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SOME TESTINGTER'{IINOLOGYYOU SHOUID KR{OW Tluoughout this book, I refer ro vadous acronyms ard other terms that resr makers use and you should know. This ffst one is for GRE as well as GMAT test ul(ers: ETS This is the nonProfit organizstion that creates the GRE and GMAT tesls, administcrs the exams, and repor6 exam scorcs to the gr"aduatcschools. ETSalso conducts onSoing research Proiects aimed at improving its tests.
GRETrnr'rrNorocv GRE General Test or GIiE (Graduate Reard bam). Sining for this I exam is a prerequisite for admission to tnany college and universiq' graduate progmms (['fastcrs and Ph.D.). The GR.Eis desiSned to mcasure :l broad rangc of verbal, quandtative, and anzlytical writing abilides' Remembcr' the exam is offcred onl)' bl' computcr now (except in some rcmbte locations outside thc U.S.).
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Aldysis of an lssue. This is ihc namc of onc of thc two GIIAT essn\' 'lssuc'(uiing lasks. Throu8hout this book l reler to ii b]'$e sioglc word an uPrterc;lsc'1") Ainlysis oI srr A-rgumcnL This is tirc namc ol thc olbcr GMAT cssr) 'Argumen{_ tasks.Tlrou8hout this book l refer to it b\. the sinSle s'ord (usin8 xn uppcrcase "l-).
THEOFFIGIATOPOOLSO OF GRE AND GMAT ESSAY OUESTIONS
During yolr GRE (or GI'l T) sirtinS, thc comPurcrized testinS system s'ill r-andomlyselect your lssuc and Argirmenl qucstions from a la!8c databasc, or'pool." CYouwon l know beforehandwhich panicular qucstions the tcsiing system will.Pres€nl to you.) ETSha5 Prcdisclosedils completc Pool of cssay qucsdons for each of the rsto cxzml. To ger the SreatcstPossiblc benc6t Jrom this book, especirlly -&om the s3mple essaysin Pans 5_8, you should obiein your omciel lisl They're aYrilablc on line, and the GlvtAT list is also aErlable in print (For delar]s,see belo$.)
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Thc official list (pool) of GRI Analltical Writin8 quesoons cunenuy consists ol 125 lssucs and 125 Argumcn6. H€r€ ate th.ec different ways to obtlin the comPlet€ list: . vielv the list, free of charge and v,.ithout regis(rition, at the oficial GREWeb site (www.8rc org) Folloq' the lir$i !o thc description of thc GRiEGcneral Test, then locate the description of the Ana\'tical vlitin8 scction. Therc, you'll lind seParateLhks to the lis! of lssues and lisr of A-rguments . Unk ditcc-rlyto th€ lssue and A4lumcnt [sts from my GRE Analyti.wrilitg Wcb sitc (www.s'cs!.oet/-s!cwart/8rewa)' c.l . Thc tq,o lists tntgrl be a ilablc from ETS in Printed form For the latcs! inJomation, check my update Page at this book's llreb site !wlw.wcsi.nc/-srewtn/ws)
Qursrotcs Txt PooLor-GMATEssnY
yexr Thc,oficir-l list (pool) of GMAT essayqucstions (fer the admissions 20Ol-02) consisls of 125 Issuesand 125 Argumeot5 Hcre are tfuee diffcrent ways to obtain the lisr: - DoE:r oad thc lst, 6ec of charBeand without rcgistErion' from thc GM,{C'S ofiicial GMAT Web sit€ (www.mba conr) The list is an availabj€only as a PDF (ponable docummt fortnat) file' not as
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FORGREAND G'\AAT IIDDITIONAL RESOURCE5 ANATYTTCALU|R,ITING . AldrouSlr thiri book i5]our l)cst sin8lc rcsourcc for GRE and GI1AT css;'\' prcprnrion. il sbouldnor nrccssrril) b€ vorrr onlY rcsource.If vou hrv( morc timc lo gct rcxd! for vour exrm, supplement tilis book with onc of m) olhcr rivo Anxi\'tical \\'riting tcsr_Prcpbooks Ooth Publishcd b)' Petcrson s): GRE-Arxuers lo lhc Real Ersq' Qucstiorr. This book conririns m) cssavsfor all 250 ofllcial GRE questions (125 lssucs, 125 ArSumcnts). i\1oret).fomrtion is rvailablc aa t})e book s Ittemcl Edidon ($'q.w.wcst.net/-sreivart/Et ew^).
'
GIIAT CAT-ArIsucrs to tbe Real Essq' 9uestiot6 The book's sccond edition connins model cssr]'sfor 2J0 officixl GMAT qucstioos (ll5 Issues, 115 Argxmcnts) More inJormation is available at thc book'slntcmetEdrtion(wa'w-west.ncv-stcwan/awa)
ileoNtcsYxlBols usEDlN THlsBoOK l}Irou8bout this book, vou'll cflcolnter the following s\'mbols: lll
dcnotcsmatcrialthat applieson\'to thc GR.E
t t I I denotes marc.ial tllat applres onl,vto thc GlrtAT
d\BOUTTHEAUTHOR - M]Jk Alxn Stewxn (8.A., Economjcs,-1.D.,. Universitv of Cdifomia at lrs Argcles) is an anomey and onc of roday's preemincnt audloritics and topselling authors on thc subjcct of ganduat€-levclcntr]ncc exasis. For scrved as a consulBnt to schools io t}lc more than a dccade, Mr. Stcvr'a-ft UniversiN ot Califomia and Catifomia Statc Univcrsiq' s.vstcmsin Saduatc: level €nrance cxam prog..ams. llis books on Glrl,A.T,ISAT, and GRI prepration continuc lo be toPscllcrs a.rnongasPiting busincss,law, znd traduare studcnts. His other book-lcogth publications for Sraduatc'levcl -ad-mjssions include GRE-ISAT-GLUT'MCAT Real;rtg Co,nprebewlon workbooh, GIttAT CAT-Atlsucrs to tbe ReaI EtsaJ' Questiot6, Teach yoLrself tbe GttAT CAT in 24 Hour' TeacJl yourseU the GRE ln 24 Eours, 30 Dals to tbc LSAT, 30 DaJB to tbe G],4T CAT' GRE ISAT loSlc 'Vorkbook, GruE-Attsuers to tbc Real Essa)' otrcstiotls, 2 d Perlect Business, lvedical, Gladuate School <2ll Pedonal Statemcnts-Lau, published b)' Petcron's).
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EJROUND RUES l . No bre2k is providcd berq,eed the rwo wriring usk.
2. Thc tesdnS sysrem does not allow you to spcnd morc than {5 minutcs (GRD or 30 minute5 (GMAT) on the lssue writing rrsk, no! does it allow you to spend morc thaD 30 mirutcs on rhc A.rgument writing 3- The teltiDg s''srcm does nor allow you to rctum to the frrs! *aritl1:g task oncc you'vc movcd on to the second ta5k, tsut if you,yc finishea dlc fust-onc.carly, you -c.n ?rocccd i'nmcdiatcly to the sccond onc xi yow oprion. 4. Scrarchpaper and pencils are providcd (just a5 for th€ mulriplc,choice t. Tbe testing sysrcm migh! prescnr the rv o raks ro vou in clther ordcr. 6. On thc GI{AT, you musr use rhe word proccssor buitt into lhe rcslin8 svstcm to composc your essavs_ On ihe GRq vou can cither use tic - resting sysrem'sbuih-in wotd troccssoa o! submit vout rcEponscsjn handwliBcn form. 7- Thc tcsting sysrem irnposcs no s.ord liqrjt on cither rcsponsc. CTbe or y limit"tion.on lenFh is the practical limjariori associrtcd wirh vour time lirnit,)
Trsreo Sxrus Corrte[t Your ability to prescnr cogent, pcrsuasive,:od rclclznc idcas ?.Ird arFlmeori tkough sound reasonirg and rclcvfrr!-,sulponhg o(amplcs
Organization Your ability to present youl ide3s in an or'genizcd aJtd cohcsiv€ fashlon
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A Tt?ical GMAT Issue "No businessshould sacrifice rhe qualitY of its produc$ ot seflices " for the sakc oF maximizi.ngProfits Use rcasons ln your view, how accu.ale is tlrc foreSoing sBiement? rcxorng and/or ex2mPlesfTom your cxperiencc, observalion' and/or Io cxPlain Your vtewpotnL'
the GRE lssue Directive
is exactl)'ure saole The direcuve lor every GRE lssue in th€ official Pool (cssentiall]'a5 indiceted above)'
The GIrL{f Issue Directive
pool rrc :rll similar' yet The directives for the lssuesin thc official GMAT of lssues in the Pool thcy are nor all exacrly rhe same All but a handful include cssctrtirlly one of rhc folloq-1ng dircctivcs: . Discuss dre e).1entto which you agec or disagr€e with tbis st'tcmenl
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o)mrnon Tfremcs Among G}.{AT Issues Although each sEtemenr in rhe official GI\IAT pool is disrlnc(, nran1,of th<: sEremerts cover similar thenadc gr-ound. I,ve otcgorizcd rlrc staremcnts belo\r' according to theme, from more common to less common (under. sundabll', more topics involve business issues than "nu oan.. q,1ra;, . Business-organizational strucrure/behavior, managemcnr. . Culturc and social mores, attirudes, values . Businessproducriviq,, efficicncl., and teamwork . Businesi-labor and employmenr issues . Education-i6 ovemll rote and obicctives . Govemment's role in cnsuring ttre srclfare of itAcidzens . Tcchnology and its impact on businessand socier', . Keys ro individual success . Business-its overall role and obiectives i, socien, . Businessethics . PcrsonalqualiUesand !,alues
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rIIE ARGUMENTWRTTINGTASK
The Argument wridng task is desiSnedto test your critical-reasonin8 skius as well as your writitg skills. Your t,sk is to critique dnc srated Argument in termi-oi ia cogincy Oogic:l soundness) anct in terms of pe sucnpfh of rhe evidcnce offered in suppon of thc aqiument. In scoring your Arfru' ' ment essal',GRE and GMAT readerswill consider how effectively you: . Identrff and anallze the kcy elemcn6 of the argument . Organize, dcvelop, and cxpress your criuque . Support your ideas (with reasonsand examples) . Conrol the elemcnts of sIendard written En8lish
Loor'Lxe WrLqrGREANDGMAI Ancumrurs
Your GRE or Gtr{ATArgument ""'lll consist-of two cllments: o A paragraphle ng:th passale (which Presenls the a4lr]ment iitsclf) . A bnef directiue (description of your task)
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On the GI\{AT.a morc dcLrilcddirccrivc immcdiatell follows thc passagc and is rhe samefor cvcn.Argumenr in rhc officitl Gl\,lATpool. Thc dircctivc is csscntixllyas follos's: Discussl)ow wcll rcasol)cdvou find dris aqlunrent.ln vour discussiolt, be surc to tnalvzetltc linc ofrcxsoning and t}lc use of evidcncc in dtc xrgumenr.For example,you mrl' need ro considcrvhat questionablc nssumprionsunderlicthe rhinkingxnd whar alrcm;rrivcexplanationsor counterexamplesmighrweakenthe conclusion.you can also discuss whxr son of evidenccwould strengthenor rcfutc the argument,what changesin tltc argumentwould make it more logicallvsound, and what, if anr,thing.would help vou betrcr evaluateirs conclusron.
@pptcrnl Dtnecnorus ANDGuIDEUNEs FoRTHE AnoumeurWnnrrqcTasr During your prc-reslcompuler rurorial@cfore vou be[iin the timed rest), ttre resting sysrem will providc directions for all exam sccrjons, in rum. For .the.Argumenr writing task, the sysrem will prcsent ro yort tuo 'screens" directions of and guidclinesspecific to th:lr msk.
Screen 1 (General Guidelines and Suggestions) The frst screen will describe thc task in genera.l'anclindicare the four gencral scorinS criteria. Here's essentiallywhat you'll sec on dre screen This wridng task is designed ro resr your cridcal-reasoning skills as well as your wridng skills. Your task is ro cririque the stared argument in terms of its logical soundnessand in ierms of tlle strcnEtthof thc cvidence offercd in suppon of the a_rgument.In scoring your Argumen! essay,thc reade q/ill consider how effcctivelv vou: o Identrly and ana.lyzcthe kcy elemcnF of rhe afgumenr . Organizc, dcvelop, and exprcss vour cririquc . Support your ideas (with rc2sons and examptei)
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. Control lhe clcments of standard wrinrcn Engtish ''The screcn 'will then ind.icarc mles and guidclincs for tie Argurncnt writing rask. H€re's essendallywhat you'll see fur*rer down the screcn: . Your dme timir is 30 minures. . You must critique tlre logiel soundnessof thc argument prescnted. . A critique of an),other argumcntrisunrccepnble.
unrta.Pcle6ons.com
Pctcrson's
t
lzriting Sh k /o/ tbc GRE,/GLUT Tests
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rejcct, or qualin'the stltemenr In your lssue essa)',)'ou arc free tO aCCCPt, at hand; therc is no'corrccr- or "l)cst' rcsponsc.On thc orher hand. in dcsigning thc Argumcnts.rlrr test makcr makcs surc to incorporatc into cach one cenain rexsoningproblenrs(fallacicsand othcr flaws) for vou t<.1 identifl'and addrcssin J,ouress:l\'.That's wlrat the Argument wriring txsk is all about. Shouldvou fail ro idcndfT and lddrcss tlresc built-in problcms, vou won'i acain a high score. A rypical GREor GlitAT Argumcnr \r'ill conr;rinat lc;rstthrec or four discretereasoningllaws. Hcre's x lisr of rhc ones that appear mos( fre quend)' in the official GRE and GI\tAT Argumenrs: . Confusing a cause-ald-effectrelationship with a mere corrclation or temporal sequence . Drawing I wer-li a,naloSl'berwcen rwo tlrings . RelyinS on a potendally unrepresentrtivc sutisticxl sample . RelyinS on polenrixll)' Eintid resuhs from a survev or pou . AssuminS that a certain condition is necessaryand/or sufficient for a cerain outcomc . Assumingih:lt char:rcteristics of a group appl)' to cacb group (or vice versa) membcr . Assuming that all things remain unchanged over time Be foreqrarned: Nor all GRL and GlvlATArgumen6 are cre;rted equal. In some of them, tJrelogical flaws scem to iump off the page (or scrcen) at - you, one at a.timc, while in others, the llaws are interrwincd or hiddcn from clear vies', making it especiall-vcha.llengin8to extract, separate, and or8anize thcm. And there arc no Suafirntecsthat the test rviu dca.lyou a favorablc hand. But who said life is fair? At least vou have tlts book to help cven thc playing field.
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Herc are thc naviSxtionrland editing ke1's"t',,t"Ott in thc resting q'stcm's builrin vord processor: tsackspace Deletc Home End Arrow Keys Enter Pagc Up Page Down
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removes the charrcter ro lc left of dte cursor' removcs the character to the right of t}Ie cursor. moves thc cursor to the beginning of the line. moves the cursor to the end of the'Iine. move the cursor uP, down, lcfi, or riEltrt. inserts a paragraph brsk (s[atts a new iine). moves the cursor up one pagc (scrcen). moves thc cursor down one page (scrcen).
Not Available
Ccnain oftcn-used featurcs of standard word-Proccssins Programs arc not available in the testing lvstem's word Processor. For cxample' no keyboard commands arc available for: TA3-disabled (does not function) BeginflinEy'cndof parrgraph (not xvailablc) Beginning,/endof .docum-ent(not avaiiable)
Mouse-Driven Editing Functions - Cuq Paste, and Undo ln addidon to cditing ke1's,the testing system's word Processor includes "copy"), PASTE,and UNDO' To cut tc)(t' select mouseddvcn CUT (but not the text you wish lo cut with your mousc. To paste, posi$on the mouse pointer at the desired insenion spot, then click yqur mouse' Drag-anddroP cut-and-pasteis not aLailable.Also, the GRE word proccssor 6torcs only your most recent c\\t, paste, or unoo'
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Pctarson's
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,Wdtlng Sk Lslorlhe ,GRE/GI,{AT Tesa
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. with ihc word proccssor.r,ou'll havc x firr cxsicr time revising an essa)'andcorrccting errors.Qf vou havc difficuln' organizingor cxpressinAlour idcaswithout 'rwcakin8- '\'our llrst dmft: ),ou'rc vour essxvs.) better ofl' rvord-processinF . You clecr to submit hand$,rittcnessa)'sa( the timc vou r"?Ir:frer (makc rn appoin(mcnt) for thc GREGencr.rlTcsr. Othcnvisc, 1'ou must word-proccssvour csst\'5. . If )'ou submit handwritten cssavs.scoring vour cssa),sand reponin8 atr)t GREscores to you or to thc schools mll take up to .s/x rrccL:.s (rither than 10-15 daysif vou word-processyour essa),s). If you decide to submit handwritten GRE essa1,s,keep in mind thesc proceduralpoints: . For each writing, task, thc tcsting supervisor wi.ll provide a special tined paper for writing your essays.Tlre supervisor witl also suppl)' scratch paper. . To write vour essays,vou'U use the black pen provided to you at the testing centcr. . For cach writing tesk, the superviso will personall)' inform you when your timc limir has cxpircd.
E55AY EVALUATIONAND SCORING -- -
Shortl)' after the exam, both of vour essavss'ill bc evaluatcd, and one single Analvdcal writing scorc (not two separate scores) on a scxle from 0 to 6 will be awarded and then reponed to you and to the schools to wnicn you have directed vour siore repon. This section explains thc evaluation, scoring, and reponing proccss.
EvaluenoruBYGRE ANDGMAT Rraopns Within a short time aftcr t}le tcsr (10-15 days), your rwo AnalFica.l writing "readcrs"-college and universiqr faculty essal'swill be cnluated by members th.at ETS commissions 3nd trains speciqcall)' for ttris purposc. -GR! and GM]\T readers arc drawn from'\afious academic arsrs-most from the fields of English and Communicadons. For the GRE,rwo readerswill rcad ard score your lssuc essa)',and rwo diffcrcnt readerswill read and score your Argument cssa)'.For eit}ler essa)',if thc rwo rcaders' scores differ bJ'more than one Point; an addition2l, veq' cxpericnced reader will rcld that cssavand adjudicate the discrcpanc)'.
urunapetc*orts.com
Petcrson's
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Wtltlng 6k ls Ior bc GRE/GLUT TesLt
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Argument writing (Ourtstanding)
Task-Requircmenls
for a Scorc of 6
Tlrc cssxyidcntifics thr kc| Icatttrcsof tltc ;trgltntentlncl anlh'z-csc:tcl't onc i|l ir thoughrfttlnrlnncr. Thc css:r1' suppons cach point of critique \r'ith insighlfiJlrclsons and cxamplcs. l a n n c r ,v i t h a P P r o P r i T h c e s s a ) ' d e v e l o pi tss i d s x si n : l c l e a r ,o r g a n i z c (m xtc ti,rnsitionsr<.rhcln connccr ideas. Tlrc essal'dcmonstratcsproficicncv, flucnc1, and mriurin' in ils use of sentcncestrucrurc,.vocabulaq',and idiom. The essa;'demonstratesan,cxcellentcommand of the elemeng of wrinen English,including gmmmxr, word usage,sPellinS,and st,:rndard puncturtion-but mx)' conain minor flarvsin thcse arcas. Ttle crireria for lower scores are the same as the ones suggestedabovei the onll'di-fference is th:rt the smndard for quxlin' decreasesfor succcs sivelv lower scot€s.
RqrxooFGM.ATEssavs eomprmnuro -
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lvhile rwo buman rcaders evaluate -vour GMAT essals (one reader per essay),a computer program cau,edE,Ratel will cvaluate your essays'for El-ammar,syntDi (sentence structure), repetitiveness (overuse of the same phnses). sentence length, and speling. ln man)'respec6, E-Rateris similar ro the grammrr- and spell{heckers built into populrr word-processing progrnms such as Word and WordPerfect. However, E Rater is customdesittned for ETS ro weilh cert2.in criteria more heavih'than other criteria. For insnnce, very little weight is given to minor mechanjcal errors (e.8., in "gra1'"areaso( puncruationand spelting).Also, E-Rateroverlooks socalled - - fu-arnmtr (e.g., use of the passivevoice) and flalis cen .in problems (c.9., repetitiveness) that off-the-sheucheckers miSht not. Of course, EReter is or i'useful to a point. lt c.annot evaluate your id.easor hos' Pcrsursivcl)' you've presented "nd supponed those ideas. That's what human rcadcrs arc for.
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Computation of GIr{AT Analytical wriring Scores Here are the specific srepsinvojvcd in calcutrlinF vour GITAT Aratytjcal 'WnrinE scorr l. Onc hrlni:tnrcxdcrNill rc:ld:ln(l scorc vourlssuc ess:lr.and x diffcrcnl hunr:rn rcrder witl rcnd nn(t scorL Iour Argumcnr css;r)._ Each rerdcr \f ill r\\'ard x sinSts score on :r scatc of 0-6 in whotc.poinr inrer\':lls(6 is highest)_ 2. E-Rarcrwill aho ev.rluarcand ,vard x scorc of 0-6 for cacb ess:r).. 3. For cirher esssr'ifrhe human rexder's scorc diffe$ from E-Illrer,s scorc b\. more tltrn onc poinr, rh(n J seco d human rerder \vill read ard score the cssav(and E-Il-:rrer's score for th?r essay.will bc disregarded). 4, For e3ch essat,)'our iintl score is the :rveragcof the scoresaward€d bt'thc human readerand E-Rarcr(or bt rhc second humai reader). 5. Your fina_]AnalFical $Triringscore is the averagc.of your rwo final scores for your individual essals; scores arc rounded up to the nearcsrhalf-poinr. llcr€'s an example showing how the CI,./\T essl).scorins sysrem workj: 4 2 3 3.5 3 -3 3
Rcadcr A s cvaluarion of the Issuc essa). E-R;rrer'scvaluarionof rhe lssue cssa), Rerder B's evaluarion of the lssue ess3r. Frnxl score for rhc lssue essa\Reader C s cvxlu:ttion of thc Argomcnt essa1, E-Rarer'scvaluarion of the Argumenr cssav Final score for the A.gument essir\.
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4 . v})en )'ou \'e fLnishcd.scoreyouressxvsaccordi!8 to ofllcial criterix' NOTE: frrlicr in Pan I, indicated t}le criteria for top scorin8 cssays' To hclp you frrther in cvaluatingatrd scoringyour di,gnoscic ctsaF. ar rhis book's lntemct sr.lpplcmeot(e'grw.wcst.net/-stcwd/ws), I'vc provided samplc bencbmark tesponses fot the same lssue and Argu' rncnr 3s s'ell-a5 ltks to *re tcsr m2l{db'omcial scoring critcria for'cach
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Tine timit: 45 i'Iinttes (GRt) or 30 flinutes (GLIAT) "kisurc iime is becomjtg an incr€asiflgly rJre commodity' 1ffgdy becausercchtoloSl' has feiied to achieve ils Soal of improYing our " cfficiency in our dai-lt Pu6uits Discuss!h€ exent to whicb you agree or disagrcc wirh t})e forcsoing staremen!,Suppolt your persPectiveusing re'lons md/or cxamPles from your cxPcricnce, observation' reading, or acadcmic studics
ot ANARGUMEM) \rllnnuoTnsrNo. 2 {YounAr'ulvsrs Titne litttit: 30 Milt tes Thc folowit8 appearedin rn advertisemcntfor Unitcd ]uotors trucksi "l3st veal, the locrl reievision-ncwsProS'am J'' Focu reponed in its einual cr-r-and'truck SaJetySuwey that ovcr dre course of thc last tcn in at le:rsr30 Pcrccnt -vcars,Unitcd Motors wchicle-cwcrc involvcd fewcr fural accidcnts to drivc$ than vchiclcs built by any olhcr sinSlc manulacturcr. Now Urlitcd is devcloping 2 oncof'a-kind computcrizco cralh waming sys(cm for'3ll its tflcks Clcarly,znyone conccmco with srfcw reho is iJ) lbe marke! for a ncw tmck this -ve should buy -
r Unitcd Motors truck." your discussioo' bc Discuss how well rclsoned you find this argumcnt ln in thc .sute to ln )ze t}le linc of tcxsoni'I8 3nd t}le use df evidencc qucstionablc what argument. For exe$plc, you may nced to considc or lssumptions undcrlie the thir*ing and wha! alcmativc explanatrons discuis"li'hat count;rcxamples mjghr wcnkcn thc conclusion You cd also whal ch.ajlgcs arlrlment son of evidencc would srcngtien or refute th€ vhat' zny_ lJ ?J)d rn the argument would makc it mo'e logicatly souid' thin8, would help you bcder cvaluatc ils conclusron'
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4. Composc :r bricf introduclol-] p:r.r8mph. (GIIE: 3 min, GM T: 2 min ) (GRE:23 mnr" GMAT: I5 min ) 5. Composcthc bodt of vour .esPonsc ('. Compos
Refile yoru essay (GRE: 10 rdrr., GMAT: 5 rnin') 7. Revic\\,and r€vise for coherencc and balancc (GRE: 6 min , GN'|AT: 3 min.) 8. Proofreadfor siSnficant mechanic:rlproblcms (GRE: 4 min, GMAT: 2 mifl) cach slcp e-relcerely Suidc-r' tiEe'Iimit6{o i,'NoTEjttre'suSaestcd 'j{rcqlotilrerd.iodfast pricric{ coroPosin8 your'!$Tl.: .. you .nrles As -lr:r*. cso1" ',"c.i,.i-ed conditioos, sfua'l,i}r o)' SuidclincJ,'itreoj: .
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Issuc Sr":rtcmcnt 1 -Thc bcst wiy to cnsure Prorection and Prescrvation of out natu'jrl environment is through Sovemment reSulatotl'measures We cannot Fell on the voluflhry efforts of individuxls and pri\'a(e businesscsto
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. .,NOTE: If you rc a cR! tesr t:ker who opls to submit a handwrinen . cssay, you won't have tl]c luxrul' of rearmnSing senlcnces a'ld para_ 8.rphs. I'ou'll necd to srlc Ercrtcr c:lrc to gei it righr $e first timc. Noq', hcre are thc bodl' p:lr,rgraphsof m,r'rcsponsc to cach of thc two simulxred Issues.As )'ou re:rd thcse bodi par,rSnphs. nole lire followinS: . I rricd to srick to m) outline $fiitc ar dre snmc iime rcmxi.lrin8,lcxiblc :rsncw idels for conlcnt or orgxnizltion occr.rrrcdto nlc. (Nolice, for insilnce, that I rcpositioned certain points frotri nr-\'otltlines,) . I havcn't ircludcd eve,-r'singlepolnt from m) outlinc. Thrt s becausc you probabl-\rwon't hrve drne to cover everv poinr you I!ant to make. . You might personall_v eithcr ag.ce or disagree$/ith mi'posidons ot $,'ith my reaions for them. That's finc; when it comes to the Issue essay,it s rll a mattcr of opinion-and noi even _vourhonest opinion ar thatl . A8ain, I've underlined words and phmses dut vou might use in almost any Issuc essayto help you see how rhe jdcas flow naturilly and pcrsursivcly faom one to the nexr, Fou r-Paiagraph Body (Issuc 1) L{pcriencc rc s us rhar indjviduals and pdvate corpomdons tend to act ifl drcir own shorr.tc.m €conomic and poliliqll iote.cst, rot on behalf ofrhc cnvironmenr or the public at lat8€. f.or exrmple, cuncflt technolo8y makcspossiblethe compiere elitnination ofpoliuting cmissions from auromobiles.Nev€ftheless-neidrer auiomobilc manufac$rers nor consumcrsarc willing orable ro voluotarily make the sboft-tcimJacri. fices ncccssuy ro accomplish this goal. Only thc govemment holds the reftllarory and enforcement power ao impose the n ecessarl'stlndards ard to ensureth.atwe achievethese 8oa.ls.
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A1g!ggU, go.'emment pen?.lticsdo nol guamnlee compliancc wi.h environmcntal regulations.Businesscsoften aftempt to avoid compli ancc by conccaling t})eir activitjes, lobbyrng lcsislato.s to modiry re[lu]ations,or moving ope.atjofls to jurjsdictions rhxl allow thcir environmcnt'lly hirn-Lfulacrivides. Others calculate *rc cost of poluting,.in tcrms of punishmcnt, :thcn budSel in advance fo. 'anticipatcd pcn2lrics and oper y violate the llw. llovcvcr, tiis -.bchevior only.sclvcs to underscore tjre necd for Sovernmcot intervcn. tion, bccauseleft udenered, this tt?e of behavior vould only cx"ccrbatc cfl vironmcnLd problems, One must idmit as weLlihat goverruncni regulttion, environmcnral or lthcrwisc. is Faught with bure.xucratic "'|d enJorcemcnt Problcms. ncgu' latory qvsremsinhcrcntll call fo. Iegislativccomminces. invcstigations,
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6. Cor'lposr oRSuMMARy Plnqoupn a BnrrrCoNcLuorNG Urdess]'our css:l) has:r clcxr rnd. tbc readcr migh! rhink vou didn'r finish in nmc. Thrl s no{ thc iort)rcssionvou w:rnt ro nr:rke:so bc surc (o mxkc timc Io wrap up vour discussion.Convc\' thc nuin thnrst of vour essn\'ir) rso of threc scnlcnces. It ao cspccialll' insiShth.rlconcludinll Jroint occurs to you. lhc finxl senlcncc of ),our essal is lhc pl.lcc for i!, For cxch of the two simulated Issues,herc s a brief summarl tha! assurcstlrc rc:rder I've or8Rnizcdmy tific weLl rnd finished m)' cssrl'Notice thar this brief summ:rD does,rol inrroduc€ rn_\'ne\r' reasonsor (Again,I've underlinedwords cxampiesiit s jusr:r quick recapirulation. and phdses that you could use in an)' nnrl prrrgraph.) Final Pamgiaph (lssuc 1) ln the find eralysis,only d1e autboriw and scope of power that a Foverrrmcnt posscssescan ensure the atuinment of aSrced.upon cnvi.rotuncntalgoals, Since individuals arc unablc and buslDcJscsaie by nature unwillirg to assume this lcsponsibility, Sovemrncot must do so. Finnl Paragraph (l$sue 2) ln sum, although leidership, indivjduxl ambirion, and €ven the valuc of tangibl€ ,rscrs plr), crucial rolcs ln ahe succcssof many large businGs o4laniadons. reamwork is the singlc ingrcdicnt commoi to all sucll or!:aniTidons. It is, drerefore, the kcy one.
7. R.rvrrwANDREVTsE FoRCoHEiENcE ANDBALANCE Be surerc rescavctime ro revisexnd rework your essal'as neededfor r - balanccd,coherentdiscussioo. Hcre'swhat you shouldn1'to accomplish. durinSstcp 7: L Be sr.re you've prescnted varvins perspcctives on $c issuc, Thcrc's norhrnS wronS with adopting a strong posiuon, but you should ,lways ackrowledge $c merits and dmwbacks of othcr viewpoinE as wcll. If your cssay appcars too one-sidcd,now's tlle time ro add e pangmph that rcmedies this problcm. 2. Check your paragflphs to see iI thcy are ba.]ancedin lcoSith.lf thcy arcn'r, perhapsyou dwellcd too lon8 on one arca of disc\rssion,whilc in anotler, you neglccted to providcadcqur& suppon (rersons andlor cxamples). Dur48 step 7 is lhc timc to llim hck and lill our as necded to achieve r balanccd Drcscnta-
3 . Check your inlroductory and concludinB pangmphs to m?ke sure t}lev'rc consistentq,ith cach other.
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. A sl:raemcntdral firi:'cstwo dislircr brtt rehred issues(onc migh( be , rhrcshold issuc, \vhich vou should :rddr€ss bcforc analr,zing thc mxio issue) . A srarcmenrthr! Iisls. or othc.wisc cn)brxces,No or morc dtslinct caregories(diffcrenr care8o.irs ofren tcnd dirrcnng clegrceso, suppon ao rhe sL?tement) . A surcmenr rhar mi8hr be uue (or una[uc) gcncrilt],but fails ro accounr for significxnr exceprional cascs (look foa all_inclusive words such as orll,, aII, aod Drust) . A sraremenrthar is unclexr or vaguc in some wav (in other words. lhe st?remeDt,s,lccur?cy depends on thc mcaning of key tcrms or how you iracrpret the sEtcmcnt as x whole)
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Kcep rhcsc panems in mird a5 you rcacl ary cRI or GIUAT lssue sutemcnt. lf you recognize a ccrrain parrem behind t})e shrcment, tl], ro deveiop a pcrspccrivc, or ticsis. rh.,r qualifics rhe sr^rcfirentaccof(insry.
Srnoruo AonEemer.n oRDIsaGREEMEM (RErecroN) {AccrnnNce} you don,rnc
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Avoid inllammerory satement5, and don't prcach or proselltjzc. Approach the lssue wriring ri.sk as an inrcllecrual excrcrse i'l wlicb you disp:rssion_ atcly cxrmine l?lrous vicwpoinE. Do nor use ir as a forum for strarins bcUcftysrem It rr pcriccrl),appropriarc to cr;Ucizc panicul,orlr |crronrl lar bchaeior, poiicies, or vicwpoinrs as operaling rgairst rhc bcsr inrercsr of a busincss or oI a socicq,, Bur rcfrain from c,ther condcnrr.irR or cxtouirt bascd on pcrsonrt moraj Frounds. Also rvo;O ctcmagogucry (appcrls ro prciudicc or cmotion) or jin8oism (cxcessive pa6iorism).
