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Photographs Front of cover Ceratoichthys pinnatiformis, Verona Museum.
Back of cover Top Left: Rhamphosus acu/eatus...
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Photographs Front of cover Ceratoichthys pinnatiformis, Verona Museum.
Back of cover Top Left: Rhamphosus acu/eatus, Verona M. Top Right: Pygaeus gazo/ai, Verona Museum. Bottom Left: Acanthura ova/is, Verona Museum.
Title page (opposite) Priscacara /iops, Eocene, Wyoming, (50 million years), Baensch Collection. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopyinQl, recording, or by any other information storage and retrieval system, without
Karl Albert Frickhinger
Fossil Atlas Fishes
written permission of the publisher, except where permitted by law. Library of Congress Cata:loging-in-Publication Data
Translated by Dr. R. P. S. Jefferies, London
Frickhinger, Karl Albert [Fossilien Atlas Fische, English) Fossil atlas, fishes / Karl Frickhinger; translated by R. P. S. Jefferies. 1st English language ed. 1088 p. 12 x 18 cm Includes bibliographical references (30 p.) and indexes. ISBN 1-56465-115-0 1. Fishes, Fossil - Atlas. 1. Title QE851.F89213 1995 95-138
567'.022'3--dc20
CIP 1st. Edition, 1995 ISBN 1-56465-115-0 (U.S.A. only) ISBN 3-88244-019-8 (for other countries) WL Code 16822
© Copyright 1991, 1995 Mergus® Verlag GmbH, Hans A. Baensch, P. O. Box 86, 49302 Melle
Mergus ® is a registered trademark.
Layout:
Dr. Gero W. Fischer, Quito, Ecuador
Lithography:
bucher- repro, Bielefeld, Germany
Press:
Mergus Press, Singapore
Editor:
K. A. Frickhinger, Munchen, Germany
Original Publisher:
Hans A. Baensch, Melle, Germany
1st English Language Ed., 1995 Published in the USA:
Tetra Press, Blacksburg, VA
Distribution: USA:
Tetra Sales (Warner-Lam bert-Company) Blacksburg, VA 24060
Canada:
Rolf C. Hagen Inc., 3225 Sartelon Street, Montreal, Que. H4R 1E8
Great Britain:
Rolf C. Hagen (UK) Limited, California Drive, Whitwood Industrial Estate, Castleford WF 10 50H, West Yorkshire
Australia:
Pets International Pty. Ltd., 5 Orchard Ind. Est., Orchard Road, P. O. Box 21, Chester Hill, N.S.w. Pet Pacific Pty. Ltd., Unit C, 30 Skarratt Street, Auburn N.S.w 2144 P. O. Box 398, Rydalmere N.S.W. 2116
Printed in Singapore
Publishers for Natural History and Pet Books Hans A. Baensch
•
Melle
•
Germany
Preface
Preface There is no lack of general literature on fossil invertebrates. Am monites and trilobites, especially, have been very thoroughly treated in the last one hundred years and there are many texts available on faunas and particular systematic groups. Above all, there is the well known "Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology" an available work that leaves very little to be desired. It is true that the last few years have given us "The Handbook of Palaeoichthyology" and "The Handbook of Palaeoherpetology". Unfortunately, however, neither work is complete and we may have to wait many years before all the volumes are available. More over, both are purely scientific works whose main objective is the diagnosis of genera. It is therefore understandable that they do not give as many figures as the editors and authors would no doubt have wished. Because of this, the readership is effectively restricted to scientific professionals and a few especially inter ested amateurs. Apart from these two important works, little choice remains. The vertebrate literature must be gathered laboriously together and all-inclusive works hardly exist. As to fish, the last and only tempt to record all known fossil fishes, and illustrate them with masterly engravings, was made by Agassiz. He wrote 150 years ago, however. Only a few complete copies are left and they fetch an extremely high price-more a book lover's rarity than a practi cal work. These considerations prompted me to produce the present work. It is a "picture book." I do not intend it to compete with more scientific works, since I knew from the start that it could be no more than a useful supplement to the specialised literature. Nevertheless, it was no easy task. I have visited most of the im portant museums in the world and suffered a great deal of drudg ery. I have searched through the collections for hours at a time, finally to photograph only those fishes still lacking. At first, every thing went quickly, but once I had reached a certain level, it be came more and more difficult to find anything new. Above all, I had set myself to photograph very well preserved specimens only. Thus I soon discovered that many of the 2500 genera so far de scribed were based on incomplete specimens only, or even on single dorsal shields, teeth, spines or scales. No doubt there is 4
rial to which I never had access or have over. muc h good mate however, could only be true 0f a fractlon 0f the genlooked. This, n this book. era show n i difficulty was the nomenclature . In many collecAnother great s old specimens labelled with antique synonyms, t·Ions I came acros . I have made great efforts to bnng even undetermined material. lists, speCia willing help of certain erything into order; with the eless, I cannot g� arantee ab Nevert . grateful to w hom I am very rely ask that, If the reader since I . solute correctness in all cases of it. finds a mistake, he tells me intended for? The scientific special book this is What readership ent to the technical literature. supplem ist may find in it a pictorial the fishes Besides that, he may be glad to know in what museum curator will be able, are kept which interest him. The museum discover using this book, to look over what is on offer and thus of student The d. expande how his collections may sensibly be fossil the palaeontology will be given a general view of most of fish fauna. The book will be of greatest interest to fossil collec tors. Finally, I do not forget the amateur , whether angler or aqua rist, who is interested in fishes. Up till now he has not had the chance to see what the ancestors of his fishes looked like, how they evolved nor how long they have already been on earth.
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Autumn, 1 994, Planegg.
5
Acknowledgements
Contents -
Preface
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Collecting Fossils ...... .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . ... .. . . .. . ..... .. . . .. . .. .... ... .. ... . . . . . . 11
The Photography of Fossils .... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .... .. . ... . ... ............ . .... 13 Evolution in Geological Time . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . ... .. . . .. . .. .... .. 16-17 .
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The Origin of Life and the Evolution of Fishes .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ... .. . 18 .
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The External Features of Fishes .. . . .. . .... . . .. .... . . ... . . . . . . . . ..... . . 26-33 .
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The Groups of Fishes . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . ... . ... . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. ... . . . .. 68-994 .
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(Jawles s Fishes) ... ... .... . .. . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . ... . .. . . .. . .. . 68 Placod� rmi (Placod erms) . .. ...... . . . . . .. .... . . . . .. . . ...... . .. ... . . . ... . . . 116 Chondnchthyes (Cartila ginous fishes) . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . ..... ... . .. . 147 Acantho dii (Acanth odians ) .. . . . . . . . .... . . .. .. ..... .. ... . . .. . . . . . . 236 ondros tei (Chon d rostean s) . . .... ... .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . ... .. . . 252 olostei " (Holost eans) . .. .. .. . . . . .... . . . . . .. ... .... .. . . . . .. . . 371 Teleostei ( True Bony Fishes) . .. .... . . . ....... ..... . . . . .. . . ... 449 Euteleostei (Higher Bony Fishes) . . . . . . . . . .... ... . .... ... . . .. ... . . . .. 573 :oss?pterygii (Lobe-fin ned Fishes) .. . . .... . . .. . .. . . .... ... . .. .. 939 Ipnol (Lung Fishes) ... . . . . . . . ....... . ... .... . . . .... . . . .... . . .. . 975 .
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Index of Genera and Synonyms . ... . . ... . ..... ... . . . . ... . .. . . . . . .. 1027 .
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Index of Orders, Suborders, and Families . .
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Index of Genera, Arranged by Formation . . . . . . . . .. .. ... .. .. ...... . .... . 1059
Index of Genera, Arranged by Locality . . . . . ... . ...... . . . . . . .. . . . . . 1070 .
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Index of Recent Families and Genera .. ... . . .. . .. .... .
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The Author .. . . .. ... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . ... .. . .
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d g reat person al and financ ial outlay , boo k, which involve have been finishe d withou t the most genero us hel p o d never I t is therefore a pleasant duty to thank all parts o f the worl d . who allowed me to photograph the institutes and the museu ms in their collections or made photograp hs avail nest specimens I would also like to thank all those who so able free of charge. my questions when anything was unclear to me. willingly answered grateful to Prof. Schultze, of Lawrenc e, Kansas , I am particularly whom I sometimes burdened U.S.A. and Dr. Patters on of London was especiall� hel�ful as advice ose wh and b eyond all reason . . , of M u n ich, likewise Wellnhofer concerns the new systematic s. Dr. to the firm deserves my special thanks. I am also deeply indebted not only who Sander, J Herr Director its and le, Mel of Tetrawerke, it. d but finance organi sed my MoscoW joumey
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Th'I
The followin g l ist is arranged alphabeticall y by town or city. Adelaide , Australia, Museum of Natural History, Dr. N. Pledge. Amsterdam, Netherlands , U n iversiteit van Amsterdam , Geolog i c a l Museum. Dr. J. H . Werner. Berg amo, Italy, Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali, Dr. Paganoni. Berli n , Museum fOr N aturkunde, Dr. Jager, Dr. W.-D. Heinrich . Bloemfon tein , South Africa, National M u seum, Dr. C. M. Engelbrecht, Dr. B. Rubidge. Brisbane, Australia. Queensland Museum, Dr. R. E. Molnar. Bristol , England, U niversity of Bristol, Prof. D. L. Dineley. Brussels, Belgium, I nstitut Royale des Sciences Naturelles de . Belgique, Dr. P. Sartenaar Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Geological S u rvey of Canada, Dr. R . Tho rsteinsson . Canberra, Australia, Australian N ational University, Prof. K. S. W. Camp be l l . Canberra, Australia, Division of Continental Geology, Dr. G. Young. Capetown, South Africa, South African Museum, Dr. M. A Cluver, Dr. R. Smith. Chicago, I l linois, U.S A. , Field Museum of Natural History, Dr. L. Grande, Dr. C. Forster. Cleveland, Ohio, U. S. A, Cleveland Museu m of Natural History, Dr. M. E. Williams, Dr. G. L. Jackson. Copenh agen, Denmark, Geological Museum, Dr. B. S. Bang, Dr. S . Bendix-Almgren. 7
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements Drumhel ler, Alberta, Canada, Tyrel l Museum of Paleontology, Dr. D. Bri nkmann, Dr. Neumann . Edin burgh, Scotland, National Museu m o f Scotland, Dr. W . D. I . Rolfe, Dr. R. Patton. Edmonto n, Canada, University of Alberta, Prof. Dr. M. V. H. Wilson. Eichstatt, Germany, Jura-Mus eum, Willibalds burg, Dr. G . Viohl. Eichstatt-H a rthof, Germany , Museum Berger, Herr R . Berger. Frankfu �-am-Mai n , G ermany , Naturm u seum S enckenb erg , Prof. W. Ziegler, Dr. G. Plodowski, J. Oeli<.ers -Schafer. G arden City, N ew Jersey, U . S. A, Ad elphi U niversity, Prof. R. Lund. G l asgow, Scotlan d, Hunterian Museum , Prof. F. Wil l et, Dr. J. K. , ng h am. G rahams town, South Africa, Albany Museum, Dr. B. C. Wilmot, Mr. W. J. de Klerk. Haarlem, N etherlan ds, Teyler Museum, Mr. Ebbinge, M r. J. C. van Veen . H olzmaden, Germany, Urwelt Museu m Hauff, Dr. B. Hauff. Johan n e s b u r g , South Africa, Witwat ersrand U n ivers i ty ' Prof. Kitching . Karlsru he, G ermany . Staatlic hes Museu m fOr N aturkun de ' Prof. S . Rietsche l, Prof. L. Trunko. Kassel . G ermany, Naturk unde Museu m in Ottone um, Dr. J. Fichter. Lausan ne, S witz er l a n d , M u s ee G eo l o g iqu e C an t o n a l D r . ' M . H. Septfontaine. Lawren ce, �ansas, U. S. A, U niversity of Kansas, Museu m of Natura l History, Prof. H.- P. Schultze, Prof. G. Arratia- Schultz e. Leyden , N etherla nds, Rijksmuseum van Geolog ie en Minera logie ' Dr. G . E. de Groot. Londo n, Englan d, The Natura l History Museum, Dr. C. Patterson , Dr. P. Forey, Dr. R. P. S . Jefferies. Lyon, France, Musee Gu imet d'Histoire Naturel/e, Dr. M. L. David. Milan, Italy, Museo Civico di Storia Natura l e, Prof. G. Pinna, Dr. . G . Teruzzl. Milan, Italy, Universite. deg li Studi di Milano , Dr. A Tintori. Montre al, Quebe c, Canada, MacGili University, R edpath Museum, Prof. R. L. Carroll. Moscow, Russia , Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russko i Akade mii N au k Prof. L. Tatari nov, D r. L. N ovitskaya, M r . A F . Ban n ikov, Ms : O . Affanaslyeva. MOnchen, Germany, Bayerische Staats ammlu ng fUr Palaontologie Prof. D. Herm , Dr. P. Wel lnhofer. ' 8
ches I nstit u t u nd man y , Geo log i sch- Pala onto logis Mun st er, Ger rp. kento . Museum, Dr. K. Oe Yoale University , Peabody tic ec nn Co �t, U . S. AJ' , Ne w H aven strom . . ry, Prof. . Museum of Natu ral Histo U. S. A, American M useum of Natural History, Dr. New York. N. y, J G. Mais ey. , Canada , Musee Parc d e Miguash a, Dr. M . Nou elle , Quebec Arsen ault . t i Oslo, Paleontol ogisk M useum, D r . Oslo. Norway. Un iversitet e z. N . Heint of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada, National Museum . Day A Dr. Dr. D. Rus sell, Paleontolog ia, Padua , Italy. Universite. di Pad ova , Dipartimento di i. Dr. L. Altic hier Paris , France, M us eu m N ational d'Histoire N aturelle, Prof. P. Taquet, Dr. M. Veran, D r. D. Goujet, M. D. Serette. Pittsbur g, Pennsylvan ia, U . S. A, Carnegie Museum of Natural History , Dr. D. S. Berman. .
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Pretoria, South Africa, Transvaal Museu m , Prof. C. K. Brain , D r. V. Watson . Solnhofen , G ermany, Burg ermeister M ul l er Museu m, Burg er meister GulHch . Stockholm, Sweden, Naturhistoriska Riksmus eet, Dr. H. C. Bjerring, Dr. Borger. Stuttgart, Germany, Staatliches Museu m fOr Naturkunde. Prof. B . Ziegl er. Dr. R. Bottcher, Dr. R. Wild. Sydney, Australia, Australian Museum, Dr. A. Ritchie. Toronto. Ontario. Canada, Royal Ontario M useum, Dr. G. Edmund, Dr. K. Seymour. TObingen , G ermany, Museu m fOr Geologie und Palaontologie, Prof. F. Westphal, Dr. A Uebau. Uppsala, Sweden, Palaontologiska Museet, Dr. S. Stuenes.
Verona, Italy, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Dr. L. Sorbini, Sign. G. Bonato. Vienna, Au stria, Nat u rhisto risches Museum, D r . H. Ko llmann , Dr. O. Schulz. Washington , D. C., U. S. A, N ational Mu seum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Dr. F. Collier. Zurich, Swi tzerlan d , Pal aontologisches I nstitut u n d M u s eum, Prof. H. Rieber, Dr. K. A. Hunermann , Dr. Burgin .
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9
Acknowledgements I also thank the owners of the following private collections, who likewise allowed me to photograph their finest specimens and thus contributed greatly to this book: Beyrouthy Collection, Toulouse, France Dr. de Buisonje Collection, Amsterdam, Netherlands BOrger Collection, Bad Hersfeld, Germany Henne Collection, Stuttgart, Germany Herrmann Collection, Buchendorf, Germany Kandler Collection, Augsburg, Germany Krauss Collection, Weissenburg, Germany Leonhardt Collection, Ober-Kainsbach, Germany
Monk Collection, Karlsruhe, Germany Dr. Pabst Collection, ZOrich, SWitzerland Pemer Collection, Bad Homburg, Germany
Peukert Collection, Waldstetten, Germany Schwegler Collection, Langenaltheim, Germany Schweitzer Collection, Langenaltheim, Germ any Siber & Siber Collection, Aathal, Switzerland
St6bener Collection, Staufenberg, Germany Tischlinger Collection, Stammham, Germany Weiss Collection, Vienna, Austria.
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In a dition I have to thank Prof. H.-H. Reich enbach-Klinke of unlch, Frau R. Ageland of Oberageri, Switz erland, and Dr. R. Riehl of DOsseldorf for undertaking the labori ous task of reading the proofs. l owe a special word of thanks to my wife, Frau Gertrud Frickhinger ' who helped me in innumerable ways.
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Frau A. Gehlen and Frau I. Weindl relieve d me of much time consuming labour and deserve my heartfelt thanks as also does Herr Konrad G6tz, of Munich, who advised me on photography. Last, but not least, I must thank my publis her, Herr Hans A. Baensch of Mergus Verlag, Melle, who met all my wishes as r�gards format and the provision of expen sive illustrations. To Im, also, l owe the suggestion of plaCing photographs or draw Ings of recent fishes alongside the fossils so as to make this book of gr�ater interest for those who love fishes , whether angler or aquanst.
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10
Collecting Fossils of mankind, for an be seen as an instinctive drive Collacting c to a whole cultural stage as that of . e we would not refer . otherwlS . .In must remain ' ing from that time · g and collecting ' Someth . huntIn , r ed, stamps whethe collect not IS P , for very httle man y eople .. th H f prlmlew. e ere a . or matchboxes, to name COins, beer mats . we rig htly speak 0 f hunt'Ing hunting instinct is at work, since f with the loot. home g comi before � the desired object f . early people although In d y always faSCinate Fossils have obviousl they were. Thus in Stone Age deposits fmes nobody knew what which had obviously been collected. found f�sSilS have been Was it only their Were they used as charms or ornaments? they have legends wo strange shapes which attracted? Or did were called thunder the belemnites when as them, ven about by Thor? lightning thrown the of bolts and seen as relics Later on, fossils were condemned by the Church as the work of .
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the Devil or at best were supposed to be relics of Noah's Flood. This was why Scheuchzer saw the remains of a giant salamander found by him as those of a poor sinner drowned in the Flood. Nevertheless, he brought together an important collection, as was fashionable at the end of the 18th and, especially, in the early 19th century. At first it was noblemen and princely houses
who were proud to maintain a cabinet of natural objects. How ever, there were always unpredictable incidents, like the famous example of Beringer, the Professor at WOrzburg, who collected fossils with zeal but had forgeries passed off on him by his students. It was his bad luck that he did not recognize them in time. Indeed Beringer's "lying stones" have become world-fa mous.
In the end there were more and more people who concerned
themselves with collecting these stony relics of a distant past. The present time has brought an awakening interest in Nature and there are many collectors who pursue this faSCinating hobby with more or less devotion. There are many ways of collecting. Some people, and they are probably the majority, collect only what they come across, whether accidentally or on purpose. They bring everything home that comes into their hands and, lacking standards of comparison,
have no sense of quality. Over the years they pile up great heaps
11
Collecting Fossils of stone, often not even properly arranged. Sooner or later they, or perhaps their heirs, wish to sell this "collection". Then they cannot understand why they are paid, at most, a few Marks only. Others, again, make a local collection and have the ambition to possess all the fossils known from one locality. In the course of their lives they often acquire deep knowledge and thus achieve a remarkable contribution to science. Such collections always come, sooner or later, into the hands of a museum and thus finally reach the right place. Others, again, collect only particular sorts of object, such as ammonites, trilobites or fishes. Commonly they are experts in their field and lay special value on complete specimens. Experi ence shows that such a col/ection will commonly finish In a museum after the owner's death, whether as a donation or at a reasonable price, as is only fair given the labour of amassing it. Lastly, there are the aesthetes. They collect only what attracts the eye. Specimens can never be beautiful enough for them and they are ready to invest much time and money. In the course of their lives they bring collections together of which any museum could be proud. Indeed, museums are proud of them when, perhaps after several generations, such a collection comes on offer and is acquired. While such collectors live they have joy in their treasures every day. The clever ones among them see this pleasure as the "interest" earned by their often considerable "unemployed capital". When the values, or lack of value, of different ways of collecting are compared together, it is obvious that this last approach comes near the ideal. Nothing is more worthwhile than something which every day brings joy and in addition there is the pride of possessing something unique. Unfortunately there are some museums today, and some scien tists, who dislike the fact that private individuals are allowed to collect fossils. They would gladly claim a legal right to all such finds and would prefer to forbid private collecting entirely. But why should private initiative be suppressed? It is like the free market, without which nothing can prosper. Experience shows that every good collection lands, sooner or later, in a museum . It is only necessary to wait.
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The Photography of Fossils ---
collectors try to photograph their treasures. Unfortunately n �s M? less easy than it seems, for several factors must be thiS Thus the flash, otherwise so handy, must be forgot consl'de. rceed.illum ination from in front leaves most fossils looking produces undesirable reflections. A side flash, =' ��d flat and in an emergency. useful be eever may he>w
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t re ults are normally got under artificial light since only this of illumination can be adapted to the requirements of the imen. Even so, very bright light must. as .a general rule,. b.e ed, for only a soft side light gives the desired results. ThiS IS a rticularly true of fossils that are hard to see, such as s�me ec ts. In such cases it is often important whether the light comes from left, right or above. Furthermore the nature of the rock must be taken into account, because some rocks reflect light while others absorb i strongly. In this connection, automatic exposure meters often give wrong answ ers. The photographic method used by me has aroused interest even among specialists. I work with a very simple tr ck�1 use p�lar . ized light. The light source must have a polariZing filter, as like wise the lens of the camera. By rotating these polarizers, all reflections can be cut out. At the same time, the specimen grows darker and thus more brightly coloured. By turning the polarizers back slightly, a minimum of reflections can be brought back, giving a more lively picture. When using this method, all disturbing outside light should be excluded. Since this can hardly be done with incident daylight except by photographing only at night-I use a blue filter over my light source. This allows me to employ daylight film with the benefit that the camera can quickly be used for other purposes. Film sensitivity should not be greater than 100-200 ASA (21 -24 DIN). I use Ektachrome Professional film. Unfortunately, even with a daylight filter, a slight trace of purple often intrudes which can be countered by using a weak green filter (Kodak Gelatine Filter G005). Using a light amber filter brings other advantages. Of course, by applying all these differ ent filters I lose at least three stops. It is therefore necessary to use a stand. Exposure times of 1 second are attainable in almost all cases.
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The Photography of Fossils As to exposure time, I have already mentioned that the charac teristics of the different rocks must be thought of. In this connec tion while black and red rocks need u nderexposure, grey rocks are, in general, neutral .
In the following table I give examples of how the exposu re meter
value should be modified in particular cases: Bolca Brazil Bunden bach Holzmaden Kupferschiefer Lebanon Messel Pfalz Red rocks Scottish Old Red Solnhofen Wyo ming
normal 1-2 stops more 1 stop less
1 stop less 1-2 stops less
1-2 stops more normal normal
1-2 stops more
normal
1-2 stops more 1-2 stops more
These are only a few examples. Other rocks can be interpolated as appropriate . And now for the camera itself. I recommend a small-frame cam era with an i nterchangeable lens and a double d raw tube. An
extension ring allows me an image magnification of 1: 1, which
has turned out to be enough in all cases. If a higher image magnification were needed, a bellows could be inserted.
All this sounds rather complicated and is not cheap to buy. But the results are well worth the trouble and expense . There is a paradoxical rule of t h u m b-l ight-coloured rocks req u i re over exposure.
1 4
Phylogeny -
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- - N- I-AN- ---t- O I---O-EV I (j)
. -----+- LL 1--
I
0
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OROOV ICIAN
CAMBRIAN
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-------1
PHYLOGENie TREE OF THE VERTEBRATES according to BARTHEL
15
Era
Period
Subdivisions (Epoch) Holocene (recent)
g8,
Wurm Glacial Riss Glacial Mindel Glacial
�8 0..0:::-
Gunz Glacial Pre-glacial
Gl c: Gl-
Quarternary 0
'0
N 0 C
'n; 0
(jict
Pliocene Miocene
Tertiary
Oligocene Eocene Palaeocene
Animals and Plants
Years· 10,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 700.000 2 millon
7 million 26 million 38 million
54 million 65 million
Pre-historic, historical and cultural evolution of man. The extinction animal and plant species by man's actMty begins and Increases.
of
The first true men. Climatic fluctuations caused by the ice ages change the fauna and nora.
Highest development of the mammals and the (angiospenns). Primates appear. Towards the enc
organisms
flowering plants the first man-flke
originate.
,.. .
=
� Evolution of reptiles up to enormous sizes (dinosaurs). The first
Cretaceous
birds appear. Ammontes develop strange forms. The first plants (angiosperms) appear. At the end of the period most
Upper Cretaceous
100 mINion advanced
lower Cretaceous
136 millon reptiles de out. Including the pterodactyts end ichthyosaurs. Ammo·
ftov.oering
niles and belemnites likewise disappear.
0
'0
N 0 UJ Q)
�
Jurassic
Uas
Triassic
t
*
Upper Jurassic Middle Jurassic
Keuper Muschelkalk Bunter
n. The numbers refer to the start of the period in questio
157 mHllon The acme
of the
reptHes. Including especia8y the pterodactyls and the
172 million ichthyosaIxs. Appearance of the primitive bird AIchaeopteryx. Plants 190 million not much changed.
205 milion Origin of the first primitive reptiles. Further evolution of the reptiles and 215 million 225 mlYlon
strong expansion of the gyrmospermous plants.
t't> o
-
"0 CJCl
,... n � -
Evolution
Evolution
. out 570 �illion years ago, which began ab , d no p N lower � MBRIA '10n of invertebrate animals and . 'T'ho I I IQ CA losive evo I ut xp ste d, eXl n e a hav st of fishes mu broug ht . � the ancestors en wh IS to man S hi es and . algae. T . e be ancestral to all vertebrat wl e IIk uld appeared in the OR which wo roven jawless fishes t Irs e th When e al himself. million years ago, they wer thU S a out 450 nd a , N lu evo IA of DOVIC have had a long period ped and must elo v de y ready full t em tion behind of the ancesto rs of our fishes h at the question s urpn s o n Among re It is . ect of lively discussion. s 'I 11 IS the subj or n, be : h as organism known as � an extremely primitive re the als nim cent a This little creature be oxus (Branchiostoma). or the lancelet the body it has a ta. Throughout the length of A c the to gs n lo . the human vertebral column ICh 'I s comparable with h w ord ch oto n general shape 0f amn as its predecessor. The an can . be see for an ancestor of the what might be expected phioXUS IS a I so
-
The Origin of Life and the Evolution of Fishes
;
�
�
�
t
�:fa��
�
Stromatolite from the Precambrian of Biwabik, U. S. A. Specimen and photograph: K. G6tz, Munich.
fiSheS' il find. Palaeobranchiostoma . n a recent unique foss. ' There has bee · Af- . mian 0f SOUth been discovered In the. Per has m u erg t 0 t ma ha ' a are h s s . that Acramata and fishe hich leads as to believe r porting evidence are ?ther cho on ancestor. Additional sup ordata. skeleta", especially the Calc/och dates with their "calcareous brates verte the direct ances ?rs of JEFFERIES believes them to be of prevailing. a view which has every prospect
��:
�
The question as to when life began on this planet must be almost
_
as old as paleontology itself. It is now supposed that plant life, in
the form of bacteria and unicellular algae, started about 3.5 bil
lion years ago, while animal life, in the form of unicellular flagel
lates, followed at about 1 billion years. This whole period, extend
ing over billions of years, is called the Precambrian. Nobody should
be surprised that fossil remains from this period are rare. Among the oldest are the stromatolites which are important both in the PRECAMBRIAN and in Lower Palaeozoic rocks. They are calcar
eous precipitates built mainly by green-blue algae. Stromatolites are among the most colourful fossils known and give a striking picture of the first organisms inhabiting this planet.
From the latest part of the PRECAMBRIAN a few finds of articu
late animals (annelids, arthropods) are known and some jellyfish,
Branchiostoma, also known as the lancelet or amphioxus. It suggests what the ancestors of fishes were like. (Photograph: Prof. Ax, G6ttingen.)
but they are not very common.
1 8
1 9
Evolution
Evolution
--
omes have been found in Three such cyclost
ys, e Iampre er agnathans still and th at a time when no oth C oniferous, wer arb n is therefore very likely. th� Lo . ionary connectio . An evolut . d --
ans group besides the agnath VONI AN another DE r e ow I), From In the L e the placoderms (PLACODERM These wer . ead spr , re advanced, They was w'Ide , of view they were mo utionary point ol ev e of leading a the ve them the advantag ga ich wh s ile jaw h d mob protected at back and life, Their body was of de mo atory would s�arcely need .to fear armour so that they IJy by powerful a fish-at from our usual picture of y were still far The . s mie ir swim ene be taken for turtles-and the y could even the t sigh NIAN first n limited, In the Upper DEVO may also have bee big ming ability se The g, lon eight metres fearful sizes, up to ld they reached cou so head region and armour confined to the forms had the other placoderms, They siderably quicker than have s wum con but, nevertheless, did ed the seas of the time must have terroriz at the same time as disappeared without issue, not prevail. They , in the Upper DEVONIAN the fossil agathans,
� �
. . . Unnamed chordate from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch ' Montana , USA Specimen:Adelphi University, Garden City, New Jersey, U.S.A.
appeared in ans (ACANTHODII) had already The puzzling aca nthodi spine) s the nam e indicates (acantho the Upper SILURIAN. As spine, In dal fin carried a powerful all the fins except the cau between s serie ed tinued in a pair some species the spines con , the ures In their external feat the pectoral and the pelvic fins, nisms with an undeniable resem acanthodians were the first orga rtheless, this class is com blance to what we call fishes, Neve ed from the placoderms pletely isolated, It can neither be deriv latter, the acanthodians nor be assigned to the sharks, Unlike the external skeleton, had bony tissue both in the internal and the non-overlapping The body was covered with small, tessellate, branes, These scales some of which extended onto the fin mem of dentine, scales consist of a bony base covered with a layer then died but The acanthodians lasted into the Lower PERMIAN hodians without issue, It is still controversial whether the acant has should be classified in front of the sharks or after them, It are fishes bony even been suggested that the first primi tive =
�
But where do we go from there? It is a long way from such a calcareous chor ate to lan�elet or especially, to a true agnathan,
We problably will never find all the links, though a beginning seems to have been made, The fossil Agnatha diff�r considerably from the organisms that we now recognlz� as fishes, People still argue as to we should
talk of them as fishes, or as fish-like, Their jawless mouth can probably be seen as their essential feature, At best they could , suck or rasp, but never bite, Even their swimming ability may not have been very great, at least for most of them. Some of them reached lengths of 60-80 cm, Probably they lived mostly in fresh I AN and �ater. hey reached their maximum in the Upper S LURI finally disappeared in the Upper DEVONIAN,
�
I I
l
�
A side branch of the agnat ans, which differs in its anatomy in :nany ways fro� the claSSical representatives but shares the jawless mouth With them, still survives in the form of the hagfishes
20
descended from them,
21
Evolution Perhaps it is not too daring to suppose that primitive. still un known, ancestors of the acanthodians gave rise to all higher fishes. The cartilaginous fishes (CHONDRICHTHYES) appeared considerably later, in the Upper DEVONIAN. As the name implies, they have no true bony tissue. The sharks belo ng to this group as do also the primitive but still surviving chim aeras. The sharks did not reach their maximum until the Upp er Cretaceous, but there are still so many species today that the end of their evolution is by no means in sight. Ossification is ofte n seen as an advanced feature and cho ndif icat ion as a prim itive one. At leas t in this class, however. the opposite is true. The first sharks lived in fresh water and were predators even then. Since the TRIASSIC, however , they have been able to live in the sea. The rays and skates, whic h are related to the sharks, are known first from the Upper Jura ssic, but the beginning of their evolution may be considerably earli er. Up till now, I have discussed three culs-de-sac of evolution and one successful branch road. Now , however, I come to the main route as followed by the bon y fish es (OSTEICHTHYES). The mos t primitive representatives have been found in the Middle DEV O NIAN. but their origins may lie considerably lower. At that time , the skeleton was not complete ly ossified, so at this evolutionary stage they are known as CHO NDROSTEI. The scales were three layered with the outer layer mad e of an enamel-like tissue calle d ganoin. The Lower CARBoNifero us can be seen as the first max i mum of the chondrosteans, but a second maximum followed in the Lower TRIASSIC. After that , they became very uncommon . In the recent fauna their only des cendants are the sturgeons, the the lobe -finn ed pike s and the lobe -finn ed eel Ca/amoichthys ca/abaricus which arose from a side bran ch. rhe next group, which is not truly self-contained, is the "hol os teans" ("HOLOSTEI"). It separated off in the Upper PER MIA N The ir . main common features are an increasing ossification of the inte r nal skeleton and a reduction of the ganoin layer on the scal es. This group reached a maximu m in the Upper JURASSIC and wer e abundant eve n in the CRE TACEOUS. Only in the TERTIAR Y did they lose importance. The only forms still existent are the garpike (Lepisosteus) and the bowfin (Amia).
22
Evolution -
� CRETACE OUS
L..----� JURASS IC
1.-----, TRIASSIC
BONY FISHES (0 STEl C H T HY E S)
D
TERTIARY
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CARBONIFEROUS
DEVONIAN
CfJ W
CARTILAGINOUS FISHES (CHCN)RICHTHYES)
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ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
•
PY H LOGENIC TREE OF FISHES changed after
BARTHEL
FtnaI/y, in the Upper TRIASSIC, the ancestors should be sought of the true bony fishes (T ELEOSTEI). This is a group of at least 25.000 species and forms the majority of all living fishes. Most of them were small herring-like fishes that still retained a thin layer
23
Evolution
Evolution
of ganoin on the scales, In addition there were somewhat larger fishes, grouped into a total of four orders, which were the only true bony fishes during the whole of the JUR ASSIC and the greater part of the CRET ACEOUS, Then eight new orders were added, while the Lower TERTIARY brought a further nine orders and the Middle TERTI ARY another three, Ali the remaining, rather numerous, orders consist of recent fishes only, Thus about a third of ali true bony fishes have only arisen recently, This sug gests that the evolution of this, the most successful of ali fish groups, is far from exhausted, Which is descended from which can, in many cases, only be guessed, It is not even known with certainty whether we are dealing with a monophyletic or a polyphyletic group, Perhaps
Pholidophorus and Lepto/epis, Finally, however, the Pholidophoriformes may be split they can all be derived from the lineage of
up into several branches and it may not be too outrageous to suppose that other ganoid fishes may also be involved, All the bony fishes so far mentioned are placed in the subclass of the ACTINOPTERYGII, In these all the paired fins are carried by strong rays with a radial arrangement. There are, however, two further fish groups which are separated from them as "flesh-finned" (SARCOPTERYGII), These are the lungfishes (DIPNOI) and the lobe finned fishes (CROSSOPTERYGII), Both of them are known since the Lower DEVONI AN, There is evidence to suggest. however, that they separated off still earlier from the main branch which led to the bony fishes, Both possessed, at that time, the unusual ability to breathe air, Lungfishes reached their maximum in the Upper DEVONIAN and still persist as a few genera today with an enormous geographi cal range including Africa,
Australia and South America, They
can survive droughts embedded in cocoons of mucus, The maximum of the lobe-finned fishes was in the Middle DEVO NI AN, No representative of this group of fishes has ever been found in the Tertiary and they were believed to have died out at
1 938, however, the famous coela Latimeria cha/umnae was discovered, As a living fossil it
the end of the Cretaceous, In canth
showed that the lobe-finned fishes had survived to the present day,
1I \
24
Photo: n of the Comoros Islands, Latimeria at the coastal regio Photograph of a live n, Prof, Fricke,Seewiese
�
fresh water, lobe-finned fishes w s in The original habitat of all ho eve , order Coe/aca nthlformes, The representatives of the mer a preferred life in the sea: Latl may from early times have In ded Inclu rs, Among the other orde , itself belongs to this order, h whic e fishes must be sought the higher group Rhipidistia, thos the DEVONIAN, to conquer the already attempted, at the end of of the amphibians and the land and which thus became, by way . all land-dwelling vertebra es, reptiles, the ultimate ancestors of tatives of the lobe-finned Today we know that the last represen the lava cliffs off the fishes pref er to live at grea t dep th in females are up to Comores islands, They are active at night. The still living animals two metres long and viviparous, The number of , tly discovered, is estimated at 250, Thus this living fossil, so recen oros catch is threatened with extinction, The fishermen of the Com d tions a few every year and recently there have even been expe strictest to try to catch living specimens for exhibition, Only the lobe last the tain main and conservation measures may call a halt finned fishes for the future,
: �
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25
11'1
Il!I'
Iii
The External Features
of Fish,es
The External Features of Fishes ---
The Fins Fins are very important for fishes since they are the propulsive organs. Because of their very diverse structure they are often used for identification. Basically there are two types of fin-paired and unpair ed, The unpaired fins include the dorsa l fin along the mid line of the back the anal fin situated in the ventral mid line behin d the anus an the caudal fin (tail fin) which forms the posterior end of the fish. The paired fins are the pectoral and pelvic. The pectoral fins are always lateral and just behind the mouth. The pelvic fins, though always located ventrally, vary greatly in positi on. In evolutionary terms the pectoral and pelvic fins correspond to the fore and hind limbs of land vertebrates. It is thought that the first ancestors of fishes had no fins and could move only by undulating their bodies. The predecessors of fins may have been almost undifferentiated stabilization keels. These may have arisen from an uninterrupte d fold of tissue as f?und today in the larval stages of almost all fishes. Perhaps at , , first ridge s of cartila ge devel oped in these folds which later divided into a basa l portion, transverse to the body, and a radial portio n ex endin g perpendicularly into the tissue fold. In any . cas�, thiS IS the type of fin still found in living agnathans, both agfl� es and lampreys. Since these repre sent the most primi tive living fishes, the median fins may have arisen in this manner. The origin of the paired fins cannot be imagi ned so easily. Per haps a fold running on left and right from the gill openings to the �nal region may have played a role corresponding to the median fin fold. As yet, however, such a paired fold has been found only in the fossil agnathan Jamoytius. In the sharks the supporting rays are further subdivided al thoug this cannot be seen from outside since they are co ered by skin and muscle. The still-living sturg eon also has fins of primitive type, In these fishes the dorsa l and anal fins have a muscular lobe at the base which surrounds rod-like structures in the body and rays in the externally visibl e parts of the lobes. Such fins are similar to typical shark fins but, unlike them, the outer part of the fin is supported by bony rays-the so-called
d
�
�
�
�
26
;
of the fin .I h' Higher fishes lack this lobe at the base LeP.I have body, otriChj a, attached to little nodes in the . e and ort for the external part of the fin. only . supp beCome the rt'lng skeleton of the caudal fin is different, for modifi Ttle supp o column are 'InvoIved . the Posterior part of the vertebral . cations 0f I and the fin runs around 't rtebral column remains straight If l the fin, cauda cal otocer pr a of fringe, we speak of Ifas extends into a longer upper lobe, ds upward and . column ben remains shorter, then we have a heterocerca I ile the lower lobe sharks and chondrosteans. fin. This type is found among all ar s The opposite case, when the vertebral column bends downw and runs into the lower lobe, is called a hy�ocerc�1 caudal fin. occurs in the agnathans and also In the Ichthyosaurs.
�� � �d
"
th: :rt
:!'udal
lhl type S
?
�
�
e sa e of com e are not fishes but I mention them for t rically Into e�ual ness.) If the caudal fin is divided symmet . is undivided, then the fin I� sized upper and lower lobes, or looks absolutely sy�m� rI homocercal. Externally this type of fin the more primitive cal but anatomy shows that here also, in end . This strongly fonns, the vertebral column turns upward at. the . from the evolution In arose fin cal indicates that the homocer t bony fo mos typical heterocercal fin.· The homocercal fin is . . � fishes. Finally there is the diphycercal caudal fin In which the vertebral column remains straight and the caudal fin is divided into two equal lobes, Perhaps this is the most primitive type of caudal fin. It is found in some of the lobe-finned fishes.
=
�
In general the caudal fin, like the dorsal and anal fin, is made up of simple rays and jointed rays which serve to support a thin membrane. Spines are never present. Finally, for completeness, I mention a type of fin which o� IY in the headfish Mala. This is the gephyrocercal caudal fin.
occurs
It terminates the body by running as a fringe between the dorsal and anal fins.
27
The External Features
of Fishe,s
The External Features
Types of Caudal Fins
scales
of Fishes
an d Sp in es
s is fundamentally like that of other vertebrates, It t of fishe The �k'n a thicker layer of a very thin outer layer (epidermis) and consls p u several layers of of made is is epiderm The n th (dermis) . ally worn away by continu being layers ost t>,et P cells the outerm Sim other hand , is the dermis on , The , me ns and replaced na u.ral . . a In IC t' h h' t w Issue muscI e e layer of connectiv 1 rrned of a thick . fine mucus which n erves and b lood vessels extend The a fish and makes it slippery is secreted by special gland in the ep ide rm is. . have another body covering I .e. In addition to the skin, most fishes to as an exoskeleton . In referred sometimes are which the scales, ned in some way. strengthe always is skin the scaleless fishes it remains soft scales, for however, substrate a When it serves as and also relatively thin. Sharks and rays have dermal denticles which are also known as placoid scales. Each of these has a bone-like base embedded in the skin which at the surface bears a spine pointing backwards and covered with enamel . The rudiments of these denticles arise already in the skin of the embryo. Placoid scales, unlike the scales of bony fishes, do not enlarge as the fish grows. Rather do new placoid scales insert themselves between those already there, so that the growing body always remains covered . The shape of the dannal denticles varies with the genus and ranges from spine-like to wart-like. Some rays have even completely lost their denticles and retain only a smooth skin. Stingrays have a tail spine instead of the dorsal fi n . This spine can be cast off if necessary and replaced by a new one. The chi maeras and their relatives (Holo cephali ) have largely a naked skin but there are places with little denticles almost like those of sharks . In bony fishes the scales arise from the dermis. I start by describ ing cosmoid scales which are found in many lobe-finned fishes and fossil lungfishes . The individual scale is here made of four layers. The innermost layer consists of dense bone . Above this is a of porous bone, then a dentine-like cos mine layer and finally a thin superficial layer of enam el . � chondrosteans have evolved another type of scale-the ga noid scale. In these the dentine layer is thinner and the bony layer correspondingly thicker. The most striking feature of this type of ' leaIe, however, is the thick layer of enamel which is referred to as
�
�:
A
8
c
fi�res cove� cells
F A D
protocercal and diphycercal B homocercal E (primitive type)
-=
=::
heterocercal C homocercal F (more advanced type)
hypocercal triphycercal
Shapes of C audal Fins
~
A
8
c
E
I
A E
-=
28
sickle-shaped rounded
F B
F
-=
forked pointed
D
-=
-=
slightly forked double- curved
.
,
layer
G C G
�
D
truncate
.,
29
The External Features of Fishes the ganoine layer. These layers are deposited concentrically around a tiny cosmoid scale . It is supposed that ganoid scales evolved earlier than cosmoid scales and that the l atter originated by a reduction of the thick ganoin layer. Among still living fishes the primitive type of scale is found only in paddlefishes and in the African bichir and its relatives. In the "holosteans" a reduced type of ganoid scale occurs. It consists of only two layers and of these the enamel-like ganoine layer h as become appreciably thinner. Such scales are found today only in the garpike Lepisosteus and are sometimes therefore referred to as the "Iepisostoid" type of scale. Most ganoid scales are rhomboidal in outline. AU "ganoid' fishes were thus enclosed in a thick, rather inflexible armour whIch must have made them relatively immobile. On the other hand such scales offered a more or less effective defence against predators. Such fishes were therefore not adapted for rapid swimming and even the predators among them may have c
�
Among advan�ed recent fishes we have to distinguish between . two baslcall� diffe rent types of scale-cycloid and ctenoid. Cycloid scales are circular and overlap each other like tiles on a roof. They cove� the whole body except for the fins and the head . The antenor en of each cycloid scale extends into a pocket in the . dermiS . TY�lcal examples of cycloid scales are fou nd in the carp . With ctenold scales, on the other hand , the h inder edge of the sc�le has small tooth-like spines. These spines can be long and pOInted , or rather so and hai�-like, or anything between. A typical example of a ctenold scale IS found in the perch . With a few exceptions. it can be said that cycloid scales are mostly larger than �tenold scal�s and that fish with only soft fins in general have cycloId scales whll� those with hard fin rays have ctenoid scales. There are some fIshes, however, in which both types of scale occu r . ne particular exception must b e mentioned . Among true bony fishes some retain a thin layer of enamel on the scales . These are the primitive true bony fishes e.g. Phofidophorus. Others evolved armour secondarily such as the snipefishes, sea-horses, stickle backs, armoured catfishes and cofferfishes. Some fis es have replaced their scales by spines . The best known example IS the porcupinefish, in which the spines stick out at right
�
�
The External Features of Fishes ----
in some inflates itself. The same hap pen s hen the fish p points shar in ends y coffertishes The armour of man S g from ndin exte es long spin even some whic h have the e eithe r on e shes have a lancet-shaped spin and h The surgeonfi in enc los .fold e. The se spines are norm ally tt:'S t e tail bas can cause serious Injury . 9ideski bUt in danger are protruded and bony scale s in the forr:n of rhom b-sh �ped . ipefishes have e Som e. a spin nto I rIY en whic h exte nds p?st � , eS each of s plate y bon on their es little spin catfishes likewtse show red cove and tine formed of den whiCh . like those of sharks , are
�es�re an9: puff � :h � :n �red
30
�
With enamel. AmOng holo stean s . as also pletely eprne which have com
amo ng true bon y fish es, there are lost . any scales and are . c.ontent with rfici ally naked g h thic kene d , skin . I n som e s upe a naked thou . present deeply embedded in the skin 18heS, h wever, scales , best The es. of scal loss to complete 1'his Is a transitional condition is e le�n scale to way �� a fish on the and best known, example of , st burre d scales are easily VISibl e almo tiny, Its . the European eel \.I"Ider the microscope .
�
a:�
Types of Scales
------'/� . A
B
c
E
•
,?
�
e?
placoid scale (dermal denticle) of a shark B ganoid scale of a primitive bony fish C = cycloid scale of a true bony fish .. D-F = denoid scales of various types in true bony =
=
I
fishes.
31
The External Features of Fishes
The External Features of Fishes Teet h Teeth , and the type of dentition, give much i nformation about the mode of feeding of different genera. There has been much modi fication in the cou rse of evolution. Thus the oldest fishes had no true teeth. Lacking jaws, they would not have been able to grasp large prey with their teeth. In the mouth of the lamprey
were toothless , some had teeth only in the . . and a few had teet h 'In b 0th J aws aw ' r J low of fishes so far discussed, teeth are developed on e classes In t . y fishes, however, they can also be present ws only . In bon th on the palate and in the throat. Thus in many carp e tongue , ° teeth in the throat but the jaws themselves are tooth here are eral the teeth of bony fishes are more firmly fixed than ess In gen arks . They vary greatly in shape, in correlation with the mode .
thodians Some acan
(Petro
myzon) there are o n ly conical structures and two horny plates with notched edges. The extendable tongue has other plates which serve to rasp away the surface of the prey fish. It is li kely that fossil agnathans were similarly equipped. Some placoderms had toothless cutting jaws while others had small or massive bony teeth. True teeth with dentine still did not exist. The sharks represent a great advance. Here teeth have a risen from placoid scales and are still, t herefore, somewhat primitive. Each nevertheless consists of a bone-like su bstance called dentine covered by a layer of enamel. Enclosed by the dentine there is a pulp cavity which contains blood vessels and
nerves. Such teeth are not fixed d i rectly to the jaw but rest on a
fibrous layer and are held in place additionally by the soft tissue of the gums. Sharks do not keep the same set of teeth through out l ife . Whenever a tooth is lost, a replacement is ready to insert itself into the gap. Such continually self-renewing dentitions are called polyphyodont .
�
:
: �� h
I� � f
eeding. Fish-eating fishes have especially strong sharp pointed rey but never for chewing it. used for eizing eeth which are . only in fishes with a pavement- or plate- l i ke Chewing occu rs ry fishes, such as the pike, have teeth dentition. Some predato point backwards and can be pushed These also on the palate. enter. They cannot be doWnwards in this direction to help prey to hed forward, however, so that the prey, once in, cannot get
�
�
pus
out.
Other predatory fishes, such as the piranha , have very short upwardly directed jaws with razor-sharp teeth. This structure gives great strength to the bite so that pieces of flesh can be torn out of bigger animals. There are still other predatory fishes whose teeth are differentiated between long and short. They are espe
cially long at the anterior end of the jaw where they are used as grasping teeth . Such teeth si nk deep into the body of the prey and hold it in a powerful grip.
Sharks vary greatly in the size and shape of the teeth. They can
Fishes with a mixed diet, or which feed only on plants, mostly
be long and slender, or broadly triangular. There may be several
have blunt teeth, if any. Among other fishes, such as the puffers,
types. of tooth within a dentition. Even the forms of dentition are very variable. Sharks which swim freely in the water and live mainly on fishes have a typical predatory dentition which consists of two rows of sharp pointed teeth. Benthic sharks have a grasp ing dentition of small pointed teeth arranged in several rows one behind the other . The chimaeras and many rays live on hard-shelled food and have crush i ng dent i t i ons. These are pavement-like and cons ist of
the teeth fuse to form two sharp-edged plates in each jaw .
I ndeed, the porcupine fish has only one such plate in each jaw . Triggerfishes have ch isel-like teeth with which they can make holes in hard-shelled bivalves. Finally, there are some rudderfishes
(Stromateoidei), which only have tiny teeth but to compensate have a muscular, toothed feeding tube. The related form
gonurus has a similar feeding tube but lacks teeth.
Tetra
rounded or flat teeth or fused tooth-plates. The teeth of chon
I
I I I I I
II
d richthyans are in general very characteristic and can therefore useful for identification.
32
33
Systematics
S ystematics All forms of systematics seem dry-as-dust at first sight and they frighten the layman off. Here I shall therefore try to explain the absolute necessity and, above all, the u sefulness, of systemat
�
ics. A classification has the important task o f inserting every s pecies
was the fi rst to unite fossils and recent organisms i n one classifi cation. This was a path-making act which soon stimulated others to move in the same direction. Thus in 1 958, BERG ' S classification
was extended by C . ARAMBOURG and L. BERTI N . Their inter pretation, which naturally did not go uncontradicted, is still given in the text books. In contrast to this classification , in 1 966 the ' ichthyologists GREENWOO D, ROSEN , WEITZMANN & MYERS set up a new system of subdivisions which was adopted in the l atest edition of the standard work "Vertebrate Paleontology" by the brilliant paleontologist A. S. ROMER. This classificatio n , especially in mainland Europe, is still widely accepted . I n English -speaking countries, however, a new classification has been p roposed which i n part differs considerably from the one just mentioned . This is a cladistic i nterpretation, based on a theory of divergent evolution , but not yet generally accepted. It was proposed by LAUDER & LlEM in 1 983 and radically revised by J. S. Nelson in 1984 . The classification of fishes given by R. L. Carroll in his new successor-work to ROMER'S "Vertebrate Pale ontology" is to a large extent based on this new system .
34
�:o�
(O� �
into a system so as to display its relationsh i p s as c learly as possible. Obviously, this is not always easy. Moreover a classifi cation must change to take account of the l atest researches. The more research advances, the more complicated the classifica tion becomes. Thus early classifications were simple . They were easy to under stand but did not say very much. In particular it used to be customary to consider fossils separately from existent organ isms , which at first s ight seemed convenient. This simple ap proach , however, gave almost no indication of how fossils were related to recent organisms and scarcely suggested the course of evolution. As regards fishes, the Russian ichthyologist L. S. Berg in 1940
book "Fishes of the World" unfortunately deals mainly N LSON'S c fishes and only mention s fossil genera by way of With re ent In writing the present work, therefore, I could follow I exa and CARROLL o n ly with regard to the bony fishes NE groups more primitive tha� them, h �we�er, teic hthyS). F or fishes, I had to compile a claSSification nned for the lobe-fi This was necessary to produce a result even halfway up course , I had the help of acknowledged experts and to-dat . Of . I hope to have done the best pOSSib le. . shall not escap� criticism, especiall� concerning I that sure am . ns (in my view unimportant) which I thought s few arbitra ry decisio were necessary for clarity. Thus, for example, I adopt uniform ies. terminations for all orders , all suborders and all superfamil the grouping old eliminate Mso. I did not have the courage to In � he -Holostei" before a suitable replacem ent IS . propo �ed. quotation In part systematic the in word the use shall meantime I marks. followed by the new subdivisions. The already cited A. S .
�
i
,
Romer even said : "The d i fficulties o f c i as sifying t h e actinop terygians, and bringing them into a reasonable syste� , c�n drive . . the fish · systematist to desperation. The task of giving even a passably coherent survey of the phylogeny of this group would be the death of me. " It is likely that. even today, the last word has
not been spoken on this subject. After these introductory words, I wish to discuss the importance of systematiCS, especially with regard to the fishes. The subphy k.m Vertebra ta (backboned animals) includes , besides the fishes,
the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus the fishes are
placed in the superclass Pisces . This includes everything from the agnathans to the rhi p id istians. It is d ivided into ind ividual
Classes
called Agnatha, Placodermi, Chondrichthyes , Acanthodii
'lind Osteichthyes. The agnathans are divided i nto three sub _.*1 with a total of eight orders. The placoderms are divided
eight orders and four suborders. The chondrichthyans are
;,;IIItDMl into two subclasses, th ree superorders, 28 orders and 20
Finally the osteichthyans, which are by far the most
class, are divided into two subclasses, four infraclasses, diviSions, five subdivisions, five superorders, 66 orders and IUborders. Then come the families, genera and species.
35
Classification of Fishes
Systematics All t h is o nly serves to show the i nterconnections and relation
ships clearly. If I try, not very successfu lly, to express the matter
IC AT IO N CLASS I F
OF FIS H ES
in human terms, then all members of the same class could be
1 03 o rders 720 fam i l ies
seen as more or less distant cousins . This relationship becomes closer, the farther we go downwards . Thus members of the same family could be seen as th i rd cousins, and all members of a
Of these
genus as second cousins. Accord i n gly the species m ust contain
263 are only known fossil (t)
first cousins down to siblings with all possible combinations .
224 are known both fossi l and recent 233 are only known recent (-)
So how are a carp and a catfish related to each other? They both belong to the same suborder and are therefore fairly close "cous ins".
A carp and a pike form part only of the same subdivision .
They are therefore rather d istant "cousins". A n d h o w is it with a perch and a shark? They belong to d ifferent classes-the degree of relationship between them can be expressed only by saying that they are both "fishes" .
CLASS AG NATH A SUBCLA SS M YX I N I
Ag n at h ans H agfishes or Myxinoids
The classification g iven below includes all fishes, fossil and re cent , d ivided to the family leve l . A large number of fossil genera are incl uded in the systematic part of this book and with each
Order MYX I N I FO R M ES
tFami ly : Myxi nidae (hagfish es)
one it is stated whether connections exist with recent fishes. I h ave not attempted to l ist the relevant subfamil ies and species .
SUBCLASS PTERAS P I DOMO R P H I
Order ASTRAS P I D I FO R MES
Order
36
t Fam i ly :
A ra n d as pi d i d ae
tFam i ly :
Astras p i d i dae
tFam i ly :
Eri ptych i d ae
PTERAS P I D IFORMES t Fa mi ly :
Cyat h as p i d i dae
t Fam i ly:
A m p h iasp i d i dae
tFam i ly:
Corvas p i d id ae
tFam i ly:
Traq u a i ras p i d i dae
tFamily:
Protopteraspidid ae
tFam i ly: t Family:
Pteras p i d idae Card i pelti dae
tFamily :
Drepa n as p i d i d ae
37
Classification of Fishes
Classification of Fishes -
Order TH ELODONTI FORMES tFam i ly: Katoporidae tFam ily: Log a n i i d ae tFamily: Turin i idae tFamily: Apal o l e p i d id ae tFami l y : N i koliviidae
--
CLAS S
Placoderm s
P LAC O D E R M I
--
Order
FORMES STE N SIO ELLI tFam i l y : Ste nsi oe l l i dae
Order
HT YI F RM ES PSEU DO PETALlC t Fam ily: Para ples lobat l dae
Order
RH EN AN I FO RM ES . tFam ily: Aste rost elda e
Order
PTYCTODONTI FORME S . tFam ily: Ptyctodontld ae
Order
ACANTHOTHORACI FO R M ES tFamily: Pal aeacanthaspididae tFamily: Weejerasp i d i d ae
Order
PETALICHTHYIFORMES tFam i ly: Macropetalichthyidae
�
�
SU BCLASS C EPHALAS P I DOMORP H I
Order CEPHALAS P I D I FORM ES tFamily: Trematas p i d i dae tFamily: Dartmuthii dae tFamily: Ateleasp i d i d ae t Fami l y : Sclerodontidae t F am i l y : Cephalas p i d i d ae tFamily: Kiaerasp i d i dae Order E UGALEASPI D I FO R ME S tFamily: H anyang as p i d i dae t Family: Eugaleas p idi dae tFamily: Nanpanas p i d i dae tFamily: Polybranchiaspididae tFamily: H unanas p i d i d ae tFamily: Duyunol e p i d idae tFamily: Lung men shanas p i d i d ae tFam i ly : Tridensas p i di dae tFamily: Dayongas p i d i d ae
Order PHYLLOL E P I D I FO R M ES tFami l y : Antarctasp i d idae tFam ily: Phyl lolepididae
Order
Suborder Actinolepidoidei tFamily: Acti nolepidi d ae
Order ANASPIDIFORMES t F amily: Jamoyt iidae tFamily: B i rkenii d ae t Family: Euphanero p s i d ae tFamily: Endeiolepid idae t F amily: Lasanii dae
Order P ETROMYZONTI FORMES -Family: Petromyzontidae (lampreys) tFamily: Mayomyzontidae 38
ARTHROD I R I FORMES
. 1!:f,f· Suborder Wuttagoonasp idoidei tFamily: Wuttagoonaspid idae : eik.
�(; Suborder ,
La m preys
Phlyctaenioide i tFamily: Ph lyctae n i i dae tFamily : Holonem at i dae t Family: Williamsas p i d i dae Heterosteoidei tFamily: Heterosteidae 39
Classification of Fish es
Classification of Fishe s ---
FORM E
C LASS CHONDRI CHTHYES SUBCLASS E LASMOBRANC H I I SUPERORDER UNNAMED Order XENACANTH I FORMES t Family: Di p l oselac h i d ae tFamily: Xenacan t h i d ae 40
�
DOS ELAC H I order CLA C lad os elach l dae
Suborde r Coccost eoidei Su perfamily Buchanosteoid ea tFamily: Buchanosteidae tFam ily: G oo drad igbeo n i d ae Superfamily: Gemuendenaspoidea tFamily: G e m uendenaspid idae SuperFamily: H omosteoidea t Family : Homosteidae Superfamily: Brachydeiroidea t Family: Brachydeiridae tFamily: Leptosteidae Superfamily: Coccosteoidea t Family: Coccosteid ae tFamily: Camuropiscidae t Family: Pholi dosteidae t Family: I n cisoscutidae tFamily: R achiostei d ae Superfam ily: Pachyostoidea tFami l y : D i n i c hthyidae tFamily: Leiosteidae tFamily: Trematosteidae tFamify: Pachyosteidae tFamily: Mylostomati d ae tFam i ly : Titanichthyidae tFamily: B u n g arti i d ae Order ANTIARCH I FORMES t Famify: Bothriolepididae tFamily: Asterole p i d i dae tFami l y : Sinolepid idae
C l adose l achi a n Sharks
tF am ily:
M ES
O NODONT IFOR o rder CO R nn am ed tF am ily:
u
R I I FOR M ES . Order SY M M O orl. ldae tF am ily: tFa mil y:
Sy mm Ste tha can thid ae
IFO RME S Order EU GE N EO DONT .
olde a Sup e rfam ily: Cas eod ont tFa mily : Cas iod ont idae t Fam ily: Eug ene odo ntid ae Sup erfa mi ly: Ede sto ide a t Fam ily : Aga ssiz odo ntid ae tFa mily :
Ede sti d ae
Order OR ODO NTI FOR M ES tFam ily:
Orod ont idae
Order PETALODONTI FORM ES tFam ily: tFam ily: tFami ly:
Petalo dontidae Pristo dontid ae Belant sei dae
Order SQUATINACTIFORMES tFamily:
Carti l ag i nous F ishes E lasmobranchs
Squat i n actidae
SUPERO R D E R EUSELAC H I I
Order CTENACAN TH IFORM ES
Superfamily: Ctenacanthoidea tFam ily: Cte nacant h i dae t Family: Bandri n g i d ae tFa mily: Phoebodontida e 41
Classification of Fishes
Classification of Fishes -
Superfam ily: Hybodontoidea t Family: Hybodontidae Superfamily: Protacrodontoidea t Family:
Tamiobatidae
S U P E RO R D E R N EOSE LAC H I I Order GALEI FO R M E S t Family: Palaeospi n ac i dae Suborder Heterodontoidei Fam i ly :
Heterodontidae (horn sharks)
Suborder O rectoloboidei Family: - Family: Family: t Family:
O rectolobidae (nu rse sharks) Rhincodontidae (whale sharks) H e m i scylliidae Parascyl l i i d ae
Su border Lamnoidei Fam i l y : t Family : t Family:
Carchariidae (cub sharks) Cretoxyrhi n idae Otodontidae
Fam i l y : Fami ly: Fami l y : Fami l y :
Lamnidae (mackerel sharks) Mitsukurinidae Cetorhi nidae (basking sharks) Alopiidae (thresher sharks)
Fam i l y :
Anacoracidae
S u border Carcharhinoidei Fam ily: Fami ly : Fa m i l y :
Scyliorhinidae (cat sharks) Pseudotriakidae Triakidae (hound sharks)
Fam i l y : FamHy:
Carcharh i n idae (requin sharks) Sphyrnidae (hammerhead sharks)
Suborder Hexanchoidei t Family: O rthacodontidae Fam i l y :
Hexanchidae (cow sharks)
S u border Chlamydoselachoidei Fami l y :
42
Ch lamydoselach idae (frill sharks)
UAll FO R M ES . Orde r SQ loidei (angel and dogfis h sharks) Squa er rd Su b0 dogfishe s) Family: Squalidae (spiny ) Family : Dalatiid ae (sleepe r sharks sharks) Fam ily: Ec hi norh in idae (bramble ioP o oid ei Su border Prist . Fam i ly : Pnstlop hon dae (saw sharks)
� :
�
tin oid i suborder Sq ua . Fam ily: Sq uatlnldae (angel sharks)
Order
RAJ I FO RME S
( Rays and Skates)
Sub order Rhi nob ato idei . Fam ily: R hync hob atl d ae Fam i l y : R hinob atidae (guitarfishe s) tFam i ly : Platy rhi ni d ae Suborder Rajo idei Family : Rajidae (true rays and skates) tFam ily : Cyclo batid ae -Family : Pseudorajidae -Family : Anacanthobatidae Suborder Sclerorhynchoidei tFamily : Sc lerorhy n c hidae Suborder Pristoidei (sawfishes) Family:
Pristidae
Suborder Torpedinoidei Family: Torpedin idae (electric rays) Family: N arci n i d ae -Family: Te meridae Suborder Myliobatoidei Fami ly: Dasyati d ae (stingrays) Fami ly : Urolophidae (round rays) Family: Potamotrygonidae (river st ingrays) Family: Gymnuri dae (butterfly rays) Fam ily: Myliobatidae (eagle rays) Family: Rhinopteridae (cow-nosed rays) tFam i l y : Rhombodontidae Fam i ly: Mobulidae (devil rays) 43
Classification of Fishes
Classification of Fishes
---
H I M A E R I FO R M ES orde r C inoc himae roid ei suborder Ech tFa mily: Ech i no c hi maerid ae
S U BCLASS S U BTERBRAN C H IALIA
eroide i su bo rde r Ch i ma Fa m i l y : Chi maeridae (chimaeras) Fa mily: Rh inochi maeridae (lo ngnose chimaeras) Fam i l y : Callorhynchidae (ploug hnose ch imaeras)
S U P E R O R D E R I N I OPTE RYG I I Order CHON D R E N C H E LY I FO R M ES t Family: Chondrenchelyidae Order I N I O PTERYG I I FORMES t Fami ly: I n iopteryg i i dae t Family: S i byrhynch i dae
S U P E RO R D E R H OLOC EPHALI Order H E LODONT I FO R M E S t Fa m i l y : Helodontidae Order COPODONT I FO R M ES tFam ily: Copodontidae Order PSAM MODON T I FO R M ES tFamily: Psam modontidae
• •• 1'.....
Chimaeras
Acanthodians
...., ACAN THOD I I
Order CLi MAT I I FO RM ES tFam ily:
C l i mati idae
tFami ly: t Fam i l y :
D i placant h i dae Gyraca nth i dae
Order ISC H N ACANTH I FO R M ES tFamily:
I s c h n ac anthidae
Order ACANTHOD I FO R M E S tFamily:
Acanthodidae
Order un named Suborder Cochliodontoidei t Family: Cochliodontidae Su border Menaspoidei t Family:
Suborder Myriacanthoidei tFam i ly: Acanth orhin idae t Fam i ly : C h i maeropsidae t Fam i l y : Myriacan t h idae
44
Bony Fishes Ray- Fin ned Fishes Chondrosteans
Menaspidae
Su border S q ualorajoidei t Fam ily: Sq ualo raj i dae
�I
CLASS OST E I C HTHYES SUBCLASS ACT I NOPTERYG I I I N F RACLASS C H O N D ROST E I POLY PTE R I FO R M ES Fam i l y : Polypteridae (bichirs)
PALAEON I SC I FO R M ES Suborder Palaeon iscoidei (palaeon iscoids) t FamHy: C h e i rolepididae t Fam ily: Stegotrachel idae 45
Classification of Fishes
Classification of Fishes -
tFamily : tFamily:
tFamily : t Family : tFamily: tFamily: t F amily : t Fam ily:
tFamily : tFamily: tFamil y : t Famil y : t Fam ily : t Family: tFamily: t Family:
t F amil y : t Family: t Family : tFamily: t Family: t F amily: t Family: tFamily: t Family:
Te geolepi didae Rhabdolepididae
Rhadinich thyidae Carbovelidae Canobiidae Cornuboniscidae Styracopteridae Cryphiolepididae
Holuriidae Cosmoptychiidae Pygopteridae Elonichthyidae Acro l epididae Coccocephal ichthyidae Ambl y pteridae Aeduellidae Platysellidae Commentryidae Palaeon i scidae D icellopygidae Boreolepididae Birgeriidae
Scan ilep ididae Centrolepididae Coccolepididae
Suborder Platysomoidei t F amil y : Platysomidae t Fam ily : Chirodontidae tFamily : Bobasatraniidae
Order HAPLOL E P I FORMES t Fami l y : Haplolepididae Order DORYPT E R I FORM ES tFamil y : Dorypteridae
I
Order TAR RAS I I FORMES tFam i l y : Tarrasiidae
• I
I I
46
�
. YC HOLE P I FO R M E order PT tFam ily : Ptyc holep ldldae
order PHOLI DOPLE U R I FOR M E S tFam ily: Pholidopleuridae ANO I I FORMES . . Order LU G t Fami ly : Luga nolld ae t Family: Habroi chthyid ae t Famil y : Thorac opterid ae
Order RED FIEL DII FOR MES
( ...
t Family:
Redfiel diidae
Order PERL E I D I FORMES t Family: t Family:
Per leididae Cleithrolepididae
tFamily: t Family: t Family:
Platysiagidae Cephaloxenidae Aetheodontidae
Order PELTOPLEUR I FORMES t Fam ily : Peltopleuridae t Family : Polzbergiidae Order PHAN ERORHYNCHIFORMES t Family: Phaneror hynchidae e i'l SAU R I CHTHYI FORMES tFamily: Saurichthyidae Sturg eons and Pa dd lefi shes
Acipenseroidei (sturgeons) Family: Acipe nseridae (sturgeons )
47
Classification of Fishes
Classification of Fishes -
Suborder Polyodontoidei (paddlefishes) Fam i ly: Polyodontidae (padd lefishes)
SUBCLASS NEOPTE RYG I I D IV I SION G I NGLYMO D I Order L E P I SOST E I FORMES Fam i ly : le pisosteidae (gars)
I UBD IVIS I ON TE lEO STE
-S Neopterygi a m G arpike �
rde r
o
Ga pj ke �
r
D IVISION HALECOSTO M I
r Ode . ,
Order SEM IONOTI FO RMES tFam i ly : Sem ionoti d ae
Order AM I I FO R M ES tFam ily: Parasemionotidae tFam ily: Catu r i dae Fam i l y : Amii dae (bowfins) tFam ily: To mognat hidae Order PACHYCO RM I FORMES tFamily: Pachycorm i dae Order ASP I DOR HYNCH I FO R M ES tFamily: Aspidorhynchidae 48
LEPTOlE PI FOR M E S . . tFamily : leptole pldldae
tFam ily:
Varas ichthyidae
Order ICHTHYODECTI FOR M ES t Family: Allothri ssopidae tFamily: I chthyodect idae tFamily: Saurodontidae tFamily: Thryptodontidae
Order MACROS EMI I FORMES tFam i ly : Macrose m i i dae tFam i ly : U arbryichthyidae
SUBD IVISION HAlECOMOR P H I
P H OL I DOP HOR I �OR M E S . tFam i ly: Pho hdop hon dae , tFamily : Ichth yoke nte m l dae tFa mily : Maj oki ida e tFamily : Lig u lellid a� tFam i ly: Pleu roph ol l da� tFam ily: Archa eo m aemdae tFam ily: Oligo pleur idae
OrtIer unnamed
Order PYCNO DONT I FORMES t Family: Brem bodon tidae tFam i l y : Pycnodonti dae
True Bony F is hes
Bowfin; ,
Order unnamed tFamily:
Tselfatiidae
Bowfin ; INFRADI VISION OSTEOG lOSSOM ORPHA
.••r
' OST EOG LOS S I FOR MES
· �lt. J�uborder . .' .
Bonytongues Bo nytong ue$
Ost eog loss oide i t Fam i ly: Sin gid idae Fam i ly : Osteog lossidae (bonytongue s) Fam i l y : Pantodontidae (butt e rflyfis h es)
'.' Suborder
Notopteroide i (knifefishes and featherbacks) t Fa mil y: lyc op te rid ae 49
Classification of Fishes
Classification of Fishes
---
Family: Family:
Hiodontidae (moon eyes) Notopteridae (knifefishes)
_ Fam i l y : Fam i ly : tFam i ly :
Subord er Mormyroidei (mormyrids) Family: -Family:
Mormyridae (elephantfishes) Gymn arch idae
tFamily: tFam i ly : Fami ly : - Family: - Family: -Fami l y : _ Family:
I N F RADI VISION ELOPOMO R PHA Order ELOP IFORMES
Ta rpo n . )
Family:
Su border unnamed tFam ily: Anaethalionidae Suborder Elopoidei Fam ily: Elopidae (ten pounders) Fam i ly : Meg alopidae (tarpons) Su border Albuloidei tFam ily: Osmeroidi dae Fami ly: Pterothrissidae Fam i l y : A l b u l idae (bonefishes) tFamily:
Phyllodontidae (?)
Order NOTACANTH IFORMES S pi n y Eels a n d Halosaurid Eel ; Fam i l y : Halosauridae (halosaurs) Fam ily: N otacanthidae (spiny eels) -Family: Lipogenyidae tFamily: Protostomiatidae
I� I
Proteomyridae A n g u i l l o i d idae M ilanang u i l l idae Nemichthyidae (sn i pe eels) Cyematidae Synaphobranchidae (cutthroat eels) Simenchelyidae (sn ubnose parasitic eels) Dissomidae (mustard eels) Ophichthidae (snake eels)
- Family: Fami ly:
N eenchelyidae Nettastomatidae (duckbilled eels)
- Family: Fam i l y :
Mac rocephenc he lyi dae Congridae (congers)
Family: - Family: -Fami l y :
Muraenesocidae (pi ke eels) Derichthyi dae (long neck eels) N essorhamp h i d ae
-Family: tFamily: tFamily:
Serrivomeridae Patavichthyidae U renchelyidae
Suborder Saccopharyngoidei (g ulper eels) - Family : Saccopharyngidae (swallowers) (g u l pe rs) -Family: Euphary n g i dae - Fami ly : Monognathidae
Suborder Pachyrhizodontoidei t Fam i l y : C rossognathidae tFam ily: Pachyrh izodontidae tFam i l y : N otelopidae
Order ANG U I LLI FORMES tFam ily: A n g u i l l avidae Family: Angu illidae (true eels) tFamily: Parang u i l lidae Family: H eterenchelyidae -Family: Moringuidae (worm eels) Fam i l y: Xenocongridae (false morays) 50
Myr oco n g ridae Muraenidae (moray eels)
Ee : s
INFRA D I V I S ION CLUPEOMO R P H A H erringlike Fishes
tMJe r .
ELLI MMI CHT HYI FOR M ES t Fami ly: Ellim mich thyid ae
Denticipitoidei Fam ily: Denticip itida e (denticle herrings ) _ IJ"lnr..... "".. Clupe oidei . Fam il y: C l u peid ae (herrings) Family : Eng ra u lididae (ancho vies) Fam ily: Chiroc entridae (wolf herring s)
Classification of Fishes
Classification of Fishes
INFRADIVIS ION EUTEL EOSTEI
S U PERORDER OSTARIOPHYS I
H igher Teleosts
ORM ES order SILU R I F _ Fa mily: Dip lomystidae (di plomystid catfishes)
C atfis h es
tFa mil y: Fam i ly : Fam i ly : - Fa m i ly : Fam i ly : - Fa mily: Fami l y : -Fam ily : -Family: - Fa m i ly :
Ca rps and Catfishes
Order GONORHYNCH I FO R M E S Suborder Chanoidei Family: Chan idae ( m i l kfishes) S u border Gonorhynchoidei Fam i l y : Gonorhyn c h idae tFamily: J udeichthyidae Su border Knerioidei - Famil y : Kneri idae - Family: Phracto l ae m idae Orde r CYP R I N I FORMES Carp� Fam i l y : Cyprinidae (carps , tenches, minnows etc.) - Fa m i ly : Psilorhynchi d ae - Family: Homalopteridae (torrentfishes) Family: Cobitid idae (Ioaches) - Family: Gyrinocheilidae (algae eaters) Fam i l y : Catostomidae (suckers) Order CHARAC I FORMES Characim tFamily: C l upavid ae - Family: Cithari nidae (cithari ns) Family: Hemiodontidae (he m iod id s) Family: Curimatidae (curi matas) Family: Anastom i d ae (headstanders) Fam i ly : Erythrinidae (trahi ras) - Family: Lebiasi nidae (pencil fishes and pyrrh ulinins) - Family: Gasteropelecidae (fres hwater hatchetfishes) - Fa m i l y : Ctenol u c ii dae (pi ke-ch arac i ns) - Family: Hepseti d ae (Kafue pike) Fa mily: Characidae (true American characins)
52
" . ..
Family: Fam i ly : -Family: -Family: -Family: - Family: Family: Fam i ly : Fam ily: - Family: -Family: Fam ily: -Family: -Family: -Family: - Family: -Family: -Family : Family : - Family: -Fa m i ly :
Hy ps i do rid ae ,. Ictaluridae (No � h Am �ncan catfishes) Bagrid ae (bagn d catfishes) Cranog lanid idae (armorhead catfishes) Silu ridae (Eurasia n catfishe s) Schilbeidae (schilbeid catfishes) Pangasiidae (shark catfishes) Amblyc ipitidae (Asiatic torrent catfi� hes) Amphil iidae (African h i l l stream catfishes) Akysida e (stream catfishe s) .
Sisoridae (sisorid catfishes) Clariidae (airbreathing catfishes) H eteropneust idae (airsac catfishes) Chacidae (squarehead catfishes) Olyridae (bannertail catfishes) Malapteruridae (electric catfishes) Ariidae (sea catfishes) Plotosidae (catfish eels) Mochokidae (upside-down catfishes) Dorad idae (thomy catfishes) Aucheni pteridae (d riftwood catfishes) Pi melodidae (antenna catfishes) Ageneiosidae ( b arbe l - less catfishes) Helogenidae (marbled catfishes) Cetopsidae (whale-like catfishes) Hypop hthalmidae (low-eyed catfishes) Aspredinid ae (banjo catfi shes) Trichomycteridae (parasitic catfishes) Cal lichthyid ae (callichthyid armoured catf.) Loricariidae (armoured catfishes) Astroblepidae (S. American hillstream catf . )
GYMNOTI FORM E S
Suborder Sternopygoidei -Family: -Fam ily: -Fam i ly : - Fa mily:
Sternopyg idae Rhamphich t hyidae (knifefishes) Hypopomidae Apteronot i d ae (spec keled knifefishes) 53
Classification of Fishes
Classification of Fishes .--Suborder Gymnotoidei - Family: Gymnotidae (knife eels) - Family: Electrophoridae (electric eels)
S
COP ELOMORP HA UPERO R DE R S
Ord
;
SUP E RO R D E R P ROTACANTHOPTERYG I I
Halecoidei . tFa mil y: H ale cld ae
SubOrd er
Order SALMON I FORMES Suborder Esocoidei tFamify: Palaeoesocidae
,
Suborder
..
e
Osmeri d ae (smelts)
S uborder Sal monoidei
.
- Family:
Salangidae (icefi shes)
-Fam i ly : Family: Fami l y :
Retropinnidae (New Zealand smelts) G alaxi idae (galaxiids) Salmonidae (sal monids)
Ale pis aur oid ei Family : Synod ontida e (lizardfishes ) -Fam i ly : G ig anturid ae (gigan turids) Family: Paralep ididae (barrac udinas) - Family: Anotop teridae (dagge rtooth) - Family: Everman ne l lidae (sab retooth fishes) O m os u d i d ae Alepisau ridae (lancetfis hes) Pseudotric honotidae
Suborder
Suborder Gonostomatoidei G onostomatidae (bristlemouths) Sternoptychidae (marine hatchetfishes)
Suborder Photichthyoidei Family:
Not osu dida e
suborder
- Family: -Family:
Order STOM I I FORMES
- Family:
.
- Family:
S U PERORDER STENOPTE RYG I I i,
Family: Fami l y :
Aulopoidei Aulopod idae (au lopus) Chlorop hthalm idae (greene yes) Scope larchid ae (pearle yes)
_Fam ily: -Fami ly: - Fa m i ly : -Fa mily :
Suborder Osmeroidei Fam i ly:
RM ES AULOP I FO nch odo ntoidei UbOr der E , En ch od o � tld ae ily: tF am e tF am ily: Eu ryp ho llda r
P hotichthyidae Astronesthidae (snaggletooths)
- Family: - Family :
Melanostomiidae (scaleless Malacosteidae (loosejaws)
- Family:
I diacanth idae (black dragonfishes)
black dragonfishes)
Ichthyotringoid ei t Family: Ichthyotrin gidae t Family: Cheirothrici dae tFamily: O e rcetidae tFamily : Cimolichthyidae tFamily: Prionolepid idae
,!;'.'.DJrJAr MYCTOPH I FORMES tFamily: - Fam ily: Fam ily:
Sardinoididae Neoscopelidae Myctop hidae (lanternfishes)
PATIERSON ICHTHYI FORMES tFamily: Pattersonichthyidae
54
55
Classification of Fishes
Classification of Fishes ---
MES LO P H I I FOR O phioidei . su border L . Fami l y : Lophl l dae (goosefishes)
Order CTENOTH R IS S I FORM ES tFam i ly: Ctenothrissidae tFam i ly: Aulolepidae
order
Antennarioidei Su bord e r Fami ly : Anten nari idae (frogf is h es) ) Fami ly : Brachio nichthy idae (warty anglers toads) (sea cidae -Fam i l y : Chauna - Family : Ogcocephal idae (batfishes)
S U P E RO R D E R PARACANTHOPTERY G I I t Family :
M cco n i chthyidae
ei su bo rde r Cerat ioid . loph rym dae Cau ; -Fa mily . - Family : Ceratii dae (sea devils) - Fam i l y : G igan tact i n i dae - Fam ily: N eoc erat iidae
Order P E RCOPS I FORM ES Suborder Sphenocephaloidei t Fam ily: S phenocephal i dae Suborder Percopsoidei Family: Percopsidae
- Family:
- Fam i l y : -Fam i l y : -Famil y: - Fami ly:
Suborder Aphredoderoidei Fami l y : Aphredoderidae (pirate perch) F am i ly : Amblyopsidae (cavefishes) O rder GA D I FORMES
- Family: - Family :
Cods
Suborder M u raenolepidoidei - Family: Muraenolepid idae (eel cods) Suborder Gadoidei Fam i l y: Moridae (morid cod) - Family: M elanonidae (melanonids) Family; B reg mace roti d ae (cod lets) Fami l y : G ad idae (cods) Family: Merlucciidae (merluccid hakes) Suborder Macrouro i dei . Fam i ly:
Macrouridae (grenad ier fishes)
Order O P H I D I I FORMES Fami l y : Family:
Ophidiidae (brotulas and cusk-eels) Carapidae (carapi ds)
Order BATRACHO I D I FORMES Fam i l y : Batracho i d i d ae (toadfi shes)
56
Ang l erfi shes
.
Linophrynidae O n e i ro d idae Thaum at i chthyi dae . Centro phrynid ae (deep- sea angler flsh) D icerat i i dae . H imanto lophida e (footba llflshes) Melan ocetidae
SUPERO RDER ACANTHOPTERYG I I SERIES ATHERI NOMORP HA
. Order
CYP R I NODONTIFORMES
Suborder Exocoetoidei Fam i ly: Exocoetidae (flying fishes) Fam ily: Hemi rhamphidae (halfbeaks) Family: Belonidae (needlefishes) Family: Scom berosocidae (sauries) tFamily: Forficidae SUborder Adrianichthyoidei Fam i ly:
Adrian i chthyidae (ad rianichthyids)
. SUborder Cyprinodontoidei - Family: Aplocheili dae (rivul i n es) Fam i ly: Cyprinodontidae (ki l l ifishes)
57
Classification of Fishes
Classification of Fishes Fam i ly: - Family: - Fam ily: Order
Goodeidae (goodeids) Anablepidae (four-eyed fishes) Poecili idae (Iivebearers)
Fami ly :
- Family:
Atherinidae (silversides) Isonidae (surf sardines) Melanotaen i idae (rainbowfishes) Phal lostethidae
SERIES PERCOMORPHA LAMPRIDIFORMES
Su border Lampridoidei Fami ly : Lampridae (opah) tFami ly: Turkmenidae Suborder Veliferoidei Family: Vel iferidae Su border Trachipteroidei Fam i l y : Lophotidae (crestfishes) - Fa m i l y : Trac h ipteridae ( ri b bonfishes) - Family: Reg alecidae (oarfishes) Suborder Stylephoroidei - Family: Stylephorida e (tube-eye) Su border Ateleopodoidei - Fami l y : Ateleopodid ae Su border M irapinnatoidei -Family: M i rapinnidae (hai ryfish) - Fam ily: Eutaeniophori dae (tapetails) S u border Megalomycte roidei -Family: Megalomycte ridae (Iargenose fish es) Order
SERVCIFORMES
Suborder Berycoidei Fami l y : Monocentrid idae (pinecone fishes) Fami l y : Trac hichthyidae (slimeheads) 58
_Fam i ly : _Family : _ Fam i ly : Fam i l y : Fam i l y :
ATH E R I N I FORMES - Family: - Family:
Order
---
Perches
Anomalop idae (Ianterneye fishes) Diret midae (spinyfin s) Anoploga stridae (fangtoot h) Berycid ae (alfonsin os) Holocent ri d ae (squirrelfi shes)
nopt� rygoidei Suborder Di , tFa mily : D l nop teryg ldae tFa mi ly: A i p ic hthy idae tFa mi ly: pyc nosteroi didae tFam ily: Stic hoce ntrid ae tFamily : Digo rlida e ixoi dei . SUbOrder pol ym ae (beardfish es) Polymixiid Fam i l y: Suborder Step hano bery coidei -Family: Stephan oberycid ae (prickl efishes) Fam i ly : M elampha idae (bigscale fishes) -Family : Gibberic hthyidae (gib berfish) SubOrder Ararip ichtho idei tFamHy: Ararip ic hthyi d ae
Order ZEIFO RMES - Family : -Family: Family: - Family: -Family: Family:
Parazenid ae (parazen) M acru rocytti dae Zeidae (dories) Oreosomatidae (oreos) Grammicolepi didae (grammicolepi ds) Caproidae (boarfishes)
Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES -Family:
Fami ly: Family:
Hypoptyc hidae
(san d eels)
Aulorhynch idae (tubesnouts) Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks)
. t••r INDOSTOM IFOR MES -Fami ly :
I ndostom i d ae
59
Classification of Fishes
Classification of Fishes ----
Order PEGAS I FORMES Fam ily: Pegasidae (seamoths) Order SYNGNATH I FORMES S u border Aulostomoidei Family: tFam ily: Fam i ly : tFamily:
Aulostomidae (trumpetfishes) Urosph e nidae Fistulari i d ae (cornetfishes) Parasynarcu a l i d ae
Family: Family: tFamily:
M ac rorham phosidae (sni pefishes) Centriscidae (sh r i m pfish es) Paraeol iscidae
S uborde r Syngn athoid ei Fam ly: Solen ostom idae (ghos t pipefis hes) Family : Syngn athida e (pipef ishes and seaho rses)
�
Order DACTYlOPT E R I FORM E S Fam i l y : Dacty lopter idae (flying gu rnards ) O rder SY NBRANCH I FO R M E S - Family:
Synbranchidae (swamp-eels)
Order SCORPAE N I FORMES S u bo rder Scorpaenoidei Fam i l y : Scorp aenida e (scorp ionfish es) - Fami ly : Synan ceiida e (synan cej i dae) tFam i l y : Pteryg oceph alidae t Family:
Rhampho si d ae
- Family: - Family: - Family:
Caracanthidae (orbicular velvetfishes) Aploact ini d ae (velvetfi shes) Pataecidae
- Family: Family:
Congiopodidae (racehorses) T ri g li d ae (searobins)
S uborder Platycephaloidei Fam i l y : P latyce phalid ae (flathe ads) - Fa m i ly : Hoplic hthyid ae (ghos t flathe ads) Suborder Anoplopomatoidei - Family : Anop lopom atidae (sable fish es) 60
H exagrammoidei S ubo rd er m Fa i ly : Hexagram m i d ae (g reen l i ngs) _ Fa mily: Zani o l e p i d i d ae (co mbfish e s) Cottoidei subOrder -Fam i l y : Normanichthy idae -Family: E reun iidae Fam ily: Cottidae (sculpins ) -Family: _Fam i ly:
Cottocomephoridae Comephoridae (Baikal oilfishes)
- Fam ily: _ Family:
psychrolutidae Ag onidae (poachers) Cyclopteri d ae (lumpfishes and snailfishes)
Fa m i l y :
, Order
PE R C I FO R M ES
Suborder Percoidei Family: Centropomidae (snooks) Fam i ly : Percichthyidae (tem perate basses) Family: -Family: - Family: -Family: - Family: - Fami ly: - Fam i l y : - Fam ily: - Fam ily: -Family: - Family: Family: Family:
Serranidae (sea basses) G rammistidae (soapfishes) Pseudochromidae (dottybacks) G rammidae (basslets) Plesiopidae (roundheads) An i so c h romidae Acanthocl i n i d ae G l aucosomat i d ae Terapon idae (tigerperches) Banjosidae Kuh l ii d ae (aholeholes) Centrarc h idae (sunfi shes) Percidae (perches)
Family: Fam ily : F amily: Fam ily: Family: - Family: Fam ily: Family: - Fam i ly :
Priacanthidae (bi geyes) Apogonidae (card i nalfishes) Ac ropomatidae S i llag i n id ae (smelt-whitings) M alacanthi d ae Labracog lossidae Lactari i d ae (false treval lies) Pomatomidae (bluefishes) Rachycentrid ae (cobia) 61
Classification of Fishes
Classification of Fishes Family: Family: - Family : - Family : - Family: Family :
62
Echeneididae (remoras) Carangidae uacks and pompanos) Nematistiidae Coryphaenidae (dolphins) Apolectidae M enidae (moonfish)
Fam i l y : Fam i l y : Family : - Family : - Family: Family : - Family : Family: - Fam ily : Fam ily : - Fam ily: Famil y : - Family : - Family: Family : Family:
Leiognath idae (slimys, slipmouths or ponyfishes) 8ramidae (pomfrets) Caristiidae (manefishes) Arripidae (Australian salmon) Emmelichthyidae (bonnetmouths) Lutjanidae (snappers) Caesionidae Lobotidae (tripletails) Gerreidae (mojarras) Haemulidae (grunts) l n e rm i i dae Sparidae (porgies) Lethrinidae (scavengers or emperors) Nemipteridae (threadfin breams) Sciaenidae (drums) Mullidae (goatfishes)
Family: - F am ily : - Fam ily : - Family : Family: - Famil y : - Fam i l y : tFam ily : Family : Family : Fam ily : - Family : Family: - Family: Fam i ly :
Monodactylidae (fin geriishes) Pempherididae (sweepe rs) Leptobramidae (beachsalmon) 8athyclupeidae Toxotidae (archeriishes) Coracinidae (galjoen fishes) Kyphosidae (sea chubs) Amphistiidae Ephippidae (spadefishes) Platacidae Scatophagidae (sc ats) Rhin oprenidae (threadfin scat) Chaetodontidae (butterilyfishes) (angelfishes) Pomacanthidae Enoplos idae
- Family : - Famil y :
(armourh eads) Pen tacerotidae Nandidae (leaffishes)
Family : Family : Fam i ly :
Fam ily : tF am ily : _ Fam i ly: _ Fam ily: _ Fam i l y :
_Fa mil y : _ Fam ily : -Family : Fam ily : Fam ily : Fam i ly :
Ople gna thid ae (knif ejaw s) Cich lida e (cic hlid s) Emb ioto cid ae (surfperc hes) Pom acen tridae (dam selfi shes ) Pri sca carid ae Gad ops idae (bla ckfi sh) Cirrh itida e (haw kfish es) Chironem idae (kelpfish es)
Ap lod act ylid ae Che iloda ctyli dae (mo rwo ngs) Latr idid ae (trumpeters) ow sto niid ae Cep olid ae (ba ndf ishe s) ) Dipt eric hthy idae (Twow i n gba sses
tFa mily :
Ara mb our gel lidae
SubOrder Mugiloidei Fam ily: Mug i lidae (mullets) Suborder Sphyraen oid ei das ) Fam ily : Sph yrae ni dae (bar racu Sub Ord er Polynemoidei Fam il y : poly n emid ae (th readfins) Suborder Labroidei Fam ily : Labridae (wra sse s) - Family: O dacidae Fam ily : Scaridae (parr otfis hes) Suborder loarcoidei ) - Fam ily : Bath yma steridae (ron quils - Family : loar cida e (eelpouts) Famil y : Stich aeida e (pric kleba cks) - Family : Cryp taca nthodidae (wrymouths) Fami ly: Fami ly : - Family: F amily : - Family :
Pholi didae (gunn els) Anar hicha didae (wolf fishe s) Ptilic hthyidae (quilffish) lapo ridae (prowfish) Scyta li nidae (grav eldive r)
63
Classification o f Fishes
Classification of Fishes ---
Suborder Notothenoidei -Family: Bovichthyidae Family: Nototheniidae (cod icefishes) - Family: - Family: -Family:
Gobi oidei subo rde r . m _ Fa i l y: Rhyacichthyidae (Ioach gobles) _ Fa m i l y : Eleot ri d id ae (sleepers) Fa mily: Gobiidae (gobies) _Fam i l y : Gobioid i dae (eel l ike gobies) - Fa m i l y : Tripauchenidae (bu rrowing gobies)
H arpag iferidae (plunderfish) Bathydraconidae (Antartic d ragonfishes) Channichthyidae (crocod i le icefishes)
Suborder Trachinoidei - Family: - Fam i l y : F am i l y : - Fam i ly: -Family: -Family: - Family: Fam i l y : - Family: -Family: - Family: -Family: - Family: Fami ly: - Family:
Opisthognathidae (jawfishes) C o n g rogadi dae (eel b lenn ies) C h i asmodontidae C hamsodonti d ae Notograptidae Pholidichthyi dae Trichodontidae(s a n dfi shes) Trach i n idae (weeverfishes) U ranoscopi d ae (stargazers) Trichonotidae (sandfishes) C reedi idae Leptoscopi dae Percoph idae M u g i loididae (sandperches) Chei marrhi chthyidae
Suborder B lennioidei Family: - Family: Fami ly: Fami l y : - Family: Family:
Tri pterygi idae (threefin blennies) Oactyloscopidae (sand stargazers) Labrisomidae Clin idae (cl i ni d s) C h aenopsidae Blenniidae (com btooth blennies)
Suborder I costeoidei - Family: Schindleriidae S uborder Am modytoidei Family:
Ammodytidae (sand lances)
S uborder Callionymoidei Family: -Family:
Call ionymidae (dragonets) O raconettidae (dragonets)
_ Fam ily: - Fa mily:
Kraemeriidae (sand gobies) M ic rodesmidae (wo rmfishes)
i suborder Ku rto ide , -Fami ly: Kurtldae (nu rseryfishes) subord er Acanthu roid ei Fam i ly : Acant h u ridae* (su rgeon fi shes) tFamily: Cap rovesposi dae Fami ly : S iganidae (rabbitfi shes) t Family: '
Kushlukii dae
. Subord er Scom broid ei - Family: Scombrolabrac i d ae Family: Gempylidae (snake mackerels) Family: Trichiuridae (cutlassfishes) Family: Scombridae (mackerels and tunas) Family: Xiph iidae (swordfish) - Family: Fami l y : tFam ily:
Luvariidae (Iouvar) Istiophori dae (bil lfishes) Pal aeorhynch idae
Suborder Stromateoidei - Fami l y : Amars i p i d ae ( m e d u safis h es) -Family: Centrolophi d ae Family: Nomei dae (d riftfi shes) - Family: Fam ily: Family:
Ariom matidae (amiommids) (squ aretails Tetrag onu ridae Stromateidae (butterfishes)
Suborder Anabantoidei Fam ily: -Family: - Family: Family:
Anabantidae (c l i mbing gouramies) Belonti i d ae (g ourami es) Helostomatidae (kissing gourami) Osphronemidae (giant gourami)
Suborder Gobiesocoidei Family:
G o b i esosocidae (cl i n gfishes) places Zanclus in this
64
family . 65
Classification of Fishes
Classification of Fishes S uborder Luciocephaloidei -Fam i l y :
Luci oce p h a lidae ( pikehead)
Suborder Channoidei Family:
Channidae (sn akeheads)
Suborder Mastacem beloidei - Fa m i l y : - Fa m i ly :
Mastacembelidae (spiny eels) C h a u d h u r i i da e
Order P L E U R O N E CT I FO R MES S uborder Psettodoidei Fam ily: Fam i ly:
Cith aridae (citharids)
Fam i l y :
Bot h i d ae (lefteye flounders)
Family:
Pleuronectidae (righteye flounders)
S u border Soleoidei Fam i l y :
Cynoglossidae (tonguefishes)
Family:
Soleidae (soles)
Order TETRAODO N TI FO R M ES S uborder Balistoidei Araca n i d ae
Family:
Triacanthodida e (spikefishes)
Fam i l y :
Triacanthidae (tri p l es pines)
Fam i l y :
Balistidae (triggerfishes and filefishes)
Family:
Ostraci i d ae (boxfi s hes)
Suborder Tetraodontoidei - Fa m i l y :
66
Sarcopteryg ians
Lobe-Finn ned Fishes
C O E LACAN TH I FO R M E S (Act i n istia) t Fa m i l y : t Fam i ly : t Fam i l y : t Fa m i l y : tFamily: -Family:
C o e l acanths
D i p locercidae H ad ronectorida e Rhabdodermat idae Coelacanth idae Laugiidae Lati m eriidae (go m b essa)
Triodontidae (three-toothed p uffer)
F am i l y :
Tetraodont idae (puffers)
Fami l y :
Diodon tidae (porc u p i n efi s hes)
Family:
Moli dae ( m o l as)
ONYCHODON T I FO R M E S t Fa m i l y :
Onyc h o d o n t i d ae
R H I P I D ISTI I FO R M E S
( R hi pi d isti a ns)
Superfam i l y : H o l o ptyc h o i d ea t Fa m i l y : Powichthyi dae tFamily: Poro l e p i d i dae t Fa m i ly : H o loptych i dae Superfam i ly: Osteo l epidoidea t Family: Ost e o l e p i d i dae t Fa m i l y : Eusthenopteri dae tFami l y : Pandericht hyidae tFamily: R h izodontidae
I N F RACLASS: D I P N O I
Lungfishes
--------�-
t Fa m i l y : t Fa m i l y : tFamily: t Fa m i ly :
U ra n o l o p hi dae D i p norhync h i d ae Di pteri d a e Rhync hodi pteridae
t Family: tFamily; t Fa m i l y : t Family: tFamily: Family: F am i ly:
Phanero p l e u ri dae Ctenodontidae Sagenodontidae Uronemi d ae Conchopomidae Ceratodontidae (Australian l ungfishes) Lepidosirenidae (South American l u n gfishes)
Fam i l y : ....'
