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University of Texas at El Pas0 El Paso, Texas
S. Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon
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1992 1993
Dennis L. Soden Brent S. Steel
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Preface Contributors
Part I: Approaches to the Study of Environmental Policy and Administration (Introduction: Dennis L. Soden and Brent S. Steel)
\!
...
Xlll
1 7
Riley E. Dunlap, George H. Gallup, Jr., and Alec M . Gallup 29
Timothy M . Hennessey and Dennis L. Soden 49
Joseph K . Berry 81
John L. Dobra and Jeanne Wendel 97
Earl R. Ekstrand and Dirk D. Draper 111 Benjamin M . Simon and Haniey Doerksen 123 Edkvard P . Weber 155
Maureen R. McCarney, William D.Schreckhise, and Nicholus P. Lmv-ich 175
Berton Lee Lamb, Nina Burkardt, and Donna Lybecker ix
Contents
X
10
195
John R. Tennert and Dennis L. Soden 11
213
Patrick C. West 12
225
Mark Andrew Kelso 13
233
Kara L. Lurrib
Part 11: Environmental Policy and Administration in the Developing and Industrializing World (Introduction: Dennis L. Soden and Brent S. Steel)
261
14
265
Rebecca L. Warner 15
28 1
Hillary Egna 315
16
Stelten Parker 17
347 Brent S . Steel and Sushi1 Pandey
18
363
Ch14n-Oh Park and Sung-Chul Kirn 19
38 1
Edwiard Chiu- Yeng Tseng 20
393
Cnthleen Rineer- Garber 21
425 Curtis Durrunt and Laszlo Perneczky 22
333 John
Pierce, Nicholas P. Lovrich, and Russell J . Dalton
Part 111: Environmental Policy and Administration in Advanced Industrial Countries (Introduction: Dennis L. Soden and Brent S. Steel)
453
xi
Contents
23 459 Bruce Shindler and Mark Brunson
475
24 Glen Sussman
25 495 Pia Christina Wood
513
26 Meredith A. Netzwzan and Aynsley Kellow
27 529 Tsuneo Akaha
on
28
549 Masahiko Matsuoka and Taketsugu Tsurutani
559
29 Inying Schiffkan
30 579 Leslie R. A1m
31 597 Michael Healey and Timothy M. Hennessey
Part IV: International Policy and Administration (Introduction: Dennis L. Soden and Brent S. Steel)
609
32 613 Aynsley Kellow
33 63 1 Andrea K. Gerlak and Luura J. Parisi
34
659 Robert L. Friedheirii
69 1
35 Robert E. Boitqen and Catherine A. Cruinblejl
36 715 Robert
Carey and Debra J . Salazar
xi i
Contents
737
37 Richard Bath and Howard D. Neighbor
38 on Stephen P. Mumme and Terry Sprouse
759
39 779
Parricia J . Fredericksen and William G. Weailer Index
l?O3
Tsuneo Akaha, Ph.D. Leslie R. Alm, Ph.D. C. Richard Bath, Ph.D. Joseph K. Berry, M.B.A, Ph.D. Robert E. Bowen, Ph.D. Mark Brunson, Ph.D. Nina Burkardt, M.A. Robert G. Carey, M.A. Catherine A. Crumbley, M.S. Russell J. Dalton, Ph.D. John L. Dobra, Ph.D. Harvey Doerksen, Ph.D. Dirk D. Draper xiii
xiv
Riley E. Dunlap, Ph.D. Curtis Durrant, M.S. Hillary Egna, Ph.D.
Earl R. Ekstrand, Ph.D. Patricia J. Fredericksen, Ph.D. Robert L. Friedheim, Ph.D. Alec M. Gallup George H. Gallup, Jr. Andrea K, Gerlak, Ph.D. Michael Healey, Ph.D. Timothy M. Hennessey, Ph.D. Aynsley Kellow, Ph.D. Mark Andrew Kelso, Ph.D. Sung-Chul Kim, Ph.D. Berton Lee Lamb, Ph.D. Kara L. Lamb, M.A. Nicholas P. Lovrich, M.A., Ph.D. Donna Lybecker Masahiko Matsuoka Maureen R. McCarney
Tokq 0,
Contributors
Stephen P. Mumme, Ph.D. Howard D. Neighbor, Ph.D. Meredith A. Newman, Ph.D. Sushi1 Pandey, Ph,D. Chun-Oh Park, Ph.D. Steven Parker, Ph.D. Laura J. Parisi Laszlo Perneczky John C. Pierce, Ph.D. Cathleen Rineer-Garber Debra J. Salazar, Ph.D. Irving Schiffman, J.D., Ph.D. William D. Schreckhise, Ph.D. Bruce Shindler, Ph.D. Benjamin M. Simon, M.S., M.P.P. Dennis L. Soden, Ph.D. Terry Sprouse, Ph.D. Brent S. Steel, Ph.D. Glen Sussman, Ph.D. John R. Tennert
xv
xvi
Contributors
Edward Chiu-Yeng Tseng, Ph.D. Oaks,
Taketsugu Tsurutani, Ph.D. Rebecca L. Warner, Ph.D. William G. Weaver, M.A., J.D., Ph.D. Edward P. Weber, Ph.D. Jeanne Wendel, Ph.D. Patrick C. West, Ph.D. Pia Christina Wood, Ph.D.
Approaches to the Study of Environmental Policy and Administration
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REFERENCES 1990. International Environnzental Policy, 2nd
C.
C.
on 1967. istration Reviepi! 1968. 1986. Images
Atlantic Monthly
1997. 04. Public Adtizin-
Science Organization. 1998. Ecosystetns Managenrenr: A Social
Science Perspective.
IA:
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1 Of Global Concern*
Riley E. Dunlap Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
George H. Gallup, Jr. George H. Gallup International Institute, Princeton, New Jersey
Alec M. Gallup The Gallup Organization,Princeton, /Yew Jersey
INTRODUCTION
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ENDNOTES 1.
111 SA; NS;
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REFERENCES 1979. Economics, Environmental Policy, and the Qualih o f Llfe. 1974. Tw*oCheers for the Affluent Society. St. 1994. Social Science Quarterly 1992. Rural Sociology 1992. Benrieett Ttrw Worlds: Science, the Ett~ircinmentalMovement and Policy Clzoice. 1986. The Europeans and Their EtnGronmetzt 1986. 1989. The Etzvironmental Wars. 1994.
Pp. 1
26
Green Globe Yearbook 1994.
~. -.
1992. 16 ronmerttal Movement, 1970-1990. 1991. ronmenf 10, 1989. ronntetttal Politics and Policy. A.M.
American E~zvirtinnzetitalisrti:The U S . EtntiErnti-
EnIiiHealth of rhe Planet.
1993b.
R. 1991. Public Opinion Quarterly 65 1989. World 1989. A.H. 1990. The Populatiotz Explosion. 1993.
State cftlie
Green Globe Yearhook I993.
28
Dunlap et al. 1982.
Znternational Conciliation, no. 56,
1991. State of the World 1991. 1992. Environment, 6. 1990. Culture Shvt in Advanced Industrial Society. 1991.
World Development
621. 1989. Public and Leadership Attitudes to the Environment in Four Continents. 1991. Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement. 1989. New Politics in Western Europe: The Rise and Success of Green Parties und Alternative Lists. 1991. Environment, 6. 1971. Public Opinion Quarterly 35: 108. 1989. Earth Rising: Ecological Belief in an Age of Science.
0’
1976. Environmentalism. 1992. Geoform 395403. 1992. Environmental Brhavior: North America, Canada, Mexico, United States. Environment 6. 1989. Political Behavior 1 1992. Global Environmental Change: Understunding the Human Dimensions. 1988. The Public and the Enbironment-1 988. 1992. World Development Report 1992. 1990. World Resources: 1990-91.
2 Ecosystem Management: The Governance Approach Timothy M. Hennessey University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
Dennis L. Soden University of Texas at El Paso, El faso, Texas
INTRODUCTION
by
on
by by of
29
30
Hennessey and Soden
by on
on
DEFINING ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT most
by on
on
A
you
upon
you
Ecosystem Management
31
by U.S.
.. by
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ACTIVITY TOWARD ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT 1992,
1 1993 The National Per$onnance Relieu?:Creating a Go\iernnient that Works Better and Costs Less
by Valdez. ( 1)
(4)
1993,
THE SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE ON ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT
Hennessey and Soden
32
The Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management, by by
by on
Long-term sustainability as a fundamental value.
Clearly defined goals.
In HI = V*O*R,
0=
R= on
Sound ecological models and understanding. on
Complexifyand connectedness.
Recognition of the dynamic character
ecosystems.
Context and scale. no
do on 4).
Humans as ecosystem components. be
33 Adaptability and accountability.
by
by
ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT: A GENERAL REVIEW OF THE CENTRAL THEMES
Hierarchical context. A
on on
Ecological boundaries. Ecological integrig.
. Data collection. on
Monitoring. by Adaptive management. (
Interagency cooperation.
Organizational change.
Humans embedded in nature. on
by
Hennessey and Soden
34
do on
PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS TO GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTATION OF ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT by
by (
on
The goals ecosystern nianageiizent are not clearly specified: a minimum lelTe1 of ecosystem integrity andfiinctioning needs to be defined. up on no on.
Ecosystem boiinduries need to be delineated.
35
Ecosystem Management
Administration’s Principles
Practical StepslActions Delineating Ecosystems Establish consistent boundaries for Establish boundaries at several geographic
4-b
“Manage along ecological rather than political administrative boundaries.”
L
Understanding Ecosystems’ Ecologies ~
~
Identify structures, components, processes, and linkages among ecosystems. Identify current ecological conditions and trends. Identify minimum ecological conditions necessary to maintainhestore ecosystems. Identify effects of human activities on ecological conditions.
0
0
-b 0
0
Identify desired future ecological conditions.
-I+
Identify distribution of activities among land units over time.
Ada tin Mana ement to New Information Continue researching, monitoring, and Modify management assessing ecologicalchoices conditions. on the basis of new information. Revise ecosystems’ boundaries as warranted.
Figure 1
I
“Consider all natural and
e--, human components and their interactions.”
“Ensure coordination among federal agencies and increased collaboration state, local, and tribal governments; the public; and the Congress.”
“Use monitoring, assessment, and the best available science.“
I
GAO 1994: 41.)
42).
by
36
Hennessey and Soden
by upon on on The ecosystems approach ttill require coordination of activities among federal agencies managing resources in the same ecosystem. by by by
on
on
on
Procedural requirements for long-range planning create barriers to interagency cooperation.
Collaboration and consensus building with state, local, and tribal golvernments und the public trdl be difficult because of incentives, authorities, and interests that are beyond the scope or authority of the federal government. by on There is still much uncertainty about horr?ecosystems function, which contributes to differences in the interpretation of scientific evidence.
The need to expand pilot projects to other areas.
Ecosystem Management
37
ecosystem management is essentially intergovernmental and intersectoral.
on
VALUES A S A CONSTRAINT TOO OFTEN IGNORED BY THE “HARD SCIENCES”
flaw
As
on
3). on on
on book
38
Hennessey and Soden
up
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up
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THE GOVERNANCE OF ECOSYSTEMS AND THE ECOLOGY OF GOVERNANCE ecosystem nzanugeinent must be able to cope Mith the uncertainty associated uiith the conzplexity of terns as natural systems and the organizational and institutional complexity of the iinplementation emironrnent.
Ecosystem Management
39
by
by
by policies are experiments; learn from them.” do
by no 1.
by
.. In this sense ecosystems are arenas of interdependence for human uses and laboratories of institutional invention.
on
Hennessey and Soden
40 Table 1 There is a mandate to take action in the face of uncertainty.
Decision makers are awwe that they are experimenting cinyHqv. no
Decision makers care about improving outcomes over biological time scales.
Presenation of pristine environments is no longer an option, cind human intervention cannot produce desired outcomes predictably.
Resources are suflcient to measure ecosystem-scale behuvior.
Theop, models, and field methods are available to estimate and infer ecosystem-scale behmior.
Hypotheses can be formulated.
Organizational culture encourages learning from experience.
There is sufficient stability to measure long-term outcomes; institutionul putience is essential
Source:
Lee
85.
Ecosystem Management
41
by by
you you do
integrated
no Ecosystem management requires that we unify by putting the parts together into an integrated whole using a single unifying concept. do
of
of
as
the proportion issues that is subsumed under a common policy framework.
interdependent
42
Hennessey and Soden
do
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Ecosystem Management
43
41).
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10
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28
EPA’s
6217 on 49 4).
Hennessey and Soden
44
Table 2 Intermediate pe formance criteria, provision costs
lnterrridicite peformnnce criteria, production costs
OLvrnll peformance criteria
Source:
et al. 1995: 124.
up linked or netctwrked ecosystem management programs intellectually unified by large-scale ecosystem heuristics (e.g.,ecoregions, bioregions) that contain the imperative to look at connections/links betctieen ecosystems. nested
45
Ecosystem Management
ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY by
do you
do
do. do.
.. do. A on
upon upon
by
on
up no by
up. by but
do up
U.S.
46
Hennessey and Soden
do do
do do
if
do,
do by
by
up on
by no upon.
As
on
good
REFERENCES 1994. p. 3, Values cod Pithlic Policy.
