Garl Levy
I II
•
•
d
t
An
b
Gramsci and the Anarchists
Otford ·
v.... lOti
F,rotl"'bliohcd," Im by II...
F.. li t"""'off", ... ISO C"",<), Rood, ad"", OM IJJ, L'K 10 II "h,"at"" S
All
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"'" ..... ofth .. pubI"' ...on .... ) be
Llbn",)' of
. .. C ...
D...
ISS" I 8\973 '4I9 (iI .rdbkU
1),...., by JS TH'Cf<1tJOI. lI'dhnporou"" , _
," til< l ",,«I K,"(idom by II'OC !look \-I..... \hd (jlomorpn.
Ilftdcrnd.
To Ih t' fll efll Or\' of Jam es J a il
Conl ents n"
1,;' I " r\l. p'
,
LIS! of HgUFH
" '"
Llsl M h bl ..
, ,
, , •
The h. lia:n An,u'"h1.§I!;. 187(1
Tori ....... Anarch"",. 18·0-1'114 Gr1m$<' " Apprcnllce,h,p .nd til( \\3' Yea ... Til( An, rchi,,, in T"on
lile hlrnnw "',.."
"
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Prod"ell ' ,stn . " d Atlt;·Jocooi,,,sm
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('011..:1"'"0"
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241
'" -
List of Maps
Acknowled ge ments M. n) Ind;I,J".I, h,,·c hclrcJ "'" '" the C"""" of 'h,' book I ",wid pant
oli. M. rro Jon:a,h:ln alliin. (lorn Roou:s and Wulfl'.ng 'The s.uffs of,1I< lnlnnauonal for Soc..! 1l'''<Jf)' (Am"erdaml. AlbcUrt'fR!.a1' An." o.:h Rillliol ... IS"",lJI
1\ I2 2.1 J.!
(;f"'02-26 A\&i\l$1 !9!7)
4. I
In .... n..:IIOO\.1.I)' ."'., and """",hIS! predom,,,,,nce In !o:o])',
1914 20
,he"
""
"
, • " 9J
In
LiSf
2 I
F 1151 Iss ue of LI> &001" MoJ.. ,nu. jounlal of lhe School
. .......
U st of Tabl es
of Figures 2. I 2.2 4.1
!' ion, Me",bt.>hip (Tu.in a nd I'r<:>vi",,",: I \lOO . 14 Turin Ch.mbt. of Labour I1lOO-14 """",h,sm and SyndICalism in I. , .....",
S.I
Tho\louoPl.n
"" ".'"
- 1Abbreviation s The Italian Anarchists, 1870--1914 ACS CPC ACS f'S
,-
Meh" ,0 dtllo S ... ,o, Cuel l.no ]'olilioco Ccn'rok.
"",ni, io Ce
del1'lllI
AS\! AST 11 Sf!
R,;(1·..ll. RlIIYIt M"nwio ci, Slim di
Fondo f'rtftuura. GabiDtllo.
"",h,vio d SlIlo
Tho .... "'h.... ,any OIl' ,lit u.. fw /unc, ... of m&l."'11 "'" ....ull<'ll ·c""""utl(>nallONh,.., _blc. K<d<mIlO "" ropubhco .. """ 10(\0) tho
u'
..,.,..,lull ............. AIr<.od} for tolD< ""'" publIC proo«."UlOn '" ftono of j ....... (Oloalt' ""', .... "'" ...01\<11 po.".. "'<01 if" Ill< 0p'''' 'bc....."h, ... lh0 ...." 1'10 Qf 'hc 'j"" 11m"" up '0" h"n " .... P'or« f", "" ..,," 1"0000pndo '0 proe .. ,J
<,,"'"
rro>«"'''''
i,....,.,.....
i,,,,,,
Flhl'P" lUI'''. '01; "'''''IThICI' C,,"ea Fifll. t .." >co ,,,,,", .... "" ouch ,h"'l ..... 'lwl" p«l!>Ic:' i, ..... j .... > lbrn: .... "" _ ..I unll1 112Iy ....n. tbcr< ..... ""') > """y. Tkr< ..=: jvoI ""II ...... of iDoti,"'""I. _! """ d .. """ behe... nl ,'''' "'hoJ!c "oo1d be Clrfll> l"'Pul" ioo .., "ni lN arouod "" >doo, , "T\lIk A'ld .Iroc. " ....1>1< '0 """ "Ie ,h .. idea aDd lhi, proptmrnc
""'tot".] <\pm.>Hln,
po>Io'".,
1"""'''''''', ,,,,,,.11,,,,, """"':"'"
..... ""'" Grunsci 'II Soc,al,,,,,,, < nall>' II G.-;,Jo tkI ",,,,.:No If .... _ h " " art "'" <2t
,he" mem... ",II ""rite ,baT
(j.."ano Sal,omlni. as quoted Ifl V M.n'o'·,ni. /.0
.,cage lId DIU/III
"rtil.
The his!ory of 1I.1i;,n 'Oafchi,m from ,IS In (h •• n"nn,(h R"'OI!!,m<'ml.>, h> ,I> ,"tuallk'(nI<,ion b)' foK'II1\. has "",·.r ,lie 0"'''''0<1 i,
,..tlUld 10 11Ii""'.
q""''''''' rarely ]IOSCiIln I,alian I.boo< h,,,OO)'
"h) 110.. did the &lWChi>l mo'Cl1lColl ..... !H .. a "'13' p"" "rthe Italian _,.1,;1 11'<1 labour ",'".. menl. wllil the Tho f'I"I'h<"hc ..-onb ofGllC1.ono Sah emin; .. the of Ihl> ,hapcer hl >t 100ft or [.,<$ fulfilled 11o.,onoamphy Ce la >1 '",cnty.fi,'" yea". wilh the developmen, of. less dog,nall' J i. ,Oj!uc CQmp"""nlS of the lIJCCOunl uflh. trlI" .",.", hu \!«n produce,J. Indttd, O
het"'''''"
for. '008 lime .he a"",di" mo'-."",,,! had suffmd an.' en tun •••" I'lie than Salwm,n, IIad predicted for II II Iud '1aile "mply ben! ("'i""en. relegaled '0 I frw fu<Jtnoc", gencnlly roroo<:m,n, "human colour' lI .. u
b cull. an ,"' And 10 I certain degl'« lo"nll Gramscl and Ihr gr,al rcfomli>l Idrn"fiod the libonarian lradition IS 0"" of lhe palho logioal .ymptom. oflb< ill- f.tcd poS1·!I .. ,t.t. _IfT"."t i embodied lhe It.han ",rjlOft of Sccott.d Inloma""".II" iIOCt.ltstn. "hM G"'m>ci'i pohl"'.' clrter motl 'I1.d by • dt>irc '0 C"li,ile Ind tra"",tnJ Ih l> tradilion. \xlch rmI:IlnItHlI"",. and 'cultu,"" prep;lrc 1M ",-ay (ox 5O<'i. h..,,_ liberal 113'y. they belie'cd, '" IS plaMueJ wilh g... It.lj. thtl\ 0 of lhe ""he. of.be ,·.. t nUJ"'''Y of Ihe I[aha" f'OIl" lal ion The llaha" parha lncltl " . s only a parody "f i" COU"lell""" in IIOrlhem EurOj>< lnst.ad o f . d •• ,,) defot ...>d pany sy,lcm. the ... e,;sled "!lXI.Ii",,s of clientele. '" here ptoo>ulily and =Iional m", ... t >«m<:d """" c"",;,,1 than modem .... " particl "'pre ml .....,,_ In both poltllcal rh<1onc Itlly " piclured IS I C"OUI\!I'Y prey to clIaoIic rioti"i- ptrptrual scandal-.J poI" ...-a1 adHntU",rj [..:h. In hi. own" I)', bopod Ihil ell'lloli.." "vuld "'" onl)" destroy lhe Ch"....>t" ""II oflhe feudal _tho bul ,..). lhe ground"<>e o f I'<>hho._ The It.li.n peof'Ilc, 'hey fd •. laded a -">Ie 'I'lflf. "001.1 wtcneh Italy ond Ihe It.h.n, into tile twentlcth cen tLl ry_' Th"", ,,-a •. ho\o.'CI cr. a <""". 1d llT"",,,,,,, belweon Ihc>c two \'cry di\'cn;e 1'"IIt i,-.I ThIS dtlTerence centred Oft lime How loog would on;: ", w"" 1\" c'I'".I,,,,, to dfeot i" chln)l("S1 For- Tunm hi;r"'Y pru. .. d >I .. 011<1 ", ... through ,he porrol.. """" o f ",formism r or-
"""w
,
{Iallan Anarchml. I iPQ-19/l
"'If
GtaIt\SCi, ",orld aOld Impori_li.." hod "",,-en th," • "" olution rould be m..s. "Eo,n" thi, ",form"t >ntorpn:lallOO oflb< d,.l<'<1 did ''''nlp! to "tdtn "","I"m', bose An 1I_"an """Iution rould no! be carried 001 '" ,,!>out the .... pport oflhe ""'Illem PC"Soan"}. and th"",ghoul h.. co"",r he for a .,."Iogy, b'It trhe had gamed. senSlt" l1y for soothcm p,,>b[cm,. he tiel., Jtmo'ed ,he honhem faclory prol"",,'1 from ii, ,-o"Suard rolc A•• Sonlini.n int.lI«tu.l ... "si1t"o 10 lhe tnJuno. that h i, 01." island h",! luffered tR Ltbe",'l ... [}'. G"'n'lSCl hal """,, p',lured a, 0"'" oflhe fcw \\<>Iem Manim to delclop I colle ....... "&r1'nan policy In facl. "",ny OIher tntollec'wtl .. he yunl<'d 10 hi. ""IiI" !Unol 50<'''')', "The ,..... ... nlr). and el-.-n lhe proIcunInlte! Pan) C l"1',cnted Ihe c"''''lI''''''' of modem welall'l poIillc._ lie ",anted til<' pta .. n" to aool\don lheir folkloric I tliOll of the world which he dofiOlcd ...en-", for a .\3 t\t bad" anlne,. b) prodocli" ro""1"\ of c.pilali sm for l he full MI·.tII.go o f the hali.n PCOl>Ie_ Th. pc.",n"),. and lhoot< clernents of the faCIO<)' proktanal "ho "c,"" .1111 under 11, mn"C""'. 1"'''''01, "''''"'' dttnocd cicnttf", socI11". tradition. They rould IlOl osc:apt from lbe ,'''''''''' circle o f no! Ind "",Ihy that Gram",i .alled
t.".."
