no problem Eine Englischgrammatik mit Obungen
Cornelsen
Christine House John Stevens
no problem Eine Englischgrammatik mit Obungen
Grammar- no problem
fine Englischgrammatik m it Obungen Verfasser Christine House John Stevens Berater Ho/ger Freese, Professor am Staatlichen Seminar fur Schulpadagogik, Freiburg Redaktion Helga Holtkamp Redaktionelle M itarbeit Andrew Dowda/1, Tom Parkinson Barbara Swayne, Amy /(/ement (amerikanisches Eng!isch) Design und Layout Typo ly Berlin Danksagung Die Autoren und der Verlag d a n ke n alien Tei l n e h mern i n Volksh ochsch ul- und Fi rmenkursen, die d u rch i h r u n e r m U d liches Testen u n d i h re RUckm e l d u n gen d i e vorliege n d e G ra m m atik m itgestaltet h a b e n . Viele En glisch Lerne n d e im Eins-zu-Eins U nte rricht h a b e n al le Erklar u n ge n u n d O b u ngen m e h rm a ls bearbeitet. Diesen Le rnenden gilt unser ganz besondere r D a n k, d e n n i h re G e d u l d und i h re Kritik haben dazu be igetragen , dass Grammar - no problem si eh so gut zum eigensta n d i gen Lernen eignet. U nser besond erer Dan k gilt a u ch H e rrn Professor Freese, dessen a u sfU h rliche Ko m m e ntare den Autoren dabei ge h o lfen h aben, si eh auf das Wese ntliche z u ko nzentrieren u n d die Erkla rungen e i n fach u n d verstand lich zu h a lten.
www.cornelsen.de 1.
Auflage, 5 · D ruck 2007 I o6
©
2000 Cornelsen & Oxford U n ive rsity Press G m b H & Co., Berlin
Das Werk u n d s e i n e Teile s i n d u r h e be rrechtlich gesch Utzt. J e d e N utzu n g in a n d eren als d e n gesetzlich zugelassenen Fallen bedarf der vorherigen sch riftlichen Einwilligung d e s Ve rlages. H inweis z u § 5 2 a U r h G : Weder das Werk noch sei n e Teile d U rfen o h n e e i n e s o l c h e Ei nwillig u n g e i n gesca n nt und i n ein N etzwerk e i n gestellt werd e n . D i e s gilt a uch f U r l ntran ets v a n S c h u le n u n d sonstigen Bildungsein rich t u n ge n . D ruck: CS D ruck C o r n e l s e n StU rtz, B e r l i n
@
In halt
gedruckt auf saurefreiem Papier a us nachhaltiger Forstwirtschaft.
EINLEitUN G
Grammatik flexibellernen, Liben, wiederholen Grammar - no problem ist e i n e O b u n gsgra m m atik, m it d e r d i e wichti gsten Strukt u re n d e r englischen Grundgra m m atik gelernt, geUbt u n d gefestigt werden kiin n e n . Das Such ist flexi bel e in setzbar: - z u r E i n fU h rung und EinUbung n e u e r G ra m m m atik; u nd /o d e r zur Wiederholung u n d Ve rtiefu n g b e reits gelernter G ra m matik - kursbuchbegleitend; u n d /o d e r als selbststa n d i ges Ler n m ittel - im U nterricht; u nd / o d e r i m Selbstst u d i u m . Grammar - no problem i s t speziell auf die Sed U rfn isse d e utsc h s p rach iger Le rnender a usge richtet u n d geht a u f typische Fehler e i n , wie sie i m m e r wieder bei d e utsc h e n M uttersp ra c h l e rn a u fta u c h e n . I n h a lt u n d Aufbau Grammar - no problem e n t h a lt 48 Lekti onen, d i e alle wichtigen Sereiche der G ru ndgra m m at i k abd ecken. J ede U n it ist als U b e rsichtliche Doppelseite a n gelegt - a u f d e r l i n ke n Seite fi n d e n Sie E rklarungen (au f De utsch) mit Se ispie lsatzen u n d auf d e r rechten Seite Ob u n g e n . J ed e linke S e i t e wird m i t e i n e m Dialog eriiffn et, d e r typische Fehler b ewusst m a c h t und korrigie rt. Danach folgen ausfU h rliche Erlauteru ngen auf Deutsch z u m G e bra u c h der Str u kt u r m it vielen Seispie lsatz e n . Das Sym bol I und die Farbe Rot weisen d a bei auf besondere Fe h lerquellen hin. Am FuB d e r Seite werd e n d i e H a uptp u n kte u nter Das Wichtigste in Kilrze noch e i n m a l zusammenge fasst. Auf der rechten Seite fin d e n Sie abwechslu n gsreiche O bungen mit a n steige n d e m Schwi erigkeitsgrad : Fe h le ranalyse, praktische Anwe n d u ng, O be rsetzu n g. D i e O b u n gssatze s i n d Seispiele natUrlicher l
3
E i n leitung
3
Die Zeiten 1
Ei nfa c h e G ege n wa rt
6
2
Ve rlaufs form d e r G egenwart
3
Ei n fache G egenwart - Verlaufsform der G egenwart (1)
4
E in fache G egenwart - Verlaufs fo r m d e r G egenwart (2)
12
5
E in fa c h e Vergan g e n heit
14
6
Verlaufsform der Verga n g e n h e it
16
7
Prese n t Perfect
18
8
Present Perfect - Ei nfa c h e Verga n g e n h eit(1)
20
9
Present Perfect m it ,si n ce " u n d ,for"
22
10
Present Perfect - Ei nfa c h e Verga n gen heit (2)
24
11
Ve rlaufsform des Present Perfect (1)
26
12 Ve rlaufsform des Present Perfect (2) 13
8 10
28
Vollendete Verga n gen heit (Past Perfect)
30
14
O berblick: Verlaufsform u n d e in fa c h e For m
32
15
Zukunft (1): will
34
16 Zukunft (2): goi n g to, Ve rlaufsfo r m , e i nfa c h e Fo rm der G egenwart
36
17
38
Zukunft (3): will+ Ve rlaufsform, vollendete Z u ku n ft
Fragen 18
Fragen (1): Ents c h e i d u ngsfragen u n d Ku rza ntworten
40
19
Fragen (2): w h - Fragen m it / o h n e ,do", m i t Praposition
42
20 Fragen (3): Frage a n h angsel
44
Aktiv und Passiv 21
Das Passiv (1)
22 Das Passiv (2) Modalverben 23 Modalverben (1): can
so
24 Modalverben (2): m ust
52
25 Moda lverben (3): may, m ight, could
54
Gerundium und lnfin itiv 26 Geru n d i u m (1): Verb+ . . . i n g
4
s6
2 7 G e r u n d i u m (2): Prapositi o n + . . . i n g
ss
28 l nfi n itiv
6o
29 O bj e kt- l n fi n itiv-Konstrukt i o n
62
3 0 u s e d t o - be/get u s e d t o
64
Nebensatze 31
Re lativsatze (1)
66
32 Re lativsatze (2)
68
33 Bedingungssatze I
34 B e d i n g u n gssatze 11
70
35 Bedingungssatze I l l
74
72
lndirekte Rede 36 l n d i rekte Rede (1) 37
l n d i rekte Rede (2)
Reflexivpronomen und -verben 38 Reflexivpro n o m e n und -ve rben
80
Adjektive und Adverbien 39 Adjektive - Adve rbien
82
40 Steigeru n g von Adjektiven und Adve rbien
84
41 Stellung d e r Adverbien
86
Nomen 42 Nom e n (1) : n ichtza h lbare N o m e n
88
No men (2): E i n z a h l u n d Mehrzahl
90
43
Begleiter und Pronomen 44 some - any 45 m uch - many - a lot; each - every; m ost; none- nobody - noth i n g; e n o u gh 46 all - eve rybody - eve ryth i n g; both - t h e two- either- neither 47 D e r bestimmte Arti kel ,the" 48 D e r u n bestim mte Arti kel ,a/ a n "
100
Grammatikalische Besonderheiten im ameri kanischen Englisch
103
Index
104
Englisc he Grammatikbegriffe und ihre deutschen O bersetzungen
110
Schreibbesonderheiten
111
5
A: W h e re's J i m this m o r n i n g?
work.{
B : H e we.f.k. on Saturdays. A: O h .
tof {H �t work.
B: Well, in the morning. He werks net in t h e afternoon. A: Can I phone h i m ? B: Yes. Knew yeH h i s p h o n e n u m b er?
�0 \j0\1( fcHOW
Form
he/she/ it mit -s
A n n loves m u sic. S h e p lays the piano. Ann /iebt Musik. Sie spielt Klavier.
Verneinung m it don't und doesn't
I don't work on M o n d ays. Mon tags arbeite ich nicht. To m doesn't drink coffee, o n ly tea. Tom trinkt keinen /(affee, nur Tee.
Fragen mit do und does
Do t o u rists spend much h e re? Geben To uristen hier vie/ Geld aus? W h e n does sch ool start? At n i n e? Wann beginnt die Schu/e? Urn neun?
Kurzantworten mit do und does (+ n ot)
Do t h ey know? - Yes, they do. I No, they don't. Wissen sie es?-}a./Nein. Does Ed eat m eat? - Yes, he does. I No, he doesn't. /sst Ed Fleisch? - }a./Nein.
Gebrauch
M it der einfachen Gegenwart beschreibt man einen Dauerzustand. Feststehende Tatsachen The s u n goes down i n the west. Die Sonne geht im Westen unter. I usually leave t h e h o use at 7.15 . !eh verlasse das Haus meist urn 7.15 Uhr. Gewohnheiten RegelmaEige Vorgange On M o n days b a n ks open later. Mon tags machen die Ban ken spiiter auf. In S p a i n people have s u pper later. In Spanien isst man spiiter zu Abend. Brauche My co usin works for M icrosoft. Meine Kusine arbeitet bei Microsoft. Berufsangaben My wife sings in a cho i r. Meine Frau singt in einem Char. Angaben zu Hobbys Signalworter
Ausdriicke der Haufigkeit
a lways, usua lly, n o r m ally, m ostly, often, sometimes, rarely, never, h a rd ly ever, every day, every m o r n i n g, every t i m e
U hr- und Tageszeiten
at six o'clock, i n t h e m orni ng, at brea kfast time, before sch ool, after work
Wochentage, Monate, jahreszeiten, Feste
o n Monday(s), on weekdays, at the weekend, in J u ne, i n t h e s u m m e r, at Easter, before Ch ristma s
Stellung: Ausdrilcke der Haufigkeit (auBer solchen m it every) stehen meist vor dem letzten Verbteil. Alle anderen (einschl. Ausdriicke m it every) stehen meist am Satzende. I don't often see Alan a t work. I see Ann every day I at lunch I on Monday.
I• • • • •••••••• • • •
Ein Signalwort kann nicht zwischen Verb und Obj e kt stehen! I bHy ahvays two newspapers.
I read every day tvve Flevosf)af)ers.
I always buy two newspapers . I read two n ewspapers every day.
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
•
6
h e/s he/ it m it -s; Fragen/Verneinung m it einer Form von do Haufigkeitsausdrilcke (auBer every ...) vor dem Verb; kein Signalwort zwischen Verb und Objekt!
Weitere lnformationen
-�..} Units
3-4
E X E R C I S E S
One sentence has a m istake. Which sentence is correct? a
I doesn't like ice cre a m . b I d on't like ice cream . 11 1 a H e lives in Berlin. b H e live i n Berlin.
2 a
b
We don't like football. We not like football.
b
Where live you? Where do you live?
3 a
If a b
What m ea n s 'bicycle'? What d o es ' b i cycle' m e a n ?
b
I a lways start wo rk a t 8 o'c lock. I start a lways wo rk at 8 o'clock.
5 a
6 a She doesn't usua lly work a t weeke nds. b S h e doesn't work us ually a t weeke nds.
Make negative sentences.
Now ask questions.
I come from Austria.
W h e re I you I c o m e from ?
I
�o�1t coM��e froM�� A�{tr(A.
Wkere �o l.jo� coM��e froM��? 6 W h at t i m e I you I go to bed? 7 W h at I t h i s book I teach? 8 H ow I you I go to wo rk? 9 W h e n I you I usually have an E nglish lesso n ? 10 W h ere I y o u r sisters I live?
1 I normally go to bed before 10 o'clock. 2 This book teaches voca bulary. 3 I go to work by tra i n . If We usua lly h ave a n E n glish lesson on Tuesd ay. 5 My sisters live in M a n c h ester.
Complete these d i alogues with the verbs i n the correct form.
A: I d on't u n d e rsta nd t h is letter. Can you h e l p m e ? B : I 'm so rry. I �o11't {reAK (not speak) S p a n i s h . If
1 A: W h ere d o e s yo u r sister live? B : She 2 3
. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
(live) in America.
5
A: Excuse me. Where i s the post office? B: I 'm sorry. I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(not know).
B: I 'm sorry. I
. . . . . .
.
. . . . .
.
. . . . . . . .
(not have) a watch.
A: Would you like a cigarette? B: No, tha nks. I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(not smoke) .
6 A: Good m o rn i n g. C a n I speak to Davi d , please?
A: Can we meet on Satu rday m o rn i ng? B : No, I 'm afraid n ot . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: What t i m e is it, p lease?
B: N o , I 'm afrai d he . . .
.
.
(always work) on Saturdays.
. . .
.. ... .
. . .
..
. . . . . . .
(not work)
h ere any m o re . Write questions for these answers.
Give short answers.
Do you live in Berlin? - No, I �o11't.
A: Wh ere �o l.jo� l(ve? B: We live in D resden.
1 Does Ann still work for I B M? - No, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Do you have m uch snow he re? - Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
3
Do your c h i l d re n like school? - No, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
If
D o e s yo u r boss travel a lot? - Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
5
Do you enjoy yo u r wo rk? Yes, . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
A: When . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . work? B : I usually start w o rk at 8 . 3 0 .
2 3
If
6 Does yo u r wife speak Fre n c h ? N o , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
A: H ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t o work? B : Paul? H e goes to work by t ra i n . A: H ow m a n y c h i ldren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ? 8:
They h ave two c h ildren.
A: How oft e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t e n n is? B : We p lay ten n i s o n ce a week. A : What . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a t weeke nds? B: At weekends? I o ften work i n the gard e n .
7
A: Are we a l l h e re ? W h e re's Pete?
B: He is coR'ling not this week. A: O h . W hy?
(ftt�t CO�lHIJ
B: He w6ffi5 in Paris t h i s week. A: O h , O K . Let's start t h e meeting t h e n .
(f worMtt!J 1\ rt
we tl.(fc�HIH!J
B : What disc1:1ss 'Ne today? Form
Form von be + Verb m it End u n g -ing*
Liste n . Stan is s i n ging i n the bath . Horeh. Stan singt in der Badewanne. Leave me alone. I 'm working . Lass mieh in Ruhe. /eh arbeite (gerade).
Verneinung: Form von be + not
You aren't ( = are not) l i s te n ing. Du horst nieht zu. The b u s isn't ( = is not) stoppi ng. H ey! Der Bus hCilt nieht. He!
Fragebildung d u rch Umstellung
Ed is watch ing TV. Ed sieht (gerade) fern. Is E d watch ing TV? - Yes, he is. I N o , he isn't. Sieht Ed (gerade) fern ? - }a./Nein.
*Schreibbesonderheite n : siehe Seite 111 Gebrauch
M it der Verlaufsform der G egenwart besch reibt man ein mo mentanes Geschehen, das jetzt im Verlauf begriffen und noch nicht abgesch lossen ist, oder eine vorilbergehende Situation. Momentanes Geschehen
What are you doing? - I'm repairing this c h a i r.
Was maehst du (gerade) ? - /eh repariere (gerade) diesen Stuh/. Look! it's snowi ng. Sehau! Es sehneit.
Vorilbergehende Situation
I 'm on a d iet, so I'm eatin g a lot of salad at the m o m e nt. /eh maehe eine Diiit, also esse ieh zur Zeit vie/ Sa/at. . A n n's working i n Berlin t h i s week. Ann arbeitet diese Woehe in Berlin. Tom is learn ing C h inese. Tom lernt Chinesiseh.
Sign alworter
Angaben filr jetzt
now, at the m o m ent, j u st
Angaben filr nicht abge- today, t h is wee k, this m o nt h , t h i s year, this s u m m e r sch lossene Zeitra ume Stellung: just steht vor dem letzten Verbteil, alle anderen Signalworter am Satzanfang oder -ende. I am just making the tea. I 'm not worki ng at the moment I today.
I• 0 0 0 ........ 0 0 0
Ein Signalwort kann nicht zwischen Verb und Objekt stehen! I aR'l finist:lingj1:1st R'lY s1:1pper. We are eating today fist=�.
I am just finishing my s u p p e r. We are eating fis h today.
Das Wichtigste i n Kiirze
•
•
8
Form von be + Verb m it Endung -ing Die Handlu ngiSituation ist jetzt gerade im Verlauf begriffen I nicht abgeschlossen I vorilberge hend
Weitere lnformatio n e n ·····�· U n its 3-4
E JC E R C I S E S
One sentence has a m istake. Which sentence is correct? a
What you a re read i ng? b What are you rea d i n g? V
1 a My son isn't studying in Germa ny. b My son is studyi ng not in Germa ny.
4 a
2 a
5 a
b
b
We are today talking about t h e new p roject. We are talking about the new p roject tod ay.
b
I 'm just fi n i s h i n g t h e repo rt. I'm fi n i s h i n g j ust t h e repo rt.
3 a
b
Ta ke yo u r umbrella. l t rai n i ng. Ta ke yo u r umbrella. it's rai ning. W h e re you a re goi ng? W h e re a re you going?
6 a This week a re t h e c h i ldren stayin g at h ome. b This week t h e c hildren a re stayi n g a t h ome. Now ask questions.
Make negative sentences.
I 'm learn i n g Fre n c h .
W h a t I you I learn?
1'1t1 Hot le�trH(H') fre11ck.
Wk�tt �tre \jO��t le�trH(H')r
1 I 'm worki n g in Lei pzig t h i s week. The c h i ld ren a re watc h i n g Sesame Street. 3 The Pope is visiting Thailand at the mome nt. 4 We a re worki n g from 8 ti!! 3 this week. 5 I 'm learn i n g E n glish for fu n . 2
6 W h e re I you I work t h i s week? What I the c h i ldren I watch? 8 W h i c h country I the Pope I vi sit? 9 W h e n I you I work t h i s week? 10 W h y I you I learn En gli s h ? 7
Complete these dialogues with the verbs i n t h e correct form.
A: You can't go o ut! You 're ill. B: it's a!! right. 1'1t1 I)O(H') (go) to the d octo r's. 1 A: What's your broth e r d o i n g n ow? B: He 2 3 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: Hurry u p or we'!! miss the bus! B: I 'm sorry. I
. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B: N o , I 'm afraid not. I A: .
. .
.
. . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
.
. . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . .
3 4
.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
(work) o n Saturd ays t h i s mo n t h .
(you/wait) f o r the bus?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(wait) for a frie n d but s h e is late.
Give short answers.
Write questions for these answers.
Are you enjoyi n g the party? N o , 1\tt HOt.
A: What (� fete �tllt(l.\j(HI)? B : Pete is studying Eco n omics.
Is Carol worki n g this weekend? Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
(look for) my keys.
A: Can we p lay te n n i s on Saturday mor n i n g?
B: No. I
1
(study) i n Ame rica.
2
. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Is it sti!! snow i n g? No,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
Are you both goi n g h ome n ow? Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
A: Why
. . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fre n c h ?
B : J oe? H e's l e a r n i n g it for fu n .
.
Are you sti!! lea rning Fre n c h ? Yes,
1
4
A: W he re
. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
this week?
B : J a ne? S h e's worki n g i n H u ll. A: W h o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for? B : I 'm wait i n g for Thomas. A: What time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? B: We're mee t i n g at 10 o'clock.
9
A: OK, can yo u a l l sit down, p lease? The p izza is ready.
ftiWft\1( \Mf\kt
B : M m . You are al-V.·ays ffiakiAg lovely pizzas, ] i l l . A: T h a n ks, A n n . Red w i n e o r wh ite wine with it?
�riHk
B : U s u a lly I am 8rinking white, b u t today I'd like red. A: OK. And yo u , To m ?
I( �rlviHfJ
B: Water for h i m ! He 6fl.v.e.s.t onight! Einfache Gegenwart: Dauerzustand
M it der einfachen Gegenwart beschreibt man 1. regelmaBige und sich wiederholende Vorgange, die zusammen eine bestim mte Situation bilden 2. Dauerzustande. Feststehende Tatsach en: I come from Germany. Gewohnheiten: I don't eat m u c h chocolate. RegelmaBige Vorgan ge: The cinema shows a lot of fo reign fi lms. B rauche: Peo ple don't cele brate Ch ristm a s i n J a p a n . Berufsangaben: S h e's a writer. S h e writes d etective stories. Angaben zu Hobbys und Freizeitaktivitaten : Don plays a l o t of t e n n i s.
Verlaufsform: Momentanes Geschehen
M it der Verlaufsform beschreibt man einen augenblicldichen Einzelvorgang, der im Verlauf begriffen und nicht abgeschlossen ist 2. eine voriibergehende Situation.
1.
Augenblickliche Vorgange: H e llo, A n n . I'm phoning from Lo ndon. What are you doing on the floor? He isn't reading. Look, h is eyes a re shut. We 're waiting for Don. H e has the key. Voriibergehende Situationen: S ha l l ! meet you at yo u r hotel? - N o . I 'm not staying at a hotel this time. I 'm staying with fri ends. T h e weat h e r is so n ice that I'm cycling to work t h i s week. P h i l is playing a lot of tennis at the m o ment b ecause h e s trying to get fit aga i n . '
Einfache Form und Verlaufsform im Vergleich
A n n works for S i e m e n s i n M u n i c h . ·· ··> I don't usua lly enjoy p a rties. ·· ··.·
l t doesn't s now here m u c h . ···· > At Tim's school they learn two fo reign languages. ·· ···> I u s u a lly get u p at six . .....:,,.
I•
• • • ....... • • .
B ut I 'm enjoying this o ne. B ut it's snowing now. Tim is learning Fre n c h a n d Spanish. This week I 'm getting up late. I 'm on h o l iday.
Eine feste berufliche Situation wird i m mer m it der einfachen Gegenwart ausged riickt; eine voriibergehende oder n icht abgeschlossene Lern- oder Ausbildungssituation m it der Verlaufsform. D o n works for VW. H e designs cars. ·· ·
.
S h e is worki ng.o n a n ew p roject n ow.
D on's daughter is a student. S h e is studying design. S h e is training to be a design e r.
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
• •
Einfache Gegenwart: etwas geschieht in bestim mten Abstanden Dauersituation /D auerzustand Verla ufsform: etwas ist jetzt gerade im Verlauf begriffen, n icht abgeschlossen, voriibergehend
10
=
Weitere l n formationen
· ··.:Y Unit 4
E X ..E R C J S E S
One sentence has a m istake. Which sentence is correct? a
I 'm coming from E n gland - I was born in B ristol. b I come from England- I was born i n B ristol. V
4 a
1 a I live in B o n n . W h e re do you live? b I live in B o n n . W h e re a re you living?
I often watch English fi lms. I 'm often watc h i n g English fi lms.
b
We are savi n g to buy a new car. We save to b u y a n ew car.
5 a
b
b
My sister learns English for h e r job. My sister is learning English for h e r job.
6 a My boss is travelling a lot at the m o ment. b My boss travels a lot at t h e m o m ent.
2 a 3 a
b
Their c h i ldren n ever h e l p at h o m e . Their c h i ldren a re n ever h e l p i n g at h o m e .
What usually happens and what is happening today, this week ... ?
(usually) 1/ finish work at 5 o'clock (this week) 1/ finish at 4 o'clock
I
���""� flt�l�k
wo rl<.
�tt
s- o� clocl<..
wee!<. ,��
Tkl�
flt�lfltiHfJ �tt 4
+ o� clocl<..
(this year) J a n e I g o t o Australia for Ch ristmas (often) she I spend C h ristmas a b road 5 (this week) 1/ not work o n Friday (never) I I work on Mon days, so that m e a n s I c a n have a long weekend
1 (usually) we I go s h o p p i n g on Fridays (this week) we I go o n Saturday 2 (always) J o h n I s-o to work by car (today) h e I go by b u s because h i s car i s at the ga•age 3 (sometimes) the c h i ld ren I visit their gra n d p a re nts (th is Sunday) they I stay at h o m e
Complete these di alogues. Put the verbs in the simple present or the present continuous.
1 A: Would you like to c o m e to the c i n e m a this eve n i n g? B: I 'm sorry, I can't. My sister A: How long 2
3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . .
A: Hello, Petra! Where B: I
• . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
.•
B: Yes, we
(you/go)?
(go) to my eve n i n g class. I
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • .
(stay) with us at the m o ment.
(sh e/stay)?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
A : Really? I A:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(learn) Itali a n .
(go) t o a n Italian class o n c e a wee k too.
(you/ normally/go) on h o liday in the s u m m e r?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .
(usually spend) a m o n t h i n Fra n ce , b u t t h i s year we
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (stay) here. 4
A: Yes, this year we A: Where B: He
. . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: She
(not go) on h o lid ay, either.
(your brother/work)?
(work) for a b i g c o m p uter c o m p a ny. A n d yo u r sister?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(not work) at the m o ment. S he·s u n e m ploye d .
Translate t h e following sentences.
1 Dieses j a h r fa h ren w i r n icht in U rlaub, weil w i r u mz i e h e n . 2 Heute schneit e s v i e l . N o rmalerweise s c h n eit es n i c h t so v i e l i m M arz. 3 Mein Bruder sp richt d rei S p ra c h e n . J etzt lernt er e i n e vierte - Russisch. 4 Was machst d u dieses Woc h e n ende? B lei bst d u zu hause? 5 He ute Abend geh e n w i r in ein vegeta risches Resta u rant, wei l u n s e re Fre u n d e kein Fleisch essen.
11
A: Can we meet tonight?
lutve
B: S orry I am having no time today. A: Tom orrow then? We could have a drink at the p u b.
l(eftH..t�
B: it is Ele13ending on t h e time. After nine is O K. A: O K. 9.30 at the Crown? N o , you don't like the Crown, do you?
tkfH((
B: O h , now I'�� it's q u ite nice, with the n ew owner. Verben, die nicht in der Verlaufsform gebraucht werden
Verben, die keine Tatigkeit bezeichnen, werden nicht in der Verlaufsform gebraucht.
I need a d r i n k. I want s o m e b e e r. I like beer.
- Verben des Brauchens, Wollens und M ogens
I•
- Verben des Meinens, Wissens, G laubens
I think Ed is right, b u t I don't know. I believe h i m .
- Verben der Sinneswa hrne h m u n g
Does that taste good? it smells fu nny.
- Verben, die Eigenschaften und Zustande ausdriicken
T h i s looks l i ke Ita lian. What does it mea n?
need brauchen want wollen wish wunschen like m ogen love lieben hate hassen prefer vorziehen
see sehen hear horen feel fuhlen, sich anfuhlen smell riechen taste schmecken
think glauben, meinen know wissen, kennen remember sich erinnern understand verstehen believe g/auben, meinen realize erkennen, begreifen see verstehen
be sein have haben seem erscheinen consist of bestehen aus mean bedeuten belong to gehoren depend on abhtingen van
Einige dieser Verben ha ben mehr als eine Bedeutu ng, d. h. sie bezeichnen in einer Bedeutu ng einen Zustand ( kei n e Verlaufsform moglich) , in einer anderen eine Tatigkeit (Verlau fsform moglich) . Zustand: Keine Verlaufsform
Tatigkeit: Verlaufsform
have
I have no t i m e n ow. (haben) Ann has a b i g fam i ly. (haben) We have a b i g dou ble roo m . (haben) They have lots of m o n e y. (ha ben) Tom has a n awfu l boss. (haben)
I am having a bat h / s h ower. (nehmen) They are h aving lunch I a cup of tea. (essen/trinken) We are havi ng a nice time. (sich amusieren) They are having a party aga i n . (eine Party feiern) They are having an argument again. (sich streiten)
think
W h at does Don think? (meinen) We think t h e flat is s m a l l. (meinen)
Quiet! H e is th in king. (nachdenken) We are thinking of m oving. (sich uberlegen)
see
Now I see w h e re t h e h o le is. H ere. (sehen wahrnehmen) I see what you're trying to say. (sehen verstehen)
I am not seeing m u c h of J i m at the m o m ent. (sehen treffen) We're seeing m o re on line s h o p ping than ever before. (sehen erleben)
This b u i l d i n g looks o l d . (aussehen)
Ann is lookin g out of t h e window. (schauen)
=
=
=
look • • • •••••• •
:
• •
=
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
• •
Keine Verlaufsform bei Verben, die keine Tatigkeit, sondern einen Zustand ausdrUcken Bei Verben m it mehreren Bedeutungen: Tatigkeit Verlaufsform - Zustand keine Verlaufsform
12
=
=
E X E R C I S E S
One sentence h as a m istake. Which sentence is correct?
This book looks i nteresting. - Yes, it's really good. V' b This book is looki n g i nteresting. - Yes, it's really good.
a
1 a
This wine tastes very strange. This wine is tasti n g very strange.
If a
b
What's the matter? What do you t h i n k about? What's the matter? What are you t h i n ki n g a bo ut?
5 a
b
I 'm seeing Lyn n this eve n i ng. it's h e r b i rthday. I see Lyn n this eve n i n g. it's h e r b i rth d ay.
b 2 a 3 a
b
Yo u don't see m very h a ppy. Are yo u 01
b
My dau ghter doesn't want to go to the wedd ing. My d a u ghter isn't wa nti n g to go to the weddi ng.
b
I 'm sorry, s h e doesn't have time at the m o ment. I 'm sorry, s h e isn't h avin g time at t h e m o m ent.
6 a
0 Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb. 1
think i \tt tk(l1"(11" a bout o u r n ext holi day - it'll be great! I tk(l1" we s h o u ld book our flights soon.
look
What a fa ntastic gard e n you h ave! it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wonderfu l. My wife loves roses - she
2 3 4
see
N ow I
I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .
what t h e problem i s - I ' l l talk to J o e aga i n .
. . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . .
at y o u r rose garden at the m o m ent.
h i m t h i s wee k - we're o n a c o u rse together.
think I 'm worried a b o ut work. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o u r fi rm may close. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of looki n g for a n ew job.
have
Listen , S u e a n d Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a nother a rg u m ent. They . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so many problems.
1
Complete these dialogues. Put t h e verbs in t h e simple present or t h e present continuous.
A: What B: I
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: What
. . . .
.
.. . .
. . . .
(you/think) ? S h o uld we b uy t h e red sofa or the blue o n e?
. (prefer) the red o n e b u t it is too expen sive .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(th is word / mean)? I .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. .
.
. . . . . . . . .
(not understand)
this sente nce. 3
B: I
. . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
A: Your sister . . .
..
4
A:
. . . .
. .. .
.
. . .
.
.
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
.
I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . .
(th i n k) it's a kind of fruit.
(not seem) very h a p py at t h e m o ment. I s s h e 01
(th i n k) a b o ut a c a m p i n g holiday i n France.
(you/ remem ber) w h at t i m e we are meeti n g Carol a n d Steve?
. . . . . . . . . . ..
A: I 'm go ing s h o p p i n g . . . . .
(not know) but
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . •
B: I . . 1
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B : I 'm not s u re. I 5
..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B: Yes, she's just ti red . I We
. .
.
.
. .
.
. . . .
..
. . . .
(have) l u n c h with Carol today. I 'l l ask h e r.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(just th in k) . N o , I
(you/ need) a n yt h i n g?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . .
(not think) so, t h a n ks.
Translate the following sentences.
Dieses Buch geh b rt m i r nicht. � e h b rt es d i r? lch denke Uber Anns Frage n a c h . lch d e n ke, wir brauchen m e h r Zeit. 3 Hast du heute Abend Zeit? - Es h a ngt von m e i n e r Arbeit ab. 4 Wa rum scha ust d u d i eses Auto a n ? - We i l es so toll aussie ht. Aber i c h m e i n e , es ist zu te u e r. ') fti.lhstuckt Tom noch (sti!D? - Nein, ich glaube er ist fertig. Das bedeutet, wir konnen gehen. 2
13
'JO
two �R\f( R'JO
A: D i d you weffi to An gela's pa rty Fer twe &ays? B : Yes, it was great. B u t you weren't t he re.
kRv e
A: l d idn't lta4 time. Too much work. B : T hat's a pity.
fell
Wen \jO"t
A: )ill said s o m e people felt i n t h e swi m m i n g p o o l. Did yeu be o n e of t h e m ? B : M e ? Why d o you t h i n k th at?
Form
Verb be: was/were
I was s u rprised; the others were older. !eh war uberraseht; die anderen waren i:ilter.
RegelmaBige Verben: Grundform + -ed*
We worked h ard yeste rd ay. Wir ha ben gestern hart gearbeitet. T h e rain sto p ped at s ix. Der Regen horte urn seehs auf
U n regelmaBige Verben : besondere Formen (s.u.)
To m rang earlier. Tom hat vorhin angerufen. I forgot to tell yo u. /eh habe vergessen, es dir zu sagen.
Vernein ung: was/were + not sonst did n't + lnfinitiv
I wasn't here yesterd ay. !eh war gestern nieht hier. T h e neigh b o u rs weren't at h o m e . Die Naehbarn waren nieht zuhause. B e r n d didn't come last week. Bernd ist /etzte Woehe nieht gekommen.
Fragen, Kurzantworten : Ve rb be: was/were sonst did (+ lnfi nitiv)
W h e re was Andy? Wo war Andy? Were you h ere? - Yes, I was. I No, I wasn't. Warst du hier? - }a./Nein. Did Ed phone? - Yes, he did . I No, he didn't. Ha t Ed angerufen ? - Ja./Nein.
* Schreibbesonderheiten: siehe Seite 111 U n regelmaBige Verben
be buy come cost do
was/were bought came cost did
(vollstandige Liste siehe Umsch lagklappe/Lesezeichen)
fa ll feel forget get give
fell felt forgot got gave
go grow h ave k n ow leave
went grew had knew left
make meet ring say see
made met rang said saw
stood took told th ought wrote
sta n d take tell think write
Gebrauch und Signalworter
M it der einfachen Vergangenheit beschreibt man abgeschlossene Ereign isse und Zustande. Typische Signalworter bezeichnen einen Zeitpu n kt oder Zeitraum der abgeschlossenen Vergangenheit. yesterday und last . . . yesterday, last week, last m o n th , last year, last night, last Tuesday, last weekend Ausdriicke m it ago
two h o u rs ago, a few weeks ago, seve ral m o n t h s ago, ten years ago
w hen?, Oaten
w h e n ? , (at) what time?, in 1998, on 28 Decem b e r, in April
I•
Signalworter stehen am Satzende oder -anfang, nicht zwischen Verb und O bjekt. I saw J i l l last week. (1-sttw last week]ill. )
I•
ago steht immer am Ende der Zeitbestimm ung: We met two d ays ago (ferhve days) . . . . vor zwei Tagen.
• • • •••••••• • • •
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
•
RegelmaBige Verben: -ed ; unregelmaBige Verben: besondere Formen; Fragen/Verneinung m it did G e brauch, wenn etwas zu einem bestim mten Zeitpu nkt der Vergangenheit abgesch lossen wurde
14
Weitere l n formationen
} U n its 8, to
·-··
One sentence h as a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
EXERCI S ES
a I
didn't went to school yeste rday. b I didn't go to school yesterday. V
1 a
He bought his car for two years. He bought his car two years ago.
If a
We weren't at h o m e last n i ght. We didn't be at h o m e last n i ght.
5 a
b
b
We stood i n a lovely h otel last year. We stayed in a lovely h otel last year.
b 2 a 3 a
b
What d i d you last weeke n d ? What d i d you d o last weeke n d ?
b
J u lie fe ll downsta i rs last week. Julie felt d ownstairs last week.
b
W h e re was you born? W he re were you born?
6 a
Make negative sentences.
Now ask questions.
I was at h o m e yesterday.
W h e re I you I be yesterday?
I WP.{K't Rt koW�e \je{terd.R\_1.
Wkere were \j 0\1 \je{terd.R\j ?
1 I got up ea rly yeste rday. 2 T h i s jacket was expensive. 3 Sa m went to the USA last year. If J udy rang Clive last week.
5
What t i m e I you I get up yeste rday? H ow m u c h I be I y o u r jacket? 7 W h ere I Sa m I go last year? 8 Who I J ud y I ring last week? 6
Complete these dialogues with the verbs in the correct form.
1
A: What d.ld. \j0\1 d.o (you/do) last S u n d ay? B: I vl{lted. (visit) some old friends. A: What
B: Nothing! H e 2 3
If
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: That's a n ice p u llover. Wh ere
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .
A: I
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
A:
. . .
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . .
...
(try) to call you yesterday but you
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B: Lovely, t h a n ks . W e
. . . . . . .
(yo u / buy) it?
(not buy) it. lt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) a p resent.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
(forget) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B: I
B: No, I
(your son /give) you for yo u r b i rt hd ay?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...
(stay) at h o m e because I
. .
. . .
. .
. . . .
. . .
..
...
. . . . . .
.
. . .
.
. . . .
(not be) at work.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. (feel) ill.
(you/have) a good weeke n d ? . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . .
(have) visitors o n Saturday a n d o n S u nd a y w e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not do) anyt h i n g. 5
A: What time B: Late. We
1
2 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . .
.
. . . . . .
.
. . .
(you /get) h o m e last n i g h t?
(leave) at m i d n ight a n d
(miss) t h e last bus.
Write questions for these answers.
Give short answers.
A: Where d.(d. \j0\1 "row \if? B : I grew u p in Perth .
D i d you p h o n e S u e ? - N o , I d.ld.K t.
'
A: When . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h is c o u rse?
1
Was A n n away last week?- No,
B: This course? I started five years ago.
2
Did the taxi come on time? - Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: How m u c h
. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
?
B: My coat? i t cost £ 3 5 0. A:
. . . . .
.
. . . . . .
. .. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To m at the p arty?
A:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B: No, I p a i d b y c redit card .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .
. .
3
Were you born h e re ? - No, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
If
D i d you go to the b a n k? - Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
5
Did Ed give you my message ? - Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 D i d you b o t h work late? - N o , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B: No, I didn't see h i m . If
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
by c h e q u e ? 15
.
.
A: Did you h ave a good eve n i n g with J u li e a n d D ave?
k«t
B:
N ot really. ! left work late. A n d w h e n I was d riving to t h e rest a u rant, I wEts RBViRg an accident. A : Oh n o ! What h a p p e n e d ?
W«f W«ftfH"
B:
A m a n i n a n ot h e r car d rove into me w h e n I �at s o m e traffic lights. A: Didn't h e see you? �
W«fH t COHCtHtr«tlH"
W«f frt«kiH"
N o , h e� to s o m e o n e o n h i s m o bile p h o n e and cliclR't coRceRtrEtte on th e road .
B:
Form
was/were ... ing Verneinung Fragen, Kurzantworten
When S a n d ra came home, I was cooking a n d t h e c h i ld ren were helping me. I wasn't watch ing TV. They weren't playing. Were you cooki ng? - Yes, I was . Were t h e c h i ld ren playin g? - N o, they weren't.
Gebrauch
M it der Verlaufsform der Vergange n h eit besch reibt man Handlu ngen und Vorgange, die zu einem Zeit· p u n kt der Vergangenheit im Verlauf begriffen, nicht abgeschlossen waren, (vorUbergehend) andauerten.
- Im
Verlauf begriffene, n icht abgeschlosse ne Handlungen/Vorgan ge
i t w a s raining when I left t h e o ffice. Es regnete (gerade), als ich dos BiJro verlief3. We were still playing poker a t 3 a m . Nachts um 3 spielten wir immer noch Poker. Tom was smoking w h e n I saw h i m . Tom rauchte (gerade), als ich ihn soh.
- VorUbergehende Situationen
We were living with friends because o u r new flat wasn't ready. Wir wohn ten
- Andauernde H andlunge n
What were yo u doing i n Ti m 's room all that t i m e ? - I was reading to h i m . Was hast
(gerade/voriJbergehend) bei Freunden, weil unsere neue Wohnung nicht fertig war. du die ganze Zeit in Tims Zimmer gemacht? - /eh ha be ihm vorgelesen.
Verlaufsform und einfache Form im Vergleich Oft
ben utzt man die Verlaufsform, wenn eine S ituation von etwas unterbrochen wurde. Die bereits ver· laufende , H intergrund-Situation" steht in der Verlaufsform, das neue G eschehen in der einfachen Form. we were having s u p per .....
..... �
the p h o n e rang
,-----------------------------------� n ow
We were h aving s u p pe r w h e n the p h o n e rang. I was standing at the traffic lights w h e n t h e accident h appened . W h i le we were waiting, it started to rain.
Zwei nacheinander eintretende G eschehen werden beide mit der einfachen Form ausgedrUckt. A c a r stop ped a n d a m a n got out. Vgl. W h e n I went i n , eve rybody was standing at the w i n d ow. They were looking at someth i n g o utside. W h e n I went i n , everybody stood u p. T h ey all looked at me as if I came fro m M a rs. D ie Verlaufsform ist bei Zustandsverben normalerweise n icht moglich (siehe U n it 4). W h e n I l a s t s a w To m h e seemed (wEts seeiTliRg) very tired .
