article supplies a list of Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL) guides developed by the American Industrial Hygiene Association for agents that have no current exposure guidelines established by other organisations. All WEELs in the list are expressed as either time-weighted average concentrations or as ceiling values. AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSN.

The cause of soluble proteins eluting mainly from the inner surface of latex gloves was investigated. Eleven commercial brands of latex examination gloves were analysed. 18 refs.

USA

MALAYSIA

Accession no.516120

Accession no.517630 Item 240 Journal of Occupational Medicine 36, No.5, May 1994, p.563-8 DELIVERY OUTCOME IN PREGNANCIES WHEN EITHER PARENT WORKED IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. A STUDY WITH CENTRAL REGISTRIES Kallen B; Landgren O Lund,University Using a Swedish population-based medical birth registry, linked to census for 3 years (1976, 1981, 1986), delivery outcome was studied in women who worked as factory workers in the chemical industry or whose cohabiting partners had such work. No increased rate of abnormality was seen in infants fathered by men working in the chemical industry. Infants born of women working in such industry showed a high rate of low birth weight and short gestational length and also of infant death. The latter phenomenon was only seen among infants born in 1976. 14 refs. SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.516420 Item 241 Health & Safety at Work 16, No.5, May 1994, p.26 COSHH AND ASTHMA Respiratory sensitisers are hazardous to health and are therefore subject to the requirements of the COSHH regulations. The article lists some known respiratory sensitisers, and problems which may occur in the practical application of COSHH to the specific controls required for respiratory sensitisers. The article also supplies a 5point action plan for control of respiratory sensitisers. COSHH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.516122 Item 242 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 55, No.5, May 1994, p.453-4

80

Item 243 Rubber and Plastics News 23, No.17, 28th March 1994, p.15-8 REDUCING NITROSAMINES DURING VULCANISATION Chasar D W Goodrich B.F.,Co. Nitrosamines are ubiquitous compounds found in many places including food and body fluids. While there is no direct evidence that they are carcinogenic to humans, tests make them suspect and therefore they should be handled with caution. Nitrosamines form by the reaction of nitrosating agents with amines. Nitrosamines of primary amines are unstable, rearrange rapidly to diazoic acids and thus pose little health threat. Tertiary amines do not nitrosate directly, but must first be degraded to secondary amines before nitrosation can occur. This degradation is a very slow process and therefore need not be considered. Secondary nitrosamines can nitrosate rapidly to form persistent nitrosamines, and these are due most concern. Many traditional accelerators and sulphur donors used during vulcanisation are constructed from secondary amines like dimethylamine, diethylamine, morpholine or piperidine. During vulcanisation, these amines are released from the accelerator and in the presence of a nitrosating agent can be converted to a stable secondary nitrosamine. USA

Accession no.511048 Item 244 Surface Coatings International 77, No.4, April 1994, p.142/51 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND(VOC)EMISSION FROM LATEX PAINTS AND PLASTERS DURING APPLICATION Zeh H; Kohlhammer K; Krell M Wacker-Chemie GmbH The evaporation constants of a variety of VOCs from emulsion paints (n-hexane, acetaldehyde, vinyl acetate, n-octane, n-decane, 2-pentanol, butyl glycol acetate and trimethylpentanediol diisobutyrate) were determined experimentally. The evaporation constants together with

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

other input parameters were tested, using a dynamic computer model, along with room size, application rate and VOC content of the emulsion paint during application. Theoretical predictions were compared with experimental data measured during application of test paints. It was shown that the theoretical model characterised the time dependence of the VOC concentration very well during application, but deviated increasingly after application was finished. In a series of theoretical calculations based on this computer model, it was shown that formulation of emulsion paints with binders and additives of low VOC content was the most effective way of reducing exposure of painters to VOCs. Binders with very low VOC content, which can be formulated without film-forming agents, are available. Other methods for reduction of VOCs in indoor air during paint application are discussed. 13 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.510465 Item 245 JANUS No.15, 1994, p.4-6 SUBSTITUTION OF DANGEROUS CHEMICALS - METHODS AND RESULTS Many countries have introduced the substitution of dangerous substances into their legislation on the working environment, e.g. Denmark in 1982. Directive 90/394/ EEC introduced substitution into EC legislation. The process-based method of substitution can be used at both company and sector level and is described in detail, including a survey of chemical products, the collection of information on the composition of chemical products, process analysis, assessment of actual danger (risk), and suggestion for substitution. Possibilities for the substitution of organic solvents in 62 processes within the industry are presented. COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.507143 Item 246 Annals of Occupational Hygiene 38, No.1, Feb.1994, p.3-22 EMPIRICAL MODELLING OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURE IN THE RUBBERMANUFACTURING INDUSTRY Kromhout H; Swuste P; Boleij J S M Wageningen,Agricultural University; Wageningen,University; Delft,University Chemical exposure was assessed in ten rubbermanufacturing plants in The Netherlands. Personal exposures to airborne particulates, rubber fumes and solvents were measured, together with dermal contamination. In order to identify factors affecting

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

exposure, the personal exposure levels and information on tasks performed, ventilation characteristics and production variables were used in multiple linear regression models. 29 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.506211 Item 247 IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference Proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 124, pp.9. 012 NITROSAMINES: FROM PROBLEM TO CHALLENGE Verhelst W F; Seeberger D B; Endstra W C Akzo Chemicals BV (ACS,Rubber Div.) Problems of nitrosamine formation by accelerators are reviewed, and possible replacements for such accelerators are examined. 38 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.505695 Item 248 IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference Proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 113, pp.23. 012 HIGH PERFORMANCE “SAFE” NITROSAMINE CURE SYSTEMS FOR ELASTOMERS Virdi R S; Chakroborty K B; Bowen J Robinson Brothers Ltd. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Two classes of accelerators developed by Robinson Brothers with a view to reducing nitrosamine formation are described. These include diisopropyl xanthogen polysulphide, which is used in combination with secondary accelerators such as tetrabenzylthiuram disulphide and butylbenzothiazole sulphenamide, and zinc diisononyl dithiocarbamate. Results are presented of studies of the performance of the former in NR compounds and of the latter in high ammonia NR latex and EPDM. 22 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.505685 Item 249 IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference Proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 106, pp.15. 012 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CURING SYSTEMS FOR NATURAL RUBBER Lloyd D G; Gergely A Monsanto Technical Center

81

References and Abstracts

(ACS,Rubber Div.) Approaches to overcoming the problem of nitrosamine formation by accelerators during NR vulcanisation are discussed, including the use of ventilation, the inclusion of nitrosamine inhibitors and changes to formulations. The use of a new mass spectrometry technique in the study of the volatiles produced during cure and the timing of their appearance is described. Examples are given of its application to curing systems in NR, including the study of conventional sulphur-butylbenzothiazole sulphenamide (TBBS) systems and efficient vulcanisation systems based on CBS, dithiodimorpholine and tetramethylthiuram disulphide, and the comparison of volatiles from TBBS and butylbenzothiazole sulphenimide cures. 32 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.505680 Item 250 IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference Proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 19, pp.50. 012 REALISTIC STRATEGIES TO PREVENT CARCINOGENIC N-NITROSAMINES IN RUBBER Graf H J; Johansson A H Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH; Rhein Chemie Corp. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Approaches to the reduction of nitrosamine formation during rubber vulcanisation are reviewed. These include the deactivation of nitrosating agents with chemicals such as tocopherol and amine based inhibitors, the use of alternative accelerators such as tetrabenzylthiuram disulphide, and activation with zinc dicyanatodiamine. The effects of such changes on cure characteristics and the heat ageing and mechanical properties of vulcanisates are examined. 22 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.505612 Item 251 IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference Proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 18, pp.37. 012 MINIMISING NITROSAMINES USING STERICALLY HINDERED THIURAM DISULPHIDES/DITHIOCARBAMATES Layer R W; Chasar D W Goodrich B.F.,Co. (ACS,Rubber Div.) In an effort to reduce side reactions leading to the liberation of amines from thiuram disulphide and dithiocarbamate accelerators, a study was made of the influence of steric factors on nitrosamine formation. It was found that such accelerators made from sterically hindered amines such as

82

diisopropylamine and diisobutylamine produced dramatically lower levels of nitrosamines than TMTD. In addition, when used as a kicker for 2-benzothiazole sulphenamides, tetraisobutylthiuram disulphide had better scorch safety than TMTD whilst curing at the same rate. Uniquely, tetraisobutylthiuram monosulphide acted as a retarder as well as a kicker for 2-benzothiazole sulphenamides. 13 refs. USA

Accession no.505611 Item 252 IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference Proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 17, pp.25. 012 FACTORS AFFECTING NITROSAMINE FORMATION DURING RUBBER VULCANISATION Chasar D W Goodrich B.F.,Co. (ACS,Rubber Div.) A study was made of the dependence of nitrosomorpholine formation from accelerators during the vulcanisation of SBR and SBR/polybutadiene blends on accelerator structure, curing time and temperature, type of carbon black and the effect of nitrogen oxide deactivators based on alkaline earth oxides and hydroxides. It was shown that these parameters could have a significant impact on nitrosamine formation during vulcanisation. 11 refs. USA

Accession no.505610 Item 253 IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference Proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 16, pp.23. 012 NITROSAMINES: MYTHS, FANTASY AND FACTS Loadman M J R Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn. (ACS,Rubber Div.) The potential dangers of low levels of N-nitrosamines in the environment are critically reviewed. It is argued that there is no evidence to link the presence of N-nitrosamines in rubber products or in the working environment with cancer in man. 31 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.505609 Item 254 IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference Proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 15, pp.24. 012 FORMATION OF NITROSAMINES IN AIR AND IN RUBBER MIXTURES

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Herrmann J; Schuster R H Deutsches Institut fuer Kautschuktechnologie eV (ACS,Rubber Div.) The mechanisms of nitrosamine formation in the nonpolar condensed phase and during the storage and vulcanisation of rubbers are investigated. A two-step mechanism of nitrosamine formation in rubber-filler mixtures is presented. Investigation of the reaction kinetics of nitrosation in the non-polar condensed phase allows the determination of the rate law of nitrosamine formation in rubber-filler mixtures. 28 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.505608 Item 255 IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference Proceedings. Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 14, pp.13. 012 ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH RISK DUE TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS CONTAINED IN PROCESS OILS: RESULTS OF STUDIES CARRIED OUT BOTH IN LABORATORY AND IN WORKING PLACES Locati G; Consonni G; Fantuzzi A Pirelli SpA (ACS,Rubber Div.) Studies were undertaken to assess the health risk arising from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contained in oils used in tyre manufacture. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to determine 30 types of PAH in oil samples. Extraction tests carried out on oil extended rubbers and blends, using artificial sweat as the extraction medium, revealed no PAH release. The determination of airborne PAH concentrations in working environments showed levels well below the relevant threshold values. The results suggested that the carcinogenic risk due to PAH in process oils used in rubber manufacture is negligible. 11 refs.

response to a European Directive has been the Environmental Protection Act 1990, which outlined controls to prevent and abate a nuisance and prevent its recurrence. A working party involving the British Rubber Manufacturers Association, major tyre manufacturers, the Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Association and the Warren Spring Laboratory has been formed to specify a programme of work to develop cost-effective abatement options for the industry. One logical solution appears to be the manufacture of compounds with NR specifically made for mixing without prior mastication. 5 refs. BRITISH RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN.; WARREN SPRING LABORATORY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.505252 Item 257 Rubber and Plastics News 23, No.12, 17th Jan.1994, p.3 R&P INDUSTRY POSTS HIGH ’92 INJURY RATES According to government statistics, workers in the rubber and plastics industry had a higher than average rate of workplace injury in 1992. An official with the Rubber Manufacturers’ Association has said that he has no idea why the industry has a high rate of injury. Injuries in rubber and plastics manufacturing facilities totalled 13.3 for every 100 workers, compared with 8.3 for industry on average. Some statistics are presented. RUBBER MFRS.’ASSN. USA

Accession no.502669 Item 258 Rubber and Plastics News 23, No.9, 6th Dec.1993, p.3 AKRON JURY CITES GOODYEAR IN CANCER CASE Earle E A

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.505607 Item 256 Rubber Developments 46, No.3/4, 1993, p.35-7 AVOIDING THE PROBLEMS OF ODOUR DURING RUBBER PROCESSING Fulton W S Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn. Cis-polyisoprene is reported to be both colourless and odourless. It is the 5% or so of non-rubbers which give bale NR, particularly the field grade material, its colour and the characteristic smell generally accepted in the rubber industry. Air pollution through odour is a problem throughout industry, and in Europe has been a particular target for many environmental action groups. The UK

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

An Akron jury is reported to have ruled in favour of the widow of a Goodyear employee, who alleged that her husband’s lung cancer death resulted from his exposure to asbestos while at work. Unless Goodyear appeals against the verdict, the case will return for a settlement decision to the Industrial Commission of Ohio, which originally considered the case as a workers’ compensation. Details are given. GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO. USA

Accession no.501338 Item 259 Rubber Europe ’93: The Voice of Management. Conference Proceedings. The Hague, 10th-11th June 1993, Paper 7. 012

83

References and Abstracts

NITROSAMINES INDUSTRIAL REGULATIONS Thomsom M A Uniroyal Chemical Co.Inc. (Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal; Institute of Materials) Information is presented in some detail on health and environmental concerns for nitrosamines generated during rubber processing. Industrial regulations, chemistry and toxicology are discussed together with industries likely to be affected by regulations, trends for the rubber industry and current perspectives for worldwide legislation. USA; WORLD

Accession no.501220 Item 260 Rubber and Plastics News 23, No.6, 25th Oct.1993, Environmental Suppl., p.T37-8 NO PAPER TIGERS Earle B A Emergency response plans are discussed with reference to some in place in large rubber companies. It is stressed that the size of the company is irrelevant in terms of the provision of key elements of information, e.g. details of manufacturing process, chain of command, emergency contacts, evacuation plans, characteristics of chemicals on-site etc. The need for such plans is discussed and the relevance of training and coordination with emergency services is emphasised. USA

Accession no.498852 Item 261 Urethanes Technology 10, No.5, Oct/Nov.1993, p.26/9 HELPING TO IMPROVE WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE UK’S PU INDUSTRY UK,Health & Safety Executive The Rubber National Interest Group, established by the HSE, ensures the enforcement of health and safety standards in the workplace. Details are presented of the work done by the group in the PU industry, particularly regarding health hazards associated with isocyanates and curing agents. 5 refs. RUBBER NATIONAL INTEREST GROUP EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.495790 Item 262 Journal of Occupational Medicine 35, No.6, June 1993, p.611-6 REDUCED MORTALITY AMONG WORKERS AT A RUBBER PLANT Carlo G L; Jablinske M R; Lee N L; Sund K G; Corn M

84

US,Health & Environmental Sciences Group; Johns Hopkins University A retrospective cohort study of mortality among current and former male employees of a modern tyre manufacturing plant in Texas was conducted. Vital status was ascertained for more than 99% of the cohort of 2306 workers. Standardised mortality ratio analyses were completed based on 102 deaths. No significant excess for any disease-specific cause of death was identified, and significant deficits in all-cause mortality and deficits in cancer mortality were observed for both white and nonwhite men. The analyses were consistent in indicating that this work force has experienced no excessive diseasespecific mortality. 21 refs. USA

Accession no.495662 Item 263 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 53, N0.11, Nov.1992, p.742-3 ASSESSMENT OF INTERMITTENT TRICHLOROETHYLENE EXPOSURE IN VAPOUR DEGREASING Ulander A; Selden A; Ahlborg G Orebro,Medical Centre Hospital To validate the various sampling strategies in assessment of trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure, urine and air samples were obtained from 29 metal workers involved in vapour degreasing. Urinary trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol were useful metabolites to estimate TCE exposure on a group basis, but the predictive value of a single urine sample was low when related to the air concentration. With intermittent TCE exposure, the best information is obtained by analysing both metabolites. 5 refs. SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.495650 Item 264 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 53, N0.11, Nov.1992, p.681-90 LUNG CANCER MORTALITY AMONG INDUSTRIAL WORKERS EXPOSED TO FORMALDEHYDE: A POISSON REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE STUDY Marsh G M; Stone R A; Henderson V L Pittsburgh,University Because previously reported analyses of the additional Poisson regression analysis of lung cancer mortality data from the joint National Cancer Institute Formaldehyde Institute cohort study of workers exposed to formaldehyde were limited to external comparisons (via standardised mortality rates) and lacked analytical control for multiple confounding/exposure factors, additional Poisson regression analyses of the NCI/FI lung cancer mortality

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

rates were performed. This reanalysis focussed on possible interactions involving latency and possible explanations of the observed plant differences with respect to cumulative formaldehyde exposure, average intensity of formaldehyde exposure, length of formaldehyde exposure, latency, or particular combinations of these or other co-exposures. A second objective was to determine the extent to which shortterm workers were influencing the results. 11 refs. US,NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE USA

Accession no.495649 Item 265 Occupational Health Review No.45, Sept/Oct.1993, p.9 PAINT SPRAYERS WORSE OFF IN ASTHMA STAKES Figures are presented in some detail for the incidence of occupational asthma for several categories of workers. It is reported that the figures show the highest yearly incidence of the illness occurring in paint sprayers (1,833 new cases per million workers) with rubber and plastics workers having the next highest incidence (1,054 per million). Information is reported to come from the latest findings of the Midland Thoracic Society’s Rare Respiratory Disease Registry Surveillance Scheme of Occupational Asthma (SHIELD). MIDLAND THORACIC SOCIETY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.493311 Item 266 Toxic Substances Bulletin No.22, Aug.1993, p.6 REVERSE SUBSTITUTION DILEMMA Robinson B UK,Health & Safety Executive 1,1,1-trichloroethane and CFC 113, both widely used degreasing and cleaning solvents, are to be phased out under EC regulations introduced to meet the Montreal Protocol to protect the ozone layer. Practical alternatives, which will not present unnecessary or unacceptable risks to the workplace are explored. Many alternative solvents are more toxic than 1,1,1-trichloroethane, or are flammable. Non-ozone depleting chlorinated solvents, flammable solvents, and aqueous cleaning are evaluated. Contact phone numbers are given for information on technical options and health and safety issues. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.491831 Item 267 Toxic Substances Bulletin No.22, Aug.1993, p.5 GLYCOL ETHERS - LINKS WITH MISCARRIAGE

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Williams C UK,Health & Safety Executive There is concern over occupational exposure to glycol ethers, solvents used in many industries, including printing and semiconductor manufacturing. This article reports on the results of US epidemiology studies which indicate an increased rate of miscarriage among women working in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. It discusses the UK Health and Safety Executive’s reaction to the latest information, which includes their revision of the current occupational exposure limits. AMERICAN SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY ASSN.; IBM CORP. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.491830 Item 268 Health & Safety Commission Newsletter No.90, Aug.1993, p.7 RUBBER INDUSTRY COMPETITION WINNERS RECEIVE AWARDS Brief information is presented on a workplace Health and Safety Week competition held by the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee (RUBIAC). The five winners were announced at an awards ceremony held in Manchester. They were reported to be;- Gates Rubber Co.Ltd. (Dumfries), Michelin Tyre PLC (Stoke-on-Trent), Michelin Tyre PLC (Dundee), Goodyear Great Britain Ltd. (Wolverhampton) and Pirelli Ltd. (Carlisle). RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.491723 Item 269 Adhesives Age 36, No.9, Aug.1993, p.24/9 IDENTIFYING, MANAGING AND STORING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN THE WORKPLACE Doyle D J; O’Keeffe B GMI Engineering & Management Institute It is reported that, in an era of increasing awareness of the types of hazardous materials used in many production situations, it is not surprising that mandatory regulations are continually being implemented. Aspects covered include clean air act amendments, hazardous materials, hazardous materials storage, terms and calculations and flammability limits. 4 refs. USA

Accession no.489103 Item 270 BIBRA Bulletin 31, No.10, Dec.1992, p.277-9 LATEX ALLERGENIC DIFFICULTIES

85

References and Abstracts

Hopkins J A review is presented of the allergic reactions produced by contact with latex in a variety of applications, including gloves, protective medical wear, dentistry and contraceptive devices. It is unclear whether the increased use of latex or changes in latex production or conversion processes is responsible for the increases in the number of cases being reported. 35 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.488445 Item 271 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 46, No.7, July 1993, p.563-7 German INVESTIGATION IN THE FORMATION OF NITROSAMINES DURING PRODUCTION AND ON STORAGE OF ELASTOMERS.PART 1. KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF NITROSAMINE FORMATION IN CARBON BLACK/RUBBER MIXES Hermann J; Schuster R H Deutsches Institut fuer Kautschuktechnologie EV The problem of nitrosamines in the workplace in the rubber industry is discussed. A two-step mechanism of nitrosamine formation in rubber/filler mixtures is presented. The nitrosation reaction kinetics are investigated in the non-polar condensed phase and the rate law of nitrosamine formation in rubber/filler mixtures is determined for the first time. Experimental results which indicate a non-polar nitrosation mechanism are presented and discussed. 31 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.487401 Item 272 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 46, No.6, June 1993, p.486/91 German PRACTICAL STRATEGIES TO AVOID HARMFUL N-NITROSAMINES IN THE VULCANISATION OF ELASTOMERS. EFFECT OF ACCELERATOR COMPONENTS/ INHIBITORS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPOUND Graf H-J Rhein-Chemie Rheinau GmbH The accelerators which produce N-nitrosamines can be replaced successfully by accelerators which are already available, but changes in the vulcanisation characteristics, or impaired physical properties have to be accepted with this. If newer vulcanisation chemicals are used, the physical properties of the elastomers can be maintained or even improved. In all tests carried out, zinc dicyanatodiamine (Rhenogran Geniplex-80) had a

