Contents
Preface ..................................................................................
ix
Acknowledgmen...
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Contents
Preface ..................................................................................
ix
Acknowledgments .................................................................
xi
Nomenclature ........................................................................
xiii
1. Background and Objectives .........................................
1
2. Overview of Modeling Procedures, Including Rationale for Selecting Scenarios for Worked Examples .......................................................................
3
2.1 Types of Scenarios and Models ........................................
3
2.2 Gross Screening Analysis ..................................................
7
2.3 Scenarios Selected for Worked Examples ........................
9
3. Input Data Required ......................................................
11
3.1 Source Data .......................................................................
11
3.2 Site Characteristics ............................................................
13
3.3 Meteorological Data and Formulas for Calculating Input Parameters ...............................................................
13
3.4 Receptor-Related Data ......................................................
16
4. Source Emission Models ..............................................
19
4.1 Conceptual Process for Source Term Determination ....................................................................
20
4.2 Calculation of Source Terms .............................................
23
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v
vi
Contents 4.2.1 Gas Jet Releases ...............................................
25
4.2.2 Liquid Jet Releases ............................................
29
4.2.3 Two-Phase Jet Releases ....................................
31
4.2.4 Liquid Pool Spreading ........................................
36
4.2.5 Liquid Pool Evaporation ......................................
39
4.2.6 Multicomponent Evaporation ..............................
46
4.3 Uncertainties in Source Term Estimation ...........................
47
5. Dispersion Models ........................................................
49
5.1 Critical Richardson Number Criterion ................................
49
5.2 Jet Trajectory and Entrainment ..........................................
52
5.2.1 Momentum-Dominated Jets ................................
52
5.2.2 Elevated Dense Gas Jets ...................................
54
5.2.3 Positively Buoyant Plumes .................................
58
5.3 Dense Gas Release at Grade ............................................
59
5.3.1 Background and Overview ..................................
59
5.3.2 Dense Gas Clouds in the Absence of Heat Exchange ...........................................................
61
5.3.3 Dense Gas Clouds in the Presence of Heat Exchanges .........................................................
72
5.4 Transport and Dispersion of Neutrally Buoyant or Passive Gas Clouds ..........................................................
74
5.5 Simple Nomograms for Calculating the Dilution of Dense Gas Release ...........................................................
78
5.6 Three-Dimensional Numerical Models of Dense Gas Dispersion ..........................................................................
83
5.7 Transport and Dispersion near Buildings ...........................
88
5.7.1 Plume Confinement by Canyons .........................
89
5.7.2 Concentrations on Building Faces Due to Releases from Vents ..........................................
89
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vii
5.7.3 Concentrations on the Building Downwind Face (the Near-Wake) Due to Releases from Sources on the Building ..............................
91
5.7.4 Other Effects of Buildings ...................................
91
5.8 Worst Case Meteorological Conditions ..............................
93
5.9 Removal by Dry and Wet Deposition .................................
94
5.9.1 Gravitational Settling of Large Particles or Aerosols .............................................................
94
5.9.2 Dry Deposition of Small Particles and Gases ................................................................
96
5.9.3 Removal of Particles and Gases by Precipitation and Clouds (Wet Deposition) ..........
98
6. Averaging Times, Concentration Fluctuations, and Modeling Uncertainties ......................................... 101 6.1 Overview of Physical Considerations Related to Averaging Time ..................................................................
101
6.2 Overview of Characteristics of Concentration Fluctuations in Plumes .......................................................
103
6.3 Predictions of Concentrations on the Plume Centerline at a Given Downwind Distance as a Function of Averaging Time, Ta .........................................
104
6.4 Predictions of Concentrations at a Given Receptor Position as a Function of Averaging Time, Ta ....................
109
6.5 Threshold Crossing Probability ..........................................
113
6.6 A General Structure for the Analysis of Model Uncertainties ......................................................................
113
7. Overview of Operational Vapor Cloud Models in Common Use ................................................................. 119 7.1 Summary of Commonly Used Models ...............................
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119
viii
Contents 7.2 Characteristics of Commonly Used Vapor Cloud Dispersion Models .............................................................
121
8. Evaluation of Models with Field Data .......................... 127 8.1 Description of Field Data Sets ...........................................
127
8.2 Model Evaluation Procedures ............................................
133
8.3 Models Evaluated ..............................................................
135
8.4 Results of Model Evaluations ............................................
137
9. Summary of Seven Worked Examples ........................ 147 9.1 Description of Seven Scenarios Used for Worked Examples ...........................................................................
147
Properties of Released Material ..................................... 149 Source Configuration ..................................................... 153 Source Strength ............................................................ 154 Meteorological Conditions ............................................. 154 Site Conditions .............................................................. 155 Concentrations of Interest ............................................. 155 Sensitivity Runs ............................................................ 156 9.2 Overview of Predicted Concentrations ..............................