I• • • • ........ • • •
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
•
Gebrauch: 1. ,Hintergrund-Situation", die unterbrochen wurde; 2. vorUbergehend andauernde Situation Keine Verlaufsform bei Zustandsverben
16
Weitere lnformationen ---::=- Unit 14
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a 1
b a b
2 a b
3 a
I didn't go to work yesterday. V I wasn't goi n g to work yesterday.
4
Dave arrived when I was wash i n g u p ."" Dave arrived when I washed u p .
a b
Did the c h i ld ren wait when you got h o m e? Were the c h i ld re n waiting w h e n you got h o m e ? I tried t o c a l l y o u at six. What d i d yo u d o ? tried t o c a l l y o u a t six. W h a t were y o u d o i ng?-
b I
5
a b
6
a b
EXERCI S ES
W h e n I was a c h i ld , I wanted to be a n u rse. W h e n I w a s a c h i ld , I w a s wanting to be a n u rse. )ulie was fa lling downstai rs last wee k.) u li e fe ll d ownstairs last week. Sorry, I wasn't listen i n g. What did you say?., Sorry, I d idn't list e n . What d i d you say?
Make questions and answers.
What I you I d o I w h e n the c h i ldren I come h o m e ? - I I watch TV. 1
I
Wk�tt were �o� �o(H'-' wkeH tke ck(l�reH C�tMIIe koM�te? -
W�t( W�ttck(H'-' TV.
Which country I the president I visit I when he I beco m e ill? - He I visit S p a i n . How fast I t h e y I d rive I w h e n the a c c i d e n t I h a p pe n ? - T h e y I d rive at 120 km a n h o u r. 3 What I Helen I do I when s h e I m eet h e r h us b a nd ? - S h e I do research for h e r n e w book. If Who I J o h n I speak to I when the secretary I walk i n ? - He I s p e a k to h is boss. 5 Where I t h e c h i ldren I play I when the dog I attack t h e m ? - They I p lay i n the park. 2
Complete these dialogues with the verbs in the simple past or the past continuous.
A: Guess who I M��et (meet) w h e n I W�t( (t�tH�("'-' (stand) at t h e b u s stop. B : No idea. Who�(� �o� Mllttt (you/meet) ? 1 A:
B: Yes, but when I 2 3
A: Why
. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B : Nobody
.
. . . . .
. . . . . • . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • .
(get) to work t h e s u n
(leave) h o m e this m o rn i n g?
. . • . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . .
(s hine) .
(you/switch) t h e te levision off?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . .
(watch) it a n d I
. . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(want) to read .
A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / phone) t h e travel agent's yesterday? B: No, I'm afraid I . . .
If
(it/ rai n) when you
. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: Where
B: I was. I
I
. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(remember) w h e n I
(wait) for t h e b u s but t h eh it was too late.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
afte rn oon? Yo u
(forget) .
(you/go) when I
• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . .
(see) you yeste rday
(seem) to b e in a h u rry.
(go) to S u e's wedd i n g. T hat's why I
. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . .
(wear) that fu n n y hat. 5
A: The tou r guide
. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B: Did she? I m issed t h at because I
(give) us an i nteresting leaflet about the c h urch this m o rning.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (come) back, s h e 1
(go) to t h e b a n k. W h e n I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ta l k) about t h e castle.
Translate the following sentences.
Als der Le h rer in d a s Klassenzimmer kam, spielten d i e Kinder m it e i n e m Ball. lch ha be dich u m e lf a ngerufe n . Wo warst d u ? - l c h saf3 im Garten u n d habe das Telefon n ic h t gehi:irt. 3 Hast d u )ill gestern gesehen? - )a, s i e sah fu rchtbar aus. Sie trug e i n s c h reckliches grUnes Kleid. If Als wir i n London a n ka m e n , regnete e s u n d wir wollten wieder n a c h h a u s e fah re n . 5 Letzte Woche u m diese Z e i t l a g ich a m Stra n d . 2
17
•
A: Have you seen t h at new fi l m at the Odeon yet?
k�tve ilm1 to
rem1t\\j
B : Yes, it's good . I wa-5-ffi. the c i n e m a a lot iA tfle lasttiffie. A: Rea lly? I thought you were a sports person, a ten n is fa n .
k�tve k�ttt
B : Yes, b u t I Aaa o n ly o n e or two ga m e s lately. A: Wel l , how a b o ut a ga m e t h i s weeken d ?
H�tve �o'i ever ilmt to
B : OK. Were ·ret� everiA the n ew sports centre? I hear it's very goo d . Form
have oder has + Partizip Perfekt
S a lly has moved. T h ey ve bought a flat i n tow n . Sally ist umgezogen. Sie haben eine Wohnung i n der Stadt gekauft.
Form des Partizips: regelmaBige Verben*: wie Vergange n h e itsform unregelmaBige Ve rben: besondere Formen (s. u .)
I 've booked a table. !eh habe einen Tiseh reserviert. Tom has sent a card . The Wilso n s have written too. Tom hat eine Karte gesehiekt. Die Wilsons haben aueh gesehrieben.
Verneinung: h ave/ has + not
I h aven't s lept. Ton y hasn't come h o m e . /eh habe nieht geseh/afen. Tony ist nieht naeh Hause gekommen.
Fragen , Kurzantworten : h ave/ has
H ave you p honed? - Yes, I have. I No, I haven't. Hast du angerufen ? - }a./Nein. Has Ed come? - Yes, he has. I No, he hasn't. 1st Ed gekommen ? - }a./Nein.
'
*Schreibbesonderheiten: siehe Seite 111 (vollstand ige Liste siehe Umschlagklappe/ Lesezeichen) went been go run gone h ave had say bought had know knew see come known tel l m a ke made made done got meet met ta ke met read read write given read
U n regelmiiBige Verben
be buy come do get give
was/we re bought came did got gave
ran said saw told took wrote
run said seen told taken written
Gebrauch und Signalworter
I•
M it dem Present Perfect wird ausgedrilckt, dass etwas - irgendwann - in der Zeit bis jetzt geschehen ist. Der Zeitpunkt ist entweder unwichtig oder unbekan nt; im Vordergru nd steht allein die Tatsache, dass etwas geschehen ist. Wird der Zeitp u n kt genannt, darf das Present Perfect n icht gebraucht werden! Typische S ignalworter sind Ausdriicke fiir die ganze Zeit bis jetzt sowie fiir die (aller) letzte Zeit. a lready (sehon), yet? (sehon - in Fragen), before (sehon einmal) , so fa r (bisher) , die ganze Zeit bis j etzt a lways (sehon immer) , ever? (je? sehon einmal?) , n ever (nie) , not yet (noe h nieht) die (aller) letzte Zeit
just (gerade) , recently (in letzter Zeit) , lately (in letzter Zeit)
Stellung: so far, before, yet, recently, lately stehen am Satzende, and ere Ausdriicke vor de m Partizip. I 've never been to Ro me. H ave you ever been th ere? I 've met Ann before, but I h aven't m et To m yet. • • • •••••••• • • •
Das Wichtigste in Kurze
•
•
RegelmaBige Verben : have/ has + -ed; unregelmaBige Verben: besondere Formen Das Present Perfect ist nicht moglich, wen n ein fester Zeitpu n kt genannt wird
18
Weitere lnformationen ·····} Units 8-10 Zu amerikanischem Gebrauch ...:> Seite 103
E X E R C I S E S
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a
I never have read t h is book. b I have never read t h i s book. V 1 a Have you ever been to Italy? b Were yo u ever i n I taly?
If a
2 a
5
b
3 a
b
He has done already his h o m ework. He has already done his h o m ework.
Joy have not p h o n e d yet. Joy has not p h o n e d yet.
a b
6 a
Pete isn't h ere. He is go n e to the b a n k. Pete isn't h e re. H e has gone to t h e bank.
I 've b e e n to Fi n l a n d befo re. b I 've been i n Finland before.
Have yo u written to Sue i n the last ti me? b Have yo u written to S u e late ly?
Make complete sentences.
(never) I I be I Canada 1' ve Ktver htK to (RKRttR. (yet) you I d o you r h o m ework? 5 (always) we I w a n t to go to I srael 6 (recently) I I have a lot of work
1 (before) Pau l I be I t h e U SA 2 (eve r) yo ur son I run away from home? 3 (ju st) I I fin i s h my h o m ework
If
Complete these dialogues with the verbs in the correct form.
A: Let's go to the opera tomorrow. ' B: That's a good idea. I kRVtK t �ttK (not be) to t h e o p e ra late ly. 1 A: What's the m atter with Tom ? B: He . 2 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: What's the new C h i nese rest a u rant li ke? B: I don't know. I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: Are the children at h o m e or B: I 'm afrai d you . . . . . . . .
4
(just hear) s o m e bad n ews.
. . . . . .
(not be) t h e re yet.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(they/go out)?
(just miss) t h e m . T h ey
. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . .
(go)
to the cinema. A:
. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
B: No, he
(your husband /give u p) smoking yet?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
( have) a lot of pro blems.
Give short answers. 1
2
Have you booked a table? - Ye s , I kRVt. Has Craig i nvited you to h is party? N o, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Have yo u heard from Ann? Yes,
. . . . . . . .. . . .
..
. . .
.
. .
... .. .
3
H ave the c h i ldren d o n e their h o mework yet? N o, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
If . . ·
.
H a s S u e p ho n e d recently? Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Write questions for these answers.
1
A: HRve '10"1 ever htK to Wa les? B : Wales? N o , I h aven't but I 'd love to go.
A: H ow many people ? B: I 've i nvited twe nty. 2 A: H ow many books ? B: John G risha m ? He's written several. 3 A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . where to go on h o li day? B: No, we haven't decided yet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . .
If
A: to t h e c i n e m a recently? B : N o , I 've been far too busy. 5 A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to B e r l i n ? B: Yes, we have - it's a great city. . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . .
19
fAW
A: A n n a n d I l'l;:weseeA t h e new S p i e lberg fi l m yesterday. B : Was it good ?
rtAA
A: Yes, but the book is better. I have read it o n h o lid ay. B : You've been to t h e c i n e m a a lot recently.
kAVI\ �I\U1
A: Yes, I Wft5 t h e re t h ree t i m es so far this m o nth. B : I know! Yo u went with m e last week.
Present Perfect
Einfac:he Vergangenheit
M it de m Present Perfect wird ausgedriickt, dass etwas irgendwann in der Zeit bis zur Gegenwart geschehen ist. I h ave been to t h e U SA . .....::,. Tom says he has seen t h i s fi l m befo re. ·····::--
Mit der einfachen Vergangenheit wird ausge d riickt, dass etwas zu einem bestimmten Zeit punkt in der Vergangenheit abgeschlossen wurde. I went there i n 1999. H e saw it o n RTL a few months ago.
I n Fragen wi�d oft gefragt, ob etwas iiberhaupt (d.h. i n der ganzen Zeit bis jetzt) geschehen ist. Have you ever been to Australia? - Yes, I have. · ··::=· Has Tom phoned? - Yes, h e has. ·····)
In Fragen wird oft gefragt, wann (d.h. zu welchem vergangenen Zeitpun kt) etwas geschehen ist. W h e n did you go t h e re? When did h e ring?
I n zusammenhangenden Texten wird oft m it dem Present Perfect zunachst die ,nackte" Tatsache festgestellt, dass etwas geschehen ist, oh ne dass die naheren Umstande (insbesondere der Zeitpunkt) gen a n nt werden. Weitere Einzelheiten zu Hi ntergrund und Hergang folgen in der einfachen Vergangenheit. Really? Where did you go? What did you see? I've been to C h ile. ·····) J o h n h as broken h i s arm . .....:! He fell off h is bike yesterday. I've lost my watch . .....:,,. lt happened yesterday eve n i n g somewh e re i n town. Present Perfect und einfac:he Vergangenheit m it und oh ne Zeitangaben
Beide Zeitformen werde n m it typischen S ignalwortern gebraucht (siehe U nits s und 7) . I n Satzen m i t d e r einfachen Vergangenheit wird dabei e i n bestimmter Zeitpunkt genannt. I have visited Italy before. ····-) We s pent o u r h ol i days there again last year. I first saw it w h e n I was a teenage r 20 years ago. I have seen the fil m Casablanca 15 times so far. ····-)
1
•
Auch wenn kei n Zeitpu n kt genannt wird, m uss die ei nfache Vergange n h eit gebraucht werden, wenn sich das Geschehen zu einem ganz bestimmten Zeitpunkt in der Vergangenheit ereignet haben m uss. The Romans built it. T h i s p lace was a Roman town. Workers have fo und a 2 ooo-ye a r-old b u i l d i n g. ····-) S h e i la has lived i n lots of d i fferen t c o u ntries . .....:;,. S h e was born i n New Zealand. I h ave read Hamlet. ·····:!· it's o n e of the most fam o us plays Shakespeare wrote. Gegenwartsbezug des Present Perfect
Mit dem Present Perfect wird oft ein Geschehen genan nt, das in irgendeiner Form Auswirkungen auf die Gegenwart hat (deshalb auch der Name Present Perfect) . I've been to Scotla n d . [ = l c h ken ne Schottla n d . ] They've closed the roa d ! [= Wir mi.issen j etzt e i n e n U mweg fa h re n . ] • • • .... .... • • •
Das Wic:htigste in KUrze
•
•
Present Perfect nicht moglich, wenn ein bestimmter Zeitpunkt genannt oder gedacht wird Present Perfect: etwas h at sich irgendwa n n ereignet und h at jetzt Auswi rkun gen, ist jetzt wichtig/relevant
20
Weitere lnformationen ���} Unit 10 Zu amerikanischem Gebrauch --1 Seite 103
E _X E R C I S E S
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
Ben broke his leg last wee k. V b Ben has broken h is leg last week.
a
1 a The Berlin Wa ll fell in 1989. b The Berlin Wal l has fallen i n 1989.
If a
2 a
b
So rry, I've forgotten to p h o n e you last n i ght. S orry, I forgot to p h o n e you last n ight.
b
)ackie had an accident two weeks ago. Jackie has had an accident two weeks ago.
5
b
didn't h ave time to go to t h e b a n k yesterday. I haven't had t i m e to go to the b a n k yesterday.
6 a I was i n LA several times - it's a great city. b I 've b e e n to LA several times - it's a great city.
3 a l
a b
When h ave you bought yo u r new coat? When did you buy yo u r n ew coat?
Make dialogues as in the example.
1
A: you I ever I work in the U SA? Hl\ve I.JO� ever workelt (H tke CISM B: Yes, I I work in N ew York in 1998. \'ef� I work.elt (H Wew \'ork. (H ,.,.,,. 3
A: you I ever I break your arm o r yo u r leg? B: Yes, I I break my leg t h ree years ago. 2 A: you I read Robert Goddard 's latest book? B : Yes, I I read it w h i le I was on holiday.
A: you I B: Yes, I If A: you I B : Yes, I
find yo u r keys yet? I fi nd t h e m a few m i n utes a go. do you r h o m ework yet? I do it yesterday.
Complete these dialogues with the verbs in the present perfect or simple past.
A: I WeHt (go) to the Monet exh i b ition yesterday. Hl\ve I.JO� feeH (you/see) it yet? B: No, I WI\Htelt (want) to go last week but there were (be) so many people. 1 A: . . .
. .
.. . .
B : No. I .
. .
. . . .
...
. .
... . .
.. . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
.
. .
(you /speak) to D ave yet?
. . . . . (phone) h i m at 2 o'clock and I
again at t h ree o'clock but h e . . .
2
A:
. . .
........ . .
B: Yes, but t hat
......
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. .. .
. .
. . .
3
.
.
. . . .
.....
. .
. . .
A: We . .
. . . . . .
.. ... .
.
. . . . .
still . . . . . . . .
..
(ring)
(not be) at h o m e .
.
. . (be) 20 years ago a n d now I
. . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . .
. . .
. . . . . . .
. • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .
. (not like) the French teacher a n d so I
.
A: Last week I
.
. .
.
. . .
. . . . .
. .
..
.
(just book) o u r s u m m e r h o l i d ays. What about yo u?
. . . . . . . . . . .
.....
. .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
.
.
. . . .
. .
.. ..... .
. . . . (get) s o m e b ro c h u res fro m the travel age n cy last week, but we .
.
. . (not decide) w he re to go. .
. . . . .
.
. . .
. (decide) to go on a diet. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (buy) a
new suit a cou ple of months ago a n d now it d oesn't fit. I B: I . . . . .
. .
.............
very successfu l - I
1
. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not do) my h o m ework.
B: Well, we If
.
.
.
(you / learn) Fre n c h when y o u were a t school?
(forget) m ost of it. I . . . . . . . .
. .. .
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
. . . . . .
.
. . . . .
. .
. .. .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . (try) to lose weight last year but I .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
.
. . . . .
.
.
. . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . .
. . . .
.
(never wear) it!
. . . . . . . . . . .
(not be)
(give u p) after a m o n t h .
Tra nslate t h e following sentences.
1 John hat ein neues Auto geka u ft. Er hat es letzte Woche gekauft. Es war n icht teuer. 2 Du ka n nst d a s B u c h h ab e n . l c h h a b e es geles e n . l c h h a be es i m U rlaub ge lesen; es w a r s e h r gut. 3 Hast du alle Einladungen gesch riebe n ? - N e i n , gestern h a b e ich n u r zehn gesc h ri e b e n . If Hat Sandra u n s i h re n e u e Te lefo n n u m m e r gegebe n ? - N e i n . Sie h a t u n s letzte W o c h e e i n e Postka rte geschickt, aber sie hat d i e n e u e N u m m e r vergess e n . 5 H a bt i h r v o n H ilary u n d George geh i:i rt? Sie s i n d u mgezoge n ! - Tatsachlich? Wan n s i n d sie u m gezoge n ?
21
k�tve \
A: How long do yotfkAow C la i re? B: O h , a long time. S he's nice, isn't s h e?
k�tve f(HoWH kl� for
A: Yes, h e r b rother's nice too. I knowhiFR since t h ree years. B: Oh really? H e's still o n h o l iday i n the USA at the m o me nt, isn't he?
ke k�tf �eeH
A: Well, ft.e!s t he re a l l s u m m e r, but h e's c o m i n g back n ext week. B: I see.
Bedeutungsunterschied since - for (beide ,seit")
M it si nce benennt man den Anfangszeitpunkt, an dem etwas begonnen hat. since ,seit'' + Zeitpunkt since 1999, since 4 o'clock, since yesterday morn ing, since Tuesday, since last year =
M it for nennt man eine Zeitspanne und sagt, wie lange etwas andauert. for = ,seit'' + Zeitspanne for five minutes, for two hours, for six weeks, for a month, for years, for ages (se it Ewigkeiten)
Gebrauch
I•
M it since und for + Present Perfect wird ausgedriickt, dass etwas in der Vergangenheit begonnen hat und bis in die Gegenwart andauert. Das Verb steht n icht - wie im Deutschen - in der Gegenwart! T hey've had (They ha·v<e) snow for ten days now. Th ey've had (They i'IBve) snow since last M o n d ay. Sie haben seit letztem Montag Schnee. Sie haben jetzt seit zehn Tagen Schnee. We've known (We kAe'N) Sa m since 1990. We ve known (\'Ve kAow) Sa m for ove r ten years. Wir kennen Sam se it ilber zehn }ahren. Wir kennen Sam seit 1990. it's 11 n ow, so I've been (J....o.n::l) here for two h o u rs. I've been (-ho-m) h ere s ince 9 o'clock. Es ist jetzt 11, also bin ich se it zwei Stunden hier. /eh bin seit 9 Uhr hier. '
Auch in Fragen m it H ow long? und bei Zeitangaben m it all wird das Present Perfect gebraucht, wen n ein Zeitraum bis zur G egenwart gemeint ist. H ow long have you been a profess i o n a l? Seit wann / Wie lange sind Sie (schon) Profi? H ow long have you known each other? Wie lange kennen Sie sich (schon) ? We've had n o e lectri city all d a y. Wir haben schon den ganzen Tag (fang) keinen Strom. Tom has been i l l all week. To m ist schon die ganze Woche (fang) krank. G enerell gilt im Englischen, dass das Present Perfect gebraucht werden m uss, wenn ein in der Verga ngenheit begon nener Zustand bis in die G egenwart andauert. They have a lways wanted to buy a h o use. Sie wollten schon immer ein Ha us kaufen. We haven't had time to d i scuss this. Wir hatten keine Zeit, um dieses zu besprechen . • •
.... . . .... • •
Das Wichtigste in Kurze
• •
,seit" = since + Zeitpunkt, for + Zeitspanne si nce/for steht m it dem Present Perfect, nicht m it der einfachen Form I Verlaufsform der Gegenwart
22
Weitere lnformationen --}Unit 10
E X E RC I S E S
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? b
We've been m a rried since J u n e . V We are ma rried since J u n e.
b
How long do you know Ken? How long have you known Ken?
a 1 a
2 a
4 a b
b
Jane has been h ere since two wee ks. Jane has been h e re for two weeks.
b
I have a headache a l l m o r n i n g. I 've had a headache a l l m o rning.
3 a
5
a b
How long h ave you this car? How long have you h a d this car? We k n ow each other si nce our school days. We've k n own each oth er s i n ce o u r school days.
6 a I 've a lways wanted to go to LA - n ext year maybe. b I a lways wanted to go to LA - n ext year m aybe.
Since or for?
I've lived here $1ttce I was born. 1 They've been married 2
3
. . . . . . . .
We've known each other
4
1992 .
. . . • . . . .
Angela h a s b e e n i n Wa les . . . . . . . . t h e e n d of J u ne.
5 I h aven't felt we l l . . . . . . . . I got u p.
ages.
6 We h aven't had a h o liday . . . . . . . . two years.
Alan has had visitors . . . . . . . . last week.
Complete these dialogues with the verbs in the correct form and choose since or for.
1
A: How long k�tve \jO'i �eett K
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B : Yes, we
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . .
2 3
(you/meet) Carol befo re ?
A: How long
(know) e a c h o t h e r since/for we w e re stude nts, but w e
(not see) e a c h o t h e r since/for years.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(your son/ be) i n France?
B : Since/ For the begi n n i n g of t h e month. H e A: I
. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(only write) once so far.
(not hear) from B a rry a n d J u lie s ince/for t h e i r party.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/see) t h e m recently? B : J u lie
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(be) away twice this m o n t h . I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(not
speak) to h e r since/for several days n ow.
If A: I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(always want) to go to New Zea l a n d .
(you /ever be) t h e re?
B: No, I haven't. Actually, I 5
A: H ow long
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B: Too long! I
(not have) a real h o liday si nce/for a long time.
(you / be) with t h i s com pany?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(be) h ere since/for I left school. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
(never have) another job. Translate t h e following sentences.
1 Wir sind jetzt in Spanien. Wir s i n d se it e i n e r Woc h e hi er. 2 lch habe sch on d e n ganzen Tag Pro b l e m e m it m e i n e m Co m p uter. l c h habe e i n e n s e h r alten C o m p uter. 3 Wie lange ist de in S o h n schon in b sterre i c h ? 1st e r in Salz b u rg o d e r Wien? If lch kenne Mary schon m e i n ganzes Leb e n lang. W i r sehen u n s jeden Mo nat. 5 Wie lange ken nst d u d e i n e n M a n n ? - Wir kennen uns scho n lange, aber wir s i n d e rst se it zwei Mon ate n verheiratet. Wir s i n d s e h r glucklich.
23
•
A: Fo u r o'clock at last. What a d ay!
I
k��
k�vt k��
B : � a terrible m o r n i n g a n d l � a headache all afternoon. A: I've had a n awfu l d a y too.
�(Ht�
B: This m o rn i n g I have R'lissed t h e bus. A: I've been s o b usy. No t i m e fo r coffee, l u n c h - n ot h i n g.
I
k��
B : I've 19ael a sandwich at lunchtime, but that's all.
Present Perfect u n d einfache Vergangenheit m it d e n gleichen Zeitangaben
Zeitangaben m it for konnen unterschiedliche Bedeutung haben. Wen n m it for ein Zeitraum bis zur Gegenwart gemeint ist, wird das Present Perfect gebraucht. 1st ein abgesch lossener Zeitraum gemeint, steht das Verb in der einfachen Vergangenheit. T i m is fit aga i n . H e was i l l for 2 weeks. Andy is ill. He has had t h e flu for 2 weeks . .....:;.. Andy ist krank. Er hat seit 2 Wochen die Grippe. Tim ist wieder fit. Er war 2 Wochen fang krank. I 've been a m e m be r of t h e te n n i s c l u b for 3 years . .....:;.. Before that I was i n a football club for 3 years. /eh bin seit 3 }ahren Mitglied in diesem Tennisklub. Davor war ich 3 }ahre (/ang) in einem Fuf3ballverein. Auch always, never, all konnen sich auf die ganze Zeit bis zur Gegenwart (Present Perfect) oder auf einen in der Vergan ge nheit abgeschlossenen Zeitraum (einfache Vergangenheit) beziehen. As a c h i ld I always went to t h e cinema o n S u n day. I have always loved the cinema. ·····) /eh ha be das Kino schon immer geliebt. Als Kind bin ich immer sonntags ins Kino gegangen. W h e n / lived i n the U SA I never had time. I 've never been to Canada. ·····) /eh war noch nie in Kanada. Als ich in den USA lebte, hatte ich nie Zeit. I 've had e a rache all day . .....:;. I had it all day yeste rday too. /eh habe schon den ganzen Tag Ohrenschmerzen. /eh hatte gestern ouch den ganzen Tag welche. ,
Auch Zeitangaben m it this . . . und today konnen m it de m Present Perfect oder der einfachen Vergangenheit gebraucht werden. 1st der Zeitraum abgeschlossen, m uss die einfache Vergangenheit gebraucht werden. (morgens, 11 Uhr) I 've spoken t o Bill this morn ing. (ab Mittag) I spoke to Bill this morning. (16 Uhr) We 've been swi mming this afternoon. (20 Uhr) We went swi m m i n g this afternoon . Zusammenfassung
(Un its 8-10)
Present Perfect
1 Die Handlung/Situation ist nicht abgeschlossen . We've been h e re for 15 years. 2 Eine Serie wiederholter Handlungen ist noch nicht abgeschlossen. Watson has played fo r Engla n d 54 times so far. 3 Die Hand lung ist irgendwann in der Zeit bis zur Gegenwart geschehen. I 've been to N o rway. 4 Die Handlung ist noch relevant/aktuell, hat noch Auswirkun ge n in der G egenwart. I 've lost my wallet. W h at can I d o ?
Einfache Vergangenheit
1
Die Handlung/S ituation ist abgesch lossen. We moved h ere from Oxford . 2 Eine Serie wiederholter Hand lungen wurde in der Vergangenheit abgeschlossen. Bond played for Wales 77 t i m es. He died last week. 2 Die Hand lung geschah zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt in der Vergangenheit. I went i n 1997. i t was in the s u m mer. 4 Die Hand lung gehort der Vergangenheit an und h at kei ne Folgen i n der Gegenwart. I lost my passport o n ce, but I got it back again .
.
• • ........ • • .
Das Wichtigste in Kurze
• •
Einfache Vergangenheit: in der Vergangenheit abgeschlossen, beendet Present Perfect: nicht abgeschlossen, oder aber irgendwa n n gesch ehen und jetzt noch releva nt und aktuell
24
Zu ameri ka n ische m Gebrauch siehe Seite 103
E X E RC I S E S
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
We lived in Boston for two years - from 1982-1984. V' b We've lived i n Boston for two years - from 1982-1984.
a
1 a How many p lays has S h a kespea re written? b How many p lays d i d S h akespeare write? 2 a
b
3 a
b
If a b
When 1 was a student, 1 worked o n a fa r m . When I w a s a student, I h ave wo rked o n a farm.
5 a b
As c h i ld re n , we h ave a lways h a d a dog. As c h i ld re n , we a lways had a dog. I 've lost my car keys yesterday. I lost my car keys yeste rd ay.
My uncle died when I was ten. I n ever met h i m . 6 a I 've b e e n h e re for two weeks - I leave n ext week. M y un cle d i e d w h e n I w a s t e n . I 've n ever m et h i m . b I was here for two weeks - I leave n ext week.
Present perfect or simple past?
(it's 6 pm.) I ���H�t k�tv£ (not have) brea kfast today. 1 (it's June.) We 2 3
. . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
(it's 11 am.) My alarm clock (it's December.) We
(not have) a h o liday t h is year.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .
If
(it's Thursday.) H arry
5
(it's Saturday evening.)
(not have) m uch snow so far t h i s winter.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
(not ring) this m o r n i n g a n d I was late.
(be) late for work every m o r n i n g t h i s week.
(not see) the n e i g h b o u rs this weeke n d . Are t h ey away?
Complete these dialogues with the verbs i n the present perfect or simple past.
1 A: My goo d n ess! it's 11 o'clock a n d I sti ll I 2
. . . . . . . .
...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(have) a coffee w h e n I
.
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B : Let's go for l u n c h soo n . A new bistro
. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . • .
A: What a week! I
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
(not have) breakfast. (get up) - t hat's all.
(open) last month - it's great.
(work) all day yeste rd ay wit h o ut a b re a k and I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not have) a break today either. Still, o n ly o n e m o re h o u r! 3
B: I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. .
.
. . . .
(make) s o m e sandwiches t h is m o rn i n g - would you l i ke o n e?
A: I 'm so rry to h e a r about yo u r gra n d fat h e r. W h e n B: Well, he
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • • .
(be) i l l for a long t i m e a n d t h e n t h ree weeks ago h e
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (go) i nto h ospital a n d 4
Since then my gra n d m other
A: I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(he/d ie)?
.
. . . . .
.
. . . . . .
(die) two days later.
(be) with my p a re nts.
(decide) to go to S cotland this yea r - n ext m o nth probably.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you /ever be) there? B : Yes, o n ce a s a child. My gra n d pa re n ts lt really 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(take) m e the re.
(be) a w o n d e rfu l h o liday.
Translate the followin g sentences.
Es ist 15 . 00 U h r u n d ich h a be d e n ganzen Tag n ichts getan . Gestern h a be ich d e n ganzen Tag n u r i m Garten gesessen. 2 Vor zwanzig J a h ren haben wir Hamlet i n der S c h u le gelesen u n d gestern h a be ich das StUck (play) i m Theater geseh e n . 3 Me in M a n n ist s e it e i n e r Woc h e i m Kra n ke n haus. Letztes J a h r w a r e r a uc h i m Kra n ke n h a us. 4 Es ist schon Dienstag u n d meine Tochter hat i m m e r noch n i c ht a ngerufe n . Am Sa mstag ist sie nach Rom geflogen und hat versp roch e n a n z u rufe n .
25
kl\vt '10'1 ilm1 HvltuJ
A: H ow long areyebl living h ere n ow, And rew? B: Over ten years. We came when Sally got a j o b at t h e n ew hospital.
" l ve kHOWH
A: I've been knowing h e r for a long time, but I n ever realized that s h e once wo rked at the hospital. B: Well, she d id n 't l i ke it m u c h . That's why she c h a n ged to the u n iversity.
kl\{ ilttH workiH'
A: S h e � there s i n ce Jack and I came h e re.
Form
have/has been ... ing Ve rnein u n g, Fragen wie Present Perfect (U nit 7)
I've been reading. S u e has been working. We haven't been watch ing TV. Have you been looki ng for us? - Yes, I h ave .
Gebrauch
Die Verlaufsform des Present Perfect d rUckt a us, dass etwas in der Vergangenheit begonnen hat und bis in die Gegenwart anda uert. M it since n e n nt man den Anfangszeitp u n kt, m it for die Zeitspanne, die eine Handlung schon andauert. Tom has been sitting h e re s i n ce nine o'clock .
........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .......... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. ,---------------� ..
To m sat down .
now
Tom has been sitting (T6199 issitti 19g) h e re since 9 o'clock. Tom sitzt hier seit 9 Uhr. We 've been waiting (We are waiting) for an h o u r. Wir warten se it einer Stunde. I've been living a n d worki ng (l li'/e and worl�) h e re since 199 5 . !eh wohne und arbeite hier seit 1995. Is s h e ill? S h e has been eating (£he is eating) so little recently. . . . Sie isst so wenig in letzter Zeit.
I•
I m G egensatz zum deutschen Sprachgebrauch
kann das Verb nicht in der Gegenwart stehen (siehe U n it 9) .
Gebrauchsuntersch ied zwisch en Verlaufsform und einfacher Form des Present Perfect
Bei bestim mten Verben (z. B. live, work) kann man beide Formen ohne U nterschied gebrauchen. I have been living h e re for a long time. I I have lived h ere for a long time. /eh wohne sehon lange hier. Ed has been workin g for I B M since 199 9 . I Ed has worked for IBM since 199 9 . Ed arbeitet seit 1999 bei IBM.
I•
Die Verlaufsform ist n icht moglich bei Zustandsverben wie know, have usw. (siehe U n its 4 und 9) . I have seen knowingJanet fer 10 years. I have known J anet for 10 years. !eh ken ne }a net se it 10 }ahren. I Rave been Raving tRis cold fer a wee!(. I have had this cold for a week. !eh bin seit einer Woehe erkaltet. Die Verlaufsform ist n icht moglich, wenn m it always Uber die ganze Zeit bis jetzt gesprochen wird. I've always driven a Fo rd. /eh fah re sehon immer Ford.
I've always seen Elrivinga j;erEI. . • . ....... . • . •
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
Ve rlaufsform des Present Perfect, nicht Gegenwart, wenn etwas bis jetzt andauert ,seit'': since (+ Anfangszeitpunkt) oder for (+ Zeitspanne) • Zustandsverben und always (= ganze Zeit bis j etzt): einfache Form (n icht Verlaufsform) des Present Perfect
•
26
Weitere lnformationen
Units 12,14
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
E X E R C I S E S
a 1 2
J o h n is living h ere si nce 1998. b J o h n has been livi n g h ere since 1998. 11'
b I
I have been worki n g at this b a n k s i n ce 14 years. have been working at this bank for 14 years.
If
a b
So rry, I 'm late. Are you waiti n g long? So rry, I 'm late. H ave you been waiting long?
5
b
H ow long has J a n e b e e n livi n g i n the U SA? H ow long does J a n e live i n the U SA?
a
3 a
Ask q uestions with How long
1
. • .
a b a b
6
a b
H ave yo u r p a re nts always been living i n B ristol? H ave yo u r parents always lived i n B ristol? We've k n own each other for yea rs. We've been knowi ng each other for years. I 'm so tired! I do a lot of overtim e recently. I 'm so tired ! I 've b e e n d o i n g a lot of ove rtime rece ntly.
? and the present perfect continuous. Give answers with for or since.
A: you I live in Berlin? How loH� luwe '1o" �eeH l(v(H� (H 6ert(Hr B: five years for five '1eRr(.
A: you I wait? B: 20 m i n utes 2 A: your wife I learn Fre n c h ? B : l a s t Octo ber 3 A : you r c h i ldren I travel rou n d E u rope? B: the begi n n i n g of the s u m m e r h o lidays
A: B: A: B:
If
5
you I look for a n e w flat? a ges it I snow ? I got u p
Complete these dialogues with the verbs i n the correct form. Use t h e present perfect continuous where possible.
1 2 3
A: How's the weather in Spain? B : Terrible! I f( !leeK rR(H(H� (rain) s i n ce we a rrived. A: I s yo u r son still i n Australia? B : Yes, he
.
. . . .
. .
.... . .. .
.
. . . .
. . . . . . (work) there s i n ce he left u n iversity.
A: Time goes so quickly! Do you realize Sa m a n d I . . . B: I kn ow. We A: How long
. . . . . . . .
. ...... ... .
. .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
A : What's the matter? Yo u B: I . .
. . . .
.
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B : S i n ce May. I If
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
(live) h e re for ove r ten years n ow?
.
. (you /look for) a new job? .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
.
. . (be) here s i n ce we got married.
(know) s i n ce t h e n that t h e fi r m will probably close down.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . .
. . .. . .. ........ .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
(stare) out of the w i n d ow for ages.
(think abo ut) my m other. She
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . .
...
. . . .
. . . (be) i n hospital
since last Wedn esday. A: I did n't realize she wasn't well. H ow long . . . . .
5 A: W h e r e have you been? I . . . . . B : I 'm s orry. I A: Typical! I
. . . . .
.....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
. . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . .
. . .
...
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(she/ be) i l l ?
(wait) f o r over 3 0 m i n utes!
(try) to reach you on your m o bile p h o n e s i n ce / left wo rk.
(have) the p h o n e for two m o n t h s now a n d n o bo d y eve r p h o n es m e
so I l e ft i t a t h ome. 1
Translate t h e following sentences.
Wir wohnen in Lei pzig. Wir wohnen dort se it sieben J a h re n . Ke nnst d u H arry? - J a , wir k e n n e n u n s s e i t J a hren. 3 / e h habe Kopfs c h m e rzen. / e h h a b e seit d re i Tagen Kopfsch m e rz e n . If / e h a rbeite i n der Exportabte i l u n g. Wie lange a rbeiten Sie s c h o n h i e r? 5 Mein M a n n a rbeitet i m m e r h art, a b e r i n d e r letzten Zeit a rbe itet er zu viel. 2
27
A: Why a re you so d i rty? j ust look at yo u r face a n d clothes!
l�ve �mt f�thttiH� .
B : I've f:)fli11tea. A: I can see that, b u t wh at? Yo u've got paint everyw h e re!
We�ve �ttH f�tiHtiH�
B: j a n e's flat. We'·te [3BiRted h e r flat all afternoon. A : All of it, i n o n e a fte rnoon?
We�ve INIRH�t�et
B : N o , n o . We'·�eaeeR FRaRagiRg o n e roo m . We're goi n g to do the other two tomo rrow. Gebrauch bei abgeschlossenen Handlungen
In U n it 11 wurde festgestellt, dass m it der Verlaufsform des Present Perfect etwas ausged riickt wird, das in der Vergangen heit begonnen hat und bis in die G egenwart andauert. Die Hand lung I Der Vorgan g kan n aber auch - meist kurz vorher - beendet word en se in. Where h ave yo u been? - I 've been helping J a n e . Wo bist du ge wesen ? - lch habe }one geholfen. What a d ay! I 've been painting the kitch e n . Was fur ein Tag! !eh ha be die Kuche gestrichen. Oft h at der abgeschlossen e Vorgan g noch u n mittelbare - vielleicht sichtbare - Folgen. Der Sprecher erklart die G riinde fiir die gegenwartige Situation. Yo u're out of b reath. - Yes, I 've been running. Du bist auf3er A te m. - }a, ich bin ge/aufen. Why is y o u r h a i r wet? - I've been swim ming. Warum sind deine Haare nass? - lch war schwimmen. Gebrauchsunterschied zwischen Verlaufsform und einfacher Form bei abgesch lossenen Handlu ngen
Die Verlaufsform betont die Hand lung und deren Andauern, die einfache Form d riickt das Endergebnis aus. I need to was h . I 've been pai nti ng m y bedro o m . ·· I 've pai nted my bedroo m . I'll paint the kitc h e n now. Yo u look tired. - I 've been read ing repo rts . :,. I 've read six long re ports. We've been writing C h ristmas c a rds. ·····/ We 've written to o u r relatives, but not to o u r friends. .....
Die Verlaufsform ist nicht moglich, wenn ein Ergebnis (Frage ,wie viel/viele") genannt wird. We've taken over 100 p h otos. Al919 l'las aeeR readiRg380 [3ages. A n n has read 3 0 0 pages. l=lm•,· FRan·1• potatoes l=lasl=le been eating? H ow many potatoes has h e eaten? 'Ne\te aeeR takiRg aver l:aa [31'iatas.
Die ei nfache Form ist meist nicht moglich, wenn nur gesagt wird, m it welcher Art von Tatigkeit sich jemand beschaftigt hat. Dies ist oft der Fall in Satzen ohne Objekt. Wh e re h ave you been? - I 've been working o utside. l'�e vvorked outside. H ave you been b usy? - Yes, I 've been cookin g. Yes, I've eooked. • • • •••••••• • • •
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
Verlaufsform des Present Perfect, wenn etwas kurz zuvor abgeschlossen wurd e und noch nachwirkt Verlaufsform betont Hand lung und Andauern; einfache Form betont Endergebnis • Antwort auf Frage ,wie viel/viele": einfache Form • Rei ne Angabe zur Tatigkeit: Verlaufsform •
28
Weitere lnformationen ···-:fr Unit 14
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
EXERCIS ES
I 've called S u e six times today - s h e's n ever at h o m e . V b I 've been calling Sue six times today - s he's n ever at h o m e .
a 1
b
I 've b e e n read i n g a great book. I ' l l s o o n fi n i s h i t . 4 I 've read a great book. I'll s o o n fi nish it.
b
b
How m uch has J o been saving f o r h e r h o lid ay? How m u c h h a s J o saved for h e r h o liday?
b
a
2 a 3
a b
I 've done 40 h o u rs overti me this m o n t h . I 've been d o i n g 4 0 h o u rs ove rti m e t h i s month.
s
6
a
a
a b
G a ry's exh a u sted . H e's jogged . G a ry's exhausted. H e's been joggi n g . We've been trying to call a l l day. W h e re can h e be? We try to call a l l d a y. W he re can h e be? I 've written ten cards s i n ce breakfast. I've been writing ten cards since brea kfast.