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(or strsngth of x Arguc rha! an :lPParcnrwc'Lknessof ]our Posnion diffcrcn! position) is tnlirl- minor' or insiSnificxnt Thc css;r\'for lssuc 2 provides an ctamPlc First thc cssrl ofJlrs nvo exrmPlcs 1at lend apl>atcnt support to rhs opPosinSPosn'on: Olhcrs miShl ailc ai)ehea\\'mxnufacturin8:rndnf,iu l'tcsourcc jndustfics, whcrc lhe value of l,angible:rssels-'a\\' materials and cepil,l equipmenl-xrc oft€n the most si8nificrnt dcte'minanl of Du5rne55success Then. thc essa)'er?laitrJ az'd)'lllesc examplcs: ' . Hov/ever. such industdes are diminishjng in sjSnificince as ve movc from an industri: societl'ro an iojormatton age
3" Appeal to Broader Considerations
'
r8xc that any minor Problems piih your position secm trivi'l in light of the broad, and serjous, implicatjons that th€ lssue raises Tbe essayfor lssue I Provides an cxamPle First. $e cssayacknowledges x ccrtain Problem Ivith its Po5inon: ' . . fDlelxys q?icxll-v associrtedwitb burcaucirtic re8lrhtion can thwa.t the purPosc of thc regulrtions, becauseenviroflmcntal Prcblems can quickil'become 8.ave indeed Thcn, the cssay points out thc broad socielal consider:rtion tl:rt Puis iris mitot drawback in its proPer PcrsPective: ' . lsluch delays sccm trivial when \\'e considct thar many enviJon' eotil iroblcmi car4'no! onl-\'a rcal threat to Public health but atso a Polcntial threat (o the veq'survi!'tl of thc bumffr sPecies
/,t" The 'Lesser of Two EYiIs" Method
Argue I.1aLan opposinS Position is no suongel, or PerhaPscveo s/caker' in a ccnaifl rcspect. The essayfor Issue I provides an examplc Fifs! the cssa-lrcknowledgcs a certain weakicss in its Posttron:
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. IDlehys l}?icdly associlted with burcaucraric regdatron can thqan t)rc purPosc of the relxrladons bccausc cnvirotrncntal problems can quickly becomc Sravc indced , !/cal(ocss in thc oPPosiDg gleaicr points out an evcn the e55ay . Then. PosiLion: ' ' Hosrever, givcn thal uniustjfiable r€liuce on voluntecrisdr is the onl! alletutive, governmcnl rcgulatron sccms nccessa' '
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Avoid the Trite and Hackneyed
Tn'to avoid usint bxckncvcd.overuscdcxamplcsIo mJI:c Your Poinl Kccp in mind: IIanY GRE lrd GMAT lest lakers will rel'\'hcavil! oo toda] s hexdlrnes and on histon 5 nlosl illuslnous xnd nolorious lisurcs Hcre :lrc somc nxmcsrnd cvcnN rbxt culrcntl]'(in tht vcxr 2002) come to mino: . Osamabin Lrdcn or the:rttackon the W-orldTfld€ Centcr . The Effon and Atlhuf Andcrson accounling scaodals . Recenl American Prcsidentixlscandrls " AdolDh Hitler and drc Jewisir Holocrust . Bill Gatesand Mrctosofi s busitess lmcLice( Examples such as thcse arc the ali_tooobvious ones. Try lo di8 a bit deeper, showing the rcader a broadei, more Iiterate Pcrspec[ve
Oranl' Sparingly
on Youi Personal Experiences Unlcss the specilic direcdve xccompanying thc slatemcnt inskucts othcnwisc, i!'s Perfectly accePtablelo dra9" on your own exPenences at work, co0cge, or clscwhete. llowever, avoid rell'in8 too hcavily on personal cxpeience. Strive to demonstratethrough yout essal'a b'eadti of both real-world cxpcri€nce znd academic LnowledS€'
StriYe to Be a Generalist, Not a Specialist
Unless the sPecific directive lccompan]'i'rg the stalemcnl insruc$ othetwise, avoid harping on one Particular re,son tlrat you belicvc is the most convincilg one or on one examPle that you thinl is most illusL_ltive' Try to rcund out your discussionas.ftr.llyxs you reasonxbly havc timc for' To Fuard agarnstgohB orf on a rangcnt witi a sinSle rsson or eximPle' ir-'r'to adherc to one of thc siruc-turrl templares you'll lcaF'about a.bit I^tcr in Pan 2.
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Number of Words Don r wom about !h( vor(l lcngdr of vour rss:rr,.As long as vo!.incorpo. rirc inlo lour essx_r';lll rb( ctcnrcnlsd): j suF!:cslhcrc io lrxn 2, _vour . css .s word ten8rhNitl bc Nppropri:rrc. NOTE: Thc samplc cR[ essa-vs in pan 5 of this book mnSe from 475 ro 675 vords in lcngtb, and the GIUATlssue essaysm p1n 7 mngc from 325 ro 500 words i.o lengrh. But for a lop score of 6, your lssuc cssxynced nor bc as len8ttr),,s my samples, cspecia y rhe longcr oncj. (GRE test taters haac 50 percenr more rime for lhc lssrjc .wnnng r1lk, rimc cnough for aboui 50 pcrccot morc words.)
Number of Paragraphs Therc is no "correcr" o, "bcst" numbcr of par.rgrJphs/rr sc for an lssuc essat. Ncvenheless,an), cRE or GMAT lssue essa),sboutdjrcludc scpaialc inrroducrory and sunrmar.y (o. conctuclinS) paiagraphs. ln addirion, 2ny cM]lT Issue cssry sho:uld coora;a at tcast iuto bod),paiigrlphs, xnd aD, GREIssuc essayshould conr,jn at teast tbrco bodi, ')ai?&"aphs.
Rrinonrcnl Empnasrs AND YouREssay's Srnuounr The principles of cffccrive rh€rorjc volr leamed earlicr should aiso apply to thc m:rnncr in which vou ?rrangevour iders (and opposing idcas) into pangcaphs. While there are no hard-and.fasrrules. here are a handfut of idcas for you ro pul 'nlo Dracrrce. . Ifvou bcgin vour bod)'para8rnphs 1vith your positjon, stan s,ith the slrongcst ("chicf," "main," or .primxr\r) reason for that position. Then in subscquentpamgraphs (or senrenccs),tum to vour sccondan reaSons. . lJ you begin vour'bo?y paragm'pfrsty aiscussir8 a posirion contrary ro yours, suft vith rhe slron8esr ("chid," -main," or .p.imaor) rcaron for thrt pos t oD-lhc one rhar mos! pcoplc would rhink of 6fiL By,runing righr around to counrer tur .e.alon, you disam . your dcrmctorscaf in )our ess:r}. . ,^mor8 varions opposinS poin15,admir t}lc skonScst one firsr. . Respond innrcdiatel1, ro e3ch conrm'_-\'poin!, in rurrl. Don r pile rhcfi on, t)en risk runmng our of time ro respond to rhcm all.
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PAlli z (or ) ou can u5c thc s:rmeremPlerc to orscusstwo or morc examPlcs disttnct at s) drit lend suPpon lo -vourposroonl Ist Para|raPl': Onc cxamPlc (or arcx) th3t suPpor(s your Pos'uon counicrPoinl -) relJuttal 2nd Para+tul l: i'jl.other cxample (or arca) lhat suPPotls yout positioo -) countcrPoin! _t rebuttxl your 3/d ParaSrallr: A'nDrhcrexample (or ar€a) drat suPporu position -) countcrpoiJ)! + rebutld
The followinS lssue cssi.rsin Part 5 and Pan 7 are ba5ed esscntially on t]) varEuon: I t I GRE EssayNos. 66' 85 GMdT BseY No 74 tlll
TernPlate B '
Try this rcmplate to acknowledgc ote strong ?rgument aS4itaJl your in supporl oflo Posluon but wbere you hlvc more re?sons or cx2mp)cs Positior lst Para?rapb: One rcason(afld/or cxample) in suppon of yout positioo
2fld Para|,"apl,. Another rsson (andlor exmple) in support of yor posilion of yo! 3rd ParagraPlr: Attorherreason (3nd/or ex npie) in suppon positioo Final Paragrapb: -ief
countirrrgument -+ rebutta)
The foUowin8 issue €ssaysjn Pan 5 'nd Pan 7 arc btsed essendallyon t templatc: r t I GRE EssaYNos 4l, 48' 73 t l l t GI1AT Essayr.{os.11 65. 84
.
':f€mPlate C .
Try *lis t€mplale to acknowledgc ote or ntore strong aiguments <84"1 reasonsandlor cxa$ples rin )_outposition but wherc you have betcr suPPon ofYour Positioni I st Paragrapb: Clt\et countcrarg, rmcn! . \ext PatuTralb: Attoth€r counter"rSrmcntl your Nctt PaTalrapb: On' r€asonand/or cxample in suppon of pos'tron
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DO'S AT,IDDON'Ts FORYOUR,ISSUEESSAY Noq'. rcvicw some of *)e ke1'Doinls from Pan 2. Herc s a lisr ot DO s and DOr.-Ts ro kcep vou on rl)c righ! rr.rck s/h€n l,ou orFrnizc and composc your lssuc essa\,.To rcinforce ihc idcas in this.lisl, eannark it and r€fer ro il from dmc ro tinrc ns )'ou pnrcticc thc lssur vriting t:rsk and as you read m] s?mplcessal'sin Pan 5 and Pen;.
IT{DOPTING OR I'OSITION A I'ERSPECNVE l,ru
try to bre-lk epan the saremenr inro componcnls or discrcte areas of consideration.ln faci. mmv GRI and G]\,L\Tlssue srxrcmcnls are intcntionelll designcd for you !o do so.
DON'T
wasre timc sccond{uessing what thc rcadcr mighr aSrcc (or disagree) with- Gn.Eand GMAT rcaders are tmlned to be objccrive. So don't try to anticipatc whar a reeder $ould consider a "co.rccr" poshion (politically or othcrwise) on an lssuc
UO
DOI'T '
-hed8c" your position by qualifyinSyour vicwpoint and ackrowlcdging you others. ln doing so, won'r appear wishy-wr,sh), bu! rather thoughtft and scholarlvl l. relucrinr to rak€ a stroos slance on ,n lssue. bur avoid cofiting across rs fanaricd or cxrreme. Approach the lssuc cssiy is in inrellccturl cxcrcisc, not as a forum for sharing vour personal beuef sysrem.
Supponrnro YounPosnroNANDCouNTERTNG O'HERs
uw.PetcnorLt.con'
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admit aJ)drespond to t})e ctuef weakress of vour position as well as to the cbjcf mcrirs oI an opposing posidon, In doing so, use varied rhctorical rccnmques.
UON T
overdo,r when it comes to dFwing on personrl expeoencesro suppon your positjon. Try insrerd ro dcmonst.are a breadth of both rcal-world and
t\^ 9o
cxplain how each exmple you mention illusrntcs l our point. Anyone call sjmply list a long stdrS of examples and claim thar thcy tllustratc a poinl But tic rodcrs,are lookin8 for incisivc analysis,not fasr q?ing (or writin8).
DON'I
t.y .o imprcss the rader wirh either your lasr knosledge of trivia or your tcchnical knowlcdgc of rhe ropic at hrnd.
w,tttng Skfitt forth , GRE/GIMT {etl
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PARI2' Pick up trcr,:r idexs:cvcn tcading just the firs( and lasl pal?grJPhs of erch €ssxl s'ill xfford you m:rn\' uscful jnsighls ' HiFlilight tt4t-rilio'r and rl:tctoricttl PF,ras':slhcn !n compostng s.vcnl essxvs)'oursclf, making a spccial effon ro incorPorate your faYorilesinto vour essaysso tha! tl)cr become Pan of -vournatul.al wriring sqlc NOTE: For book inJonnition, scc thc books wcb supPle' menri (.*'E w.weslocv-stewan).
ronlotrsrt'toEur'lpus DroEvrNFucrurn
Refcrrbg to the lists of cornmon themes on pages 13-15 irl Pan l' roll up your sleeves3nd hit thc proverbiel stacks for lssue idcas All forms of rncdia a.e fair 8'Jne
i,{agazines
Tbe Periodicals lisLcdbelow fea$re anicles thrt cover conrmon lssue thcmcs (th€ first rwo arc €speciallyrelevanl ro t}re GI$D: ' Itc. businesscthics, malta8cmcnl' leadership' enlrcprencurshiP Fotir?s: sime thcmcs as those in 't'c ' u S Ncl1)sf'World Report: no\ blc crlrcnt evcn6 ' T'be Ecollo'nLst:Pohticaland economic ideologJ' "cross{isciplinc" articles) ' .Re,rotr idcolog.vand culNre Ooadsof ' Tlte Neu lbrle''r
arts, huma{u!€s, sociolo8J" Popular culturc
' Tlre Futurist: a)ltrrdl and technological trcnds
with rhis list in hand, hcxd to your loczl librat' or thc magazine's Wcb sit and tille through some back issucs or archivcd xrtjcles' You'll come a\va)' britnming ov€r with iders for bsuc cssays
Hloo!(5
in Chcck our books thar survcy key'Pcople' cvcnts' 'nd dcvelopmcnts wilh: to st'Jt uscful oncs -.lErious are?s of human cndeavor. Herc arc lwo
..'.1 ;r;1;;;,.-.,. ' '
rlaut-petaBoB-con
.
;::'.
uet\ A Hktory ol Ktouledgc: Past,Present,and Flture by Ch^tlcs Doren (Birch llne Pr6s 1991) The vorlt s Gryatest ldeas: An Ef,cj'clopcdia of socilll lnucntiol1^s' cd by Nicbolas '{bcrll', ?.. al (Nc$'Socictl Pubiications' 2001)
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>JJol[ asrnoS aSoflo) Eo.IJ saloN VSS3lnsst 9NidO3S-H9tHV SSOdtOO 01MOH
. Anal\1icJtNriLrn! (i (xcrcis(5)
. Composinga fult-tcngah lssuccssrl,(l cs:,i1.) For cxch Froup of eicrcis(s. di.ccaions ,or rhxr groun inrmediarelyprcccd( th€ excrcises.,.lr-r,,?to scsand collnnents bcght on J)a{e 59.
Owururnc (3 Exrncrsrs)
On scmrch paper. crcare an oudjnc for c:rch of thc fouo\\,ing rhrcc lssues. l'our ourlineshouldconrxinnoresfor: . At least one cxamplc andlor rcason in suppon of cach maiD point o A ba.sicposilion or rhesis (for vour introducrion and concluding prragl'lphs) Limir your timc to 5 minures per lssue. L For rh€ foUowin8 Issue,provide n'l ouulnc for ,1,o body para. Sfaphs-thc first one ir suppon of the sarcment,s positi;n, the sccond opposcd to i!: ."ln ant ficld of eDdeavor,an indiviclual,s bcst critics arc tlc individual's own pcers in thar felcl." 2. For abe folo*,in8 Issuc,provide an outlnc for ,rrce body par]graphs. you, probabl), nccd ar tea$ dlr.. p"_goph. ,o comparc diJtcrenrrypcs of professions ". ""c"rion" La ro aef_. the setemeni,s kev rerms, "Professional successusuallv depends on a person,s abiliq, ro respond and adapt to unexpccted problems and changing crrcum.unccs' 3. For rhe folloe/ing lssue, provide arl outline for ,/rrca body paragnphs. you'll probablv nced xt lcast three paragraphsto examine bodl arerj Lisredand to corFider oihcr possible crj. alquesof the s6tcnren!. "Ho$, we reacr ro public scanclals_whether in busincss or potirjcs-.eflccrs our vajues and prioriries ns a socicr),."
paRAGRApHS ?yRrTlNG JNIRODUCTORy (5 Exencrsrs) .. ,;r.-..:tj -'
Fo-rcach of the following Issucs,compose a tq/o.or tffec-senrc.ncc t trodudoq, paraFrrph rh.ll: . Rcvcrls rie comple -r,vofrhe issue . su8teessa Fencral posrrion on tfic issuc o Anrjcjp?tes $e sFucturc of rbc essr],
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AVSST3nSSteNidOCS-H9tHV :SOdl 03 0l MOH
AunlrncalWrmnc(5 Exenctsrs)
E:ch of the following s! cmcnls is one that mosl tc$ tak':rs would lcnd to a8rceeilh )our t;Nkis rc plx)''lc!i]s advocatel:or eachstnt€mcnt' composc x onc'p:rl:rgmPhrcsponsc in s'hich }ou: ' Providc onc rc$on and/or cxamPlc in suppon of rlrc slatcm€nl 5 posll'on ' Argue agdnst rhc sL:rtcmcnls posilion b)' providrng at leasl onc rcasonand/or examPlt rn you. resPonse,tq to use rh€lorical devices lo conYincethe rcader th;rl your conlnry posi.ion is thc strongcr onc Limit your dme to 8 minurcs
'
per lssuc. 'l 'AJ adults' \ve prcfel to define ourselvcsmorc by our occupx!'on ' than bl' our af{i[aiion vith soci2l grouPs 2
".{ dcmocmtic socicry is dways berte! off when many peoPle " questionauthorit)
"Pare^6 should be frce io m?ke 3'll impon'nt dccisions tcSstding the formal cducanon of rhcir childrcn ,i. 'Tl)c propcr focus of! colicgc cclucnton shorrld be on career a pcrsonal valuc Prcparationand not on the dcvelopmcnt of syslcm"
3
'
5.
-I{ost
piannin8 2nd x Srea' achicvcmentsare thE result of carcful rons susl.linedeffoft r:rthcr than lo sudden bursts of crcrtiviq'or rnsiBht'
lssutEssav(l Essav) A Futt-trNGTH eor.rposl'ro
of Early in Paft 2, I consrrucred,step b)'step, a samPleessal'for each rhcse two simulated lssles: Issue Statement 1 'The bcst way to ensureprotcclion and Prcsermtion of ou'r natural environment is through SovernmentteSdalory measuresWe cannot to rely on thc volunt?,ryeffor$ of individuals and-private.busincsscs achicve $cse objcctives." Issne Statement 2 'kr8e busit(5sei should focus on r€zmwork a5 rhc prirnsl'y m':ns of achi€vingsuccess.'
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Pa.ragriaph2 (DisaSrce) . Pcersmighr b( dishoncst(jerlous)' or comPc(rt'on) . Ou$idcrs rr( nrorc obiectivc . Non-cxpensbring frcsb insights (c.F., lircFrn critic s focus differs from film directo. s)
. tssucrests on dcfinilion ol "best- Ocsl inlomed \'s. mosr obiective) . Kct: Criricism must help you improlc your crifl or advance krowlcdge
l. Anab'sis
Here s an outlllnefor a rcsponsewi$ *ree body prmgraphs. Thc firsi pirrgnph s'ould proyide two mxin reasonswh)'tic tcst takcr tundimcn_ trtlJ' agreeswifi thc stilcmcnt. Thc sccond pamgnph vould considcr possible cxc€ptions, ticn cxplain thcm a.!val'.The third ParaS.aphwould ' . rcco€lizc rhar the issle resrsultimat€ly on thc defitirion of'profcssional ' thxt thc t€st takcr phns to rcl)' on cxafiples succcss."The otltline suESests from a vxiien'of Drofessions,
3
ParagBph 1 (A8r'ce-z Rcasons) . It,r)'jobs inherentll, unprediclible (e.9., ioumarisrn,medir, . I{rilriplc circcrs .re common today (no job securiry) Paiagiaph 2 (Exceptions) . Exception:Jobs cnsconcedin convention/ladition (c 8, laq', banlinS) . but evolvinSlaws, re$latrons, and tcchnology requlrc adapration . care€rsin th€se areasnot sccure ' A fcw riieoredcalfields might be insulared(€.8., brstory, math. or music deor), . but job circumstanccsoftcn unccndn, so aclaptor pcrish! . new dcvclopmcnts stilt possiblc (€.g.rhisloricrl marh rhcorics, nes' musicil forms)
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(5 ExercrsrsJ ffnmNclmooucroRyPARAGRAIHs t. Ana\'sis
The operariveword in rlus sErcmenrrs 'only." Ths kcy voro opcns.Inc door for you to discuss orher rcasons thesc ad5 a.re ofren cffectivc and ro providc supponing cxamples.Hcre s rn inFoductory paraSraphrhar lcaG eppropriately inro rhis discussion.Nodce drat the inroducrion anriclparcs thrcc body paragraphs (onc for t]rc arca of rgrecmeor lnd one for cach of thc wro poinrs of disagecmerr): Aisuming thar an -cffective" 2d is onc dlxt hclps scll the advc.tiscd producr or scrwice,I agrcc with ihe sirremcnr to tlrc cxtent that this advenisingrechnique ca. bc cffccdve. Howcver. the starcmcnt is problcmatic in rso rcspects:(l) jr ovcrlooks othcr reasof'sthat thcsc r't?cs of ads arc often cffecrive,and (2) jr wrong_yassrmesthat consum€rscan accurirc\' pr€dicr thc bencfirs of x product bcfore usnc 11,__
2" Analysis
AnJ,sutement with th€ word "sho.rld" invites the tcst taler ro challcflSe c€nain normative assumptionsundcrlying the statcmcnt-Thc folio$in8 introductoD' paragraphtclls the rcadcr that the tcsr raker rccogizes those assumptionsand will proceed to challengcthcm. Notice thar thc introducdon anticiprtes trlee bod),paragnphs (one for t}le area of agreemenrand onc for each of two challengcs): I do not dispurc thc lcgti-macf of rcscarch aimed at inp.oving thc health and wetl-bcing of locierl'xnd i6 mcmbers. Howcver, thc speakcr misunderstandss/hy vc humans.by ey of ou vcry neturc. arc drivcn to adraoce our knoq'l€d8e in thc fi.st place. Thc spca.ker. fxils to appreciarethat in scekingknowlcdge for knowledge's oqrl s3l(e,rcserchers somclimesmaj(c t}le most profoundlv bcneficitl
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oePcndson rhc q,p( of leadcrshipinvotvcd. \\;t|ilc lcgjrimarc polirical Ic.rdershipmus!. bl, mr dcfinnion, scne rhc crtlzcnrl,. thc same cannotbe sxid for cirhcrbusiness or milicr^,lcndrrship.
Rrcoolrzl.rc ANEssAy,s Snucrune (8.Exrncrsrs) 1. cRE Essay No. 4 Thc frs! rirc n"t"t'phs coDcem ont poinl of vics" *'hitc thc final reo Lm lo thc opPosingv'es (Thc essit o"o*,"on, ,u" favors rh€ lilrer r,ieq, on Darance.) p 1: poinr p 2: Examplc p 3: E\ample p 4: Cou: (ont o"rnPl"1 " ,- aountttPott ntcrpoinr (n second cxample)
2. GRX Essay No. 21 The firsr reo prJ?gmptrsdiscussrhc essayt main poinr (rcuon ln suppon ofrl]e cssay,sposition), wbilc rhc third and fouiir,-fu.rgc]pn" "r.t O,r"ur. ,notier, distinfi poinr
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,. GRI EssayNo. 39 Thc firsr para*r"ph lckrowredSe r con*ry posidon, rhen rebutsir, whire the rcrnarfurgprnSraphs provide exrmples in suppon of dr€ .cburul. p l: poirt _+ couoterpoinr p 2: E)ilJnptc(ln suppon oI counrcrDoinL) p 3 Ex.6pte (in suppofl of counrcrpoinr)
i^ cRE EssayNo. 55 :
The firsr tbree panli.aphs concem one poinr of vi€w, while rhe nnat two pTClphs rxm ro the opposillg vjcw. essa),f:rvo" Ur. ""*,.*, Crhe 'on balance.) P 1: Poinr (one vicw) P 2: Counrcrpoiir P 3: Rcbunal P 4: Poin.(opposirg vieE ) P 5: Counreipoin( --r Rebunat
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2. -.lnal}'sis Thc followir8 respons€firsr acknovtedAesthar dre starcmcnrjs Eenc.alh. conecr. Tltcn,mrher(hrn refulrngrh(,rrcjuuble, rt,.,."run.. no,nr. ou, ,n impon:rnte:rccfrion(and m iltusrrJriv(c)irmntcf
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dmitlcdlt, in a damocraq.. citizens musr qucsrronrhc l mess lnd rclcvancc of.curcni laws. l! is not enough for a handful of lcSislarors ro challengel}te satus quo; ultimarcb,, ir is up to thc elecronle at large ro call for changcsio rhe l:rw whcn rhev are necdcd ro reftect cvolvinS socialvalues.Howevlr, whcn rn rs rcsisrirce ro govcmmcntal aurtro.trycscataresr6iiili p.or€sr, me eod resutr is ofren morc harm than good to d1esociery.despite rhc wonhiness of rhc social or polirical cauje. For insl-:lncc,xl rough ttre violent challenSe ro autho.iry during rhe 1992 Los ArSelcs riors q,as spar.kedby tesidfiare ourrige a8a$sr rice-relaredpolcc bflraliE),,rhc protesr ulrjmatell, rcsulrcd in a financialy crjppted communiry and, mo.c broadh,.a trming back of thc ctock wjih respect ro .acid rcnsionsacross Amerjca. Wasr}le communirl, and tl]e socier.l,bcrrer off in rhe cnd?
. AJralysis Thc following rcsponse.circs.rworeasonsin suppon of thc steremcn!. lhen dispels t})em borh (the trst onc with a,eason, rllc second one b1. cxamplc): Thosc who agrce wjtb rhe svr.emcn!,especiajlJ,prrenG, e.ould a.sue tlrar only parenr cm !ruD, tnow rhe unique ,,e.as of ttrciiEiG] including whar educaional choices are bcs! suiled for rhem, and rhal parcnb arc more motEred dun anyonc else ro ensurerheir children thc bc$ pojsible educlrjon ln m).vreq,. borh rrFunrrn6 aic spt:crous. Ar ror lne rLrsronc, cirjce prcnrs leck borh rhc obiccurirv fl.rd spcciilizcd rfaining of profcssionat cducators, lcaying cruciat decisions abour curriculun ard pecta8ogl, ro p?rcnrs might in many sscs ,csult rn an ulcomptere cducarion.4s fo. thc second onc,4rhough in a pcflecr wortd parcnrswould alwrys majic tlcir cNldrcn s cducfrion one of their highcst prjoriiics, in facr mny parenls do no!.
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1. Sample Response for Issue 1 (370 words) Imposin8icgulalon. mcasur€son thosc \4ro would hrrm thc naruratcnvironmcn(is on( wrv ro prcscrv(it. | (tisxFrcc. h(Nclrf. thr( jr iSncccs srrih rt)r b€rr wx!. Liws miahr clicil gnrdgingcomplirncci but othcr rpproachcs-lhosc drar insdll a senscofgcnuinc comnrirmcnt-nrc Iilel\. ro l)e morc cffcctivc ir r.hctonA(crnl. Admirredl!. mori\,arin8environnrenrrtprorection b! s,:rl of Fovemment regulationvill seflc €nvironmcnralFoalsup to :r poinr. Howcver, man) individurls ard busincsseswill attcmpr lo xvoid comptianceb! concealingrheir acriviries.As for j3{ae businesscsin puriculat, som€ will lobb)' legishtors to modi4, regulatons or mov( opcririons to jurisdicrionslhar allow thcir environmentrlly hamful acrivitier. Others mighi catcularethe rradc.olf berwc€n acccpting punishrnentand pollutin8,-!h€n budSerin advancefor andciparcd pcnalrics aod opcniv viotare dre law. liry inruirion is $at this pracaice is a standardoperating modc amon8 some of our la4iesr manufacnrrcrs. A bcttcr vay (o cnsureenvjronmentdD.otectior js ro inculcarca scnse of gi;G;o"r-ime^r in our socicryand cspcci ll rrl our corporalc culrure-rhrough educarionand slurcboldcr involvcmcnr.whcn man) individuals,includingkc)'corpor:tc exccurivcs.rre commincd ro valucs, t}le rcgulrdonsassociared wirh those!?lues becomea codilication of ' conscicncent}ler rhm obsliclesro circumvcnr.Mo.eover.cornmirmcnt. clrivenactronsrre likely ro bencfirrh( €nvironmciiiler anctabovcwhar the law requires.For exxmpic_\vhilc a pinicular reguhrion migbt permil -__. a ccmin amorur of toxic cmuenrs,irdividurls and businessescornmittcd ro enviror ncnld protec on mighr avoid hannful emlssionsalrogether,
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Instillirg a genuine scnseof commitment rhro gh cducdion and shrrcholder action is not jusr a bencr approach in rheon. it is atso lcss costly ovcrJll thin i comphrnccdnvcn :rpprorch. Regularorl' s_ysrems inicrenrty call for lcgislarjvecomfiutrees,invesrilgtions, xnd cnforcemenr agencics,,ll of .which add ro t}lc t x burden of the irize.s whom these r€gulationsare dcsigncd ro prot€cr. Atso, dctays r'?ically associarcdwith burcaucrrric rcgularion can r}|wafi thc - purposc of the .cgdations, bccrusc cnvironmcntal problcms can quickly bccomc grave indeed. ln ilm, cnvironmenld regulatjons rc cascniially cxpensive 3an&Aids. A conmitncntba5cd approach, involving cducation d ihc individud levcl and shareholdcr activism at the corpon.c lcvcl. cnn instill in thc socicq' at larSe a scnse of environinenEl consciencc. resultin8 jn f:r more ctrcctive envirotuerLrl Drorecdon.
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Thc following ippexrcd jn r mcmo from rhc maiagcr of Uppcrcu6 hair ' : , . . 1 r ' 'i 'Accordins ro r ralionwjde dcmographjcsrudy,more and morc peopte rodayxre moving from suburbsro downroq,n areis. ln orclcrto boost saggingprolirs at Upp€rcut5,Ivc should ral
l. Reaornr Ancumrm, lNo lorNrrry lrs CorucLusron(sl -EvcryGRI .nd clvlAT Argument consistsof $e following bajic clcmcnrsl ]. Evidencc (slatedpremisesthar thc Argumenr does not dispure) 2. Assu::dptiotrs (unst?tedprcmises needcd ro iustifl, a conclusior) 3. CondusioDs (inferences drawn from cvid€,nc_eind assu.rDptjons) ^s you rerd an irgum€nt for ttrc filst rime, idcntiry ils/irot conclusion a5 scll as its inteflncdiare conclurion (if any). Whv is rhir fifsr stcp so impon3nt? Uolcssyou e clcar about thc Ar8umenr's conclusions,lt,s impossiblc ro cmluare rhe allt}lor's rcasoniog or rbe sr.>h of rhe cvidence offcred in suppon of thenr. And rhrt,s whar rhe Argumcnr 'wririDg r25k is all aboutt . You'lt probably fird rhelral conclusion in rhc Argxmenfs fifsr or lasr scnrcncc.The Ar8ument mighr refe. ro ir as i .claim," a "recomm.ndrrion,' or a 'p.edicrion.'An jnrc.medirre concllsion, upon which thc lir.l
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Noq, thnt vou vc spcnr xbout fivc minurcs plinniog )'orrr css:rt, lt's tinlc to conrpolicit. Don l Nrsr( linrc rcpc:ri,rSth( Arlluntcnrrr birnd:thr rcxclcr. whonl ]'ou c;tn assunrcis ;rlrcxd) Ncll txmilir. wilh tlrc Argumcnl. is ore.csted in ]'our cririquc-nor in your tnn:icriprion sliills. Ilere 5 vhat )'ou should .n' lo acconplish in vouf inirial para8r;rph: l
ldentif.v the Arsument s finrl conclusion.
2. Describc bricUl lhc rBUmcn.s linc of rcrsoninSand €videncc in suppoft of its cooclusion. ,.
3. Allude genersll\'ro rhe problcmswirh the ArFuments linc of reasoningxnd use ol cvirlcncc.
You can probablr'accomplish all tlrree tasksin 2-J scnrences.Here's a concise introductory pam8raphfor thc Argumcni involving Uppcrcu6 O'vc undcrline<jwords and phr.lsesthai you couid use in the inroductoD' p'lngr"ph of any Argumenr essr-v): Cjnng a gencnl demo8raphictrcnd and ccnrin cvjdence about two
66er uir satons,ttrc manascrof Uppcrcuts(Uc) S9!!!9!f-!g!g1l
IJC should relocxre from suburbanto downtown Apion ir ordd to ani:rcr morc custome.sand, ir tufn, improvc irs profitabiliq'. How. cver, thc manager'sar8umen! rclics on 1 scnes of unploven assump iioos and js drcrclorcunconvincin8as ir sl,nds-
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Your introductort' pam8mpb js drc lcast imponant comPoDcn!of yout cssey.Thus, you trighi consider lvriling unlii you've complcled your critiquc of thc Argument before composin8 your inroduction (ur essyoo arc a GII-Etest Bker who viil submir handwritten €ssrys).lf you're - - - runnint out of tirnc for your inuoduction, bcgin your essal with a scntcnce litc one of tbe followinS two, then delve riSht r.r9 your nrst poin! of c.iiique-without a panfraPh break: r' '" /r''r
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This zrAumcnt suffcrs from numcrous nips thal. consid€.cd togcthcr, rcodct rinlcnable r})c conclusion (hat Uppcrcu6 ;hould rcloclte to downrown Apron. One such IIas'involves . . . I find thc algumcnr for movjng UPPcrcuIs salon doqtown sPccious aL o€s!. oecluse it reiics on a se.ics of uoPtovcn tnd doubttul, assumptions,One such assumptionis thar . .
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Bmphictrcnd rcilcclsths narionalrrcnd.1'ct.thc mcrr trcr thrt onr h:lir sxloDhrs nrovcd downrown h:|rdll srrfficcsto infcr an! suchtrcnd in pron: H:rir-Dooz miFht ows irs succrss rl its n€\\' locntion ro facrorsunrclulcd io Aproo s demogr:rphics.Vithour befter evidencc of . dcmognphic shifl towrrd doNnrown Apron, il js iusr :ls lihelt thxr there is no such trcnd in Apton- For thrt mrttcr. the rrend might bc in dlc oppositc dir€ction, in which cvcnr ftc nrnna8cr's recommcndrUonwould xmounr ro especi:rll)'poor advic€. Even if Apron s demogFrphicsdo rcllccr thc nrrional rrcrd, ir is unfair to:rssumet})at UC rvill xnlid morc cusromcrssimpl) by relocainS downtown. lt is corirel]' possiblc rh4t the q?cs of people who prcfer living in downrcwn areasrend not to pxtronize upsc: e salons.lt is also possible thar Hair.Doozwill contrnus ro jmpedc upon UC s business,just as 1r might havc orrh€-r,U.@ UC might not bcnclit from thc demog?phic trcnd, the malragcrcxnnot convince me lhrt UC would aft-ractmorc customcrs,ler alone incrcaseits profiIs, by moving downtown, Nor cxn the managcrjustlf,vthe recornmcndcd course of acrion on *le basisof the Bmimrd sxlon's succcss,Pcrhaps hair salonsgeneml)' fa.e beuer in downrcwn Brainard tian downrown Apron. due ro demosmptDcdijIerence
Finally. cv€n assumrngthar the proposed relocation would att:lct morc customers,an increasein dre flunrber of patrons would not nccessaril-\' resul! in improvcd profits. 449!3!, pi6lir is a tuncrion of expensesxs q,cll as revenue. Thus, an incrcasein UC's cxpcnses-due pcrhaps ro hjgrcr r€n.s doMrown thln at the mall-might v€rs weu offset incresin8 rcvcnucs, thcrcby lrustnting UC s effons ro improvc irs Drofitabilis'.