_....
Psettodidae (psettotids)
S uborder Pleuro nectoidei
Fam i l y :
--_ - ----.... -
---� : SAR CO PTE RYG I I S U BC LAS S I N FRAC LASS: C ROSSOPTE RYG I I
Prot opteridae (Afri can l u ngfishes)
67
AGNATHA
. Jawless Fishes
AGNATHA
J awless Fishes
The first fi sh-like organisms to appear on earth were not much like our present concept of a typical fi sh. Most of them had a dorso-ventrally flattened body indicating a bottom-dwelling mode of life . They were probably weak swim mers . Their main common feat ure , from the evolutionary point of view, was the jawless mouth . They could not bite and therefore woul d not have been able to hunt for large swim ming prey. Their circular mouths would allow them only to suck, or perhaps to rasp , so they would have
en ::l 0 � CD � c: 0 .D � CtI 0
fed mainly on small organisms and detritus . Their heads , and also the anterior parts of their bodies, were covered with thick bony armour which would have made an effective defence against enemies. Their eyes and nasal opening often lay close together and were di rected upwards. The total size was usual l y smal l , though there were exceptions which reached a length o f 6 0 c m or more.
c: CtI °2 0 > CD 0
Paired fins were usually developed only as pectorals . There are fo rms with one, or even two , dorsal fi n s while ot hers lacked
�f
d o rsal f i n s com pletely. The anal fin was somet i m es present whereas the existence of pelvic fins is doubtfu l . The caudal fin lutionary forerunner of the vertebral column) persisted through
c: CtI °C :l
out life. The order Anaspi diformes incl uded some genera which
Ci5
was mostly heterocercal or hypocercal . The notochord (the evo
"-
-
looked truly fi s h - l i ke . I n stead of armour, they often h ad thick scales. A few of them had lost the scaly cover except for a few remnants. To judge by their shape, most members of this order would have been rather skillful swimmers in the open water. Finally I must mention the hagfishes and lampreys which , except for the circular jawless mouth , were unlike other agnathans. They are known from the U pper Carboniferous onwards and still sur vive. They h ave scaleless eel- l i ke bodies . They may represent a side branch which has survived from early times . The AGNATHA fi rst appeared in the Lower Ordovician , had their g reatest maxi m u m in the Upper S i l u rian and di ed out in the
c: CtI
.....
�
'0 os; 0
'E 0
U pper Devoni an except for the hagfishes and lampreys . About
200 fossil genera h ave been descri bed , though most of them on the basis of isolated head shields and dorsal shields only. Com plete agnathans are extremely rare .
�L��� 68
roximate distribution of the agnathans in geological time. changed after
69
AGNATHA
J awless Fishes
Order: Astraspidiformes Family: Arandaspididae
Jawless Fishes
ATHA
pteraspidiforD1es Cyathaspididae
Devonian of HEINTZ (length c. 5 cm) from the Lower �spis insignis KIAER & k Museum, Oslo, Norway. tologis Paleon l: Origina rgen. SpItzbe i
Sacabambaspis janvieri GAGNIER (Ie� gth c. 35 cm), from the Upper Ordovician of . Sacabamba, Bolivia. Onglnal: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle ' Paris , France. Photo:Serette, Pans.
Genus: Genus:
Sacabambaspis
GAGNIER,
1 986 .
H o rizo n : Upper Ordovician. Geograph ical distributi o n : South America. Features: Large agnathans, wide at the front and tapering rear war s . The h d and part of the trunk were surrounded by thin . mlatlvely nmltlve armour. The body behind the armour covered with rod-like sculptured scales in a diagonal arrangement. Max imum length up to 35 cm.
�
�
��
R e m a rks : Probably bottom dwelling.
JAEKEL.
Fraenke/aspis.
Horizon: Lower Devonian. . Geograph ical distrib ution : Europe, Spitzbergen o-shaped. Head Featu res : Small agnathans, approximately torped Dorsa l armour . r armou n i and anterior part of back enclosed overhangs the which m extends forward into small pOinted rostru mouth. Eyes lateral. No dorsal spine but overlapping rearwardpointing elements in the dorsal and ventral mid-lines of trunk.
Sides of body covered with long p lates.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in the Ordovician.
70
Anglaspis
Synonym :
R e m a r k s : Probably bottom dwelling and very weak swim mers.
Sacabambaspis , reconstruct ion after GAGNIER.
Recent relatives : None. Died out in the Silurian.
Anglaspis , reconstruction alter HEINTZ.
71
Jawless Fishe s
AGNATHA
Order: Pteraspidiformes Family: Cyathaspididae
A AG NATH der: Pteraspidi�o�mes
J awless Fishes
or sp ld ldae faJl1i1y: Cy at ha
-
Irregulareaspis hoeli KIAER (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Devonian ofSpitzbergen Original: Paleontologisk Museum, Oslo, Norway. Pionaspis sp. (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Grizzly Bear Lake, Alberta, Canada. Original: University ofAlberta, Edmonton,Alberta, Canada.
Genus :
Irregulareaspis
Synonyms :
ZYCH, 1 93 1 .
Genus :
Dyctiaspidella , Dyctaspis .
Pionaspis
STADELMANN, 1 897.
Horizon : Lower Devonian.
Horizon : Lower Devonian .
Geographical distribution : North America .
Geographica l distribution : Europe, Spitzbergen .
Features : Head and trunk enclosed above and beneath in armour. Plates elongate, oval and sculptured with little points. Eyes lat eral. Mouth terminal or slightly ventral. Body behind armour cov ered with scales which are elongate anteriorly but become smaller posteriorly. Caudal fin hypocercal i.e. lower lobe larger than upper. Middle-sized agnathans. Maximum length c. 20 cm.
Features : Middle-sized agnathans. Head and anterior part of th in brief armour. Snout pointed. Mouth slightly trunk enclose ventral . Posterior part of trunk and rest of body heavily scaled. Scales large and elongate anteriorly but becoming smaller posteriorly. Caudal fin not subdivided. Eyes rather ventral. Maxi mum length c. 1 2 cm.
?
Remarks: Partly bottom-dwelling, partly free-swimming. Recent relatives: None. Died out in the Lower Devonian.
Remarks : Probably free-swim ming . Recent relatives : None. Died out in the Lower Devonian. BENDiX-ALMGREN.
Irregulareaspis ,
72
reconstruction after
73
Jawless Fishes
AGNATHA
Order: Pterasp idiformes Family: Cyathasp ididae
Poraspis cylindrica
KIAER & HEINTZ (length 4.5 em) from the Lower Devonian of Bennevis, Spitzbergen . Original: Paleontologisk Museum, Oslo, Norway.
G e n u s : Poraspis
KIAER, 1930 .
Jawless Fishes
G NATHAidiformes
. pterasp Otd�rly'.. cyathas p ididae faJlll =----
Devonian of BROAD & DINEL.EY (length c . 20 cm) from the L�wer : National Museum of Onglnal . Canada ies, Territor st Northwe Island, Prince of Wales Ontan o, Cana da. Natu ral Sciences, Ottawa,
rorpedaspis elongata
Genus: Torpedaspis
BROAD & DINELEY, 1973 .
Synonym : Holaspis .
Horizo n : Upper Silurian to Lower Devonian .
Ho rizo n : Lower Devonian .
Geograp hical distribution : Northern North America.
G eog rap h i cal d i stributi o n : Europe, Sp itzberg e n , northern North
Featu res : H ead and t ru n k e nclosed in un usually long n arrow skeleton of armour. Scaly part of body considerably shorter than armoured part. M aximum length c. 25 cm.
America.
Features : Head and part of trunk encl'osed in rather brief armour. Plates of armour sculptured with reg ularly arranged l i nes d i rected outwards to right and left. Behind the armour, lateral scales of body long and large . Dorsal and ventral mid li nes of body bearing much smaller keel scales . Eyes lateral. Mouth somewhat ventral . Dorsal armour of head shield un divided .
R e m a rk s : P ro bably more free swi mming than bottom-dwelling . Recent relatives: None. Died out in the Lower Devonian.
74
Recent relatives : None . Died out i n Lower Devonian .
�; -- -- -- �- --- -1- --'- -, , , t I \ 1 , .., _ , >, ;' "'; T - - ---,I >" I : I I ......
__ _
-- -.f-1
_L
_____
_
-----+- _ _ _
\
_ __ _ __
Poraspis,
_
__
� -').... :: ..... ...... .1. \ I I'� ," L_J--····/ ___
!... _ _ _ _ _
reconstruction after BUECK
Torpedaspis ,
rec o n s t r u c t i o n
aft er
DINELEY.
75
AGNATHA
J awless
Order: Pteraspid iformes Family: Cyathaspididae
Fish es
---
A thenaegis chattertoni S OEH N & WILSON (length c. 5 cm) from the Silurian of Ava lanche Lake, Canada. Original: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Genus: Atenaegis Horizon : Silurian .
NATHAidi� � es s order: Pctera hp sp 1 � 1 �a e t 1y�::�y:a==a�� __ f�i2
SOEHN & WILSON , 1 990.
__
Jawless Fishes
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Vemonaspis sp. (length c. 1 0 cm) from the up per Silurian .of Cornwallis Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Original: Thorstelnsson Collection, Calgary, Alberta, canada.
Genus: Vernonaspis
FLOWER & WAYLAND-SMITH, 1 952.
Geographical d i stributio n : North America.
Synonym s : Anatiftopsis , Eoarchegonaspis .
Feat u res: Little agnathans, Head and trunk rather wide with armour
Geograph ical distri buti o n : Northern North America.
above and beneat h . Plates sculptured with elongate ridges. Eyes somewhat dorsal . Mouth terminal to ventral . Scales decreasing in size rearwards. Caudal fin divided, hypocercal. Maximum c. 6 cm.
R e m a rks :
Probably
botto m -
dwelling .
Recent relative s : N o n e . Died
Horizo n : Upper Silurian to Lower Devonian . Featu res: Little agnathans. Head and trunk armoured above and below. Armour finely sculptured with a pattern of l i n e s .
� ody
behind armour covered with scales which become appreciably smaller posteriorly. Eyes lateral . Mouth terminal to ventral. Maxi mum length scarcely more than 1 0 cm.
Remarks: Probably partly bottom- dwelling , partly free-swim ming.
out in Silurian .
Recent relatives: None. Died out i n Lower Devon ian .
A thenaegis, reconstruction after SOEHN & WILSON.
76
77
J awless Fishes
AGNATHA
Order: Pteraspidiformes Family: Amphiaspididae
Jawless Fishes
HA A G NAT eraspi di formes
� d t'· pt � Protopteraspidida e or�llY.. __ fa --�-----------------------------------
--
Csnsdapteraspis sp. (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Prince of v:'ales Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Onglnal: Thorstelnsson Collection, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Empedaspis inermis NOVITSKAYA (length c. 7 cm) from the Lower Devonian of the Tai ir Peninsula,Siberia, Russia. Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei RusskoiAkadem I Nauk, Moscow, Russia (Novitskaya Collection).
Genus:
Empedaspis
NOVITSKAYA
Genus :
Canadapteraspis
DI NELEY & LOEFFLER,
1 976.
Horizon: Lower Devonian.
Horizon : Lower Devonian.
Geographical distribution: Northern Asia.
Geographical distribution : Northern North America.
Rema rks : Middle-sized agnathans with greatly en'larged head . The shield enclosing the whole head and the anterior part of the back is oval in outline, flattened posteriorly and with a rounded keel in the posterior mid line. Anteriorly it tapers to an almost q u adrangu lar " nose " . H e re, close together, are the small eyes and also the ventral mouth.
Features : Mi ddle-sized agnathans. H ead and trunk armoured above and below. Snout region long and pointed. Dorsal armour with a strong, broad, posteriorly projecting spine in the dorsal mid line. Comual plates paired, drawn into a point posteriorly. Eyes
R e m a rks : Proba b l y bottom dwellers and almost unable to swim.
Remarks : Partly bottom-dwell ing , partly free-swimming. Recent relatives: None. Died out in the Lower Devoni an.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in the Lower Devonian.
Empedaspis , reconstruction after NOVITSKAYA.
78
lateral. Mouth terminal to slightly ventral. Maximum size c. 1 2 cm.
Canadapteraspis , reconstruction after DINELEY & LOEFFLER.
79
AGNATHA
Order: Plerasp idiformes Family: Proto p terasp ididae
J awless Fishes
Trygonaspis sp. (length c. 5 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Prince of Wales Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Original: Thorsteinsson Collection, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Genus: Trygonaspis
THORSTEINSSON
Horizon : Lower Devonian.
Geog raphical distributio n : Northern North America. Featu res : M idd le-sized agnathans. Head and trunk armoured above and below, ventrally flattened . Armour ornamented with worm-l ike ridges with punctae between them . The dorsal armo u r with a rearward pointing spine in the mid l i ne posteriorly. The paired cornual plates are expanded almost like fins and each ends in a point. Snout region pointed . Eyes lateral . Mouth ventral , maximum length c. 1 2 cm. Remarks : Probably partly bottom-dwel ling, partly free-swimming ,
Recent relatives: None. Died out in the Lower Devonian .
Jawless Fishes
G NATHAidiformes
er: Pterasp s p 'd' d a e ra te: 1 _ : _l__ :::.:� p:: ;� faJl\i1y:�
� ... UJ
---
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
OoryaSpiS nathorsti (LANKESTER) (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Lower DevoAian of Lytka, Spitzbergen. Original: Paleontologlsk Museum, Oslo, Norway.
Genus: Ooryaspis
WHITE, 1 935,
Synonyms: Lyktaspis , Scaphaspis .
Horizon : Lower Devon ian , Geograph ical distributi o n : Spitzbergen.
. , Features: Head and anterior part of tru n k enclosed In thick armour. The dorsal and ventral plates are the largest elements ? f the upper and lower sides. Armour with dentine ri dges , The paired cornual plates at the posterior end of the armour stick out, sideways and extend as spines , The snout part of the armour projects as a long rostrum . Beneath and behind it is the wide mouth , Proximal to the rostrum are the paired nasal openin g s . M aximum len9th up to 20 cm. R e m a r k s : P r o b a b l y b otto m dwellers but certainly also i n part free swim ming , The significance of the extended rostrum is un� cle ar, -
�ecent relative s : None. Died out the Lower Devonian .
In
80
Ooryaspis , reconstruction after MACMILLAN.
81
Jawless Fishes
AGNATHA
Order: Pteraspidiformes Family: Pteraspididae
AG NATHA
J awless Fishes
ras pidiformes Order: Pteeraspididae fam ily: Pt
-
Larnovaspis goujeti BUECK (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Spitzbergen. Original: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph:Serett , Paris.
G enus :
Larnovaspis
BUEcK,
1 984 .
Protaspis transversa DENISON (length c. 26 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Big Horn S.A. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, County, Wyoming, U. . . S.A U
Genus:
Protaspis
BRYANT,
1 933.
Horizon : Lower Devonian.
Horizon : Upper Silurian t o Lower Devonian.
G eographical distribution : Europe, Spitzbergen.
Geograph i c a l D i stribut ion : Northern North America, Europe , Spitzbergen.
Features: Middle-sized agnathans, probably with a spindle-shape body. Head and anterior part of trunk enclosed above and below in thick armour. Eyes small. Snout broad at the base but extend ing into a pointed rostrum, beneath and behind which was the mouth. Tot a l l ength perhaps ,., 20 cm. 1/ Remarks : Probably a bottom dweller .
/I I I
I
/1
Rem arks : Probably partly bot tom � dwel ling and partly free SW im min g.
Recent relative s : None. Died out in Devonian.
Larnovaspis , reconstruction after Bu CK.
82
Features : Elongate agnathans. Narrow flat armour above and below. The central plate, both dorsally and ventrally, is slender and surrounded by mosaic-like smaller plates. Snout region ex tends into a sma�1 rostrum . Relatively long scaly body beh ind the armour. Tail fin hypocercal. J I Maximum length about 30 cm.
nt relativ es : None. Died out In the Lower Devonian.
- - - 7 ,- - - - - - - i \ "". \ \ \
Protaspis , reconstruction after BUECK.
83
AGNATHA
Order: Pteraspidiformes Family: Pteraspididae
J awless Fish es
KNER, 1 847.
Synony m s : Archaeoteuthis , Brachipteraspis , Lerichaspis , Palaeoteuthis ,
Parapteraspis, Plesiopteraspis , Pseudopteraspis , Simopteraspis . Horizon : Lower Devonian .
Geographical distributi o n : Western and eastern Europe, Spitzbergen, northern Asia, North America. Featu res : Relatively slender, elongate agnathans. Head and trunk en closed above and below in thick armour. The dorsal and ventral plates very large, forming almost all the dorsal and ventral armour respectively. Snout ends in a short rostrum directed slightly upwards and broad at the base. At posterior end of the armour is a characteristic dorsal spine. The scaly body behind the armour with a row of keeled scales in the dorsal and ventral mid line. Points of keeled scales directed rearward . Rem arks : Probably partly bottom dwelling and partly free-swimming . Recent relatives: None. Died out i n t h e Lower Devonian .
84
d
r'
pte Y: ��l rteraspid idae ----
Pteraspis rostrata WHITE (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Hereforeshire, England. Original: The Natural H istory Museum, London, U . K. (P1 6789).
Genus: Pteraspis
Jawless Fishes
HA GN ATras pidiformes
Pteraspis , reconstruction after MAcM!UJ\N.
Rhlnopteraspis dunensis (ROEMER) (length c. 23 cm) fr? m the Lower Devonian of Qdenspiel, Rhineland, Germany. Original: Collection Bruhn, Essen, Germany
Genus:
Rhinopteraspis
Synony m :
JAEKEL,
1 9 1 9.
Belgicaspis.
Horizon : Lower Devon i an .
Eastern Europe. Geog raphi cal d i stribu tion : Western and e and below in thick Featu res : Head and trunk enclosed abov the armour. Scaly armour. Snout extends into rostrum longer than including rostrum , body ends in a hypocercal caudal fin. Length, more than 30 cm. R e m a r k s : P robably bottom dwe l l ing and free-sw immin g . Significance o f extended ros trum unclear . Recent re latives : None. Died out in the Lower Devonian.
Rhinopteraspis , GROSS.
reconstruction after
85
Jawless Fishe s
AGNATHA
Order: Pteras p idiformes Family: Cardip eltidae
G N ATHAidifo.r
J awl ess i' lSneS
s Pterasp s p :�a e a a e p r f aJl1.ilY: � D�:�=n :=:.:...� l ______========:;;;::;; ._ l __ ----==
order:
Cardipeltis bryanti DEN ISON (length c. 1 9 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Big Horn County, Wyoming, U . S.A. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois , U.S.A.
G e n u s : Cardipe/tis
BRANSON & MEHL, 1 93 1 .
Horiz o n : Lower Devonian.
G eog raphical d i stribution : Spitzbergen, North America. Featu res: Dorsal region oval but widen ing rearward and form ing a heart-shaped embayment posteriorly. Further wide em bayments at right and left received the external gill openings. Dorsal plates with a thin dentine layer but with worm-like ridges bearing flattened dentine pustules. Both the ridges and' the pustules have smooth marg i n s . Mouth somewhat ven t ral .
Remarks: Bottom-dwelling and probably not skillful swimmers.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Devon ian .
Cardipeltis, reconstruction after DENISON.
86
Lower Devonian of Drepanaspis gemuendensis SCHLUTER (length c. 53 em), from the unde, Bu ndenbach, Rhinela nd, Germa ny. Onglna l: Staatlic hes Museu m fur Naturk Stuttg art , Germ any.
87
J awless Fishe s
AGNATHA
Order: Pteraspidiformes Family: Drepanaspididae
Drepanaspis ,
Genus:
SCHLUTER,
ntiformes r: Thelo do ..-.I U .J e pon o 'd ae faJllilY: Ka t ...
---
reconstruction after MACMILLAN.
Orepanaspis
J awless Fishes
G N ATHA
1 887.
Silurian of Segholm, Lsnari
.K. Ayrshire, Scotland, U . K. Original : National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U
Genus:
Lanarkia
TRAQUAIR ,
1 899 .
Horizon : Lower Devonian .
Horizon : Upper Silurian
G eographical d istri bution : Europe .
Geograph ical d i stri buti o n : Europe.
Feat u res : Large agnathans which could reach a length of al most 1 m. Head and tru nk half-oval in dorsal aspect, endiing behind at a straight transverse l i n e . The large plates of the armou r sur rounded by mosaic- l i ke fields of scales. The tail with a row of keeled scales i n the dorsal and ventral m i d l i nes . Caudal fin hypocercal . Mouth terminal.
Featu res : Body extremely d e p ressed dorso-ventrally and cov ered with strong thorn-like denticles. Length rarely g reater than 1 0 cm. Dorsal and anal fins present . Mouth probably slit - l i ke and somewhat ventral . Beneath the 9 "lateral fins" there were eight pairs of gill slits. Caudal fin asymmetrical (hypocercal) . Dentine of dermal denticles l i ke that
Rem arks : Probably bottom -dwellers, though the terminal mouth suggests that prey could be take n , at least in part, during swim ming . Recent relative s : None. Died out in Lower Devonian .
of Pterasp i d iformes and s u g gests a relation s h i p w i t h that ord er.
Remarks : The shape suggests relatively slow- moving bottom dW ell ers . Recent relatives : None. Died out in the Upp er Silu rian .
88
Lanarkia ,
reconstruction after TRAOUAIR.
89
J awless Fishe s
AGNATHA
Order: Thelodontiformes Family: Katoporidae
J awless Fishes
ATHA
do ntiformes er: Th elonn a og " d ae FaJl\i1y: L ..-.I u . ...
--
(length c. 1 4 cm) from the Upper Silurian of Lanarkshire, Scotland. Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh U K
tDgsnia scotica (TRAOUAIR) Phletlolepis elegans PANDER
(length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Silurian of Oesel, Estonia .original: American Museum of Natural History, New York, N . Y . , U . S.A.
Genus:
Phlebolepis
PANDER,
1 856.
Genus: Logania
DISTANT,
1 884.
H o rizo n : Upper Silurian .
Horizon : U pper Silurian to Lower Devonian .
Geographical d i stribution : Western and eastern Europe , norther North Amer,ica.
Geog raph ical d istributi o n : Western and eastern Europe, North America, central Asia.
Features: Shape "fish - l i ke" (unlike Thelodus and Lanarkia). Maxi mum length 7-9 cm. Body covered with thi n , u niform , scale-lik e l e m ents . Dorsal , anal and pectoral fins present. Caudal fi hypocercal. Mouth term inal.
Featu res: Ventro-dorsally compressed body much like Thelodus but with considerably smaller dermal denticies, especially in head . Relatively large-individuals of length 1 5 cm and more not u n commo n . M outh probably slit-
Remarks: Probably rather skilful free-swimmers .
like and ventral . One dorsal and one anal fin . Caudal fin hypocereal . Gill slits beneath the "lat eral fi ns" .
Recent relative s : N o n e . Died out in U p per Silurian .
Rem arks : Bottom-dwellers l i ke Thelodus and Lanarkia . Recent relatives : None. Died out in Lower Devon ian . Phlebolepis,
90
reconstruction after RITCHIE.
Logania,
reconstruction after TRAOUAIR.
91
Jawless Fishes
AGNATHA
Order: Thelodontiforme s Family: Lo ganiidae
G NATHA ntiformes
J awless Fishes
el?�? order: Th m n dae ur T y: faJl\il ---
The/odus scoticus TRAOUAIR
Turinia pagei (POWRIE), (length c. 32 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Angus, Scotland. OrIginal: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U.K.
Genus: The/odus
Genus: Turinia
(length c. 15 cm) from the Upper Silurian of Lanarkshire ' Scotland. Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U . K .
AGASSIZ, 1 838.
TRAQUAIR , 1 896.
Synonyms: Thelo/epis , The/o/epoides , The/yodus .
Horizon: Lower Devon ian .
Horizon: Lower Silurian to Lower Devon ian .
Geographic a l distribution: Western and eastern Europe. Sp itz
Geographical distribution: Western and eastern Europe, norther North America, Spitzbergen , central Asia.
Features: Body flattened . Head relativeiy large. Unlike Lanarkia , su rface densely covered with fi ne dermal denticles . Dorsal an anal fin present . Mouth proba b l y s l i t - s h a p e d and s l i g h t l y ventral. Eight g i l l slits beneath
bergen , Australia, central Asia, northern Asi a.
Featu res: All other thelodonts are at most 1 0 -20 cm long but Turinia reaches a length of up to 40 cm. In outline it resembles Thelodus and Lanarkia , even in the presence of "lateral fins" , but can always be distinguished by its g reater size . The su rface of the body is covered with very small synchronomorial scales. The mouth was probably slit-shaped . It was slightly ventral .
Individuals of length 1 5 cm and
Re marks: The body shape suggests relatively slow-moving bot to m-dwel lers .
more are not unusual .
Recent relatives: None. Died out in the Lower Devon ian .
the "lateral fins " . Relatively large.
Rem arks : The body shape sug gests a bottom dwel ler.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Devonian .
Thelodus, 92
reconstruction after TRAOUAIR.
93
J awless Fishe s
AGNATHA
Order: Thelodontiformes Family: unnamed
J awless Fishes
GN ATHA . .
:t\rder:
�aJl1i1Y:
---
Cep halas p �� Iformes D artmuthlldae
Lepidaspis
sp. (length c. 23 cm) from the Devonian of Grizzly Bear Lake, Canad: . Original: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Genus:
Lepidaspis
MACGILLIVRAY,
1 92 1 .
sp. (length c. 3.5 cm) from the Upper Silurian of Oesel, Estonia. Original: American Museum of Natural History, New York, N .Y. , U .S.A. Dartmuthia
Genu s :
Oartmuthia
PADE N .
1 93 1 .
Horizo n : Devonian .
Synonyms :
Geographi ca l d i stri bution : North America.
Horizon : U pper Silurian .
Featu res : M iddle-sized agnathans. M axim u m length c. 25 cm . Body densely covered with short ridges . Tail strongly taperin . Caudal fin probably hypocercal . Dorsal fin present , and probably anal fin also. Mouth terminal to slightly ventral .
Geographical d istri bution : Europe .
Lophosteus .
Rem arks : Bottom-dwelling .
Features : Small slender agnathans. supposedly with a strikingly large head . Head and anterior part of back enclosed in pust� late armour with undu lating posterior margin but rounded anteriorly. Eyes relatively larg e . close to-
Recent re l atives : None. Died out in Devonian .
gether and directed upward s . R e m a r k s : P ro b a b l y b o t t o m dwell ers and scarcely able to
SWim.
Recent relatives : None . Died out
In Silurian .
Oartmuthia,
94
MACMILLAN .
reconstruction after
95
Jawless Fish es
AGNATHA
Order: Cephalaspidiformes Family: Dartmuthiidae
Tyriaspis
HOPE,
dec: Cep halas pidi formes ilY: Ate l eas pid ida e
:.n
f
--
Tyriaspis whitei HEINTZ (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Silurian of Ringerike, Norway. Onglnal: Paleontologlsk Museum, Oslo.
Genus:
o
J awless Fishes
ATHA
Aceraspis robustus
Genus:
1 840.
Aceraspis
Synonyms :
Ho rizon : U pper Silurian .
KIAER (length c. 1 4 em). Original: Paleontologisk Museum, Oslo,
Norway.
KIAER,
1 91 1 .
Hemiteleaspis .
Horizo n : Lower Devon ian .
Geog raphical d istri buti o n : Europe .
Features. The rounded head and the anterior part of the trunk a r enclosed in bony pustulate armour. Eyes on upper s u rface . Plump , scaly body tapers strongly towards tai l . Mouth terminal to ventra l .. Maxi mum length about 1 0 c m . Remarks : Bottom-dwellers , probably slugg ish swim mers . Recent relatives : None . Died out in U pper Silurian .
Geographical d istri buti o n : Europe. Featu res : Shape elongate, flattened ventrally. The head and the anterior part of the body covered with bony armour. Eyes close together on the u pper surface of the head armour. Nasal opening between the eyes . Gilll slits c i rcular. Body fish-like and covered with scales. Lobe-shape d, scaly pectoral fins. Two dorsal fin s , the anterior halves of w h i c h a re scaly. Caudal fin heterocercal , passing downwards into a mar ginal fi n . M ax i m u m l e n g t h c . 1 5 cm . Rem arks: The flattened ventral 8Urface and the position of the eyes sugg est a bottom-dweller.
Tyriaspis ,
96
reconstruction after HEINTZ.
�
ent relat ives : None. Died out Lower Devonian .
Aceraspis ,
reconstruction after STENSIO.
97
Jawless Fishes
AGNATHA Order: Cephalaspidiformes Family: Ateleaspididae
------�---------------------------- ----------------
Hemicyclaspis murchisoni (EGERTON) (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Upper Silurian of
Ledbury, Herefordshire, England, U.K. Original: The Natural History Museum, Lon don , U.K. (P6023).
G e n u s : Hemicyc/aspis
LANKESTER , 1870.
GNATHA
ephalasl?i � iformes order: C leaspldldae Ate : faJllilY ---
of Ringerike, Norway. HIteIla gracilis (KIAER) (length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Silurian Original: Paleonto logisk Museum , Oslo,
Genus: Hirella
COSSMANN, 1920.
H o ri zon: Upper Silurian to Lower Devonian.
Synonyms: Micraspis.
Geographical d istrib ution: Europe, northern North America.
Horizon: Upper Silu rian.
Features: Head and anterior part of body covered in bony armo r, Mouth ventral. Pectoral fins lobe-shaped and scaly. Anterior dor sal fin present only as a projecting ridge. Fish -like, scaly, ven trally flattened body ends in a h e teroc ercal c a u d a l fi n, The lower margin of the caudal fin runs into a short broad mar g ina fin.
Geographical distribution : Europe .
Remarks: The shape and the position of the mouth and eyes suggest a bottom dweller, Recent relatives: None . Died out i n Lower Devonian. Hemicyc la spis, reconstruction after
Jawless Fishes
Features: Little fishes, ventrally flattened. Head armour about as long as wide. No lateral horns to head armour. Mouth trans verse ly elongate . Two d o rsal fins . Pectoral fins present. Remarks: Bottom dwellers. Recent relatives: None. Died out In Upper Silu rian.
Hirella, reconstru � tion after KIAER.
MACMILLAN.
98
99
J awless Fishe s
AGNATHA
Order: Cephalaspidiformes Family: Cephalaspididae �
--
�
--
�
--
--
-------
--
--
------�
----
J awless Fishes
ATHA
Cephalaspidiformes halaspididae " ly� "" Cep �__��� fa�l.�
__ ____________ ____________
---
Alaspis microtuberculata ORVIG (length c. 31 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Miguasha, Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada. Original: M usee d'Histoire Naturelle, M ig u asha.
1b��lPis puella WANGSJO (length c. 2 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Spitzbergen. : Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Genus: Alaspis ORVIG, 1 957. Horizon : Upper Devonian . Geographical distri bution: North America.
Genus: Boreaspis
Features: Head and anterior part of the body enclosed in armou r. Head rounded in anterior outline in dorsal aspect. Prominent lateral horns. Eyes very close together and approximately in the middle of the armour. Nasal opening between the eyes . Ventral surfac flattened. Scaled body slender and ending in a heterocercal tail. Mouth ventral. Relatively large maxi m u m body length up to 35 cm. Remarks: The flattened ventral surface and the position of the mouth suggest a bottom dweller. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Devonian .
Alaspis, reconstruction after ORVIG.
1 00
STENSIO.
Horizon: Lower Devonian. Geographical d istribution: Northern Europe. Features : Little agnathan s of slender shape. Head and anterior part of the body enclosed in armour. Dorsal surfa?e of armour extends into long narrow pointed rostru m . Lateral spines broad at base and acute-tria ngular in shape. Eyes small , on the upper surface. Remarks: P ro b a b l y botto m dwelling and scarcely free-swim ming . ,Rece nt
relatives: None. Died out in Lower Devonian .
Boreaspis, reconstruction after MACMILLAN.
10 1
AGNATHA Order: Cephalaspidiformes Family: Cephalaspididae
J awless FiShes
ATHA
alaspi� i�ormes order: Cephhalaspldldae Cep 1 faJl1i Y:
Jawless Fishes
---
Cephalaspis, reconstruction after WOODWARD.
Genus: Cepha/aspis
AGASSIZ, 1 83 5 .
Synonyms: Camptaspis, Escuminaspis , Eucepha/aspis , Minest aspis , Pattenaspis , Sco/enaspis, Zenaspis . Horizon:
Upper Silurian to Upper Devonian .
Geographical distribution:
Europe , Spitzbergen , East Asia, North
America, Features:
The head and the anterior part of the body enclosed in
armour. Long lateral horns. Eyes facing upward, approximately in
the middle of the head armour, very close together. Nasal opening between the eyes. Pectoral fins lobe-shaped. Dorsal fin in the posterior third of the body. Caudal fin heterocercal. Lower lobe broad. Body scaly. Mouth circular, ventral in position . Ventral su rfaee flattened. General shape elongate. Maximum length up to 20 em.
Remarks:
dwell er. Cephalaspis powriei U,NKESTER (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Angus, Scotland, U.K. Onglnal: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U.K.
1 02
The flattened belly and ventral mouth suggest a bottom
Recent r e latives:
None. Died out in Upper Devonian .
103
Jawless Fishes
AGNATHA
Order: Cephalaspidiformes Family: Cephalaspididae
Jawless Fishes
A GNATH i ��formes Anasp order: oytlldae : faJllilY Jalll
--
Thyestes verrucosus EICHWALD (length c. 2 cm) from the Upper Silurian of Saare Estonia. Onglnal: Paleontologicheskii M uzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow ' R sla.
Genus: Thyes tes
a
s�
EICHWALD, 1 85 4 .
Jamoytius kerwoodi WHITE (length c. 19 cm) from the Middle Silurian of Lanarkshire, Sootland, UK Original: The Natural History Museum, London U.K. (P47784).
Genus: Jamoytius
WHITE, 1 946.
Synonyms: Auchenaspis .
Horizon: M iddle Silurian .
Horizon : Upper Silurian to Lower Devonian .
Geograph ical distributio n : Europe. l fins Featur es: Dorsal fin long and almost like a fin fold. Latera likewise long and narrow , extend ing half length of body. Scales extremely weak and thin. Head naked. Eyes protected by sclerotic ring . Maxim um length of long, spindle -shape d body perhap s 15 cm.
Geographical distribution: Europe. Features: Little agnathans with oval, tuberculate shield. This en closes the whole head and the anterior part of the trunk. The lateral horns run parallel to the head but separated by a small gap. Ey s relatively large, close together and facing upwards. Mouth ven tra l . R e m arks : Probably bottom dwellers and weak swimmers.
Remarks: Given the streamlined shape. possibly expert swim mers. Genus includes some of the oldest agnathans known .
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Devonian .
Recent relatives: None. Died out In Middle Silurian .
Thyestes, reconstruction after
AFANASSIEVA. 1 04
Jamoytius, reconstruction after
MACMILLAN.
105
Jawless Fishe
AGNATHA Order: Anaspidiformes Family: Birkeniidae
J awless Fishes
ATHA
i��formes der: Anasp dae kenll Bir · fa� r�� Of 1.ly.
---
-----------------__ __
--------------
....""'n()If�Dis ab/angus KIAER (length c. 16 cm) from the Upper Silurian I: National Museum of Scotland, Edimburgh, U.K.
of Ringerike,
TRAOUAIR (length c. 4 cm) from the Upper Silurian of Muirkirk, Scotland. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich.
Birkenia e/egans
Gen u s : Birkenia
Genus: Pharyngo/epis
TRAQUAIR.
KIAER, 19 1 1.
Horizon: M iddle Silurian to lower Devon ian .
Horizon : U pper Silurian .
Geographical d i stri bution : Europe.
Geograph ical d i stribution: Europe.
Features: Anterior part of dorsal mid line consists of large low keeled scales whereas posterior part is of spine-like structures . The two parts separated but a much taller structure whose two spikes p o i nt forward a n d back. The spindle-s h aped body covered with overlapping rows of scales . Eight pairs of external gill slits. Caudal fin hypocercal. Length c. 10 c m .
Features : Streamlined shape. G reatest Ilength u p to 20 c m . Mouth terminal. Snout somewha t pointed . Eyes situated far forward on the head . The body passes into a hypocerc al caudal fin . Along the dorsal mid line a row of small spines. 15 pairs of gill slits.
Rem arks: Probably expert swi m mers.
Remarks: Probably good swim me rs . Rece nt relat ives : None. Died out ., Upper Siluri an .
Recent relatives: N o n e . Died out near the end of the Silurian . Birkenia,
1 06
reconstruction after TRAOUAIR.
Pharyngalepis,
reconstruction after MAc
MILLAN .
1 07
Jawles s Fish e s
AGNATHA
Order: Anaspidiformes Family: Birkeniidae
Anaspidiformes "ly" Birkeniidae
--..>t ..r :
--------�--�-
Jawless Fishes
ATHA
" f�l��
-________ � ______
________
________
---
Pterygolepis nitidus (KIAER) (length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Silurian of Ringerike,
Rhyncholepis parvulus KIAER (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Ringerike, Norway. Original: Paleontologlsk Museum, Oslo, Norway.
G e nus: Pterygolepis
Ge nus : Rhyn ocholepis
Norway. Original: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph Serette, Paris.
COSSMANN, 1920.
KIAER, 19 1 1.
Synony m s : Pterlepidops, Pterolepis.
Horizon: Lower Devonian.
Horizon: Upper S i lu rian .
Geograp h ical distribution: Europe.
G eog raphical d i stribution: Europe.
Features: Mid-dorsa l ridge of spine-like scales with points facing rearwards. Ven tral fins short. Anal fin elongate with s p i n e - li ke sc eJes . Body covered in five rows of overlapp i ng scales. Eight pai rs o f gill slits, Body broadly spindleshaped. Length 6-7 cm.
Features : Mid-dorsal ridge of thorn-like scales, with points faci ng rearwards. Pectoral fins short. Body covered with five rows f overlapping scales. Ten pairs of gill slits. Caudal fin hypocercal. Maximum length 10 cm. Body sp indle-shaped. Mouth slightly ventral. Rem arks: Probably expert swi m mers.
Remarks: Somewhat plumper than other anaspid s. Rece nt relatives: None. Died out In Lower Devonian.
R ecent re latives: None . Died out in Upper Silurian . Pte rygolepis , reconstruction after ORLOV
108
Rhyncholepis , reconstruction after KIAER.
109
AGNATHA Order: Anaspidiformes Family: Birkeniidae?
J awless Fish e s
J awless Fishes
�GNATHA diformes order: Anaspiiolepididae? Ende fall1i1y: .
--
Unnamed anaspid (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Middle Silurian of Cornwallis I slan , Northwest Territories, Canada. Original: Thorsteinsson Collection, Calgary, Albe a, Canad a .
Genus: Horizon:
Genus: Legendre/epis
Unnamed. M iddle Silurian .
Geographical distribution:
Horizon:
Northern North America.
Features: Relatively large anaspids . G reatest length 1 5 cm or more. A row of thorn-like structures in the dorsal, mid-line. Gener I shape broadly elongate. Head slightly pointed. Mouth somewhat ventral. Eyes far forward on head. Remarks:
Free-swimming.
Recent relatives:
LJiJgeIldreJepis parenti ARSENAULT & JANVIER (length c. 8 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Miguasha, Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada. Original: Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Mlguasha, Quebec, Canada.
None. Died out in Middle Silurian .
Upper Devonian .
Geographica l distribution:
North America.
Features: Relatively small agathans. G reatest possible maximum length scarcely more than 10 c m . Streamlined shape . Mouth terminal. A row of thorns in the dorsal mid line with the points directed rearward. Caudal fin hypocercal with a strikingly long lower lobe. Body uniformly scaled. Remarks:
Probably clever swimmers.
Recent relatives:
110
ARSENAULT & JANVIER, 1 99 1 .
None. Died out in Upper Devonian .
11 1
Jawless Fishe-s
AGNATHA
Order: Anaspidiformes Family : Lasaniidae
Jawless Fishes
NATHA
Petromyzontiformes Mayomyzontidae
-------
TRAQUAIR (length c. 5 cm) from the Upper Silurian of AYI' shire, Scotland. Original: Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland.
HsrriiStlella montanensis
G e n u s : Lasan ius
Genus: Hardistiella
Lasanius problematicus
TRAQUAIR, 1899.
JANVIER & LUND (length c. 5 cm) from the Lower Carbonifer Original: Adelphi University, Garden City, N . J . , U.S.A. Montana. Gulch, Bear of OUS JANVIER & LUND, 1983.
Horizo n : Upper Silu rian to Lower Devonian.
Horizon: Lower Carbonife rous.
G eog rap h ical d istri bution : Europe.
Geograph ical distribution : North America.
Featu re s : Scales of mid-dorsal ridge thorn - li ke with the points facing rearwards. Scales of flanks very weak and scarcely recog nizable. Gill slits probably six to eight pairs. Maximum length c. 8 cm. General form spindle-shaped.
Features: Elongate, eel - like shape . Skin without scales. Skeleton not calcified. No bony tissue. Dorsal and caudal fins p robably separate from caudal fin. Eyes dorso- Iateral. Mouth terminal.
Remarks : Probably good swi mmers.
fed on detritus and small organ-
Remarks : Probably bottom dwellers. It is uncertain whether they isms or were parasitic. At present only known as larval stage.
Recent relatives : None. Died out in Lower Devon ian .
Rece nt re l a ti ve s : Genus and family extinct. However, a close rel at i on s h i p to t h e la m p reys (family Petromyzontidae) is sus pect ed .
Lasanius , reconstruction after
112
ORLOV.
Hardistiella , reconstruction after LUND.
1 13
Jawless Fishes
AGNATHA
Order: Petromyzontiformes Family : Mayomyzontidae
Jawless Fishes
NATHA
Unnamed . Unnamed
-------
& ZANGERL (length c. 6 cm) from the Middle Car boniferous of Francis Creek, Illinois, U .S.A. Original: Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, Illinois, U . S .A.
Mayomyzon pieckoensis BARDACK
'
G e nu s : Mayomyzon
BARDACK & ZANGERL, 19 68 .
Ho rizon: Middle Carboniferous. G eographical distributi on: North America. Features: Eel-shaped agnathans, when adult very elongate. Skin without scales. Skeleton uncalcified . No bony tissue . Dorsal fi separated from dorsal fin by a shallow constriction. Eyes dorso lateral. Mouth terminal . Internal organs commonly visible as dar k patches. Length of adult probably between 15 and 20 cm.
R e m a rks : P ro b a b ly bott o m dwellers, th ough also read i ly able to swi m . It is u ncerta i n whether these animals fed on detritus and small organisms or were parasitic.
'RIIr]Jch,thvs greenei BARDACK (length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Carboniferous of Essex,
U.S.A. Original: Henne Collection, Stuttgart, Germany.
Genus: Gi/pichthys
BARDACK, 1979.
Horizon: Upper Carboniferous. Geographical distribution: North America. Features: Slender eel- like shape. Skin without scales. Mouth termi nal. No bony tissue . End of body pointed . Remarks: Probably bottom-dwelling . Uncertain whether they fed on detritus and small organisms or were parasitic . extinc t.
Recent re l ative s : Genus and fam ily extinct . Close relationship to the lamp reys (fam ily Petro myzontidae) is suspected . Lampetra planeri, the recent brook Ian -
prey.
1 14
Gilpich thys, reconstruction after BARDACK
& RICHARDSON.
1 15
PLACODERMI
PlacoderlllS
Placoderms
----
�
The placoderms evolved an extremely important feature, for the are the first fish with movable jaws. Thus they were adapted to predatory mode of life. Most of them , however, had a dorso_ ventrally flattened body which suggests that they were bottom_ dwellers . Most of them probably had only a limited sW i mmin g ability. The head and the anterior part of the trunk were covered w it h a multi plated armour of dermal bones and individual regions of the armour were often articulated to each other. The body behind this armour was naked or covered with scales. It tapered posteri orly and ended in a diphycercal or heterocercal caudal fin. The mouth was usually terminal but sometimes ventral . Paired extensions i n the region of pectoral fins also had an armour of bony plates. The dorsal head armour, togeth er with these extensions, looks in some ways more like a turtle t an a fish . I n some species, pelvic and anal fins have also been found. From the Middle Devonian on, some genera showed a ten ency to a partial or complete loss of armour. The great majority of placoderms were small- to middle-sized animals. I n the pper Devonian , however, some were of very large size. I n these same fishes , the armou r was limited to the head region which gave them greater mobility. The largest forms, which were up to eight metres long , may, as dangerous predators, have played the role of Lords of the Sea. They certainly would have had no enemies. Nevertheless, despite many advanced features, the placoderms were dominant only for a relatively short time. They appeared in the Lower Devonian and reached their maximum in the Upper Devonian. Whether they still existed in the Lower Carboniferous is doubtful . They had their widest distribution at the time when they died out. They had no descendants. Up to the present, so e 200 genera have been described, mostly on the basis of isolated plates of the armour. Complete fishes are very rare.
distribution of placoderms in geological time. changed after
116
MULLER 11 7
Placoderms
PLACODERMI Order: Stensioelliformes Family: Stensioellidae
PLACODERMI Or der: Rhenaniformes family: Asterosteidae
Placoderms
-
Stensioeiia heintzi BROILI (length c. 26 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Bun en bach, Rhineland , Germany. Original: Bayerische Staatsammlung fUr Palaontologie, Munich, Germany.
Genus: Stensioel/a Horizon:
BROILl, 1 933.
Lower Devonian .
Geographical distribution:
Europe .
Features: Slender placoderms with extensive loss of exoskeleton. Head covered with bony plates and rigidly fused to the tr nk. Pectoral fins large and without spines. Eyes smal l , widely sepa uth rated from each other and protected by a sclerotic ring. ventral but far forward in the head. Lower jaw with tiny teeth. Paired fins well developed . Pel-
���Ff]fiyC�:����f:������ Remarks: Bottom dwelling but also free-swimming . Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Devonian . 11 �
c.. ·.···.
4�.
StensioeJla, reconstruction after BROIL!.
st uertzii TRAQUAIR (length c. 15 em) from the Lower Devonian nnor", , � ._ -, of Bund enGerma ny. Ongln al: Bayerisehe Staats ammlu ng fUr Palao ntolog ie Ge ' ��.
119
Placoderms
PLACODERMI Order: Rhenaniformes Family: Asterosteidae
CODERMI
Placoderms
-------
Gemuendina, reconstruction after MACMiLLAN.
Genus: Gemuendina
TRAQUAIR. 1 903.
pandora JAEKEL (length C. 19 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Bad Wildungen. Germany. Original: Museum fUr Naturkunde, Ber l i n , Germany.
: Jagorina
JAEKEL, 1 92 1.
Synonyms: Broi/ina. Horizon:
Lower Devonian.
Geographical distribution:
'cal distribution:
Europe.
Features: Skate-like forms. Pectoral fins very .Iarge and se i circular. Tail tapers to point posteriorly. with a little spine at anterior end. Head flat, with eyes and nasal opening directed upwards. Mouth opening dorsally. Exoskeleton extensively reduced. Body mostly covered with scales and polygonal platelets . Normal len th up to 2 5 cm but specimens 1 m .Iong have been found. Remarks:
Probably partly bottom-dwelling and partly free-s im
mingo
Europe.
Middle-sized fishes with a broad semicircular sku l l , like that of rays. Bony plates on dorsal surface tubercu Internal surface of brain cavity ossified with a thin layer of . Eyes large. Nasal opening between the eyes . Jaws with attached shark-like teeth. Pectoral fins probably extended the body. res:
orvr,<>\....... .... �
: Probably bottom-dwelling predatory fishes . relatives:
None. Died out in Upper Devonian.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Devonian . It is widely suspected that this form, together with Ctenurella , was a bl i nd ending side branch of the group of fishes which gave rise to the ancestors of the sharks.
120
121
Placodenns
PLACODERMI Order: Ptyctodontiformes Family: Ptyctodontidae
Placoderms
------
Ctenurella gladbachensis O RWIG (length c. 8 cm) from the Upper Devon ian of Bom bach, Bergisch Gladbach, Rhineland, Germany. Original: Naturmuseum Sencken berg, Frankfurt-am-Main , Germany.
Genus: Ctenurella Horizon:
ORVIG , 1 960.
Rhamphodopsis
Upper Devonian .
Geographical distribution:
n:
Europe, Australia.
Small fishes with a weakly developed exoskeleton . ead short and deep. Eyes directed upwards. Mouth somewhat ventral. A pair of tooth plates in both the upper and lower jaw. Two dorsal fins, the anterior short and the posterior elongate. Caudal fin s ail, heterocercal . Pectoral fins relatively large. Pelvic fins show sexual dimorphism. Those of the male have h o o k - s h aped c l as pers . Body largely naked . Maximum length about 1 8 cm . Features:
Remarks:
Bottom-dwellers.
None. Died out in Devonian . Certain similarities suggest that this lis a blind-end ing side branch of the group of fishes from which the chimae ras are descended . Recent relatives:
122
1fIan10h()doIJsiS trispinatus WATSON (length c. 7 cm) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland . Original: Australian Museum , Sydney, Australia.
Ctenurella, reconstruction after MACMILLAN .
WATSON, 1 93 4 .
Middle Devonian .
raphical distribution:
Europe.
res:
Smal'l fishes . Head relatively small. Eyes directed up Mouth ventral . A pair of tooth plates on upper and lower jaw. anterior part of the back has a posteriorly grooved spine. The r:\II:mOrl'-'r dorsal fin triangular and relatively large. Pelvic fins long , scaly in female and in the male with hook-shaped claspers . length c . 1 2 cm. arks: Bottom-d we l l e r s . in fresh water. relatives: None. Died out Mid dle Devonia n .
Rhamphodopsis, reconstruction after HOLMGREN.
123
PLACODERMI
Placoderms
Order: Petalichthyiformes Family: Macropetalichthyidae
PLACODERMI
order: PetalichtJityiformes Fantily: Macropetalichthyidae
Placoderms
-
Lunaspis,
reconstruction after STENSIO.
Horizon: Lower Devonian . Geographical distribution : Europe. Features: Middle-sized armoured fishes with a maxim u m length c. 30 cm. Head armour and body armour not articulated to other. Characteristic lateral spines with dentic u l ate edges . elongate. Tai l tapering to point with diphycercal caudal Other fins absent . Jaw never found . Body covered with thin Three large keeled scales in the dorsal mid line. : Bottom-dwelling.
relatives: None. Died out in Lower Devonian .
GROSS (length c . 19 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Bundenbach, Rhineland, Germany. Original: Bayerische Staatsammlung fOr Palaontologie, Munich, Germany.
Lunaspis broilii
1 24
1 25
Placoderms
PLACODERMI Order: Petalichthyiformes Family: Macropetalichthyidae
PLACODERMI
Placoderms
llolepidiformes order: Phy faIllily: Phyllolepidi dae
--
& OWEN (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Middle Devonian of Sanusky, Ohio, U .S.A. Original : Peabody Museum of Natural Hlsto , New Haven, Connecticutt, U.S.A.
Macropetalichthys sullivani N ORWOOD
Genus: Macropeta/ichthys
NORWOOD & OWEN, 1846.
Synonyms: A canthaspis, Agassichthys, Heintzaspis, Ohioduro/ites, Physichthys. Horizon: Middle Devonian. Geographical distribution: Europe, North America. Features: Relatively large fishes. Roof of skull may reach length of 25 c m . Eyes d i rected u pwards b u t somewhat laterally plac d. Mouth slightly ventral . Jaws not yet fou nd . Trunk armour relatively brief . Remarks: Probably largely bot to m- dwelle rs . Recent relatives: None . Died o u t
�/oIef.'is sp. (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Upper Devonian of East Greenl an . Origi Geologl sk Museum , Copenh agen, Denmar k.
s: Phyllo/epis
AGASSIZ, 1844.
Synonyms: Pen tagon olepis. Horizon: Upper Devonian. Geographical distribution: Western and Eastern Europ e, G reen land, North Ame rica, Aus tralia . : Head shield broad and flat. Eyes smal l, antero-Iateral i n . Dors al and ventral shield s likew ise broad and flat. Lateral short . Pectoral fins nar. Body beh ind arm our slen and elongate , tapering to a at end of tail . Max i m um , acc ord ing to the s p e4 0 cm. . Pro bab ly mor e bot l i ng than free - s w i m -
i n Middle Devonian.
Macropetalichthys, reconstruction after
BROIL!.
relatives: No ne . Die d out Devonian.
Phyllolepis, reconstruction after STE slO.
Placode
PLACODERMI
Placoderms
S Suborder: Coccosteoidei
Order: Arthrodiriformes Family: Wuttagoonaspididae
Suborder: Coccosteoidei
------
Wuttagoonaspis fietsheri RITCHIE (length c. 7 cm) from the Middle Devonian of Wuttagoona. New South Wales. Australia. Original: Australian Museum. Sydney. Australia.
Genus: Wuttagoonaspis
Wonlosl'eus mil/eri TRAQUAIR (length c. 42 cm) from the Middle Devonian of Caithness. UK Ongln al: National Museum of Scotla nd. Edinb urgh. UK
RITCHIE, 1 973.
�VlnnrIVI'Y1C:: Homostius.
Horizon: Middle Devonian . Geographical distribution: Australia. Features: M idd le-sized fishes with beautifully sculptured arm our. H ead shield convex. Eyes d i spl aced sideways and rearwa rd s . Snout rounded . No differentiated h inge between head shield and trunk armou r. Shortly behind the eyes there are slender lateral spines. Head shield u p to 18 cm . in length.
: M iddle to U pper Devonian.
raphical distributio n: Western and East ern Euro pe, Spitz nArl,on G reen land , North Ame rica .
Remarks: Inhabited fresh-wa ter. Recent relatives: None. Died out in M iddle Devon ian .
. The u pward d i rected Sug g est a bottom- dwe ller.
Wuttagoonaspis. RITCHIE.
128
relatives: No ne. Die d out U pper Dev onia n. Homosteus. reconstruction after MiLES.
129
PLACODERMI Order: Arthrodirifonnes Family: Brachydeiridae
Placoderms
Suborder: Coccosteoide i
CODERMI Arthrodirifonnes Coccosteidae
Placoderms Suborder: Coccosteoidei
Oxyosteus sp. (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Bad Wildungen, Hesse, Germany. Original: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Genus : Oxyosteus
JAEKEL, 1 911 .
Synonym : Platyosteus . Horizon: Upper Devon ian . Geogra p h i ca l d istribut ion : Western and Eastern Europe. Features: Head and body narrow and deep. Anterior part of the head elongated to form pointed snout. Eyes large and lateral. Jaws toothless. In some species skull up to 20 cm long .
Rem arks : Probably good swimmers. Recent relatives : None. Died out in Upper Devonian .
Oxyosteus,
1 30
reconstruction after MILEs.
cuspidatus
MILLER (length c. 27 cm) from the Middle Devonian of Scot Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany .
1 31
PlacoderlllS Suborder: Coccosteoidei
PLACODERMI Order: Arthrodiriformes Family: Coccosteidae
----
�
----
-------------------- -- -- ------ ----------
CODERMI Arthrodiriformes Coccosteidae
Placoderms Suborder: Coccosteoidei
Coccosteus, reconstruction after STENSIO.
,
Genus: Coccosteus Horizon:
minor (MILLER) (length c. 6 cm) from the Middle Devonian of Caithness, UK Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
MiLLER, 1 84 1 .
M iddle Devonian .
Geographical distribution:
Western and Eastern Europe.
Roof of skull relatively deep. Eyes of middle size and placed laterally. Pectoral fins roughly in the middle of the body. Dorsal fin present. Trun k armour broad. Body long and slender, ending in a pointed tail. Maximum length e. 40 em . Features:
Remarks: Probably good swimmers. The genus is known fro fresh-water and marine deposits. Recent relatives:
None. Died out in Middle Devonian .
both
lIIn,rl:ll",nicall distribution:
Western and Eastern Europe. : Small plaeoderms . Length about 10 em. Head shield deep. Eyes relatively large. Median dorsal shield long and with a spine at the end. Lateral spines also long and One of the smallest plaeoder ms. : Bottom dwellers with ability for free-swimrelatives:
None . Died out Devonian .
Millerosteus, reconstruction after DESMOND.
132
133
Placoder
PLACODERMI Order: Arthrodiriformes Family: Coccosteidae
s
Suborder: Coccosteoidei .
--��-------------------------------=�--
pLACODERMI
Placoderms
order: Arthrodiriformes F amily: Pholido steidae
Suborder: Coccosteoidei
-
Watsonosteus fletti 0/'JATSON) (length c. 58 cm) from the Middle Devonian of the Orkney Islands, Scotland, U.K. Copy: de Buisonje Collection, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Genus: Watsonosteus
MiLES & WESTOLL, 1963.
Horizon: M iddle Devonian. Geographical distribution: Europe . Features: Head shield moderately broad. Eyes middle-size and lateral. Dorsal fin short and broad and located at anterior en d of body behind armour. Tail long and ending in a poi nt. Pectoral fins relatively large. Length about 60 cm. Remarks: Probably good swimmers. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Devonian.
distribution: Europe. res: Middle -sized placod erms. Eyes extrem ely larg e , w i th J aws too thed. Lateral spines short and narrow . slender and elongate.
I;o,..,,,, ...,,fic rings.
: Free-swi mming .
relatives: None. Died out Upper Dev onia n.
Pholidosteus, reconstruction after GROSS.
114
Placoder s Suborder: Coccosteoid i
PLACODERMI Order: Arthrodiriformes Family: Dinichthyidae
Ounkleosteus terelli (NEWBERRY) (length c. 110 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Cleveland, Ohio, U . S .A. Original : Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Ohio, U .S.A.
Genus: Ounk/eosteus
LEHMAN, 1 95 6 .
Synonyms: Oinichthys .
Placoderms Suborder: Coccosteoidei
calliaspis DENNiS-BRYAN (Iengttil c. 35 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Springs, Westem Australia. Original: Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia.
s: Eastmanosteus
OBRUCHEV, 1 964.
: Middle Devonian to Upper Devonian .
Horizo n : Upper Devonian. Geographical distribution:
CODERMI _�ter; Arthrodiriformes Dinichthyidae !"lIU'�'.J '
Western and eastern Europe . North
Africa, North America.
raphical distribution: North Africa, North America, western eastern Europe, southwest Asia.
Large skull. Reduced dorsal and lateral armour. Rela small eyes . Length probably 2-3 m . Powerful serrated less jaws. Much like Ounk/eosteus but in some ways more res:
Very large placoderms with massive skull . Maximu length about 6- 8 m . Skull alone may be 65 cm long . Together With red u ced body a r m o u r , m ay reach 1 1 0 cm. Enormous jaws toothless but strongly serrated . Eyes relatively smal l . Features:
Free-swimming , dan gerous predators which need not even have feared sharks . Remarks:
relatives: None. Died out Lower Devonian .
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Devonian . Ounkleosteus, reconstruction after MACMILLAN.
1 36
Eastmanosteus, reconstruction after West Austral ian Museu m .
1 37
Placode s Suborder: Coccosteoidei
PLACODERMI Order: Arthrodiriformes Family: Trematosteidae
-------
Brachyosteus dietrichi GROSS (length c. 5 cm) from the Upper Devonian of
Wildungen, Hesse, Germany. Original: Museum fUr Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany.
Genus: Brachyosteus
PLACODERMI
h m Order: Antiarc ifor es hriolepididae Bot : i ly Falll
Placoderms
ad
JAEKEL, 1927.
Horizon: U pper Devonian. Geographical distribution: Europe. Features: Small to med i u m -sized fishes with rather deep he d. Central dorsal plate short and with a weak keel. Remarks: Predatory fishes. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Devonian.
Brachyosteus, reconstruction after MILES .
1 38
canadensis WHrrEAvEs (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada. Original: The Natural. History Mu Lond on, UK (P56844).
1 39
Placoderms
PLACODERMI
Order: Antiarchiformes
o
•
.
•
reconstruction after West Australian Museum.
G e n u s : Bothriolepis
Placoderms
Ord er: Antiarchiformes
Family: Bothriolepididae
Family: Bothriolepididae
Bothrio/epis,
PLACODERMI
."'t''>ffl/'�ni·.<: maxima (AGASSIZ) (length U.K. Original: National Museum
: Asterolepis
EICHWALD, 1 840
Synonyms: Bothryolepis, Glyptosteus, Homothorax, Macrobrachius, Parmphractus , Phoebammon, Placothorax, Shurcabroma , Stana canthus . Horizon: M iddle to U pper Devonian . Geog raph ical d istri bution : Western and eastern Europe , Antarc tica, North America, Greenland , central Asia, northern Asia, south west Asia, Australia. Features: Head shield short and deep. Body armour almost egg s haped . Body ends in pointed caudal fin with a narrow fin fold above and a broad lobe beneath. Eyes close together and facing fo rward . M o uth term inal and rel atively small. Two dorsal fins. M axim u m length 40-50 cm.
c. 28 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Scot of Scotland, Edinburgh, U.K.
EICHWALD, 1 840.
n: Middle Devonian to U pper Devonian . rap h ical d istri buti o n : Western and Eastern E u rope, North G reen land , Spitzberg en, eastern Asia, Australia.
·am" .... ,..
: Head shield short and dee p . Eyes close together. Body extending into a little pOint. Paired limbs reach back past . ml dle of the dorsal sh ield . A single dorsal fin . Body tapering . a pOint. Maximu m length prob between 60 and 70 c m .
?
: Free-swi m m i n g .
relatives : Non e . D i e d out Upper Devonian .
Re marks : Free swimming . Rece nt re l atives: None. Died out in Upper Devonian.
Astero/epis,
1 40
reconstruction after ORlOV.
141
Placoderms
PLACODERMI Order: Antiarchiformes Family: Asterolepididae
C ODERMI
Antiarchiformes Asteroiepididae
Placoderms
-------
Microbrachius dicki TRAOUAIR (length c. 3 cm) from the Middle Devonian of the
Orkney Islands, Scotland, U . K. Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U.K.
Genus: Microbrachius
TRAQUAIR, 1888.
Syn onyms: Microbrachium. Horizon: M iddle Devonian . Geographical distribution: Europe. Features: A dwarf among placoderms. Length scarcely more than 6 cm. Relatively large head sh ield and relatively short and broad dorsal armour. The paired limbs scarcely extend beyond the h If l e n g t h of t h e dorsal arm o u r . Systematic position still uncer t ai n . Remarks: Free swim mers, lived in fresh water. Recent relatives: None. Died out in M iddle Devonian .
Microbrachius, reconstruction after T OUAIR.
142
-
milleri AGASSIZ (length c . 1 5 cm) from the Middle Devonian of Caithness, . . al: O ngln Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
143
Placoderlll
PLACODERMI Order: Antiarchiformes
S
Family: Asterolepididae
-------
Pterichthyodes ,
reconstruction after TRAOUAIR.
Gen u s : Pterichthyodes Synonyms: Pterichthys .
BLEEKER, 1 859.
Horizo n : Lower to M iddle Devon ian . Geograph ical d istri bution: Europe, Australia. Features : Head shield short and deep. Eyes facing forward and close together. Together with the nasal opening between them fo rm a common orbito-nasal opening . Lower surface of head shield not armoured, carrying very delicate jaws and the mouth. Armoured paired li mbs which extend back to two-th irds the leng th of the t runk armour. These limbs correspond functionally to th e pectoral fins of higher fishes . Length c. 30 c m . Rem arks : Fresh-water fishes. Partly botto m-dwellers, partly fre e swimming . Recent relatives : None. Died out in Middle Devonian .
1 44
CODERMI
Placoderms
Antiarchiformes
: Asterolepididae
sp. (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Mount Smith Wood Original: Geologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark.
: Remigolepis
STENSIO, 1 93 1 .
Innlr�r\h ical d i stributio n : Europe, G reenland , Australia . : Head shield low. Paired limbs reaching back to body beh ind the
short and deep. Body armour long, narrow of a single piece (with no included a rticulathe posterio r two-thir ds of the body armour . armo u r covered with rounded - rectangu la r Cauda l fin consis ts of r lobe only. Length c . em. : Bottom dwel ling but mming.
t relatives : Non e. D i e d I n Upp er Devon ian .
Remigo/epis, reconstruction after West Australian Museum.
145
Placode
PLACODERMI
s
Order: Antiarchiformes
RICHTHYES
Cartilaginous Fishes
--------�--
implies, the endoskeleton may be calcified in these th e n am e b ut never contains true bony tissue . In an evol utionary
ossification is usually seen as more advanced than cartib ut in these fishes cartilaginisation seems to have been a s fishes include the sharks , angel sharks , rays and The surface of the body is mostly covered with pla
scal es which consist of a basal plate and a tooth-like upper of vari ous shapes. From the evolutionary point of view , the can be seen as placoid scales which have migrated into
m out h . When worn away or lost, they can be replaced . The types of dentition are d istingu ishe d : 1 ) the catc h i ng
comprising two rows of sharp teeth-this is typical for ing sharks; 2) the grasping dentition of bottom-dwell
sh arks-this consists of several rows of small pointed teeth one beh ind the other; and , finally, 3) the crushing dentitions and chimaeras wh ere the teeth are rou nded, or form
Diplognathus mirabilis NEWBERRY (length c.
1 8 cm) from the u � per Devonian of
Natural HistOry, Ne Cleveland. Ohio. U . S.A. Original : American Museum of N.Y., U . S.A.
York,
or are developed as tooth plates .
paired pectoral fins are mostly lateral in position and situated the most posterior gill slits. The ventral fins are simpler and bear hook-like claspers which facil itate internal fertilization.
G e n u s : Oiplognathus
NEWBERRY, 1 878.
Horizo n : Upper Devonian . Geog raphical distributio n : North America.
Featu res: M i d d l e -sized placoderms with powerful jaws, which were probably up to 45 cm long and had a low sharp c tting . edge and pointed teeth in the anterior part. In the posterior part the teeth are curve d . Systematic position not yet resolved . R emarks: Free-swimming predatory fishes . Recent relatives: Non e . Died out in Upper Devonian .
or two dorsal fins may exist and an anal fin is present . The fin is usually heterocercal with the vertebral column bend
upwards into the larger upper lobe. The fin rays consist of
flexi ble unjointed rods named actinotricha.
first appear i n the M i ddle Devonian . They had a brief in the Lower Carboniferous and then the number of
decreased continuously up to the Lower Triassic . After
a new progressive phase began which led to an absolute in the U pper Cretaceous. Then there was a new de
followed by another period of prosperity in the Eocene
conti n ues to the present day with 1 00 recent genera and species . The first sharks l ived in fresh water. Up to the
, about 370 fossil gen era have been described , though of them only on the basis of incomplete specimens or even teeth , fi n spi nes etc . Comp lete fossil s pecimens are very
1 46
1 47
NDRICHTHYES CHOND RICHTHYES
Cartilaginous Fishes
Cartilaginous Fishes
Palaeospondyliformes Palaeospondylidae
--------
>. ..... m
.€ 0) I-
1
J
I
--
VJ :::J 0 0) () m 0) .....
0
.2
VJ VJ m .....
gunni TRAQUAIR (length c. 4 cm) from the M i ddle Devonian of Orig inal: Henne Collection, Stuttgart.
:::J J
()
.iii
VJ m . ;:: I-
Jr
Q.. E
0 C m C 0 > 0) 0
-
(�
I C ..... 0) m .VJ :::J 0 ..... 0) := C 0 .D ..... m
: Pa/aeospondylus
1 890.
: M iddle Devonian .
hical distribution : Europe. -
. Little fishes scarcely 4 cm long . All trace of exoskeleton Vertebral column of calcified ri ng-shaped centra. Sku ll large. Pectoral and pelvic fins supposedly present. : Systematic position unclear. Possi bly larvae of larger or dwarfed forms.
L
:J
relatives: None. -
-
d after . . . . geologic . . . . aI t'Ime, ch an ge The approxim ate dlstnbutlon of cartilagin ous fishes In
MULLER 1 48
TRAQUAIR,
Palaeospondylus, reconstruction after
MACMILLAN.
1 49
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Xenacanthiformes Family: Xenacanthidae
Cartilaginous Fis h es ---
NDRICHTHYES Xenacanthiformes Xenacanthidae . . BJJ,,·A.1
Cartilaginous Fishes
Expleuraeanthus gaudryi HEYLER (length e. 58 em) from the Upper Carbonifero us of Commentry, France. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, F r nce . Photograph: Serette, Paris.
: £)��"'�,�h�,
Genus: Expleuracanthus Horizon:
Orthacanthus
BRONGNIART, 1888 . Europe .
Slender Middle-sized sharks. Head deep and elongate. Eyes large. Mouth deeply incised and ventral . A long spine I the middle of the head. Dorsal fin low and fin-fold like. Begins S ortly behind the head and extends back to the caudal fin . The latter surrounds the posterior end of the body and runs forward along the belly. Pelvic fins relatively broad. Pectoral fins narrow. Teeth very weak. Remarks: Expleuracanthus has recently been considered as a synonym of Triodus. Features:
Recent relatives:
AGASSIZ, 1 843.
vms: Aganodus , Compsacanthus , Oiplodus, Oissodus , Eu , Ochlodus, Pternodus .
Upper Carboniferous.
Geographical distribution:
senckenbergianu s FRITSCH (length c. 2 20 cm) from the Lower Permian Palatinate, Germany. Original: Naturmuseum Senckenberg , FrankGermany.
: Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian. ical distribution : Europe, North America, East Asia. :. Large sharks with an occipital spine situated immedi �ehlnd the . head and attached to the shoulder girdle. This IS long , pOinted and oval or circular in section . Its posterior om�mented with two parallel rows of thorns. Teeth relatively with two longer lateral and a s m a l l e r central Pectoral fins long and . Snout rounded. Mouth I
None. Died out in Carboniferous.
Orthaeanthus, reconstruction after HEIDTKE.
1 50
151
CHONDRICHTHYES
Cartilaginous Fish es
N DRICHTHYE S
Cartilaginous Fishes
Order: Xenacanthiformes Family: Xenacanthidae �
---
--------------
-----------------
Triodus sesselis JORDAN (length c, 50 cm) from the Permian of Odemheim, Pala tin ate, Germany, Original: I nterfoss, Munich, Germany,
WlR/�::m I'hIJ!:; meisenheimensis HAMPE (length c, 75 cm) from the Lower Permian of
Palatinate, Germany, Original: Interfoss, Munich , Germany,
Genus: Triodus
1848.
JORDAN, 1 8 49 ,
Sy nonyms: Exple uracanth us, H oriz on: Lower Permian.
Geographical distribution: Europe. Features: Occipital spine l i ke that of Orthacan thus but weaker, Teeth very small with two larger lateral cusps and a smaller m iddle cusp, Mouth larg e , slightly ventral. Fi n extends from the neck region, over the pointed caudal end of the body forward to the posterior end of the bell y , Pelvic and pectoral fins some what expand e d . Rem arks: Predatory fishes , Recent relatives: None . Died out in Lower Permian,
n: Lower Permian. hical distribution: Europe, : Middle-sized sharks with a long , slender body. Occipital long , relatively thin, of oval section. This spine has lateral near the base. Teeth small, with two s trong lateral cusps and
apprecia bly smaller m id d le . End of tail bent sli g htly
Caudal fin extends far as a fin fold and sepa from equally fold-like dorfin by a constriction , Pectoral pelVic fins broad , . Predatory fishes ,
relatives: None. Died out
'.L.U,II\I... r Permian.
Xenacanthus, reconstruction after FRITSCH,
1 52
1 53
Cartilaginous Fishes
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Cladoselachiformes Family: Cladoselachidae
Cladoselache clarki CLAYPOLE (length c. 60 cm) from the Devonian of Cleve land, Ohio, U . S .A. Original: Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio, U . S .A.
Genus: Cladoselache
DEAN, 1 894 .
Synonyms: Cladodus . Horizon:
hydei HARRIS (length c . 39 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Cleveland ' U . S .A. Original: Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio, U .S.A.
us: Diader[lodus
HARRIS,
1 95 1 .
onyms: Tiaradontus .
Upper Devonian.
Geog raphical distribution :
Cartilaginous Fishes
1'\r1�7I'\ n :
North America.
Sharks with slim spindle-shaped body. Head with blunt snout . Two dorsal fins . Heterocercal forked caudal fin which nevertheless externally looks almost homocercal . S kin largely naked. Teeth with a large middle cusps and smaller lateral cusps (cladodont) . Very large pecto ral fins. A strong spine in front of the first dorsal fin . Maximum length c. 1 m . Features:
Remarks: Probably rapid swim mers and formidable predators.
Upper Devonian.
North America. Small primitive sharks. Body covered with blunt dermal �n�li"l r"' . Teeth small, symmetr ical . Two higher cusps in middle a smaller one at each end. Probably only one dorsal fin. Male claspers . raphical distribution: res:
: Small sharks but nev, in view of the sharp , formi able predat rs .
�
relatives:
�
None. Died out U pper Devonian.
�
.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in U pper Devonian. Cladoselache, reconstruction after . HARRIS.
1 54
Oiademodus , reconstruction after HARRIS.
1 55
Cartilaginous Fish es
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Symmoriiformes Family: Symmoriidae
-------
Symmorium reniforme COPE from the Upper Carboniferous of Indiana, U . S .A. Origi nal: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U . S.A.
Genus: Symmorium
Europe, North America.
Features: Maximum length 3 m. Head relatively smal l . Lower jaw somewhat longer than upper jaw. Only one dorsal fin which Ii s in the posterior third of the body. Caudal fin slightly forked . Teeth cladodont (see Cladose/ache) . !� Body without spines. '/\.�
Predators with sharp
teeth . Recent relatives : None. Died out in Upper Carboniferous.
- � \:.\��.. ...-L .... � . .,1) .,--. " , . _- - - -_ . ;;;.� F ,. - -. � ��:..�= �� (\
- - - - - -- - -
,i
- - '<.'..
..
Symmorium, reconstruction after WII L lAMS·
1 56
serratus LUND (length c. 5 cm) from the Lower Carbonife rous of Bear Montana, U . S .A. Original: Adelphi University, Garden City, N . J . , U.S.A.
: Lower Carboniferous.
Lower Carboniferous to Upper Carboniferous.
Geographical distribution:
Remarks:
Cartilaginous Fishes
COPE, 1 839.
Synonyms: Cladodus . Horizon:
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Symmoriformes Family: Stethacantidae
raphical distribution:
North America.
res : Small slender sharks . Dorsal fin small and located in rior third of body. Caudal fin forked. Upper part of head IInr'n�tc>rI to a point. Mouth displaced posterio rly. Characteristic rved occipita l spine stretched horizon tally over head . Lower of this spine denticu. Males with claspers in posthird of ventral surface. .. . -- -- .. ..� : Small predators .
.," . � . ;,��� ��Jt���� J/�:, �
� �
relatives :
None. Died out Lower Carb onife rous .
.
Oamoc/es, reconstruction after LUND.
157
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Symmoriiformes Family: Stethacantidae
NDRICHTHYES
Cartilaginous Fis h es
Cartilaginous Fishes
-
& WORTHEN) (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Lower Carbonifer ous of Bear Gulch, Montana, USA. Original : Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Falcatus falcatus (ST. JOHN
Genus: Fa/catus
sp. (length c. 70 cm) from the Upper Carboniferous of Bearsden, Scotland, U . K. Original: Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, U . K . Photograph: Museum. o
LUND, 1985.
Stethacanthus
N EWBERRY, 1 889.
: C/adodus, Lambdodus, Physon emus.
Synonyms: Physonemus.
: Upper Devonian to Upper Carboniferous.
Horizon: Lower Carbon iferous. Geographical distribution : North America. Features: Small slender fishes. Upper snout area very pointed. Mouth posterio r. Eyes large. Caudal fin forked. Characteristic occipital spine pointed forward over head . It is relatively long and originates from a broad base. The u pper section is flattened .
Remarks: Small predators. Recent relatives: None. Died out
raphical distribution : Europe, North America. . M iddle- sized sharks with slender bodies. Head narrow. pointed . In the dorsal mid line, immediately behind the head a characteristic mushroom-shaped structure with a b road base. margin of this structure expanded and with spines arranged a brus h . Dorsal fin in the posterior half of the body, directly the anal fin which is some smaller. Pectoral fins nar each with a worm-like ap , �� arising from the base. '"" ,.. ... : Predatory fishes . The ( f(can ce of t h e b r us h - l i ke uncertain.
in Lower Carboniferous.
o
•
relatives: None. Died in out i n Upper Carbon iferFalcatus, reconstruction after LUND
1 58
reco nstruction after H unterian Museum.
Stethacan th u s ,
1 59
Cartilaginous Fish es
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Eugeneodontiformes Family: Agassizodontidae
Helicoprion bessonovi KARPINSKY (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Lower Permian of Russia. Original: M u seum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
Genus: Helicoprion
mt1,nv m c :
Lower Permian .
Geographical distribution:
Europe , eastern Asia, Australia,
orth
Features: Nothing known of this fish except the very striking teeth. These are laterally very compressed and form a tight spiral which , when adult, may com prise three whorls with a total of up to 1 80 teeth. Adult animals must have been more than 1 m long . Remarks: Predatory mode of life . Recent relatives:
1 60
LEIDY, 1 85 5 .
Edestes , Edestodus , Pro tospirata .
: Upper Carboniferous.
America.
in Permian .
Cartilaginous Fishes
sp. (length c. 28 cm) from the Upper Devonian of St. Clair Co., Illinois, Original: M u seum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas, U . S . A.
: Edestus
KARPINSKY, 1 899.
Synonyms : Ussoprion . Horizon:
Eugeneodontiformes Edestidae
hica 'i distribution:
North America, western and eastern
res : Relatively large sharks preserved only as their character dentitio ns. The teeth are in characteristic whorls and usually than long . Both sides of the teeth are sharply serrated . rDn',.., .... ��nt of teeth alternatin g . . Predatory fishes . Their teeth suggest that they eQuid NH"\,n\A"�y even large prey. relatives:
None. Died out in Upper Carboniferous .
None. Died out Helicoprion, after LONG.
1 61
CHONDRICHTHYE S Order: Eugeneod ontiforme s Family: Edestidae
Cartilaginou s Fish e s
��====
----
-------
--
---
Unnamed shark (length c. 80 cm) from the Trias of Wapiti Lake, Canada. Ori inal: Tyrell Museum of Paleontology, Drumheller, Alberta, Canada.
CH O NDRICHTHYES
Order: Orodontifo rmes FaJIl il y: Orodontida e
Cartilaginous Fishes
-
I lnn",m",,, shark (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch, ....m·'m:. U. S.A. Original: Adelphi University, Garden City, N
. J . , U.S.A.
G e n u s : Unnamed . H orizon : Trias. G eograph ical d i stributio n : North America. Featu res : A still undescribed edestid with the body well prese ed. Skull long and narrow. Pectoral fins slender and very large . Caudal fin forked and unusually large. Body slender. Remarks : Probably very rapid and skillful swi mmers . Recent relatives: None. Died out in Triassic.
1 62
. Not name d . 1U1'''�i '7t'' n : Lower Carbo niferou s.
raphical d i stribution : North America. res : Genus not yet d escribe d . Eviden tly relative ly smal l, sharks . Body laterally compressed . Head short . Fins smal l . the cauda l fin has a n "undeveloped " look. : Probab ly more bottom -dwelle rs than free-sw imming . memb ers of the family Orodo ntidae, however, include mem3 m long. nt relativ es : None. Died out in Lower Carbo niferou s.
Cartilaginous Fish es
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Petalodontiformes Family: Petalidontidae
-------
Janassa bituminosa von SCHLOTHEIM (length c.
54 cm) from the Permian of Bad Sachsa, Lauterberg , Harz, Germany. Original: private Possession .
Genus: Janassa
Order: Petalodontiformes Family: Belantseidae
Cartilaginous Fishes
liW<;,ntsl9a montana LUND (length c. 27 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear
Montana, U. S.A. Original: Adelphi University, Garden City, N . J . , U.S.A.
M ONSTER, 1 839.
Synon yms: Acrodus, Byzenos, Climaxodus, Oictea, lanassa, todus, Strigilina, Thorac odus, Trilobites.
el
Geographical distribution: Western and eastern Europe, America, G reenland .
rth
nd Features: Middle-sized fishes. Dorso-ventrally com pressed ray-like shape. Beak-like mouth on lower su rface. Teeth arran ged ro ad in longitudi nal and transverse row s . Pectoral fins large, and sem icircular. Anteriorly they s u rround about half the b d y. Small pelvic fins separated by a short distance from the pec t o ral fins. Dorsal fin s i t u ated above the p e l v i c f i n s . Body tapers to a point at the tail. Cau dal fin rounded.
Remarks: B o t t o m - d w e l l e rs . Lived o n hard food . Recent relatives: None. out Upper Permian .
:Ih.ri'7 l'\ n :
Lower Carbonifer ous.
raphical distribution : North America.
Horizon : Lower Carboniferous to Upper Permian .
1 64
CHONDRICHTHYES
: Middle-sized fishes of laterally flattened shape . Head Mouth relatively small with strong dentition. Dorsal mid line two h umps carrying the two dorsal fins. Pectoral fi ns small. fins very large. Caudal fin rounded. All fins give i mpression
being vei l - like. Body covered small denticles.
arks: Free- sw i m m i n g , b u t heless c o u ld o n ly have very lethargic swimmer s. nt relatives: None. Died out Lower Carbo nifero us. Lower n ifero u s .
Died Janassa , reconstruction after SCHAUMBERG.
Belantsea, reconstruction after LUND.
1 65
CHONDRICHTHYES
Cartilaginous Fis h es
Order: Ctenacanthiformes Family: Hybodontidae
Acronemus tuberculatus (BASSANI) (length c. 29 cm) from the Triassic of Monte San
Giorgio, Switzerland. Original: Palaontologisches Museum, Zurich, Switzerland.
Gen us : Acron emus
RIEPPEL, 1982.