Present perfect o r present perfect continuous? 1
I 've �tttt redlttl} (read) this book fo r two h o u rs. I 've r&l\c:t (read) fo u r c h a pters so far.
So far I (teach) at fou r schools in M u n i c h . I (be) a t t h i s s c h o o l s i n c e 1999. 2 H ow long O enny/learn) to d rive? H ow many d riving lesso n s (she/have) so far? 3 ] a net (talk) to h e r friend on the p h o n e for 4 5 m i n utes n ow. She (make) six calls since s h e got h o m e from school! 4 J ack's wet and d i rty because he (wash) t h e c a r. He (wash) it twice this m o n t h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Complete these sentences with t h e verbs i n t h e correct form: present continuous, present perfect 1
or present perfect continuous.
a n ew s h o p p i n g com plex at t h e m o m e n t. build T h ey They it ever since we m oved h e re. They a b o u t half of it so far. write I 've got a new h obby - I a cooke ry book. I t h e main part of t h e book. I fi n i s h e d it last week. I t h e i ntrod uction since t h e n . cut We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . all t h e hedges in t h e gard e n - t h ey look m u ch better. At the m o m e nt my wife t h e lawn. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h e rose b u s h es all m o r n i n g a n d still h aven't fi n i s h e d . read I ever s i n ce I got u p. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a great book at t h e m o m e nt - it was a b i rthday prese nt. it's so good - I t h ree q u a rters of it a l ready. play My da u ghter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at several i m p o rtant concerts. Listen ! She a piece by C h o p i n . She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the p i a n o s i n ce s h e w a s a c h i ld . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
3
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. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . .
4 s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . .
Complete these dialogues with the verbs in the correct form: sim ple present, present perfect or present perfect continuous.
A: Don't come in the h o u s e - you're real ly d i rty! What (you /do)? B: I (help) d a d clean t h e ga rage. 2 A: Where (you / be)? I (not see) yo u all afte rnoon. B: I (watch) te levi s i o n . 3 A: Con gratulations o n y o u r n e w j o b ! (you / li ke) it? B: I (only be) t h e re for a few days but it (seem) fi ne. 4 A: The phone (be) e n gaged for h o u rs! W h o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you/speak) to? B: Ma rgaret. S h e (want) us to go for d i n n e r on Satu rday. 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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• . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . .
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.
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29
A: Sorry I 'm late. My train was late because of t h e s now.
kd �tlrt�tt11 cle�tret
B: I was l u c ky. When I left h o m e , t h ey alread'f cleared t h e roads. A: I s there any coffee?
kA.t J�rt r�t
B: There s h o uld be. When I looke d in t h e kitc h e n a few m i n utes a go, someone has jHst �Ht t h e mach i n e o n . A: G o o d . My feet a re l i ke ice. I n e e d s o m e t h i n g hot t o w a r m m e u p .
kd �mt W�tltltt"
· as waiting i n the cold for over 40 m i n utes. B: Like J a n e . H e r b u s was very late. W h e n it fin a lly arrive d , she n Form
Einfache Form : had (n't) + Partizip Perfekt Verlaufsform : h ad (n't) been ... ing
I a rrived at s . oo. By (Bis) 6 . 3 0 I had un packed . I had had a s hower. I hadn't eaten. H ad you phoned h o m e ? - Yes, I had. I N o, I hadn't. W h e n the bus cam e , I had been waiti ng for 3 m i n utes. I had n't been waiting long. H ad you been hurrying? - Yes, I had. I N o, I hadn't.
Gebrauch
M it dem Past Perfect wird ausgedrilckt, dass etwas vor einem vergangenen Zeitpunkt abgeschlossen wurde. Tom 's plane la n d ed I got to the ai r port
--11-----il7
1
------,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
o'clock
8 o'clock
.
n ow
W h e n I got to the a i rport, Tom's plane had already landed .
Die Verlaufsform d es Past Perfect drilckt aus, dass etwas vor einem vergangenen Zeitpunkt angefa ngen h atte und bis zu di esem Zeitpunkt andauerte. Die Dauer wird oft m it for oder since angegeben. He had been waitin g for a w h o le h o u r I since 8 o'clock. Er wartete schon eine ganze Stunde Iseit 8 Uhr.
I
•
Bei Zustandsverben ist die Verlaufsform n icht moglich (siehe Liste U n it 4). I h adn't known (hadn't been knowing) that he would take an earlier flight. Gebrauchsuntersch iede: Past Perfect Verlaufsform I Einfache Form - Einfache Vergangenheit
Die Verlaufsform betont die Hand lung und deren Andauern, die einfache Form drilckt das Endergebnis aus. Die Verlaufsform ist nicht moglich, wenn ein Ergebnis (Frage ,wie viellviele") ge nannt wird (vgl. U nit 12). He had been looking ro u n d the airport s h o ps. H e had bought a book and two m agazi nes. Wen n zwei Handlu ngen hinterei nander geschehen und die zweite eine logische Folge oder Reaktion darstellt, werden beide m it der ei nfachen Vergangenheit ausgedrilckt. We left t h e term i n a l b u i ld i n g a n d went to the car park. Soli aber ausged rilckt werd en, dass die erste vorher abgeschlossen wurde, steht diese im Past Perfect. I had started the e n gine w h e n To m asked if h e could d rive. In Nebensatzen mit as soon as, after, before, until kan n das Past Perfect O D E R die Vergangenheit stehen. As soon as I After we (had) left the airport, it started rai n i n g. lt d i d n't stop before/ until we (had) got home . • • . ........ • • .
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
Past Perfect, wenn etwas vor einem Zeitpunkt der Vergangenheit abgeschlossen wurde betont Andauern von etwas bis zu einem Zeitpun kt der Vergangenh eit • Keine Verlaufsform bei Zustandsverben und bei Antwort auf Frage ,wie viellviele" • Verlaufsform
30
We itere lnformationen
····+
U nit 14
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
E X E R C I S E S
a 1 2 3
lt had been sto p ping ra i n i ng by t h e even ing. b l t h a d sto p pe d rai n i n g by the eve n i n g. V
a b a b a b
1t
a b
We got to the cinema late a n d the fi lm a lready sta rted. We got to the cinema late a n d t h e fi l m h a d a lready started. When we fi na lly got h o m e , we had been trave lling fo r over 2 0 h o u rs. When we fi nally got h o m e , we travelled fo r over 2 0 h ou rs . D i d you go to Australia before your trip last May? Had you been t o Austra lia before yo u r trip last May? lt was lovely to see Linda last week. I had n't seen h e r since we left u n iversity. lt was lovely to see Linda last week. I d id n't see h e r s i n ce we left u n iversity.
Make complete sentences using the simple past and the past perfect.
When I we I get to the pa rty I the other gu ests I a lready I a rrive. 1
2
3
1t 5
6
WkeH we �ot to tke fArt\J� tke otker �"e�t� k�Ut AlreAtl\j Arrlvetl. I I al ready I do a l l the h o u sework I when I I leave h o m e yesterday m o r n i n g. We I o n ly be abroad o n ce before we I fly to C h i n a last year. The little girl I be u pset because s h e I lose h e r mother i n t h e s u p e rm a r ket. Joe I a l m ost give up I when he fi na lly I fi n d a new j o b . O u r visitors I not arrive on time beca use t h e i r car I break d own o n the m oto rway. They I n ot be ma rried very long w h e n they I decide to get d ivo rced . Complete this story using the simple past, the past continuous, the past perfect or the past perfect continuous.
Two years ago Laura
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 (h ave) a very stra n ge C h ristmas. As u s u a l, s h e flew
home from Germany to s p e n d C h ristmas with h e r p a re nts in En gla n d . T h e eve n i n g before h e r flight, s h e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . z. (wrap up) all the p rese nts s h e weeks before C h ristmas. W h i le L a u r a England . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. S' (call) a n d they
for coffee at Heath row Airport as they T h e next day, L a u r a
. . .
..
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
.
. .
.
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . .
...
missing s u itcase. T h ey
. . . . . . . . .
7 (not see) each other for m o n t h s .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . .
1 o (look 11 (land)
12. (go) to the baggage recla i m to co llect h e r s u itcase.
. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
6 (decide) to m eet
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(realize) that she was the o n ly p e rson without h e r l u ggage. She the airline i nfo rmation desk and
+ {pack) h e r s u itcase, a friend fro m
1 3 (wait) for ove r 20 m i n utes, she
. . .
3 (buy) i n t h e
(wake u p ) really e a r l y feeling very excited. S h e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., (not be) h o m e s i n c e M a y a n d . on time and La u ra
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
forward to) her h o liday with her p a re nts for weeks. T h e flight After she
.
. . . .
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. . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . .
I+
IS' (go) to
1 6 (fi ll i n) a form with details a b o ut h e r
1 7 (tell) h e r that h e r su itcase would b e delivered
the next m o rn i n g - 24 Decem ber. After La u ra
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 (m eet) h e r friend for coffee, s h e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "'
(take) t h e bus and train to h e r p a rents'. They when h e r train
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
very surprised when Laura
.
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
2.1 (arrive) a n d they
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • .
. .
z.+ (explain) what
. . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
z.z. (be)
z.J (get off) with o n ly h e r h a nd bag. La u ra
. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . z.6 (wa lk) to t h e car. The su itcase fin a lly (come) on 26 December. The a i rline
. z.o (stand) on t h e p latform
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d
z.s- (happen) w h i le they
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
z. 7
(send) it to Casa blanca by m istake! 31
A: What h a pp e n e d exactly?
kd �mt trltt�ht!J
B : The other d river just c a m e straight o u t of a s i d e roa d , with o ut stopping. I am s u re he had drl:lRk. A: Are you O K?
w«r trlvltt!J
B : Yes , b ut To m is s uffering from s h ock. H e �. A: Can I go in to h i m ?
lr eKA\tllHlHIJ
B: The d o ctor exaR'IiRes h i m at t h e m o m ent.
Verlaufsform - Einfache Form
D ie Verlaufsform ken nzeichnet etwas als im Verlauf begriffen, noch andauernd, nicht abgeschlossen. Die einfache Form kennzeich net etwas als bestehenden Dauerzustand oder als abgeschlossen. What are you d o i n g h e re? - I 'm waitin g for my son. ·····) I usually wait outside. B u t it's too cold today. At the t i m e we were staying at a h otel in N i ce . ·· · We stayed t he re six days, t h e n went to Paris. I 've been answeri ng e-mails all m o r n i ng. ······'· I've answered m o re than 20 so fa r. He took a taxi because he had been d ri n king. ······>.· He had d runk at least h a lf a bottle of wine. Auch mehrere wiederholte Handlungen ki:innen m it der Verlaufsform ausgedriickt werden, wenn sie zusammen eine voriiberge hende Situation darstellen. Tom is cycling to work at the m o ment. I've been walkin g to work recently. We both want to get fit aga i n . Die Verlaufsform n i mmt Bezug auf einen bestim mten Zeitpunkt oder Zeitraum. I am waiting . . . . . . -r ·-·- - · Gegenwart: jetziger Zeitpunkt. n ow Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt ist etwas What a re you d o i n g h e re? - I'm waiting for ) i m . im Verlauf begriffen. I was waiting
. . . . . -r . . . . .
,--------·
n ow Ann came a l o n g I was waiting for ) i m when A n n c a m e a l o n g.
•
1
I have been waiting • •••• •••• • ••••
Vergangen heit: Zeitpunkt der Vergangenheit Zum damaligen Zeitpun kt war etwas im Verlauf begriffen .
- "' - - - - - - •
Present Perfect: Zeitraum bis (oder fast bis) zum 3 0 m i n utes ago now jetzigen Zeitpunkt W h y a re you late? I have been waitin g for 30 m i n utes. Bis (oder fast bis) jetzt dauert(e) etwas an. I had been waitin g
1
•••• •••• ••
) i m a rrived
i
,- - - - - - - - - �
7.30 8.oo n ow I had been waitin g for 3 0 m i n u te s w h e n ) i m a rrive d .
I• • .
. . . . . . .•.. • •
Past Perfect: Zeitraum bis (oder fast bis) zu einem Zeitpu n kt der Vergangenh eit. Bis (oder fast bis) zum damaligen Zeitpunkt dauerte etwas an.
Verben, die ZusUin d e bezeichnen (siehe Liste Unit 4), ki:innen in der Regel nicht in der Verlaufsform stehen. I've known (I've eeeA kAOWiAg) To m for ages . it's (it's eeiAg) really cold h e re at the m o m ent. Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
• Verlaufsform: •
im G ange, im Verlauf begriffen , andauernd, nicht abgeschlossen, voriibergehend einfache Form: jetziger Dauerzustand oder i n zwischen /damals abgeschlossen
32
Weitere lnformationen
} Units 2-4, 6, 11-13
·····
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
E X E RC I S E S
I fo u n d this p h oto when I was looking through s o m e p a p e rs . V b I was fi n d i n g t h i s photo when I looked t h rough s o m e papers.
a
1
a
What d o you read? lt looks i nteresting. What are you read ing? l t looks interesti ng.
b
How many English courses have you taken? 5 a Jo was a n gry. We had forgotten h e r b i rthday. b Jo was a n gry. We had been forgetting her birthd ay. How many English courses have you been taking?
2 a 3
4 a
b
a b
N o body has been p h o n i n g m e this week. N o body h a s p h o n e d m e this week.
b
6
M a rtin did n't seem very h a ppy, d i d h e ? Martin wasn't seeming very h a p py, was he?
a
So rry I 'm l a t e . I 've been ta l k i n g to j i m . S orry I'm late. I 've talke d to j i m .
b
Make complete sentences. Use t h e continuous form where possible.
When we fina lly arrived, we I d rive for ove r eight h o u rs.
WkeK we jiKP.III:1 "'rrlve(.(, we kp.(.( "eeK (.(nviK" for over el"kt ko"rf. 1
2
3
4
5
6
I I try to phone Sue all d ay. H e r p h o n e is a lways e n gaged. lt was great to see Rich a rd last week. We I not I see him since we m oved . Bill a n d Carol h ad so m a n y a rguments when they I trave l ro u n d Europe t h at t h ey I decide to c o m e h o m e . M y s o n I w o r k i n the l o c a l s u pe r m a rket a t t h e m o m e n t - it's a h o liday job. H e I not I l i k e the w o r k m u c h but he I n e e d the m o ney. When we a rrived in Manch ester, t h e s u n I s h i ne. O bviously it I rain b e ca use t h e gro u n d was sti l l wet. I I not I look for a new flat for ve ry long befo re I I fi n d o n e I liked . Complete these dialogues with the verbs in the continuous form where possible.
1
A: W h e re (you/go) w h e n I saw you with Pa u l on M o n d ay? I (not realize) that you knew each oth er. B: We (go) to o u r eve n i n g class. We a re both lea r n i n g Spanish. A : How (Tom/ break) h i s leg? B: He (fall) off the ladder when he (clean) t h e windows. He w a s i n a h u rry beca use t h e football m a t c h (already start) and he wanted to watc h it. A: When our fri e n d s (stay) with us, we decided to go for a long walk on Satu rday. We (only walk) for ten m i n utes when it started to rai n . B : I kn ow, t h e weather w a s terri ble, wasn't i t ? I had j ust fi n i s hed clea n i n g the car when it (start) to rai n . A: W e haven't h ad a h o liday this year. W e were p la n n i ng to go to C a n a d a a n d A m e rica, b u t t h e n m y wife (lose) h e r j o b at t h e paint factory at the begin n i n g of t h e year, so we (decide) we couldn't afford to go away. B: We haven't been away this year, either. We (save) for t h e last few months we want to buy a bigger h o use. A : Sorry, I (not listen) . What did you say? Are we meeting t h e others outside the restaurant o r inside? B: I nside, and we're late. They (probably wait) fo r ages. I h o pe they . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (order) a d ri n k. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
. . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
. . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Translate the following sentences. Use the continuous form where possible.
Paul lernt Span isch. Er lernt es seit zwei M on aten. Der K u rs fin d et m o ntags statt. (stattfinden = take place) Hast d u gehort? To m hat sich das Bein gebrochen. Es ist letzte Woc h e passiert , als er d i e Fe nster p u tzte. 3 lch hatte auf eine Gelege n heit (opportunity) gewartet, das Auto zu waschen. lch trockn ete es gerade, als ich d i e schwarzen Wolke n s a h . 4 Meine Frau sucht se it An fa ng des J a h res e i n e neue Stelle. A l s sie i h re Stelle verlor, hatte sie schon U b e r 2 0 J a h re b e i d e r Fi rma gea rbeitet. 5 Wir sind gestern zu spat geko m m e n . U nsere Fre u n d e wartete n schon seit e i n e r h a lben Stunde, als wir end lich a n k a m e n . 33
1
2
A: This m e n u is so big. it's d ifficult to decide w h at to eat.
W�Ht
I w+H someth i n g with fish . A : H m m . T h ey've got scam p i , look h e re, with c h i ps a n d salad.
B:
1�11 t��e
B:
O h yes, I h a d n ' t seen that. � t h at. A : And fo r me, l t h i n k, lasagne. O K. N ow, w h e re's that waiter?
B:
will !le
H e -i5- h e re i n a m i n ute.
Form
will: Kurzform 'll, Verneinung won't
I• I•
You'll see Tom at the party next week, but Ann won't be there. Will Sonia be there? - Yes, she will. I No, she won't.
Englisch will - Deutsch ,will/wollen"
Deutsch ,will/wollen" zum Ausdruck eines Wunsches entspricht want to, nicht -w+H-. Tanja will einen Hund. Sie will einen Pude/ kaufen. Ta nja wants (wi-H) a d og. S h e wants to buy a poodle. Englisch will - Deutsch Gegenwart
I m Deutschen steht oft die Gegenwart, wo im Englischen will/won't stehen m uss /eh sehe dich morgen. I 'll see (1-5-ee) you tomo rrow.
•
Vorhersagen
M it will und won't macht man Vorhersagen iiber Dinge, die sicher und nicht beeinflussbar sind. We will know ('o'v'e kMvv) the resu lt tomorrow. lt will be (�) in all t h e p a pers. We have to put the clocks back a n h o u r to n ight. It 'll be (� dark at t h is time tomo rrow. Die Vorhersage beruht oft auf Erfahrungswerten. Man kann sie m it perhaps, probably usw. einschranken. it's S u nday so we (probably) won't have (asR't Rave) any p ro b lems fi n d i n g s o m ewh ere to park. will steht oft nach I think, I expect, I hope, I 'm certain /sure/afraid. I expect I 'll see (1-5€€-) C h risti n e at t h e p arty t h is eve ni n g.
Spontane Entschliisse
will/won't wird gebraucht, urn spontane Entschlilsse (oft z.B. Angebote) auszud riicken. Oh, the p h o ne's ringing. - I 'll answer (I aRswer) it. Red wine o r white? - I won't (4e-f:H.) have any wine, t h a n ks. I'll just have (Ijust Ra�e) water. I 'll carry (l-€ftffy) that su itcase for y o u . Bereitschaft
• • . ........ • • •
Mit will/won't driickt man (N icht-) Bereitschaft aus (auch z.B. als Verspreche n / D rohu ng). Tom will take (�) u s t o the a i r p o rt, I 'm s u re. Let's ask h i m . They w a n t to cut d o w n t h e s e trees, but I won't (4e-f:H.) let t h e m d o it. I'll be (�) there, I p ro m i se. I'll throw (+#tfflw.) you out if you say another word . Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
• Deutsch ,will/wo llen" = want to ; E n glisch will entspricht ,werden" • M it will driickt man aus: Vorhersagen ; spontane Entsch lilsse, z.B. Angebote; Bereitschaft
34
Weitere lnformationen ··-.:.,;, Units 16-17
E X E RC I S E S
One sentence has a m istake. Which sentence is correct? a
My son will study in the U SA. b My son wants to study i n t h e U SA. V
1 a C a n I speak to Tom , please? - Yes, I get h i m . b C a n I speak t o Tom , p lease? - Yes, I ' l l get h i m .
2 3
a b a b
If a
I d o n't want to m ove b u t m y wife h a s a n ew job. I will n o t move b u t my wife has a n e w job.
b
Jamie wants a bicycle for Ch ristmas. J a m i e will a bicycle for C h ristmas.
5
I don't h e l p yo u if you don't switch the TV off. I wo n't h e l p you if you don't switch t h e TV off.
6 a Cheese or h a m s a n dwich ? - I ' ll h ave h a m , please. b Cheese o r ham s a n dwich? - I h ave ham, please.
a
That bag is too h e avy for yo u . I ca rry it. That bag is too h eavy for yo u . I 'll ca rry it.
b
Make complete sentences using the will future.
I 'm b u sy. I I h e l p yo u later. 1\tt ki�I.J· 1�11 kelf
\jO\i l�tter.
1 J o's i nvited u s to h e r p arty n ext week. S h e I be 18. 2 My mother I proba bly I come fo r C h ristmas. 3 If yo u take this bag, I I ca rry t h e h eavy s u itcase.
If
The weath e r fo recast says it I rain t o m orrow.
5 The road s a re so b usy. I h o p e we I not be late. 6 I I post your letter for you if you like.
Complete these dialogues with want t o o r t h e w i l l future.
A : I W�t11t to m ake a cake as S u e is coming ro u n d tomorrow. D i d you rem e m b e r to buy some e ggs? B: S orry I forgot. 1�11 go s h o p p i n g later. 1 2 3
A: Pau l phoned an h o u r ago. They . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . come t h is weekend. B : G reat! I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t ry to get some t h eatre tickets.
A : I'm sorry. G a ry's gone out. I B: T h a n ks. I
. . .
..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
A: I 've got s u c h a bad h eadache. I t h i n k I
. . . . tell him you called. .
.
.
try again later. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . .
call m y S p a n i s h teacher to say
I proba b ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not) b e t h e re t h i s eve n i n g. B : I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . get you an aspiri n - p e r h a ps if you lie d own for an h o u r, you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . feel better.
If
A: I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . have a p a rty for my b i rt h d ay but I
• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(not)
m a ke all t h e food m yse lf. I t h i n k I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o rd e r t h e foo d from a party s e rvice. B: That . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . be expensive. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m a ke the d esserts if you like.
5 A: We've put o u r house o n the m a rket. We . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . buy a bigger o n e . Jack's mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b e eighty n ext m o n th a n d we t h i n k it would b e better if s h e lived with us. B : D o you really think she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . agree to m ove at h e r age? Translate the following sentences. Where possible, u s e will.
H ast d u einen Regenschirm? \ e h b i n sicher, dass d u spater e i n e n brauchst . ] i l l will m e h r Geld. \ e h d e n ke, sie sieht s i c h b a l d nach e i n e r n e u e n S t e l l e u m . (si c h u m sehen = look for) 3 Vergiss n i cht, B riefmarken z u kaufen. - N e i n , i c h vergesse es n i cht! If Welchen Film wollt ihr euch a n s c h a u e n ? 5 \ e h he lfe d i r s pater. H e ute N a c h m ittag w i l l ich ein Gebu rtstagsgesc h e n k fUr m e i n e Tante kaufe n . Wen n ich z u r U c k b i n , rufe ich d i c h a n . 1
2
35
�re .,oiH'J to v(f(t I �re v(f(t(H'J
A: What a re yo u r holiday p l a n s? Do you know yet? B: O h , yes. We win visit s o m e frie n d s i n Fra n ce. A: That's n i ce. So you plan to take t h e car, I s u p pose.
�re 'JOlH'J to :f\1.1 1 �re :f\"jtH'J
B: N o , we fly: They h ave two cars, so we won't need o u rs. O h , look at those b lack clouds. A: Perhaps we s h o uld go inside.
lt� f 'JOlH'J to r�(.,
B : Yes. � i n a m i n ute. going to
M it going to sagt man, was auf Grund bestehender Vorzeiche n geschehen wird . Look at a l l this traffic. We 're going to be late. Sieh dir diesen Verkehr an. Wir werden uns verspaten. Carefu l! Yo u 're going to knock my glass over ! Vorsicht! Du wirfst mein G/as g/eich um. going to wird fern er gebraucht, urn voriiberlegte Entsch l iisse und Plane auszud riicken. We're going to buy a n ew c a r. We've a lready sold our o ld one. J a n e isn't going to stay on at s c h o o l after J u ly. S h e's going to look for a job. Vergleiche: I 'm goi n g to park i n the station car park. T h e re's never a space i n t h i s road. [ = vorUbe rlegter Entsc h luss] /eh parke auf dem Bahnhofsparkp/atz. In dieser Straf3e findet man nie eine ParklUcke. O h , look. There is a s pace today. O K, I 'll park h e re. [ = sponta n e r Entschluss] Ach, schau. Heute gibt es eine Lilcke. Gut, ich parke hier. Verlaufsform der Gegenwart
Die Verlaufsform der Gegenwart verwendet man, wenn fiir etwas Zukii nftiges bereits Vorkehrungen oder Abmachungen getroffen sind, oder wenn man fiir sich eine bestim mte Zeiteinte ilung vorgenommen hat. I 'm meeting Ann for a m e a l tomorrow even in g. I 've b o o ked a table for 7.30 at t h e Italian restaurant. I 've got a busy week. Tomorrow I 'm paintin g the kitc h e n , a n d on Friday I 'm doing the bathroom. Wen n sich die Verlaufsform auf die Zukunft bezieht, wird sie meist m it einer Zeitbestim mung gebraucht, z . B . next week, on Friday, at seven o'clock usw. Oft kan n die Verlaufsform oder goi ng to oh ne wesentlichen Bedeutu ngsunterschied gebraucht werden. N ext S u n day I 'm meeti ng Phil [ = ist ausge macht] I I 'm going to meet P h i l [= vorUberlegte r Plan]. Einfache Form der Gegenwart
Die einfache Form der Gegenwart verwendet man, wenn etwas durch einen Fah rplan, ein Program m usw. vorgegeben ist. My train arrives at 7·43 and the concert starts at 8 . • • . ... ..... • • .
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
• going to = etwas steht (u n m ittelbar) bevor: ,lch sehe es schon kommen" • going to = Plan oder Absicht: , Das ha be ich fest vor" • Verlaufsform der Gegenwart + Zeitbestimmung vorbereiteter Plan: , Dafiir habe ich Vorkehrungen/Abmachungen getroffen" • einfache Gegenwart ,Fa h rplan-Zu kunft": ,Das ist durch Fah rplan/ Programm vorgegeben" =
=
E X E R C.. I S E S
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a 1 2 3
b a b a b a b
it's An n's birthday tom orrow. I m ake a cake. it's Ann's b i rthday t o m orrow. I 'm going to m a ke a cake. V Is t h e fil m starti n g at 7.30 or 8 o'clock? Does the fi l m start at 7.30 or 8 o'clock?
If a
What do you do this weeke n d ? W h at are yo u d o i n g this weeke n d ?
5
Are you see i n g yo u r fa m i ly t h i s C h ristmas? D o you see your fam i ly this C h ristmas?
6 a We don't h ave a h o liday this year. b We a ren't go ing to h ave a h o liday t h i s year.
b a b
H u rry u p ! We're go i n g t o m i s s the b u s . H u rry u p ! We're m i s s i n g t h e bus. T h e wind b lows that tree down soo n . T h e wind is goi n g to b low t h at tree d own soo n .
Make complete sentences or q uestions using the present continuous or the simple present. 1
2
3
If
I I visit my relatives in Australia next m o n t h . 1\� v({(t(KIIJ
I I meet I a frie n d after work tomo rrow. Jane's train I a rrive at 11.30 or 1 2 .30?
...................................................................
.
We I not have a h o liday this s u m m er. We I stay h e re. H e re is a list of the peo p le we I i nvite to our wed d i ng.
5 The con cert I start I at 8 o'clock. 6
\t!\j rel�tt(ve{ (K A�{tr«l(« Kext \tiOKtk.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What I you do this even in g? Complete these dialogues using going to or the will future.
A: 1'\tl IIJOfKIIJ to ll)et (get) A n n a CD for h e r b i rthday. What a b o ut you? B : I 've no idea. I think I 'll «{1<. (ask) h e r what s h e w o u ld like.
1 A : Has yo u r son decided what he wants to d o when h e leaves school? B : Yes. H e 2 3
He A: I
. . .
. . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
. . . .
B : Yes, please! I
. .
. ... .
A: Dave
. . . . . . . . .
(travel) ro u n d t h e world for a year!
(give) you and Sue a lift to the a i rport if yo u like.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: Loo k at the t i m e . We B : I hope they
If
.
(not apply) for a place at u n iversity.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
(ring) Sue and tell h e r.
. . .
.
. . . . . . . . . .
(be) late.
(not think) that we're not com ing.
(buy) tickets for the b i g football m atch n ext m o n t h . Do you want
one? B : N o , thanks. I 'm s u re they 5
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: Do you know anyone w h o wants a winter coat? I B: Don't do th at. I
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(show) it o n TV.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . .
(th row) t h i s o n e away.
(take) it to t h e Red C ross.
Translate t h e following sentences.
Sei vorsichtig! Die Vase fallt [gle i c h ] um (o ver) . l c h fa h re e u c h , wenn i h r wollt. - D a n ke , aber es ist a lies o rganisiert. Wir n e h m e n e i n Taxi. 3 Wann fangt d e r Film a n ? If U n ser C h e f h e i ratet n achste Woc h e . Wir ka ufe n i h m e i n e S c h U rze (apron) a ls H o c h ze itsgesc h e n k. 5 l c h ge he spaziere n . - G ute I d ee. l c h ko m m e m it. 2
37
•
I
will �t 1\j(.,.,
A: I h ate M o n d ays, but this t i m e n ext week l 'ffi I�iAg o n a l:ieach i n Portugal. B: Lucky y o u !
w(ll �lnd':1 k.�vt {ftHt
A: The flight is on Saturd ay, so by M o nday l lv' ' ill already spend o n e long, lazy day i n the s u n . B : D o n't forget t h a t y o u h ave t o c o m e back, t h o u g h !
WOH �t "HOW
A: After fou r weeks I wen't 9e knewing w h at t h is place looks l i ke. B: You s o o n will! Form
will + Verlaufsform: will + be ... ing Vollendete Zukunft: will + h ave + Partizip Perfekt
N ext week I 'll be e njoying myself. I won't be sitting i n the office. Will you be travelling a lot? - Yes, I will. I N o , I won't. By (Bis) Friday I will have fin ished my exams. I won't h ave heard the resu lts. Will you have had a p arty? - Yes, I will. I No, I won't.
will + Verlaufsform
will + Verlaufsform d riickt aus, dass eine Hand lung oder vorii bergehende Situation zu einem zukilnftigen Zeit p u n kt im Verlauf begriffen, n icht abgesch lossen sein wird , d.h. noch andauern wird. We will h ave s u pper
1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - � now
At 6.1 5 we will have s u p per. [
6.15 =
U m 18.15 werden wir anfa n ge n z u esse n . ]
1
., - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
r ... . .... ·-· - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - •
W e will be having su pper
·-· .... ·-· .... . .... .... ·
now
At 6. 3 0 we will be having s u pper. [
6.30 =
U m 1 8 . 3 0 werde n wir gerade b e i m Essen s e i n . ]
Don't p h o n e at 6 . 3 0 . We'll s t i l l be h aving su p p e r . . . Wir werden noch beim Abendessen sein. If you p h o n e later, my dad will probably be watching TV. . . . , wird mein Papa . . . beim Fernsehen sein. .
Die Verlaufsform kann n icht m it Zustandsverben gebraucht werden (siehe Liste U n it 4) . lt will seem (will be seei'Ring) strange to go away without the children.
I•
Vollendete Zukunft
M it der vollendeten Zukunft wird a usgedriickt, was bis zu einem bestimmten z ukiinftigen Zeitpu n kt abgeschlossen sein wird. Haufiges Signalwort: by (bis). We can p h o n e t h e m n ow, I t h in k. They will have got u p n ow. Wir konnen sie je tzt anrufen. }etzt werden sie au{gestanden sein. By the e n d of t h e h o liday we' l l p robably h ave driven m ore t h a n sooo kilo metres. Bis zum Ende des Urlaubs werden wir wahrscheinlich mehr als s ooo Kilometer gefahren sein. 0 0
:
•• •• • •• • • •
Das Wichtigste in l
• will be ... ing: etwas wird zu einem zuldinftigen Zeitp unl
E X E R C I S E S
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
I f you need to p h o n e m e n ext week, I ' l l be stayi ng at the Geo rge H otel. V' b If yo u need to p h o n e me n ext week, I ' l l stay at t h e G eo rge H otel. a
1
a b
We're late. T h e fi lm will h ave a lready started by the t i m e we get t h e re . We're late. T h e fi l m w i l l already start by the t i m e w e get th ere.
b
Don't call t h e m now. They'll b e having l u n c h . Don't c a l l them now. They'll h ave lunch.
2 a 3
a b
N ext month we'll h ave known each oth e r for twe n ty years. N ext month we'll be knowi ng each othe r for twen ty years.
b
By Easter we will save eno ugh for a tri p to Canada. By Easter we will h ave saved e n ough fo r a trip t o Canada.
4 a
Make complete sentences using t h e future continuous a n d t h e future perfect.
1
(I a lways leave h o m e at 8 o'clock and get to work at 8 . 4 5 .) By 8.15 I I I leave h o m e ts\j & . r s I will lu\Ve left ko\tle. By 9.oo I I I a rrive at work ts\j .,.oo I will kRve Rrr(vetl Rt worK. At 9.10 I I I work At ., . f o I will �e worKIH'}.
(We h ave S u n d ay l u n c h at 1 o'clock. Sam cooks it a n d I d o t h e was h i n g u p . I usua lly fin i s h by 2 .30.) At 12 o'clock I Sa m I cook I l u n c h At 1.1o l we l eat At 2-45 I I I d o the was h i n g u p 2 (Th e children leave h o m e at 8.15 a n d take t h e b u s to school. The fi rst lesson is from 9.00 to 9-45 a n d t h e seco n d is from 9 · 4 5 to 10.30.) At 8 . 3 0 I they I travel to school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At 9.30 I they I sit i n t h e i r first lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . By 10.40 I they I have two lesso n s 3 (it's 11.00 on Monday. My clea n i n g wo m a n comes o n Tuesdays a n d wo rks from 10.oo-1.oo, then she goes to m y neigh b o u r's.) This t i m e to m o rrow my clea n i n g wo man I start work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . By 1.30 she I fi n i s h work in my flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At 1.30 she I clean my neighbou r's flat
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Complete these dialogues with the future continuous and the future perfect. I f they are not 1
possible, use will.
Do you t h i n k S u e a n d Fra n k . . (arrive) by the t i m e I get h o m e from work? I d o n't kn ow. I (phone) t h e m and ask when they h o pe t o leave. I'm sure E n gland . (win) the m atch to m o rrow. lt d oesn't really wo rry me. This t i m e to m o rrow I (sit) in the p l a n e on my way to New Yo rk. 3 A: I t h i n k I (ring) Terry a n d D i a ne before we go out. B : Do n't ring t h e m n ow. They (eat) d i n n e r. 4 A: I . (help) you d ecorate your kitchen w h e n I get back from h o liday. B : T h a n ks, but I hope we (fin is h) by the t i m e yo u get back. A: B: 2 A: B:
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1
Translate the following sentences.
Nachstes J a h r s i n d m e i ne Eltern schon 40 J a h re ve r h e i ratet. Morgen u m d iese Zeit liege ich am Stra n d . 3 Ellen wird s c h o n a n geko m m e n s e i n . Es ist schon n a c h 11.00. 4 Bis Dien stag werd e ich d ieses B u ch gelesen haben. Dann kannst d u e s h a b e n . s lch rufe morgen an. - OK, a b e r n i c h t zwischen 19.00 u n d 20.00 U h r, w e i l w i r gerade b e i m Essen se i n we rden. 2
39
�0 \jO� riR�
A: Pley ye>tJ poke r? B : N o , I 'm afraid not. I d o n't really play many card ga mes.
�o \jO� to
A: � any sport? B : Yes, I do. I p lay squash i n the winter and ten n is i n the s u m m e r. D o you like ten n is?
I
to
A: Yes, �- I'm a m e m be r o f the G ru n -Wei13 c l u b. B : How a b o ut a ga m e o n e d ay? I h o p e you're not too good !
Fragebildung m it und oh ne do
Wen n ein Aussagesatz ein H i lfsverb enthalt, bildet man die dazugehorige Frage (wie im Deutschen) durch Umstellung von S ubjekt und Verb. Steht ein Vollverb (au6er be) im Aussagesatz, m uss eine Form von do (do, does oder did) als H ilfsverb eingesetzt werden. Tom is coming. Is Ann c o m i n g? - H ilfsverben zur Zeitenbildung: be, h ave, will Tom was r u n n i n g. Was Ann r u n n i n g? Frage: H i lfsverb + Subjekt + Vollverb Tom h as left. Has Ann left? Will Ann be late? Tom will be late. - Modale H i lfsverbe n : can , should, may, might usw. Frage: H i lfsverb + Subjekt + Vollverb
To m can come. Tom should wait.
Can Ann come? Should An n wait?
- be als Vollverb: Frage: Form von be + Subjekt
Tom is English.
Is Ann English?
- Vollverben au6er be Frage: H i lfsverb do/does/d id + Subjekt + Vollverb
To m plays ten n i s. Tom p honed .
Does Ann play tennis? Did A n n phone?
Fragen m it dem Vollverb h ave werden m it do /does/did gebildet, Fragen mit have got jedoch ohne. Does Ann have t i m e ? To m has t i m e . To m has got t i m e . Has A n n got time? Kurzantworten
Ein sch lichtes Yes oder No als Antwort wird oft als u n hoflich em pfunden, deshalb empfieh lt es sich, stets die volle l
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
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•
Fragen m it einem Vollverb: Form von do verwenden Volle Kurzantworten sind h oflicher - H i lfsverb der Frage wiederholen
Weitere lnformationen ·····1 Units 19-20
•
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a 1
b a b
Do you know what time the fi lm starts? K n ow you what t i m e the fi lm starts?
b
H ave you seen my keys anywhere? You h ave seen my keys anyw h e re?
2 a 3
Lives David in Lo n d o n ? Does David live i n London? V'
a b
4
a b
5 6
Can you p lay c h ess? - Yes , I play. Can you play c h ess? - Yes, I can.
a b a b
E X E R C L S E S
Does y o u r son h ave got h i s own c a r? Has yo u r son got h i s own car? Was it s n ow i n g when you left? - Ye s, it did. Was it s n ow i n g w h e n you left? - Ye s, it was. What d o es yo u r h usband d o ? - H e's a docto r. What d oes yo u r h usband? - H e's a doctor.
Give short answers for t h e following questions.
A: Can you p lay the p i a n o? B: N o , I c�ttt,t.
1 A: Do you like yo u r new job? B : Yes, 2
3
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A: Are yo u r p arents c o m i n g for C h ristmas? B : Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A: Did Pa u l p h one yesterday? B : N o , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
.
4
A: H ave the c h i ld ren tidied their rooms?
5
A: Does Sue still live i n Manch ester? B : N o , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B: Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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.
Make questions and short an swers. Be careful with the different tenses!
you I have t i m e to h e l p me now? - Yes.
�o '1o� k�tve tltMe to kelf tMe ttow? - Ye!� I IA.o. yo u r h usband I go to Leeds last week? - N o , he I not.
,
�(lA. '1o�r k�{i1�ttt..< �o to lee..<{ l�t{t weeK? - Wo� ke ..
1
you I know wh ere the post office is, p lease? - N o , I 'm sorry, I I n ot.
2
the c h i ld ren I do their h o m ework yet? - Yes.
3
you I go s h o p p i n g yesterday? - Yes.
4
Sally I come to m o rrow? - N o , I 'm afraid she I not.
5
Pa u l I ever b e abroad ? - N o , h e I not.
1
Translate the followi ng questions and short answers.
Hast du meine Autosch lUssel gese h e n ? - N e i n . Warst d u gestern i n d e r S c h u le? - J a . 3 G e h t i h r h e u t e Abend i n s Kino? - J a . 4 Ka n n To m schwim men? - N e i n . 5 H ast d u Janes n e u e Ad resse? - J a . 2
41
•
r. koHe�
A: Who EliEl !3RORe s o late last n i ght? B: lt was J u lia, a co l leagu e from work.
��� fke W�tHt
A: What waRteEl si:Je? B : S h e h a s n 't got a car today. S h e asked if s h e can c o m e with m e .
Wko �oef fke work wltk ?