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B. Pnoornrao roRStGNtFtcANT MrcHnNrclr PnoslrMs I ou. Ar,rumcnrcssxr. lik( your )sslrccs$a!. nccd nor bc n:rslcss in order ro cxm x rop scorc.Thc rcxdcrsNoo r dccrcxscfour scorcIo, rtrc occasional,wkeard senrcDccand minor crror in puncruilion. spcllin8, gmmnrxr.or diction (word choicc rnd usa8c).tisr wh:rrevcr rime rcmrins rc lL\ tl)c nrosl Flxring n)cchnnicxlproblcnis. Corrccr spcllio8 cfi.ors ont). rvlren drc\.rc likct! ro inrcrfe.c Nirh the rc,rder'sundcrsrandingof rhe point:u hrnd. Donl spcndrn).rim( corr€cringpuncruarionor minor spcllinE€rrors.
oRcANtztNG youR TDEAS (YOURESSAY'SSTRUCTUREI Just as for the lssue essi), the tesaingservicc mrj<esclcar tljat there is no coo'€ct srrucrurer?r Je for rn Argument essat,.Ncvenheless,you should adhere to cenain guidelinesor risk tosirS vour trnin of rhouShr on rhc
Nuraesn or Wonos Don t worry abour rbe wo.d lcngth of your essa).As long :ls you incorpo rxtc into ),ou. essry ill rhe elcmcnrs rhlt l sugtlcsrherc in pan 3, your css:iys word lcng$ 'will be appropriare. ' -NOTE:
ilhe,saGple -{rgumcnt cssaysin pan5 6 a.r|d I of,thirlbook i: : ral]8c from 425_ro625 s,ords in lenFh. Bu( for a rop .scor€.of.(, 5/oui.
NuMgrn or Plnncmpss Thcre is no 'correct' or 'besr" number of pamgraths for an Argumenr cssa),.Howevcr, any GREor clvlAT A,rSumcntess:!),shoutdconrain ar lcasl l,lrrecbody pamgrrphs, becausecvert, official Argumcnr contains ar leasr threc sjgnilicxnt, and disrincr,rcrsooing probtcnls_tn addirion, your cssay should includc a flnil "rec.p" paragmph arid, if you have rime, an inroducrory p.ratraph.
}dN ,\RGUMENTS IJNE oF RrAsoNrNG ANDYouREssay'sSrnuou'ne The sructure of your cssry shouid lenecr the Argumcn. s tinc of rc.asoning as much as possiblc.You! poinrs of c.iriquc sbould lcad ttre readcr, itcm b)'irem. from rhe ArFum€nfs evidcnce and rssumprionsro rhe Argllmcnt,s inr€rmediareconclusion(iI an'r, tben ro irs final conclusion. Herc.s an
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PART3 o Man! Ar8urncn6 rel),on rhc assumprionrhx( rhe rccommended cours( of acrioo is eirhcr ,ecc.r.san,of srlr.ricic,1t\or bo.th)rc rcl)icrc :r srrrcdobiccrivcor ourconrc.Usur \. rtrc mos( tosicil plxcr ro discursrhrsc:rssunrplions is jn voury',ral bo(t),prr;r. Fmph-durinS \v[ich you Fmnl lll1orhcr xssumpljons (for thc sik( of nr8unr€n0. . Some Out nol minv) tugumenrs suIIc. from problcms wirtr rhci, ntlcrnal loti. (c.N_,conlmdicroq, r(commendarions or objscrivcs, or crcurar rca-roning).Usurlty, rhe mosr lo8icd plxcc ro iddress rhcsc problemsis ir voury',z/ bodl p:rmgrJph_du.ing whicb you Smnr all ofte. rssumprions(for tI€ s^ke of argumcnr).
Opnotar-EumrmsANDYouREssny,s Srnucruar Thc forcgoing Suidclinesfor paragmph numbcr aod lo8icd sequcncc should dicute your Argumenr essays srrucrure,for tic mosr pafL Hos,. cvcr, you do hrvc a f€rv personal choiccs whcn ir comcs ro eithcr ofth€ follovir8 oprional elcmenls: . Suggesdonsi-s ro hos/ the Ar.Sumcnrcar) be srenFhened . Addirional informadon need€d ro cvaluarerhe Argumcnr lf you have rime to add cirhe. elemenr ro vou. cn!,quc, you have rwo re:rtisUccboiccs: l. Lisr rhe suggcsrions(or addirionatirformarion ncedcd) in.your lrnt para$|aph. 2. lncorporale rhe ljs! of sugSesrions(or addirional inJormation nceded) into vour bodl paTaqrapbs as yolu compose cach one in rufn. For .x.ampi€,indicate additionat cvidcncc necdcd ro suDst nlate i panicutar assumption(i.c., !o shos, thar rhe rssumprion is rue) $ you poinr our thar assumprion.
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PAR] 3 ljninrrd s:tlonponcnds succcssfor llC in (k)\\'nt()\'o Al)Ion. I would nced ro kros.why rh( formcr srlon is succcssfirlin rhe firsr plxcc. lo sunr.thc x.,rumcnrrclics on \vh:I nrithr rnxr tl, nvo poot q ' c l l a o a l o 8 i c sb c n v c e n U C a n d . ! v o o d r c r s r l o n s . a s xs i swrcproF gen€ralizrtion xboul demotrnphic rnjtrds. vhich rnin or n1:rl nor r p p l ! t o A p r o n . . A sx r c s u l r . \ , i r h o u r r h c l d d i r i o n x l i n i b r m r t i o n indicared abov€. I find rhe ,ug|ment unconvincinl .r best.
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The test maker inrentionall) inco.poraresioro slch Argunlcnr num€rous rcasoninSfl:rws thjrr rcndcr lfic ArEumenr\llnerible ro cnticism. ln t typicxt ^r8umcnt, you can find riuee or four distircl arc.l for addque. (Clancc drough ihc cssa\'sin Parts6 and 8, and you'l nolicc thrt mosr of t}|cm conBin tlree o. four bodJ'pxngraphs-one for each distinct rcasoningIlnw buil( inro drc ,^rgumen!.) ln rhis scction, you'll explore the rcasonin8flnws rhar arc mosr corrnon in GREand GMAT Argumenrs.I ve prcscnred rhem bere in order-from more f.equent ro lcss f.cqucnL.Fo. cach rype of flaq', you'Il flnd at lcrit onc simulatedlrgumenr rh:rt illusrircs rl)e p.oblem, along wilb at least one iff€crivc rcspons€.The simulatcdAr8lrments and respoosesr.ntris s€ction arc cach dcsjgred to focus on one partjcular rcasoning flas. Thel :lre nor inrended :rs complcrc rgumcnls or ess:rvs, : ":: NOTE::l:ve irleffionallv avoided rhc usc of:rhe tcchlliral tcrminolosy of form;l logic to idcnlib q pcs of loEical fallacrcshcre. You don:t'need to kno\r' thesc tcnDs, ,nd you don't nced aq'.formal coulse;ork h losic. in order ro recogflizc a-odIundlc reasonirs probiedsjn GRE and CMAT ArSumeflts.
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Thc lbllos'irrr xppca.cd in r n)cmo fronl a rctcvision nctsoik s protnmrrinF dircctor: 'Parcnrsof ]'oun8chitdrcnarc bccominAincrcxsingh. €onccrrcd abourho\\' depicrionsof viotcncco,r rclcvisionmighr inJtuencci chikls trrl)iviorxnd rrritlrdes.Drrrjnglhe pnsrvexr, rlte.rtin8s for Rcal Crirrtc. one o[ oLr ncrwork s n]ost popular primc.timc sho!\,s.hrvc sreidih. declincd. Thcrcforc. in ofdc, ro boosr our pnmel1imcmrinss, \ec should rcpjacc Rc.rt CriDrc \,irh tl siruxrion comCdt shos.." Response A The at8ument rclies on an unproven cxuse.nnd-effccrelaiionship bcrw€en cefiain parcnnl conccms and rhe shoq,'s ntings proble, . The direcror h:rsnor rulcd our orher possibteciuscs lor thc show,s r^tings decline-for examplc, ! chanScin rhe show's specific timc slot. lf it rums our rhrt rhe show s dcings problem hxs nothing ro do wjth it's dcpictions ofviotencc. r.hcnsimptv rept:rclngthe show.(vlth one thar contains no violcnce wil probiblt nor solve rhc problcm_ ResponseB To begin wid), rhe meoro indicires ncirhcr ttut yo!ng children are inrcr€sredin warching Rcat Cnnc nor thar th€ show actu.Iy depicrs violence. Ycr borb coridirions.re neccssan,in ordcr for the show ro carq' t}Ie kind of delcreriousirJluence on young chitdren wjth which parcnts seem concemcd. Thus. ur essboth condirjons are mct, the orrector cannor convince me rhi! anv changc involvjng th€ show will addrcss reseparenhl concems, ler alonc boost rlrc sbow's.mtings, Even il Real Cntne doesponrav viot€nce and does have a porenri.ltl. undcsirablcimpac! on yolrng chjldren as a resut, the diiector has nor shovh rhar th€ show's waning poputarity is amiburable ro rhis impact. Perhapsthe show owcd i$ popularity !o some oilcr featurc, such ai n certain celebrity narmror, thar the shos, now lacks. Or p€rhaps a new compering sho$', onc rhti is ar lcasr as violcnt as,Redl Cnnc, has drawn vicwers ^war tsiotnReaI Crirr?. h shon, untit ibc dircctor rules our_all-orhcrpossible reasonsfor thc rerinS'sdectine, I will rernain unconvinced thrr rhe shov's violent porlmFls, if an),,are rcsponsiblefor rhe tlend ind tlcrcforc rhar inl chrn8c s.outd scrvc ln order ro c\.aluatcrheargumenrproperj). ar rhc very leasr,I woutd nced ro know \t/hcrhcr !h€ conreni of,ReatC-rn e is cxusefor parcnrrt concem and what percenrageof rirc show's viewers are yo\rng childrcn. lt would alsobe uscfulto kno$ rhe re.lsonsfor rJ]cshow s retativc populariff in t}lc prs! and whv formerJ??a/Czi,Dcvievers, cspccially those wnh voung child.en. no longer wxtch ltrc shos..
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False-Cause Problems in the Official Arguncnts
(Parts 6 and 8)
As you studl' my essaysin Parl 6 ("Essaysfor 20 Offjcial Gn_EAr8\rmen6")' problcms in the following paragdphs: look for m)' an,l.vsisof fxlse-cause t t I CRI ArSum€nt No. I (founh €ssiJ'paflar:ph) GREArSumctt No 20 (secotd md thjrd essi)' pa'rSciphs) pan8mPh) GRI ArSumentNo. {2 (third essa.Y paflAnph) (founh essal GREArgumenr N;. 46 GREArgumcnt No- 59 (thi.d cssaypan8rtrplr) GREAr8umcnt No 68 (s€co8dessaypll-ngmph) GRI Argumcni No. a8 (drird ess4' pit-rgrrph) GREAr8ument No. 91 (tlrird essayparagmpnJ GRL4.rgumentNo. 96 (frfth essayPanSnPh) Gn-EArgumcnt No. 105 (second arjd rhird essayp aSflphs) GREArSument No. 122 (second cssaypamglaph) As you srudy my cssi\'s ifl Pan 8 ('Essays for 20 Official GlvlAT Argu' . mcnrs-). toot foiinr; anrlysisof falsc'causcproblems in the followinS Parrgfaphs:
I t I I GMAT ,\rgumcnr No. 23 (third essavparagnph) GMAT AJgument No 28 (second and i,'fth cssay paragmPhs) GMAT Argum€nl No. 37 (sccond €ssal paragraph) GMAT Argumcnt No. 42 (fourth essayparagiaplr) GMAT At8ument No- 48 (third €ssxyPar'8mPh) GIIAT Argumcnt No 74 (tnird essayparngcaph) GtvlATArBrment No. a4 (second cssqr pangraph) GMAT Argumcnt No. 89 (ftird and founh cssal'PimSriphs) GI'IAT At8rrmcnt No. 93 (sccond cssay paragnph) GMAT A8umcnt No. 105 (second.nd thfd essfy paragtaphs) GMAT A,r$rmcn! No. r24 (founh essayparaaraph)
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following \':rs prfl of:r spcccir midc bt thc principai of Vxllct Iiigh sch(xt: _[v14 )ci.. Dunsrontligb Schoolwins tlrc schooldistiicfs sl|ldenr i\4:lthSupc.Eos,lcomperirion.The iverage snlan'of rcxchc.s:rrDuns{o. is Frcircr ihrn xr arl,orh€r schoolin thc dislrjct. ]lcncc in order tor vrl-lc)'Hiah sludcnls ro improvc thcir scorcs on ilre state'ssnndrrdizcd achievemcnrexams,Valiev shouldbc8in rs'ardingbonusesto 1,: lc]'teacherswh€ncvcr Valleydcf(:ttsDunslonin drc Mitl) S!perDovl." The principal's recommendationrelies on what might be a poor a.nnlo8)'berween Dunston and Vallcy. vallev lcachers might bc less responsivetllan Dunslon teacherswhen it comes to monetar)' ircentives, or Vdley srudentsmjeht be lcss Sjfred than DrrlNton srudcnrswheD i( com€s !o marh. ln shor.!,whar milFr havc hclpcd Dunnon perform-wcll at the llrti SupeaDowlwould not nccessiril)' trelp VaIq' perfom bettcr €ithcr at the SupcrBowl or on the sttte Rcsponsc B Even assujr1ing Dunsrons sreurr perfomancc at cl)e SuperBowl is anriburrble to ns high r€lcher salaries,a differenr monctlr.9 inccntive Oonuscs) for r dificrenr Sroup of reachcrsand studenB O?llcy's) will not ncccssaril)'cah a similar rcsulr. Thc mcr€ prospect of a bonus mighr not provide xs Frex! io inccntivc as a salar]'mise, For tha( mrftcr, xnl form of monenry rcward midlr provide far less motivation for Vallq"s rcich€rs than for Dunsron's,As for thc siuderlrs, Dunsron s fiight be cxceptional]. giftcd in math and rvodd win thc SupcrBowl cvery vear, regardlcssof cffo(s at other schools.ln shor., without accouflring for impotunt possiblc differcncesberwccn Velley and Dunsron,the princip crnnor rcaionabl-yrel.yon Dunston's sxlariesro prove thht the proposed bonuscswill hcip vallcy defeal Dunston, ler alone score high on t}Ic state s cxams. To streEgth€nthe ;8umcnt, inslcad of r€lyir8 on a dubious analoSl bctwcen Dunsron and valq, rhe plincipal should supply cvidcncc, perh?ps by !/ay oI a reicher survq'or pilor program at vallcy, that dre proposed bonusesq,ould providc sufficicnl incennvc for Valicy s rclchers ro help thcir srudenE pcrform bcRcr in frgtb compctiUons and oo flath resls.The cvidencEshouldalso show ihat Vall€fs r€rcbers,!re capableof improvrng thcir cffecti\'cnessai math lcachcrs and rhrt their srudentsare crpabie of improvrng their perfonn nce.
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2. Dlucialrtc by providing 1I lexsr ont or ts'o tcsP.cts in which ket ch:rncrc.isticsof simple group mjghl diffcr from drose of th€ ItrScrpopulxtion. l. Irphin hoN lhosc dilfcrcnccs Nould undcrnlin( the,^r8trmcnt s conclusron. )'o'r'll probihh nccd ar leaslftrcc senrcnccslo accomPlishxll threc slePs(onc scnrcnccfor crch s!ep).Oncc you vc xccomplishedxll thr(c t]lsks,if ]'ou havc cxtn tknc ro discussthe p.oblem, add one of thcse rwo optjontl elcmcntsr . lndrc.rrel)ow rhe Argument'sruthor crn prove tirrr rhc srmp)e group is rcprcs€nttrrivc,or in the allcmativc, makc a convincing argum€nt without thc sBtistic. . lndicate whal else you would nccd io know to derermine \ehelher rhc sample group is r€prescnmtivcof th€ hr8er populatjon.
rarnple Hcre's an A4pment thxt rclics on auroPotcntirll) unrePrcsentarivesamplc Broups:(f) ncw Braduatesftom a cer(ah stxte'sundcrgmduateprognms and (2) Dcw gmduatesfrom thc slate s Snduate'lcvcl progl-ims. (Thc Arl|urDcnt niSht suffcr from other rcasonj$8 problcms a5 wcll, but hcrc I'm focusurgon this slrt'sticat probiem.) RcsponseA Provides a bri€f bul adcquareone-paraSmpbanalysisthlt conBins cach of tlrc dfee elcmcnts ncrdcd to addrcssthis problem. RcsponseB provides a morc de.ailcd ulysis with morc eximples, as wcll as indicating (in a fmd pan8r'aph) what ad.htioml inlomralion is needed to tulh' cvxluate.bc Argument. A.rSumenr The following was pan of an nrticle apPerring in r nadonal magazrne: "Olr Dition's ncw college Smdueteswill have bener succcssoblain_ jobs not if lh€y do ing Pursueadvanccddegtcesafter Sraduation. Aficr all. morc $an 90 pcrccn( ofStatcX s underGnduatcstudcnB ,rc employcd full-ime within onc yc.rr 2fter thcy Lraduitc, whilc lcss *lan ha.lfof Sate X's lraduetclcvel students find emplqrneni withjn one yel' ajier rccciving thcir grrduate de8tees." The *Bument f:jls ro considcr ahar Stite X s ncs' graaluates might nol bc rcprcscnBdvc ofthe nation's ?s a whol€, esPccblly if thc formcr group 'corEdrutcsonly a small pcrccntaScof tbc laftcr 8rouP. If lt turrnsout, for cxamplc, thrt Stalc x's undcrgmdualetstudcflB,r€ lcss -moti\?icd thrn the nacion'saveragccollcgc saudcntlo pursuc SEduatc'lcvcl srudy, then thc argumcnt s r€comn€ndarion for all undc4lradurtc srudcnaslvould be un*arnnlcd.
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kryrr'tcoH IATMIED lusurrsFRoM A SuRVEy oR PouA{ }ou iusrlermed,:r GREor GI,IATArAunrcnrnrrAhrdms, somc conchF sion involvin8 x Froup bxsc(ton sririsrical drur ^tjo\tr N insulficie, ol l.nroprcscntatiDasafiplc. Howcvcr, rlis is nor ahc onlv potcntirl problcm with sritsrjcal det2. The proccssof coltccrinSrh€ datf (i.c.. rb€ methodo,ogy) rnighl be nawcd in :r v:rl. rhar c:rls irro qucsrion rhc qua D, ol rhc (hta, rcndcrirg rhe dal2 'tainted" and rhercfore unrcliable for rhe purposc of drrwirg any conclusions.ln ordcr for surveYor rroll rcsults to be rdiable in quxliq: . The suffct or poll responscsmus! bc credflr/" Gruthful 2JId eccunrc). U respondentshave rcason ro provide incomplcrc or false responses, t}Ic results are taintcd ard unrcliable. . Thc method of collecdng the da!3 mu5t be lrbra.red. lf respoflses at€ not rDancl"toryor if thc survcy.sfodn predispos€ssubjects to lcspond in cenaj, ways, rhcn the rcsufts arc rainred and unreliable. To shov,/ the rcader that you rccognizc ard undcrsrrid rhis statisticd probicm, you nccd to accomplishajl rbrcc of thc following tasks: t. Idenrlfy r})c problem (c.8_,16 onc of r}Ic Ar8umcflt's cruciat !5sumprions)... .
2. Elucidate by providing a! lcasr one or rwo reasons,bascd on rhe Argum€nfs irformadon, why rhc sratisrical dara mjght be taimcd 2nd lln.eliable. 3. Expb.in how r}|c porcnliallt .r.inred dari mighr undcrminc rhe A4trment's conclusion.
You'U probably flecd at leiit tliree sintcnccs to accompljsh all three slcps (onc s€ntcocefor each srep). Once vou.vc accomplishcd alt r}lree tasks,iI you havc cxtra rimc ro discussrhe problem, add one of thcse rsro optionaj
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E:ceople Thc followin8 Arguncnt rclics on suflcy rlut poscs 1 potcnrial,lrtas as w.ll ^s ^ credibiliDt probiem. CIhe Afglglcnt mighr sulfcr ftom orhcr rcasoning probletr)r a5 wcll, bur here I'm focusing on rii|rcd{ata problcms.) Thc icsponse con.zirs aI rhree etemcnB requir€d ro addrcss cach problcm, in a siode parrgrnph.
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6llE or GM T Ar|unrcol Dli8hlrccomnrcndr ccnain corrrscot xction' b;rscdon ooc or bod) of tht followinF clrrors: l. Thc cours( ol rclion is tc.c.rsa.'t() xchicvci clcsircdt€suh 2. Thc cou$€ of ictiott is sulficictt ro ^clieve ibe dcsired result' Borh claims often occur in the samc ^r8um€nL and both xre Porentidl]' \arlneirble to criticism \Vjtl) rcsPecl Io claim l. (hc rgumenr musr providc evidence tha! no othcr msrns of achicving t)rc s3me res'rlt are availab)cO-Ythe wal, it von'O wilh resPectto cliim 2, 1ne-/\'rgument must provjde Strong cvidencc tha! thc Ptoposed course of sction b)'ltsell would bc suflicicnt lo bdng rboul thc desired result (by the w3) ' it won\), bcking this son of cvidcnce,the Atgumcnt cannot tely on tnesc claimsto suPPonils rc.ommendrtron An AJgrlmcnl that rclics on one of these two 2ssumPtionsdoei no( necisserily rely on tle other a5wcu. Read the Aigumcnt v€ry carcfutlybecxuse1 fcw wotds can mlkc ill lhc diffcrencc For insrance'consider at thc followitg altemativc recommendationsfor rcversinga profit dcclinc X1z' ComPany(thc il-?liciz€dwords are the key): Utlc$ XYZ Company hres th€ former markctinB dircctor of ABC c,omP^n\',)|fZ rti nor tevcrse i6 current profit decLinc' IThis conclusion tclies on the neces$ry-condidon assumPtion ody l BJ, hinlg the former markednBdrccror of AIIC Compan)' XYz ComPanYuiJl boosl ,!s Prohts nssumPdon J'Ilns conclusion rdics on the sufficient-condition only.l Jt order to boos! its Prolits, Xl'Z Company sbottld hjre rhe fo'mct marketjng dircctor of ABC Company lThis conclusion relies on both assumptions Th€ lrnguage imPttcs thar the recommendedcourse of acrion is necdcd to' and in fact will, brin8 about the s6ted obicctivc l .rlcccssary{ondition-ffld su{icicnl' To show t}lc rcadcr you u$dcrstard condi$on Problems, .tou necd to accompljsh all ti'rc€ ot ulc Iouoq'rns ]. ldentify
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ex:rnrplc,cncoungin! pltrcnrsro rc:rdwitb rheir childrcn or simpl)' devorint morc rinle durin8 school ro rc;lding. Oihcrwisc, it seemshasry il besrro concludc th( rlrc disrricrmusr adopr (he BTA protll-inr, or tor dMr maccr ant re,'dinApro8rinr. h ()rdcr to achicvc ir5 objccrivc. Thc supc.inrcnd€nlalso netlccrs ro subsranixte hcr issumprion ihar adopdng BTB would suffice bv irself to improve srudents'rexding skills to $e desir€dc).1enr.Common senserells me that BTB will bc hr8cl! ineff€ctivc unlessothcr condirions arc mcr as wcll. Mosr notabl],.srudcnrsmusr bc sufficiEndvxtrenrii'c and motivated, ln shot1,uotil lhc superinrendenrshows lhat rhc p.ogmm wil be cffcclivclv implemcnredand r€ceived. I simp\' cannor accepr lhc
l. Nccessary- and SufEcicnt-Condition Assumptions h the Official .drguments (Paits 6 aDd 8) As you snrdy rny essaysin Pan 6 ("Lssxys for 20 Ofi;ciit cItE Aj.Sumcnts"), iook for my analysisof Dcccssaryand suflicienr{ondidon assumptlonsln thc fouowirg paragrnphs: Necessa.ryConditiors r ll GREAr8urnenrNo. 20 (s€cond cssaypar-rgraph) GRE Argumcnr No. 59 (fifrh css:ry para8|aph) . GRE,lrgumcn( No. 109 (sccond essaypangnph) GFJ Aqumert No. 122 (fifth essry pffaSnph) Suf1]cicnt Conditions I | | GREArgument No. 20 (founh essa-\' pangr-aph) GRI Ar8ument No. 46 (thkd ?rd ff$ essay paragraphs) Gru Argumcnt No. 68 (third essayparrgraph) GRI Argumem No. 76 (s€cond cssayparagnph) GRI A4lument No. 96 (founn essayparagraph) GRIEA4$menr No. 122 (third essaypanglaph) As you study my essaysin Prrt 8 ("Essays lor 20 Official GIIAT ArguE)co!s"),look for my ana,lysis of nccessry- and suf{icienr.condirion problems in the follovin8 paragmphs: Neccssa-ry Conditions | | I | ,GjU,{T{rgument No. 28 (third essay paragraph) GMAT J\rsument No. 53 (foulIh cssay paraSriph) .. GMAT AiSumcnt No. 59 (rhnd cssay paiagmph) | GI{AT ,{rgl]mcnt No. 79 (fifrh cssay paragraph) GMAT tu'g]lmenr No. 89 (nfi-h cssay paragraph) GMaT ArI|umcnt No- 93 (founh essayparagaph) ' GMAT Arrllment No. 117 (founh €ssayprngaph) G]\4ATArgument No. 12{ (ffrh essa)'p 'agriph)
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,\r'!iument The followin8 appearedin a Iocxl newsP,rP€r€ditorial: "ACcordinS lo . rcccnl n:ltionsidc srlta(l. n 8.c.Ier Pctccnta8c rodnr (lrxncvcr our n:r!'oo r lccn:rgc.scomPlxilr()f dcprcss'(n) of wc necd to do more !o bcforc. ller( in lhc town of Scrsidc. ensureth4 our leenxgc.sfill their dxis with mcaninSturl. productivc activides,so lhxt lhc) gro\1'trp to bc happl, B'cll' adjustcdaduks.' Rcsponsc lrhough tic edirodnlrssumesihat Seasides tecnaEcrsare typical of the nation's tcenagersm leneml, it suppliesno evidencewh1ts0everto sub5ontiatedris aJsumption.For 3-llwc knorr'. the incidence ofdeprcs_ sion amongScaside'srcensis far lower than the national alerage-low enoughthacteen deprcssiondoes not pose a cofiununitl"widc Problcm for S€aride-IJso, t.\e cditorial cainot jusrj4'ils rcconmendation to tlr€ cofimunjq, atleast nor basedon tie nationwide su.vct. To bolsrcr tbe rccommendation,instcad of relvjtS on a nvecPing genct"lizalion, the editorial's aud)or should Providc speciic cvicleflcc that among S€asidelccnagers,depressionis 2 s'idesprc;td probl€m rhar is !.kely to contjnuc udcss the communiq Ld{essPccific mea' surcSro rcversc tnc lrcnct.
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Truc for a Mcmbcr Is also Truc for the Group The fo owillg Argumcnt ffsumcs that chxractcristicsof a pxniculal memb€r of a SfouP aPplv to the SrouP as a vhole. Cfhe Argurnent might suffei from olher reasoninSproblems a5 vell, but herc I m focusing on A Providesa bnef bu( rdaqu:rre itr;sgroupmimber problem.)ResPonse that cont?hs each of the three elementsncedco to one-par"gmPhan.lvsis ed&ess th€ problcm. ResPonscB provid€s x more deniled mi\'sis witb riorc exr,nplcs, a5 well 15listing additjonal infofiniiion ne€cledto proF crl-vevaluatcthe Atgument. The fo owing is pan of in articlc appeffing in tre entcftrtment sccuon of a IocJ n€!$p.Per. "At the local viewcr Choicc video store, thc number of aLailablc movi€s rn YH$tapc format tcEr.aits about thc same as thrce ycars ago, cvcn thouSh Lhe number of arailablc movics on drFilal wideo disk, or D\rD, hx5 rrcrcrscd tcnlold oter u)e pr5l ulfcc yelrs. Pcople who predict the jspending obsolescence of tbe vHS format irc mistakcn. smce dcm:rnd for vHs movie renttls roday clexrl), remarns jrx! ar sFonS 2s ev€r."
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AssumrxcrHATALr THrruos Rrm,qrn UNcH.lr.rcro ovERTIME /\ GRE or GI1AT Ar8umcnt mjehr re\, or cvidcrcc colccrcd n rl\erast irt order to formulirc:;omrconclusiooor rcconrmcnd;rrion conccmingthc preseilt ot rlJcJLtto-!. Similarl),,:ln Argumcnt miSht rclf on cvjdencc abour present condtrio s ro mak€ a prcdicrion or rccornmcndarionIor tbe ,ttttc. D\tr unlcss lhc rguDrcnrprovides ctc:rr cvictcncr !t.r,lrkcy circum. st nces bave rcmaincd, or will rcmain, unchnngcdovcr tbe relcvanr timc pcriod (b)' the wa), i! wonl), rhe Ar8umenr is \,l)lnerabteto crjricism. To addressa mc.shifi problem, you should :rccomplish€ach of rl)e following rhrce usks: 1. Identify lhe problem (i.e., rhe poor assumprionrha! aI kc), circumstanccsrcmrin txed over tiIne). 2. Elucidate by providing cxamplcs of condirions t}}at migir chmge from one Ume Famc to tl)c orher. 3. Evduare r}lc arAumenrin li8hr of rhc probl€m. You'U probably fieed rhrcc scnrenccJto accomplish a[ rlu€e r$k5. If you havc more t!ne, you can perforrn eithcr of thc following optional task5 a5 . lodicatc rhar ro srcn$hcn tl)c argurncn!,rhe autlor musr conrtncc rhar oihcr rclevanr condirions remain urch4nS€d from onc timc foelne to rhc next. . Lisr addiional iJrformationabout pasr afld present (or prcscni alrd funrrc) ci.cumsunccs tlat you nccd in order to evaluarcthc rccommcndarion,predicrion, o. orhff conclusion.
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Hcrc's an AJgumcnr rhat prcvidcs €vidcncc abour thc past to dl"w a . coDclusion abour rhc prcsenr ,s wcll aj 1tlc futufe. CIhe Al.gumcot migha suffcr from oticr rcasoning problcms as wcll, but hcre I,m focusinb on this tj$e-shifr problcm.) The rcsponseaccomptishcsall duec rcquircd u.ski, as well as suggesdng how to suengt}lcn-the argumcnr, all in a single, concrsc p-e_fa8nph. The folowing zpp€arcdin a polirical cimpaign adveniscmcnr: 'Rcsidcots of tJris st?te should votc to clect l{.r-avitza5 stetc govcmor i.n thc upconling elcction. During lctvitz's _filr-alrcrfn a-sx srat€scnator,shc a/as a mcmbcr of a special leAislativc commincc t}laacxplored w"ys rhc statc can reducc ir5 cscatadrS ratc of violcnr crime. Elcct Kravic for aovemor, and our citics' srrecB pil
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ncnt nlus! suppl) berer evidcncc-pcrbaps bI va_r' of a lljievicB, survev rnd i l-lkcvie\\'cconomic forec:rsr-of a sufficicnr dcmand in LlkevicN fo. thc kinds of p()clucls lo8x L\scnrirls .ells, ar lcast for tbc forcscc;rblc fururc. Orhcnvisc. rlrr xurl)of cnnnor pcrsuadc mc rhir i L1kcvic$ fnnchise \l,ould bc profitlbtc.
Tame-Shift Problems il the Official Arguments (Parts 6 and B) Ai you srudymj,es$ys in Prfi 6 ("Essavs for 20 Officiai cREArgumenrs"),look tor m\' anal)sisof rime.shr.ft problenrsin lhc fottoNirs p;tn8mphs: | | | cn.E Argurncnr No. 9 (iirird essiy p:rragrapir) cRE ir!'umcnr No. 3l (fourih essxypafignph) GRI Argumcnr No. 96 (sl\{r essal'pangi.rph) Gn-EArgument No- 109 (rhird essal.p:rmSrnplr) GREArgument No. 113 (founh cssayprrlgriph) s you srud)'my css:rvsin Paft 6 ("EssaYsfof 20 Official clt T Arg:umcnrs"), look for m)'xnalysisof time,shifrproblems ifl d1efollowinS paragraphs: I I I I G 1!T Argument No. 23 (fourth cssxyprlagmpb) GI{, T Argument No. 28 (fouftb essq' pamgmph) GMAT Arg1lmentNo. 5l (sccond and rhird essaypaligmphs) GtrIAT rgument No. 79 (fourth essly panSraph) GMAT Argumenr No. l3l (second essxl'pangmph) -
OiHrnRrasounrc Pnosle^as wtrHGREANDGMATAncurarurs Nosf rhat -\'ou'vecximined rh€ mosr common cR-Eand GMAT reasonin8 problcm!, briefl),su.vey some othe. r€asoningproblems you mighr Iind $'jth an Argumen(. Alrhough each of rhese problems is less common tim anv of thc ones I've alrerd)' covered,you should be rcacil' for thcm an,r5vay- jusr in case.
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Ar rgumcnr might rely on a ceftain rcrm wiriloui providing an sdcquatc dcfirition of it. l-ook especiallyfor rcferencesro a parlicuiir class,cflcgoo, or group, without x clear cxplanarion of'whar jr jncludes or excludes. For cxamplcs of rhis problem, see I I I cRI Arr$mcor No. 59 (fou.rh essa)'p;rngnph) I r I I GiIAT lrgument No. 23 (fiilr essiy pa.rgr:rph)I GMiT Argument No. 71 (founh cssly pxragraph) cN'lATArgrmcnr No. 89 (frsr essayparag.iph) CI{AT Aryumcnt No. 122 (founh cssayp:lmgmph)
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Arguing Simultaoeously
for fko
Competing Objectives
A GRI or GN{AT rgumcnr mighr scck ro achieve nvo disrrnct objaciivcs, Nhich ippdu ro compcrc wirh each othcr: in orher eord3. accomplishing onc objccrivc decrcrscsrtrc likelihood ol lchicvi.A tbc orhcr_For xn oiamplc of rh's probtrm.scc E I I I ciu T ArSumenrNo. i9 (fr.fthessal parnSmph)
Engaging in Circular Reasonilg A cRE or c)U T Argumenr mighr rel)., ar leas! panll,, on irs own Lnc of rcasoning ro suppon rhni verv rc:soning, This gcncral problem is koown bv rhe rerms "circular reasoni'8" and -Llutolos)- as.wcll fi b).rhe idiom "beSgingt}e quesiion." For an example of r.hisproblcm. sec I | | cR! Argumcnr No. 42 (frfth essaypangBph)
DO"SAND DON'TS FORYOUN ARGUMENTESSAY Nor', reviev,/sonrc oI thc k€y poinrs f.om Pxn 3. Hcre xrc rwo lists of DO's and DON Ts-for conren! and or8anization-ro kecp I.ou on ihe righr rnck jn organizinFand composing your rgrjmcnr css:rr.To reinforcc dre ide6 in rhis list, emark the lisr ud rcfer 10 ir from ume ro rime as vou pmcuc€ rhe Argumcn! \rTiting t;lsk .lnd as -vou,cid m), sample cssrl,s ir Pln 6 ,nd Pirr 8.