Synony m s : A crodus, Adiapn eustes, Psi/acanthus, Sphen on chus, Th ectodus. Horizon: Lower Triassic to Upper Cretaceous. G eographical d i strib ution: Europe, North America, South America, southern Asia, Spitzbergen. Features: Small to middle-sized sharks. Head large . Body tapers moderately rearwards. Two dorsal fins, both carried by a powerful s p i ne. Pectoral fins rela tively l arge. Vent ral and anal fins small. Another spine located above pectoral fins.
ND RICHTHYES Ctenacanthiformes Hybodontidae
Cartilaginous Fishes
imilrtnnir.hl'hv!'; mapesi MAISEY (length c. 28 cm) from the Upper Carboniferous of """"r'lAl",...t1 County, Kansas, U.S.A. Original: Museum of Natural History, Lawrence,
U.S.A.
: Hamiltonichth ys .... pi ... ,.,. n :
MAISEY, 1 969.
Upper Carboniferous. h ical d i stributi o n : North America. : Small slim sharks. Body tapers to a pOinted heterocercal
fin with a large lower lobe. Eyes small. Mouth slightly ventral. po inted and arranged spirally. : Small predatory fish. re latives: None . Died out Upper Carboniferous.
Rem arks : Predatory fishes. Recent relative s : None. Died out in Upper Cretaceous. Acronemus , reconstruction after RIEPPEL.
Hamiltonich thys , reconstruction after
MAISEY.
1 66
1 67
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Ctenacanthiformes Family: Hybodontidae
Hybodus hauffianus FRAAS (length c. 260 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of Hol zma Wurtemberg , Germany. Original: Staatliches Museum fOr Naturkunde, Stuttgart , many. Photograph: Lumpe, Stuttgart.
Genus : Hybodus
Cartilaginous Fishes
Cartilaginous F i sh e s
en er:
stria tu/a MONSTER (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Upper Permian of Richelsdorf, Hesse, Germany. Original: BOrger Collection, Bad Hersfeld , Germany.
AGASSIZ, 1 83 7 .
Synonym s : Leiacanthus , Meristodon , Orthybodus , Parhybolius , Se/achidea .
1 843.
Horizon : Upper Permian to Upper Cretaceous. Geographical d istri bution : Europe, Spitzbergen , Greenland , America, Eastern Asia, Australia.
orth
Featu res : Large sharks with big head and massive body. Caudal fin heterocercal with an elongate upper lobe. Lower lobe relatively small. Two dorsal fi n s , each su pported by a powerful s i ne . Pectoral fins elongate . Teeth elongate at the base with a main c usp and several su bsid iary cusps and with striated surface . The males have hook-shaped head spines behind the eyes . Remarks : Predatory fish . How ever, they can be shown to have taken not only fishes but also belemn ites . Recent relatives : None . Died out in Upper Cretaceous. 168
ical distributio n : Europe, North America. Features : Midd le-sized to large fishes, torpedo-shaped . Skull . Snout pointed . Eyes relatively large. Mouth deeply incised . jaw displaced rearwards. Both jaws set with bean-shaped . Two dorsal fins, each supby a furrowed spine. An r spine longer. Caudal fin broad lower lobe. Anal fin I. : The teeth suggest that were not p redators but t hey fed on crustaceans other invertebrates .
Hybodus, reconstruction after MAIS[(
relatives : None. Died out Upper Permian.
Wodnika , reconstruction after SCHAUM BERG.
169
Cartilaginous Fis h es
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Ctenacanthiformes Family: Unnamed
NDRICHTHYES
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Heterodontoidei
-------
Heteropetalus elongatulus LUND (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch, Montana, U . S.A. Original: Carnegi e Museum of Natural History, Pitt s burgh, Pen n . , U . S .A.
Genus: Heteropetalus
LU ND , 1 97 7 .
: Heterodontus
de BLAINVILLE, 1 8 1 6.
nyms: Ces tracion , Drepanephorus , Gyropleurodus , Platy
Horizo n : Lower Carboniferous . Geograph ical distribution : North America. Features; Elongate shape. Snout elongate but truncate at en . Long, almost fin-fold-like dorsal fin extends almost from the midd le of the body into the posterior third . In front of it is a weak spine. Body tapers towards the caudal fin which is diphycercal with a broad lower lobe. Mouth slightly ventral . Teeth small but powerful . Der I denticles present only along the lateral line. Remarks : The teeth suggest a durophagous diet of snails, bi valves and other hard-shel led organisms.
, Pseudacrodus , Tropidotus .
ical distribution : Europe, South America, Africa, AustraNew Zealand . res : Relatively s mall slender sharks. Head relatively big. Two fins, each supported by a powerful spine. Spines smooth smaller than the fins. Pectofins large. Caudal fin short large lobes. Teeth pointed anterior part of jaw but plate posteriorly. : Small predatory fish-
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Carboniferous .
relatives: Closely related recent b u l l head shark Heteropetalus, reconstruction after LUND.
170
falcifer (WAGNER) (length c. 28 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Soln , (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Jura-Museum, Eichstatt, Germany.
tus .
Heterodontus sp . , a recent b u l lhead shark.
171
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Galeiformes Family: Heterodontidae
Cartilaginous F ishes Suborder: Heterodo ntoid ei
O NDRICHTHYES Galeiformes Orectolobidae
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Orectoloboidei Nurse Sharks
-------
Paracestracion zitteli (WAGNER) (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of oln hofen, (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pen n . U . S .A.
Genus: Paracestracion
KOKEN , 1 9 1 1 .
Horizo n : Upper Jurassic .
�:oa()n cirinensis SAINT-SEINE from the U pper Jurassic of Cerin , France. Original: Guimet d ' Histoire Naturelle, Lyon, France. Photograph: Lyon Museum.
: Corysodon
SAINT-SEINE, 1 949 .
n : Upper Jurassic.
Geographical distribution : Europe . Features: Paracestracion differs from Heterodontus essentially in that the dorsal spines show a fine tuberculation on the sides . The teeth have a median keel . Remarks : Some authors consider Paracestracion as a synonym of
Heterodontus ,
Recent relatives : Genus extinct. Distantly related to recent bul l i ln head sharks of the family Heterodontidae which is represent modern seas by one genus and eight species.
res : Small sharks with two triangular dorsal fins, one approxi at middle of back and the other in the posterior third . Pelvic anal fins obliquely beneath , Teeth smal l and rather Cutting edges not serrate. arks : The genus Corysodon recently been considered some authors as a synonym Palaeoscyllium .
to t h e recent n u rse Corysodon, reconstruction after SAINT SEINE.
172
1 73
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Galeiformes Family: Orectolobidae
Cartilaginous Fis h es
N DRICHTHYES
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Orectoloboidei Nurse Sharks
Suborder: Orectolo boid . el . Nurse S h a rk s
---
Orectolobus jurassicus WOODWARD (length e. 30 cm) from the Upper jurassic of
Solnhofen (Eiehstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Krauss Collection, Weissen burg, Germany.
Genus: Orectolobus
BONAPARTE, 1 838.
Geological range: Upper Jurassic to recent. Geographical distribution : Europe. Features: Small to middle-sized sharks. Body somewhat dorso ventrally flattened. The rou n ded pectoral fins smaller tha in Palaeocarcharias. Snout blunt. Caudal fin with large lower lob and small upper one. Remarks: This genus has re cently been taken as dou btful and assigned to Phorcyn is.
e. 86 em) from the Upper Jurassic of :nInhl"lfl�n (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Jura-Museum, Eichstatt, Germany.
: Palaeocarcharias
de BEAUMONT, 1 960.
:i8c)lolalcal range: Upper Jurassic. 'cal distribution: Europe. : M iddle-sized sharks. Spindle-shaped bodies. Head short rounded. Mouth almost terminal. Large triangu lar pectoral fins. dorsal fi ns and anal fin very posterior in position. Caudal fin with rounded end. Teeth with broad bases, elongate and S if viewed from side. : Predatory fishes.
relatives: Genus extinct. y rel ated to the rece nt sharks of the fam ily Orec iJIOt)idale which have 1 1 genera about 28 species in recent
Recent relatives: Su pposed to be closely related to the recent n u rse shark Orectolobus.
rk . Orectolobus wardi, a recent nurse s ha
1 74
"Blaleoc.arc/1arii3s stromeri BEAUMONT (length
Palaeocarcharias, reconstruction after BEAUMONT.
1 75
Cartilaginous Fish es Suborder: Orectoloboid ei Nurse Sh ar ks
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Galeiformes Family: Orectolobidae
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Orectoloboidei
--
emiliae KRAMBERGER (length c. 27 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Original: Henne Collection, Stuttgart, Germany. Phorcynis catulina THIOLLIERE from the Upper Jurassic of Cerin, France. Orig inal: Musee Guimet d ' Histoire Naturelle, Lyon, France.
Genus: Phorcynis
THl oLLI ERE , 1 854 .
Synonym s : Crossorhinus , Crossorhinops , Palaeocrossorhinus . Geological range: Upper J u rassic.
: Mesiteia
KRAMBERGER , 1 885.
ieal range: Upper Cretaceous. hical distributio n : M iddle East.
Geographical distributio n : Europe . Featu res : Small sharks with broad rounded pectoral fins and two dorsal fins. Pelvic fin obliquely opposite posterior dorsal fi and near to the pectoral fins. Head deep and with a short snout. Teeth small and asymmetrical. Maximum length c . 40 cm. Re marks : The placing of this genus in the Orectolobidae is disputed .
: Small sharks with elongate slender bodies. Head short deep. Nose pointed. Two well developed 'dorsal fins in poste half of body, the first lying obliquely opposite ventral fins. fins rounded. Anal fin fin-fold-like, beginning opposite the dorsal fin and continuing to end of second dorsal fin . Caudal similarly developed as a fin-fold on both sides . Anterior teeth with two lateral cusps. More posterior teeth asymmetrical . . Small sharks which probably lived near the bottom but swim well .
relatives : None. Extinct in the Upper Cretaceous.
Recent relatives : Genus extinct. Supposedly related to the re cent nurse sharks. Phorcynis, reconstruction after SA INT
SEINE.
176
177
CH ON DR ICH THY ES
Cartilaginous F is he s
N DRICHTHYES
Suborder: Lam nO i d e i Orde r: Gale iform es ae Fami ly: Otod ontid ----�---------------------------------------- ---
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Lamnoidei
---
lewisii (DAVIS) (length c. 65 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the : Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph:
Carcharocles megalodon (AGASSIZ) from the Miocene. Original: Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa.
G e n us : Carcharocles
JORDAN
& HANN IBAL, 1 920.
Procarcharodon . Syno n y m s : Carch arodo n, Mega selachus , ne. Geo l og ical rang e : M iddle Eocen e to Plioce
Australia, North America, G eog raphi cal d istribu tion : Europe , Africa , New Zealand . sia, ndone I south ern Asia, South Amer ica, reach length s of up Featu re s : Known only from huge teeth which h igh with finely serrate to 1 5 cm. The crown is triang ular, broad and cutting edges . arocles megalodon may Rema rks : Judg ing by the teeth , Carch . have reach ed a length of 30 m . ne. Rece nt relatives: Non e . Died out in the Plioce
Scapanorhynchus lewisii
WOODWARD,
1 889.
BOloQ lleal range: Lower Cretaceous to Recent. hieal d i stributi o n : Europe, southwestern Asia, Aust ralia, Zealand , Africa, South America. : Middle-sized sharks of slender shape. Snout g reatly d. Mouth ventral . Dorsal fi ns t riang u lar and re lat ively Caudal fin very long. Pectoral fins narrow and pointed . Pelvic small and angular. Anal fi n .
Predatory fishes.
relative s : Closely related recent goblin shark Scayn chus (=Mitsukurina) OCcurs as a great rarity i n seas.
Scapanorhynchus , reconstruction after MACMILLAN .
1 78
17
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Galeiformes Family: Anacoracidae
Cartilaginous F ish es Suborder: Lamno id ei
-------
CllONDRICHTHYES order: G aleiformes falllily: Scyliorhinidae
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Carcharhinoidei Cat Sharks
!at'....,lIrrln::lJ'PIlf'; hassei (yVOOOWARO) (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Squalicorax sp. (length c. 1 88 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Kansas, U SA Original : National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washinqton,
stattl. Bavaria, Germany. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fOr Munich, Germany.
D.C. , U . S.A.
Genus: Squalicorax
WHITLEY, 1 939 .
Synonyms : Anacorax, Corax, Xenolamia . Geological range : Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene. Geog raphical distribution : Europe, North America. Featu res : Large sharks . Snout pointed . Pectoral fins triangular. Teeth small or large according to species. Asymmet rically triangu lar. Cutting edges strongly serrated . Remarks : Predatory fishes. Recent relative s : None. Died out in Paleocene.
Macrourogaleus
FOWLER , 1 94 7 .
nyms: Pristiurus B80lo,olcal rang e : Upper Jurassic. ical d istribution: Europe. res : Very small representatives of the cat shark family which present are only known to a len gth of about 1 2 cm. The head is and blunt-ended . Probably two dorsal fins, the second one far posteriorly, almost at beginning of caudal fin. Anal fin .... ..."v ..·,,, long . Well developed caudal fin takes up almost one-third the length of fish . Teeth unknown. arks : Probably the oldest and most primitive representative of cat sharks. relatives: Possibly related to the recent cat sharks of the Scyliorh inidae .
180
181
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Galeiformes Family: Scyliorhinidae
Cartilaginous Fish s Suborder: Carcharhino idei . Cat Sha rk s
NDRICHTHYES Galeiformes Scyliorhinidae
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Carcharhinoidei Cat Sharks
----
Pa/aeosey/lium formosum WAGNER (length e. 60 em) from the Upper Jurass ic of Solnhofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Perner Col lecti on , Bad Homb rg.
e/ongatus (DAVIS) (length c. 23 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Original: Royal Museum of Scotland , Edinburgh, Scotland.
Germany.
Genus: Pa/aeoscyl/ium Geological range :
von der MARCK, 1 860 .
de BLAINvILLE, 1 82 5 .
: Scyllium , Thyel/ina .
Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous.
Geographical distribution:
Europe.
Features: Small slim sharks . Two triangular dorsal fins. Caudal fin elongate with the upper lobe larger. Mouth small . Teeth small, rather wide. Cutting edges not serrated . Remarks: Like recent cat sharks, they may have fed mainly on bivalves and crustacea. Recent relatives : Genus extinct. Distantly related to recent cat sharks of family Scylliorhinidae which are represented in mod ern seas by 1 7 genera and 86 spec ies .
Small sharks. Body slim and elongate. Pectoral fins . Two dorsal fins behind the middle of the body. Caudal fin and narrow. Pelvic fins roughly in the middle of the body. Head . Teeth poi nted . Cutt i n g not serrated . res:
May have fed , like re cat sharks, on crustacea, pods and bivalves .
arks:
nt relatives: Closely related the recent cat shark Scylio-
Pa/aeoseyl/ium, reconstruction afte r von der MARCK.
182
us: Scy/iorhingus
Seyliorhinus ste/laris, a recent cat shark.
183
CHONDRI CHTHYE S Order: Galeiformes Family: Scyliorhinidae? -- � � --
--
Cartilaginous Fish es
Suborder: Carcharhin o i d e i , Cat Sh a rk s ------------
CHONDRICHTHYE S Order: Galeiformes Family: Carcharhinidae
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Carcharhinoidei Dog Sharks
---------------
rcx.//:IIt:lIJ" boleensis CAPmA (length c . 1 1 0 cm) from the Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Un known shark (length e. 87 em) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Leba non. Original : Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
G e n u s : Un named . Geological range : U pper Cretaceous. Geog raphical distribution : M iddle East. Features: This middle-sized shark may perhaps represent a still u ndescribed g e n u s . Form slender. H ead long . Two trian g lar dorsal fin s . Caudal fin with a short lower lobe. Teeth small ndl painted with two lateral cusps.
Remarks : Judging by its shape, this fish may have hunted free swi mming prey. Recent relative s : Distantly, or perhaps even closely, related to the recent cat sharks of the family Scyliorhinidae which is repres nted in recent seas by 1 7 genera and about 86 species .
1l:i€!Olc)cical range : M iddle Eocene . rap hical d istribut ion : Europe . u res: Middle -sized shark with stream lined body. Head broad . s � all . Snout rounde d. Mouth somew hat ventral . Gape long . pOinted dorsal fins in the posteri or third of the body. Cauda l fin with the u pper lobe larger. Pector al fins long and pointed . : Bottom -dwellin g predfishes. nt relatives: Genus extinct. Iy related to the recen t sharks of the genus Galeus .
Galeus sp. , a recent dog shark. litho
graph from COUGH.
1 R4
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Galeiformes Family: Triakidae
Cartilaginous Fis h es Suborder: Carcharhinoi de i Hound Sharks
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Carcharhinoidei Hound Sharks
Order: Galeiformes family: Triakidae
' Galeorhinus cuvieri (AGASSIZ) (length c. 78 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
""rR'ma�rIS curtirostris (DAVIS) (length c . 29 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U K (P4022 ) .
Gen us: Galeorhinus Geological range:
de BLAINVILLE & PREVOST, 1 8 1 8 .
Upper Cretaceous to Recent.
Europe , northern Africa, northern Asia. Featu res : Middle-sized slender sharks . Head long . Pectoral fins long and pointed . Two small dorsal fins. Long caudal fin with the u pper lobe larger than the lower. Teeth short with the pOints directed rearwards. Lower part of posterior cutting edge coarsely serrated . Geographical distribution:
R a p i d l y swi m m i n g predatory fishes . Rema rks:
Recent relatives: Closely related to recent representatives of the genus Ga/eorhinus .
logical range:
HERMAN , 1 97 7 .
Upper Cretaceous.
..Ct,\nr<:>nlr'l' cal distribution:
Europe, Middle East.
res : Small slender sharks . Head long . Snout somewhat . Pectoral fins large, triangular. Caudal fin long , probably upward . Teeth small and pointed with the points directed . Cutting edges not serrated . : Little predatory fishes may mainly have fed on and other small orisms . Genus extinct. related to the recent dogfish Triakis .
relatives:
Galeorhinus, reconstruction after CAPETTA .
1 86
us: Paratriakis
Triakis semifasciatus , a recent smooth dogfish.
1 87
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Galeiformes Family: Triakidae
Cartilaginous Fish e s Suborder: Hexanchoide i Sand Shark s
------�---
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Galeiformes? family: Unnamed
Cartilaginous Fishes
(
Hexanchus gracilis (DAVIS) length c. 29 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Lebanon . Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U.K.
(
amed shark length c. 67 cm) from the Lower J u rass i c of Ho lzmade n ,·'''''' '''''' � berg, Germa ny. Origina l: Staatlic hes Museum fUr Naturk unde, Stuttga rt
Genus: Hexanchus
RAFINESQUE, 1 8 1 0 .
Synonyms: Notidanus. Geological range:
ue10lcla ical range:
Upper Jurassic to recent .
Geographical distribution :
Middle East, Australia, Europe .
R a p i d ly swi m m i n g
predators. Recent relatives: Closely related to recent cow sharks of the ge nus Hexanchus . The family is represented by three genera and four species i n recent seas.
Hexanchus griseus, shark.
1 RR
Lower Jurass ic.
raphical distribution :
Features: Small to middle-sized sharks with relatively short rou ded head. One dorsal fin , located posteriorly. Caudal fin long with u er lobe larger than the lower. Teeth broad with one large cusp and five small ones directed rearwards. Remark s :
:
Europ e. M i ? dle � sized fishes with a slende r body. Head long and passin g Into a rostrum broad at the base and taperi ng . Eyes small. �wo short but powerful spines dorsa lly, each ,nr'r\YT· , n,.., a dorsa l fin . Vertebral colum n calcifi ed . : Systematic positio n u ncertain . A rostrum is unusu al in a from the Lower Juras sic. The calcifi ed verteb ral colum n that it belong s to the mode rn sharks ( Neose lachii) . nt relatives: None . Died out in Lower Juras sic. ures:
the recent sa nd
1 89
Cartilaginous Fishes
CHONDRICHTHYE S
Cartilaginous Fishes
Suborder: Squalo i d ei Spiny DogfiSh es
Order: Squaliformes Family: Squalidae
Suborder: Squaloidei Spiny Dogfishes
Centrophoroides latidens DAVIS (length c. 37 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Lebanon. Original: The Natural History Museum, London , U . K . (P402 1 ) .
G e n u s : Centrophoroides
DAvls,
1 887.
Geological range: Upper Cretaceous . Geograph ical di stributio n : M iddle East. Featu res : Slender sharks with pOinted snout. Two dorsal fins. The first is supported by a powerful spine which projects above the fin. The second small dorsal fin is associated with a spine whose l ength is at most one-third of the height of the fi n . Pectoral fins large and triangular. Caudal fin relatively short. Teeth broad with a short cusp directed rearward s .
Rem arks : Predatory fishes that fed not only on smaller fishes but perhaps also , or even mainly, on crustaceans and other inver tebrates .
Recent relatives: Genus extinct. Distantly related to recent dog- . fishes of the family Squalidae.
Squalus sp . , a recent spiny d ogfish
Lithograph from CUVIER.
1 90
.
annectens WOODWARD (length c . 1 46 cm) from the Upper jurassic of Bavaria, Germ any. Origin al: Bayer ische Staatssamm lung fUr - I('OIOClie . Munic OUf h, Germany. .
1 91
CHONDRICHTHYE S
Order: Squaliformes Family: Squalidae
Cartilaginous Fis he s
Cartilaginous Fishes
Suborder: Squalo i de i Spiny Dogfishe
Suborder: S quatinoidei Angel Sharks
Protospinax , reconstruction after WOODWARD.
Genus: Protospinax
WOODWARD , 1 9 1 9 .
Geological range : U pper Jurassic. Geograph ical distribution: Europe. Features: M i dd le-sized s h arks with a dorso -ventrally flattened body. Head rounded . Gill slits latero-ventral . Very large pectoral fin s . Pelvic fins also relatively large . Two small dorsal fi ns, each supported by a short spine. Caudal fin small and tapering to a oint. Teeth broad! and more or less flat. Remarks: Probably more bottom-dwelling than free -swim Dentition suggests that they preferred shelly food .
ing .
Recent relatives: Genus extinct. Distantly related to recent dog fishes of the family Squalidae which are represented by 1 8 ge ne ra and 7 1 species in modern oceans.
.alifera (MUNSTER) (lengt h c. 96 cm) from the Uppe r Jurassic of Soln Bavaria, Germ any. Origi nal: I nterfo ss, Muni ch. Germ any.
(E'Iehstatt) , 1 92
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Squaliformes Family: Squatinidae
Cartilaginous Fis h e s
Suborder: Squatinoi dei . Angel S ha rks
Cartilaginous Fishes
CHONDRICHTHYES
Suborder: Rhinobatoidei Guitarfishes
Order: Raj iformes Fam ily: Rhinobatidae
THIOLLIERE (length c 1 1 0 cm) from the Upper J urassic of Soln Bavana, Germany. Onglnal: Museum Berger, Harthof bei Eichstatt,
bugesiacus
.
.
Squatina australis ,
a recent angel shark.
G e n u s : Pseudorhina
JAEKEL, 1 898 .
Thaumas , Trigenodus . Syn ony m s : Squatina , Rhin a, ssic to Pleis toce ne. Geo logical ran g e : U ppe r Jura a, pe, Mid dle Eas t, nort hern A1ric Geo g raph ical dist ribu tion : Euro Aus tra l i a . Gill slits i ke sha rks. Head roun ded . Feature s : M iddl e-si zed ray - l pelvic t end of head . Pectoral and latera l . Mou th vent ral but at fron of tail. fins situated at n arrow end fins l arge . Two sma ll dors al der than t al l . Cau dal fin smal l . Teeth broa ks. Rem arks : Bottom- dwe lling shar tl a.rks Clos ely rela ted to the ang el s Rec ent rel ativ es : Gen us extin ct. s in ie c spe is repr ese nted by 1 1 of the gen us Squ a tina whi ch mod ern seas .
.
: Aellopos
MONSTER, 1 836.
nyms: Euryarthra , Spathobatis . range: Upper Jurassic . cal distribution : Europe. res : Pri m itive rays , still somewhat l i ke s harks i n shape Inrc,,,,, " "ntral body flattening is extreme only towards the pecto � i fIns. The I att�r are fused with the sides of the head and the . and gIll sitts ar� ventra I , all of which are true ray character . . The long snout IS a stnkfeature. M ales with rod-like on the pelvic fi ns. smal l , round and present large numbers . : Bottom-dwellers with u s diet .
relatives: Genus extinct. related to recent guiof the family Rhinoba-
Ael/opos, reconstruction after WOODWARD.
1 95
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Rajiformes Family: Rhinobatidae
Cartilaginous Fis h e
Cartilaginous Fishes
Suborder: Rhinobat oi d ei Gui tarf ish e s
Suborder: Rhinobatoidei Guitarfishes
cal rang e : Upper Jurassic . IAnn r",n h ical d istri buti on : Euro pe . . Midd le-si zed rays . Like Aellopos but with out the long Pec tora l fins broa d . Pelv ic fins roun ded . Dors al fins eac h a sma ll spin e. Bod y not dee p. Tail thin , with a sma ll caud al fin . cov ered with scal es whic h carry star -sha ped derm al den Teeth not known . : Bottom -dw eller s.
rela tives: Gen us extin ct. Dist antly relat ed to recent guit ar of the fam ily Rhi nob atid ae .
of er j u rassic Asterodemus piatypterus AGASSIZ (length e . . 46 em) f�m th e U Solnhofen (Eiehstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Onglnal: Jura- useum, E�statt. 1 Q j:\
1 97
CHONDRICHTHYE S
Cartilaginous Fish e s
Cartilaginous Fishes
Suborder: Rhinobatoi d ei . G uitarfis h e s
Order: Raj iformes Family: Rhinobatidae
Suborder: Rhinobatoidei G uitarfishes
Belemnobatis sismondae THIOLLIERE (length c. 40 cm) from the Upper j urassic of
Cerino France. Original: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden.
G e n u s : Belemnobatis
THloLLIERE,
1 854.
Geological rang e : U pper Ju rassic. Geographical d istributio n : Europe. Featu res : Middle-sized rays. Disc wider than long . Pelvic fins I ng and rounded . Dorsal fins large, close together and with a protec tion of thorns. Tail (behind pelvic fins) shorter than rest of animal. Teeth wide with sharp crest. Rem arks : Bottom -dwellers. Recent rel atives: Genus extinct. Distantly related to recent gui tar fishes of the family Rhinobatidae.
�akelensis CAPETTA (length c. 28 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the . al: Ongln Staatlic hes Museum fur Naturku nde. Stuttga rt, German y.
, ·�",u"
1 QR
a
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Raj iformes Family: Rhinobatidae
Cartilaginous Fishes
Suborder: Rhinobatoi d e i . Guitarfish es
Rhinobatos granulatus, a recent guitarfish .
Genus: Rhinobatos
LINCK, 1 790.
Synonyms: Rhinobatus . Geological ra nge: Lower Cretaceous to recent. G eograph ical distributi o n : Europe, northern Africa, M iddle East . Features : Middle-sized rays . Rostrum pOinted . Dorsal fins located very posteriorly. Caudal fin lacks lower lobe. Skin covered with seed-like placoid scales . Teeth smal l , each with two lateral exten sions, forming a pavement . M aximum length 2 m or more. Remarks : Durophagous bottom-dwe'll e r.
CH ONDRICHTHYES Order: Rajiformes fam ily: Rhinobatidae
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Rhinobatoidei Guitarfishes
rajoides CAPETTA (length c. 42 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany.
: Rhombopterygia
CAPETTA, 1 980.
ogical range: Upper Cretaceous . raphical distribu tio n : M iddle E;ast . res : Small rqys . Disc q uadrilateral. Only slightly broader than . Tail about as long as d isc . N asal capsule elliptical . Teeth with stout crown . : Durophagous bottom-dweller.
re l atives: Genus extinct. Distantly related to recent guitar of the family Rhinobatidae.
Recent relatives: Closely related to recent members of the gen us Rhinobatos of the family Rhinobatidae. The latter is represented in recent seas by seven genera and 45 species .
200
201
Cartilaginous Fish e s Rhinobatoi d ei Suborder: . Guitarfis h es
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Rajiformes Family: Rhinobatidae
of Monte Trigonorhina dezignii HECKEL (length c. 79 cm) fr�m the Middle Eocene 8olca, Italy. Original: Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austna
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Rajiformes family: Rhinobatidae
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Rhinobatoidei Guitarfishe
bichuti SIG (length c. 47 cm) from the Eocene of St. Vaas les Mello Oise Ori�inal: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Phot graph: Pans.
o'
Genus: Trigonorhina Geological range:
M OLLER & HENLE, 1 838.
Eocene to recent.
Europe . very Features : Middle-s ized rays. Disc oval , pointed anteriorl y. Tail n powerful at base but pointed posterio rly, somewhat longer tha the disc. Remarks: Bottom-dwellers but probably also free-swimming.
us: Zapteryx
:i8C)lQ(1IC'3. 1 range: Eocene to recent. cal distribution:
Geographical distribution:
Closely re lated to recent members of the genus Recent relatives:
JORDAN & GILBERT, 1 880.
I
Europe.
�
res : iddle-sized relativ�ly primitive rum . DIsc almost circular. Pelvic fins
rays with a short pointed small and rounded . Tail short . No spines. Probably two dorsal fins. : Bottom-dwelling.
relatives: Closely related recent members of the genus teryx .
Trigonorhina .
ray after Trigonorhina fasciata, a recen t WAITE.
Zapteryx brevirostris, a recent ray after BIGELOW.
Cartilaginous Fish e s
CHONDRICHTHYE S
ONDRICHTHYES
Suborder: Raj oidei True Rays and Skates
Sl!border: Rhinob at o i de i
Order: Raj iformes Family: Platyrhinidae
Cartilaginous Fishes
-
expansa (DAVIS) (c. 23 23 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Leba . Onglnal: Siber & Siber Collection, Aathal, Switzerland. co
Platyrhina egertoni de ZIGNO (length c. 55 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civica di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
ont
: Pararaja
Gen u s : Platyrhina
MOLLER
& HENLE, 1 838.
Geo log ical range : Eocene to recent. Geographical d istributio n : Europe.
CAPETIA,
1 980.
ogical rang e : Upper Cretah ical distributio n : Middle
Featu res : M iddle-sized rays . Disc large and roun d . Tail shari, at most half as long as the disc. Two dorsal fins. Caudal fin s ail . Teeth unknown . Re marks : Durophagous bottom-dweller. Recent relatives: Closely related to recent members of the genus Pla tyrhina .
: Bottom -dwell ing and
laH - �\�," rn m i n g .
rel ative s : Distant rela of the recent skates (family which are represented the oceans by 1 4 genera and
1 90 species.
Platyrhina schoenleinii, a rece nt platY rhinid guitarfish.
?04
Raja batis, the recent common skate. Lithograph from BLOCH.
205
Cartilaginous Fish es Suborder: Raj oi dei
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Rajiformes Family: Cyclobatidae
-------
Cyclobatis major DAVIS (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Lebanon.
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Raji formes family: Sc1erorhynchidae
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Sc1 erorhynchoidei
solomonis (HAY) (length c. 53 cm) from the Upper Cretaceo us of the Lebanon. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkun de, Stuttgart, Germany .
Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Genu s : Cyclobatis
EGERTON, 1 844.
Geological range: Lower Cretaceous. Geographical d i stribution : M iddle East. Features: Little skates with a circular disc. Tail of medium length to very short , carrying two or three rows of angular spines . In dorsal aspect the pelvic fins completely covered by pectoral fins No dorsal fins on the tail. N u merous very small teeth. Remarks: Durophagous bottomdwellers.
""" ..,r uILILJica l ran g e: Upper Cretaceous. \ l'.-o,"'1"1,·<>n hical d istributio n : M iddle East. ,,-...... ,11[ ... ,.. :
Rostru m relatively short and blunt, carryin g small teeth the sides. Pectoral fins small , extend ing back to the pelvic fins. broad at base but ending in a point. The anterio r teeth are """"''',,''' and about 2 . 5 mm high while the poster ior teeth are blunt. : Probab ly bottom -dwellin g and free-swimming . relatives: None. Died out in the Upper Cretaceous.
Recent relative s : Genus extinct. Perhaps distantly related to the skates (Rajidae) .
Cyclobatis , reconstruction after ARAMBOURG & BERTIN.
206
207
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Rajiformes Family: Sclerorhynchidae
Cartilaginous Fis h e s
Suborder: Sclerorhynch o i d e i
CHONDRICHTHYES
Order: Rajiformes Family: Sclerorhynchidae
Cartilaginous Fishes
Suborder: Scl erorhy nch oid ei
, reconstruction after MACMILLAN.
: Sclerorhynchus
WOODWARD, 1 889.
ym : GanopristiS
� : Upp er Cretaceous to Pale oce ne. �'l"Ir�' ''' h ical dist ri but ion : Europe , Africa , M iddl e Eas t. . Max imu m leng th c . 1 m . Ros trum narrow and blun t an with n ume rou s sma ll tee th at the side s. Pec tora l fins not large and exte ndin g bac k to the pelv ic fin s . Tail bro ad at but end ing in a poin t. Tw o dorsal fins , close tog eth er. Ant erio r poin ted , bec omi ng blun ter pos teri orly . : Bot tom -dw ellin g and free -sw imm ing . rela tive s : Non e. Die d out in Pal eoc ene . ical
ra ng
of Sc/erorhynchus atavus WOODWARD (length c. 68 cm) from the U pper C retaceou s the Lebanon. Original: Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germ an Y.
209
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Raj iformes Family: Torpedinidae
Cartilaginous Fish e s
Suborder: Torpedin oi dei .. E lectric Ra ys
NDRICHTHYES
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Torpedinoidei
-
Torpedo sp . ? (length c. 38 cm) from the Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museum fUr Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany.
G e n u s : Torpedo
HOUnUYN , 1764.
: Narcine
Synony m : Narcobatus Geological range: M iddle Eocene to recent. Geograph i cal d i stributio n : Europe. Features : Middle-sized fishes with strongly disc-shaped , anteriorly rounded bodies. Eyes smal l . Mouth ventral . Tail round i n transverse section and relatively short. Two dorsal fins . Pectoral fins do not extend to the anterior end of the head . Skin naked . Teeth probably s m all . R e m arks : Bottom-dwelling ge nus with a predatory mode of life . Whether they al ready had an electric organ between the head and the pectoral fins i s not establ ished . Recent relatives: Probably re lated to recent electric rays of the genus Torpedo which i s represented by 1 3 species in modern seas. ?1 n
molini JAEKEL (length c . 90 cm) from the Midd le Eocene of Bolca , , Italy. : Unlverslta dl Padova, Padua, Italy. Photograph : Universita di Padova.
Torpedo sp. , a recent electric ray·
HENL E, 1 834 .
cal rang e : Lower Eoc ene to rece nt. 1 ,,,, ,.,,, .,, h ical d i st ribution : Euro pe , nort hern and western Afric a. s: Disc elon gate d . Wel l deve lope d pelv ic fin s . Tail abo ut as as the rest of the �ody . One dors al fin , app roxim ately i n m iddle . Cau dal fin narr ow. Max im u m leng th c. 1 m . : D u roph agou s bottom- dwe ller.
rela tive s : Clos ely related rece nt elec tric ray Nar-
Narcine brunez, a recent electric ray.
CH ON DR IC HT HY ES Ord er: Raj ifor me s Fam ily: Oas yat ida e
Cartilaginous Fishes
Car tila gin ous Fish e s
Suborder: Myliobatoidei Stingrays
Suborde r: Mylio� atoi d e i ' StIn gr a yS
�==�--�-------------------=====-===�---
sp., a recent stingray. Lithograph from COUGH.
Ifnrlnvm c:: :
Oasybatis, Oasyatis , Palaeodasybatis , Xiphotrygus .
I rang e : Upper Cretaceous to Pleistocene.
raphical di stribution : Europe, North America, northern Africa, Austral ia, Indonesia. res : D i sc approximately circular. Tail very long and whip-like . small thorn-like spines along the dorsal mid li ne. No rostrum . mately i n the middle of the tail th ree long, finely serrated Maximum length c. 1 m. : I n habit fresh water .
relatives : Can be seen as forerunners of the stingrays (see
th c. 40 cm) from the Eocene Heliobatis radians MARSH (leng
U.S .A f Wyom ing,
0
ch, . Germ any. Origi nal: Frick hinge r Colle ction , Muni 'J 1 'J
21 3
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Rajiformes Family: Dasyatidae
Cartilaginous Fish
S
Suborder: Myliobato i d ei . Stin g ra yS
CHONDRICHTHYES
Cartilaginous Fishes
Order: Rajiformes family: Myliobatidae
Suborder: Myliobatoidei Eagl e Rays
--
Trygon muricata (VOLTA) (length c. 73 cm) from the Eocene of Bolca, Italy. On i nal: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Trygon
r'nJ/'''ym'Jvi::I lIS gazo/ae (de Z,G NO) (length c. 45 cm) from the Eocene of Bolca, Italy. : Museo CiVICO di Stona Naturale, Verona, Italy.
u s : Promy/iobatis
CUVIER, 1 8 1 7 .
JAEKEL, 1 894 .
G eological ran g e : Mi ddle Eocene.
�tllo lc)a ical range� M iddle Eocene .
Geograph ical d i stribution : Europe.
l.ojj �lnnr�rl h ical d i stri butio n : E u rope.
Features: Disc approximately circular. No rostru m . Tail long and t h i n . Long spine at end of tai l . I n dorsal aspect pelvic fins covered by the pectorals . Teeth blunt.
C?
�
: Probab ly more free-sw imming than bottom -dwellin g.
Rem arks: Marine fishes. Recent relatives : Can be seen as forerunners of the sting rays which are assigned to the same family (Dasyatidae) represented by five recent genera and more than 50 recent speCies . M ost live in the sea, but some belong exclusively i n fresh water.
relatives : Can be seen a foreru nner of the eagle rays , togeth er with their clos relativ es, have four gener a 24 specie s in recent seas.
Trygon, reconstruction after J AEKE L.
?1 4
: Disc transversely rhomb ic. Pector al fins extend to ros . ne smal 1 dor al fin . Teeth large, flat and hexago nal. Tail long . thi n . Flat fin splne- covere d with denticl es .
Aetobatus sp., a recent eagle ray.
215
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Rajiformes Family: Urolophidae
Cartilaginous Fish e s
Subord er: Myliobato i d e i . Round R ay
Urolophus crassicaudatus EASTMAN (length c. 80 cm) from the Middle Eoce
"
of
Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Urolophus
MO LLER
CH ONDRICHTHYE S
�'lnrpnr:nplv'" problematica TRAQUAIR (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Lower Carbonifer
of Eskdale, Scotland. Original: National Museum of Scotland , Edinburgh, U.K.
Chondrenchelys
& H ENLE, 1 838.
Geolog i cal range: M iddle Eocene to recent. Geographical distribution: Europe.
Remarks : Bottom-dwelling fishes . Recent relative s : Related to recent rou n d rays of the genus Urolophus . The fam i ly U rolo phidae i s represented by two genera and 30 species in re cent seas .
TRAQUAIR,
1 888.
ogi cal range :\ Lower Carbon iferous . ,. ...rlnr�'n h ical
Feat u res: Middle-sized rays. Disc circular, completely fused aroJ nd the head . Eyes smal l . Mouth wide, situated on the lower surface . . Tail stout and short. No dorsal fin . Caudal fin elongate and roun ded.
Cartilaginous Fishes
Order: Chondrenchelyiformes family: Chondrenchelyidae
d istri bution : Europe.
res : Small cartilag inous fishes of elongate shape. Head Mouth slightly ventral . Eyes relatively large. Body tapers . a pOint posterio rly. Dorsal fin fin-fold-l ike, passes into the caudal which passes in turn into the anal fin . Pectoral fi ns biserial . mum length 1 5 cm.
1In",n<:> ·t0 .
arks : Probably free-swimnt re latives : None. Died out Lower Carb oniferous .
Urolophus halleri, a recent roun d ray.
Chondrenchelys ,
reconstruction after
ORLOV.
21 6
21 7
Cartilaginous Fis he s
CHONDRICHTHYES
Order: Chondrenchelyiformes Family: Chondrenchelyidae
CHONDRICHTHYES
Order: Iniopterygiiformes Family: Iniopterygiidae
Cartilaginous Fishes
Harpagofututor vo/sellorhinus LUND (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch, Montana, U . S.A. Original: Carnegie Museum of Natural History, PI s burgh, Penn . , U . S.A.
Iniopteryx rushlaui ZANGERL & CASE (length c . 24 cm) from the Upper Carboniferous of Nebraska, U .S.A. Original: American Museum of Natural History, New York, N . Y . ,
Genus: Harpagofututor
Genus : Iniopteryx
LUND,
1 982 .
U.S.A.
ZANGERL & CASE, 1 9 73.
Geological range : Lower Carboniferous.
Geological range: Upper Carboniferous.
Geographical distribution: North America.
Geographical distribution: North America.
Features: Small chondrichthyan s with slender body tapering t o a point posteriorly. Head elongated with a beak-like curve of the upper jaw. Mouth somewhat ventral. Dentition with strong roun ed teeth. Eyes relatively large. Pectoral fins biserial . Maximum le ngth
Feat � res: Plump middle-s ized fishes . Head relatively large and " ma slve. Nose extended somewh at anteriorl y. Eyes large. Simple conIcal teeth . Pectoral fins small with the first fin ray elongated in males . A row of powerful spines mid-dor sally behind the head . Dorsal f i n s m a l l . C a u d a l f i n rounded . Pelvic fins with a rod like jointed appen dage (ptery-
scarcely more than 1 0 c m .
Remarks: Dentition suggests a du rophagous d iet.
�
9opo d i u m) .
Recent relatives: None. Died out in the Lower Carboniferous.
Remarks: Bottom dwellers, but probably also capable of free SWi m m i n g . Recent relatives: None. Died out In the Upper Carboniferous. Harpagofutu tor, LUND.
21 8
r reconstruct io n afte
Iniopteryx, reconstruction after ZANGERL & CASE.
?1 Q
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Iniopterygiiformes Family: Sibyrhynchidae
Cartilaginous Fis hes
Cartilaginous Fishes
Order: Iniopterygiiformes Family: Sibyrhynchidae
--------�-
Iniopera richardsoni ZANGERL & CASE (length c. 24 cm) from the Upper Carboniferous of Pike County, Indiana, U . S.A. Original: Cleveland Museum of Natural Histo ry, Cleveland, Ohio, U . S . A .
Genus: Iniopera Geological range:
ZANGERL &
CASE, 1 973.
Upper Carboniferous.
North America. Features: Plump middle-sized fishes. Head small. Strong dentition of plate-like teeth . A row of pointed spines in the dorsal mid-line j st behind the head . Dorsal fin smal l . Caudal fin probably round ed. Pelvic fin with a pointed rod- like posteriorly jointed appen dage (pterygopod i u m) .
Geographical distribution :
R e m arks : B o tt o m - d we l l e rs , p robably scarcely capable of free swimming.
Sibirhynchus denisoni ZANGERL & CASE (length c. 20 cm) from the Upper Carbonifer ous of Pike County, Indiana, U . S.A. Original: Cleveland Museum of Natural History ' Cleveland, Ohio, U . S.A.
Genus: Sibirhynchus Geological range:
ZANGERL &
CAS E , 1 97 3 .
Upper Carboniferous.
Geographical distribution:
North America.
Plum � middle-sized fishes. Head smal l . Lower jaw with anterior � rocess . Dorsal fin small. Caudal fin probably rounded. Pectoral fins supported by spines of which the first is particularly strong and bears thorns on its upper surface. Pelvic fin small, with a rod- like jOinted appendage (pterygopodi u m) .
�
Feat res: a pOinted
Remarks: Bottom dwellers, prob ably scarcely capable of free
Swimm i n g .
None. Died out in U pper Carboniferous. Recent relatives:
Recent relatives: None. Died in Uppe r Carboniferous.
out
Iniopera, reconstruction after ZANGE RL &
Sibirhynchus ,
CASE.
ZANGERL & CASE
re c o n s t ru c t i o n
after
22 1
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Iniopterygiiformes Family: Unnamed
Cartilaginous Fish es
Unnamed iniopterygiiform fish (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch, Montana, U . S . A. Original: Adelphi University, Garden City, N .J . , U.S .
Genus:
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Iniopterygiiformes Family: Unnamed
Cartilaginous Fishes
iniopterygiiform fish (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Gulch, Montana. Original: Adelphi University, Garden City, N .J . , U . S . A .
U nnamed.
Geological range:
Lower Carboniferous.
North America. Features : Small, still undescribed fishes. Head large, rounded anteriorly. Eyes very large, directed upwards. Pectoral fins unusu ally long, each with eight strong rays.
Geog raphical distribution:
Remarks:
The upward directed eyes suggest a bottom dweller.
Recent relatives :
None. Died out in Lower Carboniferous.
logicall range:
Lower Carboniferous.
hical distribution:
North America. : Smal l , still undescrib ed fishes. Body plump, drawn out a point posteriorl y. Head short. Just behind head , in mid-dorsal a branched antler-like outgrowth . One dorsal fin and small fins presen t. : Probably free-swimming, but certainly not expert swimrelatives:
None. Died out in Lower Carboniferous.
223
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Unnamed Family: Unnamed
Cartilaginous Fis h es
Suborder: Cochliodon to i d ei
�
---
CHONDRICHTHYES
Order: Unnamed Fetmily: Unnamed
---------� ---------------
Unnamed cochliodontoid fish (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous 0 1 Bear Gulch, Montana, U . S.A. Original: Adelphi U niversity, Garden City, N.J. , U .S.A.
cochliodo ntoid fish (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Lower Carbonife rous of Bear , Montana, U . S .A. Original: Adelphi University, Garden City, N.J., U . S . A .
: Unnamed .
G e n u s : Un named . Geolog ical range: Lower Carboniferous. Geograp h i cal d i stributio n : North America. Feat u res: Smal l , still undescribed fishes. Head smal l , snout pOi ted. Strong dentition . Eyes large . Two strong dorsal fins. The first with a long thorn anteriorly. Body pointed posteriorly. Males ave a
"
gical range: Lower Carboniferous. raph ical d istr lbutio n : North America. res : Smal l , still undesc ribed fishes. Head small with large and strong dentitio n . Body rather plu m p . Short thorn in the One dorsal fin very posterio r.
copulation hook on the ventral fin . Anal fin narrow and long .
: The strong dentition IOrc:atE3s a duroph agous diet.
Remarks : The strong dentition indicates a durophagous diet.
re latives: None. Died out Lower Carb onife rous .
Recent re latives: None. Died out i n Lower Carboniferous.
._;r---:Q-.-',----{!J'N" ..
Reconstruction after LUND
224
Cartilaginous Fishes Suborder: Cochliodontoidei
Reconstruction after LUND.
225
CHONDRICHTHYE S
Order: Unnamed Family: Unnamed
Cartilaginous Fish e s
Suborder: Cochliodontoi d e i
�=-�----------------------------------------------
Unnamed cochliodontoid fish (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch , Montana, U . S . A. Original: Adelphi University, Garden City, N . J . , U . S.A
CH ONDRICHTHYE S
Order: Unnamed Family: Unnamed
Cartilaginous Fishes
Suborder: Cochliodontoidei
Unnamed cochliod ontoid fish (length c. 9 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch , Montan a, U . S.A. Original : Adelphi Universi ty, Garden City, N . J . , U . S .A.
Genus: Unnamed . Geological range: Lower Carboniferous.
Geologi cal range; Lower Carboniferous.
Geographical distribution : North America.
Geographi cal distribution : North America.
Remarks: Probably free-swimming.
Features: Small, still undes cribed fish . Body rather plump . Head . Snout flatten ed . Mouth ventra l . Strong dentit ion. Two rows of �,in t,...rI spines on the dorsa l surfac e of the body. Proba bly two fins, with a weak spine at front of first one. Cauda l fin with r and lower lobes simila r to other and triangular. Male claspers on pelvic fins.
Features: Small, still undescribed fishes . H ead elon��te. Sn out pointed . Strong dentition . Two nasal � pin� s. Many oc clpltal sp i ne s, . curved, directed rearwards and ending In sharp pOints . Recent relatives: None. Died out in Carboniferous.
: Probably free-swim -
relatives: None . Died out Car bon ifero us .
Reconstruction after LUND.
226
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Unnamed Family: Menaspidae
Cartilag inous Fishe s S�bor der: Menasp o i d e i
Ca rti lag in ou s Fi sh es Su bo rder: Me na sp oid ei
------
Oeitoptychius sp. (length c. 50 cm) from the Upper Carboniferous of Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland, U . K . Original: The Natural Hi story Museum, London, U .K. (P62092). Photograph: Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, U . K .
G e n u s : Oeltoptychius MORRIS & ROBERTS, 1 862 . S y n o n y m s : Listracanthus , Pnigeacan thus , Platacanthus , Platy canthus, Streblodus . Geo logical ran g e : Lower to Upper Carbon iferous. Geographical distributio n : Europe, North America. Features: Mi ddle-sized menaspoid fishes. Body wide anteriorly but tapering behind into the tai l . Head narrow. Snout broadly point ed. On the dorsal surface anteriorly are two rows posteriorly poi t i n g spines. More posteriorly is another row, in the dorsal mid line. The upper part of the end of the tail has a fin-fold-like fin . Pecto ral fins ro unded elongate and very large. Remarks : Probably living near the bottom with a durophagous diet. Recent relatives : None. Died out i n Upper Carboniferous.
Oeitoptychius , reconstruction aft er the Hunterian Museum.
armata EICHWALD (len gth . c. 1 6 em) fr°m t he Upper Per mia n of Eisl . Orig inal : Mus eum fUr ebe n, Naturkunde , Berl In, G erm any .
Cartilaginous Fishe s
CHONDRICHTHYES
Suborder: Menasp oid ei
Order: Unnamed Family: Menaspidae
Menaspis , reconstruction after Moy-THOMAS & MILES.
G e n u s : Menaspis
EICHWALD ,
1 848.
Synonyms: Asima , Radamus .
CHONDRICHTHYE S
Cartilaginous Fishes
Ord er: Unnamed F amily: Menaspidae
Suborder: Menaspoidei
Acanthorhina jaekeli FRAAS (length c. 50 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of Holzmaden
Wurttemberg , Germany. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Stuttgart Germany. Photograph: Lumpe, Stuttgart.
Gen u s : Acan thorhina
FRAAS,
:
1 91 1 .
Geological range : Lower Jurassi c .
Geolog ical range: U pper Permian.
Geographical diStributi o n : Europe.
G eograph ical d i stribution : Europe.
Feat u res : Head tapering anteriorly to a long pointed rostral carti lage. Male with a small frontal spine. Strong fin spine i n front of the dorsal fi n . Dentition is a pair of flat, undulating tooth plates in . upper Jaw and th ree pairs i n the lower jaw .
d a short th ick Feat u re s : Elongate body. On each side of the he� cO me th r� e Behind e. surfac ate bercul tu a triangu lar spine with . IS consl one second the which of , spines h thinne r curved smoot covered w ith erably longer than the two others . Head and trunk covered with longitu dinally d i rected placoid scales which are partly small plates. of on Dentiti like. seedare thorns or keeled and partly
Remarks: Durophagous bottom dwellers .
Remarks : Bottom-dwelling with durophagous diet . Recent relatives : None. Died out In Lower J u rassic.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Permian .
Acanthorhina, reconstruction after FRAAS.
231
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Chimaeriiformes Family: Echinochimaeridae
CHONDRICHTHYES Order: Chimaeriiformes Family: Chimaeridae
Cartilaginous Fis hes Suborder.: Echinochimaeroi d i
�
Lower Car onife rous of Bear (leng th c. 8 cm) from the Echinochimaera meltoni LUND Natu ral HistO ry, Pittsburg h, of eum Mus inal: Carn egie Gulc h, Mon tana , U . S .A. Orig Penn . , U . S.A.
1 97 7 .
Ge nus : Echinochimaera LUN D, ifero us. Geo logi cal ran ge : Lower Car bon Am eric a. . Geo gra phic al d istri but i o n : North pe with long pOI ted sha ed ress dep of s aera chim Fea tures : Dwarf sal th slig htly ventral . On the dor tai l . Head sho rt. Eyes larg e. Mou Two es, som e of the m bra nch ed . surface of the head a few spin , long a by ted por sup upright and dorsal fins , of whi ch the first is anteriorly serrated spin e . On the tail is a row of rearward poin ting thorns. Remarks : Free-swimming , duro phagous in diet. Recent relatives : None. Died out in Lower Carboniferous.
nstr ucti on Ech inoc him aera , reco
LUND.
aft e r
Cartilaginous Fishes Order: Chimaeroidei Chimaeras
Ischyodus quenstedti WAGNER (length c. 1 42 cm) from the Upper J u rassic of Soln hofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original : Bayerische Staatssa m m l u n g fUr Palaontologie, Munich, Germany.
Genus: Ischyodus EGERTON , 1 843 . Synonym s : Auluxacanthus , Chimaeracanthus . Geolog ical ra n ge : Middle J u rassic to Paleocene . Geograph ical distribution : Europe, New Zealand . Featu res : Large chimaeras with greatly elongate body tapering rearwards to a point. Head large . Nose probably pointed . Mouth slightly ventral . Lower jaw with two rhombic tooth plates. Palatal t�eth smal l . Pectoral fins very large. First dorsal fin large and tnangular, supported by a long projecting with denticles on the posterior surface. Second dorsal fin low and very long . The male has a short, slightly curved spine on the head . Re m a rks : Probably bott o m dwel lers b u t sometimes free mingo Durophagous diet . Recent relatives: Genus extinct. Related to the recent chimaeras Whic h are represented by six and about 30 species in Chimaera monstrosa, a recent chimaera. seas of the world . Lithograph from BLOCH. 233
CHONDRICHTHYES
CHONDRICHTHYES
Cartilaginous Fis he s
Order: Chimaeriiformes Family: Unnamed
.
suborder: Unn am e d
1 1 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of N . J . , U .S .A. nal: Adel phi University, Garden City, Bear Gulc h , Mont ana, U .S.A. Origi
(length c. Oelphyodontos dacriformis LUND
Genus: Oelph yodontos
LUN D , 198 0.
Cartilaginous Fishes
Order: Unnamed Family: Unnamed
Unnamed chondrichthyan (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch, Montana, U .S.A. Onglnal: Adelphi University, Garden City, N . J . , U.S.A
g
Geological ran e: Lower Carboniferous.
bon ifero us. Geological range: Low er Car th Am eric a. Geographica l distribution : Nor
Geographical distribution: North America.
l u m p in of vari able app eara nce . P F e atu r e s : Sma ll c h i m aera s y. Eyes bod the from inct visib ly dist sha pe. Hea d larg e and not end of forwards . Mou th term inal. Tail relatively large and poin ting with sho rt spin es . body poin ted . Skin covered Rem arks : Bott om- dwe lling and imp o ss i b l y c l u m s i l y free - s w ming. out Rec ent relatives: Non e. Died us. ifero bon Car in Lower
Features: Small fishes of somewhat laterally compressed shape. deep. Eyes larg e . Snout elon gate and pointed. Mouth y large. Dorsal fin tal l , begi n n i ng behind the head and "'''r'+;�' Ing along t e whole back as a fri nge. Anal fins large and fan Pectoral fins narrow . Caudal fin pointed , probably low and : e - I l ke .
!
�
: Lethargic fishes with a predatory mode o f life.
relatives: None. Died out in Carboniferous.
O elphyodo n tos , reco nstru ction LUND.
aft e r
235
ACANTHODII
Acanthodi a
s
ACANTHODII
Acanthodians
The acanthodians are j aw - bearing fishes (Gnathostomata) b ut there is still no final agreement on their systematic position . The y have a highly advanced , spindle-l i ke body shape very similar t o the normal conception of a fish. I n general they are smal l , be
tween 20 and 50 cm i n length , but there are some real gia t s which reach up to 2 . 5 metres . Bony tissue occurs both in the exoskeleton and the endoskeleto n . The body was covered w ith
s mall scales arranged l i ke a mosaic and , at least exter na l l y ,
these resem ble those of "ganoid" fishes. Sometimes the sca l es continue onto the skin of the fi ns. From the evolutionary point of view , these scales are not dermal denticies, as in the sharks, for they have a bony base covered with denti n e . This is why they recall the scales of "ganoids . " The snout region of the skull i s strikingly smal l . The eyes are lar e
and face laterally and the nostrils are high in the sku l l . Usually t e
little teeth are confined to the lower jaw, though i n some speci es they are present on the u pper jaw also . Other species are toot1less . A feature common to all of them is that every fi n , except the caudal fin , is supported by a massive spine formed of dentl e. This sometimes projects far beyond the fi n . On the ventral
r
face, the series of spines may be continuous between the pe to
ral and pelvic fins consisti n g of one or several pairs of free
spines. Perhaps these are vestiges of additional paired fins. The
caudal fin is always heterocercal .
The acanthodians probably represent a blind side-branch wh se ancestors gave rise to all other jaw-bearing fishes .
The acanthodians have been shown to exist i n the Middle
nd
U pper Silurian. They reached a maxi m u m in the Lower Devo ni an and then the number of species continually declined . They died out i n the Lower Permian without leaving any descendants . About 65 genera have been described and some of them are extremely well preserve d .
app roxi mat e dist ribu tion of aca ntho dian s in geo logi cal time , cha nge d afte r
237
ACANTHODII
Acanthod i a ns
Order: Climatiiformes Family: Climatiidae
ACANTHODII
Acanthodians
Order: Climatiiformes Family: Climatiidae
-------
Climatius reticulatus AGASSJZ (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Scotland.
Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U.K.
Genus: Climatius
AGASSIZ,
National Muse um of Scotland, Edinb urgh, U . K.
Gen us : Euthacanthus
1 845.
Geological ra nge : U pper Silu rian t o Lower Devon ian . G eograph ical d i stributio n : Western and eastern Europe, N orth Americ a . Features: Elongated fishes with a rounded head . Eyes large. Mo th slightly ventral. Caudal fin tapering to a point in the u pper lobe. Two short strong dorsal spines . On the ventral surface, between the pectoral and pelvic fins are four pairs of smaller spi nes which increase in size posteriorly. The teeth are flat, each one with a main cusp and two lateral cusps.
POWR IE, 1 864. Geo logic al rang e : Lower Devo nian . Geo grap hica l d istrib utio n : Euro pe . res : Elon gate fiShe s with a relat ively shor t caud al fin . Head ed . Mou th s l .i g htly vent ra l . Five pairs of pow erfu l vent ral . ' O"i .... "'� whic h bec ome larg er pos terio rly. No teet h . : Rapid swimmers. rela tive s: Non e. Died out Lower Devon ian .
O �"'" =='= '
R emarks: Rapid swimmers.
� ·� r
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Devonian .
. . . . •_ .
Climatiu s ,
MiLLAN.
238
Euthacanthus macnico/li POWRIE (lengt h c. 14 cm) from the Lower Devonian of An gus, Scotland. Ongln al:
reconstruction after
AC-
�
.•.
�/
�
Euthacanthus, reconstruction after WATSON.
ACANTHODII
Acanthodi a ns
Ord er: Cli matiiformes Family: Cli ma tiid ae
the Lower Dev onia n of Angus, (leng th c. 1 4 cm) from Parexus falcatus POW RIE burg h, U . K . Edin , tland Sco Mus eum of Scotland . Orig inal: Nati onal
Ge nus : Parexus
Order: Climatiiformes Family: Climatiidae
Vemicomacanthus uncinatus (POWRIE) (length c. 8 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Forfar, Scotland, U . K. Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U . K.
Gen u s : Vernicomacanthus
AGASSIZ, 1 84 5 .
Acanthodians
ACANTHODII
1 97 3 .
M iLES ,
Geological rartg e : Lower Devonian .
Devonia n . Geolo gic al ran g e : Lower : Eur ope . Ge ograph ica l dist ribu tio n
Geograph ical d i stribution : Europe .
ead sha pe. rally com pre sse d bod y Feat u res : Fish es wit h late an d rt sho ly tive rela fin ven tra\ . Cau dal rou nde d . M o uth slig htly � e . Two dorsal a sing le poi nt . Ey� s lar bro ad . Lon g tee th with with two row s of remely long . Pos ten orly spin es, the first bei ng ext On the den ticle - l i ke structu res . en the we ven tral s u rfac e , bet , the re fins pec tora l and pel vic spin es l erfu are thre e pair s of pow teri pos whi ch increase in size
Features : Relatively small fishes with a somewhat laterally com body. Eyes large. Mouth ventral. Teeth flat. Two dorsal fins p�werful spin � s , the anterior spine being longer than the enor. Fo u r pai rs of free ventral s p i n e s . Max i m u m length �1"""''''� �ly more than 1 5 cm . marks : N i mble swi mmers. nt relatives: None. Died out Lower Devon ian .
orly. ew hat R e ma rks : Pro bab ly som clu msy swi mm ers . d out Rec ent relative s: Non e. Die i n Low er Devoni an .
N. after WAr sO Parexus, reconstruction
Vernicomacanthus, reconstruction after MILES.
241
Acanthodi an s
A CA N THO D II
es Or de r: Cl im ati ifo rm e da thi can pla Fa mi ly: Di
Acanthodians
ACANTHODII Order: Climatiiformes Family: Diplacanthidae
Rhadinacanthus /ongispinus T RAQUAIR (len th ' Caithness, Scotland, U.K. Original: TiSChI nge
T
n of Ach anarras,
cm) from the Devonia AGASSIZ (len gth c. 5 Lon don , U . K. Dip/acanthus striatus ural History Mu seu m, Nat The l: gina ess , Sco tlan d, U . K. Ori Caithn
(P2 21 99) .
s G e nu s: Dip/acanthu
AGASS IZ,
1 84 4.
ca nthus Sy no ny m: Rhadina nia n . idd le to Up pe r Devo Ge olo gic al ran g e : M ort h ea ste rn Eu rop e, uti o n : We ste rn an d Ge og rap hic al d ist rib Am eri ca . bo dy l ate rall y co mp ressed es wit h so me wh at . Fin th tee F e atu res : Little fish No al . sho rt . Mo uth ve ntr ly tive rela fin al ud sh ap e. Ca werfu l . Fir st sp ine s lon g an d po ior in po si do rsa l fin very an ter s between ine sp of ir tio n . On e pa lvic fin s . the pectoral an d pe ly no t ve ry R e m ar k s : Pr ob ab go od swim me rs . ne . Die d out Re ce nt rel ativ es : No in U pp er Devonia n� truction after Dip/acanthus, recons WATSON.
Genus : Rhadinacanthus
cm ) fro m the Middle Devonian of stammham, Germany.
� 6�1ectlon,
TRAQUAIR,
1 888.
Geological rang e : M i ddle Devonian . Geog raphical d i stribution : Europe.
������ �: :� � ����h ���� � � %��� �y: :�� ;P � ;�� ����� � :�7 � ��� � � � :;�����:�� e
:
n
pair
E i
0
o e p fish es . He ad m s . P ;a r e. n r t ft e g a o s fi s i . spines between the pectoral and pelvic fins. a
marks: The genus Rhadinacanthus is sometimes seen as a of Dip/acanthus .
relatives: None. Died out in Devonian .
243
Acanthodians
ACANTHODII
ACANTHODII
Acanthodians
Order: Acanthodiformes Family: Acanthodidae
Order: Ischnacanthiformes Family: Ischnacanthidae
Uppe r Devo nian of TON (leng th c . 1 0 cm) from the Ischnacanthus gracilis EGER um , Lond on, U K. Muse ry Histo ral nal: The Natu Forfarshire , Scot land, U . K . Origi
Acanthodes bronni AGASSIZ (length c . 40 cm) from the Permian of Niederkirchen, Palatinate, Germany. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Ger many.
(P1 32).
RIE, 1 864 . G e n u s : Ischnacanthus POW onia n . Geo logi cal rang e : Lower Dev
Gen u s : Acanthodes
pe, North Ame rica . Geo grap hica l dist ribu tion : Euro . d - s ized cau dal f l. n . H e l d d i m with es fish gate Feat u re s : Elon h eac , fins al dors wo . ral . Eyes large rou nde d . Mou th sligh tly vent free No . ed cu ly lght s e sma lle and with a slen der spin e . First spin Ie gth dly con ical pOin ts. Maxim u m broa with th vent ral spin es . Tee . scarcely more than 1 0 cm
�
� �
,,:,
Rem arks: Ni mble swi m mers. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Devonian .
- - / . . � •
I "
.,/ . 1'0-
,
AGASSIZ, 1 83 3 .
Geolog i cal ra � g e : U pper Carboniferous to Lower Permian . Geograph ical d istributi on : Europe, North America, Australia, South Africa, eastern Asia. Features: Relatively large fishes, sometimes reaching a length of more than 50 c m . Laterally compressed body. Caudal fin clearly divided into an u pper and a lower lobe . Head bluntly rou nded . Eyes larg e . M o u t h o p e n i n g s l i g htly ventral. No teet h . Only one dorsal fin , with a powerfu l s p i n e Which does not exceed the fi n in ht . : Nimble swi m m ers.
relatives: None. Died out Lower Permian .
Acanthodes, after
HEIDTKE.
/schnacanthus, reconstruction after
WATSON.
245
Acanthodians
ACANTHODII
Order: Acanthodiformes Family: Acanthodidae
of Banffshire, EGERTON (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Upper Devonian , London , U.K. (P1 5286) . m Museu y Histor l Natura The al: Origin .K. U Scotland,
ACANTHODII
Acanthodians
Order: Acanthodiformes Family: Acanthodidae
Cheiracanthus latus
Hc:ma/acanthus concinnus (WHITEAVES) (length c 8 cm) from the U pper Devon.ian of Miguasha Gaspe
�
Stockhol
G e n u s : Cheiracan thus
AGAS SIZ, 1 835.
G eolog ical rang e : U pper Devo nian. eastern Europ e. Geog raph ical distri butio n : Western and
a somewhat latera lly co � F eatu res : Rath er large fishe s with h of abou t 30 cm. Caud al fin press ed body whic h may reach a lengt round ed. Mout h somew\lat with g reatly elong ate uppe r lobe. Head . ventra\ . Eyes large . No free ventral spine s. Only one dorsal fin with a short spine which does not project beyo nd fin .
.
Penlnsu I a, Quebec , Canada. Origin al: Natur historiska Riksm useet, , Sweden .
Gen u s : Homalacanthus
RUSS EL, 1 95 1 . Geo logic a ' rang e : Uppe r Devo nian to Lower Carb oniferous . . Geog raph lc�' d istri butio n : North Ame rica, eastern Euro pe. Featu r s : M iddle -size d fishe s with a long slend er body Caud al fin , " e ndlng Into a point and with a long lowe r lobe , A sing e dors al fin , a de'lcate short spine . Head roun ded , Mouth slig htly ventral . Y,e s , arg e . No free v e n t ra l spines . No teeth , Leng th scarcely more than 1 5 cm.
�
�� �I
'
Rem arks : Ni mble swim mers . I
Rem arks : N i mble swim mer.
����:� ������ ���� � i e
Rece nt rel ative s : None . Died out in U p per Devon ian.
Cheiracanthus, reconstruction afte r
WATSON.
Died out
� Homa/acan thus ' recon struc tion after
MILES,
Acanthodians
ACANTHODII Order: Acanthodiformes Family: Acanthodidae
ACANTHODII Order: Acanthodiformes Family : Acanthodidae
Acanthodians
the Lower Devonian of Scot · Mesacanthus mitchelli EGERTON (length c. 6 cm) from h, U.K. Edinburg , Scotland of land , U . K. Original: National Museum Traquairichthys pygmaeus (FRITSCH) (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Permian of Nursava, Czechoslova kia. Original: Naturhistoris ches Museum, Vienna, Austria.
Genus: Mesacanthus
TRAOUAIR , 1 888.
ian . Geolog ical range : Lower Devon ian to M iddle Devon Geographical distribution: Europe . d . Mouth Features : Small fishes with a slende r body . Head rounde p� ir of One short. ly relative slightly ventral . Eyes large . Cauda l fin . ior In poster very , fin dorsal free ventral spines . No teeth . Only one tin. the above far s project positio n and suppo rted by a spine which L e n g t h s c a r c e l y m o re t h a n 1 5 cm. Remarks: Nimble swimmers. None. Died out in Middle Devonian . Recent relatives:
Mesacanthus, reconstruction after WATSON.
Genus: Traquairichthys
WHITLEY, 1 933 .
Geological rang e :
Upper Carbonifer ous to Lower Permian . Geographical distributi on: Europe, North America. Features: Small, very slender fishes. The body ends in a caudal fin whose terminatio n is curved slightly downwards. Head pointed . �ye� smal l . No teeth . Onl� one dorsal fin , located very posteriorly Just ! n front of the caudal fin . No free ventral spines. No pelvic fins. Maximum length scarcely more than 1 0 cm. Remarks :
Nimble swimm ers .
Recent relatives : None. in Lower Permian .
Died out
Traquairichthys, FRITSCH.
reco n struction after
Acanthodians
ACANTHODII Order: Acanthodiformes Family: Acanthodidae
Triazeugacanthus affinis (WHITEAVES) (length c. 3 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Miguasha, Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada. Original: Musee d ' Histoire Naturelle, Miguasha, Canada.
Genus: Triazeugacanthus Geological range:
MiLES, 1 966 .
Upper Devonian .
Geographical distribution :
North America.
Features: Small fishes with a very slender body. This ends in a caudal fin with the upper lobe tapering to a point and directed upwards. Head rounded . Eyes large. Mouth slightly ventral . 0 teeth . One pair of free ventral spines . Only one dorsal fin , with a delicate spine which does not project beyond the fin . Maxi mum length scarcely more than 1 0 cm . Remarks:
ACANTHODII Order: Acanlhodiformes Family: Acanlhodidae
Acanthodians
Utahacanthus 9untheri SCHULlZE (length c. 6 em) from the Upper Carboniferous of . Utah, U .S.A. Onglna l: Bngham Young Univers ity, Provo, Utah, U . S.A.
Genus: Utahacanthus Geological range :
SCHUL TZE, 1 990. Uppe r Carbo niferous.
Geographical distribution:
North Amer ica. Very small fishes with a slend er body . Head round ed . Eyes sma l I . Mout � slight ly ventral . Only one dorsa l fin, posteriorly . located with a delicate spine . Probably no teeth and no free ventral spines. Maxim um lengt h scarcely more than 1 0 cm . Remarks : Nimble swimmers. Features:
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Carboniferous.
Nimble swimmers.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Devonian . Triazeugacanthus, reconstructi on after MILES.
Utahacanthus , rec o n s t r u c t i o n after SCHULlZE.
CH ON DR OS TE I
Chondrostea ns
bon y fishe s ed fish es, incl ude the true Actinop tery gian s, or ray- finn by pair ed fins . They are characterized or teleosts am ong oth ers most primitive ially arra nge d rays . The sup ported by stro ng , rad ond ro stei) . s to as cho ndrost ean (Ch acti nop tery gian s are referred end osk el eton have muc h cartilag e i n the The cho ndrosteans still oss ified . More of the vertebrae are not -for exa mp le the cen tra te are rigidly pala , the u ppe r jaw and over, with a few except ions t only the tha so cover of the ope rcu l u m , attached to the ant erio r ally larg e , are The eye s, whi ch are usu low er jaw is mo vea bl e . . by a fou r- part scle roti c ring nearly always protected exc ept ion s , le dor sal fin . With a few The re is always only a sing tives of this al . In the olde r rep resenta the cau dal fin i s heterocerc tip but i n the to p u covered with scales gro u p , this fin is gen era lly es . reas dec scale-covered surface the cou rse of evo lutio n the y con sist of the com mo nes t typ e . The Rho mb ic gan oid sca les are layer reach y tiss ue with the gan oine gan oine , cos min e and bon r to too th mila si ss . G ano ine is very ing a con side rab le thic kne mel sca les . les are referred to as ena ena mel and so the se sca e mo re and e laye rs, howeve r , bec om The gan oine and cos min e cases the som n i rse of evo lutio n and mo re reduced i n the cou sca les, call ,d ely lost . V-s hap ed kee led scales are alm ost com plet rgin s of t h e occ ur on the dor sal ma fulc ral sca les , com mo nly o f the dor sal also on t h e ant erio r mar gin dorsal and ana l fins and lob e of the cau dal fin . wat er. Nevers m ay have lived in fresh At first most cho ndrostean had taken to Triassic alm ost all of them the less , by the end of the son why , as a r ancestry may be the rea salt water . This fresh-wate but return to e bon y fish es live in the sea sort of folk me mo ry , som s. fresh water to lay their egg be traced of cho ndr ost ean s can nce urre The firs t spa rse occ maxi mu m first ir onia n . They reached the back to the M iddl e Dev retreat to reach us, the n suffered a slig ht in the Lower Car bon ifero ppe r J u rassic Lower Tria ssi c . In the U a second maxim um in the onl y surviv i ng me very sca rce and the the y had alre ady bec o and gar pikes . the m are the stu rge ons fish es whi ch are kin to crib ed . They era have so far been des M ore than 200 fos sil gen preserv ed . are often extremely we ll
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
(/) ::J o CD
� CD
'-
()
distribution of chondrosteans in geological time, changed after
253
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Cheirolepididae
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Stegotrachelidae
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Cheirolepis trailli AGASSIZ (length c. 25 cm) from the Middle Devonian of Nairnshire, Scotland, U . K . Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U.K. (P453).
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Kentuckia hlavi�i DUNKLE (length c. 10 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Cleveland, OhiO, U . S . A . Onglnal: Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio, U. S . A.
, 1 83 5 . G e n u s : Cheirolepis AGASSIZ U ppe r Devonia n . Geo logi cal ran g e : Mid dle t o pe, North Ame rica . Geo grap hica l distri butio n : Euro teet h . Hea d rath er dee p . Poin ted Featu res: Bod y sha pe elon gate by ded oun surr , l l Eyes relat ively sma on upp er and lowe r jaws . er y la y bon the and rhom bic , with scle rotic ring s . Sca les sma ll fin sal Dor r. laye ne e into the cos mi projecti ng as an obtu se con inbeg rly, located very posterio he n i n g beh ind t h e start of t ns i f ic Pelv o p p o s i n g ana l fi n . e. bas w it h a stri k i n gly b road s. lobe Pectoral fins with narrow l axia an Tail fin heterocercal with
Genus: Kentuckia
RAYNER, 1 95 1 .
Geologi cal rang e : U pper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous. Geograph i cal di st ributio n : North America. Feat u res : Small to middle-sized fishes of spindle-l ike shape. Head l arge somewhat elongate. Snout blunt. M outh relatively wide. Teeth small , pointe d . Scales thick and elongate. Dorsal fi n in the posterior third of the body. ,
Rem arks: Predatory fishes . Recent rel atives: None.
qied
out in Lower Carboniferous.
lobe . a R e m arks : Mid d le-s ized pred tors . Rec ent rela tive s: N on e . Died out in U p per Devonia n .
after Cheirolepis, reconstruction
l£H
N.
255
Chondrosteans
CHONDRO STEI
Suborder: Palaeoniscoide i
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Stegotrachelidae
Moythomasia nitida GROSS (length c. 7 cm) from the Middle Devonian of Bergisch Gladbach, Westphalia, Germany. Original: Geologisch-Palaontologisches Museum, Munster, Germany.
Genus: Moythomasia
GROSS, 1 950.
Geological range: M iddle to Upper Devon ian . Geographical distribution: Europe , Austral ia. Features: Slender fishes. Head relatively short with a blunt sno u t. Upper and lower jaws with pointed teet h . Eyes strikingly large. Dorsal fin in the posterior half of the body, opposite the anal fin . Caudal fin heterocercal with an elongate upper lobe . Remarks: Small predators .
Chondrosteans
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Stegotrachelys finlay; 0!VooDwARD & WHITE) (length c. 9 cm) from the Middle D evonian of Exnaboe, Shetland Islands, Scotland. Orig inal: The Natural History M useum, London, U.K. (P 1 3408-9)
Genus: Stegotrachelys
WOODWARD & WHITE, 1 926.
Geological range: Lower to M iddle Devonian . Geographical distri bution: Europe, North America.
�
Feature s: S � all fis es of somewhat laterally compressed shape . . Dorsal fl � pOinted tnangular, opposite the anal fin and equal in size. Caudal fl � h �terocerca l . U pper lobe only slig htly elongate. Pectoral and pelVIC fins narrow . Scales square to rectang ular. Remarks: Small predators . Recent relatives: None. Died out in Middle Devonian .
Recent relatives: None. Died out in U pper Devonian .
Moythomas;a , reconstruction after MACMILLAN .
256
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Fam ily: Stegotrachelidae
Stegotrach elys , rec o n s t r u c t i o n after WHITE.
257
CHONDROS TE I
es Order: Palaeonisciform ae Family: Teg eol epidid
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Tegeolepididae
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
of Gosford ,
Midd le Triassic DWARD (leng th c. 1 4 cm) from the Apa teolepis australis WOO ry Mus eum , London, U K ralia . Ong lnal: The Natural Histo New South Wal es, Aust (P6268) .
Megapteriscus longicaudatus WADE (length c. 6 em) from the Middle Triassic of
Brookvale, New South Wales, Australia. Original: The Natural History Museum , London, U . K. (P1 6827)
Genus: Megapteriscus
ODWARD , 1 890. Genus : Apateolepis WO Tria ssic . Geological range: Mid dle
WADE , 1935.
Geological range: M iddle Triassic .
: Aus tral ia. Geographical d istribution ngate , spi nd l � d le-s ized fish es with elo Fea ture s: S ma ll to mid thin . Dor sal fin b l u nt. Sca les � ma ll an sha ped bod ies. Sno ut ly b roa d W i t h y. Pec tor al f i n s rela tive l o c ate d very pos ter iorl rays (Iep idot rich ia) . uns egm ented bony fi n
?
Remarks: Pre dat ors .
Geographical distribution : Australia. Features: Small fishes with spindle-shaped elongate bodies. Snout blunt. Dorsal fin very posterior. Strikingly broad pectoral and pelvic fins. Scales small and thin. Remarks: Small fishes, probably predatory. Recent relatives: None. Died out in M iddle Triassic.
d out Recent rela tive s: Non e. Die in M idd le Tria ssic .
Apateolepis , reconstruction after
WOODWARD.
259
CHONDROS TEI
es Order: Palaeonisciform e ida pid ole abd Rh ily: Fam
Chondrosteans S uborder: Palaeoniscoidei
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Rhabdolepididae
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
the Lower Permian of the BRONN (length c. 25 cm) from Germ any. t, tgar Stut , ction Colle ne Hen Palatinate, Germany. Orig inal:
Aetheretmon valentiacum WHITE (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of
SCH EL, 1 857 . Ge nus : Rh abdo/ep is TRO Permia n . Geo logi cal ran ge: Lower
Genus: Aetheretmon
Rhabdolepis macropterus
Berwickshire, Scotland, U.K. Original: The Natural H istory Museum, London, U . K. (P 1 31 45)
WHITE, 1 92 7 .
Geological range: Lower Carboniferous.
Europe . . Geographical dis trib utio n: relative ly der elo ngate bod ies. Eyes slen with es fish all Sm s: Feature l In larg e a or half of the bod! . Ana lar e Dor sal fin in posteri l ndg es. Upp er ed and divi ded by diag ona tri n Ular . Sca les sca llop erfu l and low er jaws wit h pow . th con ica l tee
�
;g
Re ma rks : Predators. d out Rec ent rel atives: Non e. Die in Lower Per mia n .
Geograph ical d istribution: E u rope . Features: S mall fishes of somewhat laterally compressed shape. Head relatively large with blunt snout. Eyes large. Dorsal fin in the posterior half of the body. Caudal fin heterocercal with elongate up per lobe. Pectoral fins narrow. Pelvic fins smal l . Anal fin of same size as dorsal fin . Scales squ are in the dorsal part of the body, elongate rectang ular more ven tral l y , a r ra n g e d i n d i a g o n a l series. Remarks: Small predators. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Carbon iferous .
Rhabdolepis , after AGASSIZ.
Aetheretmon, reconstruction after
PIVETEAU .
261
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Rbabdolepididae
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
nian of Witteberg h c. 9 cm) from the Uppe r Devo Mentzichthys wa/shi JUBB (lengt . Africa South , n w msto Graha um, South Africa. Origin al: Albany Muse
Gen us: Mentzichthys
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Rhabdolepididae
Rhadinichthys carinatus (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K. Onglnal: Henne Collection, Stuttgart, Germany.
Genus: Rhadinichthys
JUBB , 1 96 5 .
n. Geo logic al ran g e : Upper Devonia th Afric a. Geo grap h ical d istrib utio n : Sou
Head narr ow. Sno ut poin ted . Eyes Feat ures : Sma ll slen der fishe s. lly ly, al mos t opp osite the equa larg e . Dorsal fin located post erior lobe r lowe and er upp rcal with large anal fin . Cau dal fin hete roce very smal l . and re squa les Sca . almo st equa l
Remarks : Small predators. Recent relatives: None. Died out i n Upper Devon ian.
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
TRAQUAIR, 1 877.
Geolog ical range : Upper Devonian to Upper Carboniferous.
�
G ograph ical d i stributio n : Europe, South America, Africa, northern ASia. Features: Small fishes with slender spindle-shaped bodies . Head elo�gate. Snout blunt. Dorsal fin in the posterior half of the body, . obliquely opposite the almost equally large anal fin . Caudal fin heterocercal , with the upper lobe only slightly longer than the lower lobe. Scales square to rectangular, arranged ' i n diagonal rows . Remarks: Small predators. Recent re l atives : None. Died out
in U pper Carboniferous.
Mentzichthys, reconstruction after
GARDINER.
Rhadinich thys, reconstruction after
GARDINER.
263
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Carbovelidae
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Phanerosteon pauper FRITSCH (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Permian of Kostalo'J, Czechoslovakia. Original : Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria.
Genus: Phanerosteon
TRAOUAIR, 1 88 1 .
Synonyms: Gymnoniscus , Sceletophorus . Geological range:
Lower Carboniferous to Lower Permian .
Europe, North America. Featu res : Small slender fishes . Head shallow . Snout rounde Dorsal fin in the posterior half of the body, only slightly in front of t ile anal fin . Caudal fin heterocercal with long upper lobe. Pectoral a nd pelvic fins small.
Geographical distribution :
Remarks :
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Canobiidae
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Canobius ramsayi TRAQUAIR (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Dumfriesshire, Scotland , UK Original: Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U . K .
Genus: Canobius
TRAOUAIR , 1 88 1 .
Geological range:
Lower Carboniferous.
Geographical distribution:
Europe.
Small fishes of somewhat laterally compressed shape. . relatively deep. Snout rounded . Dorsal fin pointed triangular, sltuat�d in the P ? sterior third of the body. Anal fin likewise triangu lar, slightly anterior to the dorsal fin . Pectoral and pelvic fins small. Features :
� ead
Remarks:
Small predators .
Recent relatives: None. Died in Lower Carboniferous.
Small predatos.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Permian
Phanerosteon, reconstruction after WH ITE .
out
Canobius ,
recon struction after MAC
MILLAN.
265
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Canobiidae
Mesopoma politum TRAOUAIR (length c. 7 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Eskdale. Scotland, U.K. Original: The Natural H istory Museum, London, U . K. (P 4070a)
G e n u s : Mesop oma
TRAQUAIR, 1 890.
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Canobiidae
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Sundayichthys elegantulus GARDINER (length c. 25 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Witteberg, South Africa. Original: Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Afri ca.
G e n u s : Sundayichthys
GARDINER, 1 969.
G eologica l rang e : Lower Carbon iferous.
Geolog ical range: Upper Devonian.
G eog raph ical distri bution : Europe.
Geograp h ical d i stri butio n : South Africa .
Features : Small fishes of somewh at laterally compres sed body shape. Head smal l , dee p , with somewh at poi nted snout. Eyes large. Dorsal fin in the posterio r third of the body, opposite the anal more fin. Scales square in the dorsal part of the body, rectang ular
Feature s : M iddle-sized fishes of somewhat compressed shape. Head deep with somewhat rounded snout. Eyes large. Dorsal fin
ventrally , arranged in diagonal rows.
relatively large and pOinted , situated in the posterior half of the body. Anal fin very posterior. Caudal fin heterocercal , with the upper lobe longer than the lower. Pectoral and pelvic fins relatively broad . Scales square to rectan gula r.
Remarks : Small predators. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Carboniferous.
Remarks : M idd le-s ized preda tors . Recent relative s : None. Died out i n Upper Devon ian.
Mesopoma , reconstru ction after t he Hunterian Museum.
?66
Sundayichthys, reconstruction after GARDINER.
267
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Canobiidae
the Lower Carboniferous at Cornuboniscus budensis WH ITE (length c . 3 cm) from , Amsterdam, Nethel Museum ch Geologis Original: Bude, Cornwal l , England, U.K. lands.
G e n u s : Cornuboniscus
CHONDROSTEI
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Benedenius deneensis TRAOUAIR (length c . 22 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of . Denee, Belg ium. Onglnal: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K.
Gen u s : 8enedenius
WHITE, 1 939.
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Styracopteridae
TRAQUAIR, 1 87 8 .
Synonym : 8enedenichthys
Geological ran g e : Lower Carboniferous.
Geolog ical range: Lower Carboniferous .
G eograph ical d istribution : Europe . and rounded Features: Very small slende r fishes with elonga te head the smaller te opposi ior, snout . Eyes large. Dorsal fin very poster . PelVIC lobe upper ing project anal fin . Cauda l fin heterocercal with fins small and poi nted . Scales rectangular, arranged in d iagonal rows .
Rem arks: Very small predatory fis h es .
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : Europe.
�
Features : Middle-sized fi hes of rather plump body shape. Head small nd deep . Snout pOinted . Eyes relatively small . Dorsal fin very P stenor, al most at the beginning of the caudal fin, opposite the anal fi n . Pectoral fins long and narrow. Pelvic fins very smal l . Scales small but thick.
?
�
Remarks : Probably relatively le thargic fishes.
Recent re l atives: None. Died out i n Lower Carboniferous.
Rece nt rel atives : None. Died out . In Lower Carboniferous.
Cornuboniscus,
WHITE.
reconstruct i o n aft er
Benedenius, reconstruction after TRAOUAIR.
269
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Holuriidae
CHO NDRO STE I
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Pygopteridae
Cho ndr oste ans
Subo rder : Pala eoni scoid ei
Nematoptychius greenock; (AGASSIZ) (length c . 45 cm) from the Lower Carbo ni ferous of Edinbu rgh, Scotla nd, U . K . Origina l: Henne Collection, Stuttga rt, Germa ny. Holurus parki TRAOUAIR (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Eskdale ,
Scotland, U .K. Original: Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U . K.
G e n u s : Holurus
TRAOUAIR,
G e n u s : Nematoptychius
1 88 1 .
TRAOUAI R ,
1 87 5 .
Geological range: Lower Carboniferous .
Geological rang e : Lower Carboniferous .
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : Europe .
Geograph i cal d i stributi o n : Europe.
Features: Small fishes of somewhat laterally compressed body shape. Head elongate. Snout pOinted . Eyes small. Dorsal fin bro and low , very posterior in positio n , opposite the smaller anal fin . Caudal fin not divided . Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l . Scales almost square, arranged in curved di-
�
agonal rows.
Featu re s : Relat ively large fishes with slend er streaml ined bodie s. Head elong at e . nout point ed . Eyes l arge. Dors al fin point e d , . . oppo site t h e likeW ise point ed anal fin . Caud al fin heterocercal with very elong ate narrow lobes . Scale s small and thin. Rem arks : Large pred ators .
�
Rece nt relat ives: None . Died out in Lowe r Carb onife rous .
Rem arks : Small predators . Recent relative s: None. Died out in Lower Carboniferous .
Holurus , reconstruction after TRAOUAIR .
270
271
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: pygopteridae
Chondrosteans
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Upp er Perm ian of Rich els IZ (length c. 48 cm) from the pygopterus humboldti AGASS burg , Germ any. Hom Bad , ction inal: Pern er Colle dort , Hess e, Germ any. Orig
, 1 83 3 . Gen u s : pygopterus AGASSIZ mia n t o Lower Tria ssic . . Geo logi cal ran g e : Mid dle Per Sou th Afn ca. , d n enla Gre , ope Eur : Geo g rap hica l dist ribu tion . . streaml l � ed b
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Elonichthyidae
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Orydenius insignis TRAQUAIR (length c . 1 0 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Edinburgh, Scotlan d , U . K . Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U . K.
Gen u s : Orydenius
TRAQUAIR, 1 890.
Geological range : Lower Carboniferous to Permian. Geog rap hical d i stribut i o n : Europe . Features : Small slender fishes . Head small and elongate. Snout pointed . Eyes smal l. Caudal fin heterocercal with narrow pointed lobes. Scales th ick and rhombic . Remarks : Small predators . Recent relati ves : None. Died out in Permian .
Rem arks : Large pre dat ors. out Rec e nt rel ativ es: Non e. Died in Low er Tria ssic .
pygopterus, reconstruction after ALDINGER.
272
273
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Elonichthyidae
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
r Perm ian of Palatinate, (length c. 8 cm) from the Lowe Elonichthys punctatus ALDINGER any. Germ gart, ction, Stutt Germany. Origi nal: Henne Colle
G e n u s : Elonichthys
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Elonichthyidae
alaeoniscus . Syn on y m s : Gan ocrodus , prop . bon ifero us to U ppe r Triassic Geo logi cal rang e : Lower Car th Ame rica , western Afric a . Geo g raph i cal dist ribu ti o n : Sou ral ly d fishe s with som ewh at late Feat u res: Sma ll to mid dle- size t. sno ed oint p tly sligh gate with . com pres sed bod ies . Head elon rior e post e h t In , ular g i n poin ted trian Eyes relat ively smal l . Dorsal f ost alm fin l Ana . y half of the bod at e q u al in size and som ewh and l tora Pec . r mor e pos te r i o er pelv ic fins pOin ted and rath d nge arra , are large . Sca les squ in diag ona l row s.