86

favourable effect on the ageing characteristics of the vulcanisates. The vulcanisation characteristics can be kept the same as in traditional systems. Inhibition also has a role to play if the replacement of accelerators is very expensive. Two inhibitors with different modes of action are discussed. These are a phenolic substance (alphatocopherol, Rhenogran Ronotec-50) and a substance based on urea derivatives (Rhenogran GE 1099). The optimum conditions of use can be specified for these inhibitors, but further development is necessary. 9 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.487392 Item 273 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 46, No.6, June 1993, p.462-3 EFFECT OF CARBON BLACK SUPPLIER ON NITROSAMINE FORMATION Chasar D W; Matheny P D Goodrich B.F.,Co. Nitrosamine formation from rubber accelerators depends on a number of factors. This study showed that the source and grade of carbon black was critical in the formation of nitrosomorpholine from three accelerators during vulcanisation. This may be a result of the feedstock for, or the method of production of, carbon black. Storage conditions of carbon blacks also provide opportunities for the adsorption of nitrosating agents from the air. 6 refs. USA

Accession no.487388 Item 274 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1483, 1st May 1993, p.8 HSE’S SPECIAL RUBBER FOCUS The Health & Safety Executive National Interest Group’s advisory body, Rubiac, helps to set priorities and provides an expert forum within which the ongoing health and safety work issues in the rubber industry can be discussed. Rubiac, the rubber industry advisory committee, held its first meeting in March 1993. One of the main working parties concerns itself with manual handling and the high percentage of accidents in the industry that are still attributed to it. Repetitive strain injury has also been singled out by the HSE as an area worthy of investigation. Machinery is the dominant factor in major accidents in the rubber industry and a working party is being organised to look at the data concerning this trend. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.480087 Item 275 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 44,No.8,Aug.1991,p.744-6

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

German INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF FILLERS TO THE FORMATION OF NITROSAMINES IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Freise R; Koenig J; Cammann K Gesellschaft fuer Arbeitsplatz-und Umweltanalytik; Muenster,Wilhelms-Universitat Fillers are involved in the nitrosamine problem in the rubber industry because they adsorb nitrogen oxides, which act as nitrosating agents, and in this way introduce them into the vulcanisation mixtures. By reacting fillers with secondary amines, an attempt was made to explain to what extent and under what conditions these nitrogen oxides really contribute to the formation of nitrosamines. It was found that only a relatively low nitrosating potential originates from filler suspensions in various solvents with different polarities. However, direct reaction of these fillers with gaseous dimethylamine at temperatures of approximately 180C leads to the formation of relatively high quantities of nitrosodimethylamine. 7 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.472479 Item 276 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1478,27th March 1993,p.9 COSHH RULES STILL OK? It is claimed that much of the plastics industry now remembers COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) only in the vaguest of outlines. According to Health & Safety Executive inspectors, who have been checking plastics processing premises since COSHH became law in 1991, many companies have long since grasped the concept of risk assessment which underpins the legislation, but the initial assessment, let alone the implementation of the regulations as a whole, is long overdue. Details are given. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE

UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.472352 Item 278 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1478,27th March 1993,p.8 PATTERNS OF INJURY THAT MOVE WITH THE TIMES Lunney A Some of the popular image around the Health and Safety Inspectorate is reported to revolve around accidents at work, their investigation and the possible prosecution of companies involved. A picture of the polymer industry’s record in these matters, and some pointers as to the key future directions in health and safety inspecting are presented. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY INSPECTORATE; UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.472351 Item 279 London, HMSO, 1989, pp.30. LS.6.50. 10ins. 3/6/92. 123 DUST CONTROL IN POWDER HANDLING AND WEIGHING An outline is presented of some of the health risks and fire and explosion hazards associated with the handling and weighing of a variety of powdered chemicals used in the rubber industry. Practical strategies for controlling dust are outlined, including the use of less toxic additives and dust suppressed or pre-weighed products; working methods and work station planning; handling bulk fillers and carbon black; and the use of local exhaust ventilation. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.470927

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.472353 Item 277 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1478,27th March 1993,p.8 NEW LEGISLATION: BRUSSELS TAKES UP A LARGER ROLE Manual handling is reported to be one key of concern which employers will have to address under the new Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 which implements an EC directive on manual handling and forms part of what the Health & Safety Executive calls the ‘6-pack’ of European legislation. A total of six sets of regulations to implement several European Community directives came into force at the beginning of the year. Details are given.

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 280 London, HMSO, 1992, pp.20. LS.5.00. 10ins. 3/6/92. 921 COSHH IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY: GUIDANCE ON THE CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH REGULATIONS 1988 UK,Health & Safety Executive This publication gives details of how to comply with COSHH requirements in the rubber industry, including details relating to the assessment, training and instruction of workers to prevent or control potential health hazards. Detailed information and explanations of the Regulations and examples specific to rubber industry processes are included. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.470926

87

References and Abstracts

Item 281 Rubber and Plastics News 2 13,No.22,24th Aug.1992,p.8 RUBBER ADDITIVES GROUP PONDERS DATA BASE FOR RULES The International Working Group on the Toxicology of Rubber Additives (WTR) is considering the creation of a database to assist rubber chemical makers to comply with health, safety and environmental rules as required by the OECD. Each country involved has individual requirements for supplying information about chemical products to the OECD, and US representation to the OECD is through the US, Environmental Protection Agency and the Chemical Manufacturers’ Association. Details are given of the member companies of WTR. WTR; OECD USA

Accession no.464870 Item 282 Kunststoffe German Plastics 82,No.8,Aug.1992,p.7-9 SAFE PROCESSING OF PU SYSTEMS Goebell J 3M (EUROPE) Handling of raw materials, particularly isocyanates, is discussed in detail, stressing the regulations which must be observed, protective measures, waste disposal and flammability. 12 refs. (Translation of Kunststoffe, 82,No.8,1992,p.641/4) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.464348

Garlanda B Guidelines are presented on the type of information to be included in safety sheets for hazardous substances, as required by EC legislation. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.456976 Item 285 Rubber World 206,No.3,June 1992,p.51 RUBBER PROCESS OIL Cyclolub RPO from Witco is a general purpose naphthenic process oil for the rubber industry. It is light in colour and is non-carcinogenic under OSHA hazard determination rules. The product is a low viscosity oil and possesses a low aniline point which makes it especially suited for a wide range of natural and synthetic rubber compounding and custom mixing applications. WITCO CHEMICAL CORP.,GOLDEN BEAR DIV. USA

Accession no.456191 Item 286 Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1992, pp.106. LS.65. 12ins. Rapra Review Vol.5, No.6. 3/7/92. 921 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Nutt A R;Wade J F NUTT A.,& CO.LTD. (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Rapra Review Report No.54

This comprehensive article assesses the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) and reviews in detail the relevant activities which all employers should, by now, have established within their organisations. The article also considers possible developments regarding the regulations and discusses potential issues for the future. The article outlines seven basic steps to COSHH compliance.

A review is presented on aspects of health and safety within the rubber industry within a legal context. An account is given of the health and safety issues which are currently of importance, and the methods which have been designed to deal with them. A brief summary is given of laws affecting health and safety, followed by injury statistics for the industry. Guarding of machinery is discussed with illustrations and examples of different types of machines. Other aspects considered include the use of solvents, and an epidemiological study is included to help identify potentially toxic substances. The effects of dust and fume skin irritants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines are also studied. References from the Rapra Abstracts database are included to support this report. 475 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.463305

Accession no.455983

Item 283 Health & Safety at Work 14,No.8,Aug.1992,p.22-4 CARRYING OUT A COSHH ASSESSMENT Mason L

Item 284 Industria della Gomma 36,No.5,May 1992,p.53-5. Italian SAFETY SHEETS FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

88

Item 287 Rubiac No.4,April 1992,p.2 DO YOU WORK WITH SOLVENTS? Solvents are employed in the rubber industry as thinners, tackifiers, degreasers and as constituent parts of rubber

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

formulations; common examples include toluene, xylene, MEK and SBPs. How they can affect the health and enter the body and the essential precautions that should be taken, are outlined. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.454020 Item 288 Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology 8,No.1,1992,p.1-14 BLADDER CANCER AS AN OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE IN THE BRITISH RUBBER INDUSTRY: IN-DEPTH FACTORY STUDY TO SHOW THE PAST EXTENT OF THE RISK AND CONFIRMATION OF ITS SUBSEQUENT DISAPPEARANCE Veys C A KEELE,UNIVERSITY; NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE,HOSPITAL CENTRE The results are reported of an in-depth tyre factory study carried out between 1946 and 1985 to define the incidence of bladder tumours in male rubber workers employed there up to 1949. These workers were inadvertently exposed to a human bladder carcinogen (betanaphthylamine) in a compounding ingredient (antioxidant). A comparison with the incidence of bladder tumours in new employees, who started work after January 1950 when the hazardous chemicals had been withdrawn, was also made (IKT ’91,Essen,23-27 June 1991). 6 refs. A selected additional bibliography on occupational bladder cancer, with special reference to the rubber industry, is included. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.454015 Item 289 Rubiac No.4,April 1992,p.1 ACCIDENTS STILL TOO HIGH According to the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee’s latest annual accident review, accidents in the rubber industry are continuing at unacceptably high levels. A total of 1249 workers in the UK rubber industry have been reported as having suffered injuries while at work during 1990/91. Details are given. RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE USA

Accession no.453816 Item 290 Ends Report No.207,April 1992,p.9 NO EVIDENCE OF CANCER EXCESS AROUND SOLVENT INCINERATORS

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

No evidence of any increases in cancer of the lung and larynx in populations living near ten solvent incinerators has been found by a UK Government-funded study. The research was carried out by the Small Area Health Statistics Unit, which was set up in 1987 to develop statistical methods for investigating reported clusters of disease around nuclear and industrial installations. Background details and results of the study are discussed. SMALL AREA HEALTH STATISTICS UNIT USA

Accession no.453815 Item 291 Rubiac No.4,April 1992,p.2 193 DEADLINE FOR EC MACHINERY STANDARDS It is reported that from 1st January 1993, under the Machinery Safety Directive, most machinery made or sold in the European Community must: satisfy wide-ranging health and safety requirements; in some cases be subject to type-examination by an approved body; and carry a CE mark and certain other information. Details of this legislation are given. RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.453808 Item 292 Medical Device Technology 3,No.3,April 1992,p.15 LATEX FATALITIES US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION The US FDA is investigating the use of NR for medical devices after reports of fatal allergic reactions to latex. The review is likely to lead to widespread relabelling of latex products such as gloves, condoms, catheters, dental dams, and enema kits to highlight the risks of latex hypersensitivity. USA

Accession no.453094 Item 293 140th Meeting,Fall 1991,Conference Proceedings. Detroit,Mi.,8th-11th Oct.1991,Paper 42,pp.19. 012 ANALYSIS FOR N-NITROSAMINES IN ELASTOMERIC COMPOUNDS Hajdasz D J UNIROYAL CHEMICAL CO.INC. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Consideration is given to the measurement of Nnitrosamines emitted from and contained in rubber compounds by th extraction and headspace techniques,

89

References and Abstracts

using the gas chromatograph/thermal energy analyser. 7 refs. THERMEDETEC INC. USA

Accession no.452675 Item 294 140th Meeting,Fall 1991,Conference Proceedings. Detroit,Mi.,8th-11th Oct.1991,Paper 52,pp.12. 012 AUTOMATED LABORATORY Posey F T GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Details are given of an automated industrial hygiene laboratory developed by Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. for processing worker exposure to rubber chemicals. USA

Accession no.452027 Item 295 140th Meeting,Fall 1991,Conference Proceedings. Detroit,Mi.,8th-11th Oct.1991,Paper 41,pp.32. 012 TETRABENZYLTHIURAM DISULPHIDE AND N-CYCLOHEXYLBIS-2BENZOTHIAZOLESULPHENAMIDE AS ALTERNATIVE ACCELERATORS TO REDUCE THE GENERATION OF HAZARDOUS NITROSAMINES Jablonowski T L UNIROYAL CHEMICAL CO.INC. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Tetrabenzylthiuram disulphide (TBzTD) and Ncyclohexylbis-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (CBBS) were evaluated as accelerators to reduce the generation of nitrosamines in rubber compounds. TBzTD could replace other thiuram disulphides, usually with minor compound modifications. CBBS, a new experimental accelerator, was a good substitute for delayed action sulphenamides such as morpholinothiobenzothiazole which are widely used in tyre applications. An activator was found to be particularly effective in TBzTD, allowing for reduced levels of TBzTD to be used whilst still obtaining fast cures and good properties compared to nitrosamine generating chemicals. Studies were carried out in an NR/polybutadiene/SBR tyre model compound, and in NR, SBR, EPDM and nitrile rubber compounds. 5 refs. USA

Accession no.451977 Item 296 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1436,23rd May 1992,p.11 HEALTH PRESSURES IN RUBBER SECTOR Robinson S

90

There is reported to be a move towards additive masterbatch in the small to medium sized sectors of the general rubber goods industry, driven by workplace handling, health and safety considerations. Details of masterbatch products available from Croxton & Garry, Akzo and Hubron Sales are presented. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.450066 Item 297 Urethanes Technology 8,No.1,Feb./March 1991,p.18-9 SENSE IN SENSITISATION? Reed D The introduction of a new category of risk for substances which can cause respiratory sensitisation in exposed individuals and its application to isocyanates are discussed. The reaction of the Medical Director of the British Rubber Mfrs’ Assn. to this new category is highlighted and some recent publications of UK occupational hygiene bodies that are relevant to plastics processors are listed. The listing of the PU curative, MOCA, under the risk phrase “R45: May cause cancer” and proposed exposure limits for acetone and n-hexane, which are being considered as alternative non-ozone depleting blowing agents for PU foams, are also discussed. BRITISH RUBBER MFRS’.ASSN. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.446905 Item 298 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 26,No.3,March 1992,p.339-56 COMPARATIVE STUDIES BY CELL CULTURE AND IN VIVO IMPLANTATION TEST ON THE TOXICITY OF NR LATEX MATERIALS Ikarashi Y;Toyoda K;Ohsawa N;Uchima T;Tsuchiya T;Kaniwa M;Sato M; Takahashi M;Nakamura A A colony assay, an agar diffusion assay and an implantation test were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and tissue toxicity of NR latex. In vivo and in vitro parameters were compared. 28 refs. JAPAN

Accession no.445322 Item 299 International Rubber Conference:Communications.Conference Proceedings. Paris,12th-14th June 1990,p.113-4. 012 BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AS INHIBITORS OF NITROSAMINE FORMATION (IN VULCANISATION OF RUBBERS) Schuster R H;Badura R;Gmuender M

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER KAUTSCHUKTECHNOLOGIE EV; HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG (AFICEP) A brief report is presented on a study of the use of alphatocepherol derivatives of ascorbic acid as nitrosamine scavengers in rubber mixes. GERMANY; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.440974 Item 300 Urethanes Technology 7,No.5,Oct/Nov.1990,p.4 SHIPPING AND STORAGE The shipping and storage of hazardous materials, including isocyanates used in the PU industry, are discussed. Reference is made to the UK Health and Safety Executive’s guidelines to compliance with 1990 regulations on Dangerous Substances (Notification and Marking of Sites), to a seminar on interpretation of the new shipping code produced by the International Maritime Organisation and to the construction of a distribution complex for hazardous materials at Rotterdam by Distripak BV. DISTRIPAK BV; UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.440857 Item 301 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 48,No.1,Jan.1991,p.9-11 MALIGNANT MELANOMAS OF THE NASAL CAVITY AFTER OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO FORMALDEHYDE Holmstrom M;Lund V J LONDON,ROYAL NATIONAL THROAT,NOSE & EAR HOSPITAL

Details are given of methods used to assess historical exposures to solvents for a retrospective cohort study, evaluating the mortality experience of 15,000 workers at an aircraft maintenance facility. Records were sufficient for quantification of trichloroethylene and mixed solvents exposure. 20 refs. USA

Accession no.438572 Item 303 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 48,No.8,Aug.1991,p.515-30 RETROSPECTIVE COHORT MORTALITY STUDY OF WORKERS AT AN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE FACILITY. I. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESULTS Spirtas R;Stewart P A;Lee J S;Marano D E; Forbes C D;Grauman D J; Pettigrew H M; Blair A;Hoover R N;Cohen J L US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; US,NATIONAL CANCER INST.; UTAH,UNIVERSITY A retrospective cohort study of over 14,000 workers at an aircraft maintenance facility was undertaken to evaluate mortality associated with exposures in their workplace. The purpose was to determine whether working with solvents, particularly trichloroethylene, posed an excess risk of mortality. 74 refs. USA

Accession no.438571 Item 304 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 48,No.9,Sept.1991,p.583-7 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AND CANCER OF THE PANCREAS. A REVIEW Pietri F;Clavel F VILLEJUIF,INSTITUT GUSTAVE ROUSSY

Brief details are given of three cases of malignant melanoma of the nasal mucosa in persons occupationally exposed to formaldehyde for a long period. 29 refs.

A brief review of publications is presented concerning occupational exposures and cancer of the pancreas. Data are given for the chemical and petroleum industries and for the rubber industry. 37 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.438573

Accession no.438567

Item 302 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 48,No.8,Aug.1991,p.531-7 RETROSPECTIVE COHORT MORTALITY STUDY OF WORKERS AT AN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE FACILITY. II. EXPOSURES AND THEIR ASSESSMENT Stewart P A;Lee J S;Marano D E;Spirtas R; Forbes C D;Blair A US,NATIONAL CANCER INST.; UTAH,UNIVERSITY; WESTAT INC.

Item 305 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 48,No.10,Oct.1991,p.696-701 EXPOSURE TO MIXTURES OF SOLVENTS AMONG PAINT WORKERS AND BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS OF LIVER FUNCTION Chen J-D;Wang J-D;Jang J-P;Chen Y-Y TAIWAN,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Details are given of the determination of biochemical alterations to liver function among paint workers

91

References and Abstracts

associated with exposure to organic solvents. Air concentrations of organic solvents were collected by personal samples and analysed by gas chromatography. 17 refs. CHINA

Accession no.438566 Item 306 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 47,No.7,July 1990,p.480-4 CHRONIC NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF TOLUENE Foo S C;Jeyaratnam J;Koh D SINGAPORE,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Details are given of a study to assess the neurobehavioural performance of a group of female assembly workers exposed to toluene. The environmental and biological monitoring of toluene was also examined. 16 refs. SINGAPORE

Accession no.438564 Item 307 Archives of Environmental Health 46,No.3,May/June 1991,p.161-6 DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE AMONG SYNTHETIC LEATHER WORKERS Wang J-D;Lai M-Y;Chen J-S;Lin J-M; Chiang J-R;Shiau S-J;Chang W-S TAIWAN,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY The prevalence of liver injury associated with dimethylformamide solvent exposure to synthetic leather workers is discussed. Air concentrations of solvents were measured with personal samples and gas chromatography. 21 refs. CHINA

Accession no.438561 Item 308 Archives of Environmental Health 45,No.4,July/Aug.1990,p.217-23 IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND AUTOANTIBODIES IN HUMANS WITH LONGTERM INHALATION EXPOSURE TO FORMALDEHYDE Thrasher J D;Broughton A;Madison R NORTHRIDGE,CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY; SANTO ANA,ANTIBODY ASSAY LABORATORIES; THRASHER & ASSOCIATES Four groups of patients with long-term inhalation exposure to formaldehyde were compared with controls who had short-term periodic exposure. Differences in humoral and cell-mediated immunity are discussed. 32 refs. USA

Accession no.438559

92

Item 309 Archives of Environmental Health 46,No.1,Jan/Feb.1991,p.16-24 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC FINDINGS DURING EXPERIMENTAL HUMAN EXPOSURE TO XYLENE Seppalainen A M;Laine A;Salmi T;Verkkala E;Riihimaki V;Luukkonen R HELSINKI,UNIVERSITY Acute effects of m-xylene solvent were studied in 9 subjects exposed experimentally to stable or varying concentrations of m-xylene at rest or while exercising. Electroencephalography was recorded at the beginning of exposure, during and after exposure. 27 refs. FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.438558 Item 310 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 44,No.3,March 1991,p.222-31 German INVESTIGATION OF VULCANISATION FUMES. I. AIMS AND METHODS Schuster R H;Linde H;Wuensch G DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER KAUTSCHUKTECHNOLOGIE EV After reviewing various systems for analysing vulcanisation fumes, the authors present two reproducible and quantitative methods for the analysis of vulcanisation fumes of single rubber mixtures under practical conditions. Results obtained from various rubbers are reported. 40 refs. GERMANY

Accession no.437465 Item 311 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 44,No.2,Feb.1991,p.172-8 German RUBBER INDUSTRY - AN AREA OF CONTINUOUS CONCERN Lohwasser H BAYER AG This article outlines demands made on the rubber industry to improve health and safety at work as well as its environmental awareness and protection procedures. Efforts made by the industry in these areas are discussed as is legislation on safety at work and environmental protection. 20 refs. GERMANY

Accession no.436918 Item 312 European Rubber Journal 174,No.1,Jan.1992,p.14

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

RETREADING IS A ‘RISKY BUSINESS’ An accident rate in the UK rubber industry in 1989/90 of 2109 per 100,000 employees is reported to be worrying the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee of the UK Health & Safety Commission. Details of the Commission’s 1990/91 annual report are presented. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION

The formation of nitrosamines during vulcanisation processes is discussed with reference to the results of studies of the nitrosating effect of various fillers on secondary amines, which are released by some sulphur donors and accelerators during vulcanisation. GERMANY

Accession no.435189

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.435938 Item 313 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1413,30th Nov.1991,p.16 CONSULTANCY OFFERS HELP IN WORKING WITH NOISE LAWS It is reported that, increasingly vying for attention with the COSHH regulation and the demands of the Environmental Protection Act is the legislation aboutnoise at work. GHS Resources has decided to specialise in the subject and help companies who need help with acoustic technicalities, noise control, audiometry, etc.; very brief details are noted. GHS RESOURCES EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.435935

Item 316 International Rubber Conference.Summaries. Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.225-36. 012 German CONTRIBUTION TO THE REDUCTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS FROM AROMATIC MINERAL OIL PLASTICISERS (FOR RUBBERS) Wommelsdorff R;Hamann W BP OILTECH GMBH (Deutsche Kautschuk Ges.) The labelling of mineral oil plasticisers in accordance with the German regulations relating to hazardous materials is discussed. A new plasticiser which will not require labelling in the future is considered and it is shown that BP Enerthene 1849-1 is a product that contains a high percentage of aromatic compound without having carcinogenic potential. 14 refs. GERMANY

Item 314 European Rubber Journal 173,No.10,Nov.1991,p.16 LAW CASE MAY COST RECLAIMERS Bebbington S Relatives of a tyre retread worker, who died in 1991 of bladder cancer are sueing his employers for compensation. The firm is contesting the claim, which is based on the allegation that the worker could only have contracted bladder cancer by being exposed to the carcinogen betanaphthylamine. If the case is successful reclaim firms will face the task of establishing the source of all tyre stocks and workers may also have to undergo medical checks. The comprehensive article provides the details. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.435924 Item 315 International Rubber Conference.Summaries. Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.321-2. 012 German STUDY OF EFFECT OF WHITE FILLERS ON NNITROSAMINES AND THEIR PRECURSOR COMPOUNDS Koenig J;Freise R GESELLSCHAFT FUER ARBEITSPLATZ-UND UMWELTANALYTIK (Deutsche Kautschuk Ges.)