Ecosystem Management
47
1980. Why Policies Succ*eed or Fail.
1993. Society and Natural Resources
1994. Ecosystem Management: Federal Agency Acti\iities. 1983. Antericwn Ncituralist 121: men tal Monugenteit t . 1998.
:
1992. Ecosystem Health, Newt Goals ,for En\ironpp. SoEcosvstems Managentenf: A Social S c i e n c ~
Perspec-ti\v.
1995. The Scientific Basis for Ecosysteni Managernent. on 1993. The National Perjiorniance Re\ie\t*: Creating n Goivernntent that Works Better and Costs Less. 1997, hndscape and Urban Planning. 1993. Endmgered Species: Factors Associated M’itlt Delajvd Listing Decisions. 152. 1994. Ecosystems Management-Additional Actions Needed to Adequately Test a Promising Approach. 1 1 1. U.S. 1994.
Consenution Biolog? 1997. Ecology and Management of Streams and Riiters in the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion. 1994. Ocean and Coastal Managentent 167-1 91. 1994. Coastal Management 1998. Ecosystenis Maitagemenf: A Social Science Perspecti\>e. IA: 1978. Adaptive Entironmental Management and Assessnzent. 1993. Ocean and Coastal Maiicigenzent 80. 1991 . Final Consensus Report on the Keystone Policy Dialogue on Biological Dilvrsity on Federctl kinds. 1993. Compass nnd Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the En\ironnient.
1992. An Ecosystem Approach: Its Use and Abuse: Excellence in Ecology Book 3. 1998. Ecosystems Management: A Social Science Perspecti\,e.
S.H. 1996. Integrcited Resource Planning and Management: Tlie Ecosj?stenzApproach in the Grecit Lakes Bcisin.
Hennessey and Soden
48 1998.
Ecosystems Managenzent: A Saciul Science Perspective. 1998. Ecosystems Management: A Social Science Perspective. IA: 1986. Environmental Management 1995. S. Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues. p. 34. 1998. Ecosystems Management: A Socicil Science PerIA: spectitv. 1991. :A Ecological Applications 1: 4. 1998. Ecosystems Managemenr: A Social Science Perspective. IA: 1997. Ecosystem Function and Human Activities: Reconciling Economics and Ecology. York: & Ecosysrems Management: A Social Science Perspective. 1998b. Ecosystems Management: A Social Science Perspective. IA: A. 1997. Adaptitle Management Areas: Achieving the Promise, Avoiding the Peril. 1997 on
1998. Ecosystems Management: A Social Science Perspective. 1996. S. Risk, Environment and Modernity. ToMwds a N e ~ vEcology. p. 1. 1980. Marine Policy p. 159. 1986. Adaptive Management Renenuble Resources. York:
3 GIS Technology in Environmental Management A
Joseph K. Berry Berry and Associates/Spatial Information Systems, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado
INTRODUCTION
“where
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sandbox
AN ENABLING TECHNOLOGY
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Berry
GIS Technology
73
Environmental Management
TRENDS, DIRECTIONS, AND CHALLENGES
cartographic modeling,
on GIS modeling,
(2)
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES Data mining
GIS
an
predictive modeling
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(3)
Berry
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TECHNOLOGY VERSUS SCIENCE
75
GIS Technology in Environmental Management
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REFERENCES 197 1. Spaticil Orgcritizcrtion: The Ceo,qrciplier'.s V i m , of' the \Vorld, Iiitei.ii(iti(,it(il
Journal of Geogrriphic*~il Inforrizotioii Systenis 1 : 1 19- 136. 1987b. Mancl~el~lellt 11 3
Jourmil of
~ii~~;i~oiti~te~iteil
Grogrtrphic, Ii?formeition Sj'stems: Principles am1 App1icutiori.s
2851993. Bryoncl Mripping: Concepts, Algorithnis etml I.s.sire.s
iii
GIS,
GIS 1994.
Corrrlliler
The CGI Soirrc,tj Book j i ) r Geogrcrphic Sjstenis, 1995b. Spcrtiril Rrrr.soni)tg .for Eflec.tii?rGIS, 1996. GIS TOR 4(2):4. 1988. Eni~ironinenteilMcincigernent 27: 1994. The GIS Applicutions Book: Exemp1e.s VA: 1949. The S t o n , ($Maps. 1980.
GIS er~qINNO\!4Joirrrteil of'
iii
Ntiturcil Resoiirces,
Jourtitil ofsoil Scieric*e 3 1 : 3 1 1987. Principles r,J' Grogrciplticcil Itlfoniwtioti Sjxterns .f;)r Lcriicl Ru.soiirc~o.sA.s.w.s.s-
nient. 1 . "GIS ,-2pplic.crtion.s,
Geognrpliic Ir~forrncitionSystems: Priitc*ip/e.strritl
1989.
199 1. Principles and Applictitions
GIS."
Grogr~ipliic1izfi)riiiiitioiiS j ~ s t e n i . ~ :
35-54.
79
GIS Technology in Environmental Management 1991.Statistics ,for Spatial Data. 1993. with GIS, 414-421. 1993.
Er~i~ironmental Modeling
Eii\~irorii?zeiitcrIModeling \$iith GIS,
404-41 3. 1982.Tliemntic Maps. 1994.
on Intemationcil Journul of Geograpltical Inforination STstems 8: 175-1 89. 1991. Geographic Information Principles and Applications,
1: 403-412. 1995. Emironmental GIS Applications to Industrial Facilities. 199 1.
Professional
Geographer 43(4): 500-5 1 1.
1991.
Geogruphic Itformation
Principles and
Applications,
489-502. 1990. Journal of U r b m and Regional Iilformcrtion Systems 2(2): 26-34.
1987. on International Journal of Geographical hzformation Systems l(4):327-334. S. 1992. 1 .” Intern at iona 1 Journal of Geog raplzical Irlfortnation Systems 6(5):407-423. 1993.Etz~~ironnzental Modeling ~ i t hGIS. 1990. Landscape Ecology 4(l ): 3 1-43.
1993. Environmental Modeling with GIS,
353-360. 1993. The GIS Book. 1983.
American Cartographer 10: 129-
149. 1990.GPS Satellite Sunfeying. 1987.
Plrotogramrnetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 53( 10): 1397-1 398. 1991a. Geographic Information Systems: Principles and Applications, 2
1991b.Geographic Itzforrnatiori Principles and Applications,
UK:
1
The CGI Source Book 11 20. K. 1995.FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Progranr for Quant[fi*ing Lmidscape Sfructure, 1. 1969.Design ~ i t Nature. h
1994.
.for Geographic Systems.
GIS
80
Berry 1993. Hummn FLictors in Geographical IJlformatian Systems.
1988. 41 1 4 2 7 .
Terra
Sciences de lci
1980. Map Use: Rending, Analysis and Interpretation. 1982. graphical Analysis 1994. 23.
GeoGeo-lrzfo
1989. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems: A Compendium, 8.
1993. International Jourrtul
Geographical Information Svs-
407424.
tems
1990.
American Cartogrcipher
1 ):
1990. International Journal
I$
Geographic Information Systums
1981. Spatial Statistics. 1987. GIS for Forest Management: A compendium. 1989. Fundamentals
Geographic Injiwmation Systems: A Compendiirm.
1994. The GIS Applications Book: Examples in Natural Resources. 1994. Systems.
The CGI Source Book for Geographic
1991. Principles and Applications
1982. Elements of Cartography, Geographical Information S y s t e m :
1, 1990. Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction. 1976. scupe Architecture
Land-
444455. 1980. Modelling in Geography: A Mathematical Approach.
& 1990. Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling.
1990.
Lmdsccipe Ecology
412 1981. Introductory Spatial Analysis. 1994. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 8: 1980. Journal of Soil Science 3
Query.”
Pursuing Environmental Goals
John L. Dobra and Jeanne Wendel University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada
THE SUCCESSES AND FAILURES OF COMMAND AND CONTROL REGULATIONS on
U.S.
50
As
30
by
81
82
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MARKET INCENTIVES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
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Incentive Prices
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FEE AND PERMIT SYSTEMS VERSUS CEC REGULATIONS
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MARKET-INCENTIVE SYSTEMS:TWO QUESTIONS ABOUT COST
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1994. Multiple Cor!flict.s O i v r Multiple Uses p. 1. 1996. PS-8, 1991. Jountcrl of Regulation 8 233. 1968. 1995. Chicago Fed Lutter 89, 1996. Bullefirz 10 Lcirtsirtg Stcite Jourticil, 5 , 1996. 1994. on Corzflicts OiTer Mirlriple Uses p. 17. 1996. Poliq, Series, no. 1985. 1997. Jourri~l. 13. 1 .
95
),
PERC Poliqq Yale
Science 1.
53. Multiple
PERC Regulntiori
33. W d l Street
96
Dobra and Wendel
Morrall, J. F. 1986. “A Review the Record.” Regulation lO(2). Murray, A. 1997. Wall Street Journal, June 9, A l . Palmisano, J. 1994. The Environment Goes to Market. Washington, DC: National Academy Public Administration. Pigou, A. C. 1938. The Economics of Werfare. London: Macmillan. Posner, R. 1992. Economic Analysis of Law. Boston: Little, Brown. Rabin, R. 198 1 . “Ozone Depletion Revisited.” Regulation, MarcWApril. Rand Corporation. 1980. Economic Implications of Regulating Chlorofluorocarbon Emissions from Nonaerosol Applications. Simmons, R.T. 1997. “Fixing the Endangered Species Act.” In Breaking rhe Environmental Gridlock (T.L. Anderson, ed.), Pal0 Alto, CA: Hoover Press, p. 13.
Contingent Valuation Method Earl R. Ekstrand U S . Bureau of Reclamation, Denuer, Colorado
Dirk D. Draper Balloffet and Associates, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado
INTRODUCTION
on good. good
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If
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect the policy or views of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.
97
98
Ekstrand and Draper
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WHY VALUE NONMARKET GOODS? on do
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MEASURING ECONOMIC VALUE good
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Contingent Valuation Method
1
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1
Quantity
Q
Figure 1 Measuring economic value.
purchased. At higher prices individuals would purchase less quantity, and at lower prices a greater quantity of the good would be demanded. These different combinations can be graphed by a line that economists call a demand curve, representing the quantity demanded for different price levels. Assuming that the good in question has a price (or value) P, then an amount Q is purchased. The shaded area below the price line and bounded by the line representing quantity Q represents the total cost of purchasing Q items at a price of P (this equals P*Q). As the consumer would be willing to pay a greater price for quantities less than Q, the consumer receives extra value for the good in addition to the value equaling the cost of purchase. This extra value, or net WTP, is represented by the area above the shaded portion and below the demand curve. Total economic value for nonmarket goods can be broken into use and nonuse values. Use values are derived from employing resources in activities such as fishing, hunting, observing wildlife, hiking, skiing, and boating. Hundreds of studies have established use values for wildlife and habitat resources used for these and many other activities. Examples of these studies can be found in Walsh et al. (1989). Use values can be further divided into consumptive and nonconsumptive components. Consumptive use refers to activities, such as hunting and fishing, that consume the resource. Nonconsumptive uses are those in which the recreationist uses the resource without removing it from its environment. Common nonconsumptive uses include wildlife photography, bird watching, and wildlife feeding. The term “nonconsumptive” reflects the nature of the activity and should not be confused with the consumption of related goods used by the recreationist. Bird watchers, for example, who purchase (consume) binoculars, cameras, and other gear are still nonconsumptive users in regard to wildlife. Some resources provide both consumptive and nonconsumptive uses. Many species of waterfowl, for example, could be hunted by one person and observed by a bird watcher. Endangered species, however, usually provide nonconsumptive use rather than consumptive use (if any use exists for these species) due to low population levels and because it is illegal to hunt them. Occasionally, a species that is listed as threatened, but not classified endangered, could generate some use values, such as fish species, if the
Ekstrand and Draper
100
do
1983; 70 1989).
1991;
1989).
REVEALED PREFERENCE TECHNIQUES FOR VALUATION good by
by good
good
good no
As
by
by by
on
by good
by
by
by
CONTINGENT VALUATION METHODOLOGY on
good
101
on
The Green Book by Principles and Srandards
by
U.S.
1983,
Principles and Guidelines,
(U.S. Principles and Guidelines
Ohio v. US.Department of the Interior Vuldez
1
1
16 1995 ($)
7.63 10.06 26.01 11.15 41.78 71 35.96 73.20 20.22 15.56 3 1.29 28.32 92.65 8.42 6.04 33.07
Source:
1996.
Ekstrand and Draper
102
on on
Comparisons Between CVM and TCM Measures by
no $72,000 $70,000
11
$20.91
$24.38
83 CVM
616
by
1966
by 0.89 0.25
0.81 0.96. 1.25.
1.25, by
10 on
by by
103
Contingent Valuation Method
by
by
Controversies Related to the CVM by on by Vuldez
pound
As by good.
2000
200,000,
less
by
10,
Ekstrand and
104
on
by
on by
good on
no
by
good
good.
so
on
try
good by do
105
Contingent Valuation Method
FUTURE DIRECTION: MEASURING RESPONDENT CERTAINTY
good
good good, good. good.