Comrr.n-YounCnrrrouror rHEARGUMEM DO
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idenrii ana keep in mind rle Ajtumcni s linrl .rnd rnrermedirreconclu-sions so'thrr you can analyzethe ArgriJnent's use of evjd€nceard line of reasoningin suppofi of rhose conciusions, mcrely resqre or rehaih the st"tcd Argumcnt. Ihe ont),wa.\,ro scorc poims is to rcU thc reader_whafswrorg s/ith the Ar8llment.
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,nri)ze rhe Ar8llmcni virh an eye for uncovering tlree or lour 0aws-in thc author's iinc of reasoningand use of cvidcnce.
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corunjr ro mcmoN rhc rfpes of re.soning flas/s you lcamcd in part 3, and look for e! lcai. rhrce of thcm in your Arglrncnr.
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rctv on ttre technical lermirotoSl' of format toSic ro idcndy icisoning problcms; plain English wi! su.ffice.
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idcntib unsubsrrnriatedor r]nre3isonable assumpLionsupon.srbich thc Artument s conclusion clcpcnds.
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CI'UT CAl -A'lsloer k' tbc Real l:ssa| Qucstio'Is (l'{blishcd b}' Perer"on's).Thc ltook s ?nd edirion conr.rinsm) cssds for 115 ,^r8umeolsio thc offic'xl pool. ,{s yor rcad the book s ^rlumcnt essa}'s,jot down Poinls of cririqLre-You find clcarcsror nrosrconyincioF.Also. highliSht tmnsilionil Phflses. whjch conncct ihc cssa]s poin6 of criliquc. Rcviclv $c phrases,then iIJ' composing sevcnrlcssxvsvoursclf. miking x specinl cffon to incorpo.rte simihr phrascsinto your ess:r-\'s.
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NOTE: For book irJorm:ition, see fte booki' w€b supplcmcn6 (slary.vcsr.ncr/-srewld).
Pnacrcr,Pnaorcr,PnqqrrcE! Compose as many p:zctice essa's3s you reasonably havc time for, responding(o the official qucstions,Be su.rcio P.rctice under liJncd conditions with a a,ord proccssor,restricting your use of editing fudcdons to lhc ones provided on thc rcrl exam. Elaluatc your Practice cssays, rcfcrdJrg.o lhc olncial scoring criteda; rcJlect on your wealncsscs, and concenrare on improving in thosc arcrs nexi time.
REINFORCE'NENTEXERCISES Now lcfs reinforce whxr vou've leamed ir Pan 3. Each of the following cx€rciscs conbins an Argrmcnt dcsiSned to hiShlSht a paltjcular lcason' ing problcm. For each Argumenc L Composea brief (one- or two-prragraph) cssavresponsetfiat Ioc]rseson4' ofl tbat iroblern. 2, Tr.v ro incorponrc alt thc requted elcmeots Ior an adcquatc anrlysisof thc problco. 3. You ma)'also discusshow to remcdy the problem (strcnSahcn thc arSumcnr)and/o. whft addirional inJomalioq is nccd€d to n y cvaluztelhe .^rBumcnt,in tcrms of the sPcciJicproblcm. 4. On scratch papcf, outlite addirional rezsoning problems wlth A.r€umcnt that you would alticipatc drscussitg were this a tull'length (3Grrirutc) snring task. ljmir t/our tirne to l0 minules pcr cxercise Ior each tFoup of cxcrcis€s, clircciions for tllat Sroup immcdialely precede rhe cxcrciscs. M! lespotLsesand com"EnLt be8o1 on page 1I I
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5 . WorLforcc Sysrems,I consulrin8nrm spccializingin workplacc producriviq lnd etficienq., rcpons riar ncarl\'70 pcrccnt of MDiacchs cmplor'ceswho cnrolled in WorMorce Sysrcms one-wcck scminar lasl lcir chin] to bc morc conrcnr with rhcir curcnl iobs than prior to cnrollin8 in drc seminir. Br,rcqui.ing managcrsa! aI large corpo.arionsro cnroll in thc kinds of seminarsrhat Workforcc Systemoffers, productivin in our econom)'s privarc s€cror is ccrl-lrin to improve. A s'gnijlcarr pcrccnrr8e of dlis counr)'s rcsidcnrssho reccive unemplovmcnt benefiGfrom rie state repon that thcy would prefct to work bur have difficulcyfindrn8 work for which rhey are qua.lificd. In ordcr ro.educc rhc st.ain ofl our counr),s SrateEmploymcnt Dcvclopment ofiice, which is currenily uodcrstaffed,the countl' should eslablish?n adulr joStrainins progr]m.
7-8 Exrncrses ln cach of thc ncxr rwo cxcrciscs,jdenti4'and discussthe r?cessaDr cond{tlon or sulficicrrt{ozdllton lssumprion. Also nore othcr posslblc problcms you would anriciprre discussingin r hjtl-tcngth Argrrmcnt cssay. 7- Thc juvenile ,usricc dcp3r..n€nrof onc of rbe nadon's lar8csr cirics reccntly lcponed rhar chnd.cn who cngagejn rnv of thc ciry's or8rniz€d spons progJams arc iess lik€b' ihan othcr childrcn to bc ' convic.cd of a felony crimc larc. ir life. Th€reforc, rhc fcdcirl SovcrfDcnt can reducc tic national crimc rarc by mand*ing daily physicel-cducationclxssesar cvcry high schoot in $c nation. L RivenowD's hisloric Hill disrrict used to be onc of r})e ciq"s 6ain tourist aftnctions. Sircc thc consrrucrion ot a ne!{'shopping ccntcr iI,I thc distficr, the disricr's quaint oldcr shops and rcstaufantl have had diLrculry anracring parons. ln oldcr ro prcscrve thc hisro.ic valuc of . lbc Hill disrricr's oldcr buildings ard ro prcvcnt furthcr ioss of rcvcnuc from touris6, t}le ci(y lnusr imposc a mot"rorium on t}le conshrction of any ncw srrucrurcsin the Hill disric('
ixgncrsrs 9-l 0 In cich ofthc Dcxt rwo cyercises,idcntify and discussthc potcntial groutmember problez. Also note othcr possiblc problcrni you would oticipatc discuisioS in e full-lcnSl}r Argument cssil.. 9. r,rtciaDt Industries.our state'slargesrprivatc lusirlss, the avcragc produclion worker is now 42 years old. Rcccntly, Giant's rcvenu€ from thc salc of textil€s and paper, ,whic}| together account fot thc d.eiority of Gialrfs rn nufacruring business, has dedincd si&ntficrntly. Sincc an increasingperccn6Sc of ncs' 8raduaresfrom our sratc's
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encc. Sinccrhc xrgumcnrfuils ro prove rhxr rlrc policcjorcc reducrion is thc acrualcauscofthe rcriil busrnessslump, or cven conFiburcd ro it. lh€ xrgumenr'sproponcnr cannor jusrifixbl! irfe. !lr:rr:r policc.forcc Incrc:isc voold scn'cro revcrs(lh.t sl('ntp.lcr rlonc tl)rr ir ,rvoutd rc!; nlize thc ciqrs cconom!in fcncrxl. In a tull-lcngrh (JGminurc) cis;n, \'ou mighl nlso rddrcss rbc foljoq,ing qu€stionsabour rh€ Argunlcnr's rcasonin(: . A th,zsbol.l proble : Does rhc cin hxvs xn economic problem to bcSin with? Os it flir ro issumc dr:lr rbc ciqJs cconomy is suflcring mcrcly bccauserer:.il revcnuesin onc paniculnr disrricr hrvc declincd?) . Wouid the propos€d course of acrion rq.lcc to attln t}}e stated obiecr'vc?(Pcrhapsaddilionxl me?surcs,such as renovating rhc disuict or parrollinSit xr nigbr, would also be nceded.) . Is t])e proposed course ofaction ecas.raryro atrrin the stated objecrivc?(A ciq' mjthr reviLatizeit5 economy itrrough othcr msrns instcad.)
2. ANA.ysrs This Argument might conhee causeind effecr wir}l mcre correlation, a rcsponsc that handl€srhc problcm: .Hcre's Th€ argumcnt unJairb,assumeschatXcnon's workcr producriviry is simpl)' I function of whar :r vorkcr ca.s for lunch. Altlough rhis miSht bc thc case,r merc correlaion bcrwecn lunch dier rnd productjviry does flor sufficc to esBblish a causc-and,c$-ec!-relatiog: ship. Thc arSumenasaurlor musr also consider xnd €limina(c ill olhcr rcasonablecxplanationsfor r})c diJfcrcnceirl produciiviry lcvcls bctwccn the rwo Smups ofworkers, P€rhapsthc mosr plausible sftcmxrivc cxplanrrjon is thar vo.kcrs who bring rhcir own lunch arc morc producdve bccauscthcy spend lcss timc cating lurch and Dorc timc irorkinS. ln shon, lacking bcncr cvidcncc thrr ar Xenon producrivjty dep€ndsprimarilv on luncb dier, ,rsscningthat dranging - thc cafcrcria's lw)ch mcnu will improvc a,rorker producrivity anounts ro lnlc morc than conjccrure_ :In a trnl-lcn8th (lcminurc) 6say, you migh. atso addrcss rhc followtr8 ,qucsdons3bour rhc Arglmenr's reasoning: . A tbr.shold problcm: Arc ca.fercria lunchcs acrually much diffcrcor from lurches rhat workcN brinS from homc? (If nor, rh€n thc enrire arSumcnris poindcss,) . Wolld t})c proposcd cou.sc of acrion .r//ce to arrain rbc scatcd objectivc?(€.8., workers who prefcr catctcrir dining mjghr cboosc
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4. ANarysrs This Af8Umcnrrclies on a qucsrionablcanaroAl ocrwccn re/o ro$,ns as vcll rs bccvecn nvo rrish comptnies. Herc's i concise,csDonsctl.nr .hrndlcs borh :rnalogicsroSelh€rir ooc p:rmgripbi Thc argumcnts infercnced)a! Trashcos scfficc js morc coslh,rh.ln IUd. co's d€pendson rhc unprovenassumpdonrhar the rwo rcfusecompa, nics providc $c samcdegreernd ,rmounrolservicc !o bo(h rowns. pcr. hrps Tlnshcos scrviccsro plattsbu.gis providcd lessfrcquenrtyor ro fcwerhouscboldsdrr, Ridco'ssen,icesro lliilsvillc, for whareverrcason. Eirhersccnrrioe/outdcxplain plarBburlt'slowcr totll cost,q,hich in rum would underminerhc rrgumcnt'scon!€nrionthat Hillsvillee,,ouldsavc. moncy b)'swhchingfrom Rjdcoio Tr-ishco.Thus,ro bcner deluatc rhe ff8umenq I vrould need ro krow how much Tnshco would char8c Hills ville, noi Plir6bul-9, for t})e samc servicc th! Rjdco lrow chargcs. In a full-lcnSrh (3ominure) cssay, you mighr alsb addrcss thc followjJl! questions abour rhc Argumcnt's rcasoning: . rwhat does tle argumcni assumeaboutjfrrtre con.tltiorc in Hillsville? Of the town's residcflis incrcasc the voiumc of rcfuse o, rccyclablcsor bcgin iisisting on morc frcqucm pickups. Hiltsvllle mj8hr regrcr irs dccision to swirch ro Trashco.) . Is rhc proposcd swirch ro Trajhco zccasraal for drc ciry ro acli€vc irs srarcd objccrive? (perhaps rhe ciry h15 orher me3ns ro leducc irs . cosrs, or mcans ro enhancc irs icvcnuc, for thc Durgosc of affor(| ing the ncs' siarion,) . Miglr Hilsvilic incur countertaiting erpcnser b.v consrrucing rhc -
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Ar.iarysrs This Ar8umcna rclics on a porentia.lly unrcprescntalivc sratisiical semplc to drew a g€ncral infcrcncc. Hcre's a responscthat lundlcs thc problcm: The ar[iumenr assu.mcstha! Maxcch cmployccs wbo rcponcd thcse rcsuhsirc rypical of priyarc-sccrorwork€rs in geocarl, in rcrrDsof ilow thq'.arc likelt to .espond lo rhis tlTc of scmif,ir. Howcvcr. this isn'r nccGsarily thc czlc. lr is.efllircly possibtc, for cxa$plc, rhar luaxcch cmployccs wcrc unusuilly rcccptivc or rcsponsive to r,X/orkforccs pafiicular 6etrods, for wharcvcr rcasolr. ID 2ny cvcrr, Mrftcch's scminar panicipents mjght consriturc an insufficicntly sm.3l smple for thc purposc of rnakinS rccommcndations for the !,rivarc, sccro|workforce in gcncrnl. Sincc thc argumcnr frils to show that Mrjl:rech'scxpcriencc is r'?icai, I simply carlnor acccpr t}rc a..!!ltmcnCsswceping conclusion.
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would rcducrn8th( nLrnrh(rol rcsidcnrswho recc,veunemplo)' mcnr bcncfits r4/icc ro atuin $c sLlled objcctivc? (Perhrps drc officc crn ersill ecconrmodnrcthe curten! number oI r€sid€nls applrin8 for xnd rec<jving unemplormcnt bcncfits. and the sourcc of rbc str;riolies elsewhcrc.) Docs rhc argumcat suggcsta coursc of aciion finI would actual\' underrni e tba stated objcctiue? (fo stz$ thc ncs' jolltraininS progmm, iI might be n€cessaq'to rcduce sBff ciscwhere in the ofiice, which mighr cxacerbalethe su-ain.) i"l
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Thc ,lBumenr assumesthai the proposed mrndaie in irseli will sufficc ro lowcr ttre nrtional crimc .ate yet fails to account for othcr conditions thar might aiso be nec€ssaD'forthrt outcomc. Pcrhxpsto bc cffcctlvc ir tlli.srespccr,physic"l€ducatjon clrsscsmusr so be accompalricdb) 3flcr-scboolactiviryprogiims; or perhps thc claJsesmust begin carlicr in a youngsrcr'src?demicMc to hive any apprcciablcimpact on dclin' qucnt bchavior.Vithour considerinli-thcselnd a myrird ofoihcr condi' rions thrr firghi be nccded to €nsuretirrr a young Persongrows lrp to become lae-abiding,r.t)€ar8ument'sauthor cannot justi$'the mandatc.
ln a fulllcngt}l (3Gminute) cssay,you might also addressthe folloq,inS qucstionsabout thc l\rliumcnfs rcnsoning: "physical{ducation classes"sufficiently - -- . A llresboa probleDd:Ate 'organized spons prosl?ms' thal their impxct on similar to long-term behaviorwould be similar?(If noq then thc entfe argument c-]n be dismissedout of hmd-) . Mi8illi the arlumcnt misl^kc nere correlalioi -berwceo organrzcdsports participation and adulr crimioal bchavior-fot 1 cause'and' ejflcctrclationshiP?(We mjght nccd to knos' \r'hxt Percentagcot younSstcrsparticipale to beAin e,ith and vhe$er those youngstcrs arc lc5s iDclined in any evcnr toward delinqucnt b.havior.) . Is .tne samplc group (children in one lar8c ciry) rcpresetuanuc of 2I childrcn througlout the naton? (Perhrps Pmicipation in thesc progxans is morc cffective in large citics tlran in stn llcr cities and rural a.rcas.)
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inlomlrtion to subsLlntirtecitlrcr assumplion.Pcrhrps non-manufacturin8 businessesth:rt rcquirc a collegcdegrced sorMorcc no\\' account for in jncrcNint mxjorin oftbc srric's jobs. Cfhc arFumenl s inforn)ation suAgcsrs(bis miShr bc thc c:rsc.)lf so, rhcn thc mcrc f:rct !h:r onc emplovsr. dbclr r]rc strrc s |rr8cs busincss,is losin8 busincsswhilc Is q'orkforcc nearsrerircmcnt ,rge proves almost nothing about thc prospecE for rhc stxte's ovcrall econom)', ln a tull-lcngtb (SGminutc) essr), vou nnght also addrcssthe followjnS gucst'ons about tlrc Argument s rcasonins: . Does thc tcrm "larSes!privarc business"neccssarilvmean that Giant €mplo,vsmorc workers rhan any orhcr busincssin thc statc? CThesrnalierthe vorldorcc it ciant, thc less likcl)'that Giant is reprcscntativeof th€ stxt€'semployers3s a group.) . Docsn't thc prcdicdon s accuracJ'rcquirc th^r otfler future conditlors rem?in unchanged?(L.8., thc argumcrt ignorcs a possiblc iJl0ux of worke.s f;om othc! srares.) . Would a rcduccd workJorceoeceisarilyresulr in businessfallu(c? (Pcrhaps busincsseswill be more profiBble by td-rnmjrg rhcir workforcc.) - \vhlt is thc dqftritor of 'qudity of life"? CIhc ar8umcnt s ultimatc prcdjcion dcp€nG on thjs mjssinSdcfinition.)
I0. Anusrs This Argument driws an i.nJcrenccabout a single confnuniq (Clxybrook) bercd on char'acrcrisrics of a 8rcup (the nation s cornmuritics as a wholc). Herc's a responsethat hindles t}lc infcr€nce:
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The argument dependi panly on thc assurnptioDthat future employment ficnds jn Claybrook's job market will rcflect nations,ide trends. However. rhe a4:rimcnt fails ro considcr rhat Chybrook rnght bc atypical. PcrhapsClaybrook's,ob 62rkct w l buck the trcod (for one reason or anothcr), and *rc dcD.and fo! lcgal ?6sistana5from CCC's leg2l-zssistanrprogiaE vill remain 5Eon8 compared ro dcmand for nurscs from thc school's nursiog progJ"nr. lf so, rhcn the citcd sEtistjcJ would ponerd nothiiS about the fururc cmplo)'Ecnt prospcct for SFaduatcof ci&cr profram at CCC or about wbcthcr dc propos€d course of acuon would bc prudcnt.
h a n -lcn8th (3o-minutc) cssat,yolr miSrt also xddre'ssthe folloE ng qu€sLionsabou. thc Arglsent's riasoning: ''
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Ilo\vcvcr. thc ir8rn)enr tiils r() xccounr Ior possibtr fururc dcvclof)' mcnls rhat mighr prove rhis assumptioncrroneous, For examplc, thc count] mjghr expcrjcncc rn ialfllx ofrclv residenrs,or irs residents, Niliiflgness to rcclcle mighr Nxnc. In cilhcr crsc, thc volunlc ot refirse is likel) ro incrclsc. nnd tbc p.oposcd cou.sc of:rction mi8ht rcsulr in a shorl-rgcof rcsourcesfor h:rndlinF rcflse. To bolstcr rhe rccornmencli(ion,thc argumcnasproponenr sboutd provide berler evidcncc, perhaps in thc form of popuiarion projections and counq" rcsidcnt surwcys.rh,rr rhc volume of refuse in Blackbum cousq wil not increasein the foreseexblefuturc. Irr a fuU-lenAth(SGminure)essn),vou mjghr also addressrhc foltowing questionsaboul rle rgumrni s rcrsorunt . A tbrcslrolA iss.ue-_ Is rherc a rccycling problcm to bcgin wirh rhat rhc county nceds to address?Cfbe irgumeni proyidcs no evidcncc tlutt cufienr m€rns arc less dran adequxte for current as well as . ,1re$c proposed subsidiesnece$a!, !o ensure tlat rhe couflry can 'handlc a conrinued incrci.scin rhc volumc of recyctabtEs? (pcrhaps businessesr?ould nor requjre subsidiesto provide nc€ded service, or pcrhips the county irsef conld provide rhe scricc.)
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4 . Srrcrsmrs cntrrclr inrplropri.lc for vour GREor G^IATcssa)5 Besides,lhe reader miShr not rcalizc thar you're bcing sarcasljc' in which cxseyour remrrk will onll servc ro contuse t})c rcadcr'
DEVELOPINGA PERSUASIVEVIRITING STYLE ln Pans 2 and 3, you leimcd how to develop Persursiveideas as $'cll 451 sEucrurc and scqucnce for your Paiagraphs lhar scrve to enhancc thcir pcrsuriveness. To ensuren high ,^ndFical writing scorc, you should also dcvelop a pcrsu?5ivesryl€,\rsing rhetoricel deviceseffcctivcly
FuucloualCmrconY RunonrurWonosANDPHRAsE5-BY llcre's a rcfcrcnce lisl of rhetorical vords and phrascs,categor?ed by tuncrion. Somelis! itcms you encounlcred as underlined words and phrrscsrn th< c)iamtlcsthrouFhoutPrrls 2 xnd I OLhcts.rc new hct€. 1o lcrm hos vou n)rElrrincorPoritethescxn.i oLhcrthetoncrl phnscs inlo -voursentcnces,read m.r cssa)'sjn Pans 5-8, his,hlit$ting rhetoricrl phiasesas you cncounter tlrem. Revie$/them, thcn lq lo incorponte_ them into your pmctice essaysIo enhancc )'our Power of Pelsuaslon Use phrasessuch as thesc to subordinatean ,dea: . ilthouah it miSht appcar that, at fits! Slanceit would seem/appear thar, adflittcdly Use phrascs such as these to argu€ for a position, thesis, or vic$?oint: . pr-omotes,faciliutes, providcs a suong impetus, serveslo, dircctly, furtnc$. accomolshes, achievcs.dcmonslmies,sugScsts,indicatcs
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€ONNECTINGYOUR IDEASTOGETHER You. essayswi.ll not eafn top scoresunt€rs your ideasnow nrrunlly from on€ to the nex!, so the reader can cajily follos' vour rmin of thought, To conrlecr your ide?5rogerher,dcvclop J,ou.ros.n arscnalof rnnsition devices-vrords and phlas€stltar scrve as bridges berwecn idcas ejld help ro conveYyour }ne of reasoniig ro the r€adcr. Elch tnnsirion d€vice should hclp thc radcr mak€ c€r.jn conncctions or assumpions abour rhe rwo ar€rs t}ler you arc connccring together. For examptc. somc leadyour readcr forR?rd rnd imply the building ofan idc: or rhouttt, while othc.s prompt rhc readcr to compan idcas or draw conclusionsfrom rhc prcccdin8 thoughG. h the examplcs thtoughout Pafis 2 aod 3, vou cncounrcr€d dcvic€ssuch as undcrlincd $ords 3nd pbnses. Now hcre's a rcferenc€ lls! th includes many of those underlined vords ind phmses,dong wirh softc additional ones-b) tunctional categon.
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REFERENCEs TO YOURSEIFAND TO THE STATEMENTOR ARGU't/tENT Occrsiooallt in vour cssays.\,ou lt nccd ro ,€icr ro lh€ lssuc srxrcm€nr(or Argumcno as w€li t(Jirs h)podrcUcrl sourcc. whcrhcr i r,crson or enti$.. '\'ou ntpht alsowrshro rcfcr ro vourscutrom rimc to rmc Here are some lor hindlinErhfrc rctcrcnces Buidelincs
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RrrrnrNcrsro THESTATEMEM oR ARGUMEM ln your Issue essay,refer to a stalemcor or srircmen! rs .tl s statemcot" or an altcmativc such as "rhis clrim, or .thij ,sscrtion," ln your A4uftcrrt cssay, trJ. usin8 .argurcnr" ro reler to ihc passagc,sLinc of rcesoning as a wholc or .rccomrncndarion" .claim" or to refer to thc spccifc conclusions,
RrrrnrNcrs To rHESouRcE oF THESTATEMEM oR,ARGUMEM Bc surc your rcfcrcnces ro a sErcmenr or A4iurncnris sourc€ arc appropnatc, ln yorr Issuc cssa),,yorl can simply refcr to rhe surcmcnt,s sourcc as rhc "spcake!." tn your Argurllent cssay, the Iiisr rimc you refcr to rhc sor.rce;be spccfic and cofiec:_e.8., "this €dirori2l," "rhe ad." .rhe vicc presidenr,' or "ACMESbocs.' If Do specific source is provided, r.r_v usin8 'eulior' or "arsumem."
PaonouHRrrrmNcrsTo ANARGUMEM/s PRopoNEM ln your Argumenr essay,it's okay ro saye kcysuokcs by usjng an occrsionel prono'.lJ],Just bc sure rhar your pronouns are appropriare end consisrcnt (rnale,Iemal€, or nei6cr)i
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senrcncesthir use $c same essenarl siruclurc can help convq' vour linc of rcxsoningto th€ rc:ldcr. Tn trsinA lhc same struclurc Ior x list of rcxsonsor ()ixnrplcs. I . Scntcnccslllrt csscnti]ll]r{jPrxr(vcrbrtint nrror'8lro'rt)our cssal suggesr:rninlllrxlurc. unsophistidtcd NdlinF stvlc. T4 to avoid usinS so.c lcd 'iemPLa(e"sentcncesover and overesp€cjalh for the first (or lasl) senlencc of erch bod] Pa.agraph Therc's nothing wronS wjth copling and PastinScenain scn' 'lwcak" tences to speed up the \i'riting proccss: jrtsl bc surc to them so c?cb one ts drsrinct.
4 . Scntenccsthat posc qucstionscan be 3 us€fuI rh€lorical devicc; Likc sbon, $rupt senteDccs,rhetorical questionscxn help pcrsuadcrhe rcadet-or at leasthelp to make your poinl Tlcy can bc quire effcctivc,€spccial\'in tssuccssxvs.Thcl'also add intcrcst and varictl . Ye( how man) tcst !d'(ersthink ro incoqloratc t})cm Not mrn) . @t the wa)', I jusr poscd a rhciorical inlo thcir essr],s? qucsrion.)Justbe sure to providc an rnsecrto your question.,|Jld don\ overdo'r;one rhetoncrlqu€suonper es5ryis plenq
5 . For edditionxl varictt', use x semicolon to tnnsforrn two sen' tcnccs involving the same t.ai. of thought inlo one; and use lhc word 'and" (o conncca)our two independenl clauscs(iust as in
wlTHANOIHERPART I)T\RTOTA STMUCT OUTOF BAIANCE An cffectivc sentcnc€gct.sits point acrossbl' Plncing apProPriatc cm oII irs differcnt pafts. !e surc lhat the main idea reccivcs Sreat€rcm (a5 a main clause) thln subordinate ideas Equal Emphasis (Confusin8) Trcating bodily disordersby noninvaiive mcLhodsis gencl"ll)' pair €ss,and tbese methoclsare less likely thln those of conventi 'Westcm m€dicine to resrilt in persuncnt hcalins Ee.Dllasis on Secofld Clause (Better) r'J$ough rrcating bodily disordersby noninvasive medrods is-Ben€r' -tho_se of convcntio illy pair ess, tbese mcrhods uc less likely dran pcrmancflt hcalinS Wcsrcm medicin€ !o rcsdt in
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"acts uPon" ln a sentcncc exp.essedusing the acrive woice, the subiect obj€cr. ConvcEcl). jn a scntcnce €xpressedin t}le Passivevojce, thc "is actcd upon" by ?n objec! You can Scnenlly use cithct voicc subjcct voru GIIE or GMAT csszvs.Howevc., one mal be clearer and lcss awks'ard than thc otlrer. dcrrcndingon tlre p:rnicular scnlcnce ln a{l)'
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sl)Nsultu NnoNoxdlngvn !o 9NtsnlN .sotcldrp sr!3ns ltdruts Srfirnsuor qlrq ,qt ut lErruljqtr rrq) r ^q p.)Err) ^IItnDr sr urrx. SUI^lrl !{tnouf, Jo uolrEurs f,LLl (prLAjt.av) prxlt^t 'sj?8ns eJdurs Su,rurnsuo)lq prr.ldrp sr ltqt url:lq ,ql lll FJfur.gr I ^q prtrej) tlEnD! s! q€nou5 !rlt) tsr^rq Jo oolllsues eql (r^ItraJJg aror{) o^rsstd 'so)Jldcp sjzSnsolduls 8unlnsuoJ lr(Il lxrru]aqr r .qSnouau5rn. 3r4^rqJo uollEsuJs,tF sJlx.lJ rEqr r4uq .qt q ,,{JJ|'nDcartl Errurqr (elqlldrJr\r) r IDy ',truxlr ps! srsrqdurJ roJ papreu q oJro^ 5^lssrd .rll .a)uaruaslx5u slul ul .lruuErx slqirlcr x u sJalnduro:l .{q ilssalpu) p:uuo}l5d rq u!f, $tsDl o^]lurdrr .pou.d aunl p.Buolord x roj ltqDlar slsrt .^DJtadf,r ulloj]rd toutfltr ,{lFr.urg sur(llnqp.tTq,4( ' ,{tqtnr puD ,{lss:lpuf $tsE qJns urJo]jod uxJ sralnduloJ .pou:d eurll pa8uolord r JoJ ,{lqz.rJ)Jslsrr f.{!!)dal uilojjed rouuxJ sulrrlnq lsor! aln{,fi\ (r.urg) e4trv '^Jssrlpur lsou4EsJrrndurol ,{q ,{lqclr pruro}5d f,q ulJ sls'Etqrns .spos:d 5LUnpl8uolord Jol surlrrnq lq ,{lquIlr poulJoJDd ,{IIErrueB qsrl tou .r! ,^]r!.d.r .Iqdl c^leted (rlqEdrrrv) .rrufq s! r)ro^ 5^pJc :IIr aJrrJA )Juaru.s I sif,JrH .lx.u rqt ol .truf,]u:s auo urolj rJlo^ !]rls or tou ln prE'!:)ua:uas lurls rql rJl 95)ro^ oat.qt xrut rrn u.tur^, s3tNVH3ll
0NV ltA.!S 9Nt11alA
Another wfi'to corrcct ;r pronoun-reltrence crror is ro replrce tlle pronoun with its anteccdenr. ConfusiJ}S E-mailxccounts administcrcdbt crnployc.s bclonq ro tl)eDr,.ro.Jtbc)' can be seizedind uscdi\ evidcnc(aFainsr!hc cmplorcc. Clear E-mailaccounlsadmidslcred b! an employer belongto th? enplo),cr, r/,/roc:rn seizeand usethe accounrsas evidenceagainstthe cmploy€e.
1.,'.rpnoprn PL,qcrraet.tr oF MoDtFtERs A no.l{icr is a wo or phnsc lhar dcscribes,resrdcrs, or qu:rli-0cs another $/ord or phnse. ModiryiDgphl"ses are q?icrlly scr off with commas.Try to placc ftodners er closc as possible ro rhc word(s) rhey moditt oth€rwise, you could end up with an ambiauous and confusiog A,Ebiguous E\elcasinS frequentlJ, contibutcs but alsoto longevjD.
n
ro nor or(ly a sense of well bein8
Ctear FrcAucn, cxercisecont,-tDrztcs nor onl)'ro a scns€ of wcl bcing bur also ro longcviq. Ambiguous 'Ihrough careful exmifition, comp€tcnr diagnosis,and successful rrer(menr,paliotrs gros ro u-usrrhcir phvs,cnns. Cl€at Throlgh careflrl examjnation,compercnr diagnosis.and successful ve rmenr. pllysictans help their parienls Erow ro rrusr rhcm.
.SpumNoor A GRAMMATTcAT h,lpnoprn UNrt Splitting apan clausesor pbflses (by insening a wotd or clause bctwccn thcm) ollcn rcsulti in an awkward and conJusinq senlcnce. Split The value of the dollzr ,r rot, relativc to other currencies, r.rsirg mivcrsilly. B€ttei Thc \uluc of tlre dollar rffor
u,w.peteno^t.con1
rnirg univeNilly rciarive to other
Pet^ons
a
wdnng ShIIs lor tbe GRE/GltUT T.stt
)'
r.oJsuos!2'd
n'n1,t1
|-_
Lg!
,1^4J.t lttlt
aqt rnl sltls n^utu^r .
s,tlos
.:z's pur trdrqsut sr lra sn rotor ur rrjlrp plnorls qtrd suortu)rpel-Il lurDJjrp u.r,\\t:q uorsrquor pro^r o.t_ l!.ro prD^r.{^!.\' s9c-l puE rEalf '.zrs pur rdlqs uI )urraJtp f,q ptnolls sl]Id pui .srolor lu.lrjrlp ;)^|xI plnoqs sSuptoc .s111d luaratJlp ,suor)r|,lpaw SusnJUo) Dro^r of $Jo EuLjnS prE,l,r,{^!y "3usrquor, N ut 3u1s{uo2 ptttu.,Bcqr s)sn osp rJu.)u:}s t"^.;:I# -(uorsssssod)llJlpr.tl o) aqdonsod! (rELttr.^d rmou x) !^,rsrJssod! sapnlJur turDs .qt I lnBrrdsa .sr^p)e!pr oal uf,qt arour Busodzri-nt pro^y
sr^rDrrov,l.Nvwool drHrrcolgNtc sl r! rnq:iurspnf$ $^r-.u^.r.rrt.rrtt
j;$;':l:i::
.rll) ru.ls,{s rrDsnl .fruran{ srt neq.ra,ro:mur uoltEu mo .sroqrur Aq r[)I Ar^r paulurxoJ saulutr lselol^ rrqurnu orlr ulo{ t.ttprl Jo alqsrdr)ry :alqxrderrr sseprDra^a! rrt slllJtpour tuuSucp qrur) -stsoJuollf,npold laaol or srrlddns Js)i|) srroJ m^r s'nddns Fo uo suolDltseJ arud Jl]lJ!l:Iu!Bulsodrlll rE3J:'
(isuoDrr.Dslj SuIsodui sl rxq^r .ro orl^0 stsoJ uorDnpojd pa)JoJ Jraol or aq s.ralddns lra 5sf,qt 'sr.llddns Io uo 5:rgd u.! suoDtrl,'ls)J S(nsod(Ut,,k Jrrtrllur atrITSucO .oruf,lues Jqt 1trrursuoJr.rot sl uralqoJd . rrupour-3urr8srp x tJelJoJ or lE,{ rscq ardl .aJueluasaqr ur (s)prond rrlnrnrEd {n! or DJ.r ol slIE Irql Ir!]pors x s! ralrtpout Bull]upp y
suoxu:J HtJtqoweNn9 '8qlDlttl snoluourJrqun '.trrl uo sfsrqdur) s,ronnrl-rsnoFol ,fq /rrt/and4 sa/A pt9q1.ll2 ulpn'l roqdp-'3odh 'souuodmatuo: s.ni3o,(lJt tr[Ilr os f,roru sdxqld laDr{I '3u.sr)rgl sno!uoulrrqun 'oBJEI qslqdurc uo s,lrnnq-rsnolnoJ fq .saL'ljJodul3tuorgJrlJo .{uu 'pacuanyfu\ urqr os )ortr sdrq-r.d px:qu.o sr[rtr 1rtrrnt r.qdEfod,,(J rIIds
sJlNVHCSr'!ONVll 1SSNtltuM
PART{
Usn'ro TooFrw (onTooMaruv) Com,ra,rs ,{drou8h puncrurrionis rhc tcrsl inrponrnrxsprcr of \t,u. ct{E or cMiT essi!. too fcs'or roo nranyconrmrsm;Fbrintcrfcr( \vith thc rcadcr,!i undcrshndingof x scnrencc,nr s,hich point thr puncru:lrionbccomcs imponan!, Too fcs comm mjght coAllse th€ rexdcr. whil( r(x) nrinr. can undut],inrerrupt rhc senrcnce'sflos,. Hcr€.s rhe Fujdclinc: Usc thc minimum number of commxsneededfor a rcxdcr ro unclcrstandthc inrcnded mcanin8 of thc scnience. Too Few Commas Enzymecarxtysisrakesplace in living q,stcms and as ir is nor:r laboiatory procedufc is lhereforc subjccr ro celluier conrrols. Better EnzymecaElysisLtkesplace in living s}srems,and as ir is no! a labol?ror),procedurc is therefore subjecr ro ccllular conuots. Also Acceptablc Enzyme cai-rllsisrakesplacc in living sysrems,and, as ir is not ? laboraroq procedure,is lher€fore subjecr ro ccltulnr conarols.