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.435185 Item 317 International Rubber Conference.Summaries. Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.221-2. 012 German NITROSAMINE: INFLUENCE OF SKILFUL COMPOUNDING Engels H W;Abele M;Graf H J BAYER AG; RHEIN-CHEMIE AG (Deutsche Kautschuk Ges.) Methods of avoiding nitrosamine formation in the manufacture of rubber articles are discussed. It is shown that sources for the formation of nitrosamines during vulcanisation are polymers, fillers, curing systems and additives, as a result of the presence of secondary amines and nitrosating agents. The efficiency of replacements for nitrosamine-generating compounds is examined, with reference to Vulkacit ZBEC (zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate) curing agent. 9 refs. GERMANY

Accession no.435184 Item 318 International Rubber Conference.Summaries. Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.219-20. 012 German

93

References and Abstracts

USE OF CARRIER-BOUND FLAME RETARDANTS AND OF COUPLING SYSTEMS IN RUBBER MIXES, WITH REGARD TO HEALTH PROTECTION Schunk W;Merkmann G;Giessmann C; Kloecking H P;Knoll H;Berrgmann S ERFURT,MEDIZINISCHEN AKADEMIE (Deutsche Kautschuk Ges.) Long abstract only. 4 refs. GERMANY

Accession no.435172 Item 319 International Rubber Conference.Summaries. Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.327-8. 012 BLADDER CANCER AS AN OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE IN THE BRITISH RUBBER INDUSTRY: AN IN-DEPTH FACTORY STUDY SHOW THE PAST EXTENT OF THE RISK (FROM ANTIOXIDANTS CONTAMINATED BY BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE) AND CONFIRMATION OF ITS SUBSEQUENT DISAPPEARANCE Veys C A MICHELIN TYRE PLC (Deutsche Kautschuk Ges.) Abstract only. 1 ref. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.435171 Item 320 Chemical Engineering 98,No.11,Nov.1991,p.188/93 COPING WITH ELECTROSTATIC HAZARDS Hearn G WOLFSON ELECTRONICS

FIRE RESEARCH STATION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.435071 Item 322 Rubber and Plastics News 21,No.4,16th Sept.1991,p.1/22 DYNAGEN AGREES TO CLEAN-UP PACT Meyer B Dynagen Inc. has agreed to pay 1.4 million US dollars in civil damages and to spend 12 million US dollars in improvements at its Odessa synthetic rubber plant in a settlement of a lawsuit filed by the Texas Attorney General’s office. This comprehensive article provides details of the lawsuit and the settlement. DYNAGEN INC. USA

Accession no.433097 Item 323 137th Meeting Spring 1990.Conference Preprints. Las Vegas,Nv.,29th May-1st June 1990,Paper 69. 012 CHEMICAL EXPOSURE AT WORK - A GUIDE FOR THE SMALLER COMPANY Menough J DANIELS GROUP INC. (ACS,Rubber Div.) New findings regarding exposure to demands in the workplace and the health hazards involved are reported. The needs and requirements of small rubber manufacturers are noted and some inexpensive measures are suggested. USA

Accession no.430097

Accession no.435072

Item 324 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 52,No.5,May 1991,p.212-7 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING FOR OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO TOLUENE Foo S C;Jeyaratnam J;Ong C N;Khoo N Y;Koh D; Chia S E SINGAPORE,UNIVERSITY

Item 321 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1411,16th Nov.1991,p.3 FIRE HAZARD GUIDANCE

A study was undertaken to examine the relationship between exposure of workers to toluene in the work environment and biological indicators of toluene exposure. Measurements were taken of toluene in expired air, blood and urine. 21 refs.

Steps to be taken in factories to minimise the risks of a disastrous electrostatic discharge are discussed. Ways of measuring the potential danger are noted along with information on minimum ignition energies for various material types. 2 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Manufacturers, suppliers, transporters and users of plastics and other synthetic materials are reported to have been offered guidance over the assessment of fire hazards from flammable solids. It also covers the precautions required for the safe storage and use of the materials. Very brief details are noted.

94

SINGAPORE

Accession no.429852 Item 325 Adhesives ’90.Conference Proceedings. Schaumburg,Il.,1st-4th Oct.1990,Paper 10. 6A1

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

TODAY’S MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET - A WEALTH OF INFORMATION Eisner D L DEXTER CORP. (Society of Manufacturing Engineers) The modern material safety data sheet (MSDS) and its use by the manufacturing engineer are discussed. Consideration is given to MSDS’s growth and development, MSDS provisions of OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard and the future of MSDS, as dictated by a document entitled ‘Guidelines for the Preparation of MSDSs’ from the Chemical Manufacturers Assn. CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSN.; US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.428097 Item 326 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1396,3rd Aug.1991,p.6 CANCER STUDY LAUNCHED The UK Health & Safety Executive is reported to have recently launched a survey into why bladder and urinary tract cancers occur, based at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham. A new register is to be formed by sending questionnaires to people diagnosed as having the cancer, so that they can outline their hobbies and work histories. Very brief details are noted. BRITISH RUBBER MFRS.’ ASSN.; UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.428096 Item 327 International Polymer Science and Technology 17,No.7,1990,p.T/14-8 MAIN ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE PRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL RUBBER GOODS Nudel’man Z N Studies of the possibility of reducing the gaseous pollutants from factories manufacturing industrial rubber goods are reported. Aspects covered include the characteristics of the organic solvents used in the industry, the characteristics of the air pollutants, volatile products of the conversion of the components of vulcanisate mixes and volatile substances released from rubbers in the production of industrial rubber goods. 9 refs. (Full translation of Kauch.i.Rezina,No.4,1990,p.16). EASTERN EUROPE; USSR

Accession no.425181

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 328 London, HMSO, 1990, pp.12. 8ins. 58-921 USE OF SOLVENTS IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE; UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION This booklet gives advice on the means to minimise both the health risks and the fire and explosion hazards which may result from the use of solvents. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.424739 Item 329 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1388,1st June 1991,p.9 PRESSURE SYSTEMS LAW AND THE USER Stevenson J INGERSOLL-RAND CO. New regulations are reported to mean that any user or owner of a compressed air system at a pressure greater than 0.5 bar g(7lb/sq.in.) and with an air receiver fitted must comply with the Pressure Systems and Transportable Gas Containers Regulations 1989 and the Approved Code of Practice; many plastics and rubber processing companies are thus affected. Details are given. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.423789 Item 330 Rubber and Plastics News 20,No.20,15th April 1991,p.3 STUDY LINKS CHEMICALS TO BLADDER CANCER Moore M A study by the National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health has concluded that workers directly exposed to two rubber chemicals are 6.5 times more likely to develop bladder cancer than the population at large. NIOSH has called upon the Occupational Safety & Health Administration to place tighter workplace exposure limits on the two chemicals, ortho-toluidine and aniline. US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPA.SAFETY & HEALTH USA

Accession no.422060 Item 331 Rubber and Plastics News 20,No.22,13th May 1991,p.12-3 WATCHDOGS OR HOUNDS? Moore M Although some see them as reasonable people doing a reasonable job, and others see them as empty-headed, havoc-

95

References and Abstracts

wreaking zealots, government regulators and inspectors have enormous authority over rubber manufacturers and suppliers in almost every aspect of their businesses. Details are given. BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE INC.; OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION; UTI CHEMICALS INC.

New Orleans,La.,24-28th April,1988,p.113-9. 895 TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT (TSCA) PRESSURE POINTS Hayes D J HOGAN & HARTSON (RadTech International)

USA

A discussion is presented of the Environmental Protection Agency’s evolving approach to test rules under Section 4 of the TSCA, new chemical restrictions under Section 5(e) of the statute and reporting requirements under Section 8 of the law. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Accession no.422051 Item 332 Rubber and Plastics News 2 12,No.12,25th March 1991,p.3 NITROSAMINE RUMBLINGS. SOME EXPERTS WORRY OVER GERMAN RESTRICTIONS Noga E;Moore M Tougher German standards for nitrosamines, carcinogenic byproducts of rubber processing, could eventually necessitate more stringent, costly regulations in the USA. Nitrosamine regulatory efforts have been particularly strong in Germany and the UK, especially in the cosmetic industry. DIK, the German Rubber Institute, have been studying the use of vitamin E as a nitrosamine inhibitor in rubber vulcanisation and Hoffman-La Roche sells such a product, which also works as an antioxidant. DIK and Hoffman-La Roche are discussing this product with rubber product companies and carbon black and synthetic rubber producers in the USA. DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER KAUTSCHUKTECHNOLOGIE EV; HOFFMAN-LA ROCHE INC.; UNIROYAL CHEMICAL CO.INC.; US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION; US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; JAPAN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.422047 Item 333 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1381,13th April 1991,p.2 WORKING GUIDE TO SAFE USE OF NIPS IN RUBBER INDUSTRY According to the Health & Safety Commission’s new booklet ‘Safeguarding of Nips in the Rubber Industry’, there is no excuse for management or workers to operate unsafe two-roll mills and calenders. Described as a working guide which outlines the best industrial practice, it is said that it should be adhered to in order to avoid prosecution and keep machines safe. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.420896 Item 334 RadTech ’88-North America (Volume 1).Conference Proceedings.

96

USA

Accession no.417479 Item 335 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 47,No.5,May 1990,p.298-301 STOMACH CANCER AND WORK IN DUSTY INDUSTRIES Coggon D;Barker D J P;Cole R B NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE,MEDICAL INSTITUTE; SOUTHAMPTON,UNIVERSITY Results are presented of an investigation of the contribution of dusty industries (including the coalmining, iron and steel, ceramics, and rubber industries) to the high incidence of stomach cancer in Stoke-on-Trent. 26 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.416318 Item 336 Rubber and Plastics News 2 12,No.9,11th Feb.1991,p.3 SR PRODUCERS FRET OVER COST OF BUTADIENE RULE COMPLIANCE Moore M SR experts say that compliance with a proposed workplace exposure standard for 1,3-butadiene will cost the synthetic rubber industry 32 times what OSHA estimates. Government and academic toxicologists said OSHA’s recommended limit of 2 parts per million is necessary to protect US workers from increased rates of leukaemia and malignant tumours, but industrial hygienists have disputed the results of inhalation studies on mice. The SR industry supports a limit of 10 ppm. USA

Accession no.415388 Item 337 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 47,No.3,March 1990,p.154-61 EVIDENCE THAT A BETA-N-GLUCURONIDE OF 4, 4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE) IS A MAJOR URINARY METABOLITE IN MAN:

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOLOGICAL MONITORING Cocker J;Boobis A R;Wilson H K;Gompertz D LONDON,ROYAL POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL; UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE 16 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.414324 Item 338 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 47,No.4,April 1990,p.239-41 PERSISTENT REACTIVE AIRWAY DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME AFTER EXPOSURE TO TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE Luo J C J;Nelsen K G;Fischbein A NEW YORK,CITY UNIVERSITY

Item 341 Rubber Tech ’89.Conference Proceedings. The Hague,23rd-25th May 1989,p.86-7. 16 EFFECTS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY ON CONTINENTAL AG BUSINESS Kauth H CONTINENTAL AG (Plastics & Rubber Institute) In Continental’s business life, health and safety issues have always played an important role. In the past the emphasis was on the protection against mechanical hazards, but that has shifted towards influencing employee attitude towards safer working. The new dimension in health and safety work, the company believes, is how to get control of the problem of industrial diseases. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.410928

19 refs. USA

Accession no.414194 Item 339 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1371,2nd Feb.1991,p.20 RUBBER INDUSTRY TO REVIEW HEALTH AND SAFETY AIMS According to recent statisticaly work carried out by the rubber industry advisory committee of the UK Health & Safety Commission, manual handling by employees in the UK rubber industry presents the most common situation where accidents can occur. Details of this survey are presented. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.414193 Item 340 Rubber and Plastics News 20,No.14,21st Jan.1991,p.4 OSHA HEARS BID FOR BUTADIENE LIMIT Moore M An official of the US Occupational Safety & Health Administration is reported to have made the case for a stringent 1,3-butadiene workplace exposure standard at a hearing on 15th January. At later hearings, however, the synthetic rubber industry will testify that a 2 ppm butadiene standard, as recommended by OSHA, is unnecessary to protect workers and too burdensome for synthetic rubber manufacturers. INTERNATIONAL INST.OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER PRODUCERS; US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

Item 342 Rubber Tech ’89.Conference Proceedings. The Hague,23rd-25th May 1989,p.73-6. 16 HEALTH AND SAFETY PROBLEMS FACING THE EUROPEAN RUBBER INDUSTRY OVER THE NEXT DECADE Daubenfeld J P GOODYEAR SA (Plastics & Rubber Institute) The effect of existing and proposed EEC legislation on health and safety in the rubber industry is discussed. The most important Directives affecting the industry concern occupational health and safety, classification, labelling and packing of dangerous chemicals/ preparations, and the environment. The main issues for the coming years are explored, including use of chemicals and preparations, undesired by-products, noise, mechanical safety, new technologies, waste, ergonomics, and people’s behaviour. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; LUXEMBOURG; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.410925 Item 343 SATRA Bulletin Oct.1990,p.118-9 DUST AND RUBBER FUME IN SHOE MANUFACTURE Tame R SATRA FOOTWEAR TECHNOLOGY CENTRE UK COSHH requirements affecting dust and rubber fume in shoe factories are outlined. Action may be required to control exposure in vulcanising areas. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.408372

Accession no.414185

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

97

References and Abstracts

Item 344 Rubber World 202,No.3,June 1990,p.16-7 CHEMICAL EXPOSURE AT WORK Menough H The first part of this article covers the control of worker exposure to chemicals in the UK rubber industry through a systems approach. Engineering changes, including material modification, automation/isolation, local exhaust ventilation and work practices are discussed. The needs and requirements of smaller companies to improve working conditions and reduce exposure of workers to chemicals are emphasised. USA

Accession no.403981 Item 345 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1345,21st July 1990,p.6 INDUSTRY GUIDELINES ON SOLVENT USE A guide to the use of solvents in the rubber industry (‘Use of solvents in the rubber industry’) is available from the Health and Safety Commission from July 1990. It provides practical guidance on how to minimise health risks and hazards from fire and explosion when using solvents and contains a section on legal requirements which outlines the relevance of the COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) regulations. Further guidance on COSHH compliance, noise control and guarding of nips is being prepared by Rubiac. RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE; UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.403050 Item 346 Polyurethanes World Congress 1987: 50 years of Polyurethanes.Conference Proceedings. Aachen,29th Sept-2nd Oct.1987,p.156-61. 43C6 ISOCYANATE WORK PLACE ANALYSIS STATE OF THE ART Brenner K S BASF AG (SPI,Polyurethane Div.;Fachverband Schaumkunststoffe eV) A review is presented of the methods and instruments currently used for analysis of isocyanates in workplace atmospheres, and of their performance and areas of use. The analytical problems of isocyanate-aerosols and of reacting PU-aerosols, especially in connection with personal sampling and papertape monitors, are discussed and new instrumental developments are presented. 22 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.402125

98

Item 347 Polyurethanes World Congress 1987: 50 years of Polyurethanes.Conference Proceedings. Aachen,29th Sept-2nd Oct.1987,p.162-5. 43C6 DETERMINATION OF TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE IN THE WORKPLACE ATMOSPHERE BY AN ISOMER-INDEPENDENT COLORIMETRIC METHOD Vogel J;Keller J BAYER AG (SPI,Polyurethane Div.;Fachverband Schaumkunststoffe eV) 13 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.402122 Item 348 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1348,11th Aug.1990,p.7 SAFETY DRIVES THE TREND TO DUST FREE RUBBER ADDITIVES Robinson S Suppliers say that the rubber industry of the 1990s wants less dust, finer fillers and purer additives. This trend is due to health and safety concerns, coupled with a desire to reduce labour costs. Details are given. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.401590 Item 349 Plastics News(USA) 2,No.20,16th July 1990,p.6 BLAST CRIPPLES ARCO STYRENE PRODUCTION Charnas D Styrenic resin producers and their customers are reported to face potential supply disruptions, after the explosion and fire on 5th July 1990 at Arco Chemical’s Channelview site. The explosion, which killed 27 employees, has shut down 1.4 billion pounds in annual styrene monomer production capacity; details are given. ARCO CHEMICAL CO. USA

Accession no.401422 Item 350 London, 1989, pp.12. 12ins. 24/1/90. 12371 BS 5295:PART 4:1989 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANLINESS IN ENCLOSED SPACES. PART 4. SPECIFICATION FOR MONITORING CLEAN ROOMS AND CLEAN AIR DEVICES TO PROVE CONTINUED COMPLIANCE WITH BS 5295:PART 1 BRITISH STANDARDS INST. BSI.BS 5295:Part 4:1989

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

To be read in conjunction with BS 5295:Part 0. UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.396281 Item 351 European Rubber Journal 172,No.5,May 1990,p.20 TYRE FIRMS LOSE 1.65M US DOLLARS IN COURT Moore M

An accelerator (disulphuram) used in rubber and plastics polymerisation has caused birth defects in tests with laboratory animals, according to a report from the University of Southern California. However representatives of the rubber industry have questioned the integrity of the study, since two of the chemicals evaluated have never been used in polymerisation, according to rubber industry records. These two chemicals are bis(dichloroacetyl) diamine and d-penicillamine. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY USA

A federal district court is said to have awarded two tyre workers a total of 1.65 million US dollars in the first cases to be decided in a massive asbestos litigation project; the two companies involved in the B.F.Goodrich Miamibased tyre plant are Eagle-Picher Industries and OwensCorning Fiberglas. Brief details are noted. EAGLE-PICHER INDUSTRIES INC.; GOODRICH B.F.,CO.; OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORP. USA

Accession no.394732 Item 355 International Polymer Science and Technology 16,No.7,1989,p.T/55-9 RISKS OF WORKING ON RUBBER TWO-ROLL MILLS Janousek V

Accession no.396248

8 refs. (Full translation of Plasty a Kauchuk,25,No.9,1988, p.275)

Item 352 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 42,No.5,May 1989,p.426-7 German EFFECTIVE LABOUR SAFETY Weckerle G CONTINENTAL AG

CZECHOSLOVAKIA; EASTERN EUROPE

A report is given on measures taken by the Northeim Werk of Continental AG to improve the safety standards and record of its materials preparation division. The report covers the period from 1978 to date. WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.396107

Accession no.394597 Item 356 Rubber and Plastics News 19,No.14,22nd Jan.1990,p.6 EPA LABELS 43 BUTADIENE PLANTS HEALTH RISKS The Environmental Protection Agency has made available updated toxic risk figures, which still show that high levels of cancer-causing materials are coming from 43 facilities making or using 1, 3-butadiene. Details are given. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Item 353 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1328,24th April 1990,p.12 FLUIDISED SPRAY DRIER FOR ABM The acquisition of a fluidised spray dryer by Rhone Poulenc’s ABM Chemicals is discussed. The dryer will be used in the production of ABM’s range of powder sequestering agents used as additives in the plastics and rubber industry. Dusting is minimised, producing a more granular product which conforms to COSHH regulations. ABM CHEMICALS LTD.; RHONE POULENC SA FRANCE; UK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

Accession no.395061 Item 354 Rubber and Plastics News 19,No.11,25th Dec.1989,p.1/18 STUDY CLAIMS CHEMICAL CAUSES BIRTH DEFECTS Moore M

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.394592 Item 357 Rubber and Plastics News 19,No.10,11th Dec.1989,p.14 RMA CALLS EPA BENZENE EMISSIONS STUDY INCORRECT Moore M The Rubber Manufacturers Assn. (RMA) has claimed that the US, Environmental Protection Agency has greatly overestimated benzene emissions from tyre plants in its proposals on emission standards for the substance. The RMA considers that the agency’s projections are outdated concerning both solvent use and benzene content of solvents in the tyre industry and that benzene emission standards are not necessary for the tyre industry. RUBBER MANUFACTURERS’ ASSN.; US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Accession no.394588

99

References and Abstracts

Item 358 European Rubber Journal 172,No.1,Jan.1990,p.7 TETD CAUSES RAT BIRTH DEFECTS Moore M Brief details are presented on the effects of tetraethylthiuram disulphide (TETD), an ultra-accelerator used in the rubber industry, on laboratory rats. Findings of tests carried out are reported to include the possibility of birth defects such as heart and lung deformities. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES FOR ASSESSING HUMAN CANCER RISK AND NEW HEALTH ISSUES ON 1,3-BUTADIENE Hinderer R K GOODRICH B.F.,CO. (International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers Inc.) Details are given of cancer research results, past, present and future research objectives and assessments of cancer risk from 1, 3-butadiene. USA

Accession no.391111

USA

Accession no.394097 Item 359 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1323,17th Feb.1990,p.2 FATAL BLAST HIGHLIGHTS E GERMAN SAFETY SET-UP An explosion and fire in one of the 12 carbide furnaces at plastics and rubber producer VEB Chemische Werke Buna at Schkopait East Germany, on February 9th killed five workers and injured at least 20. The accident is expected to affect plastics production for which carbide is used as a feedstock, but will not interfere with output of other products at the combine. A GDR state commission has been appointed to study the cause of the explosion but it is generally believed that outdated technology and poor maintenance over the years were to blame. Brief details on the East German Chemical Industries environmental clean up is available. VEB CHEMISCHE WERKE BUNA EAST GERMANY; EASTERN EUROPE

Accession no.393121 Item 360 Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers.Developed from the conference proceedings. Quebec City,Canada,16-20th May 1988,p.39-55. 012 WORLDWIDE REGULATORY ACTIVITY ON 1,3-BUTADIENE McGraw J L AMERICAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER CORP. (International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers Inc.) Details are given of the regulatory status of 1,3-butadiene throughout the world. Some statistics are given and mention is made of sampling procedures during polymerisation. USA

Accession no.391112 Item 361 Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers.Developed from the conference proceedings. Quebec City,Canada,16-20th May 1988,p.32-8. 012

100

Item 362 Contraception 40,No.5,Nov.1989,p.519-30 BARRIER METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION (CONDOMS AND DIAPHRAGMS) AND THE RISK OF CERVICAL NEOPLASIA Parazzini F;Negri E;La Vecchia C;Fedele L ISTITUTO DI RICERCHE FARMACOLOGICHE; LAUSANNE,UNIVERSITY; MILAN,UNIVERSITY 17 refs. ITALY; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

Accession no.390015

Item 363 Rubber and Plastics News 2 10,No.24,11th Sept.1989,p.3 EPA RULING WILL CUT BENZENE USE Moore M The US, Environmental Protection Agency has issued rules, which are expected to cut benzene emissions by 90% and could affect tyre manufacturers. These rules are designed to eliminate 20,000 tons of benzene annually from the air. PU foam and synthetic rubber manufacturers don’t consider that the new ruling will affect them, since neither use the chemical, contrary to what the EPA believes. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Accession no.387146 Item 364 European Rubber Journal 171,No.8,Sept.1989,p.6 CANCER STUDY IMPLICATES RUBBER McCann J Concern has arisen after recent studies linking increased risk of cancer in people, with the presence of prostheses, including silicone rubber breast implants. Silicone rubber, metals and plastics are all implicated in the increased cancer risk. Replacements for the silicone rubber shell of the breast prostheses, or for the silicone gel or saline solution placed inside them are not considered likely as no suitable alternatives are currently available.

