Thomas Barth, Anke Schüll (Hrsg.) Grid Computing – Konzepte, Anwendungen, Technologien
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Thomas Barth, Anke Schüll (Hrsg.) Grid Computing – Konzepte, Anwendungen, Technologien
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4 Grid Project at Magna Steyr, Graz
Splitting Strategy “SplitIntoBlocks” for an input with one group (“All against all”), subjobs limited to m parts. a b c d e f g h i
a b c d e f g h i
j k
j k
a b c d e f g h i j k
a b c d e f g h i j k Input 1 job (.ft5) 1 group, „All against all“, n parts m is maximum number of parts in a subjob Example: n=11, parts a,...,k, m=4
Job 1: Group against group, {a,b} – {k}, 3 parts
Job „All against all“ {i,...,k}, 3 parts
Output „SplitIntoBlocks“: b:= n/m jobs „All against all“ along the diagonal 2(b*(b-1)) jobs “Group against group” for upper right matrix Each job uses < m parts Example: b=3, 3 jobs “All against all”, 12 jobs “Groups against group”, overall 15 jobs © Copyright IBM Corporation 2004
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* Grid Computing
Analytics Acceleration Grid – Scale Up/Out
The Portal submits jobs to appropriate Grid Manager (as defined for job) using OGSI interface layer The Grid Manager manages job tasks across dynamically defined resources The Federator federates relational input data The File System provides access to data The Provisioner can add to or remove from the manager’s set of resources, provisioning them with the appropriate application software and Grid middleware
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4
Grid Computing
Grid Market Dynamics Internet & Linux patterns are re-occuring… Phase 3
2002 - 2004 “Grid Adoption reaches commercial enterprises”
Phase 2 1999 - 2001 “Grid Gains Traction and Standards Work Begins”
Billing and metering, strong license management and network optimization functions complete the grid architecture
GGF boasts members from the major US IT vendors
GGF is founded Scheduling and resource management functionality emerges
Teragrid is launched
Many application vendors incorporate grid technology into their products
Application vendors begin grid-enabling their products
Globus Toolbox 1.0 is released
Academic environments begin to adopt grid technology
Basic job deployment functionality is built
Grid standards solidify and are widely endorsed
OGSA 2.0 is announced
Phase 1 1990 -1998 “Grid is Born from Distributed Supercomputing”
Scientific community begins to adopt grids
Phase 4
2005 - 2008 “Grids become an integral part of computing environments”
Information virtualization, automated provisioning and workload management capabilities enhance grids
Grid adoption extends across enterprise architectures
Lines of Business within commercial enterprises adopt grid technology
Page 1
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H bundle exchanges · 75
A Abrechnung · 22, 28, 34 Abrechnungsmodell · 13, 14 Accounting · 22, 32, 77, 152, 186 ad hoc Grid · 144, 146 allocation · 64, 75, 106, 150, 151 Allocation · 62 allocative efficiency · 76 allocator · 67 Allokation · 19, 39, 41, 58 Allokationseffizienz · 38, 54 Allokationskosten · 42 Allokationsrate · 38, 52, 54 Anbahnungsphase · 36 Anwendung · 137 Anwendungsschicht · 5 Anwendungsschichtnetz · 52 Application Service Providing, 2. Generation (ASP-2) · 28 Application-Grid · 22 auction mechanism · 71 Authentisierung · 22, 27 autonomic computing · 186 Autorisierung · 22, 27
B Bag of Tasks (BoT) · 151 Basisdienste · 27 bid · 66 Billing · 32, 152, 186 billing system · 150 black box · 67, 133, 134, 135 Broadcast · 154, 156 Broker · 42 Broker-Komponente · 19
C C · 122, 123, 185 C++ · 122, 185 Choreographie · 23 Clash-Analyse · 3 Cluster · 8, 73, 85, 106, 107, 114, 121 Cluster Management · 8 Cluster-Infrastruktur · 13 Cluster-System · 7, 13, 137 Cluster-Technologie · 9 Codine · 2 Collaborative Engineering · 6 collaborative projects · 107, 124 commodity markets · 73 computational resources · 64, 75, 145 computational tractability · 69 compute clusters · 107, 109 Compute-Grid · 21 Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) · 4, 7 confidentiality · 20, 86, 92 Content Distribution Netzwerk (CDN) · 40, 50 Cooperative Bartering and Sharing · 73 Corba · 193, 194