M,,,,,,;,
,,,,,II
"''''tT1''"",O
Borh Tun,i and Gramsci rough'. bank "llaln" ',lib. ,-""" o· "", •• ltsm, bullhe COItIparuool cndi here, Gn",,,i's early " .. inllu."".d b)' , .. riOlI. libena nan rumple<. and he el'cn .nded up being confounded wnh an. rthi'l and 'y ndlealtSi hcrt" ,.s; Turati ', vaha 't! e of pr;IKlpl ... In mll>d. "ncr "'" def••1of the autl><>nuri.n thfC.lt1 in ,he 1891)0.. 1hc a""",ht
,nMe1one al!<' """ialiou', G,,"nsci '$ .. lllionsh,p w"h lhem " .. nlOl'<: ron","" and "omple', for," I>< " ..... ,ed. d'>I,n< Fit1l W.,.W W." I'M' en •• red inoo • "ortiog fnend,Jllp '" ,'h I n:tTIlIfbbk groupofTorinae """,h,.. , As hu coonell rommu:tism .merged In tbe "'.." (,I>< Red B,Cf\J\''''''. 1919- 20) i. bono ,I>< hlllnu,k. of Ihe anareh". and hentag._ \I) 11m In Ih" ,nttndllCI<>ry .hapter " ,<> shed tom( hght "" lhe cH.luII"" <>f'M hali,n libenanan mo,,,,=' ber""" (lie rcw.>, '0 inTroduc. O(he, (m,ell()-M""co The 'iulit)' of a""reh,.tn, and a mote Il""",ic an" ,,."" lrad" ,oo ,h.II chara.cle,ilod It,it "n s.eco"d I",ern.,ion.h., _ "h,m. can be .. plained hy eum ioiog Ihre. majur lheme" Ih. of an.rchism·s h;\,ory. tit. W"I;, ,; li.\ of .he PS l. .. >1a",m In Its f"nn I1.>d t.rcOOIe o ..",he[med hy an ri""<>nIlly "'"lly. ho" . , ... Il>al;lu""n, of Ih. I,il"u, and """i.li st The chambe, of I,bou r. the new isolated 00" 1"·,,, indumi.1 SIlburt>. lhe agrotowns of Apo"" a"" [ m il i" .nd the "",,,pany to..-"s of I.,gu,i •. and Umb" •.• [[ Kcommoda,N. 10 ,.,,,ying dcgrtts. a cull"re' Its ,.1 .. 0' a/f",,.d (iraJ",",;', \Ia"i"" in ncpl"" and ]IO>IIi\O way•. Gram",i', couo<:i of II>< b'"",1lJ 11><W. " . . . aln:ady ptcloCnl ,n ""'_"'r 1.. ly_ On the othe, hand. ,he ,nllability oftbe '>co""" cullo,.". Ind the drmagoguery!lut G... msc, though' prt"Stnl. caused him", be c",..:.1 of 'h" ,radi.ioo
['U"'"
,t)
1'..,
,
The F irsl 1870-410--' ltah3Jl lntnnat,onait,,,, ",a. IlI.I""d Ihrough a naltonal SlTUggk in an agran." SOCtt1y. "here the c.,...,opt of' Italy' "'ti "m"cd '0 a ..... 11 band "r ,ntollectuall. an..... and t.t1blJ\ ptn)' OOttrgCOlI... I'."hen the cmlnlll.,n& "al. om"oo in ,he ';OIlIl'T)'<""', " di'hked. and II lime: it "-as "I'f"J5Cd '(10th and l\3.il In ,he IS6O$ lhe soolh "'I' bluod .. d by a ferocious ci,-il ",or ,n ",lllch a rcak,lranll"Ulntr)-' 0JIp0Sed "hit, ","1 foll,o be • r""'i[{ll "ale. had ,eligi"n, f..,."od ,t I" pay great"' In.. and had ccnsc inlmJut:,ion ofa Kroln , .. The I"lia" "atc', gcncrnl poItC)' of IjualiJ",o (I""" <>n .n,eles "r pUrSued In order to pay lhe dr1>ls or lhe "'lira o r 1\)"0lI01 hbtra"on, alio",,'oo the humble, cllSsn_ Later. in 1872 and 18il .• of mikes b""'. "", In \Iilan. Tunn. Fior=tt and B<>l<>¥na. b)' ag".""" among sto... croppers and l.ndlC!!s labourers in lhe Po \1110)'. To many""""'''' ,he f"'gik ltali.n $1.0" al'l'<arrd on.he bnnl ofcollapx; ond" "'IS in 'his .... IIng !lu. the InIC11l3I11 " ... 10rc<:< y..... of di"""", in m,nd. ,hey belt.. Nlhal 'he ",,"onal c"uld be o\Orturn<:la I<'fTI\etl 'propagando I»' """Id pre-poIi,ical ",n,h i",o, conscioul sociali., IIoth a pWtncd ..,,)It In 1874, and I "",milo .. tion in lbe mountaLns oooth ofl\aplcs ,n 1877. " .... mL...",blo ra,I.,..,.. ""oit' 1"""\'1
roN
w'"
upri>'' '
,
110r War. The go. nnrnen. 11".y, "ruck hard<, a. 1M IJIa",h". "",,'rn'OCn. ,han" d,d ... he .oc,.i1Sl pany, "'n.",h,Sl' and ·In.,,,loold· bch."o u, "cre " lerotificd in oUI >lde II", rrolcc,ioll of ,0nSlilU, i"",,1 auar;lnICCS_ The llllreh", "",,'emen! " 3' d" I< i,icd .. e"he. !errorisl or il\SUn'«,ioruSIIR CIw3cI.... 100 durin, p",-;oo, of """tal "''''''' ,ho IUIIln:hr>'" "",,cd ... ,he: u_1 "'3pog<>alS. AAc.lhe ""'.. of,he 1870. ,ho aga,n rdllhe b-Iovo, of 1I1e Sl'1< ,n !he m,ddle 18SOS dYfI"g the firs, ma.. mikes of Po V.lley Imu,wn" (I.ndl ... • g.ric ulturn l I.bourers) La' e ... In ,he 1890s. 'oc aMrehi" """'emelll was ",rtua lly d eIIW)ed, The leA ""5 Ih"' OIcned IhwUIlI,,,,,, ,hc 1890s. bu, lilt anarch,.!> "ell' panicularly hard hi' \\,ilh tilt fom"IIoo of 3 """';11oriented """i.hsl ,lit anarch».. f.iled 'o moun. ""'JOf "1'1'0'11100 bttlU>C uf'hlllt'Jlf"'Sion arxl 0 d'< inn.nsigenls. Ih. ,),nd",aIiSlS "nd ,I>< anarchISts could be am-stcd for I "Ide ,-ariel)' ofpm.s ta", and < orde ,ed lbe a""i' ,)1' an.. n;h"llnd lynd,."hSI I>.bou. leaderS regul •• ly,· Anarchi., ht>lOIy" Iwder 10 fol[,o,.· alier 1880 ufthe dis_ conllnuili.s of ,II leadersh,p and ,IS (q3", .."ooS W"h ,he: nse of lhe IOS I aOO Its al'>OClaled union 'he C""feder",o!1O Generale del LIt'o", (CGLI, ' he h,,1<>f)' of hben .. i*n s<>(iahsrn br •• ' s down in'o I sm.,!y of ,IS in fl ue,,,," un OIhe' i""",,,ioru .ueh.s th" PSI. ,he: CGL, the syndicali" uf labQur aOO II>< Uni""" SinOr<: na'oo ...1 karkt-<
/870-/9/4
...-
o
0;,,'; ..., -
"'
0• • P"P''' (189041
"""'o;mCII'
,,,,do:
pront,,..,",
",. 1.1.
c...>v.....
( .... 1.<0,. 'hooI_ ..... .. 0 Gooo..-oy(i_ n..-",,"/ AI'P""""'"
L""",,,,_ I 'l't0 _ pI"
Iralian " "a r
1900-14 Althuuah!he InarchlSt mo'c-menl f.,1ed to """",",n • «MIll"""'" naIl(onal .fter,he: di .. ppearatlC<' of!he In,oma.oonal. e ..... 'n arca' be<:'lll<" stronghold" WOCIt: the: """rch,,,,. Ib"'"Wh tradition and 1"",.1 org.ni7.1Iio""1 ",.ns,h . ,"",i"0<1 pcn"". of rep.eSSlon. "IVmg as f"".1 PO'"'' d'Jnng ",,;,"1._ Anarch,s< !coJerShip "';!lln.ted and carfled oul
org:ln''''"''''
,
woo.
mo.I of itS ,n «n'tal h.ly, Lnli! !he m,do.ne 19w... Tuscany. the: l"mbnllnd ROfI\e mna,nro !he ""'"' of'be """-.mcm
d"',,,oo
Wnll III< effec1i.e ro:-pre"ion of the: 1890s. and ,he of ,he: ana",hi!. mo, ."",nl into l"'''f,, 1fllCto oo." of organi7Jlllonali >l' arid ."'i-"'SlL" ,za""".\i m. 'he . n.reh"" ."".. red endangered "'"h poli_ ,ie.1 e. llncll"" In fact .be .no",h,st; moC.1 b) pron,.lJy
,
rhe halian Anarchi.lS, 1/i7!}-1914
\I.p ' ./ O"onW"", o f th<
P"" in h. , y. 1900- 1"
,s.,."" . C.. I L",·, 1810
'n;, " ". Good",. , \«l .\. F", A"""'i, ", 1/0",,,,,,,.1"""
T."",,,,.I
London, ' 989. p. lJ)
.doptiog 'Y'>1 argLllncnt •. Through ,I",,, co",rol of ,mponan1 pow", ba,es m ccmra l lt. ly's chambers of labour Rome. forexomple. h.d an an,,,,his1 se<:relari.t for rno" o f the Gio li uian era 'he .n.",hi"$ WCIT assured o f o'1!." iz.tIO".1 proleCtlOn, The ,,,,,,,him were capable ofm,k,ng ,,","hng reappe.rat>:;cs. During 1he unsellkd period "pened by t he Liby.n W.r ( 19 11) and 'emporarily
•
do.ed ,,·ith the World W.r, and laler during the "'-'''', 110. long ",,,,ling popular ity.nd COOItn"" y of """.-chi.", in M""",C.rrara. At>:;om, PiQmbino. Romc .od 1ho i"d u,ui.1 hinlerl,nd. ac'ed as a spri ngboarIS ad\'ocaling OO'H;ectarian labot:r organi,.'ion. anll -organtzallon.1 ana.-clu" communlSIS who de'ested 1h. Mul"tos,an,' ,n eltci,nt r<:pugnan"o the Olher fac tion" By ,hi: .arly twe""tabhshed and " ntamed Ill< oonn unlillhe bj'nniu rosso . lAcal tcrrilOria l .'reas of "lla",hiS! were """omp' nied by contro l of a ch.mb<:, of I.hour. or the ap]l<'"ronce o f" l.bour·orien1ed weekly neWSp"pN. The an.tchislS also c"",ributed labour Qrgan,zers 10 the CGL and Ihe , ynd,c"Ii" mQvements, W;,h in (he lulonomous mil w.y wor\e al'" ac h""M inl1ucnce in 1M socialiS! F<xlol"'.. , ione lI. li .n. Opera, Met.l lurg ici "" ioo) The gr<:","" 'M",hl>ls ad"."xl was incre'>l ngly felt in the syndIC,Ii" Italian sy ndicalism led • be",,'dcnng li fo. " S'aning olf as a facllOl' oflho SO<',ahSi Pany in 'he ea rly 1900>. ,t sphnt. cre." . 1hroughout lix' It"ltan k it. On tho 0". haild. syndIC.h,' inlelleclua ls ,'",.a'ed a iorm of 'PMet;an' soci.lisrn'h"' was su, picious of all forms o f "ale .... n"oni,m or prolec'ionism, .nd w" alltac'ed '0 \I arxt sm b<:e.usc 'he mo-d.", ",vrknlg ral were ce"'ral for the f"",,,,ion of " working-c l,,, clile A prole .."" lhal roli od on G,ohlli', i"'·ouf' .• nd "'as soft. "e--d by hi' pr,,!!rnm"'" of SlO1i>l social lcgi.lalt"", Woo Id neyor womc the he roic lhey pmned Iheir hope s un, l hc ,h""""ic,.,"s of synd icalism formed a close alliance and adnUtoi,on for halta " free·lude el a, ,h. beginning, or
I TJw /lallan AMrrhiJIJ_ Iii m 1914
Gru",fCI and 1M AnarrltlSu the SlOOlCaliSI " 0.. thot <Jthcf hand, ,,0. """h as h hppoComOOn'. "ttl: of ",
,h.