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

USA

Accession no.386699 Item 365 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 46,No.9,Sept.1989,p.624-8 CANCER MORTALITY IN A NORTHERN ITALIAN COHORT OF RUBBER WORKERS Negri R;Piolatto G;Pira E;Decarli A;Kaldor J; La Vecchia C INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER; LAUSANNE,UNIVERSITY; MILAN,INSTITUTE FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH; MILAN,INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; MILAN,UNIVERSITY; TURIN,UNIVERSITY An analysis is presented of data from a cohort of 6629 workers employed in a rubber tyre factory in the district of Turin, northern Italy, between 1906 and 1981. Apart from standard descriptive analyses based on the computation of observed and expected numbers of deaths from selected causes, log linear models are applied to obtain estimates of the effect of calender period and age at first exposure, duration of exposure and period since last exposure. Analyses are also performed to identify job categories particularly at risk. 20 refs. FRANCE; ITALY; SWITZERLAND

Accession no.386124

BIRMINGHAM,UNIVERSITY; BRITISH RUBBER MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION; BRITISH RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN. The mortality experienced by a group of 36,691 rubbers workers during the period 1946-85 was investigated. These workers were all male operatives first employed in any one of the 13 participating factories in 1946-60; all had worked continuously in the industry for a minimum period of one year. Statistically significant excesses and deficits relating to cancer mortaility were examined. Involvement of occupational exposures was assessed by the method of regression models and life tables. 14 refs. UK

Accession no.383659 Item 368 Pitture e Vernici 64,No.7,July 1988,p.35-7 Italian HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACCORDING TO THE EPA Details are given of a draft standard and list of highly hazardous chemical substances published by the Environmental Protection Agency. Threshold values are presented for 402 substances. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; SAFETY ENGINEERING SRL ITALY; USA

Accession no.383427 Item 366 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 46,No.1,Jan.1989,p.12-5 SMOKING, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO RUBBER, AND LUNG CANCER Zhang Z F;Yu S Z;Li W X;Choi B C K SHANGHAI,MEDICAL UNIVERSITY; TORONTO,UNIVERSITY A group of 1624 employees (957 men, 667 women) in a rubber factory in Shanghai was followed up from 1972 onwards and their 12 year mortality experience was examined. The relative risk of lung cancer for smokers was 8.5 for men and 11.4 for women and for rubber workers exposed to curing agents or talc powder 3.2 for men and 4.6 for women. 20 refs. CANADA; CHINA

Accession no.383660 Item 367 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 46,No.1,Jan.1989,p.1-10 MORTALITY IN THE BRITISH RUBBER INDUSTRY 1946-85 Sorahan T;Parkes H G;Veys C A;Waterhouse J A H; Straughan J K;Nutt A

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 369 Macplas 13,No.100,July/Aug.1988,p.98-9 Italian UNI DRAFT STANDARD: NOISE IN THE WORKPLACE UNI Details are given of UNI draft standard U20.00.003.0 relating to methods and equipment for determining levels of personal exposure to noise in the workplace. 5 refs. ITALY

Accession no.383426 Item 370 Analytical Chemistry 62,No.12,15th June 1989,p.238-43R RUBBER Krishen A GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO. A review is presented of methods for the identification, characterisation and determination of rubber and materials in rubber, covering the period January 1987 to December 1988. Methods dealt with include NMR spectroscopy, IR

101

References and Abstracts

spectroscopy, thermal analysis, GPC, size exclusion chromatography, analysis related to helath and safety and several miscellaneous techniques. 124 refs. USA

Accession no.382608 Item 371 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 46,No.3,March 1989,p.212-4 DERMATOSIS FROM RESORCINOL IN TYRE MAKERS Abbate C;Polito I;Puglish A;Brecciaroll R;Tanzariello A MESSINA,UNIVERSITY The skin pathology caused by resorcinol in tyre makers is reported. Resorcinol is a diphenol that causes a dehydrating, keratolytic, irritant, and sensitising action on the skin. 4 refs. ITALY

Accession no.382285 Item 372 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 42,No.2,Feb.1989,p.120-3 IMPACT OF N-NITROSOAMINE REGULATIONS ON SULPHENAMIDE SELECTION Davies K M;Lloyd D G;Orband A MONSANTO EUROPE SA Regulations concerning the total level of certain Nnitrosoamines in work area atmospheres, recently instituted in West Germany, have had an impact on the rubber industry worldwide. N-nitrosoamines can be generated during the cure and storage of rubber products vulcanised with certain accelerators. This article reviews the impact of these regulations on the range of sulphenamides available on the market as well as choices now available to the rubber compounder to avoid nitrosamine generation and possible future choices. 6 refs. BELGIUM; WEST GERMANY

Accession no.382011 Item 373 Rubber and Plastics News 18,No.22,15th May 1989,p.15 NETHERLANDS TOUGHENS ON NITROSAMINES IN TEATS Shaw D All natural rubber babies teats have been removed from Dutch shops following a report by TNO that they exceed regulations on the migration of nitrosamines. The level is thirty times less than the UK limit and ten times less than the West German one. The nitrosamine rules combined with a list of approved chemicals effectively make all natural rubber teats illegal in the Netherlands. NETHERLANDS

Item 374 China Rubber Industry 36,No.4,April 1989,p.220-6 Chinese DETERMINATION OF VAPOURS GENERATED DURING RUBBER PROCESSING Qingshan Z BEIJING,RESEARCH & DESIGN INST.OF RUBBER IND. Several methods for determining the qualitative and quantitative levels of vapours generated under mixing and curing conditions during rubber processing are given. Methods used include gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. 21 refs. CHINA

Accession no.377970 Item 375 Rubber and Plastics News 2 10,No.10,27th Feb.1989,p.5 RUBBER COMPANIES PAYING FOR WASTE CLEANUP Moore M Rubber product manufacturers and suppliers are involved in two Massachusetts Superfund hazardous waste cleanup agreements with the Environmental Protection Agency. Brief details of this operation are given. Each party will pay a share based on the number of drums of solvent each company contributed, plus the amount of PCBs in the soil and water. Nearly 40 companies have refused to participate. RE-SOLVE INC.; US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Accession no.377260 Item 376 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1286,20th May 1989,p.22-3 DUSTING DOWN RUBBER COMPOUNDING MIXES Baker-Counsell J;Heathcote M;Lunney A; Smith A;Whitehead J Safe and clean powder handling is particularly important with the enforcement later this year of the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) regulations. A major upgrading at Avon Rubber’s mixing division is described. Four environmentally controlled dust extraction booths have been installed for the weighing of powders. The company is developing a fully automated weighing and ingredient bagging station. AVON RUBBER CO.LTD. UK

Accession no.377120

Accession no.381081

102

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 377 Plasty a Kaucuk 25,No.9,Sept.1988,p.275-9 Czech RISKS OF WORK ON RUBBER TWO-ROLL MILLS - ANALYSIS Janousek V VYZKUMNY USTAV BEZPECNOSTI PRACE Hazards arising from working with two-roll mills are discussed and factors influencing the implementation of machine safety procedures are considered. Appropriate measures will be incorporated into Czechoslovak Standard CSN 691 309, currently being revised by the Labour Safety Research Institute of Prague in cooperation with the national enterprise Buzuluk at Komarov. 8 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the RAPRA produced International Polymer Science and Technology. BUZULUK NATIONAL CORP.; CZECHOSLOVAK LABOUR SAFETY RESEARCH INST. CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Accession no.372526 Item 378 International Polymer Science and Technology 13,No.7,1986,p.T/14 FIRE HAZARDS AND TOXICITY PROPERTIES OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE (A COMPONENT OF TEXTILE DIPPING COMPOUNDS) AND SODIUM NITRITE (A HEAT TRANSFER AGENT) 2 refs. (Full translation of Kauch.i Rezina,No.2,1986,p.34) USSR

Accession no.372291 Item 379 Plasty a Kaucuk 25,No.7,July 1988,p.213-5 Slovak CARCINOGENICITY OF PHENYL-BETANAPHTHYLAMINE Veghova E A survey of literature data is presented on the suggested carcinogenicity of phenyl-beta-naphthylamine incorporated as an antioxidant in the first stage of mixing of rubber compounds. Based on epidemiological studies, it is shown that the occurrence of carcinomas is no higher in people exposed to phenyl-beta-naphthylamine than in the rest of the population. 6 refs. CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Accession no.370198 Item 380 Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference.

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.7/1-7/7. 921 EXPOSURE LIMITS: TRENDS AND PROBLEMS Nutt A R BTR INDUSTRIES LTD. (PRI) A brief history of standard setting for the control of atmospheric industrial health hazards is given. Changes and problems generated by new maximum exposure limits and occupational exposure standards are discussed. 7 refs. UK

Accession no.369840 Item 381 Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.11/1-11/5. 921 CONTRACTOR IN YOUR FACTORY Wade J F UK,DEPT.OF EMPLOYMENT,HM FACTORY INSPECTORATE (PRI) Details are given of the dangers of building and maintenance work in rubber or plastics factories with particular reference given to the legal and practical problems of dealing with contractors. UK

Accession no.369837 Item 382 Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.4/1-4/9. 921 PREDICTION OF ON-SITE PERFORMANCE FOR VULCANISATION FUME Smith R W B;Willoughby B G RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD. (PRI) Details are given of the role of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in studying vulcanisation fume emission. Its use in factory air studies is discussed. 6 refs. UK

Accession no.369834 Item 383 Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.3/1-3/10. 921 INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL FOR LONG TERM HAZARD OF FUME IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Blanden C R;Isherwood S A

103

References and Abstracts

ASSOCIATED OCTEL CO.LTD.; UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE (PRI) The chemical composition and biological activity of fumes generated during the vulcanisation process were investigated. Extracts, and their chemically separated fractions were tested for mutagenic activity in the Ames test and were also analysed chemically by GC/MS. 14 refs. UK

Accession no.369833 Item 384 Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.6/1-6/9. 921 CONTROL AT SOURCE FOR VULCANISATION FUME Willoughby B G RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD. (PRI) Details are given of reducing pollution from vulcanising rubbers with particular attention being given to the formulation or curing conditions. 12 refs. UK

Accession no.369725 Item 385 Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.5/1-5/8. 921 CONTROL OF RUBBER PROCESSING FUMES AT 40.5 AUTOFORM TYRE CURING PRESSES Worwood J A BTR INDUSTRIES LTD. (PRI) Sources of rubber processing fume and methods for their control are discussed with regard to 40.5 Autoform tyre curing presses. Air sampling results are given for two tyre curing shops. 3 refs. UK

Accession no.369572 Item 386 Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.9/1-9/7. 921 CHEMICAL DISPERSIONS Garnett A A K & K GREEFF CHEMICALS LTD. (PRI)

Details are given of the demand for dispersions of powders in the plastics and rubber industries. The advantages of dispersions are described in terms of health and safety, economics and technical aspects. UK

Accession no.369385 Item 387 Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.1/1-10. 921 SAFETY IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES - AN INSURANCE VIEWPOINT Bett K G W ROYAL INSURANCE (UK) LTD. (PRI) Details are given of safety in process industries with emphasis given to the identification of the hazard, their quantification in terms of frequency and effect, and their comparison with standard levels of acceptance. UK

Accession no.369230 Item 388 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1241,25th June 1988,p.22-3 RUBBER ADDITIVES UNDER THE MICROSCOPE Rhein-Chemie Rheinau is reported to have just completed an extensive, Europe-wide survey into the factors determining the use of pre-dispersed chemicals in the rubber processing industry. The survey involved interviews with technical personnel at 120 companies in six countries. Some economic information is given. RHEIN-CHEMIE RHEINAU GMBH WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.368415 Item 389 IISRP 28th Annual Meeting;Conference Proceedings. Edinburgh,8-12 June 1987,Paper III-IV,pp.21. 012 BUTADIENE OVERVIEW Loeser E BAYER AG (International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers) The results of different toxicity studies on butadiene are analysed and the data on the metabolic fate of butadiene in different animal species are discussed together with human epidemiological data. An attempt is also made to arrive at an interpretation and integration of the knowledge on the health related butadiene data in the process of evaluation of risk to human health. WEST GERMANY

Accession no.368239

104

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 390 Health & Safety at Work 10,No.7,July 1988,p.21/5 ARMING AGAINST HAZARDS TO HANDS

A comprehensive case history is described relating to emergency procedures involved in the disposal of 45 drums of MOCA curing agent which had been damaged by fire and water.

Protective gloves are reported to be essential everyday wear for millions of workers, providing protection from hazards ranging from live viruses to molten metal. Choosing the correct glove, however, is said to be vital to ensure the safety of employees. The main types on offer are examined, as a starting point to matching the glove to the hazard.

USA

UK

Accession no.367867 Item 391 PMA’s Reference Guide to Polyurethane Processing. Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.VIII 6-14. 43C6 DETERMINATION OF MOCA CURING AGENT IN AIR: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC. (Polyurethane Manufacturers Assn.)

Accession no.365531 Item 395 PMA’s Reference Guide to Polyurethane Processing. Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.V 1-29. 43C6 TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING OF RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF URETHANE PARTS Stanton J L (Polyurethane Manufacturers Assn.) A detailed account includes sources of information for future reference, toxicological data on typical chemicals used in the PU industry, handling recommendations regarding these chemicals and relevant points concerning attitudes towards safety.

The method is described in detail.

USA

USA

Accession no.365530

Accession no.366068 Item 392 PMA’s Reference Guide to Polyurethane Processing. Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.VIII 15-23. 43C6 DETERMINATION OF TOLUENEDIISOCYANATE IN AIR DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC. (Polyurethane Manufacturers Assn.) The method is described in detail. 1 ref. USA

Accession no.366067 Item 393 PMMA’s Reference Guide to Polyurethane Processing. Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.II 1-22. 43C6 SAFE HANDLING OF ISOCYANATES, SOLVENTS AND CURATIVES Roman W (Polyurethane Manufacturers Assn.) The possible risks involved in processing of polyurethanes are detailed. USA

Accession no.365562 Item 394 PMA’s Reference Guide to Polyurethane Processing. Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.30-49. 43C6 EMERGENCY PROCEDURE CONCERNING MOCA DISPOSAL Salladin G P (Polyurethane Manufacturers Assn.)

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Item 396 Rubber and Plastics News 2 9,No.22,15th Aug.1988,p.2 GROUPS SUPPORT AIR CONTAMINANT LIMITS Moore M Associations for both the rubber and PU industry support - with some reservations - the plan to tighten workplace air contaminant standards put forward by the Occupational Safety & Health Administration. An exposure limit of 20 parts of MOCA per billion parts of air is recommended; brief details are noted. POLYURETHANE MANUFACTURERS ASSN.; RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN.; US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.362831 Item 397 26th Annual Meeting;Conference Proceedings. San Francisco,Ca.,13-17 May 1985,Paper II-3,pp.4. 012 US TOXICOLOGY Thomas F B SHELL DEVELOPMENT CO. (International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers) The research situation in the USA with regard to the toxicity of 1, 3-butadiene is discussed and the work of particular groups is identified, including the International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers and the Chemical

105

References and Abstracts

Further results are also presented since the final report on the study was published in 1982. Additional epidemiological studies are called for to strengthen the credibility of the original study which indicated that butadiene presented no significant health risk to man.

Manufacturers Assn. The US,National Toxicology Program’s mouse study is outlined and work being undertaken by Du Pont is also noted. DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.; US,CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSN.; US,NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM

USA

USA

Accession no.361003

Accession no.361699 Item 398 26th Annual Meeting;Conference Proceedings. San Francisco,Ca.,13-17 May 1985,Paper II-2,pp.13. 012 EUROPEAN TOXICOLOGY Loeser E BAYER AG (International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers)

Item 401 26th Annual Meeting;Conference Proceedings. San Francisco,Ca.,13-17 May 1985,Paper II-1,pp.19. 012 US REGULATORY OVERVIEW Curcio L N EXXON CORP. (International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers)

The effect of the results of the long term inhalation study with 1, 3-butadiene, done with mice in the USA, on the regulatory and research activities in Europe is discussed. The main regulatory actions in Germany are detailed and a discussion of three laboratory groups’ research into the metabolism and kinetics of butadiene in different animal groups, conducted in Belgium and West Germany, is presented.

Some of the problems and issues associated with the regulation of 1, 3-butadiene are illustrated as an example of the complex issues that are faced when dealing with toxic substances that may have long term health effects. A chronological history of events on the uses of 1, 3butadiene is presented leading to the present proposed legislation on exposure levels. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

BELGIUM; USA; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPEGENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE

USA

Accession no.361608

Accession no.360998

Item 399 Developments in Rubber Technology-4. Barking,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.,p.253-306. 021 HEALTH AND SAFETY Willoughby B G RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD. Edited by: Whelan A;Lee K S

Item 402 European Rubber Journal 170,No.8,Sept.1988,p.25-7 RUBBER SLOWLY SHEDS ITS DARK IMAGE Robinson S

A detailed review is given of health and safety in the rubber industry, with particular reference to accidents, dust hazards, and vapours (especially in the workplace). 122 refs. UK

Accession no.361004 Item 400 26th Annual Meeting;Conference Proceedings. San Francisco,Ca.,13-17 May 1985,Paper II-4,pp.16. 012 EPIDEMIOLOGY Johnson C GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO. (International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers) A study on the mortality of workers employed for one year or more in eight synthetic rubber production plants in the USA and Canada during 1943-79 is reviewed.