D data management · 86, 94 Data-Federation · 21 Data-Grid · 21 Datenschutzprobleme · 35 Datensicherheit · 141 Designparameter · 137 dezentral · 9, 22, 45, 137 Dienstauswahl · 37, 41, 58
2EE
Dienstauswahlmethode · 58 Dienstauswahlverfahren · 39, 48 Dienstfindung · 41, 54 Dienstsuche · 36 Dienstzugriffsmodell · 34 Double-sided mechanism · 70 Dutch Combinatorial Auctions · 74
E eBusiness · 17 eBusiness Umgebung · 24 eCommerce · 18 eEngineering · 18 electronic markets · 68 Electronic Markets · 83 encryption · 162 enhanced Business · 18 eScience · 18, 30 Evaluation · 100, 194 Externalisierung · 36
F fault management · 106 Fehlallokation · 44 Financial Services-Sektor (FSS) · 7 firewalls · 146 FORTRAN · 185 Funktionssicherheit · 27
G Generalized Vickrey Auction · 72, 74 Geschäftslogik · 8 Geschäftsmodell · 17, 24, 34 Geschäftsprozesse · 5, 17, 27 Gießprozess · 135, 137 Gießsimulation · 133 Global Grid Forum (GGF) · 24 Globalisierung · 29 GRACE · 47
2E2
granularity · 114, 124 Grid market · 64, 75 Grid Middleware · 11, 123, 145, 150, 192, 204 Grid service · 24, 123, 124, 144, 194, 205 Grid Service archive · 163, 177 Grid Technologie · 1, 17, 65, 134, 178 Grid-Architektur · 7 Grid-basierter Kooperationswerkzeuge · 138 Grid-Cluster · 7, 9 Grid-Infrastrukturen · 11 Grid-Nutzer · 23 Grid-Provider · 22 Grid-Verbund · 137
H heterogeneity · 86, 144 hot deployment · 144, 163, 175
I idle resources · 66 incentive compatibility · 68, 69, 76 Independent Software Vendor (ISV) · 6 Informationsdienste · 31, 32 Insourcing · 35 Instant Messaging · 40 Integration · 12, 24, 29, 87, 92, 99, 151, 191 Integrationsaufwand · 10 interaktiv · 138 interconnected workstations · 106 intermediaries · 67 Internet · 18, 40, 46, 107, 143, 163 internet applications · 85 internet infrastructure · 146, 153 Internet Service-Provider · 31 internet standards · 146 internet technologies · 85 ITC-Dienstleister · 31 ITC-Leistungen · 18, 19 ITC-Services · 17, 20, 29 IT-Dienste · 34
IT-Dienstleistungen · 12, 33, 34, 58 Iterative Combinatorial Auctions · 74 IT-Infrastrukturen · 12, 134
J J2EE · 193 Java · 122, 150, 160, 194, 205 Java Provider · 166
K Kalibrierung · 137, 138 katallaktisch · 47, 58 Katallaxie · 47 kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) · 3, 35, 133 Kommunikationsinfrastrukturen · 40 Konvergenz · 21 Konzept · 15, 23, 33 Koordinator · 42, 44, 54 koordinatorfrei · 33 Kosten · 6, 34, 35, 47 Kostenersparnis · 2, 33
L Lastverteilung · 2, 11 legacy code · 147 Life Science Grid · 107 Life Sciences · 7, 99, 107 Lizenz · 28, 31 Lizenzkosten · 12 load balancing · 106
M Market Engineering · 68 market mechanism · 64, 73, 76 market participant · 66, 67 Markov Chain · 113, 125
Maßüberschneidungsanalyse · 3 Messaging-Dienste · 31 metacomputing · 85 Metrik · 28, 33, 38, 48 Middleware · 2, 106, 112, 124, 147, 151, 192 middleware developers · 192 Middleware-Anbieter · 7 mittelständische Unternehmen · 35, 133 model driven architecture (MDA) · 192 model sweep · 121 model-guided discovery · 105, 108 Monte Carlo method · 97, 105, 112 Monte Carlo-Simulation · 7, 9, 109 multi-application · 152 Multicast · 40, 156 multi-disciplinary · 152 multi-organizational · 152
N neighborhood sweep · 121 Network Operation System · 11 Netzbetreiber · 24 Netzwerkszenarien · 33 Netzwerktopologie · 45, 51 non-intrusive · 145, 148, 165
O Object Request Broker (ORB) · 36 Offshoring · 29 On-demand Computing · 33, 58, 79 Open Agoric Systems · 47 Open Grid Service Architecture (OGSA) · 24 Operating System · 123, 147, 150, 157, 192 Optimierung · 47, 136, 137 organizational boundaries · 65, 79, 150 Outsourcing · 20, 30 Outsourcing-Entscheidung · 36 overlay networks · 153, 162 Overlaynetz · 58
2EF