A: .o.' ' ithwho works she? l s s h e i n your tea m ? B : N o , s h e's i n expo rt.
wh- Fragen mit und ohne do bei Vollverben
Fragen m it when, wh ere, h ow und why werden m it einer Form von do gebildet. Tom teaches English at t h e Volks hochsch u le on Wednesday even i n g. When does Tom teach English at t h e Volks hochsch u le? Wh ere does Tom teach English on Wednesday eve n i ng? who-Fragen werde n ohne do gebildet, wen n who dem deutschen ,wer" entspricht. who- Fragen werden m it do gebildet, wenn who dem deutschen ,wen" (oder ,wem") entspricht. Tom teaches Anja. Who teaches Anja? - To m . He's the tea c h e r. Wer un terrichtet Anja ? Anja. S h e's a student. Wen un terrichtet Tom? Tom teach? Who does -
who = ,wer" bezeichnet das Subjekt des Satzes - die Person, die etwas tut. who = ,wen" bezeichnet das Objekt des Satzes - die Person, der etwas getan wird. Fragen m it what, wh ich und how much/ many werden oh ne do gebildet, wenn das Fragewort Subjekt (oder Tei l des S ubjekts) ist, dagegen m it do, wenn das Fragewort Objekt (oder Teil des Objekts) ist. Tom watched s o m e videos with h is students last week. What hap pened last week? Was ist fetzte Woche passiert? What did Tom do last week? Was hat Tom fetzte Woche getan? Which video interested the class m o st? Wefches Video interessierte die !(fosse am meisten ? Wefche Videos hat die !(fosse angeschaut? Which videos did the class watch? How many students watched? Wie viefe Kursteifnehmer;innen ha ben zugeschaut? Wie viefe Videos ha ben sie angeschaut? H ow many videos d id they watch? Fragen mit Prapositionen
In d iesen Fragen entspricht who . . . with? dem deutschen ,m it wem", who . . . to? dem deutschen ,wem". Anja went sailing with Tom last week. S h e i ntrod uced h i m to h e r friends. Who did Anja go sailing with ? Who did she introduce him to ? Mit wem ist Anja segefn gegangen ? Wem hat sie ihn vorgestellt? Die Praposition (hier: with, to) steht normalerweise dort, wo sie auch sonst steht: hinter dem Verb und ggf. dessen O bjekt - n icht, wie i m Deutschen, vor dem Fragewort. Diese Stellung der Praposition gilt auch in anderen Fragen. He is looking for a p resent fo r a fri e n d . Her friend comes from Colombia. What is h e looking for ? Where does h e r fri e n d come from ? • • . ........ • • .
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
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•
who? = ,wen? /we m?": Frage m it do bilden Prapositionen stehen in Fragen am Ende, nicht vor de m Fragewort
42
Weitere lnformationen ...:;. Unit 20
One sentence has a m istake. Which sentence is correct? a b 1 2 3
a b a b a b
E X E R C I S E S
Why did yo u phone J i l l yeste rday? V Why p h o n ed you J i l l yeste rda y? What kind of holidays do you prefer? What kind of h o l i d ays prefer you?
1t
a
With who d i d you go to the c i n e m a? Who did you go to t h e c i n e m a with?
5
H ow d id Tom b reak his leg? What did h a p p e n ? H ow did Tom b reak h i s leg? What h a p pe n ed?
6 a How m a n y people went t o J a ne's p a rty? b How m a n y people d i d go to J a n e's p arty?
b a b
W h o a n swered the phone when yo u called Steve? Who d i d answer the p h o n e w h e n you called Steve? Who looked after t h e c h i ld re n while you we re away? Who d i d look after the c h i ld ren w h i le you were away?
Make questions for these answers.
W h e n I happen I the accident? - lt h a pp e n ed last week. 1
2
Wketl ((((( tke Rcc(((etlt kRffttl? W h o I J a n e I s ha re a flat I wit h ? - S h e lives with two fri e n d s. How many people I c o m e to y o u r birthday pa rty last week? - Ove r t h i rty.
3
What wine I go I best with beef: red or white? - Red wine, I t h i n k.
1t
W h o I help you I with yo u r h o mework? - N o bo d y, I d i d it myself!
5 What I norma lly h a p p e n I at C h ristmas i n yo u r o ffi ce? - We usually all go o ut for d i n n e r. Make questions for these answers.
A: W h at ((((( \jO" (to \jt{ter((R\j eveti(Hcj? B: I went to t h e opera . 1 2 3 lt
A: W h o
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?
B: I went with a colleague. A: W h o
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?
B : My colleague paid for t h e t i c kets. A: What . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . after the o p e ra?
B : We met some fri e n d s at the t h e atre, s o we a l l went for a d ri n k. A: H ow m a n y of you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a ltogethe r?
B: T h e re were six of us.
5 A: Who . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i n t h e p u b ? B: I s a t next to Pa u l . 6 A: W h at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
B: We talked about h i s new flat. Translate the followi ng questions. 1
Was ist letzte Woc h e passie rt? Wie ist d e r U nfa ll passie rt? Wer h at gestern so spat a n ge rufe n ? 3 Mit w e m b i s t d u gestern e i n ka ufen gega nge n ? 1t Wer hat d i r d iese Postkarte gesc h ickt? 5 Wem hast du geschrieben, als du im U rl a u b warst? 2
43
•
�tmt�t \jo\1?
A: I expect you're ready for a cup of coffee, A-&? B : Yes, p lease. That would be lovely.
�OH�t \j0\1 ?
A: You ta ke s u ga r, � B : Yes, p lease. T h ree spoonfuls.
WOH�t {ke?
A: T h ree! Yo u r d e ntist will get rich from yo u , will sl9e? B : S h e's rich e n o u gh a lready. I just l i ke it sweet.
Form
Frageanhangsel (oder , Bestatigun gsfragen ") entsprechen ,n icht wah r?" bzw. ,oder?" im Deutschen. Sie werden d urch Wiederholung ei nes H ilfsverbs gebi ldet. She must be Italian, m ustn't she? You're learn i n g S p a n i s h , aren't yo u ? A n n has been to I reland, h asn't s h e ? To m can't speak C h i nese, can he? l t won't be c o l d t h e re i n M ay, w i l l it? Ein bejahtes H i lfsverb (z. B. h as) wird verneint ans Satzende gestellt (h asn't). Ein vernei ntes H i lfsverb (z.B. can't) wird bejaht ans Satzende gestellt (can) . Wie in anderen Fragen m uss man eine Form von do einsetzen, wenn sonst kein H ilfsverb vorhanden ist. You read a lot, don't you? They flew, didn't they? You don't watch m u c h TV, do you? They didn't go by car, did t h ey? Tom plays tennis, doesn't h e ? H e does n't play hockey, does h e ? Beachten Sie zwei Ausnahmen. 1. I am late, aren't I (�) ? I a m getti n g better, aren't I (�) ?
2. Let's (= Let us) go, shall we?
Intonation und Gebrauch .
._)(
You sti l l love me, don't you?
._)( I 've o n ly got $20. l t won't c ost too m u c h , will it? . ..._/ To m doesn't really speak Ara b 1 c , does he? -.....
A n n d rives a VW, doesn't she? S h e's got a G o lf.
-..... Yo u don't need me, do you? I can see that you h ave lots of h e l p a lready. • .
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Geht die Stimme am Satzende hoch, bedeutet dies: ,lch bin mir nicht sicher. Sage mir, ob es wahr ist." Manchmal wird dam it Oberraschung ausged rilckt: ,Das ilberrascht mich. 1st es wirklich wahr?" Geht die Sti mme nach unten, bedeutet dies: ,lch weiB es eigentlich. Bestatige mir, dass ich recht h abe."
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
Fragean h angsel sind spiegelbildlich: beja hter Satz - verneintes An hangsel (und umgekeh rt) Hi lfsverb im Satz vorhanden: H i lfsverb im Anhangsel wiederholen • Kein Hilfsverb i m Satz vorhanden: Frageanhangsel m it einer Form von do •
44
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
You weren't at work yesterd ay, were you? V" b Yo u weren't at work yesterd ay, was you?
E X E R C I S E S
a
1 2 3
a b a b a b
4 a
Yo u won't b e late, w i l l you? You won't be late, won't you?
b
They h aven't got t i m e , h ave they? They d o n 't have time, have t hey?
You don't mind if I d o n't come, d o yo u? You don't mind if I d o n't come, don't you?
5
I 'm wrong, a m not I? I 'm wrong, a ren't I ?
6 a I 'm not go i n g to pass the exa m, am I? b I 'm not go i n g to pass the exa m , are I?
a b
H e's been very busy lately, isn't h e ? H e's b e e n very b u sy lately, hasn't he?
Add question tags t o these q uestions.
You weren't a ngry with m e , were '10\-\? 1
2
3
4
I 've told you about my holiday,
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?
it's much warmer today, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? You don't really expect h i m to phone,
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?
You live next d o o r to B i ll, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
5 Yo u r son went to school with J e n ny, 6 I 'm asking too many q uestio n s ,
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Make questions with question tags for these a nswers.
1 2 3 4
t A: You ���l t �tR'1 Rt ko\t1e yesterday, ��� '1o\o\? B: N o , of course I d i d n't stay at h o m e . I went to J an e's p arty. A: Yo u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with me,
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?
B: No, I 'm not angry. I j u st wish you h a d told me sooner. A: J ackie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a new job,
. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . .
?
B : Yes, she h as. S h e fou n d it t h rough a fri e n d . A: T h e child re n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i n t h e garde n , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? B : Yes, they a re. Loo k - t hey're playi n g b e h i n d t h e trees. A: Yo u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u pset if I don't come t o yo u r wedd i n g, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? B : No, of course I won't. I u n d e rsta n d that it's a long way for you to come.
5 A: You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lend m e ten euros, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? B : Well, I could. B u t what about the ten eu ros I l e n t you last week? 6 A: Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . next week,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . .
?
B : Yes, that's right. H e's movi n g o n T h u rsday. 1
Tra nslate the following q uestions.
Du kommst m o rgen, o d e r? Das war s e h r teuer, nicht wa h r? 3 J o h n hat gestern n i c h t a n gerufen, oder? 4 lhr wohnt n oc h n i c ht lange h i e r, oder? 5 Das B u c h ist s e h r interessant, nicht wa h r? 2
45
Wtrt
A: These p h otos a re of M o re ly Road, a ren't they? W h e n afe- they take n ? B : O h , a long time a go. Fifteen o r twen tx years a go.
k�tvt llttH 11\otllt
A: A lot of n ew b u i l d i n gs are built s i n c e t h e n . B : Yes, the B a rton H otel, for exa m ple.
11\j
A : That was opened � a TV star. Do you re m e m be r? B : O h yes, that's right. S o m e o n e from that Satu rday soap o p e ra , wasn't it?
Form
Das Passiv wird m it einer Form van be + Partizip Perfekt gebildet. Ei nfache G egenwart En glish is s poken all ove r the world. Englisch wird . . . gesprochen. Ei nfache Vergangen heit The letter was posted in H a m b u rg. Der Brief wurde . . . abgeschickt. H o w many copies have been m ade? Wie vie/e Kopien sind gemacht warden ? Present Perfect T h e M e rcedes h ad been stolen earlier. Der Mercedes war . . . gestoh/en warden. Past Perfect Yo u r q u estions will be answered later. lhre Fragen werden . . . beantwortet werden. will-Zu kunft be answered im letzten Beispielsatz ist die l nfinitivform des Passivs. Sie wird auch nach Modalverben wie ca n, m ust, may, m ight, should usw. gebraucht. All bags m u st be checked . . miissen kontro//iert werden. Messages can be left at reception . . . . konnen . . . hin ter/assen werden. .
.
Gebrauch
In einem Aktivsatz wird gesagt, was jemand (oder etwas) aktiv tut. In einem Passivsatz wird gesagt, was m it jemandem (oder etwas) getan wird. Aktivsatz S o m e hooligans attacked m e . Ein paar Hooligans haben mich iiberfa//en. Passivsatz I was attacked from b e h i n d . /eh wurde van hinten iiberfa//en. In einem Passivsatz kann die Person, die aktiv etwas tut, m it by genannt werden. I was attacked by (ffe.ffi.) h o o ligans. !eh wurde van Hooligans iiberfa//en. Die meisten Passivsatze haben jedoch keine by- FUgung, denn sehr oft wird das Passiv gebraucht, weil es unwichtig, unbe kannt oder auch offensichtlich ist, wer a ktiv handelt. The road h as been closed . [Wichtig ist n u r, dass die Stra13e gesch lossen ist - van we m, ist unwichtig.) O h look, a window has been broken . [Wer das Fen ster kaputtge m acht hat, ist u n bekannt.) The m a n was arrested. [Wer d ie Ve rhaft u n g vo rge n o m m e n hat - die Polizei - ist offensichtlich u n d braucht nicht extra erwa h nt z u werd e n . ) Englische Passivsatze entsprechen oft deutschen Satzen mit , m a n " . S q uash is played i n d o o rs. Squash spie/t man drinnen. Te legra m s are delivered stra i ghtaway. Te/egramme /iefert man sofort aus. I was told Tom is c o m i n g. Man hat mir gesagt, Tom kommt. . • • •••••••• . • •
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
Passivbildung: be + Partizip Perfekt (z. B. is eaten , was made) ,von/d urch " = by, n icht �: H e was met by h is wife = Er wurde van seiner Frau abgeholt • Satze mit ,man": oft Passivsatz im E nglischen
•
Weitere lnformationen --1- Unit 2 2
E X E R C I S E S
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a
1 2 3
This book is writte n by C ha rles Dickens. b This book was written by Cha rles Dickens. V' O rd ers can made by phone. O rd ers can be made by p h o n e .
If a
b
Ta lks will h o ld in Was h in gton n ext week. Ta lks will be held in Was h i ngton next week.
5
b
H ave you got any b o o ks by H e m ingway? H ave you got any books from H e m i n gway?
6 a My b icycle has b e e n stolen. b My b icycle is sto l e n .
a b a a
b a b
The castle is b u i l t i n the ei ghteenth centu ry. T h e castle w a s b u i lt i n t h e eighte e n t h centu ry. T h e fro n t door s h o u l d locked i n the eve n i ng. The fro n t door s h o u l d be locked in the eve n i n g.
Make passive sentences.
1
2
3
If
This c h u rch I build I in 1886. Tk(f ck�rck W�tf k\llt IH r.t.h. The Sydney O pe ra H o use I design I a D a n ish a rc h itect.
. . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The new art gallery I o pe n I next week I t h e Que e n . 'Travelled' I s p e ll I w i t h one 'l' i n A m e r i c a n Engli s h . Bags I m ust n o t I take I i n t o t h e m us e u m
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . .
5 A lot of people I kill I i n road a ccidents so far t h i s year. Make questions for these answers.
1 2 3
A: When I the c h u rch I bu ild? WkeH W�tf tke ck�rck k\lltr B : I n 1682. A : What I m a ke I i n this factory? B: Electro n i c goods. A: When I new ai rport I build? B : N ext year, I t h in k. A: How long ago I new concert h a l l I o p e n ? B : T h ree years ago.
If 5
A: How many people I i nvite I so far? B: Over t h i rty. A: H ow often I elections I h o ld i n G reat Brita i n ? B : Every five yea rs.
6 A: When I you r car I ste a l? B: Last week. 1
Translate the following sentences using the passive.
Wie w i rd dieses Wort a usgesprochen? Wa n n ist di ese B ru cke gebaut word e n ? 3 Gestern sind z e h n Leute bei e i n e m U nfa ll verletzt word e n . If E i n e Entsc h e i d u n g wird nachste Woche getroffe n . 5 Te lefo n karten kan n man fast u b e rall ka u fe n . 2
47
A: What d i d you see w h e n you went to the fil m studios?
Wt Wtrt '(VU1
B: Well, tJSwas giveR a guided t o u r of the w h o le place. A : That sounds good.
Wt Wtrt $1t.OWH
B: And l:ISwas showR how they m a ke a n e p isode of a soap o p e ra . A : Really? I b e t t h at w a s i nterest i n g. B : Yes, it was. Actua l ly, t h e C h ristmas e pisode
WA.$ j�!t �t(., , \MA.tt was
JUSt !Tlade.
Verlaufsform im Passiv
Die Verlaufsform des Passivs bildet man m it einer Form von be + being + Partizip Perfekt. Wie im Aktiv ke nnzeichnet die Verlaufsform etwas als im Verlauf begriffen, andauernd, nicht abgeschlossen, voriibergehend. Verlaufsform der Gegenwart Aktiv: am /are/is ... ing Passiv: am/are/ is + bein g + Partizip Perfekt
T i m had an a ccident last week. H i s car is now at the garage. They are repairing it. it is being repaired . Es wird (gerade) repariert.
Verlaufsform der Vergangenheit Aktiv: was/were ... ing Passiv: was/were + being + Partizip Perfekt
W h e n we a rrived, t h e h otel sti l l wasn't fi nished. They were still painting t h e rooms. T h e roo ms were still being pai nted . Die Zimmer wurden
noch gestrichen. Das Passiv bei Verben m it zwei Objekten
Bestim mte Verben kon nen zwei O bjekte haben: ein direktes Objekt (meist eine Sache, die gegeben, ge· schickt usw. wird) und ein indire ktes (meist eine Person, der etwas gegeben, geschickt usw. wird) . My m o t h e r gave me this ring on my 18th b i rthday. We have shown him all 3 0 p hotos, but he doesn't recognize the m a n . I n Passivsatzen m it solchen Verben kan n - im Gegensatz z u m Deutschen - a u c h die Person Su bjekt des Satzes werden. I (Me) was given this ring by my mother. Mir wurde dieser Ring van meiner Mutter geschenkt. = This ring was given to me by my mother. Dieser Ring wurde mir van meiner Mutter geschenkt. He has (FliFR have) been shown all 3o photos. lhm sind a/le 30 Fa tos gezeigt warden. I Man hat ihm . . . gezeigt. All 3o p hotos have been shown to him. A/le 30 Fotos sind ihm gezeigt warden. /Man hat ihm . . . gezeigt. =
Zu den Verben, bei denen die Person Subjekt eines Passivsatzes werden kan n , zah len u.a. folgende: ask buy give lend offer pay promise sell send show teach tell
I•
Bei den Verben describe, explain, report und suggest kan n nur eine Sache Sttejeltt Eles Passivsat:zesseiA. They exp lained t h e problem to us. T h e problem was explained to us. We were explai ned the p roble m . who- Fragen im Passiv m it by
Satzstellung: by steht am Satzende, nicht am Satzanfang. Who were these photos taken by? Van wem wurden diese Fotos gemacht? Who was the book written by? Van wem wurde dos Such geschrieben ? • • • •••••••• • • •
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
is being watched, were being cooked usw. = Passiv·Verlaufsform (fiir etwas, das im G ange ist) I was given = ,Mtf..wu rde gegeben": Person ist Su bjekt von Passivsatz bei give, send, show, tell usw. • Who is this by (from)? = ,Von we m ist das (geschriebe n / kom poniert usw.)?": by steht am Satzende
•
One sentence has a m istake. Which sentence is correct?
EXE RCI S ES
a 1
The bridge was closed yesterday because it was repaired. b The bridge was closed yesterday because it was being repaired . 11'
a
4 a
A new s h o p p i n g ce ntre is b u ilt there. A new s h o p p i n g c e ntre is being b u i lt t h e re .
b
Who was t h i s c h u rc h bu ilt by? By who was t h i s c h u rc h b u i lt ?
b
Can I help you o r are y o u served? Can I help you or are you being serve d ?
5
b
H e has been as ked t o m a ke a speech. Him has been asked to make a speech.
6 a I was given a warm welcome when I a rrived. b I was b e i n g given a warm welcome w h e n I a rrived.
2 a 3 a
b a b
Yo u r car i s n ' t read y, s i r. l t i s still re p a i red. Yo u r car i s n ' t read y, s i r. l t i s s t i l l b e i n g repaired.
Make passive sentences or qu estions.
Last year they sent h e r to the Berlin office for two months. Last year she Wlo\$ $Utt to the 6ert1H office for two \t'IOHth$. 1 2 3 4
Nobody told me about the m eeting. !
. . . • . . • • • • • . • . • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . • . • • • • • • . . . • • • • • . . . • • • • • . . • • • • . . . • • • . . • • • • . . . . • • • • • . . . • • • • • . . . . . . . • •
How m u ch d i d they pay you? How m u ch
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . .
Has a nyone explained t h e n ew c o m p uter program to you? Has the comp uter p rogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
They will show the roya l wedd i n g on TV. The royal wed d i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Someone m u st write t h e letter t h i s week. The letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 They h ave asked me to h e l p at t h e school C h ristm a s party. !
. . • • • • • . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . • • • • • . . . . . • • • • • • • . . . . • • • • • • . . . • • • • . . . • • • • . . • • • • . • • • • • • . . . • • • • • • . . . . • • • • • • • . .
Make passive questions for these answers.
Who I the new concert hall I o p e n I last week? - By the Qu een.
Wko Wlo\$ the HeW co�tcert kllll OfeHe� 11� llo\{t weefo;.? 1
2
3
4
David I offer I a p lace at u n iversity yet? - No, not yet. Why I the flight I cancel / yeste rday? - B ecause of fog. W h e n I the b o o k I be p u blished? - N ext year. What I b u i ld I he re? - A n ew school. it's n ea rly fin ished.
5
Who I this book I write? - By Agatha C h ristie.
1
Translate the following sentences.
U nsere neue Couch ist gerade geliefert (deliver) w a rd e n . Letzte Woche w u r d e m i r e i n e Ste lle i n e i n e r a n d e r e n A bteilung a ngeboten. 3 Ka n n ich l h n e n helfe n ? - Nein d a n ke. l c h werde schon bedie nt. 4 Als wir gestern i m Hotel a n ka m e n , wurd e u nser Zim m e r gerade geputzt. 5 Z u rzeit wird a lles gemacht, um das Pro b l e m z u lbs e n . 2
49
A: H ow was the French holiday?
<�H f�fl
B : Fi ne. I cantssail n ow. I did a course there . A: With a French train er?
<�" \jo� frt�" freHck?
B: Yes, but she spoke English. Can ysu rrench? A: No, I can't. But a lot of Fre nch people speak English, d on't they?
W�f �111t to
B: Yes, they do. One day I needed some m e d icine at a chemist's and eett+e ask for it in English.
Deutsch ,konnen": can, be able t o
can hat keine Present Pe rfect- oder Zukunftsform. D iese werden m it dem Ersatzverb be able to gebildet. I can speak Fre n c h . I can't speak Italia n . kann (nieht) Gegenwart At six she could read. She couldn't swi m . konnte (nicht) Vergan gen heit He was able to call the po lice because he had a m o bile phone with h i m . I have been able t o fi nd Tom . I haven't been able t o fi n d ) i ll. habe (nicht) konnen Present Perfect We will be able to meet. We won't be able to talk long. werden (nieht) konnen Zukunft Auf can/ can't folgt ein lnfin itiv oh ne to. I n der Vergangen heit gebraucht m a n fiir eine generelle Fahigkeit meist cou ld. I could swim when I was four.
I•
Wen n gesagt wird, was jemandem i n einer Einzelsituation gelang, muss man was/were able to ge brauchen. I n Fragen und verneinten Satzen ist could jedoch ebe nfalls mtiglich. Luckily I was able to (rottltl) fi nd a s h o p that was sti ll open. Could yo u fi nd I Were you able to fi nd a s h o p that was sti l l o p e n ? I couldn't fi nd I wasn't able t o fi nd a s h o p that was sti l l o p e n . can wird gebraucht, wen n man jetzt etwas fUr die Z u kunft anbietet o d e r vorschlagt. Today is not possible, but we can meet tomorrow if you like.
1•
N u r will be able to ist mtiglich, wen n die Fah i gkeit, etwas zu tun, jetzt noch nicht vorhanden ist. H e's broken his leg, b ut he will be able to te-aTt) walk again soo n . can kan n - auBer z.B. in l
Verben der Sinneswahrnehmung - see, hear, smell, taste, touch - stehen meist m it can oder could, wenn man eine momentane Wahrneh m u n g ausd rilckt. I can see/ hear/smell the sea. !eh sehe;hore/rieehe das Meer. I could taste somethi n g bitter in the s o u p. /eh sehmeekte etwas Bitteres in der Suppe. 0 0 0 ........ 0 0 0
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
can hat nur zwei Form e n : can (Gegenwart) und could (Verga ngenheit) ; andere Zeitstufe n : be able to ,kon nte(n)" (Vergangenheit) = could nur i n Allgem einaussagen; einmaliges G e lingen = was/were able to • ,ktin nen" m it Z u ku nftsbezug = can bei Angeboten und Vorsch lagen; sicherer ist sonst will be able to • see, hear, smell, taste, touch: m it can/could bei momentaner Sinneswahrneh mung •
so
Weitere l n formationen ····+ Unit 2 5
One sentence has a m istake. Which sentence is correct?
EXE R C I S ES
a I 1
can u n derstand m o re after my cours e i n Lo n d o n n ext m on t h . b I ' H be a b le to u n d e rstand m o re after my c o u rse i n Lo n d o n n ext m o nt h . V
a I
c o u ld see To m when I was in Lo n d o n . I was a b le to see To m when I was i n Lo n d o n .
If a
b
b
W h a t s e e yo u i n the p ictu re? What can yo u see i n the p ictu re?
5
Wit! you be able to come later? - Yes, I wit!. Wit! you be a b le to c o m e later? - Yes, I be able.
6 a I can come tomo rrow. b I c a n to come t o m orrow.
2 a 3
a b
1
2
3
a b
M y sister can S p a n ish. M y sister can s p e a k S p a n i s h .
Were you a b le to go to J a ne's party? - Yes, I was. Was you a b le to go to J a n e's pa rty? - Yes, I was.
Complete the answers to these questions using can/can't, could /couldn't or a form of be able to.
A: Did you get the chance to go to t h e O pe ra H o u s e when you were i n Syd n ey ? B : Yes, w e were so lucky! W e
. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
g e t tickets f o r a m o dern b a l !et.
A: H ave you i nvited Carol and Jane to the pa rty?
B : Well, I left a m essage on Caro l's answeri ng m a c h i n e yesterday b u t 1
. . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . .
speak
to Jane yet - perhaps she's away. A: How was yo u r concert yesterd ay - it was t h e first p erformance, wasn't it? B : l t went well b u t I was so n ervou s . I
If
b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e njoy it!
A: How does your sister feel about her h u s ba n d 's n ew j o b i n the States? B: Well, she's a bit worried about fi n d i n g work herself. She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . work w h e n s he's g o t a green card.
5 A: What was your h otel like? B: Fa n tastic. We had a wond erfu l view. We
1
2 3
. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . .
see the sea from our wind ow.
Make questions for these answers. Use can, could or a form of be able to.
A:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fre n c h ?
B : N o , I c a n ' t really. I o n ly had Fre nch lesso ns for a c o u p le of years at school. A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w h e n yo u were a c h i ld ? B : No, I could n't. I l e a r n e d to swi m when I w a s forty. A: How was t h e flight?
. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
on t h e p lane?
B : Yes , I was. I slept rea l ty well. If
A: Docto r, how b a d is m y son's inj u ry?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .
football again?
B : Yes, I 'm s u re he will. B ut h e m ust be patient - it w i l l take t i m e . 1
Translate the following sentences.
l
51
A: Back from t h e d e n tist a l ready?
���H �t kRVt to
B: Yes, I hadn't to wait l o n g. A: What did she say? Are yo u r teeth O K?
kd to
B : Well, s h e fl'ltl'5+ put a new fil l i n g i n t h i s tooth here. A: Oh. B u t t h e other teeth a re OK?
Htt�H�t /�OH�t kRVt to
B : Yes, I fl'ltt5tfl!t go back again till n ext year.
Deutsch ,miissen": must, have to
must hat kein e Vergangen heits-, Present Perfect- oder Zukunftsform. Das Ersatzverb ist have to. Gegenwart I m ust call I have to call B i ll. /eh muss Bill anrufen. Verga ngenheit We had to (fl'lti'S+) p h o n e t h e d octor. Wir m ussten den Arzt anrufen. I have/ haven't had to do t h i s often . Das habe ieh (nieht) oft maehen miissen. Present Perfect Zukunft Yo u will/won't have to wait. Sie werden (nieht) warten miissen. mustn't - needn't - don't have to
,nicht miissen " wird d u rch needn't (= nicht brauchen) oder durch don't/doesn't have to ausgedriickt. I need n't go I don't have to (ffl't:tStt)t4: go yet. /eh muss noeh nieht gehen. /!eh brauehe noeh nieht zu gehen.
1•
must not entspricht ,nicht d ii rfen " ! Vgl. : Yo u need n't worry. Du m usst dir keine Sorgen maehen. /Du brauehst dir keine Sorgen zu maehen. I don't have to work on T h u rsday. it's a h ol i d ay. !eh m uss . . . nieht arbeiten./lch brauche . . . nicht zu arbeiten. I m ustn't forget. it's Ann's birthday tomorrow. !eh darf es nicht vergessen. Fragen und Verneinung mit have to
Verneinung und Fragen m it have to bildet man in der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit m it einer Form von do. don't h ave to go yet. - Does A n n h ave to go? - Yes, she does. I N o , s h e doesn't. We did n't h ave to wait long. - Did you have to call t h e p o lice? - Yes, we did. I N o , we did n't. I
must oder have to in der Gegenwart?
Der G e brauch von m ust und have to ii berlappt sich in der Gegenwart. Fehler vermeidet man, wenn man wie folgt verfah rt. Befehl: m ust Parent: You must be h o m e by 9 . 3 0 . All bags m ust be left at rece ption. Man d riickt seine eigenen G efU h le (= inn ere O berzeugu ng) aus: must We must meet m o re ofte n . I must give u p smoking. Man berichtet lediglich, was von anderen angeord net wird/wurde: h ave to C h i ld : M y dad is awful. I h ave to be h om e by 9 . 3 0 . We have to pay at the machine befo re we fetch the car. Fragen : have to Do we have to pay now? • . • ........ . • •
W h e re do we h ave to park?
Das Wichtigste in l(iirze •
must nur in G egenwart, sonst h ave to ,nicht miissen " = need n't; mustn't = ,n icht d iirfen" • have to: Frage und Verneinung m it do • m ust = ,ich bestimme das" oder ,ich halte das fUr notig"; h ave to = ,das wird von auBen so bestimmt"
•
52
Z u amerikanischem Gebrauch siehe Seite 103
E X E R C I S E S
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
I d idn't have to work late yeste rday. V b I h a d n't to work late yesterday.
a 1
I m ustn't forget to p ost these letters. I d o n't have to forget to post t h ese letters.
If
b
Yo u needn't come if you don't h ave t i m e . You m ustn't c o m e if y o u d on't have time.
5
b
W h e re have w e to buy o u r tickets? W h e re d o we h ave to buy our t i c kets?
6 a Had you t o wait long a t the d octor's? b Did you h ave to wait long at the docto r's?
a b
2 a 3 a
a b a b
Does An n h ave to work tomorrow? - Yes, she does. Does Ann h ave t o work t o m orrow? - Yes, s h e has. You d o n ' t have to s m o ke o n t h e u n d e rgro u n d . Yo u m ustn't s m o ke o n the u n d e rgro u n d .
Complete these sentences with musn't or don't/doesn't have to.
1
2
3
If
You IM\otfbt't be late.
My husband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to hos p ital. T h a n k goodness! You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tell anyone what I told you . it's a secret. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go to work tomo rrow. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . forget to go to the b a n k.
5 You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wash that p u llover i n t h e was h i n g m a c h i n e . l t says ' h and wash o n ly'. 6 My sister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wo rry a b o ut m o ney. Her h us b a n d is very rich. Make questions for these answers. U s e a form o f have to.
1 2 3
A: �(tl ':10li k.�tve to wait long? B: N o , I d i d n't. lane's t ra i n was on time. A: W h at time does the con cert sta rt? When . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . leave? B : Well, we s h o u ldn't leave too late oth erwise we won't get a parki n g space. A:
. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
work last weekend?
B : N o , I d i d n't, but I have to work n ext weeke n d . A:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
go n ow?
B : Yes, I 'm sorry, I do. I h ave to get u p so early to m o rrow. If
A: Do you t h i n k we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o p e n o u r s u itcases w h e n we get to Moscow? B : Well, the last time I was t h ere we d i d .
5 A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d o a written test at any of t h e interviews you've been t o ? B : N o , I haven't. So far t h ey've j u st asked m e a few questio n s to t e s t my Fre n c h . 1
Translate the following sentences.
l c h muss wirklich m e h r G ra m matik lernen. H ast du gen ligend Pfu n d i m U rlaub ge habt o d e r m usstest d u mehr u mtausch e n ? 3 M e i n Arzt i s t gut, a b e r m a n m uss i m m e r wa rte n . If Mlissen wir mitko m m e n ? 5 Morgen m uss i c h n icht a rbeiten. 2
53
A: I see it's ra i n i n g agai n .
\ttR'•j/\ttt'}kt/ CO\<(I((
B: Yes, but it's still early. lt Ei*l- c lear up later. A: I was plan n i n g to go to t h e sea.
\tt R� ttot I \ttt')kt ttot
B: Well, the weather couldn't b e so bad down t h e re . it's o ften better on the coast. A : Yes. Actua l ly, if I go, could I b o rrow yo u r new camera?
Cl\tt/\tt R\j
B : Yes, yo u €et:l-k3 . B u t be ca reful with it, p lease.
Erlaubnis ausdriicken
can oder may wird gebraucht, urn eine hofliche Bitte zu stellen oder urn Erlaubnis zu geben bzw. zu verweigern. May ist eher fOrm lich. Can / May I open the win dow, p le ase? - Yes, of cou rse you can / may. I No, I 'm sorry, yo u can 't/ may not. Yo u wa nted to bo rrow my printe r. 0 1<, you can / may. could ist in Bitten ebenfalls moglich, wird aber nicht gebraucht, urn Erlaubnis zu erteilen bzw. zu verweigern. Could I look at yo u r m a p , p lease? - Yes, you can / may (ffit:tl.€1.) . I'm sorry, b u t y o u can't (ceuleli9't1 park h e re . This is p rivate. Moglichkeit und U n gewissheit ausdriicken
Mit may/ m ight/cou ld (aber nicht EaR-) d riickt man aus, dass etwas moglicherweise der Fall ist j sein wird. A : The p h o n e's ringing. B: lt may/ might/could (Ettfl) be fo r m e . I 'm expect i n g a call. Es kannjkonnte fur mich sein. A: H o w m u c h will t h e re p a i r cost? B : I d o n't kn ow. But it may/m ight/could (tiffl) be q u ite expe n sive. Es kannjkonnte ziem/ich teuer werden.
Mit may/ might not (n icht eafl't/ee�:�lefl't) d riickt man aus, dass etwas moglicherweise nicht der Fall ist. A : T h e p h o n e is ri nging. Aren't you go i n g to answer it? B: lt may/ might not be for m e . Perhaps it's for yo u . [= Es k o n nte se in, dass der Anruf n i cht fU r mich ist.] Vergleiche dagegen : A : Loo k, the p ostma n's c o m i n g w i t h a big p a rcel. A re y o u expecting something? B : N o , it can't/ cou ldn't be for m e . I 'm not expect i n g anyt h i ng. [ = Es kann n icht sein I Es ist a usgesch lossen, dass das Paket fU r mich ist.] • ••••••
::
" •
.
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
Urn Erlaubnis bitten (,darf ich?") : can? may? oder could? Erlau bnis erte ilen und verweigern (,du darfst/darfst nicht") : can ('t), may (not) ; aber nicht co1:1ld (not) • ,das ist mogli cherweise der Fall I das kann sein": may, mi ght, could; aber nicht ffifl • ,das ist mogli cherweise nicht der Fall I es kan n sein, dass das nicht der Fall ist": may n ot, might not; aber n icht �. cs1:1ldn't •
54
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
EXERC I S E S
a
I'm not sure - the hotel can b e m o re expensive i n the h ig h season . b I ' m not sure - t h e hotel may b e m o re expensive i n t h e h i gh seaso n . V 1
a
May I to s m o ke, please? May I smoke, please?
If a
b
b
S u e can know l a ne's n ew add ress. Sue might know l a n e's new a d d ress.
5
That book can't be m i ne. I left m i n e at h o m e. That book may not be m i n e . I left m i n e at h o m e .
6 a Sue doesn't may come this even ing. b S u e may not c o m e this eve n i n g.
2 a 3
a b
C o u ld I go n ow, p l ease? - Yes, you can, of c o u rse. Could I go n ow, please? - Yes, you could, of c o u rse.
b a b
T h a t m ight b e for m e - I 've ordered a pizza. That can be for m e - I 've ordered a p izza.
Which sentences are correct: a , b , o r a a n d b ? a b
1 2 3
a b a b
Can I bo rrow yo u r dictionary, p lease? May I bo rrow yo u r d i ction ary, p lease? Where's J o h n ? - I do n't know. H e can b e at l u n c h . Where's J o h n ? - I do n't know. H e m a y be at l u n c h .
C o u ld I bring my sister to yo u r pa rty on Saturday? - Yes, you can - no p ro b le m . b Can I bring my sister t o yo u r party o n S atu rday? - Yes, you can - n o p roble m .
a
If a b
5
I may b e late t h i s eve n ing. V I m ight be late this eveni n g. V
a b
Wh o's Sally talking to? - I 'm n ot s u re. l t c a n be h e r sister. Wh o's Sally talking to? - I'm n ot s u re. lt could be h e r sister.
That phone call may be for m e . Sue said she wo u ld rin g a bout 10 o'clock. That phone call m ight be for m e . Sue said she would r i n g a b o ut 10 o'clock.
Complete the dialogues using can, can't or may (not).
A: Can I use yo u r p h o n e , please? B: Yes, of cours e you
out.
1 A: Who's that at the door? 2 3
B: lt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . be To m . H e said h e'd call ro u n d if h e had t i m e .
A: T h a t person over t h e re looks just like Dave. I s i t his b rothe r? B: N o , it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . be. Dave has n't got any b rothers or sisters.
A: Wh at's the m atter? You B : I d o n't know. l t
If
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .
. . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . .
be t ired - yo u went to bed so e a rly yesterday!
be the air i n this roo m .
A : D r ive ca refu lly. The roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b e icy. B: Well, I . . . . . . . . .
5 A: .
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...
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.. . ..... .
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.
...
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..
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go by car a nyway. it's p ro b a b ly safer by t ra i n .
I bo rrow t h i s book, please?
B : Of course, you can. Yo u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . take this one too if you like. Translate t h e following sentences. U se can, can't, could, m a y or m ight.
1 Darf i c h das Fe nster z u m achen? 2
Es tut m i r leid, aber Sie ktin n e n lhr Fa h rrad h i e r n i c ht lassen. Ktinnte ich spater zurUckrufe n ? - NatUrlich kti n n e n Sie das. If Der B rief ktin n te von Pa u l se i n - er wollte mir schreiben. 5 Nimm einen Regensc h i r m . Vielleicht regnet es spater.
3
55
A: What shall we do t h i s eve n i n g?
�t�"''"" B: I s uggest .fe-5ffi.y at h o m e .
A: Not aga i n . Yo u 're so b o ri n g. Come o n , let's g o to t h e p u b. I
d o n 't like ti:Jatwe ge to t h e p u b a l l the t i m e . Yo u j ust want to see all yo u r football mates. A : N o , n o . I want to go t h e re with you.
B:
I}O(HI}
B: I d o n ' t believe yo u . Can't you Gerundium
=
�::�:�.j
i m agi n e
w�tck(HI}
at h o m e a n d wa:tEfl a n ice video?
Nomen
Das Gerund ium ist ein Nomen, das aus einem Verb abgeleitet wird. Es hat die Endung -ing. Wie andere Nomen kan n das Gerundium ein Subjekt sein. Sport is good for you. Swimming i s good fo r yo u . Sport ist gesund. Sehwimmen ist gesund. Gerundium nach bestimmten Verben
Das Gerundium steht als Objekt nach bestimmten Verben. I 've left the c h o i r. I m iss si nging. !eh bin aus dem Char ausgetreten. /eh vermisse das Singen. I have to practise parkin g for my d rivi ng test. /eh muss das Einparken fur meine FahrpriJ{ung iJben. Oft entspricht die -ing-Form (Gerundi um) einem l nfin itiv im Deutschen. Can you imagine living (HJ...l.i.\i).e. i n Alaska? /(annst du dir vorstellen, in Alaska zu leben ? You risk losing (ffi-l.e5e) a l l yo u r m o n ey. Du riskierst, dein ganzes Geld zu verlieren. I suggest leaving (�) ea rly. !eh sehlage vor, friJh loszufahren. Do you mind waiting (te-watt) ? Maeht e s lhnen etwas aus z u warten ? Verb + ... ing wird z.T. i m Deutschen auch a nders wiedergegeben. I like cooking I driving I travellin g. !eh koehe gem I fahre gem Auto I reise gem. H e kept (on) I carried o n asking the same q u esti o n s . Er stellte immer wieder die gleiehen Fragen. Have you finished eating? Sind Sie mit de m Essen fertig ? Zu den Verben, auf die ein Gerundium folgt, za hlen insbesondere folgende. like* gem habenltun love* sehr gem habenltun enjoy gem habenltun d islike ungem habenltun hate* sehr ungem habenltun prefer* lieber habenltun (not) mind etwaslniehts dagegen haben
start* anfangen begin* beginnen continue weiter tun carry on weiter tun keep (on) weiter tun finish zu Ende tun stop aufhoren give up aufgeben
ad mit zugeben avoid vermeiden imagine sieh vorstellen mention erwiihnen m iss vermissen practise iJben recommend empfehlen suggest vorschlagen
Auf die m it * geken nzeichneten Verben (in dieser Bedeutung) kann auch ein l n fin itiv folgen. Auf would like (moehteln) , would love (wiJrdeln liebend gem), would prefer (wiirdeln lieber), would h ate (wiirdeln sehr ungern) folgt immer ein to-lnfinitiv. I'd like to ask (�) a q u esti o n . !eh moehte eine Frage stellen.