DESIGNING A CONTINGENT VALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE A
on
A
by buy
106
Ekstrand and Draper
by
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NOAA
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Proper Contingent Valuation Design and Administration good
on
107
Contingent Valuation Method
Asking the Valuation Question
good. good, good
by good,
good
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on
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YES you
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108
Ekstrand and Draper
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by
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109
do.
on
good, good good
by good
by by
on good
1993. on Appendix I to Natural Resource Damage Assessments Under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. 14. 1992. Land Economics 68: 405. 1983. Land Economics 1. 1996. Land 80. Economics 1986. Valuing Em~ironmerttalGoods: An Assessment of the Contingent Valuation Method. 270. 1963. Natural Resources Journal 3: 239. R. S. 1992. Measuring
110
Ekstrand and Draper Nonuse Damages Using Contingent Valuation: An Experimental E\riluution of‘ A c c u r t q . 1,
on River Basin Projects. 56. 1995.
by
1958. Proposed Practices f o r Econoniic Anulysis of on
Jourticil of Etndronmentcil Econortric*serncl Murrcrgement 256. J. 1991.
J. J.
Water Resources Research 1449. 1996. Ecological Economics 197. 1991. Journal uf Etzi’irc)rzttieritnlMurici,qenimt
177. 1989. Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Vulucition 463. Method, S., 0. 1996. Comparing Re,spon.ses with Voting Behaiior: Open Space Survey and Refertwclurrz in Corvallis, Oregon. 133
1983. Managing Air Quality and Scenic Resources at National Parks und Wilderness Areus
G. 1995. Journal of Environmental Econoniics and Management 181. 1991. Water Resources Research 1387. 1989. State of Ohio 1’. U S . Department of the Interior. 880
US.
2d. 432
1962. Policies, Steitttlmds, and Procedures in tire Formultition, Evaluntion, ctncl Revierrv of Plum for Use ctnd Development of Water and Relciteci Laid Resources 97, 1983. Ecunotnic cind Eni)ironmentd Principles cind Guidelinrs fbr Wtrter anti Re1ntc.d k i n d Resources Implenzentcition Studies, 137. J. 1989. Western Journal of Agricultural Economics 14: 178 M. 1993. of 133
Financing National Park Service Activities Through Entrance Fees Benjamin M. Simon and Harvey Doerksen Officeof Policy Analysis, U S . Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
INTRODUCTION
go
by
of
go
A 111
Simon and Doerksen
112
on on
A
by
PERCEIVED “POTENTIAL” REVENUES by 1 $50 $0.19
$500
by do
1
is by 1995 by
500
f
4M)
300 QI
200
100 00
20
40
60
80
Percent of Visitors Charged
Figure 1
100
4 of
113
Financing National Park Service Activities
$15. . . . by
...
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USS Arizona
1, $300
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61
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U.S.
Simon and Doerksen
114
1, $100
1993 $51 1991 63 $54 on
by $42
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on 1995.
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2,
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Figure 2
115
Financing National Park Service Activities
THE POTENTIAL FOR REVENUE ENHANCEMENT
3
by by
$50 “A”
$100 “A”
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by by on
yon,
E
300
.-- 250 *E 200
Y
2 C g
150
100 50
0
15 30 45 0 Numbers of Visitors Charged (millions)
Figure 3 Alternate ways to increase entrance fee revenue.
Simon and Doerksen
116
by
by
by
STATUS OF ENTRANCE FEE COLLECTIONS
7
1,
As
1994
$41.7
$1.8
$5.9 $23.9 1994 on
$73.4 1994
$1.5 1994
135
50
326 1994
Table 1 National Park Service Fee Revenues, 1994
Type of revenue Admission fees Entrance fees Park-specific permits Golden Eagle Passports Golden Age Passports Subtotal User fees Total fee collections
Amount collected ($millions)
Percent of total
41.7 1.8 4.6 1.3 49.4 23.9 73.4
56.8 2.5 6.3 1.8 67.4 32.6 100.0
117
Financing National Park Service Activities
2. 1994 do
on
88%
1994
by
BROADENING THE BASE O F FEE PAYERS by
Implement fee collections in all units where the sewice is currently legally authorized to collect entrance fees but does not currently do so. on Apply passes only to individuals. by
Table 2
as
1994
to ~
0 0.0 1-5 5.01-20 20.0140 40.0 1-60 60
~~~
50.0 16.7 21.9 5.6 1.9 4.1 100
135 45 59 15 5 11 270 no
118
Simon and Doerksen
Have older persons pay the regular adult fee. 62
$10
A
61.
17
Lortter the age limits f o r youth rates.
as 12,
6
16. Institute rnultiple passes.
on
1996
by
$25
Establish daily entrance fees.
by 1
Pro\iide lifetime passes.
THE PROBLEM OF INCENTIVES
5-20
119
Financing National Park Service Activities
by
1918, by
no
1918
go
by 100
bound by
by
parks by 1995, by on
(U.S.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Simon and Doerksen
120
by
on
by
ENDNOTES 1.
S. 1144,
2107, 2181,
S. 964
1965
2025, to
by
2. 65% by
REFERENCES 1995.
or
on
on 2025, 3. 1983. Visitor Fees irz the National Park System A Legislatikv arid Adruirii.stroti\~e History.
Financing National Park Service Activities
121
1993. Accompanying Report 1964. 16 1. 1996. Congressional Record. Collections, National Park Service.
the National Performance Review.
Act
1963,
Public Law
25. 1993. Recreation Fee Charges and
This page intentionally left blank
7 The Theory and Practice of Collaborative Policy and Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
Edward P. Weber Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
INTRODUCTION
on
on
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by
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123
Weber
124
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on quo, ancl
good.
THE RELATIVE ADVANTAGES OF COLLABORATIVE ARRANGEMENTS 1973 Corps
on
Collaborative Policy and Dispute Resolution
125
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1987).6
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on
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by
127
Policy
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APPROPRIATENESS AND CONDITIONS FACILITATING COLLABORATION on you
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on
128
Weber
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to
on
Incentives
on
Transaction-Specific Conditions
by 1987, on
Collaborative Policy and Dispute Resolution
129
The opportunity exists to develop creatii’e compromises.
on
on
by
There are a limited nuniber of interdependent or related issues.
The policy iniplications of the issues to be resolved are more or less limited either programmatically, geographicully, or to comnion practices and rules affecting a specific inditstriul sector.
by
Affected interests are identifiable, relatively f e w in number, and cohesive.
by on
25.
All on
of
The transaction does not inipolve issues mised.
fundamental \,alues that cannot be compro-
130
Weber
upon no There is a well-developed factual database to frame the discussion and resolirtiori of pertinent issues.
Firm deadlines exist either as statutory, judicial, or programmatic by
by
The Role of Third-Party Intervenors
do do on
is
of
131
Collaborative Policy and Dispute Resolution
ASSURANCE MECHANISMS AND THE REDUCTION OF UNCERTAINTY by
of
by
ex
ante
inside
on
on
132
Weber
by
good
by by
by by on
by A
by
Entrepreneurial Political Leadership (
by
133
Collaborative Policy and Dispute Resolution
by
by
... 1992).
by
1992;
198
1998;
1997).
inside government agency
or on
risks
Organizational Reputation (1992), of
by
134
Weber
by
good
Formal Constitutional Rules on on
hood
good on
.. ...
sory”
by
0
0
by
135
Collaborative Policy and Dispute Resolution
upon
Inclusivene ss
Repeat Games
on
POTENTIAL PITFALLS AND LIMITS
go on
A
1990 1995,
136
Weber
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by
on on on
by
of by 5).
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do
do
on
by
on
137
Collaborative Policy and Dispute Resolution
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23,
on
on by
on 1
by
3,
by
32,
by
138
Weber
of do by on by
ex ante
bound by
up
by ,
.
by
1987, p. by
by
1998,
process oflicials.
199
for elected
by
139
Policy
PROSPECTS FOR THE CONTINUED USE OF COLLABORATION good
U.S.
INCENTIVES TO ENGAGE COLLABORATION STILL EXIST
a
on on of
Weber
140
U.S.
by
on quo
(GAO
failure
141
Collaborative Policy and Dispute Resolution
POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ACCEPTANCE OF COLLABORATION
on 1987,
by 1991:
1993,
1990 by
1993,
1990. on 1994, p.
1991
by
on 1998,
U.S.
80
142
Weber
book, Beyond NrMBY,
Civic Environmentalism,
on
EDUCATION, TRAINING, AND THE GROWTH OF PROFESSIONALS
10,
by
143
Collaborative Policy and Dispute Resolution
’’ ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, THE DEVOLUTION OF POWER, AND THE REINVENTION OF GOVERNMENT
by
by
30
1).
go
EPA
Weber
144
of
1993,
on on
on
CONCLUSION do
ex ante
on
by
up
145
and by
on
not
are
are accountability
represen-
tation
ENDNOTES 1.
80
2.
A
1992
..
..
by outside
the program in
question
3. do 4.
5.
6. As
by by
146
Weber
7. on
8.
on
on
1996
. 9. pp. 10.
on
161 on
70 do 11.
on to
politically grounded on 12.
on
politiccil
13.
to
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14. is
15.
ex post
to
...
16. 17.
130
147
Collaborative Policy and Dispute Resolution 18.
do by by
19. 20.
on 21. 1996,
on by
22.
on
In 1970, 1985
25%
by 23.
10,
7, 18,
24.
1987 $1.2 1995, p.
1986 The C m
by
2000,
n C/en,z Eiivirotzment 1986
1987. 25.
26. by 1988
1979
1989,
$6.8
$2.3
on
$90 27. 28. 29.
30.
by 1993
A
Weber
148
by
31. on
32. 33. 34.
REFERENCES 1993. Cost EfSective Control
Urban Smog.
1993. 26 pp. 1987. The Politics Environmental Mediation. 1990. Environmental Policy in the 1990s. 21 1984. Environmental Dispute Resolution. 1985. Loading the Dice: A Five-Country Study of Vinyl Chloride Regulation. 1992. Breaking Through Bureaucracy: A New Visionfor Munaging Government.
1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. 1986. Resolving Environmental Disputes: A Decade 1996. Administration. 1988. Journal
Experience. Handbook of Policy Studies
149
Collaborative Policy and Dispute Resolution 1996. Environmental Reform: The Next Generation Project [summary]. Environmental Reform: The Next Generation.
1991.
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S. Law, Politics, and Society. 1997. Duke University Law Journal. 1988. American Journal Sociology 94 1980. Environmental Professional 1995. High Coun3 (http://www.hcn.org/pseudo/l995/oct try News 27
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Nciturcil Resolirces
Journal 1994. Nouh’s Choice: The Future cf Endangered Species. 1984. Administrcitive Lmc~KrLtirbt 36: 2 1996. Resolving Erivironniental Conflict: TokturdJ Sustainable Community De\!eloptnent. 1990. The Struggle f o r Auto Safety. 1992. Beyond Superjiiiilure: America’s Toxics Policy fiir the 1990s. 1996. “A High Coirritt-v 13/dir/Feature-A-sarnpling.html). 3 1993. Cooperutive Plurnlisnz: The Narionul C o d Policy E.xperinient.
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Collaborative Policy and Dispute Resolution 1992. on Journal 41 : 462. 1983. Regulation and the Courts. 1992.
Duke L a ~ l
Perspectives on Posititre Political Economy. 1992. Managerial Dilemmas: The Political Economy of Hierarchy. 1991.
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16.
1981. Revieuv
Vermont Lnbr~
17. 1987. Breaking the Impasse: Consensual Approaches to Resohi-
ing Public Disputes.
1996. Dealing u-ith an Angry Public: The Mutual Gains Approach to Resohfing Disputes. 1987. News
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71. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 373. by Statistical Abstract the United States, U.S. 1995b. 319. Statistical Abstract ofthe United States, 1980 1996. by on 1993. on 31, U.S. 1987.
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Documenting Public Concerns
Maureen R. McCarney Kearney/Buffalo County Area Domestic Violence Coalition, Kearney, Nebraska William D. Schreckhise University of Arkansas, Fa yet teuille, Arkansas Nicholas P. Lovrich Washing t on S fate Oniversity, Pu 11man , Washing ton
INTRODUCTION
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Documenting Public Concerns
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THE SETTING U.S. 1944 on 11,
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158
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THE METHODS OF ASSESSING PUBLIC CONCERNS
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159
Documenting Public Concerns
Public Participation by
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ENDNOTES 1.
2.
Resource Conservation Ruco~sComprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liahilit? Act National Environmental Policy Act (
e y Act ( (
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5. 42 U.S.C. 6. 42
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Documenting Public Concerns 11. 40 12. 130.
334
13.
REFERENCES 1978.
on
Land Eco-
nornics 1992.
Race and the Incidence of En~~ironmental Ha,-ards, A Time for Discourse. 1974. Redistribution Through Public Choice. 14. Political Communication 10, 120. 1996. Spokesman-Re\~ie\t* 6, p. 1993. Research in Social Problems & Public Policj‘ 5 , 24 1994. on &
on
1995. Inventor?. of Public Concerns at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Nuclear Weapons Complex, CERE Interim Public Concerns Report.
1964. ogy and Discontent.
Ideol1993.