""'ft
,n haly. Tiley " ...... d ronccp' of Ill: ("'lOry un" radlt' ,han til< 0< the cham be, of labour as lhe 1>;,,;, of mod< un"", J loweyc" mOSI of (h. non_ . n.nohi" elements In the Pfewu i}'ndlcoli>l ,no' omelOi
",e", dttply ,"nu.need by • Mau,n'3n huil'ge. This me'"' lha. lhey P" as • bndge 10 I popIIla' "'"onah,m In [l>.ly. Some »ndicllisls ..... Impomllllin lhe: Crullon ohM "a,ioo.liSl A'iSOC11';.,n
and ,1>0 0)'11""'''' of
doc,""" and I"*'lic. thai ••,ved OUI •
niche for
fl$'Oi.m a fte. ' he ... t, When "'ar brol. Old In Furopt ,n 1914. ,heS(
w.,
s)ndocali'" <>ptcd for inlen.m;on. for rome, Frane. end angered by I'n"sian feudalism . Others argued lh.I, through Ih. I,uropcan " ar, the ha lo . " "'pee1' "'...... al"" lftS(nl War "u poc,urni ... Ikmocnotic c",..ado or as I l'e'nlunon, J)nd""I"m'. ,erNl ,iole""e coold ""'" ....... '" th< """·.."...."hl!! k'adcnhip abandoned its «.."rol of the '-'noon< Sirda<:.I. the aruroh, su finall) g:alnc:d comrol of I "'\II'lers' OfJ.<3n"auoo of • signifICant. If crnolic, n•• o"c, hundred, of llIou ... nds of If <0" '1';11'( tho «.>l t mlk UIllOn fedoralion, Ihc ( ( iI., to Ihe il "wid h.,. '0 be co ... Mod ,hal lhe IlJI3l'l PUl) 11'-" ,he pol,,,al 'pace 'h'" .., cd th<m from ma1'llInalill"'on. " Fonned in 1892, 11 only IdopI«I ' he name PanilO Sot,ah<13 l!nh.no In 1895 , ThIS "'''I a, ilS b inh, it "as • coaht ion of forc", : lhe F.bian · lik" s.:.;,.hs, League ,)! ,' '' I.n. lhe Fasci Si.iha m, Ihe wnrlen>! p.ntlo Opt .."o U' 1i3f\O, ,he ,1«lonl ,'.hlCle of lhe Andrea COIla Ind ,he '0'" of ,he Po Valley landlC'S' 10\I00I1''', ,he Rowluli"""ry So.""l»' p.ny of ,he R"""'8"'" ."., onglnal party t\oh«l from In umbr.ll. of associ.l""" 10 • si"3lc·tnmlb:r boo"" p,llny, "h'eh omcllily " ... >«1 i1> """,,""ion '0 an.",hlSm and or>:Jon,cd lhe Ma.,.,St lOCiah,"1 a nd organ,unonal model oflhe srI) (German Soc ..1 Domoe,"lI. Pon)), Mombtllhip e'pandM ITOm 21,000 '" 1897 to 37,000 in 19 13, II> elec,oral In I\olion. 1poll. g"''' "' ,uffrag. upanokd from 8 per cenl to ""aT "ni".rsal manhood suffrage III 1913 The """a!i""'prurN 9 ptr .tIll of the HII. in 1897 and 17 per ctlll by 1913. Tbt ch",f i",,,,""OO! of lhe pany i,..,ludcd 1M Gl'S (.he "",ialtll ......."""'.ry group), h"wli' (th< n:tlioooal pany ...... , .• he: ",,,,,,,,,,I d"CClOn'O and l'>e local secltonS the Gcnnans, bo".,·,..-, 1M lu!ii1n
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I. rly sound ... Just a, Ita han hf. was ' lJ llla"e "uhin the Ind rich poli'ic.1 ,"bcnl!"",. of the nonb<m Indu,,,,ol Suburbs, E,,"ha- Rom.S"a. T.... any and ,\pul .. _ If the PSI u an org.m:tat'(In and .. an prom",n, elre","1 " .. to".' ofll>< 18901, lhe ltah.n l"If1y ... h«l upon a c""lj,ion of l.ndl,,!. I.boon:'l"$.• ni"ms, Indulmal ,,·o,k.n Ind ,I>< wuc.te,J middl. ct..set quote d,ff.... n! fmm ,no G.nnan c..." The pos'_ ""d lce .. ,,,I., ",110 oo,mnat.d ,h. IOCI.h.t porhamo .. ,a,,· group. did "Ill Ix: fully COn'.l\lInt with ,he co'l'u, of M • .,.', Ind
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Inu,,,,,,,,O& OU' 3IJ!:wnetll. about lhe direc1 Iink.ob'CS ond Ok<:I"", .,fonni", Ihat "o:d ,t... young Sard,",,,,, t" 'II<m. Gram"'i. like ,II< .yndirahen·'''''' ofall < />Jcnnoo "''''' ,,,,,.. lbe pi ........ ing effor1.by unlOO',U In ,he lnuncd,ale pro:\Oo-al )c ..... TIle indUSlnal UHlon'§iS "rcs.N,h:>, shi>p.floor democ,ac), ,"""Id ,I>< ba ... for Irsde u",on,"". Tho pre"" .)OOieoli5l' had ,n,,,,.pora,ed dll<>. TI>< ide. \lu., ,liI" Irade """", ...-as ba;ed 011 ,he "ortforce of an ent,re foe'ol)" ""","N by Gram«i in hi' auad orr e,.t).on"",ed unIOns, \1""1 ,mponanoly.'liI" i"",,,e. ,,'htch ,I>< lribu ... of MII'ne'" indus"ial "ni""ism. r Comoon,. employo:d of fO<'Of,e, ., ,I .. . . buildmg blods of I "",W ,nd"",ri.1 "'10. rcm .. ncd " ,lh Gr .. "sci ,Xl G",m"" did 1101 ",.·ttl 10 reahl.c , II.. Labriol •• nd Le"". hod cnvi"'go:d ,II< I"uk u1I"'" in " ' ''''h II .. sam. ro le as h" fa.clory COII""", ' S {i13m"" cnlicized , I>< ,yooi.. I;", for ", lying "" ,be ""de "nioo an ,,"'i,ulion. he .,.pl.,ntd. caught in ,I>< "-.bof ea plt,">""'""ons. Howe"c •• G •• n,sci "'ould _gf« ",,'h lhe ,)'nd,-.It'" ,No, MalAi'm idenlified ,.p;t:lh< "ruggle on the fXlory noor btI"ccn wod .... demandi,,* Nlf''''''nlgelT1ldual 0" nef>ltip "r .1>< "pl ... In foct ,I>< i} Rlllcah,,,' uaok "noon " .. meant II> UI oflM '),>IC!n, InJcro. GJanu<1 would Bi'e hi' """"" '0 ,Ire .yndtC.Ii" belief \lu.1 ,lie Ind,..ln.1 prolet .... , had '0 >how "",If capable of tq>lxing rapll.t.h,m ""h • more producti'''' .nd efflCie'" i}"em . Gr">lllliCi " as tl>< he;,'o syndicalt'l prod""li, i,m and its pr.llOC of ,he ,,,.olled func,ion.l hl .... "'hy "f ,I>< fac.on Fo. lhe ,yndic.list. tbe unIon wo$' ",urcc of """,al aUlhori,}. forming a new nallonally bast"
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I. Moch of thIS cbapItt .. ba;<:d Il(lOO -I ... h.. ,u.rt:h;srn. 1870- 1926', in I) Good"ay led.). For .i n",..hiS'" Hw",u:o/ and n.e""'/U"1I1 Appr<}iJ"h,s. (I 01><100, 1989), I'P 'Ill. be.t 11\ "r It.. """'<",,,nl untol 1892 oS J>ernicone. I,,,,,di,", Pri nceton, 19'93. A 100<1 ",'e.,..icw ofthc mo'-.",.nl .<,b/c. A Ifi>l/Jr'o' q( l"",..hi,,,,. London. 19'92. PI' Tht ch,.flIahM Ie,I,"n: E. SanLardli, /I soe."llSIffO o""",hi.... /.. M,lan. 19S9 and 1913 I"" ,$C'Il edilion): G. CcrnlO. Doll' o//a JeIlIlN,"", NUa. Flott"" •. 19n; p C. \I."n., Ss",,<, degli """..-h,,,; dal But""m" .1/u/alr"Q (l861-1892!. M,lJn. 1974: Slam. d.-g/r ana,., h,,,! i',,[',,", ',p<X1J bncile.. e•• .. The he>! IoCcOUn, of ,he Firs, 1",u''IlItOooal in Engl,sh i. Pemico .... IIllli"" Ifnarrhl,,,,. Of ... R. 110:>1<11 ••• Ila/.m Soc,,,liJl .I1",,,..,..nl Unglm f/iJ61) ·18S11. yott. 1958 , 5 G C"Ill"uul3. ... rch"" JO'<"rl>O. U ,i\:t1ld;> doll. Nnd> dol Ri, iJta II, ,"ona Conl""'pOrtUlea. 13. J\O J. 1984. PI'.121-72. 9 f or lhe ,"]pI the g<"'lIon,hIP" discu,std 'n. G. 1'orpp,. Mo<:ento in Iralia, M,lan. 198 L J. " Da"i,. Conj/i(l "nd C,m/ml. Order in /9/h nnlU')' Jul.I. B.. 1988. I'P 21 7 17; R B Jc"",,n, ['/>uf)' "nd ()rJ('" J1.- n.ffN} anti o(lMI"n PuN,c Poilrr. 1848 /0 Cri,iJ o(tlw 1890;, Jo-ew
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\'on.. 1991. A. De Grand, 'GI01111, and ,he Soc..h,.,'. on SI"'''''''' M DI Scala (w I. /la/ian Soc,alwft Ikr..«n P<>Iilia aM U"",ry·. Amhorsl. 19%. PI' 2J--.17. (0 s..cchelll, 'CQruroilo """ iale c donuc-Iho CQtIIIO Ilell'luh. 'tl:o (W<), II ftnli"calO f"""',ul "allanl WIg'''' al(a,'rnnoo / <;>0'_192'. \li!.n. Tor "'C"le"', of 5«. G. B. hnon:i. I/.illd",·ali;"", "a/ia"". 1977; () 0 Robcn •• Sp.J'call" Chapel 11111. 1979: A De CIemcIIIiro Jot:,.,/e nd 5tndtJi'4Iil_ rj,'OIU:"'''''rTO /900---1915, R(IrnC. 1983. C. l. Il.nmnd, 'ReH,1 ulionary S)·nd".IL\m on h.ly·. in \fa.-cd "an dc. Lindcn 000 \1 aynt 'r hOfpe (WI), RI!\'o/.tion"rJ SJ',d,ro/jJm I., Aldo,,""!, 1990. pp 139---5-1. M AIIIO, llIoli. ' 11 s,ndacalismo ri'-Oll'"io","O lIah.,oo·. in \I,"';zio An",,,,ol,. II .lOOIC.hlt onlcllecll..H '<'<. I). \1aI\>OOO. :frjkro LaINTo/" ,I in 1111/1". Tunn, 19"0: E Zag'Ha.
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I/antl"'" "f'r"iJioniJlffQ Stirtl 'apln. 1'175; RIO!I. II J'ind"ca!m" o "I'OIw:i,;""r!o In II"/,a . Bari. 1976;
Roben,. W. L ';tiMrono til I'Mi,·" Mil. n. 1983. r. F.,·LlII. S""iu del ""Ii""o /Julle orlglni all" /If' crm, M ilan. 1996 1·1 hH' (,,,,,,dOl" sec. M. Anum ">Ii. 'Silllhcah.mo ri",lu,io"",;o C lI1odolli "'Pn'lZa'i , I: u d, r ,hPJX> Corridonl '" "nda<-all nal!ionali d'iOO 4>1,,' (1911 1914)'. R":t'rt'M I. 1976. PI'. 14 -0; O."hu)OOlCal." ongiMOh.,......11Wt 000 f01>C"m see. Roberu. Syntliralil, Tratfition: J. J. Tingbiano. f.J",w"Jo From R"'o!WIIl1II
s,....