I•
Auf vie le andere Verben folgt ebenfalls - wie im Deutschen - immer ein l nfin itiv, z.B. decide, h ope, learn , plan , want, offer, promise, afford (sich leisten), ma nage (es schaffen) . • •
:
•••••••• • •
Das Wichtigste in KUrze
•
...ing n ach bestimmten Verben, insbesondere Verben des MOgens und N icht-MOgens und Verben, die Beginnen, Fortsetzen und Beenden ausd rilcken Weitere lnformationen ··--} Units 27-30
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a b
1
a
My father h a s given u p to s m o ke . My fath e r has give n up smoking. V'
4 a
E. X.J E R C... l S E S
) a n e can't afford t o go o n h o liday this year. J a n e can't afford going on h o liday t h i s year.
b
I suggest to m eet at s ix o'clock. I s u ggest meeting at six o'clock.
b
C o u ld you i m agine to live in t h e U SA? Could you i m agine living in t h e U SA?
5
b
We wo u ld l i ke to go to Canada n ext year. We would like going to Canada n ext yea r.
6 a I 've m a n aged to fin d t h e b o o k you wanted. b I 've m a n a ged fi n d i n g the book you wanted.
2 a 3 a
b a
I don't m i n d to h e l p you at t h e weeke n d . I d o n 't m i n d helping y o u at the wee kend.
b
Rewrite these sentences using the gerund.
Sue said, " Let's go to t h e cinema." Sue suggested "ol�" to tke cl�eWIR.
1 Paul said, "We can go to the theatre if you want."
2 3
4
5 6
Paul said h e d i dn't m i n d Joe said, " I sto le the bike." )oe a d m itted J e n ny said, " I t h i n k it would be n i ce to live i n Austra l i a ." J e n ny said she could imagine Mary, "You s h o u ld book early at t h e new I nd i a n restaurant." Mary reco m m e n ded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dave, "I saw C a ro l at t h e party." Dave mentioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )a n e , "I don't go to work by car any m ore." Jane h as stopped
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. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Complete these dialogues using the gerund or the infinitive.
A: Caro l has suggested "ol�" (go) to the t h eatre on Satu rday. B : I really don't want to "o (go) out. I 'd prefe r to fpe�d. (spend) the even i n g at h om e .
1 A: W h a t have you decided
. (do) a b o u t yo u r j o b ? B : I 'm goi n g to carry on (work) h e re at t h e m om e n t. Of cou rse, I 'd l i ke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (have) m ore m on ey, but I have n't m a naged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (speak) to the boss yet. 2 A: Would you m i n d (turn off) t h e TV, p lease? I can't concentrate. B : Then I suggest (go) i nto the d i n i n g roo m to world Yo u know I want (watch) this p rogra m m e . . (drive) i n t h e r u s h h o u r. 3 A: I t h i n k w e s h o u ld leave ea rly tomo rrow to avo id B: Yo u know I h ate (get up) ea rly. I 'd p refer (go) when the rus h h o u r's ove r. 4 A: Have you learned (use) t h e n ew software yet? B : U n fo rtunately not, but my boss has prom ised . (send) me on a c o u rse. 5 A: We can't affo rd (go) a b road fo r a h o liday this year, so we've plan ned (go) camp ing. B : I 'm s u re you'll miss (have) a c o m fortable bed - I can't i m agine yo u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (sleep) in a tent! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Translate the followi ng sentences. 1
lch sch lage vor, der Firma e i n e n B rief zu schreiben. Mein N achbar hat angeboten , mein Auto zu reparieren. 3 l c h kann m i r n i c h t vorste llen, diese G egend z u verlassen, a b e r m e i n e Fra u will u m z i e h e n . 4 Wir m o chten e i n e n T i s c h reservieren. Wir sitzen g e r n e a m Fenster. 5 Sue u n d Tom ha ben vers p rochen, p U n ktlich zu sein. 2
57
•
A: I see you've got an i nvitation to a c lass re u n i o n : "Class 6B 15 years later". B: Yes. I 'm loo k i n g forward to A: W h e re i s it?
(eetH'}
&ee
my old school friends aga i n .
of e«t(H'}
B : At the s c h o o l. S o m e o n e had t h e idea W-e-at i n the school cante e n ! A: That doesn't s o u n d a very g o o d i d e a .
t«K(H'}
B : I'm t h i n ki n g a b o u t � a p i c n i c with m e ! Gerundium nach Prapositionen
Nach einer Praposition (about, against, at, in, of, on usw.) steht ein Verb immer in der -ing- Form. Die Praposition bildet oft m it einem Adje ktiv, Nomen oder Verb eine Einheit. Adjektiv + Pra position + ... ing S h e's good / bad at persuading p e o p le. Sie kann Leute gut/seh/eeht iiberzeugen. I was afraid /frightened of making a m ista ke. !eh hatte Angst, einen Feh/er zu maehen. I 'm tired of I I'm fed up with visiting m us e u ms. !eh ha be es satt, Museen zu besuehen. I 'm interested in meeting h i m . !eh habe Lust I bin daran interessiert, ihn kennenzulernen. Nomen + Praposition + ... ing What is t h e advantage of payin g n ow? Welehen Vorteil I Welehe Vorteile hat es, jetzt zu zah/e n ? W h a t are the chances of finding a taxi? Wie stehen die Chaneen, ein Taxi z u finden ? I h ate t h e idea /thought of payin g so m u c h . . . . die Idee I den Gedanken, so vie/ zu bezahlen. T h e re a re good reasons for eatin g a lot of fru it. Es gibt gute Griinde dafiir, vie/ Obst zu essen. Verb + Praposition + .. . ing H e talked /spoke/ drea med about emigrating. Er spraeh/traumte davon auszuwandern. I thought about/of asking Tim fo r help. !eh daehte daran, Tim um Hilfe zu bitten. I decided against I I am against moving. /eh entschied mich dagegen /bin dagegen, umzuziehen. He apologized for being late. Er entsehuldigte sieh dafiir, dass er sieh verspatet hatte. She thanked u s for helping h e r. Sie dankte uns dafiir, doss wir ihr geholfen hatten. We succeeded in persuading h e r. Es gelang uns, sie zu iiberzeugen. S h e insisted on paying for eve rybody. Sie bestand darauf, fiir a/le zu bezahlen. Auch n ach look forward to, be used to und object to folgt eine -i ng-Form, kein lnfinitiv! I 'm looking forward to meeting (FR-e-e-t) h i m aga i n . /eh freue mieh darauf, ihn wiederzusehen. I n N o rway we are used to having (.� ) a lot of sn ow. In . . . sind wir es gewohnt, . . . zu ha ben. They objected to sitting (5ft0 in t h e s m o k i n g secti o n . Sie pro testierten dagegen, . . . zu sitzen.
1•
Eine -ing-Form wird auch nach H ow /What about?, be worth und feel like gebraucht. How/What about going to the c i n e m a t h i s eve n i ng? Wie ware es, wenn wir . . . ins Kino gingen ? it's (not) worth waiting. Es lohnt sich (nieht) zu warten. I feel like going for a walk. !eh hatte Lus t, spazieren zu gehen. before, after, by, instead of und without stehen allein m it einer -ing- Form . Before open ing t h e letter, s h e took a d e e p breat h . Bevor sie . . . offnete, atmete sie tie{ dureh. You can save 10% by booking on the I n ternet. Man kann 10% sparen, wenn man . . . bueht. I nstead of waiting, I went to a n ot h e r s h o p . Anstatt zu warten, ging ieh in einen anderen Laden. S h e left without sayin g good bye. Sie fuhr weg, ohne sieh zu verabschieden . • •
:
• •• ••••• • •
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
Nach einer Praposition: �ing-Form, n icht l n finitiv!
ss
Weitere lnformationen -·-1 Units 28-30
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
E X E RC I S E S
a
I 'm not i n terested for learn i n g another language. b I 'm not i n terested i n learning another language. V
1
a
Are you good in m a ki n g decisions? Are you good at m a ki n g decisions?
If a
b
b
Ed got the job without havi ng an inte rview. Ed got the job without to h ave an interview.
5
b
We're looking forward to go on h o li day. We're looking forward to go i n g on h o li day.
6 a it's not worth to b o o k early. b it's not worth booking early.
2 a 3 a
b a b
We're t h i n ki n g a bo u t to look for a n ew flat. We're t h i n ki n g a b o u t looking for a n ew flat. What's the advantage from b o o ki n g a retu r n ticket? W h at's the advantage of booking a return ticket?
Rewrite these sentences with the gerund and the correct preposition.
I 'm fed up with lea rning voca b u la ry. I 'm t i red of le�tnt(K'} VOC�tln.il�ti'J.
1 S a n d ra doesn't m i n d worki n g o n Saturd ays.
If
S a n d ra is used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I 'd like to meet yo u r new boss. I 'm i nterested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 We're not goi n g to b u y a new kitc h e n . We've decided
We m a na ge d to fi n d a parking space. We succeeded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 I d i dn't want J o h n t o h e lp me, but h e d i d . J o h n i n sisted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 I d o n't w a n t to leave so early. I o bject
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. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Complete the dialogues with the gerund (+ correct preposition) or the infinitive.
A: The thought of K-�ov(K'} (move) is terri ble. B : I kn ow. I d o n't want to '}O (go) either.
1 A: The c h a n ces 2
(get) a last- m i n ute h o l iday a re not very good.
. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B : Well, we can't afford . A: You're really good
. .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . •
restaurant we went to last m o nth? I 'm t h i n ki n g Satu rday. Would you like 3
. . . . . .
B : N o , thanks . I d o n't fee l like
.
. . . . . . . . .
B : You wanted
. . . . .
.
.
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B : I 'd prefer
. . . . . . . . .
. . . .
..
. . .
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
(book) a table for
(come) with us? (go) o u t at the weekend.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(jog) so far. I'm looking forward
(have) a s h ower a n d a rest. .
. . . . . .
(take) a s h o rter ro ute but you i n sisted A: What about
(remem ber) n a mes. W hat's t h e name of that new
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: My good n e ss, I 'm exh a u sted ! I 'm not u sed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
If
.
(pay) t h e fu ll p rice.
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . .
(run) ro u n d t h e lake! I s u ggested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . .
. .
(come) this way!
(buy) J a n e a p i ct u re for h e r b i rt h d ay?
(get) h e r some clothes. I 'm t h i n ki n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
(buy) h e r a pullover. Translate the followi ng sentences using the gerund and, where necessary, the correct preposition.
1 Wir haben u n s ein Boot geka uft, statt in U rlaub zu fa h re n . 2
Pa u l i s t dagegen, ein n e ues Auto zu kaufe n . S u e k a n n Gram m atik g u t e rklare n . If l c h h abe Angst davor, z u m Z a h n a rzt zu gehen. 5 Wir fre u e n u n s , euch n achste Woche z u se h e n .
3
59
A: What a re you d o i n g with that b i g saucepan?
to leHt
B:
I p r o m ised � it to D o n . H e's cooki n g for 30 people for a party. A: Hasn't he got h i s own saucepans?
���'""
Yes, b u t not a big o n e . it would m e a n � o n e just for t h i s pa rty. A: Well, I need it. I 'm cooki n g for Tin a's ki n d e rgarten on Monda y.
B:
B:
to tell
Don's party is o n Saturd ay, so h e can give it back o n S u nday. I'll rem e m ber � h i m .
Verb + l nfinitiv
Auf vie le Verben folgt ein lnfinitiv m it to. I want to go n ow. /eh will jetzt gehen. We can't afford to go o n h o liday. Wir konnen es uns nieht /eisten, in Urlaub zu fahren. afford sieh /eisten agree sieh einigen decide beseh/ief3en, sich entseheiden
expect dam it rechnen hope hoffen learn lernen manage es sehaffen
offer anbieten plan p/anen promise verspreehen refuse sieh weigern
seem seheinen try versuehen want wollen
Verb + l nfinitiv oder Gerundium
Auf ein ige Verben folgt o h ne Bedeutungsu nterschied ein l nfinitiv oder ein Gerundium. I started / began to yawn I yawn ing. /eh fing an zu gtihnen. I like / love to lie I lying i n bed. /eh liege (sehr) gem im Bett. We hate to get I getting up early. Wir stehen sehr ungern fruh auf We prefer to drink I dri n king tea. Wir trinken /ieber Tee. Bei ein igen Verben ergibt sich ein Bedeutungsu nterschied. I m u st remem ber to phone Ann. /eh muss daran denken, Ann anzurufen. I remember meeting Ann in Lon d o n i n 199 9 . /eh erinnere mieh daran, wie ieh Ann . . . traf I m u stn't forget to phone N ew York. /eh dart nieht vergessen, in New York anzurufen. I'll n ev e r forget arriving i n New Yo rk. /eh werde nie vergessen, wie ieh in New York ankam. I stopped to light a cigarette. /eh b/ieb stehen, urn eine Zigarette anzuzunden. I sto pped smoki ng last year. /eh ha be letztes }ahr aufgehort zu rauehen. I meant to tell you. !eh wollte I hatte vor, es dir zu sagen. I f we m iss that t ra i n , it w i l l mean h aving to wait an h o u r. Wenn wir diesen Zug verpassen, bedeutet es,
doss wir eine Stunde warten mussen . • • • ........ • • .
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
lnfin itiv oder Gerundium moglic h : ...:,,. o h n e Bedeutun gsunterschied: n a c h begin , start, l i ke, love, hate, prefer ···} m it Bedeutungs u nterschied : nach remember, forget, stop, mean
6o
Weitere lnformationen ·--:) Units 29-30
•
E X E R C I S E S
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a b 1 a
D i d you re m e m be r to go to t h e b a n k? V D i d you re m e m b e r going to t h e b a n k?
4 a
b
My colleague refused h e l p i n g me yesterday. My colleague refused to h e lp m e yesterday.
b
We've agreed meeting at 8 o'clock. We've agreed to meet at 8 o'clock.
5
b
A 6 o'clock flight means gett i n g u p at 3 o'clock. A 6 o'clock flight means to get u p at 3 o'clock.
6 a W e got lost s o we sto p p e d aski n g s o m e o n e the way. b We got lost so we stopped to ask someone the way.
2 a
3 a
b a b
I forgot buying s o m e coffe e - I'll get some tomo rrow. I forgot to buy s o m e coffe e - I ' ll get some tomo rrow. I can rem em ber to feel ve ry u pset w h e n my a u nt d i e d . I can rem e m be r feeling very u pset when m y a u n t d i e d .
Rewrite the followin g sentences.
I m ust p h o n e Carol t h i s eve n i n g. I m ust rem e m b e r to rkoHe <«rol tk({ eveHtHI_l. 1
S u e wanted to go to t h e b a n k but she forgot. Sue meant 2 Once I went to Alaska. I'll n eve r forget it. I ' ll never forget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Have you given u p s m oking? Have you stop ped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
4 We met S u e a n d h a d coffee togethe r. We met S u e a n d stopped 5 I'm s u re I left my wallet i n t h e livin g room. I can reme m be r 6 I was very i l l when I was te n . l t was te rrible. I'll never forget
. . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . .
. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Complete the followi ng dialogues with the gerund or the infinitive.
A: Do you expect to W(H (win) yo u r match to m o rrow? B: Not really. I can o n ly rem em b e r WtHHtHI_l (win) o nce agai nst j a n because he was i n j u re d ! 1
A: My son is learn i n g
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(drive) . H e h o p e s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .
(take)
h i s test next m o n t h . B : I ' l l never forget 2
. . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(take) my d riving test. I w a s so n e rvous but I m a n aged
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (pass) without any p ro b l e m s . A : W h ere a re my keys? I c a n rem e m ber
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .
(leave) t h e m i n t h e kitc h e n b u t
they're not there now. 3
B : The last t i m e you lost them, I suggested A: I meant
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . .
. . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B : I 'd n ever think of
4 A: Are you enjoyi n g
. . . . . . . . . .
. .
.
B : Yes, working h e re m e a n s
• . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . .
(pay) so m u c h rent and h e
(reduce) it!
. . . . . . . . .
..
. .
(do) t h at, but it's w o rth
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
.
(leave) t h e m by t h e fro nt door.
(tell) you about my n e i g h b o u rs last t i m e I saw yo u . T h ey wrote to
the land lord and told h i m they could n 't affo rd agreed
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
.
. . . . . . .
.
. . . . . .
..
. . . . . .
. . . (try) .
(have) m o re t i m e for yo u rself n ow you've sto pped
. (work) i n Lon d o n ?
. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
(not have to) s p e n d h o u rs o n com m uter t ra i n s .
Translate t h e following sentences.
l c h m uss daran d e n ken, z u r B a n k zu ge h e n . W i r haben a u fgeho rt, n a c h e i n e r n e u e n Wo h n u n g z u s u c h e n . W i r k o n n e n es u n s n i ch t leisten u mzuzieh e n . 3 l c h h asse es, a m Woc h e n e n d e a rbeiten z u m l.isse n . 4 W o ist m e i n Wo rte rbuch? l c h e r i n n e re m ic h d a ra n , dass i c h es Tom a usge l i e h e n (lend) habe. 2
61
•
A: Wh at's t h e m atter? Pro blems with yo u r c o m p uter?
to ketr
B : Yes, I asked Ann fl.elt!- m e . B u t s h e's got n o t i m e . A : Wh at's t h e p ro blem exactly? Can I h e lp?
ker to (rrt�tRII
B : We ll, s h e knows a l l a b o u t c o m p uters. I wanted ti'latsi'le iRstalls t h is new software for m e . A : I s that a l l ? I c a n d o t h a t f o r y o u . it's easy.
\10� to ckeck
B : O h t h a n ks. If you h ave t i m e , I 'd l i ke fhat·1·ou cfleck t h e printer for me, too.
Verb + Objekt + to- lnfinitiv
=
deutsch: Verb + Objekt + l nfinitiv
Auf manche Verben folgt ein Objekt + lnfin itiv. I asked David to help m e . /eh bat David, mir zu he/fen. S h e told me to clean my s h oes. Sie forderte mieh auf, meine Sehuhe zu putzen. allow erlauben advise raten ask bitten
I
•
force zwingen help he/fen invite einladen
order befehlen persuade iJberreden remind erinnern
tell auffordern warn warnen, ermahnen
warn verwendet man m it n ot, wenn ausgedrilckt wird, dass jemand etwas nicht machen soli. We warned her not to go out a l o n e at n i ght. Wir warnten sie davor, naehts al/ein auszugehen. N ach let (erlauben) und m a ke (dazu bringen, zwingen, /assen) steht der lnfinitiv ohne to. My boss lets me work at h o me. Mein Chef erlaubt mir, zuhause zu arbeiten. What made her s hout like t h at? Was hat sie dazu gebraeht, so zu sehreien ? T h e teacher made h i m write everyt h i n g aga i n . Der Lehrer lief3 ihn a lies noehmal sehreiben. Verb + Objekt + l nfinitiv = deutsch: Verb + Satz m i t ,dass/wenn"
Bei einigen Verben entspricht ein Objekt + lnfin itiv einem deutschen Satz mit ,dass/wenn". I want h i m to go n ow (want tflatfie goes now) . /eh will, dass er jetzt geht. I expect you to be on time (el\pecttflat . . .) . /eh erwarte (= verlange), dass Sie piJnktlieh sind. I wou ld like you to stay for d i n n e r (would like ti'lat . . . ) . /eh moehte, dass Sie zum Essen b/eiben. I wou ld h ate my son to fi nd out fro m somebody else (vJould I'!ateti'lat . . . ) . /eh hdtte es sehr ungern,
wenn mein Sohn es van jemand anderem erfahren wiJrde.
We are waiting for the rain to stop �vmitiRgtf'lat . . . ) . Wir warten darauf, dass der Regen aufhOrt.
Ein that-Satz ist nach diesen Verben im Englischen nicht moglich. 0 0 0 •••••••• 0 0 0
Das Wichtigste i n Kiirze
• •
Nach let und make: lnfi n itiv ohne to Nach want, (wou ld) like/ h ate, wait for: kein th at-Satz
62
Weitere lnformationen ·-�) Unit 30
EXERCI S ES
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a
I want go s ki i n g this w inter. want to go skiing this winter. V
b I
1
a
Sue asked t h e assistant s h ow h e r some coats. S u e as ked t h e assistant to show h e r s o m e coats.
If a
b
b
Sally's pare nts did n't let h e r go to the disco. Sally's parents did n't let h e r to go to the disco.
5
b
Would you l i ke that I h e lp you? Wo u ld you l i ke m e to h e lp you?
6 a The man warned his son to p lay with m atches. b The man warned his son not to p lay with matches.
2 a 3 a
b a b
S h e wanted t h e c h i ldren to w rite an essay. S h e wanted that t h e c h i ld ren wrote a n essay. I 'm waiti n g for the rush hour to fi n i s h before I go. I 'm waiti n g t h at the rush h o u r fi n i s h es before I go.
Rewrite the following sentences using the words i n brackets and a n infinitive.
My father said I had to stay at h o m e last n i ght. (make/stay)
MI.J jl'ltktr �l'lf.(e �e {tlll.j l'lt k.o�e lll{t tt("k.t.
1 Dave has i nvited me to h is pa rty. (would like/come)
2
I need everyo n e h e re by n i n e o'clock. (expect/ be)
3 I If
told t h e c h i ldren that they s h o u ld n 't p lay on the road. (warn / play)
Sue sp oke n i cely to J i m a n d h e agreed to go to t h e t h eatre. (persuade/go)
5 My mother said I could b o rrow h e r car. (let/ borrow) 6 J a ne's mother isn't happy with h e r plan to h itch h i ke ro u n d E u rope. (not want/ h itchhike)
Complete the following questions.
A: Do you want �e to k.elr l.jO\i or c a n you m a n age alone? B : it's OK. I don't t h i n k I need any help, t h a n ks. :1
2 3
If
5
A: Would you like fo r you n ext Satu rday? B : Yes, please. The girl who norma lly babysits for us is away. A: Can you afford to buy that jacket or do you want . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you some m o n ey? B: Well, could you lend me €100 till next week? A: Did n't you warn Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in fro nt of the neighbours' h o use? B : Yes, but he t h i n ks it's OK to park there. A: Can you rem i n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A n n this evening, please? B : S u re. Why do you need to phone he r? A: Why did the teacher m a ke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y o u r h o m ework aga i n ? B : S h e realized I h a d copied Sara h 's beca use I had t h e same m istakes! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Translate the following sentences.
lch wa rte dara u f, dass j e m a n d d i e Heizung re pariert. Letztes J a h r ha be ich m e i n e r Tochter e rlaubt, m it e i n e r Fre u n d i n i n U rl a u b zu fa h re n . 3 M e i n e Frau w i l l , dass ich zu h a use bleibe u n d auf d i e l
:1
.
I
A: W h e n you start yo u r new job, the j o u rney to work will be q u ite long, won't it? 6o kilometres?
tnweii(H'
B : Ye s, but I 'm used to � a long way. A: H ow far do you trave l n ow? 3 0 ?
tf\"e
B : 3 2 . lt used to � m e a b o u t 20 m i n u tes, but now it's often n ea rly 40. A: B ecause of the traffi c?
too"
B : Yes. Last week I tJse€1te take t h e t ra i n for a few days. B u t that wasn't any better. l t was so fu ll.
used to
M it used to plus l nfinitiv sagt man, was man fril her gewoh n h eitsmaBig geta n hat - und jetzt n icht mehr tut. I used to sm o ke, but I stopped two years ago. Fruher habe ieh geraueht . . . Yo u used to cycle to work. Why h ave you sto pped? Fruher sind Sie zur Arbeit geradelt. . . . We used to live i n Scotland before A n n got h e r new job. Fruher /ebten wir in Sehottland, bis . . . Frage und Verneinung werden m it did (n't) use to gebildet. Did you use to watch Sesame Street as a c h i ld ? Host du als Kind . . . gesehaut? I d ri n k a lot of green tea. I didn't use to like tea . . . . Fruher moehte ieh keinen Tee. be used to - get used to
be used to beschreibt eine bestehende G ewoh n heit; be used to something entspricht ,etwas gewohnt se in". Here i n Alaska we 're used to c o ld weat h e r. Hier in Alaska sind wir kaltes Wetter gewohnt. get used to beschreibt den Gewohnungsprozess; get used to something entspricht ,sich an etwas gewoh n en". I can't get used to t h is new u n i fo r m . /eh kann mieh an diese neue Uniform nieht gewdhnen.
1•
Auf be /get used to folgt ein Geru ndium (-ing-Form), kein l n finitiv! We're used to eating (errt) late. Wir sind es gewohnt, spat zu essen. He n ever got used to living (H¥e) abroad. Er hat sieh nie daran gewdhnt, im Aus/and zu leben. Vergleiche: I used to work a t n ights. Fruher ha be ieh naehts gearbeitet. [Aber ieh tue es nieht mehr.} I 'm used to working at t h e wee kend. /eh bin es gewohnt, [jetzt} am Woehenende zu arbeiten .
• • . ........ . • .
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
used to = vergangene Gewohn heit (,fril her h abe ich immer . . . aber jetzt nicht mehr") be used to = bestehende Gewohn heit (, ich bin . . . gewohnt I war damals . . . gewoh nt") get used to = Gewohnungsprozess (,ich gewohne/gewohnte mich an . . . ") • used to: Frage/Vernei n u ng m it did (n't) use to: Did you use to . . . I I didn't use to . . . • be/get used to + ... ing
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
E X E RC I S E S
a
W here u s e you to live before you moved h e re ? b Where did y o u u s e to live before y o u m oved h ere? V
1
a b
l t used to taking m e an h o u r to get to work until they b u i lt t h e n ew m oto rway. lt used to take me an h o u r to get to work until they b u i lt t h e n e w motorway.
b
I d i d n't use to like s p i n ac h - n ow it's o n e of my favo u rite vegeta b les. I use not to l i ke spinach - now it's one of my favo u rite vegetables.
b
) a ne is used to living i n the centre of town - t h e noise of the traffic doesn't wo rry h e r. )a ne is used to live in the c e ntre of town - t h e noise of t h e traffic d oesn't worry h e r.
b
When we were on holiday last m o n t h , we h i red a car fo r a few d ays. W h e n we were on h o liday last m o n t h , we used to h i re a car for a few days.
2 a 3 a
4 a
Com plete these dialogues with be used to and the -ing form.
A: I s you r daughter h a ppy in h e r new flat? � B : S h e's su rprised how m u ch work it is! S h e I n o t I live alone. 5ke ( Hot t.i(eti to llviK' RloKe.
1 A: How do yo u feel a bout the confe rence now? B : Very n e rvous. I I not I speak i n front of so many people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 4
.
A: As a n u rse, you m u st have to work at n i ght. I s n't that h a rd? B : N o , it's OK. I I work at night.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: You r son's penfriend is c o m i n g n ext week, isn't he? B : Yes, I'll h ave to cook a p ro p e r meal every day. I I not I d o t h at! A: Don doesn't look very well. Do you t h i n k h e's O K? B : I t h i n k h e's had too m uc h wine. He I not I d ri n k so m u c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
5 A: D idn't you have p ro blems d rivi ng on t h e left in Cyprus? B : I did, but m y wife c o m es fro m England so she I d rive o n t h e left. Complete these sentences by underli ning the correct form.
If you move to Engla n d , you'll have to get used to driving I to d rive o n t h e left.
1 I did n't go to bed until 1 o'c lock yeste rday. I 'm not used to going I to go to bed so late. 2
I t h o ught you had always worked at this bank. I d i d n't realize you used to working I to work a t a hospital.
3
My h usband has to work shifts i n his n e w job. He'll have t o get used to sleeping I to sleep i n the daytime.
4
When we first moved to S p a i n , we fo u n d it diffic u lt to get used to eating I to eat so late i n the eve n ing.
5 W h e n we were c h i ld re n , we used to livin g I to live i n S o m e rset. Translate the following sentences. If possible, use used to.
1 Letzte Woc h e habe i c h m e i n e n e rsten Pa uschalurlaub (package holiday) geb u cht.
2
lch habe frU h e r i m m e r gesagt, i c h wUrd e n ie e i n e n Pausch a l u rlaub b u c h e n . A l s i c h j U n ger war, ha b e i c h n i e ein Hotel gebucht, n u r d e n Flug. 4 lch habe i m mer gezeltet (go camping) . 5 E i n m a l ha be i c h in e i n e r Pension gewohnt (stay in a guesthouse) , a be r sie war fu rchtbar. 3
6s
A: Was that Sonia in that car?
wko/tkl\t
B : Yes, and the m a n l:l€ was d rivi n g was P h i lip Barnes. A: Philip Barnes?
wko/tkl\t
B : Yes . H e's t h e p e rson � wants to o p e n that resta u rant wh ere t h e o ld h at s h o p was. A: Oh yes. A n e w restau ra n t ro u n d h ere would b e a good t h i n g. But h o w does Sonia know h i m ?
tkl\t
B : Well, I'll tell you something � h a p p e n ed t h e other day . . .
Relativsiitze m it who, which, that, whose
In den folgenden zwei Satzen sind who smoke und which leak Relativsatze. People who smoke live d a n gerou sly. Leute, die rauchen, /eben gefahrlich. Shoes which leak a re useless. Schuhe, die undicht sind, sind nutzlos. Mit einem Relativsatz bestimmt man Personen oder Sachen genauer. Relativsatze, d ie Personen genauer bestimmen, werden d u rch who oder that ei ngeleitet. Relativsatze, die Sachen genauer bestim men, werden d urch which oder that eingeleitet. Is t h i s the man who/that stole y o u r bag? 1st das der Mann, der lhre Tasche gestohlen hat? I need a car wh ich /that is re liable. /eh brauche ein Auto, das zuverlassig ist. Diese Relativsatze werd en nicht (wie im Deutschen) durch Kommas abgetrennt.
I
•
that steht auch n ach everything, nothing, someth ing und anyth ing. We t h rew away everything that (wf:t.a+) was left. Wir warfen alles, was iJbrig blieb, weg. Das deutsche ,das, was" wird im E nglischen nur m it what wiedergegeben. What (Ti'lBt vvMBt) he said later s u r p rised m e . Das, was er spater sagte, iJberraschte mich. whose entspricht ,dessen I deren". H e's t h e m a n whose wife h a d t h e car accident. . . . der Mann, dessen Frau den Autounfa/1 hatte. Th ey're the p e o p le whose son lives i n R o m e . . . . die Leute, deren Sohn in Ram lebt. Relativsiitze ohne Relativpronomen
I n den folgenden Satzen ist he und who das Subjekt des Satzes ( derjen ige, der schreibt). =
Tom is that j o u r n alist. He writes for the Ti mes. To m i s that journalist who writes for the Times . . . . der journalist, der fur die Times schreibt.
In den folgenden Satzen ist we S ubjekt des Verbs met; who ist nicht Subjekt, sondern Objekt. We met him . To m is that journalist. To m is that j o u r n a list who we m et.
. . . der journalist, den wir kennengelernt haben.
Wen n das Relativpronomen nicht Subjekt, sondern Objekt ist, kan n es weggelassen werden. Tom is that j o u rnalist (who/that) we met on holiday. Was that the w o m a n (who /that) you saw in my offi ce? I'm go i n g to wear the p u llover (which /that) Jenny gave me. Das Relativpronomen ist nicht Subjekt, sondern Objekt, wenn zwischen wh o/which /that und de m Verb ein Pronomen oder Nomen ste ht. 0 0 0 ........ 0 0 0
Das Wichtigste i n Kiirze •
Perso nen: who/that - Sachen: which /that who/which /that kann m a n weglassen, wenn ein anderes Wort Subjekt des Relativsatzes ist • Relativsatze, d ie genauer bestim men, stehen oh ne Kommas! •
66
Weitere l n formationen ····+ U n it 3 2
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
E X E R C I S ...£ 5
a
T h e man h e is working in t h e garden is o u r neighbour. b The man w h o is worki n g in the gard e n is o u r n e i g h b o u r. V
1
a b
4 a
This is the book what Tom gave m e . This is the b o o k To m gave m e .
b
That's t h e p e rson w h i c h b o u g h t t h e flat a bove o u rs. That's the p e rson that bought the flat above o u rs.
b
T h e re's t h e teach e r w h o gives m e piano lessons. 5 a I n e e d a new d ress. I haven't g o t anyt h i n g that fits. There's the teach e r which gives m e p i a n o lesso n s . b I n eed a new d ress. I h aven't got anyt h i n g what fits.
b
That what I have to d o i n my new job is boring. What I have to d o i n my n ew job is boring.
2 a 3 a
6 a The m a n who's car was stolen is very angry. b The m a n whose car was stolen is very a ngry.
Cross out the relative pronouns which are not n ecessary.
The woman w h o gives me a lift to work is a neigh bour. The woman wR.e you can see over t h e re is my n e i g h b o u r.
1 What h a p pened to t h e paper w h i c h I bought yesterday? 2
3
4
Those are the people w h ose d a ughter sometimes babysits for us. The p u llover which you gave m e for my b i rt h d ay fits pe rfectly. We've just had a letter from t h e people that we met on h o liday.
5 The colleague who helped m e m ove was i nvolved i n a car accident yesterday. 6 My boss has asked me to tra n s late some b ro c h u res which he got in S p a i n . Where necessary, add t h e missing relative pronouns.
1 I 've j ust seen the fi lm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
Sarah reco m m e nded.
2
What's the name of t h e teach e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h usba n d works i n S a u d i Arabia?
3
. . . . . .
4
The travel guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I bought yesterday contains s o m e good sightseei n g t i ps.
.
. . . . .
.
. . . . . . .
To m said about Fra n k just can't be true.
5 What h ave you done with the keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . were lyi ng o n the kitc h e n table? 6 N othing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h a p pens to Pa u l s u r p rises m e . Translate these sentences. I f possible, leave o u t the relative pronouns.
1 Der M a n n , d e r gerade in d i e Bank geht, i s t m e i n Exchef. 2
Die Leute, d i e wir auf J a nes Party ke n n e n gelernt haben, ha ben gestern A b e n d a n geru fe n . Heute A b e n d treffe ich d i e Fre u n d i n , deren M a n n S c h a u s p i e l e r u n d d e r oft i m Fe rnse h e n ist. 4 lch kan n den Fi l m , den wir a m Woc h e n e n d e ges e h e n h a ben, wirklich e m pfe h len. 5 Das, was wir machen m Ussen, ist n i c ht se h r e i n fach. 3
H ave you m e t Angela T h o mas?
B : S h e's t h e lady withwho you caR'le , isn't she? A: That's right. S h e's my new boss.
\jo"' c«\Mt w(tk.
wk.(ck.
B: I h e a rd that y o u r old boss was leavi n g, wfT.a.t s u r p rised m e . A: Yes. H e's getting m a r r i e d a n d e m i grat i n g t o Australia.
wk.o
B: Rea lly? You know the B a kers , � h ave been o u r neigh b o u rs for t h e last 12 years. Th ey're e m i grating, too.
Relativsatze mit Praposition
In den folgenden Satzen ist das Relativpronomen nicht Subjekt des Relativsatzes. Es kan n also weggelassen werden. S u bjekt ist we bzw. I. Ann is the m u s i c i a n . We t a l k e d to h er at J erry's party. A n n is t h e m usician (who/that) we talked to at J e rry's pa rty. Ann ist die Musikerin, m it der wir auf}errys Party gesprochen ha ben. I took y o u r picture with it . H e re's the camera. H e re's the cam era (wh ich/that) I took yo u r p icture with.
Hier ist der Fo toapparat, m it dem ich das Bild van dir gemacht ha be. Die Praposition (to, with) steht im Relativsatz an d erselben Stelle wie vorher - nicht (wie im Deutschen) vor dem Relativpronomen. Nicht notwendige Relativsatze mit who, which, whose
Oh ne den Relativsatz waren die folgenden zwei Satze unvollstandig bzw. ergaben wenig Sinn. S m o ke rs who stop live longer. Cars which have an electric engine are cleaner. Die Relativsatze in den folgenden Satzen sind dagegen entbehrlich. Sie enthalten Zusatz informationen, die fiir das Verstandnis nicht notwendig sin d . Tony's mother, w h o b y the way smokes like a chimney, is a painter. Tonys Mutter, die iJbrigens wie ein Schlot raucht, ist Malerin. The G ra n d Hotel, which is in fact very small, was c losed for re pairs. Das Grand Hotel, das in Wirklichkeit sehr klein ist, war wegen Repara turarbeiten geschlossen. N icht notwen d ige Relativsatze werden d urch who (Personen) oder which (Sachen) eingeleitet, nicht aber d urch #t-at ; w hose ist auch moglich. E m m a , who (tfn:!t.) has two c h ildren , is my best fri e n d . Daven port's new book, w h i c h (#ttlt) has ove r 700 pages, is fantastic. The Bensons, whose son n ow lives i n Canada, a re movi n g to a smaller h o use. Relativsatze d ieser Art werden d u rch Kommas abgetrennt (wie im Deutsche n).
I• 0 0 0 ........ 0 0 0
which (nicht wfl.a.t.) leitet entbehrliche Relativsatze ein, die sich auf einen ganzen Satz beziehen. Tom d i d n't p h o n e , which (�) I fo u n d stra n ge. Tom rief nicht an, was ich seltsam {and. Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
Relativsatze m it Praposition : ...:,,. who/which /that kan n m a n weglassen ···> die Prapositio n bleibt h i nter dem Verb stehen (wird nicht vor das Relativpro nomen gestellt) • N icht notwend ige Relativsatze (mit Kom ma) : ····) who oder which (tfl.tH ist n icht moglich) ····) which, nicht wllat , m it Bezug auf einen ganzen Satz 68
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
EXE R C I S E S
a
What's the n a m e of the p e rson to who you s po ke at the travel age nt's? b What's the n a m e of t h e p e rson you s p o ke to at t h e trave l agent's? V'
1
a b
2 a
N ext year I ' m going to visit Lyn n , that lives in B o ston . Next year I 'm go i n g t o visit Lyn n , w h o lives i n Bosto n .
b
The p h oto a t t h a t Ann is looking was taken i n Rome. T h e p h oto A n n is looki ng at was taken in Rome.
b
My oldest b rother w h o lives i n Sydn ey has decided to get married. My oldest b rother, w h o lives i n Syd ney, has decided to get married.
3 a
If a b
Tom told a lot of j o ke s at t h e dinner party, which got o n m y n e rves . Tom told a lot of j o kes at the d i n n e r party, what got on my ne rves.
Cross out the relative pronouns which a re not necessary.
Where's the d i ctionary wft.i€.A. you were looking at e arlier? H ow m uch was the d icti onary which was o n special offer?
1 That's the man who I bo ught my car fro m . 2
3
If
That's the man who sold m e my c a r. Wh at's the n a m e of the girl who is sharing a flat with J a n e ? l a ne's flatmate is the gir l who my broth e r was goi n g o u t w i t h last yea r.
5 My first flat, which d idn't even h ave a bath roo m , was i n the basement of an o l d house. 6 The land lord of my first flat, who owned a l l the flats i n the b u i l d i n g, was rea lly mean. Write questions with a relative clause.
Yo u were looki n g for a b o o k the other day. Is this t h e one? I s this the book '10\i were looMHCJ for?
1 I saw you talking to a woman at t h e bus stop. Who was it? Wh at's the n a m e of the woman 2 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Yo u wrote to ten h otels, did n't yo u ? Have you had a n y replies? H ave you hea rd from any of the h otels
. . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To m grew u p i n a n old fa rmhouse. I s it sti ll t h e re? What has happened to t h e old fa r m h o use
If
• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
Karin a p p lied fo r a job last m o n t h . Did s h e get it? Did Karin get the job
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • .
5 How about go i n g out for d i n n e r? jack told us about a good resta urant last week. H ow about go i n g to the restaurant
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Translate the following sentences. Be careful with the commas!
1 Frau Fuchs, die u nsere B l u m e n i m m e r gieBt (water) , wenn wi r im U r la u b s i n d , z i e h t u m . 2
Die Fre u n d i n , a u f d i e ich gestern gewartet h a b e , h atte e i n e n U nfa ll. David hat u n s keine Postkarte geschrieben, was sehr u n gewti h n lich ist. If Mein C hef, d e r a us Brasi lien stam m t (come), hat gestern geh e i ratet. 5 Wie ist der N a m e des H otels, in dem wir letztes J a h r gewo h n t h a b e n ? 3
What time w i l l you be b a ck?
L
B: About 12. I'll p h o n e I 'm late. A: OK. Say h e llo to J a m e s for m e i f you see h i m .
({
B : OK. I 'll give h i m a kiss from you if he wi-1-1--be t h e re . O K? A: Well, I 'd rathe r give h i m a kiss myse lf.
I '11
tell
B : He!+ h i m that if I see h i m .