WorruyaruoAwrwanoPnnasrs .
l7ith unlimired amounr of words, anyone can makc rhe poir.; bur ir rcquires skill and effon ro make your point wirh corclse phrrses. If your scntcnccsseem roo long, ch€ck for word]', awkwird phrascs rhat can bc replaccd wirh morc clcar and conciseores. Hcrc arc rlrce cxamples (rcplacc itxlicized phrareswilh the oncs in parcn*rescs)t __ Djscipline is crucial to the anai'ment oI onc,.robjectives.(anaio) To indicate tbe fact tboi tlrq, oro ;r, o)ro"irron to a biu, lcgstarors somctimescngi8c in nlibusrcrs.CIo show tlcir) ln Norse pocrry, rlc stories rafcl.\,staDdas substiores or svmbolsfor an .rhtne othel tl)afl tbe stones bensclues. (clse) lrok for the opponuniq ro change prepositional phrrres inro one-word The employec Luitl)a,lbirion... Thc crr?,ilro16 cmplo\'ee...
You cm oftcn rewo.k clauseswirh rclative pro.ouns 1il:ar. ubo, rthicb, etc.), omittinS dle pronoun: The system trat ts mosr emcicnr and accuratc . . . fie
||'u4'.rat^o6.cod
mosr €fficient lod accumic s-vsrem. . .
Petc.soi s
tt
wrldng Shnll fol GRN,/GAUT
Rro
utol tuouta4noln,
E
aqt to.t tltrts iu,'Ltat
tt:,\ lt t t.2/ln s,uotJz, .
(Droqr puf 53rsnpro^\) uonrJDr]dord isj) . (s:srlld fxuorrlsod:rd;Frr;ds;)
sruorprl]dord ,sn .
fullnqltro^ pllos x .rll]suoluaC , :ot l, 'ssa,{old rDsrnSull atlqnb.r eql Irpxrr )qt ^Ioqs oJ.BuD!r^\ ur llr^rsrn$rd puE lpxal) suopu.^uoJ stl prn::tl:nf,uxl aq] Jsn $l::) no,{ )xrF 'c r-!3cn3uEl qs[3arJ rq] Jo purufirotr Bsolls r ssrssoclno,( lrql sDpEar frF )Jr4^uo5 ot r^rns ,s,{rssf, lno,{ roJ srlof,s dot Jlasnol 5msu! oI
tovnoNvt HsttoNt tHr Hlt/y\ AItlt)Vt Uno
\.s7 prrr, uos_Daraq, 1wo ro ,bq| ulra, ,rrrrraq rtrqd{) 1l .sn or aoq 3p]rrp oq^r asoql sx .FUrErsq sE Jo 'lnJas-rls[ lF o sr ,{SolouqJct I'rD ]rs ot nsFurr]s ,srrrrq s,rluatrJ |Iq -uonrrur ILmlEU Jqf or srza.rtlj JoJ prEtlq Sqaq sl aJuaps uo$ral atll (.qtoq )V,ro ro puD lFt!{ s':' ,/a,r, s, erpldeu) .serUd rr|:f, s:trr l$ratq .i, ,/rm '' sla^el ls.ludoldrlarm qro6r tlsors lt]!x
.Jlr^! IrDr rt:puf,ss) aurls 5tn sseldx) tzrp sesErjd pur spro^\ ro,J s,tlss: mo,{ IJf,rJl
srsvdHd oNVsodoA rNvoNn t?ql BuurplsuoJ .3)r!s .asnEJaq aqrJuo) etolil |xrlr spunoiS cqr uo :tqt laEJ aql Jo rq8[ ur .lrr{] :)rJ 5$ o] onp .trql uosE J'qt .rol JoJ uosr3r 3qt relproa 'pro^r olSuls I rpta oirs)rd x prdls rr$ s5s11rqd,{proa .rrlder urr no,( ,,{yssolueurn8rv Jnol ul 'srloldrlls s,osErgp ar{t Jo lu.uJdol:^Jp oql 14tJnserrou fiI^t r..-[!qdortr.q srsRlr lrql au.B aql ..uo8 lqtlE3q r q]!,1d,p.rrEd JI aspuo) pEc Jrral) .suroldt!.ts s.oss5s_rp JrF 8rldolil5p tos s.Jrnpl^Jpul oqr In $lnsar rsf,3 ,{qrfc.q z rnrA prrEd I qalq,1d..El.rudosDq sJmrJ ]rr! .\t A E s! araql pre1},.{,ld.\r'prre ,{prodf .uralqord srlll ,{pluraj ot oJualues J4tu) uf, rrmirusa, or prru lqSrw nol .eJu3lu.s plr]a_IA? put lpJoa r I'I tlns:J BEr.'J soitrr:u.s Jo 8u.rur{3rq .ql rr ,.r, ara4, Frf; .st aJ?tI ,s1,! Brr$n sSlNVHC3l.'!ONV ft^$
oNUUM
Du or.rsnqrNca SouoVocasuany B ] , a m c a n s .s h o \ r , r h c r c r d c r ! l ) 1 r } o u p o s s c s st t r c v o c x h u l . , n . o f 1 b r o . d h e c l u c r r c di i d , v i d u r i x t r d | h l ( r , o u I n o \ 1 , h o \ . r o u s c it. tjur Nccp rne folowir8 cavcrrs in nind
t . Don r ovcRrseSAT-5n,tc words jusr to makc rn imprcssjon.DoinS so s'ill onlr scrv( ro vrm rhe rcadcr rl)rr vou rc rLTjrE io mask poor conrcnrs,idr -windos,dressing." 2 . Avoid obscurcor x.chaicvords rhxr fc\r ,cxdcrs:rrr likcly ro knos. Tlrc t.ad-'s wilt nor uke bm- wlLilere,O,nge...,).i ro consultrheir unabrjdgcddicrionaries.
3 . Avojd rechnical tcminology lhxr on_lyspecixUstsand scholarsin
a spccilic ficld undcrsund. Mosr readerstue Engljsh-tanguagc gcnenli5ts from rhe rcademic fields of EngtishaJ)d Communica. lons, not biochemisit or economic-poLi6,analvsls.
4 . Use htin and ot}tcr non,Englishrcrms t/ea, sparlngl),. Aner all, one of rhc pdman'skills being rcsrcd throu8h the cRI and GI!{AT cssaysis your facilrv wirh thc Irgtrr, ]2ntuage. Howcvcr tne occasionalusc of ll(n rcm$ and acron)ms_fo, examptc, p c r s c , . t c J . t c r o , a . t b o . . a n d c s p c c i a l t ) , , : e . a, n o e&,_rs accepEblc. Non-[nglish worcls usccl commonla in acadcmic
e/ritinS-such as uis.a-ois,caueat, xnd ta(isc: ^.cept /airc_te able as well.,\grin, howcver, don ! ovcrdo n. belore a concludl'l8 ph.rsc
5. Avoid colloquirlsms (shrg ird vemacula.). Orhcrs,js€, irstc"d -of bining a home run q,ith your cssa),,yoruressal will lum our :lousy, and r/ou'I be our oiiuct aJ|O neco ro snaxc you! way jn n boftom.bairetttraduarcprog;m. (Dia you c.1rcnt}lcj/irc colloquirlisms ii rtrc prcceding scn(ence?) _-
uuu.Pcterso$..onl
GRE/GMAT 7I
u r ti s n t )tt, t nd ilt ah1'
E
a.lr 1ol slii'r
nkttlrA\
..tDant Dttl: dt.tD(tordurr .I)ntr()&h,su,t,patIUstttu 'ants a[rt t qr q)n( sr^D].lnr: .sn .uot
l
's?LTapInSrtEm puE sr .l sssrlr roJ suoDlugep rrr ..rrH 'r)dord , sI t!f,rF .sn pr'E rrl:Ul spJoa )srrp tlqa mo,{ Jlrrlr?ruoJp! uqr Jo plrslsj:prm no{ ams 5B dxssf, lrrurr€l]l Jno,( llr _(Ill:rf,ldsa-,lri,rl:,tul" p('! .rqulrrd, llqrssod puc "'uo]mlf,uoJ" ".uondurnssl" -lu)sngrs" sE qjns'sruo p)m,{fuourrxoJ rrorr 5rF esn ot pJ.u ll,nol .pooqprfll IF rI '.rr^.aoH . cr?O, pur "o:rr/ ojdl. sl.qrns surrt utr.J llFlrcdcr-rr8ol fruloJ Jo LSolou.rurra:,.Jn!sqoel{r ot uoser tou p.iu no; .^oqE p)rou ry
]v)rux) ro rcvngN\qlHl gNr cNrNos\.ru sSlNVHtrln oNV 3-tALS 9N.i;ai..'.
To dc'cnbcr tood conctusrun uscrdrcc J)roDc'. rtot ubh . ,', t,i*,ttt,,a. ^,t"i,l j,tiu.ct \kh 3' tudt'suJ,porrcd. ^ J t h o u F h! o u c r n - t r , ) r c i conctusron,,r
.,;;;;;#,,:: ;::",'.i:,".,:::i". ::,'.:l::,^":r,*,",r .oncrr,sron. ur .sr,o,,,rrrrrrrrrhc concrusion is
;::r:;if.''.,
Th€ proccss of derjvinS frorn ?ssumed trcm,scs (rssumprions) cjrhcr a s r r ' c t c o n c l u s i o no r i c o n c l u s i o n L h a l rs ro son)cdcSrecprobabtc l ou c-rr dcscribc in inJexcnce xs Door. uru tL,tified, improbabre, or unr*e4,.
you crn flso drscribr.m ur:fcrcncc _ *as 'srro ''n6 /IzrriJtLd tikclt. f'robablc. or You car 'in1er tirar
"t bur rhe phl-]sc "inJcr a conclusior. is
Dedirction
hT'.';::fii:in::.:J,:.i"H:Jil:";*1Ti-1ccess
bur Drcrror,r aruoUsror loro,r.ls
id
W}lcn cvaluad,
G]rE'nd Gr4^r rcaders,.rc into accou'r t"* r,",', *,2:'::'-css'vs id'o"r(-albeit to e rrr lcsscr dcs.cc trrar your **r" ,0.-. -i lli..'.I
''*'-*-'*'{di+.":fii::ft j:*:Tff:;;:i"J ;',L
Ljpsfor avoidirs.or ar Ieasr tuJxmizn6.;il; essrys. iction
(Word
Choice
turuur ;;;; cfiors rn your
..
and Usage)
3fJ::i:::iJ*i:
'o vour.choice dryord a' wc,,a'o rhcnr.'',,c! in wn'n vou co,'',njt a', c''or
,'' dicir -"*" o'*'*;"";;;**;l;J:: s'!'ir.o' you,"llo')11 "" ':' I .o*"-*
on. *^"-'1"-
,n. ,o- r.' n"*"T'-11,i',1i.]"*^"lt eMsptc
3Si
"
r'hcbesro.c roconvcv
of cach rypc of dicljon
Til
vht'n! Skttll lor tbc CP.E,/6,\UT fsrs
pal
t!o@r,.J
nnnt
.t.tt .r)l stllit! nu!l!J^\
stsdJJ vll'2mx! |
s,rorJabl
)rrnb)p. lrt rpr^ord or s,3nd )srqr ur:lqrcsocltursi r| rlinorlr\",irrLroDrrp rl.qiu! nrspuqrxrnpoos r ur s:utu. to r.(l!!nu .\t or ,itu{,p)lrLUrl ur^e ).us!srorr:ruoDf,rp.lqrssodlo rsqrunu aql J-r^o>rol{rr srunr:s)rll r )jxqs u!]) noi u!qr suorsstrdx:r)nxluolpI:rroursurxruo).lrnsurl qs[3trJ rqr !])dsns rq€lru no; s\., :tru.u:dxi ,iq ,urD Jr^o p:uJrjrl ..rE/bqr'f,tru)q :rxult!r.r3 to s.[u rBn]rDid iur uo /it:r r.!op surolpl
sJoJJf rrrolpl puc uollJlo
3wp1o,s,r :o3 sd
. tcadso:r:r u rood lnrlJrds: trro rutrr rl€n! .)!^p! s,rurptsrrd f,rr^:rt f,srr qrrqa lJl :Uord ! D:urr: ,{L'rdurotr:rjr qrlqa iI lxa,{ lluo :qr sra lr51 lsll 'nrou4 an It rol ,{Essi rutum8rv JcrrdAI E Bo.U---oldut[r? -)suls uouluroJ ol lj!.Duo) sum 'JxanatuD u! 'ptta :)urpL{r lErFldui. e,f\ lo a2tl aqj r.r satl]fu orru:]u otr s,rf,]Dds f,rLL ^!ssI ansq TE)rd.,\l I: ruo:J--o1duyx1 '
:rljolPl
Jtrlour sE n3a tr rg qd fEuoDlsod.rd cr:rurorpi ul: surEluor rjJnla Jo q)ri 'sJJu:Ir5s oal 3Jr or)H ?sn uourxoJ pur pltx.d)r qfnorqr-3un) rr^o .lqsrdrrrr srrorrq suq rr Erlreqrd. uodn prclq llduls irdordur! ro rodord r.rlllr sl tu{l osx.rqd(rFlJf,ulso,r/rt) ?^prqrqp r sl r{rorrl uy
BOIP ',(pu)nb.{ nl:)so pux Snor^qocJE]{srp Jl ]{luo soJoJsJno^ ]r:lJr ^ltrsr3 px II^\ rBrm puE rlloq) proa rnol rp!,{. sru.lqord ,{l€lnploJJy 'sro!a (3uldA) Jr.rurlJ )rJur aq srJuusq lwlu lq-lqSar srola uo!1Jlp :q ot JE3dd|jlnq,A\ '(ro!. uorrtp to )d.,(l lsnJ :qt SlmUIJuro) lqaJa]ql> lualallpu! pro.{ Jtn 5sn ot tra\u ri)trr rsrt 3!p sdrqrrd rO " r^rsrraptrl ro p.ptl -rprm" sur.ur q.nt^ iuatDaquD )q ptno;i ererl ploa arEgdorddr .roEr \, " ,{qs ro 'Sum,lArm 'rltt]cntrJ" stiE ut rt.ap{llp pro^\ aqJ,) .uonrpuruluof,er s,tu:rrusdap rqt tll!r'ylb oJ tnoqr tu.zptfJrp lq'xutti pfnoln ] 'uolDx-to s.snciS .^!ru:ei1: o,ru aqt :oj nsllxu[ lgcueqtso) r^nxrcdrlo] r llddns rref, luJulrEd:p ot]l 9s]IUn roJJ! uonrlo Jo od,t rarFottv
.
( spro^l o^! as.In prsnlrotr r^rq tqSn! r.Irl ts.r:tlt "'a^gp ro tadord" srrc,l! qrnjA ,!]lr,1., p:trxtd3r.q plnorls r/radrzr '.)uf,turs s!ql )ad&t s! qrns proa x ,to rxrtuo5 aqr ul :J)d!rr!q ro.r:pLlu ot, surr,ru r,padrrl pro^\.tll) ro ft^
ru:ll!l:
-s4srr qo( pnplapur :r:rp iurru:op:d rsolu rql s)^Jrsrurrp roj errluu3r)p ot rlltqt ^\olF ol
., rrt^oJnpord 4,rp e^ord'llror -r"i::1,,::;,:,;
j::IT,":
StrlNVHSlWCNV llAlS 9N ri:1'
PAQTI l ] , ' . u , " r nf c v , f $ . , h c , . : r r c s o m c q u , L r c r L n cr.o k c c p v o u , : r. r rr n d n . r r o q , on $. s: ' r: t_u: F wh(n,r com., r, rri..c,.p.crs n, vou. s.or,nll' . lJlot,rcrt)etcisibirunsurclbourrhc
1,1 yourcssr,. don\u,",,ili;;J:H;l;il .usc ro Impressdre retrdcr\virh
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.n c.udirevoci butin,, f,rd Uy., ,. n., , i.. whar _crudire-mclrnri,cirhcr frnd out ordon.r uscir il) vouf cssavsl) . If a phiise sounds \,ron8 ro vour car. chrn8c ir unlit ir sounds coarcct Io vou. . T - h ef c w c r w o r d s v o u u s ( . r h c l c s s t i k c l ! v o u U commir JJl cffor iir arcrronor rdiom So rvhcn i') doubr. !o w.rh 3 rcht'velv bricf PDr:se Lhar )oU sti.ll rhrnli convcys your p,ru.rr.
. lf Enstishjs you,.second tanSuage, u}lc hcan: In evr.lurrirsturd scodngyour essays, cRE and GMATrcadersc*e into accolrnr o.oo,.ms orly ro rhe e).'tenrtlrard)oscprobtcms _..o1 l.tl]o- a rcader'sunclerst,ndjne or yuu. ""","r'cci" i'tcr,;"a n''.-,-j: 1'T
,*d:,1*',',.1,',il,'"'i;:il:;illt;"T*,croyourE
' Ifvou havc tunprc r'nrc_before your cxam, and you rhini{ vour diction aDousc-ofid,omscoutd sl.lnd cons;dcEblc inprovcmcnl, cbcck for en€'s rn your pmctrce cssrysbr consurtrnca reDurabreguidc ro Enp'orcsso. coue"iue, or acqoal,'., j'-:-'l cc who n*, a,-rm Sraspiofl'"0 rtrc convenrionsofsrxndardvrrren English.
YOUR GRAMMAR ln rhis scction the Srammatjcale.rors tt''ar resr Llkers riake -'-o., oo.,., ,,',:J:"I]eam G^'tAr cssa)'s oI coorsc' I can\ covcr tbc ld .n,". ".." "r::'^':-:Y Sro'nrn'r herc consulta comorchensjvc S'"'omar grr,oaro. -o.,"ngutn
cnors risrei hcrc
Ennor^ cuorcroFADiEorvE ,J;r;il*Jrious
Use adjecrivcs 'rd -icr Io comPxrc tua dr'inss; us€ adiecdvcs .'"., ,,''*", ,:1":^t-'rn-e no {csr to comparc dr'cc orTnorc rhfics i nc rsrand o{ Hr waii is Lhc /a,S.crr of $. Thc ijtand of Hawaii is tarler
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^notlrcr wry ro makc a comparison is ro
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wbcn dcscribinSlongcr ')ounr, bu! use ir-
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Inco.recr Grade schoot i8rz.r&, in efiical and social vdues, panicularty t]lc values of respcc! end oI roler"nce, ur? required tor any democ.aq, ro drrivc. (is) Compound subjccB (mu_lrjptcsubjccls joiJrco Dy conrccrors such as thc voro ard or rhe word or) crn also mask agrcemcnrcrrors. Remcmbcr: lf c:mpound subjecr is usuauyprujaj (and takcs plunl a l: Td -by 1J1,.a
oi,f, ci,hef... or.or ncltDer...,or, compound ].ll?l..11, 11".:l suolccrsarc usuaLtvsingula.. Plunl subiect (Corrcct)
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resutringLom his denouncirg th€ Exnh. cenrered protenraicmodct of rhe univcrse_
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Is Moderation
urou.2.ta6oiat.com
in A1JThings poo. Advicc?
Slror'ldwc srrilc ,i)r lrodcn[ior) in rlt rt,irrfs,rs ltjc idxSc suggcsrst ] rcnd to iF.c( wirh rhc spcatcr rhar eonhwhij( cndcxlors somcrimcs rcqL'rrc. or nr tcrsrcxlt for. inrcnscfocusar rhc eipcnsc of modeErion. Thc rinu.s of nrodcr:llioDrr( undcniiblc. Iiodcflr,on in ilt !hinrs alords us rl)r rlm( :nd encrtn,ro srmpr. morc ot q hJr lij( ind Uc worid hrvc ro offer. ln conrrisr. tack ofmodcrrlio tcadsro:r tilc our ofbalance. As a socicn, ve a.€ slowh cominSro reatizes,hrr mao\,aslurcpsvchologisLr and medical pracrilioners hale known aI ilong: we afe er ou, besr as humrnsonl\.whcn wc srrijieI properbrtincc berwecndre nxnd, bodt.,ud spinr The crll fof r balancedliJc is csscnrial\, a call for moderalion in all rhrnFs For insL:lncc,whilc modcrale ex€rciscimproves ou, hcaldr and seflseol well-bcing, ovcrcxcrcise and inrcnse cxcrcise can cause jriun, or psvchologicalbumour, eilhcr ofwhjch dcfear ou.puposc by rcquiring us (o drscontinucexercise,lrogcrher. l_1ckofmode.adon in dier can causeobesjq. ar onc er:rremeor anorexi:t at tlle other, cirhsr of whjch endanqcrsone,s hedth -ard cv.n liJc.^nd whcn i( comcsro porcnurtlv rddictrve su;unces_ alcohol, lobacco, and $e ti\e_ihe dclcicrious cIfecls of overconsumprion rc crearcoough. The virtues of modcririon app\,ro wo.k as we . Srrcssassociarcdvidr , hiSh'pressurcjob rncrcrsesonc,s \.ulncnbiliq. ro hcafl .liscascand orhc, ' physical disordcrs. Ard ovcrwork can rcsutr j, psvcholoSicat bumout, thcrcbt' icopa.dizing one's job and carccr. Overwork crn cvcn k_ill, as dcmonsFaredbv rhc atarningly hjg]r dcarh i'lte among vounsJapancscmcn. ftrfll' of whom work 100 of more hours crcn wccx Havjr8 acloovledged lhe wisdom of rh€ old adare, I nevenbcjess a8r€c thar undcr some ( rrcumsLrnces. ,nd lor some people, abandonbg modcmuonmjAhrbc well jusriled.Conside!hov mrnv of rhc wortd.s tlrcll 2ni:rtic crcxtions-in rhe visuxt arts,music, and cvcn tircr?rurc_would havc comc ro frurlion wrrhour irr.nsc, focuscd effon5 on rhe pan of l}lcir crdtors. Crcarive work ncccssadly involves a iirge measurc of inrensc focus-a srntlc-mirded.ob<essrvc pursuirof .csrhcricpcrfecrron. Or, considcr aLhlcdcperformrncc. Admj!t€d].t,,inrcnsiq,-c.:n bc Coun. terproducrivc phen i! rcsulls in bumour or injuJl.. ycr vho could disi8rcc lhar a gc"r aLh.lclicperfornurcc neccssffily.€quir€s Fear focus and intcffitr,_ bolh in plcplarion ud in rtlc pc.formalcc j(setl?in shoft, whcn ir comcs ro atl cLics,modc'](ion brecds mccliocriry,wllile inrcnsirv brecds cxccllcncc and vicrori. Fin..l\,, considc. rhe incrcasirgty compcltrivc wortd ofbusiness. An inrensc, tocused complnv-wjdc effon is somclimcs nceded to cnsrrc 2 compiny s compcolrvcnessand cvcn sun,ivij. This is p;rrricut.fty t !c in todrv s rechnologv{.jvcn industr.jcsvhcre keepinSup wir}l (he Fanric pacc of chrn8e is esscnri.l for atmostanv hj8h-rechfirm s sulaiv:rl
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.,, ,rrss.)ru .r-,rru,". ;f".:[H::;J;
rDljo sr uonuJporu SuFuadsns ro SlruopLrtqc l E q l qtLA JJjfE J ) ) j u ) L l , : q t 'ssaulsnq poE sJ!1alq1t: s! r.Jf,nssf,:rx ur ssf,Jlns,^DDlduotr I ot prft rurur -qsJldrroJJE a DlaJl o) srutoJ tr ueq^r ,ssel.qur^rL{ .s)trrllsulnJJt) tsoru ?ldof,d rsow roJ er!^p! punos ol stunourr: .8rpr: pto .r| .LUnsut
r.pun
slnssrlu9 rvl:llljo 0zaloJs^Vss:itdilvs
PART5
,
Our prcfcr(rrc! for (r." (N1r 1rc(don)or clroiccis (.'jdc'r ,,n l socic.,r,"'. ". *-li"',:t"'"'"*. 1""1 * cl)ildrcnir r plillround 'ccoFnizc .ccd tor scltimposcct rhr -it rs ' socicn \\'c rccosniz( simt nced "''" "' '"'ll ]'i1- lcrurllions: the socictr' otrr sYstc,',, or ra\\'sis rn rnvcnlionorrhc pcoDrc .;:.::.:ll:f"'' ". ttln'pt.. *t insis( on bcinS bound b! rul€s lor oPenrirs moror *h;.r.':rnd scllins borh r""l xnd pcrson:,l propcm. ?nd ".."*,,.1 .]li,l"'"t slrtcnr€rrrs about otllcr pcoPlc vithour rhcserulcs, *" *..,0 ,:'l'::":
securin, ofourpropcm. T.':":1,T.,;:,HJ;:.""":#,:";..1::"*, *.
In sum. I agrecwj reisonabrccons*iinrsonr:,-lf:.tunlanrcnril !sscnron rhr( pcopi€ p'ercr
socic,)., lqc,.u, "" *oj,jiil'n"".u..T"ll,ili,,i."j"JJij.,lf :.f,"r.":*
prEscrvedral frccdom.
ilf
lssurNo. I 6 Govear-Eeat,s Duty to preserve Culhr.al Tradition The spcaj{c.,sctaim l (1) cnsunnsLhesurvivdot rarsccilics",,,d.- *-.;'.:'^?iiil :n':crord: o-1.I1'lu*l t''ditions is ' properfti'ction or rovcrnrncnt;
curRrar tEditions ,o "u-i
trH.':i,il$il;H;T""HJi.#:,,''jl,'":f# o noiaproper ro,corgovcm.
"'.",:I#:,*r;::::iff5;-'111.'-o'u*' such
asPrrblichcrJrJr aid 5 sq,atg5e csscnuar ro tt''csurvivat of lrr?:t ll*t -d ofnldons thatSovernme"t (o cosurcrhar *.]' i,"s, oun' -. -.ltjltlli th€se obieclives shoua nor encni rcououslvro prcscrvina-rl-ii]il*' "*"over' sovem",,cntcx'rlof pos "tl,t' p'"t," .'.*-o?i--i-L':-:*'"" p*ro" lnidequrle resourccsc2l.l rcsmct,off , prioriucs, ano .rl-I-'l,t"t ror " " -.onscronrble ro rercFrrc o€ciiionsasto wlich c,uo normarivc l-ol"l" arc mofc dcscrvnS,vilulblc, or nccdvro a fcw lc8ista,.rr,:.:lY noTott'o's t'o."t " oout culrufc mjShI bJmissuidcd of urrcprcsen.,dvc of -i,'i"""'illlSii::' rho". "l,Lo-tf o*'rcc Arso
resrsrators 3'; too
r*"r',o -,-t..r'o,.."
slatcsor or lobbyisrswi* *I
l',I"'t*t
"tenclasof d)cir homelowns and
sccono,y. suusia,zinJ.:'il:,.ff:i,:::T::.:
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ftmirv or Renaissancc It'tr'. supponcd;;; ;;.;':i^1-ry1"'rr:r ccnrul,,rhc o*"n. ".",..'li1i-lro and R-iphaclDu'ins the rqcntjcLlr
::?ili ;:t**.i1":juilil: :iiiliri"ir"Ii:.r*I1:,1 -t'.'j^'-riom mcaiamogurs-incru;;,ili::T i.rcs of
our ncs tcch'oros)ancr
Tcd Tumcr jrd L:rr C,rrcs. ln s.ron. Pctcrsar's
.
\t/nu,,t Skitl, tar tbe G],,E/G,aUT Tcst\
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sAEl lsnrun ^aqosro ol lrng .rn6 t 7
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.f,r.lqdrsl. f,p,qn qJrqa,srrolttpElr l!.rnrJntr l)upsrD Jno uo 3rruraq ellll 5^rq plno,4rsJprt ai_rclBr,rlsrssr.Je^oeJoR.spur .sr{t pJrrdot AlssaJru atruusrss! lusurur^o8 sl Jou isuoltlprrt Fjntlna s uoDcu It 3u:^Ds5ld ro SuDourord JarjtrJ 3to&nd lqr,oJ stprJ f,3lrl Jo 'tnrsrssr touutf, tu:u !r^o8 .s!s,{lxuE An91l,,(fixrrudosoFqd frrrg.rq) ul .srrrlln) .. .suorrxuIrqto Jo suoDJplr f,qr .ztptsqns or Jlr^\ sx rrruJn) trqolS E cttrD or Btndlaq lllxru:r s1ruetourero8 r: ,sarrrr' .fuxl SuDsrssD,{q',{iSqpror)r':eod,u3rs fsn:p5rrfrur liizhuass) arE srnrr rurpolJ JIr lfU_V'suolllpEn JLrrUlrcrlL.rlslp 9,uol][u .uo qrra cJo(UlU.cop o) !l]ll sEqrruFD A!a-8lq lng Jtsnlu pur 'rrr|lr)rlq:)JD .rJ! tuau.fut)cJd9,ppoa )qr rsEoqpuE ',(rldsrD.trsod.p ra.Dq,!'.JE s.Fp 3!q :.u, qtlq" roj sr5tuor rno sr 5^r.s op rettl) rno .,{Ip3Dlupy suoF.r Frru pu! suaot tlxurs ur p!:tsll uo)&nq-s.luour:Dc pur .sruolsrD ls8uospuo]llp!-J) .sullr .ui XloJ srt-suoEIpErr JEjrulnr r)L.trqp s,uoltlu r ',{xpoJ suoFrprJl FJrulntr s,uotluu x roJ sJrrErrDl'ls pur puno:8 Sqprr.rq ljsrljsd cqt sx 5ll.s srtr!) cfurl rrqt srsf,83ns,(pEIUn Dlxrds rqr ,,{ptrEuodujl rsou, sdDrlrd p!rl: .,{tf!ulJ 'p:)ouord pux pauesrd a:r suolrrpr_rtlr:'lrulnl Jno Irrl) )rnsu: ol :urr.rur rou pr)u ru?luur.^o8os puD 'trpor ll.a prrr r^lr sr;(iorrnuxtrqd
s3nssr 3rJ9]vogio 0zuoj sAVssS l.tdhJVs
PART5 Thc sccond fundxnrcnlrt probtem
\v
illi:t,.#l*:ir$f irlii:;.":tT"Ii*r#,l".".ff :H:il.'.11'";1" .:,,::.:::. l:',n-.",*""n.'*,u.",,.." :T*.j rs to
rrcc.ridcrs onr! compc, ;;;;;:^ - -0", . **.. nj.f';;. ;;;;;';;;,'"
Pcrpcluatc thc svsrcn ma'n!!in tax 'rcs nI hiah rcvcls
^";,_.;;;-;;;;;,'i,i;i..,ll"j,l,lllli .JusunlnB ..l ::a"::,1,.1 viotrrionof oncsonofta\,..wcnnd *"o*, ", "-"i,pp.iir,"ii
lonard srncrionirg aI Lvpcsof illcgal bchavror,llrcludinScsrcFiousc.jminrl conducr. Rcruming ro rbe xbonjon exa, mcntionc\iabovc. a nerson srroott! opposcd. *. ,*.0...r.n j.'npic Pos'rion miShr mrrntii'' rhrr thc iircrrr brockinS "t ,...", . l"- "ri"T
:'::9':i'"*;"-.";,;''""";:;;ili,:"T";T:"j' ;}.;.i.fil
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ji;
potcnrial murdcr. In sum, because tle inbcrcnr funcrron ot our laq,s is ro bilancc -..:":,
^asonabJe pcoptcwirh ,:ir...Ir, p.to.i,i." *dr-Ji")-o :,."T_:Ii orsagrccabour thc faimess
of spccinc bws. AccorOingty,radtcd action suJb
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lssurNo. 25 Wtrar Should Be the Focus of Med.ia? Th€ speakcr asscrrr s", scnsa$onrt evcnts, ,h. -,
nrher rhan mcrcly h,ahljrhrmc ccnain
impo*icv€nEs ;-$:Ili f:'*"TliT -\r;h,,.
st ndpoinr. in thc find ana
::;ff :nT,",i:
j":_.I'"rTi.#.oi,1ii'1i,,i,".*r,,., upon ro.,i-p,o"ion|rytiJ:
rwo rcssons. Firsr, wilho the benefir of a compierc. un _ricrea,ard telaocccl accounr of culrcrr! impossible to dcvclop an ir ormcd jnrclrse,,r - eod .pi,',o' .ull.l",T,"l l'i5
nrm.,o con*ibu,e mc"dilI,:'J#: "'::,::f .#:lli ;:".:.ff ,J broadpanicipationinan or oto".tt "o"ut such
cou.sc-Thc cnctrcsulro, J.*.139 rcrcsarcu]e qlos!irnpo*"'I-1',,T1'
'*''t
cxccutivcs wrroma,'o. -"; :::il:liil1idtur
issuesto stcera propcr 'nbJormcd PeoPleis rhat er'e
or rcsiditorsjurisrs, a'd
sccond, by focusins on tbc -sensarionat"_ul, vi.il *. ,," "o""*.. ro mcan compamtivcly shockinS, cntcnainin8, *O ,Orr*f .r."i" _* casily carch onc,s anenrion appc:rrto our cmolions and basc! rnsuncts,Fther dr:Lnro .rr::,'-l-,1 rnteltccr:lnd reason,An), obsenanr pcrson couro writirS s/:tk ./or n e GIU/GLL4T TesLr
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PART5 rr( morc objcctivc.IJulrhrsdocsnor msrn dlxr frcruirl:ccounts provjdca "morc nrcaninStul picrurcof !hc humancxpcricncc.'To rhc conrr:lq, on\' im:tFinilifc \vorks(xn bnnA I ll|:LoncajpcnoJ rl|fe-br \\':'i of cre,triv( roolssuch as iml8cn and poinr of vics,. And_onll.imlgbirjve works c.n providc mcaningro hisroricilcvcnts-rhrouAhthc us( of dcviccssuch nr svmbolismrnd nrcLilDhor. Scvemlc)iampJcs fronr lircr:rrure serve(o illusr|atclhis poinl. Ts'ains novcls rfford us n s.nsc of ho!\, ninelecnrh
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lssurNo. 47 Pragmatism vs. Idca[sm I l t r c ( \ ' i r h l l ) ! s p c ; r t i c ri n s o t i r r : r s r p c l i c : r t . p r r g m a l i c : r f p ( ) x c l , rosifd our cndqrvors cin hch Us sn^,n,c in lhr shon rerm. Howcvcr. jdcalism js jusr xs ctucixl-ir nor mok so-for long-rcmr succcss in an). cndcrvor. s4rclhcr al b( in rcad(mics. busjncss. or politicat and socirl rcfornr.