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II 0,,,,, ..". o(,he f'S1•• n be f""nd in J. A D"Ii. 'Soo,ahsm .nd lhe I>" ...... 'ng Cl as, on Italy beU>rc 1914'. in D,ck (ka ry (ed). L,,/J.Qwr ",,,I ';'ww/w .I/ol',·",'nu ill Eul'Ol't' ""(or¥' /914, O,ford . 1989, pp IX2 210. I. !>hller. From 10 MM,' !'O/illC." I'ali,," &X,al,,", in t/"'(;",Imian Fro, 1900--19! 4. Kont, 1990. G a nd S Frdtle I,,
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RMloIr.. III'SJ t 10 l'/aSCi/a c SI..dy of l11e Pro, ""'0 o f Ilolog",,' HIs.tory' (Nan.,I_", 1995. ,01 25. 00 3, 1'1> 38 1
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1'_ Thc ,hl.fbtoal'lptut< of M.aLatcsu oro 1.1, "C1tbu, £rnco " ....' 1922, L. Fabbri, "'altlln/a. I'"""",, ".ple •. 1951, \ It.ohards, I{altll/!jw Ufr& Ideas, London, 19M AI..,_ G, Lalldl, 'Mllatesta. \lcrl ioo doll. pnma imemuionale alia "I'J'OSi. Zlone .1 fASC,,,,,O· . del MuJt<> dd Ruo'!:""cn,,,, '01. 28. 198). 1'1', 121 56; M Too •• ErricoMalalf>la Baku"ln' La JU" f",."W;WM gio"'ItIi/e nell 'amhicme Nlpolt"l"na (/868 18731. '- . ples, 1988. I It""• • 1«> do. h "",,h "1'«10 of ' ''I''e". 's life. C. L<\'y. " 1>1.10>13 In hile', A,,",,/, j.'lIOIIl i,o·. In Lucio SpOIIZI and Anum Tooi (ema ."d 5.xlal Monment> ; Em1 . 1_ no. 2. 1998 , rr. 2(}5 I 7, For PIC I'" 1(•• M Am""'''h. Pi.ln, (;oFi, ,I .. ddl·,ma,rni(u. S,uJi e P" •. 1995 1 Ikl l.my and Schc<:i c il sindac.h.mo n,·otUl.IO,,""O. R. f."ioni ",,1 "'ppano 111. .""tisi sWriOg",flCl C gUldlzlo dl ,·.1"",'. SrorirlN>. ,,,,I 10. 00. I. 1981, 1'1'. Hi 57. F $01<10111. /.a slru""", d..r . 3311-411 21 G U SoKI c gli ...."'h'" "3h,,",', II.J(""' ..... Sro,,,...... "01
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5,"'" I. 1915, pp. 179---f18; G U, hlnoui. 'Pokmtche: ITa
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ri,-oiUlIOllm f ....",hoc, i..Ii"", ""I1'o:Iio KooIl1l1m.·, .'itvnt:...... ,01. 11.00. I. 1981, PI'- 495-512; R...a./1 su.dMal""", ,-;"aIJC1OfIQT'IO, 1'1' 209-12; Robntl.. 1M 50"'1<1"0/0;/ T",JIII01I, Pr. 71 12 M Anronioh. 'Emco M.Ia1<>L>, r Otl-'niual.lonc """"". c il . ;0<11. \ 1889 19141. ,n ", ,,,,,.,ioli, A:iOfU' d",,"a .'''l>anr:· 0l><,ru,,, Sindacali.mu r;."I..-:,onarlo " a""n-h/j,"o Ira I" d,1I c il jo.!W"'o. Mn"Ju" •. 1990, pp . 201 64 ; p .nd lhe: lnarth,s! ,",ol"!ion'. An"rch", Stud"". '01 1. no. I. 1995.1'1>. 25-44
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b)- m<>. and far ,he 1IC.\t ](I ,he" leado"hip ,,-utl.od in l&n&rn ""h moJenn. politte ... n, ,""h .. Margan. n.c Chamber of Labou, rd""oly un",alOd of the 1890s """na 10 ". COdlrol by ,he modcrnlC$. It bul 'I. toop< ... ,;,-. mm."",nl. re""';',cd "'r"''IC"'a''''c of a "nail 5e<:lion of ,1\0 worting da.s. IIC'" 5.000 ,"embers in ,hi, lllUltOltS," The eicc,inn of 189"1 . .."""il'!l""" l"'" on", ,II<- doII-nf.1I ofCnSpO. pro"ed ,hat boIh 'hi' COMl,lu, ency and ,II<- "nhghl.nod middle d •• "ere preparrd to follow !><>CI'"'''' programn... n.c !><>C ... IiSlS· plod"o 10 ehnunal. !lIC ..... ulo'''·. middle mo. ,. publIC ......>en. coupIod "lth me., Of'Il'liirion 1<1 the '..,uhcm de<pot' C""" and ,IIC authontarian Gc:ncr:all'elkll" appealed.o!llC liberal Pi-cdrnot1le>e." bu. SOC lali.m 31", g ...... onler, Punng lbe M,lallCSe nOl' (F",II IIi Maggio) of 1898. Turin under ,he "PllCals of itS le,de"hip. remained quiet . TIIC do" nfall of Pc llou •• nd ,he accession 10 powcrof 7... ".l1lklh and lh"" Giolim aPIICan;d 10 m.ny TorillC'>C !><>Clah,!> "00 I,be,"" ahk. a> • "'CIOI)' for peac.ful proarel, ,, e polthC'.
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A narch ll m I" Turin: 19 00-19 10 Afit,- doe 181\Ot anan;h"m IoI.l !lIC "' ...... I\olm1o& 'mportane<: " bncny J'O'R,,;ed. ll\o en.pian repre"'ion _nd .IN: .1tIC,¥c"'" of lhe Pln"o s.::.c,ah>llt len nu.l) a decade', PI' in ,IS h.. ,,,ry. In 1900 a local .""reh,.. w,i,ing ,n" ,bon,li'ed new edlltOO of L 'O,.,Jine dt:sc,;bed yoars of !Iocr' " Ik'" cen 1900 "Id 1914. Tori ne", """rehi", ",""'ined ally in, ign if,..nt Police TCpon. indt<.,e no "",re ,h•• 20 Of 30 acti,'e a"'reh'Sh ""Iween 1897 and 1910. ""d e>tll on th •• ve of 'he Red Week In 1914. the . n.""h,.,,; probably d id "'" .. «.d ''''y.1n"", po';liOft unul 1910. A brief legaliza'ion io 18'1; ended "lIh ,he follo",na .h. \!ilo""," tom. One)OU Ial., !lIC ...."hlSls reappeaml. bu,lhe" acl,' Ily " .. redooed '0 recoi, ;na nc ... """""" and ltalf.beartodl) ,"'c"enlna "' me.:ting> of !he AGO l' p.mpltktc-enng and "",I propopnda cotI"nll<'d in ,1\0 1900&. """'tly due 10 tIN: effon. of .",rch..". Dvmon,co Z.1\ a"oro and ""soi"'" II.{lCCU (or, a' II<- .. a, L,b(ro T.""rcdi. ble' '0 u,umc: """" in'por1 ... ",. ,n to""",",, ,1"Tiog ,he 1920,) Annlll<-r anarchist. M.rio Gi,.J>, was I." "elJl-.nown pub lid y bu' • • l.ad· "S w riteT ,n the chIef r:ea SIIJ'POr'Cd It", L'b) on W.r (1911-1912). GIOO.b ,.-roIe fmI",,".ly fOf ,he
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TM or. '.>1 indu",i.1 sU$lallltil by dynlm,c mob,l •• 00 ....gl"".nng Industries. oxc-urred" i!lt,n 1M fiNlkcack oftltc 1\\Cnll,lh ctmu'}. In a manc, of y""'" lhe nld. sorn""kn' 1",lucntlte ""$ 'TlIn.fonned into It.ly', r tl'micr Ind Ll >lnal "ny•.,1><1 • ,,",W ,ndu", i, 1r'lJllnll eli .. fOO' p,.."ion, of ",nUt"'" andl'Qw,,, ",Ih tho lraditionallanded . nd profcsslOfl:lI cla.s<:s runn demOgnplH' .. pJoo..on"" it drev. ml""nl' ka, ,nil "".(by Alpl"" ".lIt)" ''-' II. f..:1O<'c," It. populallon 1il",,,111 for SS 1"" of Pied""'nt's during the 19O();,M The """t where IndU.If}' tool. roOl, AUI ... mobile and .ngineenng roc'''''c. t".blishcd """iok lhe old mun,ei""I.""""" blmcT (,he d htnt.rland.'" A, Pf""p. TOO',!\tsI: w<>rk.rs "ore f""ed by ,"natlOn,ry n:nl. to hoo.ing in ,I..·", onu,!t,oormng ,.,bums. 130'11" s."" 1'",,10 from 4.0Ct0 in ,n 190 I 10 OHr 2 1.000 I.n leafS I.,or: Same", di M,I,,,,,.oo Bum.,. dl laMa tiihlfold ,,"' lIy 191 L ,hesr suOOrbi w,,,, bti,. ,wlfll'ed in of rum m'grant$. In JUS1'WO ye." (1907 9) 50,000 Alpine lTIOunl.",«rs "nd Po Valley p<:".nl' CO"'e tu Tu ri n 10 join. growing indu'ltlal .tlny." T",o-,hirt Of the "a l Tunn '. coontod for mort: than of I'll'timon!"' ,,,,"I In 1911
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14 P<:' of til< J'OI'Illori<>" o(Pledl""" 1 " .. s ",gaged ,n ,ndu,· 'nal r Uf)" ilS: bul ,," IL 79,000 indu,ltlal wor" " Thtln·. ,1<><><1 IIe.,ly 20 p(r 00"' of it> ,uI.1 " Th.n) -lhree p<:r crnt <)f lhe ,nojusltI.1 wOlkers "ero tmpl",ed In lhe rapidl) •• ""nd,nll: cngll>tde,. "h,1c ,I>< men: >Ia&fWI",ooon ""II> cmplo)-ed:!O per tenl. By 1911 Tunn .Iroad)' had 6500 tar w",kers. more ,h.n 25 per of all • .-;
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.ntl' lol'Ou '" engmckillcd "ortCt. appr.,)4 Car .. .,n.... 'n tho I"'"" or real'5 "-.... .Iinllxn>«nlhe .,,,,",,,,1 paSt and !be- mn a decade from it> In,ro,bc"on as. s.nobbi'h toy fOO" P,N' "",n'esc "'tS""'fal>. lhc lU,omobIle bad brooIgbI fooh. boomi. ,nd'"try, "01 only dId ;, Sl/f'PIr trams, bu$n and moror can, buI mart"" and nWIO<;leu, ofhlghl)' workers. and 0 g""'p of ral.nled .n"'pre""urs pro> the "'\lrediO"I' f'" ," 5UCC< had mlUly eompc1l1on un"I,he fi ... ",,,1 crash of 1907 and a runher rallonalWlt>Ofl ""nns the " a'. Spa. Ital •. St.l. RapId ond 1.lllng 000 .",ouraged job mobiloty "'Ilh'" IllS )'OU lIg Indu\ln,1 emplrc Ht ,.",ailled ,II< """ Ik"",vro. ,,'hich '
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11901-2) 1',,110" "'g lbe leg.lizalioo Ofl",M uni"" ,.;:"n,y by z.."",dclh, Ih. co...xmncJ , .. "rike'" for lhe i' imm,,,urily," Mm' len ,he pony in • I",.. Y."'" bull11t 1"'1,11<,3'>0 (Nofn. 'i"'llan . etC. 1 rrrnlI,n«l and OOm, .... od pany lik (H'" ,fl11t pany stf\td 3' lilt" (i...,nOll INch"... " demanded handling. ,\1'10' 1900 po\lI,l., .1I,.1lC'" 01"'" parti"" "en: "m:; in any c.... radl<.1 ism .nd ",pub li c,n"", h"d . I""yl ",-"Cn thin On Iho Wilh Ih. n«pltoo of ,ympal""U<: "",lIIl11g from lhe Gioh",.n U, de"eals and hberals c,ohed.n .Uta"". dLf...,led aptMl lhe socl.llhslS. "'I"""iall) afier til< I9().I general mike alienated fooner 'Uppor'lefS o,tII<
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PSI .. M"rgori', i n,cnli"" o f w,,-' • ,"Iher p;1tlICII< .lIcmpt '" I'3por ,be <11.<1'1" ,!hm the r.formiil camp. Sluhng some 'hunder f.om ond anarchi" ",,000""1< ,nto lhe borpin, In hi. rbr-ioric \Iorpri Idem if..,.;! lhe e""my of .0mIL"" as ,II-defln«l ·spttulaIOf\·. the '<<'lm.Ipl n"",llIy' and the Chu",h. Aft .... 1904. "hen G,oh!1l beSon "'''''IIIl! Cllho IL"'.• elUde anti·cle," •• li , m o'crshooowed Ihe ori8 inol oflhe 1890s. AnlH:lorn:.li .m W I' I"" TIl<J6' ",dely weapon In In'e""Ii""'. arK",,1 of popul .. , rho!onc I. "os .',,;ornp;>n,«I • mInimal programme-.-nbrg.""""", of \1f1in and be,,« and m<>re f'I'.. lOble >0<111 bin MOtiari anJ h is f. llow kept . ",o.lhor eye on Iho" an,1 lowor."nddlc-cla .. ""'cr<. Uok"'l1 care 10 >uruu"", md""lri.1 m;!i'.""y .r.dct Ie", d..,....!" """'" ., In ,he long run. 'h', project«l .Illl""e ran 111'0'"'''' of ,ns"""""nt ,ble oonlnodi1igt Wilh lhe 1913 lhe f,rst ur.lcr mlInIIood ",tfflgc. ,hey ,""Ung he""lly 10 okl1e.1 ond ""I,<>nal,., ...nd"I>I'" "The m,h»"",ll>b. f<>r tbc" pan .... "h tbc CM:cpt>On of AgpC.ffd wirh n o .hon ,i me and adoptcd moo: in,,"nligent pUhcit' Ih.n had ",,,,,,,d, By Ihe "or indu,tn .li ,,, follo".d .",fo1111 policee. f01111,,131«1 b)' lhe.r .)'nd,eates S",l", "'eff to1">C!>. whik m<mhen .tfme<J tn Ind"",;.l d"'PUIO fina"",al o,d I"" ') Funl\e'lIIo",. ",du'lriahm began 10 cOIIC""e of 'hemsd'e§ as a ",p;,"10 producti,-c cia... bcl>olden ". il'" ", lilt 'L,,,,)''''s' nor 'h" 'profcs"'''' ",110 OOmIlUled proc on pa,lia""","" IlIe ... fom"" soc,absll, for the" 1*'. coouolleJ no! reprfSCI1ted IUIUf!I'lm'ted of."" Tl>ri1lCSC "orkinll c1"". This "oecond