1993. Atomic Harvest. 1995. Policy Studies Journal 1993. OvervieMP of the 1993 Hanford Site Specific Plan. 1978. Mail and Telephone Surveys, The Ttotal Design Method. 1968. Quarterly
Public Opinion
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McCarney et al. 197 1. Politics as Symbolic Action: Mass Arousal and Quiescence. 1988. Constructing the Political Spectacle. 1977. Power/KnoMdedge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings. 1940. The Pulse of Democracy. 1992. On the Home Front, The Cold War Legacy of the Harzford Nuclear Site. 1993. Nuclear Health and Sqfety, Examples of Post World War I I Radiation Releases at U S . Nuclear Sites. S. 1996. Nuclear Waste, Management and Technical Problems Continue to Delay Characterizing Hanford Tank Waste. 1976. Verbal Behavior and Politics. 1995. I n i m t o y of Public Concerns at Hanford. B. 1995. frnwztory of Public Concerns at Hanford. 1995. ln\wzton of Public Concerns at Hanford. 1995. lnverrton of Puhlic Concerns at Hanford. 1995. I n l m t o r y of Public Concerns at Hanford. 1988. Survey Errors and Survey Costs. n.d. Hanford Environmental Restoration: Questions and An.nr9er.s. WA: 1983. Introduction to Survey Sampling. Park, 1993. Public Reactions to Nuclear Waste. 14. 1972. Qualitatiirr Analysis: Historical and Critical Essaj*s. & 1992. Haherrrzas and 402461. the Public Sphere. J. 1994. Journal of Environmental Management 4 1 1987. Public Opinion Quarterly 5 1, 1956. The Fcused IntenieH,. R.K. 1946. American Journrrl of Sociology 5 1, 1992. Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards, A Time for Discourse. 1988. Focus Groups us Qualitative Research. 1979. Public Opinion Quarterly 43, 2 1995. Social Science Quarterly 10. 1986. The Making ofthe Atomic Bornb. &
Documenting Public Concerns
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on B. Race and the Incidence Environmental Hazards, A Time for Discourse. 1989. Hanford and the Bomb: An Oral History of World War I/. 1960. The Semi-sovereign People: A Realist’s Vie%$* of Democracy in America. & 1993. American Political Science Review 1993.
1988. Approaches to Social Research. 1979.
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Public Opinion Quarterly 45,
S. 1996. 1995. American Political Science Review S. 1972. Participation in America. 1992. the Public Sector. 1992.
&
Habermns and
B. Race and the Incidence Environmental Hazards, A Time for Discourse. 13. 1980. Who Votes? S. 1992. American Journal Political Science 16.
This page intentionally left blank
Decision Analysis Tools
Berton Lee Lamb and Nina Burkardt Midcontinent Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado
Donna Lybecker Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
INTRODUCTION on
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Examples
Statutory authority Physical control resource Legal control of resource Constituency support Political Public Fiscal resources Personnel Frequency of involvement Intensity involvement
strong power
A clear legislative mandate to act Ability to control water flow Designation as implementing agency or land management responsibility
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‘Sources of organizational power in negotiation as described in Lamb and Doerksen use with LIAM in Wilds (1986).
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ENDNOTES 1.
by
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2.
(1996).
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1995. by
4.
(1996). by
5. (1996).
REFERENCES 1971.The Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. 1994.Mexico Dependertcia y Authorismo. 199 1. Rivers 2(4): 326-332. 1976.Establishing Instream FloMys: Analysis of the Policy-Making Process in the Pacific Northwest. V. 1995.The Politics of Water: Urban Protest, Gender, and Paw’er in Monterrej, Mexico. 1972.The Politics of Expertise. 1995. Water Resources Bulletin 3 1( 2 ) :
187-198. 1997. Journal of Public Administrution Research and Theon 7(2): 247-275. 1996. Staking Out the Terrain: PoHter and Performance Among Natural Resource Agencies, 2nd 1994.Political Stability and Democracy in Mexico: The Perfect Dictatorship? 1993. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 13: 33 1-35 1. 1979. 15(6): 810-819. J. 1987.Mexican Politics in Transition. CO: 1976. Perspectives on Public Management.
Water Resources Bulletin
1974.The Study of Public Policy. 1972. Resources Bulletin 8(6): 1177-1 188. H. 1977. Public Administration Review 37(5): 448455.
Water
1984. Water Resources Research
323-
334. 1987. Revieit?8l(3): 85 1-872. 1976.
American Political Science
Lamb et al.
194
1980. W d e r Quality Administration: A Focus on Section 208. pp. 1987. Socrcrl Science Microcomputer Review 5(2): 1978. Journal of’Political Science 1987. Journul of Water Resources Planning und 42-52. Management 1 1990. Water Resources Bulletin 1993. LIAM: The Legal-Institutional Analysis Moclel f o r Microsoft Windouys (tm) 1. 0 45 12 S.
1996. Klamath River Institutional Analysis.
45 12 1959.
Public AdminiAtrufion Reviebr?
1969. The End of Liberalism: Ideology, Policy, und the Crises of Public Authority. 1996.
U.S.
1973. Fundamentals of Negotiating. 1981. Protecting Instream Flows in Californici: An c~dministrativecme study. 14. US. FWS/OBS-82/34. 1969. Bureaucracy, Politics, and Public Policy. 1992 . U.S. 1975. Budgeting: A Comparative Theory of Budgetary Processes. 1979. Sprciking Truth to Power: The Art and Crufi of Policy Analysis. 1986. A New Perspective in Institutional Analysis: The Legal-Institutional Anctlvsis Model (LIAM). 23, U.S. 1990. Understcinding Who Wins: OrgariizciticinalBehavior in Em~irotzrnvntcrIPolitics.
10 Rethinking Risk Assessment
John R. Tennert Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uniuersity, Blacksburg, Virginia
Dennis L. Soden University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
INTRODUCTION
1996, perception
1957,
do
by 195
Tennert and Soden
196
RISK A S A FUNCTION OF POSTMODERN DISCOURSE upon modernity.
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UNDERSTANDING RISK
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Source:
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A
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1988
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This is not to suggest that these
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204
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210
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REFERENCES 1996. “A
In
At the Nexits: Science
Policy. S.
1996. Public Attitudes, Risk Perceptions, arid the Fictirre
Rethinking Risk Assessment
21 1
of the Nevada Test Site: Report to the Nevada Risk Assessi?tent/Mariagentent Program.
Cams 1996.
S.,
At the Ne.nrs: Science Policy. 199 Journal of Cross-Cultural Psy-holog~?, 1 ): 6 1985. Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation. 1986. Truth cind Interpretation: Perspectives on the Philosophy qf Donald Da\idson. 1996. Comparing Environmental Risks: Tools .for Setting Gm~ernrnentPriorities. 1987. The Intentional Stance. 1991. Consciousness Explained. 1982. Risk and Culture: An Essay oii the Selection of Technologicnl and Environmental Dangers. 1957. An Economic Theon of Democracy. & 1972. The Puhlic Interest, 38-50. 1992. S. 1970 American Eti~~ironmeritalisni:The U S . Environmental Mmwnent, 1970-1 990. & 1989. Doing What Comes Naturally: Change, Rhetoric, and the Practice of Tlreon in Literature and Legal Studies. 1974. Tecltnology and Society. 1992. Antericaii Eniironmentalism: The US Eniironmental Movement, 1970-1990. York: & 1996. The Annals, 545 1984. Public Reaction t o Nuclear Power. 1967. The Neiz*Industrial State. B. 1994. Whose Backyard, Whose Risk? Fear and Fairness in Toxic and Nucleur Waste Siting. 1990. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Societies. 1984. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 1996. Risk, Emironmerit, and Modernity: Toli’ards a New- Ecology. 1986. Wittgeiistein: Nothing Is Hidden. 1992. American Environmentalism: The US Environmental Moiiement, & 1996. “A Comparing Eit\ironmental Risks: Tools for Setting Goivemment Priorities. 1989. Improving Risk Communication. 1970-1990.
Tennert and Soden
212
1994. Science and Judgement in Risk Assessment. the Development the Philosophy of Witt1987. The False Prison: A Study genstein, 1. S. 1992. Citizens, Political Communication, and Interest Groups: Environmental Organizations in Canada and the United States. 1987. Science, Technology and Human Values, The Annals, 1996. 1988. Theory, Culture, and Socieh, 5: 1979. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. 1982. Consequences Pragmatism. 1989. Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. 1991. Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth: Philosophical Papers, 1995.
1987.
Dissent, S. 1987. American Political Science Review, 8 Science, 1979.
1.
384404. Eniironrnent,
1996. At the Nexus: Science Policy. 1989.
S.
Social Science Journal, 2744. S., on Resources, S.,
1990. Society and Natural
Ecosystem Management: A Social Science Perspective. 1984. Energy Use: The Human Dimension. 1996. Risk, Environment, and Modernity: Towards a New Ecology. 1998. Journal Business Ethics. 17 1990. Deadulus, 1922. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.
by
The Blue and Brown Books: Preliminary Studies for the “Philosopical Investigations.” & 1958b. Philosophical Investigations, by G . 1996. Risk, Environment, and Modernity: Toniards a New Ecology.
11 Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Policymaking Patrick C. West University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
INTRODUCTION
of
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U.S.
1991; 1972).
on
213
214
West
firrictions
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215
Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Policy of Emironmental Law and Policy 1994;
1993;
1995;
1995).
1994). book 1993;
1993;
1990).
1992).
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INTEGRATING, CONSERVATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND CULTURAL PRESERVATION
go on
Coevolut ion
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216
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Unnecessary Displacement
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Killing the Goose that Lays the Golden Egg: The Parable of the Bori Marsh by
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217
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Cooperation Is Better than Repression
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TRUE PARTICIPATION
on
218
West
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1
199
;
219
Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Policy
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THE MYTH A N D PROMISE OF ECOTOURISM 1991;
on
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220
West
THE SHARING OF RESOURCE U S E
must inrfolriegreater residence and greater resource use than \$pe harv been \idling up to allokt?up to this point.
natural resource-based go go
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good
221
Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Policy
no
(honro sapierrs). . . .
on
is
on (p.
up.
up
on 10
by planned and controlled ic’ay. uncontrolled way. up by by
book
REFERENCES 1993. Populatiori Eri,irorrmerit Dyiamics: Ideas arid
West
222 Observations, pp. S.,
S. 1995. Society and Nutural Resources 8: 133.
1990.
Alterncrti~~es
to Deji)restutiort: Steps To~~arcis Sustainable Use of the Amazon Raitlforest,
1993. Sanctuuy Asiu 4447. S.F. 199 1. Resident Peoples and Nutionul Purks: Socicrl Dilemmas unii Strategies in International Conserwition, S. pp. 1990. Ecotourism: The Potentiuls und PitjXs, 11, 1996. Colluborutive Management o f Protected Arecis: Tuiloririg the Approuch to the Context. 1993. Ecotourisrn: Guide for P1ariner.s c l r i d Manugers, pp. 1. 1980. Indigenous Systems of Kno\t,letlge erml Deidopment. 1991. Resident Peoples crnd Ntrtionul Pcrrks: Socicil Dilemrncis utid Strcrtegies in Internutionul Con.sen.mtion, S. pp. 1972. Resident Peciples and Nutiortul Purks: Socitrl Dilemmas mid trugeclies in Intermtiond Conserwition, S. pp. 1994. on Society and Natitrul Resources 103-1 18 1994. Colorudo Journal of’ Intern~rtiorialEn\.irorinienttiI OIH* cind Policy, 1993. Ec.otoitrisni: An Antiotuted Bihliogriiphy jbr PlunnerLsutid M(rticigers. 1991. Resident Peoples cintl Nutiontrl Parks: Social Dileniincts cind Strcrtegies in Internutionul Cori.ser\~trtion, S. pp. 333-345. 0. 1987. International Sociology 2: 0. 1991. Action and Kriouhdge: Breaking the Mottopo1.v \t itli Ptrrticipm)n Research. 1990. Sunduy Ohser\vr (Bombcry) 4. S. 1995. Haiw,ry ’Buujn: People of the Blue Green Wuter, 1989.
1994. Society arid Ncrturrrl Resources
1
24.
1989. Anibio
434. 1992. Ecotourisni: ,4 Viable Alternutii*ejbr Su.stairitrble Mcrticige-
223
Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Policy inerzt of Natural Resources in Africa.
1993. Traditional Ecological Knolidedge: Concepts and Cuses,
on 1992. Proceedings: The First World Congress on Tourism and the En\*iroitnzeitt, 1993.
Ecirth.
1988.
E~OI~OIH~C
Development.
1993. Ecotourism: A Guide for Plunners arid Managers, 1994. Society and Natural Resources 7 : 321. 1989. Agriculture arid Hurizuit Values 1984. Nationul Parks, Consenrutiori and De~~eloprnerit: The Role of Protected Areas in a Sustaining Society. 1984. Tlw lrnperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlfe Mcinagentriit in Centrcil Africn, on Resident Peoples and National Parks: Social Dilerirrnus und Strcitegies in International Conseniation, S. pp. 1991. Resident Peoples and Narional Parks: Socicil Dilertinicis crnd Strciregies in International Conservation, S. pp. 1991. Itnplenientirig PRA: A Handlmok to Facilitate Participatory Rural Appraisal. US AID 1992. Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistcince in J m u .
:
1995.
N.1991. Resident Peoples and National Parks: Social Dilernrnas arid Strategies in lnteritciticmrl Conserwition, pp. 133. PRA 1991. 1991 PRA Notes, 1991. .” Resident Peoples and National Parks: Social Dileninras cind Strategies i n Interncitiorzal Conservation, S. pp. Resident Peoples arid Nationcil ParkA: Social Dilernriias arid Strategies in 1nter.itntioncil Conser\*rrfion, S. pp. 1996. Cultural Sunival Quarterly 40114.
224
West S.D.