106

According to a recent survey of various industry associations, trade unions, processors and enforcement agencies, cancer, toxic chemicals, noise and stress are the main health and safety hazards confronting the rubber industry in Europe. A separate rubber chemicals market survey commissioned by Rhein-Chemie Rheinau is said to provide some insights into how certain European countries perceive both the importance of safety and hygiene, and the influence of existing legislation. Details are given. RHEIN-CHEMIE RHEINAU GMBH EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.360254 Item 403 Sheffield, 1987, pp.36. 12ins. 15/1/88. 15 RUBBER. A LIST OF HSC/E PUBLICATIONS RELEVANT TO THE INDUSTRY UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE This publication lists currently available publications produced by the Health and Safefty Executive relating to

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

dust and fume; electrical and electronic equipment; environmental hygiene (workplace monitoring); harzadous substances (storage, transport and handling); legislation; occupational injury and disease; plant, machinery and maintenance work; radiation; safety (policies, duties and compliance); and toxicity. A journals list is included. UK

Accession no.360253 Item 404 European Rubber Journal 170,No.8,Sept.1988,p.29 REACTION TO NITROSAMINES Davis B A new workplace environment rule, severely limiting airborne nitrosamines, is reported to have West German rubber companies struggling to find a solution, and the rest of the world’s industry watching with interest. The new guidelines allow only 2.5 micrograms of the substance per cubic metre of air (approx 1 part per thousand million; details are given. CONTINENTAL AG; GOODRICH B.F.,CO. CANADA; EUROPE-GENERAL; USA; WEST GERMANY

Accession no.360251

WORLD

Accession no.360249 Item 407 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1238,4th June 1988,p.9 POINTS TO WATCH IN THE WORKPLACE Guidelines are given by the Health & Safety Executive for reducing the risk of injury during handling activities. Points considered are integrated handling system, rest periods, and supervision. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE UK

Accession no.357063 Item 408 Macplas 12,No.91,Sept.1987,p.121-3 Italian UNI DRAFT STANDARD: SAFETY DEVICES FOR CALENDERS This draft standard relates to safety devices used to reduce the risk of operators being caught between the rollers of calenders. ENTE NAZIONALE ITALIANO DI UNIFICAZIONE ITALY

Item 405 European Rubber Journal 170,No.8,Sept.1988,p.31 MANAGING THE RISKS The European Economic Community is said to be proposing a directive, which names certain occupations in the rubber industry such as ‘milling, extruding and vulcanisation’ as ‘carcinogenic’. Currently the Commission lists 31 chemicals, including acrylonitrile, epichlorohydrin and N-nitroso-dimethylamine as carcinogens. The proposed directive is planned to come into force throughout the Community by 1st Jan.1991; details are given. EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.360250 Item 406 European Rubber Journal 170,No.8,Sept.1988,p.32 OTHER NATIONS PONDER LIMITS At least five European countries, Japan, several Latin American nations and the USA are reported to have enacted or to be contemplating regulations limiting worker exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Current or proposed standards range from 50 parts per million in the Netherlands to a predicted 1ppm level for Latin American nations; brief details are noted. AMERICAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER CORP.; INTERNATIONAL INST.OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER PRODUCERS

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.356001 Item 409 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1240,18th June 1988,p.12 OF MICE AND BUTADIENE: WEIGHING UP THE RISKS Copeman J The main message to emerge from the recent conference held in Quebec, Canada by the International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers is that the world’s synthetic rubber industry finds itself facing many problems including rationalisation, health and safety and information technology. An outline is given of two papers, presented by Goodrich’s manager of toxicology and American Synthetic Rubber’s Director of Industrial Relations and Regulatory Affairs, regarding the toxicity and exposure levels of butadiene. AMERICAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER CORP.; GOODRICH B.F.,CO.; INTERNATIONAL INST.OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER PRODUCERS CANADA; USA; WORLD

Accession no.355993 Item 410 Chimica e l’industria 69,No.12,Dec.1987,p.48-51 Italian DANGER INDEX FOR POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES Societa Chimica Italiana

107

References and Abstracts

A list is presented of 402 chemical substances defined by the Environmental Protection Agency as being potentially hazardous to health, together with the quantities of each which can present a hazard in the case of release. Details are given of an empirical method for calculating highly dangerous quantities of chemicals released. 2 refs. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; SAFETY ENGINEERING SRL ITALY; USA

major trade unions to issue an emergency standard for exposure to the PU curing agent MBOCA (4, 4'methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)) is briefly discussed. The petition asks OSHA to limit exposure to workers to 3 micrograms/cu.m over an 8 hour, time-weighted average and 10 micrograms/cu.m as a 15 min., short-term exposure limit. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

Accession no.355163

USA

Item 411 Chimica e l’industria 69,No.12,Dec.1987,p.56-60 Italian SAFETY ASPECTS OF SUBSTANCES SUBJECT TO PEROXIDATION Cardillo P;Ticozzi C MILANO,POLITECNICO; STAZIONE SPERIMENTALE PER I COMBUSTIBILI Consideration is given to hazards arising from the peroxidation of chemical substances, including vinyl monomers which form peroxides which after decomposition can initiate explosive polymerisation reactions. Precautions to be observed in storage, labelling procedures, distillation and the use of oxidation inhibitors are discussed. 23 refs.

Accession no.350644 Item 414 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 48,No.10,Oct.1987,p.867-72 SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF INHALED BUTADIENE IN TISSUES Bond J A;Dahl A R;Henderson R F;Birnbaum L S LOVELACE BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL RES.INST.; US,NATIONAL INST.OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES Details are given of an investigation to determine if there were differences in distribution in tissues of inhaled butadiene between rats and mice. 15 refs. USA

Accession no.348648

ITALY

Accession no.354741 Item 412 Elastomerics 119,No.11,Nov.1987,p.24-5 DOL BENZENE EXPOSURE RULES ANNOUNCED Kutz K The new Benzene Exposure Standard announced by the Occupational Safety & Health Administration in the USA is discussed. The effect of this standard, which reduces allowable worker exposure by 90%, on the tyre industry is described. The cost to the industry of new engineering controls and monitoring equipment is assessed and the debate over the toxicity of benzene fumes is outlined. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.351456 Item 413 Urethanes Technology 4,No.4,Dec.1987/Jan.1988,p.16 MBOCA WORRIES UNIONS A petition to the US Occupational Safety & Health Administration from a public-interest group and five

108

Item 415 Journal of Occupational Medicine 29,No.8,Aug.1987,p.675-80 MORTALITY OF WORKERS IN SBR POLYMER PRODUCTION Matanoski G M;Schwartz L JOHN HOPKINS UNIVERSITY Details are given of a study reporting the mortality of workers employed in eight SBR manufacturing plants in the USA and Canada. Examination of risks by major work areas such as production, utilities and maintenance are discussed. 15 refs. USA

Accession no.347750 Item 416 Macplas International No.3,Feb.1987,p.102-3 ARE GLASS FIBRES DANGEROUS? Carrino L CENTRO MATERIALI COMPOSITI An examination is made of hazards associated with the handling of glass fibres. Reference is made to research undertaken in the USA which examined the causes of 1,006 deaths among 7,049 workers exposed to glass fibres for at least a year. It was concluded that there was no increase in deaths from cancer when considering either

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

the total number with specific tumours of the digestive or respiratory system, and that there was no increase in the mortality rate for respiratory diseases. 3 refs. ITALY; USA

Accession no.347204 Item 417 Health & Safety at Work 9,No.10,Oct.1987,p.23-4 DANGERS AT EVERY HAND Russell-Fell R LRC PRODUCTS LTD. The range of hazards to hands is described, and the protection available from the different types of industrial glove on the market is outlined. UK

Accession no.345785 Item 418 Macplas 12,No.89,June 1987,p.90-2 Italian SAFETY DEVICES FOR SMALL MIXING MILLS UNI A shortened version of UNI draft standard No.9152 is presented. It is applicable to open mills for rubber and plastics, having 2 horizontal rolls of diameter less than 400mm. UNI ITALY

Accession no.345536

MORTALITY IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY An investigation of the causes of death in workers employed in the UK rubber industry between 1946 and 1980 (Brit.J.Ind.Med.,Vol.43,1986, p.363-73) has shown that the risk from bladder cancer has disappeared. There now appears, however, to be an excess number of deaths from lung cancer and stomach cancer. This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. UK

Accession no.344410 Item 421 Rubber and Plastics News 17,No.7,2nd Nov.1987,p.12 PMA STUDY TO EXPLORE PU ENGINEERING PROPERTIES School R The Polyurethane Mfrs.’ Assn. has plans to develop design engineering data for PU elastomers and has formed a subcommittee (the Regulatory Strategy Ad Hoc Committee) to study a report on cancer in workers exposed to MOCA. The goal of the design study is to develop dynamic property data for PU-oriented applications and a textbook on the design of cast PU engineering components will be produced as a result of the study. The newly formed subcommittee will work with NIOSH to evaluate tumours found in two of more than 300 employees of Anderson Development Co., who produced MOCA at the company’s Michigan facility. Further details are provided. ANDERSON DEVELOPMENT CO.; POLYURETHANE MANUFACTURERS ASSN.; US,NATIONAL INST.FOR OCCUPAT.SAFETY AND HEALTH USA

Item 419 132nd Meeting,Fall 1987.Preprints. Cleveland,Ohio,Oct.6-9,1987,Paper 84 SAFE PEROXIDES FOR CROSSLINKING de Groot J J;Bollen A G AKZO CHEMIE BV (ACS,Rubber Div.) The properties of organic peroxides in relation to the processing techniques used in the rubber industry are analysed from a safety engineering point of view. Consideration is given to proper peroxide selection, behaviour of peroxides at various operating temperatures, critical safety parameters for storage, compounding and processing, determination of safe processing times from induction time measurements and hazards involved when peroxides are contaminated with accelerators. 9 refs. NETHERLANDS

Accession no.344650 Item 420 Health & Safety at Work 8,No.8,Aug.1986,p.41

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.343014 Item 422 Chimica e l’industria 69,No.3,March 1987,p.44-6 Italian CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS Nebuloni M DOW LEPETIT Consideration is given to methods used in the control and prevention of runaway chemical reactions, with reference to a course on this subject held in Amsterdam in November 1986 by IBC Technical Service Ltd. Topics covered included fundamentals and theory of runaway chemical reactions, hazard evaluation and process design, chemical plant and process safety analysis, hazards from the exothermic decomposition of powders, the use of calorimetry in determining the hazardousness of chemical reactions, and trends in reaction vent design. BAYER AG; DOW CHEMICAL USA; FIKE TECHNICAL SERVICES; HOECHST AG; IBC

109

References and Abstracts

TECHNICAL SERVICE LTD.; ICI; METTLER INSTRUMENTE AG; SANDOZ AG; TNO PLASTICS & RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE; ZURICH,POLYTECHNIC ITALY; NETHERLANDS; SWITZERLAND; UK; USA; WEST GERMANY

Accession no.340582 Item 423 Farbe und Lack 93,No.1,Jan.1987,p.19-21 German HEALTH AND ISOCYANATES Schueler D Isocyanates find widespread use in the coatings and adhesives industry as curing agents for PU systems. This article reviews the types of health risks, such as skin and respiratory diseases, which can be caused by improper handling of isocyanates and gives advice on preventative measures. 15 refs. WEST GERMANY

Accession no.340581 Item 424 Rubber and Plastics News 17,No.3,7th Sept.1987,p.1/6 OSHA ADOPTS BENZENE EXPOSURE RULE OSHA has signed a standard which reduces the allowable workplace exposure to benzene to 1ppm from the former 10ppm. Under the liquid exposure standard, no solvent may contain more than 0.5% benzene; after 2 years the allowable limit will be reduced to 0.1% benzene. The Rubber Manufacturers Association has expressed some misgivings about the rule. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION; US,RUBBER MFRS.’ ASSN. USA

Accession no.339926 Item 425 Hule Mexicano y Plasticos 42,No.486,Jan.1987,p.18/24 Spanish CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE IN THE RUBBER PROCESSING INDUSTRY Macias A INSTITUTO DE PLASTICOS Y CAUCHO An examination is made of toxic hazards of rubber compounding ingredients and of precautions to be observed in the use of fillers, plasticisers, processing aids, accelerators, antioxidants, retarders, solvents and curing and blowing agents. Consideration is also given to environmental problems caused by vulcanisation fume and to legislation concerning the use of hazardous chemicals.

110

SPAIN

Accession no.339614 Item 426 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 48,No.2,Feb.1987,p.155-9 PERMEATION OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS BY TOLUENE Vahdat N TUSKEGEE,UNIVERSITY The relative effectiveness of protective clothing (mostly gloves) made from various materials against toluene was investigated. Materials tested for permeation resistance were butyl-coated nomex, neoprene, PVAl and butyl rubber. Breakthrough time, steady-state permeation rate and diffusion coefficient were determined at 25 and 45C and the solubility of toluene in these materials determined by weighing the materials before and after immersion. PVAl exhibited no breakthrough in 20h. 20 refs. USA

Accession no.334103 Item 427 NR Technology 18,No.1,1987,p.1-12 FORMULATING NATURAL RUBBER TO MEET REGULATORY NITROSAMINE LIMITS Gorton A D T;McSweeney G P;Tidd B K MALAYSIAN RUBBER PRODUCERS’ RESEARCH ASSN. The current situation with regard to nitrosamines and nitrosatable amines in rubber products is reviewed and investigations of these materials in raw NR and latex are reported. The detection system using the ‘Hall’ detector is described and discussed. The formulation of dry rubber compounds and latex mixes to give low levels of nitrosamine and nitrosatable amines is considered. For latex mixes, special reference is made to the selection of the accelerator for optimum characteristics. The use in vulcanisates of possible ‘nitrosamine-inhibitors’ is briefly examined. 14 refs. UK

Accession no.333188 Item 428 SATRA Bulletin 22,No.15,April 1987,p.330 ASSESSING SOLVENT VAPOUR HAZARD Tame R The method by which SATRA assesses the health risks from solvent vapours, which is endorsed by the Health & Safety Executive, is outlined and some of the findings of SATRA tests performed in 1986 using lapel badges to monitor solvent vapour exposure are reported. Recommendations to improve safety are presented.

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

SHOE & ALLIED TRADES RESEARCH ASSN.; UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE UK

Accession no.332870 Item 429 Rubber and Plastics News 2 8,No.15,27th April 1987,p.1/8 TYRE-UNIT ASBESTOS POSES LITTLE RISK STUDY Moore M According to an interim report by NIOSH, potential cases of asbestos-related disease among rubber workers are far less on the average than the data from a private litigation group suggests. The report was commissioned by the United Rubber Workers International union and involved a study of chest X-rays from workers under 40 at plants owned by Armtek Corp., Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. and Firestone. Reasons for the disparities between the findings of the two reports are briefly examined. ARMTEK CORP.; FIRESTONE TIRE & RUBBER CO.; UNIROYAL-GOODRICH TIRE CO.; UNITED RUBBER WORKERS INTERNATIONAL UNION; US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPA.SAFETY & HEALTH USA

Accession no.332213 Item 430 Rubber and Plastics News 16,No.15,9th Feb.1987,p.1/3 DROPPED SUIT ENDS MOCA CONFLICT Moore M The Labor Department has dropped its appeal of a 1985 decision by OSHA, thus exonerating Kastalon Inc. and Conap Inc. of charges that they endangered employees through exposure to MOCA, an alleged cancer-causing curative used by PU processors. CONAP INC.; KASTALON INC.; US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.329790 Item 431 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 44,No.3,March 1987,p.187-91 CANCER MORTALITY IN AN ITALIAN RUBBER FACTORY Bernardinelli L;De Marco R;Tinelli C PAVIA,UNIVERSITY The results are reported of a study carried out to assess the mortality experience of an Italian cohort of male rubber workers and to identify any occupational cancer hazard that could be affecting men employed in this

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

industry. The cohort investigated comprised all male workers hired by a large Italian tyre factory from 1962 to 1972, the cohort being monitored up to January 1983. The number of deaths from all causes and from malignant neoplasms was determined and compared with the expected number of deaths calculated from mortality rates for the province in which the population of the plant lived. 18 refs. ITALY

Accession no.329789 Item 432 Health & Safety at Work 9,No.1,Jan.1987,p.21 PLASTICS INDUSTRY CHEMICALS SHOW CANCER RISKS A summary is presented of data on the carcinogenicity of chemicals (especially monomers) used in the polymer industry which are included in Volume 39 of the International Agency for Cancer Research’s Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH INTO CANCER USA

Accession no.328813 Item 433 Rubber World 195,No.4,Jan.1987,p.12-3 AN ETU ALTERNATIVE? Menough J HOLZ RUBBER CO. Ethylene thiourea (ETU) has been reported to be a carcinogen and teratogen and is known to affect the thyroid gland. While studies in the rubber industry have not pointed to any definitive problems with thyroid tumours in exposed rubber workers, precautions have been mandated. In most of these, the use of any material that might result in dust is to be avoided. Ricon M.A.D., derived from adducted maleic anhydride, produces compounds which are very similar to ETU cured compounds. The use of Ricon M.A.D. is described, particularly in black and clay filled neoprene compounds, and compared with ETU control compounds. USA

Accession no.328353 Item 434 Farbe und Lack 92,No.9,Sept.1986,p.848-54 German INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL WORKERS EXPOSED TO SOLVENTS IN A PAINT FACTORY Kampmann K;Henkler R D

111

References and Abstracts

Studies carried out in West Germany relating to the effects of solvents on health of painters and decorators as well as chemical workers employed in the paint industry are described and findings reported. Solvents investigated on these studies are listed. No evidence of solvent-induced damage to workers’ health was found. WEST GERMANY

Accession no.328273 Item 435 Rubber Developments 39,No.4,1986,p.86-7 NITROSAMINES - A CHALLENGE MET The discovery that teats and soothers could contain up to 300 parts of nitrosamines per thousand million by weight led to legislation by, e.g. the Federal German Bundesgesundheitsampt and the US FDA. The maximum permitted nitrosamine level under the BGA legislation is now 10 ppb. The response of the rubber industry to meet these regulations is described. The accelerators used in vulcanisation, particularly zinc diethyldithiocarbamate, were identified as the main source of nitrosamines in rubber products. Changes in the formulations used, especially the use, where permitted, of zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate, which gives rise to a noncarcinogenic nitrosamine of low water solubility, have enabled teats and soothers to meet the new regulations. 6 refs. UK

Accession no.328076 Item 436 Chemistry & Industry No.22,17th Nov.1986,p.770-9 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS. III. Blackburn G M;Kellard B SHEFFIELD,UNIVERSITY The carcinogenicity of various C1 halocarbons (including carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dihalomethanes and vinylidene chloride) and of higher haloalkanes and polychlorinated biphenyls is discussed. The activity of hormones as carcinogens is considered and the hazards of various types of radiation are examined. Brief descriptions are given of the ability of cells to repair damage to their DNA and of the test systems currently used for identification of potential carcinogens. Some of the evidence available to identify the occupational risk to people who make or handle chemicals is surveyed. 54 refs. UK

Accession no.324874 Item 437 Rubber and Plastics News 16,No.12,29th Dec.1986,p.1/4 STUDY - ‘ASBESTOS ILLNESSES AFFECT 5,000’ Moore M

112

A Los Angeles attorney has tested about 19,000 rubber workers and found 5,000 tested positive for asbestosrelated diseases, although Firestone dispute these figures. The National Tire Workers’ Litigation Project has found wide variation between tyre plants; this fluctuation appears to be dependent on age of the plant and of the workers. Many companies deny there is anywhere near the rate of asbestos-related disease among rubber workers as the attorney claims. FIRESTONE TIRE & RUBBER CO.; NATIONAL TIRE WORKERS’ LITIGATION PROJECT USA

Accession no.324292 Item 438 Planters’ Bulletin No.186,March 1986,p.38-44 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HYGIENE OF NR LATEX CONCENTRATE FACTORIES John C K;Latiff L;Ahmat A RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA Destablisation of NR latex is primarily due to the buildup of acids produced by bacteria mainly colonising the tapping panel, tree lace and the cup used in collecting the latex after tapping. The methods of ensuring stability of a batch of concentrated latex are described. Quaternary ammonium compounds were found to be more effective than many other chemicals screened for their disinfectant activity. The use of the Diversey Fog Gun is also recommended. MALAYSIA

Accession no.322821 Item 439 Health & Safety at Work 8,No.11,Nov.1986,p.18 RUBBER DUST EXPOSURE LIMIT A control limit for occupational exposure to rubber process dust has been adopted by the Health & Safety Commission on the recommendation of its Advisory Committee on Toxic Substances and the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee. The limit will apply from 1st Jan. 1987 to the mixtures of dusts arising at various stages in the manufacture of articles from NR or synthetic rubbers. It will necessitate control so that workers’ exposure to total inhalable mixed dust does not exceed 8 milligrammes per cubic metre of air (as a time-weighted average over 8 hours). This abstract includes all the information contained in the original article. RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE; UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION UK

Accession no.322145

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 440 Middlebury,Ct., 1985, pp.11. 11ins. 8/10/86. Brochure AP-110.1. 43C6-921 TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING OF ADIPRENE UNIROYAL INC.,CHEMICAL DIV. The possible health hazards associated with the handling of Adiprene urethane rubber are reviewed. Precautions against exposure to isocyanate vapours from small quantities of residual free isocyanate in the uncured polymer are discussed, with suggestions for preventive measures to minimise workers’ exposure. Advice on storage and handling of uncured Adiprene is also given to prevent deterioration by moisture and heat. USA

Accession no.321455 Item 441 Rubber and Plastics News 2 7,No.22,21st July 1986,p.1/8 ASBESTOS STUDY PROMPTS DEBATE IN TYRE INDUSTRY Moore M A Los Angeles attorney claims that medical testing of tyre workers shows a large incidence of asbestosis and other asbestos-related diseases. The Rubber Manufacturers Assn. and tyre makers refute this claim. Asbestos is present in talc and soapstone used to make the rubber less tacky, and in insulation for pipes and other equipment. A National Tyre Workers’ Litigation group has been set up. All the law suits so far have been directed against the producers of asbestos, talc and soapstone. NATIONAL TIRE WORKERS’ LITIGATION PROJECT; UNITED RUBBER WORKERS; US,RUBBER MFRS.’ ASSN. USA

Accession no.317825 Item 442 Archives of Environmental Health 41,No.2,March/April 1986,p.85-9 EXPOSURE TO NAPHTHALENEDIISOCYANATE IN A RUBBER PLANT: SYMPTOMS AND LUNG FUNCTION Alexandersson R;Gustafsson P;Hedensherna G;Rosen G HUDDINGE HOSPITAL; KAROLINSKA HOSPITAL; SWEDEN,NATIONAL BOARD OF OCCUPA.SAFETY & HEALTH A study on the effects of industrial exposure to naphthalene diisocyanate and its effects on pulmonary function in a modern rubber industry environment in Sweden, is reported. The crystalline aggregates formed at room temperature from the NDI used in tyre making are described and the materials and methods used in the

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

investigation are outlined together with the results of different mean air concentrations of NDI. 24 refs. SWEDEN

Accession no.317045 Item 443 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 47,No.6,June 1986,p.312-21 CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINANTS AT MIXERS AND MILLS USED IN TYRE MANUFACTURING Heitbrink W A;McKinnery W N US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPA.SAFETY & HEALTH A study was made of control techniques for airborne vapours and particulates in tyre manufacturing. Emphasis was given to local exhaust ventilation of Banbury mixers and the processor’s ability to prevent and contain particulate emissions. 12 refs. USA

Accession no.316036 Item 444 129th Meeting - Spring. New York,NY,April 8-11,1986,Paper 55,pp.9. 012 OSHA COMPLIANCE - THE NEED FOR A WORKING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUPPLIER AND CUSTOMER IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Green D H;Szwarc J J LORD CORP. (ACS,Rubber Div.) Ways in which Lord Corp., Chemical Products Group communicates information on physical safety and health hazards to its employees and customers are discussed in relation to compliance with the US, Safety & Health Administration’s Hazard Communication Standard. Particular attention is paid to labels (in-plant and shipped product labels), material safety data sheets, in-plant training, and similarities to and differences from customer plants. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION USA

Accession no.316035 Item 445 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 43,No.6,June 1986,p.363-73 CANCER MORTALITY IN THE BRITISH RUBBER INDUSTRY: 1946-80 Sorahan T;Parkes H G;Veys C A;Waterhouse J A H BIRMINGHAM UNIVERSITY; BRITISH RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN.