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hen I InduSCriali"n8 oi.y weh 1 had the 'abh,hd. file "Men" •• ,o""rally Idcn"ficd ,.uh an oO,,'al bu, in0( In croft Of 100"",i . 1f,·,IoMi"" .·' Tl>e "'lem,1 commi"ion, in an,l llrge f'I'O' IJed gremet c""'"'''u''y of Ofga "' '"''0!1 "'ere «aJ l1y "'."cepred b) """",,,td ...d non-unioolLt'd .like," f\n"ttn I \lO6 and 1911 • 5etI",,,,f· COIIC"",,,, . . "'etllme pal. mlcnIiIl dl"'pltnc 000 PICtt-"M ""c. ..... nagtd b) In,ornal cor>ln"""NI, only adt'f'!.-d by .he lrade union" hcn a broode, ,Inke =
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MIJOf dunng ,h,; p"'iod broke Old ,n 1901. 1902. 19().I. 1906. 1907 . ",1 1nlH§! lrade un""'''!> ond s.oci:>li>I dcpullCS ;ought to us.: dutt' .... "'" to pr<SSIlItU ,be gO",CI'$ .'tream"', '0 ;1> do<.><s on Con<> Siccanli. d,d rq>' .... n.. ti'·cs of lhe P.""" Soc .. h,," and ,be of Labour 01T>C1ally endont:.he """ernen'. bu, from Ille 1907 """am. ... oopnllCd Io;adershrp of anarchi'" and .)nd.cal. 1, III,e,,·ene .,'II. 1to, "'. ", "r a Ie",,} 'PO/ll."e"y' bocamc Olea",r ., 'gena,'ion 01' 1910" a»ulned _ infl"""'" In lhe 1..00",
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Th e Secund C . n tra' ;o n: 19W- 14 ,\rool>f .. If-N .... '1'd ,,lI.nachrd ,hem.. h OJ; '0 a """ "'a". of oe<.m. therr rrogrJmmc, A now ""'''''''ing uppa (ml mob) was d,>'" Common CUilUfll. pOli.ical and imellec .... 1npcncnc"'lnfonncd.he • arly ","<'S of.he of 1910, Re, "I'd "f1"O""'O wa, probabl)' the IlIOSl Import.nl Whllc middle.., .. ., inldlccrual, driftl'd ."ay from .he carller g."",.,"""" """,.1o,m '0".,,1, ....,.,okali." ,m1lOlI. • Ir;t and "."oMli" "'iontallOn$. the y""ngtr . . ><Xlalil" rela",od I In moreri. ll st phil""""hic •. A popu lar pos ilh;,m coupk..J with. d'.'AI.e for city con.", inlClicclu. ls d;;fincObll'd I>orghi nf'he InduWl11 hmlm.nd c",,".1'd I ... The .,,,, l'nlIJOf InduslnalsublJrbs Ikqo Son I'aolo Ind Illr",,,,, di l Don for e.atnrlc "llIeh atU,..,led poon:r _00 10.. skiliN worke .. ) ,he.. two suburlli wc", ulmoo.l'Of1\p.... ly populaled by ",l lled wort"" .mployed fo< lhe mOSt 1"'n '" .he '," IOI""bile ''''' ilia!), i,>
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,,=
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- 32
F"",1crie Subolpl"".• we""ing mIll ond. denS(ly pxked "'SlnCI of ..... 11 and mcd,um-soteOu$CO ,,,.J [)"b\:»( ,he" door; an "ilb,n a decad<:·, bmo ['cn If InduW), b«.r"" .... dorm""'" r.atu.., of ," landscape, rural mcmor;e, ",,,,,,,,,,d YOUnll ,",or\crS , ,,,,.Iled rompinH ll1rough "1"'" field. in lhe ..
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y....," \ IIjj"'UOn broullhl <--pc<: ilic pOlr'r<J l lrlldlllon, "uh .nd ,",",igra"" ..ttlod on the !.Olne Ry 1919 onl)' 2S ptr orSan Poolo '. popula. "on "0'" ""1,,,. born TOIi"... M<>I' rt<:.nl ".,,,al, came from rural Pi«lmonr. II1Ilnl)· "oj d, s..s. and \,.1 dt (i""en;, One '1""na of lhe .uburb '. pop San I'aolo .nd imm'i"'nll (c;.pcclalll the Apulia",,) "'e", ImpOrunlln I""al pony ""'i."'.... R,1m,'", dl M,I.no had a IlO",.n15," G."no ",c.ll s th.llh. V,,,,dle,,, 'the mo,' c"",b''',,e,.he """t rno lu· tional)" Oory 01 (,alleani', ':11\';'1<:, amoo&S' the ric .... OIl... " .. Innsm"'od unlly from the geno .. trun;. of ,he I sso. and llvougII thcc Sf'Olt of 'Gallcanl, Inbunc, ,,"" ,n AnlCnca. had done .hlngs· TIre B",n.S( had Ih<" ""'n ana",h,s! leader - 'ro"n","", Con! and _"lId"';c'!. ed,lf1r of a,ena', IA Thon lhere "as dl' .' anielical influme. of "",iali" Dr \tam ",hn al ... p",.chc" to the ru",1 ",,,",or> " ' Iho 18905, .nd "ho.. "'op,an .... iahsm "a' c",nN 10 thlS irnlu,rri.1 ci'y " In 1905. bltta Imke o f Vo",o llcfthe >tnlcn.71 The c<:"'," of Ikr
".,e
33
c"fI!.m«1 Ihc • 1< their piJueg'Ula aroulld ,1£ ,"In aCrf} ,l>IJI1i prC'C,,,clS, In ,ubum. sud. ,hal ,died on I"",al lJIorI<<'(pcO 10 .UO\Ol tolls 10 an "'f'3od and neighOOurs.o help f=l hungr) chlld",n ,.. SoIldo",) ,he",f"", f""lId its
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1>OrIS pol"",.1 dul:>s.1Id f""lew aroll Ih i. e, ,de m, gathering stealn by 1910. ' 00 b!xommg Ihe ch'rnele".", f.alure oflhe new SOCialism of 'he prell., yea", Tbc f,rst 110,'0 of 'ynt aeli,,,}, cOITlrlaht <pot, F""r yoors lale, If>e """,ali st ,;o",lel had 1,000 members. " ilh tl",,, , trong ... "'1",,,enl.tion In Ootll" Sa" Paolo .",1 fhnicra 01 M,lano" TI", eirel.. "'ere ol<»ely alhed W, Qlod >QIIlCIlInrl oo.n,n.{c<""d Its door.. to w.II, "'""",h,st. aOO "'hot nun-party members "1P',fic.n' pre!.mOe on the$c local orpnlnotion<" The iC"",,"onal cbange by lhe soci.liS! mo'e. men! dunnS 'hese )cara IS ",nC'C'«I in the VO" lh of the ... d.", and ",he, J"".h nelghbou,hood orglruullOOJ_ '"oung f""ne """'",un, .. nlllll""'. arril"d from ,'''' \ '=ell= and ""Ipcd fOlm Ihc""" club.n San Paolo, 1[< "","11«1 Ih., '"." if,,,,,) "-'-'" ""lItd
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' ' 11'
wine: laW"", Ihey "0'" . lready pohhc,,«I' OJ M.no Moot'8M"" .• ),,,,,ng soc .. h,{ of JOIIl>h II"ddle..,lu! origin. woo I.ft hi, f.mil)' 10 becnme. f... OI)' "JlI"fnllce and on;: of the ""'" artieulalc In ,he new dub. 1\'(311cden could learn new intenC'Cl\I3.l ",ill •. "'"n . mrke,.. dunng l\OOO"m" lu""h bn:alJ. 100 >.pe«h.ts """Id ,urge lround il> .s.- e\On on lI ...kdl)'s'· rhe """ club> Imr", ... iIC libra"e., Although .ystematic n:oords no! bftn prese,,-..d ofwl\:ll mombenh,p ",ad. =1 ,estlmony il fai,ly 100",",,,,. of("""ntes, Robot" Ittallcd 0011 ,!Ie m"mbrrship 111 <;.n 1'0010 u,eJ 0<1C IS Ih. ct"lrep,C'Ce of discu .. ion They beg.n \\ I/u,h". thoncarri.d 00 to Jack LO[l(km', Iron .00 fo!!owtd "P ",adinllloo.. of oarly 1",""" Nh-o< IH UI), \\ott", book, o f "",i. li" cuilun: ZIllu .ltd Ana,,,1e h.",'c 'rhcy WCT" OIIr educati o,,·. he cotll'lud..,.. A 1I0no ri, liben. ri ... I". mmrc pn:JominateJ 'We lbou' M.n', he ,doeJ. 'b!x.",., we h,d h i. ponn'" in our """',nl! room, """",.,,,.,o..ay ""e k""" a\lou{ Marx;,", would h< cxaggcr.tc-d becu,,><: M.,,'. bi>ok. "ert \ 00 heal'Y for our ,"omach,. II",y "e", 100 '01"",,,,,",,, 111>10:..1 11'< ,ud the booI-.s ofC.fiero, lhe poel!)' of Ma"o lhe booL.s of Pierro Gori. the poel_'" 5.1111" . roc . n. _iah,,-, immcr:>td in anarch,,\ dasslc._ CO"'lWSI Q{ Brf(JI/" "' ex"" ..... ly popu lar, L"";,,, \llchel's ICCOO .. oflhe Commune andlhe J)3mphlcl. of 1'3010 \'al"", foiloll'«I in pref.n:""e, anl;.m,lita,iSl olld om ido" ..1 pornpblelS mack up {he ., Yoo.l'i a, ,dty d,gr'ltd lhe , "ther OOmba<1IC rhetoric of \bria Rygiel, CorT'ldooIi. Rocca and Gu,""" Hen t, Corri· don'-. and RYile,'. RQmP''''' (0l'l'<1/r Raw) Wti rQd b)' ",'..-yoroe" .-\n!I-nuhlMUrn wu I ehorff«OCCllP"'''''' during 1IIe.. y..... IIGruIoiki popt>lo mil campaign 'broughout 1912 and lhe fGS
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iI, IfK">soge Into the rounl!}'""" d" nn8 wcekenJ · .. d oych.I,· tou .... pre",,",ng to "I)r\;; .... Oft Ihe e, lis of n"lnanSIII 100 .. !.ibe!tan.n"m thtrefote .ffect.:d ,he enUre "eIA left," IIh ""'IIIhS!s < by the ,nduwi, 1 .yndloahI11"" ..xi.lt" like GIUSqlpC ROlnna ,harN Ihl< ""gIn ' k .sub","""" III .... i"'kfl San Paolo _ft", " ... "" ""'i_Jl\II"an" ... " oil . .:dlll"1I G;",,,,,,, So..,,,/,,,,, in I'll I 1912. ",hieh (Icd'red '",ar on war'. ,"d lu. , efun"" m OliO cooI",,,.d a mung repubhean ele",c"' '0 II·' Th,s repubh ,,"h tht hbo-narilns. and • ",on8 100 ""Ii, e conlingJ"" allt ,,,,,.s "ere wn w.eted lilt g,,,",,1 office. of 'he local aoo cirel.\o. aoo aft" ,he llbYln \1, ••• miliunl mlbll,h ",If-
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,\ hbenan ... ,,"i"ol sllmu laled by the Fel"fe. e""oIlOO 8>1hcred pace aft.r 1911. Al\ZtchiSls .ook leadml roles In lhe 1912 ca. wodrrs t"" am,·m,l"an., f<>ll"" ,nl!he LIbj."J.n W•• and the Red W«k
In May Iho l'led'''''''le\.< _nalthi", OI'8"nlled a pro, Inc ...11I,",,><"J_ a;""", f'ii"mOtl".... , al,hough n .."..,ned .. Ol".:d • parh .. ocn,.!)' 1l" 1'0 "renKlhe" ,he poltee I""'e. lhe )OI>ng anareh"" p'lleretllarg< '" Iltei' local proi<'SIl .... (".,.lini " I i >omlk <11',,1' for lhe anarrhlStS. 'rne reform"t rflncmberetl b) Gan"" for helng a slu", I.r.hord I" ,he p<J\lUll. d""icI of VallCh,gh. ("1 It .. 0 .... "ho explOIts ten.n" .• ,,<1 the" loa, ,I .. .000!lI.J:< 10 Wme and JJlt3L abo", soci.lism. ')." Tbe anarthlS" also seemed 10 lu.H had a mea.u ... of ."rrcU on .upport for cl«,,>nti abstcntlon. In Octobe. 191) th"y mounled •
,no""",,,,".