1993. The LAM?
Mother Earth,
1966. W A and the Grass Roots. & 1989. Agriculture and Human Values 1972. The Mountain People. & 1995. Human Ecology and Climate Chance: People and Resources in the Far North, & pp. 1991. Resident Peoples and National Parks: Social Dilemmus and S. Strategies in International Conservation, pp. 31 M. 1991. People and Parks: Linking Protected Area Management ~ i t h Local Communities. U.S. 1995. Humun Ecology and Climate Chance: People and Resources in the Far North, & pp. S. 1991. Resident Peoples and National Parks: Social Dilemmas and Strategies in International Conservation, S. Protected Naturul Areas and the Dispossessed. Protected Natural Areas and the Dispossessed, C. 1991. Nature Tourism: Managing for the Environment. M. 1991. Participaton Action Research,
K. 1989. Ecotourism: The Uneasy Alliance. on
S.
12 Environmental Justice and Equity Mark Andrew Kelso Queens College, Charlotte, North Carolina
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: THE CONCEPT
on
1989
on 1992
on
of
on on
225
Kelso
by
do
on
by do
do
5.7 0.5
230
1990
4 80 do
1990, $20,173. $353. $3677 1950. of 40 by
$19,280, 1990,
1950.
227
Environmental Justice and Equity
1991: by
As
on
on on by
As
..
$50 by
U.S.
Kelso
228
(
up
$65
by 2000. $213
by 2002 on
on
$2. 6 on
$500
1989, $90
on up
up by on
by
by
42).
on 1992 by on
on
229
Environmental Justice and Equity
on by on
1990
1991: $5.4
by
on
1988 1993 1989 1989
on
Kelso
230
on
by
by 2025
11
by
1993
1994 U.S.
231
As
go
on go
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS do
on
do
by by by on 1987 1990
1992
by on
Kelso
232
A
1.7
on 100
no
of
on on by on 1992 by by
up by
on body
20,
by
Environmental Justice and Equity
233
do on on
55). by
by no
on
THE BASEL CONVENTION 1981, 1984 1985,
up by
Lynx, Zunoobia,
Khian Sea,
Karin B. 1986
Khian Sea’s 1988.
3884 on
13,476
Kelso
234
by on 1988
1989 on by 118
on 1996, 97
5 1992
on 20
22 1989
1990
1992,
up 5.3 1989
1993
up on
As
by
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
on
235
Environmental Justice and Equity
147).
by 54).
on 1992: 149).
on
of 1989
69 1991,
up
1994: 54). 1986
103 by 1993
1994:
1992,
on by
A
1994: 55).
1994,
by 1995: 6). 1995
on
1990s
1997, 1995: A-8).
1994: 56-57).
As
1995: 6-7). 10
236
Kelso
1996: 23). no
on
by
1996: 24).
of
ex-
upon on As
on
ex-
on
do
THE CONVENTION ON BIODIVERSITY on 1988
1992: 14).
1996: 18-19). 1980s.
1992: on
1992
Environmental Justice and Equity
237
1992 156 by 1995,
As
127
on
1993,
on 15,
on 16
by
on 16
20
on
1
by
to
by
on on
As
Kelso
238
by do
New York Times
do.
no
on on 1995 on 1999.
on
on on on
Environmental Justice and Equity
239
no of
A
do. 43).
on
on
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
do
on by by by by
Kelso
240
on on
by by by
to
do do
As As
ENDNOTES 1. 1972
on
$600
2. 15
35
REFERENCES H.A., 7): 1994. Times 1992. 1992.
1988.
C.
Newwjeek NeK, York
on
Bioscience 773 The Nation 1994.
S. Editions: GfobufIssues 94/95. 1995. Environmental Justice. 1994. Environment and Resource Policies for the World Economy. 1992. UNESCO Courier 1
1.
Arinunl
24 1
Environmental Justice and Equity 1988.
World Press Review-
1992. Economist 1994. New‘ York Times 1992. Economist 1992. Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit. on
1992. World of Waste: Dilemmas of Industrial Development. 1994.
Annual Editions: Global Issues 94/95. 1992.
Environment
6-1 1, 1996. U.S. Chemical and Engineering Neu9s 1994. World Security: Challenges for a New Century, 2nd 13. 1992. The International Politics of the Environment: Actors, Interests, Institutions. 1986. Lancet 398. Enliron1994. ment 1996. Environmental Policy and Politics. 1992. on World Press Retiewt 1989. Environment 1994. tions: Global Issues 94/95. 1995. Newt Scientist 1995. 326. 1994. World Security: Challenges for a New Centurq‘, 2nd S. 1993.
on
Annual Edi19. Nature
Environment
1989. on Chemical and Engineering News 1992. Environment 1991. Global Environmental Politics. 1994.
CO: Ecologist
1996. Environment
on Na-
577.
ture
Nature
307.
1993. Development and Underdevelopment: The Political Economy of Inequality.
Kelso
242 1992. A. tional Politics of the Environment: Actors, Interests, Institutions.
The Interna-
1991. on US Department of State Dispatch “So 1992. Economist 94. C. 1992. A. The International Politics ofthe Eniirnnment: 65. Actors, Interests, Institutions. 1994. Environmental Politics: Domestic and Global Dimensions. 1992. B. International Politics of the Environment: Actors, Interests, Institutions. 1 1. 0. 1994. Nature 309. 1996. Environmental Policv: A Global Perspective for the 21st Centun. 1992. Global Biodiversity Strategy. 1995. Wall Street Journal Sept. 25: A-8.
The
27):
13 Ethical Discourse
Kara L. Lamb Eastern Colorado Area Office,U S . Bureau of Reclamation, L oveland, Colorado
INTRODUCTION by
by
DEFINING THE FIELD
by
as
do do
do 243
244
Lamb
on.
A BRIEF HISTORY Walden The Philosophy of Civilization The Sand County Almanac
1923. 1949, upon
...
1962,
Silent Spring
by 1973
by
on 1975, Animal Liberation, no
on
1971 by
on Environmental Ethics,
1979, by
Theories in Environmental Ethics
245
EnvironRespect for Nature
mental Ethics
Environmental Ethics: Readings in The-
ory and Application;
on
.
A DISCUSSION OF VALUE
do.
x
on
on x
KINDS OF VALUE
of
Lamb
246
by on
upon
no
by
instrumental
.. by (Fox
3).
on
3). on or
art”
do As
Theories in Environmental Ethics
247
by by by
676). Also by
...
good on
1986: 114). on
inside
no
GOVERNING PRINCIPLES
... 71).
Lamb
248
no by
..
...
or
by no
on
THE EXAMPLE OF UTILITARIANISM
...
...
on by on
by by good,
by
good, on
A
ANTHROPOCENTRlC THEORIES of
is
249
Theories in Environmental Ethics
upon
..
So
you
on by
on
no
by
by
fix
do by
by by
no
250
Lamb
CRITIQUING ANTHROPOCENTRICISMS do do no no
bug,
so nor
no on is
up
on
Houston on on
BIOCENTRIC THEORIES on no body
..
on 384
book Respecr for
Nature,
by on U
25 1
by good
good on
good
book The Philosophy
Civilization.
by by no
no on
...
AN ANTHROPOCENTRIC CATALYST FOR BIOCENTRIC ETHICS
Humans
..
252
...
Lamb
on.
up
by do
do
do
a
by no
on
1975, by by 1975
Theories in Environmental Ethics
253
1994: on
DISSOLVING THE ANTHROPOCENTRIC LINE FOR BIOCENTRIC THEORIES by
on
on. on
on 1991:
classes
no by
To
1995: 391).
ECOFEMINISM
The Encyclopedia
Bioetlzics (1995).
254
Lamb
by up
up
by
As
VARIETIES OF ECOFEMINISM of
on
book The Man of Reason: “Male and “Female in Western ”
”
Philosophy.
on
As
by
255
Theories in Environmental Ethics
1995). by
... #110 1992). do
on
1995).
art,
by
.. 1995: 691).
by by
by
by
on of
1995: 692).
So
DEEP ECOLOGY on
1970s by 1985).
256
Lamb
As
do
65). looks
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DEEP ECOLOGY
no
try
PLURALISTIC APPROACHES by on by by
by
257
A
#7 on
no
SUMMATION OF THEORY. do no
to
258
Lamb
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
Conservation and Environmentalism: An Encyclopedia (
“No
on on young
no
by
CONCLUSION good do
by on
REFERENCES Bambrough, R. 1963. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: Signet. Brennan, A. 1988. Thinking About Nature: An Investigation of Nature, Value and Ecology. Athens: The University of Georgia Press.
Theories in Environmental Ethics
259
1993. lntroducton Essays in Moral Philosophy, Third Edition.
Matters of Life and Death: Nei+t
1995.
Encyclopedia
Bioe-
&
thics,
S. 1985. Deep Ecology. 1991. A Companion Ethics, 284. 1996. World Futures 1949. The Sand County Almanac. 1995. Conservation and Environmentalism: An Encyclopedia. 1994. on Studies in Christian Ethics 1993. Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. 111. 1986. Philosophy Gone Wild: Essays in Environmerztal Ethics. 111. 1991. The Broken Circle: Ecology, Economics, Ethics. 1994. Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application. 1993. Practical Ethics, 2nd 264. 1995. Ethics for Modern Life, St. 1993. Utilitarianism, For and Against.
K.J. 1995.
The Encyclopedia of Bioethics, &
This page intentionally left blank
Environmental Policy and Administration in the Developing and Industrializing World
1995
34
1.2
27
no
on
on
on
26 1
Part I1
262
At
11
on
by by
on
I1
on
As by
263
Environmental Policy and Administration
by 1979
1998 on on on
on
of
264
Part I1
by
on
by
REFERENCES 1995. Who Will Feed China? Gary. 1997. From Promises to PerJormance: Achieving Global Environmentul Goals. 1996. International Environmental Policy: From the Tn~entiethto the TltvntyFirst Centup.
1996. Global Environmental Politics. 1996. Gendered Fields: Rural Women, Agriculture, and Environrnent. Press. 1993. The State World Population. 1997. State ($the World.
14 Gender, Development, and the Environment Rebecca L. Warner Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
INTRODUCTION
parts
1994). on sustainability
on reproduc-
tion.
A
on
(1995),
book The Spirit
of the Soil,
by
on
1991).
(1970) on (1988) 265
266
Warner
do do
on by
SHIFTING THE ENVIRONMENTAL DISCOURSE TO SUSTAINABILITY on
on by
necessary suficient
1993 1991 development
no economic growth.
and
development rnent
... A
on eniTiron-
267
Gender, Development, and the Environment
on on
(
on to
1992
on by by
10
1996
65
by by by
268
Warner
by
by
on
(
by
Part
on
on
269
Gender, Development, and the Environment
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
on on to
on
by good
do do
as women.
by
do, to do
WHY IS GENDER IMPORTANT IN DEVELOPMENT?
by
looks 1970
Woman’s Role in Economic Deivloynzent.
270
Warner
MEASURING WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION
do
on
on (
by by
on
to As
do
dry you
you
271
of
300
on
235
245 on on
15 com’entional economic activities expanded economic actiiities domestic actiiiities by 1.
14 1 ~
=
1995.
5.77 0.85 1.22 7.84
4.78 1.69 4.47 10.94
1.9
1.9
3.17
4.72
~
~~~~~
1.40
4.15 1.17 0.99 6.3
3.57 1.79 4.00 9.46
1S O
1S O
2.79 0.3 1 0.73 3.83
2.21 0.59 2.55 5.35
1.40
Warner
272
10.81
7.5 1
do
1.7
20
6
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
on
1991; by
273
As
on
on by
on
dung on
WOMEN’S KNOWLEDGE
on
do
by
274
on
do
of by by
on by by
on
by
on
on by
275
THEORIES ABOUT GENDER AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1992
by
As
on on on on
As
as
as women,
1970s
As
1995),
on
As
do
1993;
1988, 1994). 1994; 1990;
1994)
276
Warner
by on on to
on on by
SUMMARY on on
do on
do
by
by
277
Gender, Development, and the Environment
on on on on on on
REFERENCES 1994. Feminist Perspectives on Sustainable Development. 2. 1992.
Feminist Studies
1988. Journal of Family Issues
I. Wealth and Well-Being: Empowerment for Global Change.
EnGENDERing
1970. Woman’s Role in Economic Development. 1996. Global Inequalities.
S. S. 1994. Women, the Environment and Sustainable Development: Towards a Theoretical Synthesis. 1993. Women and Wasteland Development in India. 1994. Mountain Research and Development 1981. 11,
9.
278
Warner 1983. Rural Development: Putting the Lust First. 1991. The Women and International Development Annual, 2. 1988. Women and Environment in the World: Alliance for the Future. 1990. Reweaving the World: The Etnergence of Ecofeminism. 1995. EnGENDERRing Wealth and Well-being: Empowerment for Global Change. International 1994. Conference on the Measurement and Valuation of Unpciid Work: Proceedings.
1987. 10. US 1994. Feminist Perspecti\!es on Susruinable Development. Zed Books: 1991. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Rein\Fention of Nature.
1995. EnGENDERing Wectlth arid Well-Being: ErnpoiiTermentfor Global Change. 1996. Feminist Politicnl Ecology: Glohnl l.s.~ue.s und Local Experiences.
1993. Ecofeminism. 1991. Women and Development in the Third World. 1993. H d f the World, Half a Chance: An Introduction to Gender arid Deifelopment.
1991. Agriculture and Human Values 1996. A
Feminist Political Ecology: Global Is.sues and Locd Eqwriences.