113

References and Abstracts

A study was made of the mortality experienced by a cohort of 36,445 rubber workers, all male operatives first employed in any one of the 13 participating factories in 1946-60 and all having worked continuously in the industry for a minimum period of one year. The method of regression models in life tables was used to compare the duration of employment in the industry, the duration in “dust-exposed” jobs and the duration in “fume and/or solvent exposed” jobs of those dying from causes of interest with those of all matching survivors. A causal association between the risks of lung and stomach cancer and certain occupational exposures was established. 11 refs. UK

Accession no.312543 Item 446 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1139,24th May 1986,p.3 BLADDER CANCER NO LONGER A PROBLEM BRMA The BRMA and BRITD vice president has emphasised the continuing progress being made by the rubber industry in health and safety, research and development, education and training. Work carried out over the previous 18 years, he claims, has demonstrated that the industry no longer has a problem with bladder cancer; but there are some indications of problems concerning lung and stomach cancer. Brief details of Tony Mitchard’s speech are presented. BRITISH RUBBER INDUSTRY TRAINING ORGANISATION; BRITISH RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN. UK

Accession no.312497

PU FIRMS MAY FACE METHYLENE CHLORIDE REGULATION School R The issuing of an advance notice by the Environmental Protection Agency in the USA, on a possible increase in the exposure standard for methylene chloride, used in PU processing, is discussed. The possible carcinogenic effects of methylene chloride are outlined and its use as a machine cleaning solvent by Superior Tire & Rubber Corp. is described. SUPERIOR TIRE & RUBBER CORP.; US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY USA

Accession no.311753 Item 449 Rubber and Plastics News 2 7,No.14,31st March 1986,p.4 STUDY INDICATES FORMALDEHYDE NOT A CARCINOGEN According to a study by the National Cancer Institute entitled ‘Mortality among Industrial Workers Exposed to Formaldehyde’, formaldehyde is not the carcinogen that some authorities believe. The study, which evaluated the mortality rates of 26,561 workers employed in facilities making or using formaldehyde, found “slight excesses” of Hodgkin’s disease and lung and prostate cancer. Various groups, such as the United Auto Workers’ union, are sceptical of the study because two major companies helped design and write it. The OSHA has recently proposed a rule limiting the workplace exposure to formaldehyde to either 1 or 1.5 parts per million parts of air on an 8h., time-weighted base. US,NATIONAL CANCER INST. USA

Item 447 Revista de Plasticos Modernos 51,No.355,Jan.1986,p.77/89 Spanish CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE IN THE RUBBER PROCESSING INDUSTRY Macias A INSTITUTO DE PLASTICOS Y CAUCHO Consideration is given to health hazards associated with rubber compounding ingredients, including fillers, plasticisers, curing agents, accelerators, anti-scorch agents, antioxidants, blowing agents and solvents, and with vulcanisation fume. Legislation relating to the use of hazardous materials in the rubber industry is reviewed. 82 refs. SPAIN

Accession no.311755 Item 448 Rubber and Plastics News 15,No.21,5th May 1986,p.8

114

Accession no.309931 Item 450 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1127,1st March 1986,p.8-9 LOOKING AFTER THE HEALTH OF RUBBER INDUSTRY WORKERS Townsend P The work of the BRMA Health Research Unit, from its introduction in 1957 to the present day, is described with reference to the work of Dr. Guy Parkes, the medical director. Books published on the safe handling and toxicity of rubber chemicals are detailed and the investigations into bladder cancer, begun in the 1950’s, are also outlined. Present cooperation with other occupational safety and health organisations is described and current research projects are briefly discussed. BRITISH RUBBER MFRS.’ ASSN. UK

Accession no.307972

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 451 Macplas 10,No.66,March 1985,p.46 Italian RISK ANALYSIS OF CYLINDER MIXERS A brief examination is made of hazards associated with the operation of cylinder mixers, and some accident prevention measures are reviewed. Accession no.307103 Item 452 Wilmington,Del., c.1985-, looseleaf. 11ins. 3/6/85. 42D14-6A1-921 ELASTOMERS FOR ADHESIVES: ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE BUILDUP WHEN HANDLING NEOPRENE DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.,ELASTOMERS DIV. Neoprene chips generate static electricity when poured from containers. Many of the solvents used with Neoprene in the manufacture of adhesives are flammable. This brochure therefore, aims to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of static electricity and to relate these to the handling of Neoprene. Test results on static buildup pouring of Neoprene are included, as is a useful bibliography. 7 refs. USA

Jacobs B W;Billing C E The operation investigated involved the use of two induction furnaces for removal of rubber from tracked-vehicle treads. A laboratory-scale simulation of the field operation was employed to generate emissions at 399C and 677C. Emission samples were collected using glass fibre filters and Tenax as the sampling media. High-pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to characterise emissions. The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were profiled as subsets and graphically displayed as micrograms of emissions per kilogram of rubber and as percentages of total emissions. 24 refs. USA

Accession no.303069 Item 455 Macplas International No.4,March 1985,p.48-50 STORAGE AND METERING OF SMALL INGREDIENTS Guicciardi A SIM BIANCA An examination is made of automated systems for the storage, conveying, weighing and handling of small quantities of compounding ingredients for feeding into PVC and rubber processing machines.

Accession no.304998

ITALY

Item 453 Journal of Occupational Medicine 27,No.11,Nov.1985,p.835-40 EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO ACRYLONITRILE: AN UPDATE O’Berg M T;Chen J L;Burke C A;Walrath J;Pell S DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.

Item 456 Paper, Film & Foil Converter 59,No.8,Aug.1985,p.46-8 SOLVENT VAPOUR RECOVERY UNIT PROVIDES NECESSARY CONTROL The control of toluene vapour at ODC, a manufacturer of coated fabrics, is discussed showing the importance of the use of an Edwards Engineering Corp.’s solvent vapour recovery unit in order to comply with the current USA regulation on volatile organic chemicals emissions. A description of the use of toluene at ODC during the coating of fibreglass with silicone is presented and the refrigeration type vapour recovery system outlined. Safety, economic savings and production organisation benefits are briefly detailed. ODC INC. Accession no.279802

A previous report (J.Occup.Med.22,245-252,1980) presented the cancer mortality experience through 1976 of a cohort of 1,345 male employees with potential for exposure to acrylonitrile at a fibres-producing plant. This study has now been updated through 1983 for cancer incidence and through 1981 for mortality. Overall, 43 cancer cases have occurred with 37.1 expected based on company rates. An excess of lung cancer and prostate cancer cases is reported upon. 10 refs. USA

Accession no.304698 Item 454 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 46,No.10,Oct.1985,p.547-54 CHARACTERISATION AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF PAH EMISSIONS FROM A SIMULATED RUBBER COMBUSTION OPERATION

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Accession no.301586

Item 457 Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology 1,No.2,March 1985,p.1-17 INSTRUMENTAL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF POLYMERS Lawson G A review is presented of the literature on the above, covering spectroscopic, chromatographic, thermal

115

References and Abstracts

analytical and surface study techniques. Applications of instrumental analysis are discussed with reference to polymer identification, determination of properties of polymer chains, additive analysis, surface analysis and analyses relating to aspects of health and safety. 170 refs.

are discussed. Particular reference is made to the reduction in the number of accidents occurring at Continental Gummi-Werke. WEST GERMANY

Accession no.274928

UK

Accession no.278815 Item 458 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 42,No.7,July 1985,p.481-87 MUTAGENICITY STUDIES IN A TYRE PLANT. IN VITRO ACTIVITY OF WORKERS’ URINARY CONCENTRATES AND RAW MATERIALS Crebelli R;Paoletti A;Falcone E;Aquilina G; Fabri G;Carere A The possible contribution to urinary mutagenicity of occupational exposures in the rubber industry was studied by assaying the urine concentrates of 72 workmen (44 smokers) employed in a tyre plant. The in vitro mutagenicity of the major raw materials in use at the plant were also determined using the plate incorporation assay with various S typhimurium strains. Smoking habits, but not occupation, were statistically significantly related to the appearance of urinary mutagenicity. The study of raw materials showed that three technical grade materials were weakly active as mutagens. 22 refs.

Item 461 Progress of Rubber Technology.Vol.46. Barking,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.,1984,p.143-95. 012 VULCANISATION FUME - ITS NATURE, ORIGIN AND THE OPTIONS FOR ITS CONTROL Willoughby B G RUBBER & PLASTICS RESEARCH ASSN.OF GT.BRITAIN Edited by: Morrell S H (PRI) The nature and origins of vulcanisation fume are discussed with reference to volatile components of the unvulcanised mix and to volatile products of chemical reactions, e.g. hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide, amines, nitrosamines, isothiocyanates, peroxide by-products and blowing agent degradation products. Options for control of vulcanisation fume are considered, including engineering approaches (containment or dispersal) and chemical approaches (control at source). 66 refs.

ITALY

UK

Accession no.277492

Accession no.274927

Item 459 Industria della Gomma 29,No.2,Feb.1985,p.20-5 Italian EQUIPMENT FOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN THE WORKPLACE

Item 462 SATRA Bulletin 21,No.14,March 1985,p.36 HELPING PEOPLE WITH ALLERGIES Blackwell B

A review is made of industrial safety and accident prevention equipment produced or supplied by Italian companies. This includes gas and dust filters, respirators, fire extinguishers, ear muffs, heat and fire resistant gloves, safety masks, visors, spectacles and helmets, fire resistant cables, signs indicating the presence of hazardous chemicals, and equipment for detecting toxic gases and vapours. ITALY

Accession no.275901 Item 460 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 38,No.4,April 1985,p.291-2 German LABOUR SAFETY IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Stenzel E CONTINENTAL GUMMI-WERKE AG General aspects relating to the safety of the workforce in the rubber industry are considered and safety measures

116

The most common allergens in footwear are identified and a table is presented which lists various allergens, where they may be found and what alternatives are available. UK

Accession no.270932 Item 463 Rubber and Plastics News 2 6,No.12,4th March 1985,p.8 REPORT INDICATES CURRENT BENZENE LEVELS DANGEROUS An updated study by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health indicates that workers exposed to current allowable benzene levels may be more than 30 times more at risk of contracting leukaemia than those not exposed. Public Citizen and several trade unions have filed a lawsuit against the Occupational Safety and Health Administration over its failure to issue a proposed rule on a revised benzene standard.

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

USA

of the solvent exposure histories of 15 cases of lymphocytic leukaemia from this cohort and 30 matched industry controls, are presented. Cases were 4.5 times as likely as controls to have had direct exposures to both benzene and other solvents. 46 refs.

Accession no.270247

USA

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION; RUBBER MANUFACTURERS’ ASSN.; US,NATIONAL INST.FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH

Accession no.250280 Item 464 Plastics and Rubber Weekly No.1070,12th Jan.1985,p.15 CASE OF ‘PHYSICIAN HEAL THYSELF’ FOR DUST CONTROL FIRM Brief details are given on a new 200,000 pounds sterling pollution control system which has been installed at Walk Off Mats Polymers. The system was designed by Extract Technology. It provides for extraction from a Banbury mixer and rubber mill used to produce the mat backing compound. Special dust control hoods were designed to serve the carbon black loading chute. Collected dust is ducted to a reverse jet cleaned cartridge collector. EXTRACT TECHNOLOGY LTD.; WALK OFF MATS POLYMERS LTD. UK

Accession no.267061 Item 465 Chemical Marketing Reporter 227,No.1,7th Jan.1985,p.41 FDA NITROSAMINE LIMITS DESIGNED TO REDUCE EXPOSURE OF INFANTS The toxicity of N-nitrosamine in rubber is discussed. The permissible level for N-nitrosamine in rubber baby bottle nipples for consumer and hospital use has been reduced to 10 parts per billion for any individual nitrosamine by the Food and Drug Administration from the 1st January 1985. The original level was 60ppb. Despite complaints by the rubber industry, the FDA claim it is feasible to produce rubber nipples with only 10ppb. of nitrosamine. US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION

Item 467 Switzerland, 1982, pp.486. LS.24.50. 10ins. 27/1/83. IARC Monographs Vol.28. 921 RUBBER INDUSTRY: IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF THE CARCINOGENIC RISK OF CHEMICALS TO HUMANS. VIEWS AND EXPERT OPINIONS OF AN IARC WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATION OF THE CARCINOGENIC RISK OF CHEMICALS TO HUMANS, LYON, FEBRUARY 16-23, 1981 INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER This volume is concerned with evaluation of the carcinogenic risks of exposures to man in the rubber industry. Particularly discussed is tyre manufacturing and repair sector, the cable - making sector and the manufacture of rubber goods. Natural rubber, synthetic rubber and chemical additives are used in the industry; however only those exposures incident to the mixing of elastomers with chemicals and their subsequent conversion into products are discussed. Accession no.229843 Item 468 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 39,No.3,Aug.1982,p.209-220 CANCER MORTALITY IN THE BRITISH RUBBER INDUSTRY Parkes H G; Veys C A; Waterhouse J A H; Peters A

Item 466 Journal of Occupational Medicine 25,No.8,Aug.1983,p.598-602 LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA AND EXPOSURES TO BENZENE AND OTHER SOLVENTS IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Arp E W;Wolf P H;Checkoway H UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA

33815 men, who first started work in the rubber industry between 1 January 1946 and 31 December 1960, have been followed up to 31 December 1975 to ascertain the number of deaths attributable to malignant disease and to compare these with the expected number calculated from the published mortality rates applicable to the male population of the UK. The findings confirm the absence of any excess mortality from bladder cancer among men entering the industry after 1 January 1951 (the presumed bladder carcinogens were withdrawn from production processes in July 1949), but they confirm also a statistically significant excess of both lung and stomach cancer mortality. 56 refs. Accession no.223201

Previous epidemiological studies on one cohort of rubber industry workers indicated that observed mortality excesses from lymphocytic leukaemia were related to solvent exposures. The results of a detailed examination

Item 469 Journal of Occupational Medicine 23,No.10,Oct.1981,p.677-84

USA

Accession no.265428

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

117

References and Abstracts

MORTALITY AMONG RUBBER WORKERS. III. CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, 1940-1978 Delzell E; Monson R R This report describes mortality occurring between 1940 and mid-1978 among 29,087 men and women employed in a rubber plant for at least two years. There was an excess of deaths from bladder cancer and leukaemia among white male employees. In addition, there were excess deaths from several cancers during 1974 through 1978 only, including cancers of the esophagus, large intestine, biliary system and liver, brain and lymphatic tissues and multiple myeloma. The present findings suggest that occupational exposures etiologically relevant to these diseases may not have been reduced in recent years or that sufficient time has not elapsed for such reductions to result in decreased mortality. 26 refs. Accession no.216966 Item 470 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 38,No.3,Aug.1981,p.240-6 CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF BLADDER CANCER IN THE UNITED STATES RUBBER AND TYRE INDUSTRY Cheekoway H; Smith A H; McMichael A J; Jones F S; Monson R R; Tyroler H A The study included 220 male cases of bladder cancer, each of which was matched individually with two industry controls. On contrasting work histories, it was found that cases were more likely than controls to have worked in milling and calendering operations. The relative risk estimates for both operations exhibited linear trends of increase with duration of exposure. Milling and calendering jobs entail potential exposures to volatilised reaction products from heated rubber stock. A better understanding of the aetiological factors, requires further characterisation of suspect carcinogens in the working environment. 25 refs. USA

Accession no.200142 Item 471 Journal of Occupational Medicine 23,No.2,Feb.1981,p.103-8 CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF LEUKAEMIA IN THE US RUBBER INDUSTRY Wolf P H; Andjelkovich D; Smith A; Tyroler H A matched case-control study was conducted for 72 cases of leukaemia occurring among employees of four rubber and tyre manufacturing companies during the period from 1964 to 1973, to determine if certain environmental exposures were related to the risk of developing leukaemia. This study, weakly confirms the previously reported association of fatal chronic lymphatic leukaemia with work histories of potential solvent exposure in one rubber plant. There was no such association in the plants

118

of the other companies studied. No significant association of fatal myeloid leukaemia with work histories of potential solvent exposure was detected. 17 refs. Accession no.171469 Item 472 Journal of Occupational Medicine 22,No.8,Aug.1980,p.533-41 CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF PROSTATE CANCER WITHIN A COHORT OF RUBBER AND TYRE WORKERS Goldsmith D F; Smith A H; McMichael A J A matched case-control study was conducted to test the hypothesis that prostate cancer is associated with employment in the compounding area of a rubber and tyre manufacturing plant. A search of death certificates from the years 1964 to 1975 led to the identification of 88 cases of prostate cancer. These were individually matched with 258 controls on the factors of age, race and entry into the plant. The batch preparation work area showed statistically significant (PL less than 0.025) risk ratios over three exposure periods - more than one month, more than 24 months, and more than 60 months. 46 refs. Accession no.158666 Item 473 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 33, No.4, Nov.1976, p.249-64 SURVEY OF OCCUPATIONAL CANCER IN THE RUBBER AND CABLEMAKING INDUSTRIES: ANALYSIS OF DEATHS OCCURING IN 1972-74 Fox A J; Collier P F This analysis compares the mortality pattern for 1972-74 with that previously reported for 1968-71 for 40,867 men employed for at least one year in the rubber and cablemaking industries. It indicates a significant excess of death due to cancer of the bladder throughout the industry, including men who had not been exposed to acknowledged bladder carcinogens. The need to set up a search for possible causes of these deaths is emphasised. 18 refs. Accession no.102040 Item 474 Journal of Occupational Medicine 17, No.4,APRIL 1975, p.234-9/-PH. SOLVENT EXPOSURE AND LEUKEMIA AMONG RUBBER WORKERS: AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY McMichael A J; Spiritas R; Kupper L L; Gamble J F The findings of the study indicate an association of death from lymphatic leukemia with a history of having worked in solvent exposure jobs. 14 refs. Accession no.56037

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

References and Abstracts

Item 475 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 31, No.2,APRIL 1974, p.140-51 SURVEY OF OCCUPATIONAL CANCER IN THE RUBBER AND CABLEMAKING INDUSTRIES: RESULTS OF FIVE-YEAR ANALYSIS, 1967-71 Fox A J; Lindars D C; Owen R A mortality rate study of 40867 subjects employed in the rubber and cablemaking industries is reported. No evidence is found of a continued excess risk and neoplasms of the bladder in people who entered the industry after 1949. For those employed before that date, during the period when known bladder carcinogens were in use, standardised mortality ratios are higher than predicted, indicating that men are still dying with occupationally induced tumours. In some sections of the industry there was an excess of bronchial carcinoma. 42 refs. Accession no.39377

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

119

References and Abstracts

120

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

Subject Index

Subject Index A ABRADING, 188 ABSORPTION, 96 126 201 ACCELERATED CURING, 49 ACCELERATOR, 7 16 26 41 71 73 74 87 91 101 102 109 113 114 118 125 126 130 135 155 162 178 189 190 192 199 221 225 227 230 236 243 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 272 273 293 295 296 315 330 354 358 372 399 404 419 425 427 433 435 447 458 462 468 ACCIDENT, 1 2 67 119 122 133 151 152 159 163 173 184 192 206 286 289 312 341 352 355 359 377 399 407 408 411 422 451 452 459 460 ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION, 159 274 ACCIDENT PREVENTION, 1 2 122 134 136 151 152 159 173 192 195 260 312 341 355 377 408 422 451 452 459 460 ACETALDEHYDE, 244 ACETIC ACID, 26 130 ACETONE, 7 135 297 ACID, 21 144 226 ACID ANHYDRIDE, 232 ACID MIST, 203 ACOUSTIC INSULATION, 88 ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENT, 369 ACRYLIC ACID, 411 ACRYLONITRILE, 71 101 411 453 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER, 156 ACTIVATOR, 7 26 130 247 248 249 250 295 ADDITIVE, 7 8 15 16 20 21 26 29 30 35 36 38 41 44 50 51 52 53 54 59 64 65 66 68 71 73 74 78 87 94 95 96 101 102 103 104 108 109 113 116 118 119 125 126 130 135 141 145 150 155 159 161 171 173 177 178 179 181 184 188 189 190 192 198 199 201 210 220 221 226 229 230 235 236 238 244 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 279 281 284 287 293 294 295

296 315 316 317 318 337 348 353 365 366 370 376 379 388 395 402 404 405 410 413 425 441 447 455 457 458 461 462 465 467 ADHESIVE, 29 89 142 232 269 423 452 ADSORPTION, 118 144 201 250 252 254 273 275 AEROSOL, 30 71 95 97 101 108 144 145 146 199 231 346 AGEING, 73 248 250 272 433 AIR CONDITIONING, 456 AIR FILTER, 459 AIR FLOW, 17 231 AIR POLLUTION, 28 30 32 71 97 101 144 148 157 185 207 212 220 247 250 252 253 311 327 346 347 363 374 378 380 391 392 396 399 412 425 429 439 442 445 449 454 456 466 AIR SAMPLING, 26 71 97 101 144 209 247 382 384 385 391 392 AIRBORNE, 32 97 99 144 145 183 232 246 252 255 ALARM, 119 122 144 ALCOHOL, 71 101 135 ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE, 223 ALKALINE, 21 ALKALINE EARTH, 227 252 ALKYL HYDROXIDE, 71 101 135 ALKYLATING AGENT, 102 ALLERGEN, 9 13 14 32 57 107 166 183 219 ALLERGY, 16 18 20 22 23 27 28 31 32 39 55 57 61 62 63 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 92 93 110 111 112 120 124 137 138 139 143 145 153 156 162 174 182 183 197 205 215 216 217 218 219 221 228 235 270 416 462 ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL, 272 AMINE, 26 41 71 87 101 102 109 113 118 126 130 135 144 145 155 168 173 189 198 199 201 209 227 229 236 247 248 249 250 251 252 254 315 317 319 337 354 399 427 461 470 AMINO COMPOUND, 393 395