Der U nterschied zwischen i f und when
=
,wenn"
In der Bedeutung ,immer, wenn" I ,jedes Mal, wenn" sind when u n d if austauschbar. When / If you h eat ice, it turns to water. Wenn man Eis erhitzt, wird es zu Wasser. I n der Bedeutung ,falls" m uss ,wenn" d u rch if wiedergegeben werden. If (W+tett) it rai n s today, I ' ll stay at home. Wenn es heute regnet, bleibe ich zu Hause. Vergleiche: If I see J i m , I 'll show h i m t h is letter. Wenn/Fal/s ich }im sehe, zeige ich ihm diesen Brief. When I see J i m , I'll show h i m t h i s letter. Wenn/Soba/d ich }im sehe, zeige ich ihm diesen Brief. Bedingungssatze Typ I
I n Bedingu ngssiitzen wird gesagt, was u nter bestim mten Voraussetzungen geschieht bzw. geschehen wird. Solche Satze bestehen aus zwei Teilen. if-Satz: nennt die Bedingung Hauptsatz: nennt die Folge If I have time after work, I'll go s h o p p i n g t h is eve n i n g. Wenn ich nach der Arbeit Zeit ha be, gehe ich heute A bend einkaufen. Der if-Satz kan n hinter dem Hau ptsatz stehen. I n diesem Fall steht kein Kom ma dazwischen. To m will p h o n e if he needs our h e lp. Tom ruft an, wenn er unsere Hilfe braucht. I m Bedingungssatz ist die Zeitenfolge festgelegt. if-Satz: Gegenwart Hau ptsatz: will s h e'l l tell (she tells) us tomo rrow. I f Ann finds anything o ut, sagt sie uns morgen Bescheid. Wenn Ann etwas herausfindet, we'll p roba bly come h o m e ea rly. If t h e weather is bad, kommen wir wahrscheinlich fri.iher heim. Wenn das Wetter schlecht ist,
1•
Kein will im if-Satz: If I am (wttt-b-e-) late, I'll phone . I m H a u ptsatz kann auch die Befehlsform oder ein Modalverb stehen (can , m ight, must usw.). If you h e a r the postman, tell m e . Wenn du den Brieftrager hbrst, sag es mir. If it stops rai n i ng, we can play t e n n is. Wenn es aufhbrt zu regnen, kbnnen wir Tennis spielen. Auch im if-Satz kann ein Modalverb stehen: If you can't come, please phone. In beiden Teilen (if-Satz und Hau ptsatz) steht die einfache Gegenwart, wenn if ,immer, wenn" I ,jedes Mal, wenn" bedeutet (vgl. Beispiel oben: If you heat ice, it turns to water) .
........ • • • • • •
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
,wenn " im zeitlichen Sin ne (,so bald", ,immer, wenn", ,jedes Mal, wenn") = when ,wenn" i m Sin n e von ,falls" = if • if-Satz: Gegenwartsform - Hauptsatz: will • Kein wffi im if-Satz! 70
Weitere lnformationen ....+ Units 34-35
E X E R C I S E S
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
I ' l l p h o n e you if I'm late. V b I 'l l p h o n e you w h e n I 'm late.
a
1
a b
2 a
If you wi l l see To m , will you give h i m my new a d d ress? I f you see To m, will you give him my new add ress?
b
If the weat h e r is bad, we won't be a b le to h ave a barbecue. When t h e weather i s bad, we won't be a b le to h ave a barbecue.
b
J a n e is very u pset if you won't i nvite h e r to your party. Jane will be very u pset if you don't i nvite h e r to yo u r p a rty.
b
I won't be disappointed if you don't m a nage to come n ext week e n d . I 'm n o t disappointed if y o u won't m a n age to come next weeken d .
3 a it a
Make complete sentences with if.
If I I h ave to work late this eve n i n g, I I p h o n e you.
If I k�tve to work l�tte tkl{ evutll1", 1'11 pko11e �01.\.
1 If t h e taxi I not come soon, we I miss o u r train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3
it
I'm sure you I feel better if yo u I lie down
.
. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What I you I d o if y o u r boss I not let yo u take t i m e off? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
If I I not get to the b a n k tod ay, I I c h a n ge some m o n ey at the a i rp o rt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
5 If you I get S a ra h 's b i rthday p rese nt, I I get the flowers for h e r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 I I give you a lift tom orrow if y o u r car I still be at t h e garage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. .
Complete these dialogues.
1
A: How are we gett i n g to the station? B : By taxi. If we t�tl<.e (take) the bus, we'll 11e (be) late. A: How are you goi n g to get t o B i l l's pa rty? B: Well, if I (drive), I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: Are you going to post Carol's birthday card to day? B : N o. l t (still get) t h e re o n time if I tomo rrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
A: Is Sam's n ew gi rlfriend com i n g to yo u r d i n n e r pa rty? B: Yes. If I . . (not invite) h e r, he . . . . . .
it
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: Are you going to buy your c h i l d ren a pet? B: I don't kn ow. I f I have to) look after it.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 A: The windows are very dirty. B : Yes, but if I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
(not be able to) d r i n k.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(buy) them one, I
(clean) t h e m , it
.
(post) it
(not come) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(probably
(probably rain) .
Translate the following sentences.
1 Wen n er n i ch t bald kommt, fan ge n wir o h n e i h n a n . 2 Wa s m a c h st
d u , we n n e s a m Woc h e n e n d e regn et? G e h st du m o rgen frU h e r n a c h h ause, w e n n d e in Chef d ic h lasst? it lch kaufe den Mantel nicht, we n n er n i c h t red uziert ist. 5 Wenn Tim das Spiel m o rgen n i c h t gew i n nt, wird er sehr e nttauscht s e i n . 3
71
A: What are you r plans fo r today? W h a t would you l i ke to do?
tA.(tA.H�t
B:
Well, we could go a n d see that new film at the c i n e m a if I wouldA't h ave to go sho pping. A: We c a n go to t h e cinema later. H ow much shopping have you got? Can I help?
WO\iltA.H �t
If I were you, I 8-it:lft!..t a s k that. A: Why?
B:
B:
WO\iltA. !le
I h ave to buy p resents, a n d I h ate it. C h ri stmas wete great i f people d i d n't give p resents.
,Was ware, wenn
• • • "
I n den folgenden if-Satzen des Typs I wird eine Situation beschrieben, die d u rchaus moglich ist. I f it s n ows after C h ristmas, I'll go s k i i n g. Wenn es nach Weihnachten schneit, . . . I f I h ave e n o ugh m o ney, I 'll go to t h e U SA n ext s u m me r. Wenn ich genug Geld habe, . . . Der Sprecher sieht es als vorstellbar, vielleicht sogar wahrschein lich an, dass es nach Weih nachten schneit bzw. dass er gen ug Geld hat. Die folgenden if-Satze beschreiben eine S ituation, die unwa h rschein lich oder sogar un moglich ist. I f it s nowed in the Sahara, you could go skiing there.
Wenn es in der Sahara schneite, konnte man dart Ski fahren. If I was /were ric h , I 'd h ave o n e h o use h e re a n d a n o t h e r in t h e U SA. Wenn ich reieh ware, wurde ich ein Ha us hier und eins in den USA ha ben. Der Sprecher h alt es filr u nwahrscheinlich oder u n m oglich, dass es in der Sahara sch neit bzw. dass er jemals reich wird. Er pha ntasiert, stellt sich vor, was in dem Fall ware. Diese Art von Bedingungssatz wird als Typ 11 bezeich net. Bedingungssatze Typ 11
Die Zeitenfolge in dieser Art von Bedingungssatz ist festgelegt. if-Satz: einfache Vergangenheit Hauptsatz: would /could/ m ight + l n finitiv I 'd (= I would) tell yo u . If I knew t h e answer, Wenn ich die An twort wusste, wurde ich sie dir sagen. I would b uy it straightaway. If it cost less, Wenn es weniger kostete, wurde ich es sofort kaufen. If we lived in Australia, we could spend C h ristmas o n the beach. Wenn wir in Australien lebten, konnten wir Weihnachten am Strand verbringen. If we as ked To ny, he m ight have an idea. Wenn wir Tony fragen wurden, konnte er vielleicht eine Idee ha ben. I m if-Satz steht die Verga ngenheitsform - der Satz bezieht sich aber auf die Gegenwart/Zukunft.
1•
• • • ........ • . .
Kein wet:i-le- im if-Satz: If I won (woule ·Aiffi) a m i llion dollars, I 'd travel round the world . If I were you entspricht ,an deiner/eurer/ l h rer Stelle". If I were you , I 'd book early. An deiner Stel/e wurde ich fruhzeitig buchen. I wouldn't wait if I were y o u . An eurer Stel/e wurde ich nicht warten . Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
•
if-Satz: einfache Vergange nheit - H a u ptsatz: wou ld/ could / m ight + l nfin itiv Kei n W&l:tk:J. im if-Satz!
72
Weitere lnformationen ....-) Unit 35
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
E lL£ R C L S ..E S
I would h e l p you if I h a d m o re t i m e . V' b I would help you if I would have m o re t i m e .
a
1
a b
2 a
What did y o u d o if you w o u l d l o s e yo u r job? What wo u ld you do if you lost yo u r job?
b
If we would i nvite Pa u l to our wedd i n g, he wouldn't come. If we i nvited Pa u l to o u r wed d i n g, h e wo uld n't come.
b
If I were you, I would n't buy that sofa. If I were you, I d idn't b u y that sofa.
b
W h e n I had m ore money, I wo u l d work p a rt-time. If I h ad more m o n ey, I would work part-time.
3 a 4 a
Make complete sentences with if.
The grass is rea lly wet. If I I be you, I I not cut it tod ay.
If I wm \j0\1, I WO\il(iK't Mt (t to(!R\j-
1
Why d o you work so hard? If you I work less, you I h ave more t i m e for yo u r fam i ly.
2
I don't understa nd why S u e spends so m u c h m o n ey on clot hes. If s h e I not b u y so m a n y, s h e I be able to afford m o re holidays.
3
4
Have you seen this job ad? lt s o u n d s rea lly i nteresting. If I I b e yo u , I I a p p ly fo r it. J i m 's often late for work. I f he I be m o re p u n ctual, h e I p ro b a b ly get o n better with h is boss.
5 Why are they go i n g to S p a i n i n Fe bruary? If they I wait a c o u p le of months, it I n ot be so cold . Make complete sentences. Use conditional I or 1 1.
If I I fee l better at the weeke n d , I I go for a walk.
If I :ful �etter Rt tke wedo;eK(t, 1 '11 GJO for R WRIK.
If I I win on the lottery, I I travel ro u n d t h e world.
If I WOK OK tke lotter\j, I Wo\11(! trRvd ro\iK(i tke wort(t. 1 I 'm s u re it will n ever h a p p e n , b u t if I I lose my passpo rt, I I go to the p o lice. 2
3
4
You love ba llet, don't you ? If you I want to come with us on Saturday, I I try to get another ticket. I f I I be you, I I save some money every m o n t h . I f I I not have t i m e t o c a l l you this eve n i ng, I I p h o n e y o u t o m orrow - I prom ise.
5 We always have to fin d someone to look after our dog when we're away. I f we I not have o n e, I 'm s u re we I go on holiday more o fte n .
6 D o n ' t b o o k a taxi . I I give y o u a lift t o the airport t o m orrow if y o u r h usband c a n ' t take you. Translate the following sentences. 1
An l h rer Ste lle wUrde ich n icht am Freitag fa h re n . lch wUrde d i r helfen, we n n i c h a m Woch e n e n d e h i e r ware. 3 We n n ich nicht zwe i m a l u m steigen m Usste, w U rd e ich m it dem Bus zur Arbeit fa h re n . 4 M e i n e Schwester wUrde n u r Tei lzeit a rbeite n , we n n s i e n i c h t d a s Geld brauchte. 5 We n n meine Eltern n i c ht s o we it weg wohnten, w U rd e ich sie after besuchen. 2
73
A: O h d a m n , n o coffee! I used t h e last of it last night.
kd tolt
B: I've just b e e n s h o p p i n g. If you wouiEl 1'-lavetoiEl m e , I c o u ld have bought some. A: Sorry. My m e m ory is getti n g really bad.
k�t 'JOH�
co�lt k�v� toH�
B: You Eould do something about it last year if you -we+H on that m e m o ry tra i n i n g course with me. A: What c o u rse was that?
wo�lt k�ve �(H�t
B: See? You've forgott e n . You l=iad A'lissed Dave's p arty last S at u rday if I had n't rem i n d e d you.
,Was ware damals gewesen, wenn . . • "
In den folgenden if-Satzen wird eine vergangene Situation beschrieben, die sich nicht so ereignet hat. If I h ad gone to Spain for my h o lid ay, I would h ave had good weat h e r.
Wenn ich nach Spanien in Urlaub gefahren ware, hiitte ich gutes Wetter gehabt. Real itat: lch bin nicht nach Spanien gefa h ren. I f we had h a d enough m o ney, we would h ave bought the c a r.
Wenn wir genug Geld gehabt hatten, hatten wir das Auto gekauft. RealiUit: Wir hatten nicht genug Geld. Die beschriebene Situation war nie Wirklich keit und kann es auch nicht werden, wei l sie der abgeschlossenen Vergangenheit a ngehort. Der S precher stellt sich aber vor, was gewesen ware. Diese Art von Bedingungssatz wird als Typ I l l bezeichnet. Bedingungssatze Typ I l l
Auch in Bedingungssatzen des Typs I l l ist d i e Zeitenfolge festgelegt. Hau ptsatz: would /could / might + have + Partizip Perfekt if-Satz: Past Perfect If I had seen A n n , I would have asked h e r for the a d d ress. Wenn ich Ann gesehen hatte, hatte ich sie um die Adresse gebeten. If I had d riven m o re slowly, I cou ld have avoided the accide nt. Wen n ich langsamer gefahren ware, hatte ich den Unfa/1 vermeiden kbnnen. he m ight h ave helped us. If we h ad asked To ny, Wen n wir Tony gefragt hatten, hatte er uns viel/eicht geholfen. Oft werden verneinte Formen gebraucht. I would n't have drop ped the plate if it had n't been so hot. /eh hiitte den Teller nicht fallen lassen, wenn er nicht so heif3 gewesen ware. If I had seen t h e colours in d aylight, I would n't h ave bought this sofa. Wen n ich die Farben bei Tages/icht gesehen hatte, hiitte ich dieses Sofa nicht gekauft. • • •
........
• • •
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
if-Satz: Past Perfect - H a u ptsatz: would /could / m ight + h ave + Partizip Perfekt
74
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
E. X E R C I S E S
a
If we would have bought o u r car last year, it h a d been cheaper. b If we had bought o u r car last year, it would have been c heaper. V'
1
a b
2 a
If I 'd taken my came ra on h o l i day, I could have taken some photos. I f I would h ave taken my cam e ra o n h o liday, I c o u ld h ave taken some photos.
b
I wouldn't h ave been late for work if I d idn't forget to set my alarm clock. I wouldn't h ave been late for work if I had n't forgotten to set my alarm clock.
b
Were you a b le to buy yo u r flat if yo u r u n cle h a d n't left yo u some m o ney? Would you have been able to buy yo u r flat if yo u r u ncle h a d n' t left you some m o ney?
3 a
1t a b
I f t here h a d n't been so many i nterru ptions, I m ight h ave fi n i s h e d t h i s work yesterd ay. If th e re weren't so many i n te rrupti ons, I would fi n is h t h i s work yesterday.
Make complete sentences with if.
Dave lost his wallet on h o li day. If someone I n o t fi n d it in t h e street, he I n o t get it back.
If (o�eoHe kRttH't fo\1\Htt lt IH tke (treet, ke Wo\lllttH't k�tve �ot lt !JRcK.
1 We went to S p a i n last week. I f we I not m a n age t o get a last - m i n u te h o li day, we I n o t be a b le to go away. 2 3 1t
I don't know why you d idn't a p p ly for t h a t job last m o n t h . I 'm sure you I get it if you I a p p ly. The management d i d n ' t i n crease t h e i r offer. The workers I not go o n strike if t h e m a n agement I agree to pay t h em more. G a ry failed his fin a l exa m s . I f h e I study h arder, he I m ight pass.
5 Jane had no i d ea about t h e compa ny's fi nancial problems when she accepted a job t h e re. She I t a ke the job if she I know?
Write sentences with if.
Paul went on a tra i n i n g course last year a n d met ] a ne.
If f�t\111 kRttH't �oHe oH tke trRIHIH� co\llr(e, ke Wo\lllttH't k�tve �et )�tHe. 1 I d i d n't listen to t h e rad io in t h e morning so I did n't know a b o ut t h e h o ld-up o n t h e motorway. 2
Sarah did n't a p ply for a visa early eno ugh a n d so s h e had to cancel h e r trip to Australia.
3
We d i d n't have o u r m o b i le p h o n e with us, so we c o u ld n 't p h o n e to say we'd b e late.
1t I
took a risk and i nvested all my money i n some s h a res. A year later I made a lot of m o n e y o n t h e m .
5 T h e c h i ld ren d idn't know t h a t t h e i c e on t h e lake w a s t o o t h i n a n d t h ey w e n t skating. Translate the followin g sentences.
1 Wenn ich n i c h t so viel Gepack gehabt h atte, wa re i c h m i t de m B u s u n d n i c h t mit e i n e m Taxi ge k o m m e n . 2 W e n n wir gewusst h a t t e n , w i e v o l t d i e Ausstellung (exhibition) a m Woch e n e n d e i s t , h a tten wir bis Montag gewa rtet. Wenn d u mich nicht a n gerufen h a ttest, h a tte ich versch lafe n . (ve rsch lafen = oversleep) 1t Der U nfall ware n icht passiert, wenn Pete n i c h t so viel get r u n ke n hatte. 5 Waren Sie u m gezogen , wenn Sie gewusst hatten, w i e laut e s i n dieser Stra15e ist?
3
75
w.e
A: H ave you h e a rd this c razy story a b o ut D ave?
f�(� tk�t /to\�
tk�t
B : Yes. J i m told me. H e told that Dave ate a fis h a n d fo u n d a gold ri n g i n it. A: Do you b e lieve it? W h i c h resta u rant was this? Who e lse was there?
to\�
B: Well, J i m s-a+d- me that A n n was the re. A: What does she say? Has anyone s p o ke n to h e r?
k��H,t
B: I h aven't, a n d when I saw J i m yesterday afte rnoo n , he said that he -h-a5fl4 s p o ken to h e r either.
Direkte Rede - l ndirekte Rede
Was jemand sagt, kan n man direkt (wortlich, als Zitat) wiedergeben oder indirekt ,berichten". Direkte Rede: Ann said, "Tom is an id iot." Ann sagte: , Tom ist ein Idio t". lndire kte Rede: A n n s a i d that Tom was an id iot. Ann sagte, Tom sei/wi:ire ein Idiot. Auch Gedanken kann man ,berichten". Gedanke: "Sa lly will be late."·····:':· Bericht: I t h o u ght/knew that Sally would be late .
1
Die indirekte Rede leitet man meist m it say oder tell ein. Nach tell nennt man die Person, der etwas gesagt wurde. Wird die Person n icht gen a n nt, so m uss say verwendet werden. H e told me (te-!tf.) that he knows Lo n d o n well. Er sagte mir, doss er London gut ken ne. He said (said ffiC) that he kn ows Lo n d o n well.
1•
Vor that darf kein Kom ma stehen - that wird aber oft auch weggelassen. Ann said she (said, she) loves fis h . To ny said that (said, that) h e will b e h e re at six.
•
Zeitversch iebung in der indirekten Rede
Steht das ein leitende Verb der i ndirekten Rede in der Vergangen heit (z. B . said) , so wird das Verb des berichteten Satzes oft urn eine Zeitstufe in die Vergange n heit ,verschoben". Gegenwart ·····) Vergangenheit "I feel ill." ····)· S h e said (that) s h e felt ill. ·····) She said (that) she was working. " I'm worki ng." Present Perfect ····:>.· Past Perfect " I 've had a d re a m . " ·····) S h e said (that) s h e had had a d rea m . can / m ay " I can / m ay c o m e . " ·· ) S h e said (that) s h e cou ld/m ight come. · ···) cou ld / might will ·· ··) wou ld " I'll b e th ere." ····)· S h e said (that) s h e would b e there. Zeitstufen der Vergangenheit (a uBer Present Perfect) sowie die Modalverben could ( konnte) , might, shou ld, would b leiben fast alle unverandert. Vergangenheit "We saw Tom there." ·····) S h e said t h ey saw (oder: had seen) Tom there. "He was smoking." ..:,,. S h e said h e was (o der: had been) smoking. "I had eaten . " ·····) S h e said s h e had eaten . Past Perfect could /might/should " I could h e l p . " .....:;,. S h e s a i d s h e could h e l p. " I wouldn't tell h i m . " .....:,,. S h e s a i d s h e would n't tell h i m . would =
E i n e Zeitverschiebung m uss nicht stattfinden, wenn das Berichtete immer oder immer noch gilt. "When I see h i m , I'll ask h i m . " ....:,,. S h e said she'll ask h i m w h e n s h e sees h i m . He'll be h e re soo n . M a n wah lt aber bewusst die Zeitverschiebung, wenn m a n sich von dem, was m a n berichtet, distanzieren will und zeigen will, dass man dessen Wahrh eitsgehalt nicht garantiert. Politiker: " I nflation is low." ·····) Zeitungsbericht: The govern ment said that inflation was low. • • • ........ • • .
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
Zeitverschiebung bei e i n leitendem Verb in der Vergangenheit: Gegenwart ····:>.· Vergangenheit, Present Perfect ····) Past Perfect, can ·····) co uld, may ····> m ight, will ····) would Weitere lnformationen
·····>
nt
U i 37
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a b
1 a
E X E R C I S E S
" I 'm h u n gry." ·····> S u e said me she was h u n gry. " I 'm h u n gry." .....:,, S u e said s h e was h u n gry. V To m told m e he had seen S p i e lberg's latest fil m . To m told h e h a d s e e n Spielberg's latest fi lm.
If a
b
J a n e said m e she h a d had a good h o l i d ay. Jane said she had h a d a good h o liday.
5
b
The teac h e r told us, that 32'F is o'C. The teach e r told us that 3 2 ' F is o·c.
6 a " I want to go." ·····::: S h e said she would go. b "I want to go." ····> S h e s a i d she wanted to go.
b 2 a 3 a
b a b
AI told us a n h o u r ago that A n n has p h o n e d . AI t o l d u s a n h o u r a g o that A n n had p h o n e d . "I'm meeting J o." ·····> Ed said h e met Jo. " I 'm meeting Jo." ..... ::, Ed said he was meeting Jo.
Put the following sentences into indirect speech. 1
"I do n't want to go to S p a i n aga i n . " ·····> S a n d ra explained t h at {ke "-("-K't W«Kt to 1)0 to 5p«(K «I)«(K.
"I can help at the weekend a n d S u e may h ave t i m e too." ·····> Pau l's awfu l. Two weeks a go he promised h e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and said Sue a n d t h e n neither o f t h e m came! 2 "We've bought a house i n the c o u ntry. We t h i n k it will be better for t h e c h i ld re n . " .....:;.. W h e n I last saw M rs Ada m s she told me they 3 "Yo u ' ll h ave to work h a rd e r if yo u want to pass t h e exa m . " ···· > T h e teacher told m e I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I n fact I passed without a n y pro blems! If " I 've had two j o b i nterviews but I 'm not really inte rested i n either of t h e jobs." ·····> To m said h e . So h e's still looki n g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • .
.
. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
• . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . • .
Report the following things which you read in the newspaper and don't really believe.
1
" Petrol will soon be m u c h cheaper." .....:,,. A gove r n m e nt spokes person p ro m ised that
2
"Te m pe ratures i n J u n e were lower than i n M a rc h . " · ···> The weathe r report cla i m e d that
3
"Bill G ates has decided to give all his m o n ey to c h a rity." .....:,,. A report i n last wee k's paper said that
If
"Prince Ch arles is getti ng marri e d aga i n . " ·····> The h ea d l i n e i n yesterday's p a p e r said that
5 "Scie ntists have fou n d a c u re fo r Aids." ····> An a rticle i n last Satu rd ay's paper claimed t h at Complete these sentences using the information in brackets.
1
2 3
If
A: I'll be i n H a m b u rg on Wednesd ay. ' 8 : Last week you told m e (Thursday) 1._1oli "- !le (K HR\ttll\irl) OK Tk\ir{MI.j. A: I 'm h u n gry. Let's go o u t for d i n ner. 8: H a lf an h o u r ago you said (not h ungry I not want to go out for dinner) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A: I 'm going to apply for this job. 8 : When I told you about the job last wee k, you said (not interested in it) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A: I t h i n k I'll get red wine for the pa rty. 8: Last week you said (white wine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A: I ca n't come ro u n d t h i s eve n i n g because my car is at the garage. 8 : You've never got t i m e ! Yesterday you said you (can't come) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . because yo u (have to work) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
.
.
.
.
•
A: Who was that I saw you with last Tu esday?
tke (tp.� lnfore
B : Celia B u rns. S h e said s h e had seen you yestw:lay. A: Yo u m e a n last M o nday. W h e re?
l.jo\<\ were
B : I n the G reen C h o psticks. S h e asked who were you . A: So what did you say? I t h i n k I 'd like to meet h e r.
WRHte(t
B : Well that's good, because I asked h e r if s h e EliEl ·A·ant to meet you.
Fragen in der indirekten Rede
Entscheidungsfragen leitet man m it ask + if/whether (= ob) ein. Nach ask steht kein Komma. Die Zeiten der direkten Rede werden ,verschoben" wie in Aussagesatzen (s. U n it 3 6). " Is it rai ning?" ·····} He asked if/whether it was raining. Er fragte, ob es regnete. "Can you swim?" .....:;:. He asked if/whether I could swi m . Er fragte, ob ich schwimmen konn(t)e. do/does/did erscheint in der indirekten Frage nicht. " Do yo u know D ave?" .....:;:. H e asked if/whether I knew Dave. " Did Ann go to the pa rty?" .....:,,. He asked if/whether Ann went to the pa rty. wh-Fragen leitet man m it ask + Fragewort ein. "Where's To m ? " .....> H e asked where To m was. "Who h ave you s p o ken to?" ....> H e asked who I had s p o ken to. .
Auch Ausdrilcke wie want to know I find out, wonder konnen die indirekte Rede einleiten.
"Wh o's talking? " .....) H e wanted to know I wanted to find out I wondered who was talking. Bitten und Befehle in d e r indirekten Rede
Bitten gibt man m it ask somebody (not) to do something wieder.
" I 'd like s o m e h e l p, p lease." .....:;,. H e asked me to h e l p h i m . Er bat mich, ihm zu he/fen. " Please d o n't s m o ke." .....:;,. H e asked me not to s m o ke . Er bat mich, nicht zu rauchen.
Befehle gibt man m it tell somebody (not) to do something wieder.
"Go h o m e. " .....:;,. H e told me to go h o me. Er sagte mir, dass ich nachhause gehen so lite. " Don't wait." .....> H e told me not to wait. Er sagte mir, dass ich nicht warten so lite. Orts- und Zeitbestim m ungen in der indirekten Rede
I•
Berichtet man etwas an einem anderen Ort bzw. nachdem ein bestimmter Zeitraum vorbei ist, so m uss man bestimmte Orts- und Zeitbestimmungen der direkten Rede anders wiedergeben. " To m 's not here." .... :;,. H e said To m wasn't there. " I can't come today." . .. .> H e said he c o u ld n't c o m e that day. " I m et Bill yesterday." . ..;,. H e said he h a d met B i l l the day before. "We're leavi ng tomorrow." .....::· H e said they were leavi n g the next day. " it's my 3 0th b i rt h d ay this week/ month /year. " .....:::· H e said it was . . . that week/ month/year. " Ed died last S u n day /week/month/year." .....:;,. H e said Ed had died the Su nday /week/ . . . before. " S h e's moving next Monday /week/ m o nth /yea r. " .....:::· H e said . . . the following Monday /week/ . . . . .
.
..
0 0 0 ........ 0 0 0
Das Wichtigste in l
•
lndirekte Fragen: ask + if/whether, ask + Fragewort lndirekte Bitten / Befehle: ask/tell somebody (not) to do something • here .....:;, there; today .....) that day; yesterday ... .) the day before; tomorrow .. ..::· the next day; this . . . . ..:,,. that . . . ; last . . . ... > the . . . before; next . . . .. ..> the following . . . •
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
E X E R C I S E S
Tom asked me if I d i d know h ow old San d ra was. b Tom asked me if I knew how old Sandra was. V' a
1 a b 2 a
The teacher asked the c h i ldren w h e re t h e i r h o m ework was. The teacher asked the c h i l d ren w h e re was their h o m ework.
b
"Is Sue coming? " ·····) J a n e asked me, if Sue was c o m i n g. " I s S ue com i n g?" ·····) J a n e asked me if S u e was c o m i n g.
b
"We moved yesterday." ·····) A n n wrote a n d told us th ey'd m oved the day before. "We moved yesterday." .....:,,. A n n w rote and told us th ey'd m oved yesterday.
b
"Can you come a bit earlier?" ·····) Dave asked us to come a bit earlier. "Can you c o m e a bit e a rlier? " ·····) Dave said us to c o m e a bit earlier.
3 a
4 a
Report the followi ng requests and commands.
" Please don't be late." (Paul/ us) fl\!.il 1\ff(e� �.if KOt to 11e 11\te. " Be q u i et!" (teacher/ c h i l d ren) Tlte ttl\cker tol� the ckllctreK to 11e �!.ilet. 1
" D rive m o re slowly!" (d riving i nstructor I st udent)
2
"Stay in bed a n d don't s m oke." (d octor/ patie nt)
3
4
"Can you help m e , please?" (old lady I man)
......................................................
.
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.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
" Don't forget your passports." (gu i de/touri sts)
5 "Could you fi nish the report?" (boss/secreta ry) Report these sentences.
1
Sue: "We are getting m a rried n ext week." Sue wrote and told us that tht"J were '}tttiKIJ M��l\rrlect the followiKIJ weef(.
Jane: " My h usba n d is sta rting a new job tod ay." I spoke to Jane a week ago a n d s h e said . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 E d : "We're meeting in the Red Lion next week." Ed rang Tom and told him . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . but h e did n't m a ke it. 3 Carol: "Sue will b e h e re soon - she's not n o rmally late." Carol said Sue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a n d t h e n h e r h usband ra n g to say sh e'd h ad an accident. 4 A n n : "We m oved yesterday. As soon as we h ave a new phone n u m b e r, I'll let you know." I saw Ann a month ago a n d s h e told m e .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Report these q uestions. 1
J o h n : " D i d you get a b i rt h d ay card from Sue?" John asked m e J a n e : " D o you k n ow what time the concert starts?" Jane asked m e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and then she was still late! Mary: "Can you b a bysit fo r us next Saturday?" Two weeks ago M a ry asked m e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I said 'yes' and then I forgot. Tom : "Where a re we meeti ng the oth ers t h i s even ing?" it's fu nny. O n Saturday To m asked me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and then he d i d n 't come. Dave: "Could I b o rrow yo u r b i ke n ext weeke nd?" Fo ur weeks ago Dave asked m e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and he sti ll hasn't brought it back. 79
. • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 3
.
4
.
5
.
Heir \jo�r$elf
A: llelf'l -y·su to another d ri n k. B : T h a n ks, but I t h i n k it's t i m e for m e to go.
K-'!ttt
A: O h , t hat's a pity. We must meet 615 aga i n soo n . B : Yes, that w o u ld b e nice. H ave you been i nvited to t h e o p e n i n g o f Donald Webster's exhibition?
tRek otker
A: N o , we d o n 't know �*& Very well. B : H e 's very good . Would you like to go? Yo u could come with m e , if you like. Formen
Einza h l: Mehrzahl:
-self
myself
yourself
h i mself, herself, itself
m ir/mich selbst
dir/dich/ [Sie) sieh se/bst
sich se/bst
uns selbst
euch/ [Sie] sieh selbst
sich se/bst
-selves ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Gebrauch im Riickbezug auf das Subjekt
I m Englischen verwendet man im Riickbezug auf das Subjekt keine Personalpronomen. We saw ourselves (.H5) on a b i g scre e n . Wir sa hen uns auf einem gro{3en Bildschirm. I taught myself (ffl€) c h ess. /eh habe mir selbst Schach beigebracht. She c a n take care of h e rself. Sie kann auf sieh aufpassen. There a re the d ri n ks. Help yourselves, a n d enjoy yourselves! . . . Bedient euch, und vie/ Spaf3!
Ausna h m e: nach Prapositionen des Ortes (in front of, beh ind, with usw.) Tom heard a n oise behi nd him (f.l.i.t:R.5e.l.) . . . . hinter sich. He had a lot of m o ney with him . . . . bei sich.
I• I
•
each other entspricht .,u ns/euch/sich" i m Sin ne von .,uns/euch/sich gegenseitig". We write each other (tt5) e-mails. Wir schreiben uns (gegenseitig) £-Mails. After 20 years of m a rriage they k n ow each other (tfl.e.fR) very well. . . . kennen sie sich sehr gut. Deutsch e Reflexivverben entsprechen nicht immer Reflexivverben im Englischen.
We can't afford t h at. Wir konnen uns das nicht leisten . W h e n will he decide? Wann entscheidet er sich ?
afford sich leisten change sich umziehen complain sich beschweren concentrate sich konzentrieren feel sich fuhlen
imagine sich vorstellen lie down sich hinlegen meet sich treffen relax sich ausruhen/
remember sich erinnern sit down sich setzen wonder sich fragen worry sich Sorgen machen
sich entspannen
wash, d ress/u n dress sind nur dann reflexiv, wenn die Tatigkeit Anstrengungen erfordert. Little Tim is o n ly two. H e can't d ress himself yet. Ed's broken his a r m . H e can't wash h imself. Gebrauch zur Hervorhebung
=
deutsch "selbst/selber"
Reflexivpronomen dienen auch z u r H e rvorhebung. Sie entsprechen dann .,selbst/selber". We designed t h e h o u se ourselves. Wir haben das Haus selbst entworfen. The teacher d i d n't know the a nswer to q u estion 5 h imself. . . . wusste die Antwort . . . se/ber nicht.
• • • •••••••• • • •
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
Einzah l : -self - Mehrzahl: -selves .,uns/euch/sich gegenseitig" = each other • Wichtige deutsche Reflexivverben sind keine Reflexivverben im Englischen:
•
sich fuhlen, sich konzentrieren, sich vorstellen, sich treffen, sich Sorgen machen usw.
So
•
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? b
Be carefu l with that knife or you'll cut y o u rse lf! V Be carefu l with that kn ife o r you'll cut y o u !
b
When a re we m eeti ng us? When a re we m eeti ng?
a 1 a
2 a
b
5
b
Be q uiet! I can't concentrate myself. Be q u i et! I can't concentrate.
b
I rem e m ber me meeting you at S ue's party. I remember meeting y o u at Sue's party.
3 a
4 a
6
a
E X E R C I S E S
How long have we known each other now? How long h ave we known us now? I paid for myself. paid for m e .
b I a b
H e l p you to some m o re foo d . H e l p you rself to some m o re foo d .
Complete these sentences with the translation o f the verbs i n brackets.
(sich sorgen fUr) My grandmother can no longer look Ajter ker{elf.
1 (sich fiihlen) Sue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m uc h better t o day. 2
3
4
(sich fragen) I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . .
.
. . . . . . .
if To m will p ho n e .
(si eh vorstellen) I can't . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . why you d o n ' t want to go. (sich amiisieren) We rea lly
. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .
at the pa rty last week.
5 (sich verletzen) G a ry fell off the ladder and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
(sich konzentrie ren) lt was h ot a n d the stu de nts could n't
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . .
.
If necessary, add the correct reflexive pronouns or each other.
The students recorded their role p lay a n d t h e n watched tke�tt{elve{ on video. The students a lways speak to ell
1
Yo u s h o u ld n't b la m e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fo r t h e accident. lt was the other d rive r's fa u lt.
2
What time a re we meet i n g
3
David is very selfis h - he o n ly t h i n ks about . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Sue a n d Dave a re so d i fferent but they rea l ly seem to like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . .
5 Re lax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and m a ke
?
. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
at h ome.
H e l p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i f you would like s o m e t h i n g to d r i n k. 6
I
can't afford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to visit )a ne b u t we h aven't seen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
for so long and s h e will o n ly worry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . if I don't go. 1
Translate the followi ng sentences.
lch frage mich, wann wir a n ko m m e n werd e n . G estern hat Pa u l s i c h beschwert - er ko nnte s i c h n i c h t konzentriere n , w e i l d i e N a c h barn so l a u t ware n . 3 W i r treffen uns u m acht, a b e r ich k a n n m i c h n i c h t e r i n n ern, wo. 4 l c h ha be vie le Fotos van m e i n e n l
81
•
A: A great pa rty, isn't it?
well
ileR�tlflill\j
B: Yes, Tom and A n n a re so .ge.e4 o rganized a n d To m cooks so beatttiM. A: M m . H ave yo u tried t h is p i e h e re?
wdl
�ot
B: I can't see very � w it h o ut m y glasses. Wa it a m o m ent. O h , that's better. Yes, it looks wet+. A: lt tastes w o n d e rfu l, too.
kRrt
B : They've really wo rked � h aven't th ey? Adjektive
Adjektive beschreiben, wie jemand/ etwas ist. Sie beziehen sich auf ein Nomen oder Pronomen. Sie stehen vor einem Nomen (1) oder nach be (2).
�
t
1 1 1 Sue is a car ful dri er. . . . eine vorsichtige Fahrerin.
J
�
2 Sue she is 1car ful� . . . ist vorsichtig.
Adverbien
Adverbien beschreiben, wie etwas geschieht, und beziehen sich auf ein Verb (1). Sie konnen aber auch ein anderes Wart versUirken oder abschwachen. Dann beziehen sie sich auf ein Adjektiv (2), auf ein anderes Adverb (3) oder auf ein Partizip (4) .
+ .
I
I
I
1 Sue dnves carefully. . . . fiihrt vorsichtig. I . ll yIcare1u +J; I .1 n fog . IS Iespec1a . . . besonders vorsichtig.
.
2
Sh e
3
1 S h e doesn't d rive 1parti u larly s/ w/y.
�
t
. . . besonders langsam.
�
!
1 4 And s h e's a lways so 1w ll p re ared on a long trip, too . . . . gut vorbereitet. Form von Adverbien
Meist hangt man -ly an das Adjektiv: David is a slow reader. He reads slowly. Schreibbesonderheiten wie easy - easily; terri ble - terri bly; automatic - automatically siehe Seite 111. Ein ige wenige Adverbien haben die gleiche Form wie das Adjektiv: early (fruh), late (spat), fast (schne/1) , hard (hart, schwer, heftig, kraftig).
Verwechslungsgefahr: lt rained hard. Es regnete heftig. - lt hard ly rai n e d . Es regnete kaum. Ed came late. Ed kam zu spat. - H ave you seen h i m lately? . . . in der letzten Zeit? Sonderfall good (Adjektiv) - well (Adverb) : Sh e's a good p layer. She p lays well.
I•
Adjektiv statt Adverb nach bestimmten Verben
.
I
............. •
Auf bestimmte Verben folgt ein Adjektiv, kein Adverb. Das Bezugswort ist ein Nomen oder Pronomen, nicht ein Verb. Es wird gesagt, wie jemand/ etwas ist . - Verben, die einen Zustand beschreiben: be (sein) , seem (scheinen) , become (werden), stay/remain (bleiben) - Verben, die eine Eigenschaft ausdrlicken: look (aussehen), sound (klingen, sich anhoren) , feel (sich fuh/en, sich anfuh/en), taste (schmecken) , smell (riechen) He seemed /looked excited (e-�) . Er erschien aufgeregt. /Er sah aufgeregt a us. Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
•
Ein Adjektiv sagt, wie jemand/etwas ist - Ein Adverb sagt, wie etwas geschieht Kein Adverb, sondern Adjektiv nach u.a. be, seem, look, sound, feel, smell
82
Weitere lnformationen
..
-) U n its 40-41
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a b
1 a
E X E R C I S E S
My colleague s pe a ks E n glish very well. V My co lleague spe a ks English very good. I a lways feel tired. I work too h a rd. a lways fe el tired. I work too h ard ly.
If a
b
We're good prepare d for o u r n ext meeting. We're well p repared for o u r next meeting.
5
b
My sister doesn't seem very h a p pi ly. My sister d oesn't seem very h a ppy.
6 a We d o n't know o u r neigh b o u rs very well. b We don't know o u r neigh b o u rs very good.
b I
2 a 3 a
b a b
My boss is serious i l l. My boss is seriously ill. H arry was h u rt q u ite bad i n the accident. Harry was h u r't q u ite badly i n the a ccident.
Rewrite these sentences using an adverb i nstead of an adjective.
Yo u r English is really good. Yo u speak LH�I(fk rec:dii>J well.
1 David is an extremely careful d rive r. David d rives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
2
.
3
If
They a re good da ncers. They dance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S h e is a really fast r u n n e r. S h e runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We h ave regu lar m eeti n gs . We meet
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . .
5 H i s death was comp letely unexpected. H e died . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Complete these conversations with adjectives or adverbs. 2_ /1
/1
.