Cirroio
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no. ,nnurnce lhal .""reh"m ....c.. upon ,he Torinc<e wl)r\;;ing cia" from 1910 (0 1922 " .. . 11> f"",,",ion in "'" .... k< of Fmet"s <xeculIOd " .... inlC1lcled ., .n Iltomati,.., '0 tile .tready T.,..,,,,, ... . . ,,a 1'"""lare (PoOpIe" Un"o"'''yl : runn h.d hosted Iho ft ... t PO!'OI .." Houoocd in 19(0). 001 by 1907 115 m"derat. m, IOWIly. mIddle. cia ... I",Iltu"oo, whore '<)IIly ,he ""'kilt gn, .nd "ery f.... wl)r\;;on;", 'Th. (, Ihe "nle, ronll",.ed, 'j, abo due to the fac,!hot it ,.I rare Ihattlw: .. • • is sufficiently edut: ••• d '0 "ndem.nIl ,he arglU"l"ltnl' of ,hue 'peake"', .. 1>0 fonhe most "m.sa'" f.. mous prof<SOOtS and 1.")'efS .... Se<0l1ll1)'. ,ho 'r", i,IC'. Fe",,! Ci.de - "n hke 'ho poltn'ompo"'!}, ,onden.cy'o marry ,,,If.. MlICatioo aoo md io.1synllical ist polilie, In ,nanr it bore luiking lO.he BrllLsb Plebs L.agues iUld 'he.lthen." •• ""hools localed "'i,h ,he Fmo;:h bow'..... du tral";! I.' 11$ re.1 tmpOrl.,..". lay In III<: c",aU"" "h of,MUStn.1 milt .. nls. Dunng'" of exist.n.c. il ' IlractN ,""on" of pup ils" 00 la'., pia) cd prom Inent 101•• ,n lhe chi.r .onnic1, the 19L 2 "j'ndlC.hst car "orlt1S' !!nke 10 ,toe 19W occupation of lbe f""lones, Ilu, onhle ,toe Un""",I' p'l\X,I.re " "as alll1O>1 ..clu,",'dy composed ofwl)r\;;ins-class lIu. 'cry fe", ,mll,lI ... cla", ,nd;, Illu.\, e'·.,. "enlured out to R.N ..". di Mil""". Ga.i"" I of ckrl" and a' mos, ,bm: Il< fou, Inareb", Inlcncttual, ponICtp3.'ing In the Cirele', "",i"i"tenah>! - d,(fertd 111 «""en' from the Un,,·c ... iti Popolore The: auiding 'P;nl. ho ... e'· ••. " ... Ikons.: IOu,1 y proletarian. s",!"e"",s outside in'c,,·enllOl1. a..",hiStS "' ,he cen' .. of lhe C, .. Ie·, II>
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.narrh", ela"tc., Spencer, ancn.rian b«.U5C " ,I'atISI'mded ,he older radi",,1 hbcnol &""nd for "",,,,Iy Cd"","Od, Ed"",'i"" IIad to be camN Od o"b.de and
,<-.
the po),ti,al ix<w"",n Man .nd Baku",n Wt'" fully Indly;Ju:o list . narehi$l5 Ktmed to h"e ,no rhilosophy on Ni(1)sehe and Stime.'" POW)' . nd an wc ... more pnrular Rapi .. rdi, (inri, CarduccI 100 Guiu; " .... "",mon""" by many .ruden's. ... ,hty IIad been in the San r.olo club. \lll'. lantern .ho". on ltah." "",,,.r<, a Iho. l", grotlP for ",>I'I.c" ,,,., .nd .ma leu, theatric , l, popular p.>!, imc, ",. (,rele c"" .. nu. lly Undo.--'!Ined il5 ",ri""'I>e5s. btl, the re"", Cirrle " . . dj, lded to ocoonwnodatr I:.>tl! iIUdy and """""uon, One room, rc5<'f'c.l for donees, led "", 'n I eounyard "'th • b«a c(lllt1, The "'her room ,,-.. &""ed to <:d""",on.1 "",iwie,. \\ hen it ",IS (""nd«! In 1909 one or its ;"tcnlion, w... to combal ,he . poht'cll "'or1<ers' <porting d ub> Football ""s f",,,,ned upon. Inlread In. Circle Ofl"nlzed donce .. lheatricals, poetry rtt'llll., cyc list loul1l, and picnics IS n.eC,rele "'IINlIJIOII its mt:mbcr$1O ,hoI' fltt ,uno and money '0 " Noc'Oonlns SU('('C<.Sfully furo,..,r a deI:':"'lf"1 ones "'.... gn"" fo limn.. en,hu"Mm, h"e "",oiOIl 'ur.ay,' !t.suIllI) '''0 or thn:e \enafhl ",11ect the lilM;nanan poII"n lSm dwnpioneIlfirul 1,1!><-<1\ l'o .... e' .nd >l) forth) ' " In. O n:le al'" <>pOI,ly Jt>cU>.>I:d frce 10' e, rroble!'!\$ and e,en held .." .dl>l:""on dane., " I"" prudblo ,halt local _illi" dub> ' f or the: common """,,Ie i, "-" liboo '0 di,;cu>I ,hlnp", Gori"" rttJlb II'
"".ompanylng Ihtmc . ClltlOUSly !" 'itry Ci>Ur>C ... nlCd to h.. e bee n a poreo",. 1 f.""",ite II. Pom.p., ... Logi. B,rro,,' h... how" In the el" of Bnh.h p lebe i... cul'ure, the lIali .......... p"""" e '
Tho h,.tt. Cirel. cltalyzed the a!\:lre"'" "",,,,me,11 In ,he .uburbl. TlIr <en,ral COft of ..", »1lI Cons;$tN of25 fo JO former )OUItncd fo"'e' with the new recfUi". III Dame.a di M,lano 'heref"", b<'c""", fhe cent", or inJUltnal but tbe •• "e... al"" less important @:fOUPOinlk>rlloSanr.olo.ndB.im..... dihi7.7 •. " "" ,I><: .':nlre oflhe new anarch,sm ...'at the Gruppo Barno", dl a !l\Crc do",n or ca. aoo f,," nd!), -" ho ",a;ntai OC(I ,m
prog"'''
' gOln\1 both ,ho clergy and II>< ,131<'''0", fauh In mod<:m hnked tho Modem School,,, ,,,hocl tr' of ,, ",e.cono ro lled edl>l:.tion. Sclel>ce, Ferrer e.platned in lho journal L 'Vn" ..,.,lfJ P<.C311"" ,n shape .. tIOna! human beIng< ready to h,·. in. hbenanan "",.. ty,IO! The Tor"..... of'he Modem School announ,"d i,s ,"'" III " mIla, I." gu,ge : to sp,ud rationalist cu i" .... amon8st ,he wo,\'ing daue" to
""",hi
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' h" partlClp' ntS ,n Milan', I., ni,c" '" Popola.o, the ' tudcl1 ts of the Tm ,ne .. rem ! (',rrle ["oured "' .. occ Oool'Kl ", hl$tO!)' or I""""ure. • 11 '>!Of)' was en' I53gN in ",od pmltivi" .. an OOfl""'fh of ""tu",luN o«iolOj)'. and " pend", III rlor;a uni,nral. ('Ii lan, 1910), "h,oh began human hISle)')' ,,,'h an e,planalioo of'I><: ,,"gin. of'be un,,'c ..., " typ",al oftl'" I",nd, ,co ",. 11\O){ I"'pu l., Cnun;('> ",ugh' a, ,I", C"ck (by anan: hist ted ",,,. nl and ull,"er.;i')· "lI<: refutallon of religwn ..... I
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hl d I link" jlh III< anarchi,m oflh. 1890s ."d •• rty 1d ""'n co", ""wd ,,,.r • oo>..n limes of ,agmncy .1'<1 robbtr}. "" became I dedIC.led Id.alo>l In. rchisl ",nll0 0 ponal "la:>d In 1899 .noreh!>1 pOIllltal pnllOllCT'O_ 0.. hi' return to Tu"" he and Ii,
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LA SCnDU
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BOLLETIINO SEMESTRALE
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F....,io I i\l(1lll!lo. " IItillo boro ,n Turin in 1887 ,,-"" .1 .... " R•• lly pan of lhe l"""lIC1 g........ t>on. hI< "''''''''" back funhC1. apparenll)' 10 1902. He panicipaled ,n rnosI oftht unslOCC.s..ful elronl., ...arcIuSl m:nomnon' before 1910. \larganto ..-... atn:$ICd '" many
mOI(ll.O • CI1ITIJ fIImD fOlD IO IlIIA RIO,
pohllCal behds "'ere ......... n.."'. oftht an"-orpno ... · 'io ....1 eurrem .. toKio 'ht M.l .....lan •• allhou8h ., """Id be an n.aa ..... "on 10 .1"", lillol be was. consistent Indeed. Garino ht """ 11",},>'o h"k Cra7}'.• li nl. muddleheaded ' "1 H. 10 ,he poLn, of.«... - abo.., all on Iht eh.dhali3n iOO i,'idu,lm 100 Ofpnru"on..h .. nev." papt"'. panoc ularly for ,h. 0<1d !'Ll3n I. ',j"enrrt" Ana.-ch"m for M'fE'\nta "-OS Ie" a po l, ,".al conc.ptionof hf, and ofo freo lif.· '" 11 ,,-..... ally hI> ",.,1 ,u.df•• duoalion.oo sclf'''pITo;.,,,n.J"'t as" 10". h«n 0 fonn <)f ,.I I.b,h,." "" fur Sob"I". RoLlo ... p ... ..,nIM a ;;oeydop<Jie k,IO" INS. Capabk of """''"II Of I oftradt, he r< fu ,lit 19001. Ih= anan;h,st •. all Dltler ",.11-1:00,,'" stn:ct Or.ItOn lnIl l.bou, i" ArL>oClmo AcUh. (b. I S97 in Tunn) ""ILl I pI'm'tr ,, 110 had COIl.bor.oIM on fA G .......a and lalcr helped tlrio Mobdlu. born in IBn. had a clrpcnr., ,n \ 'n"", Ton......., rIC!Uri ...illC. he om\"N from 1/1( \m.lle>e In the 1890s. II. "as I t odviSl"8lhe four.dc .. orthe Cirr i. 'I' G,UJCpp1: \!0lS0Iia (b. (876). I \ .rc.n.... agn ou IM·lllaboo, rC1. had "onM in Ton ..... foundm-< "OC. the tum oflhe
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_,aIoS15. I flC' •• Ied n. nonally through ... 01 historl,al rHt.rch ". The: dic>llis!s, ind,,-. !ce ons'n' I(J ..arlit!" groups. Inti" 'd .... hru and anll-