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Gano/epis gracilis WOODWARD (length c. 7 cm) from the Permian of Siberia Russia ' C.I. S. Onglnal: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow Russia.
:
Gen u s : Gano/epis
GIEBEL, 1 84 8 .
Chondrosteans
WOODWARD, 1 893.
Geolog ical range: Perm ian . Geog raphical distributio n : Northern Asia. Features: Small fishes with slender elongate bodies . Head elon g ate . S o ut rou n d e Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin obtuse-triangular, . situated In the posterior half of the body. Anal fin somewhat behind the dors 1 fi n . Pecto ral and pelvic fins s m al l . Scales square , arranged In reg ular rows.
�
?
�
Rem arks: Predators. Recent relatives : None. Died out in Permian .
Remarks : Predators. The spe cies punctatus is not clear. Recent relatives : None . Died out in Upper Triassic.
Elonichthys, after TRAQUAIR.
Ganolepis, reconstruction after ORLOV.
275
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Elonichthyidae
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Elonichthyidae
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Acrolepis ortholepis TRAQUAIR (length e. 30 em) from the Lower Carboniferous of Eskdale, Scotland, U. K. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U.K. (P4081 ). Gonatodus punctatus AGASSIZ (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Edinburgh, Scotland, U . K. Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U.K.
G e n u s : Gonatodus
TRAQUAIR,
1 877.
Geological ran ge: Lower to Upper Carboniferous . Geographical d i stri bution : Europe, North America. Feature s : Middle-sized fishes with laterally compressed bodies. H ead elongate . Snout rounded . Eyes large. Dorsal fin relatively large and pointed triangular, obl iquely opposite the anal fin. Caudal fin heterocercal with almost equal- sized lobes. Pectoral and pelVIC f i n s e l o n g ate a n d p o i n t ed . Scales rectangular, arranged i n regular rows. R e m a r k s : P re d at o ry f i s h e s , probably with a somewhat le thargic mode of life . Recent relatives: None . Died out
Gonatodus, reconstruction after GARDINER.
276
G e n u s : A crolepis
AGASS I Z
,
1 833.
Geological rang e : Lower Carboniferous to U pper Permian . Geograp hi cal d istributi o n : Europe, North America, South America, northern Asia, Australia. Featu res: Relatively large fishes with slender bod ies. Head elon gate. Snout rounded . Dorsal fin in the posterior half of the body. Pectora� , pelvic and anal fins large. Scales rhombic, overlappi ng. Remarks: Large predatory fishes. Recent relatives : Non e . Died out in Permian.
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Acrolepididae
Acropholis stensioei ALDINGER (length c. 65 cm) from the Permian of Cape Stosch, Greenland. Original: Geologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark.
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Acrolepididae
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Boreosomus sp. (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Wapiti Lake, Canada. Original: Tyrell Museum of Paleontology, Drumheller, Alberta, Canada.
Genus: Acropholis Geological range:
ALDINGER,
1 935.
G reenland. lined bod Features : Large predatory fishes with elongate stream ies. Head elongat e. Snout pointed . Dorsal fin pointed triangu lar , very posterior in position , oblique ly opposit e the anal fin which is even more posteri or. Caudal fin heterocercal , probab ly with narro lobes of almost equal lengt h . Scales very small and overlap ping. Remarks : Large predatory fishNone. Died out in Upper Permian . cent relatives:
rf. .
Geolo9ical range:
Acropholis, reconstruction after ALDINGfR .
Lower to Upper Triassic.
Geographical distribution :
Greenland, Spitzbergen , Madagascar,
North America. Features : Small to middle-sized fishes with slender elongate bod ies. Head deep . Snout pointed . Eyes relatively large. Dorsal fin at the hinder end of the anterior half of the body. Caudal fin heterocercal , with broad pointed lobes of equal length . Pectoral fins large and broad . Pelvic fins smal l . Anal fin triangular. Scales smal l , rectangular, arranged in diagonal rows. Remarks :
7
STENSIO, 1 92 1 .
Synonyms: Oiaphorognathus
Upper Permian.
Geographical distribution :
�:
Genus: 80reosomus
Predators.
Recent relatives : None. Died out in Upper Triassic .
Boreosomus, reconstruction after LEHMAN.
279
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Acrolepididae
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Acrolepididae
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Mesembroniscus longisquamosus WADE (length c. 8 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Brookvale, New South Wales, Australia. Original: The Natural History Museum, Lon don, U . K . Reticulepis exsculpta (KURTZE) (length c. 57 cm) from the Upper Permian of Richels dorf, Hesse, Germany. Original: Naturkundemuseum i n Ottoneum, Kassel, Germany.
Genus: Mesembroniscus
WADE,
1 935 .
Genus: Reticu/epis
WESTOLL, 1 93 4 .
Geological rang e : Middle Triassic.
Geological range: Upper Permian .
Geog raphical d istributio n : Australia. Features: Small fishes with elongate slender bodies. Head elon gate. Snout rounded . Dorsal fin pointed triangular, situated in the posterior half of the body, obliquely opposite the more poste rior anal fin . Caudal fin heterocercal with a long upper lobe. Scales smal l , rectangula r.
Geographical distributio n : Europe .
Remarks : Small predators. Recent relatives : None. Died out in Middle Triassic.
Feature s : Middle-sized fishes with slender bodies. Head relatively shallow. Snout probably rounded. Jaws set with pointed teeth. Dorsal fin triangular, in the posterior half of the body, obliquely opposite the smaller anal fin . Caudal fin heterocercal, with narrow pointed lobes of almost equal length. Scales finely sculptured. I n the posterior part this sculpture appears reticulate because of transverse ridges . Remarks : Predators . Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Permian .
280
281
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Acrolepididae
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
the Lower Permian SCHAEFFER (lengt h c. 6 cm) from Tholonotus brasiliensis DUNKLE & N .Y . , U . S.A. York, New ry, um of Natural Histo of Brazil . Origin al: American Muse
Genus: Tholonotus
DUNKLE & SCHAEFFER, 1 956.
Geological range: Lower Permian . Geographical distributio n : South America. Features : Small to middle-sized fishes. Head deep. Snout rounded . Eyes large. Scales thick and rhombic. Teeth small and pOinted . Remarks : Small to medium-sized predatory fishes. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Permian.
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Amblypteridae
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Amblypterus macropterus AGASSIZ (length c. 7 em) from the Lower Permian of the Saar region, Germany. Original: Naturhistorisehes Museu m , Vienna, Austria.
Genus: Amblypterus
AGASSIZ, 1 83 3 .
Geological range : Lower to Upper Permian. Geographical d istributi o n : Europe, North America. Features : Small fishes with laterally compressed bodies . Head d �ep. Snout blunt. Eyes large. Dorsal fin relatively large, pointed . tnang � lar, slt�ate � in the posterior half of the body, obliquely . opposite the likewise relatively large anal fin . Pectoral pelvic fins broadly pointed . Scales square to rectangular, arranged in diagonal rows. Remarks : Small predators . Now recl assified Linto t h e g e n u s Paramblypterus.
Recent relatives : None. Died out in Upper Permian .
DUN lE Tholonotus , reconstruction after & SCHAEFFER .
Amblypterus, after AGASSIZ.
283
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Amblypteridae
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
r Permian of Baylor County, Texas. sp. (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Lowe da. Cana nton, Edmo Origin al: University of Alberta,
Lawnia
Genus: Lawnia
CHONDROSTEI
ian . Geological range: Lower Perm h Ame rica . Geographical di stributio n : Nort
ies. with elon gate very slen der bod Features: Mid dle- sized fishe s r, gula trian fin sal Dor . l l . Eye s sma Hea d elon gate. Sno ut roun ded but ller, sma the e osit the bod y, opp situated i n the pos terio r half of tora l fins elon gate and narrow Pec . fin l ana l i kew ise triang u lar, Pelv ic fi n s t r i an g u l a r . Sca les d thic k and rectang ular , arra nge in diagonal rows .
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
�edue/la b�inVillei ermany.
(AGASSIZ) (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Lower Permian of Palatinate ' nglnal: Henne Collection, Stuttgart, Germany.
Genus : Aeduella
WILSON , 1 953 .
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Aeduellidae
WESTOLL, 1937.
Geolog ical range: Lower Permian . Geographical distribution: Europe . Features: M iddle-sized fishes with lateral ly compressed bodies He d dee . Snout sli htly poi ted. Eyes unusually large. Dorsal fi pOl ted tnangul ar, situated I n the posterior half of the body . obliquely pp slte the obtusely. triang ular anal fi n . Pectoral fin smal l . PelvIc fins broad . Scales rectangular, arranged in regular rows.
� 0
�
�
�
�
� ?
Remar'ks: M i d d le-sized preda tors.
Remarks: Mid d le-sized preda tors . The species blain ville i is stil l controversial .
Recent relatives: None . Died out i n Middle Permian.
ecent relatives: None. Died out In Lower Permian .
�
�
Lawnia, reconstruction after WILSON.
Aeduella, after PIVETEAU. 285
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Aeduellidae
ambau lt, (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Lower Permian of L'Arch 20) 1 61 (P U.K. n, Londo m, Museu History l France. Origina l: The Natura
Bourbonella guilloti HEYLER
Genus: Bourbon e/la
CHONDROSTEI
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Commentrya traquairi SAUVAGE (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Upper Carboniferous of Commentry, France. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P995).
Genus: Commentrya
HEYLER , 1 967.
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Commentryidae
SAUVAGE, 1 888.
Synon yms: Elaveria
Geological range: Lower Perm ian.
Geological range: Upper Carboniferous.
Geographical distribution : Europe.
lly com press ed bodie s , Features: M iddle- sized fishes with latera gly large . Dorsa l fin p�inte d Head deep . Snou t round ed. Eyes strikin bhque ly half of the body , and elong ate, situated in the poste rior small fins ral Pecto . d e point oppo site the anal fin which is l i kewise and triang ular. Pelvic fins relatively long and b road. Scale s square to rectangu lar, arranged in d iagon al rows.
�
Remarks: Middle-sized preda tors.
Geographical distribution : Europe. Features: Small to middle-sized fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bod ies . Head deep . Snout rounded. Eyes relatively large. Dorsal fin triangular, very posterior in position, op posite the considerably larger anal fi n. Pectoral and pelvic fi ns relatively large. Scales square to rectan gular, arranged in reg ular rows . Remarks: Predators . Recent relatives: None. Died out
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Perm ian.
in Upper Carboniferous.
Bourbonella,
reconstruction after HEYLEA .
Commentrya ,
reconstruction after
PIVETEAU.
287
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Commentryidae
(GOLD FUSS) (length c. 20 cm) from the Lower Permian qf Odernheim, Palatinate, Germany. Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany.
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Palaeoniscidae
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Paramblyp terus gelberti
G e n u s : Paramblypterus
SAUVAGE , 1 888.
AGASSIZ (length c. 25 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Nu Bloch, Baden, Germany. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Ger many. Gyrolepis alb ertii
G e n u s : Gyrolepis
AGASSIZ, 1 83 3 .
Sy n o n y m s : A mblypterops, Cosmopoma, Oiptero ma.
Geolog ical ran g e : Lower t o Upper Triassi c .
Geo log ical ran g e : Lower Permian .
Geog raphica l distributi on : Europe, North America, eastern Asia.
G eograp h ical d istributi o n : Europe.
Featu res : Middle- sized fishes with slender bodies . Head shallow and elon gate. Snout pointed. Dorsal fin poi nted triangular, situated in the posterior half of the body, opposite the anal fin. Caudal fin heterocercal with narrow pointed lobes. Pectoral fins long and narrow. Pelvic fins triangular. Scales rhombi c , arranged in diagonal
Features: Middle- sized fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bodies. Head deep. Snout rounded. Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin triangu lar and pointed , posterior i n position , obliquely opposite the equally pointed anal fin . Caudal fin heterocercal with the u p per lobe longer than the lower. Pectoral fins elongate and pointed. Pel vic fins triangular. Scales rect angular to rhombic, arranged in d iagonal rows .
rows . Remarks : Predatory fishes . Rece nt relative s : None. Died out in Upper Triassic.
Rem arks : Predators . Recent relatives : None. Died out i n Lower Permian . Paramblyp terus ,
recon struction after
BLOT.
288
289
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
CHONDRO STEI
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Palaeoniscidae
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Palaeoniscidae
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
rous of 19 em) from the Lower Carbonife ralia. Aust erra, Canb s, urce Reso au of Minerai Mansfield, Australia. Orig inal: Bure
(length Howqualepis rostridens LONG
e.
Myriolepis clarki EGERTON (length c. 18 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Gosford ' New South Wales, Austral ia. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, UK (P1 8069)
G e n u s : Myriolepis
G, 1 988 . G e n u s : Howqua/epis LON bon ifero us. Geo logi cal rang e : Lower Car
EGERTON,
1 864.
Geolog ical rang e : Lower Triassic.
Australi a. Geo gra phical d istri buti o n : s . He d with slen der elon gate bod i Feat u res: Mid dle- size d fish es ated I n situ , smal l . Dorsal fin . tria gula elon gate . Sno ut blunt . Eyes r anal gula y, opp osit e the IIk wls e tnan the posterior half of the bod lower and e , heterocercal , with upp er fin . Cau dal fin relatively larg th . lobe s of alm ost equ al leng fins Pectoral fins pOin ted . Pelv ic ll, sma les Sca . e bas the at broad arra nge d in reg ular rows . R e m ark s : Predatory fish es.
�
�
�
�
�
Geographical d i stribution : Australia. Feature s : Middle-sized fishes with slender elongate bodies . Head shallow and elongate. Snout pointed . Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin trian g ular , in the posterior half of the body . Anal fin lies considerably farther behind . Scales strong and dense. Remarks : Predatory fishes. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Triassic.
out Rec ent rela tive s : Non e. Died i n Lower Car bon ifero us .
Howqualepis, after LONG.
291
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Palaeoniscidae
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
n of (length c . 28 cm) from the Upper Permia Pa/aeoniscum freies/ebeni de BLAINVILLE ny. Germa urg, Homb Bad tion, Collec r Perne Richel sdorf, Hesse , Germa ny. Origin al:
G e n u s : Palaeoniscum
de BLAINVILLE, 1 8 1 8 .
nisc u s , Geo mich thys , S y n o n y m s : Eup a la eoui s c us, Pa laeo Palaeothrissum U p per Triassic . Geol ogica l ran g e : Lower Perm ian to N o rth Ame rica, G reen land Geo gra p h i ca l distr i b u tio n : Euro pe , S pitzb erg e n , Australia. ate bodie s. Head shallo Feat u res : Midd le-sized fishe s with elong and elong ate. Snou t blunt . Eyes l a rg e . D o rs a l f i n s m a l l a n d point ed . Pectoral fins also smal l . Scale s smal l , arran ged in regu lar rows .
Remarks: Predators .
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Palaeoniscidae
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Pteroniscu/us cicatrosus WHITE (len th C 7 cm ) from the Lower Triassic of Madagascar. Original : Interfoss, Munich , G rma y.
�
Genus : Pteronisculus
�
WHITE, 1 933.
Synon y m : Glaucolepis . Geolog ical range : Lower Triassi c . Geog raphical d i stributi o n : Spitzbergen ' Greenlan d , Madagascar, Aust ral i a ,
�
eatures: Small fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bod les nd e longate hea , Snout poi nted . Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin rel t Ive l y small and trian g ular, o b l i q u e l y o p p o s i t e t h e m o re posteriorly placed anal fin . Pec t ral fins long and broad . Pelvic fIns s mall and pointed , Scales smal l and arranged i n reg u lar rows .
�
�
?
�
Remarks : Predators.
Recent relatives : None. Died out in Upper Triassic.
� ecent relatives: None.
In Lower Triassi c , Pa/aeoniscum, reconstruction after
TRAQUAIR .
Died out Pteroniscu/us , reconstruction after LEHMAN.
293
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Palaeoniscidae
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Dicellopygidae
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Dicellopyge draperi (WOODWARD) (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Rouxville, Turseodus acutus LEIDY (length c. 1 9 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Firestone, U . S.A. Original: Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut, U. S.A.
G e n u s : Turseodus
G e n u s : Oicellopyge
LEIDY, 1 857.
S y n o n ym s : Eurecana , Gwynnedichthys . G eological range : Upper Triassic. G eographical d i stribution : North America.
�
Fe atures: Middle-sized fishes with somewhat laterally compress d bodies. H ead elongate . Snout rounded . Dorsal fi n in the postenor half of the body. Caudal fi n heterocercal with the upper lobe longer. Pectoral fins small and pointed . Scales smal l , arranged in regular rows . R e m arks : Probably predators.
BROU GH, 1 93 1 . Geo logic al rang e : Lower Trias sic. Geo grap h ical distr ibuti o n : Sou th Afric a. Feat u res: M iddle -size d fishe s with slen der elon gate bod ies. Hea d dee p . Sno ut roun ded . Eyes large . Dors al fin trian g ular , in the post erior half of the bod y, opp osite the likew ise trian gula r anal fin. Cau dal fin heterocercal , dee ply forked with relatively long , almo st equ al-si zed lobe s. Pectoral and pelv ic fins sma ll and pOi nted . Sca les recta ngul ar, arra nged in diag ona l rows .
Remark s : Predators. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Triassic.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Triassi c .
Turseodus, reconstruction after SCHAEFFER.
294
South Africa. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P 6084)
Dicellopyge, reconstruction after BROUGH.
2
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Birgeriidae
Chondrosteans
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Birgeria acuminata (AGASSIZ) (length c . 79 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Zogno, Bergamo, Italy. Original: Museo Civico Naturali Caffi, Bergamo, Italy.
Genus: Birgeria
STENSIO, 1 9 1 9 .
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Scanilepididae
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Scanilepis dubia ALDINGER (length c . 65 cm) from the Triassic of Scania' Sweden . Original: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Genus: Scanilepis
ALDINGER, 1 93 7 .
Synonym: Xenestes .
Geol ogical range: Lower to Upper Triassic.
Geological range: Lower to U pper Triassic.
Geographical distribution : Europe, S pitzberg en .
Geograph i cal distribution : Euro pe , Spitzbergen, Greenlan d , North A m er i c a .
Features: Relatively large fishes with somewhat laterally com pressed bodies . Skull deep. Snout blunt . Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin fringe-like, stretching along al most the whole of the back. Anal fin b road-based . Caudal fi n heterocercal with narrow u pper and broad lower lobes . Pectoral and pelvic fins small. Scales square to rectang ular, arranged i n diagonal rows.
Features: Relatively large fishes with slender, elon gate bod ies . Head long and shallow. Snout blunt. Eyes smal l . Gape long . Dorsal fin t riangular, very posterior in positio n , o pposite the l i kewise triangular anal fin . Pectoral fins broad and pointed . Pelvic fins smal l . Scales sparse and thi n . Remarks� Predatory fishes .
Remarks: Large predators. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Triassic .
Recent relatives: Some authors see the genus Birgeria as rre l ated to the order Ac i pense riformes and thus as a forerun ner of fossil sturgeons. Birgeria, reconstruction after PIVETEAU.
296
Scanilepis, reconstruction after LEHMAN.
297
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Coccolepis bucklandi AGASSIZ (length c. 10 cm) from the Upper jurassic of Soln hofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Jura-Museum, Eichstatt, Germany.
Genus: Cocco/epis
CHONDROSTEI
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Coccolepididae
AGASSIZ, 1874.
Geological range: Lower Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous. Geographical distribution: Europe, Asia, Australia. Features: Small fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bod ies. Head deep. Snout rather blunt. Eyes small. Dorsal fin triangular, relatively large, situated in the posterior half of the body, obliquely opposite the anal fin. Caudal fin heterocercal with the upper lobe somewhat larger than the lower. Pelvic fins large and pectoral fins somewhat smaller. Scales round and delicate.
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Unnamed
Chondrosteans
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Acanthoniscus cracens LOWNEY (length c. 11 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch, Montana, U.S.A. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, illinOIS, U.S.A.
Genus: Acanthoniscus
LOWNEY, 1980. Geological range: Lower Carbonife rous. Geographical distribution: North Ame rica. Features: Small fishes with slender elongate bodies. Head elon ate. out pointed. Eyes small. Dorsal fin pointed, very posterior In POSition, almost opposite the relat ively large anal fin. Pelvic fins small. Scales elongate, arranged in diagonal rows.
�
��
Remarks: Predators.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Carboniferous.
Remarks: The only chondros teans in the Lithographic Stone of Solnhofen. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Cretaceous. Coccolepis, reconstruction after TRAQUAIR
298
299
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Unnamed
Atherstonia minor WOODWARD (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Permian of Pl aatjesfontein, South Africa. Original: Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Afnca.
Gen us: Atherstonia
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Unnamed
Atracauda fundi LOWNEY (length c. 13 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch, Montan a, U.S. A. Origina l: Tyrell Museu m of Paleontology, Drumh eller, Alberta , Canada .
WOODWARD, 1 889.
Synonym : Hypterus
G e n us: Atracauda
Geological rang e : Upper Permian to Lower Triassic .
G eological range: Lower Carboniferous.
Geograph ical distributi o n : Europe, South Africa, Madagascar, North America . Featu res: Mi ddle-sized fishes with slender elongate bodies. Head elo n gate . S n o u t b l u n t . Eyes large. Dorsal fin with a broad base, posterior in posit,ion , o b . l i q u e ly op posite the anal I n . Pectoral fins elongate . PelvIc fins broad. Scales square to rectan g ular, arranged in diagonal rows .
�
Remarks : Predators. Recent re l atives: None. Died out in Lower Triassic. A therstonia , reconstruction after ORLOV.
300
Chondrosteans
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
LOWNEY, 1 980.
Geographical distribution: North America . Featu res: Small to m iddle- sized fishes with slend er elong ate bod ies. Head deep. Snou t blunt. Dorsa l fin relativ ely smal l , situated in the poste rior half of the body , obliqu ely oppo site the l i kewis e small anal fin. Caud al fi n heter ocercal , deep ly forked , uppe r lobe some what longe r than the lower . Scale s rhom bic, arran ged in diago nal rows . Rema rks: Predatory fishes. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Carboniferous .
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Unnamed
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Unnamed
Chondrosteans
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei?
Be/iehthys minimus WADE (length c. 5 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Brookvale, New
South Wales, Australia. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P 24708-9)
Genus: Belichthys
Fubariehthys proiatus (length c. 1 0 em) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear
Gulch, Montana, U.S.A. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Karlsruhe ' Germany.
Genus: Fubarichthys
WADE, 1935.
LOWNEY
Geological range: Middle Triassic.
Geological range: Lower Carboniferous.
Geographical distribution: Australia.
Geographical distribution: North America.
Features: Small fishes with slender elongate bodies. Head elon gate. Snout rounded. Eyes large. Dorsal fin pOinted, approximately in the middle of the body, opposite the small pelvic fins. Caudal fin heterocercal with narrow pointed lobes, the upper being longer than the lower. Scales small and rhombic.
Features: Small fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bod i s. He ad deep. Snout rounded . Eyes large. Gape very long. Dorsal . . fin behind the middle of the body, obliquely opposite the pelvic fins. Caudal fin heterocercal, deeply forked, upper lobe somewhat longer than the lower. Anal fin pointed. Pelvic fins small. Pectoral fi s somewhat broader. Scales small and square, arranged in diagonal rows.
Remarks: Small predators.
Remarks: Small predators.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Middle Triassic.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Carboniferous.
�
�
Beliehthys, reconstruction after HUTCHINSON.
303
:HONDROSTEI
)rder: Palaeonisciformes �amily: Unnamed
Chondrosteans Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
"2arc!ineria akolkensis KAzANTSEVA (length c. 18 cm) from the Permian of eastern :urope. Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow, Rus 'ia.
3enus: Gardineria
KAzANTSEVA-SELENTEVA, 1981.
3eological range: Permian.
3eographical distribution: Eastern Europe.
=eatures: Slender, middle-sized fishes. Head narrow . Eyes small. 3ape long. Dorsal fin pointed triangular, situated in the posterior hird of the body, opposite the somewhat broader anal fin. Pelvic ins small. Scales arranged in diagonal rows.
�emarks: Small predators.
�ecent relatives: None. Died out n Permian.
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisci formes Family: Unnamed
Suborder: Pal aeoniscoidei
MuensterichthyS b uergen. SCHAU MBERG (length c. Richelsdorf, Hesse 32 cm) from the , Germany. Orig Upper Permian inal: Burger C0II of ectlon, Bad Hers , feld , Germany. .
Genus: Muenst erichthys SCHAU MBERG ' 1989. Geological range : Upper Permia n. Geogr aphical dis tribution: Europe . Features: Mid dle-sized spindle -shaped Ish . es. Head �ounded. Eyes large. deep. Snout Gape Ion Lower Jaw set f!n large, triangu posteriorly. Dor lar, situated in sal e posterior half fin obl iquely o of the body. An pposite of the s al me shape but someWhat sm Caudal fin het erocerc l, aller. with th lOwer lobe sho . rter. Pectoral fins long, .narrow an d drawn out into a pOint . Pel vic fins short and pOinted. Sca les small.
�
�h
�
� emarks:
fishe s .
:
P rob ably pre dat ory
.
...----_.. ....... .
.Recent relativ es: None. Died out In Upper Per mian. Gardineria, reconstruction after Aka demia Nauk, Moscow.
Muenste richthy S ' recons tru ctio n after SCHAUMBERG .
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Unnamed
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Pteroniscus sp. (length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Karatau, Central ASia. Original: Museum fUr Geologie und Palaontologie, Tubingen, Germany.
Genus: Pteroniscus
CHEKKER, 1 848 .
Geological range: Upper Jurassic. Geographical distribution: Western and central Asia. Features: Small fishes with slender elongate bodies . Head deep. Snout rounded. Eyes large. Dorsal fin broad at the base, obliquely op posite the posteriorly place d , l ikewise triang u l ar, anal f i n s . Pectoral fins broad and pointed . Pelvic fi ns broad at the base. Scales smal l , arranged in regu lar rows .
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Unnamed
Chondrosteans
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Willomorichthys striatulus GARDINER (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Witteberg, South Africa. Original: Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa.
Genus: Willomorich thys
GARDINER, 1969 . Geological range: U pper Devo nian . Geographical distribution: Sout h Afric a.
Features: M iddle -size d fishe s. Head narro w. Snou t blunt . Dorsal fin very post erior i n posit ion, almo st oppo site the anal fin . Pectoral fi ns narrow. Scal es s mall, arran ged i n regu lar rows . Remarks: Predatory fishe s . Recent relatives: Non e. Died out in Upp er Devon ian .
Remarks: Small predators. Recent relatives: None. Died out i n Upper Jurassic.
Pteroniscus, reconstruction after ORLOV
306 307
CHONDRO STEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Unnamed
Chondrosteans
Suborder: Palaeoniscoidei
Yogoniscus gulo LOWNEY (lengt h c. 27 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch, Montana, U.S.A. Original: Adelphi University, G arden City, N .J., U.S.A.
Genus: Yogoniscus
LOWNEY, 1980.
Geological range: Lower Carboniferous. Geographical distribution: North America. Features: Middle-sized fishes with elongated bodies . Head elon gate. Snout poi nted . Eyes large. Dorsal fin , triang ular, poi nted , situated in the posterior half of the body, obl iquely op posite the anal fin which is likewise pointed. Caudal fin heterocercal , deeply forked with the u pper lobe somewhat longer than the lower. Scales rhombic , arranged i n diagonal rows . Remarks: Predatory fishes . Recent relatives: None . Died out i n Lower Carboniferous .
308
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Platysomidae
Chondrosteans
Suborder: Platysomoidei
Enzichthys aizenvergi SELEZNEVA (lengt h c. 3.5 cm) from t he Middle Carboniferous of th
e Donbass, Ukraine. Original : Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russko i Akademi� Nauk, Moscow, Russia.
Genus: Enzichthys
SELEZN EVA, 1 98 8 .
Geological range: M i d dle Carbo niferou s . Geographical distribution: Eastern Europ e. Features: Very s mall fishes of round ed rhomb ic outl i n e . H ead deep. Eyes large. Gape rather long . Dorsa l fin pointe d, situat ed behind the middle of the body oppos ite the anal fin . Cauda l fin stalke d , deepl y d ivided , with narro w lobes . Scale s i n ventra l part of body rod -sh ape d . Remarks: Lived in still water and possi bly fed on plant s. Recent relatives: N one. Died out i n Carb on iferou s.
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Platysomidae
Chondrosteans Suborder: Platysomoidei
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Platysomidae
Suborder: Platysomoidei
A�ASSIZ (length c. 22 cm) from the Upper Permian of Richelsdorf, Hesse, Germany. Onglnal: Interfoss. Munich, Germany.
Platysomus striatus
s of Mesolepis scalaris TRAQUAIR (length c. 15 cm) from the Upper Carboniferou U.K. Staffordshire, England, UK Original: The Natural History Museum, London, (P 8046)
Genus: Meso/epis
YOUNG, 1866.
Synonyms: Pododus
Geological range: Lower to Upper Carboniferous . Geographical distribution: Europe. Features: M iddle-sized, laterally compressed fishes with rhombic body outline. Head dee p . Snout blunt. Dorsal fin pointed and elongate and fold-like posteri orly. Anal fin with a broad base, low, fold-like but passing into a narrow point. Pectoral and pel vic fin s small. Scales rod-like ventrally . Remarks: Probably lived in still water . Possibly fed, at least partly , on plants . Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Carboniferous .
Moy-THOMAS.
Mesolepis, reconstruction after
Genus: Platysomus
Synonym: Uropteryx.
AGASSIZ, 1833.
Geological range: Lower Carboniferous to Upper Triassic. Geographica l distribution: Europe, North America, G reenland, . Spitzberg en , Australia. Features: Middle-sized fishes with laterally � ompresse d bodies and � rhombic outline. Head deep. Snout flattened. Dorsal fin �nte �lorly short and pointed, passing posteriorly into a low fringe like fin . Anal fin of similar shape . Pectoral fins narrow and pointe d. Pelvic fins very small . Scale s recta n g u l a r, b e c o m i n g m o re e � ongate ventra lly, arrang ed in diago n al rows. Remarks: Proba bly lived in still wate r . Perh aps fe d , at leas t partly, on plants. �ecent relatives: Non e. Died out In Up per Triassic .
TRAQUAIR.
Pia tysomus , reconstruction after
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Suborder: Platysomoidei
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Chirodontidae
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Chirodontidae
Chondrosteans Suborder: Platysomoidei
AGASSIZ (length c. 23 cm) from the Upper Permian of Richels dart, Hesse, Germany. Original: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washingtoll, D.C., U,S.A.
Eurysomus maerurus
AGASSIZ (length e. 17 em) from the Lower Carboniferous of Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K. Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U.K.
Eurynothus erena tus
Genus: Eurynothus
AGASSIZ, 1834.
Genus: Eurysomus
YOUNG, 1866.
Synonyms: Eurynotus Plectrolepis
Synonym: G/obulodus.
Geological range: Lower to Upper Carboniferous.
Geological range: Upper Permian .
Geographical distribution: Europe, North America, northern Asia.
Geographical distribution: Europe.
Features: Middle-sized, laterally compressed fishes of elongate oval outline. Head deep . Snout blunt. Eyes large. Dorsal fin large and pointed, running posteriorly into a low, fringe-like fin. Anal fin without a fringe. Pectoral fins
Features: M iddle-sized, laterally compressed fishes , of rhombic outline . Head deep. Snout pointed. Dorsal fin short and pointed, running into a low fin fold. Anal fin of same shape . Pelvic fins very small. Scales rod-like, becomi n g l o n g e r v e n t rally . Te eth hemis phe rical (crushing denti t ion ) .
narrowly elongate and ending in poin t s . Pelvic fins sm all and pointed. Scales rectangular, ar ranged in regular rows .
Remarks: Still-wat er fis hes of durOPhagou s diet .
Remarks: Lived in still water. Fed, at least partly, on plants .
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Permian.
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Carbonifero us . Euryno thus, reconstruction after TRAQUAIA
3 12
Eurysomus. Lithograph after
DINKEL. 313
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Suborder: Platysomoidei
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Chirodontidae
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Chirodontidae
Chondrosteans Suborder: Platysomoidei
TRAOUAIR (length c. 7 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Eskdale, Scotland, U.K. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U.K. (P20221)
Chirodus sp. (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Carboniferous of Springfield, Ne
Gen us: Cheirodopsis
Genus: Chirodus
Cheirodopsis geitziei
TRAQUAIR, 1 88 1 .
braska, U.S.A. Original: Henne C ollection, Stuttgart, Germany.
M'CoY, 1 848.
Geological range: Lower Carboniferous .
Syn onyms: Amphicentrum, Cheirodus, Hemic/ad6dus .
Geographical d i stributi o n : Europe.
Geolo g i cal rang e : Lower to Upper Carbon iferous .
Featu res: Smal l , laterally compressed fishes of rh om bic body outline. Head deep. S nout flattened . Dorsal fin with a broad base
Geographical d i stributi o n : Europe, North America.
and poi nted , resembling the anal fin on the opposite side. Pectoral fi ns with a narrow base but expanding outwards and ending in a point . Pelvic fin s very s ma l l . Scales recta n g u l ar a n d elon gate .
R e m arks:
Still -water fishes.
Probably fed , at least partly, on plants.
Recent relatives : None. Died out i n Lower Carbon iferous .
Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes, laterally compressed with rhombic body outline . H ead deep . S nout pOin ted. Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin pointed , run n i n g i nto a n elongate fin fol d . Anal fin s i m i lar in shape. In front of the dorsal and anal fins there is a charac teristic pOinte d apex on the body. Pecto ral fin s s mal l . Pelvic fin s absent. Scales elongate rectan gular, arrang ed in curved rows . Rema rks : Still-w ater fishes . Prob ably fed , at least partl y, on plant s.
�ecen t relatives: Non e. Died out In Upper Car bon ifero us.
Cheirodopsis, reconstruction after
314
Mov-THOMAS & DVNE.
Chirodus, reconstruction after
TRAOUAIR.
31 5
Chondrosteans Suborder: Platysomoidei
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Bobasatraniidae
CHONDROSTEI Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Bobasatraniidae
Chondrosteans Suborder: Platysomoidei
Ebenaqua ritchiei CAMPBELL (length c. 12 cm) from the Upper Permian of Queens land, Australia. Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany.
Bobasatrania mahavaviea WHITE (length c . 6 em) from the Lower Triassic of Mada gascar. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Gen u s : Bobasatrania
WHITE, 1932 .
G e o l og ical range : Lower Triassic. G e o g raphical d i st ri bu t i o n : Madagascar, N o rt h America , S pitz berg e n , G ree n l an d . Featu res : S m al l , l aterally compressed fishes of rhom b i c body outl i n e . Head deep . Snout blunt. Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin begins anteriorly with a little apex which passes i nto a low fringe. Pecto ral f i n s n arrow a n d p o i nted . Pelvic fins absent . Scales rhom bic, becoming longer ventrally.
G e n u s : Ebenaqua
CAMPBELL & LE Duy PHUOC, 1 983 .
Geolog i cal ran g e : U pper Permian . Geog raphical distri bution : Australia . Feat u re s : Small to m i d d le-sized , l aterally compressed fishes of rhombic body outl i n e . Head deep . Snout strongly pointed . Eyes arge. Dorsal fi n beg inning with a long narrow point which passes I nto a fringe- l i ke fi n . Anal fin s i m i l a r i n s h a p e . Scales long a n d rod - l i ke ventrally.
�
Remarks : Stil l-water fishes. Prob ably fed , at least partly, on plants. Recent relative s : None. Died out i n Upper Permian .
R e m a r k s : Sti l l - wa t e r fi s h e s . Probably fed , at least partly, on p lants . Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Triassic . 316
Bobasatrania, reconstruction after STENSIO.
Ebenaqua, reconstruction after LONG.
31 7
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Bobasatraniidae
Chondrosteans
Suborder: Platysomoidei
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Guildaichthyidae
Chondrosteans
Suborder: Unnamed
Guildayichthys carnegiei LUND (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear
Ecrinesomus dixoni WOODWARD (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Mada
Gulch, Montana, U .S.A. Original : Adelphi U niversity, Garden City, N.J . , U.S.A.
Genus: Ecrinesomus
Genus: Guildayichthys
gascar. Original: Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria.
WOODWARD, 1910.
LUND.
Geological range: Lower Triassic.
Geological range: Lower Carboniferous.
Geographical distribution: Madagascar.
Geographical distribution: North America.
Features: Small to middle-sized, laterally compressed fishes of rhombic body outline. Head deep. Snout blunt. Eyes large. Dorsal fin with only a slight point at the anterior end, passing into a low fin fold. Anal fin of similar shape. Lepidotrichia (bony fin rays) packed densely together. Scales rhombic in shape, becoming longer ventrally.
�ead deep. Snout pOinted. Eyes large. Dorsal fin elongate, begin ning s ?mewhat anterior to the middle of the body and extending far .
Remarks: Still-water fishes. Probably fed, at least partly, on plants .
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Triassic.
Features: Small, high-backed fishes with an oval body outline.
posten orly. Caudal fin not forked . Anal fin with a broad base. Pelvic fins elongate. Scales rod-shaped in the ventral part of the body ' arranged in diagonal rows. Remarks: Probably lethargic fishes, perhaps even living on plant fOOd. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Carboniferous.
318
319
CHONDROSTEI
CHONUI{OSTbl
Chondrosteans
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Unnamed
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Unnamed
Chondrosteans
I
Oiscoserra pectinodon LUND (length c.
7 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch, Montana, U.S.A. Original: Adelphi University, Garden City, N.J., U.S.A.
Genus: Discoserra
LUND.
Geological range: Lower Carboniferous.
Geographical distribution: North America.
Features: Small fishes of almost circular outline. Head deep. Snout pointed. Eyes large. Dorsal fin elongate, beginning in the middle of the body and reaching far posteriorly. Saw-like ridge scales on the anterior part of the back, on the mid line. Caudal fin not forked. Anal fin broad-based. Rod-like scales on ventral surface. Remarks: Probably lethargic fishes, perhaps even living on plant food.
Haywardia jordani
TANNER (length c 11 c ) f . . e er T nasslc of Bear Lake Co., Idaho, U.S.A. Original: Field M�seum �f ��t�r�tH UPp IS tory, chIcago, illinOIS, U.S.A.
Genus: Haywardia
TANNER, 1936. Geological range: Upper Triassic. Geographical distribution : North America. eatures: Small to �iddle -sized fishes with elongat e bodies Head �hongate' Sn°ut pOinte d. Eyes small. Scales s t rikin rf gly rod-like on t e ven ra Isu ace of bod y. Remarks: Not yet placed systematically. Recent relatives: No ne. Died out in Upper Triassic.
�
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Carboniferous.
321
Chondrosteans
CHONDRO STEI
Order: Palaeonisciformes Family: Unnamed
Urosthenes latus WOODWARD (length c. 27 cm) from the Lower Permian of New South Wales, Australia. Original: The N atural History Museum, London, UK
Genus: Urosthenes
CHONDRO STEI
Chondrosteans
Ord er: Haplolepiformes Family: Haplolepididae
DANA, 1 848.
Haplolepis sp. (length c. 4 cm) from the Upper Carboniferous of Mazon Creek, Illinois, U.S.A. Original: Field Museum of N atural H istory, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. P (22164)
Genus: Haplolepis
MiLLER, 1 982 .
Geo logical rang e: Lower Permian.
Synonyms: Eurylepis , Mecolepis , Mekolepis , Parahaplo/epis .
Geographical d i stri buti o n : Australia.
Geological rang e : Upper Carboniferous .
Features : M i ddle-sized fishes with laterally compressed bod ies . Dorsal fin ve i l - l ike with a broad base , rese m b l i ng the anal fin opposite. Pelvic fins elongate but expanded near the ends. Scales weak.
Geographical d istributi o n : North America.
R e m a r k s: P ro b a b l y l e t h a r g i c f i s h e s , perhaps e v e n feedi n g o n plants. Recent rel atives: None. Died out in Lower Permian . Urosthenes, after LE Duy PHUOC.
Features: Small fishes with elongate slender bodies. Head d eep. Snout rou nded . Eyes very large. Dorsal fin long and narrow, i n the posterior third of the body, almost opposite the very s i m i lar anal fin . Pelvic fins smal l . Pectoral fins somewhat longer and very narrow. Scales rectang ular, appre Cia b l y l o n g e r t h a n e l se w h e re along the longitudi nal axis of the body, arranged i n regular rows . Remarks: Probably g regario u s .
� ecent relative s : N o n e . D i e d out In Upper Carboniferous.
Haplolepis, reconstruction after WESTOlL.
322
323
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Haplolepiformes Family: Haplolepididae
MicrohapJo Jepis tubercuJata LOWNEY (length c. 3 cm) from the Upper Carboniferous of Linton, Ohio, U.S.A. Original: Carnegie Museum of Natural HistOry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Genus: Microhap/epis
LOWNEY,
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Ord er: Haplolepiformes Family: Haplolepididae
1 980 .
Geological range: U p per Carboniferous. Geographical distribution: N orth America. Features: Very small fishes with slender bod ies. Head massive. Snout ro u nded. Eyes very l a rg e . Dorsal fin very posterior in posit i o n , obliquely opposite t h e anal fi n . Pectoral fins n arrow. Scales rod-l i ke. Remarks: Probably gregarious . Recent relatives: None. Died out i n U pper Carboniferous .
PyritocephaJus sculptus FRITSCH (length c. 5 cm) from the Lower Permian of Nursava, Czechoslovakia. Original: Geologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Genus: Pyritocepha/us Synonym: Te/eopterina .
FRITSCH, 1 894.
Geological range: Upper Carbonifero us to Lower Permian . Geographical distribution: Europe, North America. Features: Small fishes with elongate slender bodies . Head laterally compressed. Snout rou nded . Dorsal fin very narrow, very posterior in position, opposite the somewha t broader anal fin . Caudal fin heteroce rcal . Poste ri o r e n d of the vert e bral c o l u m n s l i g htly c u rved. Pelvic fins s m all and narrow. Pectoral fins also nar row, but longe r. Scale s recta n gular, arra nged in d i agon rows al . Remarks: Prob ably g rega rious .
�
ecent relatives: N one . Died out In Lower Per m ian .
Microhaplolepis, reconstruction after
LOWNEY.
324
Pyrito ce phaJus, rec on struction after WESTOLL.
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI Order: Dorypteriformes Family: Dorypteridae
Dorypterus hoffmanni GERMAR (length c. 12 em) from the Upper Permian of Riehels dorf, Hesse, Germany. Original: Munk Collection , Karlsruhe, Germany.
Genu s : Oorypterus
GERMAR, 1 84 2 .
CHONDROSTEI Order: Tarrasiiformes Fami ly: Tarrasiidae
Chondrosteans
Apholidotos ossna LUND (length c. 8 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch, Montana, U.S.A. Original: Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, Drumheller, Alberta, Canada.
Genus: Apholidotos
LUND .
G eolog ical range : Lower to U p per Perm ian .
Geological range : Lower Carbonife ro u s .
Geog raphical distribution: Europe, eastern Asia.
Geograph ical distribution: North America.
Feat u res: Middle-sized laterally com pressed fishes with oval body out l ine. Head deep . Snout rou nded . Eyes larg e . J aws toothless. Dorsal fin begins somewhat i n front of the middle of the body with a narrow sai l - l i ke prolongation and continues as a fringe extend ing to the caudal fi n . Anal fin s im i la r but with a short point i nstead of the long sai l . Pelvic fins smal l , unusually anterior in pOSition . Body a l m ost without s c al e s .
Features: Small fishes with elongate lancet-shaped bodies . Head very small. Snout rou nded . Fins probably joined into a fringe as in Paratarrasius. Scales s parse . Remarks : Probably lived in crevices or burrowed into the sand . Recent relative s : None. Died out in Lower Carboniferous.
R e m a rks: The tooth l ess jaws s u gg est a peaceable d i sposi tion. Recent r e l at i v e s: N o n e . Died out i n U pper Permian . 326
Dorypterus , reconstruction after WESTOLL.
327
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI Order: Tarrasiiformes Family: Tarrasiidae
CHONDROSTEI Order: Ptycholepiformes Family: Ptycholepididae
Chondrosteans
Paratarrasius hibbardi LUND & MELTON (length c . 1 2 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Bear Gulch, Montana, U.S.A. Original: Adelphi University, Garden City, N .J. , U.S.A.
Ptycholepis bol/ensis AGASSIZ (length c. 32 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of Holz maden, Wurttemberg, Germany. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fUr Palaonto logie, Munic h , Germany.
G e n u s : Paratarrasius
Gen u s : ptycho/epis
LUND & M ELTON, 1 982.
AGASSIZ, 1833.
G eolog ical ran g e : Lower Carboniferous.
Geological ran g e : Middle Triassic to Lower J u rassi c .
Geograph ical distributi o n : North America.
Geog raph ical distributi o n : Europe, North America.
F e atu res : E l o n g ate lancet-s h aped f i s h es . H ead s m al l . S n o ut rounded. Eyes relatively larg e . Dorsal fi n in the form of a low fringe which begins behind the head and probably continues, via the pointed termi n ation of the body, to the middle of the ventral surface. Scales del icate.
Features: M iddle-sized fishes with slender bodies. Head elongate . Snout pointed . Lower jaw stri kingly lon g . Eyes large. Dorsal fi n i n the m i d d l e of the body. Caudal fi n heterocercal , with the lower lobe somewh at shorter and broader than the upper lobe. Pectoral fi ns elongat e . Anal and pelvic fi ns smal l . Scales denticu late at posterior edge of scale and with tran sverse fu rrows .
Remarks : Probably lived i n crev ices or bu rrowed into the san d . Recent relatives : None. Died out i n Lower Carbonifero u s .
_.. _ ._-----.
Paratarrasius, reconstruction after LUN .
328
Rem arks : Rapid swi m mers . Rece nt relative s : None. Died out in Lower J u rass ic.
Ptycholepis, reconstruction after BROUGH.
329
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Pholidopleuriformes Family: Pholidopleuridae
Australosomus merle; PRIEM (length c. 8 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Madagascar.
Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan, Italy.
Genus: Australosomus
PIVETEAU, 1930.
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Pholidopleuriformes Family: Pholidopleuridae
M�croaethes brookvale; WADE (length c. 30 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Hornsby Heights, Australia . Onglnal: Australia n Museum , Sydney, Australia .
Genus: Macroaethes
WADE, 1932.
Geological range: Lower to Middle Triassic.
Geological range: Middle Triassic.
Geographical distribution: Africa, Madagascar, Greenland, Spitz bergen.
Geographical distribution: Australia.
Features: Small to middle-sized fishes with elongate bodies. Head relatively less deep than the body. Snout blunt. Eyes large. Dorsal fin obtusely pointed. The anal fin opposite is broad-based. Caudal fin somewhat forked with two almost equal-sized lobes. Pectoral fins elongate and pointed. Pelvic fins very small. Scales long and rod-like, arranged in regular rows. Remarks: Probably predators. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Middle Triassic. Australosomus, after LEHMAN.
330
Chondrosteans
Features: Middle-sized fishes with elongate stream lined bodies. Head shallow. Snout pointed. Eyes small. Dorsal fin small and point d, e posterior in position, passing behind into a low fringe. . . Anal fin Similar. PelvIc fins small. Long rod-like scales on the flanks . Remarks: Probably very rapid swim mers.
� � ry
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Middle Triassic.
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Pholidopleuriformes Family: Pholidopleuridae
Pholidopleurus typus BRONN (length c. 9 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Carinthia,
Austria. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, UK P (1099c)
Genus: Pholidopleurus
BRONN, 1 858.
Geological range: Middle to Upper Triassic . Geographical distribution: Europe. Features: Small fishes with elongate bod ies. Head smal l . Snout blunt. Dorsal fin smal l , very posterior i n position, passing i nto a low fringe. Anal fin similar in shape. Pectoral fins narrow and poi nted . Characteristic long rod-shaped scales on the flanks . Remarks: Probably gregariou s .
Chondrosteans
Order: Luganoiiformes Family: Habroichthyidae
H 8t?,roiC hthY,S s P, {length c. 3 cm) from the Middle Triassi c of Perledo" Italy Original'. paaon 1 to loglsc hes Museum, Zurich, Switze rland.
Genus: Habroichthys
BROUG H, 1 93 9 . Geological range: M i dd l e Triass ic.
Geographical distribution: Europ e. Features: S m 1I sle nder fishes . Head shallo w. Snou t pOinted . Eyes . lar�e . Dorsal fin pOinte d , s ituate d in the poste rior half of the body obliq uely oppo site the anal fin . Scale s thick and shiny ' rhom bic o the dorsa l surface and rod-l ike on flank s.
�
�
Re mar ks: P r o b a b l y l et h arg i c . sWim mer s and g rega riou s .
�
Recent relatives: None. D i e d out i n Upper Triassic.
ecent relatives: N one . Died out In Mid dle Triassi c.
� Pholidopleurus, reconstruction after KNEfI.
332
Habroichthys, reconstruction after
GRIFFITH.
333
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Luganoiiformes Family: Habroichthyidae
--
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Luganoiiformes Family: Thoracopteridae
Thoracopterus magnificus TINTOR I (length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Cene, (length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Polzberg, Lunz, Austria. Original: Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria.
Nannolepis elegans
GRIFFITH
Genus: Nanno/epis
GRIFFITH, 1 977.
Geolog ical rang e : U pper Triassic.
G eog raphical d istributio n : Europe. Feature s: Small slender fishes. Head relatively deep . Snout blunt. fi Dorsal fin very posterio r in position , opposit e the anal fin . Caudal s Scale . forked, with almost equal -sized lobes . Pelvic fins smal l of part rhomb i c on the dorsal surface and rod -like on the anterior the flanks .
Re marks : Probably not very clever swim mers. Recent re lative s : None. Died out in Upper Triassic .
Bergamo, Italy. Original: Naturmuseum Sencken berg, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany.
Gen us: Thoracopterus
BRONN, 1858.
Syno nyms: Pterygopterus.
Geological range: Lower to U pper Triassi c . Geog raphical d istribut io n : Europe, North America, Australia. Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes with slender bodies. Head shallow. Snout pOinted. Teeth small . Dorsal fin very small, very posterior in position . Anal fin even smaller than the dorsal fin . Caudal fin deeply forke d , with the lower lobe longer than the upper . Pectoral fins g reatly en lar e d . P e l v i c fins l o n g a n d pOinted , Scales square to rect �ngular, elongate on the flanks In the anterio r part of the body.
�
Remarks: "Flying " fishes . ecent relativ es: None . Died out In Upper TriaSSic.
�
Thoracopterus, reconstruction after LEHMAN.
3 34
335
CHONDROSTEI Order: Luganoiiformes Family: Luganoiidae
Chondrosteans
Besania sp. (length c. 5 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzer land. Original: Palaontologisches Museum, Zurich.
G e n u s: Besania
BROUGH, 1 939.
CHONDROSTEI Order: Luganoiiformes Family: Luganoiidae
Chondrosteans
Luganoia lepidosteoides BROUGH (length c. 6 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland. Original: Palaontologisches Museum, Zurich, Switzerland .
Gen u s : Luganoia
BROUGH, 1 939.
G eolog ical rang e : Middle to U pper Triassic .
Geological ran g e : Middle to U pper Triassic.
Geog raphical distribution: Europe .
Geograph ical distribution : E u rope .
Feat u r e s : Small fishes with slender bod ies . Head s m all . S nout p O inte d . Eyes larg e . Scales thick, rhombic on the dorsal s u rface of the body, rod- l i ke on the flanks . Remarks : Probably g regarious little fishes but their thick "scale armour" s u ggests that they would not h ave been rapid swimmers . Recent re l atives: None. D ied out in U pper Triassi c .
Feature s: Small fishes with slender bod ies . Head shallow . Snout poi�ted . Teeth smal l . Dorsal fin i n the posterio r third of the body, obhquel y opposit e the anal fin . Pectora l fins probab ly narrow and rounded . Scales sq uare to rectang ular, elongat e and rod - l i ke on the anter ior part of the flanks . Rem ark s : Prob ably n ot rap i d swim mers , in view of t h e thick "scale armou r" . Recent relatives: None. D ied out in Upper Triassic .
Luganoia, reconstruction after BROUGH.
336
337
Chondrosteans
CHONDRO STEI
Order: Redfieldiiformes Family: Redfieldiidae
CHONDRO STEI
Chondrosteans
Or der: Redfieldiiformes Fam ily: Redfieldiidae
Atopocephala watsoni BROUGH (length c. 5 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Rouxville, South Africa. Original: The Natural History Museum, London,
U . K . (P 16079)
Beaconia spinosa WADE (length c. 5 cm) from the Middle Triassic of New South Wales, Australia. Original: American Museum of Natural History, N.Y., U.S.A.
Gen u s : Atopocephala
BROUGH, 1 934.
Genus: Beaconia
WADE, 1935 .
Geo l o gical range : Lower Triassic.
Geological range : M i d d l e Triassic.
Geo graphical di stributi on : South Africa.
Geographical d istri butio n : Austral ia.
Featu res : Small fishes with a large head and very large eyes. Nose pointed . Gape very lon g . Upper and lower jaws set with small pOinted teeth. Dorsal fin broad-based , shortly behind the middle of the body. Anal fin obliquely opposite. Pelvic fins small and pointed. Pectoral fi ns l ikewise pointed . S c a l e s rh o m b i c , a rran g e d i n regu lar rows.
Feature s: Small slender fishes. Head elongat e. Eyes large. Dorsal fin in the posterior half of the body. Anal fin obliquely opposit e. Dorsal and ventral mid l i nes carry a row of pointed spines in front of the caudal fi n . Dorsal an d anal fin s both with two s pi n e s anterio rly. Caud al fin not stron gly forked .
R e m arks: Probably gregarious. Recent rel atives: None. Died out in Lower Triassic.
Rece nt rela tive s : Non e. Died out in Mi dd le Tr ias sic .
Atopocephala, reconstruction after
338
Remarks : By some autho rs the gen us Beaconia is aSSig ned to . Brookvalia .
PIVETEAU.
Beaconia, reconstruction after HUTCHINSON.
339
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI Order: Redfieldiiformes Family: Redfieldiidae
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Redfieldiiformes Family: Redfieldiidae
WADE (length c. 9 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Brookvale, New South Wales, Australia. Original: The N atural History Museum, London, U . K . ( P 1 5 799-800)
Brookvalia gracilis
G e n u s : 8rookvalia
WADE, 1935.
SCHAEFFER (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Montrose, Utah, U .S.A. Original: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C . , U .S.A.
Cionichthys dunklei
Genus: Cionichthys
SCHAEFFER, 1967.
G eological ran g e : M iddle Triassic .
Geological range : U p per Triassic.
Geographical d istributio n : Australia.
Geographical distribution : North America.
Featu re s : Small very slender fishe s . H ead elongate . Eyes very larg e . Gape very lo n g . S m a l l pointed teet h . Dorsal fin i n the posterior half of the body, opposite the anal fi n. Pointed spines in front of the caudal fin dorsally and ventrally, and also in front of the dorsal and anal fi n s . Pectoral and p e lv ic f i n s s m a l l . Scales square to rhomb i c .
Featu res : Middle-sized slende r fishes. Head elonga te. Snout some what ointed . Dorsal fi n i n the poster ior half � of the body, obliqu ely oppos it e the anal fin . Cauda l fin relativ ely large, deeply forke d . Scales rhom bic, arran ged i n d iagon al rows . Rem arks : Prob ably pred ators .
R e m a r k s : P ro b a b l y r a p i d l y swim m i n g a n d g regarious .
Recent re lativ es: Non e. Died out i n Upper Triassic .
Recent relatives : None. Died out in M iddle Triassic .
Brookvalia, reconstruction after HUTCH INSON.
34 0
Cionichthys, reconstruction after SCHAEFFER.
341
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Redfieldiiformes Family: Redfieldiidae
CH ONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Redfieldiiformes Family: Redfieldiidae
Oictyopyge illustrans WOODWARD (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Gosforcrl, New South Wales. Original: The Natural History Museum, London,
Gen u s : Dictyopyge
U . K . (P6269)
EGERTON , 1 847 .
Geological ran ge : Lower Triassic.
H elichthys browni BROOM (length c. 7) from the Lower Triassic of Rouxvilie, Sout h Africa. Original: Museum fUr Geologie und Palaontologie, Tubingen, Germany.
Geograph ical d i stributi on : Australia.
Gen u s : Helichthys
Features: S mal l slender fishes . Head elongate. Snout poi nted . Dorsal fin very posterio r i n position, opposite the longer anal fin . Pectoral and pelvic fins l i kewise relatively long . Scales rectangular, arranged in d iagonal rows.
Geo logical ran ge : Lower Triassi c .
Remarks : Probably predators. Recent relative s : N one. Died out i n Lower Triassic.
BROOM , 1909 .
Geograph ical d istributi o n : South Africa . Featu res: S m a l l slender fishes. H ead elongate . Snout rounded . Ey�s large. Jaws set with very small teeth . Dorsal fin triangular, pOinted, very posterior in position, obliquely opposite the anal fin which is likewise triangular. Scales sq uare to rhom b i c , ar ranged in d iagonal' rows.
Remarks: Probably g regarious.
�
ecent relatives : None. Died out In Lo wer Triassic. Oictyopyge, reconstruction after STRU R.
342
Helichthys, reconstruction after BROUGH.
343
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI Order: Redfieldiiformes Family: Redfieldiidae
CHONDROSTEI Order: Redfieldiiformes Family: Redfieldiidae
Chondrosteans
ischnoiepis bancrofti HAUGHTON (length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Zimba bwe. Original: South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa.
l.8.saJichthys hillsi SCHAEFFER (length c . 9 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Little Valley, Utah, U .S.A. Onglnal: American Museum of Natural H i story, New York, N . Y . , U . S .A.
G e n u s : Ischnolepis
Genus: Lasa/ichthys
HAUGHTON , 1934.
SCHAEFFER, 1 96 7 .
Geolog ical ran g e : U pper Triassic.
Geological ran g e : U pper Triassic.
Geog raphical d i stributio n : South Africa.
Geographical distributio n : North America.
Feat u res : S mall slender fishes . Head elongate . Eyes very larg e . G a p e very lon g . U pper a n d lower jaws set with small poi nted teeth . Dorsal fin very posterior in positio n , opposite the broad-based anal . fin . In front of the bases of every fin are one or several pOinted s p i n es . S c a l e s r h o m bic , a r ranged i n d iagonal rows. R emarks: Probably g regariou s . Recent relatives: None. Died out in U p per Triassic .
ischnoiepis, reconstruction after HUTCHINSON.
344
Fe atu re s : M i d d l e - s i zed s l e n d e r fishes . Head e l o n g at e . S n o u t . poInted. Pectoral f i n s triangu lar, stri kingly larg e . Scales rhom b i c , arranged i n diagonal rows . Remarks : The large pectoral fi ns s uggest that these fishes could "fly" for short d istances. Recent relative s : None. Died out in U p per Triassic.
Lasaiichthys, reconstruction after SCHAEFFER.
345
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Redfieldiiformes Family: Redfieldiidae
Order: Redfieldiiformes Family: Redfieldiidae
Molybdichthys junior WADE (length c . 1 3 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Brookvale,
Phlyctaenichthys pectinatus WADE (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Middle Triassic of
New South Wales, Australia. Original: Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia.
G e n u s : Molybdich thys
WADE,
1935.
Brookvale, New South Wales, Australia. Original: Australian Museum, Sydney, Aus tralia.
Gen u s : Phlyctaenichthys
WADE, 1 935.
Geolog ical ran g e : M iddle Triassic .
Geologi cal ran g e : M iddle Triassic. Geographical distributio n : Australia. Feat u res: Small to m iddle-sized slender fishes . Head elongate. Eyes very larg e . Dorsal fin very posterior in position , opposite the anal fi n . Caudal fin only slightly divided . Pectoral fin s small . Scales a lmost square, arranged in diagonal rows . Remarks : Probably predators.
Geographical d istributio n : Australia. Featu res : M i dd l e- s ized s l e n d e r fis hes . Head elongate . S nout rou nded . Eyes very large . Gape very lon g . Dorsal fin in the posterior half of the body, almost opposite the small pelvic fins. In the dorsal mid l ine, in front of the beg i n n i n g of the caudal fin , is a row of pointed spines . Scales arranged i n d i
agonal rows.
Recent relative s : None. Died out in Middle Triassic.
Remarks : Probably g regariou s . Rece n t r e l at ives : N o n e . Died out in M iddle Trias sic.
Phlyctaenich thys, reconstruction after
WADE.
Molybdichthys, reconstruction after
34 6
HUTCHINSON.
34 7
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI Order: Redfieldiiformes Family: Redfieldiidae
CHONDROSTEI Order: Redfieldiiformes Family: Redfieldiidae
Chondrosteans
Schizurichthys pulcher WADE (length c. 20 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Brookvale ' Redfieldius gracilis (REDFIELD) (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Durham,
New South Wales, Australia. Original: Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia.
Connecticut, U . S.A. Original: Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Penn sylvania, U .S.A.
G e n u s : Redfieldius
HAY, 1 89 9 .
Gen u s : Schizurichthys
WADE, 1 93 5 ,
Syno n y m s : Catopterus.
Geolog ical ran g e : M i d d l e Triassic,
G e o l ogical rang e : Lower Triassic ,
Geog raphical d istri bu t i o n : Austral ia,
Geog raphical d i stribut i o n : North America,
Fe t u re s : Mediu m - s ized slender fis h e s . H ead e l o n g at e , Snout pOinted , Eyes larg e , Gape very long , Mandibl e with very small teeth. Dorsal fin on the posterio r half of the body at a slant o pposite to the broad anal fin . Pectora l and anal fins smal l . Scales thin ,
Feat u res : Medium-sized fishes with a somewhat stout body, Head broad , Snout rounded , Eyes larg e , Mandible with s m a l l teet h , Dorsal fi n pointed , trian g u lar, very posterior, al most opposite to the slightly larger anal fi n , Ventral fins smal l . Pectoral fins somewhat broadened , Scales rectangular with s i n uate fri n g es , arranged in d iagonal rows ,
�
Rema rks : Preda tors.
Recent relative s : None, D ied out in Middl e Triass i c ,
R e m arks : Predatory fishes , Recent relative s : None, Died out i n the M iddle Triassic ,
Schizurichthys , reconstruction after HUTCHINSON
Redfieldius, reconstruction after BROUGH
348
349
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI Order: Redfieldiiformes Family: Redfieldiidae
CHONDROSTEI Order: Perleidiformes Family: Perleididae
Chondrosteans
Synorichthys stewartii SCHAEFFER (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Upper Triassic at. the
U.S.A. Original : Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A . CoIobodus sp. (length c. 1 6 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Hirtenstein , Austria. Original: The Natural History Museu m, London, U.K. (P 1 0944)
Genus: Synorichthys
SCHAEFFER, 1 967.
Geological range: Upper Triassic. Geographical distribution: North America. Features: Middle-sized slender fishes. Head elon gate . Snout rounded. Eyes large . Dorsal fin triangular, pointed, very posterior in position, op posite the somewhat larger but likewise triangular anal fin . Pectoral fins somewhat expanded. Pelvic fins small. Scales t h ic k . Remarks : Predatory fishes.
AGASSIZ, 1 844. Syno nyms : Asterodon, Eup/orodus. Geol ogical rang e: Lower to Uppe r Trias
sic . Geogrc:tPh ical distributio n : Euro pe, Sout h Afric a , eastern Afric a , Australi a, northern Asia .
Fe�tures: M iddl�-sized, broa d-bo died s . Hea d deep . Sno ut pointe d. Dorsal fin broad-based, situatedfishe in the posterior desc end Ing part o� the dors al mid' line, obliq uely oppo site the sma ll anal
fin . Pectoral fins fan-like . Scales denticulate at posterior mar gin and oma ente d with para llel ribs on the exte rnal surface . Teeth hem i Spheric al form ing a pav em ent den titio n . Remarks : The den tition suggests a duro pha gou diet s . Rece nt relatives: Non e. Died out in Upp er Tria ssic .
�
Recent relatives: None. Died out in Upper Triassic.
350
Genu s: C% bodus
,
Synorichthys, reconstruction after SCHAEFFER.
35 1
CHONDRO S TEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Perleidiformes Family: Perleididae
Chondrosteans
Ord er: Perleidiform es Fa mily: Perleid idae
Manlietta crassa WADE (length c. 7 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Brookvale, Ne , South Wales, Australia. Original: Australian M useum, Sydney, Australia.
Gen u s : Manlietta
CHONDROS TEI
WADE, 1 935 .
Meidiichthys browni (BROOM) (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Rouxville, South Africa. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P1 6073)
Genus: Meidiichthys
BROUGH, 1 93 1 .
Geological range : M iddle Triassic.
Geological range : Lower Triassic.
Geo grap h i cal d istributi on : Australia.
Geograph ical d i st ri b ution : South Africa.
Featu res : S mall fishes of somewhat com pressed shape. Hea d elongate . Eyes larg e . Jaws set with s mall conical teet h . Mouth not d eeply i n ci sed . Do rsal f i n i n t h e posterior t h i rd of the bod y , obliquely op pOSite the long broad anal fin . Caudal fi n with a slightly concave posterior marg i n . Pectoral and pelvic fins small . Scales rho m b i c .
Featu res : Small slend er fishes . Head deep. Eyes larg e . Gape not very long . Jaws set with conica l teeth . Dorsa l fin j u st behind the middle of the body, obliqu ely oppOS ite the pointe d anal fin . Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l . Scale s squar e, with scallo ped marg i n s , arranged i n diag onal rows . Rem arks : Pro bab ly fed on crus tacean s and othe r s mal anim l als. ece nt rela tive s : Non e. Died out In Lower Triassic.
R e m arks : Probably fed on crus tacea and other small animals. Recent rel atives: None. Died out i n M iddle Triassic.
352
Manlietta, reconstruction after HUTCHINSON.
�
Meidiichthys, reconstruction after BROUGH.
353
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Perleidiformes Family: Perleididae
Chondrosteans
Order: Perleidiformes Family: Perleididae
Mendocinichthys brevis BORDAS (length c. 5 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Mendoza, Argentina. Original: American Museum of Natural History, New York, N . Y . , U. S.A.
G e n u s : Mendocinichthys
CHONDROSTEI
WHITLEY,
1 953.
Monte San Gorgio, Switzerland. Original: Palaontologisches Museum, Zurich, Swit z!,!rland.
Merldensia meridensis de ALESSANDRI (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Middle Triassic of
Genus: Meridensia
ANDERSSON, 1 9 1 6 .
S y n o n y m : Mendocinia.
Geological ran g e : Middle to Upper Triassic .
Geol o g i ca l ran g e : Middle Triassic.
Geograph i cal d i st ri buti o n : Europe.
Geog raphical d i stributio n : South America.
Featu res: Small elongate fishes . Head elongate. Snout pointed . Eyes large. Gape moderately long . Teeth small. Dorsal fin small, in the posterior third of the body, obliquely opposite the anal fin which is li kewise small. Pectoral and pelvic fins pointed . Scales elongate, rounde d .
Featu res : Small plump fishes. Head deep. Snout rounded . Jaws set with conical teeth. Dorsal fin very posterior in position, opposite the triangular anal fin . Scales square to rectangular, arranged in diagonal rows.
Rem arks : Probably gregarious. Rece nt re lati ve s : None. Died out in Upper Triassic,
R e marks: Probably fed on crustaceans and other small animals. Recent rel at i ve s : None. Died out in Middle Triassic .
Mendocinich thys , reconstruction after
SCHAEFFER.
354
Meridensia, reconstruction after BROUGH.
355
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
C HONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Perleidiformes Family: Perleididae
Order: Perleidiformes Family: Perleididae
Perleidus madagascariensis LEHMAN (length c. 23 cm) from the Lower Triassic of
Pristisomus latus WOODWARD (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Gosford, New South Wales, Australia. Original : The Natural History Museum, London , U . K . ( P 6274)
Madagascar. Original: Staatliches M useum fur Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Gen u s : Perleidus
Ge n u s : Pristisomus
de ALESSANDRI , 1910.
Geo l og ical ra n ge : Lower Triassic .
WOODWARD, 1890.
Geological ran g e : Lower Triassic .
Geograp h i ca l d i stribution : Madagascar.
Geog raphical d istributio n : Australia, Madagascar.
Featu res : M i ddle-sized fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bod ies . Head deep . Eyes larg e . Gape moderately lon g . Dorsal fin in the posterior third of the body, obliquely op posite the anal fin . Pectoral fins rou nded . Pelvic fins smal l . Scales square to rectang lar with scal loped edges, arranged in reg ular d iagonal rows.
Features: Small to m iddle-sized fishes of oval out l i n e . Head deep . Dorsal fin in the posterior third of the body, opposite the somewhat larger anal fin . Caudal fin scarcely forked . Scales rod-shaped . Remarks : Probably d u rophagous. Recent re latives: None. Died out i n Lower Triassi c .
Rem arks : Diet probably d u rop ha g ou s . Recent relati ves : None. Died out i n Upper Triassic .
Perleidus , reconstruction after
356
LEHM
357
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Order: Perleidiformes Family: Perleididae
Order: Perleidiformes Family: Perleididae
WADE (length c . 1 6 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Brookvale, New South Wales, Australia. Original: Australian Museu m , Sydney, Australia.
Procheirichthys ferox
G e n u s : Procheirich thys
CHONDROSTEI
Tripe/ta dubia Woodward (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Gosford, New South Wales, Australia. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U.K. (P 6274 c)
Gen u s : Tripelta
WADE , 1935.
WADE, 1 940.
Geolog i cal ra n g e : M iddle Triassic.
Geological range : Lower Triass ic .
Geographical d i stributi o n : Australia.
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : Australia.
Features : Small slender fishes with laterally compressed bod ies . Head deep. Snout rounded . Eyes larg e . Gape rather long. Teeth smal l . Dorsal fin larg e , situated in posterior third of the body , obl iqu ely opposite the anal fin . Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l . Scales rectangular with smooth
Features: Small slender fish es. Head elongate . Snout poi nted . Dorsal fin very posterior in position , opposite the larger anal fi n . Scales rectangu lar t o rhom b i c .
edges,
arranged
in
d i ag o n a l
Remarks: Probably fed o n crustacea a n d other s m a l l animals . Recent relatives : None. Died out i n Lower Triassi c .
row s . Remarks : Probably fed o n crus tacea and other small animal s . Recent relative s : None. Died out in Middle Triassi c .
Procheirichthys ,
HUTCHINSON.
358
reconst ruction aft er
359
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Perleid iformes Family: Cleithrolepid idae
(length c. 10 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Rouxville, South Africa. Original: National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa
Cleithrolepidina extoni (WOODWARD)
\1
G e n u s : C/eithrolepidina
CHONDROSTEI
Cleithrolepis granulatus EGERTON (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Gos ford, New South Wales, Original: The Natural History Museum , London, U.K. (P 1 862)
Gen us: Cleithrolepis
BERG , 1940.
Chondrosteans
Order: Perleidiformes Family: Cleithrolepididae
EGERTON, 1864 ,
G e o l og ical range : Lower Triassic .
Geolog ical ran g e : Lower to Upper Triassic.
G eographical d i stributio n : South Africa.
Geog rap h i ca l d istribution : Europe , South Africa, Australia, South America,
Featu res : Small fishes , deep in the belly and with a sharp dorsal mid l i n e . Head deep, Eyes large. Gape rather long , Jaws toothless Dorsal and anal fins triangular, near the posterior end of the body, Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l . Scales elongate, each one cu rved to form a half-cylinder. R e m arks : The tooth less jaws s u g g est a part l y h e r b ivoro u s d i et .
R,emar ks : Prob ably partly her b ivoro u s . � ecen t re l ative s : None , Died out In Upper Triassic ,
Recent relative s : None, Di ed out i n Lower Triassic .
Cleithrolepidina, & GARDINER.
360
Featu res : Small deep-bellie d fishes with a sharp dorsal mid line. Laterally co mpressed , H ead dee p . Snout pointed . Eyes larg e , � ape rather long , Jaws toothless, Dorsal a n d anal fin very posterior In position . Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l . Scales elonga te, rect angu lar, arrange d in undu lating dia go nal row s,
reconstruction after JU8B
Cleithrolepis ,
reconstruction after BROUGH.
361
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Perleid iformes Family: Cleithrolepididae
Oip teronotus olgiatii TINTORI (length c. 7 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Ca'del Frate, Varese, Italy. Original : Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali d ' i nduno Olona, Varese, Italy.
I ,
G e n u s : Dipteronotus
EGERTON, 1854 .
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Perleid iformes Family: Aetheodontidae
Chondrosteans
Aetheodontus besanensis BROUGH (length c . 5 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerlan d . Original: Palaontologisches Museum, Zurich, Switzerland.
Genus: Aetheodontus
BROUGH , 1939 .
G e o logical range : M iddle Triassic.
Geo log i cal ra nge : Middle to U pper Triassic.
Geographical d i stributi o n : Europe.
Geog raph ical d i stri buti o n : Europe.
Featu res : Small fishes of approximately oval outline with sharr' dorsal mid line. Head elongate. Snout rounded . Eyes large. Dorsa l f i n fringe-like . Anal f i n with long rays . Pectoral a n d pelvic fins smal l Scales elongate rhombic .
Featu res : Small slender fishes. Head deep . Sn out rounded . Eyes large. Dorsal fin in the posterior half of the body. Scales thick, rectang ular to rh ombic, arranged i n diagonal rows.
R e m a rks : Probably sti l l -water fishes, partly herbivorous in diet.
Recent relatives : None. Died out i n U pper Triassic.
Remarks : Probably fed on crustaceans and other smal l animals.
Recent re l ative s : None . Died out in Upper Triassic .
Oipteronotus, reconstruction after TINTORI .
36 2
363
I
I
I
Chondrosteans
CHONDRO STEI
Order: Peltopleuriformes Family: Peltopleuridae
C H ON DROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Ord er: Peltopleuriforme s fami ly: Peltopleuri d ae
I
II
Pelfopleurus kneri WOODWARD (length c. 5 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Carinthia, Austria. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (Pi 099a).
G e n u s : Pe/top/eurus G eo l og ical ran g e :
KNER , 1 866.
Middle
Placopleurus besanensis BROUGH (length c. 4 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland. Original: Palaontologisches Museum, Zurich, Switzerland.
Genus: P/acop/eurus
to Upper Triassic.
Geograph ical d istri bution : Europe , eastern As ia. Features : Small slender fishes . Head deep. Eyes very large. Dorsal fi n in the posterior third of the body , obliquely opposite the smal l anal fin . Pectoral and pelvic fins also smal l . Scales very thick, ro l i ke on the flanks but otherwise rectangular or square. R e m a r k s : P r o b a b l y l i ved o n c r ustaceans a n d o t h e r s m a l l animals.
BROUGH , 1 939.
Geol ogical ran g e : M iddle to U pper Triassi c . Geog raphical d i str i b u t i o n : Europe . Feat u re s : S ma l l fishes of laterally compressed shape. Head deep. Snout rounded . Eyes very larg e . Dorsal fin smal l , situated in the middle of the body. Caudal fin deeply divided . Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l . Scales very thick, rod- l i ke on the flan ks , otherwise square or rectangu lar. Remarks : Probably fed on crus taceans and other small animals.
Recent rel ative s : None. Died out in U pper Triassic .
R ecent re l ative s : None, Died out in Upper Triassic. ..........
Pelfopleurus, reconstruction after BROLGH .
364
Placopleurus ,
?J '" \
r e c o n s t r u c t i o n after
BROUGH.
365
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Saurichthyiformes Family: Saurichthyidae
CHO NDROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Ord er: Saurichthyiform es Fa mily: Saurichthyidae
Saurichthys sp. (length c . 35 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorg,o, Switzerland. Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Saurichthys
AGASSIZ, 1 834.
S y n o n y m s : A cidorhynchus , Be/onorhynchus , Gymnosa urich thys /ch thyorhynchus .
Saurorhynchus brevirostris WOODWARD (length c. 36 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of Holzmaden, Wurtte mberg, Germany. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany.
G eo l og ical range: Lower to Upper Triassi c .
Genus : Saurorhynchus
G e og ra p h i ca l d i stri b uti o n : Western and eastern Europe , North America, S pitzbergen , M adagascar, Austral,ia, G reen land , Sout h Africa, southern , eastern and central Asi a .
Geological range : Lower J u rassi c .
Featu res : M iddle-sil zed fishes with el'ongate stream l i ned bodies . Head elongate , ending in a rost rum equally formed from upper an d lower jaws which were of the same length . Dorsal fin almost at th posterior end of the body, opposite the fan-shaped anal fin . Pectoral a n d pelvic fins rel a tively small . Scales arranged in four longitudi nal rows dorsal , ventral and along each flank. •
R e m a rks : P i ke - l i ke predators . Viviparo u s . Recent relati ves: None. Died out in M iddle Triassic.
366
Saurichthys , after
MACMiLLAN.
REIS, 1 892 .
Geographical d i stribution : E u rope . F eatu res : M i d d l e - si zed fishes of elo n g ate strea m l i n ed s h a p e . Head Iongate , e n d i n g i n a rostrum formed equally from upper and lower Jaws. Teeth pointed conical . Caudal fin homocercal . Body almost scaleless .
�
Rem arks : Eel - like predators. Recent re l atives : None. Died out
in Lower J u rassic .
r:IT� ��� Saurorhynchus, reconstruction after
GARDINER.
367
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Acipenseriformes Family: Chondrosteidae
Chondrosteus hindenburgi (HENNIG) (length c. 300 cm) from the Lower Jurassic ot H o l z m a d e n , W u rtte m b e r g , G e r m a n y . Ori g i n a l : M u s e u m f U r G e o l o g i e u n d Palaontologie, Tubingen, Germany.
G e n u s : Chondrosteus
EGERTON, 1 858 .
C HON DROSTEI
Chondrosteans
Ord er: Acipenseri formes Fam ily: Chondrosteidae
Stichopterus popovi YAKOVLEV (length c. 56 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia. Original: Paleontologicheskii Musei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow, Rus sia.
Genus: Stichopterus
YAKOVLEV, 1 986 .
Geolog ical ran g e : Lower J u rassic.
Geo log ical ran g e : Lower Cretaceo us.
Geog raphica l di stri buti o n : E urope .
Geograp h i cal d i stributio n : Central Asia .
Feat u re s : Very larg e , rather p l u m p fishes. H ead d ee p . S n o ut pointed . Mouth ventral . Dorsal fin i n the posterior third of the body, o b l iq uely op posite the anal fin . Pectoral fins large . Pelvic fi lls pOi nted . Body largely scaleless .
Feature s: Middle- sized fishes o f rather laterally compre ssed shape . �ead d ee p . Snout somewh at elongate . Dorsal fin triangula r, ob liquely opposit e the anal fi n . Body scaleles s except for the axis of the caudal fi n . Caudal fi n heteroc ercal . The lower lobe concave i n outlin e and cons idera bly bigg er than the upper , which carrie s g an oid sc ale s.
Re m arks : Marine. Rece n t r e l atives : G e n u s and family extinct. Distantly related to the recent family Acipense r i d ae . Can be seen as fore runners of the true sturgeons.
Rem ar ks : Pre dato ry fish es. Rec e nt r e l at ives : G e nus and fa m i ly extin ct. Dista ntly relat ed to recent stur geons .
Chondros teus , reco nstruction a ft e r
WOODWARD .
368
Acipenser sturio , a recent sturgeon . Lithograph from BLOCH.
369
Chondrosteans
CHONDROSTEI
Order: Acipenseriformes Family: Polyodontidae
"}I O LOSTEI"
-
Holosteans
The term " H o loste i " is no longer used in modern systematics because the common features of this transitional g roup between the Chondrostei and the Teleostei are not enough to make a natural g roup. The few fishes that belong here are split into the d i v i s i o n s G i n g l ym o d i and H a l ec o st o m i and the s u b d iv i s i o n Halecomorp h i . For clarity ' s sake I u s e t h e word " H oloste i " i n quotation marks . Many skeletal parts represented by cartilage in the chondrosteans are ossified in the holostean s . The rig id contacts of the bones in the head are here lost so that the u pper jaw becomes mobile relative to the sku l l . Teeth are usually present on u pper as well as lower jaws . I n semionotids and pycnodont i d s t h ey are h e m i spherical a n d form a grinding dentition . The orbits of the eyes are Crossopho/is magnicaudatus COPE (length c. 39 cm) from the Eocene of Wyoming, U . S .A. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U . S .A.
more posterior and higher in the s ku l l than in chondrosteans and generally are protected by a ring of bon e . The gape is usually sho rte r , There is only one d o rsal fin . The h e m i heterocercal caudal fin shortens , to a g reater or lesser extent, and i n the more advanced forms is externally almost symmetrical . The scaly u pper lobe is usually greatly red uced . lhe unpaired fins, as in the chondros
G e n u s : Crossopho/is
COPE, 1 883 .
G eo l og ical ran g e : Eocene.
teans, have bony keeled scales i n front of them called fulcra , The ossification of the vertebral centra d iffers in different genera and is usually incom plete. Indeed , they are completely ossified only
G eo g ra p h i cal d i stributi o n : North America.
in the gars (family Lepisostei dae) .
Featu res : Large fishes, laterally compressed . Head shallow, end ing in a long rostru m formed from both u pper and lower jaws , Dorsal fin relatively smal l , s ituated in the posterior t h i rd of the bodY obliq uely opposite the somewhat larger anal fin . Caudal fin hetero cerca l , lower lobe larger than the upper. Pectoral and pelvic fins t riangular.
The scales are of ganoid type but can be c i rcular or rhombic and
R e m arks : Lived i n fresh water.
remained even in the Tertiary. The only living survivors among hol osteans are the gars and the bowfin s . More tha n one h u n d re d foss i l g e n e ra h ave so f a r b e e n d e Scribed . They are often very well p reserve d .
R ecent relative s : Genus extinct. Family still extant. Probably to be seen as forerunners of the paddlefish Po/yodon .
sometimes very t h i c k . The cos m i n e layer of c h o n d rosteans is here lacki n g . I n d ee d , even the g an o i n e l ayer i n many cases tends to reductio n . Th i n rou nd scales occur i n the bowfins (Amia). The fi rst " h o loste i " appear i n t h e U p per Perm ian . The g ro u p reached its absolute maximum i n t h e U pper J u rassi c . Its mem bers were sti l l common in the C retaceou s and a few g enera
Po/yadon spathu/a, the recent padd l e fish .
370
371
"HO LOSTEI"
Holosteans
UHOLOSTEI"
Ginglymodi
Ord er: Lepisos teiformes F amily: Lepis osteid ae
Holosteans Gars
1 >. �
co t
r-
Q) f--
Vl ::l 0 Q)
()
r-
I.-
'--
Atractosteus straus; (KINKELlN) (length c. 25 cm) from the Eocene of Messel, Ger many. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
co
-
Q)
'-
0 Gen u s : Atractosteus
RAFINESQUE, 1 82 0 .
Geological ran g e : U p p e r Cretaceous t o recent. Geographical distributio n : E u rope, North America, western Africa.
,� Vl Vl co '-
::l J
J
l
.� Vl' Vl co 'C f-c co E
Q) 0.. �
ER . time, change d after M U LL The approximate distribu tion of holosteans in geologi cal
372
Featu res : M i d dle-sized fishes with elongate slender bodies. Head narrow, ending in a rostrum formed from both u pper and lower jaws , Teeth p O i n te d . Eyes smal l . D o rsal fin very posteri o r i n POSit i o n , opposite t h e anal fin . Caudal fin not forked, rou nded . Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l . BOdy covered w i t h massive ganoid scales . R e m a rks : Fresh -water f i s h e s li ke their recent relatives . Rece n t relatives : Closely re lated to the recent gars of the g en us A tractosteus which oc CUr in North America C entral Ame rica and Cuba, ' Atractosteus spatula, a recent gar, after Yale University.
373
"HOLOSTEI"
G inglymodi
Order: Lepisosteiformes Fami l y: Lepisosteidae
Holosteans G ars
JlHOLOSTEI"
Halecostomi
O rd er: Semionotiformes Fam i ly: Semionotida e
Holosteans
II
., Lepisosteus cuneatus (COPE) (length c. 65 cm) from the Eocene of Wyomin g , U . S Original: Field Museum o f Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U . S A
Genus: Lepisosteus
de LACEPEDE, 1 803 .
Acentrophorus varians KIRKBY (length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Permian of Durham, England. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K . (P3481 c) .
Genus : Acentrophorus
TRAQUAIR , 1 87 7 .
Geo log ical range: Upper Cretaceous to recent.
Geological ran g e : Upper Permian t o U pper Triassic.
Geog rap h i cal d istributi o n : North America, southern Asia.
Geograph ical distributio n : Europe, North America.
Feature s : Middle-sized to large fishes with elongate slender b j ies . Head elongate , ending in a rostrum formed of up per a Id lower jaws which are nearly of equal length. Teeth pOi nted . Eyes small. Dorsal fin very posterior in position , opposite the large anal fin. Caudal fin n ot d i vi d e d , rounded . Pectoral fins small a nd narrow . Pelvic fins somewhat b roade r . Body covered w i t h thick ganoid scales. R e m arks : Fresh -water fishes, l ike their recent relatives. Recent r e l ati ves : Closely re lated to the recent gars of the genus Lepisosteus w h i c h oc cur in N o rth Amer,ica, Central America and Cuba.
374
Lepisosteus osseus , the recent lon gn o Se gar.
Featu res: Small fishes with somewhat laterally compre ssed bod ies . Head deep. Snout p O i nt e d . Eyes larg e . Teeth small and pOi nted . Dorsal fin attac hed beh i n d t h e m i d d l e of the body , . oblique ly oppos ite the anal fin . Pector al and pelvic fi ns b road . Body covered with rectang ular ganoid scales . R e m a r k s : P ro b a b l y h e r b i v o rous. Rece nt relatives : None. Died out i n Upper Triassi c .
Acentrophorus, reconstruction after Gill.
375
"HOLOSTEI"
Holosteans
Halecostomi
Order: Semionotiformes Family: Semionotidae
Oandya ova/is GORJANOVIC - KRAMBERGER (length c. 5 c m) from the U pper Triassic Jf Cene, Bergamo, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali Caffi, Berga \ Italy.
G e n u s : Dandya
WHITE & Moy TH OMAS -
,
1 940.
G e o l og i cal range : U pper Triassic.
Feat u re s : Small fishes with oval bodies . Head deep . Snout blul t . Eyes large. Teeth conical . Dorsal fin i n t h e posterior half o f the body, beg inning with a point and continuing as a fringe. Anal tin s i m i la r in s h ap e , o p posite i n position . Pectoral fins p l aced high o n the body. Pelvic fins smal l . Scales thick, beco m i ng longer ventrally. R e m a r k s : S t i l l - wat e r f i s h e s which probably l ived o n crus taceans and other s m a l l a n i mal s .
376
Halecostomi
Ord er: Semionotiformes Fam ily: Sem ionotidae
Holosteans
Dapedium punetatum AGASSIZ (length e. 34 em) from the Lower Jurassic of Holzmaden, Wurttemberg, Germany. Original: Urweltmuseum Hauff, Holz m ade n , G erm any .
Genus: Dapedium
LEACH, 1 83 2 .
Synony m s : Aeschmodus , Amblyurus , Dapedius , Omalopleurus,
Pholidotus .
G eo g rap h i ca l d istributi o n : Europe.
R ec e n t r e l atives : None . D i e d o u t i n U pper Triassic.
"I10LOSTEI"
Oandya , afte r TINTORI.
G eological ran g e : U pper Triassic to Lower J u rassic. G eographical d istributi o n : Europe, southern Asia. Feat u re s : M i d d le-sized fishes of oval outline. Head deep . Snout rounded . Dorsal fin beg i ns approXimately in the middle of the body and reaches as a fringe to the base of the caudal fin . Anal fin l i kewise fri nge- l i ke but Somewhat shorter. Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l . Teeth c l av ate. Thi c k ganoid scales, on the flanks longer than wide. Re m arks : Still'-wa ter herbivo res that also fed on small ani mals . . Oapedlum, after WOODWARD. . R eCen t rel atives: None. Died out in Lower J u rassic. 377
"HOLOSTEI"
Halecostomi
Order: Semionotiformes Family: Semionotidae
Holostean s
" H O LO STEI"
Halecostomi
Ord er: Semionotiformes F am ily: Semionotidae
Holosteans
sp. (length c . 5 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Gorgio, " SWItzerland . Onglnal: Palaontologlsches Museum, Zurich, Switzerland .
Eosemionotus
(length c. 5 em) from the Middle Triassic of Horns Sydney, Australia. Original: Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia.
Enigmaiehthys attenuatus WADE
G e n u s : Enigmaich thys
WADE, 1 935.
Gen us : Eosemiono tus
STOLLEY, 1 92 0 .
G e o l og i cal range : Middle Triass ic.
Geological range : Lower to M i d d l e Triass ic.
Geographical d i stributi o n : Australia.
Geograph i cal d istri buti o n : Europe .
Featu res : Small fishes of elongate fusiform shape . H ead el n gat e . S no ut pointed . Dorsal fi n in posterior t h i rd of the bod y , opposite the anal fin . Caudal fin not forked . Pectoral and pelVIC fin s smal l . Body covered in ganoid scales. R e m arks : Probably fed on crustaceans and other small an i ma,s . Recent re l atives : None . Died out in Middle Triassic.
�
eatu res : Small fishes with somewhat laterally comp ressed bod le� . Head dee p . Snout rat her pointed . Dorsal fin just beh i nd the middle of the body. Posterior margin of caudal fin slightly con cave . Anal fi n , pectoral fins and pelvic fi ns relatively small . Body Covered with l a rg e , more o r less rhombic, scales. Remarks : Probably g regarious. Recent re l at i v e s : None. out in M iddle Triassic.