1992. Agriculture and Human Values 4-10. 1995. Gender and Development: Rethinking Modernization arid Dependenq~ Theov.
1988. Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Sunv’Ld in India. 1994. Close to Home: Women Reconnect Ecwlogy, Health arid Durdopment Worldwide. 1995. Women Development Democracy: A Stucly of the Socio-economic Chunges in the Projle uf Women in Nepal. by 1985. Problems
Sociul
279
Gender, Development, and the Environment 1995.
S. The Women and International Development Annual, 4. 16. 1995. The Spirit ofthe Soil. 1990. Persistent Inequalities: Women and World Development. 1994. Society and Natural Resources 1995. Environment, Development and the Gender Gap.
Oaks,
1994. Feminist Perspectives on Susfuiiiuble Development. 1991. Changing Perceptions: Writing on Gender and Derielopment. 1994. Ecological Feminism. 1987.
Gender and Sociefy l(2):
151. Sri 1993. Diferent Places, DifSerent Voices: Gender and Development in Africa, Asiu and Latin America. 1995. Mainstreaming the Environment. 1994. Signs: Journal of Wonten and Culture 1993. Planning Development with Women: Making a World of Diflerence.
This page intentionally left blank
15 Environment, Aquaculture, and Food Policy Nexus
Hillary Egna Oregon State Uniuersity, Coruallis, Oregon
INTRODUCTION by U.S.
1982
1994.
by on
1994,
1962,
to
5). by by
281
282
Egna by
4000
2).
5;
by on on 1990, ,4n
on
by on
on look
283
Environment, Aquaculture, and Food Policy
by
by
HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE IN RWANDA by by on 1893,
no by
1960
on
on
by
on
1960, 1960,
of 1956.
on on 54). 1958,
1246 by
on
410 by
284
Egna
Table 1 1923 1952 1954 1959
2000
112
356 1966,
3
7 chir, 1970
448
(Oreockromis rendalli, 0. macro-
0. niloticus).
1975 by
1977 1978
2662
du
on on
9),
far
1979 1979,
by 10 100
100 USAID
10
1980
16
no
(0.rrndalli
1980, ckir). 0. rziloticus 1983
by by
1981.
0. m i c r o -
285
Environment, Aquaculture, and Food Policy Table 1 1988 1989
by
on
1992 1994 11, 12; 4, 9, 10.
Sources:
3;
1984, 1436 by As
1990,
by 2897 351 1.
0
25
Scale
Figure 1
50km
1992,
BURUNDI
4000
IN
286
Egna
pond pond
0.10 1.2
5
1984,
PROJECT LINKAGES BETWEEN AQUACULTURE AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT on as
by U.S.
on
pond
no on on no on
1982,
pond
287
Environment, Aquaculture, and Food Policy
by on by
by
by
1000
by ..
by on As
pond
on
pond 15,
on
Biomphuluriu, Lymnaea,
2aa
Egna Bulinus,
Oreochromis niloticus,
Oreochromis
0. zilli 0. niloticus (S. niloticu)
0. rendulli 0. niloticus
no
1991,
FAO
on 5).6 on
... ... 31-32).
... on
9.3.1, p.
(FAO
on pond
289
Environment, Aquaculture, and Food Policy
on
1991, on 1991,
du
25),
on
do
by
on by
290
Egna
1992, 36).
by
on on on
U.S. on 1994.
REASONS FOR DEVELOPING AQUACULTURE: PERSPECTIVES OF PROMOTERS AND ADOPTERS
1982.
on
THE PROTEIN RATIONALE
291
Environment, Aquaculture, and Food Policy
on
on 50 11 1960
,
.
you
no 1990
50,000
..
1991 by
292
Egna by 1991,
on
2 1.1%
FAMINE PREVENTION 1856 1944,
5
1890 1994
1990,
1979, 1984, 44,
part
Table 2 Comparison of the Importance Diets
Fish in the Rwandans and Other Sub-Saharan Africans
Country
Fish products as 70 the total daily protein supply”
Fish consumption (g/person/day)b
Chad Congo Malawi Tanzania Rwanda Uganda Zambia
9.65 2 1.95 4.70 7.05 0.02 7.40 4.65
5.1 11.3 3.2 4.2 2.2‘ 3.9 2.3
JDatawere averaged 1980 and 1990 (World Bank 1994: 168). ’Data were averaged 1987 1989 (FAO 1992: 163). ‘Data FAO 1992: 2.
293
Environment* Aquaculture, and Food Policy
1979 1990,
sary
1991. by 1991 62,
DECLINE IN THE NATURAL FISHERY by by
AN INCOME MOTIVE U.S. pond
by
on
294
Egna
200 no
U.S. by
no
on
UPRES).
IMPROVING CHILDREN’S NUTRITION by
AN UNPLANNED SUCCESS: WOMEN A S NEW TECHNOLOGY ADOPTERS 1992, 14).
do
295
Food
1991,
by
on
50).’?
on by 1980 on on 43). by no by by by
45;
by
on
by
on on
296
Egna
by
by
no
by
by
198 1). 1980 43).
on
pond pond by
by
on pond on on by
by
by
1989
... .
297
Food Policy
on
by
up
by
by
BARRIERS TO ADOPTION: WOMEN’S ACCESS TO LAND, CREDIT, AND INFORMATION by
no by by
on
Oreochromis macrochir).
1989, on
by
young rug0 (ingo),
Rugo,
umusozi, rug0
298
Egna
1994 on
up
(bus-fond,
on
by
murais marais
by
bourgmestre
1992, rug0
on by on
on on up up
of
by
on
on
by
299
Environment, Aquaculture, and Food Policy
bourgniesrre
nobody
1992).
USAID (1992: 3) do
on
As
1992,
1996: 24).’‘) 1994:
1992: 64;
1991: 53).” A
1992 bourgmesrre
go
she
go bourgmestre
up.
on
300
Egna 10
A
1985
by
try pond
up by 1994,
1980,
by FAO,
on by
by by 1992
INSTITUTIONAL NETWORKS on by At
part,
a
US on
301
Environment, Aquaculture, and Food Policy
on
1986).
on on on no on
by
by
1980s
1990s, 1990s
WOMEN FISH FARMERS
302
Egna
by 1987 The New York Times,
by
U.S. by
to
by
on
1994
by
303
Environment, Aquaculture, and Food Policy
NATIONAL AQUACULTURE STRATEGY
on
1983,
As
1984 1987;
1988
1988; by
1984).
upon
1992: 28).
1990 by
1991
1992.
by
of
1992). 1992, by on
by
304
Egna on
on
by on by
by
1990 on. on
by
1991
13‘1. on
du
of Developpement des Ressources Halieutiques,
SPN
by
to up no no on
305
Environment, Aquaculture, and Food Policy
WATER QUALITY LABORATORY up
by FAO
no by
1992,
1995,
CONCLUSION
on on on
Egna
306 15
by
on by by ,
by by U.S.
by
U.S.
by by
by by
by
to
307
Environment, Aquaculture, and Food Policy
do. with
up
of
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
on
ENDNOTES on
1.
1997,
1989, 2. 1994
1990
3.
1994. on
by
USAID
308
Egna 1983
on by 4.
on by
5.
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Environment, Aquaculture, and Food Policy by
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1960
48).
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1992: 12).
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shabujdunzugaragu
1995:371). ubuhake,
1993: 10).
(1987:255) by
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REFERENCES 1990. 2 1 pp. 1993. 39 pp.
31 1
Environment, Aquaculture, and Food Policy 1994.
Agriculture and Human Values 1 l(4):
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Egna
312
1
85 pp. 1991b.
by
1’
1’
2
by
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16 Ecotourism, Environmental Policy, and Development Steven Parker of
INTRODUCTION
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This page intentionally left blank
17 Political Elite Commitment to the Environment in Nepal Brent S. Steel Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
Sushi1 Pandey Tribh u ua n University Kathmand U , Nepa 1 )
INTRODUCTION
of
no
on
on
on of
347
Steel and Pandey
348
STUDY SETTING
by
1981
1991
2.1 % 199 1 1. on 1990 on 30
1991 no
1994,
349
Political Commitment to Environment in Nepal Table 1 18,491,097 90.8% 9.28 2.10% 33 142fkm'
15
41% 101
1000
28% 2% Source: Populcrtion Monogrcrph of Nepal
Singh 1995.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN NEPAL of ( 199
1992 on As
by
MOUNTAIN AND HILL REGIONS
350
Steel and Pandey
by 1971.
1991, on
phy on
80
12
on
by
1993, 1157
428,85 1
Shah
by
by by
TERAl AND KATHMANDU VALLEY ENVIRONMENTS
351
Political Commitment to Environment in Nepal
by
on by
90% 1993).
1993). on
1993).
1995).
ELITE COMMITMENT TO THE ENVIRONMENT
1992;
1994;
1992;
1993),
by by on
Steel and Pandey
352
on do
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
on
1995
on
on
on
353
by
Population Monograph
Nepal
upon
(pratityasamutpada
by
by
...
Chipko Jharklzand
POLITICAL FACTORS by,
354
quo
you 1991
by
on by
STUDY AND DATA
1992.
by 265
256
by
by
(n=805).
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
you 62
355
2 by
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES on
ANALYSES
1%),
by (396,
by
(8%),
(5%). by
do 10 $180,
3 A 2
by
356
Steel and Pandey
Table 2
#1
#2
49%
43 96
14%
13%
15%
21%
13%
12%
#3
9%
#1
#2
40%
37%
19%
20%
29%
12%
12%
10%
9%
7%
10%
3%
256
n
7%
4%
4% 100%
256
#3
9%
5%
11% 100%
100%
100%
256
805
805
5%
7%
3%
5% 100% 805
28% 4 by
As 3,
by
357 3
18.38 top 100%
805
256
n
(8%
12
1991
no As
(33%
34%
27
Steel and Pandey
358
Table 4
35 3645 46
18% 16% 8%
22% 17% 14%
25 %
19% 7%
14% 12%
13%
11% 19%
17%
20% 17% 10%
9% 12% 17% 19%
10% 33% 3% 9% 11% 8% 17% 19%
11% 14% 16% 18%
22%
10%
34% 10% 14%
4%
15% 11% 20% 24% 8%
6%
7%
9% 0% 0%
12% 8% 13%
13%
14%
22%
25%
15%
359
Environment
4
17%
0% n = 801
n = 253
NSP) 4
on
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
by
360
Steel and Pandey
It
by
ENDNOTES 1.
1992
2.
86 1995
1996.
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Political Commitment to Environment in Nepal
361
1993. Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions. 1992. User Group Forestry in the Far-Western Region of Nepal. 1995. Population, Consumption, and the Environment. 1993. Environmental and Sustainable Development: Issues in Nepalese Perspective. 1994 A Review of Forest User Groups: Case Studies from Eastern Nepal. 1993. Environment
5.
1983. Energy and Material Resources: Attitudes, Values and Public Policy.
-.
Science 1975. 1976. Losing Ground: Environmental Stress and World Food Prospects. 1993. Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan. 1992. Villagers, Forests and Foresters: The Philosophy, Process and Practice of Community in Nepal. 1995. Population, Consumption, and the Environment: Religious and Secular Responses. 1981. Ecological Change in Nepal: A Native Interpretation.
-.
-.
1982. Seminar 274: 1990. Ecovoice S. 1994. Anthropology of Nepal: Peoples ’ Problems and Process.
9.
1995.
43
PS: Political Science and Politics 1989. The Himulayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conserva-
tion. S. 1986. Nepal Himalaya: GeoEcological Perspectives. 1995. State Leadership and Politics in Nepal. 1995. H. lation, Consumption, and the Environment: Religious and Secular Responses.
Popu-
1983. Times of India 11. 1984. Environmentalists: Vanguard for a New Society. 1981. The Himalaya Aspects of Change. 1992. Society and Natural Resources 5( S. 1995. 1992. Citizens, Political Communication, and
362
Steel and Pandey Interest Groups: Environmental Organizations in Canada and the United States. 1992. Political Parties and the Parliamentary Process in Nepal.
Population Monograph
Nepal. 1995.
The Rising Nepal. 1992. 2. Mountain Envi1976. 11 12. ronment and Development. 1996. Gendered Fields: Rural Women, Agriculture, and the Environment. CT:
-.
-.
1990. Kathmandu Review 1989. Mountain Tourism in Nepal: How Much Compatible Is it to the Fragile Hintalava Environment? 1986. Himalayan Review 1990. Rising Nepal 5. 1994. Contributions to Nepalese Studies S. 1995. Statistical Profile on Women in Nepal. Z.A. 1992. The Environmental Policy Paradox. B.S. 1996. Journal of Environmental Management 1994. Society and Natural Resources 1989. Social Science Journal 1992. Political Parties and The Parliamentary Process in Nepal. 84. 1994. Contributions to Nepalese Studies 21 12. S. 1993. Appropriate Technologies and Environmental Education as Possihilities for Intercultural Perception in the Himalayan Area. 1993. Annual Report.
18 Bureaucratic Politics in Korean Environmental Policy Chun-Oh Park and Sung-Chul Kim Myong-Ji University, Seoul, Korea
INTRODUCTION
1979 1980. of
on
on
363
Park
364
1961. by
on
by
THE EVOLUTION OF KOREAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY by
by
1963.4 try
1967
Kim
365
Politics in Korean Environmental Policy
no no
1978. 1978. 1980,
1980, 1992.