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ccntul)' wa, Ih e Imk I><1 Ihe y,'"n8<>C1.iI,I' rad ical and ,d"TlTl;51 u wel l "' of ",""y ",'<en' 1'IIr.1 ,m"",, I. to Tu,, " 's cxpon;l.OS f.\olori..... If an.u th;,,,, SUC""'t'(k-d '" be<.-oonrng. if dttr&dl)' "''''oril)- ""'" r.• Piedmomcst had b-c,n "a,ioncd fo, Iwe n,,._th ·e II .. lamily to Prc-.lrrl(llll;n "",Iy IQOOs. "1><,,1,,, f.,her b.:,g.>n h" ,,)-e,igill. Unsu,,,,,:,,, rul a1 slqllc""""l! in Tu,in_ th..,' n'IO,"<J onu apl" to C..,ine ...'" AIo;.s.:ardria, and h,! r.. her I\craltl(' a rur.1 Wh ... the .oci.Ii", w .... in ,I>< lIsl>Cfer leO ' lte r.m i] >' 10 fin d wo,k in llot"lll) VI!!,,"!), Tuno. Al (oo",,,n "II 8p!>Tef.,ice'rnce of hi. de SCh<.,l>. he TorI""" Itth _ "i •• 1 ...·lklOl •. 'lU.:llif}'lr.! for 'oc hi ghl> ,,,,,1 exe.;uti ns pl"n' fo r ""'''iX'''"m, on lho <>r mdu,,0'. In 19(17 G:"OI>O 'cd hi. rQl ili<• 1 <31.'<, as a l"d . b>1. but r.tpid ly .• b. rId""",j dcri"",ltSI poIlt"', 10< a,,:m:hism. Ono of1hl: r,,,,ndersl)flhe F<m:f Cln:k_ bj. 191-1 he U.j; so.wrsl,,, bv ci.ltu", d hi, o""'n 1";' I:. I.bm,} or ' MIChi" and «Se>5Ome at Ch,,'.... ",-e ... of ,he _ Rene..."""... bile Gannel .... , . o lde' Pi"," bom ,n 1886. many ""
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and "" uch "" ' hey ""hnk.1 ' "Ihc' th"" Ti te,ny <"due"""," , li",,,,,,, had alreaJy 4U.hfkd OS an inJu,,,ial eng"",.r r.:: ,,,,"o too ,,"' I);: and Mos.Iol .. .,.. $lI lt <'S.' ,Il<: un"rnmr "']<>SS(I-S (WtICttW ,nlCn-;.t. _in<1tIlft: lnanag=menl -w., 'Inned 10 bl'l.lldcr theomi(.1 in «tll l boration ""h plnlu"'JIhy prof"""" ,\ nn.bak P..""" For many yeaI') til<: pa ir wo,\.d l<>geTh or an.I)'utal ","I""" '"U •• and IOK", . 1rhil"s..-;.phy 1n '",>nne", "or. eo, • ' The ."""h,., Ic,h""i. n> "TIC natur:llly attr.>< 'ro '" K,."mkJo·, the"s of modem III<]U.Uial anJ pohu.al,>!n,"""",,>. bee."", a n xli,·,,,. •• ,·",pa,he,,,, '1"" ....·I""an Wlk> ,ttlc" oecd with "".. """,1 It:<:lU", . , the Forrer Cifcle 0< " ' n<"'SP" P'" ben be(.>" the ".'. Go,i".ci .nd Dc m local po lili". rollabunolln" OIl ",ony 1I31io1l31 o1l3n'h,Sl .nd r..,,,spopcrs. Dt ,"'pn:.><.-.I \b!OI."'" hi, ,· .. il '0 Tunn in 1911 1 he }'Onolorn"l\ wroto W F.t,bri.·". ""ont,ti, in1OIl''''I3tion of lbe un " e,s.e· .. "'opoll,n peIhaps .. hi< ca>c b} ,dy,ni on a ton ",«h.,ni"ic coneO])lI"" of lhe n,"'hod. . . D<: Hattulnmei, fd, ,h.1 " """h15m "",,,,. Id h". to . ba ndon ." I", rely hum,,," . ,, .,, n "'OUT i f i1 was h> ,omp"o d kc'i"c ly \I ilh D, ,,,J on l h" exl"",imcntall"",hoo, ",wid marry pm ,., oc ,,,,,,,,an 'm ' he s.onse o f tbe "oro .An.rel"sm, ti le "",i.lism ,,' ,I>< I haJ Ihc In lcll"",,,,,10 10 ," 11M II. w"' Ihinking ,n djif.rcnl lcrm, than a Ito c't1I1C
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of {inc, grq>"Qnr/, (}-..ulh e"tl6), in "hich IrherUtian ponicipahon ""a$ noQblc, al.<.o'lOn for ,laJ,tr::Sta- FinaTl)" OIlier "",,"'n .... ,ghbour I>ood f'gu",s ItlCh a, Paolo \I"",hellr, !he G.ambosa bCn.:e on Ihe city', ma,n org.n, izatlo". "Crt Otln;o Pa"ore (b, 1881).• nd Pagella (b, 1879 in ,he 1'ru'·In.:e of Ale"""ndria), Pastmmed '0 him Ihro.tglt lhe SFI "I The$c: had a"ailablo to lhem ,he "'Iher "oak local uadillon of tn'fllII'&C"' IIOClalosrn pcrsooifiN by fnnecoco 8a:bc:nl \b 18&4 tn A'>1t), An "'trtmel;- popubr. hartly IoICnll<: cln.. fIIt'1to:d "unag.. of the: ACl"s e""I",n, he OOm,nal,\l """alill f")h'in ,n Barri.ra di Mil. tw, "he", he was inStfumtntal in the Casu del Popolo U.rberr,'. polru,a l i.. " I'oment wa. p.nlCul.rly rich and long 1i"N UnJoub,eJly II< l... n,miuN ...... 11)" ,he ,,,,dilions of lhe and ,he: P:mil.:o Opcraio, Ihrbens ",as """'<1hing of a M<>e rcwned his '" orkrnsm' Tl1e .... r· chiSt> e"""dered h,m • 'good soci.I;,,' and .he IUbu""'" popul .. ion u-c.1ed h,m h a Iocll foil hero an .. hI> cltt<>On 10 !he pony', nalJOfllI di""'l""'l. on 191", "I Thc: ge ......""" of 1910 allO irIClul en'irel )" wann. ",I.,ions wilh ,h. ""'ol"'iol\>.'ic. Bruno Boon, (b, 18K I ,he Pro, ,nce of Fcmll1l) IS lhe" most ""1,"ndinJl, ,ep"'''"''''''. becoming FIOM', ch,.f un,on he had ,., political MUC";on
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.... s n>OSl defmrtcl) '"fthe ",form,St 10<11001 or("1audio T","es &. Filippo Tu...;·. ht, .mpM,i, on indu"",,1 orgIInlZllll"" IIICComron",d b)" a hatnod for Illlrln ,)"ndicali'ml. and hi' "'vrtiog.-<:1ass m:sr\N a no:w rkp,anu", lluou,'s pohlle.1 cdu .nd Do AnHC ... ROlher. h'i rt.1 d"III>, lion c.me a, an ",J"Wi.1 org.niler and on ""ule STude'" of lrad. ",II"n afT.irl, ," H" indu,t"al e.peri<,nce pcfmt1lcd him '9 ras ilj' ",th ""'"al t'en anarthlSl f""1)I}" m;li",nll bu, 01 the .. me time he "",u,,,,,<1 closely 11\.r;l to ecnln'" ''''h as \lorpn, IIld 'hrough .lllhe t... ,"" and tum! of.he rurbuk". 19105 htS rId".1 Cn"C' a1""YI rclUrnctl 10 h" lode acu'_ ,rxru,;tnal """,niell, Gram5C •• nd hi' eir<:1c could ... ,er maTch hlS and con"anlly beSted b) him In ,he: rough Ind of st"" " 8<>00' ""portN' fresh Sl}·I. of leadash,p 'ntO nOM . H. pon""l'-'ted al!}".nd lhe evolot"'" of '",hnoiosy. I I, _ghllO adopt the lechnIC.1 ",penis. ,hlliiol tnl""",J """""""""" J><.»>",.,J. "hile dampent"ll """ n their O<:<:lsional ""rnUlOOfw) eoIItu>i..snlS Ruo1... , ' ••Iotos< coItoI:ooraun ;""IWcd the: .Imd) nl<'1l1"""'" Gu'lo<\"'l'" Rom"". (;,rarn,.n, Em,lroCrnomh,,,,, In.! Gino CaStag.OO R"""" ,b 1887 in lhe: pro. of 'Iualrfied a. I .,,·il engineer lie w'l • City coun.:, llor and ed,lor ur /I ( ;",tll dr4 P"r%'" G ... rn.", (b, I 886, Pro"mcc ofCremona) . tt.ndN techl"cal ",,11001. btll eamod hil Ii\ ing "' • Jnurn"I,,, ""d I.,boo, org'"lur In Crcmon,a. No>'.", (he "'lIan i.ed the \'"",o ll e,"" rice ",-,",«s strike ,n 190') Ili.lla, He arr" od no Turin," 1911 became uf FlO\\"< /I lead,ug lhe campa'i." ai,,, nst lhe ,yndicali'l>... ' Colombo"" (b, 188-1 in Turin) ... ·as on al",ady """... In lhe Panito So.;IltJrwr hI< adoIc!ittOCe Act"'. ,n FIO\I ,inc. 1905, he b<:<:ame prO\ """.1 .... fCWy In 1\108. hel",nll 1(> rd>uild lhe "'P"itallon ,he: 1907 lodOll'- 110 ,,-.s 8I1Ou,', "ghl·haoo man. but far """" "''I'lCious of the non un;omm! wt.)m he (and qu". ,"""""'lly} idcn"r,cd wi,b w; lel>re.kors,'" Ca".H"" WI! II .... "" i,'c-OOm TorincS< Ib , 189.1). from. family of urly roclalr,t, . Ca'tagrn st."ed a, a ",echlIlOC', app","'i,e, but waS fOfCtd OUI "f facto,)" "'ur\ afler an "'Ju!}" and l>ecame I prof", .. ona l tr.J. un,on organi, ... ," So far I ha,. d,lf,,,,,,"OIOO ""0 gl'Ollpl ",(h,n ,he: roc,a"" "",,'cmen, of the set'l(fI""" of 19100 ",formLll> """ 'n Rom,"', '" Uuuz:a·.; mould,
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agreen ..", "'a, , fOf . 11 inlen" '00 purpose" 0 repel'''oo of Ih" • ., l1 er 190b hal. Tho UOtOo<:>p<1Iy tn ll>c automobile 'ndu«ry', labour """l(1, bu, deep-sealed problen\l mnatru.-d: 1'10\1', numenc:al (I 517 of al'l't'Q"mately 3.(lOO ca. work"", by FIOM In 191 I)•• nd ttl dt>lrust of tho IIOn .. uniolli,od. left il '" a we.k »O>ilion. '" , 1'10\1 ""copl.d 'ho oonlrac, tn D«cmbr. I 9 I 1. but " ..-as by a '35' t""'Jomy of oar ",,",0Tl0 in Jantilt/)' 1912. !-lalltnl' b," ..... semlmgly 'PO'U3r1C01r' A ,ruly arose "'ith unioni,.d 1'10\1 f""'Ofte! pror""ed from ,h. taun," of strike .. (110\1 tl\emb<; .. and Ihe IIOn · ,,";on i,edJ b) lh. (orobmie,-i and tho pol"o. \10." aliO"e lho IMs of "-"gO$ caused by \honor hour> as """" .ig,uficanl t't In any a "tde: llulf had """ned up belw..,n 1110 .hop and ,t.. full'litne of 1'10\1 Rc",o,,1 >ludt" of llH: .. "k" , o""o,,'ml. on tho pololi ,,"! "nd ,cOSOnS f'" Ihi. bK. ltkl ... n in eo"ununICau""._ The leadership of lhe !.!ril. "IS largely dra ..." from hlg.hly skilled lUI""'''''''' "odors. ,,110 desened tho" "n,oo .. bm..ly dt;appuI dI.nnIf. tho ohilent:o: .. foIlowl "'II"n",,,.. "';,-.-.1 "., the .,",... - dtfOCletl tho .. nle·, r,,,,, ...nk (;.,,110. r "tTCto.nd ",hor a",""htll< .. in ,h. Ihtck of lho b..ulo Garino e_' plain. ,t.. on"'t o"nlrol'=i.,1 deots;on by ) had I>con i" doo<:d .. shop policy, Not only .ltd t1 oflonel I"'" non .. unton ... d ,,·oo..cn bur .... ny .-..d,e.! no\! "",mben 'hought II ncedlO$.ly ahCllJtcd