Died
Eosemion o t u s ,
SCHULTZE.
378
rec o n st r u c t i o n after
379
J'J' HOLOSTEI"
Halecostomi
Holosteans
Order: Semionotiformes Family: Semionotidae
IJ'HOL OSTEI"
Halecostomi
Ord er: Semionotiformes F am ily: Semionotida e
Hemicalypterus weiri SCHAEFFER (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Triassic of San J uan
Holosteans
Heterostrophus latus WAGNER (length c. 40 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen (Blumenberg), Bavaria, Germany. Origin al: Jura-M useum , Eichstatt, Germa ny.
County, Utah, U . S . A . Original: Museum of Natural HistOry, Lawrence, Kansas, U . S .I>.
G e n u s : Hemicalypterus
SCHAEFFER, 1 967 .
Genu s : Heterostrophus
Geo log i cal ran g e : Upper Triassi c . Geograph i cal d i stribution : North America.
Feature s : Small fishes of oval outline. Head deep . S nout blu t. Eyes relatively large. Dorsal fi n tal l , fringe- l i ke, opposite the si l larly shaped anal fin . Caudal fin not forked . Body covered w l r h elongate to rod-shaped Scales.
�
Re marks : Sti l l -water fishes which probably fed on crusta ceans and other small ani mals . R e c e n t r e l at ives : None . out in Upper Triass io.
Featu res : M iddle -size d fishe s of oval outlin e. Head deep . Snou t rather poin ted . Eyes relat ively larg e . Dors al fin i n the post erior half of the body , with a point ante riorly but cont inuin g post erior ly as a low fring e, oppo site the anal fin whic h is also fring e-like . Pectoral and pelv ic fi n s sma l l . S cale s s q u a re t o recta ng u lar ' arranged in diag onal rows .
Re marks : This very rare fish is som etim es cited unde r the inco r rect nam e of Tetra gonolepis . Wag ner's holotype has d isappeared . Rec ent relaH ves : Non e. Died out in Upp er J u rass ic.
Died
Hemicalyp teru s ,
380
WAGN ER, 1 859 .
Geol ogica l rang e : U pper J u rassi c. Geog raph i cal d istrib utio n : Euro pe.
reconstruction
a ter
SCHAEFFER.
381
"HOL OSTEI"
Halecostomi
Order: Semionotiformes Fami l y: Semionotidae
Holosteans
Lepidotes elvensis (de BLAINVILLE) (length c. 47 cm) from the Lower Jurassic Holzmaden, Wurttemberg, Germany. Original: Interfoss, M u nich, Germany.
G e n u s : Lepidotes
r
,I
"IIOLOSTEI"
Halecostomi
Order: Semi ?noti�o rmes fam ily: S emlOn ohda e
Holosteans
Paracentrophorus madagascarienSis PIVETEAU (length c. 8 cm) from the Lower Trias sic of Madagascar. Original : The Natural History Museum, London, U . K.
Genus : Paracentrophorus
AGASSIZ, 1 83 2 .
S y n o n y m s : Lepido tus , Plesiodus , Prolepidotus , Scrobodus , Sphac rodus . Geological rang e : Upper Triassic to Lower Cretaceou s . Geogra p h i cal distribut i o n : Europe, Afri ca, North America, Asi , South America, Madagascar. Featu res : Middle-sized to large fishes with laterally compres ed bodies . H ead' elongate. Snout poi nted . Eyes smal l . Teeth p g shaped with rounded ends. Dorsal fi n small arld pointe d , in tile posterior half of the body. Anal fi n more posterior. Posten margin of caudal fin only mode ra t e l y c o n c ave . P e l v i c f i n s smal l . Pectoral f'ins somewhat larger. Scales very thick, rect angu lar, arranged in diagonal row s .
PIVETEA U, 1 94 1 . Geolo gical range : Lower Triass ic . Geog raph ical d istrib uti o n : Mada gasc ar,
Featu res : Sma ll fishes with latera lly comp resse d bod ies. Head dee p. Snou t round ed . Dorsa l fin in the poste rior third of the body , o pposite the anal fin . Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l . Scale s large , rectan g ul ar, arra nged in diag onal rows .
Rem arks : Prob ably of duro phag ous diet. Rec ent rela tive s : N o n e D . i ed out in Lower Trias sic .
Rema rks : Lethargic swim mers with durophagous diet . Recent relati ves : N o n e . Died out i n Lower Cretaceous.
Lepidotes, reconstruction after JAEKEL .
Paracentrophorus, reconstruction after GARDINER.
382
383
JlHOLOSTEI"
Halecostomi
Order: Semionotiformes Family: Semionotidae
" HO LOSTb1"
Holostean s
Halecostomi
Holosteans
Order: Semionoti form es Fam ily: Semiono tidae
Paralepidotus ornatus (AGASSIZ) (l eng th c. 53 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Zogno, Bergamo, Italy. Original: Museo Brembano di Scienze Naturali , San P e l leg r i 1 0 , Be rgamo, Ital y .
Tnasslc of Durlach, : �� t��tLourkwer un d e, Kar ruhe , Ger-
3 c ) fr Baden, Germ any. Origi nal: Staat liches Mus m many. Pericentrophorus minimus JORG (length c'
Genus:
Para/epidotus
STOLLEY, 1 920.
G eo log ical ran g e : U pper Permian to U pper Triassic. G eograph ical distribut i o n : Europe . Featu res: M iddle-sized to large fishes with somewhat corpul ,nt bodies . H ead elongat e . Snout pointe d . Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin relatively large, with a broad base , situated in the posterior half of t h e body. Anal fin opposite, considerably smaller. Caudal fi n moderately concave behi n d . Scales t h i c k and rectangu lar, ar ranged in d iagonal rows . Remarks : Still-water fishes with d u rophagous diet. Recent relative s : None. Died out i n U pper Triassic.
.
.
ls
Gen us:
Pericentrophorus JORG , 1 969 . Geo logi cal ran g e : Lower Tria ssic . Geo gra phic al d i strib utio n : E u rop e. re s : Very sma ll Iend er fish es. Hea d elon gat e . Sno ut poin ted t r f n d tria u lar, bro ad- ase d, s itua te in the ri f f y, 0 Ique ly opp osit e the bro adly elon�ate anal fin . Pec tor al an p e l V I C f i n s re l a t i ve l y l a rg e . cal es q uad ran gu lar, bec om I ng lo nger on the flanks . �e m arks : Pr obably fed o n crus ac ean s an d oth er s m a l l a n i mal s .
�::�
�
���i� �� �::
�
6
��� � d �
�T
�
d
�C� n t rel ati ve s : None . D ied I n Lower Tria ssic .
Pericentrophorus , reconstruction after
384
JORG.
385
II
HULUSTEl"
Halecostomi
Holostean s
Order: Semionotiformes Family: Semionotidae
Bergamo, Italy. Original : Museo CIVICO dl SClenze Naturall Caffl, Bergamo, Italy.
PUENINGER, 1 84 7 .
G eographical d i stributio n : Europe .
Feat u re s : M idd le-sized fishes , broadly rhombic in outline. ead deep . Snout rou nded. Teeth rod-like with rounded e � d s . D rsal fin beg ins with a point at the place �here the dor al mid I I � e t urns downwards and conti nues as a frin g e . Anal fin op posite nd similar but shorter. Pectoral fins very high in the body. Pelvic fins very smal l . Scales sq uare in the dorsal half of the body, becoming rod-shaped ventral ly.
�
R e ma rks : Stil l -water fishes , p ro b a b l y w i t h d u ro p h a g o u s diet. Recent re l atives : None . Died out i n U pper Triassic. Sargodon, after TINTORI.
Hol oste ans
Semionotus bergeri AGASSIZ (length c . 1 7 cm) from the Upper Triassic of WeiBenbrun n ,
Coburg. Bavaria. German y. Original : Bayeris che Staatss ammlun g fur Palaont ologie, Munich. Germany.
Genus: Semionotus
Geological ran g e : U pper Triassic.
386
Haleco stomi
Ord er: Semi ? noti �ormes Fam ily: Seml Onohdae
Sargodon tamicus PLiENINGER (length c. 33 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Berber no,
G e n u s : Sargodon
" HOL O STEI"
AGASSIZ. 1 832.
Synon ym s : Archaeosemionotus. /schyp terus . Geolo gical rang e : Lower to U pper Triass ic. Geog raphic al d istri buti o n : Europ e. South Africa . Australia. North America , Sou th Ame rica. Feat u r e s : M id d l e- s ized s l e n d e r fis h es . H ead e l o n gat e . S n o ut pointed . Dorsal fi n relativ ely large. beg i n n ing with a row of keele d scales . Ana l fin som ewh at mor e posteri or. Pos terio r ma rg i n of ca uda l fin stra igh t to s l i g ht l y � oncave . Pec tor al and pel vic fi ns e l o n g ate . Tee th rod - l i ke W i t h rou n d ed ends. Scales rh o m b ic . Re m ark s : Pr ob ab ly d u ro p ha g o us .
�ec� nt
rel ati ve s : No ne . Die d ut I n U p per Trias sic.
Semionotus, reconst ruction after JUBB &
GARDINER .
387
IJHOLO STEI"
Halecostomi
Order: Semionotiformes Family: Semionotidae
Holostea ns
" II O LOS TEI"
Halecostomi
odo ntifo rmes Ord er: Pycn mbodontidae Bre Family:
Holosteans
-
Tetragonolepis semicinctus ( B RO NN) (length c. 9 cm) from the Lower J u rassic of . Sulzkirchen, Bavaria, Germany. Onglnal: lilschlinger Collection, Stammham, Ger many. Photograph: Tischlinger.
G e n u s : Tetragonolepis
BRONN, 1 830.
Synonym s : Homoeolepis , Pleurolepis . Ge o l ogic al range : Lower J u rassi c . G eog ra phic a l d i stribut i o n : Europe , Asia.
Featu res : Small fishes with rounded oval out l i ne and deep �I lies. Laterally flattene d . Head deep. Snout rounded . Dorsa fin beg i nning approximately in the m i ddle of the body and cont i nu i n g rearwards as a fri nge. Anal fin similar. Posterior marg i n of caudal fi n straight. Pectoral fi ns set high on the body. Scales rod-like , becoming longer ven t ral ly .
Brembodus ridens TINTORI (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Zogno, Bergamo, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di 8cienze Naturali Caffi, Bergamo, Italy.
Gen u s : Brembodus
TINTORI , 1 980.
Geological ran g e : Upper Triassic. Geograph ical d i stri butio n : Europe . Featu res : Small fishes of inflated-o val out l i ne and laterally com pressed bod ies. Snout blunt. Eyes smal l . Gape d i rected down wards . Small rounded teeth . Dorsal mid line raised i nto a pOint in the anterio r part of the body. Dorsal fin frin ge-like , extendin g over the whole posterior half of the body. Anal fin considerably smaller. Caudal fin not forke d . Rem arks : Prob ably d u roph agous . Recent relativ es : N o n e . Died o u t i n U p p e r Triass ic.
Remarks : Sti ll -water herbivores that also fed on small ani mals. R e c e n t r e l at i v e s : N o n e . D i ed out in Lower Jurassic. Tetragonolepis, after THIES.
388
389
JlHOLOSTEI"
Haleco stomi
Order: Pycnodontiformes Family: Brembodontidae
Holostea ns,
" 1I0LOSTEI"
Arduafrons prominoris
G e n u s : Gibbodon
G en u s : Arduafrons
TINTORI , 1 980.
Holosteans
--
TINTORI (length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Gene, Bergam o, Italy. Original: Museo Givico di Scienze Naturali Gaffi , Bergamo, Italy.
Gibbodon cenensis
Halecostomi
cno do ntif orme s order: Py odon tidae Pycn FaJIli1y:
Boss (length c. 29 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen, Bavaria, Germany. Original: BOrgermeister MOiler Museum, Solnhofen, Germany.
Boss.
G eo l og ical ran g e : U pper Triassic.
Geological ran g e : U pper J u rassic .
Geo g raphical d i st r i b u t i o n : Europe.
Geograp hical distributio n : Europe.
Featu res : Small fishes of inflated-oval outline, laterally compressed. Head deep . Eyes relat ively larg e . Gape d i rected d ownwar-::J s . Teeth rod-l ike with ro un ded ends. Anterior part of the dorsal mid e l ine pointed. Dorsal fin low , with a very broad base, opposite smaller anal fin . Caudal fin not subdivided . Scales massive.
Feature s : Middle-sized fi shes with circular outline, laterally com pressed . Head deep and narrow, with a relatively steep "fore head" . Snout pointed . Gape short . Powerful rounded teet h . Ante rior part of dorsal mid line pointe d . Dorsal fi n low , broad - based , very posterior, opposite the smaller anal fi n which is d rawn i nto a poi nt at its anterior end . Caudal fin fan- shaped , not forked .
R e m arks : Probably d u rophagous. Recent relatives : None. Died out i n U pper Triassic.
390
Remark s : Probably d u ro phagous . Rece nt relat ives: None. D i e d o u t i n U pper J u rassic.
391
JJHO LOS TEI "
Hal ecos tom i
Holo stea n s
Orde r: Pycn odon tiform es Family: Pycnodontidae
[
PICTET,
Haleco stomi
Ord er: Pycnodontiformes Family : Pycnodontidae
Holosteans
-
Coccodus insignis PICTET (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
G e n u s : Coccodus
"f10LOSTEI"
1 85 1 .
G e o l og ical rang e : Upper Cretaceou s . G eograph ical d i stributio n : M iddle East .
ate oval bodie s. H d Featu res : Small slend er fishes with elong hemis p herica l but later elongate . Gape long. Mouth with strong l spine and on I ft ally flatten ed teeth . There is a powerful dorsa i nto two points . and right a thorn -shap ed spike d ivided d istally R e m arks : Durophagous.
Recent rel ative s : None. Died out in Upper Cretaceous.
Coelodus costae HECKEL (length c. 36 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Pietraroia, Italy. Original: Interfoss, Munich.
Gen u s : Coe/odus
HECKEL,
1 836.
Synon y m s : Anomiophthalmus, Cosmodus , G/ossodus . Geological ra nge : U pper J u rassic to Eocene. G � ograph ical d i,stributi o n : Europe, North America, Madagascar, AS ia. Features: Middle-sized fishes with oval outline a n d laterally flat tened bodies . Head dee p . S nout pOinted . Gape short . M outh with rounded teet h . Dorsal fi n in the posterior half of the body, broad - based a n d r i s i n g to a point n e a r t h e a n t e r i o r e n d . Anal fi n o p pos i t e , s i m i l a r i n shape but much smaller. Cau dal fi n fan-shaped , with scal loped posterior marg i n . Remarks : Durophagou s . Rece n t re l at i ve s : None . Died
out in Eocene.
Coe/odus , reconstruction after WOODWARD.
393
"HOLOSTEI"
Halecostomi
Order: Pycnodontiformes Family: Pycnodontidae
I
Holostea ns
"fI OL OSTEI"
H alecostomi
order: Pyc nod onti fo rmes FaJll i ly : Pycnodontid ae
Holosteans
-
I
I
Eomesodon gibbosus (WAGNER) (length c. 42 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen (Birkhot), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Jura-Museum, Eichstatt, Germany.
G e n u s : Eomesodon
WOODWARD, 1 9 1 8 .
Gyrodus hexagon us de BLAINVILLE (length c. 22 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original : Krauss Collection, WeiBenburg, Germany.
Gen u s : Gyrodus
AGASSIZ, 1 833 .
Geological ran g e : U pper Triassic to Upper J u rassic.
Synonym : Strematodus .
G eog raphical d i stribut io n : E u rope.
Geolog i cal ran g e : Middle J u rassic to U pper Cretaceous .
F e at u re s : M i d d l e-s ized fishes with oval o ut l i n e , laterally co. p ressed . H ead d e e p . Gape d i rected downward s . M o uth w ith strong hemispherical teeth . " Forehead" steep . Dorsal mid Ii e pointed in the anterior part. Dorsal fi n in the posterior part of t e d o rsal m i d l i n e , broad - based and almost semicircular. Anal fi n o p p o s i t e , c o n s i d e ra b l y smaller. Caudal fin not forked .
Geographica l d i stribution : Europe, Africa, Cuba. Features: Body ovall or almost circu lar in outline. Snout vertical . Rounded oval teeth with an obvious margin . I n j uvenile speci mens the teeth pointed i n the middle. Caudal fin large relative to the body, deeply forked with relati vely narrow lobes . Dorsal
R e m arks : D u rophagous.
fin n a rrow , a l m o st o p p o s i t e smaller anal fin . Maxi mum body length up to two metre s .
Recent re l at i ve s : N o n e . Died out in U pper J u rassic.
Re m arks : Fed on hard-shelled prey. possibly also on corals . Recent re lative s : None . Died out at end of Cretaceou s . Eomesodon, reconstruction after WOODWARD.
394
Gyrodus, reconstruction after ZITTEL.
395
"HOLO STEI"
Halecostomi
Holostean s
Order: Pycnodontiformes Family: Pycnodontidae
Gyronchus macropterus (WAGNER) (length c . . 1 0 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of . Solnhofen (Eic hstatt) , Bavaria, Germany. Onglnal: Interfoss, MUnich, Germany.
Genus: Gyronchus
AGASSIZ, 1 839.
Synony m s : Mesodon , Macromesodon , Scaphozus , Typodus. G eolog ical range : M iddle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceou s. G eograph ical d istributio n : Europe .
Feat u re s : Small fishes with circular outline, I'aterally compres ed . Head deep . Snout pOinte d . Eyes small . Gape d i rected down ward s . Dorsal fin i n the posterior half of the body, broad-based, with a point anteriorly. Anal fin opposite , of si milar shape and l i kewise relatively larg e . Cau dal fin short and unforked .
"H O LO STEI"
Halecostomi
O rd er: Pycnodontiformes F alll i ly: Pycnodontidae
Holosteans
Ichthyoceros spinosus G AYEr (length c . 7 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Lebanon. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Karlsru he, Germany.
Gen us: /chthyoceros
GAYET, 1 98 4 .
Geological ran g e : Upper Cretaceous . Geographical d i stribution : M iddle East. Features: Small fishes resembling coffer fishes in shape. Head deep, with a long and pointed snout . Teeth rod - like. Eyes large . Characteristic broad - based spine at the posterior e n d of the head . Dorsal fin fri nge-like , situated in the posterior half of the bOdy. Caudal fin with a stem-like base, unforked and rounded . Remarks : Durophago u s . Recent relative s : N o n e . Died out in U p p e r Cretaceous .
R e m arks : Durophagous . R ec e n t relative s : N o n e . Died out in Lower Cretaceous .
WOODWARD.
Gyronchys , reconstruction after
396
Mesturus, reconstruction after
LEHMAN. 397
"HOLO STEI"
Halecostomi
Order: Pycnodontiformes Family : Pycnodontidae
Holo stea ns
" H O LOS TEI"
Halecostomi
O r d er: Pyc nodonti!ormes nod ontt dae Fami ly: Pyc
Holostea ns
-
Mesturus verroeosus WAGNER (length c. 28 em) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnh fen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Krauss Collection, WeiBenburg.
Neoproseinets penalvai (SILVA SANTOS), length c. 37 cm, from the Lower Cretaceous of Ceara, Brazil. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Geolog ical rang e : U pper Jurassic.
Gen u s : Neoproscinetes FIGUEI REDO & S I LVA SANTOS, 1 98 7 Synonym : Microdon, Po/ysephus .
Geograph ical d i stri buti o n : Europe .
Geologica l ran g e : Lower Cretaceou s .
Featu res: M i d d le- sized fishes with oval out l i n e , laterally co presse d . H ead dee p . Snout pointed . Eyes large. Gape long with rou n ded teeth . Cheeks covered with a mosaic of bony plat s. Dorsal fin low, broad -based. Anal fin opposite and s i m i l arly sha ed. Caudal fin fan-shape d , not forke d , with a concave posterior mar
Geograph i cal d i st ri b ut i o n : South America.
G e n u s : Mesturus
WAGNER , 1 859.
gin.
R e m arks : Probably d u ropha gous.
Re mark s : Fishes of d urop ha gous diet .
R ecent re l ativ e s : N o n e . Died out in U pper J urassic .
Re cen t rela tive s : Non e . Died out in Lower Cre tace ous .
Mesturus, reconstruction after
398
Featu res : M iddle-s ized fishes of d isc-shap ed o u t l i n e , latera l l y compress ed . H ea d deep. S n o u t pOi nted and d i rected s l i g htly downwar ds . Eyes large . Jaws with strong hemisph erical teet h . Dorsal fin probably pOinte d , situated i n the posterior th i rd o f the body , o p p osite the anal fin . Caud al fin very larg e , deep ly forked, with narrow lobe s .
-HMANN
Neoproseinetes penalvai, after MAISEY
399
" H U L U � l ' h l"
HaleCoS � ml
Order: Pycnodontiformes Family: Pycnodontidae
tiO loste an s
" IIO LOS TEI"
Halec o stomi
nod o nti�o rmes ord er: pyc don hd ae cno Py : ily FaIIl
Ho los tea ns
-
Nursalfia veronae BLOT (length c. 31
cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, I taly. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona. Italy.
obalistum goedeli HECK EL (leng th c. 2 0 cm) from the Uppe r Creta ceous of Lebanon. Origin al: Frickh inger Collection . Mun ich , Germ any. Pa/ae
Genus: Nursallia
BLOT, 1 98 7 .
G eol og i cal range : Middle Eocene. G eograp h i cal d i stributio n : Europe.
. Featu res : Middle-sized fishes with elon gate oval outli n e , laterally compressed . Head deep . Snout pointed . Eyes large. G � pe rather long . Up per and lower jaws with a pavement of spherical teeth. Dorsal fin behind the h i ghest point of the body. Caudal fin stal�ed � broadly expanded with pointed ends, the posterior marg i n con cave but scalloped. R e m arks : Durophagous . Possibly bit pieces off corals . Pos s ibly Nursa/lia is a synonym for Pycnodus . Recent re lative s : None. Died out in Eocene .
Gen us: Palaeobalistum de BLAI NVILLE, 1 8 1 8 . Syno nym s : Pa/a eobalistes. Geo logic al rang e : U ppe r Cre tace ous to Eoc ene . Geo grap hica l d i strib utio n : Mid dle Eas t, Sou th Am eric a, E u rope , Afric a . Feat ures : Mid dle- sized fishe s with roun ded ova l outl ine, late rally compressed . Hea d deep . Gap e dire cted dow nwa rds. Eye s sma ll . Dorsal fin i n the pos teri or half of the bod y, beg ins wit h a nar row p Oin t and pa sse s i nto a low frin g e . A n a l f i n o p p osi te and S i m i l a r i n sha pe . Ta i l fi n st�lked , narro wly fan - shape d , lth broad ly sca llop ed po ste nor m ar gi n . R em ark s : Du rophago u s . Rec �n t re l at ive s: N o n e Die . d, In Eo ce n e.
"Y
400
out
HECKEL.
Palae obalis tum .
re cons truct ion after
40 1
JJHOLO STEI"
Halecostomi
Order: Pycnodontiformes Family: Pycnodontidae
Holoste a n s
-------
Proscinetes elegans AGASSIZ (length c. 24 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Soln h ofen, Bavaria, Germany. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fUr Pal aonto l og i e M unich, Germany. ,
G e n u s : Proscinetes
G ISTL, 1 848.
Geolog ical ran g e : Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous. Geog raphical d i stri buti o n : Europe, Central America, South A erica, Nort h America. Feat u res: M iddle- sized fishes with circular outline, laterally com pressed . Head deep. Gape directed downwards. Strong ro nded teeth . Dorsal fin i n the posterior half of t h e b o d y , b road based , beg inning with a point but becoming lower posteriorly. Anal fin opposite, simi lar i n shape. Caudal fin, not forked b ut w i t h a stro n g ly c o ncave posterior margin . R e m a r k s : Pro ba b l y d u ro p h a gous.
402
Halecos tomi
r: Py cnodontiformes ord e
Fa
Holo stea ns
J1lily: Pycno dontidae
---
Pycnodus platessus (de BLAINVILLE) (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Middle Eocene of BoIca, Italy. Original: Interfoss, Munich , Germany.
Genus: Pycnodus AGASSIZ, 1 833. Synon ym s : Periodus, Pychnodus .
Syn o n y m s : Microdon , Polysephis .
R e c e n t r e l ative s : N o n e . Died out in Lower Cretaceous .
" f{O LO STEI"
Proscinetes, reconstruction aft er WOODWARD.
Geolo gical ran g e : M iddle J u rassic to Eocen e. Geograph ical d i stribu ti o n : Europ e, West Ind ies ' Australia, North America, Afric a, Asia . Featu res : Small to middl e-size d fishes with oval outlin e, latera lly comp ressed . Head deep , with gape d i recte d down ward s. Roun d ed teet h . Eyes larg e. The dor sal mid l i n e c a r r i e s a small h u mp ante rio rly. Beh i nd this i s the d? rsal fin whi ch has a pOin t �n terro rl y bu t pa sse s beh i n d I�to a low frin ge . An al fin op po an d sim ilar ly sha pe d . Ca ufin stal ked , wi,t h a co ncave . Po sterr or m arg i n . e marks : Duroph agou s . C� nt rel ati ve s : N o n e . D ied In E ocen Pycnodus, reconstruction after BLOT. e.
��e =
�
· 403
IJHOLO STEI"
Halecostolpi
Order: Pycnodontiformes Family: Pycnodontidae
Holosteans
Stemmatodus rhombus (AGASSIZ) (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Castellamare, Italy. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich , Germany.
G e n u s : Stemmatodus
H ECKEL, 1 854.
l'lI OLO STEI"
Halecostomi
acr ose m iifo rme s ord er: M acr os emi idae M : ily faI11
--
Aphanepygus dorsalis DAVIS (length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Lebanon. Original: The Natural History Museu m, London, U . K.
Genus: Aphanepygus
BASSANI , 1 87 9 .
G e ological range : U pper Ju rassic to Lower Cretaceous.
Geological ran g e : U pper Cretaceou s .
G eo9'rap h i cal d i stributi o n : Europe.
Geograph i cal distributio n : M i d d l e East.
Featu res : Small fishes with rounded oval outline, laterally com pressed . Head deep. Snout pointed . Eyes large. Gape d irected slig htly downward s . Teeth smal l , rou nded . Dorsal fin beg in ning behind the middle of the body, low, fri nge-like . Anal fin op posite, similarly shaped. Caudar fi n relatively smal l , deepl,y forked . R e m arks : Durophagous .
Recent rel atives : None . Died out in Lower Cretaceous.
Holosteans
Featu res : Small fishes with elongate slender bodies . Head shal
I�w. Gape short . Mouth terminal . Dorsal fin extends as a long low fringe along almost all of the back. Caudal fin not forked . Scales arranged in d i agonal' rows .
Remarks : Aphanepygus is often aSSigne d to the genus Petalopteryx . Rece nt r e l ative s : None . Died out in Upp er Cretac eou s .
Aphanepygus, reconstruction after BARTRAM.
404
405
"HOLOSTEI"
Haleco stomi '-
Order: Macrosemiiformes Family: Macrosemiidae
Holosteans
IIJ{ O LO STEI"
Halecos tomi
acrosem iiforme s ord er: M acrosemiidae M y: Fa11lil
Holosteans
--
Disticholepis dumortieri THIOLLIERE (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Cerin, France. Original: Musee Guimet d'Histoire Naturelle, Lyon, France. Histionotus oberndorferi WAGNER (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen (Eichsti;itt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Museum Berger, Harthof bei Bchstatt, Germany.
G e n u s : Oisticho/epis
THIOLLIERE, 1 873.
Genus: Histionotus
EGERTON , 1 854 .
Geologica l range : Upper Jurassic.
Geological rang e : U pper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous.
Geog raphical distri bution : Europe .
Geog raph i cal d i stributi o n : Europe.
Features : Small fishes with slender bodies . H ead long and s al low. S nout poi nted . M outh termi nal . Dorsal fi n stretches l i ke a sail along the whole of the back. Anal fin rounded . Caudal fir� not forked. Pectoral fins rou nded . PellVic fins smal l .
Featu res: Small fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bod ies, Head deep . Mout h terminal . Two dorsal fins, the first sai l - l i ke, high and pointed , the second start i ng i m mediately _ behind the first , low triangular. Anal , pectoral and pellVic fins s m all . Caudal fin fOrked . Scales elongate rectangular to rhombic.
R e m arks : The genus Oisticho/epis is c o n s i d e red by s o m e authors as a synonym o f Ma crosemius . Recent relatiIVes : None. D i ed out i n Upper J u rassic.
Rema rks : Probably reef dwell ers .
�-:m. �= 1rllll� Disticholepis, reconstruction after BARTRAM.
406
R ece nt relatiIVe s : N o n e . Died out in Lower Cretaceous.
Histionotus, reconstruction after BARTRAM.
407
"HOLO STEI"
Halecostomi,,-
Order: Macrosemiiformes Family: Macrosemiidae
Holosteans
1'80LO S TEI"
��
Halecostomi
acr osemi ormes ord er: M cro seml ldae Ma F amily:
Holosteans
--
Legnonotus krambergeri BARTRAM (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Ce n e, Bergamo, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali Calli , Bergamo, Italy.
Macrosemius rostratus AGASSIZ (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Upper Jurassic ot Solnhofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany . Original: Krauss Collection, WeiBenburg, Germany.
G e n u s : Legnonotus
Gen us: Macrosemius
EGERTON, 1 854.
AGASS IZ
,
1 844 .
Geologi cal rang e : U pper Triassic.
Geological ran g e : U pper Jurassic .
G eographical di stri b ution : Europe .
Geograph ical d istri bution : Europe , western Africa.
Featu res : Small slender fishes . Head elongate and shallow . Mouth terminal . Dorsal fin broad - based, approximately in the middl of t h e body, ante riorly tall and sai l - l ike but decreasi n g i n hei ht posterio rly. Anal and pelvic f i n s s m al l . Caudal fi n s m a l l and moderately forked . Pectorall fins s o m e w h at b ro a d e r t h a n t h e pelvic fi n s . Scales s m al l and elongate rectan g u lar.
Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes with elongate bodies . Head relatively larg e . Mouth small and terminal . Dorsal fin very broad based , extending almost the whole length of the back. Caudal fin not forked , narrow and rou nded , Anal fin rounded . Pectoral fi ns fan - l i k e , P e l v i c f i n s s m a l l . S cales smal l ,
Re m arks : Probably reef dwell ers .
R ecent relative s : None Died . out in Upp er Jurass c . i
Rem arks: Probabl y reef dwel l ers .
Recent re l at i v e s : N o n e . Died out i n Upper Triassic.
Legnonotus, reconstruction aft er BARTRAM .
408
Macrosemius , reconstruction after BARTRAM.
409
JlHOLOSTEI"
Halecostomi
Order: Macrosemiiformes Family: Macrosemiidae
Holosteans
Notagogus
Synonym s :
Halecostomi
order: M acro semiiformes Fam ily: Ma cro semii dae
Holosteans
--
Notagogus dentic;ulatus AGASSIZ (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnh0fen (Kelheim), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fUr Palaontologie, Munich , Germany.
Genus:
" II OLO STEI"
AGASSIZ, 1 83 5 .
Blenniomogius , Callignathus .
Petalopteryxs syriaeus PICTET (length c. 24 em) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Lebanon . Original: Naturmuseum Senckenberg , Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany.
Genus:
Petalopteryx
PICTET, 1 85 1 .
Geological range: Lower to U pper Cretaceous.
Geological rang e : U pper J u rassic to Lower Cretaceous .
Geograph ical d istributi o n : Europe, Middle East .
Geograph ical d istributi o n : Europe.
Featu res : Midd le-sized fishes with elongate bodies . Head rela tively larg e . Gape moderately long . Two d orsal fi n s-t h e fi rst beg i n s in the anterior part of the body and is anteriorly tal l and P?inted, becoming lower posteriorly with a concave upper mar gin ; the second is in the posterior third of the body and triangu lar. Anal fin and pelvic fins small and pointed . Pectoral fins fan shaped . Caudal fin forked . Scales thick and q u adrangular .
Feat u re s : Small fishes with elongate bodies. Head relatively la;g8. Snout poInted . Gape not very long . Two dorsal �ins, the firsr tall anteriorly and decreasing in height posteriorly, the second � mall a n d a p p ro x i m ately q u ad r i late r a l . C a u d a l fin m o d e rat e l y forked . Anal fin and pelvic fi ns smal l . Pectoral fins fan-shaped . Scales smal l , serrate at the lon g itudinal marg i n s .
Rem arks : Rapid swimme rs , probabl y l iving near reefs . Recent relative s : None . Died out in U pper Cretace ous.
Remarks : Probably reef dwell e rs . Recent relative s : N o n e . Died out i n Lower Cretaceous.
41 0
Notagogus, reconstruction after BARTRAM.
41 1
"HOLOSTEI"
Halecostomi
Order: Macrosemiiformes Family: Macrosemiidae
Holoste ans
" fl O L OSTEI"
Haleco stomi
Macrosemiiformes o rder: Uarbryichthyidae l y: faJIli
Holosteans
-
Propterus microstomus AGASSIZ (length c . 10 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Soln hofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Krauss Collection, WeiBenburg, Ger many.
G e n u s : Propterus
AGASSIZ, 1 834.
Uarbryichthys latus WADE (length c . 32 cm) from the Lower J u rassic of Talbragar, New South Wales, Australia. Original: Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia.
Genus: Uarbryichthys
WADE, 1 94 1 .
G eo l o g i cal range : Upper J u rassic to Lower C retaceo us .
Geological range : Lower J urassic.
Geog raph ical distrib uti o n : Europe.
Geographica l d i stri bution : Austral ia.
Featu res : Small fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bod ies. Head deep. Mouth very smal l . Two dorsal fins-the firs , in the anterior half of the body, is tall and pointed , with the first fin ray forming a long spine; the second is low and smal l . Anal fin pointed . Pelvic fi ns smal l . Pectoral fins fa n - s haped . Caudal fin deeply forked . Scales weakly serrated along the longitudinal marg i n s .
Features: M iddle-sized fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bodies. Head larg e . Snout pOi nted . Mouth terminal . Gape not very long . Dorsal fin extending like a sail over almost the whole of the back, very tall anterio rly, beco ming lower poste riorly. Anal and pelvic fi ns smal l . Pectoral fins fan - s h a p e d . C a u d al f i n forked . Scales sma l l . Rem arks : Sti ll-water herbivo res that also fed on small an imals .
R e m arks : Probably reef dwell ers .
R ece nt re lative s : None. D . ied out in Lo we r J u ras sic .
Recent re lative s : N o n e . Died out in the Lower Cretaceous. Prop terus , reconstruction after BART RAM .
41 2
Uarbryichthys , after BARTRAM .
41 3
"HOLOSTEI"
Halecostomi
Order: Macrosemiiformes Family: Unnamed
Holoste ans
Halecom orphi
order: A miiformes FaJIl ily: Parasemionotidae
Holosteans
--
OphiOpSis procera AGASSIZ (length c. 26 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen (Eichstatt). Bavaria, Germany. Original: Schwegler Museum, Langenaltheim near Solnhofen, Germany.
G e n u s : Ophiopsis
"f1 0L O STEI"
Albertonia cupidinia (LAMBE) (length c. 36 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Wapiti Lake, Alberta, Canada. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fUr Palaontologie, Munich, Germany.
Genus: Albertonia
AGASSIZ, 1 834.
GARDINER, 1 96 6 .
Geolog ical range : Middle Triassic to Lower Cretaceous.
Geolog ical ran g e : Lower Triassic.
Geographical d i stri buti o n : Europe, western Africa.
Geograph ical d i stribut i o n : North America .
Features: Middle -sized fishes with slender elongate bodies . Head shallow. Snout pointe d . Gape rather long. Dorsal fin broad - based, begins in the anterior half of the body and anteriorly is tall and poi nted but decreases i n height posteriorly, with a concave u p per marg i n . Anal fin smal l . Pelvic fi ns somewhat larger. Pect o ra l f i n s fa n - s h a p e d . T h i c k q u ad ran g u lar scal e s .
Featu res : Middle-sized fishes with laterally com pressed bodies. Head elongate. Snout rou nd ed . Gape rather long . Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin very large, flag- or vei l - l i ke and situated i n t h e posterior third of the body, opposite the rou nded anal fin . Pelvic fins smal l . Pectoral fins stri kingly long and vei l - l i ke . Scales strong and qua dran g u lar .
R e m arks : Probably l ived near reefs .
Rem arks : Sti l l -water fishes that probably fed on plants. Recent relatives : None. Died out i n Lower Triassic.
Recent r e l at i ve s : N o n e . D i ed out in Lower Cretaceous.
Ophiopsis, reconstruction afte r WOODWARD.
41 4
41 5
IJHOLOSTEI"
Halecomorphi
Order: Amiiformes Family: Parasemionotidae
Holoste ans
" }lO LO STEI"
Halecomorphi
iif or� es order: Am . I ParasemlOnohdae f a JIli y:
Holosteans
--
Parasemiontus /abordei PIVETEAU (length c. 13 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Mada
LEHMAN (length c. 8 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Madaga car. Original: Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph: St:: rette Paris.
gascar. Original: Hennlye Collection, Stuttgart, Germany.
G e n u s : Jacobulus
Genu s : Parasemionotus
Jacobulus novus
LEHMAN , 1 952.
PIVETEAU, 1 92 9 .
Geolog ical range : Lower Triassic.
Geological range: Lower Triassic.
G eographical d i stribution : Madagascar.
Geograp hical d i stribut i o n : Madagascar, Greenland .
Feat u res : S m a l l fishes with rat h e r deep b o d i e s . H ead dee p . Snout ro u n d ed . Eyes smal l . Gape long . Mouth with pOvJe rful dentitio n . Dorsal fi n triangu lar, situated in the posterior half of the body. Pectoral fins narrow. Pelvic fins fan- l i ke. Caudal fin rob ably emarginate of slig htly forked . Scales q u adran g ular, some times rectan gular.
Featu res : Smal l to middle-sized fishes with rat her laterally com p ressed bodies . Head deep. Snout rounded . Eyes large. Mouth smal l . Dorsal fin triang u l ar , very posterior in position . Anal fin likewise triangular. Pelvic and pectoral fins narrow . Caudal fin S l i g htly c o n cave p o s t e r i o r l y . Scales square t o rectan g ular, arrang ed in diag ona l row s. Re mark s : Prob ably fed on crus tacean s and othe sma r ll a n i mals .
Re m arks : Probably predators . Recent re l ative s : None. Died out in Triassic .
R ecent re l ativ e s : N o n e . out in Lo wer Triass ic .
Died
Parasemionotus,
reconstruction after
LEHMAN.
41 6
41 7
JlHOLOSTEI"
Halecomorphi
Order: Amiiformes Family: Parasemionotidae
Holost ea ns
---------------------------
" f{ OL O STEI"
Halecomorphi
d er: Amiiform es JI\i lY : Parasemionotidae
�:
Holosteans
---
Phaidrosoma lunzensis GRIFFITH (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Upper Triassic of PolZberg , Austria. Original: Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria.
PrBesemionotus sp. (length c. 3 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Durlach , Baden,
G e n u s : Phaidrosoma
Gen us : Praesemionotus
GRIFFITH, 1 97 7 .
Germany. Original: Staatliches Museum fOr Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
JORG, 1 969 .
G eolog ica l ran g e : U pper Triassic.
Geologica l range : Lower Triassic.
G eographical d i stributio n : Europe , .
Geographical d i stributio n : Europe .
Feature s : Small fishes with elongate fusiform bod ies . Head elon gat,e. S nout pointe d . Dorsal fin acute triangular, located in the posterior third of t h e body. Anal and pelvic fins elongate. audal fin deeply forke d . Pectoral fins .
Features: Very small fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bodies. Head relatively large. Snout rounded , Gape rather long . Small pOinted teeth . Eyes relatively larg e . Dorsal fin triang u lar, located very posteriorly . Anal fin long and n arrow . Pelvic fins elongate . Pectoral fi ns s i m i lar and inserted very low on the body . Caudal fin large , deep ly forke d .
R e m arks : Probably fed on crus taceans and oth e r s m a l l a n i mals. H a s been reclassed into the genus Dipteronotus.
Rem arks : Probably fed on crus tac eans and othe sma r ll a n i mals. Has been reclas sified into the gen us Dip
Recent relative s : N o n e . D i ed out in U pper Triassic .
teronotus .
Rec � nt rela t i v e s : N o n e . Died out In Lo wer Triassi c .
Phaidrosoma, reconstruction aft er GRIFFITH
41 8
Praesemionotus, after J6RG.
41 9
"HOLOSTEI"
Halecomorphi
Order: Amiiformes Family: Parasemionotidae
Holost e a ns
" lI OL OS TEI"
Halecomorphi
es order: A miifor� . ParasemlOnohdae faJllily:
Holosteans
--
Promecosomina beaconensis WADE (length c. 26 cm) from the Middle Trias 'ic of Gosford, New South Wales, Australia. Original: Australian Museum, Sydney, Austra lia.
Watsonulus eugnathoides (PIVETEAU) (length c. 11 cm) from the Upper Triassic of
Madagascar. Onglnal: Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylva
nia, U.S.A.
G e n u s : Promecosomina
WADE, 1 93 5 .
Genus: Watsonulus
BROUGH , 1 939.
G eological ran g e : M i d d l e t o U pper Triassic.
Geological ran g e : Lower Triassic .
G eograp h i cal d i stribution : Austral ia.
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : Madagascar, North America.
F e atu res : M i d d l e- sized fishes with rather laterally comprlssed bodies . H ead elongate . Snout pointed . Gape short. Eyes small. Dorsal fin b road - base d , s i t u ated i n the posterior t h i rd rf the body, opposite the anal fin . Anal fin , pelvic fins and pector I fins narrow. Caudal fin strongly concave p o st e r i o r l y . S c a l e s arranged in d Iagonal rows . Rem arks : Probably fed on crus tac eans and other s m a l l a n i m a l s and p e r h a p s a l s o on p lants .
the an al fin . Pelvic and pectoral fins elongate. Caudal fin concave . poste riorly. Scales arran ged i n diag onal rows . Rem arks : Prob ably fed on crus
taceans and othe r s mall ani
mal s a n d
�
plan ts .
perh aps also
on
ec� nt re l ative s : N o n e . Died ut In Up per Triass i c .
Recent re l at i ve s : N o n e . Died out in U pper Triassic . . Promecosomina , after WADE.
420
Featu res: Small to middle-sized fishes with rather laterally com
pressed bod ies . Head deep . Snout rou nded . Eyes smal l . Gape rather long. Dorsal fin in the posterior third of the body , opposite
Watsonulus , reconstruction after OLSEN.
42 1
"HOLOSTEI"
Halecomorphi
Order: Amiiformes Family: Parasemionotidae?
Holoste a n s
------
"}-IO L OSTEI"
Halecomorphi
miiformes? o rd er: A Parasemionotidae? f amily:
Holosteans
---
Unnamed tish (Iengtn c. 32 cm) from the Triassic of Wapiti Lake, British Coll1 mbia, Canada. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturf
Unnamed fish (length c. 50 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of Holzmaden. Original : Urweltmuseum Hauff, Holzmaden, Wurttemberg, Germany.
G e n u s : Not named .
Genus : Unknown .
Geological range : Lower Triassi c .
Geological ran g e : Lower J u rassic.
Geog raph ical d i stributi o n : North America .
Geographical d i stributi o n : Europe.
Featu res : Middle-sized fishes with streamli ned bodies. Head shal low. Snout rounded . Small pointed teet h . Dorsal fi n just behind the middle of the body, obliquely opposite the anal fin . Pectoral fins stri k i n g ly long , al most vei l - l i ke . Caudal fi n deeply fo rked . Scales c i rcu lar.
Features: M iddle-sized fishes of slender shape. Head deep. Snout pointed . Gape long . U pper and lower jaws set with poi nted teeth . Dorsal fin triang u lar, located j ust behind the middle of the body , opposite the narrow pectoral fi n s . Anal fin smal l . Pectoral fins large, fan-shaped . Caudal fin heterocerca l , with a narrow u pper and a broad lower I' o b e . Body covered with t h i c k , d iag onally arranged sca les . Rem arks : Pre dat ors .
R e m arks : This fish has not yet been descri bed . Possibly a new species of the genus Albertonia or perhaps some other genus. Recent re l atives : None . Died out i n Lower Triassic .
422
Rece nt re latives : None. Probably d ied out in Lower J u rassic.
423
"HOLOSTEI"
Order: Amiiformes Family: Caturidae
Halecomorphi
Holost ean s
" fl O L OSTEI"
r s order: Am iifo me faIll i ly: Caturi dae
Halecomorphi
Holosteans
-------
--
Caturus (urcatus AGASSIZ (length c. 28 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solr hofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany.
Eoeugnathus megalepis BROUGH (length c. 9 cm) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland. Original: Palaontologisches Museum, Zurich, Switzerland.
G e n u s : Caturus
AGASSIZ, 1 834.
Syn o n ym s : Conocus , Oitaxiodus , Enda c tis , Thlattodus , Uraeus .
Genus: Eoeugnathus
BROUGH, 1 939 .
Geolog ical range : Middle to U pper Triassic .
Geological range : Lower J u rassic t o Lower Cretaceou s .
Geograp h i ca l d i stributi o n : Europe .
Geographical d i stri b uti o n : Europe, west Africa.
Featu res : Small fishes of rather laterally com pressed shape. H ead deep. Snout rounded . Gape rather long . J aws with small pointed teeth. Eyes large. Dorsal fin triangular, s hortly behind the anterior half of the body, obliquely opposite the anal fin which i s smaller but l i kewise trian g u lar. Pelvic fins smal l and pointed . Pectoral f i n s ro u n d e d . C a u d a l f i n P osteriorly stro n g l y concave . Scales relatively thick.
Feature s : M iddle-sized fishes of slender salmon - l i ke shape . ead short, with powerful , strongly toothed jaws. Eyes relatively small. Dorsal fin pointed , located shortly behind the middle of the ody. Anal fin l i kewise p O i nted , attached more posteriorly. Pelvic and pectoral fi ns narrow. Cau d al fi n l a rg e , d e e p l y forke d . Scales smal l , rounded, almost cycl o i d . Vertebral c o l u m n i n comp letely ossified . R e m a rk s : R a p i d l y swi m m i n g p redators . R ec e nt r e l atives : N o n e . D ied out i n Lower Cretaceous .
. Caturus, reconstruction after WoO DWARD
Remarks : Predators . Recent re lative s : None . Died out in U pper Triassi c .
Eoeugnathus ,
reconstruction after
BROUGH.
424
425
"HOLOSTEI"
Order: Amiiformes Family: Caturidae
Halecomorphi
Holoste a n s
flOLOSTEI"
order: Ami iformes family: Caturid ae
Halecomorphi
Holosteans
--
\.
Amb/ysemius bellicianus THIOLLIERE (length c. 23 cm) from the Upper J urasSIC of Solnhofen (Zandt), Bavaria, Germany. Original : Bayensche Staatssammlung fUr Palaontologie, Munich, Germany.
Furo /ongimanus (AGASSIz) (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen,
G e n u s : Amb/ysemius AGASSIZ, 1 844.
Gen u s : Furo
Geolog i ca l ran g e : Upper J u rassic.
Synonyms : /sopho/is , Lisso/epis .
G eograp h i ca l d i stributio n : Europe.
Geolog ical range : U pper J u rassic .
Feat u res : Midd le-sized fishes with elongate slender bodies. H ead elon gate and shallow. S n o ut somewhat rou nded . G ape lon g . Mouth with powerful jaws and very strong dentition . Dorsal fin triang ular, located in the posteri or t h i rd of the body. A n al fi n l i kewise trian g u lar but l ocated m o re posteriorly. Pectoral fin s narrow a n d somewhat fan-like . Caudal fin deeply forked .
Geog raph ical d i stributi o n : Europe, Asia.
Rem arks : Rapidly swimming predators . Recent re l atives : None . Died out in U pper J u rassic.
Bavaria, Germany. Original: BOrgermeister MOiler Museum, Solnhofen, Germany.
G ISTL
,
1 848.
Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes with elongate slender bod ies. Head elongate and shallow. Gape long . Mouth powerful jaws and strong teeth . Dorsal fin acutely trian g u lar, located s hortly behind the middle of the body. Anal fin small and triangu lar, Situated more posterio rly. Pel Vic and pectoral fi ns narro w . Sca les q uadrangu lar, relatively thic k . Re m arks : Rap i d l y sw i m m i n g predat ors . Re ce n t relati ves None : . D ied out in U ppe r J u rassic. Furo, reconstruction after WOODWARD.
426
427
•
"iie
"HOLOSTEI"
Order: Amiiformes F amily: Caturidae
"I
1: 1:,
�---------------------------------------------
j
II
II
Holos te ans
---
. 'ill
II
Halecomorphi
I
" }l OL OSTEI"
ord er: Amiif� rmes d f aJll i ly: Ca tun ae
Halecom orphi
Holosteans
--
,
,
I
I !
i i
fli
i II
II I II II
Hetero/epidotus dorsa/is KNER (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Upper Triassic of A net, . Hallein, Austria. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fur Palaontologle, M nlch, Germany.
G e n u s : Heterolepidotus
EGERTON, 1 87 2 ,
S y n o n ym s : Bra chyich thys , Eulepidotus , Geolog ical ran g e : Upper Triassic to U pper J u rassic .
j,
G eograp h i cal d i stributio n : E u rope , Central Asi a , Features : Small t o middle-sized fishes with rather laterally com pressed bodies, Head elongate and shallow , Snout pointed , ape rather long , J aws with small pointed teeth , Dorsal fin rou nded, located i n the posterior t h i rd of the body , obliquely opposite the smaller anal fi n , Pelvic fins elon gate and rounded , Pectoral fins s i m i lar, but considerably larger, Caudal fin only slightly forked, with broad lobes . Scales thick and q uadran g u lar.
Macrepistius arenatus COPE (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Glen Rose, Texas. Original: American Museum of Natural History, New York, N . Y . , U .S.A.
Gen us: Macrepistius
COPE, 1 895 .
Geolog ical range : Lower Cretaceo u s . Geograp h ical d i stributio n : North America. Features : M idd le-sized to large fishes with slender bodies. Head deep. Snout pointed . Gape rather long . Jaws with powerfu l peg shape d teet h . Eyes relative ly large . Scales q uad rang ular, thick and shiny. Very similar to fishes of the order Semionot ifo rmes .
Rema rks : The teeth suggest a duroPh ago us die t. Recent re l atives : None . Died out in Lower Cretaceou s.
R e marks : Predators. Recent r e l atives : N o n e . D ied out i n Upper J u rassic. 428
r Hetero/epidotus , reconstruc tio n afte BROUGH.
Macrepistius, reconstruction after SCHAEFFER.
429
"HOLO STEI"
Order: Amiiform es Family: Caturidae
Haleco morph i
Holostea n s
l'fl O LO STEI"
��ormes o rd er: Ami lldae Am FaJIl ily :
Halecomorphi
Holosteans Bowfins
--
(length c. 1 77 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnh ofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Jura- Museum, Eichstatt, Germany.
Strobilodus giganteus WAGNER
(length c. 25 cm) from the Eocene of Messel, Hesse, Germany. Original : Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Amia kehreri ANDREAE
G e n u s : Strobilodus
WAGNER, 1 85 1 .
G e o l og i cal rang e : U pper J u rassic . G e o g raph ical d i stributi o n : Europe . Featu res : Large fishes with slender bodi es . Head short . Snout pointed . Eyes relatively smal l . Jaws very powerful and stron g ly toothed . Dorsal fin n arrow and pointed, located s hortly beh ind the middle of the body. Anal fin acutely triangular . Pelvic and pectoral fins narrow. Caudal fin very large, deeply forked . . R e m arks: Large predators , often placed in the genus Caturus Recent relatives : None . D ied out in Upper Jurassic.
Genus: Amia
LINNAEUS, 1 7 66.
Synony ms: Amiatus , Paramiatus , Protamia .
Geological range : Upper Cretaceous to Recent . Geog raph ical d i strib u t io n : Europe, North America, Asia, Sp itz berge n .
Features: M iddle-sized to large fishes of deep but elongate shape. H ad elongate . Snout pointed . Eyes s m al l . Teeth s m a l l a n d pointed . Dorsal f i n extended l i ke a fri nge, l o n g a n d l o w . Anal fin broadly elongate and rounde d. elvic and pecto ra l fi n s rela tIVe ly smal l . Caudal fi n round
�
�
e� . Scale s t h i n , overla p p i ng ,
�
Withou a gan oin laye and ap r proachi ng the cycloid type.
�e m arks : Fres hwa ter f t s h es . o bably cry ptic predators .
Recent rela t ive s : The gen us is
�
nt. This fOss il fish is clos ely
m . ed to the rec ent bow fi n A la calv a.
430
Amia calva ,
the recent bowfin.
43 1
"HOLOSTEI"
Order: Amiiformes Family: Amiidae
Hale comorphi
Holost e an s B owfi n s
---
JlJI O LO STEI"
��
mi ormes ord er: A e Amllda Jl\ : fa il y
Halecomorphi
Holosteans B owfins
--
Calamopleurus eylindrieus AGASSIZ (length c. 84 em) from the Cretaceous of Cea ra, Brazil. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich , Germany.
Amioosis dolloi TRAQUAIR (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Bemi ssart, Belgium. Original: Mus€e Royale des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium.
G e n u s : Amiopsis
Genus: Calamopleurus AGASSIZ, 1 841 .
KNER , 1 863.
G eo l o g i cal range: Up per J urassic to Lower Cretaceou s .
Synonyms: Enneles
G eographical d i stribut i o n : Europe .
Geological range : Lower Cretaceous.
Featu res: Small fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bod ies . Head elongate . Snout pOinted . Gape long . Eyes small Dor sal fin trrangular, located' in the posterior half of the body, oppo site the narrow elongate anal fi n . Pelvic and pectoral fins small. Caudal fi n forked, rounded . Remarks : p redators .
Pr o b a b l y
c ry p t i c
R ecent rel ative s : Genus extinct. Fam i ly recent . Closely related to the recent bowfin Amia calva .
Geographical d i stri buti o n : South America. Featu res : Middle-sized to large fishes of elongate shape. Head elo ngate. Snout somewhat rou nded. Eyes smal l . Gape long . J aws powerf u l , with long pOinted teet h . Dorsal fin triangular, located sh ortly behind the m i d d l e of the body, obl iquely o p posite the elon gate anal fi n . Pelvic and pectoral fins smal l . Caudal fin not fork ed , ro u n de d . Larg e a n d thick quadr an g u lar scales . Re m arks : Preda tors l iv ing in salt water.
f ARD.
. reconstruction . aft er WOO DW . Am/ops/s,
43 2
Rece nt rel atives : Genus extinct. a mily rece nt . C losely related o the recent bowfin Amia cal
va .
Calamapleurus , reconstru ction after MAISEY.
433
"HOLOSTEI"
Order: Amiiformes F a mily: Amiid a e
Halecomorphi
Holoste a ns B owfi n s -
-
-
Liodesmus sprattiformis WAGNER (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Upper JurasSIc of Solnhofen (Schernfetd), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Jura-Museum, Eichstatt , Ba varia, Germany.
G e n u s : Liodesmus
WAGNER, 1 859.
" J{ OL OSTEI"
mi ��ormes o rd er: A lld a e Am faJll ily:
Halecomorphi
Holosteans Bowfins
--
Sinamia zdanskyi STENSIO (length 4.5 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Ning-Khia
Kou. Shantung Province, China. Original: Paleontologiska Museet, Uppsala, Swe den.
Genus: Sinamia
STENSIO, 1 936.
Synonyms : Lophiurus .
Geological ran g e : Lower Cretaceous .
Geolog ical ran g e : U pper J u rassic.
Geograph ical d istributio n : Eastern Asia.
G eographical d i stributio n : Europe .
Features : M iddle-sized fishes with slender elongate bodies. Head elongat e . Snout rou nded . Eyes larg e . Gape l o n g . U p per and lower jaws bearing teet h . Overall structure very si milar to Amia . Scales rhombic and covered with ganoi n .
Featu res : Small fishes of elongate shape which, at fi rst sight , are n ot obvious members of t h e Am i i da e . H ead e l o n g at e . Snout s l i g htly pointed . Dorsal fin triang ular, situated j u st beh i nd the anterior half of the body, obliquely opposite the anal fin which is l i kewise triangu lar. Pelvic fins smal l . Pectoral fins e longate and broad . Caudal fin forke d , with broad lobe s . Scales thin . Rem arks : Small marine predators. Recent re l atives : None. Died out in U pper J u rassic .
Remarks: Freshwater fishes. Recent relatives : Genus extinct. Closely related t o the recent b OWf i n Amia w h i c h l i v e s i n fresh water i n North America. -
Sinamia, after LIN.
434
435
"HOLOSTEI "
Order: Amiiformes Family: Amiidae
Halecomorphi
Holoste an s Bowfin s
---
Uroc/es aitive/us WAGNER (length c. 44 cm) from the Upper J urassic of Solnhofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, German\!. Original: I nterfoss, M unich.
G e n u s : Uroe/es
JORDAN, 1 9 1 9 .
" J{ O L OSTEI"
m iiformes ? order: A named Un fam ily:
Halecomorphi
Holosteans
---
Unnamed fish (length c. 50 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of Holzmaden, Wurttemberg, Germany. Original: Urweltmuseum Hauff, Holzmaden, Germany.
Genus : Not named .
S y n o ny m s : Mega/urus , Synergus .
Geolog ical ran g e : Lower J u rassic.
Geolog ical ran g e : U pper J u rassic.
Geographica ll d i stributi o n : Europe .
Geographical d i stributi o n : Europe.
Features: Middle-sized fishes with elongate stream l i ned bodies. Head dee p . Snout s l ig htly p rotrus ive . Eyes smal l . U p per and lower jaws with teeth . Dorsal fin smal l , located in the posterior third of the body, opposite the anal fin which is likewise small . Pectoral fins elongate and fan-shaped . Caudal fin deeply forked , with narrow lobe s .
Features : M iddle-sized fishes of rather deep-bodied but elongate shape. Head elongate . Snout s lightly rounded . Gape long . Jaws with pointed teet h . Dorsal fin broad - based , beg i n n in g t II and approximately in the middle of the body and d i minishing in height posteriorly. The small anal fin lies o pposite . Pelvic fins also s m al l . Pectoral fi n s fan - l i k e . Caudal fin not forked , convex beh i n d . R e m arks : fishes .
Rece nt re latives : None . Probably d ied out in Lower J u rassic .
M a ri n e p re d at o ry
Recent re latives : Genus exti nct . Fam i l y recent . Closely related to the bowfin Amia ca/va . 436
Rem arks : Predators .
D. Uroe/es, reconstruction after WOODWAR
437
"HOLOSTEI"
Halecomorphi
Order: Pachycormiformes Family: Pachycormidae
Holoste an s
------
e. 2 1 6 em) from the Upper Juras ie of Solnhofen (Eichstatt) Bavaria, Germany. Original: Jura-Museum, Eichstatt, Ger any.
" }l O L OS TEI"
Halecomorphi
�
Pa ch yc ormi ormes order: Pac hyc orm ldae 1 : Jl\ fa i y
Holosteans
--
Euthynotus intermedius (AGASSIZ) (length c. 31 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of Werther, Westphalia, Germany. Original : Bayerische Staatssammlung fUr Palaontologie, Munich, Germa ny.
Asthenocormus titanicus (WI\GNER) (length
G e n u s : Asthenocormus
WOODWARD, 1 895.
Syn o n y m s : Agassizia . G eo l ogical rang e : U pper Jurassic. G eographical d i stributi o n : Europe . ead Feat u re s : Large to very large fishes with elongate bodies . very fin long and shallow. Snout pointed . Eyes smal l . Caudal larg e , forked even at the base , with al most vertically d iverging ly l o n g n arrow l o b e s . Pelvic fi n s absent . Pectoral fins u nus ual lon g . Vertebral centra almost u nossifie d .
R e marks: Rapidly swi mming predators w h i c h pro bably li/ ed in the open sea. Recent relative s : None . Died out in U pper Jurassic.
Genus: Euthynotus
WAGNER, 1 860.
Synonym s : Cyclospondylus , Heterothrissops, Para thrissops , Pseu dothrissops . Geological ran g e : Lower Jurass ic. Geograph ical d i stribut i o n : Europe . Featu res : Middle-sized fishes of elongate s lender shape. H ead lon g and shallow. Snout slightly pOi nted . Eyes larg e . Gape long . orsal fin very s m a l l , located
�
In
the poster i o r t h i rd of t h e body Anal a n d pelvic fins also Sm a l l . Pecto ral fi ns p o i nted , Som ew hat l ar g e r . C a u d a l f i n rel at iv e l y s h o rt , m o d e r ate l y forked . Scales smal l . ,R e m arks : Rap i d l y sw i m m i n g p redat o rs . ,
R e c� nt
re l ative s : N o n e . Died
:out In Lowe r J u rassic.
438
Euthynotus, reconstruction after WENZ.
439
"HOLOSTEI"
Halecomorphi
Order: Pachycormiiformes Family: Pachycormidae
Holost ea n s
------
Hypsocormus insignis WAGNER (length c. 70 em) from the Upper Jurassic oj Soln hofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Staatliehes Museum fDr Natur� _Jnde, Stuttgart, Germany.
G e n u s : Hypsocormus
WAGNER, 1 860 .
IIf{ OL OSTEI"
Halecomorphi
order: Pachycormi �ormes dae FaJIl ily: Pachy corml
--
Orthocormus cornutus WEITZEL (length e . 1 1 3 em) from the Upper Jurassic of Soln hofen (Eiehstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Jura-Museum, Eiehstatt.
Genus : Orthocormus
WEITZEL, 1 930.
Geolog ical range : Upper Triassic to U p per J u rass i c .
Geolog ical range : U pper J u rassic.
G eograp h i ca l d i stri b utio n : E u rope.
Geographical d istributi o n : Europe.
Featu res : M iddle-sized to large fishes with slender bodies ome what deepened anteriorly. Head long and shallow. Snout sl i ghtly poi nted . Gape lon g . Jaws with pointed teeth . Dorsal fin n the posterior half of the body, anteriorly with a point but decre asing in height posteriorly with a concave u pper marg i n . Anal In ob l iq uely oppos ite with a broad base. Pelvic fins smal l . Pectoral fins long and narrow. Cau dal fin deeply forke d , with long narrow lobes . R e m a rks : R a p i d l y swi m m i n g predato rs , p ro b a b ly l i v i n g i n coastal reg ions. R e c e nt relatives : N o n e . Died out in U p pe r J u rassic.
Holosteans
Featu res : Middle-sized to large fishes with elongate slender bod ies . Head long and shal low. Snout s l i g htly pointed . Gape lon g . Jaws with pointed teet h . Dorsal f i n beh i n d t h e middle o f the body , narrow and pointed , obliquely opposite the narrow anal fi n . Pelvic and pectoral fin s l i kewise long and narrow. Caudal fin deeply divided , with narrow lobes d iverg ing almost vertically from each oth e r . Re marks : Rap i d ly swi mming predators w h i c h probably l ived i n COastal regions o r i n t h e open ocean . Recent relative s : INone. D ied out in U pper J u rassic.
Hypso corm u s , reeonstru e t o n a fte r WOODWARD.
440
441
JlHOLOSTEI"
Halecomorphi
Order: Pachycormiformes Family: Pachycormidae
Holoste ans
-------�
Pachycormus curtus AGASSIZ (length c. 30 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of I-Iolz maden, Wurttemberg, Germany. Original: Urwelt-Museum Hauff, Holzmaden, er many.
G e n u s : Pachycormus
AGASSIZ, 1 833.
IIJ{ OlOSTEI"
Halecomorphi
hyc ormiformes order: Pac ycor midae Pach y: faIlli l
H olosteans
--
Protosphyraena sp. (length c. 47 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Kansas, U .S.A. Original: Stem berg Memorial Museum, Fort Hays, Kansas, U . S.A. Photograph: Bennett, Lawrence, Kansas, U . S.A.
Genus: Protosphyraena
LEIDY, 1 857.
Synony m s : Cephenoplosus .
Synonym s : Erisichthe, Pelecopterus .
Geological rang e : Lower J u rassic.
Geolog ical ran g e : U pper Cretaceous.
G eograp h i ca l d i stributio n : Europe.
Geographical d i stributi o n : E u rope, Asia, North America, South America .
F e atu re s : M i d d l e-sized fishes with rather l aterally compressed bod i es . Head deep. Snout pointed . Eyes smal l . Jaws with pC ln ted teet h . Dorsal ]in only slightly behind the middle of the body, small and triang u lar. Anal fin likewise s m a l l and trian g u l a r , l ocated more posteriorly. Pectoral fins p o i n t e d a n d re l a t i v e l y l o n g . Caudal fi n large, deeply forked, with strongly d ivergent narrow l o bes .
Features : Large fishes with long shal low sku l l s extending into a stro ng very elongate rostrum . Gape very long . Mouth with strong f? rward-directed teeth which are exceptionally long in the ante nor parts of the jaws . Eyes relatively large. Pectoral fins large and very narrow, their anterior margins set with tooth-like processes. Re m arks : Obviously dangerous predators which could overpower &Ven larg e prey. The significance of the rostrum is uncertai n . R ece nt relat ives : None. Died o u t i n U pper Cretaceou s .
R e m a rk s : R a p i d ly s w i m m i n g predators . Recent r e l at i ve s : None . Died out jn Lower Jurassic . 442
Pachycormus , reconstructio n a1t e r LEHMAN.
443
"HOLO STEI"
Halecomorphi
Order: Pachyconniformes Family: Pachycormidae
Holost ean s
------
" II OL OS TEI"
Halecomorphi
Pac hyc orm i �ormes ord er: Pachycormldae y: il fam
Holosteans
--
(length c, 32 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Soln hofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Ori g i n a l : Bayerische Staatssammlun fUr Palaontologie, Munich, Germany.
Sauropsis /ongimanus AGASSIZ
(length c. 94 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of Holz maden, WOrttemberg, Germany. Original: I nterfoss, Munich, Germany.
Saurostomus esocinus AGASSIZ
G e n u s : Sauropsis
AGASSIZ, 1 83 2 ,
Synony m s : Dip/o/epis ,
Gen u s : Saurostomus
AGASSI Z , 1 83 3 .
Synonyms: Pachycormus , Protosauropsis , Prosauropsis .
Geological range : Lower to Upper J u rassic,
Geological rang e : Lower Jurassic.
G eograph ical d i stributi o n : Europe , North America ,
Geographi cal d istributi o n : Europe .
Featu re s : M i ddle-sized fishes with somewhat compressed bod ies. Head large and deep. Snout rounded . Gape l o n g . Jaws with powerful teet h . Dorsal fi n behind the middle of the body, rlarrow and pointed . Anal fin opposite , of s i m i lar shape . Pectoral fins long and narrow. Caudal fin deeply forked , with narrow l obes.
Features: Middle-sized to large fishes with rather laterally com pressed bodies. Head deep. Snout sl ightly pointed . Gape long . Jaws with pointed teeth . Dorsal fin shortly behind the m iddle of
Rem arks : Rapidly swi m m i n g predators . Recent relative s : None . Died out in U p per J u rassic.
444
the
body, very smal l . Anal fin likewise very small, somewhat more posterior. Pectoral fins strikingly large, al most wing- l i ke . Caudal fin deep ly forke d , wirth relatively broad lobes . Scales small and rho m bic. Re mark s : Rapidly swi m m i n g predators w h i c h probably l ived i n th O pen sea. R ecent re l atives : None. Died out in Lower J u rassic.
e
445
"HOLO STEI"
Halecomorphi
Order: Aspidorhynchiformes Family: Aspidorhynchidae
Holoste an s
-------
" fl O LOSTEI"
Hal ecomorphi
Holosteans
order: Aspidorhynchi formes Aspidorhynchidae F aII1ily:
--
Aspidorhynchus acutirostris (de BLAINVILLE) (length c. 60 cm) from the Upper ouras sic of Solnhofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: I nterfoss , Munich , Ger any
G e n u s : Aspidorhynchus
AGASSIZ,
Belonostomus tenuirostris AGASSIZ (length c. 34 cm) from the Upper J u rassic of Solnhofe n (Zan dt) , Bavaria, Germany. Original : Bayerische Staatssammlung fUr Palaontologie, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
1 833.
Geolog ical ran g e : U pper J u rassic to U pper Cretaceous . Geog raph ical d i str ib u tion : Europe , North America, Asia, Australia, north Africa.
Featu res : M i d dle-sized , very slender, elongate p i ke- l i ke fishes. Head elongate. Snout with a long and pointed rostrum formed
from the u pper jaw. Eyes large. Jaws with small pointed te eth. Dorsal fin smal l , situated in the posterior third of the body, ppo site the small triangu lar anal fi n . Pelvic fin s very small . Pe ctoral fins somewhat longer. Caudal fin deeply forked , with narrow lobes . C h aracteristic rod - l i ke scales on the flanks.
R e m a rks : R a p i d l y s w i m m i n g predators . The rostru m pro b ab�y served for deflecting g re garious fishes and h itting prey from the side.
!1
tral ia.
Featu res: Middle-sized fishes but smaller than Aspidorhynchus . Of slender almost eel-like shape. Head shallow. Snout pOinted, with a !OStr:um formed from upper and lower jaws-the lower jaw extend1t1g Into the rostrum is only slightly shorter than the upper. Teeth . pointe d. Dorsal fin smal l , opposite the anal fin which is likewise small. Caudal fin forke d, with narut powerful lobes. Charac� le nstlc rod - like sca les on the fl anks . . �� :; . '� 8 ,=::-'�
��
�
markS : Pred ators . The rosm proba bly had the same signIIicanee as i n Aspidorhynchus . . R nt relatives : Non e. Died out In p per Cretaceous.
eue
R e c e n t relative s : None . Died out i n Upper Cretaceous . Aspidorhynchus, after AssMA
446
Genus: Be/onostomus AGASSIZ , 1 834. Syn� nyms: Belonostmus, Oichelospondylus, Hemirhynchus , Ophi rachiS . Geological range: Upper J u rassic to Upper Cretaceous. Geographical distribution : Europe, North America" M iddle East Aus-
". .,�;>. .. . � '
.
-- >
- , - - --
Belonostomus, after SAINT-SEINE.
.
447
JlHOLOSTEI"
Holostean s
Halecomorphi
Order: Aspidorhynchiformes Family: Aspidorhynchidae
1EL
EOSTEI
--
True Bony Fishes
teleosts retain some primitive features, such as a thin Th e fir st yer on the scales or the vertebral column bent strongly an oin la nea r the caudal fir) . Suc'h feat ures no longer occur in ds w ar van ced teleosts (Eute'leostei) . These two groups are treated t e ad in what follows . separately al skeleton of teleosts is completely ossified . The scales The in te rn cycloid (with rounded posterior margi ns) or ctenoid y stl o are m ate posterior margins) . Some fishes, however, have ticul (With den scales c'Jmpletely . The pelvic fins tend to migrate for l ost th e so are sometimes sited in a pectoral position, or even and rdS wa th roat or the chin. With a few except ions the caudal fin the un der rcal. There may be one, two, or sometimes even three , is hom oce do rsal fi ns. I n some genera there is an additional adipose fin on
��
Vinetiter camptoni AGASSIZ (length c. 80 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Ceara, Brazil. Original : Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
th e back . It lacks fin rays and is, of course, very seldom pre se rved in fossils. The jaws may be toothless or the teeth may be of any type, whether small and pointed , or carnassial-l ike teari ng teeth or the crus h i n g teeth of the Tet rao dontiformes . Length varies from a few centirnetres to several metres .
The Phol idophoriformes used to Ibe placed in the "Holostei" on account of their enamel-covered scales . Now, however, they are G e n u s : Vinctifer
put at the begin n ing of the Teleostei as clearly indi cated by their
JORDAN, 1 9 20.
head skeleton. In consequence the origin of the true bony fishes
Synon y m s : Aspidorhynchus , Belonostomus .
goes back to the Lower Triassic. The sprat-shaped Leptolepis also
G eological range: Lower Cretaceous.
has great evolutionary im portance . It used often to be regarded as the latest common ancestor of true bony fishes . Now, how
Geograp h i cal d i stributio n : South America.
e-like I(;�ated
te, pi t Feat u re s : M i d d le- s ized fishes with slende r, elonga to fJrm a ng bodies. Head long and shallow . U pper jaw projecti fin al or � long n arrow rostru m . Teeth probab ly smal l . very ",m all, very posteriorly opposit e the small anal fi n . PelvIc fi ns
�
pectoral fins somew hat larger. Caudal fin deepl,y forked, with stro n g l o b e s . C h aracte r i s t i c rod- l i ke scales o n the flanks .
ever, it seems certain that other Holostei have contributed to this evolution which is st i l l continuing today.
In the Jurassic true bony fishes were by no means common .
There were very few genera ap art from Pholidophorus a n d
�eptolepis .
The irresistible expansion of t h e group began slowly In the Lower Cretaceous and became rapid in the Upper Creta
�us.
The first high point of the group was in the M iocene, but
thiS has been surpassed by the 25 , 000 species which live today.
:
,out 1 1 00 genera have been described fossi l . Many of them , ut not all, are preserved complete.
R e m a r ks : Rap i d ly sw i m m i n g predators that probably h unted s nnall gregarious fishes. R ece nt r e l atives: None. Died out in Lower Cretaceous . Vine titer, reconstruction after SI LVA SANTOS.
448
449
O ST EI
True Bony Fi sh es
TELEOSTEI
-------
0) c 0) u o
d r Pholidophoriform es " " Ph oli dophorida e or �lY
f,�l " ::----
True Bony Fishes
-----------__ __ __ __ __ __ __ --
__ __ -
a..
0) c 0) u o �
I
0) ( Ol C = 0) O U 0) c
I� ( o) ('tj ('tj
a..
0) c: o) u
BsJeiichthys sp. (length c. 6.5 cm) from the Jurassic of Balei, Siberia, Russia. Origi nal: Museum fUr Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany.
Genus : Baleiichthus
(f) :::J
o 0) u ('tj 0) .....
Geological range : J u rassic. Geographical d i stributio n : East Asia.
-
Features: Small fishes with very slender elongate bodies. Head shallow. Eyes smal l . Gape rather long. Dorsal fin approximately In the middle of the body, obliquely opposite the small triang u lar anal fin . Pectoral fins small and rather fan- li ke . Caudal fin rather deeply forked . Body covered with d iagonally arranged , relatively thick scal es.
o
u
. iii
(f)
('tj .....
:::J -,
ROHON, 1 890 .
l
J
Rem arks : Predators .
Rece nt relativ e s : None . Died out in J u rassic .
-
u
. iii
(f)
('tj
. ;:: I-
..
MU LLER . The approximate stratigraphical distribution of bony fishes, changed after
450
45 1
TE L EOSTEI
True Bony Fishe s
Order: Pholidophoriforrnes Family: Pholidophoridae
� ---- --------------------------------------------
TEI 1ELEOS
True Bony Fishes
de r: Pho lidophoriformes ?:Jll.i 1Y : Pholi dop h orid ae ---
Eurycormus speciosus WAGNER (length c. 30 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of SJlnhofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Jura-Museum, Eichstatt, Germany. PBrapholidophorus caffii (AIRAGHI) (length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Triassic of San Pellegrino, Italy. Ori ginal: Museo Civico Scienze Naturali Caffi, Bergamo, Italy.
G e n u s : Eurycorm us
WAGNER, 1 859 .
Geological range : U pper Jurassic.
Genus : Parapholidophorus
ZAMBELLI, 1 975 .
Geolog ical ran g e : Upper Triassic .
G eog raphi cal d i stri bution : Europe.
Featu res: M i ddl e- sized fishes with rather laterally compressed bodies . Head deep . Snout pointed . Eyes stri kingly large. Mouth rather long . Dorsal f i n smal l , behi n d t h e m i d dle of the body. Caudal fin deeply forked , with narrow lobes . Scales thin. Re marks : Probably predators. Recent relatives : None. D ied out in U pper Ju rassic.
Geographical distri buti o n : Europe . Featu res : Small fishes of slender shape. Head elongate . Snout pointed . Eyes large. Gape rather lon g . Dorsal fi n small, approxi mately in the middle of the body, opposite the elongate pelvic fins. Anal fin small . Pectoral fins fan-shaped . Caudal fin moder ately forked , with lobes broad at the base and pOinted at the ends. Scales thick. Remarks: Probably g regarious .
R e ce nt relatives : None. Died out i n Upper Triassi c .
Eurycormus, reconstruction after PATIERSON
452
453
True Bony Fi sh es
TELEOSTEI
Order: Pholidophoriformes Family: Pholidophoridae
-------
Pholidoctenus serianus ZAMBELLI (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Triassic 01 Cene, Bergamo, Italy. Original: Museo Civico Scienze Naturali Catti, Bergamo, Italy
G e n u s : Pholidoctenus
ZAMBELLI ,
1 977.
1E L EO STEI
.
True Bony Fishes
riformes order: Pholidopho d horidae op oli Ph : family
--
Pholidolepis dorsetensis NYBELIN (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of Lyme Regis, England, U.K. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P 39862)
Genus : Pholidolepis
NYBELl N ,
1 966.
Geolog i ca l ran g e : Upper Triassic.
Geological range : Lower J u rassic.
Geographical d i stribution : Europe.
Geographical d i stribution : Europe.
Features : Small fishes of rather laterally compressed shape. Heac short and larg e . Snout rou nded . Eyes large. Dorsal fin pointed, located approximately in the middle of the body. Pectoral fi ns fan shaped . Caudal fi n forked , with narrow pointed lobes . Thick scale� arranged in diagonal rows.
Featu res : Small fishes of elongate, generally slender shape. Head elongat e . Snout pointed . Dorsal f i n pointed , located approxi mately in the middle of the body. Pectoral fins narrow. Caudal fi n moderately forked , with narrow lobes .
R e m arks : Probably g regarious .
Recent relatives : None. Died out in Lower J u rassic.
Recent re latives : None. Died out in U pper Triassic.
454
Remarks: Probably g regarious .
455
True Bony Fish es
TELEOSTEI
Order: Pholidophoriformes Family: Pholidophoridae
------- -- �
(length c. 33 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen (Eici;lstatt) , Bavaria, Germany. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fOr Palaontologie, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Pholidophorus macrocephalus AGASSIZ
Gen u s : Pholidophorus
AGASSIZ, 1 832.
TEL E O STEI
-
Pholidorhynchodon malzanni ZAMBELLI Gene, Bergamo, Italy. Onglnal : Museo
Genus : Pholidorhynchodon
Synonyms : Phelidophorus .
Geolog ical range: Lower Triassic to U pper Jurassic. Geographica l distributi o n : Europe, North America, South America , west Africa, Asia.
True B ony Fishes
ord er: Pholi?ophori !ormes fam il y: Phohdophondae
(length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Civico Scienze Naturali Caffi, Bergamo, Italy.
ZAMBELLI , 1 980.
Geolog ical rang e : U pper Triass ic. Geogr aph ical d istribu tion : Europ e . Feature s : Sma l l fishes with rather latera lly comp ressed bodie s . Head elonga te. Snout pointe d . Eyes
Featu res : M iddle-sized fishes of slender shape. Head deep. Snout rather pointed . Eyes large. Gape rather long . Dorsal fin with a tal l poi �t anteriorly, decreasing in height posteriorly and with the u pper argln concave, opposite the pelvic fins. Anal fi n located more posteriorly. C a u d a l fi n rather forked , with broad lobes. Scales thin and with a thin ganoin layer.
large. Gape lon g . Dorsa l fin in t h e m i d d l e of the body, o p posite the pelV IC fins . Anal fin locate d more poste riorly. Pecto ral fin s fan shaped . Caud al fi n forked , with narrow lob es. Sca les thic k. Re mar ks : Pro bab ly g rega riou s.
Rem arks : Swift fishes, probably predatory.
out i n U pp er Triass ic .
Recent rel atives: The order Pho l i dop h oriformes s h ows the fi rst definite steps in the direction of the true bony fishes. Distantly re lated to the Lepto lepiformes but also to the Osteoglossiformes and to the tarpons.
Pholidophorus,
after WOODWARD.
sm �I I ,
� pprox i mately
Rece nt rela tive s : Non e .
Died
Pholidorhynchodon,
reconstruction after
ZAMBELLI.
456
457
True Bony Fish e s
TELE OSTEI
Order: Pholidophoriformes Family: Pholidophoridae
------�-------------------------------------------
Prohalecites porroi BELOTTI (length c. 3 cm) from the Middle Triassic of ca de Frate,
Varese, Italy. Original: Museo Civico Scienze Naturali, Induno alana, Varese, Italy.
G e n u s : Prohalecites
DEECKE, 1 889.
-
Ca tervarir;>lus hor� emani SAINT SEINE (length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of . anginal: RIJksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie, Leiden, Netherlands. Zaire.
SAINT SEINE, 1 95 5 .
Geolog ical rang e : U pper Jurassic. .
Feat u res : Very small fishes of slender shape. Head large. Gape long. Jaws with small pointed teeth . Dorsal fin in the postenor third of the body, opposite the anal fin . Pelvic fins smal l , p ectoral fins somewhat longer. Caudal fin posteriorly concave rather than forked .
Geograph ical distribution : West Africa. Feature s : Sma'" fishes of slender shape. Head s h allow. Snout rou nded. Eyes small . Dorsal fin i n the posterio r half of the body, . Ob lquely opposite the anal fi. n . Caudal fin strongly concave pos teno rly, with pointed lobes . Scales thick. Rem arks : Proba bly g regar ious .
�
Rece nt rel atives : None . D ied out in U pper Jurassic.
R e m arks : Probably gregarious.
R e c e nt r e l atives : None. Di ed out in U pper Triassic.
Prohalecites , after TINTOR!.
4 58
True Bony Fishes
Order: Pholidophoriformes Famil y: Ichthyokentemidae
Gen u s : Catervariolus
Geolog ical ran g e : M iddle to Upper Triassic. Geograp h i cal d i stributi o n : Europe.
TELEOSTEI
Catervariolus, reconstruction after SAINT
SEINE.
True Bony Fish es
TELEO STEI
Order: Pholidophoriformes Family: Ichthyokentenidae
, London, U . K. (P�640). Wiltshire , England , U . K. Original: The Natural History Museum
WOODWARD,
1 94 1 .
Pleuropholis laevissimus AGASSIZ (length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen
(Kelhelm), Bavana, Germany. Onglnal: The Natural History Museum , London , U . K . (P1 1 00)
Genus: P/europholis
EGERTON, 1 858.
Geological rang e : Upper Triassic to Lower Cretaceous.
Geolog ical ran g e : Upper Jurassic .
Geograph ical d i stri b uti o n : Europe, western Africa.
Geograph ical distribution : Europe . Featu res: Very small fishes of slender shape. Head el onyate. Snout somewhat pointed . Eyes large. Dorsal fin pointed, sho rtly behind the middle of the body, obl iquely opposite the so me what more posteri or anal fin . Caudal fin d ivide d . Scales very hick, q u ad ran g u l ar, al most ro d - shaped on the anterior part of the fla n ks . Rem arks: Probably g regarious. R ecent relat ives : None . Died out i n Upper Jurassic .
Featu res : Small fishes of slender shape. Head elongate. Snout round d . yes l arge . Gape moderately l o n g . Dorsal fin i n the postenor h l rdl of the body, opposite the anal fin . Pelvic fins smal l . P ctoral fins elongate. Caudal fin forke d , with broad lobes . Scales With serrate d m a rg i n s , q u a dra n g u l a r o n t h e b a c k a n d belly , but stri kingly rod -shaped on the flanks .
�
�
�
�
Re mar ks : Probably predators .
Rece nt re l atives : None . Died
out in Lower Cretaceous.
/chthyokentema , after PATTERSON
460
True Bony Fishes
or d er: Pholidophoriformes Pleuropholidae Fal11i ly:
-
cm) from the Upper Jurassic of /chthyokentema purbeckensis DAVIES (length c. 4
G e n u s : /chthyokentema
rE LEO STEI
Pleuropholis , reconstruction after WOODWARD.
461
TELEOSTEI
Order: Pholidophoriformes Family: Archaeomaenidae
True Bony Fishe s
TEL E O STEI
True Bony Fishes
order: Pholid ophorifo rmes family: Archaeomaenidae -
Aphnelepis sp. (length c. 8 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of Talbragar, New South Wales, Australia. Original: Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia.
Genus: Aphne/epis
WOODWARD, 1 895 .
Geological range: Lower Jurassic. Geograph ical d istribution : Austral ia. Features: Small fishes of slender shape. Head elongate. Snout pOinted . Eyes large. Gape long . Dorsal fin i n the posterior hE.l f of the body, anteriorly with a point but decreasing i n height posteri orly and with a concave dorsal marg i n , obliquely o pposite the anal fi n . Pectoral fins narrow. Cau dal fin slightly forked, with relatively broad lobes. Re marks : Probably gregarious . Recent relatives: N o n e . Died out in Lower Jurassic .
e . 1 2 em) from the Lower Jurass ic of Talbragar, NSW. Onglnal: The Natural History Museu m, London, U.K. (P40498).
Archaeom aene ten uis WOODWARD (length
Genus : Archaeomene
WOODWARD , 1 895. Geolo gical ran g e : Lower Juras sic. Geog raphi cal d istrib ution : Australia.
Featu res: Sma ll fishe s of elongate shap e. Head short and deep ' Snou t rou n ded . Eyes large . Gape rathe r long . Dorsa l fin smal l ca ed . very poste riorly , obliq uely o ppos ite the large r anal fin elVlc fins elong ate, round ed at the ends . Pectoral fins narrow . Caudal fin sma l l , forked , with broad lObe s. Sca les rou nde d. Rem arks : Probably g rega riou s.
�
�
:
Rec � nt relative s : N o n e . Die d out In Lower J u rassic.
Archaeomenae, after WADE.
462
463
TELEOSTEI
True Bony Fis h e s
Order: Pholidophoriformes F amily: Archaeomaenidae ��
--
----------
----------
-----
--
Wadeichthys oxyops WALDMAN (length c. 1 6 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Australia. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U . S.A
G e n u s : Wadeichthys
WALDMAN, 1 97 1 .
rE L EOSTEI
ord er: Pholidophoriformes Fam ily: Olig opl euddae
--
Gallopterus agassizi THIOLlIt:RE (length c. 55 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen
(Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Jura-Mus eum, Eichstatt, Bavaria, Germany. Genus : Cal/opterus
THIOLLIER E, 1 854.
G e o l o g i cal range : Lower Cretaceou s .
Geologi cal range : U pper J u rassic.
G eograp h i ca l d i stributio n : Australia.
Geogra p h i ca l d i stribut i o n : Europe .
F e at u r e s : Small fishes with elongate bod ies . H ead sh o and deep. Snout rounded . Gape long , with the lower jaw proje.cting . Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin behind the middle of the body , obl lqu ly opposite the trian g u l ar anal fin . Pelvic fins smal l . Pectoral fins somewhat long e r . C a u d al fin forke d , with r e l at ively broad lobes . Scales arranged i n d i agonal rows.
�
R e m arks : Probably predators.
True B ony Fishes
Featu res : M i ddle-s ized fishes of slende r, rat h e r laterall y com pres �ed shape . H ead short and d e e p . Snout rounde d . Gape relative ly lon g . Eyes larg e . Dorsa l fin locate d very poster iorly, large and triangu lar, oblique ly oppos ite the anal fin which i s also triang ular. Pector al fins fan· like . Cauda l fin large, strong ly con cave poste rior ly . Rem arks : Prob ably pred atory fishe s . Recen t relati ves : None . D ied out in U pper J u rassic .
Recen t retative s : N o n e . Died out i n Lower Cretaceou s . . after WpJ)E. Wadeichthys, reconstruct ion
464
465
True Bony Fishe s
TELEOSTEI
Order: Pholidophoriformes F a mily: Oligopleurid a e
------
lonoscopus cyprinoides WAGNER (length c. 44 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of
Solnhofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Kraus Collection, WeiBen urg, Germany.
Genus: lonoscopus
COSTA, 1 853.
'fEL E OST
EI
True B ony Fishes
o der: Pholidop horiformes 1 Oligopleuridae F Jl\i Y:
:
---
Oshunia brevis WENZ & KELLNER (length c. 40 cm) from ,the Lower Cretaceous of c.ra, Brazil. Original : American Museum of Natural f.iistory, New York . M.Y. , U . S .A.
Genus: Oshunia
WENZ & KELLNER, 1 986.
Synonyms: Opsigonus .
Geological range : Lower Cretaceous.
Geological rang e : Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous .
Geographica l distribution : South America.
Geographical distribution: Europe .
Features: Middle-sized fishes with deep bodies and a convex dorsal margin . Head shallow. Snout pointed . Gape long with powerful teeth. Eyes small . Dorsal fin behind the middle of the body, almost opposite the pelvic fins . Pectoral fins small. Scales thiCk.
Featu res : Middle-sized fishes of rather laterally compressed shape. Head elongate. Snout pOinted. Gape long . Jaws with pointed teeth. Dorsal fin acute triangular, situated behi r the middle of the body, obliquely opposite the anal fin which is likewise an acute triangle. Pec toral fins elongate. Caudal fin rather deeply forked, with lobes broad at the base and pointed at the ends. Remarks : Probably predators. Recent relatives: None. Died out in Lower Cretaceous.
466
AGNER lonoscopus, reconstruction after W
Remarks: Still-water predatory
fish es .
Recen t relatives : None . Died iQlrt in Lower Cretaceous. Oshunia , after MAISEY
.
467
TEL EOSTEI
True Bony Fishe s
Order: Pholidophoriformes Family: Unnamed --�-----------------------------------------------
Hu/ettia americana EASTMAN (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of New Mexico, U.S.A. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Gen u s : Hulettia
SCHAEFFER & PATIERSON, 1 984 .