AMINOBIPHENYL, 108 173 AMINOISOCYANATE, 168 AMMONIA, 13 82 131 228 248 AMMONIUM BISULFIDE, 108 ANALYSIS, 7 16 26 28 30 64 71 101 106 117 126 130 135 144 152 159 168 171 173 181 182 184 209 211 218 219 238 243 245 247 249 250 251 253 254 255 263 264 283 293 294 310 346 347 354 370 391 392 394 399 411 422 427 436 454 457 459 ANILINE, 49 234 330 ANIMAL TESTING, 13 26 30 118 127 130 149 170 173 181 198 208 237 ANTHRACENE, 108 ANTI-SCORCH AGENT, 236 251 425 447 ANTIBODY, 28 92 ANTIDEGRADANT, 130 ANTIGEN, 197 219 ANTIOXIDANT, 13 118 130 154 225 234 250 288 314 319 330 332 342 353 379 425 447 458 468 470 ANTIOZONANT, 225 ANTITACK AGENT, 184 APPLICATION, 9 13 14 15 18 25 26 28 29 39 54 57 75 83 84 85 90 107 108 110 111 120 123 124 142 146 147 184 244 438 AQUEOUS, 21 147 266 275 ARAMID FIBRE, 417 AROMATIC, 181 255 316 342 454 AROMATIC AMINE, 130 173 199 AROMATIC OIL, 121 130 181 188 192 ARSENIC COMPOUND, 108 ARTIFICIAL SALIVA, 26 130 ARYLAMINE, 158 ASBESTOS, 44 71 101 108 173 208 258 437 441 475 ASBESTOSIS, 351 429 ASCORBIC ACID, 249 299 ASSOCIATION, 26 67 101 102 159 161 192 214 242 253 256 446 ASTHMA, 145 146 174 187 221 241 265 338 ASYMPTOTIC, 126 AUTOCLAVE, 27 48 228

121

Subject Index

AUTOMATION, 25 48 119 184 195 294 342 355 451 455 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, 25 26 225 AZIRIDINYL COMPOUND, 108

B BABY FEED BOTTLE, 135 BACTERICIDE, 438 BADGE, 428 BALLOON, 183 253 270 BAN, 22 BARIUM HYDROXIDE, 252 BARRIER PROPERTIES, 31 57 85 90 112 183 BASICITY, 250 254 BENTONITE, 184 BENZANTHRACENE, 181 BENZENE, 4 49 71 101 108 131 173 212 255 357 363 412 424 463 466 BENZIDINE, 108 158 173 304 BENZOFLUORANTHENE, 181 BENZOIC ACID, 250 BENZOPYRENE, 4 130 173 181 255 454 BENZOTHIAZOLE, 7 249 BENZOTHIAZOLE SULFENAMIDE, 236 251 252 BENZYL CHLORIDE, 29 BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE, 288 314 319 468 BINDER, 21 142 144 244 245 BIOASSAY, 28 BIOAVAILABILITY, 188 BIOCOMPATIBILITY, 183 BIOFILTRATION, 201 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, 227 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 223 BISDICHLOROACETYL DIAMINE, 354 BITUMEN, 108 BLADDER, 154 202 319 BLISTERING, 184 BLOOMING, 190 250 251 BLOWING AGENT, 130 145 186 207 225 297 425 447 461 BORON COMPOUND, 245 BOTTLE, 135 BREATHING, 145 146 BREATHING APPARATUS, 95 146 459 BROMINE, 192 BROMOACETIC ACID, 108 BRONCHITIS, 416 BUILDING APPLICATION, 295 BURNING, 226

122

BUTADIENE, 127 149 157 160 173 212 336 340 356 360 361 389 397 400 401 406 409 411 414 BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER, 18 113 156 215 250 251 254 271 272 295 383 390 399 417 BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER, 8 25 113 188 225 243 250 251 252 254 255 271 272 295 349 356 383 400 415 BUTYL GLYCOL ACETATE, 244 BUTYL RUBBER, 15 250 383 426 BUTYLAMINE, 247 BUTYLBENZOTHIAZOLE SULFENAMIDE, 247 248 249 BY-PRODUCT, 173 249 332

C CABLE, 29 459 473 475 CADMIUM, 108 127 192 245 CALCIUM CARBONATE, 71 101 184 226 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, 252 CALCIUM OXIDE, 252 CALENDER, 274 333 408 470 CALENDERING, 115 184 233 CANCER, 33 58 94 154 194 202 203 204 259 262 264 286 288 319 335 360 361 362 364 365 366 367 420 421 431 445 466 468 470 472 473 475 CARBAMATE, 7 254 CARBIDE, 359 CARBOCATION, 26 102 198 CARBON BLACK, 26 41 44 51 53 71 86 101 102 103 104 113 118 130 141 167 170 178 180 200 201 210 214 225 243 250 252 254 271 272 273 279 311 332 342 433 464 CARBON DISULFIDE, 49 222 253 461 CARBON MONOXIDE, 212 CARBON SULFIDE, 71 101 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, 15 108 142 203 436 CARCINOGEN, 4 13 16 26 29 30 33 35 36 43 44 45 56 60 71 73 87 94 101 102 103 105 106 108 109 114 118 121 127 128 129 130 134 135 141 149 154 155 158 159 160 161 167 170 171 172 173 181 184 186 194 196 199 207 208 209 212 213 234

236 243 245 247 248 250 251 252 253 254 255 258 259 271 272 286 288 290 297 299 301 304 314 316 319 326 330 332 335 341 342 356 357 358 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 372 375 379 383 389 394 395 396 397 398 401 402 404 405 406 409 413 414 416 420 421 429 430 431 432 433 435 436 437 445 446 447 448 449 453 454 463 466 467 470 471 473 474 CARRIER, 318 CASE HISTORY, 142 193 194 CATHETER, 57 183 253 270 292 CBS, 7 16 126 249 250 CELLULAR MATERIAL, 17 130 145 321 363 425 CELLULOSE ACETATE, 108 CERAMIC FIBRE, 194 CFC-113, 245 266 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 21 132 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, 1 6 25 58 114 133 134 136 140 152 160 225 240 245 304 359 CHINA CLAY, 71 101 CHLORINATED RUBBER, 21 142 CHLORINATION, 18 27 142 228 CHLORINE, 192 CHLOROFLUOROCARBON, 245 266 CHLOROFORM, 15 108 436 CHLOROMETHANE, 15 CHLOROPRENE, 127 149 411 CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE, 411 CHROMATE, 245 CHROMATOGRAPHY, 3 7 26 71 86 101 106 130 135 144 293 337 346 457 CHRYSENE, 181 CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS, 108 CLASSIFICATION, 16 30 37 61 107 158 159 163 167 171 173 178 183 199 342 CLAY, 184 226 433 CLEAN ROOM, 350 CLEANING, 184 192 201 266 CLINOPTILOLITE, 34 CLOTHING, 28 78 83 138 146 174 390 417 COATED FABRIC, 426 456 COATING, 15 18 29 54 108 117 146 156 184 244 423 434 CODE OF PRACTICE, 38 226 283 333

Subject Index

COLD-FEED EXTRUSION, 184 COLOPHONY, 232 COLOURANT, 130 199 COLOURIMETRY, 144 182 346 347 COMBUSTION, 226 282 284 454 COMPOSITE, 117 155 172 184 194 196 234 241 271 283 416 COMPOUNDING, 38 41 119 151 184 214 216 285 317 376 419 427 433 435 447 455 472 COMPUTER AIDED FORMULATION, 119 COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS CONTROL, 48 119 455 CONCENTRATION, 29 32 106 113 182 193 216 217 218 223 244 263 CONCENTRATION DEPENDENCE, 110 CONDOM, 39 57 112 164 182 183 270 292 362 CONFERENCE, 9 60 101 102 107 135 144 145 146 150 151 152 159 184 192 226 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 293 294 295 300 409 422 446 CONTACT TIME, 130 CONTAMINATION, 11 38 154 182 184 226 237 253 288 419 CONTINUOUS VULCANISATION, 126 CONTRACEPTIVE, 26 39 57 112 164 253 270 292 362 CONTROL SYSTEM, 119 122 283 455 CONVERTER, 22 CONVEYING, 119 184 455 CORN STARCH, 61 CORROSION, 21 30 199 237 266 284 390 CREATINE, 223 CREOSOTE, 108 CURING, 27 41 49 86 91 131 155 156 201 214 220 231 235 246 254 293 295 299 304 374 440 CURING AGENT, 7 11 12 16 26 29 71 73 74 86 91 101 102 118 126 130 161 162 173 178 189 196 198 199 220 225 226 227 229 238 243 247 248 249 250 251 252 261 272 297 315 317 332 337 358 366 372 373 391 393 394 399 413 419 423 425 427 430 433 440 447 462 465 CURING TEMPERATURE, 7 102 118 126 248 251 252 CUTANEOUS, 20

CYANIDE, 8 245 CYCLOHEXANE, 43 71 101 181 255 CYCLOHEXYL BENZOTHIAZOLE SULFENAMIDE, 247 295 CYCLOHEXYL BENZOTHIAZYL SULPHENAMIDE, 7 16 CYCLOHEXYL THIOPHTHALIMIDE, 249 CYCLOHEXYLAMINE, 249 CYTOTOXICITY, 34 298

D DATABASE, 132 150 281 DBDPO, 68 DECABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE, 68 DECAHYDRONAPHTHALENE, 254 DECANE, 244 254 DECOMPOSITION, 7 11 26 102 118 220 399 411 422 DEGRADATION, 73 188 229 411 422 433 DEGREASING, 245 266 DENTAL APPLICATION, 270 292 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID, 118 DEPROTEINISATION, 93 183 228 DERMATITIS, 20 85 143 166 206 286 462 DESIGN, 35 97 113 122 126 154 341 342 422 DESORPTION, 26 71 101 254 294 DETECTION LIMIT, 26 71 101 130 144 182 209 DETERGENT, 192 266 DETERMINATION, 209 273 370 DI-TERT-BUTYL-P-CRESOL, 7 DIALKYLAMINE, 118 DIAMINE, 168 347 DIAMINODIPHENYL, 108 DIANISIDINE, 158 DIAPHRAGM, 362 DIARYLPHENYLENE DIAMINE, 458 DIATOMACEOUS EARTH, 34 DIBENZOFURAN, 311 DIBROMOMETHANE, 436 DIBUTYLAMINE, 168 254 DICHLOROBENZENE, 254 DICHLOROBENZIDINE, 158 DICHLOROETHYLENE, 108 DICHLOROMETHANE, 7 71 101

135 253 275 436 DICUMYL PEROXIDE, 226 DIETHANOLAMINE, 128 DIETHYLAMINE, 71 101 118 229 243 251 252 254 DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMIC ACID, 102 118 DIHEXAMETHYLENETHIURAM DISULFIDE, 251 DIIODOMETHANE, 436 DIISOBUTYLAMINE, 236 251 DIISOCYANATE, 145 146 392 DIISOPROPYL XANTHOGEN DISULFIDE, 248 DIISOPROPYLAMINE, 251 DIMETHYL AMINE, 71 101 243 249 251 252 254 275 DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE, 307 DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE, 181 DIMETHYLAMINE, 71 101 243 275 DIMETHYLDISULFIDE, 131 DIOL, 440 1,4,-DIOXANE, 208 DIOXINE, 311 DIPHENYL ETHER, 7 DIPHENYL GUANIDINE, 16 126 249 462 DIPHENYL OXIDE, 68 DIPHENYL PHENYLENEDIAMINE, 16 DIPHENYLMETHANE, 108 DIPHENYLMETHANE DIISOCYANATE, 144 145 146 DIPPING, 55 156 162 184 378 DIPROPYLAMINE, 254 DIRECTIVE, 16 17 26 30 37 71 88 101 108 122 130 148 159 173 183 199 209 220 221 DISEASE, 70 145 146 288 341 DISINFECTANT, 438 DISULPHURAM, 354 DITHIOCARBAMATE, 126 236 248 249 250 251 252 253 317 DITHIODIMORPHOLINE, 126 249 DITHIOPHOSPHATE, 126 189 190 227 DNA, 118 DODECANE, 254 DOSE-RESPONSE, 145 DRYING, 184 217 353 DUMMY, 26 130 209 247 248 253 435 DUST, 17 28 70 71 72 134 144 167 180 183 184 233 286 343 367 399 403 416 433 445 452 459 464

123

Subject Index

DUST CONTROL, 184 185 279 343 353 399 DUST EXTRACTION, 459 464 DUST-FREE, 114 348 DUST-SUPPRESSED, 185 439 455 DYE, 232 234 347

E EAR MUFF, 459 EDUCATION, 276 EFFLUENT DISPOSAL, 184 ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 15 223 403 ELECTRICITY, 122 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY, 309 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE, 176 320 ELUTION, 135 144 197 EMISSION, 15 43 46 47 48 49 71 101 108 114 126 142 144 157 173 191 192 201 211 212 233 244 247 248 249 250 252 254 255 290 293 343 357 363 374 454 461 EMISSION CONTROL, 72 101 134 231 233 260 322 EMPLOYEE, 29 37 107 111 112 123 147 157 158 163 169 170 208 212 213 223 234 237 ENDOCRINE, 37 54 ENDOTOXIN, 183 ENGINEERING APPLICATION, 421 ENVIRONMENT, 15 16 30 38 68 71 73 88 101 109 150 152 159 175 191 192 199 211 212 220 226 244 245 247 248 249 251 252 253 256 266 269 284 311 314 322 327 334 341 342 348 350 359 363 375 403 424 425 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION, 16 71 157 207 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 21 25 30 71 101 114 147 192 220 253 259 260 281 311 341 342 ENZYME, 27 110 219 EPDM, 25 86 113 114 126 189 190 227 247 248 250 251 254 271 272 295 383 EPICHLOROHYDRIN, 71 101 EPIDEMIOLOGY, 16 32 43 45 52 144 180 194 208 213 255 259 267 286 400 416 453 EPOXY RESIN, 21 108 232 245

124

ERGONOMICS, 6 342 1,2-ETHANEDIAMINE, 237 ETHANOL, 26 130 135 224 234 ETHOXYETHANOL, 267 ETHYL METHYL NITROSAMINE, 373 ETHYLAMIDE, 29 ETHYLBENZENE, 149 ETHYLENE THIOUREA, 433 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 254 271 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENEDIENE TERPOLYMER, 25 86 113 114 126 189 190 227 247 248 250 251 254 271 272 295 383 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, 119 ETHYLIDENE NORBORNENE TERPOLYMER, 126 EXAMINATION GLOVE, 27 90 156 EXPLOSION, 17 226 328 345 359 368 395 411 422 EXPLOSIVITY, 30 226 EXPOSURE, 36 42 43 45 46 48 50 154 170 180 187 193 237 263 264 267 294 297 343 344 EXPOSURE LEVEL, 29 37 71 72 134 145 157 167 169 172 173 185 186 208 209 212 222 223 224 226 231 241 242 253 330 332 336 389 396 397 398 399 401 404 405 406 412 413 439 EXPOSURE LIMIT, 12 16 29 30 37 71 88 101 121 127 144 145 146 147 148 149 158 160 173 207 222 223 233 234 242 247 248 249 251 252 253 254 259 267 399 413 EXPOSURE TIME, 145 242 416 EXTRACTABILITY, 27 61 183 217 218 293 435 EXTRACTION, 7 26 130 135 162 181 182 247 250 253 255 293 435 EXTRUSION, 184 233 250 405 EYE DAMAGE, 146 416 EYE IRRITATION, 30 145 146 226 284 EYE PROTECTION, 146

F FEEDING, 17 119 184 FEEDSTOCK, 15 273 FIBER, 26 29 194 453 FIBER DIAMETER, 416

FIBRE GLASS, 144 FIBROUS FILLER, 194 437 FILLER, 26 35 36 50 52 53 64 71 86 94 101 102 103 104 108 113 118 119 130 141 167 178 180 184 200 201 209 210 214 225 243 250 252 254 271 275 279 311 315 317 342 348 365 366 425 433 447 464 FILM, 13 235 239 FILTER, 17 144 234 FILTRATION, 17 201 255 FIRE, 133 261 328 378 394 FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT, 459 FIRE HAZARD, 17 30 152 226 266 284 345 368 459 FIRE PROTECTION, 152 395 FIRST AID, 159 284 FLAME PROOFING, 8 68 FLAME RETARDANT, 8 68 192 225 318 FLAMMABILITY, 8 11 17 24 30 108 199 226 266 269 282 284 321 328 342 378 452 454 459 FLUORANTHENE, 181 FLUORIMETRY, 130 FLUORINE COMPOUND, 245 FOAM, 17 130 145 186 207 261 363 425 FOAMING, 184 FOAMING AGENT, 130 145 FOOD-CONTACT APPLICATION, 26 38 130 235 253 FOOD PACKAGING, 253 FOOD SIMULANT, 26 130 FOODSTUFF, 13 130 FOOTWEAR, 428 462 FORK LIFT TRUCK, 187 FORMALDEHYDE, 71 101 130 203 208 264 308 449 FORMULATION, 13 41 47 74 117 119 211 216 238 244 427 FUME, 48 49 71 72 101 134 173 192 201 206 211 231 233 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 255 286 310 343 367 382 383 384 385 399 403 425 428 445 447 454 461 470 FUME REMOVAL EQUIPMENT, 185 FURFURAL, 29 FURNITURE, 213

G GAS, 16 30 95 126 173 275 327 459 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 3 7

Subject Index

26 71 86 101 106 130 135 144 181 234 249 251 255 293 294 305 307 310 374 382 383 454 GAS EMISSION, 126 132 226 374 GAS EVOLUTION, 284 374 382 GAS OIL, 173 GASOLINE, 192 GENETIC ENGINEERING, 25 GENOTOXIC, 16 30 108 GLASS FIBRE, 144 194 234 416 GLOVE, 9 10 13 18 23 25 27 28 31 32 57 61 62 63 75 78 83 85 90 107 111 112 120 123 137 138 146 156 164 197 216 217 218 219 253 270 390 417 426 459 GLUCURONIDE, 337 GLYCOL ETHER, 267 GUANIDINE, 7 GUAYULE, 39 57 153 GUM STOCK, 248

H HALF-LIFE, 144 HANDLING, 2 11 38 50 114 119 146 179 184 185 189 195 199 220 226 227 231 277 279 282 284 296 300 376 393 394 395 403 407 440 450 452 455 HAZARDOUS WASTE, 30 150 220 226 HEADSPACE CHROMATOGRAPHY, 250 254 293 HEALTHCARE APPLICATION, 9 HEAT DEGRADATION, 131 HEATING, 118 126 135 145 146 226 HEAVY METAL, 130 184 192 HEAVY-VEHICLE TYRE, 25 HELIUM, 181 HEVEA BRASILIENSIS, 32 57 92 438 HEXABROMOCYCLODODECANE, 68 HEXACHLOROETHANE, 108 HEXAMETHYLENE IMINE, 251 HEXANE, 244 297 HEXATRIACONTANE, 118 HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY, 7 130 144 HIPPURIC ACID, 223 HISTORY, 230 253 319 HORMONE, 54 HOSE, 48 295 HUMIDITY, 47 130 144 184 234 HYDROCARBON, 19 101 130

142 173 181 200 201 255 454 HYDROCHLORIC ACID, 15 HYDROGEN SULFIDE, 131 461 HYDROLYSIS, 7 102 228 337 HYDROXYBENZENE, 108 130 HYGIENE, 144 145 152 159 177 213 262 294 297 403 417 HYPOALLERGENIC, 18 39 57 78 153 156

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL, 173 ISOPROPYL PHENYL PHENYLENE DIAMINE, 16 ISOTHIOCYANATE, 461

I

L

IGNITION, 320 452 IMMERSION, 130 426 IMMUNOASSAY, 28 137 219 IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, 28 92 IMMUNOLOGY, 145 221 IMPLANT, 292 298 364 IMPURITY, 30 173 IN-VITRO, 92 221 IN-VIVO, 221 INDUCTION PERIOD, 7 419 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE, 144 159 180 187 294 402 INDUSTRIAL INJURY, 159 163 195 222 274 341 INDUSTRIAL WELFARE, 163 INFLAMMATION, 34 INFORMATION SOURCE, 62 283 325 395 444 450 INGESTION, 118 284 INHALATION, 98 108 145 146 165 173 221 224 226 237 267 284 308 361 393 414 416 425 447 INHIBITOR, 125 209 272 332 427 INNER TUBE, 191 288 INSTALLATION, 119 122 464 INSTITUTION, 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 14 17 19 20 21 26 28 29 32 33 34 35 36 37 43 44 45 47 48 51 52 53 54 57 58 69 71 79 80 81 82 83 84 87 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 99 100 101 102 106 109 110 113 117 118 123 127 131 132 154 180 187 193 194 200 203 204 245 254 262 263 264 425 447 461 INSURANCE, 151 INTERNAL MIXER, 133 INTERNAL STANDARD, 7 135 181 INVENTORY, 25 150 IRRITANT, 20 30 90 110 129 145 146 166 199 221 226 284 ISOCYANATE, 144 145 146 168 187 221 232 261 282 297 300 338 346 347 393 395 423 440