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ofiginal1y champlonQdcratt onos. 'The were to be Iimitcd. bu t ,101 .hohshffl. 1111<1more O"II1M for. ,hoo.r J.y. 'The ""''''' """Id li","ahfln of tbt nih, 10 ,n f", broade.- """'cn i"m 10 the In'enul commISm... s. BlIOu, ",alized tlw the) ... en: ,-i ...1 in m:"n"'tning nO\l', f'Tt'CI'\o:C In lhe faclOf)', '0' The dCI"and, were pauenlly nplallIed to cat durmg call y 19lJ . • nd the syndica list, We'" gi"on .. alS 00 a 27_n .. mbrr .uppliM by and the "n,On ,,,.... N . iJ from 'he ACT and G«rn ... engineeri"l1 The .trike. G.rin" c<>m:l1OnS.'" In pia« of Ibr 10<01 ""'sglc of 1912. FlO\! moblhzed tile rntenunona] ccn any ""'''' than Buoul" cOUrse of ..,..on 1ho ha.l bttn to "'garn fhe f,"h and con",nf of the anJ fil •. llIc lud ing PIOn_unr<)ni,.d \lurke ... '" Tho momlx"h,!' of "' Tuna lo.p! f,<)m 1759 In the early "","ths of 1913 to 1.125 by tile ""d of Illls "The union established a linn foundo ..on for fut"'" 1fO"-,h. Bool/I'j most accomploshrnrnl hid bttn lho 0JlC""'8 of. ocw with the onorganilN The" o\"e' af lhe •• ,,,, h.. l ...·fi, had bt'<" supplied the cadre ¥ ..... nlttlng Nn"nuily of policy and gre.t ... in •• "",] dernrxr1lCy. Pietro rom:ro holped CaS/a&J1O edit Lu SqItIIlQ_ flQ\i's faclC><)" (1)SbrC1. ,,-hlCh c
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La .'it!lli"'{lIIa ROSSi' Anti',mlllarism be<1"'" the 'inille ""'it ."""",.ful campaIgn IUt 'he hbr;narian. """,n,ed before llH: lIIar_ A. "" h.a'e oeen. It alTccfM tl\<, "hoi. V .... "'li"" of 1910_ FHn the d,,,,ron, •• o>cd by fl\<, 191 2
dId I'lOl 1'"" .. 11 ",("""ierM '" ton, of fll(lu.ands 1911 M.lat.st • .,s,tN Turin .nd <po<.e to a lali. """,·d a1 ,he Ch.unbet of Labour '"' In the foil"" mg months ,he pro- \t;l>C111 campoLII" rore'" rap>dly, 'lUf1l lTICCung< we", I\<,1d In Bofgo San raolo. llorgo \"ftoti •. Barrim dl t-..IUlI .rod H.lTie", di Mir.'I0,'" Ouring \Ia",h 1914 1.lli... b. uk,1 notio"."", '" Ihe sfreefs, Pl. A socl.li .. ,.nd,dafe coofl'Oll,.d rut oprnly nau"".li,} funhe, polariling the c"y 1....1 had aln:ad)· ... ttn...cd su-w Nnles ,n ,I\<, autumn of 1913 duMS lho general dc>:tion_ - It ,.. , fhe fin;( foughl u!lde, .... r onl\ ........1 nlanhood ,,,fTmll" a nd t h••1..,fOl\1fe po1.. i1ed betw •• n weil list, .nd rij\ht· "'lOg libe"," """ doncal;: fhe cen'nSl 0010&111. _rod ",fom",,, ",pedoul.'" Throughout 191J and •• rly 1914 SeUI ,m,fe"'IIC.,f which M. I"".u c.ll ed for national dOIMn,tralionl on Th. r."" In Ju .... The daf. haJ conscious .hoit•. falllni F Sf.tIllO. III hlch cekbrated the 1100". of s..'''Y'. c""stltutl""
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j 3 F ell'ollnt. L '"n"n'hi,,,,,, dopo n"J". • . 1911 l. 1'\', 112 Ii. "' 'eJroIli. 'Com:"'i·.1"I' \1 -r"" ""mp" .,.,....3'. t S;!\ 'Luigi Golle,n, .nd I"lian " ..",hi" To""'''''' m lh. Lnttod SI"J, t""j:ru/'H,',', "01 :10, ScrI.",b<,. 1"1' -'69- SS Tb('re are many onl h"toocol ,",coun" ofO,II •• oi ,n ,he t in p, i\"nch. A narch", In Om/II,,'IOrt' of '" Am,."cil. p""".,on . 6 I Nei r"" i,' lo p ri me p<,hnd,. ,It I uigi I in Lu,g l I. m,ud,. lm".,'h;.""" C Gnm"(:hlll ".-/ Tu, i" 1971, P lJ Fclelt. '" ,,,,i d, {"ftJ IIMI Ii. ('c;.ona. 1956: I' C. Mas,ni. SI,,,,,, '/"):/1 Jal " ,I/"/"Inld (1M I \1013n 19"4. IJ 1'_ C. \Ia"", . .)j,,,.;o '/<"1:/1 Itallani d•..;, """"'all. 'I,W!. '981. U ""","". r ","n<) h .... _1/,,1>111::0/_ o/lI_n U."A,." 'J( lla/,ijn R",' i\lh.ony. I 1'1', 1>1. 69. , J'la,pp,2IQ_ 211 .12, S P 220 9 "ejm LL ,- ' La ''' '''1'' "PC"'"'' p, Itl Ihld.. p, II ;'p,iano. 51,m., II, TOI'rna, p 2.1, I' or '" ",e, D Robo,,, a nd il .... /I ti.-ll" .miJ",i.,t';. \Iolan. 1'191 " "rna"". StGr;a J, T",;"". p 36 1.1_ C. Pogltano, '\.ondo ..xao.\rmlCo. ,n'clkuu. I,. profcssioo. SO. ·\londo..,.adcmtt"inl1.1'P 1 16 R, AU,,,_ 'Oddi"" \IOIpn. _i.Ii".·. R,dln'In" SI(Jr/("(} - BiNio ",1. 6K. 1970. pp, S67-91 17 Spn""u. Sf....-'" O. 'M<'lIdt> accadom,.o·. p I ?, r or loonbmw "'<, L. !\ulfortl1t. L"mh,.",,,. Tu",, _ 1975. D
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I ombros<> • ...t ,'''' o f "nm,n,1 or, P"",Un, f,,,.,,,,,, Ilaly" H lslOY) Ili:JrJ<.>h()pJournal. rIO , 2 I. 19S6. pp 6O-l!6 G. Ikn""". Ii botgbc ... Dc Mni"s, il ppa.gan..b "",Iall,,,,', A/tJl'JlftrMtJ Opera!" r !)oc,,,/UUl, "01. J, !IO§ 2J,1980.rr fl"d .. I'P 16<)...170: S. Timl',raoo. Ii 50<'lul'.,'mO'/1 ed"cu/o, Vern"" . 19S3 1'",lIano. '\10Il00 acea·, p. ]42; \ 1 Grand"",,,, .. \ to, ",ndacal<-. pol"". so. II IIW"""e"',, "f"'ralO Unti,,"o. /)i:""'ario Rome. 1978, "I) I 1\ pp. 365 A. R,...Ja. . Za'a"ero. 0..""''''';0'. In AndreOJott i and Dc11" tJPt""',. ,,01. V, pp, 290 3, M. ""1011,,,11, '('11 anarchic, lIall""i • to I'I"IIno s""rn rnondi.le 1.",,= dl '", .... on"'" (1914 I R,,,,w hmffo. '01 2, 00 1.1995. PP 77-87. AS '!", 189l;- 1902, Mono 151. 7 l>1.r<.'h 1902: jl,ocura G <>, "","wall das"" openlla II< "",..,. <en'o' in A[lOSIl and B",,,,. 51""" rid mol""I,'m" <>i>"'alO, "01. 2, PI> I S 16. r", 'he bt1"<en \I", Tonne", "';"",,,,,,,y ".,d the ne" m ,ddle cia,."" sec, A. L. CarI>i/II\. rI61-J9Jn. Cambridge, 1997 S Mu»o, Gil "{'rmi tii Ton"" fJIII/}- f920. \I,'an. 1980, p. \ Ca>lronO'·Q. Slona bllr 1/ Tunn. 1977, I'P
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AmI""""" in BOIirg<"'iJ PI' 164-77, n. Ca."ooo,·o. 510"'" trg,nnl,!'I' 191 2 18 .' A,l lof, ' F""wry (,,,,,,,,,ils. Grn,me i a nd ,he Tdl!,<. ooJI.1977.p.76, 39 I' P Ikllom,. 'LOlli d, ctosse,III'wiac.lismo c nl<mn"mo a Tor,no, 18qg 1910'. in AI"'(i and B,",o, SU>rlo tid "",,,,...,,10 tJPtru"., ""I, 2, p. 4(1 S1' " ,oo. Siorm tli TomlO. pp 79. 80--1 41 Ib,,1 P 155 \\ AlnlC. IA I""a In irlll", 119M>19261, \hlan, 1976, p. 69; \'. CA>!rono\,o. G",""nftj Lu F'Il' riallllW a1194J, Tunn, '977.1'P 51 ·; GIo,anni Spt .. oo. S'"nl1 til TonnQ. p. 2().1 , M "'Olomoll, 'D:llla lega d, n",,"tIC . 11.> frdcr.."one d'.ndu>tna 118'18-1914),. ,n \ 1. AnlonlOll and B Belli tro.f, I.Il FlOII ul 1901-1926, Ban, 1978. pp 111)..11 Sp,,"oo, S'orl" tI, Torl,'o, p, 91 47 Ikllom i.'1.01t3d;das,, ·.pp. 11114 .8 Mu.,.,.GI'0P<'/vI.p.9 •. S. Onaggi, 'l'aJronalO 0 c11.sc openia I ]"""00 "'1!.1i IIlIIi 19061911'. Ri,'i.Ul til 510"0 '01 8.00. 3. 1979. p. W SO, M,,,,"o, Gir 0p"rm. p, 51 I"iO (ianr><>' 510ft' d, un anarchieo" MrzzOMrolo. '01, 7. 1981. PI' S I R. A"""m.nd I' 1''''a, J>oo ",,"""'''' tid ",,""', Rome 1980,!'I' 45 53 I' ""'rich, TM IIO. 1980; Re«llI. 'Inl oflhe "ortmg c1 .., ;ce. G. Ikn". '0.11 . rnanlf.llura al ,;",ma dl fabbn,a : ... ,ion · • • cOIlOuti ci, 10\""". "' Sl{ma d'lwlla, "01. I. Tunn.1978
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62, G Cern{o, L ""Ilml/i,,,ri,,,,,, anan-hl"" In lralia ""I primo ia, 1968; A. arod [ Gcr..oIS, '\);)mela hUI< < II mo,·imcn,,, .nMel> to I S% 1910', RM;I" SIOric of "",do. and bool.$ ,h"",,!Iou, {he 19&0<, «< f", <'Iampl., D. JaHa, moo papa "'" UR fmm..... "I..,.. farrugha IIp<1'lIi.I 'ori .... dei primi dtl R",,,,, di Ssun" wll. 9. 00. 1. 1980, PI', 17 \1 .......,. Gil opcroi; O . hila and S Musso, Terrilorio,juMrrc,,' rul,,,rD opI'row a r",i"", Cuneo. 1981 . O. h llo. ' Le qU3I \;el co"'"o< represen{"lion: ks "barncres" "".-rit"" dt I W; II .u | 