1991,
by
1990 on
on 1990, no
1994,
Park and Kim
366
It
WHY DOES THE MOE LACK POWER? Theoretical Background of Bureaucratic Politics It by 1967, by
(Ku
BUREAUCRATIC POLITICS IN KOREA
by
no by on
no by
EA
1994,
by
367
on
CASE ANALYSES OF BUREAUCRATIC POLITICS
1: 1989,
by 1990, 15 1990,
on 1990,
up
1991, 1991, no
A
Park and Kim
368 ~~
~~
~
~~~~~~~~~
Case 2: 1991,
1
4
10
7
1990,
1991. body,
10
THE CAUSES OF THE MOE’S LACK OF POWER by 1980, upon
1991,
by on
As
369
Politics in Korean Environmental Policy
1985,
LACK OF POLITICAL SUPPORT FROM EXTERNAL ACTORS
(5)
Public Opinion 1980,
1982, As
1991,
Interest Groups
by
on do
Park and Kim
370
do up
go good 1992,
Mass Media by
on
no on
up
The National Assembly upon of
try.
by
do
371
Politics in Korean Environmental Policy
The President
no
Other Administrative Agencies
THE LIMITED SCOPE OF MOE’S JURISDICTION As
do
Park and Kim
372
As
1980,
MOE’S LACK OF POWER AND POLITICAL SUPPORT: SURVEY ANALYSES
upon
by by
373
Politics in Korean Environmental Policy
on
by on
1995, 96 on 1993, 1
20 on
=
5=
20
1993
(5) 2
3
Park and Kim
374 Table 1 (0 4.62 4.26 4.00 3.88 3.80 3.70 3.67
4.48 3.46 3.46 3.55 3.19 3.91 3.97
0.2 1 0.30
3.28 3.01 2.84 2.83 2.82 2.57
3.57 3.46 3.94 3.58 3.92 3.54
0.28 0.45 1.10 0.75 1.10 0.97
2.51 2.43 2.42 2.21 2.16 2.11 1.83
2.82 3.18 2.62 2.87 2.34 3.39 1.90
0.3 1 0.75 0.20 0.66 0.18 1.28 0.07
Table 2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1 1 17 2 4
2 2 36 52 8
Table 3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
0 3 22 1s
6
0 6 48 32 14
375 4
~~~~
1. 2. 3. 4.
5.83 5.28 4.22
4.00
on 4 =
on
7=
4,
3.5.
2, 3, 4 5.
on 7=
5,
5
5.01 4.09 4.10
3.98 3.86 3.11 2.64
2.56
=
Park and Kim
376 Table 6
on
5.94 5.43 4.83 4.57 4.26 4.0 1 4.00 3.97 3.43
s1
6
on
by 7=
(1 =
5
As
6
7
8
Table 7 on
0
on on 6
377 8
1 7 7 27 8
2 14 14 54 16
8,
As
by
1994
1.
4.5 15
2. 3.
4. 5.
6.
$100 “Dark
3.5
Park and Kim
378 7.
1993. by
8.
on 9. 1991 10. 11.
good
12.
1991
on 13.
.
14.
good
15.
by
45
16.
17.
1991,
18. 19.
20.
21. by 22.
23. 24.
no
1993.
379
REFERENCES 21
Korean Pub-
lic Administration Journal 1972. World Politics S. 1963. American Political Science Review 1994. Theov Korean Public Organization. 1992. Korean Regulatory Policy. 1990. Shindong ‘ah 1972.
Public Inter-
est 1982. Survey on the Public Awareness About Environmental Preseniation. ~.
1987. Sun9ey on the Public Akrpareness About Environmental Preseniation. 1991. The Politics
the Administrative Process.
1979. Deciding What’s News. 1991. Local Government Revie,r+5 : 1988. Theon cf Policy Making.
Korean
1991. on Modern Society 4( -.
1992. Society mid Public Administration Studies 1995.
Korean Korean Policy Studies Re\ie\zf
1987. Making Public Policy. 1961. Public Opinion and American Democracy. 1992. ~.
1993.
.-
Korean Public Administration Review 1994. Korean Environmental Policy and Green Movement.
on
~.
Korean Public Administration Journal
234.
1987. Interest Groups in Korea. 1989. Journal Kyunghee Public Administration 4( 1990. The Emironrnental Protecvion Agency: Asking the Wrong Questions. 1994.
Korean Public Administration Revieu,
1 12
138.
Park and Kim
380
1995. Global Environmental Protection und Koreun Emironmental Policy. 1949. Public Adtninistration Revietig 1986. Impact: Houv the Press Affects Federul Policy Making. 1980.
~.
--.--.
Administration and Sociev. 1985. Regulation: Politics, Bureaucracy, arid Economics. 1993. Politics und the Bureaucracy: Policymaking in the Fourth Branch qf Go\vrnrnrnt. 1992. White Paper.
-.
1995. Envircinmental Protection in Korea. 1989. r i d c.f Political Science 1993.
Arnerican Jouron Koreun Policy Studies Reiiriit 1( 1 ):
1993. Koreun Public AdministrLition Journul 2(1):
1981.
-.
J(iurrtu1 of Politics 4 3
1986. American Public Policy: Promise and Perforrnance, 2nd A. 1985. Enviruizmentul Politics and Policy.
-.
1972. Porcler and National Politics. 1984. Bureaucracy, Politics, und Public Policy. 1993. Environmerital Preservation 1):
Burenucrutic
A
Policy Studies Journal 1975. People 1’s. Goivrntnertt: The Responsii,eness cf Arnericctn lnstitutions. 1990. Survey on the Public Ariweness About Eri/ironmentul Presenw tiort . 1989. Politics and Public Policy. 1973. Public Achinistration Rekiuii? 1): 1989. The Politics of Regulations.
19 The Environment and the People’s Republic of China Edward Chiu-Yeng Tseng Ca1ifornia L u t h eran University, Thousand Oa ks, Ca1ifornia
INTRODUCTION
by
on
381
Tseng
by
As
59.5
A.D.
2
1812
by
no
upon
by
pets
by
by do
do 3).
700,000 B.c.)
362
383
Environment and People’s Republic of China
on
(A.D.
61
to
by
do
on
12, on
1983
A
1989, by on
3, 1995.
1982. by
384
1994 US$353
do
on
on on 21,
1994 21,
1996
2010.
by 1996
188.8 1985
47.6 1990.
2000,
a
450 do
1992,
on body, on
1997, by
Environment
385
People’s Republic of China
500
by 2005 40,000 11
by
(Ailuropoda
melanoleuca). up 14 kg
up
14
1973 by boo
on 10
100 up
20
by
by
of 1000
1984,
Tseng
386
1963, 1992, 13
6049
1980,
1991,
on
by 1996, 1995 on
1997 by
25% on
1800 200
1997 200
$1.2 1, 1997,
3
1916 of
40 by Y
83%
by 150 up
and
387
of China
1000 67,000
33,000
20 up
30
2
400
by
36,500 by 33.5
38
by
by
2.66
388
Tseng
by
1.5
U.S. by
by Beijing Review,
260,000
by
km
they
by
600 1989,
by
on
by
CO2
1994
by by
by 1995, by 100
As
by up by
7.4
389
Environment and People’s Republic of China
on
2025
2045,
by
by
2000 1995 no. by
So
of
by
1.2 20
300
Tseng
390 1.3
by
do on 1989
on on
If
so
if by
good
by
no. As
for by
391
of
to by
do
up
on
to
to do
no
392
So
REFERENCES 1997. 2 1.
http://www.ihei.com/agenda.htm.
1997.
159.226.67.61/brim/brim.html.
htrp://
8.
1995.
1.
1
: http://w w’w.lead.org/ips/demo/urchi ve /08-02-95//.html,
2. on Newsletter #Chinese.
1, 20.
1)
1997. http://iisdl .iisd.ca/trade/cciced/c.cne,r.s.ltrnt-
1997. u runde rsen ,com/bus infi)/.services/cic/wa ter.htm,
Times
1997. 5.
1997. Los Angeles Times on
http;//~r.}rt}t,.N).th-
20. 7. Los Angeles
1996. Beijing Review 1992. Taking Sides, 1992. Taking Sides, 1997. Los Angeles Times 13. 1968. Democratic and Authoritarian Elements in TKientieth-Centun Chinese Political Thought. 1996. http://~~~vn~.redfish.com/C/SEmbassy-China/sandt/mu3chfrt.htm. 1994. Taking Sides, 1996. http://\tpMw,. panda ,org/researcWfacts/fct-panda.htm 1994. Archives Environmental Health 2 16. 1996. Chinu Enivironment News 27 http://utM,M~.comlink.apc.org/fic/ne\.t,slert/ eng/nl27/ taihu.htm 1996. Beijing Reviehp
20 Transition t o a Free Market Economy in the Russian Far East
Cathleen Rineer- Garber Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington
INTRODUCTION
on
1995).
1995.) on
6
1995).
As
393
394
Rineer-Garber
RFE
RFE on
on
no by 17
10
up
by by on on on
GEOGRAPHY Dal ’niy vostok,
on by by
395
Free Market Economy in RFE
on 10 up 50 9000
6.63 200 on
by
70
50
Ussuri Tuigu,
on by on
THE SOCIAL CONTEXT 11
1928 1.5
A.D.,
by
1959,
396
Rineer-Carber
upon 1937 (sor4hozes)
(kolkohozes)
on
450,000
29 250,000
(Gaia Forest Conservation Archives
(Gaia Forest Consertation Archities
glasnost on
of
INDUSTRY,RESOURCES, AND THE ECONOMIC OUTLOOK O F THE RFE on
70 1991, 1989,
1993, 1000
6000 on
1997,
397 397
Free Free Market Market Economy Economy in in RFE RFE
1996). 1996).
by by
58.5% 58.5%
7.9% 7.9%
50% 50% by by
1996). 1996). 1989. 1989.
on on (RFE (RFE Update Update
Far Far
1995). 1995).
by by
1997). 1997).
- -
Figure Far East industries. Figure 11 Russian Russian Far East industries.
45% 45%
398
Rineer-Garber
40
(GAIA Forest Corzserrmion
Archives
THE REGIONS OF THE RFE Primorskiy Krai 166,000
(64,000
by on 6000
3280 6085
2,312,000,
on
2000
1958. to
INDUSTRIALISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT: FORESTRY
Free Market Economy
399
RFE
12.46
31 by 6 3.67
1993.
500
1995,
11
5 1995 by
on
1991 by 200,000
6 no
dry
by
1992,
on 1995,
Rineer-Garber
400
upon
(GAZA Forest Conservation Archives
500,000
1993.
of
on
1994, on
1996,
1994 15
(GAIA Forest Conservation Archives
30 on on
40 1
Free Market Economy in RFE
by 1994, 310
210
160
200
50 on
to
PORT DEVELOPMENT by
lia
30 47
200
700
on
402
Rineer-Garber
Khabarovsk Krai 788,600 mi’)
1800
18
1643 1689 by
by on 30
by
23% 20,000 on (1
by
1926,
exports,
FORESTRY
oak, 1993,
7.026
57,433 on 41,446
Free Market
403
RFE
by 10
U.S. on $9
U.S. on
U.S. by 1967,
NUCLEAR POWER
on
on
Rineer-Garber
404
AMUR TIGER
(Panthera tigris altaica),
(Panthera tigris vigrutu), 1980 (Dimensions
by
a $100 pound.
on on 1977.
kedr
40
on
405
Free Market Economy in RFE
Sakhalin Oblast
87,100 up
on
by
11,
16,000
65,000
by on 20,000
50,000
10,000
by 1853.
1859
1905 1920, 11,
673,100,
2700
1906.
1875,
1855,
Rineer-Garber
406
INDUSTRIALISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT
50,000 on
by by
by 2576,
by
to
(RFE Update
(Puget Sound Business Journal
U.S.
(Puget Sound Business Journal
407
Free Market Economy in RFE
on
on
by
1995, 45
1996.
kolkhoz
on up by
by 11, on
408
Rineer-Garber
24,000. 17,000, 35% 1996).
on
mid-l930s,
5% 200
Amur Oblast 364,000 by
of
(140,540
1856,
1913 1,062,500
1502
of
55%
go
(91%)
1996).
is
by by
on
10-15
1996).
by
HYDROELECTRlC POWER by
of on
1990, on
of
409
Free Market Economy in RFE
by do
on
100
60
15 on by
200 10.
no
1995
by
Chita Oblast on on
431,500 km2 by by
on on
by
by
300
Rineer-Garber
410
5.7
1989
1.3
1200
4%
on
on 1
by by
no
1997,
on
41 1
in
Free Market
on by
by
on
1000 200,000
1993, 487.73
on 300
URANIUM on 23,000 risks
RFE.
11,
hub
no
Rineer-Garber
412 Table 1
500 140
140 400 190 220 180
1995.
Source:
Yakutia 200
on by of
part
of on 1994, of
by
413
Free Market Economy in RFE
sorry
of no 50
..
100
by by
Magadan Oblast and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug 199,100 1992, up 124,000
up
KOLYMA’S LEGACY
Rineer-Garber
414
160 1929, 4000, by 1931, As
by
1938,
by
by
3.5 120,000 by
12,600 on 15,000
INDIGENOUS STRUGGLE
to
45,000
1917,
1997,
A
15,000
415
Free Market Economy in RFE
30,000
on
on
1997). by
nov 1997).
no by 40%
1997). no by 1400
by
by
1994).
RFE 1996).