Geological rang e : Lower Jurassic.
Geograph ical distributi o n : North America.
Featu re s : Small fishes of slender shape . Head deep . Snout ro unded . Gape rather lon g . Dorsal fin in the posterior th i rd of the body. Anal fin pointed , located more posteriorly. Pelvic and p � c toral fins small. Caudal fin forked, with broad lobes . Scales thick and shiny.
R e m a rks : Probably p redatory fis hes .
True B ony Fishes
p order: Lep tole iformes Jl\i 1y: Leptolepididae Fa
--
Ascalabos voithii MUNSTER (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen (Bchstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kan
sas, U.S.A.
Genus: Ascalabos
MUNSTER, 1 839.
Geological ran g e : Upper J u rassic. Geographical di stributi o n : Europe . Features: Small fishes of slender shape. Head elongate. Snout pointed . Eyes strikingly large. Dorsal fi n opposite the pelvic fins. Anal fin small . Pectoral fins narrow, fan-shaped . Caudal fin . Fewer vertebral centra than Lepto/epides . Remarks : Prob ably grega rious
fish es .
Rec ent re l at i ves : Non e . Died out in Upper Jurassi c .
Recent relatives : N o n e . Died out in Lower Jurassic.
. ft S CH./\EFFER & Hu/ettia , reconstruction a sr PATIERSON.
468
rEL E OSTEI
Asca/abos, reconstruction after TAVERNE.
469
True Bony Fish es
TELEOSTEI
Order: Leptolepiformes Family: Leptole pididae
�--�--�------------------------------------
---
True Bony Fishes
rE LEO STEI
eptol epifo rmes o rd er: L olep ididae Lept 1 Jll y: i fa --
..
Clupavus neocomiensis (BASSANI) (length c. 6 cm) from the lower Cretaceo S of Tselfat, Morocco. Original: tv1useum National d'Histoire Naturelie, Pans, France Pho tograph: Serette, Paris.
G e n u s : C/upavus
(length c. 8 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen, Bavaria, Germany. On g l nal: Fnckhlnger Coliectlon , Munich, Germany. Leptolepides sprattiformis (AGAS� IZ)
Genus: Lepto/epides
ARAMBOURG, 1 95 0 .
G e ological rang e : U p per J u rassic t o Lower Cretaceous. G eogra phica l d i stributio n : Europe, northern Africa, North A
NY BELl N , 1 974.
Synonyms : Lepto/epis . e rica.
Featu res : Small fishes with slender elongate bodies. Head elon gat e . Snout poi nted . Gape long. Eyes large. Dorsal fin mal l , triangular, attached at the anterior e n d o f t h e posterior half of the body. Anal fin small and elongate. Pelvic and pectoral fi ns fan l i k e . Pelvic fi ns o p posite the dorsal fin. Caudal fin forked .
Geological range : Upper J u rassic. Geog raphical d i stri b ut i o n : Europe. Featu res: Small fishes with slender bodies. Head shallow. Snout Slightly pointed . Jaws with minute teet h . Dorsal fin approximately in the middle of the body, opposite the pelvic fi n s . Anal fin smal l . Caudal fin forked . Scales t h i n , cycloid and overlappi n g , with a thin ganoin layer.
Rem arks : G regarious fishes .
Remarks : G regari o u s fishes which occu rred in huge n u m bers and served as food for many other fishes in the J u rassic seas.
Recent re l atives : None. out i n the Cretaceous .
Rec ent r e l at i v e s : The g e n u s Lepto/epides and other genera
Died
Clupavus,
reconstruction aft er TAVERNE.
Of the Leptolepiformes already Sho w p red o m i nantly t h e fea tures of true bony fishes. They �y rep resent early stages on e ro u t e t ow a r d s h e rr i n g s (elup eiformes) .
Lepto/epides,
reconstruction after
TAVERNE.
470
471
TE LEO STEI
Order: Leptolepiformes Family: Leptolepididae
True Bony Fis he s
----------------------------
(length c. 1 2 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of Talbragar, New South Wales, Australia. Original: Australian Museum, Sydney Aus tralia. Leptolepis talbragarensis WC ODWARD
G e n u s : Lepto/epis
AGASSIZ , 1 83 2 .
'fE LEOSTEI
True Bony Fishes
ord er: Leptolepiformes f amily: Leptolepididae --
(length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Soln
hofen, Bavaria, Germany. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, I I I . , U.S.A.
Otthogonikleithrus leichi ARRATIA
Genu s : Orthogonik/eithrus
ARRATIA, 1 98 7 .
S y n o n y m s : Liasso/epis , Megastoma , Sarginites .
Geological ra nge : U pper J u rass ic.
Geolog ical rang e : Lower Jurassic to Lower Cretaceou s .
Geograph i cal d i stribu ti o n : Europe.
Geog raph i cal distribut i o n : Europe, N o rth America, Spitzbe rgen, Australia, As ia, South America, Africa.
Fe atu res : Smal ll to very small fishes of slender elongate shape. Head elongate. Snout poi nted . Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin approxi mately in the middle of the body, opposite the pelvic fins . Caudal fin forked , with the lobes broad at the base and narrow term i naJly , Scales thin .
Feat u re s : Small fishes of rather laterally compressed shape. ead shallow . Snout slightly truncate . Eyes relatively large. Do rs I fin opposite the relatively large pelvic fins. Pectoral fins narrov , fan shaped . Caudal fin forked . Re marks : Probab ly g regarious fishes .
Remarks : Probably g regarious .
Recent r e l atives : None . Died out in U pper J u rassic.
Rece nt re l atives : None. Died out in Lower Cretaceous.
472
473
TELEOSTEI
Order: Leptolepiformes Family: Leptolepididae
True B ony Fis he s
-------
NYBELIN (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Lower Jurassic of Lyme Regis, England, U.K. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P 7 80 1 )
Proleptolepis elongata
G e n u s : Proleptolepis
NYBELlN , 1 974 .
Geological rang e : Lower Jurassic. G eog raph ical d i stributio n : Europe.
Head Feat u re s : Small fishes with very slender elongate bodies pel the e opposit fin Dorsal . l smal Eyes . d rounde shallow . Snout vic fins. Caudal fi n forked . Rem arks : Probably gregarious. Recent relative s : None. Died out in Lower Jurassi c .
rELEOSTEI
True Bony Fishes
Ord er: Leptolepiformes FaJIl iIy: Leptolepididae
Tharsis (de BLAI �vILLE) (length c. 20 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Soln hofen (Elchtstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany
Clubius,
Genus: Tharsis
GIEBEL, 1 84 7 .
Geological rang e : Upper Jurassic . Geograph ical distributio n : Europe.
?
Features : M i d le-sized fishes with slender, rather laterally com bodle . Hea elongate . Snout pOinted . Eyes relatively ge. Dorsal fin be l nd the middle of the body, opposite the . small narrow pelvIc fins. Caudal fin forked with narrow lobes.
:,essed
�
�
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Rema rks : Proba bly grega rious. Rece nt r e l ative s : None . Died out in U pper J urassic.
Tharsis , after WOODWARD.
474
475
True Bony Fis h es
TELE O STEI Order: Leptoiepiformes Family: Leptolepididae
True B ony Fishes
Order: Leptolepif ormes f am ily: Leptolep ididae
�------
Tharrhias araripis JORDAN & BRANNER (length c. 30 cm) from the Lower Cretace JUS of
Ceara, Brazil . Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Tarrhias
TE LE O STEI
JORDAN & BRANNER, 1 908.
. Todiltta schoewi (DUNKLE) (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower jurassic of New MeXICO,
U.S.A. Onglnall: Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas, U . S . A .
Gen u s : Todiltia
SCHAEFFER & PATIERSON, 1 98 1 .
Geological ran g e : Lower Cretaceous.
Geolog ical ran g e : Lower Jurassic.
Geograph i cal d i stri butio n : South America.
Geograph i cal distribution : North America.
Featu res: Middle-s ized fishes with slender bodies . Head elon gate . Snout pointed . Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin opposite the pelvic bes. fins . Anal fin triangula r. Caudal fin forke d , with broad l o Scales quadran gular.
Feature s : Small or very small fishes with slender bodies . Head and de p . Snout truncate. Eyes relatively large. Dorsal fin the posten or half of the body, obliquely opposite the pelvic . fin s. Caudal fin deeply forked . Scales somewhat th icker than in re ,ated forms .
Re marks: Probably g regarious.
�hort
�
Remarks : Probably g regarious.
R e c e n t relative s : N o n e . Died out in Lower Cretaceous.
Rec � nt relative s : N o n e . Died out In Lower J u rassic . Tharrhias araripis ,
reconstructi on after
MAISEY. � .
476
Todiltia, reconstruction after SCHAEFFER & PATTERSON.
477
True Bony Fis h e s
TELEOSTEI
Order: Leptolepiformes Family: Varasichthyidae
TELE OSTEI
True Bony Fishes
Ord er: Ichthyodectiformes Fami ly: Allothrissopidae
-
Varasichthys ariasi ARRATlA (length c. 1 9 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of nonhern Ohile. Original: Universidad de Chile. Santiago. Chile.
AHothrissops salm(Jneus (de BLAINVILLE) (length c. 28 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of
Genus: Varasichthys
Genus: Allothrissops
ARRATIA, 1 981 .
Geolog ical rang e : Upper J urassic . G eog raphical d i stribution : South America.
Features: Small fishes to middle-sized fishes with slender elon gate bodies. H ead elongate. Snout somewhat rou n d ed . Eyes relat ively smal l . Dorsal fin approxi mately in the m i d d le of the body, obliquely opposite the pelvic fins. Caudal fin forked. Rem arks : Probably gregarious. R ecent relatives : None. Died
. SoI�hofen Elchstatt). Bavaria. Germany. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fUr Palaontologle. Munich. Germany.
(
NVBELlN, 1 964.
Geolog ical ran g e : Upper J u rassic to Lower Cretac eous. Geog raph ical d istribu tion : Europ e . Featur es : M iddle-s ized fishes with very slende r elongate bodie s. Head s � all . Gape rath e r long . Eyes m i d d le - s ized . Dorsa l fin small, situate d very poste riorly, oppos ite the anal fin . Pelvic fins very smal l . Pectoral fins narrow and somewhat longer . Cauda l fin small , mode rately forked , with short lobes. Rem arks : Rap i d l y s wi m m i n g
out in Upper Jurassic .
re l ative s : N o n e . Died in Lower Cretaceous.
Varasichthys. reconstructio n after
ARRATIA.
4 78
Allothrissops. reconstruction after TAVERNE.
4 79
True Bony Fish es
TELEO STEI
Order: Iehthyodectiforrnes Family: Iehthyodeetidae
fE LEO STEI
True Bony Fishes
or d er: Iehthyodeetiformes fam ily: Iehthyodectidae
Chirocentrites coroninii HECKEL (length c. 33 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of
Komen, Jugoslavia. Original: Naturhistmisches M useum, Vienna, Austria.
Cladocyclus GARDNERI AGASS I Z (length c. 1 25 cm) from the Lower Cretaceou s of Ceara, Brazil. Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Chirocentrites
HECKEL, 1 849.
Gen u s : C/adocyc/us
G eol ogical range : Lower Cretaceous.
AGASSIZ, 1 84 1 .
Geolog ical rang e : Lower Cretace ou s .
G eog raphica l d i stributi on : Europe .
Feature s : M iddle-sized fishes with slender elongate bodies Head shallow . Gape long and directed upward s . Eyes larg e . DO l sal fin located very posteriorly, obliq uely o pposilte the anal fin PelvIc fins very smal l . Pectoral fins narrow and somewhat long er. Cau dal fin deeply forked , with long narrow lobes . R e m a r k s : Rap i d ly swi m m i n g pred ators . Recent re l ative s : Genus extinct. Perhaps c l' osely related to the wolf herri ngs of the genus Chi rocentrus .
Geogra ph i cal d i stri butio n : South Americ a . Feat u re s : Middle- sized to large fishes with slender elongat e bod Ies. Head long and shallow . Gape long and d i rected u pward . Eyes middle- sized . Jaws with powerf u l teeth . Dorsal fin relative ly smal l , located very poster iorly, o bl i q u e ly oppos ite t h e narrow anal fin . Pelvic fil n s small and narrow . Pector al fins somew hat long e r . C a u d a l fi n d e e p ly forked with long narro w lobes . Re m arks : Predatory fishes . t r e l at i ve s : G e n u s a n d extin ct . Perh aps dista ntly to the wolf herrin gs of family Ch iroc ent rid'ae .
Chirocen trites ,
.
after reco n s t r ul't lOn
Cladocyclus, after MAISEY.
HECKEL.
480
48 1
True Bony Fis h es
TELEOSTEI
Order: Ichthyodectiformes Family: Ichthyodectidae
�
--
�
---
---------------
-------
Cooyoo australis BARTHOLOMhi & LEES (length c. 1 6 em) from the Lower Cretaceous of R i c h m o n d , Queen s l a n d , Australia. Onglnal: Queensland Mus e u m , Bn sbane, Queensland, Australia.
G e n u s : Cooyoo
BARTHOLOMAI & LEES , 1 987 .
Geological range : Lower Cretaceous . G eograph ical di stri bution : Australia.
Featu re s : M i d d le-s ized to l arge fishes with a big deep head. Snout rou nded . Gape long and d i rected upward . Eyes large . J aws with pointed teeth of differing shapes, anteriorly deve loped as g rasping teet h . Ch aracter istic horn -s haped process on the head .
rE LEO S TEI
chthyodectiformes ord er: I I chthyodectida e : l y i FaJIl
--
Eubiodectes libanicus (PICTET & HUMBERT) (length c. 58 cm) from the Upper Creta ceous of the Lebanon. Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany
H AY , 1 903 , Geol ogica l rang e : U pper Cretaceo us.
Genu s: Eubiodectes
Geog raph ical d istri b ution : M iddle East . Feat u res: M iddle -si,ze d fishe s of slend er elong ate shap e. Head shallow " Gap long and d i recte d u pwards, Eyes relati vely � large , ws with pOint ed teeth . orsa l fi n smal l , locat ed in the post erior th Ird of the body , opp osite the pelv ic fin s whic h are l i kew ise small , Pectora l fins n arro w and so mew hat long er, Cau dal fin dee ply forked wit h sle nde lob r es, Rem arks : P redato rs ,
�
:a
R e m arks : Fo r m i d a b l e preda tors , Recent relative s : None . Died out in Lower Cretaceous ,
True B ony Fishes
�
ce nt re l �ti ve s : Gen us extin ct . Perh aps relat ed to wolf herr ings the fam ily Chlrocen tridae ,
Cooyoo, reconstruction after BAR
482
&
LEES.
483
TELEOSTEI
Order: Ichthyodectiformes Family: Ichthyodectidae
1 rue
TEl
True Bony Fish e s
)j ony
t' lsnes
--
Ichthyodectes ctenadan COPE (length c. 220 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Kansas, U . S .A. Onglnal: Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas, U . S .A. Gil/icus arcuatus (COPE) (I � ngth c. 1 57 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Kan sas ' U . S . A . Onglnal: Siber & Siber Collection, Aathal , Switzerland.
Gen u s : Gillicus
HAY, 1 898 .
Geological ra n g e : Lower to U pper Cretaceous. Geog raphical distributi o n : Europe , North America.
Featu res : Large fishes with elongate bod ies . H ead l on g and shallow . Gap long and d i rected u pwards. Eyes relatively small. . Jaws with pOinted teeth . Dorsal fin pointed , located very posteri orly, opposite the anal fin which is likewise pointed. Pelvic fins smal and narrow. Pectoral fins strikingly long and pointed. Cau dal fin large, deeply forked, with long narrow lobes .
�
!
Remarks: Large predators.
Genus: /chthyodectes
COPE, 1 870.
Geological ra n g e : Lower to Upper Cretaceous. Geographical distri bution : Europe, North America.
�
eatures : Large fishes with slender elongate bodies . Head rela tively smal l . Gape long . Dorsal fin smal l , in the posterior half of the body, oppOSite the somewhat larger anal fin . Pelvic fins small and narrow. Pectorat fi ns narrow and somewhat longer. Caudal fin very large, deeply forked, with long narrow lobes. Remarks: Large predators . Recent relatives : None . Died out i n U pper Cretaceous.
Rece nt re lative s : None. Died out in Upper Cretaceous.
484
485
1 C L C U ", 1 1:.1
Order: Ichthyodectiformes Family: Ichthyodectidae
True Bony Fis he s
rELE O STE
I
d ( ' Icht h yod ecti formes �l ' . Ich thy od ect idae r o fa� l Y . �__� ---
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
sp. (length c. 1 6 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Lesina, Yugoslavia. Original: Museum fUr Naturkunde, Berlin.
Prymnites longiventer
G e n u s : Proportheus
Genus: Prymnites
Proportheus
JAEKEL, 1 909.
True Bony Fishes
COPE (length .c . 52 cm) from the Tertiary of Chiapas, Mexico. Original: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., U.S.A
COP E , 1 87 1 .
G e o l og ical ran g e : Lower Cretaceou s .
Geological rang e : Tertiary.
Geogra p h i ca l d i stributi o n : Europe.
Geographical d i stributi o n : Central America.
Featu res : Middle-sized fishes with massive heads. Eyes relatively smal l . Gape long and directed upwards. Upper and lower jaws with long pointed teeth of varying sizes, the anterior ones devel oped as grasping teet h . Pectoral fins very long and pOinted
Features: Middle- sized fishes with slender elongate bodies. Head deep. Snout s l ightly rounded . Eyes relatively larg e . Dorsal fin smal l , located very posteriorly. Anal fin small and narrow. Pecto ral fins long and narrow. Caudal fi n forked .
Rem arks : Dangerous predators.
Remarks : Predators .
Recent relative s : None. D ied out in Lower Cretaceous.
Recent re latives : Genus extinct . Perhaps distantly related to wolf herrings of the family Chirocentridae.
486
487
TELEOSTEI
Order: Ichthyodectiformes Family: Ichthyodectidae
True Bony Fish es
------�----�--=--
rELE OS TE I
True Bony Fishes
yode ctiformes order : Ichth o dec ti dae thy Ich y: F allli l
--
)(jphactinus audax LEIDY (length c . 430 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Kansas, U.S.A. Cast: Tetra-Werke, Melle, Germany. Thrissops formosus AGASSIZ (length c. 28 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnh ofen (Schemfeld) Bavaria, Germany. Original: J u ra-Museum, Eichstatt, Germany.
G e n u s : Thrissops
AGASSIZ, 1 883 .
Geolog ical range : Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous.
Geog raphical distributi o n : Europe.
Feat u re s : Midd le-sized fishes with rather laterally compressed bodies. Head smal l . Gape rather long . Jaws with small pointed teeth. Dorsal fin small and triangular, in the posterior third of the ore body, opposite the anal fin which is anteriorly pOinted but posteriorly forms a fri nge . Pelvic fins very smal l . Pecto ral fins l o n g and na rrow . Caudal fin large, deeply forked , with long narrow lobes. R e m arks : R a p i d l y swi m m i n g p redators. Recent re l atives: Genus extinct, perhaps distantly related to wolf h erri n g s of the fa m i ly C h iro centridae . Thrissops, reconstruction after TAVERNE .
488
Genus: Xiphactinus
LEIDY,
1 870.
Synonym s : Portheus .
Geological range: Lower to Upper Cretaceous.
Geographical distributio n : North America, Australia, Europe .
Features: Very large fishes with elongate bodies. Head elongate and shallow, with a horn - l i ke process. Gape long, directed up with long poi nted teeth of various shapes, the anterior be i ng developed as gras p i n g teet h . Dorsal fi n re latively somewhat beh ind the middle of the body. Anal and pelvic l k Wise smal l . Pectoral fins carried by a strong bony Caud al f i n v e ry l a r g e , forked , with the lobes the base and pointe d at t he en ds. r e m a rk S : Fo rm i d a b l e p red a
wards, sfionnmesall, long,s i e ay, r�eeP oadIY at ors . �uec� t nt
rel ative s : Non e . Died In Low er Cretaceous .
Xiphactinus, reconstruction after OSBORN.
489
True Bony Fis h e s
TELEO STEI Order: Ichthyodectiformes Family: Saurodontidae
rE L E OS TE I
Tr ue Bo ny Fis he s
chthyodectiform es Ord er: I Thryptodonti dae : ily Fam
-
HAYS (length c. 20 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of K msas, U.S.A. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U .S.A.
Saurodon leanus
G e n u s : Saurodon
HAYS, 1 829 .
Synonym s : Oaptinus . Geological ran g e : Upper Cretaceou s . .
Geog rap h i ca l d istribution : North America, Europe .
Bananogmius evolutus (COPE) (leng th c. 76 cm) from the U ppe r C reta ceo us of Kansas' U . S . A . 0ngln " a I'. M useu m of Natu ral History ' Lawrence , Kansas, U . S .A.
Gen us: Bananogmius WHIT LEY, 1 940 . Syn ony ms: Ananogmiu s, Ano gmius . Geo logi cal ran g e : Upp er C retaceous . �eO gra PhiC al d istr ibut ion : North Am eric a,
R e m a rks : Formidable predators .
Eur ope . Lar ge fish es with elo nga te, rela tive ly sha llow hea S ds . rou nde d. Gap e rath er long . Eyes mid dle- size d Jaws with Small teeth . Dor sal fin sm all , located sho rtly beh ind t e hea d . R e m ark s : Pro b a b y l g u l s h s i g . S Wi m m ers .
Recent re l atives : None. Died out in Upper Cretaceous .
ativ e s : None . Die d out In U p p er Creta ceo us.
Feature s : Middle-sized fishes with shallow elongate heads. Snout elongate and somewhat rou nded . G ape very long , with many pOinted conical teet h . Lower jaw p rojecting.
h
Re c�nt rel
Saurodon ,
490
���� res :
reconstruction after
BARDACK. Bananogmius,
reconstruction after HAY.
49 1
TELEOSTEI
True Bony Fishe s
Order: I chthyodectiformes F amily: Thryp todontidae ����
-------
--------
Zane/ites xenurus JORDAN (length c. 60 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Kan sas. Original: Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas, U .S.A.
G e n u s : Zanclites
JORDAN, 1 92 5 .
rE L EO STEI
o rder: Ichth yodectiformes? faIJ1i1y: Unnamed
True Bony Fishes
---
Unnamed fish (length c. 95 cm) from the Upper J u rassic of Solnhofen (Langenalt heim), Bavaria, Germany. Original: 8ayerische Staatssammlung fUr Palaontologie, Munich, Germany.
Genus: Not named .
G eolog ical ran g e : U p per Cretaceous .
Geological range : Upper J u rassic.
Geographica l d i stributi o n : North America.
Feature s : Middle-sized fishes of e l l i ptical outli n e . H ead long and shallow . Snout pointe d . Dorsal fin in the m i d d l e of the body, . anteriorly with a point but running rearwards as a fnn e , obli quely opposite the anal fin which is l i kewise fri nge-like. PelvIc fl. s small. Pectoral fins located h i g h on t h e b o d y . C a u d al f i n l a rge , deeply forked , with long lobes .
�
R e marks : Predators . Recent re l at i ves : None . Died out in the U pper Cretaceous .
Geograph ical d istributi o n : E u rope. Featu res: M iddle- sized to large fishes of elongate but never the less some what plump shape . Head relativ ely small and shallow . Snout pointe d , Gape long and direct ed u pward s . Powe rful teet h . Dorsal fin smal l , . located very poste riorly, obliqu ely oppo site the anal fin which i s also smal l . Pelvic fins narro w and p o i nted . Pectoral fins stri king ly long and narr ow, Rem arks : Th is fish may belon g to the family Pach ycorm idae. Recent relat iv es: Non e. Died out i n U pper J u rass ic.
. Zanelites, reconstruction after JORDAN·
492 493
II
TELEOSTEI
True Bony F is h e s
Order: Unnamed Family: TselfaUiidae
'fE LEOS TEI
True Bony Fishes
der: Unnamed J1li1 Y: Tse lfat iida e
�:
--
Protobrama avus WOODWARD (length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Lebanon. Original: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden .
Tselfatia formosa ARAMBOURG (length c. 13 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Tselfat Morocco. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph : Serette, Paris.
Gen u s : Protobrama
Gen u s : Tselfatia
WOODWARD, 1 942 .
ARAMBOURG, 1 958.
Geolog i ca l rang e : U pper Cretaceou s .
Geological range : Lower Cretaceou s .
Geog raphical d i stributi o n : M i d d l e East .
Geographic al d istribution : North Africa.
Featu res : Small fishes of approxi mately e l l i pt ical outline. Head shal1low. S n o ut pointed . Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin low , beg i n ni ng anteriorly i n front of the middle of the body and ru nning rear wards as a fringe, opposite the anal fin which is similarly con structed . Pectoral fins rounded elongat e and set h i g h on the body. Caudal fin stal ked , deep ly c o n c av e p o s t e r i o r l y w i t h broad lobes .
Featu res : Small to midd le-sized fishes with bodies deep anteri orly and tapering strongly behi n d . H ead ro unded . Eyes l arge . G a p � rath e r long . Dorsal fin beg i n n i ng j u st b e h i n d the h ead , . anteri orly Increas i ng strongly i n height and then decreasin g t o the end o f the body. Anall fin very large and simi lar in shape to the dorsa l fi n . Pelvi c and pect oral fi ns very sma l l . Cau dal fin relatively s mall and fo rke d .
�
R e m arks : Probably rather slug perhaps plant-eat ing .
gish fis h es
em arks : Prob ably not agg res si ve fis hes .
�
,
Recent r e l a t i ves : None . Died out i n U pper Cretaceous.
Protobrama, reconstruction after PATIERSON.
494
ec � nt re lativ e s : Non e . Died u t I n Cre tac eou s .
Tseifatia, reconstruction after PATIERSON.
495
True Bony Fish es
TELEOSTEI
Suborder: Osteoglos so id ei . Bony Ton gu e s
Order: Osteoglossiformes Family: Osteoglossidae
-
WOODWARD (length c. 1 9 cm) from the Eocene of Maryla nd, U.S.A. Original: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institutio Wash ington, D.C., U . S.A.
rE L EO S TEI
O steog lossi�ormes order: osteog lossl ae FaIIli 1y: --
�
True Bony Fishes
Suborder: Osteoglossoidei Bony Tongues
Brychaetus muelleri
G e n u s : Brychaetus
Genus: Phareodus
AGASSIZ, 1 845.
LEIDY, 1 8 73,
Synonyms: Oapedoglossus,
Synon y m s : PIa tops , Pomphractus ,
Geological ra nge: M iddle Eocene to Oligocene.
Geolog ical ran g e : U pper Cretaceous to Paleocene,
Geographi cal d i stributio n : Europe, North America, North Atrica , Teeth Feature s : M iddle-sized t o large fishes with powerfu l jaw extremely long and not very pointed ,
Rem arks: Fresh-water fishes, probably predators , Recent re l at i ves : None,
(COPE) (length c, 31 cm) from the Eocene of Wyoming, U.S.A. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich , Germany.
Phareodus testis
Died
out in Paleocene,
Geograp h i cal d i stri bution : North America, Australia, Features : M iddle-sized fishes of oval outline. Head smal l , Snout slightly pointed, Gape rather lon g , Eyes relatively larg e , Dorsal fin bro,ad �t the base , posterior in position, opposite the anal fin . which I S l a r g e r , P e l v i c f i rl s small , Pectoral fins longe r and narr o w , C a u d a l f i n s l i g h t l y forked , with broad lob es , Rem ark s: Fresh-w ater fish es , cent rela tive s : Gen us extin . ct Iated to recent bon y ton gues of the fam i ly Os teo g lo ssi dae as Arapaima and Ost eo � The butt erfly fish Pan IS also a d .istant rela tive,
�: :�Ch Brychaetus,
496
reconstruction after
TAVE RNE.
tOd��urr:,
Phareodus,
reconstruction after TAVERNE.
497
True B ony Fish es
TELEOSTEI
Suborder: Notopteroidei Order: Osteoglossiformes ly: Lycopteridae Fami ----�--��---------------------------------- -----
True Bony Fishes
o
lossiformes . dJ1lelr: : OHisteog on f: i Y od tid ae
Suborder: Notopteroidea Moon Eyes
--
Eohlodon fa/catus GRANDE (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Eocene of Wyoming, U.S.A. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.
Lycoptera davidi SA UVAG E (length c. 8 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany.
G e n u s : Lycoptera
rE L E OS TEI
Genus: Eohiodon
MULLER, 1 848.
CAVENDER, 1 966.
Geological rang e : Paleocene to Eocene.
Synonym s : Asiatolepis .
Geographical di stributi o n : North America.
Geol ogical rang e : Upper J urass i c .
Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes of rather laterally com pressed shape. H ead s h o rt and d e e p . S n o ut rou nd e d . G ape rather long, with small pointed teeth . Eyes very large. Dorsal fin shortly beh i n d the m i d d l e of t h e body, anteriorly pointed b u t decreasing i n height posteriorly w i t h a concave postero-dor sal marg in, obliquely opposite the anal fin which is similar in shape but broader. Pelvic fins smal l . Pectoral fins som ewh at large r. Udal fin stro ngly fork ed with POi nte d lob es .
Geograph ical distributi o n : East As ia. shal Featu res : Small fishes with slender elongate bodies . Head ds. war p u rected i d and long rather low. Snout rou nded . G ape half Dorsal fin in the posterior of the body, opposite the anal fin . Pelvic fi ns s hort and narrow. Pectoral fins long and nar row. Caudal fin slightly forked with pointed lobes . R e m arks : Probably g regarious.
R e c e nt re l ative s : Non e . out i n Up per J u rassic .
Died .
Lycoptera , recon struct ion
498
c.tter
REIS.
�
=
�
e marks : F esh -wa ter fish es . nt rela ti ves : Gen us extin ct. c O Sely rel ate d to t h e rece nt Hio don and m ore d i s tty r l ate d to knife fishes of the fam ily N oto pte rida e.
�
tnus �
Eohiodon , reconstruction after GRANDE.
499
TELE O STEI
Order: Elopiformes Family: Anaethalionidae
True B ony Fishe s -
'fE LE O S TEI
True Bony Fishes
lopiformes ord e r: E oss ognathidae Cr FaIlli 1y:
--
Apsopelix agilis (STEWART) (length c. 31 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Kansas, U.S.A. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U.K. (P 91 84)
Anaethalion knorri (de BLAINVILLE) (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen (Eichstatt), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Tischlinger Collection, StafT ham, Germany. Photo: Tischlinger
G e n u s : Anaethalion
Genus: Apsopelix
WHITE, 1 938.
S y n o n y m s : Aethalion . Geolog ical ran g e : U pper J u rassic to Lower Cretaceous . Geog raph ical d istribut io n : Europe . Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes of slender shape Head elongate and relatively shallow. Snout poi nted . Gape rather long. Eyes large. Dorsal fin pointed, approximately i n the middlt of the body, opposite the very narrow pelvic fins. Pectoral fins likewise narrow . Anal fin anteriorly with a point but b road- based and decreasing in h e i g h t posteri or'ly. Caudal fin deeply forked with rather b road lobes. Rem arks : Probably g regarious; Recent relatives : Genus extinct . Related t o the tenpounders and probably also to the herrings.
500
Anaethalion, after FOREY.
COPE, 1 87 1 .
Synonym s : Helmintholepis , Leptichthys , Palaeoclupea , Pelecora pis , Syl/aemus . Geological range : Upper C retaceous . Geographical d i stribution : Europe, North America. Features : M iddle-sized fishes of slender shape . Head long and shallo",:, . Snout pointed. Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin triangular, opposite the pOinted pelvic fins . Anal fin low, broad- based . Pectoral fins long and narrow . Cauda l fin fo rk ed , with b ro a d l o b e s /-;.;. . W,'· · Scal es rh om b I' C . �(,.'W!,m Re m arks : P obably g regarious . ece nt relat ive s : Gen us ext inct. . robably rela ted to rec ent tar p on s .
�
�
-aP1?�·"fI. ' -':'\'I�mh
�}
__ _ ' "
,. '
�, "
�'�.j k<"
--1f)
Apsopelix, reconstruction after JORDAN.
50 1
TELEOSTEI
True Bony Fishe s
Order: Elopiformes Family: Crossognathidae
------
Crossogna thus sabaudianus PICTET (length c. 22 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Westphalia, Germany. Original: Museum fUr Geologie und Palaontologie, Tu bir:gen, Germany.
Gen u s : Crossognathus
PICTET, 1 85 8 .
True Bony Fishes
S TEI 1'ELEOlopifo rmes E ord er: E lopid ae : y JJlil Fa
Suborder: Elopoidei Tenpounders
---
Brannerion vestitum JORDAN &
BRANNER (length c . 33 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous
of Ceara, Brazil. Original: Interioss, Munich, Germany.
Genus : Brannerion
JORDAN, 1 9 1 9 .
Geolog i ca l range: Lower Cretaceous.
Geolog ical range : Lower Cretaceous .
G eog raph ical distri bution : Europe .
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : South America.
Featu re s: Midd le-sized fishes of slender shape . Head long and shallow. Snout pointed . Gape relatively long . Dorsal fin sl ig htly in front of the middle of the body. Caudal fin deeply forked with narrow lobes.
Featu res: M iddle-sized fishes with somewhat compressed bod ies. Head deep. Snout rou nded . Dorsal fin tall and pointed , in the posterior half of the body, opposite the anal fin which is l i kewise pOinted . Pectoral fins long and narrow. Caudal fin forked, with broad lobes .
Rem arks: Probably g regarious.
Re ma rks : Probably fed partly on plan ts .
Recent relatives : Genus extinct . Poss ibly related to recent ten pounders.
R e cen t r e l ative s : None. Died out i n Lower Cretace ous.
Brannerion ,
Crossognathus,
TAVERNE.
502
reconstruction after MAISEY.
reconstructi on afte r
503
True Bony Fishe s
TELEOSTEI
Suborder: Elopo id ei Tenpounde rs
Order: Elopiformes family: Elopidae
-
Oasti/be elongatus SILVA SANTOS (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Ceara. Brazil. Original: American Museum of Natural History. New York. N .Y . . J. SA
G e n u s : Oastilbe
rE LEOSTEI
Davichthys gardneri FOREY (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. Original: Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago. Illinois. U.S.A.
Geographical d i stribution : M iddle East.
G eograp h i ca l d i stributio n : South America. odies.
Featu res : Small to very small fishes with slender elongate ap Head shallow. Snout pointe d . Eyes midd le-size d . Dorsal tl . fins Ic pelv the proximat ely in the middle of the body, opposite . Cauda!1 fi n deeply forked , with relatively broad lobes Recent re l atives : None . Died out in Lower Cretaceous. Oastile, after MAISEY
FOREY, 1 973.
Geological ran g e : U pper Cretaceous .
Geolog ical ran g e : Lower Cretaceous.
R e m arks : Gregarious.
Suborder: Elopoidei Tenpounders
-
Genus: Oavichthys
JORDAN, 1 91 0.
True Bony Fishes
Ord er: Elopi �ormes Family: Elop idae
Featu res : Small fishes with slender bodies. H ead d e e p . Gape ra her lon g . Dorsal fin long and pOinte d , somewhat behind the ml ddl of the body, obl iquely opposite the very small pelvic fins. Anal fin small and pectoral fins narrow. Caudal fin forke d , with relatively broa d lobe s.
�
�
Re marks : Probab ly g regariou s. Recent relativ es : Genu s extinc t. Distant ly related to rece nt ten JX>un ders of the fam i ly Elopi dae .
Oavichthys, recon str u ct io n after FOREY.
504
505
Tru e Bony Fish e s
TELEO STEI
Su borde r: Elo p oi de i Tenp oun d ets
Order: Elopiformes Family: Elopidae
---
rELEO STE I
�
ord er: Elopi ormes family: Eiopida e --
SILVA SANTOS (length c. 70 cm) from the Lower Cretac"!ous of Ceara, Brazil. Original: Kandler collection, Augsburg, Germany.
P8ra,syllaemus gracilis
Gen u s : Para e/ops
Genus: Parasy//aemus.
Paraelops cearensis
S,LVA SANTOS, 1 9 7 1 .
Geolog i cal range : Lower Cretaceous . Geograp h i cal d i stribution : South America.
Featu res : M iddle- sized to large fishes with slender elongate bod ies. Head shallow . S nout slightly pOinted . Gape rather long. Eyes middle-sized. Dorsal fi n in the posterior half of the body, o btusely trian g u l a r, scaly, ap p roxi mately opposite the small pe l lc fins. Anal fin likewise obtusely trian g ular. Caudal fin deeply forked , with broad lobes.
Recent re latives : None. Died out in Lower Cretaceous .
506
Paraelops, after MA ISEY.
Su bor der : Elo poi d ei Te np ou nd ers
STERNBERG (length c. 31 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of . Manitoba, Canada. Onglnal: Royal Ontario M us e um , Toronto, Canada.
Geo logi cal ran ge : U ppe r Cretaceou s . Geograph i cal dis trib utio n : No rth Am eric
a. Fea tures : Mid dle -siz ed fish es wit h slen der elo nga te bOd ies. Hea d long a� d sha " ? w . Ga pe lon g . Eye s larg e . Do rsa l fin app rox i m �tely In the mid dle of the bod y, opp osit e the pel vic fins Ana l fin ted Pectoral fins long and narrow. Ca uda l fin dee pl div ide d narrow lob es . Sc ale s rou nd ed . � e marks : Th pO inte d mo uth sug ges ts that it fed on worms er bu rrowlng an d an imals . cen t re lat i ve s : G e n u s ext i n ct . Po ssi bly d ista ntly rela ted POu n ders of to th e fami ly EI'op idae .
:�
y
.
�
::
R e m a rk s : R a p i d l y swi m m i n g p redators .
True Bo ny Fi sh es
True Bony Fish es
TELEOSTEI
Subo rder: Elopoi de i Tenpoun de rs
Order: Elopiformes F amily : Elopidae
----�---------------------------------------------
Spaniodon elongatus PICTET (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Upper Cretaceou s of the Lebanon. Original: Field Museum of Natural HistOry, Chicago, illinOIS, U.S.A
G e n u s : Spaniodon
PICTET, 1 85 1 .
1ELEOSTEI
True Bony Fishes
Order: Elop i �ormes faJll iIy: Elop Idae?
Suborder: Elopoidei Tenpounders
--
Unnamed fish (length c. 21 cm) from the Cretaceous of Nardo, Italy. Original: Museo C/vico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus :
U nnamed .
Geolog ical ran g e : U pper Cretaceous .
Geological range : Cretaceous.
G eographica l distribution : M iddle East.
Geograph i cal d i stri butio n : Europe.
Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes with slender bod ies. Head long and shallow. Snout somewhat rounde.d . Gape :ather long. e Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin triangular, slightly behind the midd le of th some In Anal . fins body, obliquely opposite the very small pelvic what larger. Pectoral fins fanshaped . Caudal fin divided with broad lobes. Rem arks : Probably g regarious.
Re mar ks : Probably g rega rious. Recen t rela ti ves : Ge nus ext inct . PoSSibly r elate
Rece nt relatives : Genus extinct. Possibly related to recent ten poun ders of the fam i ly Elopi dae.
Poun d ers
Spaniodon, reconstruction after WOODWARD.
508
Featu res : Small to middle- sized fishes of slender shape. Head long and shallow. Snout pOinted . Gape relatively long . Eyes smal l . Jaws with pOinted teet h . Dorsal fin pointed , somew hat anterior to the m i ddle of the body, opposit e the small fan -shape d pelvic fins . . Anal fi n very smal l . Cau dal fin deeply forke d , with the lobes broad at the base and narrow towards the tips. d to rece nt ten of the genus Elops.
E/ops hawaiiensis, a recent tenpounder.
509
True Bony Fi s h es
TELEOSTEI
Order: Elopiformes Family: Unnamed
--
Daitingichthys tischlingeri MRAnA (length c. 30 cm) from . the Upper Jur tssic of Solnhofen (Daiting), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Tischlinger Collection, Star.lmham, Germany.
G e n u s : Oaitingichthys
ARRATIA, 1 987.
Geological range : U pper Jurassic. G eograp h i cal d i stributi o n : Europe . Featu res : Slender fishes with elongate bod ies. H ead shal low. Gape rather lon g . Eyes small. Dorsal fin triangular, in the poste rior half of the body . Anal fin l i kewise small and somewhzt more posterior. Pelvic fins very small and approximately in the middle of the body. Body covered with relatively large cycloid scales. R e m arks : Probably g regarious. R ecent re latives : None. Died out i n J u rassic.
51 0
1ELE O STEI
True Bony Fishes
lopifo rmes ord er: E ga lop i da e Me FaJtlily:
Suborder: Elopoidei Tarpons
--
Pachythrissops propterus WAGNER (length c. 38 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen (Palnten), Bavaria, Germany. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fUr Pali:iontologie, Munich, Germany.
Genus: Pachythrissops
WOODWARD, 1 91 9 .
Geologic al rang e : U pper J u rassic to Lower Cretaceo us. Geograph ical d istri bution : Europe .
�
Fea ure s : M idd le-sized fishes with rather laterally compre ssed bodies. Head deep. Gape rather long . Dorsal fin acute-tr ian g u lar so r:n ewhat b h i n d t e m id d le o f the b o d y , opposit e small pelvIc fln s . Anal fin l i kewise acute-t riangu lar. Pectoral fins narrow. . Cau dal fin deeply forked with relativ ely broad lobes. •
.
R em a rks :
P l ants .
�
�
Probab ly rather slow swim mers which fed partly on
Recent re lative s : Genus extinct . Possi b ly related to recent tar Pons of the famil y Mega lopid ae .
51 1
True B ony Fishe s
TELEO STEI
Suborder: Elopoidei Tarpon s
Order: Elopiformes Family: Megalopidae
-
Sendenhorstia granu/ata (von der MARCK) (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Sendenhorst, Westphalia, Germany. Original: Geologisch-Palaontologischfls Mu seum, MOnster, Westphalia, Germany.
G e n u s : Sendenhorstia Synonym s : Microcoelia .
WHITE & Moy-THOMAS , 1 94 1 .
Geolog ical rang e : U p per Cretaceous . G eo g rap h i cal d i stributi o n : Europe.
d bod Feat u re s : Small fishes with somewh at laterally compresse ng ular, ies . Head large and deep . Gape rather lon g . Dorsall fin tria n gu tria approxima tel,y i n the middle of the body . Anal fi n li kewise lar. Pelvic fins smal l . Pectoral fins narrow. Caudal fin forked with broad lobes.
Rem arks : Probably gregarious.
True Bony Fishes
formes O rd er: Elopi " d O d ae smerol : O f amil y
--
Su border: Albuloidei
1
Osmeroides sardinoides PICTET (length c. 8 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Lebanon. Original: Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany.
Genus: Osmeroides
AGASSIZ,
Synon y m : Dermatoptychus .
1 834 .
Geological ran g e : Lower to U pper Cretaceous. Geographical d is tr i bu ti o n : Europe, Middle East. Featu res : Small fishes with elo ngate strea m l i ned bodies . H ead long a�d shal l w. Snout pOi nted . Eyes large. Dorsal fin triang ular, � approxi mately In the middle of the body, op posite the short and n arrow p e l v i c fi n s . A n a l f i n sm al l " Pect oral f i n s n a r r o w . Caud al fin forked , lobe s broad at the base and poin ted at the end s" Scales rou nde d.
Rem arks : Prob ably greg arious . cen t rela tive s : Gen us ext inct . c map s dist an tly related to reent bon efi sh es of the fam i ly A l b U l .l d ae .
�:
R ecent rel at ives : Genus extinct. Related to tarpons of the fam ily M egalopidae . �� nt tarpon. Mega/ops Cyprin i es, a rece
51 2
1E L EO S TEI
Osmeroides , reconstruction after
ARAMBOURG.
513
TELEO STEI
Order: Elopiformes Family: Pterothrissidae
True B ony Fish es
Suborder: Albul oi d i
------
1E L E O S �EI
True Bony Fishes
rmes der: Elop lfo p rissidae teroth : �:Jlli1Y ---
Suborder: Albuloidei
.
Istieus macrocephalus AGASSIZ (length c. 33 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of
Hajulia multidens WOODWARD (length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the
Sendenhorst , Westphalia, Germany. Original: Geologisch-Palaontologisches Museum, MOnster, Germany.
Lebanon. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P 1 3906)
G e n u s : Hajulia
WOODWARD, 1 942 .
Gen u s : Istieus
AGASSIZ, 11 844 .
Geolog ical rang e : Up per Cretaceous.
G eological ran g e : Upper Cretaceou s .
Geograph ical d istri b ution : M iddle East .
Geographical d i st ribution : Europe .
Feat u re s : Small fishes with slender bodies . Head long an d shal low . Snout pointed . Gape long . Dorsal fi n approximately in the m i d d l e of the body, opposite t h e p e lvic fi n s . Anal fi n sh ort. Caudal fin forked , with relatively broad lobes .
Feature s : M iddle-sized fishes with slender elongate bodies . Head long and shallow. Gape short . Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin elongate and fringe-like , beg i nning i n the anterior third of the body and dec �eas i ng in height posteriorly. Anal fi n elongate and rounded. . PelviC fins smal l . Pecto ral fins narrow. Caudal fin deep ly forked, with bro ad lob es. R e � arks : Thes e f i s h e s , l i ke the ir re e nt relati ves , may have � fed mai nly on wo rms sna ils and other small an i m als.
R e m arks : Probably fed on worms and other small an. i mals .
R ecent rel atives: Genus extinct. Possib ly related to t he recent genus Pterothrissus .
Rece nt re l ative s : Genus extinct . Re l ate d t 0 the rece nt g e n u s Pt
ero thriss u s.
51 4
Istieus, reconstruction after FOREY.
51 5
True Bony Fishes
TELE O STEI
Suborder: Albuloi dei
Order: Elopiformes Family: Pterothrissidae
-------
1£ L £ OS TEI
True Bony Fishes
: order
formes Elopi lbulidae A : l Jl\i y fa
Suborder: Albuloidei Bonefishes
--
Lebonichthys lewisi (DAVIS) (length e. 30 em.) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Lebanon. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P 6024) Thrissopteroides elongatus von der MARCK (length c. 20 cm) froll1 the Upper Creta ceous of Sendenhorst, Westphalia, Germany. Original: Geolog isch-Palaontologisehes Mt,Jseum, Munster, Westphalia, Germany.
G e n u s : Thrissipteroides
WOODWARD, 1 898.
Genus: Lebonichthys
FOREY, 1 973.
Geolog i cal ran g e : U pper Cretaceo us .
Geological ran g e : Upper Cretaceous.
G e o g raph ical d istributi o n : Europe, M iddle East.
Geographical d i stribution : Mi ddle East.
Rem arks : Probably fed on worms and other small ani mals livi ng i n the sea bottom .
Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes of very slender elongate outline. Head long and shallow . Snout poi nted . Gape rather long . Eyes large. Dorsal� fin broad- based, beginning i n the anterior half of the body and decreasing in height posteriorly, opposite the very narrow pelvic fin s . Anal fin triang ular. Pectoral fi ns long and narrow , Caud al fin forked with relative ly bro ad lobe s. Re marks : Prob ably g rega rious . Rece nt rel ative s : Genu s extin ct . Poss ib ly rela ted to recent bo n'
Featu res: Small to middle-sized fishes with elongate, very slen der bodies. Head shallow and elongate. Snout pOinted . Dc rsal fin in the posterior half of the body, opposite the narrow p Ivic fins. Anal fin l i kewise n a rrow . Cau dal fin d eeply fo rked , with very narrow lobes .
Recent rel atives : None. Died out in the U pper Cretaceous,
efi sh es of the fam i ly Alb u lidae .
Albula sp. , a recent bonefish. Lithograph from CUVIER.
51 6
51 7
True Bony Fish e s
TELEOSTEI
Order: Elopiformes Suborder: Pachyrhizodontoidei Family: Pachyrhizodontidae
--
1ELE OSTEI
lopiformes EPachyrhi zodontidae : 1Y �:J1\i dec:
True Bony Fishes
Suborder: Pachyrhizodontoidei
---
Rhacolepis buccalis AGASSIZ (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Ceara, Brazil. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany. Pachyrhizodus marathonensis (ETHERIDGE) (length c. 22 cm) from the Lower Creta ceous of Queensland, Australia. Original: Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia.
G e n u s : Pachyrhizodus
AGASSIZ, 1 850.
Genus:
Rhacolepis
AGASSIZ, 1 84 1 .
Syno n y m : Thrissopater.
Geological range: Lower Cretaceous.
G eolog ical ran g e : Lower Cretaceous.
Geographical d istrib uti o n : South America.
G eo g raph ical d istribution : Europe , North America, Australia.
Features: Small to middle-sized fishes with slender, very stream lined bodies. Head long and shallow. Snout pointed . Gape long . Eyes relatively larg e . Dorsal fin in the posterior half of the body. Anal fin smal l . Pelvic fins very smal l . Pectora l fins narrow and som ewhat longe r. Caud al fin dee p l y fo rke d , w i t h n a r row poin ted lobe s. Scal es rhom bic . e m arks : Prob ably . g regarious.
F e at u re s : M iddle-sized to large fishes with deep heads . Snout pointed . Gape long , with pointed teet h . Eyes larg e . R e m arks : Predators . R ece nt relative s : Non e . Died out in Lower Cretaceous.
�
e C� nt re l ative s : Non e . Died out In Lowe r Cretaceous.
m �•••••�•�
� .... . .. ... � .
---
">.
Rhaco/epis, reconstruction after FOREY.
51 8
519
TELEOSTEI
Order: Elopiformes Family: Notelopidae
True Bony Fishe s
Suborder: Pachyrhizodonto id ei
------
Notelops brama AGASSIZ (length c. 73 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Ceara, Brazil . Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Note/ops
WOODWARD, 1 90 1 .
True Bony Fishes
rE L E O STEI
Notacanthiformes : ly FaIlli Halosauridae orde r:
Halosaurs
---
Echidnocephalus troscheli (von der MARCK) (length c. 30 cm) from the Upper Creta Sendenhorst, Westphalia, Germany. Original: Geologisch-Palaontologisches Museum, Munster, Westphalia, Germany.
ceous of
Genus: Echidnocepha/us
von der MARCK, 1 858.
Geolog i ca l rang e : Lower Cretaceous.
Geological rang e : U pper Cretaceou s .
G eograp h i ca l d i stributio n : South America .
Geographical d i stribution : Europe , North Africa.
Featu res : Middle-sized fishes with elongate strea m l i ned bod ies . Head elongate and shallow. Snout pOi nted . Gape very Ion J . Eyes large. Dorsal fin relatively tal l , probably ending d istally in a point, o b l i q u ely opposite the narrow anal fi n . Pelvic fins ver, s m all. Pectoral fins long and narrow. Caudal fin striking ly large deeply forked , with narrow, strongly divergent lobes . R e m a rks : R a p i d l y swi m m i n g predat o rs .
Featu res : Middle-sized very slender fishes of eel - l i ke shape. Head long and shallow. Dorsal fi n very smal l , somewhat i n front of the middle of the body. Anal fin fringe- l i ke , reaching from the point of the tail to the middle of the body. Fins without spines . R emarks : Predators . R ecent relatives : Genus extinct. Related to recent halosaurs of the fam i ly Halosauridae .
R ecent relati ves : N o n e . Died out in Lower Cretaceous.
Notelops , after MAIS
520
Y.
Halosauropsis macrochir, a recent halo saur (after SMITH).
52 1
TELEOSTEI
Order: Notacanthiformes Family: Notacanthidae
True Bony Fi sh e s
Spiny E els
I fE LEO STE guilliformes
True Bony Fishes
Suborder: AnguiUoidei True Eels
d e1Yr: : An �:Jlli Anguillidae
---
Anguilla pachyura AGASSIZ (Ie � gth c . 8 7 cm) from the Miocene of O hningen, worttemberg, Germany. Onglna,: Teylers Museum, Haarlem, Netherlands.
Pronotacanthus sahe/a/mae DAVIS (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Upper Cretac .ous of the Lebanon. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (49542)
G e n u s : Pronotacanthus
WOODWARD, 1 900 .
Geological range: U pper Cretaceous to Oligocene . Geog raphical d istributio n : Europe , M i d d le East. Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes of elongate eel - l ike s hape. Body ending posteriorly in a point. H ead long and shallow Snout rou nded . Gape d i rected downward s . Eyes larg e . Dorsal fi n re placed by a row of d iscon nected spines. Anal fin fringe- l ike.
with powerful eel - l i ke bod ies. Head shallow. Snout poi nted . Eyes smal l . Dorsal and anal fins fused to form a fringe which reaches to the posterior pointed end of the body. Pectoral fi ns small and rounded .
Remarks : Predators . Recen t relat ives : C lose ly
Remarks : Predators. Recent relatives : Genus extinct .
re
lated to recent eels of the ge
Related to the recent spiny eel Notacanthus , now found living in the deep sea .
n us AngUilla .
'n y eel. Notaca nthus sp . , a �ec enl Spl Lithograph from BLOCH.
522
Genus: Anguilla SHAW, 1 803 . Geological rang e : M iocene to recent. Geographical distribution : Europe . Features: M iddle-sized to large fishes
Anguilla anguilla, the European eel.
523
True B ony F ish e s
TELEOSTEI
Suborder: Anguilloi dei
Order: Anguilliformes Family: Anguillavidae
--
Anguillavus quadripinnis HAY (length c. 6.5 cm) from the Upper CretaceolJS of the Lebanon. Original: American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y., L SA
G e n u s : Angui/lavus
HAY,
1 903.
G e o l og ical range : U pper Cretaceous . Geographical d i stributi o n : M iddle East. Featu res : S mall fishes with narrow eel-like bodies. Head shallow. Snout pointed . Eyes smal l . Dorsal and anal fi ns joi ned to form a low fri nge ru n n i n g to the poi nted posterior end of tre body. Pectoral fins with eight rays . Remarks : Probably fed on worms, c rustaceans and ot her small animals. Recent relatives : One of the earliest eels . Genus extinct. P erhapS nevertheless distantly related to recent eel s .
True Bony Fishes
rE LEOS TEIformes
Suborder: Anguilloidei
guilli llidae d ec: An �:JllilY: parangui
---
Ds/piaziella brevicauda CADR0881 (length c. 30 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Origi nal : Universita di Pad ova, Padua, Italy.
Genus: Oa/piazie/la
CADROBBI , 1 962 .
Geological range : Middle Eocene. Geograph ical d istribution : Europe .
? �
�eature : Middle-sized to large fishes with elongate moray-eel like bo les. Head shallow. Gape very long . Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin . begi ns Just behind the head and runs around the posterior end of the body into the anal fin which reaches to the m i d d le of the ventra l surfac e . Pecto ral f i n s smal l . Re mar ks: Predators . Prob ably lIVed like m oray eels .
Rece nt re l ati ves ' N o n e . D i ed ..--J....--�Zl�:;::;::El!ll . :m __....
N in the Eoce n � .
Oalpiazielliya , reconstruction after BLOT.
524
525
TELEOSTEI
True Bony Fish e s
Order: Anguilliformes Family: Paranguillidae
Suborder: Anguillo id ei
------
Paranguilla tigrina (AGASSIZ) (length c. 30 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bol� , Italy. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fur Palaontologie, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Paranguilla
BLEEKER,
1 864 .
Geologica l range : M iddle Eocene.
True B ony Fishes
Angui �es oardJIler: f ily: Xenocongndae
Suborder: AnguiUoidei False Morays
--
Eomyrophis latispinus AGASSIZ (length c. 18 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fUr Palaontologie, Munich, Germany.
Genus: Eomyrophis
WHITLEY,
1 950.
Synony m s : Eomyrus . Geological ran g e : M iddle Eocene. Geographical d i st ributio n : Europe.
Geographical d i stribution : Europe . Featu res : Middle-sized fishes with rather broad eel-shap d bod ies. Head dee p . Snout pointed . Eyes smal l . Dorsal and anal fins joined to form a relatively tall fringe which begins immed iately behind the head and runs to the pOinted posterior end of the body. Pectoral fins small and ro u n d e d , located s o m ew h at b e h i n d t h e beg i n n i n g of t h e fri n g i n g ti n .
Featu res: Small to midd le-sized fishes with slender eel - l i ke bod ies. Head shallow. Snout pointed . Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin and anal fins run together to form a low fringe which begins shortly behind the head and exten ds to t h e pOint ed poste rior e n d of t h e body. Pectoral fins smal l . Rem a rks: Pro bab ly fed o n crus tac eans and oth er sm all a n i m als .
�
ece nt rela tiv es : Ge nus ext inct . Obab ly related to recent false :ln g ?rays of the fam i ly Xen oco n rl d ae .
R e marks : Predators. Recent re l atives : Genus extinct . Perhaps distantly related t o re cent moray eel s . Muraena helena, the Mediterra n ean mo· ray eel.
526
tEL EO ST EI 1lifo
Kaupichthys s p . , a recent false moray.
527
TELEOSTEI
Order: Anguilliformes Family: Xenocongridae
True Bony Fish es
Suborder: Anguill o i d e i False M or ayS --
WOODWARD (length c. 3 1 cm) from the Eocene of Tura Egypt. Original : The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P1 4484).
LEO S TEI
True Bony Fishes
�
1
Suborder: Anguilloidei An g uillifor�es or er: False Morays ' Iy' Xen ocon gnd ae fa � l ' ----------------_ __
__ __ __ __ __ __
Mylomyrus frangens
breviculus (AGASSIZ) (length c. 7 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K . (P24406a).
Whitapodus
G e n u s : My/omyrus
WOODWARD, 1 9 1 0 .
G e ologi cal rang e : Eocene .
Genus: Whitapodus
BLOT, 1 980.
Geological range: Middle Eocene .
G e ographi cal d istribution : Northern Afri ca.
Geog raph ical distributi o n : Europe .
Featu res : Middle-s ized fishes with sle nder elongate eel - shaped bod i e s . Head shallow. Snout poi nted . Eyes smal l . Dor�al and anal fins run together as a fringe which is broad anteriorly but becomes narrower towards the poi nted posterior end of the body. Jaws with obvious teet h . Pectoral fins smal l .
Featu res : Smal l fishes of narrow eel - l i ke shape. Head shal low. Snout pointed . Eyes smal l . Dorsal and anal fi ns join to form a fringe which is low anteriorly, b roadens posteriorly, and then tape rs again toward the pointed posterior end of the body.
R e m arks : Probably fed on worms , crustaceans and othe r small a n i m als . Recent re l atives : Genus extinct . Possibly related to re cent fal se morays .
R e m a r k s : P ro b a b l y fed o n worms, crustaceans and othe r s mall anim als. Re ce nt relative s: Gen us extin ct. PrObably relat ed to recent false morays .
�=§ss Whitapodus,
528
�
reconstruction after BLOT.
529
True Bony Fis h es
TELEOSTEI
Order: Anguilliformes F a mily: Proteomyridae
Suborder: Angu illo i d ei
------
rELEO S TEI o der: An guilliformes : An gu illo i did ae f :JIlilY
True Bony Fishes
Suborder: Angu illoidei
---
(length c. 38 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Anguilloides branchiostegalis (EASTMAN)
(length c. 20 cm) from the Middle Eocene Italy. Original: Teylers Museum, Haarlem, Netherlands.
Proteomyris ventralis (AGASSIZ)
G e n u s : Proteomyris
')
Bolca,
CADROBBI , 1 96 2 .
Genus: Anguilloides
CADROBBI, 1 96 2 .
Geological rang e : Middle Eocene.
Geological range: Mi ddle Eocene.
G eographical d i strib utio n : Europe.
Geographical distrib uti o n : Europe .
Feature s : Small to fishes with very slender, elongate, eel-shaped bodies . Head shal low. Snout poi nted . Eyes smal l . Dorsal and anal fins run together as a low fringe which begins shortly behind the head and runs to the pointed posterior end of th e body. Pectoral fi ns very smal l , located ju st beneath the anterior end of the fri nge .
Features : M i ddle-sized fishes with n arrow eel-shape d bodies . Head shallow. Snout pointe d . Eyes smal l . Dorsal and anal fins run together as a low fringe which beg ins shortly behind the head and runs to the pOinted posterior end of the body. Pectoral fi ns very sma ll and roun ded .
R e m a r k s : P r o b a b l y fed o n worms , crustaceans and other small ani mals . Recent re l atives : N o n e . Died out in Eocene.
"'N:� '"§!: �:: < ;"'\=\: '\\\"': _ �� :zz w::: = : ::: :::: :::: ' ::: '!iW�
Proteomyrus,
530
. Iter BLOT . reconstru ction a
R e m a rks : P r o b a b l y fed on worms, crustaceans and othe r sm all ani mals . Recen t relative s : No ne. Die d out in M idd le Eocene.
<
Anguilloides,
�
reconstruction after BLOT.
53 1
True Bony Fishes
TELEOSTEI
Suborder: Anguill oi d ei
Order: Anguilliformes Family: Anguilloididae
I 'fELEO STE illiformes
True Bony Fishes
Suborder: Anguilloidei
der: Angu
?:JllilY: Milananguillidae
---
I
I
I'
Veronanguilla ruffoi BLOT (length c. 30 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolea, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Veronanguilla
BLOT,
1 978.
Milananguilla lehmani BLOT (len g th c. 1 5 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Milananguilla
BLOT,
1 978.
Geolog i ca l range : M iddle Eocene.
Geological ran g e : M iddle Eocen e .
G eo g raphical d i stri bu t i o n : Europe.
Geographical d istribut io n : Europe.
F e at u re s : Small to m i d dle-sized fishes with very slend er eel shaped bod ies . H ead shallow. Snout pointed . Gape long . Dorsal fin low and fringe-like , beg i ns in front of the middle of the body and continuous with the caudal and anal fins . Ventrally the fringe b e g i n s a p p roxi mately i n t h e middle o f t h e body . Pelvic fins absent. Pectoral fins smal l . Rem arks : Predators. Rece nt relative s : None. Died out i n Eocene .
c:::: :=:::: . f SLOT. Veronanguilla , reconstruct ion a te r
532
Features : Small fishes with very slender eel-shaped bodies. Head shallow. Snout pointe d . Eyes smal l . Dorsa l , caudal and anal fins form a continuous fri nge. End of body pointe d . Remarks: Probably fed o n worms, crustaceans and other small anim als. Rece nt re l ative s : None . Died out in Mid dle Eo cene .
<
Milananguilla, reconstruction after BLOT.
533
TELEOSTEI
True Bony Fi sh e s
Order: Anguilliformes Family: Ophichthidae
Suborder: AnguilIoi dei Snake Eels --
'f£LEO S TEI
formes Anguigrillidae d ?:IIl�IY: Con r:
True Bony Fishes
Suborder: Anguilloidei Conger Eels
---
Gos/inophis acuticaudus (AGASSIZ) (length e. 32 em) from the Middle Eo cene of Bolea, Italy. Original: Museo Civieo dil Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy. 8o/Cyrus bajai BLOT (length e. 24 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolea, Italy. Origi nal: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Gos/inophis
BLOT, 1 980 .
S y n on y ms : Ophisurus, Ophichthys .
Geological range: Middle Eocene. Geog raph ical d i stributio n : Bolca, Italy. Featu res : M iddle-sized , extremely slender,
eel - l i ke fi shes. Head shallow. Snout pointed . Eyes smal l . Dorsal and anal f i n s run together as a low fringe which beg ins shortly behind t b head and runs to the pointed poste rior end of the body. Pectoral fins very smal l . R e m a rks : Probably fed on worms, crustaceans and other small animals.
Genus: Bo/cyrus BLOT, 1 978. Geological rang e : Middle Eocene . Geographical distribution : Europe. Features : M i d d le-sized fishes of
slender eel - l i ke shape . Head shallow. Snout poi nted , Eyes smal l . Dorsal and anal fins run together as a low fringe to the pointed posterior end of the body. Pectoral fins very small and rounded .
Remarks: Probably predators. Recent relatives : Genus extinct . Closely related to recent congers of the family Congridae .
Recent re l atives : Genus exti nct . Related to recent snake eels of t h e fam i ly Ophichthidae. Myrichthys co/ubrinus, a recent snake eel .
534
Bo/cyrus , reconstruction after BLOT.
535
TELEOSTEI
True Bony Fish e
Suborder: Anguil lo id esl Conger Eels
Order: Anguilliformes Family: Congidae
.
-------
fE L E O STEI
Anguil�iformes order: faIl1ily: Congndae
--
True Bony Fishes
Suborder: Anguilloidei Conger Eels
Conger sp. (length c. 30 crn) frorn the Pliocene of Fiurne Marecchia, Italy Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Enchelion montium HAY (lei1gth c. 13 crn) frorn the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. Original: Siber & Siber Collection, Aathal, Switzerland.
Genus : Conger
Genus: Enchefion
OKEN , 1 8 1 7 .
HAY, 1 903 .
Geolog i ca l range : Eocene to recent.
Geological ran g e : U pper Cretaceou s .
G eograph ical d istri bution : Europe, North America , New Zealand .
Geographical d istributi o n : M iddle East.
Feature s : Midd le-sized fishes of very slender eel- l i ke shape. Head shallow. Snout poi nted . Gape rather long . Eyes smal l . Dorsal, caudal and anal fins form a conti nuous fringe which beg i ns just beh ind the head and ends ventrally near the middle of the body. Pectoral fins smal l . Skin without scales .
Featu res : Small fishes with extremely slender bod ies . Head smal l . Snout pOinted . Fins probably formed a fringe. Remarks: Probabl,y fed on worms, crustaceans and other small anim als. Rece nt relative s : None . Died out i n U pper Cretaceou s .
Rem arks : Predators . Recent re l at i ves : C l osely re lated to recent congers of the . �....� .. genus Conger which occ u r i n ....� almost all oceans of the world .
Conger sp . , a recent cong er eel. graph frorn BLOCH.
536
537
TELEOSTEI
Order: Anguilliformes Family: Congridae
True Bony Fish e
Suborder: Anguilloi desi Conger Eels --
Pavelichthys daniltschenkoi BANNIKOV & FEDOTOV (length c. 9 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of the northern Caucasus. Original: Paleontologicheskii Musei r usskoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow, Russia.
G e n u s : Pavelichthys
BANNIKov & FEDOTOV, 1 984.
TEI 1E LEO S uil� iformes
tdetilY: :Ang ?alll Congndae
---
True Bony Fishes
Suborder: Anguilloidei Conger Eels
Voltaconger latispinus (AGASSIZ) (length c. 25 cm) from the Middle Eocene of 8olca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus : Voltaconger
BLOT, 1 978.
Geolog ical ran g e : Lower Ol igocene.
Geological rang e : M iddle Eocene.
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : Eastern Europe.
Geographical d i stributi o n : Europe .
Feat u res : Small fishes with very slender elongate bodies Head shal low. Snout pointed . Gape long . Eyes smal l . Dorsal ca udal and anal fins continuous as a fringe which begins in the second third of the body and ends ventrally in the middle of the body . Skin without scales .
Featu res : M id d le-sized fishes of rather b road eel- l i ke shape. Snout pointed . Eyes smal l . Dorsa l , caudal and anal fins form a continuous fri n g e .
Re marks : Predators . Recent relatives : None . Died out in Oligocene.
Remarks: Predators. Recent relatives: Genus extinct. Close ly related to recent con gers of the fami ly Congridae .
Voltaconger, reconstruction after BLOT.
538
539
TELEOSTEI
True Bony Fis h es
Order: Anguilliformes Family: Serrivomeridae
Subord er: Anguilloi del .
1f��������for� es or l'ly' patavichthYl dae faJII. '
True Bony Fishes
Suborder: Anguilloidei
------
----------------------
Proserrivomer mecquenemi (PRIEM) from the Lower Oligocene of I ran. Original: Museum National d ' H istoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
G e n u s : Proserrivomer
ARAMBOURG, 1 939.
Bck;anguiJla brachycephala BLOT (length c . 26 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Natureile, Paris, France. Photograph : Sarette, France.
Genus: Bolcanguilla
BLOT, 1 980 .
G eo l o g i cal ran g e : Oligocene.
Geological ran g e : Eocene .
Geographica l d i stributi o n : Middle East.
Geographical d i stri butio n : Europe.
Featu res : Smal l fishes with very slender eel-like bod ieC' . Head shallow. Eyes larg e . Both jaws e l ongated to form a rostrum. Dorsa l , caudal and anal fins form a continuous low fringe which beg i n s dorsally i n the second t h i rd of the body and extends ventrally to the anterior third of t h e body . Pect o ra l f i n s very s m al l . R e m a r ks : p redators .
B o tto m - d w e l l i n g
Featu res: M id dle-sized fishes with slender eel-like bodies. H ead
deep. Snout pointed-triangular. Dorsal, caudal and anal fins u n ited to form a continuous fringe which reaches to the middle of the
ventral surface. Pectoral fins very smal l . Remarks : Predators feed ing on sm all organ ism s .
Recent rel ative s : None Died . out in Eocene .
Recent re l ative s : Genus extinct. Perhaps related to recent eels of the genus Serrivomer. . ornerid Serrivomer beanii. A recent semv eel.
540
Bolcanguilla, reconstruction after BLOT.
541
TELEOSTEI
Order: Anguilliformes Family: Patavichthyidae
True Bony Fi sh es
Suborder: Anguill o1 dei
True Bony Fishes
Suborder: Anguilloidei
der: Ang Urenchelyidae
�:JIli1Y:
---
Patavichthys bolcensis (BASSANI) (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Universita di Padova, Padua, Italy. Photograph: Universita dl Padova.
G e n u s : Patavichthys
ff LEO STEI uilliformes
Urenche/ys germanus HAY (length c . 1 6 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon . Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Genus: Urenchelys
BLOT, 1 980.
WOODWARD,
1 900.
G e o l og i cal rang e : Middle Eocene.
Geological ran g e : Upper Cretaceous .
Geog raph ical d i stributio n : Europe .
Geograph ical d istri buti o n : Europe, North Africa , M iddle East.
Feat u res : Small fishes with slender elongate bodies. Head shal low, ending in a rostrum formed from upper and lower jaws with the ends of both slightly d ivergent. Dorsal fi n fringe- like extend ing from the middle of the body to shortly before the pointed posterior end of the body. Anal fin simi lar but begins more posteriorly. Pectoral fins very small .
Features: Fishes with slender eel-like bodies. Head shallow . Snout pointed. Dorsal and anal fins probably fringe-like, but the caudal fin is nevertheless clearly distinct . Remarks: Probably predators . Recent relative s : One of the earli est eels . Perhaps d istantly re lated to recent eels.
R e m a r k s : B o tt o m - d w e l l e r s . Probably fed o n worms and other animals l iving i n the botto m . Recent relativ� s : None. D ied out in Eocene. . fter BLOT. Patavich thys, reconstru ction a
542
543
TELEOSTEI
Order: Anguilliformes Family: Unnamed
True B ony Fish e s
Suborder: Anguilloi dei
--------�--
E O S TEI de : EUimmi �hthyi �ormes or ' r '' EUimmlchthytdae
ly
faJ111 -----
True Bony Fishes
.
U nnamed eel (length c . 45 cm) from the Miocene of St. Margarethen, Austria. Original: Weiss Collection, Vienna, Austria. Photograph: Weiss, Vienna.
Diplomys tus dentatus COPE (length c. 28 cm) from the Eocene of Wyoming, U .S.A. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
COPE, 1 87 7 .
G e n u s : Not named .
Genus: Diplomystus
Geological rang e : M iddle M iocene .
Synonyms: Copeichthys , Histiurus , Hyperlophus .
Geographical d istribution : Europe.
Geological ran g e : U pper Cretaceous to M iocene.
Feature s : M idd le-sized fishes with slender eel - l i ke bodies. Head smal l . Gape rather long. Eyes smal l . Jaws with very smal l , pOinted, bac kward ly curved teet h . Dorsal , caudal and anal fi n s lorm a continuous fringe which begins dorsally shortly behind the head and extends ventrally over the posterior third of the body
Geograph i cal d istri butio n : Europe , South America, Africa.
R e m arks : Predators . Recent rel atives: Probably related to recent eels.
Features: Middle-sized fishes with laterally compressed bod ies and moderately deep b e l l i es . Vent ral keel with saw-tooth - l ike scales. Head short and deep. Snout slightly pointed . Gape rather . long directed u pwards. Dorsal fin approximately in the middle of the body, small and pointe d . Anal fin fri nge- like . Caud al fin . deep ly d ivi ded . R e m arks : F reSh - wate r fishe s fee d i n g a t l e as t p a rtl y o n plant s . R ec nt re l ative s : N o n e . Died � OUt I n M io cene. ,
Diplomystus, reconstruction after JORDAN.
544
545
TELEOSTEI
Order: Ellimmichthyiformes Family: Ellimmichthyidae
True Bony Fi sh es
I'I"CLEOS TEI
i�ormes 1limmi�hthy ofJaJllrdel'Iry: '' EElli mml chthYldae
True Bony Fishes
�
- --�--------- -----�-
Ellimma branneri JORDAN (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Eocene of Alagos. Brazil. Original: American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y., U . S .A.
G e n u s : Ellimma
JORDAN, 1 9 1 3 .
E/Jimmichthys longicostatus (COPE) (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of ltacaranha, Brazil. Original: The Natural H istory Museum, London, U . K. (P 7 1 09)
Genus: Ellimmichthys
JORDAN, 1 9 1 9 .
G e o l og ical ran g e : U pper Eocene.
Geological range : Lower Cretaceous .
Geographica l d i stribution : South America.
Geograph ical d i stribution : South America .
Feature s : Small fishes with laterally compressed bodies an d deep bellies. Head deep. Snout somewhat pointed . Dorsal fin approxi mately in the middle of the body, small and poi nted . Anal fin l i kewise smal l , more posterior. Small saw-tooth-like scales on the ventral keel . Caudal fin deeply divided with narrow lobes . Rem arks : Sti l l-water fishes . Probably fed , at least partly, o n plant s .
Featu res : Sma l l fishes of late ral l y compressed shape, with a deep belly. Head short and dee p . Snout rou nded . Eyes smal l . The body rises t o a point in the dorsal m i d l i ne and has saw tooth-like scales on the ventral keel . Dorsal fin immed iately be hin d the dorsal apex, tall and pointed . Caudal fin deeply forked, with narrow lobes. Rem arks : Proba bly sti ll-water fishes which fed , at l east partly, on plants .
Recent re l atives : None. Died out in U pper Eocene.
R ecent rel ative s : None . Died out in Lower Cretaceous.
546
547
TELEOSTEI
Order: Ellimmichth yiformes? Family: Not named
True Bony Fishes
ch thYiformes ? l£ er· OrdL · Iy· Unnamed f � l __ :..----
True Bony Fishes
���!;� . -------------------------------------
Unnamed fish (length c . 8.5 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanor Original: The Natural History Museum, London , U . K.
unnamed fish (length c . 1 0 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Bethel , Israel. Origi nal: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
G e n u s : Not named .
Genus: Not named .
Geological ran g e : Upper Cretaceous.
Geological ran g e : U pper Cretaceous.
Geograp hica l d i stri butio n : Middle East .
Geographica l di stribution : Mi ddle East .
Features : Smal l fishes with deep belly. Head short an deep. e'Y large, Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin tall and poi nted . Caudal fin deeply forked with narrow lobes. Anal fin low and fr ' lg e like. Saw-toot h - l i ke scales on the ventral keel and on the osterior part of the dorsal mid l i n e .
Featu res : Small fishes with very deep bellies. Dorsal m i d l i n e rises to a n obtuse point . Head deep a n d short . Eyes large. Dorsal fin with a tall point anteriorly, but steeply decreasing in height and passing i nto a low fri n g e . Cau dal fin d ivided with narrow lobes. Saw-tooth-like scales on the ventral kee l .
-
Rem arks : Probably sti l l -water fishes . Recent relatives : None. Died out in Upper Cretaceous .
548
Rem arks : Proba bly still-w ater fishes .
Rece nt
relatives: None . Died out in U pper Cretaceous.
549
TELEOSTEI
Order: Clupeiformes Family: Denticipitidae
,
True Bony Fish es
Suborder: Denticipitoi de ' Denticle Herringsl
-----
Palaeadenticeps tanganyikae GREENWOOD (length c. 3 cm) from the Miocene of Zingida, Tanzania. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, UK (P4261 6).
G e n u s : Pa/aeodenticeps
GREENWOOD, 1 960.
True Bony Fishes
ELE OS TEI formes
1d
Suborder: Clupeoidei Herrings
pei idae or �lY" ClCluupe f'
faJ1l.1
.
::.----
31 cm) from the Upper Miocene of Oran, Algeria. Original : Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette,
A/OS8 elongata AGASSIZ (length c. Paris.
Genus:
A/osa
LINCK, 1 790.
Geolog ical ran g e : M iocene.
Syn o n y m s :
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : Eastern Africa.
Geological ran g e : M iocene to recent.
Feat u res : Very small fishes of elongate slender shape . Head l ong and shallow. Eyes large . Dorsal fin in the posterior halt of the body. Pectoral fins narrow. Caudal fin with concave J.)ost e rior margin . Anal fin fri nge-like. S pines on some scales anc on the head .
Geog raph ical d istributi o n : Europe, northern Africa, western Asia.
R e m a r k s : G re g a r i o u s fres h water fishes .
A/ausa , Caspio/us , C/upeonella .
Features : M iddle-sized fishes of slender shape . Head short and
deep, Gape short . Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin ap proximately i n the midd le of the body. Pectoral fi ns poi nted . Pelvic fins very smal l . Caudal fin forked , with relatively b road lobe s.
R e m a rks : A/osa
has recently
been consi dered as a synonym
Recent re l atives : Genus exti nct . Related to recent denticle her rings of the genus Oenticeps.
of Pom% bus.
R ec e n t rel ati ves : C losel y re lated to fishes of the recent ge flIS A/osa .
den' Oenticeps clupeaides, the recent ticle herring (after NELSON)
550
Alasa sp. , the recent blueback.
551
True Bony Fi she s
TELEOSTEI
Suborder: Clupeoide ' Hernn gs
Order: Clupeiformes Family: Clupeidae
'
1
� rE LEO S T I
True Bony Fishes
ormes Clupedeidae lup C : ?:ll1ilY
Suborder: Clupeoidei Herrings
d e!'
------
---
Clupea humilis MEYER (length c. 8 cm) from the Upper Miocene of Unterf Irchberg, Wurttemberg, Germany. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde , 3tuttgart, Germany.
Domeykos profetaensis ARRATIA & SCHULTZE (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of northern Chile. Original: Universitad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
G e n u s : Clupea
Genus: Oomeykos
LINNAEUS, 1 75 8 .
ARRATIA & S C H U LTZE , 1 985 .
S y n o n y m s : Alonsina , Clupeops , Sahelinia .
Geological ran g e : U pper J u rassic .
G e o l og ical range : Eocene to recent.
Geographical d i stributi o n : South America.
G e ograph ica l d i stributio n : Europe , South America, western Asia, East I nd i es , northern Africa.
Features: Small fishes with slender elongate bodies . Head shal low and elongate. Dorsal fi n approximately i n the middle of the body. opposite the small fan-shaped pelvic fins . Caudal fin forke d .
Featu res : Srnall fishes of slender elongate shape. Head shallow and elongate. Gape rather long . Eyes large. Dorsal fi approxi mately i n t h e m i d d le of t h e body, opposite t h e small pel vic fins. Anal fi n low and fringe l i ke . C a u d a l f i n forked w i t h broad lobes.
Remar ks: Proba bly g regario us . R ecent rel atives : None . Died out in Up per Jurass ic .
R e m arks : This fish has recently been assigned to the g e n u s
Clupeonella . Rece nt re l ati v e s : C l osely re lated to the recent herring Clu
pea harengus . 552
O Clupea harengus, the h erri ng . lit h graph from BLOCH.
Domeykos, reconstruction after ARRATIA.
553
TELEOSTEI
Order: Clupeiformes I y : C l up ei d a e F m_i_ a_ __ __ ______ __
True Bony Fi shes Suborder: Clup eo i He _
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
e'
ning�
__
____
Ericha/cis arcta FOREY
(length c. 1 1 cm) from the Cretaceous of Hay River, C anada. Original: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
G e n u s : Erichalcis
FOREY, 1 975.
True Bony Fishes
TEI 'fELE OS C lupeiformes
Suborder: Clupeoidei Herrings
ord erl C lu peid ae Y fa�l __ "
'
'
=-----
---------------------
(de KAy) (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, 1181y. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Errumeus teres
Genus: Etrumeus
BLEEKER, 1 853.
Geolog ical rang e : Cretaceous.
Synonyms: Halecula , Parahalecula .
G eograph ical d i st ri buti o n : North America.
Geological range : Oligocene to recent.
Feature s : Small fishes with slender bod ies. Head long ar d shal low . Snout rou nded . Dorsal fin opposite the pelvic fins. Caudal fin forked .
Geographical distributi o n : Western Asia, Europe , northern Africa.
Rem arks : Probably gregarious.
Recent relatives : None. Died out in Cretaceous . Belongs among the oldest known herrings.
Featu res: Small to middle- sized fishes of slender shape, but somewhat protruding ventrally . Head shallow. Gape rather lon g . Eyes large. Dorsal f i n in the middle of the body , opposite the small pelvic fins. Anal fin low , broad- based . Pectoral fins narrow . Caudal fin deeply forked . Rem arks: Gregarious . Re cen t r e l ativ e s : C l ose l y re ed to recent round herrin gs the gen us Etrum eus .
�
Etrumeus teres,
after SMITH.
554
a recent round herring,
555
TELEOSTEI
True Bony Fi sh e s
Suborder: Clup eoid ei HerringS
Order: Clupeiformes Family: Clupeidae
--
True Bony Fishes
T�I f£ LE O Spel �ormes
Suborder: Clupeoidei Herrings
(de1Yc: :Clu �aJlli Clupeldae
---
Gosiutiehthys parvus G RAN DE (length c. 5 em) from the Eocene of Wyoming U .S.A. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich , Germany.
HHsa sp. (length c. 1 6 cm) from the Lower Pliocene of Transcaucasia. Original:
G e n u s : Gosiutichthys
Genus: Hi/sa
GRANDE, 1 982 .
Paleontolog icheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow, Russia.
REGAN, 1 9 1 7 .
Geological ran g e : Eocene.
Geological range : lower Pl1iocene to recent .
G eograph i cal d istri bution : North America.
Geograph ical d istribution : Westem Asia.
Feat u re s : Small to very small fishes with short, lateral ly com pressed bod ies. H ead short and d ee p . Gape rather long and directed upwards. Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin pointed , somewhat an terior to the middle of the body, opposite the small pelvic fins. Anal fin rather b roader at the base . Caudal fin d ivided with broad lobes .
Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes with elongate but never theless somewhat late ral ly c o m p ressed shape. H ead shallow. Eyes moderately larg e . Snout rou nded . Dorsal fin narrow , ap prox imately i n the m i d d l e of the body, o b l i q uely o pposite the small anal fin . Pelvic fi ns smal l . Pecto ral f i n s som ewhat fan sha p e d . C a u d a l f i n s h a r p l y fo rked .
R e m a r ks : G re g a ri o u s fre s h water fishes . Recent re l ati v e s : N o n e . Died out i n Eocene.
.
n Gosiutie h thys , recons tr u ct i o
afte r
�
em arks : Prob ably greg ario u s . Iv e d i n coas tal areas and probably also in t h e fresh wa ter of large rivers. cen t rela ti v e s : C l ose ly re to rec ent sha ds of t h e .... ,u s Hi/sa .
:� \ ".! d
Hi/sa ke/ee, a recent shad. After SMITH.
GRANDE.
556
557
TELEOSTEI
Order: Clupeiformes Family: Clupeidae
True B ony Fish es
Suborder: Clup eo.id ei Hern ngS
-------
Histiothrissa macrodactyla (von der MARCK) (length c. 25 cm) from the Upper Creta cemJS of Sendenhorst, Westphalia, Germany. Original: Geologisch- Palaontologisches Museum, Munster, Germany.
G e n u s : Histiothrissa WOODWARD, 1 90 1 . Geolog ical range: Upper Cretaceous . Geographical distributio n : Europe, Middle East. Features: M iddle-sized fishes with relatively broad bodi s . Head deep and elongate . Snout rounded . Dorsal fin large, tri ngular, opposite the pelvic fins which are likewise triangular. Anal fin low triangular. Pectoral fins very large, fan-shaped . Caudal fin forked, with broad lobes. R e m arks : Probably still-water fishes . Recent relative s : None. Died out in Upper Cretaceous .
Histiothriss a, reconstructi on MARCK.
558
rE LE O S TEI
peiformes deC" Clu idae lupe C : �:Jlli1Y
---
True Bony Fishes
Suborder: Clupeoidei Herrings
Knightia alta (LEIDY) (length c. cm) from the Eocene of Wyoming, U . S .A. Original: Frlckhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Genus: Knightia
JORDAN, 1 907 .
Synonyms : Ellimma , Ellipos . Geological
rang e : Eocene. distribution : North America, South America. Features : Small to middle-sized fishes with slender, somewhat laterally compressed bodies. Head deep and short . Gape rather long . Do rsal fin triangular, approximately in the middle of the oppo site the pelvic fins which are likewise triangular. Anal low triangular. Caudal fin forked , with broad lobes . Rem arks : Gregarious fresh-water fishes. Recent relat ives : Non e. Died out in Eoc ene. Geographica l
�,
Iter von del'
559
True Bony Fi s
TELEOSTEI
eS
Suborder: ClupeOid el' Herr' gs
Order: Clupeiformes Family: Clupeidae
-------
Ornategulum sardinioides (PICTET) (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Upper Cre aceous of Lebanon. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U.S A.
G e n u s : Ornategulum
FOREY,
Upper Cretaceous. Geographical d i stributio n : Middle East. Features: Middle-sized fishes with slender elongate bodies . Head long and shallow. Gape rather long . Dorsal fin opposite the s mall pelvic fins. Pectoral fins narrow. Remarks: The assignment to the family Clupeidae is un certain . Recent re l atives : None. Died out in Upper Cretaceous .
Geolog ical ran g e :
·i.'. ---=-- - - - '
. after FoRt...., · Ornategulum, reconstruction
560
lupei�ormes rdet: C Clu l �aJJli Y: peldae
Suborder: Clupeoidei Herrings
----
Pateroperca libanica GAUDANT (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Lebanon. Origi nal: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette , Paris .
Genus: Pateroperca
1 973.
True Bony Fishes
E O S TEI
WOODWARD,
1 942.
Upper Cretaceous . Geograph ical d istributi o n : M iddle East. Feature s : Small to middle-sized fishes with rather slender bodies. Head deep. Snout rounded . Gape short . Eyes large. Dorsal fin tall, S�iI-like, in the middle of the body. Anal fin small, obliquely opposite the end of the dorsal fin . Pelvic fins long and narrow, aI�ost opposite the pelvic fins Which are likew ise narrow but SOmeWhat broader. Cau dal fin broad, not forked . R em arks: Pro bably not aggres8 lv e,
Geological rang e :
Rec nt r e l ati ve s : � out In Cr eta
ceo us.
No ne . Die d
Pateroperca, reconstruction after GAYET.
561
TELEOSTEI
True Bony Fis
eS
Subo rder: Clupeo i del He rringS ------Order: Clupeiformes Family: Clupeidae
.
Pomolobus antiquus (SMIRNOV) (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of the Caucasus, C.I.S. Original: Paleontologicheskii M usei Russkoi Akademii Na k, Mos cow, Russia (Barinikov Collection).
Genus: Pom% bus RAFINESQUE, 1 820. Geological rang e : Miocene to recent. Geographical d istribution : Western and eastern Europe . Features : Small fishes with elongate bodies , somewha deeper anteriorly. Head deep. Snout rounded . Eyes smal l . [lorsal fin narrow, slightly anterior to the m iddle of the body, obli quely opposite the broad and ventrally located anal fin . Pelvic fins smal l . Pectoral fins somewhat longer. Caudal fin forked . R e m arks : G regarious fishes which lived in the sea but prob ably somet i mes entered t h e fresh water of large rivers. Recent re l atives : Closely re lated to recent river herrings of . the genus Pomolobus . ter Akabus , reconst ruct ion af Pomolo demia Nauk, MoscoW.
562
BOS TEI
upeiformes --I e , Cl 'Iy' Clupe l'd ae fJJl11 ' � ..
r'
::----
True Bony Fishes
Suborder: Clupeoidei H errings
PfOtOCIupea chilensis ARRATIA, CHANG
Jurassic of
& CHONG (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Upper northern Chile. Original: Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Genus: Protoclupea ARRATIA , CHANG & CHONG, 1 975. Geological range: U pper Jurassic. Geographical distributio n : South America. Feature s: Small fishes of slender elongate shape. Head long and shallow. Eyes large. Dorsal fin approximately in the middle of the body, opposite the fan-like pelvic fins . Pectoral fins likewise fan ahaped . Caudal fin forked. Rem arks: Probably g reg arious . Rec ent relative s : No ne Die . d out in Up pe r Ju ras sic . Be longs the oldest herrin gs yet
�
NJUWn ,
Protoclupea, reconstruction after ARRATIA & SCHULTZE.
563
TELEO STEI
Order: Clupeiformes Family: Clupeidae
True B ony Fish
S TEI
Suborder: Cl u peoideSe! H e r ri ng
True Bony Fishes
Suborder: Clupeoidei Herrings
'
�
----------------------
Pseudoberyx syriacus PICTET & HUMBERT (length c. 5 . 5 cm) from the oper Creta ceous of Lebanon. Original: Museum fOr Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany.
Genus: Pseudoberyx PICTET & HUMBERT, 1 866. Geological range: Upper Cretaceous. Geographical distribution : Middle East. Featu res : Very small to small fishes with somewhat later lIy com pressed bodies. Head deep and short . Snout poi n ' ed . Eyes large. Dorsal fin opposite the pelvic fins. Caudal fin forked. Scales elongate rhombic and thick. Rem arks : G regarious . Recent relatives : None . Died out in Upper Cretaceous.