\r,.lrcn ir co')cs ro icadcmics. srudcors s,bo wc would consictc, pr:8m;rrc reno nor ro purs c in educ.rjon for irs own sakc. Insread, dlcl. reno Lo cui sr:rrever comsrs rrc ocedcd ro oprimize their gmde avcngc and survjverhc cuffcnt rctdcmic re.m. llur is dris xpproacitrhc onl),wal.ro succecd academiclllv? Ccnrinla not. Srudcn$ who cxmcsrl), pu6uc irtcllccrusl padrsrhar lrul,vinteresrrhcm lle morc lilel). ro come asat, with a mmnjngful ind l:lsrin8 cducation.to fact, x 6cnsc of mission abou( onc's arca of f:rscinalionis srron8 modvlrion to paniciprrc acrivc\, in ctassa.f)dro stud) cl'nestly, bodr of which conldburc to bcEcr gndcs h rhat arca.Thu! alhough thc idcalisr-srudcn( migbr sncrilice a high ov€rj.lt Erade2v€mgc,rhc depth of knowlcdgc, :rsdemic disciplinc, and scnseof purposc t})c srudcnr gaios will sc|c lhnl studenl wctl laler in lifc. ln considcring rhc busircssworld, ir mighr bc morc rcmprin8 ro agrc? wirh rhc spexkei aftcr all. isn't busincsstundamcn6ly abour p."gmatism_ rhi( is, 'ActLingrhe job dooe" aod pxyinAi(cnrion to dre ,.borromlirc') Emphxricill),no. d.nrr€dll, rc cvcrydaymrcllnationsofbusircssarc ven much !bou( meelingmud-ne shofl.r€.m!o3ls: deadlrcs for producLion srcs quot-rs,profir margins,and so fonlr. yer underpinnirg thesc activiciesis thc vision of thc compiov s chicf executivc-a vis'on r.bxrmighr cxrcnd flr bcvond mcrc proli! maximizarion to the wnys in which thc frrm ca.rl ma-keI lasring zrd mcillingful conuiburion ro rhc corrrrnuniF. ro rhc broado cconom), and ro ahc socicn is a wbole. Withou! a drc'fo o, vision-thar jj, witbout suong idcrlis! lcade.shjp-r. flfm can easil), bc casr abour in tic sc: of commcrce widtour clear dircanon, threareninAnot onlv thc firm's botrorD tnc but also i- veD surviv3l. Finalt, when it comes rc rhe poliricat arcnx, a8ain ar 6fit blush, ir might appear that pragmarismis rhe besr, Lf not the onh, vzl' ro succecd lilost politicjans secm drjvcn b] rircir inrercst in bcinS elecred 2nd rcclcc.cd-thrt is, in surwivinS-nrhcr thal] by ary scnseof mission or cvc! obljtllion ro$cir conslirucncy or cQUrD,. Drplomeric and lep.l nuncuvcr ano nc8ourtrons ohcn appear inrended ro mc€r rie?mc{icjl nceds of partic5 involvcd-minimi?iri8 cosLs,pr€scrving oprions, ind so foft.h. Bu!
is jdcalisr-s-nor pmgmarisrs-who sway rh€ nusscs, inci!c revolulions,
make poli(ical idcologr'rej!ry. Considcr idcalisE such as Ancrica,s foundcn Ilahilma Gandhi, and Manir Lurhcr KL:rg. Had ihcsc idealisrs concc
thcmsclvcs with shon.r€mr survird and irnmediare nccds mrhcr thrn M their notions of xo ideal socierj, thc Unired Stalcs lnd lndia might sn
anuulrarcBoB..onl
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PARI5
mcthod is css€ntiallr a clll for progrcss rh.ouph rrial and error. Anv ncs, rhcon musr be tcsrrclbr empirjcal obscn'lrion rnd musl $,ithsran.lrigorous scicnrificscrurin\'.Mo.eovcr.lhe hisro4'of thcor€ricalscicnccis csscntiallt. x hislon of rriil nnd c.r.)r. Onc modcm c)ilmplc inlotvcs nvo conrrirl, tbcorics of ph\,sics:w:r\'( theon,xnd qurnrum rhcon. DurinF thc trsr quancr<enrun. scicoiisrshar.ebeen srnrgglirgro disprovc onc or thc othcr-o. ro reconcilcrhcm. s ir rums our,? nrw sc!
,-E| t | ::1T:111.". u..*."" riaditionaadModernizatio.? Must we choosc bcwcen Frdirion and modemizarion, a5 rhc spcakcr conlends?l agr€e that in c€ftain cajes, tlc lwo are fnurually cxclusivc..Iot thc most pafi, ho\rcvcr, modcmiadon does ror rcjecr Fedidon; in fac! j, man! cascs,lhc formcr can and docs cmb.acc r}lc laner. ln t}le frsr place, ollentjmcs, socallcd "modemiarion" is acrualll' ail orlcnsron or new ircra.ion of rradilion or a v:riidon on iL This is cspccialti truc in langraSe and ; law. The modcm EnSlishtajlguage, r,,rspirc of i6 g]:ny words thn are unique tomodcm \y€s!€m culnu€, is derivcd from, ,nd builds upon, a uricty of lingurstis r.adons-and u.lrimarcly Irom th. -.incicnt Grackand l-alir laIlguaScs.Wcre wc io insisron rcjccting ladirion:l iJt favo!,of pucl)' modcrn llngugc, wc would hevc csscotiatlynorhing r0 sey. Pcrhaps afl cvcn molc sll.ikin8 mal.rj2gc of modcmianon and rt?dtlion B our ststcm of laws jn thc U.S., wruch is dcepjv rootcd in Engtlh , common'Iaw principles of cquiry and jusricc. Our sysrcmrcquircs tha! ncs, .so-callcd'modem" laEs be consisrcnrwi*r. rnd in facr buitd uoon. t'I1oil
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anl machirethir crnnor be desc.ibcdr\ i rool. lycn mxchiics dcsif,ncd() cnrcni;n or :lmusc us-for crxnrplc, lor rol)ols.c:rrs.lidco 8amcs.lnd noy(lr\'ircn]s-xrc in tuctr(x'ls.Nhiclr thcir in!cnrorsrnd Pronrolcrsusc fol jn conrmcrccxnd tl)( busincssol crrrnrinrr(nr rtnd rnruscmcnt. cng:rginF nd dr( cliim rhar i mxchinccan be an cnd in irscll vithou( purpost or b(st. sioc€I c;'nnol utilirxrixnfuncLionfo. hunr rs wh:usocvc..is (lubntr's:1r conjurc up cvcn a sinSl( cxrmplc of rnl sucll mrchinc Thus, whcn v! d€vcloDanr' son of machinc-ve ils'xvs hivc somr son of cnd in mind-i pucpos€for that machinc. As for the sralemenr's:iecond chim. in ccnain respccts,machincsxr( supenor.\\'e havc dc\'r..o m:.ch,nesrhir pcrlorm numbcFcrunchnt anJ orhcr rolc cer€bralt-Iskswith grcrterrccur]cl xDdspc(d lhan hum3nmitds ev€r could. ln fac!, it is bccauseve can dcvisc machincsthat arc supcrior in rhcsc respecrslhar we deviselh€m-as our rools-to be8il| wjrh. Howcvcr. iJ one defincs supcrioriq, not in terms of competcnc€ in performin8 rotc rrrks but r?thcr in other wavs, human rdnds arc superior. Ilachines bavc no capacityfor independenrthought, for making judgmcn6 basedon normativc considemdons, or for developirg emoliond responses ro inicUcctud problcms. Up unril noq'. dre notion of human-madcmachines rhrt dcvclop rhc .biliq to t]rinli on thcir own rnd ro dcvclop scc:tlled 'cmotional irrclLisence'h?l been pr.c ficrion. Besidcs,even in liction, wc humbs ultimatc\' prcvan ovcr such machincs-as in thc c25esof Frankenstein's monsrcr and Hal, the compurer in 2001: A Spacc OdJ,sr.l,.Yet jt sccm( pr€sumpruousro assen q'jrh conidcncc tha! humrns will a)ways mxinlain thct supcrior stxtusovef their m:lchines.Recent:rdvincesin biorcchnolo8l, penicularly in the.Jca of human Benomercscarch,sug8esrthat within tbc rwcnty-first ccntury, wcrll witness mxchines rhar can lcam to thi!-k on rhcir o\a'n. ro rcpar lnd nufture themselvcs,ro cxpe.ience visceral scnsadons, aJ|dso forth. ln other words. machincswill soon exhbit thc traits ro which wc humans antiburc oui own supcrioriq'. ln sum, bccauscn'e devisemachinesin order thai tbel ma-\'scfvcus, il is fai.rto characreri?emachines as "rools of human miods." And insofar zj humans have *re uniquc crpacitJ'for indepcndenl thought, subjcctivc iudgmcnt, and cmotional responsc, ir also seems fair ro claim supcrioriq - - over our machines.Besides,shorid we c\'cr become so cl€\'er a spccics aslo dcvisc nuchires Lhat can rru\'rhink fo. tlrcmsclv$
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PART5
Ell
lssurNo. 87
A,rc \\/ar and Ciimc Producls of thc Human Condition:,
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Afc prodoclsof humrn nirur€ such is N:|| and crimc rciurlh producls ol lhc humrn condirion-spccitcall!.lack of rcsourccsand lerriron,?Thc speakcrclaimsso.I srrongl!dis!gr€c.bow€vcr.Whcdrcrwc iook rr scicncc andhiston orsimpl)'lookarouncjus in ourdail! livcs.pc sccamplccvidcncc thrr humanagg.cssion is rhe product oI oLr na$rc as hunr.lns-andnot of o r circumsirnccs. Firs( of all, the chim runs conunD ro m! pcrsonal obscn'arioo about h dividualbehrvior-cspcci l] whcn ir co;cs ro mxtcs.Onc nccd look no tunier thao rhe locrl school g.ound or Ljrdcrsa(€n playroom !o sce thc roots of crime and wnr. EveD, scbool -vardbas irs bulh who dciiFhrs in rormcnriDgmcckcr scbootnares;and in cvcn kirdc.tanrn cllssroom, r.hcrc is at jc$t onc miscrcut whosc habir is ro s rrch awa' rhc favorirc roys of classmares-purcll for rhc cnjoymem of hnvirf seizcd propcnl' ft.om another. And thcsc behaviors ar€ clcar\, nor for Nan! of resources or acrrjroq,.Thus,d)c onl)'rcason:rbic cxpl:lnitjo'ris rhxr rhc\,arcproductsof hurnan nattlr€-nor of rhc human condirion, Second.ly,lhe cl:tim llics in t})c face of whal scicnlisls havc rcamco about genericaiiy dctennincd hrimar tiairs. Minl,human Fai$-nor jusr physicil oocs bur psvcholotticrl oncs as welt-arc prcdcrcrmincd ar binh. And ro a grea! cxr€n!, we hxve inherired our gcnelic pr€disposirionfiom our nonhuman anccsrors.Onc mjghr argue thta lower lnimal speciesengagc in s.irlilic bchrvior for rhc main rcason $at thc],musr do so to prorcc! tbcir tcrritory or ahcir clan or tor food-not becauseof thcir narurc. yer, thi5 point bc8s rhe quesrion;for wc hmrns havc becn SencricaltrproSnrnmcd, thiough the cvolutionaryprocess,ro behtvc in simila! wt1's, In o$er'words, doiog so is simplr our narure. Thirdly, tilc claimmakcslirde scnscin th€ contcl't ofhuman hisron,.prior ro rhc lastfew cinturics, thc inhabiablc regionsof our ptanerprovidco amprc rcrrirory and rcsol[ces-such ai food a,1dculli ble lard-ro accommodarc cvcry hrxian hhrbiranl. Ycr orlr disunt ancesrolseDgagcdin war aJIdcdmc 2n\'war'.\Y,4rar elsecxplairs dts, cxcett thar iL js prn ofour inher€nrn:rturcro cnSrgci, aggrcssivcbehaviorrovard olher humirts?Morcovcr,ifrrec considcr tllc vano$ cxpcrimcnrswith Marx3-C!.In.nudsm, ilbecomcs ctcaf rhar rhc purc Marxisr Strra in n,hich a]l reEirory and .€rourccs are shrcd accordjng ro thc necG ofeach individualdcicsDor'work in p.icric€. Evcrvaftcmpr,whcrhcr on thc macro or mic.o lcvcl, hrj fn cd ar rhc hards of a fcw cicmrgogucsor dcspori. who agtrcssand oppresslikc piaySroundbullics ln sum, rhe ,uthor of this sratcmenrmisundarsrrnctsric roors of such pDcnomcri ?r sar and cfime_The sr.rcrnenr runs contnn.ro my pcrsonrl obscrvations of humlr behavior, ro rhc sc'enrific norions of gcnctc p.cdisposirion and cvoludon of spccies, and io rhc oler-whclrning lack ot cvidcnccthlr providir8xmptercsourcesro peoplr solrrs thescproblcms.
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PAAI 5 o n t h c n o t i o n t h ; ] l u n d c s r n b l ( h u m a n L ) c h t r ! i o rc a n b c c h r n g c d - t i r r o u E h !;lrious mcrns of rcfornr rn(l l)chrvior rnodificxtion. I n s u m . t b t s f € . k c r o r l r t c n c E r l i z r s \ \ t c n i l c o r j r c sr o r h ( raluc of an rnd scienc(-bolh of Rhich se^c i i n o t h c r c x s c s( ) r ' p s c r l n r n ! c v c n t . t h c s p c r k c f m i s s r f , t c sl l l ( ind \'aluc of scicncc. Nbich ;s ro cjiscovrr Inrths. wbcdrcr upseninS.
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NO. I UJ I5SUE Is It a Mistakc io Theorize vithour
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Is i! I "8r.rvc misl3ke' ro iheodzc N'lhout dit-1, as tlrc sPcalicr contcnds?I agrcc insofaras ro t}eori?e b€Iorc collccting sumcicnl dau js to risk t-xinring the proccss of collecting and interprcltng funhcr data. Hov€vcr, ir a scnse.rhe speakerbe8s thc qucstion bI overlookil]g t})e facl rhar evcry rheoq'requircs somc datn to bc8jn s'ith. l\{orcoler, thc claim unfrjrly ignorcs equau' II:rve conscqucnccsof wxiring lo $eoriz€ unril $c obrrin roo much dill. ln one imponant rcspec!, I agree with th€ spcaler's cont€ntion. ,4 rhcoo'conjurcd up sirhour the bcnefir of d:rtr rmounrs ro lildc morc thu rhc tl)co.isashopcs and dcsi.cs-Nhat hc or 5he vrnls ro bc Lrueand no! bc rrue. Accordingl), lhis theo.isr will r€nd ro scek out cvidcnce that suPPoru rh€ lhcoq' rnd orerlook or avoid cvidcncc rhrr retutes i!. One rclling hisrorical examplc involves theones aboul fte ccnler ot the uruversc. UndcrslandablJ',we c8o.dd\'cn humans would ptcfcr tlul thc univcrsc reeolvc rround us. F-lrh tbeories preslmed so for llis rcalon, nnd sub,seqlentobs€rvationstia! ran conua4' to dis c8o{riven trcory s/eta ignored, 'while tl1c obscrverswere scomed ard ev€n vlined. By theolizirg beforc collcctnS d:i?, the ttreo.is! elso runs the risk ol Ll]terpreli'lg thzt da!, in , maoner thar mskcs il appcar to lcnd morc crcdencc to th€ th€ory than ir actutllt'docs. Considcr the theory tbat linn is nar- Ary pcrson wjth a cierr view of drc horizon musl agreein ali honcsq tlar thc evidence docs not suppon the theo4 - Yel prior to Nc&'ronirn physics,the notion ofl sphericil Erlth s'as 5o unsettling ro peoplc thxr thq intcrpretcd rhc ,rc.shapcdhonzon as evidcncc of a convc)i, I'et ncv€nlrclctl "flanish." Frrth. Dcspirc lhe mcdr5 of rhc spc:Jter'sclaim, l'find it probiematic in t$! cruciil rcspects. First, ionimon scnsc inJoms me rlla! it is jmpossiblc m tico.ize in thc ifsr pl2cc vit})out rt leastsome dau- llosr' c?n thcoriuinl witlrout deu be dan8crous, as the spcakcr contcnds, iI il is nol cval possiblc?whilc a thcory b:$cd ?ure\' on fmraq' mitjrt ultimatc\' be bon out by cmpirical obscnalion, jt is equilb possiblc that it von'r- Thur without prior d-al.a, a thco!_'r' is no( wonh our timc or aftcnuon. Secondll', th. spcak.r's claim ovcrlooks thc inverse problcm: dr danger of continuinS !o:cquire diti vithout vcnrurinS a thcon'bascd or
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Ritua]s, Cercmo&ies, and CuIhx.aI ldentifr, Thc speakcr
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PANT5 ()r considcrlhc Forl o[ providintl)rrsicli'()dxrrdsh(lrcr for xn innoc€nl child. nvonc would rtrcc rh drisAorl is hiflrlr' wonhy-considcrcd xp:rd from th( mc.lnsL'scdro:rchi(vcir. Ihr whxt if thoscmcrns jnlolvc srcnlinl fron) othcrs?Or whar if rbc! involvc cmplolin8 drc child in a swexlshop ar thc c\pcnsc of cduc:l(inFrhc child. CIearl),dcre.miningrlrc wonhincssof such forls requircs rhrr rvc confronr mofll dilcmmas,which Nc cach solvc individullll'-bxscd on our own consci€nce, \'xluc sYsrcm.:lnd noLions of faimessard cquiq'. On , sociccrllcvcl.wc dctcmrinedrc eonhincss of our Sorlsin much tlrr sime N:r)-b) sci!rrin8 comp.trn! !nrcr(sts. For inslincc. an) thou8htful pcrson Nould l8rec thxr rcducing ;rir ,rd Nrter pollution is I worth) socictal goxl; clcan air and w:rtcr rcducc thc burdcn on out hcalth{arc resourccsand improvc thc qualiN of lifc for evcryone in socicq. Yct ro lnain this 8od, would s,c be justitcd in forcbiS entlre industrics out of busincrs, thcrcbv ruffiing thc risk of cconomjc paral)'sisard wjdcsprcld un€mploymcnt? Or coosidcr ,\mcrica's intcwcndon in Laq's invasion o{ Kuwai!. Did Amcrica's dud inrcrcsr in a condnuing flow of oil to thc Wcst and in dercning ? porcntill thrclt igxinsr lhc securiryofrhc wodd justtfy our cornmirtinS .resourcesthar could h:rvc b€cn uscd rnstcid for domcsdc social-wclflrc progFrns-or a m)Tiad of orhcr producive purposcs?Both issucsrDdcrscorc rbe fact thar rhe wordincss of a socicol goal cannot bc considcredaprr fiom tbc meins ud idversc conscqucnccsof atrinin8 thlr roal ln sum, drc spcalcr bcgs tl))equcstjon. Thc wonhincss of any goal, whcthcr n bc pcrsonrl or socicl-d,cxn bc dcrcrrnincd or -yby wcighing ihc b€ncJitsof thicvinS thc 8od aSainstits costs-to us as vell a5 othc$,
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PARTO Finrll!. lhc surlc\ rhar rhc auihor citcs mitshtbr u relixblein anY of lhrcc rcspecls. Iirsr, rh€ xurhor frils !o assur( us ihxr rhc strlacr.s rcspondcnrsarc r€presenurivcof !rll collcf( srudcnls.sccond. thc surve! rcsulrs dcpcnd on ll)( h0rrcsrl.:rnd inl(gritI ot (hc rc:,pondcnls.Tbird, h\'potbeticxlprcdiclionsxbout oncs fururr bch:rrior:rrc inhercnrt! lcss rclixble rh:rnrrpofts of profrn behrlior. I-rcking cyidcncc tha! rhc suffe) i5 rcliiblc. rbr ruthof srnnol reasonrbtrrcly on rhc survrr in rccommcndinA d)xt othcr colkrcs xdoDrxn honor codc. lo conclusion.ro pcrsuadrmc rhar orher collcSesshould,rdopr an honor codc in ordrr ro rcducc cbcarinF,d)c rurhor nrust supptl. clcar evjdcnce rhar chc2rinSar croleroo jlI fict dccreasedafrcr rhc honor fodc was insrirurcd.hc.c and rha( il is rhis codc rhrr \vxs rcsponsiblc for"dlt decrase. Fjnally,to bcrrcr asscssrhe uscfulncssof thc surv€1,,I would nccd specitc info.mriion abou! dre su.vcy's sajnplirg merhodologt.
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nris loxn xpplicanr cl:rims rtrxr a jxzz club in Monroc I\,odd bc t profirxblc vcnrurc. To suppon this clxim. rhc applicrn! points ou!.rhrr Iloffoc hrs no orher ).zz clubs.He ilso citcs various orher evidencc rhar jazz is popular rmonS Monroe rciidenls. Carctul cxaminarion of this supporring cvidcncr, howevc., revclls rhrr ir tends lilrlc crcdiblc suDDon to tbc . appljcant's cldm. Fifst of all, if tbc dcmandfor z iive jTzz club rn Monroc wcrc as grcar 2l rhc rpplicJnr claims,il sccms rhir( Montoc would drcadv h:rv€ one or morc such clubs.Tbe fact rhar the closestjuz club is 65 milcs awar' sugg€srsa tack of i crcir among Monroc-rcsidenb in a locat jazz club. Since thc applicallt has not adcqua.el],rcsponded to rhis concem, his cl3im rhar tllc proposcd club vould bc profitabtc ls untcnablc. Thc populariq'of Monroc's annurt jazz f€soval aJld of ils nighrty jazl rldio sho*'mjght appcar to lcnd suppon !o rhe applicarfs dainr. Howcvcr,' it is cndrcl), possible lhat rhc varr majoriq' of festivil aftcndecs arc our-of-rownvjsiiors. Morcovcr, thc ruthor providcs no evidcncc rhat radio lisrcn€rswoDld bc irtcrcsrcd in goinSbut ro hcar Iivc jazz. Ior rhar mancr, thc radio proSram mighr acru"Il posc compcririon for i.bc C-Norc club, especiellyconsidc.ing drar the prog.em ,.irs durirg tire cveni!8. Nor docs t}}c merc facr thar sanld.ffel-knonn i.:: musicianslivc in 'suppofl Iloffoc lend si8nifican! rd thc applicanfs cl m. tr is cnur€iy possiblet})arrhqsemusjcianspcrforr clsewhcrc. pcrhaps xt thc club localed 65 milcs away. Ttris would 80 a lonS wa_vioward criptaining why Monroc docs not cunently have a jazz club, and ir ivould weakcn thc applic"nfs rsscnion thar rllc C,Norc would bc p.olilablc. Finxlly, t}c nationwidc srudy showing rha! rhc averaSejrz lan spcndr S1,000 Clch yexf on jazz cnlcr]-linmenr would lcnd suppo.! ro rhc
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PARI6 possibiliq,!hc :rurhorc:rnflolconvjocinft\.concludr rhxl rcducin,]l,^lu,s worf shifij h) l horrrwoutd rcducc^lLr,siccldcnr ,"rc. Fionll\..i sc.icsof problcmsq,jrh rhc nr8unrcnri.isc from rl)e sc.nr sllrisricalinlorfnarionon \4rjch jr fclics. L comp!.inA rtrr numbcr of lccidcnrs xr -^lra xnd pinopty, rlrc aurhor f:rils ro coosider rha! rh€ pcr-s'orkcr accidcn! crre mighr revcatrharAjra is acrua s:tfcr dran panopl)., ), dcpcnding on rhc rorat number of workcrs rt caclr comD?nr,. Second. perhrpsrccjdcntmle\ rr rhc rwo comljt., f"r, ,."r..... oU.n-rrions. anJ during orhcr vcars,.?!lL?,s tccidcnr mtc was no Arexrcr,or cven joB,cr. rha, Panopll,s r"rc Or pe.h.ps panopty is noi rcprcscnrlrivc of ltdusrrial compan;cs gcncritt)., and othcr companies.with shoncr work shjfls liavc cven hig}cr accidcrr rrrcs. ln shon, sirce t}rc irgumcnt rclles on vcn, limircd sL:{isricxlinformadon, I crnnot Llkc thc ruthor,s recomrncndation h conclusion,rhc ricommend.ltrionfor cmutarirS panop\r's work_sh_ift p.,rin :j nor - :ll -r-rpon:d. Tc r!.rvincc mc d|rlr shoncr vork shifls B-.!li .rD.i r,..i ri ;irc. the aurbci - r:t ...,,-iae .rcducr ^lla s J: cvidcnc€ rhrr work.shifr tcngth is rcsponsibl. lc: si. re ,4.i...i iccic.nts. The author mu$ also supply cvidcncc ro suppon h€r fi.nrl conctusion dlar :r lovcr accidcn! mrc woutd in facl incrersc ovcml vorker producrivir),.
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22
ilr Old Dair-y Stock This cxccrp! from m invesrmenrncwsrclr.r crres I .cc€nr srudl h which 80 pcrccnr o[ rcsponctenb ndicalcd a dcstre ro reducc *tcir consumpdon of hiSh,far and hjgb-cholcsrcrolfoods, rhcn poinrs our thar , Jood- srorcs are .wcll.srockcd wirh tow_far food producrs. Bascd on rld! cvidcncc, rhc ncwsl€rrcrprcdicB a siSoficanr decline j, salcsand Drofirsfor Old Dair_tfOD), , produccr ofd"lf).proctucLshjFh i, frr ind chotcsrcrol, afld aclviscsinvcsrors-notto own OD slock. I flnd this advice spccious,oo scvcid SfouDds, Fiist, the excc9r tails ro atsurc mc t}|at thc sutvev rcsulls accurerclr. ren.cr rhc dcsirci of mosr lonsumcrs or rhrr thc,eslrlrs rccLuurctv orcOicr consumcr behrvior. Wirllour cvrdenccr_latrlc rcsponaents.desircs arc rcprcsenBtve of thosc of rhe ovc.r]l popularion whcrc OD Droducls arc sold. ir rs hasryto dmw any conctu5jonsabour tururc tooo-UuYrn!nabis troo the sufvc),, M6icovcr. common scnsc-inJorElsmc rhet consumcrs dO nor ncccssrfily makc food.purch$c dccisions in strjft accordance wi*r thcir cxpress€d desircs.Thus, ?J ir at nds, rhe sLxrjsdcrhar rhe ncwslctrcr circs arnounrs ro scrnr cyidcnce Lhar OD sajcs ard profirs.eiU dcclinc in thc Sccond.l),rhc fa.r (har low-f:r foods ec in lbund.anr suppl! in ,ood srorcs docs nor 'rcccssarilyjndicarc an incrcising demard Ior low-fat daifl. producrs o diminishing demud for hjgh,fai dain, Abscnt .producrs. Peldson s
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PAN'I6 Funhcmrorc.rhc ficr rh rlrr camings of lhc ,v.r3gc ciMdview sorkcr arr comprE[ilcl! lo\! does nor neccssxritvmcx,r rtrrr Viva-Tcch could minimizc lxbor cosrs b\. cmpjoYinFCmndvie$. rcsidcnrs,ns th. .prcsrcl€ntsugscsrs.lr;s cnrtr€1rpossiblcrhrr rhis loN avcmgc \\,:r8cis aftribu!"blc ro :r high pcrccnr:r8c of jobs rcquirjng towtelet skilts. Tlris sccnxrio would bc paniculrrh likct\. it I hr8c ponion of cmndvj.w.s vorkcrs arc rcenagcrsand coltc8r srudenrs.tn facr, thc tow nvcrrge wagc in Grandvics'istunher evidcncerhxr cr.rndvje*'rcsidcnrsdo not posscssihc sons of hi8h-rcch skills thxt would command a hiSher w:rgc ard lhat vila-Tcch mighr tequire amon! iri workforcc. fin:rlproblcms,ilh rhc irFUmenrinvotvcsGmndfieq..swiltinsne$lo fore8o palmcnr of prdpim' raxci for rhc frsr rhree ycars. Adnincdl),, this evidence lends some mersurc of suppon ro the rccofiuncndation_Howcvcr, the presidcnt i8norcs rhc possib iq' rhar orher ciri€s undcr considcmdon would bc wilLing to mrkc simitar conccssjons or providc orn€r cqu.tb, arilzctjvc finarcial inccniives.Thc presidenr a_lsoovcrlooks thc cxpc;sc of prop€.ry uxcs ovc..rrc longcr !enn_bckiD8 cvidencc ro rhc conrra4,, ir is cnt'rch'possiblc $xr 6crndvicqr's propcrw-L1x rxrcs are othcm,jsc comparadvcly hjgl xrd rhar in the tongcr rc|rn, Viu,Tcch's propcrty.rrri liabiliq'wodd be Frear€r in Grindvic* rhln in othcr localcs. Unrit rhc presidenr accounrsfo. rhcse tpo possibilirics, I cannor bc pcdua
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Anour*rr.n No. 42 'The Relationship
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@.Pet6oB..om
'
Betwcen Snorilg
and Weiglt
Gairr
In this argumcn! $e spcakcr concludes r}rrr alry pcrson who snorcs should r'y to cat tessand eacrcisemore rh]l1.rilt ,ver"gc jrerson. To justit *ris conclusioa, rtrc spcrkcr poinrs ou:atharmarr,vsndrcrs awak€n frequcntt] during slccp-oftcn so bncfly ihxr thc),are uniwarc rhar rhcv rrc awakc_in ordcr ro.ercb tlcir brer6 (a condirion callcd slecp apnc!) and ai a rcsutr a.c rootrcd during normal q,r]tirS hours to excrcise.The sper_kcra.lsocircs dar2 collccrcd durinS a rcccnr study, suSScsring-rhrtsnorcrs :lrc mofc likcl) ro gain -rcighr rhan orhcr pcoplc. This argumcnr is nawed in scvcml crirical rcsPccts. Firsr, tic spcaker provides no assu.:lncesthxi thc rcccnrly collccrcd d.at" suggesting a co.relrrion be$,een snorir8 and weight tain arc r/riting Sh k Ior tbl GPI/GMAT Test!
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Tlrus. i semini. rhxr jmprovcs rhc perfolnl3l1cc of luro mechanicswilt noi nccrssarilrimprovcrhtl of rrrcmi mecnrnrcs Sccondl),.rbc argumenr ?ssum€sl
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Pcrfomrarce levcl is alrcadyvcn,higb md tha! rhe scminar will allord *. "o. L.I)provemenr.pcrhaps Cer,^way.s mechanics havc alrcady :r. ?&cndcd a similar scmirai, or pcrhaps rhcy mect rxt|]\cr s!ffidfids than rhc oncs imposcd on autGracingmcchanics. Thirdl), rbc arSxmcnr conctudcs.from t}lc mcrc facr rha! lhc pcrfoorancc of aurcracing mccirajtics improvcd ,Jtcr rhc scminar that rhc scminsr 1v!5 rcsponsiblefor $is improvemenr. ltowcver, ir is possiblc rhrr somc ou)cr ficror, .5uch as improved ongnosrlc rcclmolog), or morc stringcnr inspccrion requiremcnE, was r1c rcason for rbc improvcd pc.forman.c. \yi!,\our ru1ir8 our tircse ?nclothcr su.f, po"",t ,U.", I i"rrrlo, icccpr tnc memo s fin:! conclusion rha! cnrolung in |hc scminar will mprovc .hc pcrformrnce of Gcr-AB,a1.,s mcchanics as weLl. Fhl.!\', r})c :rrgumenr concludes wlrnour tocq\rarc evidencc rhar nprovcd pcrformincc on d1epan of Ger_^way.s mcchanics wil resul( in l5catcr cusromcr sarisfaclion and $crcl
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-: o':u" q,ir in a! probabturv dccrcasc. oLhc,.q,isc,however, :11t::1" rEprov€d mcchanic performancc wilt in all likclihood lavc no bearing on cusromersaistacr'oni in oricr words, cusLomcrs arc unl*ctv ro bc aw]l.c of thc Icvcl of pcdormance of ln alrcriJr,s mcchrJIicsunlcss accidcnts occua, I! conclusjon,thc argumentis uncor
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pcrformancc of ccr-Awal, s ;echanics wil acrualy inpro"e as a rcsutr ofttc scrruDar.-_pcrtl,aps-bJ poinLirrgour orher airtincs s,hosc mcchanics bencfircd *. ".^I-: The direcror mus{.,4rsoshoq, a,s!ron8 causal nol-us IT Dcwcm improied mcchlnjc pcrfomancc and pro6t. ln ordcr ro bcrter cllaharc rhe:rgumcnq I woutd necd more jruormadonabour Lhc cost of rhc scminar compared to its o(pecrcd bcncfiB ano abour whar facrols orhcr than urc seminal migh! have bccn rcsponsibtc for rhc improved pcrformaDcc of .uro riclrt mc.harucs.
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PART6 pR)c€ss.cu otsrcrsNi bccomc iusr r! dcsirabt(xs rhc brcrcrix-killing rlinric otsrcrs.To bcrrcr xssess rhc irSumcnr,scliim rhar profils for 6ulf o\.srcrprod!'ccrss,ill incrc:rsris x. cnd rcsujL.I voutd rccd ro kno{ \tcrl)cr 6ulfoysrcrproduc(6 \'ilt incu. rtrccxpcnscsinvot!edin Lilt,nSrhc bxcrc.irand. if so, rhc cxrcnrto s,hichtbcsccxpcnscswjU impirgc o,] thc producers profiK.
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No. 76 Ancumrr.n Employec
.
.