P parallel computing · 85 Parallelrechner · 135, 140 parameter fitting · 97, 103, 105, 109, 112, 114, 124, 125 Patch-Management · 8 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) · 40, 45, 50, 65, 150, 153, 159 Platform Independent Model (PIM) · 192 Platform Specific Model (PSM) · 193 Preismodell · 29 Problemdefinition · 138 Problemlösungsumgebung · 24 process chain · 86 process monitoring · 107 Produktionsprozess · 134, 136 Proxies · 28 Prozesssimulation · 138 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) · 13
Q Quality of Service (QoS) · 179
R Rechenkapazität · 21 Rechenleistung · 2, 21, 33, 40, 59, 137, 139 Rechnerverbund · 137 Remote Procedure Call (RPC) · 26 Repeated Vickrey Auction · 72 replication · 73, 155 Replikation · 6 Resource Broker · 41, 52, 67 resource consumer · 67, 70 resource information manager · 67 Resource Management Framework (RMF) · 154 resource sharing · 64, 65, 85, 150 Resource-Provider · 22, 73, 78 Ressource-Grid · 22 Ressourcenallokation · 58
2EG
Rubens Cluster · 124, 141
S safety · 27 sandbox · 145, 169, 173 scalability · 150, 153 scalable · 105, 112 scheduling · 65, 72, 150, 181 Schichtenmodell · 24 Schnittstellen · 4, 22, 27, 28 Security · 27, 73, 86, 144, 148, 168, 178 separation of concerns · 193, 195, 196, 205, 208 service deployment · 156, 167, 185 service discovery · 144, 147, 153, 158, 159, 183, 185 Service Grid-Umgebung · 27 Service Level · 9, 15, 19 Service Level Agreement (SLA) · 5, 73, 185 Service-Broker · 25 Service-Grid · 17, 23, 32 Servicekomponenten · 29 service-oriented architecture (SOA) · 191 Serviceorientierte Architektur (SOA) · 31, 36, 49, 191, 195 Service-Provider · 29, 31, 159, 178, 180 Shared Services · 19, 27 Sicherheit · 13, 27, 32, 35, 134, 139 Sicherheitsarchitektur · 26 Sicherheitsdomäne · 22 Sicherheitsstandard · 20 Sicherheitstechnik · 28 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) · 26, 36, 143, 152, 159, 191 Simulation · 18, 31, 47, 58, 73, 78, 87, 105, 133, 138 simulation algorithm · 112 simulation code · 112, 118 Simulation Data and Process Management (SDM) · 6 simulation problems · 85 simulation process · 87 simulation specialist · 108
simulation step · 105, 111, 121 simulation tools · 93, 107 simulation workbench · 91 simulation workflow · 89 simulation-based optimization · 109 Simulationsdaten-Management System · 6 Simulationslauf · 49 Simulationsmodell · 138 Simulationsmodellierung · 52 Simulationsrechnung · 2 Simulationsspezialist · 137 Simulationsumgebung · 48, 51, 136 Single Sign-On · 22 Skalierbarkeit · 47, 58 SLA-Verletzungen · 19 SOA-Konzept · 31 Softwareagenten · 47, 52 Spezifität · 36 Spitzenbelastung · 9 Standard Vickrey Auction · 72 stochastic simulation · 76 Supercomputer · 124 Supercomputerzentren · 2 Supercomputing · 90, 93 Supercomputing Center · 1 supercomputing centre · 85, 91 System Provisioning · 11 System-Integratoren · 12 Systemmanagement · 8, 11 Systems Biology · 97 Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) · 127 Szenarien · 3, 134, 139 Szenario · 2, 50, 135
T Technologie · 7, 59, 85, 101, 156, 193 Transaktion · 42, 45, 54 Transaktionskosten · 36, 37 Transaktionspartner · 41 Transaktionsphasen · 35, 36, 37 trust · 145, 178, 185 tunnelling · 159
U Ubiquitous Computing · 50 Uniform Access to Computing Resources (UNICORE) · 22, 31, 152 Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI) · 26, 36, 158
V Value at Risk · 7 verteilte Anwendung · 3 Vertrauen · 28 Vertraulichkeit · 20, 28 virtual prototyping · 93 Virtualisierung · 11, 15, 22, 25, 34 virtualization · 147, 191 Virtualization · 15, 78 Virtualization Engine · 15 virtuelle Fabrik · 134, 136 virtuelle Organisation · 6, 20, 22 virtueller Computer · 34 visualization · 86, 90, 93, 108, 118, 122
W web portal · 123 Web Service Notification · 37 Web Service-Resource Framework (WSRF) · 10, 37 Web Services Definition Language (WSDL) · 25, 36, 143, 152, 158, 162, 195, 199 Web Technologie · 21 web-portal · 124 Workflow · 26, 29, 86, 87, 92, 191 workflow engine · 151, 183 workflow engines · 186 Workstation-Grids · 7 Workstations · 2, 7, 72, 85, 91, 94, 106, 144, 145, 150 World Wide Web · 20, 46, 159
2EH
Z zentral · 4, 42, 43, 141
2EB
Zentralität · 41 Zulieferer · 3, 133 Zwischenschicht · 18