SBtrIna pilchardus (WALBAUM) (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, 1liiy . Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Sardina
ANTIPA,
1 906.
range : Pliocene to recent. d istribution: Europe. Featu res : Small fishes of slender outline but ventrally slightly IIOtruding . Head shallow. Gape rather long . Eyes large. Dorsal tit In the middle of the body, opposite the small pelvic fins. Anal fin low, broad-based . Pectoral fins narrow. Caudal fin deeply
Geological
Geograph ical
forke d .
Rem ark s: Gre gar iou s . Rece nt rela tive s: The fos sil and
racent spec ies are ident ical .
A. .
:>'�f.,.
.
.A ,-� i�,.--, � , --
afler PlCrt Pseudoberyx, reconstru ctio n & HUMBERT.
564
' .
�
.. . :�-
. ___
:· - : ·
Sardina pilchardus. A recent sardine, after WHITEHEAD.
565
True Bony Fishe
TELEOSTEI
Suborder: ClupeOide�l Herrin g �
Order: Clupeiformes Family: Clupeidae
------------------------
E O S TEI
True Bony Fishes
Clupeiformes d or e' , ' Clup e l'd ae ly
Suborder: Clupeoidei Herrings
r'
�-------�-------------------------------
Sardinella sardinites (HECKEL) (length c. 8 cm) from the Middle Oligocbne of the Caucasus, C . I . S . Original: Paleontologicheskii Musei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Mos cow, Russia.
Scombroclupea macrophthafma HECKEL (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Upper Creta ceous of Lebanon. Original: Staatliches M useum fUr Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Ger many.
G e n u s : Sardinella
Genus: Scombroclupea
VALENCIENNES, 1 847.
M iocene to recent. Western and eastern Europe. Feat u re s : Small fishes with slender elongate bodies . Head shal low. Snout slightly pointed . Gape rather long . Eyes larq e . Dorsal fin smal l , in the middle of the body, opposite the pelvic ins which are likewise smal l . Pectoral fins fan-shaped . Caudal fin forked. Rem arks : G regarious. Recent re l at i ve s : Closely related to recent sardines of the genus Sardinella . Geologica l ran g e :
G eo g raph ical d istri bution :
Sardineffa sp . , a recent s ar din e. graph from CUVIER.
566
KNER, 1 863 .
Upper Cretaceous. Middle East . Features: Small fishes with lat e rally compressed , elongate bod ies. Head elongate. Snout pointed . Eyes large. Dorsal fin in the middle of the body, opposite the pelvic fins. Caudal fin rather deeply divided with lobes broad at the base and pointed at the ends. Geological rang e :
Geographical distributio n :
Rem arks :
Probably greg ario us .
Recen t re l at ives : Non e. QUt in Upper Creta ceous.
Died
Scombrocfupea , reconstruction after PIVETEAU.
567
True Bony Fish e s
TELEO STEI
Suborder: Clup eoi d . H_enin;�
Order: Clupeiformes _F_ami_ly_:_Clu_p_e_i_d_a_e __
__
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
"I ,
.
------
__
de
LACEPEDE,
1 803.
Synonym : Stolephorus .
Geological range : Miocene to recent. Geographical distribution : Europe, northern Africa, North merica. Features: Small fishes of slender shape. Head shalla 11/ . Gape rather long. Eyes large . Dorsal fin in the middle of tt e body, opposite the small pelvic fins. Anal fin low and broad- based. Caudal fin deeply forked . Re marks: G regarious. Recent re lative s : Closely re lated to recent round herrings of the genus Spratelloides .
at . lithO· Spratelloides sp., a recent spr graph after CUVIER. 568
Suborder: Clupeoidei Herrings
Clupeiformes ,aJJlilY: Clupeidae
::.----
'
Spratelloides gracilis SCHLEGEL (length c. 6.5 cm) from t e Pliocene of Flume fvi arecchla ' Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Spratelloides
True Bony Fishes
O STEI
$1t8ttus crenatus (length c. 9 cm) from the Oligocene of Flbrsheim , Hesse, Ger1IB'lY. Original: Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt-am-Maln , Germany.
Genus: Sprattus GIRGENSOHN , 1 846. Synonym : Meletta .
Geological range: Oligocene to recent . Geog raphical distributio n : Europe . Featu res: Small fishes with slender elongate bodies. Head long WId Shallow. Eyes large . Dorsal fin approximately in the middle of the body, opposite the small pelvic fins. Pectoral fins narrow. Caudal fin forked . Scales rounded . Rem arks : Gre gari ous . Re ce nt relative s : Clo sely re late d to rece nt sprats of the genus Sprattus .
�����!!��t:::::�
Sprattus sprattus , the sprat. Lithograph from B LOCH. 569
True Bony Fi sh es
TELEOSTEI
Suborder: Clup eo id e ' Order: Clupeiformes Family: Clupeidae H erri ------
'g:
Xyne grex JORDAN & GILBERT (length c. 1 6 cm) from the Miocene of Lompoc , Califor nia, U . S.A. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U .S A.
G e n u s : Xyne
JORDAN & GILBERT, 1 9 1 9 .
True Bony Fishe s
ST EI
Suborder: Clupeoidei Anchovies
C lup eiformes rd er: r ulidae aJllilY: Eng �
�
---
Engraulis tethensis GRANDE & N asoN (length c. 7 cm) from the Miocene of Lyssie, Cyprus. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P61 224b).
Genus: Engraulis
CUVIER, 1 8 1 7 .
Geological ran g e : M iocene.
Geological ran g e : M iocene to recent.
G eograph ical d i stri bution : North America.
Geographical distribution : Europe.
Features : M idd le-s ized fishes of slender elongate shape. Head shal low. Dorsal fin opp osite the small pelvic fi ns. C udal fin forked .
Features : Smal l fishes with slender elongate bodies. Head shal low and elongate. Gape long . Eyes large. Dorsal fin somewhat
Re marks : Probably gregarious. Recent re l at i v e s : None. out in Miocene.
Rem a rks: Greg ariou s .
Died
Recen t rel atives: C l osely re late d to the recent anc hovy En graulis .
Xyne, reconstruction after JORDAN . 570
anterior to the middle of the body, opposite the pelvic fins. Pectoral fins narrow. Caudal fin forked , with b road lobes.
Engraulis encrasicholus, the European anchovy. Lithograph from BLOCH. 571
TELEO STEI
Order: Clupeiformes Family: Chirocentridae
True Bony Fi she s
Suborder: Clupeoi dei Wolf Herri gs
----
Platinx catulli HECKEL (length c. 90 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
LEOSTEI
Gonor.hynchiformes fa.mily: Chamdae ord er:
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Chanoidei Milkfishes
---
Chanos zign;i KNER & STEINDACHNER (length c. 39 cm) from the Oligocene of Chiavon, Italy. Original : Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
Gen u s : Platinx
rang e : Middle Eocene. Geog raph ical d istributi o n : Europe. Features : Middle-sized to large fishes with elongate strea lined bodies. Head shallow. Gape long. Eyes large. Dorsal fin in the posterior third of the body, opposite the anal fin . Pectc'al fins strikingly long and narrow. R e m arks : Rapidly swi m m i n g predators . Recent rel atives : Genus extinct. Perhaps distantly related to re cent wolf herrings of the genus Geolog ical
Chirocentrus .
Chano s .
erring· Chirocentrus dorab, the wolf h Lithograph fr om BLEEKER.
572
de LACEPEDE, 1 803 . Geolog ical rang e : Eocene to recent. Geographical d istributio n : Europe. Features: Middle-sized fishes with herring-shaped bodies . Head shallow. Snout slightly pointed . Eyes relatively large. Dorsal fin point ed, approximately in the middle of the body, opposite the small pelvic fins. Pectoral fins fan-shaped . Caudal fin large, deeply forked . R e m a r k s : G re g a r i o u s a n d probab ly herbivorous like their recent relat ives . Rec ent rela tive s : Clos ely re lated to the recen t m i l k fish
Genus: Chanos
AGASSIZ, 1 835.
Chanos chanos, the milkfish.
573
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Gonorhynchiformes Family: Chanidae
Higher Bony Fis h es
.
Suborder: Chan oi d . Milkfis :�
---
Parachanos aethiopicus WEILER (length c. 22 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Gabon, Africa. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Francs
G e n u s : Parachanos
ARAMBOURG, 1 935.
STEI
tder: Go norhynchiformes? o "Iy' Unname d faDll .
ChBnoides macropoma WOODWARD (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Middle Eocene of BoIca. Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Chanoides
WOODWARD, 1 90 1 .
Geological ran g e : M iddle Eocene.
Geographical distribut i o n : Africa, South America, Europe.
Geographica l d istribution : E u rope.
R e m arks : Gregarious a n d probably plant eaters. Recent relatives: Genus extinct . Distantly related to ot h er milk fishes of the family Chanidae .
574
Suborder: Chanoidei?
.
:..----
Geolog ical range : Lower to U pper Cretaceou s . Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes of slender shape , Head deep . Snout pointed . Mouth smal l . Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin arrow , approximately in the middle of the body . Anal , pelvic and pecto ral fins l i kewise smal l .
Higher Bony Fishes
Features: Small fishes with slender herring-sha ped bodies. Head elongate. Snout rather pointe d . Eyes large. Dorsal fin pointed triangular, approxim ately i n the middle of the body. Cau dal fin forked . Remarks : Prob ably g rega rious . Re ce �t relati v s : Genus ext i n ct . Syste matic position u n c lear. Sometime s assigne d to the fam i ly Al bulidae .
�"ow a� d
�
575
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Gonorhynchiformes Family: Gonorhynchidae
Higher Bony Fi s
eS
Suborder: Gonorhyn cho idei
-- -
L EOS TEI
Higher Bony Fishes
d r' Gonorhyn chifo rmes ' . Gonorhynchidae or �lY faJIl l
Suborder: Gonorhynchoidei
.
� ---------�---------------------------
NotogOfl6US osculus COPE (length c. 58 cm) from the Eocene of Wyoming, U . S.A.
OrIginal: Pabst Collection, Zurich, Switzerland .
Charitosomus hakeiensis DAVIS (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Upper Cret ceous of
Lebanon. Original: Museum fur Geologie und Pataontologie, Tubingen, Germany .
Genus : Notogoneus G e n u s : Charitosomus
von der MARCK, 1 885.
COPE, 1 885.
Synonyms : Co/popho/is , Pha/acropho/is , Protocarostomus , Sphe
Synonym : So/enognathus .
nolepis .
G eolog i cal ran g e : U pper Cretaceous .
Geological range : Paleocene to Oligocene .
Geographical di stributi o n : Europe, M iddle East , North Anerica.
Geograp h ical d istribution : Europe, North America, Australia. Features : Middle-siz ed fishes of slender elongate shape. H ead shallow. Mouth opening ventral ly. Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin smal l , ewhat behind the m iddle o f t h e body, opposite t h e pelvic fins WhIc h are l i kewise small and rather fan - shaped . Anal fin elon gate. Pectoral fins roun ded and somewhat broade r. Cau dal fin sHg htly co ncave pos terio rly .
Featu res : Small fishes with very slender elongate bod 'es. Head shal low and elongate. Gape rather long , directed sligr Iy down wards. Dorsal fi n smal l , approximately in the middle of l e body, opposite the pelvic fins which are also smal l . Pectora fins fan shaped . Caudal fin only slightly forked .
��a�ks : Fed on prey animals II'IU19 In d. U n l i ke the ir re �� relasan tive s , t hey i n ha bited
R e m a r k s : P ro b a b l y b o t t o m dwellers which fed on prey an i mals living in the san d . Rece nt relati ves : Genus extinct. Perhaps distantly related to re c e n t m e m b e rs of t h e f a m i l y Gon i o rhyn c h i d ae .
576
�
� � -wate
�
Charitosomus, reconstruction & H UMBERT.
aIter PICT,'
r.
nt re l ativ es : Distantly re to recent me mbers of the i!y Go n orhy n c h i d ae .
�....-"":"""' ��. .. �-. '*
Gonorhynchus, a recent gonorhynchid.
577
EUTEL EOSTE I
Order: Gonorhynchiformes F amily: Unnamed
Higher Bony Fish e
Suborder: Gonorhynchoidesi
�
---
.
----
------� � -----------
£l1TELE OS TEI
Higher Bony Fishes
iniformes td�lt'Y' c� dae Ofa�l Cyypr rini p � . .
----
Minnows and Carps
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ -__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
, '
Aethalionopsis robusta (TRAQUAIR) (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Cretaceous of Bernis sart, Belgium. Original: Musee Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique , Brussel s, Belgium.
G e n u s : Aethalionopsis
GAUDANT,
1 966.
AfJpVS gracilis AGASSIZ (length c. 8 cm) from the Miocene of O hningen , Wurttemberg , Germany. Original: Palaontologisches Museum. Zurich. Switzerland.
Genus: Aspius
AGASSIZ, 1832 .
G e o l og i ca l range : Cretaceous .
Geological rang e : M iocene to recent.
G eograph ical d i stributi o n : E u rope.
Geograph ical d istri buti o n : Europe.
Featu res : Small fishes with a somewhat stout body. H ea short. y Snout area slightly pointed . Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin pointed . slightl . small fins b e h i n d the m i d point of the body. Anal and ventral ked. or f Pectoral fin s slightly fan- shaped . Caudal fin moderately
Feature s : Small fishes of slender s hape . Head elongate. Eyes large . Dorsal fin somewhat behind the anterior half of the body, o pposite the small pelvic fi n s . Anal fin rat h e r b roaderbased . Caudal fin mod erate ly forke d . R e m a rks : Fos s i l f i s h e s a s sign e d t o t h e g e n u s Asp ius recently bee n con side red as J uveni les of the gen us Leu
R e marks : Probably schoo l i ng fishes .
�
R e c e n t re l at i ve s : N o n e , b e came exti nct i n t h e Cretaceous .
ClSCus .
� � �
t
r e l at
: Perhaps y related itov e srecent mem-
of the ge n u s Aspius .
j.
n Aethalionopsis, reconstru c 10 TAVERNE
578
after
Aspius aspius, the recent asp.
579
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae
High er Bony F is
es
Minnows and C rps - -
-
Cyprinus priscus MEYER (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Miocene of Untprki rchberg, Allgau, Germany. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Stuttgan Germany.
G e n u s : Cyprinus
LINNAEUS, 1 75 8 .
G eo log ical ran g e : Miocene to recent. Geograph i cal d i st ri bution : Europe .
Features: Midd le-sized fishes with arched backs . Head hort and deep. Dorsal fin behi nd the anterior convexity of the beck, oppo site the small pelvic fi ns. Anal fin narrow and fan -shapf . Cauda l fin moderately forked . Remarks : Lived in stagnant fresh water. Recent relatives : Closely related to recent carps .
Cyprinus carpio, the carp. Lithograph from BLOCH (next page).
580
581
EUTELEOSTEI
Higher Bony Fis
Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae
Minnows an d
at
ps
----
Gabia ana/is AGASSIZ (length c. 5 em) from the Miocene of O hningen, Germany. Original: Teyler's Museum, Haarlem, Netherlands.
G e n u s : Gobio
es
Wur ttemberg,
CUVIER, 1 792 .
OSTEI
formes r' cyp rini ord�IY' Cyp rinidae
Higher Bony Fishes
Minnows and Carps
,
faJlll '
:.-----
t.euciSCus oeningensis AGASSIZ (length c. 9 em) from the Miocene of Ohningen,
WOrttemberg, Germany. Orig inal: Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany.
Genus : Leueiseus
CUVIER, 1 8 1 7 .
G eolog ical range : Miocene to recent.
Geological ran g e : Oligocene to recent.
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : Europe .
Geographical d istribu ti o n : Europe .
Featu res : Small fishes of slender shape . Head short . Eyes small. Dorsal fi n triangular, somewhat behind the middle of the body, opposite the small pelvic fins. Anal fin l i kewise triangu lar . Caud al fin moderately forked.
Featu res : Small fishes of slender shape . Head elongate and flat . Gape relatively lo n g . Dorsal fin triang ular, app roximately in the nieldle of the body, opposite the small pelvic fins . Anal fin trian gular, broad- based . Caudal fin moderately forked.
Rem arks : Fres h-water fishes . It has recently been sug gested that fossi l fishes of the genus Gobio are juveniles of the ge nus Tinea .
Remarks : Fresh-water fishes . Recent relative s : Genus extinct. Clo sely related to recent bitter of the genus Leueiseus.
Ilg
R e c e n t re l at i v e s : P e r h a p s closely related t o recent gud geons of the genus Gobio .
Gabia gobia, a recent 582
gud geon.
Leuciscus idus, the recent ide. 583
Higher Bony Fis h s e
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae
Minnows and Ca rps
-------
Higher Bony Fishes
EOSTEI
cypriniformes d ' � or . Cyprinidae faJllllY. f'
Minnows and Carps
::..----
Pseudorasbora macrocephala YOUNG & CHANG (length c. 4 cm) from the M iocene of Shantung, China. Original: The Natural History Museum , London, U . K. (P20972).
FIIodeus elongatus (length c. 5 cm) from the Miocene of O hningen, Wurttemberg , Germany. Original: Palaontologisches Museu m , Zurich, Switzerland.
G e n u s : Pseudorasbora
Genus: Rhodeus
BLEEKER, 1 860.
AGASSIZ, 1 832 .
G e o l og ical ran g e : Miocene to recent.
Geological range : M iocene to recent.
G eograph ical d i stributi o n : Asia.
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : E u rope .
Featu res : Smal l fishes with slender bodies. Head shal l ow and elongate. Dorsal' fin in the posterior half of the body , opposite the narrow anal fin . Caudal fin forked .
ies. Head short and deep. Dorsal fin in the posterior half of the
R e m arks : Fresh-water fishes. Recent relatives : Genus extinct. Closely related to recent false rasboras of the genus Pseudo
rasbora .
Features : Small fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bod
body, approximately opposite the anal fi n . Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l . Caudal fi n moderately forke d . Rema rks : Fresh -wate r fishes . A new interp retatio n is t hat t h e fossi l genus Rhodius may rep rese nt juve n i les of the g e n u s
Leuciscus . Recent
�deuIY s
re l at i v e s : P e r h a p s relate d to the bitte rl ing
sericeus amarus .
Rhodeus sericeus amarus, the recent bitterling .
584
585
E UTELEOSTE I
Higher Bony Fi she s
Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae
Minnows and Carps
- --
Origi
Riehardsonius turneri (LUCAS) (length c. 9 em) from the Pliocene of the U .S.A. nal : National Museum of Natural History, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D . C . , U . S.A.
G e n u s : Richardsonius
STEINDACHNER, 1 866.
EO STEI
Higher Bony Fishes
riniformes der: Cyp Cypr �:Jl'li1Y: inidae
Minnows and Carps
---
Mus rubilio (BP) (length c. 5 cm) from the Pleistocene of Riano, Italy. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P4467 1 ).
Genus: Rutilus
RAFINESQUE, 1 820.
Geolog ical ran g e : Pliocene to recent.
Geolog ical range: Eocene t o recent.
G eo g rap h i cal d istribution : North America.
Geographical d istributio n : Europe.
Featu res : Small fishes with slender bodies. Head elongal e. Snout pointed . Gape rather lon g . Dorsal fin in the middle of t h e body, approximately o p posite t h e pelvic fin s . Pectoral fins s all and narrow. Anal fin somewhat broader.
Features: Small fishes with elongate bodies. Head deep. Gape rather long _ Dorsal fin low triang u lar, opposite the small pelvic fins. Caudal fin forke d .
Re m arks : Fresh -water f·ishes.
Re cent re l atives : C l osely re lated to recent roaches of ge nus Rutilus.
Recent re l at i v e s : Closely re lated to recent members of the g e n u s Richardsonius .
. Recent Riehardsonius, after JORDAN
586
Remarks : Fresh-water fishes.
Rutilus ruti/us, the recent roach.
587
EUTELEO STEI Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae
Higher Bony Fish es Min nows and Carps
----
Thynniehthys amblystoma (von der MARCK) (length c. 1 4 cm)1 from the Tertiary of Panchung, Sumatra. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. ( 7522).
G e n u s : Thynnichthys
GIGLIOLl , 1 880.
E TEI {]1' E L OS d r' cyp riniformes or �lY'. C yp rinidae fa�l .�� ---
t:
T1nca micropygoptera AGASSIZ (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Upper Miocene of Steinheim, WOrttemberg, Germany. Original: Staatliches Museum fOr Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany.
Genus: Tinca
CUVIER, 1 8 1 17 .
Syn onym s: Tarsichthys .
Geograph i ca l d i stributio n : I ndonesia.
Geological range : Oligocene to recent .
R e m arks : Probably predators. R e c e n t re l at i ve s : Closely re lated to recent members of the genus Thynnichthys .
I I I
Geograph i cal d i stributi o n : Europe. Fe atu res : Smal l to m i d d l e - s ized fishes with relatively s l ender bod ies. Head shallow and elongate. Snout slightly poi nted. Dor sal fin approximately in the middle of the body. Pelvic fins and anal fin rounde d . Pectoral fins small and somewhat narrower. CaU dal fin moderately fork ed . R e marks : Fresh -water fishes. Probably fed on plants and i nverte b rates . R
Ofece nt rel ative s : Genus extinct. Closely related t o recent tenches the ge nus Tinc a.
·des ' Recen t Thynniehthys thynn OI
WEBER.
588
Minnows and Carps
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ==__ __
G eolog ical ran g e : Tertiary. Features : Small to middle-sized fishes with slender bodips . Head dee p . Snout slightly rou nded . Gape relatively long , di rected some what u pwards . Do rsal fin approximately in t h e m id Ie of the body , op posite the small and narrow pelvic fins. Caudal fin fo rked .
Higher Bony Fishes
after
Tinea tinea, the tench. Lithograph after BLOCH (see next page). 589
Higher Bony Fishes
vtE L EOS TEI
:: 1 .
ormes SOrd�r:' ccyprinif ititidae
Loaches
lY. ob
fa�l
----
--------------------__ __
O h ningen, Cobitis centrochir AGASSIZ (length c . 1 0 cm) from the Miocene of WOrttemberg, Germany. Original : Teylers Museum, Haarlem, Netherlands.
Genus: Cobitis
LINNAEUS ,
1 758.
Synonyms: Acanthopsis . Geological range : Oligocene to recen t . Geographical d istributi o n : Europe . Features : Small fishes with very slender elongate bodies. Head shallow and elongate . Mouth opening downward s . Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin approximately in the middle of the body, opposite the pelvic fins. Anal fin small and rounded. Pectoral fins long and GOmewhat fan-s hape d . Cau d al ., rounded .
.!..� a r ks :
Botto m - d w e l l i n g � '1RIO -water fish es. n t re l a tiv e s : C l osely re ttA.. to recent loac hes of the � I US
--
.
-..
,: .,.,::. ,:.�:>.'�.� <.:.:-�,.: J,,�: r '� . . . �� .., � �����t§����"�:-; "', 1
Cobitis .
Cobitis taenia, a recent loach.
591 590
EUTELEOSTEI
Higher Bony Fi s
Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cobititidae
es
Lo aches
OSTEI
cypriniformes ord�lY' Catostomidae f'
Higher Bony Fishes
Suckers
----�----
�--------------------------------------
Nemaeheilus museeli PAUCA (length e. 5 em) from the Oligocene of Muscel . Romania. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P1 6793).
Amyzon aggregatum WILSON (length c. 22 cm) from the Middle Eocene of British Columbia, Canada. Original: Royal Ontario Museum , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
G e n u s : Nemacheilus
Genus: Amyzon
van HASSELT, 1 823.
COPE, 1 872 ,
G e o l og ical rang e : Ol igocene t o recent .
Geological rang e : Eocene to Ol igocene.
G eographical d i stributio n : Europe .
Geograph ical d i stribution : North America,
F e atu res : Small fishes with excee d i n g l y slender bod i es . Head long and narrow. Eyes smal l . Mouth opening downwards . Dorsal . fin rounded , slightly behind the middle of the body, opposite the elongate pelvic fin s . Caudal fin forked .
Features: Middle-sized fishes with laterally compressed carp- l i ke bodies. Head deep and short , Dorsal fin with a point anteriorly, tulning rearward s i nto a fri n g e . Pectoral fi n s s l i g htly rou nded , Ike the pelvic fin s . Anall fin somewhat broader, Caudal fin large, 60mewhat concave behi n d , Jl e m a rks : P r o b a b l y f e d on t*urts and inve rteb rate s, Fre sh _er fishes,
R e m arks : Bottom dwellers , Recent r e l a t i ve s : Closely re lated to recent loaches of the g e n u s Nemacheilus ,
nt relati v e s : Gen us extin ct. rthe less rela ted to rec ent rs of the fam ily Cat osto a e.
nt h e rec a Nemae heilus barba tulus, t brook loach.
592
Catostomus eommersonii, a recent sucker.
593
High er Bony Fis
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Characiformes Family: Clupavidae
es
OS TE I
Higher Bony Fishes
raciformes Chaara cidae " " " Ch .,nlly
True Characins
:::----
Lusitanichthys sp. (length c. 5 cm) from the Cretaceous of Nardo, Ital Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Original:
8r)
GAYET, 1 98 1 .
Genus: 8rycon
MULLER & TROSCHEL,
1 844.
G e o l ogical rang e : Cretaceous.
Geological rang e : Ol igocene to recent.
Geographical d i stributio n : Europe.
Geograph ical d i stribultion : South America.
Featu res : Small fishes of slender, stream li ned shape. H ead rela tively deep. Eyes large. Gape rather lon g . Snout round d. Dorsaf fi n narrow, approximately in the m iddle of the body, or:; ;)osite the pelvic fins which are l ikewise narrow. Anal fin short. P . toral fins l o n g a n d n a rrow . Caudal f i n forked . Remarks : Probably g regariou s . R e c e n t re l atives : None. Died out i n the Cretaceous.
.
ctl Lusitanich thys , rec on <; lru GAYEl.
594
on after
features: Small fishes of slender shape. Head shallow. Dorsal fin relatively tal l , approximately in the middle of the body , opposite the small pelvic fins. Pectoral fins narrow. Anal fin ru nning off into a fring e. Caudal fin forked . Rem a rks : Fresh-water fishe s.
relati ve s : C l osely re to recent mem bers of the Bryc on and t o ot h e r _"' I n ", of the sub fam i ly Bry-
Brycon falcatus, a recent characin.
595
Hig her Bony Fish es
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Characiformes Family: Characidae
True Charac'llls --
-
True Characins
-
Tetragonopterus sp. (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Miocene of Taubate, Brazil. Original: Naturhistorisches Museum Vienna, Austria.
G e n u s : Tetragonopterus
Higher Bony Fishe s
CUVIER, 1 8 1 7 .
1JtJortheus ligniticus 0/VOODWARD) (length c. 9 cm) from the Miocene of Taubate.
BrazIl. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P2500 1 ) .
Gen us: Triportheus
COPE, 1 87 2 .
Geolog ical range : M i ocene to recent .
Synonym : Uqnobrycon
G eographical d i stribution : South America.
Geological ran g e : Miocene to recent.
Featu res : Small fishes with slender bodies . Head elongate. Dor sal fin shortly beh ind the middle of the body, opposite the some elongate. what fringe-like anal fin . Pelvic fins smal l . Pectoral fi Caudal fin forked .
Geographical d istribution : South America.
Rem arks : Fresh -water fishes.
Features : Small fishes of slender, almost herri n g - l i ke shape. Head Shallow. Dorsal fi n shortly beh ind the anterior half of the body , OPPOsite the small pelvic fi n s . Pectoral fins very long and very . Caudal fin forked .
Recent re l at i ve s : C l osely re lated to recent members of the genus Tetragonopterus and to many characins of the su bfam ily Tetragonopteri nae .
Tetrag onopterus argen teuS , silver tetra.
596
the recent
Triportheus angulatus, the recent nar row hatchetfish .
597
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Siluriformes Family: Hypsidoridae
Higher Bo ny Fish s e ----
Hypsidoris farsonensis LUNDBERG & CASE (length c. 26 cm) from the Eocc1e of Wyo ming, U . S . A . Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U .S.A.
G e n u s : Hypsidoris
LUNDBERG & CASE, 1 970.
EO STEI
Higher Bony Fishes
formes iluriluri :-..A elt"· S dae I . cta y f�l . VJ"
Bullhead Catfishes
•
:----
---------� -------__ __
/ttt8iUfUS vespertinus MILLER & SMITH (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Miocene of Idaho, U.S.A. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U . S .A.
Genus: Ameiurus
RAFINESQUE, 1 820.
Geolog ical rang e : Eocene .
Synonym : Ictalurus .
G eographica l d istri buti o n : North America.
Geological range: Ol,igocene to recent.
Featu res : M id d le-sized fishes with lateral ly compresse d bodies, ventrally slightly flattened. Head broad and flat. Dorsal fin im�e diately behind the head, carried by a powerful spine. elvlc fl�S smal l . Pectoral fin s elongate. Anal fin broad - base d . �audal fin slightly concave posteriorly.
Geographical d i stributi o n : Asia, North America. Features : M iddle-sized fishes with laterally compressed bod ies . Head powerful and broad . I n the neck region, immediately be bi1d the head , is a powerful spine carrying the dorsal fin . Caudal deeply concave poste riorly.
R e m arks : Fre s h - water fishes, m a i n l y b o tt o m - d w e l l i n g b u t partly also free-swimming .
mark s : Fres h-wa ter fishe s , Bini bott o m - d w e l l i n g b u t
Recent re l ativ e s : Distantly re lated to recent catfishes of the fam i ly Ictaluridae.
rel ative s : Clos ely re to North Amer ican fresh catfishe s o f the g e n u s
also free-swimming .
Ictalurus (Ameiurus) nebulosus, the re cent brown bullhead.
598
599
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Siluriformes Family: Ictaluridae
Higher Bo ny Fish
es
Bullhe ad Catf h IS
es
--- -=
Astephas antiquus (LEIDY) (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Eocene of Wyoml'1g, U.S.A. Onglnal: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
G e n u s : Astephas
,
Si l uriformes . y.. B agrid ae aJ1\l l
Bagrid Catfishes
�
f
Oligocene of Sipang, AotiB saropteryx (von der M �RcK) (length c. 28 c.m) fron: the ..
le, Tublngen, Germany. $umatra. Original: Museum fur Geologie und Palaontolog
Genus : Aoria
COPE, 1 873.
Higher Bony Fishes
O S TEI
JORDA N , 1 9 1 9 .
S y n o n y m : Rhineas tes .
Geologica l ran g e : O l i gocene.
G e o lo g ical ra n g e : Eocene to recent.
Geographica l d istribution : Southeaste rn Asi a .
Geographical d i stribu t i o n : North America.
Featu res : M i ddle-sized fishes w i t h laterally compressed bodies. Head large and b road . A powerful s p i n e i n t h e n e c k reg i o n cames the dorsal fin . Pectoral fins also with spines . Caudal fin forked .
F e atu res : Small to middle-sized fishes with cyl i n d rical bodies. Head larg e , b road and flat. Gape long and broad . Dorsal fin and pectoral fins each borne by a powerful spine. Caudal f' n deeply for ked . R e m a rks : Fresh - water fis h e s , m o s t l y b o tt o m - d w e l l i n g b u t sometimes free-swi m m i n g .
relative s : Related to re spi ny catfishes of the famBag rid ae.
Rece nt relatives : Related to re cent cat fishes of t h e famil,y I c t a l u ridae . RANDE . Astephas, reconstruction afte r G
600
rks : Fresh - water fishes, -dwell i ng and free-swim-
f "
Bagrus s p . , a recent bagrid catfish . Lithograph from BLOCH.
601
Order: Siluriformes Family: Pangasiidae
Shark Catfi hes S
----=
Pangasius indicus (von der MARCK) (length c. 35 cm) from the Oligocene of Sipang, Sumatra. Original: Museum fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Tubingen, Germany.
G e n u s : Pangasius
E O S T EI
Higher B o ny F i sh es
EUTELEOSTEI
B LEEKER, 1 846.
Higher Bony Fishes
es ·. .. SPiilumrifeloorm didae Jllllly
Antenna Catfishes
f
.:.:----
Ptme/Odus sp. (length c . 27 cm) from the Miocene of Taubate, Brazil. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P901 0) .
Genus: Pime/odus
de LACEPEDE, 1 803.
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : Oligocene to recent.
Geolog ical ran g e : M i ocene to recent.
G e o g raphical d istribut i o n : Southeastern Asia .
Geograph ical d istr i b ut i o n : South America, Africa .
Feat u re s : Middle-sized fishes w i t h elongate bod ies , approximately circu lar in section. Head large and broad , flattened tow ards the snout. A powerful spine i n the rear part of the head . Dorsal fin a pp roxi mately in t h e m id d l e of t h e body . Caudal fin strongly forke d .
featu res : M iddle-sized fishes with lateral ly compressed but ven trally flattened bod ies . Head broad a n d flat . Pectoral fi ns s m a l l , with a s p i n e . Dorsal f i n approximately i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e body. Pelvic fins very small . Caudal . fin moderate ly forked .
Rem arks : Bottom-dwel ling and f r e e - s w i m m i n g . P e r h a p s ate plants , l ike many of its recent re lative s .
e m a r ks :
B o tt o m - d w e l l i n g r fishes .
re l at i ve s : C l osely re to the recent anten na cat
Pime/odus .
R e c e n t re l at i ve s : C l osely re lated to recent pangas i i d cat fishes of the genus Pangasius . k cat Pangasius sutchi, a recent sh ar fish.
602
Pime/odus, a recent antenna catfish.
603
Higher Bony F is
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Siluriformes Family: Callichthyidae
eS
Arm ou red C a tfi s h
es
----
(length c. 3 cm) from the Miocene of Sunchal ' Argen tina. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, UK (P1 36 1 79) .
Corydoras revelatus
COCKERELL
G e n u s : Corydoras
de LACEPEDE, 1 803 .
G e o l og i cal ra n g e : Miocene to recent. G e og raphical d i stri buti o n : South America .
Higher Bony Fishes
EO S TEI
o
ed : Unnam rel e' tIy' Unna m ed
�---------------------------------------
WOODWARD (length c. 4 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of LebanOn. Original : The Natural History Museum , London, U . K.
/'h8II1I8.cichthys venenifer
Genus: Pharmacichthys
WOODWARD , 1 942 .
Geological rang e : U pper Cretaceous .
Geograp h i cal d i st ri b uti o n : Middle East.
F e at u re s : S m a l l fishes with laterally com p ressed but ventrally flattened bodies . Dorsal surface armoured with V-shaped plates of b o n e . Ventral su rface u n armoured . H ead short an j deep. Eyes smal l . I n the nape region there is a powerful spine which carries t h e dorsal fin . Caudal fin relatively large, mod erately forke d .
Featu res : Small fishes with broadly oval outline, laterally com pressed . Head deep . Snout slightly poi nted . On the hig hest point of th e body is a long thin spine which probably carried the very fins smal l . Anal fin . Caudal fi n tall dorsal fi n . Pelvic and pectoral . strongl y forke d .
Botto m - dwe l l i n g R e m a rks : fresh -water fishes.
�t
�
ray of the dorsal fin . The lson ous natu re of this spine , weyer, is not p rove n . Sys temati c p osit ion unc erta i n .
R e c e n t re l ative s : C l osely re lated to the recent corycats of the genus Corydoras .
Re c nt relativ � e s : N o n e . Died � In Upper Creta ceou s .
oured Corydoras arcua tus, a recen' arm catfish .
604
Rema rks : Probably sti l l -water ft s es . The name sugg ests a poisonous fish , referri ng to the
Pharmacichthys , reconstruction after PAffiRSON.
605
Higher Bony Fish e
EUTELEOSTEI
S uborder:
Order: Salmoniformes Family: Palaeosocidae
EsocOide�
----
S TEI
niformes y:· Salxno Ord �lr Eso ci dae faJlll '
--
.
:.:----
E!J;ox lepidotus
Higher Bony Fishes
-
AGASSIZ
Suborder: Esocoidei Pikes
... � ... --... ....
(length c. 70 em) fr() m the Miocene of O hningen, Wurttemberg,
Germ any. Original : Staatllehes Museum fur Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
SYTCHEVSKAYA & DANILTCHENKO (length c . 8 cm) from the Upper Paleocene of C . I .S. Original: Paleontologieheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow, Russia.
Boltyshia brevicauda
G e n u s : Boltyshia
SYTCHEVSKAYA & DANILTcHENKo, 1 97 5 .
Genus: Esox
LINNAEUS, 1 75 8 .
G e o l o g ical rang e : Upper Palaeocene .
Synonyms : Trematina .
Geograph ical d i stri buti o n : Eastern Europe.
Geological rang e : Paleocene to recent .
F e atu res: Small fishes with slender elongate bodies. Head shal low. Eyes small . Snout very pointed . Gape lon g . Dorsal fin pOi nted, in the posterior third of the body, opposite the anal fi n . Pelvic fins small. Pectoral fins somewhat fan -shaped . Anal fin . Caudal fin not forked , probably emarg i n ate .
Geographi ca l d i stri buti o n : E u rope, Asia, N o rth Arnerica.
R e m a rks : Fres h - water p reda tors . R e ce nt r e l ati v e s : N o n e . out i n Paleocene.
t
: Fresh-water predators . rel atives : Closely related to the recent pike.
Died
dernia Boltyshia, reconstruction afte r Aka Nauk, Moscow.
606
Feature s : Midd le-sized fishes with slender stream l i ned bodies. �d elongate. Snout flattened . Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin very pos teri or, oppo site the anal fi n which is of the same size. Pelvic fins mal l . Pecto ral fins o b l i q uely fan -shaped . C a u d al fill stro n g liy rke d .
Esox lucius , the pike. Lithograph from
BLOCH
(see next page).
607
Higher Bony Fishes
E O S TEI
Suborder: Esocoidei Mud Minnows
niformes ahnorid SUrnb ae " IY"
faJlll
"
"
:.:.-----
Umbra perpusilla (AGASSIZ) (length c. 3 cm) from the M i ocene of O h n i n gen. WOrttemberg. Germany. Original: Teylers Museum. Haarlem . Netherlands.
Genus : Umbra
G RONOV, 1 763 .
Geological ran g e : Oli gocene to recent. Geographical distri buti o n : Europe. Featu res : Very small fishes of slender shape. H ead shallow. Snout pointed . Eyes smal l . M outh opening downward s . Dorsal fin rounded, very posterior, opposite the elongate anal fin . Cau dal fin with a convex marg i n .
R e m arks : Fre s h -wat e r fis h e s Which fed o n small animal s . R ece nt r e l at i v e s : C l o s e l y re lated to the recen t mud m i n flOWs .
Umbra pygmaea . the recent mud min
now.
608
609
h U T h LbU�Tbl
Order: Sal moniformes Family: Argentinidae?
H igher B ony F ish e
�
Su b or der: Argen ti no ' d H err m ' g S 1 el , m elts ----
Unnamed fish (length c. 7 . 5 cm) from the Eocene of Fuur, Denmark. Orig inal: Paleontologiska Museet, Uppsala, Swede n .
O S TE I
ord�r
Higher B ony Fishes
formes S ah noni . B ath yl agidae
Suborder: Argentinoidei Deep-Sea S melts
��--------------------------------
Bathylagus angelensis JORDAN & GILBERT (length c . 8 cm) from the Miocene of Califor nia, U.S.A. Original: Siber & Siber Collection, Aathal, SWitzerland .
G e n u s : Not named .
Genus: 8athy/agus
G e o logical range : Eocene.
Geological rang e : Miocene to recent .
Geographical d i stribut i o n : Europe.
Geograph ical distribu tio n : North America.
F e at u res : S m al l , very s l e n der fi shes with streamlined bodies. H ead shallow. Eyes larg e . Snout pointe d . Dorsal fin small and pointe d , opposite the fan - shaped pel,vic fin s . Caudal fin deeply forke d , with narrow lobes .
Features: Small fishes of slender elongate shape . Head shallow. Eyes large. Gape rather long. Dorsal fin poi nted , approxi mately
R e marks: Gregariou s . R e c e n t r e l ative s : G e n u s pro bably extinct. Perhaps closely re lated to recent herri ng smelts of the family Argentinidae .
GUNTHER, 1 878.
In the middle of the body, opposite the elongate pelvic fin s . Anal fin rounded . Caudal fi n slighHy forked . Rem arks : Probably l ived in the u pper layers of the sea . Recent r e l ati v e s : Closely re l ated to recent deep sea smelts Of the genus 8athy/agus .
Bathylagus berycoides, a recent deep sea smelt, after
61 0
NORMAN.
61 1
H ighe r B ony Fi sh e
EUTELEOSTEI
Su border: Argen tin oide�
Order: Salmoniformes Family: Unnamed
•
1
S VTE L
E O S TEI
r:
Gaudryella gaudryi (PICTET & HUMBERT) (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. Original: Henne Collection, Stuttgart, Germany.
Humbertia
G e n u s : Gaudryel/a
Genus: Humbertia
PATIERSON, 1 970.
Higher B ony Fishes
d e S al monifor me s Suborder: Argentinoidei 'V, Unnamed or ' l l faJll . ' --------------------------------------�
operta PATTERSON (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Origi nal: American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y. , U.S.A. .
PATIERSON, 1 970.
S y n o n ym s : Eoclupea .
Geological ran g e : U pper Cretaceous to Eocen e .
Geolog i cal ran g e : U p per Cretaceou s .
Geograph i cal di stribu t i o n : Europe, Middle East.
G e o g raphical d i stribution : M iddle East.
Featu res : Small fishes of elongate shape. H ead elongat e. Eyes large. Do sal fin somew hat anterio r to the middle of the body. Pectoral fins fan-sh aped . Caud al fin forked . R emarks : Prob ably g rega rious .
Featu res : Small fishes with elongate bodies . H ead elongal , Snout poi nted . Gape long . Dorsal fin i n the anterior half of tt e body. Caudal fi n deeply forked . Re m arks : Probably gregarious . out in Upper Cretaceou s .
... �
>
R e c e n t relat iv e s : N o n e . D i ed
PlcrET & u Gaudryella , reconstructio n al( er
HUMBERT.
61 2
�
Rec en t re l ative s : N o n e Died . out i n Eocene.
Humbertia , reconstruction after
PATTERSON.
61 3
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Salmoniformes Family: Osmeridae
Higher B o ny F ish es Su border: Os .
Suborder: Osmeroidei Smelts
SIll e lts
-----
Mal/otus villosus CUVIER (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Pleistocene of Canada. Original: The Natural H istory Museum, London, U . K. (P58863a, b) .
G e n u s : Mal/otus
Higher B ony Fishes
m eroid ei
CUVIER, 1 829.
osmerus mordax (MiTCHILL) (lelflgth c. 1 4 cm) from the Pleistocene of Canada. Origi nal : Nati onal M useum o f Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Canada.
Genus: Osmerus
FORSKAL, 1 775 .
Geolog ical rang e : Pleistocene t o recent.
Geological ran g e : M i ocene to recent.
Geog raph i cal d istri bution : E u rope, North America, G reen lan d .
Geograph ical d istri buti o n : Europe, North America.
Feat u res : Small fish es of slender stream l ined shape. Head shal low. Snout slightly rou nded . Gape rather long. Dorsal fin ap proxi mately in the middle of the body, opposite the small pelvIc fins. Pectoral fins elongate . Anal fin b road- based , almost fri nge-like . Caudal f i n forked .
Features: Small fishes wilth elongate bodies. Head elongate . Eyes large. Gape long . Jaws set with small teeth . Dorsal fi n approxi mately in the middle of the body, opposite the small fan -shaped pelvic fins. Anal fin broad - based . Caudal fin s l ig htly forked , with broad lob es .
R e m a rks : G regario u s .
Rem arks : G rega ri o u s .
Recent relative s : The fossil spe cies i s i dentical to the recent ...._ .. .. one.
Rece nt relat i v e s : C l os e l y re lated to rece nt sme lts of the gen u s Osmerus .
=�=;;;�:-��rt
. Mallotus villasus , the rece nt ca p eli n Lithograph from CUVIER.
61 4
Osmerus eperlanus, the recent stint. Lithograph from BLOCH.
61 5
EUTELEOSTEI
Higher B ony Fis h
e . Suborder: SalSamoImnoo nidid� s -------
Order: Salmoniformes Family: Salmonidae
�
LESUEUR (length c. 6 cm) from the Pleistocene of Canada Original: National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Canada.
Coregonus artedii
G e n u s : Coregonus
de LAC�PEDE, 1 803.
S TEI � T'1'E L EO nifor mes
Sahno
f, LId�...r.. ly Sahnonidae or faJlll
Higher B ony Fishes
. .
::..----
Suborder: Salmonoidei Salmonids
EossImo driftwoodensis WILSON (length c. 18 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Drift wood Creek, Canada. Original: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Genus: Eosalmo
WILSON, 1 97 7 .
G e o logical rang e : Pleistocene t o recent.
Geological range : M i d d le Eocene.
G eo g raphical d i stri butio n : Europe, North America.
Geograph ical d istributi o n : North America.
F e atu re s : Small fishes of s lender stream li ned shape . Hea elon g ate . Eyes large. Snout pOi nted . Gape l on g . Jaws with s mall teet h . Dorsal f i n p o i nte d , a p p roxi mately in t h e m i d d le of the body . Pectoral a n d pelvic fins elongate . Anal fin b road - based . Caudal fin rather deeply forked .
Featu res : Small to midd le-sized fishes of slender elongate shape. Head elongate . Snout pointed . Gape rather long. Jaws with small teeth . Dorsal fin smal l , at the posterior end of the anterior half of the body, opposite t h e small pelvic fin s . Pectoral fins n arrow . Anal fin with a somewhat broader base. Caudal fin somewhat em arg i n ate .
R e m arks : Probably g regariou s .
Re m arks : G regarious , fresh -water fishes. R ece nt rel atives : Closely related to recent salmon of the genus Safmo.
R e c e n t re l at i ve s : C l osely re lated to recent w h itefishes and ciscos.
. fi h LithO Coregonus s p . , a recent white IS .
graph from CUVIER.
61 6
Sa/m� safar, the recent salmon. Lithograph from BLOCH (see next page). 61 7
Higher Bony Fishes
LE O S TEI
. Sahnoniforme s ord!1cy, S a lmo n idae faDl1 =---•
•
�I
.,
�
,�
"
�� , �
rc.' �
Jj J�
' &
Suborder: Salmonoidei Salmonids
"
0,
\ ,", \
-,
"--� - / ,
T1Iaumaturus intermedius WEnZEL (length c, 6 cm) from tne Middle Eocene of Messel, Hesse, Germany, Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany,
Gen us: Thaumaturus
REUSS , 1 844.
Geological ran g e : M iddle Eocene to Lower Miocene. Geographical distributi o n : Europe. Features : Small fishes with elongate bodies. Head shal low. Eyes large. Snout pointe d . Jaws with small teeth . Dorsal fin low, b road based, very posterior in pOSition. Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l . Anal fin opposite the dorsal fi n , l i kewise broad - based. Caudal fin rather ema rg i nate .
/
I
I
I
I" (
R e m arks : S m a l l fre s h - wa t e r p redato rs .
\
)
Rece nt relat ives : Dist antly re rated to rec ent salmon.
)
-C ' '''--
Thaumaturus, reconstruction after WEITZEL.
618
61 9
EUTELE O STEI
Order: Salmoniformes Family: Unnamed
Higher B ony F i sh
es
S TEI
ormes stGorniif . matidae osto d�f'. n o or
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Gonostomatoidei Bristlemouths
�-----------------------------------
Gharbouria libanica GAYET (length c. 3 . 5 cm) from the Upper Cretaceou
CycIothone sp. (length c. 4 cm) from the Upper Miocene of California, U . S .A. Origi nal: Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.
G e n u s : Gharbouria
Gen u s : Cyclothone
of Leba non. Original: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelie, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
GAYET, 1 988.
GOODE & BEAN , 1 883 .
Geolog ical ran g e : U p per Cretaceous.
Synon yms : Regenius .
Geographical d istri b utio n : Middle East.
Geological ran g e : M iocene to recent.
Feat u re s : Very small fishes of slender shape. Head shal low . Eyes large. Snout poi nted . Gape rather long . Dorsal fin small approxi mately in the middle of the body , o pposite the narrow pelvic fins. Pectoral fins small and fan-shaped . Caudal fin. forked .
Geog raphical di stributi o n : North America .
R e m arks : Pro bably g regarious . R ecent relative s : N o n e . Died o u t i n Cretaceous .
Fe atures : Very small fishes with slender elongate bodies. Head elong ate. Eyes large. Snout pointed . Jaws with sharp teet h . Dor sal fin in the post erior half of the bOdy . Cauda l f i n d e e p l y forke d . 'Re marks : Prob ably g rega riou s . Re cen t rel ati ves : C l ose ly re to recen t b ristlem ouths of \We g enus Cyc/othone. This has e Spe ci es in mod ern sea s IS pe rhaps the mos t abu ng enu s of all fishes .
�ed
�
620
eyclo thone, a recent bristlemouth, after BADCOCK.
621
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Stomiiformes Family: Gonostomatidae
Hi gh er B on y Fis h
Sub order: Go nos tom ato' des. . B n. s tJ e mouths 1 el
----
vrE L E O S TEI
rd r:
stomiiformes o � · .. Gon ostomatidae l f aJll l Y
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Gonostomatoidei Bristlemouths
---------------------------------------
-' .J�.
Gonostoma a/byi SAUVAGE (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Miocene of Llc..sta, Sicily, Italy. Original : Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph:
/fiiSSi8 jubae ARAMBOURG (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Tselfat Morocco. Original: Museum National d'Histoir e Naturelle , Paris, France. Photogr aph Sarett e, Paris.
G e n u s : Gonostoma
Genus : Idrissia
Serette, Paris.
RAFINESQUE, 1 8 1 0 .
ARAMBO URG, 1 95 4 .
Geolog i cal ran g e : M i ocene to recent.
Geolog ical range : Lower C retace ous .
Geographical di stributio n : Europe, North Africa.
Geographica l d istribu tio n : North ern Africa . Featu res : Smal l fishe s of slend er s h a p e , taper i n g rearw ards . Head larg . Eyes arg e . Snou t s l i g htly pointe d . Gape long . Dorsa l approxlmat ly In the midd le of the body , oppo site the pelvic s. Pectoral fins smal l. Caud al fi n deep ly forke d . Rem arks : Prob ably bott om- dwe l ling . Recen t relat iv es: Non e. Died out in C retac eou s.
Featu res : Small fishes with slender elongate bodies. H'-'ad rela t i vely large . Eyes smal l . S n o ut pointe d . Gape long . orsal fin approximatel'y in the middle of the body. Anal fin beg i ns opposite the dorsal fin . Pectoral and pelvic fi ns smal l . R e m a rks : Predators . The g roup probably had light organs even at that early date .
�
�
�
!
R ecent r e l a t i ve s : Ctosely re lated to recent bristlemouths of the genus Gonostoma .
.
Llth ,
tle mo Gonostoma sp. , a recent b ns after NELSON.
622
623
:
EUT ELE OST EI
Orde r: Stom iiform es Fami ly: Gono stolll a tidae
Higher Bony Fishes
Subo rder: Gonosto mat oi d . el B nst · I emo u ths
----
ST EI
. S tollliiformes Ord �lty'. G on os tomatidae
faJl'll • �
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Gonostomatoidei Bristlemouths
ARAMBOURG (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous : Museum Nationa l d ' Histoire Naturell e, Paris, France. Original o. Morocc of Tselfat, Photogr aph: Serette, Paris.
Protostomias maroccanus
AGASSIZ (length c. 7 cm) from Middle Eocene of Litencice, Czechoslovakia. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Scope/oides g/arisianus
G e n u s : Protostomias
ARAMB OURG, 1 943 .
G e o l o g ical range : Lower Creta ceous . . Geog raphi cal d i stribu t io n : North ern Africa
at e , anteriorl ' deep F e at u re s : Smal l fishes with slend er elong smal l . Snou t ro un ded. ened bodie s. Head relativ ely larg e . Eyes poste rior half of tre body. Gape long . Dorsa l fin proba bly in the d. Caud al fin relativ ely small and deepl y forke R e m arks : Proba bly botto m dwelle rs . Creta ceou s . R ece nt relative s : None . Died out in the
Gen u s : Scope/oides
WETTSTEIN , 1 88 7 ,
Geological range : M iddle Eocene to M iocene. Geograph ical d istri bution : Europe, western Asia. Featur es: Small fishes with elongated bodies . H ead shallow. Eyes I� e. Snout pointed . Gape long . Dorsal fin poi nted , beh ind the mi ddle of the body . Pectoral fi ns elongate. Pelvic fins sma l l . Anal fin pOi nte d , with a fring e - l i ke poste rior exten sion . Caud al fi n deeply forked . Light organ s on the flanks of the bo dy . Rem arks : Prob ably d e e p - sea fis hes .
� �
nt rela tive s : Gen us exti nct. tlY related to exta nt bris uths of the fam ily Go no ,,;;t, .,Om ati dae . Scope/aides, DANILCHENKO.
624
reconstruction after
625
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Stomiiformes Family: Sternoptychidae
Higher Bo ny
F i sh e Sub order: Gonosto ma Marine Hatche ttfishidee�sl ,
-
---
Argyropelecus sp. (length c. 5 cm) from the Miocene of California, U . S.A. Orig inal: Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut, U . S .A.
G e n u s : Argyrope/ecus
Cocco, 1 82 9 .
1 E L EO STEI
Higher B ony Fi s he s .
sV Sto miiformes td�lty. S ternoptychidae Oant1 ..
f
Suborder: Gonostomatoidei Marine Hatchetfishes
.
:..----
Maurolicus muelleri GMELIN (length c . 4 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Mauro/icus
Cocco, 1 838 .
G e o l o g ical rang e : O l igocene t o recent.
Geological range : Pliocene to recent.
G e o g raphical d istri b u ti o n : Europe, northern Africa, North America.
Geograph i cal d i stributi o n : Europe.
Featu res : Smal l fishes of almost c i rcular outl ine, lateral l y com pressed and d eep-bel l i ed . Head deep . Eyes larg e . Gape rather long, d i rected u pward s . Dorsal fin somewhat beh ind the middle of the body, d ivided i nto two part s . Pectoral f i n s o b l i q u e l y fan - s haped. A n a l f i n rounded . Pelvic fi ns smal l . Caudal fin not forke d .
Featu res: Very small fishes of slender shape. H ead shallow. Eyes large . Snout pointed . Gape d i rected u pward s . Dorsal fin behind the middle of the body, obliquely opposite the narrow pelvic fin s . Anal fin i s t a l l anteriorly, b u t low i n i t s posterior cont i n u ation . Caudal fin rather deeply forked .
R e m arks : Probably st i l l -water fishes which fed near the sur face of the water.
(:)as
R e c e n t re l at i ve s : C l osely re lated t o recent h atchet fishes of the g e n u s Argyrope/ecus , which are ubiquitous in the pe lag ic waters of the oceans. 626
Argyropelecus hatclr1etfish.
R e m a rk s : P ro b a b ly had l i g ht organs even at that time. Rece n t relative s : The fossil spe is identical with the recent o ne .
Maurolicus muelleri, a recent lightfish.
627
Hig her B ony F i s h e
EUTELEOSTEI
Suborder: Photichth yoid e� Ligh tfish e� . ----� - -.� - --
Order: Stomiiformes Family: Photichthyidae
I
.
� ---� --------------
----
of Licata, Sicily, Italy. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturell e , Paris, France Photo graph: Serette, Paris.
Photichthys larteti SAUVAGE (length c. 1 9 cm) from the Upper Miocene
G e n u s : Photichthys
HunoN & HECTOR, 1 87 2 ,
! ���i;!!�S ofalllr� �' Ph o tichthYldae �
l'Iy'
------
Vinciguerria sp. (length c. 6 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Origi nal: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Vinciguerria Synonym : Zalarges .
G e o l og ical rang e : M iocene to recent . . Geog raphical d i stributi o n : Europe ,
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Photichthyoidei Lightfishes
JORDAN & EVER MANN, 1 896.
Geological rang e : Ol igocene to recent .
F e at u res : Small to middle-sized fishes of slender shape Head relatively larg e , elongat e , Eyes smal l . Snout pointed , Dorsal fin narrow, shortly in front of the middle of the body , Anal f.in b road based , Pectoral fins e longate ,
R e m arks : Possess lig ht organs ,
Geograph i cal d i st r i b utio n : Europe . Featu res: S mall fishes with s l ender bodies. Head shallow, Eyes I�ge , S �out pointed , Dorsal fin triang u lar, very posterior in posi tion" o l lquely o pposite the anal fin which is l i kewise triangular, PelVIC fins small. Pector al fins elong ate , C a u d a l fin f o r ke d Ught organ s i n t h e ventral pa of the p o s t e r i o r p art of the bOd y ,
�
rt
R ecent r e l ati v e s : C l os e l y re lated to recent lightfishes of the g e n u s Photichthys ,
Re m a r ks : P ro b a b l y p elagic even at that period ,
. t l i g htfiS h. Photlchthys argenteus , a recen
628
Recen t rela tive s : Clo se ly re lat ed to rece nt l i g htfis hes of the g en u s Vin cig uerria .
Vinciguerria , reconstruction after ORLOV .
629
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Aulopiformes Family: Enchodontidae
Higher Bony Fish e
Subord er: Enchod ontoidesi
-------�------------------------------��-------
A eous Mu
Enchodus macropterus von der MARCK (length c. 23 cm) from the Upper Cre of Sendenhorst, Westphalia, Germany. Original: Geologisch-Palaontologisches seum, MOnster, Germany.
G e n u s : Enchodus
AGASSIZ, 1 835 .
EO S TEI
{]1'E L ulop iformes SOtd� lr:· A cho dontidae
faJl11
y.. En
:----
LePtecodon rectus WILLISTON (length c. 23 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Kan
sas. U .S.A. Original: Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas, U . S.A.
Genus: Leptecodon
S y n o n y m s : Eurygnathus , Holcodon , Ischyrecephalus , Isodon. So
lenodon , Tetheodus . G e o l o g i ca l range : U p per Cretaceous to Eocene. G e o g raph ical d i stributi o n : M i dd l e East, North America, Europe, Africa, South America. Feat u re s : M i d d le-sized fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bodies . H ead large and d e e p . Gape l on g , d i rected u wards. Predatory dentition . Dorsal fin triang u lar, approxim ately in the m i d d le of t h e body. Pectoral fi n s d i s p ro p o rt i o n ately l a rg e . Anal fin trian g u l ar . Caudal fin large and forked .
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Enchodontoidei
WILLISTON, 1 899.
Geological ran g e : U p p e r Cretaceous. Geograph ical d istri buti o n : North America. Featu res : M id d l e - s ized fishes of slender s h a p e . H ead s h al low with projecting snout ru nning i nto a point. Eyes larg e . J aws set with sharp teet h . Body covered with bony p l ates arrang ed in rows . Rem ark s : Pre dat ors . Rece nt rel ative s : None. Died out in U pper Cretaceou s .
R e m a rk s : Form i d a b l e p r e d a tors . R e c e n t relatives : N o n e . Died out i n Eocen e .
630
Enchodus , reconstruction after GOODY.
63 1
Higher Bo ny Fi sh
EUTELEOSTEI
Su b or der: En cho dont oi
Order: Aulopiformes Family: Enchodontidae
.
��
1
vrE L EOpifSTEI ormes
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Enchodontoidei
r Aulo o � ' . E urypholidae faJJlllY.
Sr d
:..----
Palaeolycus dregenensis von der MARCK (length c. 40 cm) from the Upper Creta ceous of Sendenhorst, Westphalia, Germany. Original: Geologisch -Palaontc,logisches Museum, MOnster, Germany.
G e n u s : Palaeo/ycus
von der MARCK, 1 863.
Buypholis bo;ss;er; PICTET (length c. 21 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Genus: Eurypho/is
PICTET, 1 83 1 .
G e o l ogical rang e : Upper Cretaceous.
Geological ran g e : Upper Cretaceou s .
Geographica l d i stribut io n : Europe.
Geograp h i ca l d istri buti o n : Europe , northern Africa, M iddle East. Feature s : M iddle-sized fishes of slender shape. Head larg e , and broad in dorsal aspect . Eyes larg e . Snout pointed . Gape long . Dorsal fin pOi nted trian gular, i n the anterior half of the body. Caud al fin deep ly forked . The dorsal m i d - l i n e and the flank s each carry a row of larg e bon y Scal es .
Feat u re s : M i ddle-s ized' fishes of very slender eel- l i ke shape. Head elongate . Jaws with powerful teet h . Eyes large. Dorsal Tin strik ingly sma ll , shortlry behind the middle of the body. Pecto ral fins fan - s h a p e d . A n a ll f i n beg i n s anteriorly op posite the dorsal fin and runs rearward s , as a fringe, almost to the caudal fi n . Caudal fin forked. R e m arks : Predators . Recent relativ e s : N o n e . Died out in Up per Cretaceou s.
t8�������=� �( OODY. Palaeolyeus, reconstruction aft er G
632
Rem ark s : Predators . R ece nt r e l ative s : Non e . D ied �-."'" out in the Upp er Cre tace ous .
Eurypholis, reconstruction after ORLOV. 633
Hig her Bon y Fis h es
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Aulopiformes Family: Halecidae
,
Su border: Haleco ide'
1
--
-
STEI
Hig her Bony Fis hes
Aulopiformes ' Iy' Ha lecidae eaJl11 '
Suborder: Enchodon toid ei
� ---------�---------------------
Ha/ec micro/epis (DAVIS) (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of L eb anon.
Original: Museum National d' Histoire Naturel le, Paris, France. Photograph . Paris.
ere tte,
Hflmisaurida. �ake/ensis GOODY (length c. 5 cm) from the Upper Cretace ous of
Lebanon. Onglnal : Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago , Illinois, U .S.A.
G e n u s : Hafec
Genus: Hemisaurida
KNER, 1 86 7 . Geolo gical ran g e : U p per Cretaceou s .
AGASSIZ, 1 834 .
S y n o n y m s : Archaeogadus , Pomognathus . Geo log i cal ran g e : U pper Cretaceous . Geog raph i cal d istri bution : Europe, M iddle East. Featu res : Small to m iddle-sized fishes with slender elorgate or somewhat broadened bodies . H ead shal low. Eyes large. Snout poi nted . Gape long . Dorsal fin in the anterior half of the body , opposite the small pelvic fills. Anal fin l i kewise smal l . Pecto ral fins rather widene d . Caudal fin relatively larg e , slightly fork ed. Died Ha/ec , reconstruction after Go
634
�
>�� � ��''� '
R e m arks : Rapid swimmer. R e c e n t relat ives : N o n e . out i n the Cretaceous.
Geographi cal d istri butio n : Europ e, M iddle East . Featu res: Smal l fishes of slend er shap e. Head long and shallo w. Eyes large. Snout pOi. nted . Gape long . Dorsa l fin smalf , in the . nor half of the body , o ppos ite the pelvic fin s . Caud al fin " ouu erately forke d, with narro w lobe s. Re ma rks : Pro ba bly g reg ario us . flec � nt rel ativ es : N o n e . D i ed aut In the Up pe r Cr eta ce ous .
Y.
Hemisaurida , reconstruction after GOODY.
635
H igher B ony Fi sh
EUTELE O STEI
Suborder: HalecOidee�
Order: Aulopiformes Family: Halecidae
--�-------------------------------------
DAVIS (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Upper Cret ceous of Lebanon. Original: Naturrnuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt-am-Maln, Germany.
E O STEI
H igher B ony Fishes
rmes Aulopifontid ae nodo ' 'l · y Sy f - «I
Suborder: Alepisauroidei Lizardfishes
� -�-----------------------------------
Phylactocephalus microlepis
G e n u s : Phylactocephalus
DAVIS,
1 88 7 .
Gen us: Sardinius
G e o lo g ical rang e : U p per Cretaceou s . Features: Middle-sized fishes with so mewhat laterally compress�d b o d i e s . H ead deep . Gape lo n g , d i rected u pward s . D orsal fin triang u lar, in the anterior half of the body. Pectoral fins long and narrow. P e l v i c a n d a n a l f i n s s m a l l . Caudal f i n m o d e ratel y forked. Strong scales. R e m arks : Certai nly rather slow swi m mers . Probably fed partly on plants.
Geographical d i stributi o n : Europe. Feature s : S mall to middle-s ized fishes of rath e r laterally com pressed shape . H ead s hort a n d deep . G a p e long, d i rected u p wards . Dorsal fin triangul ar, approxi mately in the middle o f the body. Pectoral fi ns broad ly fansha ped . P e l v i c f i n s l i ke w i s e broad . Anal f i n with a poin t near 1he anterior end but beco m i n g w er P oste ri o r l y . Caudal fin rke d .
�
Rem arks :
�e
R e c e n t relative s : None. D ied out i n the Upper Cretaceous .
u ctio . Phylac tocephalus , reco nstr GOODY.
von der MARCK, 1 85 8 .
Geological ran g e : U p per Cretaceou s .
Geog rap h i cal d i st r i butio n : Middle East.
636
AGASSIZ (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Baumberge, Westphalia, Germany. Original: Geologisches-F'alaontologisches Museum, Munster, Germany.
Ssrdinius cordier;
n aft er
�_ V IU
Pro bab ly gre gar iou s .
nt rel ati ve s : D i sta ntlry re ; t o recent l izar d fish es of . fam i ly Sy nod ontidae . Sardinius, reconstruction after von der
MARCK.
637
H igher B ony F ish
EUTELE O S TEI
Su, border: Ale pisauroi:� L izard fish el
Order: Aulopiformes Family: Synodontidae
es ---
Synodus saurus (length c. 5 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Origi
nal: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Synodus
B
(}1'E L E OS TEI
Suborder: Alepisauroidei Barracu dinas
°
0
---
--------------------
1 7 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Lestidiops sphyraenoides RIsso (length c.
Genu s : Lestidiops
G RONOV, 1 763.
Highe r Bony Fishes
lopiformes ord �lrYo: Au Paralepi didae fa�l __
H UBBS, 1 9 1 6 .
Sy n o nym s : Xystodus .
Geolog ical ran g e : Pliocene to recent.
G e o l og ical ran g e : Pliocene to recent .
Geograph ical d istri b u ti o n : Europe.
Geog raph ical d i stributi o n : Europe.
Features : M iddle-size d fishes of slender streamli ned outline. Head shallow and elongate. Dorsal fin very posterior i n position . Pecto ral fins elongate and expandin g forwards . Pelvic fins smal l . Cau dal fin forked .
Feat u re s : Small fishes of elongate outline, H ead elongat . Snout pointed , Dorsal fin pointed triang ular, in the anterior halt of the body. Pectoral fins narrow. Poi nts on the ventral surface of the body were pro b ab ly l i g ht o r g an s . R e m a r k s : P ro b a b l y s o l i t a r y f i s h e s which, l i ke their recent relatives, l u rked for prey sup p o rt i n g t h e m se l v e s o n t h e i r pectoral fi n s ,
Rem ark s : Pre dat ors .
Rec e nt re l at i v e s : C l ose ly re lated to recent barra cudi nas of the genus Lestid iop s .
Recent re l atives : Related to re cent lizard fishes of the genus Synodus , Synodus sp. , a lizardfis h.
LestidiopS simi/is , a recent barracudina,
after SMITH.
638
639
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Aulopiformes Family: Paralepididae
Higher Bony Fi she
Sub orde r: Ale pis au ro ide , B arra c u d i n
�
as
-
--
E LEO S TEI
Higher Bony Fishes
A ulop ifo rmes O td �lty'. P a ra lep ididae
Suborder: Al episauroidei B arracudinas
B(Jf .
faJlll .
=-----
PtNascopelus lacertosus SAUVAGE (length c. 2 2 cm) from the Upper Miocene of
Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany.
Ucata, Sicily, Italy. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
G e n u s : Paralepis
Genus : Parascopelus
Paralepis albyi (SAUVAGE) (length c. 23 cm) from the Oligocene of south m France.
CUVIER, 1 8 1 7 .
SAUVAGE,
1 87 3 .
S y n o n y m s : Anapterus , Tydeus .
Geolog ical ran g e : M iocene t o Pliocene .
Geo logical. ran g e : Oligocene to recent .
Geog raph ical d i stri but i o n : E � ! rope .
G e o graphical d i stributi o n : Europe, northern Africa.
Featu res : M i d d le- sized fishes with slender strea m l i ned bod ies . Head elongate. Eyes smal l . Snout pointed . Gape long. Dorsal fin all . ap roxi mately i n the middle of the body. Caudal fin l i ke WIse relatively small and moderately deeply forke d . Rem arks : Pre dat ors .
Feat u re s : Small to middle-sized fishes of very slender ll ongate s h ape . Head long and shallow. Eyes relatively large. Sno u t elon gated to form a short p i ke - l i ke rost ru m . Gape long . C rsal fin smal l ,
in the posterior half of
Sf!l
�
Recent rel ativ es : None. Died out in the Pl iocene .
the body , op posite the small pelvi c fi n s . Pecto ral fins narrow . Caudal fin smal l , deeply forked . R e m a rks : R a p i d l y swi m m i n g predat o rs . R e c e n t re l at i ve s : C l osely re lated to recent barracu d inas of the genus Paralepis .
ud i n Paralepis s p . , a recent ba rrac
a.
Lithograph from CUVIER.
640
64 1
H ighe r B ony F ish
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Aulopiformes F amily: Paralepididae
--
�
--
�
---
Suborder: AI episau roidee� B arracudinas ,
------------
--------
----------
--
Sudis sphecodes (SAUVAGE) (length c. 1 9 cm) from the Upper Miocene of Licata, Sicily, Italy. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Pans, France. Photo: Serette, Paris, France.
G e n u s : Sudis
RAFINESQUE, 1 8 1 0 .
G eo l og i ca l ran g e : M iocene to recent . G e o g raph ical d istr i b u ti o n : Europe, northern Africa. Feat u re s : M id d le-sized fishes with elongate streaml ined b odies. H ead elongate. Eyes smal l . Snout poi nted . Dorsal fin . behind the middle of the body. Pectoral fins fan-shaped . Anal fin el ngate. Pelvic fins smal l . Remarks : Predators .
formes LJ '. . Auc lopiyotringidae "SOtd�fy I h th ...
' dina . Sudis hyalina , a recent barracu
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Ichthyotringoidei
�----------------------------------------
ApateopholiS laniatus (DAVIS) (length c. 31 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Leba non. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Genus: Apateopholis
WOODWARD, 1 890.
Geolog ical ran g e : U pper Cretaceo u s . Geograp hical d istribut i o n : M iddle East. Featu res : Middle-size d fishes of slender outl i n e . Head elongate and shallow. U pper and lower jaws set with small teeth and elong ated to form a rostru m . Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin low, bmad based. Caud al fin deep ly forkeel, with broad lob es .
Rem arks : Predators The . rostru !l1 was pres umab ly used to Itrike prey fro m the sid e. e ce n t r e l ativ es : N o n e . D i ed o ut in the U p per Cretaceou s .
R e c e n t re l at i ve s : C l osely re lated to · recent members of the genus Sudis .
642
· T'1"E L E O STE I
-===:����i
Apa teoph oJis , GOODY.
reco n s t r u ct i o n afte r
643
Higher B ony Fi sh
EUTELEOSTEI
Sub �rder: IchthyotringOi dee�
Order: Aulopiformes Family: Ichthyotringidae
----
Ichthyotringa furcata (AGASSIZ) (length c. 1 5 cm) from the U pper Cretace ous of Bethel, Israel. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Ge many.
LE O STEI
formes Sovrdr� ·EAuiopi eirothricidae t"
faJJl l
lY• Ch .
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Ichthyotringoidei
� -------------------------------------
Cheiro thrix Iibanicus PICTET & HUMBERT (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous
d the Lebanon. Original: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelie, Paris, France. Photo:
Serette, Paris.
G e n u s : Ichthyotringa
COPE, 1 87 8 .
Genus: Cheirothrix
S yn o ny m : Rhinel/us . G e o l o g i ca l ran g e : Upper Cretaceo u s . G e o g rap h i ca l d i stributi o n : E u rope, M id d le East , North A n o rthern Africa.
Geologica l ran g e : U pper Cretaceo u s . erica,
Feat u re s : Smal l to m i d d le-sized fishes of slender s hap . Head s h allow and elongate . U pper and lower jaws extended to form a rostrum . Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin approximately i n the middle of the body. Pectoral fins narrow, o b l i q u e ly fa n - s h a p e d . P e l v i c f i n s smal l . Anal fin low, broad based . Caudal fin forked . R e m arks : Predators . The ros t ru m p re s u m a b l y s e rv e d t o strike prey from the side. R e ce n t r e l at i v e s : None. D i e d out i n t h e U pper Cretaceou s . 644
PICTET & HUMBERT, 1 866.
Synonyms : Chirothrix , Megapus, Megistopuspholis .
Ichthyo tringa, reco n struction after GoODY'
Geograp h ical d i stributio n : M i ddle East, Europe. Featu res : Small fishes with slender bod i e s . H ead elongate and shall ow. Eyes larg e . Gape rat h e r l on g . Pelvic f i n s b road a n d extremely elongat e, w i n g - sh a pe d . Dorsal fin narrow and l o n g , �ry anter ior, oppo site the pelVIC fins . Cau dal fin forked .
Rem arks : " Flyi n g " fish es . R ece nt rela tive s : N o n e . D i ed out in the U pp er Cr eta ceo u s .
;f;J(:,f2 ·�:;'Z�;' �",;: -. , . -.
-<-
"
Cheirothrix , reconstruction after WOODWARD.
645
Hig her B ony Fis he s
EUTELEOSTEI
�
Su bo der : Ich thy otri ng
Order: Aulopiformes Family: Chirothricidae
oi dei
----�----------------------����--------------
Exocoetoides minor DAVIS (length c. 5 em) from the Upper Cretaceous of l e banon.
S��;�� �!!�
Higher Bony Fishes
s Suborder: Ichthyotringoidei Ord e ' hricidae irot Che " ' lY Jll fa ------ --�--�----------------------------
Te/epholis tenuis DAVIS (length e. 1 5 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon . Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U . S . A .
Original: Friekhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Exocoetoides
DAVIS,
1 88 7 .
Geolog ical ran g e : U pper Cretaceous.
Geog raph ical d i stributi o n : Middle East .
Featu res : Small fishes with slender bod ies. H ead elongate and shallow. Snout poi nted . Pectoral fins narrow and very elo gate. Pelvic fins roun ded and expanded . R e m a rks : " Flying" fishes.
R ecent re l atives: Genus extinct. Perhaps distantly related to re cent "flying fishes" of the g e nus Exocoetes .
Genus: Te/epholis
von der MARCK, 1 868 .
Geologi cal ran g e : U pper Cretace ous.
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : Europe , Middle East. Feature s: Small to midd le-size d fishes of slende r shape. H ead elongate and shallow . S nout slightly pOinte d . Pectoral fin s g reatly expan ded . Dorsal fin very posteri or, opposi te the low anal fin . Re marks : Could proba bly "fly" s hort distan ces . Rece nt relative s : None. Died out in the U pper Cretac eous.
. lithO' . Exocoetus vOlitans, a flYing f'ISh . graph from BLOCH.
646
647
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Aulopiformes Family: Cheirothricidae
Higher B ony F is
he Sub�rder: Ichthyotringoid e�
vrE L EO STEIes
'£ d� Aulop iform ofaIt r HlY'.. D ercetidae t'
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Ichthyotringoidei
:.----
{)erCetis triqueter PICTET (length c. 27 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon . Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U . K.
U n named fish (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of H uqhe n den, Queensland, Australia. Original: Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia.
AGASSIZ, 1 834 .
G e n u s : Not named .
Genus: Dercetis
G e o l og i cal range : Lower Cretaceous.
Synonym s : Leptotrachelus , Benthesikyme .
G e o g rap h i ca l d i stributi o n : Australia.
Geological rang e : U pper Cretaceous.
Featu res : Small fishes of s l e n d e r shape. H ead elo nga e and shallow. Pectoral fins strongly expanded into "wi ngs". Pelvic fins very smal l . R e m arks : " Flying" fishes .
Geograph i ca l d i stri buti o n : E u rope, M iddle East . Featu res : Middle-sized fishes with very slender elongate bodies . Head elongate and very shallow. Eyes l arge . U pper and lower jaws prod uced to form a short rostru m . Dorsal fin low ' b road bas ed , a p p rox i m ately i n t h e mid d l e of the body. Pectoral and pelvic fins narrow. Caudal fin m od e rat e l y forke d . B o n y . Si"lIel ds arranged i n rows on the bOdy . Re m ark s : Pre da tor s. c � nt re l ati v e s : N o n e . D i ed t In the U p per Cretac eous.
�
Dercetis, reconstruction after GOODY.
648
649
EUTELEOSTEI
Orde r: Aulo pifo rmes Fam ily: D ercet idae
High er B ony Fish es
Suborder: Ichthyot ringoi d e'1 •
�----------------------------�--------------
---
MARCK (length c. 48 cm) from the Upper Pelargorhyn chus dercetiformis von der
l: Geolog lsch- Palaon tolo glsch es Cretac eous of Sende nhorst , Westp halia. Onglna ny. Museu m, Munst er, Germa
G e n u s : Pelargorhynchus
Suborder: Ichthyotringoidei
----
Rhynchodercetis hakelensis PICTET & HUMBERT (length c . 32 cm) from the Upper eretaceous of Lebanon. Onglnal: Naturhlstonsches Museum, Vienna, Austria.
ARAMBOURG , 1 94 4 .
Geological rang e : U pper Cretaceous. Geograp h i cal d i st r i b u ti o n : Europe, M i d d l e East.
ate , very narrow bodie s. F e at u r e s : Midd le-siz ed fishe s with elong and low� r jaws le.ngth e ed to Head elong ate and shal low . U pper e mate ly I n the midd le of t form a rostr u m . D orsal fin appr oxi In ged arran s shield ed . Bony body . Caud al fin stalk ed and u nfork rowS on the body.
�
U pper Cretaceo uS . R e c e nt relati ves : None . Died out in the
Higher B ony Fishes
ulo piformes , ae o rd er: A erc ehd D : f aJll i1Y
Gen us: Rhynchodercetis
von der M AR eK , 1 85 8 .
G e ol o g i cal ran g e : U pper Cretaceou s . G e og rap h i ca l d i stri butio n : Euro pe.
R e m arks: Predators .
£vrELE OSTEI
Features : M iddle-sized fishes of very slender shape. Head elon gate and � hallow. Upper and lower jaws lengthened to form a tru m , wl h u pper ja � projecting o n ly slightly beyond the lower. . �al f! n In the anterior half of the body , o pposite the small
�
�
pelVI C fi n s . Anal fin l i ke w i s e small . Cauda l fin forked ' with relatively narrow lob es . Re m ar ks : Pr ed at ors .
R ec � n t rela t i v e s : N o n e . O li ed out In the Upp er Cretaceo us.
"> . 4�jHJml �wzr73J Xl ?
=
Rhyn chodercetis, reconstruction after
GOODY.
651
Suborder: Ich thyottin g o' de' el� Hi gher Bo ny Fis
EUTELE O STEI
Order: Aulopiformes Family: Cimolichthyidae
1
•
---
Cimolichthys nepaholica (COPE) (length c. 1 47 cm) from the Upper Cret Kansas, U . S.A. Original: Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas, U
- e ous
A.
[}1'E L E O S
TEI
Higher Bony Fishes
lop ifor Il;le � rd er' lY: ' Au OfaJlll lepldldae p no o ri '
Suborder: Ichthyotringoidei
::.----
01 PItJnO/epis cataphractus (PICTET & HUMBERT) (length c. 2 1 cm) from the Upper Creta ceous of Lebanon. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Cimo/ichthys
LEIDY,
Genus: Priono/epis
1 85 7 .
EGERTON, 1 850.
S y n o n ym : Empo .
Synonym : Aspidop/eurus .
Geolog i ca l range : U pper Cretaceous to Paleocen e .
Geological ran g e : Upper Cretaceous .
G e o g ra p h i cal d i st r i b u t i o n : Nort h America, S o u t h Am el va, ro pe, northern Africa.
Eu
Featu res : Large fishes of slender streaml ined shape. He 1 shal low and relatively fong . Snout pointed . Upper and lower laws set with sharp teeth. On the back a row of large bony sh elds ex
along tends from the head to the dorsal fin . Smaller bony shi l31 d, forke the lateral line. Caudal fin disproportionately larg e , dee ply with narrow l o bes . Re marks : Predators .
Geographical d i stributi o n : E u rope , M iddle East.
Feature s : Middle-siz ed fishes of s lender shape. H ead elongate and � hallow. Gape rather long . D o rsal fin b road based , in the antenor half of the body . Anal fin likewise b roadbased . Caudal fin forked . Serrated sca les arran ge d in rows .
Rem a rks: Pro bab ly pre dat ors . Rec ent rela tiv e s : N o n e . Died out in the Up pe r C retac eo us .
Recent rel atives : None. Died o ut in the Paleocene.
Prionolepis, reconstruction after GOODY.
652
65 3
Hi gh er B ony Fish e s
EUTELEOSTE I
Order: Myctophiformes Family: Sardinioididae
{]'fEL E OS TE I
Higher Bony Fishes
�d
r: l\1yctophiformes ���lY: l\1yctophidae _ :.----
Lan tern fishes
Sardinioides monasterii AGASSIZ (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Upper Cretareous of Sendenhorst, Westphalia, Germany. Original: Geologisch-Palaontologische useum, M unster, Westphalia, Germany.
Ceratoscopelus maderensis LOWE (length c . 8 cm) from the Plioce ne of Fiume Marecch ia, Italy. Origina l: Museo Civico di Storia Natura le, Verona, Italy.
G en u s : Sardinioides
Genus : Ceratoscopelus
von der MARCK, 1 85 8 .
G e o l og i ca l ran g e : U pper Cretaceo u s . G eog rap h i ca l d i stributio n : Europe, Middle East.
Featu res: S mall to m iddle-sized fis hes with rather lateral ly com pressed bodies. H ead short and deep. Eyes large. Gape long, directed upward s . Dorsal fin in the middle of the body . Pelvic fins very anterior in positio n , almost v e rt i c a l l y b e n e a t h t h e s m a l l pectoral fins. Caudal fin forked , with broad lobes . Body cov ered with large scales . R e ma rks : Probably predators . Recent re l atives: N o n e . D ied out in the Up per Cretaceous.
Sardinioides , reconstructio n after
PATTERSON.
654
GUNTHER 1 864 . Geolo g ical ran g e : Pl iocen e to recen t. Geog raph ical d istrib ution : Euro pe .
�
Featu res: Sm 1I fishe s of slend er shap e. Head deep . Eyes larg e . Gape l o n g , d i recte d u pwar ds . D o rsal fin i n t h e m i d d l e of t h e body, opposite the smal l a n d narro w pelvic fins . Anal fin broa d bas ed . Pe cto ral f i n s n a r ro w . Caudal fin de ep ly for ke d .
R e m a rks : P ro b ab l y a l re a d y posses sed ligh t organ s . ec e nt relat i v es : Closely r e ad t o recent lan ter n fis he s of the genu s Ceratoscopelus .
�
Ceratoscopelus warmingii, a recent lan ternfish (after SMITH).
655
Higher B ony
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Myctophiformes Family: Myctoph idae
Fi s hes
Lanternf i s he s
__ __ -� __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ � __
---
Dactylopogon grandis von der MARCK (length c. 44 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous
vtE L E O S TEI
iformes d Myctoph e � tophida Myc r lY""__ o fa�l £
t'
"
---
Higher Bony Fishes
Lanternfishes
=__ __ ---__ __ __ __ __ __ __ ---------
Eomyctophum koraense DANILTCHENKO (length c. 5 cm) from the Oligocene ot Geor gia. Original: PaJeontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow, Russia.
. . of Sendenhorst, Westphalia, Germany. Original: Geologlsch - Palaontologlsches Mu seum, Munster, Germany.
G e n u s : Oacty/opogon
von der MARCK, 1 86 8 .
Genus : Eomyctophum
DANILTCHENKO 1 94 7 .
Geolog i cal rang e : U pper Cretaceous .
Geolog i cal ran g e : Ol ig;ocene to M iocene.
Geog raph ical d i stributi o n : Europe .
Geograph i cal d i stri buti o n : Western and eastern Europe, western As ia.
F e at u re s : M i d d le-s ized fishes with rather laterally compres s ed b o d i e s . Head short and d e e p . Gape lo n g , d i rected up wards. Dorsal fin trian gular, approximately i n the middle of the body. Pectoral fins un usually large, 10nQl and narrow. Pelvic fins sm all.
Anal fin with a p o i nt anteriorly, becoming. lower posteriorly . Cau dal fin forked, with relatively narrow lobes .
R e m a rks : Probably predators . Recent rel'atives : None. Died out in the Upper Cretaceous .
Featu res : Smal l sized fishes of so mewhat laterally compressed shape. Head s h o rt and relatively dee p . S n o ut rou n ded . Gape on g Dorsal fin approxi mately In the middle of the body. Pec toral and pelvic fins smal l . Anal fin larger. Lig ht o rgar.s prob ably p resent . R e m a r k s : P ro b a b l y fed o n sm all org a nis m s . ce n t re l atives : Genu s extinc t. Sely rela ted to rec ent lan te m hes of the gen us Mycto Ph u
�
��
656
,
��
a receni lanternfi s h . Lithograph from BLE KER.
Myc tophum sp.
657
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Myctophiformes Family: Myctophidae
Higher Bony Fi she s Lan tern fi s h
es ---
HakeJia Ja ticauda (PICTET) (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Le banon. Original: American Museum of Natural History, New York, N . Y . , U . S.A.
G e n u s : Hakelia
WOODWARD , 1 942 .
£
lJ'fEL EOST EI d
r
Myctop hifo rme s phid ae ?:Il1�l Y: M yc to ..
--
Higher Bony Fishes Lanternftshes
Hygophum sp. (length c. 5 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Hygophum
BOLIN , 1 939.
Geological ran g e : Up per Cretaceous .
Geological ran g e : Pliocene.
Geograph ical d istri b ut io n : M i ddle East .
Geographical distributi o n : Europe .
deepl,y forked .
eatures: Small fishes of slender shape. H ead deep. Eyes rela t IVel y large . Snout produced , pointed. Gape rather long, directed UPwards. Dorsal fin approxi mately in the m i d d l e of the body. Caudal fin forke d .
R e m arks : Probably fed on small organ isms .
Remarks: Probably predators .
Recent relative s : Genus extinct. Distantly related to oth er l ante rn fishes of the family Myctoph idae.
Recent re lative s : C l osely re lated to recent lantern fishes of th e gen us Hygophum .
Sno � t Feat u re s : Small fishes with slender bodies. Head elongat pro xI ap , l smal fin pointed . Gape long, d i rected u pward s . Dorsal .i n u n usual ly large, f mately in the m id dle of the body. Caudal
�
Hygophum hygomii, a recent lantemfish, after SMITH.
658
659
H ighe r B ony Fish es
EUTE L E O STEI
Order: Myctophiformes Family: Myctophidae
L anternfis es
--
a, U . S .A Lampanyctus sp. (length c. 6 cm) from the Miocene of Californi American Museum of Natural History, New York, N .Y. , U . S.A.
G e n u s : Lampanyctus
riginal:
BONAPARTE, 1 840.
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : M i ocene to recent .
a, Europe . Geog rap h i cal d i stribut i o n : New Zealan d , North Americ short and deep. Feat u res : Small fishes of slende r shape . H ead l e of t he body, d d i m the n i Eyes larg e . Gape l o n g . Dorsa l fin bly rather fnngeproba and o b l i q uely oppos ite the somew hat larger l i ke anal fin .
R e m a r ks : P r o b a b l y sma'" organisms .
fed
on
R e c e n t r e l at i v e s : C l osely re lated to recent lantern fishes of the genus Lampanyctus.
Higher Bony Fishes
ormes Myctophif order: phidae ycto M faJXlily:
Lanternfishes
---
Leptosomus e/ongatus von der MARCK (length c. 8 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Sendenhorst, Westphalia, Germany. Original: Geologisch-Palaontorogisches Museum, MOnster, Germany.
Genus: Leptosomus
AGASSIZ,
1 846.
Synonym : Cassandra . Geological ran g e : U pper Cretaceous. Geog raph ical d i stributio n : E u rope, Asia . Features: S m a l l fishes o f s l e n d e r shape. H ead elongate. Snout pointed . Gape long. Dors al fin t riangu lar, i n the anterior half of the body. Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l , set c l ose together. Anal fin low . Caud al fin deep ly forked . Rem arks : Pre dat ors . R ece nt relat ives : Genu s extin ct . Closely relate d to recen t lan te"!'l fis hes of the fam i ly Myct o P h l d ae .
n Lampanyctus aJatus , a recen t lanter fish, after SMITH.
660
gVTE L E OSTE I
Leptosomus, reconstruction after PICTET & HUMBERT.
661
High er B o ny Fi sh e s
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Myctophiformes Family: Myctophidae
Lant ernfishes
--
Nematonotus longispinus PICTET & HUMBERT (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Uppe
Creta
ceous of Lebanon. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Gen u s : Nematonotus
WOODWARD , 1 899 .
Geolog i cal ran g e : Upper Cretaceo us. Geog raphical d i stributi o n : Middle East . Featu res: S mall to middle-sized fishes with rather laterallv com pressed bodies . H ead short and deep . Eyes large . Ga e long , . directed upwards. Dorsal fin slight ly anterior to t h e middle of the body, with the first fin ray elon gated to form a spine. Pectoral fi ns e lo n g ate, l i kewise with a project i n g fi rst fi n ray . Pelvic and anal fins smal l .