A: So rry I 'm (late/ lately) but we've been so b usy . (late/late ). 2.(h 51fd/h,a�dly). (caniful/c�efu lly) - don't work too B : That's O K, b ut be . A: I won't. I 've been sleeping (biid ! y) - that's t h e (real/really) pro ble m . (g-;;b d jwell) h o l id 92 A : H e llo, J a n e ! Did y o u have a B : Yes, t h a n ks . The weather was (be��tiful/ beautifully) - it (hard /hardly) ra ined. A : Really? That's . (unusual/ unusually) for England, isn't it? 3 A: W hat's the matter with Don? H e looks so . (unhappy/ unha ppi ly) . B: H e's been . (terrible/terribly) worried about losing h i s j o b since t h e m a nage m e n t changed (sudden/suddenly) last m o n t h . A: O h dear, a n d h i s wife's job isn't very (good/well) paid either, is it? If A: I 've j ust hea rd the (terri ble/terribly) n ews a b o ut your sister's accident. Was s h e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (bad/badly) inj u red? B : N o , t h a n k goodness. S h e was o n ly (slight/slightly) h u rt, b u t h e r boyfriend's inj u ries are m o re (serious/serio usly). A: Th ere have been so many (bad/bad ly) accidents on that part of the road. it's really 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
fiac;l_;l
. . • . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[
�
·<
. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
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.
. . . . . . . . . . . • . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . • . . . . . . . . • . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . • . . . . . . . . . .
(dangerous/ dangerously). 5 A: I feel so (angry/angrily). O u r new neigh b o u rs are really (noisy/noisily). Their music is a lways so (loud/loudly) - I j ust can't concentrate on my work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (properI properly). B : Why don't you ask them (nice/nicely) to t u rn it down? A: I d i d last week and s i nce then th ey've had two (noisy/noisi ly) parties which fi n i s h ed rea l ly (late/lately)! .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Translate the followin g sentences.
1 J o h n fU h lte sich fU rchterlich. Er war fU rchterlich m O de.
G ewo h nlich tra um t e r n icht vie I. Eines Abends h atte er einen u ngewti h n lichen Tra u m . Pltitzlich h ti rte er etwas. E i n pltitzliches G e rausch weckte i h n auf. If Sein S o h n und seine Fre u n de h ti rten laute Musik u n d redete n laut i m Wo h nz i m m e r. 5 , D u siehst seh r btise aus," sagte sein S o h n . ,Wa r u m siehst du m i c h so btise a n? "
2 3
•
A: I 'd l i ke to go by tra i n . i t's more comfortable.
�"tell
ck.t�tftr
B: Yes, but it's R'II:JER R'lore ci=Jeaper by bus. A: True, b u t o n a t ra i n I c a n get up a n d walk about. I f you're a s tall as me, b u s seats are m u rder.
tk.RH
B: Well, s h a l l we fly t h e n ? Flying is faster .a-s goi n g by b u s or tra i n . A: Yes, b u t t h e leg·room o n c h a rt e r p l a n e s is so small.
R(
B: Is it? I t h o ught t h e seats on a p la n e were t h e same H*e on a t ra i n .
Steigerungsformen von Adjektiven u n d Adverbien
D urch Anhange n von -er I -est werden gesteigert: - einsilbige Adjektive (Sch reibbesonderheiten siehe Seite 111) : tall - taller - (the) tallest - zweisilbige Adjektive auf -y (angry, dirty, easy, funny, hap py, lovely, lucky usw.) Dabei wird y zu i: easy - easier - (the) easiest. - Adverbien, die m it einem Adjektiv formgleich sind (early, late, hard, fast, long) : Who gets u p early/earlier/ (the) earliest? Wer steht friJhlfriJherlam friJhesten auf? Durch Voranstellen von more/ m ost werden gesteigert: - m e h rsilbige Adjektive (auBer zweisilbige auf -y) : careful - more careful - (the) most careful - -ly-Adverbien: Ed works carefully I more carefully I most carefully. Anstelle von m ore/most quickly, slowly, loudly werden jedoch oft Formen mit -er/-est gebraucht. E d wo rked slower I (the) slowest. Who sang louder I (the) loudest? Ausnahmen und Sonderformen good/well - better - (the) best gut - besser - (derldieldas) beste I am besten much - more - most vie/ - mehr - am meisten bad (ly) - worse - (t h e) worst schlecht - schlechte r - (derldieldas) schlechteste I am sch/echtesten little - less - least wenig - weniger - am wenigsten far - further - furthest weit - weiter - (derldieldas) weiteste I am weitesten
Vergleiche: Setzt man zwei Personen/Dinge gleich, wird der Vergleichssatz m it as gebildet. I 'm as careful as P h i I. I d rive as carefully as P h i I. . . . so vorsichtig wie Phi/. I'm not as careful as A n n . I d o n t d rive as carefully as A n n . . . . nicht so vorsichtig wie Ann. '
Auch nach the same steht as: Yo u r coat i s the same colo u r as (!*e) m i n e .
I
•
Nach Adjektiven und Adverbien in der ersten Steigerungsstufe wird n icht as, sondern than gebraucht. Dave is taller than (-as) h i s sister. Dave ist gro{5er a is seine Schwester. T h e b o o k is more exciting than (-a-s) t h e fi l m . Das Buch ist spannender a is der Film. lt all h a ppened sooner than (-as) expected . Es geschah a lies schneller a is erwartet. Sonia s i n gs m uc h better than (R'Ii:JER R'IOre betteras) Angela. Sonia singt vie/ besser a/s Ange/a. Nach as bzw. than stehen alleinstehende Personalpronomen in der Objektform.
Don i s n' t as tall as me. But I 'm older than him . . . . nicht so grof5 wie ich . . . a/ter ais er. • •
. . . . . . .••. ..
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
Steigerung: Kurze Adjektive: -er/-est. langere Adjektive und -ly-Adverbien: more/m ost Bei Gleichsetzung: as. Nach der ersten Steigerungsstufe: than
• Vergleiche:
E X E R C I S E S
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a
This exercise is easyer than the last one. b This exercise is easier than t h e last o n e . V"
1
S h e's the m ost i m portant person in the firm. S h e's the i m p o rtantest person in the fi rm.
If a
b
H e s peaks English m uch better than m e . He speaks English m u c h m o re better t h a n m e .
5
b
I do m ore work as my colleague. I do m o re work than my colleague.
6 a I 've m a d e the same m istakes like you. b I 've m a d e the same m istakes as yo u .
a b
2 a 3 a
He a rrived so ea rly as I d i d . He a rrived as ea rly as I d i d .
b a b
This coat is cheaper than that one. This coat is more c h e a p t h a n that o n e .
Make comparisons and add a s or than if necessary.
T h i s fil m is "'ore IKtereftiK� (interesting) tk�tK the fi lm we saw l a s t week.
1 it's m uch . 2
. .
... ..... .. .
.
. .
..
. . . . . (hard) to fi nd a job today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . it was ten years ago.
. . . . .
A glass of water i n this resta u ra n t costs t h e same . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a glass of w i n e . N o rma lly wine is
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (expensive) . . . . . . . . . . . . . water. .
3
it's m uch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
.
. . . (d ifficult) to get a c h eap flight to New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I had
expected . If
The blue p u llover is t h e . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
.......
. . . . .
. (cheap) of them all, b u t is it rea l ly the .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (good) ?
5 I 've j ust had some bad n ews. My gra n d mother's i llness is
. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (serious) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the d octors first thought. 6 What's the . . . . . . . .
. .
. ..... . .
.
. .
. . . . . . . (bad) thing that has eve r h a ppened t o yo u ? .
Make questions using comparatives.
Sorry. What d i d you say? Can yo u speak a bit lo�t.ter, p lease?
1 This restaurant is too expensive . Can we go to a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . one? 2
3
If
Yo u're speaki n g too fast. I don't u nderstan d . Could you s p e a k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , p lease? This jacket is too small. D o you have a
. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o n e, please?
Sue d id n't seem very well when I last saw her. I s s he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n ow?
5 I'm s u re you're always t i red because you go to bed so late. Why d o n 't you go a bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? 6 The q uestio n s in the first part of t h e test were easy. Were t h ey easy i n t h e second p a rt , too, or w e re they .............................? Translate the followi ng sentences.
1 Die Fa h rt (journey) n a c h Leeds ist lang, viel langer a ls ich d a c hte. 2
Du hast die gleiche J acke wie i c h . D ieses J a h r wohnen (stay) wir i n e i n e m H otel w e ite r w e g vom Stra n d als letzte s J a h r. 4 Meine Schwester u n d ich sind Zwillinge (twins) , a b e r sie ist viel d U n n e r als i c h . 5 Letztes J a h r hatten wir d i e schlechteste E rnte (harvest) se it 1990. 3
ss
A: W h i c h country do you l i ke best?
lt�tl'1 ve� ��ck
B : l like veryA'II:JEA Italy. A: H ow often do you go t h e re?
�f��tll'1 �0
B : We go I:ISI:Ialiy once a year, in t h e su mme r. A: Are you goi n g t h is year?
l�tter tkl( \j t�tr
B: Yes, but we a re go ing this year later. l n O ctober.
Kategorien von Adverbien
Es gibt verschiedene Arten von Adverbie n : zwei wurden bereits in Un it 39 vorgestellt. - Adverbien der Zeit beantworten die Frage ,wann?": Dave p h oned yesterday. - Adverbien der H aufigkeit (always usw.) beantworten die Frage ,wie oft?": lt's never cold. - Adverbien der Art und Weise (oft m it -ly, siehe Unit 39) beantworten die Frage ,wie?": I slept badly. - Adverbien des O rtes beantworten d ie Frage ,wo(hi n / her)?": Lo n d o n is n o rt h of here. - Gradadverbien (very usw., siehe U n it 39) beantworten die Frage ,wie sehr/viel?": H e's very old. - Satzadverbien beziehen sich auf eine gesa mte Aussage: Perhaps the weath e r will i m p rove. Stellung von Adverbien
FUr ein Adverb gibt es grundsatzlich drei Stellungs moglichkeiten: am Satzanfang, am Satzende, in d e r Satzmitte. Mit Satzmitte ist gemeint: - vor einem Vollverb: Don n ever smokes. (Don SA'Iokes ne�·er.) - hinter d e m (ersten) H ilfsverb: We have just eaten s u p pe r. - hinter d e m Voll- oder Hilfsverb be : Angela is always late. S h e is just coming.
I•
Ein Adverb kann normalerweise nicht zwischen Verb und Objekt stehen. I ate fis h yesterday. (I ate yesterday fish.) I never smoke cigars. (·1-s-mo-ke nevereigars.)
Kurze Adverbien der Zeit (ever, just, now, soon, still und already) stehen meist in der Satzmitte, andere Adverbien der Zeit (today /yesterday /tomorrow, Angaben m it ago, U h r- und Tageszeiten usw.) am Satzende. I'm still tired. I worked all last night. Ed has just phoned. H e'll arrive tomorrow.
Adverbien der Haufigkeit (always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never) stehen meist in der Satzmitte, Ausdrii cke m it every jedoch am Satzende. it's always dark. We never have e n o ugh light. I meet Tony every day. Adverbien der Art und Weise und d es Ortes stehen m eist am Satzende. H e planned the crime carefully. I buy my vegeta b les at the market.
1•
Bei mehreren Adverbien a m Satzen d e gilt m eist d ie Reihenfolge 1. Art und Weise, D o n gets [Art und Weise:] slowly [Ort:] out of bed [Zeit:] at six o'clock.
2.
Ort, 3 · Zeit.
Gradadverbien stehen meist vor dem Bezugswort, jedoch hinter einem Verb (und dem Objekt). I like Berlin a lot.
it's very cold h e re.
Satzadverbien stehen a m Satzanfang, -ende oder i n der -mitte. Perhaps Dave will come. I Dave will perhaps come. I D ave will come perhaps. probably und certainly stehen vor einem verneinten Hilfsverb: I probably/certainly won't come . • • • ........ • • .
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
• •
Satzmitte: vor Vollverb, nach H ilfsverb, nach be - kein Adverb zwischen Verb und Objekt! Bei mehreren Adverbien am Satzende: Art und Weise - Ort - Zeit
86
E X.. E R C I S E S
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a
I go often to the c i n e m a . b I often g o to the c i n e m a . V
1 a I don't usually get m u c h post. b I
4 a b
don't get u sually much post.
S u e h a s every d a y l u n c h i n the canteen. S u e h a s lunch i n the canteen every d ay.
b
We've always had a lot of pets. We've had a lways a lot of pets.
5
b
We are still looki n g for a new flat. We a re loo king sti ll for a new flat.
6 a We're going to London n ext m o n t h . b We're g o i n g next m o n th to Lo n d o n .
2 a 3 a
a b
Dave probably won't be on time. Dave w o n't be probably on time.
Rewrite the sentences with the adverb in brackets in t h e correct position.
Bill spends h is holidays in Ita ly. (usually) 6111 li$\iAII\j $rut�$ k($ koH�A\j$ (H ltAI\j.
1 I 'm b u sy. (often) 2 I
3
4
won't be a b le to c o m e tomo rrow. (probably)
He speaks S panish. (very well) J a n e and I m eet. (every week)
5 I d i dn't go to work. (yesterday)
6 We've bought a small sailing boat. (just) Complete the dialogues by ticking the correct position for the adverbs in brackets.
A: W h ere do [ ] you [V] spend C h ristmas? (usually) B : We go [ ] to my p a re nts' [V]. (every year)
1 A: Do you go [ ] to yo u r cottage in the country [ ]? (every weekend)
B: N o rmally yes, but we [ ] won't [ ] be a b le to go n ext weeke n d . (probably)
2 3 4
A: H ave you [ ] got [ ] a headache? (still) B: N o, I took [ ] an aspirin [ ] a n d it's better now. (a couple of hours ago) A: Do you [ ] buy [ ] y o u r wine in France? (always) B: N o , there's a good w i n e s h o p in town. We buy it [ ] s o m etimes [ ]. (there) A: D id you [ ] go to the b a n k [ ]? (yesterday) B: N o, I d i d n't have time. I 'll [ ] go [ ] today. (in my lunch break)
5 A: What do [ ] you [ ] do in the s u m mer? (normally) B : We go [ ] to France [ ]. (every summer)
Translate the following sentences.
1 ! e h habe dieses B u c h schon ge lese n .
2
! e h fa h re oft i m Winter i n U rlaub. Mary fa h rt jede Woc he nach M a n c h ester. 4 ! e h habe To m geste rn i m Kino ges e h e n . 5 Wir werden vielleicht n achstes J a h r u n s e r e Fre u n d e i n Ame rika bes u c h e n . 3
y(ece of tO«(t
A: Do you want a n ot h e r �? B : No t h a n ks . I m u st get back to t h e computer.
ko...ewor�
(Hfor... "t(oH
A: Can you h e l p me with my hel'fle•Nerks first? I need some iRforffiotioFJs about Orson We l les. B: Why don't you look o n the I nternet?
(o... e dv(ce
A: Th at's what I want to d o , but can you give me an aElvice wh e re to look?
Zahlbare Nomen - nichtzah lbare Nomen
Viele Nomen sind zahlbar, z.B. book: a/one book, two books, three books. Manche Nomen sind nicht zahlbar, z.B. weather: � weather, two'A'eathers, . . . Nichtzahlbare Nomen haben kein e Mehrzahlform und man kann kein a/an davorsetzen .
I•
letzteres gilt auch, wenn ein Adjektiv vor de m Nomen steht.
What (�) fantastic weather! Was fur ein to lies Wetter! You speak excellent (aR eJccelleRt) G erman. Sie sprechen ein ausgezeichnetes Deutsch.
terrible traffic ein furchtbarer Verkehr, impossible behaviour ein unmog/iches Benehmen absolute chaos ein absolutes Chaos, lots of luck/stress ein grof3es GliJck /ein grof3er Stress
Zahlbar im Deutschen - nichtzahlbar im Englischen
I
•
Bestimmte Nomen, die im Deutsch e n zahlbar sind, sind es im Englischen nicht.
That is u sefu l info rmation. (These are HsefHl infer!'flatiens.) Das sind n iJtzliche !nformationen. Is this furniture n ew? �Are tf'le:se fl:lrflitl:lres Flew?) Sind diese Mbbel neu?
advice Rat, Ratschli:ige help Hilfe(n) information !nformation(en) work Arbeit(en) homework Hausa ufgabe (n) housework Hausarbeit(en)
bread Brat toast Toast spaghetti Spaghetti soap Seife(nstiJck/e) hair Haar(e) paper Papier, Zettel
cloth, material Stoff(e) furniture Mobe/ damage Schaden, Schdden knowledge Wissen, Kenntnis(se) progress Fortschritt(e) proof Beweis(e)
Vor einem nichtzahlbaren Nomen kann some, any, a lot of, much stehen, nicht aber many.
S h e gave me some i m p o rtant advice. Sie gab mir wichtige Ratsch/dge. The tea cher d i d n 't give us any homework. Die Lehrerin gab uns keine Hausaufgaben. We h ave a lot of information (l'flany inferl'flatiens) n ow. Wir haben jetzt viele !nformationen. H ow m uch proof is t h e re ? (!=low IT!any proofs arethere?) Wie vie/e Beweise gibt es?
Als Ersatz filr eine Einzahlform kann man vor advice, information, work, homework, bread, toast, soap, paper, cloth/material und furniture d ie Wen d ung a piece of verwenden. I need a piece of advice/information. /eh brauche eine(n) Rat/Information . • • . .. . . •
......
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
•
N ichtzahlbare N omen: keine Mehrzahlform, keine Verwendung von a/an oder many N ichtzahlbar im Englischen u.a.: advice, help, information, work, toast, bread, hair
88
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
This i nformation is very interesting. V b These i nfo rmations a re very i nterest i n g.
E X E RC I SE S
a
1
a b
S u e gave m e some good advice. S u e gave m e a good advice.
4 a b
Can I h ave a toast, p lease? Can I h ave a piece of toast, p lease?
b
Has all yo u r n ew fu rniture arrived? Have all your n ew furnitures a rrived ?
5
b
This is a really h a rd j o b . This is a really h a rd work.
6 a The sto rm did a lot of d a m a ge. b The storm d i d a lot of d a m ages.
2 a 3 a
a b
What a wonderfu l m u sic! What w o n d e rfu l m usic!
Correct any plural forms which are not possible.
We've just o rd e red a lot of new fu rnitu reX, for exa m ple two leathe r a r m c h a i rs.
1 Although my son does a lot of h o m eworks, he doesn't see m to h ave made a lot of progresses t h is year. 2
My teac h e r at school a lways gave me usefu l advices. W h e n I wanted to go a b road, she gave me a lot of i nfo rmations about the vario us possibilities.
3 I
4
have a lot of works at the m o m e nt. My boss always gives m e more jobs to do than m y colleague.
The police h aven't made any p rogresses i n the m u rd e r case. The p u blic has give n them a lot of helps and they have arrested two peoples but they still d o n ' t h ave a n y p roofs that they a re t h e m u rd erers. Complete the following dialogues by underlining the correct forms.
A: I h ave such a lot of work/works at t h e m o m e n t. B: Do you th i n k you will fi n ishJ.! /the m before yo u r h o liday?
1 A: Yo u r hair look/looks n i ce.
B : Thanks. I had it/them cut yesterday.
2
A: I have a lot of hom ework/homeworks today. B : M e , too. I h ave to w rite about Cha rles D i c kens. I h o p e I c a n fin d s o m e information/informations on t h e
3 4
I nternet. A: Would you like another bread ( another piece of bread? B : N o , t h a n ks . Let's fi n i s h b reakfast a n d go out. it's such a lovely weather ( such lovely weather. A: S u e speaks such good Italian I such a good Italian. Let's get h e r an Italian cookery book for h e r birthday. B: I don't know. H e r c h i ld ren say she o n ly cooks spaghetti/spaghettis a nyway. Translate the followin g sentences.
1 Haben sie ge n u gend B eweise, d ass er d e r Mi:irder ist?
2
Dieses Jahr haben Sie vie le Fo rtsch ritte gemacht. Sie kauft immer teure Stoffe. 4 Meine Haare s i n d viel zu tang. 5 Er s p richt gut Fra nzi:isisch und seine S p a n ischke n n t nisse sind n i c h t sch lecht. 3
A: The news B : G reat!
1$ a-re
good - the weat h e r in the Andes is good.
$OW�t HtW I« HtW f«lr of
toll«r$
A: I bought� s u n glasses today. I paid over 1 5 0 e.e.u.a.r. B : We ll, you h ave to protect yo u r eyes u p i n the sn ow, don't you? H ave you started packi ng?
two-wed(
A: Yes. You need so m uch for a twe weeks expedition - a lthough two weeks � really a long time.
I$H �t
Nomen, d i e e s n u r in der Mehrzahl gibt
I•
,Paarworter" bezeichnen Dinge, d i e aus zwei gleichen Teilen bestehen. Diese gibt es i m Englischen nur in der Mehrzahl. I'm loo k i n g for some red jeans (a reEljeans) . /eh suehe eine rote jeans. These jeans were (TflisjeaAswas) expen sive. Diese jeans war teuer. W h e re a re my glasses? ('.�Jhere isA'l'fglasses?) Wo ist meine Brille ? Als Ersatz filr eine Einzah lform kann man a pair of verwenden. I need a clean pair of trousers I a pair of scissors . /eh brauehe eine frisehe Hose I eine Sehere.
glasses Brille(n) scissors Sehere(n) binoculars Fernglasfg/aser headphones KopfhOrer
I•
I
.
pants Unterhose(n) tights Strumpfhose(n) pyjamas Pyjama
jeans jeans trousers Hose(n) shorts Shorts
Auch police (Polizet), people (Leute/Mensehen), stairs (Treppe/n), clothes (Kieidung) , thanks (Dank), surroundings (Umgebung), outskirts (Stadtrand) gibt es nur in der Mehrzahl. The police are (i.s) he re. They are {+f;-i.s.) looking everywh e re. Die Polizei ist da. Sie sueht Ubera/1. Clothes are expe nsive. Kleidung ist teuer. These stairs are steep. Diese Treppe ist steil. Beachten: news und the U n ited States stehen trotz der Endung -s m it einem Verb in der Einzahl.
The news is (a·F·e) good. Die Naehriehten sind gut. The U n ited States is (a-re) a rich country. Die Vereinigten Staaten sind ein reiehes Land. Mengenangaben mit Zahlen, MaBeinheiten, Wahrungen
I•
MaBeinheiten und Wahrungen haben - wie fast alle anderen Nomen - in der Mehrzahl ein -s . ten kilometres zehn f(i/ometer
s ix litres seehs Liter
two pou n ds / d o llars zwei Pfund/Dollar
Ein Verb folgt jedoch in d e r Einza h l, wenn e i n Betrag, eine Menge oder Entfernung gemeint ist. 1000 dollars is (�) a lot of m o n e y. Three kilomet res isn't (�) far. 7 0 years is (a-re) a long time.
I•
Wenn ein Nomen m it Zah l + Bindestrich vor einem anderen Nomen steht und diese Wendung die Funktion eines Adjektivs h at, entfallt das Mehrzahl-s . an 18-hour day ein 18-Stunden-Tag a four-star hotel ein Vier-Sterne-Hote/
I•
Das Zahlwort m i llion steht (wie h u ndred und thousa nd) nach einem anderen Zahlwort oh ne -s. 6 m i llion (ffii.!+i.ef)t.s people 6 Millionen Mensehen ten million (fA-i.l.l.t&fts) two h u n d red thousand
• • . .. . . . . .. . . .
D a s Wi chtigste in Kiirze
•
•
I m mer Mehrzahl: ,Paarworter", police, stairs, thanks, . . . - aber nicht news, United States MaBeinheiten, Wah rungen mit -s (ten metres, six dollars) - Mengen jedoch + Einzahlverb (two hours is a long time); ,Bindestrich-Adjektive" oh ne -s: a four-star hotel
90
E X E R C I S E S
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a
b 1 a
b
We stayed in a five-star h otel. V We stayed in a five-stars h otel.
4 a
I 've just had a bad n ews. I 've ju st had some bad news.
b
You r pyja m a s is o n the b e d . Yo u r pyj a m as a re o n the bed.
b
I need a new pair of s u nglasses. I need a new s u n glasses.
5
b
She has a t h ree years old son. S h e has a t h ree-year-old son.
6 a The fi rm i n vested ten m i l l i o n s i n the p roject. b The fi rm i nvested ten m illi o n in the project.
2 a 3 a
a
I bought a ten-kilo bag of p otatoes. bought a te n - kilos bag of potatoes.
b I
Singular or plural? Underline the correct form of the verb.
My s h o rts is/� dirty. 1
You r t rousers is/are at t h e clean e rs.
2
The n ews is/ are on at 8 o'clock.
3
4
Ten kilom etres is/are too far to wa lk. Twenty-five m i n utes is/are a long time to wait for a bus!
5 The p o lice has/ have j ust come. 6 Those stairs i s/ are d a n gerous. 7 1000 e u ros is/are a lot o f m o ney.
8 Yo u r n ew glasses looks/ look great. Make complete questions.
Can your grand mother m a n age alone or �tre the sta i rs too steep?
1
Where . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . clothes cheaper - i n Germany or i n England?
2
How m u ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yo u r n ew s u n glasses?
3
I 've got my discman but wh e re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my h e a d p h ones?
4
What d o you t h in k -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . .
n i n e h u ndred d o l lars too much for t h i s p ictu re?
5 What size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yo u r jeans? 6 .
. . . . . .
. .. .
. . . . . .
.
.
the s cissors i n the kitc h e n ?
Translate the following sentences. 1
Mehr a ls d re i M i llionen Menschen s i n d h i e r arbeitslos. Die Ve reinigten Staaten h a ben noch nie eine Prasidentin (female presiden t) gehabt. 3 Die richtige Kleid u n g ist sehr wichtig fu r ein Vorste l l u ngsgesprach (interview) . 4 1 st das d e i n Fern glas? 5 Die Polizei ist i n Engla n d nicht bewaffnet (armed) . 2
91
{OK-1t
A: I'm just go i n g to the s h o p - we need -iHIV m o re m i l k. B : Can you get something for me, too?
RHI.jWkere
A: What? I wasn't p la n n i n g to go soi'Rewhere e lse, j u st to t h e s h o p for t h e m i lk. B: I need some p a p e r for m y p ri nte r.
A: Sorry, but I do n't rea lly want to h ave to go i nto town. I 've got h a rdly B: OK, I'll go myself. I ' l l get the m i l k too, if you li ke.
��%e t i m e this m o r n i ng.
some und any in Aussagesatzen
Vor nichtzahlbaren Nomen (siehe Unit 4 2) bedeutet some ,etwas", vor zahlbaren Nomen in der Mehrzah l ,einige I ein paar". Oft h at some jedoch keine direkte Entsprechung im Deutschen. We n e ed some m ilk and some sugar. Wir brauchen (etwas) Milch und (etwas) Zucker. There a re some biscuits i n t h e cupboard . Es sind (einige I ein paar) Kekse im Schrank. not . . . any ist die Verneinung von some und bedeutet ,kein (e)". . . kein Bra t . . . keine Brotchen.
There isn't any bread and we d o n't have any rolls .
.
some wird vor allem in bejahten Satzen gebraucht, any (m it not) in verneinten . I h ave some dollars, b u t not any pounds.
I 'd l i ke some salad. I d o n't want a n y bread.
any wird auch i n Satzen o h ne not verwendet, wenn die Aussage negativ ist. I'm too tired to do any m o re work . . . zu mLide, um noch irgendwelche Arbeiten zu machen. We h ave h ardly any money. We never h ave any money . . . . fast kein Geld /kaum Geld. . . . nie Geld.
.
any wird oft in if-Satzen gebraucht.
I f there a re any tickets, we could go to the th eatre.
I f we h ave any time, we can visit P h i ! .
any hat auch die Bedeutung ,jede (r/s) (beliebige)". Use any colour . Any car costs m o n ey. }edes Auto kostet Geld.
. . . jede beliebige Farbe.
some und any in Fragen
In Fragen wird m eist any gebraucht.
H ave you got any money? Host du (etwas) Geld?
Are t h e re any photos? Gibt es Fotos?
some gebraucht man in Fragen, wenn man eine positive Antwort (yes) erwartet bzw. erhofft, insbesondere in Bitten und Angeboten. Would you like some help? Can I h ave some water, p lease? someone/somebody, anyone/anybody usw.
Filr someone/somebody, something usw. gelten die gleichen Regeln wie oben. somewhere something someone/somebody (not) anywhere (not) anything (not) a nyone/a nybody Zwischen someone und somebody, anyone und anybody besteht kein Bedeutungsunterschied .
... . . • • . .. . • • .
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
• •
some i n bejahten Satzen, any in verneinten Fragen: meist any; some in Bitten und Angeboten
92
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
E X E R C I S E S
a
Please buy any ora n ge j u ice w h e n you go s h o p ping. b Please buy some orange j u ice when you go s h o p p i n g. V
1
a
We n eed any m o re b read. We need some m o re b read.
If a
b
b
I haven't got anyt h i n g to wear. I haven't got somet h i n g to wear.
5
b
Jane never has any t i m e . J a n e n ever has s o m e time.
6 a I d i d n't see anyone I knew at the pa rty. b I d i d n 't see s o m e o n e I knew at t h e p a rty.
2 a 3 a
b a b
I 've got h a rdly a n y time t h i s week. I 've got h a rd ly s o m e time t h is week. T h i s s u p e rm a r ket n ever h a s any fres h vegetab les. This s u p e rma rket n ever h as some fresh vegetables.
U nderline t h e correct form.
Sue n ever has any/some m o n ey.
1 I 'd like any/some grey jeans but I can't fi n d any/some anywhere/somewhere . 2
Jane seems very u pset about anything/something. I asked if I could help, b u t s h e wouldn't say anything/ something. 3 Please buy any/some b read a n d any/some rolls b u t don't get any/some cake - t h e re's still any/some left. If There was ha rd ly anyone/someone at c h u rc h t h i s m o r n i n g. I d i d n't see anyone/someone I kn ew. 5 I still haven't got anyth ing/someth ing fo r J a n e's b irth day. I want to give h e r a nything/something for her n ew flat.
Complete these dialogues with some/any, something/anyth ing, someone/anyone or somewhere/anywhere.
1 A: C o u ld you d o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for m e , p lease? 2 3
B : S u re, but I d o n't h ave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . time t h is eve n i n g.
A: I 've rung the office several t i m es but I c a n't get h o ld of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B: Th ere m ust be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . there. A: I can't fi n d m y glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B: T h ey m ust be h ere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I t h i n k t h ere's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u n d e r t h e newspaper. Look t h e re .
If
A : What time s h a l l w e meet t o m orrow - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t i m e i n t h e m o r n i n g? B: N o , it will h ave to be in the afternoon because . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is c o m i n g to rep a i r t h e h e a t i n g i n t h e m o r n i n g.
5 A: I h aven't d o n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a l l d ay. i t's been w o n d e rfu l! B : And I 've been rea lly b usy. I h aven't h a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t i m e t o relax. Translate the following sentences.
1 G i bt es i rgendwo eine Telefonzelle? 2
Wir haben ka u m Mi:ibel in unserer neuen Wo h n u n g. lch h a be d iese Woch e keine G ra m matik gelernt. If Wenn noch IGise i m I
93
�o(t
A: We've visited the r+�ost p laces i n t h e guidebook n ow. B : Yes, b ut we h aven't been on t h e river yet. I 'd l i ke to go on a boat trip.
fV£ 1"\j
A: OK. I t h i n k the boats go n1+ 3o m i n utes. B: I f we go now, we'll be a ble to get a boat a t o n e o'clock.
fHO�'}k. t(�£
A: We've got t.il+l9 9RObJgh. Let's go a n d h ave a snack first. B: Yes, O K. I'm fee l i n g a bit h u n gry, too. much - many - a lot (of)
much (vie/) wird mit nichtzah lbaren Nomen, many (vie/e) mit Mehrzahlnomen gebraucht. There isn't m uch milk. H o w much b utter is t here? . . . nicht vie/ Milch. Wie vie/ Butter . . . ? T h ere a ren't many men. H ow many women a re t h ere? . . . nicht viele Manner. Wie viele Frauen . . . ? much und many stehen meist nur i n Fragen und verneinten Satzen. In beja hten Satzen steht meist a lot (of).
Is t he re m uch snow? N o , t h e re is n t m uch snow. There was a lot of snow yesterday. Can yo u see many people? N o , I ca n't see many people. A lot of people h ave stayed at home. '
each - every
each bedeutet ,jede(rls) einzeln filr sich", every bedeutet ,jede(rls) von alien zusammen".
€ s o i s n ' t the price for five ti ckets. Each ticket costs € s o ! }ede Karte [jede, einzeln fur sich] . . I'm sorry, but every room is booked . . . . jedes Zimmer [a/le] . . . Every single (EaeR siAgle) room is booked. }edes einzelne Zimmer [rest/os a/le] . . .
.
every entspricht ,alle" in Haufigkeitsangaben.
A boat goes every three d ays I every 20 m i n utes . . . . fahrt a/le drei Tage I a/le 2 0 Minuten.
I• I•
N ur each kann vor of stehen: Each (E-ve-ry) of t h e m is an expert. Jede (r) van ihnen ist Experte . most
Vor der Mengenangabe most steht kein the. Most (TRe Fflost) people w o u ld l i ke to h ave a lot of m o n ey. Die meisten Menschen [iiberhaupt} . . .
Auf most kann of + the folgen, wenn von bestimmten Personeni Dingen gesprochen wird. Most of the people here a re n ew. Die meisten [dieser bestimmten] Menschen . . . none - nobody - nothing
I•
Nur none, nicht Aol:loay/AothiAg, steht vor of. None (�) of my fri e n d s I of t h e m knows. Keiner/Niemand van meinen Freunden . . . None (�!etRiAg) of t h e report I of it is true. Nichts van dem Bericht . . .
enough
enough steht hinter einem Adjektiv I Adverb, ab er vor einem Nomen. . . . alt genug. Ann has enough m oney (ffleAeyeAeugR) . . . . genug Geld .
To m is old enough • • • ........ • . .
.
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
much = ,viel" - many = ,viele"; in bejahten Satzen aber meist a lot (of) each ,jede(rls) einzeln filr sich" - every = ,jede(rls) von a lien zusammen"; vor of nur each • Vor most kein the • none (nicht Rosaay/Rothi)ng vor of • enough steht vor einem N omen •
94
=
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
E X E R C.. L S E S
a
N o body of my colleagues wan ted to go to the Ch ristmas pa rty. b N o n e of my colleagues wanted to go to t h e C h ri stmas party. V'
1
a
How m u ch m o n ey do you have? How many m o n ey do you h ave?
If a
b
I know the most people at this pa rty. I know most people at this pa rty.
5
b
T h e bus goes every 1 5 m i n utes. The bus goes a l l 15 m i n utes.
6 a I d on't h ave e n o u gh t i m e t o h e l p y o u today. b I don't have t i m e e n ough to h e l p you tod ay.
b
2 a 3 a
b a b
Not m u c h p e o p le l ive i n t h i s part of town. N ot m a n y people l ive i n t h i s p a rt of town. N o one o f the students failed the exam . N o n e of t h e stude nts fa i led the exa m .
Answer these questions.
A: How often s h o u ld I take these tab lets? B : (Alle vier Stu n den) E.ve"j fo\otr ko\otr$.
1 A: Do all yo u r colleagues speak E n glish? B : Yes , (d ie meisten) 2 3 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
of t h e m d o .
A: How m a n y of yo u r frie n d s s m o ke? B : (Ke i n e r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of t h e m . A: H ow often does the b u s g o to t h e a i r p o rt? B : There's one (a lle zehn M i n uten) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A: Are you b usy? B : B usy? I have (Arbeit genu g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for a m o n t h !
5 A: How was the exa m ? C o u l d y o u a nswer a l l the q u e stions? B : Yes , (d ie m e isten Fragen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . were easy. 6 A: Did you go to the concert? B : Yes , there were (viele Menschen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h e re . Underline the correct answers.
Have you got enough roo m I room enough?
1 D i d you see many police I m uch police at the d e m o nstratio n ? 2 I
3
4
u s e my m o b i l e p h o n e a lot I much.
S a m w o n every match I each match last season. We didn't h ave time enough I enough time to see everyt h i n g i n Lo n d o n , b u t we saw the most things I
most things we wanted to see. 5 None of I Nobody of the tou rists were sati sfied with the hotel and t h e re were a lot of I much c o m p la ints. Translate the following sentences.
1 Die m eisten Le ute h i e r s i n d aus S pa n ien.
2
N ie m a n d von u n s hat d i e H a usaufgabe verstan d e n . l c h gehe a l l e zwei Mo nate z u m Fri seur. If Sie ktinnen l h re Tasche h i e r lassen. l c h h a b e Platz genug. 5 Sie we ifS viel U ber Politik. 3
95
two A: H ave yo u m et To m 's e.e#t c h i l d re n ? B : N o , I h aven't. H i s d a u ghter is very m usical, a s i n ger, isn't she?
{P.\j{
A: Yes, everybody � s he's very good. B : H ave you ever h eard h e r?
we�n P-11 SJOIHSJ
A: No, but we're going all to a concert next month w h e re s h e's singing. Do you want to come? B : W h e n is it?
all - everybody - everything
1•
Das deutsche ,alle" (Pronomen) kann man normalerweise n icht m it all allein wiedergeben. Everybody sang " Happy B i rthday". I knew everybody. A/le . . . a/le [jedermann] Ed i nvited 2 0 people. Everybody I All of them came. A/le [im Ruckbezug auf genannte Personen] I tried six salads. All of them were love ly. A/le [im Ruckbezug auf genannte Dinge]
everybody/everyone steht m it einem Verb in der Einzahl: Everybody l i kes Tom . A/le mogen Tom. Das deutsche ,alles" entspricht all nur in der Bedeutung ,das Einzige (, was)" (m it Relativsatz). All (that) I know is the d ate. Alles, was [das Einzige, was] ich weij3, ist das Datum. Everyth ing is so expensive. A/les [a/le Dinge I das Ganze] ist so teuer. Anything can h a p pen at E d 's parties! Alles [a lies Mogliche] kann . . . passieren. I ' l l do anything t o h e l p y o u . /eh m ache a lies [irgendetwas, egal was], um dir zu he/fen. both - the two - either - neither
both entspricht ,(alle) beide". Mit both betont man: ,nicht nur der eine, sondern auch der andere". Unbetontes ,beide" entspricht the two. The p a re nts a re d ivorced and the two children live with t h e i r fat h e r. . . . die beidenlzwei Kinder . . . Aber: Both children live with t h e fat h e r, not just t h e son. Beide IA/le beide Kinder . . . Do y o u know the two (people) by t h e d o o r? . . . die beiden . . . Aber: D o you know t h e m both , o r o n ly t h e m a n ? . . . sie beide [a/le beide] . . . ,beide" entspricht auch either und neither.
W h i c h o n e wo u ld yo u li ke? You can h ave either (map) . . . . beide Karten [die eine oder die andere]. I'm afraid neither (map) is very u p to date . . . . keine van beiden [weder die eine noch die andere] . . . Die Stellung von all und both
all und both stehen (wah lweise m it of) vor Wi:irtern wie my /these. Both (of) those maps a re new. All (of) our rooms h ave a view of the sea.
I
•
I• . • . ........ • • •
all steht m it the, wenn bestim mte PersoneniDinge gemeint sind; both steht m it oder o h ne the. All children play. [generell] All the children (All el9lldrt:19) a re outside. Th ey're playing in the park. Both I Both the I Both of the child ren a re outside. [Aber nicht: TI:Je boti:J ci:Jildren ]
all und both stehen (als nachgestellter Tei l des Subjekts in der Satzmitte) vor einem Vollverb, hinter einem H ilfsverb sowie hinter be (vgl. U nit 41) . They all smoke I They are all s m o king. (TI:JeySA'loke all / are SA'lol�.) Sie rauchen a/le. The ladies both drank I were both d ri n k i n g tea. (draflk bet19 I vvere d1iflki19g beth) . . . tranken beide Tee. Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
,alles" und ,alle" (Pro nomen ) m eist everything und everybody (nicht -a+! allein) ,beide" = both, wenn betont (,nicht nur, sondern auch"), sonst the two (oder either /neither) • Stellung vor einem Vollverb; all steht m it the, wenn bestim mte Personen/Dinge gemeint sind
•
=
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a b 1 a
Both my sisters are older t h a n m e . V" My both siste rs a re older t h a n m e . Do y o u know my two co lleagues? D o you know my both co lleagues?
If a
All my fri e n d s are o n h oliday. All friends a re on h o l i d ay.
5
a
b
My cousins a l l came to my wed d i n g. My cousins came a l l to my wedd i n g.
6
a
b
b 2 a 3 a
E X E R C I S E S
b
b
b
All is so c o m p licated. Everyth i n g is so c o m p licated. Everybody is h ere. Everybody a re h e re. We both n eed a h o liday. We need b o t h a h o l i d ay.
Cross out any a rticles which are not necessary.
/ like #te both pullovers but I 'm not s u re a b o ut t h e jeans.
1
I know all the peo ple in this roo m .
2
Do all t h e G e r m a n c h i ld re n start s c h o o l w h e n t h ey a re six?
3
The d rivers were O K , but t h e both c a rs were badly d a maged in t h e accident.
If
All t h e c h i ld re n from my s o n 's class visited him i n h o spital.
s
I 've read all t h e books by t h is auth or.