Kamchatka Oblast and Koryak Autonomous Okrug 472,300
( 182,355 mi?>,
by
29
416
200 160 on 10,000, on 472,000 is
3% 35 by by on
on
2 Kamchatka’s
417
Free Market Economy in RFE
(RFE Update on on
on
1994, 1000
5000 30,000
on 50,000
1995, As
good. good
go
Yar no
good.
do by
up on by
Republic of Buryatia 35 1,300
35,636
418
Rineer-Garber
1990
30 (GAZA Forest Conservation Archives by
700
1000
of 2000
1,059,400,
by up as
200
on
3500 1997,
of
Free Market
419
in
FROM COMMUNISM TO CAPITALISM 70
on
on
1989,
by 1995).
by
1 996).
As 1996).
upon
GLOBAL INVOLVEMENT
by
U.S.
420
Rineer-Garber
U.S. GOVERNMENT
up
by 1994. by by by
1995, on
on
by
$500,000
up
1995,
5%
Yar
1.5
Free Market
42 1
in RFE
on
by
CONCLUSION
up
on
on on on
on
Rineer-Garber
422
RFE, RFE.As
on on on
REFERENCES 1988. The Disappearing Russian Forest. 1994. Greenpeace International. 1995. on Baikal Currents 1995. Historical Atlas of Russia. 1995. Environmental Security and Quality After Cornrnunism: Eastern Europe and the Soviet Successor States. Dimensions: A Report on Exxon I995 Contributions in the Public Interest. 1995.
.
1995. 1997.
1996. 1992. A Histo?
h
.h .h . 1994. Anthropology of the North Pacific Rim. ,
Fourth World Bulletin 5( the Peoples of Siberia.
CA/A Forest Conse rvation Archives. 1994.
GAIA Forest Conservation Archives. 1995.
h . h . http://forests.org/gaia.html.
38-42.
423
Free Market Economy in RFE 1995.Gold Mining in Kamchatka.
http://forests.lic.wisc.edu/forests/rusWorld\.side Biodi\persity/
1994. Rainforest Campaign.
Common Future 13-17. Multinational Monitor 17(1 &2).
1995. 1996.
1996. on
1996. http://entrance.epa.go.jp:70/0h/doc/russial-e-e.html.
1997. Interpress Service.
Gopher://forests.org:7O/OO/rus-
V. 1997. 1997. 1996. Oil and Gas Joint Ventures in the Former Soviet Union. Biological Diversity-An
1994. Consenting Russia’s Analytical Framework and Initial Investment Porrfolio.
Yar.1995.
Time
4:42-53. USA Onramp.
1997. http://www.usaor.net/users/xlobue/trans.htm.
1995. 1997. on 1994.The RFE: An Economic Handbook. 1996.
Taiga Nelis 20: 1 1 .
1996. The RFE: Forests, Biodiversih Hotspots and Industrial Developments.
1995.Siberian Forests Protection Project. on Post-Sorviet Geography 35(1): 38-49.
1994.
International Wildlve
1995. RFE RFE RFE RFE
38-43.
Update. 1994a.4 (2). Update. 1994b.4 (9). Update. 1995.5 (6). Update. 1997.7 (1).
1995. 1997. Journal 69(1).
Lewiston Morning Tribune 26: 14. Puget Sound Business
1997.
This page intentionally left blank
21 Problems, Progress, and Possibilities A
Curtis Durrant Washington State Department of Ecology, Spokane, Washington
Laszlo Perneczky Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC), Budapest, Hungary
INTRODUCTION 1996,
1800
7
do
15 425
Durrant and Perneczky
426
100
THE RESEARCH 3020
3000
13
on 128 1872 71
ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
of
on
by
A TYPICAL CEE NGO
Environmental NGOs in CEE
427
do
NGOs
25
NGO do
“I
NGOs by by parts,
NGOs
NGOs.
FINANCIAL STATUS NGOs NGOs good
NGOs
on on
by
1000 USD 5000 USD
on
NGOs up
NGOs:
NGOs
the (0-10
by
SUCCESS OR FAILURE? NGOs
428
Durrant and Perneczky
by
(16%)
by
NEEDS AND PROBLEMS do
of
...
COOPERATlON IS KEY
on
by
by
EXPERIENCE WITH THE REC AND OTHERS
Environmental NGOs in CEE
429
15
EXPERIENCE WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL FUNDING ORGANIZATIONS 150 10
‘
THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT IN HUNGARY
by
430
Durrant and Perneczky
up 1945. by 1981.
on
1985.
up
At
on on on
43 1
Environmental NGOs in CEE
1994, Z{ { 1993.
by
on by on
on
on
3 by
by
body
by on
1994,
by 1996,
on
on on
432
CONCLUSION CEE
by CEE
CEE on by
on
ENDNOTES 1.
1997. 9-1
31 1-199, fax:
2000
(36-26) 3 1 1-294.
htfp://M‘I.z~M,.ruC.~)r~/.
(509)
[email protected]. CDUR36 1@ ecy. ~-ci.got*. 2.
1990.
20
by by by
22 If the Truth Hurts, Consider the Source
John C. Pierce University o f Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
Nicholas P. Lovrich Washington State Uniuersity, Pullman, Washington
Russell J . Dalton University of California, Iruine, Iruine, California
INTRODUCTION 1996).
on 1979;
1992).
on 1989).
up no
433
Pierce et al.
434
by by
INFORMATION SOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
by
by
by
go
on
no
435
U.S.
on
200
on
A
on 1.2
by
by
on
..
Pierce et al.
436
18).
(Spokesman-RertieM. 1
1994
a
(Spokesman-Rer,iei.t.
by
on
no
a on
on on
on by by no on
THE STUDY
on
1 187 1
437
the U.S.
Nuclear Facilities in
503
318
163 203
on
by
548 178
527
149
TRUST IN INFORMATION SOURCES you
32
32
32 1
Pierce et al.
438
Richland
Chelvabmsk-70
Svokane
Chelvabinsk
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
Hanford
Hanford 05ciak EPA EnvironmentalGroup TV/Rdo
TV/Rado Enwonmcntrrl Groups N-paP-
DOE
C-65Scientists Environmmtd Groups TVhdidlAEA Government
Newspapa
50
50 EPA
lAEA
40
40 Hanford Scientists
NCWSppUSA.VRdI0
Ecology
Govanment Deplties
Envuonmentd Groups State Legwlature
C-65 scientists
30
30 C-65
E d W
Govenune-it State Legwlature M A
DOE
20
Newspapal Government
Deputies
Minatom
20
Government C-65
Hanford 05aals
10
10
Figure 1 Trust in various sources of information about the facilities. Figure entities are the percentage who completely or mostly trust each information source.
439
Nuclear Facilities in Russia and the U.S.
Yakama Reservation
Kvshtv d M u s l wmovo
Wenadee
Chebarkul
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
NewspapaK'V/Ra&o
TVlRadio Group
TViRad~o
EPA/Newspapas
50
50
Hanford Saenhsts state Govanment
TVRIK~O
Groups Hanford Saentists Nmpapaj
40
40 I E M state Legislature
Local Government
Ecology
Mu!
State Lcplature
Local G o v m e n t
30
Newspapers c-65 s a d i s t s
30
Governmalt c-65 sclentistl
20
20 hatom
Deputia c-65
10
Figure 1
IAEA Hanford Offictals
10
Pierce et al.
440
(U.S. by
do
on
on
1, 55%
by by
THE STRUCTURE OF TRUST A
Russia
44 1
the U.S.
1.
4,
1
20,
1
5
5
3
12.
2. 2.
on
1 U.S. 1 0.58 0.82 0.19 0.72 0.67 0.84 0.12 0.89 0.83
0.39 0.70 -0.14
0.84 0.37 0.45 0.1 1 0.86 0.10
2
1
2 0.58 0.39 0.8 1 0.13 0.60 0.36 0.80 0.13 0.86 0.43
0.48 0.58 0.16 0.84 0.39 0.62 0.23 0.84 0.12 0.29
442
Pierce et al.
Table 2
~~~~~~~
a1
13.98 8.28
14.91 7.09
14.96 7.70
14.57 7.65
0.67 4.1
0.57 0.007
12.31 8.53
15.63 8.64
15.16 8.96
16.23 9.3 1
63.2 3.5
0.000 0.01
sums 5 20
trust);
3
12
trust).
no
do
SOURCES OF VARIATlON IN TRUST
Personal/Background Attributes
443
Nuclear Facilities in Russia and the U.S.
1986).
1989;
1992).
1991).
Cognitive Attributes
by
(10
1982;
1986).
1990).
Affective Attributes by
Pierce et al.
444
on
on
on
on A
197 1,
.’ by
on
on on
Contextual Attributes As
on
on
Nuclear Facilities in Russia and the U.S.
445
no
Findings 4
3
Table 3
on
~
0.12 2 . 8 2 ~
R’ F
0.01 0.20W 0.01 -0.02 0.02 0.05 0.0 1
sm
0.03
0.12 3 . 3 2 ~ -0.05 -0.08 0.0 1
0.2 0.0 -0.02 0.02 0.05 0.0
0.03
0.23 0.02 -0.05 -0.0 1 0.02 0.22ii-t -0.14+ 0.05 -0.1 1 -0.0 1 -0.02
0.00
~
~~~
0.19 9 . 2 6 ~ 0.03
1 0.02 0.3 -0.3OW
0.05 -0.16 0.02 -0.03 0.00 -0.04
0.20i-H
0.05 -0.37+++
0.01 0.03
0.03
Pierce et al.
446
Table 4
on ~
~
~~~
~~~~
U.S.
R’I F
0.07
0.09+ 0.06 0.03 0.00 -0.05 -0.04 0.00 -0.02 -0.02 0.02 -0.05 0.00 -0. I3-1-t 0.02 -0.08 0.15i-1-t 0.06 0.07
0.03 1.1 1 0.00
0.03 1.12
1.5 -0.05
C
0.04 -0.05
0.00 0.00
-0.06 0.02 -0.0 1 -0.03 -0.04
0.0 1
1 0.0 1 0.0 1 -0.07 -0.07 0.02 0.02 -0.0 1 -0.01 -0.0 1
0.04 -0.06 -0.07 0.02 0.02 -0.02 -0.0 1 -0.01
0.00 -0.0 1 -0.01 0.02
-0.01 -0.13+ 0.02 -0.08
-0.08 0.03 0.03 -0.1 1 -0.14
-0.08 0.03 0.04
on on on
no
on risk
447
Nuclear Facilities in Russia and the U.S.
on
on
U.S. by
do
on
by 4%. by 3%.
THE IMPACT OF TRUST
5
4.
on
448
5 ~~~~
U.S.
R?
0.17 2 5 . 4 ~ 0.1
F
0.01
0.17
0.10
0.16 9.3i-U
0.1
0.01
0.07 0.03
-0.23+++ 0.04
0.05
0.0 1
Age
0.03 -0.12++
0.04
0.1
.
0.
0.01 0.06
0.06
on
HOW-
on on
on
on
449
Nuclear Facilities in Russia and the U.S.
. .,
ENDNOTES 1.
0
no
6
6 by
2.
0
5.
3. 10
0 4.
5.
6.
10
up
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Changing Natural Resource Paradigms in the United States
Bruce Shindler Mark Brunson
INTRODUCTION on on
of
198
459
460
Shindler and Brunson
1). on
upon by
to good
Table 1
).
by
Decentralizedl'devolved' Soiircv:
Centralized/hierarchical (
in
Resource
46 1
U.S.
on on on
NATURAL RESOURCE POLICY RESPONSES
TO SHIFTING VALUES
on
U.S. U.S.
on. on
on
on
ris
on
Shindler and Brunson
462
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING
on.
do
do
on do
Incomplete Understanding of Problems
on
463
US.
Resource
up on
20
on.
on
The Need for Informed Choice
on on
good
good
Shindler and Brunson
464
by
Science and Education Are Not Enough
As
(
’’
do up good
on
As
(1994)
... do
As
on.
(26).
by
on
Natural Resource Paradigms
465
the U S .
by
on, on by
POLICY PROCESSES AND INSTITUTIONS
As on on
up
do
on on
A
As
do
by
We Lack Integrated Approaches to Research
466
Shindler and Brunson
by
on by
do
We Are Weak in Public Process
by
by by
lack
467
U.S.
try
on. on.
do
do
(27-28).
by
on
do
of no
up
468
Shindler and Brunson
on
NATIONAL AND LOCAL SCALES by
by
on
or
469
Natural Resource Paradigms in the U.S.
quo
on
by do
good
good
CONCLUSION on
bound up
Shindler and Brunson
470
to
on
by
by on
to
a
ENDNOTES 1.
2. by
3.
no
4.
good
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The European Union and Environmental Policy Glen Sussman Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
1957,
40
on on
. of
by
on on by
475
476
As
13 by ond,
by 14
15
370
As
16). on 15
on by 1991 1993
by 1995
upon
477
bond
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND on upon by
195 1, 1957
by 1967
1972
by
on
1986 upon by
1986
1972
478
Sussman
on
by 1992
1993
on
of
by
upon
of do
15 on
479
by 3b
by by
by
EU
on
on
...
on
Sussman
480
on
1986,
by
on
on
on
by
by on
15 by
the
by
by
20 by
by
22
by on body,
48 1
European Union and Environmental Policy
15 body,
626
on by 217 27
do
3). by
by
by
by by by 50
As
body
Sussman
482
11 173
174
on body 1995.
on
5). no
1995 26-28)
1972
on
The Limits
Grmjth
1991,
56
12
by 1992