156
Appendix A Scenario 1: Release of Pressurized Liquid Chlorine ............................................... 159 Appendix B Scenario 2: Liquid (Cryogenic) Spill of Refrigerated Chlorine ..................................... 177 Appendix C Scenario 3: Liquid (Noncryogenic) Spill of Liquid Acetone ........................................... 195 Appendix D Scenario 4: Vertical Jet Release of a Dense Gas (Normal Butane) .......................... 207 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
Contents
ix
Appendix E Scenario 5: Release of SO3 within a Building and Subsequent Dispersion of H2SO4 from a Vent on the Building ............... 221 Appendix F Scenario 6: Pressurized Horizontal Gas Jet Release of a Multicomponent Mixture ............................................................. 235 Appendix G Scenario 7: Transient (Mitigated) AreaSource Release of Hydrogen Fluoride ......... 243 References ........................................................................... 259 Index ..................................................................................... 267
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Index
Links
Index terms A Absence of heat exchange, dispersion models, dense gas release at grade
61
Acetone spill, worked examples
195
ADAM model
120
AEROPLUME module, worked examples
238
239
Aerosol emissions dry and wet deposition, removal by
94
source data
12
two-phase jet releases
32
AFTOX model
122
AIRTOX model
120
123
141
142
9
ALOHA model worked examples AQPAC model
124
136
120
123
124
179
198
237
240
120
123
124
140
241
Averaging time physical considerations related to
101
predictions of concentrations at a given receptor position as function of
109
predictions of concentrations on plume centerline at given downwind distance as function of
104
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267
268
Index terms
Links
B B&M model Building sites, dispersion models
136
140
88
Burro field trials
129
Butane, worked example
207
C CANARY model
120
123
124
CHARM model
120
123
124
123
124
136
140
144 CHEM-MIDAS model
120
Chlorine pressurized liquid chlorine release, worked examples
159
refrigerated liquid chlorine release, worked examples
177
Concentration fluctuations, characteristics of, in plumes Conceptual process steps, source emission models Coyote field trials
103 20 129
Cryogenic pools, liquid pool evaporation, source emission models
39
42
7
9
120
121
123
124
136
140
141
142
dispersion models
66
74
82
94
jet trajectory and entrainment
54
D DEGADIS model
predictions, of concentrations on plume centerline at given downwind distance as function of Ta
108
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269
Index terms
Links
DEGADIS model (Continued) worked examples Dense gas emissions, dispersion models
162
180
198
49
See also Dispersion models Dense gas release at grade
59
in absence of heat exchange
61
generally
59
neutrally buoyant or passive gas clouds, transport and dispersion of in presence of heat exchange Desert Tortoise field trials Dispersion models
74 72 129 49
building sites
88
dense gas release at grade
59
in absence of heat exchange
61
generally
59
neutrally buoyant or passive gas clouds, transport and dispersion of in presence of heat exchange
74 72
dry deposition, removal by
94
jet trajectory and entrainment
52
elevated dense gas jets
54
generally
52
momentum-dominated jets
52
positively buoyant plumes
58
nomograms
78
overview
49
Richardson number criterion
49
three dimensional numerical models
83
wet deposition, removal by
98
worst case meteorological conditions
93
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209
245
270
Index terms DRIFT model Dry deposition, removal by, dispersion models
Links 120
123
124
94
E Elevated dense gas jets, dispersion models, jet trajectory and entrainment
54
Entrainment. See Jet trajectory and entrainment Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) air quality models
5
7
9
dispersion models
50
52
76
78
82
92
94
jet trajectory and entrainment
58
59
meteorological data
15
16
standard emission factors
19
83
120
121
123
140
141
142
F FEM3C model
71 124
Field data
127
description of sets
127
evaluation procedures
133
models evaluated
135
results
137
Flash jets. See Liquid jet releases; Two-phase jet releases FOCUS model
136
G Gas emissions dispersion models
49
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271
Index terms
Links
Gas emissions (Continued) See also Dispersion models source data source scenarios, modeling procedures and Gas jet releases, source emission models GASTAR model Goldfish field trials Gross screening analysis, modeling procedures Ground characteristics, source data
12 3 25 120
123
142
144
124
136
140
130 7 12
H Heat exchange absence of, dispersion models, dense gas release at grade
61
presence of, dispersion models, dense gas release at grade
72
HEGADIS model dispersion models
66
71
predictions, of concentrations on plume centerline at given downwind distance as function of Ta HEM technique, two-phase jet releases HGSYSTEM model
108 34 7
8
9
120
121
123
124
136
141
142
237
245
144 dispersion models
74
jet trajectory and entrainment
58
worked examples
94
162
179
198
HOTMAC/RAPTAD model
120
123
12
Hydrogen fluoride release, worked examples
243
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272
Index terms
Links
I Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH), worked examples
155
Indoor air pollution receptor-related data, input data sulfur trioxide (SO3) release, worked examples Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model
17 221 5
7
9
dispersion models
50
78
92
jet trajectory and entrainment
58
59
162
222
worked examples INPUFF model worked examples Input data
225