.
uutu.peI606..0h
Compensation
at Nationa.l Brush Compan)'
ln this rcporl, thc prcsidcnl of Nariond Brush Compan), (NDC) concludesrhar thc bcsr wr\' !o cnsure rixr NBC will cam a prolil nexr ycar is for rh€ company ro pxy ils woikers according ro lhe numbcr of Drusncs they produce-rather rlan hourty. To suppon this conctusion,rhc presidenr claims tha! th€ ncw po[q'wilt rcsuh in thc production of more and bcrrc. brushes,wtuch in F,Im will allow NBC ro rcducc irs st lf size and opcrrrins hours, Lhcrcb) cuftrrg c.r(pcnscs.This i4rumcnr is fnughr with dubious rssumprions,which rcndcr ir endrch, unconvjncirE, Firsr of rll, rhc ar81rmcnrrctics on thc unsubsrznriarcdlsswnprion rhx! lhc new polic! will morivarc workers !o produce brushes more quiclcly. \"hcrbe. this is rhe casc wilt depcnd, of cours., oD rhc amounr camcd pcr brush 2nd the mle ar which workcrs cln producc brusbcs. rr vU also . dcpcnd on the e{enr ro whjch NBC workcls arc cont€nr wir}r rhcir cuncnr incom. lcvcl. l:cking cvidcnce rh rhc nes, poliq, would resuh in rie producrion of morc bnrshes, fte president cannor convince mc ahxt this policl. nould bc ln cffcctivc mcans ro €nsurea profit Ior NDC in rhc cominS _YC2l.
- Evcn if rhc neq' polic! does-morinrc NBC workers ro producc more brushcs, rhc plcsidenr's argumcn! dcpcnds on rhc additionrl assumption that producirg brushcs morc quicklt can bc accomplished wilhour sacrificing qual]q'. ln facr, L\e prcsidcn! goes fu.rher b), predjcrin8 ar. ircrcrse in qualjB'. YeL common sensc jfforms mc rhrr f Lhc production processotherwisc rcmains the samc, qujckcr producrion is likely to rcducc quarjn'-ard in any event cclujr y nofilcrerjc iL. And a decline io qurliq mighr scrvero dimintshrhe vrtuc ofNBC's brusl)csii rhe markerplacc.Thus, thc uldmarc lesu.lrof rhc ncw pojiq mjphr bc to rcducc NBC s revcnuc zrd. in rurn. profi6. Evcn ,6suniDg rhar :5 :$c .rcsult of rhe new poliq,, NBC s currenr wo.L{orcc produces morc brushcswir,troutsacrficing qur_Iiry,rcducing t}|c sizc of.thc wortdorcc and rhc numbc. of opq?ting hours vould scdc ro offscr thosc producrion gains. Adrnincdl)', by kccpirtt thc mosr cmcicnt cmployccs,NBC would milri.nlizcrlc c*cnt of rhis offscr. NevcFhcless,rha prcsidcnr provjdes no cvidcncc rhzr !h€ rcsulr would be a nct gain in proclucrion. Wirhour ar) sucb €vidcncc. t})c plesidcnCs alE:umcnrthat rbc ncw policy wil help cnsurc profilrbiljq' is hjghh suspecL.
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PART6 omirs xn), mcnlion of rcpo(s rronr scn,crs xbout cu:itomcrss'lro na\,c coDrptrincd. Sincclhc anccdoratcr,idcnccis ooc-side<1, i( js inidequa(ero :rsscss ovcmltcusrom€rs:rtisflcrion Nirb rb( chrnrc. Finlth.. elrn if HpH s sourh\vesrcusromcr\ x.c h:rppy \\,j(tr !hc chxntc, U)r spcrker utufuirh.rssunlcstltrr cusrom€rs in orl)cr rclions will rcspond simihrlr ro il_ p€rhxps Sourhl!€stemersxre geocr:llh.less conccmed than olh(r pcopt€ rboul whcrhrr rhcr, cxt mirgrrinc or bu(cr. Or, perhrps Sourhwesrcm€rsactualtvp.cfcr margarincto bur!€r, in conr.rs! ro prc\ading rasrcsclscwhcrc.Or. pc.hapsSourhecsrrmershavc rcl:rrivch,few cr)orccs s ltcn rr comcsro prnc:rlicresr2uEnLs ln sum, rl)c spcakcr,sargumenl is wcak. To bcucr isscss iL, I wosld need to k oR,(l) hos, long rhe chan8c has bccn in cffccr in the Soumvesr. (2) whrt pcrcent2gcof HpH sc.vers and man,tgcrs havc receivcd cusromcr complrjnrs xbou! t}lc chrngc, and (3) lhe numbcr of such compldnts as x pcrccntagc of rhc roul numbcr of HpH .cuslomcrswho order mcals ca.llirp for ei$cr buftcr or margrrinc. To srrcngrhcnthc argumcnr.the secakcr musr providc dcar cvidcncc_pcrhrps b), way of I rcliabtc survctLrlar HpH cusromers in odrcr regions rre likcty ro bc hrppl wirh Lhc chrnSc ird conrmue ro 9arronizeHpH afrer dtc chantc,
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Ancurarvr No. BB
Adyance Ticket Sales for Glcnville,s Concerts
.
This lcEer recommendstiar Glenville featurc nrodem music, especialh rh€ music of fuchefts, i! its summer conccrG i, ordcr ro boosr advancc ricxcr satcs and aEcndincc. To suppon ilris recommcndatjon, tbc rcrrcrs au6or poin6 our rher advance-Ucker salcsbavc cleclinedovcr rhc past fcq, ,vcars, bul - unprcdicrablc welrhcr cannor bc thc rea.sonfor t}Ic dcclinc bccausc 'm.n), pcople aucndcd thc conccrrs even in bad weatici.The aurlor concludcs rhar choice oI music musr bc rbc rerJon for t}lc dcclinc, thcn reasons furl}|r rhar sincc fuchefts, rccordings arc vcry popular agronS Glcnvillc residcnE, fcatu.ing Richcrts. music ar rhe corcens woulct boost rickcr salesand aRcndancc.I fmd th.isar8umcnr ro bc logicrlty unconvDcrrg m sevcmt resPccrs, ,{s I rhrcshotdmatlcr. the aurhor urJairlv €quarcstbe n\rmber of rjckcr purchascrs wirh the numbe, of rrckcrs.purchascd. Thc aurbor rRrorcs Uic possibiliq' rhar thc_evcr:Ee numbcr oi.rickcrs soto io erct prirchascr :s rncrcrsrng,andt a5 a rcsuh, the total nunber of rickcrs is nor decliftng_or pcrnaps cvcn incrclring, Thus, r}je ?urhor cannot .coneincingly.coDclude $at Gtenvile hzr .l rjckersale problcm in thc 6rsr Dlace. Evcn if t}|e acrua_l numbc. of Lckcrs sold m 3dwnce has b€en dectning, r]lc aurhor cooctudcs roo hasdty rhai unplcdicrable wcarher c.3llnot be tbc rcason for rhc d€cli.e. perhrps concen ancndccs dulin8 $€ pa5t fcu,),cars havc now ldrncd from ih€ir cxpcricncc wirh bad concen we"thcr no! ro purcbGc aclv2rce dckcls again. B€sjdes,rhc mere fxc! rhrr .m2l1l people.
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PART6 possiblethxt rbcscl\ro di$lrjcrs:rrc rol rcl)rcrcnr;ilc of lhc stnrcs school disrricrs ovcrrll.Sccond.lhc surve)invotvedor)tr mxrhind scicnci rc.chcrs. 't.l thc rtcrkcr dr.rNsi brord rcconrmcndirionfor il rcichcrsb:rscoon rDC sun'cYs results. ln rddnion. (h( sperkcrs rccommcnclxrion rctics on rhc assumDrion rhar rlrc rnounr of homcrvorkassigoedro srudentsjs $e oflt) possiblr reasor Ior rhe compirarive ic:rdemic performancc bcrwccn srudents in thc rwo disrricrs. llowcver,jn:rlt tikclihood,rhis is sjmplynor !he casc.pcrhirps Sanlccrc:rchc6 ara srricrcr:rndcrs !ben lt..rrlcc reachcrs.Or perhaps S:rnlcc tcach.rs are less effcctive rhan Marlec reachcrs, and ihcretorc, S4nlcc studcn6 vould pcrform morc poorl). rcgardlessof homcwork schcdulc. Or pcrhxps fcwcr Srnl€c srudenls rtran Ma.lcc srudcnrs rcrur.Ilv do rhcir assigncd hor'rework_In shon, in order to propc.ly corcludc rhat fcs,er homcwork assignmcnrsresulE in bcfter academjcperformancc, rhc spcakcr must ffsr rulc our all orhcr fcisibte cxptanalions for rhc disparjq. il] acadcmicpcdofmancc bclwccn the rwo disrricls. Finaly, dre survcy resultsa5rcponed by.the spc:-kcr irc roo vaSuc ro suppolr any finn conclusion. Tbe speaker .cporu rhar Sxilee scudcnls rcccive lowcr.Sndcs and rrc morc til{ely to repcat a schoot ycar rhcn }t2rlcc srudenls.Yc( thc spcakcr docs nor indjca(e whcrhcr this fad lpplics to Sadcc and M2rlce srudcnls Scncnlt) or jusr to marh and scicnce stuocnls. Thc.pcd
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Itl
Anour*e r.nNo. 96
llave.Forst'the ''
utupe'60B.coh
Citizens Adopted
Hea-lthier
Lifestl,les?
-ln rhjs.allumcnr, rhc spskcr toncludcs rharrFo6tthc citiz€ns havc .adop!ed hc.althjerliJesrylcC. To jusrjJirlhis conclusion,.t}lc speakcr ctcs a Tcccntiurvc]' of Forsvlhc cirizens ,sugScsring thar $ci.r carrn8 habirs nos, conJormmorc closciyio govemm.nr nurrirional rccommcndationsthan rhq did tcn ycr$ ago.Thc speakcralso points our thar sdcs of kiraq a subsbncc kiown to !€ducc cholcsrc.ol. havc incrc$ed fourfotd, whn€ salcs of sulir, 'which fce of Forsl1hcs healltricsr cirizcns car regdllty. havc bcc, dcclinjnS. Tnis arSumenris unpcrsuasile for sevcnt reasons.
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No. I 05 AqcuMrNr
A Ne$' P.esidcnt for the Ianc]'
To)' Companl'
ln lhis mcmo, a mxnrlrtr at Frncl Tov ConP:rn\' rccomnlcnds rcplxcinS Prt S:rl!o, thc comprnJ's currcnr prcsidcnt. s'ith Rosl winniogs, s4ro is cuncntlt Presidcnlof Slrrli8lrtJeweln-.To suppon llris rtcommenditioo. thc rDxDr!€r poinq' out thxl Fanc\"s profils hrvr dcciincd durinli rl)c hsl thre€ quancrs undcr Prt s lcrdcrship. whilc SlarlrCrt's profiE havc bccn hcrcrsing dramxricall\'.Thc mxnagcr'sargumcol is uncon\'incitS for scveral reltons Fjrsr. thc managcr's rccommcndation relics Partll on the assumPt'on thir Pal was thc causeof Fancl' To,vs dcclijuns Profils- Howevcr, this need not be rhc casc.Pcrh2Psthe toy busjnessis scasond,and thc coming quattcr is zlwa)'sthc mosr ptonlable one. Or PerhaPsthc cosl of materials or libor 'l(/itlour havc incteascd.ar)d PaI has had no conttol over ihcsc incrcascs rll
In conclusion, thc"argumentis irnconvi.ncinfas n st,Jlds.To strcn$hcn ''ir, tbe'm2neger rnust shoi'that Par, and not some othcr factor bcyond PafJ conEol, is lcsponsibLc for Farcy's dcclr.nin8 ProfiE Similatl)" thc rd2na8cr mus! shos'dral i! is Rosa who is Primariiy responsiblc for SErlighl t profiLlbiliry ind thrt Rosx's xbiliries will tl sfct lo rhe tol' busincss. lo otdct ro bencr elalure tlre argumcnt, vc vould necd more itlornation aboul how long Pat and Rosa bavc sen'cd as prcsidenls of their rcspcctir'c compmics zlrd vhar dlcir io.S-tergl t€as
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PARI 6 o t h c r ! j x b l c n r c i l n : o f b o o s L j n Ai r s D r o f i t s i s : r ! r i l i b t r l o , { f f r c h : r i f . T o b c { c r cvrlu ( rh( irt '))cnt, \v( \1'uld nccd infonurrio !rrxhtrn! us ro conrpirrr lhc llrrsron storc s clcnr(t( xDd con)pclirion wirh rhxl of ortrcr rnlcluir srofcs. Wc pould ilso necd more informalion ebour Mrrsron s proliiabitiq. bcforc and.ncr ir implcrr(nrcd dre nes, policics.
Hil
Anou,ueNr No. Ii3
A Fitness-Gym Fianchise
lwu.Per*ons.@
Opportunity
Ttxs brochure for Powcr-Li,rrc.vm ctaims lhrr by ioyesdn8 io a powcr. Lifr franchise,an irvesior \vilt crm a quick profir. To suppon dris claim, l}re brochure cires a varicry of slarislicsabour *rc cuncnr popularit\, of ph-vsical fitncss ind ofPowcr-UIi cyms in panicular. Howevcr, carcful scmriry ofthjs cvidcncc rcvealsthar ir lcnds no crcdiblc suppon !o tlc ctaim. Or€ problem \vith the brochurc's claim irvolvcs i$ relirnce on t}lc barc facl r}Iat rcacnu€ from lasr ycar's salcsof hcalrh books ?l1dmaFxzinq roraled $50 nillion. Thii sr.?risticin iBclf provcs norhing. Hertrh magazincs do oot all focus on wcjghdifiin8 or cvcn physical fitncssr ir js possiblc tlar v€rv few salcswerc of those thar do. Bcsidcs,ir js cntire\, possiblc thar in prcvious yea.s, .oLd sates wcrc cvcn hiShc! ard tha! sates arc acruallr dcdil1ing. Either sccnario, iI rruc. would scrvc to wcrkcn rhe brochurc,s cl2ifi rarhcr rh]n suppon ir. Arorh€r problcm wjLh the brocburc's claim involves the fact ihat morc . lnd morc consuliers arc purch3sinShomc 8yrns.lr is cnrircb' possiblc that coosumcrs arc using homc gYms a-sa subfcirurc for conunercial gyms and rh2r rbc numbcr of PoNcr-Lift mcmbershipswill dcclirc as a rcsulr. Wir}rolr rulinS our L\is possibiliq, rhe brochurc cannot conYincc mc t})at a ncs, ?orvcr-lifr fi'anchisc would ba Dlofilrblc. third problcm wi*r rhe brochurc's clajm involvcs its reLianccon rhc fact rhat 500 Pos€r,Lif! flfuchis€s arc noB' i, cxisrcncc. tr is erlrkcb possiblc rhar rhc markct has bccomc sarurarcdand rhat addirionatpowcr-Lifr I'ms will no! be as successfulri currcnt on€s. Morcovc!. it is possiblc that thc nrrmbcr of compering gyms hri dso incrcascd ill rridem with thc 8en€ml inrerest ir hcalth ,nd firness.lvithoul addressing$js suppl)"and. demand issuc, tbc brochure caffor jusi4. i6 conclusion rhar a nes. Pos'cr-Lifi fnnchisc would be a sound invcslrncfll. ln conclusion. t}c brochurc is inpcrsuasivc alir sraods.To srfcngt})co its cl m t}lar a naw Powci.Un franchisc would bc profitablc, thc brochurc .hodd providc suongcr cvidcncc thar rhe gcne.al inrclcsr ir ph.vsical6rnc$, and weightliftklg in p:niculrr, will conrinue umbarcd in the forcsecablc tutur€. Thc brochu:c must also provide cvidcncc rhar home Syms arc nor scrving as subsriNrcs for commcrcial gyms. FiJulb.. !o bcrr€r cvaluarc *r€ ?rgumcnt, 'wc would nced more ioform{ion abour thc cxrerr ro which tltc .fitrcss'gym mriker has becomc szrurf,lcd,nol oril b) Powcr-Lift fnnchisc5 but bI compcting gl'ms as s'cll-
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PART6 lh(;ruthor c:rnnold€fend lhc idcnlifyingand $eigbing suclr :rltcrnativrs. votcrs thc cxprcssw:r) should approvc conclusion r)r1t Projcc!. ln conclusion. lhc !rgumcnl js unconlincinsasiI sunds.To strcngrl)cn jr, rhc author must provide slrong evidencc lhat rhc cxPrcsseal would hclp allFviarcshoru8€sof supplr aod matcrialsrmong downrown busincsscsatd mmuhcturers. Thc nuthor musr also sbos'thal dre exPrcss\\':r]would in fscr result in a nel influ.\ of vorkcrs vho would changc iobs bccauscof thc availabilityof the exprcsswx\'.Firdlt, to bcllcr c\aluxr€ the rr8umcnt, wc would nced morc informrtion about possiblc ll(cmatilcs to rhe Propos:l and wherher:rn!'such altcmativc &ouid bc morc cffccdve in Promoiing $c heal$ of Lhcdownrowneconom).
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AJc ihe pcrsonil frili'rFs of Fre!r achicrcrs Scncmll! unimpo(:rnr comp:rrcdto drc individu:rl s schiclemcnrs.xs rhc spcrkcr contends?ln sonrccrs€s,perhapsso.Ho\\'c!cr.in ma vic\'. rhisconrcnrion:rmounrsto irn untair Scncmlizntion.Thr spcakcr o\'erlooksrhar prr:on;1l fiilin8s oft(n pl:rl an inrcgral role in the processof achieving grear rhings-cidrer as a caril]'sl for it or xs pa.l of rhc process. Somc pcrsonal fiilings can scwc as cr&lvsls for Frert achicvcment.,{ pcrsonal failinS can rcst tbe s'ould-bc ,chievcr's merrlc; il mighr posc r chailcosc-DccessaD'resisrxncethar drives rhc individu:rl ro achicve dcspirc ihe shoncoming. For cxample, poof acadcmic or job perfoimancc can propcl a gi-ftedenlrcprcn€ur ro sran a business,Nhich ulrimare\' becomcs the dominant plrycr in irs irdusrD. Or se.ious illnessor inju.j' can spur rn athlclc on .o a(ajn worid
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cmpiricxl cvidcn.c to suppon lhis nrFUnrcnt. s4rich in anr cvenl is r | n c o n \ ' i n c i n gi n l i 8 h t o f n r o r ( n € r s u : r s i l er r g u r n e n r sr h x t g o v c m n r e n l s h o u l d plry no prn in cilhcr supponinS or rcstricrin! thc ins. F i r s r . s u b s i d i z i n Fr h ( r n s i s n c i ( h c r r p r o p ( r n o r n c c c s s r t i o b f o r Fovcmmcnr. Altl)ough pLrbllc hcalrh is tener1llv v'cwcd xs criticll l(' x r conccrn of aovcrnnlent. socicn s ve'-1'sun'ivrl and tbcrcforc rn ,pprop.i "hcalth' o. this conccm shoukl not €xtcnd lenuousl) ro ou. cullural welfbcLnF. A hck of privirrc funding mjghr jusrii an cxccptioni in m)' obscnarion. how€vcr, philmihrop! is alile and wcll Iodir, cspcciall) among !l)c nc\, lrchnology nnd mcdia nroguls. Sccondb. govern.ncnt crinoi possiblj' play an cvcnhanded tolc as ans parron, lnadequarc resourccs cxll for rcsarjctions, p.joritics, and choiccs, k is "valuc' unconscionablc to lclegarc normative decisions as !o q'hlch ari ha5 ro a Iew icSislators and jurists, vho ma)'bc un€r iS.htcned in thcit nodons about an, Also, legislarors arc all too likel)' to makc chojc€s in Iavor of thc cuftu|ll agefldas of rhosc'lobbyrsrs wirh dle mosr mone]' and kr.0ucncc. Thirdll, rcsL.rcunE anrsl,c oiprcssion mr) rn somc cacs cncrorcb upon the consrirulional nghl of fre€ cxprcssion. 1o an] catc, Sovcmmcntal rcslrictjon ma) chill creativit)', thcrcby defeaUns tbc veLT purposc of subsidizirg the 1116. in lhc final analysis,Sovcmmcnt crnnot philosophically o. cconomical\' jusriJy itJ involvemcDt rn thc ans, cilhcr b,\'subsidy orsanction. nesponsibiliq Les w,rh mdrviouals ro d€rennine whr( art his vrluc 1n,1 to suppofl tlat an.
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lssurNo. 26 I,ocation:
utu.Jretc's66.cam
Still the Ke-v to Busiress Success
ln retail, or "slorcftont." busr,.less, locaiion is 6till a key inSrcdienl of busincrs succcss,Thc cxcnl ro which this will continuc to bc truc, Sivcn thc inexomblc growt}) of lntemct commerce. will varl' imong industrics. ll) more Faditional reuil scctors,such as clorhin8, cosmetics,trd homc 'improvcmenr, alr in-persor visir ro a reuil srore is oftcn neccssary-lo try o'l clothes for fir, comparc fnfarurces, or browse among a full selcction of rextuJes,colo$, ind stvlcs.Also, activities such a5 shoPping and dining out arc for maty consumcrs . enio.ynblcexpcricnccs il]) themsclv€s as wcll as cxcus€sro ger our of the house?nd mil1lCe!r'ith odrcrs,jnt)cir cofirmuniq FrDall)'. shippinS cosls for large ircms sucir as applianccs and homc' improvcmcnt.ircmsrendcr homc sh€ppin8 impiaclicablc. Thus, burgconinS (cchnoloaics po3c no scno|us thrq:r to lllain Sucet, and locrlion wiu conrinuc ro play r pivoal rolc jn rhe flte of rn&y rclail busincsscs. Ncvcnh.lcss. rcchnologv-rclatcdindusl..rcs3Jc suc to movc rway from physicrl stor€fronis to viJtual oncs- Ploducti lhat cm be rcduccd lo diSit2l 'birs ud bncs." sucb :ls books and mag^zocs. recordlnss, and sofrvarc appucarjons, ffc mo.c efficicolly disriburcd clccuor}]cau)'. Compulcr hards'arcwill nor disaPpexrfrom lt'l3.inSlicet quite so quicldt, thougr' sincc vrnnlg Skllk.for tb. GIU/G|\UT Tcst
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lssuEnlo. 40 Bureauctac;ts '
Impact i'I Business and Govern-ment
Conrary to thc siatcmcnts Prcmise, my vicq' is rhat businesscsarc lcss likelt than Sdvcmmcnt to csBblish large bureaucncics' becauscb\rsitrcsscs kJ)oq' thai thcy are morc vuln€mble than Sovcmmcnt to damagc rcsultitg js ftom burcaucradcinefficiencics.My Posiriofl sell suPpofted bJ' common scnseand bl observation avoro Firs!, Public idminist!2tors hck rI( finaocixl bccntivcs to vil corporatio' burcaucntjc wasle. Ill con!!25!,'inemciencicsij) 2 Privatc ',,1 thc forrrl of job cuts diminishing rcducc profis: iniictinS. dima+ Itc corll,'non's.ock\-nlue, ano reduc;g cmPloycc compcnsltion Thcsc amPIc itccntivcs for thc private hrm to mirimizc bureaucr-rlc w?stc Sccondlr. rhcre is alnos! no accounlabiliq' amonS govcmmcnt burcruclals Thc clccro!"re s volin8 powcr is roo indirecr lo motir?rc midlevcl administntors whosc sahics "nd jobs rarcl)' dcpcnd on PoUtiol attcnlion t0 cl€ctions ljr conllast, private cor-porationsrnust p:]Y stricr
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lssue No. 54 Comroercial
Success of FiJms and Television piogr.aEs
Ctcar\', mosr popula. filJnsand tclclision sho*,s arc supcrfici2tand/o! includc a cernh amounr of violence or obsccnill..Jusr a! cleirl)., poputarilr. leads ro commcrcixl succcss.Bur can vc conclude tbar t}lcsc producrions arc ovcrll' irltlucnced bv comnlcrc,rl rnicrcsrs?perh:rDsno,. ,lrla. "urn. populxr fiL.ns lnd rcl.visioD shows ar. ncirhcr s\jpcrltcjal, obsccnc, nor violcnr. Closcr scruri.). hovcvc., rcvcrls rbxr most such producrions acruittv suppo.r. nor disp.ovc, thc rhcsis thar conrmcrcisj inrcrcsrs o,cur. movi. and rclcvisionconrcnr. . One soutd-be rhrcar ro rhe rhcsjs car be fo,rnd in lowcr-budger tndepcndcnrfrlns, vhich rcnd ro focus morc ofi characrerdcvelopment and ropicil soci:rlissucsrhin on sensrlionalism.R€ccnlty.i fe(,such fliJnshrvc supplbtcd Hollvwood s major srudjo producrions xs rop box-omcc n[s. __ Docs rhis mcan thar profir porcnriil no lor8cr dicBlcs rhe conrenr of fdms?No, ir simplr su8ges6 rhxr rhe rastesand preferences of d)e movic,gour! public.arc shi.fiing. second os(ensiblcrhrcal ro rbc thcsjs residesin comprnics slch as Disnc)', *'hose producrions conlirue ro achicve grear populariq,ard cornrnercid success,wjdtour rcson (o ar appcal ro baser int€rcsrs.yc! lr $ bccauselhcsc productionsarc conuncrcially successfulthri they prolifemte. A third, and rhe only cogcnr,chillengc ro thc rhesisjsfou.odin pcrcnnirl relevision fivoriles such is Nova, e public rctcl,ision shor/ thft is ncrucr commcrciilv supioncd no! iD.Iuenccd.Howcvcr, such shows arc morc in thc narurc of cducation ihan cnrc_rir.inmenr, aro ?or c,cn. onc proErrm liJ,c Nova. rhcrc rrc scvcnl'cqlally pop! ar-and hjg.bJysupcrficirl-prosr-rJru. 'Wi$ few c-\ccptions, rhcn, commcrci3j sircccss of ccrrain filrs lnd rclc\'ision shows is no accidenral b),p.oducr of populzrjqt ir is ttc intcnuonal resulr of produccrs efforu ro m.Jiimrz€profirl.
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lssurNo. 63
Govern.mellt
Bureauclacy
At flrst glancc, ir would sccm thar increased burcauc.ig. crcaresobsmclcs bcrwccn rhc citizcns 2nd thosc wno govem. thcrcb,v scparating Ine two groups. Clos€r cxarojradon rcveals.holecvcr, that in man] wats. govcrnmcnt bucauc.rc], acnlally brid8es *rs gap, "nd tlar ncw rechnolo gics now illow lor wx),s around rhc Frp. Mrny govcdmcnt burcaucracicsarc csrablishcda.sr rcsponsc to thc needs of thc cirizcnn., ln :r scns€, thcv_manifcst a nexus bersccn cilizcns ano Fovemmcnt, providinS a means .of communicarion and redrcss for ErjcEnccs rhat would not o*tefivise bc ivailable. For cxampjc, docs rhc o] ""*. of irs cnsurinr thc sr{cry of our rood}and orugs. scpa_tc us P1 rfom tnc Sowmmcnri Or docs l}lr FH^ bI halping (o ma-kc homc oEnc.ship morc vjrbl€ ro brdinafy cjdzcns. thcrEbl, inc.carc thc gap bcwccD citizcns lnd rhc govcmmcnr?No, tlcsc zgcncics scFc our intcrJsrj aJld crlancc the acccssibiliryof Sovcrrrrocnrrcsourcesro cjLizens. Admjtlcd\,, agcrcics such as rhcsc are neccssrn, proxics ,or dirccr paflrctpauon n Fovcmmcnr, sincc ou, socieralprobtcms alc roo targc and complcx for indjviduatsro solve.Howcvcr, .cchnototryis coming forward ro bridgc somc of rh. largcr 8aps. For cxamplc. communjcarc utuPct6at..am
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This ffsr pan of rhis sr2icmc;i'ihcans thar inlc.pcrsonal, or socid, stllts can bc rDarkcrcd ar prrl lof a bundlc of asscrj that onc migh! rour m a prospcctive clicn!, customcr,or cspccialh'cmployer. P.csumtb\', ihe cxrcnr aid ]?lue of rhese skills can be gau8ed by one s prcvious cxp.rieocc wio .clienls 2nd cusromcrsor ar jobs requiring a sianfic:fi amount of tcamwork and coopcmtion among workers-ts measurcd bt facrors such as onc's tcnurc in such x job and l€ftcrs of refercnce from supc.v'sors. 'vhilc this claim scemsplausiblc b lhc absulcl, it ignorcs cri ci) \' uation problcms. -
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lssurNo. 84 Customcrs About products arrd Services
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Requidn8 businesscsio provide complcrc product infoft)atjon ro cusromcrs prornotcs various consumc, intcrests bur ar ihc sarnc omc imposcsburdens on businesscs,govcmmcnL,and raxpaycls.On balancc, utr burdens ouwelsh rhc bencfits,at leas! in most cajcs. -_ 4 tlueshold problem wirh disctosure requiremcnrs js thar ol dcte.mininS whar consrirures"comp)erc" irfomation. Admittcdly, lcgstr. rn8 disclosurcrcquiremcnls ctarfics rhc duties of businessal)d rhc dchrs of consumers Ycr dererrrlirur6 whar lequremcnrs rre frr in aI ciscs is problcmalic. Should n suflcc ro lisr ingrcdienrs, insrmctions. :lld inrcndcd uscs, or shou.ld customcrs also be irfoDocd of prccise spccilicarions, porcntal riski, and rcsulrs of rcsrs measufirg a produc!,s cffecrivcness ''sa-vis compcling producLs? ,\ closer)rclrrcd problemis Lhardcrcrru,Jn8.nd cnlorcmt dsclosurc srrndar4sncccsrdily jrvolies governnent ,egutldon, thereby adding ro $c ulltn3rc cost ro rne consumcr by'iley of highcllD(cs. finally, falure to compl) may rcsulr rn rcs rroD. tnc!. a cosl Lharmzy crrhcr havc r chillinr c-ffccron producr imor.rtion or be p3sscdon ro t})c cusromcrsrn thc Iorm oi ttglcr pnccs. Eirhc! rcsull opentes to *rc dcrrimcnl of rhc consumer, tl]c vc4' parq,\vhom rhc rcgutilions irc designcd ro Drorccr. Thcsc burdens musr be vcighcd "g.irr".r,. inlclcsl in prolcclilS consrrlncrs a8al15r Iraud. and ulduc hcatrh and srjcr' hrzards. To "ssumc thrt busiiesscs will vojunrari}J, disclos€ negadvc producr info.mation jgnores rhe facr rhzr busincssesarc ,Dorivared bt profi!, not bl, pubtjc -
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ln asscningthxr thc most succcssfulbusinesslcadersarc thc oncs ihel follow t]lc hithcst elhjcrl srr'ldrrds the sncrkcr tiiscs somc veq comPlcr qucsuons-about a busiicss lcader's fidDcian' dutics to thc firrn s srikeholders viea_vis!hc lerder's socirl obljgations UltrJnatc\',howcvcr' thc answer rums on whethcr a busincsslead€r cin rcco8nizc whcn sclfittcresr alj8ns \vjt-h socixi vclJxre, xs discussedbelow. One sa]' to def!flelhe successof r busincsslcader is simP\' in icrms of thc pron6 (or losses)of thc lcrder's lmn Ptoponcn$ of this dcfrnidon also icnd ro b€lieve thit b]'ma-\imizin8 proliis, at lc'st wnhin lcSal and .cgulxto'-r' bounda.ies, a businesslcacler fullius hls or her hjSh€st crhical 'oblSation notions of bltsitcss tet 5e. Howcv.r, it we accePt thesc simplc succcsslnd ethics.is m:ln) leople do thcn tllc spe'kcr'stsscruonamounts tjrxt to a mcanrnSlcsslxutolosl Bcsides,a cer!'!in coiltt?rl view suggcsls "success'andhoq bot}l notionsrell'on o1'erhnarro$'ideas,boutbusiness ro actuevc it. According to this broadcr, contrio vie\\" businessleaders'by virruc ot rbc power tbe,r enio,\'.owc cenxin social obliEationsto tbc commuturl'ano rhc socicrl !)ut Smnts th€m rhit Power in thc firsr phce Such obliSations to' oftcn go beyonil lcSal oncs lnd includc. among othcr duties, a duty seJety and hcalth to the condud busitcss in t mrnncr that ?voidsundue risk of customcrsas well as rhe public at large lfl ordcr ro dischargc obligations such as t}csc, a fifln nijghr voluntirily providc ccft n Producl_s'Jetl fcarues or rlkc cen-]!n'pollution-conttol mcasr'Ircs-cvcn if it mcans forcgoing a ponion of its pronts- SbJncadvocalcsof this contr-rrJ'vicw 8o t-o.sc on rusileli"leracrs en irrrm'tivc oblisarlon to .".i-"in."=-. protcct consumcrs,prcscrvc t}c nlrulzl cnvironmett' Promotc cducatror\ and odreiwisc t Jic stePsro bclP rllcvialc socicqts problcms Thc mosr succcssfulbusinessl€adcr is thc onc who flot only stril
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,^ccordin8 ro d)is cditoriat. ibc comn)on !jrN of Norkcrs ap.!hcrjcabourmanr8cmeorissUcsrs fitsc. or il lcrsr (,1,(J.Cd.To ruDDon rhjs :rsser.ion,rhe cditorial circs :l rcccnrt! pubjjsbed jun,(\ jn \\4ljch 79 pcrccnl of rhe 1.200 workcrs responorn8ro x quesrjonnrire indicated tsrcar rnrcrcst rn coporarc-rcsrrucluring :rnd bcncfirs_rcdcsiFnissucs. CarcIrlt scmrif,) of rhe ediro.iat rcveils numcrous potcn!irt problems $,irh il-problems rhtl ,endcr irs xurhor'sposirionunrcnable. A rhrcshotd problem is drxr drc €dirorirl negtect5 ro indiclrc ho!,, rcccnrl)'ric survc.\,wasacturl)y conducrcd. All .wc knos, is rixr thc surycr was rccenrlt pubUshcd.Thc lcss reccnr rhe surve\.itselI. rhe less rcliablc dt; resulrs ro indicare cuffcnr inrcrcst lclels in man.gcmcnr issues amonr workcrs,rcgrrdtessof when rlic resutrswcrc pubLst)co. Two more polcnliat p.oblems h:lve ro do wjrh rhc su.vcy s mcthodolo81,.Firsr, unless rhe sufleyors smptcd a su_ffjcicff number ol sork€.s and did so nndomly across the €ndr€ workforce spccrftm, rlrc survct'resutrs arc nor rcUirblero gauge rlc inrcrcsE of workers gcneE!),. Thc number oI respondent5(t,2OO)in irsclt docs nor €nsurc reDresenLltjvcncss. t:o. cxamptc, if rhe samplc includcd onjy m,rnagers,rhcn rhc lcsults sould no doubr suSScsr2 much hjgbcr levcl of inre.csr rhan thc evcmcc lcvcl imong aUvorkers. . second possiblc mcdrodological pfoblem n $rt of bias. pelhaps Norxcrs Jrrhowcrc inreresredin mxnrgemenl issuess,crc morc likeh,tirrn orbc. volkcrs ro rcspond ro rhe qucsrionn,iirc_possiblvbecauscrhey found _rnc quesoonnaire moft intcresrinS. Or perhaps i signiicanr numbcr of rcspondcnB fejgncd intcrcsr in mxnirgsnlcnrissues bccruse rirc\, bclicvcd thd'mi8hr Sarnfavor wjrh lhcir compan! bv doinS so. tn cirhcr even(. tj)c survcy resu6 would be vifturlh, usetcssin dnwing .eliabte conclusions abou! t}. xcrual.tc"et of jnrercsr in m;rn:rgcmcnrissucs among vorkcrs _ SCnCrau). A finat ploblcm wirh rhe cdirorial invotves r}rc possibiliry of addirronar lcsulrs Iiom rhc surey-rcsuhs rhar ttlc eclirorialneglecljsro mention. Fof cxamptc, maybe $e questjonnsjrelisted mrnt. m tagemenr jssuesano mc rcsulrs showcd kccn inrerasr2mongworkers in onlv thc rwo Da(icularin_cs' rhar rhc cdiloriat mendons. fn frcr,'fer,aI Nc knos,,rrtrcsunev rcsgonOenus indicarcdrhaadrEywcrc comptercl),aparhcric roq,rrd alt ortrcr rssucs,rn which crse drc common norion dtar thc ediro.i: seeks ro dispel would appear to bc correcr aftcr all. In sum, rhc edirorjat hls nor succecdcdin d,sproving rhar sr'orkcF are apathcric abour manag€menrissucs.To make at lclsr a cotomblc d.sumcnl based on rhc survq,, thc cdironat s ruthor musi shos, ihar lhe surcY rcspondcnrs as a g.ouD ,ccumrch, reitecr rbc enri.e worke. poputation in rcrm5 of rhcir inrcrcsrin minrgcmcnr issucs,rcncr:rlh,_noriusr rbc r.vo
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Iinrlh.lhc spc:rkcr's rrSr.rnlcnr rssunr(srlur colleF(nr:riricuhrionrx(cr :rrc d)c onl! rclixblr jndicilor of x hiFh scl)ools lc!!l of educ;uionll cffccrivcncss. Yet thc nrcr( l:rctthir x hiFh schoolsrudcnrdocs nor procccd t(' collegcdocsnot ncccssrrril! nrcxnllr]l rbc hi!h llch()o1 \'rs incffcclj!( in cducr(iirgthxt srudcnr.Thus. rhc spcikcr unJaidr cquarcs -cducxrional effccliveness'r,irh collc,r(-mxt.icuh!ion rares. In conclusion. drc scanrscrtisric:llevjdcncc proridcd in rbc spccchiiils Io conf incc mc rl)flt Einsrein c:rn incrcasc. or evcn nral'lrah, irs level of cducarionxlcffcctivcnessvnhou! incre:lscdfunding. lnsread of rclying on :r potcntialj\' irelc!:nr sr^LisricIrom rs,o dccadcsaSo,rhc speakershould hevc r?resfnr mrn) consecurrvcyc2rs. nrovidcdfinstcin5 colleFC.mirrlcular'on up ro rhc prcscnt rimc. To tull) provc her case,thc spelkcr sbould havc also provided €vidcnce drat subsr.rnriares bcr rwo crucial ?5sumprioos;(1) thxl collegc-matriculaLion mrcs dcpend prjmarily on r hi8h school s educ'tional cffecdvencssz.rd (2) tha( collegemarricularion!']tes are rhc bcsr indici(or of thar cffeclivencss.