LABELLING, 11 14 16 22 30 61 108 111 122 147 159 173 199 205 220 226 228 284 316 342 395 411 LATENCY, 264 LATEX, 9 10 13 14 18 20 22 23 25 27 28 31 32 39 55 57 61 62 63 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 90 92 93 107 110 111 112 120 124 137 138 139 153 156 161 162 164 174 182 183 197 205 209 215 216 217 218 219 228 235 239 244 248 253 270 292 298 417 427 438 LATEX SENSITIVITY, 22 28 39 57 93 110 120 139 LEACHING, 18 27 110 162 216 217 228 LEAD, 71 101 108 173 192 LEAKAGE, 144 364 395 LEAKPROOF, 30 LEGISLATION, 6 9 10 13 14 16 17 19 26 30 36 37 51 52 56 59 60 64 66 71 74 75 76 88 101 105 108 111 116 118 122 130 143 146 148 150 151 157 159 161 162 171 173 179 189 192 199 214 220 221 226 227 235 238 245 247 248 249 253 256 258 259 266 267 269 274 276 277 278 281 282 284 286 291 293 295 311 312 313 314 322 329 331 339 340 342 345 351 363 372 373 390 402 403 404 405 406 409 425 430 435 444 446 447 463 LEUKAEMIA, 409 463 466 471 LIABILITY, 23 63 120 LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY, 7 130 144 454 LITIGATION, 23 63 156 322 LUBRICANT, 56 59 112 LYMPHOCYTE, 466

K KAOLIN, 71 101 KETONE, 71 101 395

125

Subject Index

M MACHINE GUARD, 286 MACHINERY, 17 88 119 122 151 152 159 163 231 274 286 291 329 333 341 342 355 377 403 408 418 451 455 464 MAGNESIUM, 21 MAINTENANCE, 119 122 151 152 184 192 233 341 381 403 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, 433 MASS SPECTROMETRY, 7 130 181 238 249 255 310 337 374 382 383 454 MASTERBATCH, 251 252 273 296 MASTICATION, 256 MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 18 25 37 56 59 73 74 84 87 91 112 114 117 125 142 147 153 156 162 173 174 188 190 192 215 228 235 245 250 266 317 MATERIALS HANDLING, 119 134 146 274 342 MBS, 273 MBT, 7 16 126 130 MDI, 144 145 146 261 MECHANISM, 26 94 101 102 113 118 254 271 411 MEDICAL APPLICATION, 14 15 18 28 39 57 75 83 84 85 90 107 110 111 120 123 124 215 219 235 239 253 270 292 298 362 435 465 MELAMINE RESIN, 108 MERCAPTAN, 131 MERCAPTOBENZTHIAZOLE, 7 16 86 126 130 249 462 MERCURY COMPOUND, 108 METABOLISM, 26 198 METABOLITE, 263 337 METHANOL, 15 71 101 135 275 METHOXYETHANOL, 267 METHOXYMETHYLETHOXY PROPANOL, 29 METHOXYPROPANOL, 96 METHOXYPROPYL ACETATE, 29 METHYL CHLORIDE, 15 METHYL CHLOROFORM, 69 108 METHYL CYANOACRYLATE, 29 METHYL ETHYL KETONE, 96 METHYL ISOCYANATE, 169 METHYL METHACRYLATE, 411 METHYLBENZENE, 96 METHYLBENZOTHIAZOLE, 7

126

METHYLENE CHLORIDE, 15 135 186 203 207 213 266 448 METHYLENEBIS(2CHLOROANILINE), 12 196 261 297 337 391 394 396 413 421 430 MIGRATION, 26 27 130 253 255 373 MILL, 274 333 355 377 418 MILLING, 134 405 418 443 464 470 MINERAL OIL, 316 MIXER, 119 274 451 455 MIXING, 41 113 119 134 151 184 256 285 374 376 443 451 455 464 MOCA, 12 196 261 297 394 396 421 430 MONITORING, 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 72 123 134 144 182 206 212 231 280 337 343 346 347 350 392 394 399 403 412 428 431 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY, 197 MONOMER, 71 101 108 130 145 146 173 199 203 221 368 397 398 410 411 432 436 449 MORBIDITY, 154 MORDENITE, 34 MORPHOLINE, 71 101 243 249 251 252 254 275 MORPHOLINOTHIOBENZOTHIAZOLE, 295 MORTALITY, 58 180 193 203 262 264 288 365 366 367 415 416 420 431 445 449 466 MUTAGEN, 248 252 383 398 458 MUTAGENICITY, 16 30 108 173 398 458

N N-OXYDIETHYLENE DITHIOCARBAMYL-N’OXYDIETHYLENE SULPHENAMIDE, 273 N-OXYDIETHYLENE DITHIOCARBAMYL-N’TERTIARYBUTYL SULPHENAMIDE, 273 NAPHTHA, 173 214 253 NAPHTHALENE, 108 181 NAPHTHALENE DIISOCYANATE, 187 442 NAPHTHENE, 171 NAPHTHENIC OIL, 255 285 NAPHTHYLAMINE, 108 173 304 NATURAL RUBBER, 9 10 13 18 20 22 25 27 28 32 55 61 62 63

75 76 77 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 90 92 93 107 111 112 113 117 124 137 139 142 153 156 157 162 174 182 183 197 215 216 217 218 219 228 235 238 239 247 248 249 250 251 253 254 271 272 285 292 295 298 373 383 417 427 435 438 467 NBR, 113 156 215 271 272 383 NEOPRENE, 18 149 215 228 390 426 433 452 NICKEL, 108 173 NICKEL SULFATE, 462 NIP, 345 NIPPLE, 26 130 135 162 NITRATE, 71 101 NITRILE RUBBER, 18 156 250 251 254 295 390 399 417 NITRITE, 26 71 101 NITROBENZALDEHYDE, 108 NITROBENZENE, 234 NITROGEN DIOXIDE, 131 212 229 NITROGEN OXIDE, 26 71 101 102 118 130 135 227 248 249 250 252 254 275 NITROGEN TETROXIDE, 229 NITROSAMINE, 3 4 13 26 41 44 71 73 74 86 87 91 101 102 106 109 113 118 126 130 135 155 161 162 165 192 198 209 214 225 227 229 235 236 243 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 259 271 272 273 275 286 293 294 295 296 299 315 317 332 341 342 373 404 435 NITROSAMINE-FREE, 126 135 189 190 192 238 247 248 249 250 NITROSATION, 26 71 101 102 118 126 130 229 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 259 271 273 275 NITROSO COMPOUND, 229 427 NITROSOAMINE, 3 4 13 26 41 44 71 73 74 86 87 91 101 102 106 109 113 118 126 130 135 155 161 162 165 192 198 209 214 225 227 229 235 236 243 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 259 271 272 273 275 286 293 294 295 296 299 311 315 317 332 341 342 372 373 404 427 435 461 465 468 NITROSOBENZENE POLYMER, 458 NITROSODIBENZYLAMINE, 26 NITROSODIBUTYLAMINE, 26

Subject Index

135 251 NITROSODIETHYLAMINE, 26 118 135 229 NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE, 26 113 118 126 135 251 275 NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE, 468 NITROSODIPROPYLAMINE, 26 135 251 NITROSOHEXAMETHYLENE IMINE, 251 NITROSOMORPHOLINE, 26 135 247 251 252 273 275 468 NITROXYL RADICAL, 130 NOISE, 88 206 222 369 NOISE ABATEMENT, 88 313 339 342 345 369 402 459 NON-TOXIC, 21 87 247 316

O OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE, 32 95 96 98 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARD, 127 147 148 149 157 158 194 200 203 204 212 222 223 224 233 234 OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE, 99 147 187 OCTABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE, 68 ODOUR, 142 248 256 OIL, 119 130 171 181 192 255 OLFACTOMETRY, 256 OLIVE OIL, 26 130 ORGANIC PEROXIDE, 11 220 226 ORGANOTIN COMPOUND, 108 ORTHOTOLUIDINE, 234 330 OXYDIETHYLENE DITHIOCARBAMYLOXYDIETHYLENE SULPHENAMIDE, 273 OXYDIETHYLENE DITHIOCARBAMYLTERTIARYBUTYL SULPHENAMIDE, 273 OZONE DEPLETION, 16 30 266 297

P PACKAGING, 16 22 30 108 111 119 342 PACKAGING OF CHEMICALS, 16 30 108 119 184 199 220 284 PAINT, 54 108 142 146 244 305 434

PALMITIC ACID, 7 PARAFFIN OIL, 130 173 181 255 PARAPHENYLENE DIAMINE, 462 PELLET, 184 PENICILLAMINE, 354 PENTABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE, 68 PENTACHLOROPHENOL, 108 PENTANOL, 244 PERCHLOROETHYLENE, 69 266 PEROXIDE, 11 130 201 220 226 235 247 248 411 419 461 PERSONAL SAFETY AID, 97 PERYLENE, 181 PESTICIDE, 234 PETROLEUM, 173 181 255 PHENOL, 108 130 PHENYL BETANAPHTHYLAMINE, 154 379 468 PHOSPHATE, 108 189 190 PHOSPHORUS, 125 310 PHTHALATE, 54 PIGMENT, 21 108 130 184 192 PIPERIDINE, 243 252 254 PLANT SHUTDOWN, 142 163 PLASTICISER, 54 130 171 181 214 225 316 368 425 447 POLLUTION, 16 28 30 32 38 71 95 97 101 142 144 148 157 201 212 220 226 244 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 255 259 284 311 322 327 346 347 363 374 375 378 380 382 391 392 396 399 412 425 429 439 442 445 449 454 455 456 461 464 466 POLLUTION CONTROL, 72 185 212 256 464 POLY-P-DINTROSOBENZENE, 458 POLYACRYLAMIDE, 92 POLYBUTADIENE, 25 142 250 251 252 255 295 POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 108 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL, 108 375 436 POLYCHLOROPRENE, 18 149 156 215 228 390 417 426 433 452 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON, 121 130 173 181 188 255 286 316 POLYETHYLENE, 108 119 142 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, 108 POLYISOPRENE, 7 118

POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBON, 71 POLYOXYMETHYLENE, 249 POLYPROPYLENE, 108 142 POLYSTYRENE, 108 245 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, 144 POLYURETHANE, 12 60 108 112 134 144 145 146 168 186 196 207 215 237 261 282 297 300 331 346 347 363 364 391 392 393 394 395 396 413 421 423 430 440 448 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 18 108 174 215 POTASSIUM DICHROMATE, 462 POWDER, 14 17 50 61 101 107 108 111 112 123 173 183 184 279 376 386 399 422 POWDER-FREE, 31 61 PROCESSING, 3 15 71 88 101 109 113 122 131 142 146 158 159 184 206 210 218 233 244 245 282 327 332 342 387 393 419 425 447 455 PRODUCT LIABILITY, 23 63 120 PRODUCTION, 13 25 53 88 158 200 210 235 272 273 332 359 363 PROPYLENE GLYCOL ETHER, 267 PROSTHESIS, 364 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, 40 146 164 173 185 270 278 390 426 459 PROTEIN, 14 18 20 28 55 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 90 93 110 137 138 139 162 174 182 197 205 215 216 217 218 219 228 PROTEIN REMOVAL, 23 55 110 124 182 PROTEIN SENSITIVITY, 10 25 27 61 110 120 156 183 PVC, 18 108 174 215 390 399 417 455 PYRIDINE, 128

Q QUALITY CONTROL, 42 119 135 144 150 175 183 184 192 219 220 294 QUARTZ, 34 94 184 245

R RADIAL TYRE, 25 RADIATION CURING, 27 156

127

Subject Index

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY, 28 REGULATION, 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 19 36 38 51 52 56 59 60 61 64 66 68 75 76 105 111 116 130 134 143 156 157 161 162 178 179 185 205 207 209 214 227 233 235 238 241 242 245 256 258 259 260 266 267 269 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 291 300 311 312 313 314 316 322 329 331 332 334 336 339 340 345 348 351 355 357 360 372 373 376 390 396 398 401 402 404 405 406 409 427 430 435 437 439 446 448 456 463 465 REINFORCED PLASTIC, 117 172 194 196 234 241 283 REINFORCED RUBBER, 271 REINFORCEMENT, 210 416 REPAIR, 140 467 REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY, 6 RESIDUAL ADDITIVE, 130 RESIDUAL CURING AGENT, 130 RESIDUAL MONOMER, 130 RESIDUE, 7 173 181 184 RESORCINOL, 101 371 RESORCINOL FORMALDEHYDE RESIN, 117 RESPIRATION, 50 221 RESPIRATOR, 40 95 146 336 459 RESPIRATORY DISEASE, 70 145 146 180 184 194 200 205 221 261 297 338 416 423 442 RESPONSIBLE CARE, 114 192 RETREADING, 67 72 134 188 312 REVIEW, 5 20 75 83 84 90 91 94 106 110 125 154 171 177 178 180 193 194 200 210 211 227 230 262 270 283 286 288 304 310 311 344 346 370 372 395 399 403 423 436 447 457 461 RISK ASSESSMENT, 16 29 30 37 46 71 98 99 100 112 122 156 159 169 170 172 173 183 192 203 204 208 ROCK WOOL, 194 ROUND ROBIN TEST, 253

S SAFETY DEVICE, 17 40 122 152 408 418 451 459 SAFETY GLOVE, 146 SAFETY GOGGLES, 459 SAFETY GUARD, 122 345 451

128

SAFETY HELMET, 459 SALT BATH VULCANISATION, 26 118 SAMPLING, 26 71 97 101 134 144 146 152 247 251 263 346 382 384 385 391 392 SBR, 8 25 113 188 225 243 250 251 252 254 255 271 272 295 349 356 383 400 415 SCAVENGER, 209 247 248 250 299 SCORCH, 126 248 249 251 295 SCREENING, 144 187 231 SCRUBBER, 201 SECONDARY AMINE, 26 71 87 101 102 118 126 130 135 247 248 249 250 251 252 254 271 275 317 SENSITISATION, 30 145 221 371 SENSITIVITY, 16 22 28 39 57 93 110 120 139 205 228 SERUM, 92 SILICA, 26 34 35 36 50 51 55 64 70 71 94 101 118 214 225 250 SILICONE RUBBER, 26 130 228 253 364 435 456 SILICOSIS, 94 SKIN, 96 SKIN IRRITATION, 20 90 110 129 145 146 166 221 226 248 284 371 416 423 425 447 SKIN-CONTACT, 108 144 145 146 221 255 267 SMOKE GENERATION, 8 24 SMOKING, 366 SOAPSTONE, 441 SODIUM DODECYLSULPHATE, 92 SODIUM HYDROXIDE, 378 SODIUM NITRITE, 378 SOLVENT, 7 15 19 26 43 65 66 69 71 89 95 96 101 108 128 135 145 147 173 181 186 192 193 203 206 208 222 223 224 234 237 245 246 253 254 263 266 267 275 286 287 290 302 303 305 306 307 309 324 327 328 345 357 363 367 368 393 395 410 411 412 425 428 434 436 445 447 448 452 463 466 471 474 SOLVENT EXTRACTION, 7 26 135 181 209 247 253 456 SOLVENT RECOVERY, 456 SOUND ATTENUATION, 88 SOXHLET EXTRACTION, 7 26 135 SPILLAGE, 145 146 260 284 395 SPRAYING, 144 145 146

SQUALENE, 118 STANDARD, 6 7 12 17 29 42 51 61 88 90 122 135 157 175 183 192 199 209 212 253 261 291 325 332 340 342 350 355 357 368 369 377 380 396 401 408 412 413 418 424 444 463 STATIC ELECTRICITY, 452 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, 34 69 204 262 294 431 STATISTICS, 1 2 11 15 25 27 53 56 58 134 140 147 156 160 164 169 170 191 195 200 205 225 232 234 257 265 270 274 286 312 330 336 339 360 361 388 399 429 473 STEAM, 144 STEARIC ACID, 7 102 118 250 273 STERILISATION, 85 STORAGE, 11 13 16 17 27 119 151 199 220 226 228 229 252 253 254 269 273 284 300 372 403 411 419 440 455 STRONTIUM, 21 STYRENE, 203 222 349 411 STYRENE EMISSION, 172 SULFENAMIDE, 7 26 102 118 189 192 248 249 250 251 252 295 372 SULFONAMIDE, 126 SULFUR, 7 26 102 118 126 130 201 247 249 250 251 252 272 315 SULFUR DIOXIDE, 131 212 SURGICAL APPLICATION, 18 25 27 28 31 57 61 75 83 85 90 111 292 298 362 364 435 465 SURGICAL GLOVE, 18 25 27 28 31 57 61 75 83 85 90 174 182 183 205 216 217 228 239 292 SWELLING, 248 433 SYNERGISM, 248 250 251 SYNTHETIC FIBRE, 194 SYRINGE, 183

T TALC, 44 71 101 112 365 366 441 TAPPING, 32 438 TAR, 173 192 TASTE, 248 TDI, 144 145 146 168 261 347 393 TEAT, 26 130 135 162 183 209 247 248 253 373 435 465 TERATOGEN, 433 TERTIARY AMINE, 251 252 TETRABENZYLTHIURAM

Subject Index

DISULFIDE, 126 247 248 250 295 TETRACHLOROETHANE, 108 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE, 69 TETRACHLOROMETHANE, 15 108 142 203 TETRAETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE, 16 102 118 358 TETRAETHYLTHIURAM DISULPHIDE, 16 102 118 358 TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, 411 TETRAHYDROFURAN, 96 149 TETRAISOBUTYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE, 236 251 TETRAISOBUTYLTHIURAM MONOSULFIDE, 236 251 TETRAISOPROPYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE, 251 TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE, 13 41 86 247 248 249 251 458 TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM MONOSULFIDE, 462 TEXTILE, 108 237 378 THERMAL DEGRADATION, 7 26 131 168 216 226 433 THERMAL EXTRACTION, 26 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER, 130 THIOCARBAMYL SULFENAMIDE, 227 252 THIOUREA, 102 THIRAM, 13 41 86 THIURAM, 7 26 102 118 221 247 249 251 252 254 THIURAM DISULFIDE, 236 248 251 252 295 THRESHOLD VALUE, 26 30 71 101 144 146 247 248 249 253 255 284 368 393 410 425 447 463 TISSUE, 193 TITANIUM, 21 70 TITANIUM DIOXIDE, 51 TMTD, 13 41 71 86 113 126 458 TOCOPHEROL, 249 250 251 252 272 299 TOLUENE, 96 131 181 222 223 287 306 324 426 456 TOLUENE DIAMINE, 168 TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE, 144 145 146 168 261 338 347 392 393 TONER, 210 TOXICOLOGY, 52 68 192 210 259 281 395 TOYS, 10 26 108 183 253 TRADE UNION, 152 404 463 TRAINING, 116 136 151 152 159

195 260 274 276 280 342 352 444 TRANSPORTATION, 11 25 184 220 226 284 300 TREAD, 454 TRIAZINE, 189 227 TRICHLOROACETIC ACID, 263 TRICHLOROBENZENE, 29 TRICHLOROETHANE, 69 108 266 TRICHLOROETHANOL, 263 TRICHLOROETHYLENE, 69 147 193 222 245 263 266 302 303 TRIMETHYLPENTANEDIOL DIISOBUTYRATE, 244 TUMOUR, 173 247 TYRE, 25 33 48 59 67 72 87 91 102 117 134 140 154 157 159 180 183 184 188 191 214 225 231 234 250 255 262 288 295 296 304 312 314 319 331 342 351 363 365 367 371 385 412 429 431 437 441 442 443 458 466 467 470 472 TYRE INDUSTRY, 6 25 357 429 441 471 472

U UREA, 249 250 UREA RESIN, 108 URINE, 337

V VAPOUR, 71 95 101 144 145 146 173 201 266 267 393 399 428 456 459 VAPOUR DEGREASING, 263 VAPOUR PRESSURE, 144 145 146 VENTILATION, 146 185 233 244 246 249 279 284 342 345 393 395 399 VENTING, 226 422 VINYL ACETATE, 244 411 VINYL CHLORIDE, 71 101 108 173 411 VINYL CYANIDE, 71 101 VINYL PYRIDENE, 411 VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE, 411 436 VIRUS, 57 VITAMIN E, 118 332 VITREOUS, 194 VOLATILITY, 7 26 71 101 108 130 132 135 155 211 244 247

248 249 252 253 327 399 456 461 VULCANISATE, 7 113 126 130 132 209 210 248 250 251 252 272 273 VULCANISATION, 7 13 26 41 49 71 87 101 102 114 118 126 130 135 192 211 220 226 233 243 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 272 273 275 293 295 299 310 315 327 332 343 382 383 384 385 399 405 425 427 447 461

W WASHING, 184 270 WASTE, 30 152 184 191 192 220 226 284 WASTE DISPOSAL, 25 150 184 188 220 226 282 284 342 375 394 440 WASTE REDUCTION, 114 150 152 192 WATER, 7 26 130 144 192 275 394 WATER POLLUTION, 16 30 188 220 226 259 WATER SOLUBLE, 110 182 183 WATER-BASED, 192 WAX, 119 173 WEIGHING, 119 134 135 181 279 376 455 WOOD FLOUR, 108 WORKING CONDITIONS, 193 203 204 265 332 341 344 407 424

X XANTHATE, 227 XANTHOGEN DISULFIDE, 247 XANTHOGENATE, 189 XYLENE, 96 222 287 309 466

Z ZINC, 21 184 ZINC BORATE, 192 ZINC DIBENZYLDITHIOCARBAMATE, 247 248 317 ZINC DIBUTYLDITHIOCARBAMATE, 16 126 247 248 435 ZINC DIBUTYLDITHIOPHOSPHATE, 126 249 250

129

Subject Index

ZINC DICYANATODIAMINE, 250 272 ZINC DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE, 16 102 118 247 248 435 ZINC DIISONONYLDITHIOCARBAMATE, 248 ZINC DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE, 247 ZINC DITHIOCARBAMATE, 26 118 247 248 249 251 ZINC DITHIOPHOSPHATE, 247 ZINC OXIDE, 7 13 16 71 101 102 118 184 251 272 273 ZINC STEARATE, 71 101 184 ZINC SULFIDE, 102

130