6 The boy is good at languages and t h e both girls are too. Add a l l or both t o the followi ng sentences.
The c h i l d ren are p laying in t h e gard e n . (all) Tke ckllto<mt �tre "" rl�tl.jlK" lK tke ""rto<eK. 1
My b rothers live a broad. (both)
2
We work real ly h a rd i n o u r office. (all)
3
We left the building when the fire a la rm ra ng. (all)
If
My siste r and I moved last year. (both)
5 We've passed the exa m . (all)
6 My mother and father h ave p ro b le m s with t h e i r healt h . (both)
Translate the following sentences.
1 / e h wUrde a lles t u n , um i h n kennenzulernen. (ke n n e n lernen = meet) 2
Meine beiden N a c h barn s i n d s e h r fre u n d l i c h . Meine Fre u n d e wollten alle h e lfen . A l l e kam e n . If W i r h a b e n beide letztes j a h r e i n ne ues Auto gekauft. 5 Welch e n Koffer wi llst du? Du kannst beide h a b e n - den roten oder den s chwarzen .
3
97
•
to ck\irck
A: Are you goi n g tatl9e cl9urcl9 t h i s m o r n i ng? 8 : N o, I h aven't got time. T h e Web b e rs a re comi n g. H ave you forgott e n ? I 've got to cook.
for 1\<\Hck
A: Can I h e l p? What a re we h avin g forthe li:JRch? B: it will be easier if you let me d o it on my own.
fiR\j tke "\iltRr
A: Perhaps I can sit a n d plfly guitflF - to relax you. B : N o , t h a n k yo u . You go to c h u rch - a n d take the c h i ld ren with yo u ! Das Weglassen von t h e bei abstrakten Nomen
In allgemeinen Aussagen stehen abstrakte und Mehrzahlnomen oh ne the. (Hrej Life is wonderfu l. Das Leben (f!te.) Love costs nothi ng. Die Liebe (T-fl.et H istory can teach us a lot. Die Geschichte (f+te) Nature kn ows best. Die Notur W h e n d i d h u m a n s discover (�) fire? Dos Feuer ("Ffte1 People are a n i m als. Die Menschen
I
•
Dies gilt auch, wenn vor d e m Nomen ein Adjektiv oder nach dem Nomen eine Fi.igung m it einer Praposition steht. (ftte-) Life in the Middle Ages was hard . What do you know a b o ut (#te1 Ame rican h istory?
Wenn jedoch d i e Praposition o f heiBt, oder ein Relativsatz folgt, kann man the nicht weglassen. The life (that) I'd like to live is im possible. The life of many in the M i d d le Ages was hard.
D a s Weglassen von t h e b e i school, college, un iversity, church, hospital, prison
Wenn man an den Zweck d ieser Einrichtungen denkt (nicht an d as Gebaude/Bauwerk) und von deren Nutzern spricht (Schi.ilern/Studenten/ Kirchgangern/ Patienten/Gefangenen), entfallt the. School fi nis hes at 3 . 3 0 . Die Schule ist . . . aus. Aber: Tu rn left at the school. Church starts at 9.30 today. Der Gottesdienst Aber: The church was b u i lt i n 1560. Aber: Ann's a p rofessor at the un i ve rs i ty To m g o e s to university soon. ouf die Universiti:it Aber: S a lly is a n u rse at the hospital. Ed will be in hospital for a week. im /(ronkenhous A terrorist escaped from prison. a us dem Gefi:ingnis Aber: The police are at the prison n ow. .
the entfallt auch bei bed und town (in Verbindung m it Schlafen/ Erledigungen), home und work. Aber: T h e re's a spider (S p i n n e) in the bed. Aber: Th ere a re six c h u rches in the town.
When d i d he go to bed last night? Is h e sti l l in bed? Is To m still in town? I n e e d to go (in)to town, too.
Das Weglassen von the bei Eigen namen, Mahlzeiten, Verkehrsmitteln
I m Gegensatz zum deutschen Sprachgebrauch entfallt der Artikel vor: - Eigennamen der meisten StraBen, Platze, Bri.icken und Parks und vieler Gebaude: We m et i n (ift-tft.e) Park Street I a t (-aH!Te) London Airport I near (Rearthe) Victoria Station. - Eigennamen von Wochentagen u n d Monaten : We met on Monday I in May. - Eigennamen von Seen und Bergen (nicht Gebirgen): Lake Constance I Mount Everest is big. - Eigennamen, denen ein Adjektiv vorausgeht: dear old Don, silly joe, modern America - Mahlzeiten: W h en's lunch? Let's talk after lunch . . dos Mittogessen ? . . . no eh dem Mittogessen. - by + Verkehrs mittel: I c a m e by car/bus/train/plane. (Aber: take the bus/train) .
.
Bei Musikinstrumenten wird der Artikel dagegen gebraucht.
H ow long have you been p layi ng/lea r n i n g/tea c h i n g the guitar? .
. • • .. . .... • . •
Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
• the
entfallt: vor abstrakten Nomen (auBer wenn of I Relativsatz folgt) ; oft vor Namen von Einrichtungen wie school, ch urch; vor Eigennamen und Mahlzeiten Zu ame rika n ischem Gebrauch siehe Seite 103
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct?
E X E R C J S E S
We're hav i n g fis h fo r l u n c h . V b We're havi n g fis h for the l u n c h .
a
1
I n Britain c h i ldren start t h e s c h o o l a t five. In B ritain c h i ld re n start school at five.
If a
b
The violence has i n c reased in recent years. Violence has increased i n recent years.
5 a
b
a
2 a 3 a
I usually get to work at 8 o'clock. b I usually get to the work at 8 o'clock.
b
b
6
a b
it's t i m e to go to t h e bed. it's time to go to bed. Life is n ot always easy. The life is not always easy. T h e Tow e r B ridge was closed for repairs . Tower B ri dge w a s closed f o r re p a i rs .
Cross out any articles which are incorrect. Rte
old peo p le often n eed h e l p . I often go s h o p p i n g for t h e two o l d ladies n ext d o o r.
1 I d i d n 't go to the work yeste rday. I stayed in the b e d because I d id n' t fee l well. 2
3
The children i n my d a ughte r's c lass are co llecti n g m o ney for the local c h u rc h . M y grandfath e r is i n t h e h o s p i t a l at the m o ment. I c a n ' t v i s i t h i m very often beca use t h e h o s p ital is too far away.
If
My sister is studying at the Oxford U n iversity. S h e has a n i ce room near t h e u n ive rsity.
5
All t h e people in o u r v i l lage are against the new motorway. They are go ing to the Down i n g Street next week to h a n d i n a petitio n .
6 T h e m usic is very i m p o rtant to me. I love the classical m usic a n d I p lay t h e p i a n o. Underline the correct forms. 1 2 3 If
5
Last year we spent o u r holiday i n the Turkey I Turkey. O u r h otel was great - we h a d the breakfast I breakfast t h e re and went to a resta urant for the d inner I d inner. My son wants to go t o the university I university i n the U n ited States I United States . Before h e starts his course, he hopes to go to the Rocky Mountains I Rocky Mountains. A lot of the people I people go to the Trafalgar Square I Trafalgar Square o n New Year's Eve. I visit my gra n d parents on S u n d ays. I usua lly go by the car I by car b ut if t h e weat h e r is bad, I take the train I train. I take them out for the lunch I lunch.
The life I Life is very d ifficult fo r h o m e less people. Many of t h e m n eed to go to the hospital I hospital but it is not a lways possible. Translate t h e following sentences.
1 1st d e r Mont Blanc in d e r Schwe iz? 2 Die b ritische I
3
l c h l i e b e die M usik. l c h spiele jeden Tag G itarre. I eh n e h m e nie den B u s - ich fah re i m m e r m it d e m Auto z u r Arbeit. 5 Mein Nachbar ist i m G efangnis. Das Le b e n d o rt ist h art. If
99
Rf
A: Tam a ra's son speaks 5ttEfl-a. good English n ow. I wish I had learned it a5- c h i ld . B : Well, h e's lucky. H e h a s a very good teac h e r, a n d Ta m a ra p ays for extra lessons.
f1Mk
Ill
Ill
Ill
A: I know. How often a re t h ey? O n ce ifl-tt week, twice � week? B : Nea rly every day, because t h at's m o re effective. But the lessons a re very s h o rt.
kRif RH
A : Twe nty m i n utes, � h o u r? B : No, j ust fifteen m i n utes. it's very practical because t h e teacher lives in t h e same b u i ld ing. Englisch: unbestimmter Artikel - Deutsch: kein Artikel
I
.
I m Englischen steht manchmal der unbestim mte Artikel, wo im Deutschen kein Artikel notig ist. A n n is a doctor. H e r b rot h e r is a teacher. - Berufsangaben Ed is a n Englis h man. (= Ed is English.) - Nationalitatsangaben S u e is a socialist. - Angaben zu politischerI Tom is a Budd h ist. religioser Oberzeugung D ave i s a smoker I a beer drinker. - Angaben zu Genuss A n gela is a jogger a n d a tennis player. und Sportgewohnheiten - vor m ember, expert, millionaire, I s s h e a member I an expert I a mi llionaire ? Dad is always a n optimist I a pessimist. optim ist und pessimist I h ave a headache I a co ld . - vor h eadache und cold As a c h i ld I hated fis h . - nach as a /an in der Bedeutung ,pro"
I
•
Nicht der bestim mte Artikel, sonde rn der unbestim mte Artikel wird in der Bede utung ,pro" vor Zeit-, MaB- und Mengenangaben gebraucht. I t ra i n six times a week. . . . sechs Mal die Woche. They cost two e u ros a kilo . . . . zwei Euro dos Kilo. half, such, q u ite + a /an
I
•
a/an steht hinter half und such, nicht davo r. I 'll see you in half an hour. . . . in einer ha/ben Stunde. l t was such a nice day. . . . so ein schoner Tag. Achtung: Vor einem (Adjektiv + ) N omen kann so nicht stehen. H e's such (-se-) a stupid man . H e's such (-se-) an idiot. Auch bei q uite steht a/a n in alter Regel dahinter, n icht davor.
We got q uite a shock. . . . einen ziemlichen Schock. lt was q uite a l o n g j ourney. . . . eine ziemlich /ange Reise. Kein a /an bei ni chtzah lbaren Nomen
I• . • • •••••••• . . •
Vor einem nichtzahlbaren Nomen kann a/an nicht stehen (siehe Unit 4 2). What (Wfl.a+.a) w o n d e rfu l weather! Was fur ein wunderbares Wetter! Das Wichtigste in Kiirze
•
a/an nach as und bei Angaben zu Beruf, politischer/religioser O berzeugung, Gewohnheiten a/an vor member, expert, millionaire, optimist/pessimist, headache, cold • a/an, nicht Hte , in der Bedeutung ,pro" • a/an h inter half, such, quite - nicht davor • l<ein a/an vor n ichtzahlbaren Nomen •
100
•
One sentence has a mistake. Which sentence is correct? a b
1
a
My mother is a doctor. V My mother i s doctor.
b
I learn English once in a week. I learn English once a week.
b
What a good advice! What good advice!
b
Let's m eet in half an h o u r. Let's meet i n a h a lf h o u r.
2 a 3 a
4 a b 5 a b
6
a b
EXERC J S E S
My boss is a c h a i n s m o ke r. My boss is c h a i n s m o ke r. Bill is m e m be r of t h e swi m m i n g club. B i l l is a m e m be r of t h e swi m m i n g c l u b. We gave h e r m o n ey as present. We gave her m o n ey as a present.
U nderline the correct forms.
1 A: it's such a lovely day I so a lovely day! Let's walk ro u n d the lake. 2 3 4
5
B : it's such a long way I so a long way. It'll take us at least a half hour I half an hour t o get t h e re .
A: I s your h usband s t i l l member I a member of t h e rowing club? B : Yes, h e tra i n s once in a week I once a week. A: As student I As a student, I h ad a room with a strange fa m i ly. T h e m a n was a drinker I drinker. B: I n my fam i ly the wife was alcoholic I an alcoholic and t h e h usband was anarchist I an anarchist! A: I 'd like a half I half a p u m pkin and how m u c h a re the m u sh rooms? B : Th ey're fo u r e u ros a kilo I the kilo. A: You're expert I an expert on M alta. Is t h i s a good time of year to go t h e re? B: Yo u know me - I 'm o ptimist I an optimist. I went this t i m e last year for t h re e weeks a n d had such a good weathe r I such good weather. Make complete sentences and add any indefinite articles which are necessary.
O u r neigh b o u rs have I such I bea utiful gard e n . H e's I p rofessional gard e n e r.
O"r Hel':)k�o"rf kAVe f"ck
1\
�eA"t(j\otl ':)AnteK. He�f
1\
rroftff(ot�Al ':)Antet�er.
1 I got I such I shock w h e n I heard about S u e's d ivo rce. As I sales m a n ager, s h e's away fro m h o m e at least twice I month - perhaps t hat's the reas o n .
2 3
4 5
Tom i s I such I i d i ot. H e had I accident yesterday - h e w a s d riving over 1 2 0 kilometres I h o u r! As I c h ild, I had to h e lp at h o m e . My parents had I s h o p a n d wo rked six days I week. Mary is I athe ist and her h usband is I strict M u s li m . We got I real s u rprise yesterday. O u r d a u ghter, w h o i s I student i n Ame rica, c a m e h o m e for m y b i rt hday. it's I half I year since we last saw h e r.
6 I 've got I terrible headache. I t h i n k I 'm getti ng I cold. it's n ot s u rprisi n g - we've h a d I s u c h I awfu l weath e r recently. Translate the followi ng sentences.
1 l c h h a be Kopfs c h m e rze n . - Du arbeitest zu vie I: s o Stu n d e n in d e r Woche.
2
Gestern hatten wir so ein herrliches Wetter. Der Ta g war so s c h ti n ! A l s Rentnerin (pensioner) i s t m e i n e M utter n i e z u H a use! 4 lch h a be so eine gute A rzt i n . lhr M a n n ist a u c h Arzt. 5 Meine Kusine hat e i n e n Engla n d e r gehei ratet. E r s p richt ein gutes D eu tsc h .
3
101
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Grammatikalische Besonderheiten im amerikanischen Englisch Der Spra chgebrauch i m a m e rikanischen Englisch (AE) ist i n e i n i gen wen i gen P u n kten a n d e rs a ls i m britisc h e n Englisch (B E) .
Present Perfect - einfache Vergangenheit (U n its 7 , 8 , 10) l m a m erikan isc h e n Englisch wird sowo h l d a s Present Perfect als a u c h die ei nfa c h e Vergange n h eit gebraucht, we n n etwas berichtet wird, d a s Auswirkungen a u f d ie G egenwa rt h at. D e r G ebrauch der ei nfachen Verga n gen h eit ist h a ufig in Verb i n d u n g m it just, already, ye t, ever u n d before .
AE: Sonia j ust phoned. BE: Sonia has j ust phoned. AE: Did Tom come h o m e yet? BE: Has To m come h o m e yet? AE: B i l l broke h i s leg, so he can't d rive us. BE: Bill has broken his leg, so he can't d rive us. Das Partizip Pe rfekt des Verbs get la utet im a m erikanischen Englisch gotten.
AE: He's gotten m u ch fatter s i n ce I last saw h i m . BE: He's got m u c h fatter s i n ce I last saw h i m . mustn't - needn't (U nit 24)
I m am erika n ischen Englisch ist needn't eh er selte n . Stattdessen wird (ne ben don't have to) don't need to gebraucht.
AE: I don't have to I don't need to leave before 9.30. BE: I n eedn't I don't have to I don't need to leave before 9.30. Der besti mmte Artikel ,the" (Unit 47) university und hospital werden im a m erikanischen E n glisch m it the gebraucht, auch wenn man an den Zweck d e r E i n richtung d e n kt u n d van deren N utzern s p richt.
AE: My father was in the hospital for two weeks last year. BE: My father was in hospital for two weeks last year. Eigennamen va n (e i n h e i m ischen) B rU cken ste h e n i m a m e ri ka n ischen Englisch m it the.
AE: T h is is a photo of the Brooklyn Bridge. BE: T h is is a photo of London Bridge.
Bei Musiki nstrumenten wird d e r Artikel im a m erika n ischen Englisch m a n c h m a l - wie i m De utsch e n wegge lassen. AE: D o n p lays p iano. BE: D o n plays the piano.
103
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I ndex A -z Hier fin d e n Sie e i n e Liste m it gra m matikalischen Begriffen i n Deutsch u n d Englisch. D iese Liste ge h t U b e r d a s l n h a ltsverzei c h n i s h i naus, weil sie a l i e S e i t e n a u ffU h rt, auf d e n e n e i n e Strukt u r b e h a nd e lt wird. Au!S e rd e m fin d e n S i e Verweise auf einzelne Worter, sowo h l i m E n glis c h e n , wie auch i m Deutsc h e n . We n n Sie s i c h also z . B . e r i n n ern, dass m a n d a s d e u t s c h e viel/viele i m E n g l i s c h e n u nters c h i ed lich ausdrUckt, aber nicht gen a u wissen, unter welcher e n glisch e n Stru ktu r Sie nachsch lagen sollen, so h i lft l h n e n dieser I ndex, d e n n viel/viele ist wie a u c h z . B . man oder dass i m I n d ex a u fgefU h rt. Vielleicht eri n n e rn Sie sich auch, dass es i m Englischen besti m mte Nomen gibt, d i e n icht i m Plural steh e n kon n e n . G e ho rt z . B . advice d a z u ? E i n B l i c k i n diesen I n dex h ilft l h n e n weiter.
A
ability: expressing ability s o abstrakte Nomen, abstract nouns 9S
a/an SS, 100 active 4 6, 4S Adjektive,
adjectives S2, S4
admit s6 advantage of s S
adverbs S2, S4, S6 adverbs of fiequency 6, 10, 12, S6
Adverbien,
Adverbien der Hiiufigkeit,
advice S S advise 6 2 affo rd s 6 , 6o, So afraid of s S after 30, s S ago 14, S6 agree 6o Aktiv 46, 4S all 96
104
Dam it man auf einen Blick erke n n e n kan n , o b es sich bei den aufgefU h rten Begriffen u m Struk turen oder Einzelwtirter h a n d e lt, sind die Wti rter fett kursiv ged ruckt, wenn es sich u m d eutsche Beze i c h n u n gen fU r Str u kt u ren und fett gedruckt, wen n es sich u m englische Beze i c h n u ngen fU r Strukturen h a n d e lt. E n glische Stichwtirter sind normal ged r u c kt u n d d e utsche Stichwtirter kursiv. D i e Z a h le n verweisen jewe i ls a u f die Seitenzahlen im Buch. A u f d e r Seite 110 fi n d en Sie e i n e Gege n U b erstellung van e nglische n u n d deutschen B egriffen , d i e i n diesem I n d ex verwendet werd e n .
a/le, al/es 96 all week/ . . . 22, 24 a lot (of) S6, 94 allow 6 2 already 1S, S 6 a/s S4 always 6, 1S, 22, 2 4 , S6 any SS, 92 anybody 9 2 anyone 92 anything 66, 92 anywhere 92 apologize for 5 8 Artikel, articles 9 S , 100 as S4, 100 as soon as 30 ask 4S, 62, 7S at the moment 8 avoid 5 6
B
backshifting of tenses 76, 7S bad S4 bad at s s b e S, 1 2 , 14, 16, 40, 46, S 2 b e able t o so become S2 bed 98 Bedingungssiitze 70, 72, 74 Befeh/e: in indirekter Rede 7S before 1S, 30, sS begin s 6, 6o beide 96 believe 12 belong to 12 best 84 bestimmende Relativsiitze 66, 6S bestimmter Artikel 9S better S4 binoculars 90 both 96
brauchen 5 2
F
defi n i n g relative clauses
Fiihigkeit ausdriicken
66, 68
bread 88 buy 48
definite article 9S
far 8 4
by 38, 46 . 48, s s . 9 8
d e p e n d on 12
fast 8 2
describe 4S
fed u p w i t h s S
d i d / d i dn't 14, 40
feel 1 2 , 8 o , S 2
c
c a n / can't 50, 54, 7 6
d i s l i ke s 6
fee l l i k e s S
d o / d o n' t 6, 1 0 , 1 2 , 4 0 , 4 2 ,
fi n i s h 5 6
certa i n ly S 6
fire 9 S
5 2, 7 S
carry o n 5 6
d o e s / d o esn't 6, 1 0, 12, 40,
for 2 2 , 2 4 , 2 6
42, 5 2, 78
force 6 2
d ream a b o u t 5 8
forget 6o
c h a n ce of 5 8
d ress / u n d ress 8 o
c h a n ge 8 o
dUrfen 5 2 , 5 4
ch u rch 9 8
durch 4 6
Frageanhiingsel 44 Fragen 40, 42, 44, 78 indirekte 7 S mit/ohne , d o " 4 2 mit Priipositionen Frageworter 4 2
certainty: expressi n g certainty 5 4
cloth 88 clothes 9 0 cold 100
E
commands 78
e a c h 94
frig h t e n e d o f
commas: i n relative clauses
e a c h o t h e r 8o
frUher 6 4
66, 68
ea rly 82
fu r n it u re 88
i n reported speech 76
Eigennamen 9 8 einfache Gegenwart
comparison of adjectives and adverbs 84 c o m p l a i n 8o c o n ce n trate 8o
conditional 70, 72, 74 condition al ! 70 conditio nal ! ! 72 conditio nal I l l 74
einfache Vergangenheit
future 3 4, 36, 3 8
future continuous 38 future pe rfect 38
20, 2 2 , 30, 3 2
future progressive ···} future continuous
emphatische Pronomen, e m p h atic p ro n o u n s 8o e njoy s 6
Entscheidungsfragen Erlaubnis ausdriicken Ersatzverben s o , 5 2 ever 18, 8 6
c o u l d / c o u ld n't so, 5 4, 76
every 9 4
countable nouns 9 0
everybody 9 6 every d a y / . . .
D
1 4 , 16,
either 96
contact clauses 66
3 2 , 36, 48
ss
fu rthest S4
Futur,
36
enough 9 4
conti nuous form 8 , 10, 1 2,
6, 8 6
40, 7 8 54
G
Gegen wart: einfache Gegenwart 6, 10, 12, 3 2 , 36
Gegen wart: Verlaufsform der Gegenwart S, 10, 12, 3 2 , 36 Gerundium, ger u n d 5 6 , 58 Gerundium + Priiposition, gerund + preposition 5 8
everyo n e 96
Gewissheit ausdriicken
everyt h i n g 66, 9 6
gewohnen: sich gewohnen 6 4
d a m a ge 8S
expect 6o
Gewohnheiten
dass 88
expert 100
gewohnt se in 64
d e c i d e s6, 6o, 8o
exp l a i n 4S
give 4 S
decide against 5 8
42
furt h e r S4 6, 1 0 , 12, 3 2 ,
consist of 1 2 continue 5 6
so
54
6 , 10, 64
give u p 5 6 glasses 9 0
105
.·
I
infi nitive s 6 , 6 o , 62 passive infinitive 46
g o i n g to 3 6
lnfinitiv,
good S2 good at s s
H
habits
i n fo r m a t i o n SS
-ing fo rm
hair SS
I
'I
l i ke 1 2 , s 6 , 6o little S4 look 12, S2 l o o k forward t o s S
S, 10, 1 2, 32, 36,
s6, 5 S, 6 o , 6 2 6, 10, 64
I
loud S4
insist o n sS
love (Ve rb) 1 2 , 5 6 , 6o
i n stead o f s S
love (N o m e n) 9S
i n te rested i n s S
h a l f 100
intonation of question tags
h a rd S2
i nvite 62
h a rd ly S 2
itself S o
44
M
Mahlzeiten 9 8
hardly ever 6
make 62
hate 1 2 , s 6, 6o
man 4 6
J
have 12, 40
m a n a ge 5 6 , 6 o
jeans 90
mass nouns
have t o / d o n't have to 5 2
jede(r/s) 94
m a n y 5 4, 76
h e a d a c h e 100
j u s t S, 1S, S 6
have got 40
h e a d p h o n es 9 0
meals
SS
9S
mean 1 2 , 6o
h e a r 12, s o
Mengenbezeichnungen 90-92
K
help 62, SS
m ee t So
h e rself S o
keep o n s 6
meisten: die meisten 94
h i m se lf S o
keine (r/s) 9 4
m e m b e r 100
h istory 9 S
konnen s o , 5 4
m e n t i o n 56
ho m e w o r k S S
k n ow 1 2
might 54, 76
h o p e s 6 , 6o
k n o w l e d ge S S
m i l l i o n 90
h os p it a l 9S
Kommas: in Re/ativsiitzen
h o u se w o r k S S
66, 6S
h ow 42
in indirekter Rede 76
how a b o ut s s
Konditional 70, 72, 74
m i l l i o n a i re 100 m i n d : not mind 5 6 m i ss s 6
Moda/verben,
modal verbs
how l o n g 2 2 , 26
Kon ditiona/ 1 70
how m a n y 2S, 3 0 , 4 2
Kon ditiona/ 11 72
Mi:ig/ichkeit ausdrilcken 54
h ow m u c h 2S, 30, 42
Konditiona/ 111 74
m ost 94
hypothetical conditions
72, 74
idea of s s if 70, 7 2 , 7 4 . 7S
lf-Siitze,
if-sentences
70, 7 2 , 7 4
indefinite article
indirekte Fragen,
m u c h SS, 94
L
miissen 5 2
/assen 6 2
m u st 5 2
l a s t w e e k /. . . 1 4
m u stn't 5 2
late S 2
myself S o
lately 1 S
least S4 100
indirect questions 7S indirekte Rede, indirect speech 76, 7S
106
m o st ly 6
learn 6 o
i m a g i n e 5 6 , So
lmperativ 7S
5 0 , 5 2 , 54
l e n d 4S
N
n a t u re 9S
let 62
necessity: expressing necessity 5 2
lie down So
need 1 2
l i fe 9 S
needn't 5 2
less S4
p
present sim ple ···} sim ple
present, present conti n u o us,
pants 9 0
simple past etc
p a p e r 8S
p ri s o n 9S
negation, negative ... .:;:. sim ple
present
neither 9 6
participle ···} past participle
pro 100
never 6 , 1 S , 2 4 , S6
Partizip Perfekt 1 S
p ro b a b ly S6
news 90
Passiv, passive 46, 4S
nichtbestimmende Relativsiitze 6S
nichts 94
passive conti n u o u s 4S
progress S8
progressive fo rm ····} continuous form
passive infinitive 46
nichtziihlbare Nomen SS
past conti n u o u s 16, 32
p ro m i se 4S, s6, 6o
niemand 94
past participle 18
p roof SS
nob ody 94
Past Perfect, past p e rfect 30, 32
p r o p e r n a m es 9S
Nomen S8, 90
past perfect conti n u o u s /
pyj a m a s 9 0
Nomen, die nur im Singular stehen 90 Nomen, die nur im Plural stehen 90
progressive 3 0 , 3 2 past progressive ···} past conti n u o u s past s i m ple ····:::· s i m ple past
Q
q u a ntities 90-92
non-countable nouns SS
pay 4S
non-defi n i n g relative clauses 6S
p e o p l e 9S
i n i n d irect speech 7S
none 94
perhaps S6
with prepositions 4 2
nouns S8, 90
perm iss i o n : expressi n g
norma lly 6
q u estions 40, 4 2 , 44, 7 S
with/without "do" 4 2
perm ission 5 4
yes/no q uestions 4 0
Notwendigkeit ausdriicken 5 2
persuade 6 2
q u estion tags 4 4
n o t yet 18
pessi m i s t 100
q u estion words 4 2
noth i n g 66, 94
plan s6, 6o
q u i c k 84
now S, S6
plural n o u n s 90
q u ite 100
p o l i ce 90
0 ob
position of adverbs 36 possi bility: expressi n g 7S
Objekt, o bject: direktes Objekt, indirektes Objekt, d i rect
o bject, i n d i rect o bject 48 Objekt-lnfinitiv-Konstruktion,
o bj e ct a n d i n fi n itive structure 62 object to sS
obligation: expressing ob ligation 52 offer 4S, s6, 6o often 6, 86 op t i m is t 100 order 62 o u rselves So
poss i b i lity 5 4
R
rarely 6, S6
practice s 6
real cond itions 72, 74
Priipositionen 4 2 , 6 S , s s
realize 12
i n Fragen 4 2
reason for s s
in Relativsiitzen 6 8
recently 1 S
mit Gerundium s s
reco m m e n d 5 6
prefer 1 2 , s 6 , 6o
prepositions 42, 6S, s S i n q uestions 4 2 i n relative clauses 6 S with ge rund s S present conti n u o u s S, 1 0 , 1 2 , 3 2 , 36
Present Perfect, p resent p e rfect 18, 20, 2 2 , 24, 26 , 2 S, 3 2
present perfect continuous/ progressive 2 6 , 2S, 3 2
Reflexivpronomen,
reflexive p r o n o u n s S o reflexive Verben, reflexive
verbs So refuse 6o
Relativpronomen, relative
p r o n o u n s 66, 6S Relativsiitze, relative
c l a uses 66, 6S ohne Relativpronomen 66 relax So re m a i n S 2
107
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I� ((
11
lt � t i red of s S
re m e m b e r 12, 6o, S o
s o a p SS
re m i n d 62
s o m e SS, 9 2
toast S S
re p o rt 4S
s o m e bo d y 9 2
t o d a y 2 4, S6
someone 92
t o m o rrow S6
reported questions ···} indirect questions reported speech ...:�· indirect speech restrictive relative clauses 66, 6S
s o m et h i n g 6 6 , 92
touch s o
sometimes S, S6
town 9 8
s o m ew h e re 92
tro u s e rs 9 0
s o o n S6
t r y 6o
s o u n d S2
two: the two 96
s pagh etti SS s p e a k about s s
spelling
s
Satzmelodie bei Frageanhiingseln 44
u
111
unbestimmter Artikel 100
sta i rs 9 0 start s6, 6o
state verbs
say 76
1 2 , 16, 2 6 , 3 0 ,
32, 3S, S2
school 9S
u n d e rstand 1 2
Schreibbesonderheiten 111
stay S2
scissors 90
Steigerung von Adjektiven/Adverbien S4
see 1 2 , so
uncertainty: expressing uncertainty 5 4 uncountable nouns S S
Ungewissheit ausdrilcken 5 4 U n ited States 9 0 u n iversity 9S
seem 12, 6 o , S2
Ste/lung der Adverbien 36
se/berjselbst
still S6
unreal conditions
s t o p s 6, 6 o
until 3 0
So
- s e lf S o
s u cceed i n s S
·se lves So
Substantiv ···:::. Nomen
s e l l 4S s e n d 4S
substitute verbs
short answers 40
s u c h 100
s h o rts 90
s u ggest 4 S , 56
sich
So
Signa/worter ····} einfache Gegen wart, einfache
used to + infinitive
T
tag questions ···:::· question tags
64
u s e d to: b e u s e d to ss, 64 get u sed to 64
so, 5 2
s h ow 4S
7 2 , 74
u s u a lly 6, S6
V
Verben der Wahrnehmung 1 2, s o
Verben m it Gerundium 5 6, 6o
Vergangenheit, Present Perfect,
t a l k a bo u t s s
Verlaufsform der Gegenwart
taste 12, s o , S2
Verben mit lnfinitiv 5 6 , 6o
t e a c h 4S
Verben m it zwei Objekten 4S
signal words <==· sim ple present, present continuous, present perfect, simple past simple form 6, 10, 12, 32, 36 simple past 14, 16, 20, 2 2 , 30, 3 2 s i n c e 2 2 , 2 4 , 26
singular nouns sit d o w n S o
90
t h a n ks 9 0
verbs of perception 12 , so verbs with gerund 5 6, 6o verbs with infinitive 5 6 , 6 o verbs with two objects 4S
t h a t 66, 6 S , 76
Vergangenheit: einfache
t e l l 4S, 62, 76 than S4 t h a n k for s S
the 9 S t h e m se lves S o t h i n k 12
Vergangenheit 14, 16, 2 0 , 2 2 , 30, 3 2
Vergangenheit: Verlaufsform 16, 3 2
s low S 4
t h i n k a b o u t / o f ss
s m e l l 12, s o , S2
t h i s week/ ... S, 2 4
Verg/eichssiitze S4
t h o u g h t of s S
Ver/aufsform der Gegenwart
so
100
so far 1S
108
t i ghts 9 0
S, 10, 12, 3 2 , 3 6
Ver/aufsform der Vergangenheit 16, 3 2
work SS wo rry So
Verlaufsform des Futurs 3 S
worse S4
Verlaufsform des Past Perfect 3 0 ,
worst S4
32
worth : be worth sS
Verlaufsform des Present Perfect 26, 2 S , 3 2
Verneinung
i einfache
···: ·
would 7 2 , 76 w o u l d hate s 6 , 62 w o u l d l i ke s6, 6 2
Gegen wart, Ver/aufsform der
w o u l d love 5 6
Gegen wart, einfache
w o u l d p refer 5 6
Vergangenheit, usw. very S
viel/vie/e 94 vollendete Zukunft 3 S
van 4 6
y
yes / n o q u estions 40, 7S yesterday 14, S6
yet 1S yo u rs e l f So
w
wait 62 want 1 2 , 34, s 6 , 6 o
you rse lves So
z
warn 6 2
ziihlbare Nomen 90
wash So
Zeitverschiebung 7 6 , 78
w e l l S 2 , S4
Zukunft 34 , 3 6 , 3S
wenn 70
Zustan dsverben 1 2 , 16, 26,
wahrscheinliche Bedingungen
3 0 , 3 2 , 3 S , S2
7 2 . 74 what 42
w h a t : i n excla m a t i o n s ss w h at a b o u t sS when 14 -16, 70 whether 7S
wh-Fragen 4 2 , 7S w h i c h 4 2 , 66, 6S w h i le 16 w h o 4 2 , 4S, 66 whose 6 6 , 6S
wh-q uestions 4 2 , 7S why 42 w i l l 34, 3 S , 40, 7 0 , 76 wish 12 without s S
wol/en 3 4 wonder So won't 3 4 , 3 S , 7 0
109
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Englische Grammatikbegriffe und ihre deutschen 0 bersetzungen active
Aktiv, Tatform
adjective
A djektiv, Eig enschaftswort
comparison of adjectives Steigerung der Adjektive adverb adverb of fre q u e n cy
A dverb, Umstandswort A dverb der Hiiufigkeit
comparison of adverbs
Steigerung der Adverbien
position of adverbs
Stellung der Adverbien
a nswer short a n swer
A n twort Kurzantwort
object
Objekt, Satzergiinzung
direct object
direktes Objekt
i n d i rect object
indirektes Objekt
participle past participle passive
Partizip Partizip Perfekt Passiv, Leideform
passive conti n uous/ progressive past
Verlaufsfo rm des Passivs Vergangenheit
Artike/, Geschlechtswort
past conti nuo us/
definite article
bestimmter Arike/
progressive
Ver/aufsform der
in definite article
unbestimmter Arikel past perfect
Past Perfect, Vorvergangenheit
si m ple past
einfache Vergangenheit
a rticle
backsh ifting of tenses
Zeitenversch iebung bei der indirekten Rede
Vergangenheit
comma
Komma
preposition
Priiposition, Verhiiltniswort
cond itio n a l
Konditional
present
Gegen wart
Konditionalsatz
present continuous/
conti n u o u s form
Verlaufsform
progressive
Verlaufsform der Gegen wart
clause
Teilsatz
present perfect
Present Perfect, Perfekt
sim ple present
einfache Gegenwart
conditional sentence
co ntact clause
relative clause future
Relativsatz oh ne Relativpronomen
progressive form
Verlaufsform
Relativsatz
p ro n o u n
Pronomen, Filrwort
Futur, Zukunft
future continuous/
e m phatic p ro n o u n
emphatisches Pronomen
reflexive pro n o u n
Reflexivpronomen
relative pro n o u n
Relativpronomen
progressive
Ve rlaufsform des Futurs
future perfect
vollendete Zukunft
proper na m es
Eigennamen
Gerundium
q ua ntities
Mengenbezeichnungen
if-sentences
lf-Siitze
q uestion
Frage
i n d i rect speech
indirekte Rede, berichtete
q uestion tag
Frageanhiingsel
Re de
q uestion word
Fragewort
ge rund
i nfin itive
lnfinitiv, Grundform
relative clause
lnfinitivform des Passivs
n o n - restricted relative
- i n g form
-ing-Form
clause
negation
Vemeinung
noun
Nomen, Substan tiv,
passive in fin itive
Hauptwort abstract n o u n
abstraktes Nomen
nicht bestimmender Relativsatz
restricted relative clause bestimmender Relativsatz reported speech
indirekte Rede, berichtete Rede
countable n o u n
ziihlbares Nomen
subject
plu ral n o u n
Pluraln omen
verb
singular n o u n
Singu/amomen
uncou ntable n o u n
nichtziihlbares Nomen
110
Relativsatz
Subjekt, Satzgegenstand Verb, Tiitigkeitswort
irregular verb
unregelmiif3iges Verb
modal verb
Modo/verb
regular verb
regelmiif3iges Verb
reflexive verb
reflexives Verb
-
_.-
-
-
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:·
-
I
,.
I
I
I
-i·-
..
._
-
...
s-:::
..
.
I
I
•
I
� - � ... � -
�
_.
I
1"1
r
ii;W . - I I l._ - 1
I
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11
Sch reib besonderheiten Die Sch rei bweise eines Wortes ka n n sich a b h a ngig von der a n z u h a n gen d e n End u n g a n d e rn . (U nit 1) End et ein Wart auf s , ss, sh, eh oder -x, so wird vor der E n d u n g -s ein zusatzliches e eingesetzt. kiss · ··> kisses, wash ·····> washes, watch ·····> watches, fix ····> fixes
Endung - s wird z u -es -
-
-
-
(Units 2, 5 , 6 , 7 , 26, 40) End et e i n Wart auf stu m m es -e, so entfa llt -e vor d e n E n d u n gen -ing,
Stummes -e entfiillt
-ed, -er/ -est.
make · > making, hope . ...:; hoping, use ···) using ho pe ··· ) hoped, use ·· > used, s m o ke ·· · > s moked wh ite · ·· > whiter/whitest, wide · · ·> wider/widest
(U n its 2, s. 6, 7, 26, 40) End et ein Wart auf einen (ei nzeln en) Vo ka l + e i n e n (ei nzelnen) l stopping plan ·· ··> planned, stop · > stopped big > bigger/biggest, h ot > hotter/ hottest Ausnahme: Vo kal + w/y/x: blow ···> blowing, pay ·· > paying, fix · > fixin g low ····> lower/ lowest, stay ·····> stayed, fax ····> faxed
Verdoppelung von Endkonsonanten
- das Wart m e h rsilbig ist u n d d i e Beto n u n g auf der letzten S i lb e li egt. beG I N · ·· ) beG I N N ing, forG ET · · ) forG ETTi ng, conTROL ) conTRO LLi n g preFER · · > pre F E RRed, conTROL ·····> conTRO LLed Ausnahme i m b ritsch e n Englisch : travel · ·> travelling, travelled (trotz Beto n u n g a u f d e r e rsten S i l be) (U n its 1, 5, 7, 39, 40) End et ein Wart auf e i n e n l tries h u rry > hurried, try · > tried busy ·· > busily, easy ····> easily, l u cky ·· > luckily d ry · > drier/driest, easy ····)· easie r/easiest
-y wird zu -i
(U nit 3 9) Endet e i n Adjektiv auf le , so e ntfa llt -le vo r -ly. probable · ·> probably, s im ple > simply
-le entfiillt vor - ly
-
(U nit 39) End et ein Adjektiv auf -ic, so wird -ic + -/y zu -ically. tragic ··> tragically, automatic > automatically
-ic wird zu -ical vor -ly
111
Eine Englischgrammatik mit Obungen ···
···
) )
A l l e w i c h t i g e n S t r u kt u re n z u m Le r n e n , O b e n u n d W i e d e r h o l e n S p e z i e l l fil r D e u ts c h s p ra c h i ge : E r k U i r u n g e n a u f D e u t s c h , S o n d e r b e h a n d l u n g ty p i s c h » d e u ts c h e r« Fe h l e r
) 48
····
U n i t s (v i e rfa r b i g) m i t U b e rs i c h t l i c h e m D o p p e ls e i te n a u fb a u -
l i n ke S e i t e : E r ld a r u n ge n ; re c h t e S e i t e : O b u n ge n
)
····
···
Le r n e rfr e u n d l i c h e Z u s a m m e n fa s s u n g i n j e d e r L e k t i o n ( D a s W i c h t i gs t e i n K ii rze)
�� O b e n i n n a t ii r l i c h e n K o m m u n i ka t i o n ss i t u at i o n e n ( L o s u n ge n
k o n n e n d i re kt i n s B u c h g e s c h r i e b e n w e r d e n)
···
···
-) -) ) )
····
····
B e i s p i e l - u n d O b u n gs s a t z e l e i c h t v e r s t a n d l i c h m i t ko n t ro l l i e r tem Wortschatz E xt e n s i v i n d e r P r a x i s e r p ro b t A u s fil h r l i c h e r I n d e x u n d h e ra u s n e h m b a r e r L o s u f! gss c h l ii s s e l F U r d e n U n terricht u n d d a s S e l bstst u d i u m
[e;.mt¥Mil IS BN
978-3-81 0 9 - 8452-4
11111 1 11111 11111 1 111111
9 7838 1 0 984524
06