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Shuttfe-Bus Service to Local Subway Stations
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Tbis cditorial pomrs our rhar commurcr usc of rhc neq'subw:iy r.ait hi-s cxcccded projections, vhile commuter use of shuRle buses rhr( mnspon pcople ro subwa)'smrionsis b€loq'p.oj€crions. Accoidir8 ro t}lc edito.i:d, in ordcr lor a Srcalcrnumbet of comurers ro shutrlc rathcr rhat drivc ro the surions, rhc citl musr eirhcr dccrcasc shurdc far€s or taisc p]J|1ng fces:rt thc sLlrions.For sele.al retsons, rhjs claim js a dubious one ar bes! To bcSin with the reasonfor_rhe unexpecredl)'lo\r' shulllc-bus us:rgc mi8ht havc nothjnS ro do with eir.her shurde-busfares or srzrion,prrkinS fccs. For inst nce, commuler awarenessof thc shurtlc.busoprion mighr be growing morc slowll'.tban arrLiciprred,For tha! mrrler, man'I commurcrs mjght bc wary'-of riding drc buscs due ro :r rcccnt shurrlc.bus accidcnr.. Viftour ruling out thcsc rnd orher altem:rrivc explanrrions for t})c low shuttlc'bus usagc. rhe autlor caffror reerooxb))' concludc *rar adjusrinS shutilc fares or station'parldngfecs vill have anl' effccr on rhar usa8c. AdmiRing for thc srkc oflrgumcnHhal shuRtE-busfarcs andlor parkins Jccs ire rcsponsiblc for thc lower,rh2n<xpecrcd shunlc.bus u.sa8c,rbc cditorial ncvcrthclcJsov€rlooks orhot.Fays @esidcsidjustin8 shurrlc fares -o! pdkinS fccr) ro incrcase-shutdc-bususi8e. For oiamplc, jJ rhc shutdcs ran more frcquently, perhapsmore peoplc couid, and would, use drc buscs instcad of drivjng. Or pcrhaps larger or more con,fonable shuFles would achicve r-bc6amcrcsull- In shon, ur ess thc cdirorial s "uthor cxplorcs and cLin1inatcs.?11 othcr options, I rcmrin mconvirccd thrr rhc orl)'reay for thc cjrl' to anajn tha st"ted obiccLivc is ro citicr dccr se shuttlc farcs m incrcsc DsJkir! fccs.
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quict cosir€. in a c.r lhro in r mororcvclc.ln cirirerrlrnt. it {'ould bc unrcxsonrblc to d.r\' ,Lnt conclusions xboLrt \4rr teoplc choose onc n)ororq'cltoler anotbrr bascdoD snlcsof quicl crrs ris'A is noisicroncs. ,\s for 1l)csccondfx.r-abou! rhc relcvisionads*rhc aLrhorsccnlsto assurrcrhr( r signficrnr ponion of pcopis q'ho nriFhrbc jnrcrcsrcdin buling molorc)clcsNatcb drc adscnough timcs (o bc inlluenccdb) Ihcm. \\hilc this might bc thc c15c, thc aurl)or nusr prolidc clc:rr evidence to subslrnr'arcdris:lssumption,OlhcN,ise, I cannor :lcccpt the author's injerencc thir the lds haae an) bearinS \'hlrsoclcr on consumer mororcvclc-bu\'rJ)B dccisions.. ln c'unS t}e ads. thc aurhor rlso secms ro rssumc thar Is usual fcarures,s'hich the xds tout, actualll influencc motorq-clc-bu] ing dccisions of peoplc viewing thc ads.Ye! ir is enLi;e\' tossible th,rt these people donl likc or don't carc about X s app€ar?ice bur thx! the ad's rzucous musjc rcminds ibem of Mororqcle X s most ippcaljj)S ferrure-hs noiq cn8ine. Thc fact rhat X ha-sbcen msnufacruredto! molc than sevcnrl ycars strongl) su8S€ststhat people are alread).famiti"r eirh thc sound of X s en8inc and hcrefore thxr the ads mighr seruc ro r€mind rhem of t}lxt sound. In conclusjon,drc xulior hasnor trovided convircinS rcasonsto rcjccl dle assertionrhat $e forcitn.madc cop-\"sfailure ro lrrract X cusromcrsis duc to irs compnrrrivch quict cn8ine. To bolster his posirion, instcad of rcl!,nE on potcntialll lrrclcvant st.rrisric5abour car s3lcs,thc iu$or should providc bctler evidence-perhaps in thc form of aorldwjde survel .-rcsulrs-ihat mororqrclc buycrs have rcjccted thc forci8n cop_\'tor reasons hrvjng nothirg to do s,ith enBinenoisc. To funhcr bolsrer his position, thc aurhor mi$t look for a rcljrblc telcvision,viewer sunc! showinS th?t thc :rds Ior llotorcvcle X €ntice porendrl bu,vcrsprimariir bcc:ruseof the ads 'focus or tbe bilie's visual fcarures-or for orhcr rcasonshaling nolhing !o do wjth an8inc noise.
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No. 42 Ancurari.rr Should the Postal Service Raise Postage-Stamp Prices? Thc author of this opinjon xniclc claims that mising postege-st.amp prices vould ircrcrse thc posr2l scliic's revcnu€ rvhile decreasi.ngirs mail volumc, both of which in tum r})c author .liims Nould climinxte sErin on t}|-posri q stcni ,nd improve mor{c aJnon8posElvorkc.s. Bascdon t}cs€ claims, the ad$or rccommends rusin8' it
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busincssxmoUnrsto shcxrconlccrurc,anctrhc xrqum€nlcan bc dismisscrl out of h:rnd. Tnroios k) th( irgunr(nts unpfovcn rssumprions.(hc nrsr such issumplion is rhxr CC o\\'cs irs profir;rbilinro irs newl! fcsrorcdp.jti(c srarus.CCs pro6r:rbilin.mighl b€ due insrcrd ro fac()rs such as (hc ccooun)rcor rcgui:rron cnvironnlcnl-ro nar,le jusr r fcs,possibiliries. Morco\'cr, jusr xs a poliljc:ll ofnccltolder mjghr l|nJiirh reccive credit fof :r prcdcccssor's accomplishmcn|5, CC s cucrcntprofirabilinmight bc duc !o policicsand acrion5xr CC wbiie ir *is r public compint.ln fac!, j! is cnrirclypossiblcrharCC wxs moreprofirablcasa publicbusincss and rhal it5 profiBbili!'is in dcclire-duc ro iL5renrm ro prilatc sr.irus.ln cirher c15e.it would bc morc rcasoDiblc ro conctude rhal publjc businesscsare lil(etl,ro farc bcrrcr rhan privarc ones, mrhcr rhan the o$cr va\' around. Anothcr of the rrFrmcnr's unsubstantiarcdassumprionsis rhar CC is qpical ofbusinesscsrccehrl)'.eslored to pljvate st,tus. t! js enrirel),possiblc tia!, ro the conr.rq, CC's profiLlbiliry is hjAhil unusuat undcr lrs circumsr:ncesand rhrr in mos! cascs,profits sulfcr when a busincssrcrums from public to prjr?rc smrus. Thus, befor€ I cao accepr thc cdirorial s cooclusion, rhc author must shoq' thlr CC is rcpresentativ€ of most busircss€st}lar r€rum ro priv:ltc sLlrus. Even it mosr busincssesr.hnt rcrum from public ro privxlc srarus improvc *rcr pror'13bili$'(-fare bcrier") as a rcsult, r.hcauthor's conclusion t}lrr pnrarc busLnesscs as an cniiic group fare betr€r rhan public ones is lat too broad. Perhapsdrc most profisblc busincsscsarc rhc ones th:rr rcmain public ones forever- If so, rhen the aurhor would necd to nuro\r' tus conclus'onrccordingl\', ln sum, ftis argument suffersf.om cwo classjcreasoningnaws: (1) a correlation bcr'wecn rwo drings (in this caset priva(e owncrsNp ard profir2bili.y) sufiiccs to p.ovc a causc-rrd-cffcc.r€larionshipand (2) wirar is true for on€ mcmber of a group (in tlns case,businessesrcsrored ro pnvar. own€rship) is so rrue for rhrr Eroup ar a whote. f the aurbor wishcs ro convince m€ of his sw€cping conclusion, mrher rh;lr) rclyirg on va8uc ard scant informariofl abour one porenriall] irnreprescnritive busincss, the author should comparc rhe profirabiliw of public businessesas a group wirh thar of privarc businessesa5 1 group. -
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This editorial poin6 our thar in rl* pasr; fte majoriry of cnginccrs in' this countn havc comc from univcrili€s bur lhir rhc numbcr of univctsirl"aged pcoplc Ln this country is bcSirning to decreaic-a lrcnd L.rrat thc cditorial s aurhor beuevcs will continuc tor thc rcsr of thc decad. dDc ro 2 currcnt dccLinc ir high school enrolmcnr. The auilor reasons that thc nrtion Ivill soon bc shon ofrr:rLinedcnAinecrs, then concludcs lhat educxlion
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ngc clo sPend 3 siSnificanl midc more ncxible so thxt childrcn of Prc'school Ncnhcr :tsscflion js Paniculrdy ponion of crch di! s irh xr lcxsr onc Prren! clcn lcss pcrsuasivc :rs convincinE. rnd considcrcd to8ethcr' thc\'rr( discussed bcloN is lhrl it hils Io distinFuislr A thrcshold problc \'ith lht iLrStrmcnl s'illr thoscvilhour childrcn A scicntist b e c w c c n s c i c n t i s l sw i L l r c h i l d f c n 1 n d flccd Ior di-\'-cirrc s€rviccs or for no vounS childrcn obriousll h:ls no intetcsts of ttqui'ements that accommodatc rhc sPeciil .".-._r4""t..n1.t, conclusions so rhat thel rpPl) p:lrcnls. Thus, thc author musl nlftos'borh
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only ro scienlisls vitb childrcn "ll-'^ltsPin ftom Lhe *-"0 Consideri!8 rhe xuthor's fi$t 2ssenion care ror proPcr for ensuring audor fails ro considcr tnd tulc oLr!othcr oplions For insoncc' a scientis( vhose sPousc ,.ian,iro anifO,.n a*i"8 the !'ork&v wrth $cir child mish( lery.wcU (or pattneO has timc dunng 'acn or\'Io sPcnd rncruoug drJ c're Be'rdc5 rnan) s(ienrisr-Parcntr' to'o-ott'ot" ).oL. providc child mig}rt hxve friends or reladves $/ho c'n ".'.t*", ."""*r.o*."i opions ro cnsurc day c c .rc. Thus. to thc cxlent tir sc'ent$ts nlvc othcr is unw Ttnlco fo! their children. rhe ?uthor's lt$I con.lusion considered scP'_rr!€ly ftom thc A5 for rhe 2uthor's secono asscrdon' il is impontnt tot-t-.-* n vhl filst on€, tbc xuthor ftils to cxpl spcnd a signillcant .n drcn of scicnlists in PaniculI' ro ,., ""t. t.r.*t. explanaion' I daY wift a parcnt- bckin8 a convincl'rg ionion of ctct carccr'advanccment requremcnrs camror acccpr ttre authot's asscrdon lhat of allowit8 signilicen( nr^d. morc fl€xible mcrcl)'for thc s'ke -*r-o. parcnt'child conoct each workdal -
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howeler' tit "lry.Tl Consideritg thc tNo assenronsrogeller' thc second x5senion scrvcs to bccomcs cvcn lcss conviicinS ln cssence' sicrificant rime rtrc tlrst onc ll the ctritdrcn of scientistsspend ;;.;. to ihe sci€ntist-Parents c?rccr' each dry q,ith a Plrent, without comPromise dircct contradiction to then all'day child catc worro secm u'neccssalv-in musl eitier reconcilc thc two *rc authoris first assenion Thus' *tc author or chooseonc asscdioflovcr the othc. ass€nroos but arso ]n a notshell, the ar$rment is not onlt Poorl]'supPofted v',ith ihe author's firs! paBdoxical. lcfore I can ettner ?gfee or disxSrce whll perccnllse of *'*tl::. :: assenlon,I would nccd ro xioq
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'"'*": " orhcr ?sscniono' exprainwhv scicntis6a5 s"'p vith thcir id]i:t--T^t: da-v Pre_scnoor "t *t *.y -t spendsiSninc"nttirDc crch .--." care child 2ll-dxv to acccss !e!dv .it or.. -o * ,n' srmetime havc
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$'iI rhc Seaucl lo a \.isr:] Srudios Movie Bc Profitrblc? This m:rlxzi.cir(iclc prcdicr5rhrr rlrc scquclro a ccnajn \'isq Srudios movic will bc p.ofiuble- Thc adicl€ s aut}lor bascsthis prediction on the facr (hat a se;cs ofbooks bxsedon char,lcrersfrom the firsl movi€ arc consistcnl bcstscllersin loc:ll booksto.cs.I find this Drcdicliondubious for scvcml rca50ns To bcSinwith. VisI, prcsum:rbhphns to rclcaselhc sequ€llo a vidc rudicnc€,not just to mcmbcrsoI tl)is loc jq . If so, iI s€cmsIoolhard) lo make lny prcdictions abour thc sequel's Scncral popularjF'bascd ot thc apprrent intcrcsts of ooc communiq. ln addition, tbe a4lumenl dcpends on the rssumpdon !hx! rhe books' populariry is duc.o thcir cha!'rctcrs.Ye! the.rSumcnt docs not rulc out oLhcrpossiblcrc$ons for thcir topulariq', such as plor lincs, illust.atjons, or evcn prjcc. lf ir rums ou( that thcilr popularity is duc ro some featurc lxcking in thc two movics,thcn t}c autl1or'sprediction would amounl to littlc morc than conjccture. Even ?ssumingthai thc books popuiariq' is due !o thcir cha$clcrs, I would remain skeptjcrl ,tbout tlc author's prcdiclion. Thc movic scquel mi8ht coniin diJfcrcntcla-ractcr:.in n'hich casciI may vcry wel] disappoini a( rhc box-omcc, dcspirc ihc succcssof lhc books al]d $c fi.rstmovic. Evcn if the scqucl contains tlc s.fnc ch ?c!ers, this fcit\rre in its€lJ rniEhr not sullicc io draw la!8e xudicnces Consumcr irlc.esl ir rhesc cheflcter5 miBn alrcadl be saliatcd,or thc scqucl mi8hr simplt no! be xs Sood a5 rhc lirst movic ard *)c books. ln either cvcn!. rhc etrhor's predicdon mighl very wcll not comc to pass. . Firaly, in prcdictin8 ih3r the sequcl wcu bc p66tiblc bccausc the books arc popular, thc author arsumcs thar a poPular movic ncccssafil)' trlr.nsa proilL. However, cornmon scnsc and obscrvadontell loc thal movic profits dcpcnd nor on-ly on box-officc lttcndzrtcc and video salcs (that is, popularit, bur also on cos6 as 'wcll. Thus, thc sequ€lm.ighi tufn oul to bc popular bur urprofi I!b)c. ln sum, the predjcdon j5 brscd olx scanr cvidence allcl unproven .lsumptions rd js thclcfdre Bnlamount to merc specu.ladoo.Beforc alrceulS ihal thc sequelB'iLLbcpopuiar, ict atonc profiLabie,I would requirc bcrcr proof that wharcvcf fextucs aicaq'-rtfor tlc bopks poPulatjry io-da .alsodl?s/ larSeirowds to scc thc movic sequcl.To obtdn this soft ofproof, I would nc€d lo sufley rcadcrs of t}le book to dcternine thc book's aPPeal ?lld of coursescrcen lhc scqucl to sce whcrhcr or not i! holds similar ?ppcrt.
P.te66s
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lvrlting Skllh for tlt- ' GRE/GIUT Tesls
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tbc competitor's codc vjolrtion i,. frct scn-cd lo r:rmish its sun'el-thal l o n s - t c f i n p u b l i c i m : r g c .T l r c i u t b o r m u s t a l s o s h o \ ' t l r i t d l i s c o m P : r n ) - r s lilch (o liolxtc i(s orvo codc and ihat !h( Yiohlion would bc likel) to do l o n g - t c r mh t r r n t o i ( s P l l b l i c i m i g c . T o m o t c f r ] l l i d c r c r n r i n c t l r ( l i k c l i h o o d o f slch bi.m. I *'ould nt(d Io comP.fc Ihis comprLnl s Prospcctive codc s'nh r h ( o l h c r c o m p a n l ' s c o d c . I p o u l d r l s o n c c d t o a s s c s st h c i n t c g r i r ' Yo f d r i s compan! s kct dccjsion makc.s. Finall\', r public-oPinjon 5un'c! s'oukl hclP mc detcrmine vhat q pcs of policies, or combinxtioo of Policjcs sould mosr lii
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I\O. d4 ARGUMENT The Impending Failtrre of Company A
Thc xuthor oI tlris artcle ptedicls thc fa,lurc of Company A' i'hich - cuEentll €nioI's a large 3hare of thc inrcmational lidcc8:lmc markcl To pioneer iustify this prccliction.rhc aurhor cncs thc coll2pscof Comp3n)'a' a ^*'hcn its of childrcn Eres' lired Ptoducis ln ].rld formcr giant in this 6cld further supPofl of this Prcdiction, thc autlror rersons lhil demind for comPan] A's products must be neiJl)' exhrusted bec:rusc its Producls appclr in "so matr'American homcs l find drls argumen! unpersuasi\'c'for scr'cr:rlrcasons. To be8in virh, dre author iSnoresoth€r possiblc causcsof B s co!apse Just bccauscthe collaPsccoitcided with a s't-'rit8 intercst among childrcn i; ConrPsn| B's producrs, it is uddr to infcr that the formcr is atrriburible solel,vto thc hn€r. Thcre 2re a myrixd of other possiblecontdbuting catses of Bt collapse-n ging from musSemcnI'problcms tc! rc8ulatoD clrangcs tp incicasirg competition. lf it tums out that ComPxn-!B s coliapsewxs not due.entircly to the wanin! inrerest smon8 childrcn rn B's products' then rt' would bc h.5q'to assumethlt ComPzn) A s'ill nccesssrill'fril should ir facc
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.
sunilrr s.Iu't dem,nd. Turnitg ncr-t to the ir.formation about dcmxnd for ComPinf A's Sames' "so man\" American thc mcr€ fact that Compan-\'A's products lppeat in jrs Products homcs lccomPlishcslittlc toq'ard showing wrning demand for lct alonc toward showiiS thlt thc comPan! will fiil To be8'invith the term 'so mtn]' is loo vxgue to bc sBlisticxll-vmcxringful Even if b! so mxn\'" thc author mcans 'nexrlv all," pc.hips a$on8 A-.nericansthe dcmxnd for morc.ev ComPrn-\',4. Eamcsis stron&Mo.eovcr, tty: lurbor ignores for€iAn mdkeLs,which rnjght account for a siEniJlc.ntponion of CompanJA s sales' Thc gcatcr the demandoutsidc Americx, thc lesslike\' Company A witl fail Evenzls firin8,for the sakeofargumenl, thar demmd for Compan) A s this facl vould no! ncccss^nl)rspcll tn€ demisc producls is neail]' ex.hausted. of CompanyA-cven rf rt did for Comp'nl' ! For all we knos , CompanY h?s Dxny othcr Incs of producrsand/or senices. \viroscl)roli!2biLio cnsurcs the comDanY'ssurvival despite the failurc of its vidco-8amc I'nc For that martcr, pcrhapsCompxnl A hrs an cxceptionrul tllented m:rn:tgem€ntrcrm Pcrrso,'s
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AncuurmNo. 93 Rel'e.sirtg
a Decline
in Adwertising
AppUcations
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Thc author of rhis ediro.ia-lconcludcs that local lclcvision channel KMT\'should sbjft jts programmjng focus !o fming issucs in ordcr lo sdmulate KMTV advcnising appljcaljons, wlich dec[ncd in numbcr lasl vcar. Thc ?utlor bascsthis conclusionon.a repon bY l nearb)'ro\tns iclcvision sr2tion,KOOP..IhatadvenisinSlpPlications to KOOP irlcrcascdin numbe|qrhen KOOP rook sirnrlat rction. AssurningLhai KOOP s r€Pon is rruc and iccurrte, 1 nevcfthclessflod the author's xrgumenl unconvincinS in To bcgh with, the surgc in applicaiions lo KOOP wrs nor necessarily duc ro KooP's-progrrmming chrnge. Pcrhaps KOOP also lowcrcd iLs adveitising fecs around the same !ime; or Perhaps a competinS telcvision srarionincrcasedl}reirs or\vcnt our ofbusiness,Any one of a host ofpossiblc cvcnrs such rs thesc miSh! explxin $; surge in aPplicrrions. Thus, rhe aur}lor should cmul:tjrs !iOOP s pro8i:mmns. .. 'change was in facl Asidc from.whethcr" rOOe s .liogrammlng rcsponsiblc for (he incrcasc in number of aPPlcaljons io KOOP' $e €djroria-l'sauthor a5sumeswithoul iustificltion that Xli{Tv !'icwcrs would bc inr.esied in prolrnms about famjng issucs-IJ i( tums oul rha!' as a Sroup' thcy are lcss intefcsrcd in farming than in KMTV s cuffent progffnrnin8' ISIT\'s vtcwcrstup miSht diminish id size and, as a rcsult, the number of applicationsto KMT\' ntgll acruall)'dcctease. othcr Problcm with tbc argument is ils implicatjon thit thc f'ct proposed chao8c is tb. on\' s'r) K1\4Tv cxn sdmulxtc advcnisin8
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, \ s r r r m i r g f i ) r l l r c n ) ( ) n r c n rt h x r I { l l l l s ! j s i l o r s r s r 8 r ( ) u p N o u k l p r c f c l lo purch:rs( lo\.crl()ri( b(cr olcr r)rl)cr l)ljcrs. thi5 !rottp n)ilhl t'(,r b( r c p r c s c n t i { n ( o f t ) < c r ' ( l r i n k c r sg c n c . i l l ) . c s t ) c c i r l l \ 'i f t l ) t F r o u p c o n s ( i t u r c sx smxll ponion of thc b.cririnking popul2tion- l'cl rbc iu!hors conclusion r c l i c s o n r h e i r s u m p t i o o l h i t t h c r x r c . l f i I l u . n s o L r r .f o r ( x r n r j t ( , t l r i t M I l ] J ! i s n o r s n r c c s p c c i : r l l )c i l o r i ( ' c o n s c i o u s .o r c s P c c i x l l r l o t : l 1t o I { l J B P r o d u c l 5 I l ) s n o t h c r b r c w c r i c s m j g h r b c v e ^ d i s : t P P o i n l c d! i r h s n l c s l e v e l s o f d r c i r own loecaloric bce.s. ln the furxl f,nrl)sis, d)r author crnnol dcfcnd hcf rccommcndalion b a s c d s o l e l l o n r h c s u r t c \ ' l c s u l t s . T h e l u d r o f m u s r : r l s os h o $ ' t h a t t h c s u n ' e l rcsulrs rre relablc ard !ha! thq tccunlcl,\'rcflccr rbc bccr plefereoccs no( consurncrs Scneitly. ln jusl of MHB visitors but ?lso of bccririnl,itS q'hether or not dre) should bfcw low{alorie bc€r, conclusion, ro dclermine other breweries shouij not relr on tbc dubious rcsults of a sitglc, problematic su.qct. lnstcxd, thev should comparc thc lol:rl mi.kcl dcmand for loq,'calorie bcer qith rhe currcn! supp\' and iry Io assessthc cxrcnr of bnrd
ill
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Shoufd Ba)'r'iew Iligh '
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ln this cditorial, the author recorunends tha! Ba)'vies'Hi8h rcquirc its studenasto wcrr school unitorms. To support this .ccorrun€ndatiofi, lhe aulhor comparesBa)ryics'lo Acom cadem), a ]ocal p;vare school that hxs idoprcd Ihit polic]. Snecillcdl\'.the xuthor Poinlsout thrl com studcnrs cim hi8her gndes 1nd rre morc Likel.\'to atlend collcS€ and thal Acom rcporrslcss absenlccismxnd t-ardillcssas well as fes'€r disciPlineptoblcms. This 'rAumcnrsulfcrsfrbm scvelil rcasoninEnr*s.;hich roicthcr rcnder rhc cdirorial whollv uoconvincing. To bc8in wirh, $c cditorial does no! indicare how lonS Acom s currcnl schoolunifom poliq'has bccn in cffccl. f thc Policy is ncq" $cn Acom ! various succ€ssesOistcd in thc cdirodrl) catnot bc rttribuled to th€ polic)" and the ?ulhor's recornmendxton is comPletell' Sroundless Assuming thar Acom s scllool_uniform Polio' is wcil estzblishcd' ,{com's comparativc\' hjgb sruqenl GPA ind collcge_marriculationlzre mjght still be due io or})erfxctors,3!cb as tughcr ltudcnt inlellgence levcls' hiSher{ualiq' instruction: or Srcaler supPon (|!nlnci2l or o$erwisc) from parcnts. 'lqirlrout consid€rin8 and eliminarin8 thcse and al othcr fcasiblc cxplanations for ihe comPa.advcacadcmic succcssof Acom studcnrs, lbc author clJrnotpersuademe that Acom s school'uniformpol1ry is rcsponsiblc for. o. evcn coniriburcd to, that success. SiJniiarl]',thc author fails to considcr orhcr Possiblereasonsfor Acom s reoonedlv lower incidence ot absenlecism, tardincss, and discipLite problems. To begin wnh, pcrhaPs th€se sons of problcms arc simpl)' nol rcpon.d xs oficn lt,Acom xs at Bivvic$i iJso. the repons vould PrQfId!
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rssrrnrprion. For jrtl$( kno\'. rtrcrcmighr bc othcr DossiblruscsIor rl)os( buildints rl)!r would profid( ncr cconomicbcncnrsro rhc cin,cxcccorrp tiro:c of r)r, fir(,t,^
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Ir rhis mcmo, rhc human rcsoufccs dcpffrmcnr oI Djversincd Ilanuiacturing @if) claims rhar DM could hetp counrcracr irs declinirA mxrlic( shirc by chanFx)FiLs tajd-\'acarion poliq for irs protessiond su-tf. T}lc ncs'poLq., like rc currcnl one, would provide four \?cadon wccks Pcr Yeari but rhc ncs policy voold limjr anl v:carion ro onc weck.
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Ancu,vrNr No. i 24 Ho$' Ilxcunt Tltcarcr Compant, Can Incrc:rsc profi ts ln
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ro , lx.g€rrhcarcrTh( direcrorrhcn .ccomn)to(ts r\,o cou.sesoI xcrionrr order "ro tuflhcr increas€profit5,: (l) producin8 pj:rls rh:rr havc b€€n rnosr successfut in !he narion.s tar8esr crr,es rnd (.2) hiring Adtib Theircr Conrp:rn!\ ftrndnisijrSdirccror. on rhc brsis rhrr corpor;[c contributions to dlib bxvc increrscddnmxricallv durirf rrr. trrrc. "ca.s sr,. l.,rs *o.r
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moling ro thc lrrgcr rh€arer_cspccjalt,, iI thc cosr of ,enrii8 t}lc t.r.,Gr: rhcarcr excccds rhc cosl of renring x sniljer onc. Tuming ro Lhc firsr prescrjplion for cntrancinSproltts, rhc dirccror,s rarionrletor ir rcslson rhc assumpriondlxr rhe tnsres ancttnrcresrsofthcarcr, gocrs in rhe cilv vherc ltTC s thcarerjs locarcd arc iimilar to those ofrtrcatcrn .8ocrs largc cirics. Howcvc., rhc dirccro, providcs no cvidence rhir rhis is rhc casc.Th€rcforc, I rcmai, un(
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fundmising director has wdrked for ,\dtib Ou.i"g,b. ,"-. rlrne period rhat corpo.areconrriburionsro Adlib havc rncrased, tt is unfair ro concludc tiar rhe lxrrer is arkiburable ro rhc fot-mcr. Undl ETC,Sdirecto: €sriblish€sa clcrr.caus:rlconnecr
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Even if FIC s dirccror can convince mc rhar thc rvo pr€scriptions a.e likc\'!o incrcascFfC's profirs, rhe direcior concludcs roo hastity that cbese prescriprions .lrc rhe bcsr mcms of achrevmg fTC,s dcsrred profir Aolls Pcrhrpsonc or morc othcr corrsesof rcrjon worjJ be as .ff..ii* or"-ni. cffccLivcin mz-yirlli?jngETC,Sp.ofirs. \vir}lour wcigfring al ofefc,s opOons, rhc direcror simply carlnqtconvince mc rhar ETCshoutd adopr thc dirccror.; rc co mrnend-aLion. ln rhc nnal analysis,rhc r.ccornn;dation U ,";,i.*.0 as ir sunds. To . botsrerir, t}re dirccror mjghr conducr a scjendfic survev of arca t})crrerSocrs ro dcrcrmine rhe sons of ETC proclucrionsarea rcsidcnrs zre most tilJy tir attend, and iI ETCI cur€nr $catcr is morc cxpenstveto renr thar a smalJcr one. whctlcr or nor tlrc demandfor rhosc producrions wxmnts ETC,S rccenrmove ro rhc lfigcr rhcatc. To bcrrercvalurrcthc.rFumcn!. I would t't4! ?ercrcoB.co'n
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Ilr th( siorc iokco. thc chrir failst(' considerthc costsof exPrnclinS studcnrsmiSl)t Omcg;r'smusic-rhcmp\'progranr.,AccommodxtinS:rclditionrl rcquir(:rddition;rlcgLripmcnl,ficulr\- membefs.:rndevcD frcilitics.Such rc\'cntrc.in Nhiclr cxsclhc ch,ri.s coslsmi8hl vc^ wcll ouN,ciShnrxr8inNl proposxl s'ould trm ro ttc poor fm.ncill advicc. T()sum up. ncith(r thc x.Funrents penultimirt nor r,ltinrxrcconclus'on is born our bl rhc rv(tcncc providcdin tl)c mcmo. Pii)Pcrcvaluttionof rhc formcr conclusion (i.c.. lhat OmcS:r Srrdurtes will ctsil)' find music-rbcr,rpr iobs) pould rcquirc (1) mor€ injormarion about thc rcPLrmrionof OmeSas mnsic-thcEpt pralram :lmoog cmplo)'ers of mus;c .heripists and (2) rc[able music-themp] cmPloJ'men!projcctions for reccnl colle8c gndurtcs. especiauvin the vicitiq' of Omega. To full)' assessihc chair's uldmr.c claim (i.e., dlat an cxPmdcd music'tir€.rP)' Progr?m will improvc Omcgi s financial sL1tus), I would nced rcliablc, dct iied projecrions of Omcgas mrl8hal cos|s aod tevenues should i( follon'thc chrir'i rccomficnd.Lion
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