9 222
225
11
meteorological data
13
receptor-related data
16
site characteristics
13
source data
11
J Jet trajectory and entrainment
52
elevated dense gas jets
54
generally
52
momentum-dominated jets
52
positively buoyant plumes
58
L Liquid chlorine release pressurized, worked examples
159
refrigerated, worked examples
177
Liquid jet releases, source emission models
29
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122
227
273
Index terms
Links
Liquid pool evaporation, source emission models
39
Liquid pool spreading, source emission models
36
Liquid spill, source scenarios, modeling procedures and
3
M Maplin Sands field trials Material properties, source data
130 11
Meteorological conditions worked examples worst case, dispersion models
154 93
Meteorological data dispersion models
76
input data
13
Modelers' Data Archive (MDA) Modeling procedures averaging times
132 3 101
commonly used models characteristics of
121
summary of
119
concentration fluctuations dispersion models
103 49
See also Dispersion models field data
127
See also Field data gross screening analysis input data required for
7 11
See also Input data predictions
104
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274
Index terms
Links
Modeling procedures (Continued) of concentrations at a given receptor position as function of Ta
109
of concentrations on plume centerline at given downwind distance as function of Ta selected scenarios, for worked examples source emission models
104 9 19
See also Source emission models threshold crossing probability types of uncertainties
113 3 113
Momentum-dominated jets, dispersion models, jet trajectory and entrainment
52
Monin-Obukhov length, meteorological data, input data
14
Multicomponent evaporation, source emission models
46
Multicomponent mixture, pressurized horizontal gas release of, worked examples
235
National Weather Service (NWS)
14
N Neutrally buoyant gas clouds, transport and dispersion of, dispersion models, dense gas release at grade Nomograms, dispersion models
74 78
Nonboiling liquid pools, liquid pool evaporation, source emission models Nuclear Regulatory Commission, dispersion models
39
43
76
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275
Index terms
Links
P Pasquill-Gifford stability classes dispersion models
76
meteorological data, input data
15
Passive gas clouds and emissions. See also Dispersion models dispersion models
49
transport and dispersion of, dense gas release at grade PGPLUME module, worked examples PHAST model
74 239
240
58
120
123
140
142
144
121
123
Pipe source, source data
12
Plant operating procedures, source data
12
PLM89A model
120
Positively buoyant plumes, dispersion models, jet trajectory and entrainment
58
Precipitation, wet deposition, removal by, dispersion models Predictions of concentrations, worked examples
98 104 156
of concentrations at a given receptor position as function of Ta
109
of concentrations on plume centerline at given downwind distance as function of Ta
104
Presence of heat exchange, dispersion models, dense gas release at grade Pressurized liquid chlorine release, worked examples
72 159
Pressurized release, two-phase, source scenarios, modeling procedures and
3
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
125
125
136
276
Index terms
Links
R Receptor-related data, input data
16
Refrigerated liquid chlorine release, worked examples
177
Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM), dispersion models
94
RELEASE model
32
Richardson number criterion, dispersion models
49
59
80
SADENZ/SACRUNCH/SAPLUME model
120
123
125
SAFEMODE model
120
123
125
Scenarios Data Archive (SDA)
148
149
115
120
121
123
125
7
9
120
121
123
125
136
140
141
142
S
See also Worked examples SCIPUFF model Site characteristics input data worked examples SLAB model
13 155
144 dispersion models
71
75
82
94
worked examples
162
180
209
237
Source emission models
19
conceptual process steps
20
overview
19
source terms calculation
23
gas jet releases
25
generally
23
liquid jet releases
29
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238
277
Index terms
Links
Source emission models (Continued) liquid pool evaporation
39
liquid pool spreading
36
multicomponent evaporation
46
two-phase jet releases
31
uncertainties
47
Source scenarios. See also Worked examples modeling procedures and
3
selection of
9
SPILLS model
72
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) release, worked examples
221
SuperChems Expert model
120
122 123
125
120
123
125
141
142
144
52
120
T Tank source, source data
12
Thorney Island field trials
130
Three dimensional numerical models, dispersion models Threshold crossing probability Time factors, source data TRACE model
83 113 12 136
140
121
123
Transport dispersion models, building sites
88
of neutrally buoyant or passive gas clouds, dispersion models, dense gas release at grade TSCREEN model
74 7 125
dispersion models
82
jet trajectory and entrainment
58
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278
Index terms Two-phase jet releases, source emission models
Links 31
Two-phase pressurized release, source scenarios, modeling procedures and
3
U Uncertainties modeling procedures source emission models
113 47
V VDI Guideline model
120
121
123
W Wet deposition, removal by, dispersion models Worked examples
98 147
acetone spill
195
butane, vertical jet release
207
described
147
hydrogen fluoride release
243
liquid chlorine release pressurized
159
refrigerated
177
multicomponent mixture, pressurized horizontal gas release of predicted concentrations scenarios selected sulfur trioxide (SO3) release
235 156 9 221
Worst case meteorological conditions, dispersion models
93
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125