S trfE L E O STEI
ctophiformes orJl1.derily:: My Myctophida e fa ---
Higher B ony Fishes
Lanternfishes
Nyctophus vexiJlifer (length c. 4 cm) from the Miocene of Forli, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan, Italy.
Genus: Nyctophus
Cocco, 1 82 9 .
Geolo gical ran g e : M iocen e to Plioce ne. Geog raph ical d istribu tion : Europ e, north
ern Africa . Featu res: Smal l fishes of s lende r shap e . Head elong ate . Snou t rounded . Dorsa l fin in the midd le of the body , oppo site the pelvic fins . Cau dal fin forked . Rem arks: Prob ably fed on sma ll orga n isms . Re ent relati ves : Dista ntly relate d to recen t lanter n fishes of the fa mi ly My ct op h i d ae .
�
Remarks: Predators . Recent relatives: N o n e . D ied out i n the U p per Cretaceous .
662
N Nematonotus , reconstruction aft er ROSE & PATIERSON.
663
EUTELEOSTEI
Higher Bony Fi sh e s
Order: Myctophiformes Family: Myctophidae
Lantern fi s hes ----
c v r E L EO STEI
tophiformes Pord�t'' . MMycycto phidae fam1lY
Higher Bony Fishes
----
Lanternfishes
. -----� -----------------
Opistopteryx gracilis PICTET & HUMBERT (length c, 1 2 cm) from the Upper Cretac eous of Lebanon, Original: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, D,C" U , S .A
Tachynectes longipes von der MARCK (length c, 27 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Sendenhorst, Westphalia, Germany, Original: Geologisch-Palaontologisches Mu seum, Munster, Germany,
G e n u s : Opistopteryx
Genus: Tachynectes
WOODWARD , 1 90 1 ,
von der MARCK, 1 86 3 ,
G e o l o g i ca l ran g e : U p per Cretaceou s ,
Geological ran g e : U p p e r Cretaceous ,
G e o g ra p h i ca l d istri buti o n : M iddle East.
Geographica l d i stributi o n : E u rope,
F e atu res : S m a l l fis h es of very s l e n d e r shape , H ead e longate, Eyes large, Gape rather lo n g , Dorsal fi n approxi mately In the m i d d l e of the body, Pelvic and pectoral fins long and na rrow, Anal fin broad - based , Caudal fin deeply forke d , with narrow lobes .
Featu res : M id d le-si,z ed fishes of slender shape. H ead elongate . Snout rounded l i ke a pike. Dorsal fin approxi mately i n the middle of the body. Pectoral fins u n usually large , broad and rounded. Caudal fin forke d .
R e m arks : Probably predators,
R ecent relative s : None. D ied o u t i n the U pper Cretaceous,
Re m arks : Probably bottom-dwelling fishes which l urked , waiting for prey, supported on their pectoral fi n s .
R ecent relatives: Genus extill1ct. D i stantly related to recent lan terrl fishes of the fam i ly Mycto phidae, Opis top teryx, reconstruction aft er PlcrET & HUMBERT,
664
665
Higher Bony Fish s
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Pattersonichthyiformes Family: Pattersonichthyidae
--
EOS TEI EVTEL Pattersonichthyi formes d
Higher Bony Fishes
er: f Jlli lY: Pa ttersonichthyidae o
:
---
GAUDANT (length c. 4.5 cm) from the Upper Cretaceo us of Lebanon. Original: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
Pattersonichthys de/icatus
G e n u s : Humilichthys
Genus: Pattersonichthys
Humi/ichthys orienta/is
GAUDANT, 1 978.
GOODY (length c. 4 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon, Original: American Museum of Natural History, New York, N . Y . , U . S .A.
GOODY, 1 969.
G e o l o g i c a l ran g e : U pper C retaceou s .
Geolog i cal ran g e : Upper Cretaceous ,
Geographical d istri but io n : Middle East .
Geograph ical d i stributio n : Middle East.
Featu re s : Very small fishes with slender bodies. Head elon gate. Eyes large. Dorsal fin approximately i n the middle of the body, narrow and stri k i n g ly lon g , obliquely opposite the anal fi n . Pecto ral fins fan -shaped . Pelvic fins long and l i kewise fan -shaped.
Features : Small fishes with slender bodies , Head elongate , Eyes lar� e. Gape lo n g , D orsal fi n in t h e ante ri o r half of the body, pOinted t riang u l ar . Pectora l fi n s narrow, with the very n arrow pelvic fi ns immedia tely beh ind them , Anal fin triang u lar, Caudal fin forked ,
Caudal fin s l ightly forked , with broad lobes.
Rem a rks : P roba bly co ral - reef fis hes .
R e m a rks : Probably co ral - reef fish e s . R e c e n t re l atives : N o n e . D ied out in the Cretaceous.
,,, ��f;lJ:1
Humi/ichthys, reconstruction after GAUDANT.
666
Recent re l ati ve s : N o n e , Died out in the Up pe r Cretaceou s ,
Pattersonichthys , reconstruction after GOODY.
667
Highe r Bony Fish e s
EUTE LEOSTEI
Order: Pattersonichthyiformes Family: Pattersonichthyidae
. . -------�--------------------------�---------------
e, 5 em) from the Upper Cretaceo s of Lebanon, Original: Museum Natiol'lal d 'Histoire Naturelle, Pans, France, Photo graph: Serette, Paris,
�formes £���Z����� rissidae oth r FOaJl\l'Iy'' Cten
Higher Bony Fishes
-------�--
Phoenicolepis arcuatus GAUDANT (length
Ctenothrissa vexillifer PICTET (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Leba
non. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany,
G e n u s : Phoenico/epis
GAUDANT,
Gen u s : Ctenothrissa
1 978.
WOODWARD, 1 899.
Geo l og i cal rang e : U pper Cretaceous .
Synonym : Aeothrissa .
Geographi cal d i stribut i o n : M id dle East.
Geolog ical ran g e : Upper Cretaceous ,
Feature s : Small fishes of squat shape . Head deep. Eyes large. Snout rou nded . Gape rather long . Dorsal fin i nserted ante-i or to the m i d d le of the body, narrow and stri kingly long. Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l . Anal fi n somewhat longer. Caudal fin fo rked .
Geograph ical d i stri buti o n : Europe , M iddle East.
R e m a r k s : Probably coral - reef fishes, Recent re l ative s : N o n e . D i e d o u t in t h e Upper Cretaceous .
R e m arks : Pro b a b ly cora l - reef fiSh es . Re cen t relat ive s : N o n e . D i ed out in the U pper Cretaceous. Phoen icolepi s ,
GAYET,
668
Feature s : Small fishes of laterally compressed shape. Head deep , Eyes large. Snout pointed . Dorsal fin i n the m i ddle of the body, very b road- based , expa n d e d l i ke a fan . Pectoral fi n s very smal l . Pelvic fins long and nar row . Anal fin b road and low. Caudal fin rather deeply forked .
rec o n st ru cti o n
aft e r
Ctenothrissa, reconstruction after
PATTERSON.
669
Higher B o ny Fis he s
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Ctenothriss iformes Family: Ctenothrissidae
--
�vrE LEOS TE I Na� ed. d er: N ot �yidae ccomcht M : �:JJlilY
---
Higher Bony Fishes
_
Mcconichthys longipinnis GRANDE (length c. 33 cm) from the Paleocene of Montana ' U.S.A. Original: Field Museum of N atural History, Chicago, Illinois, U . S . A . Heterothrissa signeuxae GAUDANT (length c. 5.5 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon . Original: Museum N ational d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
G e n u s : Heterothrissa
GAUDANT, 1 97 8 .
Genus: Mcconichthys
GRANDE, 1 988 .
Geological rang e : U p per Cretaceous.
Geologic al ran g e : Paleoce n e .
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : Middle East.
Geograp h ical d istributi o n : North Americ a.
Featu res: Small fishes with bodies deeper anteriorly than posteri orly . Head deep . Eyes larg e . G ape short . Dorsal fin be inning slightly anterior to the middle of the body, tall and arcuatt: . Anal
Featu res : Middle- sized fishes of slender shap e . Head shallow . Eyes large. Snout pointed . Gape rather long. Dorsal fin low trian gu ar, in the m iddle of the body, i mmedia tely behind the highest point of the bac k . Pelv ic and pect o ral f i n s c l ose t o g et her. Ana l f i n rou n d ed . Cau dal f i n rathe r deep ly forked . Rem arks : Pro bab ly fed , at leas t Part ly , on � plants . Re c� nt rel ati ve s : N o n e . out I n the Paleo cene .
f i n l a rg e , p O i n t ed t r i an g u l a r. Pectoral fi ns smal l , fan -shaped . Pelvic fins l i kewise fan-shaped and . stri kingly large. Caudal fin forke d .
�
r��
Remarks: Probably g regarious . R e c e n t re l at i v e s : N o n e . D i e d out in t h e Cretaceous. GAYfl' · Heterothrissa, reconstruction an er
Mcconich thys ,
rec o n s t r u c t i o n after
GRANDE.
670
671
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Percopsiformes Family: Sphenocephalidae
Higher Bony Fi he
Suborder: Sphenocepha sl o id esi
£ VTE L
E OS!E I
psIformes dleC' : PPerco psidae erco ?:JX iIY
Higher Bony Fishes
---
Suborder: Percopsoidei Trout Perches
Sphenocephalus fissicaudus (AGASSIZ) (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Upper Cr�_t ceous
Libotonius pearsoni WILSON (length c. 3 cm) from the Eocene of Washington State,
G e n u s : Sphenocepha/us
Genus: Libotonius
of Baum berge, Westphalia, Germany, Original : Bayerische Staatssamm ung fUr Palaontologie, Mu nich, Germany.
AGASSIZ , 1 838.
U,S.A. Original: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
WILSON, 1 97 7 .
G e o l o g ical range : U pper Cretaceous .
Geologi cal rang e : Eocene .
G eo g rap hi ca l d i stribu t i o n : Europe .
Geograp h ical d i st r i b ut i o n : North America .
Features: Small fishes of laterally compressed shape . H ead deep. Eyes larg e . Gape rather l on g . A horn - l i ke spine m i d -dorsal ly at t h e posterior end of t h e head . Dorsal fin approxi mat ely i n the m i d d le of the body, tall anteriorly but decreasi n g i n hei ght poste riorly. Pectoral fins very smal l , close t o t h e fan -shaped pelvic fi ns. Anal fi n broad - based , de creasing in height posteriorly . Caudal fin rather concave pos teriorlY ·
Featu res : Very small fishes of slender shape. H ead rather deep . Gape not very lon g . Dorsal fin obtusely triang u lar, slightly ante rior to the m i d d le of the body. Pectora l and pelvic fins close toget her. Anal fin triangula r, oblique ly opposit e the dorsal fin . Rem arks : Fres h-w ater fishe s. Rece n t relati ve s : None . Died out in Eoce ne .
R e marks : F resh-wat er preda t o rs .
R ecent r e l ative s : N o n e . Died out i n the Eocene. Spnenocepha lus, PAlTERSON .
672
recon st ru
-
t'10 n after
673
Higher Bony Fis hes
EUTELEOSTEI
Suborder: Aphredo dero i d . el P.Irate Pe rc h es
Order: Percopsiformes Family: Aphredoderidae
--
AmphipJaga brachyptera COPE (length c . 7 cm) from the Eocene of Wyoming U.S.A. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P61 236).
G e n u s : Amphip/aga
C OPE ,
1 87 7 .
LEOS!EI etrfE' Per copsd orme s de!
?:IIlilY: Aphredoderidae
---
Higher Bony Fishe s
Suborder: Aphredoderoidei Pirate Perches
Asineops squamifrons COPE (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Wyoming, U.S.A. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Genus: Asineops
COPE, 1 87 0 .
Geolog ical ra n g e : Middle Eocene .
Geological rang e : M iddle Eocene.
G eog raph ical d istributi o n : North Ameri ca.
Geographical di stri b u t i o n : North America .
Featu res : Small fishes of slender shape. Head elongate Eyes larg e . Gape rather long . Dorsal fin slightly ante rior to the ':1iddle of the body, relatively tall and rou nded . Pectoral and pelvIc fins
Features : Small fishes with laterally compressed bod ies . H ead deep. Eyes larg e . Gape rather l o n g . Dorsal fin rounded , with nine spines anterior to it . Anal fin b road and rou nded . Pectoral and pelvic fins close together. Caudal fin not forke d , ro unded .
c lose toget her. Anal fi n long and rounded . Caudal fin e m a rg i nate .
R e m arks : Fresh-water fishes.
Remarks : Fresh-water fishes .
Recent rel atives : Genus extinct. Probably related to the recent pirate perch Aphredoderus .
Recent relatives : N o n e . D ied out in Eocene.
AmphipJaga , reconstruction after GRANDE.
674
eeply
Aphredoderus sayanus, the recent pi rate perc h .
675
Higher B ony F i sh
EUTELEOSTEI
es Subord Aphred er: od e r O i d . P·Irate Perch esel.
Order: Percopsiformes Family: Aphredoderidae
----
Erismatopterus /evatus (COPE) (length c. 7 cm) from the Eocene of Wyoming . U.S.A. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
G e n u s : Erismatopterus
£ VTE LEO S !EI
Suborder: Aphredoderoidei Pirate Perches
---
Trichophanes foliarum (COPE) (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Oligocene of Florissant, Colorado, U . S.A. Original': Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U .S.A.
Genus: Trichophanes
COPE, 1 87 1 .
Higher B ony Fishes
rderY: :PercopsIformes �JJlil Aphredoderidae
COPE, 1 87 2 .
Geological rang e : M i ddle Eocen e .
Geological ran g e : Ol igocene t o M iocene .
Geog rap h i cal d i stribution : North America.
Geograph ical d i stribution : North America.
Featu re s : Small fishes of slender shape. H ead elongate Eyes larg e . Snout pointed . Dorsal fin slig htly anterior to the mid Ie of the body, relatively tall and rou nded . Anal fin broad and r unded. Pectoral and pelvic fins close together. Caudal fi n deeply lo rked.
Featu res : Small fishes of slender s hape . H ead elongate. Gape ra her long . Dorsal fin obtusely trian g u lar, approximate ly i n the middle of the body. Anal fin smal l . Pectoral and pelvic fins close together. Caudal fin emarg inate.
R e ma rks : Fresh-water fishes.
Rema rks: Fresh -wate r fishes . Rece n t relat ives : None . D i ed out in the M ioc ene .
Recent r e l at ives : N o n e . Died out i n Eocene.
Erisma topterus, reconstr UCtio n ROSEN & PATIERSON .
676
aft er
�
Trichophanes, reconstruction after ROSEN & PATIERSON.
677
Higher B ony Fi sh e s
EUTELEOSTEI
Su border: Gado idei Flatnose Co
Order: Gadiformes Family: Moridae
s
--
Gadella sp. (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Gadella
LOWE, 1 843 .
EVTE LE
Higher Bony Fishes
O STEI
diformes deC" :GaBregm acerotidae
Suborder: Gadoidei Codlets
�:JIlilY
---
Bregmaceros a/byi (SAUVAGE) (length c. 7 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Genus : Bregmaceros
THOMPSON , 1 840.
G e o l o g i ca l rang e : Pl iocene to recent.
Synony m : Podopteryx.
G e o g ra p h i ca l d istri b utio n : Europe .
Geological ran g e : Eocene to recent .
Featu res : Small fishes of slender s h ape. H ead deep . Eyes large . Snout rou nded . Gape rather long . T h ree dorsal fi n s , the most posterior of which is somewhat fringe- l i ke , resembling the bipar tite anal fin opposite . Pelvic fins situated on the throat. ectoral fin s narrow. Caudal fin s l ightly forked .
Geographica l d i stribution : New Zealand , North America, Europe, western Asia, northern Africa.
R e m arks : G regariou s . R e c e n t re l at i ve s : C l osely re lated to recent members of the g e n u s Gade/la .
: :
Gadel/a sp., a recent cod let. Lithog raph from BLOCH.
678
Feature s : Small fishes of slender s h a p e . H ead shal low. Eyes large . Snout p oi nted . Anterior dorsal fin consists of one ray on the post e r i o r p a rt of t h e h ea d . P o s t e r i o r d o rs a l f i n fri ng e - l i ke . Pectoral f i n s v e ry lo n g . Caudal f i n not fo rke d , ro u nde d . e m arks : Fed on sma ll orga n -
ms.
e ce nt r e l a t i v e s : C lose ly re-
g tad to rec ent cod lets of the en u s B regmaceros .
Bregmaceros at/anticus, the recent antenna cod Ie!, after NELSON.
679
Higher Bony Fis he s
EUTELEOSTEI
Su b ord er: Ga do i d e i C o d le ts
Order: Gadiformes Family: Bregmatocerotidae
--
(SMIRNOV) (length c . 1 1 cm) from the Lower Miocen . of the northern Caucasus, C . I . S . Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademll Nauk, Moscow, Russia.
Bregmacerina antiqua
G e n u s : Bregmacerina
DANILTCHENKO,
1 95 7 .
£OTELE OS TE I
G a di!ormes order: adI dae fattti l y: G
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Gadoidei Cods
--
Gadus sp. (length c. 18 em) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada.
Genus : Gadus
LINNAEUS, 1 75 8 .
G e o l o g i cal rang e : M iocene.
Synonym : Morhus .
Geograp h i cal d istri buti o n : Western and eastern Europe.
Geological rang e : Paleocene to recent.
F e atu res : Small fishes of slender shape. H ead s h a l low Eyes larg e . Snout pOi nted . Posterior dorsal fin an u pwardly rcuate fringe extending al most the whole lengt h of the back. A nteri?r nal fin dorsal fin a single ray on the posterior part of the head . fri n g e - l i ke and s i m i l a r to t h e p o s t e r i o r d o r s a l fi n . Pectoral, and pelvic fins relatively lo n g . Caudal f i n not forked , roun d ed . R e m a rk s : P ro b a b l y fed s m a l l organisms.
on
Featu res : M iddle-sized fishes of slender shape. Head shallow, conic al. Eyes larg e . Snout poi nted . Three dorsal fins, the first being pOinted and the other two low and rou nded . Two anal fi ns. Pectoral and pelvic fin s smal l , c l ose t o g e t h e r . C a u d a l f i n slig htly forked . Re ma rks : Pre da tors .
Re cen t r e l ati v e s : C l ose ly re to recent cod s of the ge n u s Gadu s.
lated
R ecent relatives: Genus extinct. Possibly related to recent cod lets of the genus Bregmaceros.
Bregmaeerina , reconstructi r after DANILCHENKO.
680
Geographical d i stributi o n : Europe, Australia, Greenland .
Gadus morhua , the cod. Lithograph from BLOCH.
681
Highe r B ony Fis h e s
EUTELEOSTEI
Suborder: Gadoi dei . Cod s
Order: Gadiformes Family: Gadidae
£ VTE L EOSTEI
------
---
Lota sp. (length c. 25 cm) from the Pleistocene of Munster-Brehloh, Lower Saxony, Germany. Original: Stbbener Collection, Staufenberg, Germany.
Micromesistius poutassou
G e n u s : Lota
OKEN, 1 8 1 7 .
Higher Bony Fishes
rmes rdeilYr: :GGaadifo didae �aJl\
Suborder: Gadoidei Cods
RISSO (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Micromesistius
Gill, 1 864 .
Geolog ical ran g e : Pliocene to recent.
Geological ran g e : Pliocene to recent.
G e o g ra p h i ca l d i stri b ut i o n : Europe.
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : Europe .
F e at u r e s : M i d d l e -s ized fishes of elongate slender s hape . Head long and shallow. Eyes s m al l . Gape long . First dorsal fin small. Second dorsat fi n fringe-l i ke . Anal fin l i kewise fringe-like. Pectoral fins rounded . Pelvic fins fan-shape d , anterior to the pectoral fins. Caudal fin rounded .
Featu res: M i d d le-sized fi shes of slender shape. Head shallow. Eyes large . Snout pointed . G ape long . Fi rst and second dorsal fins acute-trian g u lar. Th i rd d orsall fin rou n d ed , l i ke the anal fin opposite whose second part has a broad base . Pelvic fins much reduced, located on the throat . Pecto ral fins poi nted . Cauda l fin emarg inat e .
Remarks: Predators . Recent re l at iv e s : Related to the recent bu rbot Lota Iota .
Rema rks: G regario u s . Rec ent re l ativ e s : C l ose ly re lated to the recen t cod's of the gen u s Micromesis tius w h i c h l ive s i n e normous s oals in no rt hern seas.
h
Lata Iota , the recernt burbot Lit h og raph from BLOCH.
682
Micromesistius poutassou, a cod .
683
Higher B ony Fi sh es
EUTELEOSTEI
Sub order: Gad o id ei
Order: Gadiformes Family: Gadidae
e O ds
-------
Nemopteryx crassus (AGASSIz) (length c. 27 cm) from the Lower Oligocene o · Glarus, Switzerland. Original: British Museum (Natural History), London, U . K.(P 1 5361 ).
G e n u s : Nemopteryx
RATH, 1 859.
Synonym s : Lotimorpha, Megalolepis, Palaeobrosmius Geolog ical rang e : Eocene to M iocene . G e o g raph i ca l d istribution : Europe , western Asia. Feat u re s : M i d d l e - s ized fishes of slender shape . Head s hallow. Snout poi nted . Dorsal fin fri n g e - l i ke . Pectoral and pelvic fins relatively long . Anal fi n l i kewise fri nge - l i ke . Pectoral a nd pelvic fi ns close together. Caudal fin not forked , rou nded . R e m a rks : Nerhopteryx is sometimes considere d a syn o nym of
Palaeogadus .
t; VT
E LE O STE I
rdet.ly.: GGaadifdiormes ofa� dae l .
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Gadoidei eods
=-----
---------------------__
Qnobrosmius oligocenicus (BoGATCHov) (length c. 5 cm) from the Lower Miocene of the northern Caucasus, C. I.S. Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow, Russia.
Genus: Onobrosmius
BOGATCHOV, 1 938.
Geological rang e : M i ocene to Pliocene. Geograp h i cal d i stri butio n : Western and eastern Europe, western
Asia.
Featu res : Small fishes of slender shape. H ead rather dee p . Snout pointed . Gape not very l ong . Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin a low fri nge beginning in the anterior half of the body. Caudal fi n not forked . Remarks : Probably fed on small organ isms. Recent relatives : None. Died out i n the Plioce n e .
Recent relatives : Genus extinct . D istantly related to re cent cods.
684
685
H igher Bo ny Fish es Subord er
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Gadiformes Family: Gadidae
.
: Gad oid ei COds
---
Palaeogadus intergerinus DANILTCHENKO (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of the northern Caucasus, C . I .S. Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Rucckoi kademii Nauk, Moscow, Russia.
Gen u s : Palaeogadus
RATH , 1 859 .
S y n o n ym s : Lotimorpha , Megalolepis, Palaeobrosmius, Pseu olota,
Ruppelianus . G eo l og ica l range : Eocene to Ol igocen e . G e o g rap h i cal d istr i buti o n : Western a n d eastern Europe . Features : Small to middle-sized fishes . H ead shallow. Eyes large. Snout pointed . Anterior d o rsal fin s h o rt . Poste rior d o rsal fin fri n g e - l i ke . Anal fin l i ke w i s e fringe-like. Caudal fin elongate, not forked . R e m a r k s : P r o b a b l y fed small org an i s m s .
on
Recent relatives : G e n u s exti nct . Related to recent cods of the genus Gadus ,
Palaeogadus, reconstruction after DANILTCHENKO.
686
£VTEL EOSTEI
Higher B ony Fishes
Ga diformes tdet: ofaIll l'Iy' G ad idae '
Suborder: Gadoidei Cods
------- ----------�------------------------
Pa/aeOmo/va monstrata FEDOTOV (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Miocen e of the caucasus. Onglnal : Pa.leont ologlche skii Muzei Russkoi Academ ii Nauk Moscow , ' Russia (Bannikov Collection).
Genus: Palaeo molva
DANILTCHENKO ,
1 94 7 .
Geolog ical rang e : Lower M iocene . Geogr ap h ical d istribu t io n : West ern and easte rn Europ e . Fe�tures : Smal l fishes of slend er shape . H ead shallo w. Snou t pointed. Dorsa l fin i n two parts , fringe -like. Anal fi n l i kewis e fri nge Hke. Caudal fin not forked , roun ded.
R e m arks : P r o b a b l y fed small org anis ms .
�
on
ent rela tive s : Gen us ext i nct . relat ed to rece nt :t.. _ ,- S of if a\e the ge nu s Molva .
�rtheless
Molva molva, a recent hake. Lithograph from BLOCH.
687
H igher Bo ny F i sh e s
EUTELE O STEI
Suborder: G ad o id ei
Order: Gadiformes Family: Gadidae
CO ds ------
VTE L E O STE
I
rmes ad ifolucciidae E Ofatmd�llt"Y'. GMer _
---
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Gadoidei Merlucoid Hakes
.
MerluCCius errans (SMIRNOV) (length c. 19 cm) from the Oligocene of the Caucasus.
OrIg inal: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P22036).
Pseudoraniceps sagus FEDOTOV (length c. 8 . 5 em) from the Upper Oligocene of the
northern Caucasus, C . I . S . Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow, Russia (Bannikov Collection).
G e n u s : Pseudoraniceps
FEDOTOV,
Genus: Merluccius
1 97 4 .
RAFINESQUE, 1 8 1 0 .
Synon y m : Spinogadus .
G e o log ical ran g e : U p per Oligocene. Geog raphical d istributio n : Eastern Europe.
Geological rang e : Eocene to recent.
Featu res : S m all fis hes of slender shape. H ead s h a l lo\" . Eyes larg e . Snout p o i nted . Dorsal fin fringe-like. Pectoral fin ) smal l . Pelvic fi ns modified a s feelers . Anal fin likewise fringe-l ike . Cau dal fin not forked , rounded .
Geograph ical d istributio n : E u rope, Australia, New Zealand .
R e m a r k s : P r o b a b ly f e d o n s m a l l o r g a n i s m s . Pseudora niceps i s occasionally consid ered a syno nym of Onobros mius.
=:-
Recent re l atives : Genus extinct . Perhaps d istantly related to recent hakes of the genus Ranic eps . Raniceps s p . , a recent hake.
688
Features : M iddle-sized fishes of slender shape . Head shallow. S nout pointed. The anterior dorsal fin short and pointed . Posterior do �sal fin fringe - l i ke but dorsally concave, o pposite the anal fin which is fringe - l i ke and vent rally concave . Pec tora l and pelv ic fins narrow and clos toge e ther . Cau d al fin not fork ed ' s l i g htly e m arg i n ate . R e m arks : Predato rs . cen t rel ati ve s : Clo se l y re Of ad to recent me rluc cid hak es the g en us Merluccius .
from COUGH.
ith Og raph
Merluccius sp. , a recent merlucoid hake.
689
Higher B ony Fi she s
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Ophidiiformes Family: Ophidiidae
Cu s k-Ee ls ----
Eolamprogrammus senectus DANILTCHENKO (length �. 5 cm) from the Lower Eocene of Turkmenistan, C . I . S . Original: Paleontologlch eskll Muzel Russkol Akadem l l Nauk, Moscow, Russia (Bannikov Collection).
G e n u s : Eofamprogrammus
DANILTCHENKO,
1 968.
OSTEI EVT ELE
Higher Bony Fishes
mes der: Ophidiifor ae JI1i1Y : Ophidii . --
�:
�
Cusk-Eels
Ophidion voltianum MASSALONGO (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Ophidion
LINNAEUS, 1 75 8 .
G e o l og ical range : Lower Eocene.
Synony m : Ophidium .
G eographical d istr i b ution : Western As ia.
Geological range : Paleocene to recent.
Features : Small fishes of slender s h ape . Head deep. Eyes small. Gape rather long . Dorsal fin soft- rayed , extending as a fnn.g e ewise over two-th i rds of the back. Anal fin somewhat shorter, lik fins al Pector . roat h t e h t on fri n g e - l i k e . Pelvic fins very narrow , as fins l ana and dorsal the with s mall , rounded . Caudal fin fused
Geog raph i ca l d istributio n : Europe , West I n d ies, Australia.
a fringe. R e m arks : Probably fed on small organism s .
ated to R ecent re l ative s : Genus d ied out i n Eocene. Distantly rel recent cusk eels of the family O ph i d i idae.
Featu res : Small fishes with slender bod ies . Head shallow. Eyes small. Snout slightly pointed . Mouth s mall . Dorsal fin beg i n s shortly behin d the head and conti n u es as a fri n g e , r u n n i n g i nt o t h e caudal a n d anal f i n s and ending in the middle of the ventra l surface . Pec tora l fi n s s m a ll. Pelvic fins o n the throat . Prob ably sca lel ess. R e m a rk s : P ro b a b l y fed small org a n ism s .
:
on
ece nt rela tiv e s : Prob ably re� ted to rec ent cusk -eels of the ge n us Op hidion .
.� �
Ophidion barbatum, the recent cusk eel. Lithograph from BLOCH.
690
691
Higher Bony Fi sh es
EUTELEOS TEI
Order: Ophidiiformes Family: Ophidiidae
Cu sk-Eels
--
VfEL E OST EI
Higher B ony Fishes
choidiformes rd e1'1y!"' , Batra Of£alll rac Bat hoid ida e --'
Toadfishes
_.
Propteridium douvillei ARAMBOURG (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Lower Oligoce ne of Iran .
Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph : Serette, Pari s . Batrachoides didactylus BLOCH & SCHNEIDER (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Miocene of
Oran, Algeria. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photo graph: Serette, Paris.
G e n u s : Propteridium
PRIEM, 1 908 .
Genus: Batrachoides
de LACEPEDE, 1 798 .
G e o l og i cal ran g e : Lower Oligocene .
Geological rang e : Miocene to recent .
Geog raphical d i stri buti o n : M iddle East.
Geograp h ical d i stributio n : Northern Africa.
F e at u res : Small fishes with very slender elongate bodi es H ead elongate . Eyes s mall . Snout pointed . Gape short . Dorsal Ti n low, beg i n n i ng shortly behind the head and running as a fri nge which conti nues int o the caudal and anal fin to end in the m i ddle of the ventral surface . Pectoral fins smal l .
Featu res : S mall to middle-siz ed fishes of plump shape. Head flat an broad . Mouth t e r m i n a l and very larg e . J aws with strong pOinted teeth. Gill cover spiny . Anterior dorsal fin reduced to a few spine s . Poste rior d o rsal fin elon gate and soft - raye d , l i ke the anal fin . Pelv ic fi ns on the throat. Caud al fin not forke d . Re ma rks : Pr ed ato rs .
R e m arks : Bottom-dwell ers. R ecent re l ative s : None. Died out i n the Oligocene .
�
Rec ent re l at i ve s : Clo sely related to rec ent toa dfis hes of the gen us Ba trach oides .
692
.ro.iilIC=;;:;iii!!!1�1
�
Batrach oides sp . , a recent toadfi s h . lithograph from CUVIE R .
693
Highe r B ony Fish e s
EUTELEOSTEI
Sub order: Lophio idei Anglerfishes
Order: Lophiiformes Family: Lophiidae
--
Higher Bony Fishes
rE LE O STEI
, EO rder
Suborder: Antennarioidei Anglerfishes
formes Lophii , o narn" dae ten 'iy' An faJlll '
=-----
Lophius brachysomus AGASSIZ (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Histionotophorus bassani (de ZIGNO) (length c. 3 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca. Italy. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P1 9060- 1 ) .
G e n u s : Lophius
Genus: Histionotophorus
LINNAEUS, 1 758.
EASTMAN, 1 904 .
G e o l o g i cal rang e : Eocene t o recent .
Synonym : Histiocepha!us .
Geog ra p h i ca l d istribution : E u rope.
Geological ran g e : M iddle Eocene .
Featu res : Small to m id dle-sized fishes of p l u m p , dorsa-ventrally flattened shape, becoming n arrower posteriorly. Head d ispropor tionately large, with strongly toothed mout h . The fi rst ray of the dorsal fin mod ified to form a lure on the head . Pectoral fin s very broad and rou nded . Caudal fi n not forked, rou nded.
Ge ograph ical d istribut io n : E u rope. Features : Small fishes of l aterally compressed shape. Head deep . Eyes large. Mouth very I'arg e . Two l u res on the head . The dorsal fin hard- rayed and run n i ng along the whole of the bac k . Anal fin broa d ly e l o n g ate . C a u d a l f i n not forked .
Remarks : Bottom-dwelling fish es which, l i ke their recent rel a tives , attracted prey b y means of their l u re .
Re m ar ks : Bottom -dwel ling fish e s w h i c h att r a c t e d p rey b y mean s o f their l u res, as t h e i r recent relative s sti l l d o .
R e c e n t re l at i ve s : C l osely re lated to recent angler fishes of the genus Lophius . Lophius piscatorius, the rece nt an gle rfish. Lithograph from BLOCH.
694
R�ce nt re l ative s : G e n u s extin ct . D ist a n t l y re l at e d t o r e c e n t ang lerfish es o f the fam i ly A n ten n ari i d ae .
Antennarius moluccensis , a recent an glerfi sh .
695
Higher Bony Fi s h e s
EUTELEO STEI
Sub o rder: Exo c o eto i d e ' Flyi n g Fi sh e
Order: Cyprinodontiformes Family: Exocoetidae?
:
----
Rhamphexocoetus volans BANNIKOV et al . (length c. 1 5 cm) from the Middle tocene of Bolca, Italy. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan, Italy.
G e n u s : Rhamphexocoetus
BANNIKOV, PARIN & PINNA, 1 985.
TEI vrE L EOS
£ d er: Cyprinodontiformes or l' Iy' Hem irha mphidae
faJll . ---
_
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Exocoetoidei Halfbeaks
Cobitopsis acutus (length c. 7 cm) from the Oligocene of Puy de Dome, France. Original: The Natural History Museum. London, U . K . (P61 500).
Genus : Cobitopsis
POMEl, 1 85 3 .
Geolog ical ran g e : U pper Cretaceou s t o Oligocene .
G e o l og i cal rang e : Middle Eocene. Geographical d istri butio n : Europe.
Head
F eatu res : Small to middle-sized fishes of slender shap shallow . U pper jaw short. Lower jaw produced to form a pointed rostru m . Pectoral fins long and w i n g - l i ke . Pelvic fins brod and long, with a narrow base. Dorsal fin very small, very posteri or in position , op posite the anal fin which is l i kewise very small .
Geograph i ca l d istributio n : E u rope, Middle East . Featu res : Small fishes of very slender shape. Head elong ate . Eyes large . Both jaws elongate d to form a short rostru m . Dorsal fin in the P sterior third of the body, opposite the consider ably ? larger anal fin . Pectoral and pelvic fins smal l . Caudal fin emarg i n ate . Re mark s: Fres h-water fishe s. Recent re l ative s : Genu s extin ct Distantly related to rece nt half beaks of the family Hem irham Ph i da e .
R e m a r k s : P ro b a b ly h a d t h e abil ity t o fly for short distances . R ecent relatives : Perhaps dis tantly related to recent flyi n g fishe s .
Rhamphexocoetus , after BANN
av.
Cobitopsis , reconstruction after
WOODWARD.
696
697
-
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Cyprinodontiformes Family: Hemirhamphidae
Higher B ony Fish es Subo rder: Exoc oeto id el Hal fb e aks .
----
...... rrE L EOSTEI . eS r, LI 60 :. cypr ino do nh£?rm Ord �r Hentirh amphldae ly faJIll . ::---.
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Exocoetoidei Halfbeaks
"Brachyrhamphus" bolcensis de ZIGNO (length c. 6 cm) from the Middle Eoc ene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Universita di Padova, Padua, Italy. Hemirhamphus edwardsi BASSANI (length c. 7 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U . S .A.
G e n u s : Brachyrhamphus . Geological ran g e : M iddle Eocene. G eog raphical d i stributi o n : Europe. Featu res : S mall fishes of slender shape. Head shallolJll . Eyes middle-sized . Both jaws elongated to form a pointed rostrum, with the lower jaw slightly shorter than the u pper. Dorsal fin broad- based , relatively tall , carried by strong rays. Pectoral fins narrow . Remarks : The name Rhamphyrhynchus is inval id and m ust be replaced since it is pre-occupied by a bird and an insect Recent rel atives: None. Died out i n Eocene.
Genus: Hemirhamphus VOIGT, 1 832 . Geological range: M iddle Eocene to recent. Geographical distribution : Europe. Featu res : Small fishes of slender shape . Head shallow. Eyes large. Lower jaw elongated to form a long and pointed rostrum . Dorsal fin very posterior, opposite the anal fin . Caudal fin not forked . roun ded . Rema rks: Marine fishes. Even ��y some halfbeaks l ive i n lJWIl wate r and others in sea relativ e s : Closely re to recent halfbe aks of the Hemirha mp hus .
Hemirhamphus brasiliensis , a h alf beak. Lithograph from BLOCH.
698
699
Higher Bo ny Fis hes
EUTELE OSTEI Order: Cyprinodontiformes Family: Hemirhamphidae
S ub order : Exo co e toi d e' . li al fb eak�
-----
Hyporhamphus sp. (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecc'1 ia, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Hyporhamphus
GI LL , 1 85 9 .
V'fE L EOS TEI
Higher Bony Fishes
_ � . c yp rin odontiformes S .... . er.
O
'Iy'
faJl'l.l
.
Suborder: Exocoetoidei Needlefishes
Belo n l' d ae
�
Be/One sp. (length c . 25 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Staatli ches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Gen u s : Be/one
CUVIER, 1 8 1 7 .
S y n o ny m : Reporhamphus .
Geological ran g e : Miocene to recent .
G e o l o g ical ran g e : Pliocene to recent .
Geographical d i stributi o n : Europe, northern Africa.
G e o g ra p h i ca l d i stribu tio n : Europe.
Features : M id d l e - sized fishes with very s l e n d e r bod ies. H ead elongate. Eyes larg e . Both jaws elongated to an equal extent to form a rostrum set with small poi nted teeth . Dorsal fin i n the posterior third of the body, Opposite the anal fi n . Pectoral and pelvi c fins s m a l l . C a u d a l fi n forked .
F e atu res : Small fishes of slender shape. Head shal low. Eyes large. Snout elongated to form a rostru m with the lower ja '" muc h longer than the u p per. Dorsa l fin in the posterior th i rd of the b o d y , o pp o s i t e t h e s i m i l a r l y sh aped anal f i n . Pectoral and p e l v i c fi n s s m a l l . C a u d a l fin rather deeply forked . R e m a rks : Probably fed mainly
�cent
on float ing foods .
re l at i v e s : C l ose ly re
genu s Be/one .
m arine Hyporhamp/lUs acutus , a rece nt
halfbeak.
700
--= -= -=='::� :!. �'� �.� 9"' , 3"'_!!!1... 11
..eel to recent need lefish es of
Recent re l ative s : Genus extinct . Closely related to recent ma rine halfbeaks of the genus Hy porhamphus .
Rem arks: Preda tors. The ros-
trum serv�d to deflec t the p rey Ii'ld to stnke it from the side.
Be/one be/one, t h e recent need lefish . Lithograph from BLOCH.
701
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Cyprinodontiformes Family: Cyprinodontidae
Higher Bony Fish e s
Subord er: Cyprino do n to i d ' el K 1' ll I' fi s h es --
-
VTE L E O STEI
yprin odonti�ormes t: def: CCyp rinodonh dae �:IJli1Y:
---
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Cyprinodontoidei Killifishes
8laChyiebias persicus PRIEM (length c. 4 cm) from the Miocene of northwestern Iran. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U.K. (P47944/5).
Aphanius crassicaudus (AGASSIZ) (length c. 4 em) from the Pliocene of Casteliaro ' Italy. Original: Museo Civieo di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Aphanius
Gen us: Brachy/ebias
NARDO, 1 82 7 .
PRIEM, 1 908 .
Geolog ical ran g e : Miocene t o recent .
Geological ran ge : M iocene.
Geographica l d i stri buti o n : Europe.
Geograph ical d istribut io n : Western Asia.
Featu res : Very small fishes of laterally compressed shape. Head short. Eyes large. Gape short. Dorsal fi n in the posterior third of the body, o p posite the rou n d e d anal fi n . Pelvic fins arrow.
ies, Head short. Eyes large. Dorsal fi n i n the posterior half of the
Features : Very small fishes with rather laterally compressed bod
Pectoral fins broader. Caudal fin not forked , rounded .
body, opposite the anal fin . Pectoral and pelvic fins small . Caudal fin smal l , not forke d , rou nded .
R e m a r ks : P ro b a b l y l i v e d i n b ra c k i s h w a t e r a n d fed o n p l a nts .
Rece nt re lative s : Genus extinct. Related to recent k i l l ifishes of the fami ly Cyp rino don tidae .
Rem arks : Fresh-water fishes.
R e c e n t re l at i ve s : Closely re lated to recent k i l l ifishes of the genus Aphanius .
Aphanius sirhani, a recent �illifish . 702
703
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Cyprinodontiformes Family: Cyprinodontidae
Highe r Bony Fi sh s Subor d er: Cypri nodon to i dee ' Ki1l i fi s h e � ----
rE L EO S TEI £Vd . cyprinodontiformes Ot �t' . Cyp rinodontidae fallllly.
:..----
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Cyprinodontoidei Killifishes
Carrionel/us diumortuus WHITE (length c. 5 cm) from the Miocene of Loja, Ecuador. Original: The Natural History Museum , London, U . K . (P47944/5).
G e n u s : Carrionellus
Fundulus sp. (length c. 6 cm) from the Pliocene of Kansas, U . S . A. Original: Museum d Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio, U . S.A.
WHITE , 1 927 .
Genus: Fundulus
G e o l o g i cal range : Lower M iocene.
Sy n o n y m s : Gephyrura , Parafundulus .
Geographical d i st r i bu t i o n : South America.
Featu res : Small fishes with rather deep bodies anteriorly, becom ing shallower beh i nd . Head dee p . Eyes lar e . Gape sho fin in the posterior half of the body, o pposite the larger an al fin .
�
D�rsal
R e m arks : Fresh-water fi shes. Recent re l atives : Genus extinct . Related t o recent killifishes of the fam ily Cyprinodontidae .
Geolo gical ran g e : Pliocene to recent . Geograph ical d i stributi o n : North America . Featu res: Small fishes of slender shape . H ead elongat e . Eyes large , Gape short . Dorsal fin in t he posterior third of the body, OPP osite the larger anal fin . Pelvic fins narrow . Pectoral fins fan shap ed . Caud al fin not forked .
Rem arks : Fres h-wa ter fishe s. Rece nt relative s: Gen us exti nct. Closely related to rece nt k i l l i fishes of the gen us Fundulus .
t killifish Cyprinodon variegatus, a recen
704
de LACEPEDE, 1 803 .
Fundulus pulvereus, a recent killifish. 70 5
- �
EUTELEOSTE I Order: Cyprinodontiformes Family: Cyprinodontidae
Higher Bony Fis h es
Suborder: Cyprinod o nto i de ' l . K 1' ll dish ' es
------
Lebias perpusillus (AGASSIZ) (length c, 5 cm) from the Miocene of Ohningen Wurttemberg, Germany, Original : Palaontologisches Museum, Zurich, SWitzerland ,
G e n u s : Lebias
lffE L E O S TEI S . cyp rin odontiformes Cyprinodon tidae .
�:;�fy:
:..----
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Cyprinodontoidei Killifishes
,
OKEN, 1 8 1 7 .
Uthofundulus brouweri de BEAUFORT (length c . 6 cm) from the Miocene of Gimpoe, Celebes. Original: Geologisch Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Genus : Uthofundulus .
G e o l og ical rang e : M ioce ne.
Geologica l ran g e : M ioce n e .
G eograp h i cal d i stributi o n : Europe.
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : I ndonesia.
Features : Very small fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bodies. Head short . Eyes larg e , Gape short . Dorsal fin approxi mately in the middle of the body. Caudal fin slightly e a rginate,
Feature s : Small fishes of slender shape . H ead elong ate. Eyes large, Snout somewhat pointed . Dorsal fin small, in the posterior half of the body, opposite the considerab ly larger anal fi n . Rema r ks : Fresh -wat er fishe s.
R e m arks : Fres h-water fishes. There is some doubt whether this fish is a kil l ifish . Rece nt re l atives : Genus extinct . Perhaps related to recent ki l l i fishes o f the fam i ly Cypri n o dontidae.
Recen t re lativ es : Genus extinct. Related to recent k i l l ifishes of the fam ily Cyp rino dontida e .
. y:pc � . ". \. ' . � :' " � . -
. ... ... ..
- ..... -- .... �--...
Lebias, reconstruction after ZITTEL. 706
707
-
Higher Bony Fish
EUTELEOSTEI
�
Suborder: Cyprin odon toide el . K'll' I I fi sh e s
Order: Cyprinodontiformes Family: Cyprinodontidae
.
-
..
---
.
Pachylebias crassicaudus (AGASSIZ) (length c. 8 cm) from the Miocene of Sa l Vittana
t:: vt E L EO STEI
Cyprinodo nti �orme s odonhdae I y' cyp rin
Ji rd e' c: o
F a�l
::..--.
Higher Bony f'ishes
Suborder: Cyprinodontoidei Killifishes
---------------------
_
Pro/ebias cephalotus AGASSIZ (length c. 3 cm) from the Oligocene of Aix-en- Provence ' France. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K.
d'Alba, Italy. Original: Interioss, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Pachylebias
WOODWARD, 1 90 1 .
S y n o n yms : Anelia , Physocephalus . G e o l og ical ra n g e : Ol igocene to M iocene . Geograph ical d i stributio n : Europe. Feat u res : Small fishes of slender shape. Head short . Eyes large. Gape very s h o rt . Dorsal fin beh i n d the m i d d l e of t h e body, obliquely opposite the anal fi n . Pelvic fins smal l . Pectoral fin s fan shaped . Caudal fin not forked ' elongate and ro u nded .
Genus : Prolebias
SAUVAG E, 1 874.
Synonym s : Ismene, Pachystetus . Geological rang e : O ligocene to M iocene . Geograph ical d i stribut io n : E u rope. Fea � u res: Very small fishes with somewhat laterally compressed bodies . .Head short and relatively deep. Eyes large. Gape short . Dors�1 fi n smal l , in the posterior half of the body, opposite the cons i d erab l y l a r g e r a n a l fi n . Caudal fin not forked , rounde d . Rema rks: FreSh -wate r fishes .
= u:
Rem arks : Fresh-water fishes .
ece nt rel atives : Genus extinct . ated to recen t k i l l ifishes of . fami ly Cypr i nodo ntidae .
Recent re l atives : Genus extinct . Related to recent k i l l ifishes of the fam i ly Cypri nodontidae.
Pachylebias, reconstruct ion after
Pro/ebias, reconstruction after GAUDANT.
GAUDANT.
708
709
b LJ TbLEOSTEI
Order: Atheriniformes Family: Atherinidae
Higher Bony Fi s h e s
S ilvers id es
------
Atherina verdonis SAUVAGE (length c. 8 cm) from the Oligocene of Gard, France.
Original: Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada.
G e n u s : Atherina
Higher Hony i'lshes
STbl
d " Ather in ifo rmes or �fy"" Atherini dae fa� l "
SHversides
---------------------__
=-----
Rhsmphognathus sphyraenoides (AGASSIZ) (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Middle Eo cene of Solca, Italy. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K.
.
Genus: Rhamphognathus
LINNAEUS, 1 758.
AGASSIZ,
1 835 .
G e o l og i cal ran g e : M i ddle Eocene to recent.
Synonym : Mesogaster.
G e o g raphical d i stributio n : Europe, Asia, North America.
Geological range : M iddle Eocene.
Featu res : Small fishes with slender bod ies . Head shallow. Eyes larg e . Gape long . Two dorsal fins, the posterior one o pposite the anal fin . Caudal fin rather forke d .
G eographical d i stributio n : Europe.
R e m arks : Fresh-water fishes.
Two dorsal fi ns, the posterior opposite the anal fi n . Pectoral fin s small a n d fan-shaped . Caudal fin large a n d deeply forked .
Recent relatives: Closely related t o recent silversides of t he fam i l y Atherin i d ae .
Featu res : Small to m i d d l e - s ized fishes of ve ry slender shape . Head shallow and elongate. Eyes larg e . Gape re latively l o n g .
Remarks: Predators . Recent rel atives : Gellus extinct. Related to recent silversides of
the family Atheri n idae.
.
71 0
hO Atherina sp , a recent si lversi e. Lit graph from BLOCH.
71 1
E U T b L bUSTEl Order: Lampridiformes Family: Lampridae
Higher B ony Fi sh es Sub order: Lam p ri do id ei
Opah -------
E
vrE L EOST EI
or
Higher B ony Fishes
d C" L am pridiformes � ' . Turkmenidae fa�llY. :..----
Suborder: Lampridoidei
---------------------__
Bajaichthys elegans SORBINI (length c. 4 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Boll� , Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Ana/eCtis pala DANILTCHENKO (length c. 5 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of northern Caucasus. Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow,
G e n u s : Bajaichthys
Genus: Ana/ectis
SORBI N I , 1 983 .
Russi a .
DANILTCHENKO, 1 98 0 .
G e o l o g i ca l rang e : Middle Eocene.
Geolog ical range : Lower Ol igocene.
G e o g raph ical d istribution : E u rope .
Geograph ical d i stributio n : Eastern E u rope .
Featu res : Very small fishes with bod ies deep anteriorly a1d be c o m i n g less d e e p posteriorly . H ead d e e p . Eyes larg e . Snout pointed . Gape short. Dorsal fin narrow, g reatly elongat d , situ ated just behind the head . Pec toral fins very long and narrow. Pelvic fins b road - base d . Anal fin small .
Featu res : Small fishes with a deep belly. H ead dee p . Eyes larg e . Snout pointed . Dorsal fin very posterior, shortly i n front of t h e caudal fin . Anal f i n opposite , fringe-like, broad - based and rather rounded . Pelvic fi ns narrow, attached to t h e l owest part of the body. Pectoral fins imme d i ately a b ov e t h e m , fa n Shaped. Caudal fin broad , not fo rke d . R e m arks : Fresh -water fishes ' prob ab ly pre da tors . ece nt re l atives : Genus extinct. erh ap s relat ed to the recent
R e m arks : Probably cora l - reef fis h e s . R e ce nt re l atives : N o n e . Died out i n Eocene .
�
BINI. Bajaichthys, reconstruction after SOR
71 2
Lampris .
Analectis, reconstruction after Akademia Nauk, Moscow.
71 3
•
E UTE L E OSTE I
Order: Lampridiformes Family: Turkmenidae
Higher B ony F ishe s
Suborder: Lamprid oid el.
---
Turkmene finitimus DANILTCHENKO (length c. 1 1 cm) from the lower Eocene of Turkmenistan. Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow' Russia (Bannikov Collection).
G e n u s : Turkmene
DANILTCHENKO, 1 968.
Ev r E L
E O S TE I
pridiformes Lantpho tidae Lo : �aJll i1Y rde r:
---
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Trachipteroidei Crestfishes
Protolophotus elami (ARAMBOURG) (length c. 42 cm) from the lower Oligocene of Iran. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
Gen u s : Prot% photus
WALTE R S , 1 95 7 .
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : Lower Eocene .
Geological ran g e : Oligocene.
G e o g raph ical d istributio n : Western Asia.
Geog raph ical d istribut i o n : M i ddle East .
Featu res : Small fis h es of oval out l i n e , laterally flattened Head s m al l . Eyes larg e . Gape short . Dorsal fi n t a l l and h ard - rayed anteriorly but continuing posteriorly as a fringe. Anal fin si milar. P e l v i c f i n s l o n g a n d narrow. Caudal fin forked . R e m arks : Probably fed on crus taceans and sma'" organ isms. Recent relative s : G enus extinct in Eocene . Distantly related to the recent opah Lampris regius w h i c h l ives i n t h e oceans as the onliy species of its su bor der.
71 4
Featu res : M i d d le-sized fishes of somewhat laterally compressed shape. Head d ee p . Eyes s m al l . A com b - l i ke outg rowth on the upper part of the head . Dorsal fin beg ins shortly beh i n d the head . and runs as a fringe which ineludes the caudal and anal fins and reache s to the m i d d l e of the belly . Rem arks : Pre dat ors. Recent rel at i ves : D i stant ly re l ated to rece nt cres tfi s h es of the genu s Lop
hotus .
O Lampris regius, the recen t op ah. Uth graph from CUVIER.
Lophotus cepedianus, a recent crest fish. lithograph from CUVIER.
71 5
Higher Bony Fi sh e s
EUTELEO STEI
Su border : Beryco i d el' ' 5 1 I me he a d s
Order: Beryciformes Family: Trachichthyidae
----
Acrogaster heckeli (PICTET) (length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon . Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany.
G e n u s : Acrogaster
v tE LEO S TEI
!" B eryciform es £ ord e.Iy · . Tra chi chthyidae faJlll .
---
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Berycoidei Slimeheads
-
Gephyroberyx robustus (BOGACHOV) (length c . 6 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of northern Caucasus, C.I.S. Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow, Russia (Bannikov Collection).
AGASSIZ, 1 834 .
Sy n o n y m s : Acanthophoria .
Gen u s : Gephyroberyx
G e o l o g ica l rang e : U p per Cretaceou s .
Geological ran g e : Lower Ol igocene to recent .
G e o g raphica l d i stri b utio n : M iddle East.
Geographical d i stributio n : Eastern Europe.
F e at u res : Small fishes of almost d i sc -shaped outline, l aterally flattened . Head disproportionately dee p . Eyes larg e . Gape rather lon g . Dorsal fin with low hard rays anteriorly but rou nded and d e c reas i n g in h e i g h t poste r i orly. Anal fin li kewise with hard rays anteriorly. Pelvic fins fan shaped , attached i m med iately opposite the pectoral fi n s . Cau dal fin somewhat forked , with broad lobes .
Features: Small fishes with deep oval outline, laterally flattened . Head dee p . Eyes larg e . Gape l on g . Dorsal fin beg: i n s approxi mately in the m i d d le of the body and runs far posteriorly. Anal, fin obliquely opposite , l i kewise broad . Pelvic and pectoral fins nar row, opposite each other . Caudal fin rather deeply forked .
R e m a rks : Probably fed partly on plants. R e c e nt re l atives : N o n e . Died out i n U pper Cretaceou s . 71 6
Acrogaster, reconstruction afte r PATTERSON.
BOULEINGER , 1 902 .
Re marks : Probably predators. Rec e nt r e l ati v e s : C l osely re lated to recent s l imehe ads of the genus Gephyrob eryx.
Gephyrob eryx orbicula tus , a rece n t slimehead, after SMITH.
71 7
High er B ony Fi sh e s
EUTELEOSTEI
Su bo rder: Be ryco id e i Slim ehe ad s
Order: Beryciformes Family: Trachichthyidae
-
Hop/apteryx antiquus (AGASSIZ) (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Baumberge, Westphal i a , Germany. Original: Bayerische Staatssam ml u n g fur Palaontologie, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Hop/opteryx
AGASSIZ , 1 83 8 .
Syn o n y m s : Gonio/epis , Hemicyc/o/epis , Hemigono/epis , Pricono
lapis .
G eo l og i ca l ran g e : U p per C retaceou s . G e o g ra p h ical d istributi o n : Europe, M i d d le East, northern N o rt h America.
frica,
Feat u re s : Small to middle- sized fishes with oval outl ine, lateral ly . flattened . H ead d ee p . Eyes larg e . G ape rather I'on g . Dorsal fin with h ard rays anteriorly, decreasing i n height more poste riorly. Anal fin l i kewise with hard rays a n t e ri o rl y . Pecto ral fi n s smal l , vertically above the pel vic fins which are likewise smal l . Caudal fin o f g reat height, con cave posteriorly.
E
trfE LEOSTEI t'
Beryci formes Trac hyic hthyidae . fa�l .__ ----
Ord�lY·
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Berycoidei Slimeheads
--------------------__
Libanoberyx spinosus GAYET (length c. 5 . 5 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Leba non. Origi nal : Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelie, Paris. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
Genus: Ubanoberyx
GAYET, 1 980 .
Geological rang e : U p per Cretaceous. Geograph ical d i stri buti o n : M id d le East. Features: Small fishes with oval outline, laterally flattened . Head deep. Eyes larg e . Gape lon g . Dorsal fin i n the posterior half of the body. hard - rayed anteriorly. Anal fi n s i m i lar. Pectoral fi ns fan shaped . Pelvic fi ns vertically below them, carried by a s pi ne- l i ke thick ray. Caudal fin s l ig ht ly forked, with broad lobes . Remarks : Probably predators . Recent rel ative s : None . D i ed out in the Cretaceous.
R e m arks : Fed partly on plants. Recent re latives: Possibly re lated to the recent genus Cen-
troberyx (= Hop/opteryx) . 71 8
Hop/apteryx, reconstruction after WOODWARD.
71 9
H igher Bo ny Fis he s
EUTELEOSTEI
Su b ord er: BerycOi d e l. ' 5 1 I m eh e ad s
Order: Beryciformes Family: Trachichthyi dae
--
Lissoberyx arambourgi GAUDANT (length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Cretace us of Lebanon. Original: Museum National d ' H istoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
G e n u s : Lissoberyx
PATIERSON, 1 96 7 .
rEL EO STEI v E t ' B ciformes
Ord�IY'.
faJlll
.
Higher Bony Fishes
ery Tra chichthyidae
Subord er: Berycoidei Slimeheads
=-----
StJchopteryx lewisi (DAVIS) (length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. OrIginal: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K .
Genus: Stichopteryx
GAUDANT, 1 969 .
Geologica l ran g e : Lower t o U pper Cretaceous.
Geological ran g e : U pper Cretaceous.
G eographical d i stribution : North Africa, M iddle East.
Geographical distri buti o n : M i ddle East .
Features : Small to middle- sized fishes with plump bodies Head deep. Eyes large . Gape rather long . Dorsal fin approximately in t h e m i d d l e of the body, o b l iquely opposite the anal fin . Both dorsal and anal fins hard- rayed anteriorly and soft - rayed more posteriorly . Pelvic and pectoral fins fan -shape d , close together. Caudal fi n forked , with broad lobes .
Rem a rks: Prob ably pred ator s. Rec � nt rela t i ves : N o n e . D i ed out In the Cretaceous.
Rem arks : Probably fed at least partly on plants. R ecent re l atives : None . out i n the Cretaceous .
Died
Lissoberyx, reconstruction aft p r GAyEr·
720
Featu res : Small fishes with oval outline, lateral ly flattened . Head deep Eyes larg e . Gape rath e r long . Dorsal fin with hard rays : anterio rly and ending rather tall near the root of the tai l . Pelvic fins small , vertically beneath the fan-shap ed pectora l fins. Cau dal fin moderately fork ed with , b road lobe s.
Stichopteryx, reconstruction after GAYET.
72 1
Hi gh er B on y Fis hes
EUTELEOSTEI
S uborder: BeryC i ' Q de l S Ilm ' e h ads e ------------------
Order: Beryciformes Family: Trachichthyidae
--
�
--
�
----
-------
Tubantia cataphractus von der MARCK (length c. 1 6 cm) from the Upper Cr etaceous of Baumberge, Westph al ia. Original: The Natural History Museum, London , U.K. (P2 1 984) .
G e n u s : Tubantia
PATIERSON
,
1 964 .
Geog rap hical d i stribution : Europe .
l i kewise with hard rays anterio r l y . P e l v i c f i n s fa n - s h a p e d . Caudal fin emargi nate.
somewhat laterally Gape long Dorsal : tall a d W i t h ha�d postenorly . Anal fin
�
Higher B ony Fishes S uborder: Berycoidei Slimeheads
�:JIli1Y:
---
Betycomorus firdoussi ARAMBOURG (lengt h c. 1 2 cm) from the Lower Oligoc ene of ' Iran. Original: Muse um Nation Sarette.
al d Histoi re Natur elle, Paris, Franc e. Photo graph :
ARAMBOURG , 1 93 9 .
Geolo gical ran g e : Oligo cene . Geo grap h ical d istrib utio n : M iddle East . Featu res : Sma ll to midd le-siz ed fishe s with oval outli ne, laterally flatten ed. Hea d dee p. Eyes larg e . Sno ut rou n d e d . Gap e rath er long, Dorsal fin hard - raye d , poin ted , app roxim ately i n the midd le of the bod y. Ana l fin with a b road er base . Pect oral fin s fan sha ped . Cau dal fin rath er fork ed. Re ma rks : Pro ba bly pre dat ors . Recent relative s : Ge nus ext inc t a ps relate d to rec ent slim eds of the fam ily Ber ycid ae.
i::
Rem arks : Predators . Recent r e l ative s : N o n e . Died out i n the U pper Cretaceous.
. P TTERSO�· Tubantia, reconstructio n after A
722
der: B eryclforme s Trachichthyidae
Genu s: Berycomorus
Geolog ical ran g e : U pper Cretaceous. Feat u res : M i ddle-s ized fishes with elongate , compressed bodies. H ead dee p . Eyes larg e . fin approximately in the middle of the body, rays anteriorly and decreasing in height more
£VT E L E � STEI
Beryx decadactylus, a recent slimehead.
72 3
Higher Bony Fi s h e s
EUTELEO STEI
Suborde r : B ery c o id e l. · e lf i s S q uIrr h es
Order: Beryciformes Family: Holocentridae
----
:evrE L E �S TEI
H igher Bony Fishes
erycIf ormes d er : B r o 1' y ' Holo cen tridae Earn l . .
S u border: Berycoidei S q uirrelfishes
---
(length c. 1 3 em) from the Middle E cene of logle, Munich, Ger Bolca, Italy. Original: Bayerische Staatssa mmlung fur Palaonto many.
Berybolcensis leptacanthus (AGASSIZ)
G e n u s : Berybolcensis
SORBINI, 1 979.
Genus: Ctenocephalichthys
GAUDANT, 1 9 69 .
Geological ran g e : Middle Eocene .
Geological ran g e : U pper Cretaceous .
Geograp h i cal d i stributio n : Europe .
Geogra phic al di stributio n : Middle East .
essed bodies . Featu res : Small fishes with rather laterall y compr l fins, the po sterio r Head deep . Eyes large . Gape l on g . Two Dorsa rted by stro ng ray� . being triangu lar and the anterio r one suppo . II , pelvIc ral fins s Anal fin triangu lar, with a broad base . Pecto f i n s ve rt ic a l l y b e n eath t h e m , fan - shaped. Caudal fin rather deeply fo rked .
Head d ee p .
p<:>rtl on
of dorsal fin hard - rayed and beg i n n i n g anterior to the
middle of the body. Posterior portion of fin soft-raye d , arcuate
do rs ally and d eclining in height rearwards . Anal fin l i kewise hard rayed anteriorly and soft- rayed o re posteriorly. Pectoral fins g and narro w . C a u d a l fin , �eply emarg i nate.
r
�
R e m a r k s : G re g a ri o u s p r e d a
arks : P robably fed , at least � d y on
tors .
.T
R ecent re l atives : N o n e . Died out in the Eocene.
�
.
plants .
rel ati ve s : Genus extinct . PS d is t a n t l y r e l a t e d t o
Berybo/censis , reconstructi on after
SORBINI.
724
Featu res : Small fishes with rather b road b o d i e s .
Eye � l arg e . Gape rath e r l o n g . S n out rat h e r pOi nted . Anterior
squirrelfishe s o the f fam Hol ocentrida e.
Ctenocephalichthys ,
ter GAYET.
reconstruction af
725
Hig her B ony F i sh es
EUTELE O STEI
Sub order: Berycoi d el. . elfishe s S quur
Order: Beryciformes Family: Holocentridae
-----
1 1 cm), from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy
Eoholocen trum macrocephalum (de BLAINVILLE) (length c.
G e n u s : Eoholocentrum
SORBINI & TIRAPELLE, 1 97 4 .
fE L E � STEI t: V
Highe r B ony Fishes
ycIformes deC: : Ber Ho �:JXli1Y locentridae
Suborder: Berycoidei Squirrelfishes
----------------��----------�-----------
Unknown Holocentrid (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Paleontologiska Museet, Uppsala, Sweden.
Genus: Holocentrus
SCOPOLl , 1 77 7 .
G e o l og i cal ran g e : M iddle Eocene.
Geological ran g e : Eocene t o recent.
Geog rap h i cal d i st r i b uti o n : Europa.
Geographical d i stri but i o n : Europe .
F e at u re s : Small fishes with slenderly oval bodies. Head deep. Eyes larg e . Gape rat h e r lon g . Two do rsal fi n s , t h e posterior triangular, the anterior supported by strong rays. Anal fin li kewise trian gul ar. Pectoral fin s vertically a bove pelvic fi n s . C au d al fin forked , with rounded l obes .
Feature s : Small to midd le-sized fishes with elongate ova l , later ally flattened bodie s . Head deep . Eyes large . Gape rather long . Dorsal fin beg ins with hard rays in the anterior half of the body �d probab ly rises to a tall point j ust anterior to the root of the tail. Anal fin oppos ite the pos terior portion of the dorsal fin . Pelvic i n the ante rior t h i rd of the b o d y. Pect oral fins narr ow. C � a udal fin on a stal k dee , pllY
R e m a r k s : G re g a r i o u s preda tors . R ecent r e l at i ves : Genus ext inct . Related to recent squirrelfishes of the genus Holocentrus .
IOrke d .
Eoholo cen trum ,
726
SORBINI & TIRAPELLE.
aft e r t· recon s t ruc 1 0 n
Re m arks : Prob ably g rega rious . Flac e nt rela tiv e s : C l o s e l y re to recent squ irrel fish es of g enu s HOloc en trus . Holocentrus rufus, a recent squirrelfish.
727
Higher Bony Fishe s
EUTELEOSTEI
EVTELEOSTEI
Su border: Beryco id e" Squirrelfishe�
Order: Beryciformes Family: Holocentridae
Beryciform es OFarII1der: i1y: Holoce ntridae
----
AGASSIZ (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Middle Eoce ne of Bolca, Italy. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germa ny.
Myripris tis homopterygius
--
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Berycoidei Squirrelfishes
Paraspinus cupulus GAYET (length c. 16 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon.
Ori�inal: Museum National d 'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph : Serette, Pans.
G e n u s : Myripristis
CUVIER, 1 82 7 .
Genus: Paraspinus
GAYET, 1 98 1 .
G eo l og ical ran g e : Eocene t o M iocene.
Geological range : U pper Cretaceous.
Geograph i cal d i stribut i o n : Europe.
Geograph i cal d i strib ut i o n : Middle East.
Featu res : S m a l l fishes with s l e nder, somew h at lateral ly com pressed bodies . Head dee p . Eyes large. Gape long . T o dorsal fins , the anterior hard- rayed, t h e posterior l ow and fri nge-like, o pposite the anal fi n . Pectoral fins al most vert ically above the pelvic fi ns. Caudal fin forked .
�
R e m a r k s : G re g a r i o u s preda tors . Possibl,y the fossi led fish belongs to the genus 8erybo/ censis. R e c e n t r e l a t i ve s : C l osely re lated to recent squirrelfishes of the genus Myripristis .
Featu res : M i ddle- sized fi shes with e l o n g ate oval , latera lly flat tened bodie s. H ead deep , somewhat elong ate. Eyes larg e . Gape long . Jaws set with sharp teeth . Snou t s l i ghtly pOinte d . Dorsa l fin ard raY�d anter iorly, so - rayed ft poste riorly, begin s appro ximat ely I � the mi ddle of the body . Anal fin begin s anter iorly with a spine 1 ike hard ray, as also do the pelvic fin s . Pect oral fins fan-s hape d . . . Caudal fin sligh tly forke d, with broa d lobe s. Rem arks : P rob ably pre dat ors . Recent re l a tives : Non e. Died out in the Cretaceo us.
�
-
uirrelfiSh. Myripristis murdjan , a recent sq 728
729
EUTELEOSTE I
High er B ony Fi s h e s
Su b ord er: B erycoi d e l. S q ulr . re l fi s h es
Order: Beryciformes Fami ly: Ho l ocentrid a e
-
Sargocentron rubrum FORSKAL (length c. 3.5 cm) from the Pl iocene of Fiume M a r e c chia, Italy. Original : Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Sargocentron
FOWLER, 1 904.
t:vrEL E � S TE I
Highe r Bony Fishes
B yClformes der: er Holo centridae Jl\ i l Y:
S u border: Berycoid ei Squirre l fishes
?:
------ ------------------------------------
Stk;hoberyx po!ydesmus (ARAMBOURG) (length c . 8 cm) from the lower Cretaceous of Tselfat. M orocco. O rig i nal: Museum National d ' H istoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Pho
tograph: Serette, Paris.
Genus: Stichoberyx
GAUDANT, 1 97 8 .
S y n o n y m : Sargocentrum .
Geologi cal rang e : Lower Cretaceous.
Geolog ical ran g e : Pliocene to recent .
Geograph ical d i s tri but i o n : Northern Africa.
G e o g rap h i cal d i stributi o n : Europe .
Featu res: Small to middle-s ized fishes with rather p l u m p , laterally flatten ed b o d i e s . H ead dee p . Eyes l a rg e . D o rsal f i n s b road sed , begins just anterior to the middle of the body and con Sists of hard rays anteriorl y and soft rays posterio rly. Anal fin opposite the posterio r end of the dorsal fin . Pectoral fin s fan shape d , vert i cal ly above t h e pelv ic fins whic h are l i kew ise fan-sh aped . Cau dal fin fork ed ' Wit h relative ly bro ad lob es.
Featu res : S mall fishes with rather laterally compressed bodies. Head deep. Eyes large . Gape rather long . Two dorsal fin s . The anteri or one hard- rayed and tall anteriorly, decreas i n g in height posteriorly. The more posterior soft- rayed and o pposite the anal fi n , which is likewise hard-rayed anterio rly and soft- rayed pos t e r i o r l y . P e l v i c f i n s v e rt i c a l l y beneath t h e pectoral fins. Cau dal fin forked . R e m arks: G regario u s . R e c e n t re l at i ve s : C l o s e l y re lated to recent sq uirrlefishes of the genus Sargocentrum .
730
t Squir Sargocentrum diadema, a recen relfi s h .
�
Rem arks : Pro bab ly pred ators . Recent rela tive s : N o n e . D i e d Out in t h e Cretaceous.
Stichoberyx, reconstruction after GAYET.
73 1
Higher Bony Fishe s
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Beryciformes Family: Holocentridae
Su border: BerycOide l. S qUlrre · lfis es ----
Tenuicentrum lanceolatum (BASSANI) (length c. 14 cm) from the Middle eOcene of Bolca, Italy. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P1 9063).
G e n u s : Tenuicentrum
SORBI N I ,
1 97 5 .
Higher Bony Fishes
O STEI (}'fE L Eyci formes Ber t: ord�llrY'" Unn amed fa � .
=----
Suborder: Berycoidei
__---------------------------------------
Ctyptoberyx minimus GAUDANT (length c. 3 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Leba
non.
Original : Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
Genus : Cryptoberyx
GAUDANT,
1 978.
Geolog i cal rang e : Middle Eocene .
Geological range : U pper Cretaceous.
Geogra p h i cal d i strib u t i o n : Europe .
Geographical d i stributi o n : M iddle East.
F e atu re s : Small to middle- sized fishes with oval bodies . Head deep . Eyes larg e . Gape rat her l on g . Two dorsal fins, the poste rior b e i n g triang u l ar and t h e anterior hard - rayed . Anal fin tall anteriorly, but then decreasi n g in h e i g ht and formi n g a fringe. Pectoral fins rou n d e d . Pelvic
Featu res : Small fishes of rather plump shape. H ead deep . Eyes large. Gape rather long . Dorsal fin begins shortly i n front of the middle of the body, hard - rayed anteriorly and soft-rayed posteri orly. Anal fin si milar but shorter. Pectoral fins smal l , fan -shaped . PeMc fins almost vertically below. Caudal fin slightly forke d .
fins vert i c a l l y b e n eat h t h e m , narrow and relatively long . Cau dal fin rather deeply forked .
Remarks: Probably g regarious. R ec ent relat i ve s : None.
out in the Cretaceo u s .
R e m arks : Probably predators . Hecent re lative s : Genus extinct . Pos s i b ly related to recent s q u i rrelfish of t h e fam i ly Holo c e nt r i dae . Tenuicentrum , reconstruct ion after
SORBINI.
732
Died
Cryptoberyx, reconstruction after GAYEr.
733
Higher B ony F ish s e Suborder
EUTELEOSTEI
.
Order: Beryciformes Family: Not named
: Be ryco id e
i
g vrEL E �
�:J1li1Y:
STEI
Higher B ony Fishes
def: B eryclformes D inopterygidae
Suborder: Dinopterygoidei
---
DinOpteryx spinosus DAVIS (length e. 1 4 em) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. Origi nal: The Natural History Museum, London, U .K. (P476 1 ) . Plesioberyx maximus GAYEr (length e. 9 em) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelie, Paris, France. Photograp�I ' Serette Paris .
G e n u s : Plesioberyx
Genus: Dinopteryx
GAYEr, 1 980 .
Geolog ical ran g e : U pper Cretaceo u s .
G eo l og ical rang e : U pper Cretaceous. G e o g raph i cal d i stributi o n : M iddle East .
Features: Small fishes with ova l , laterally flattened bodies . Head deep . Eyes larg e . Gape long . Snout slig htly poi nted . D o rsal begins s hortly beh i n d the head with hard rays . Anal and p elvIc fins l i kewise carried by h ard rays . Pectoral fins small and fan s haped . Caudal fin slightly forked, with relatively broad lobes.
f�n
R e m arks : Probably predators .
R ecent rel ative s : None. Died out in the Cretaceous .
WOODWARD , 1 90 1 .
Geograph ical d i stri buti o n : M iddle East.
Feat u r e s : M i d d l e - s ized f i s h e s w i t h d e e p b o d i es w h i c h taper s�arply to ard t h e tail root . Head shallow. Eyes larg e . Snout slightly pOinted . Dorsal fin with n u merous strong rays anteriorly ' extending over the whole back. aJ fin similar but smaller. Pel VIC fi ns narro w , fan - s h a p e d . Pectoral fin s . Caudal fin emar g l n at e ,
�
A,n
Re m arks : Probably predators . Re c� nt re l ati ve s : N o n e . D ied cut I n the Upper Cretace ous.
Oinopteryx, reconstruction after PATIERSON.
734
735
EUTELEO STEI
Order: B eryciformes Family: Dinopterygidae
Higher � ony F ish
Su border: Dm opterygOidesei
Higher Bony Fishes
vrE L E O STEI
e d l · . Beryciformes r � Y pycno steroididae oFa�l
Suborder: Dinopterygoidei
t"
.
� __ __ � __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___
=-----
,
Aipichthys veliter WOODWARD (length c. 8 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Leba non. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Aipichthys
STEINDACHNER, 1 859.
Pycnosteroides /aevispinosus (HAY) (length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U .S.A.
Genus: Pycnosteroides
WOODWARD, 1 942.
Geologi cal range : Up per Cretaceous.
Geological ran g e : U pper Cretaceou s .
G eogra p h i ca l d i stribut i o n : M iddle East .
Geographic al d i stri buti o n : M iddle East.
F e atu res : S mall fishes with al most c i rc u l a r , l atera l ly fla ttened bodies . H ead deep . Eyes smal l . Gape rather long , directed up wards . Snout slig htly pointed . Dorsal fin b eg i ns anteriorly with a tall po i n t , but decreases in height posteriorly, with an arc uate u pper marg i n . Anal fin fri nge like. Pectoral fins s mal l . Pelvic fins elongate and pointed . Cau dal fin forked.
Rem arks : P robab ly fed partly on plan ts. Re cent re l at i ves : N o n e . D i e d
R e marks : Probably predators .
OUt in the Creta ceous .
Recen t relat i ves : N o n e . Died out in the Upper Cretaceous.
Aipichthys, reconstruction after WOODWARD.
736
Featu res: S m a l l fishes with circular, laterally flattened bod i e s . Head dee p . Eyes l arge . Gape rather long. Dorsal fins with hard rays anteriorly but conti nuing as a tall fringe to the root of t h e tai i . Anal fin s i m i lar but smaller. Pectoral fi ns smal l . Pelvic fins o b Oquely fan -shap ed . Caud al fi n stro ngly em arg inate .
Pycnos teroides, reconstruction after PATIERSON.
737
EUTELEO STEI Order: Beryciformes Family: Stichocentridae
Higher B ony Fis
e
Su border: Dino P terygO i d
�
e
Higher Bony Fishes
LE O STEI . B eryci formes Otd � t ' . D igorii dae ly
Suborder: Dinopterygoidei
_ f aD' l ' :..:---
-
()Igoria ambigua DANILTCHENKO (length c. 7 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of northern Stichocentrus livatus PATTERSON (length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Leba non . Original: The Natural History M useum, London, U . K. (P5/681 ).
G e n u s : Stichocentrus
PATIERSON, 1 96 7 .
Caucases . Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow, Russia .
Gen u s : Digoria
DANILTcHENKo, 1 980 .
G e o log ical rang e : U pper C retaceous.
Geological range : Lower Ol igocene.
G e o g raphical d i stributio n : M i d d l e East .
Geographical d i stri buti o n : Eastern E u rope .
Featu res : Small fishes with oval , laterally flattened bodies . H ead d eep . Eyes larg e . Gape rather lon g . Dorsal fins with hard rays anteriorly and then decreasing i n h e i g ht towards the tai l root. Anal fin l i kewise with hard rays anteriorly. Pelvic fi ns fan-shaped. Caudal fin rather deeply forked .
Features : Small fishes with rather laterally compressed bod ies . Head deep. Eyes larg e . Gape rather lon g . Dorsal fin hard - rayed and rather tal i anteriody, lower and soft - rayed posteriorly. Anal fin /ow, broad - base d . Pelvic fi n s smal l . Pectoral fins fan - shaped . Caudal fin deeply forked .
R e m a rks : Probably predators .
Remarks: Probably predators . Rece nt re l at i ve s : N o n e . Died
R e c e n t re l ati v e s : N o n e . Died out i n the Upper C retaceou s .
QUt in Olig oce ne .
Stichocentrus, reconstruct ion after PATTERSON.
738
Oigoria , reconstruction after Akademia Nauk, Moscow.
739
High er B ony Fi she
EUTELE O S TEI
Suborder: Polymixoid e�l B e d fi h e s
Order: Beryciformes Family: Polymixiidae
ar
s
------
Omosoma sahe/a/mae (COSTA) (length c. 8 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Leba non. Original: The Natural H istory Museum, London, U.K. (P 4862)
G e n u s : Omosoma
rE L E O STEI £v
:..----
Suborder: Polymyxoidei Beardfishes
__ -------------__ __ __ __ __ --
(]mosomopsis simum (AAAMBOURG) (length c. 6 cm) from the Lower Cretaceous of Tselfat, Morocco . Original: Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Pho tograph: Serette, Paris.
Genus: Omosomopsis
COSTA, 1 85 7 .
Higher Bony Fishes
yciformes ord�lrY'' .Ber p olymixiidae fa�l . __
GAUDANT,
1 97 8 .
G e o l og ical rang e : Up per Cretaceous .
Geological ran g e : Lower Cretaceous.
Geograph ical d i stribu t i o n : Europe, Nort h Africa, M iddle East.
Geographical d i st ribution : Northern Africa.
Fe atu res : Small fishes with laterally compressed bodies. Head deep . Eyes larg e . Gape rather long . Dorsal fin begins anterior t the m iddle of t h e body, fri nge-like, decreasing in heig ht posten orly. Anal fin similar but smaller. Pelvic and pectoral fi ns sm all. Caudal fin forked, with relatively
Features : Small to middle-sized fishes with rather plump bodies . Head dee p . Eyes large. Gape rather long . Snout rou nded . Dorsal fin approximately in the middle of the body, opposite the low, broad -based anal fin . Pelvic fins small, fan -shaped . Pectoral fins elongate , rounded . Caudal fi n small, deeply forked , with nar row lobes .
?
narrow lobes . Rem arks : Probably predators.
'Rem arks : Probably fed a t least partly on plants .
Recent relati v e s : None. D i e d out i n the U p per Cretaceous.
ftec � nt re l atives : N o n e .
9Ut In the Cretaceous . Omosoma, reconstruction aft er PAnERSON.
740
D i ed
Omosomopsis , re cons truction after GAYET.
74 1
Hi gher B o ny F i s
EUTELEOSTEI �
__ __
�
__
e
Su b or der: Pol Ymi xo id e B e ard fi s h
Order: Beryciformes F ami l y: Po l ymixiidae
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ � __ � -____ __ ___
-- -
�
e s1 -
'S
STEI (JfE LEO r'
Ord�lY' fa�l
,
:.---'
Higher B ony Fishes
B e ryci formes p o l ym ixiida e
Suborder: Polymixoidei B e ardfishes
�--
__
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
'fYC!IOSterinx russeggeri HECKEL (length c. 5 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of l,.ebanon. Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U . K .
Platycormus germanus AGASSIZ (length c. 20 cm) from the Upper Cr ta ceous of Baumberge, Westphalia, Germany. Original: Geologisch-Pal aontologisches Museum, MOnster, Germany.
G e n u s : Platycormus
von der MARCK, 1 858.
S y n o n y m : Berycopsis . G e o l og i cal ra nge : Upper Cretaceou s . Geographical di stri bution: Europe. Featu res : M id d le- sized fishes with almost d i sc-shaped , laterally flatt ened b o d i e s . H ead d e e p . Eyes l a rg e . Gape rat her long. Snout slightly poi nted . Dorsal fin beg i n n i ng i n the m iddle of the body with a few hard rays , rising to a point i n the antenor part and then decreasi n g i n height towards the root of the tai l . Anal fin fri nge-like. Pelvic and pec t o ra l f i n s s m a l l . C a u d a l f i n d e e p l y fo rk e d , w i t h n a rrow l o bes .
Genus: Pycnosterinx
H ECKEL, 1 84 9 .
Geological ran g e : U pper Cretaceous . Geographical d i stri b utio n : M i d dle East. Featu res : Small fishes with broad bodies. H ead deep. Eyes larg e . Gape rather long . Dorsal fin begins i n the m i d d l e o f the body, Opposite the somewhat smaller anal fin . Pelvic and pectoral fin s small . Caud al fin forke d , w i t h relatively nar row lob es . Rem arks: Prob ably pred ators .
�ecent rel ative s : Gen us extin ct . .
ru ssib ly rela ted to the rece nt genus Polymixia .
R e m a r k s : St i l l -w ater f i s h e s . Probably fed partly o n plants . R e c e nt r e l at i v e s : N o n e . Died out i n the Upper Cretaceous.
742
Pla tycormus, reconstru ction after WOOOWARD.
Polymixia berndti, a recent beardfish.
743
EUTELEO S TE I
Order: B eryciformes? Family: Araripichthyidae
Hi gher B ony Fish e s
Suborder: Araripichthyo idei .
? £vrE L E � STEI
yclformes . r: 'Ber o rd e' N named ot l f aDl 1 y'
H igher Bony Fishes
� --------------------------------------
Araripiehthys eastilhoi SILVA SANTOS (length e. 42 em) from the Lower Cretaceous of Ceara, Brazil . Original: Herrmann Collection, Buchenbach, Germany.
G e n u s : Araripichthys
S I LVA SANTOS, 1 98 5 .
Geolog ical ran g e : Lower Cretaceou s .
Unnamed fish (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. Original: Beyrouthy Collection, Toulouse, France.
Gen u s : Not named . Geological range : U pper Cretaceous.
G eogra p h ical d i stributi o n : South America.
Geographical d i stributi o n : Middle East .
Featu res : M i ddle-sized fishes with disc-shaped , laterally flattened bod ies . Head deep . Eyes large. Gape rather long. Dorsal fin in the middle of the body, rising to a point, partly cove red with scales. Anal fi n l i kewise partly covered with scales. Caudal fin d e e p l y forked , w i t h n arrow l o bes .
Featu res : M iddle-sized fishes with disc-shaped , laterally flattened bodies. Head deep . Eyes large. Gape rather long . D o rsal fin �inn ing anterior to the m iddle of the body, tall and poi nted . It is o bliquely opposite to the anal fi n which i s likewise tall anteriorly but then decreases i n height and becomes fri nge-like. Pectoral fins long and fan-shape d . Caudal fin rather deeply forked . Rem arks : Still-water fishes which probably fed partly on plants. Recen t re lat ives : None . Died o ut i n the Upper Cretace ou s .
Rem arks : St i l l - water fishes. R e cent r e l ative s : None . D ied out i n the Lower Cretaceous .
. fter SILVA Araripiehthys , recons trucli on a
744
SANTOS.
745
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Beryciformes Family: Not named
Higher B ony Fishes
Higher B ony F i s h s e
Unnamed fish (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon . Original: Beyrouthy Collection, Toulouse, France.
Unnamed fish (length c. 8 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. Original:
G e n u s : Not named .
Genus: Not named .
G e o log ical range : Upper Cretaceo u s .
Geological ran g e : U pper Cretaceo u s .
G e o g ra p h i ca l d i stributio n : M id d le East.
Geographical d i stribut io n : M iddle East.
F e at u re s : S m a l l fi shes with d is c - s h aped outl i n e , lateral ly flat tened . H ead dee p . Eyes smal l . Gape rather long . Dorsal fi n in the m i d d le of the body, long and flag - l ike. Anal fin tall ante riorly, but ru n n i ng back into a low fringe. Pelvic fi ns very anterior in position, long and narrow . Caudal fin rather deeply forked , wit h slightly rou n d ed lobes .
Featu res : Small fishes with deeply oval o utline, lateral ly flattened. He� d dee p . Eyes larg e . Gape long . Dorsal fin beg i n s s ho rtly behind the head and runs as a tall fri nge along the whole of the baCk borne by hard thick sp ines which become thinner posteri Orly. Anal fin trian g u lar. Caudal fin moderately forked , with broad lobe s .
Remarks : Still -water fishes which probably fed partly on pl a nts.
Rem arks: Probably predators.
Recent re l ative s : None. Died out in the U pper Cretaceou s .
746
Beyrouthy Collection, Toulouse, France.
,
Rece nt rel ati v e s : None. Died out i n the Upper Cretaceous.
747
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Zeiformes Family: Zeidae
Hig her B ony F is
es
D ori e s ----�--------------------���-------- ---
Zenopsis c/arus DANILTCHENKO (length c. 9. cm) fmm the Lower .oligocene of the northern Caucasus . Original: Paleontologlcheskll Muzel Russkol Akade ml l Nau k, Moscow, Russia.
G e n u s : Zenopsis
vrE LE O STEI
-----
Dories
__ __ __
Zsus sp. (length c. 9 crn) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Intertoss, Munich, Germany.
LINNAEUS , 1 758.
Geologic al rang e : Ol igocene to recent.
Geol ogical ran g e : Oligocene to recent. Geogra p h i ca l d istri but i o n : Western and eastern Europe .
--__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
__ __
Gen us: Zeus
G I LL, 1 862 .
Hi gher Bony Fishes
ormes of�a�rdel'Iyc: 'ZZeie�ldae
�
Featu res : Small fishes with almost circ ular o utline, laterall flat tened. H ead deep . Gape long , d i rected u pwards . Snout pOinted. Dorsal fin approxim ately in the middle of the body, camed by h a r d ray s . A n a l f i n b r o a d based . Pectoral fins small. Pel vic fi ns very anterior in posi t i o n . Caudal fin not f o r k e d . Jaws set with small teet h .
Geog raphica l distribu tio n : Europe, North Africa. Feature s : Small to middle- sized fishes with oval outl ine, laterally flattened . Head dee p . Eyes large. Gape long, d i rected u pwards . Snout pOinted . D orsal fi n a p p roxi mately i n t h e m i d d l e of the body anterior ly with stro n g , elongat e rays but contin uing posteri orly as a fringe . Anal fin similar, Pelv ic fi n s e l ong at e , very ante rior in pos ition Pec . tora l fins tmali. Cau dal fi n not fork ed . Iern arks : Pro bab ly ope n-water ,
ared ato rs .
R e m ar ks : Open-water p reda tors.
rel at i ve s : C l o s e ly re� to rec e nt d o ries of the Zeus .
R ec e n t rel at i ve s : Cl osely re lated to rec ent d o ries of the g e n us Zenopsis . Zenopsis conchifer, a rece nt dory ·
748
Zeus faber, the recent John dory. litho graph from BLOCH.
749
EUTELEO STEI Order: Zeiformes Family: Caproidae
H igher B ony Fi sh
eS
B o a rfish
--=_ __ ---==_ � --__ ---------__
es
----
Antigonia veronensis SORBINI (length c. 3 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
.•_ _... ..
LEO STEI
Zeiformes L ' Iy' C aproidae
fa �l
Higher B ony Fishes B oarfish es
' __ -----------__ __ __ __ __ _ __ __
=----
Cspros radobojanus (KRAMBERGER) (length c. 3 cm) from the Oligocene of Wiesloch, Baden, Germany. Original: Staathches Museum fur Naturkunde, Karlsruhe , Ger��
G e n u s : Antigonia
Genus: Capros
LOWE, 1 843.
G e o l og ical ran g e : Middle Eocene to recent . Geographical d i stributi o n : Europe. F e at u re s : S ma l l to m i d d le - s ized fishes with rou nded lozenge shaped outline, laterally flattened . H ead deep. Eyes large . Snout pointed . Oorsal fin begi n s at the highest point of the bod y, hard rayed anteriorly but continu ing rearward as a soft-rayed fringe . Anal' fin s i m i lar. Pelvic fi ns very a n t e r i o r . Pectoral fi ns s ma l l . Caudal fi n not forked . R e m arks : Predators . R e cent relat i ve s : C l osely re l ated to recent b oa rfishes of the genus Antigonia . .
750
de LACEPEDE, 1 802.
Synonym s : Glyphisom a , Metapomichthys , Proantigonia . Geo log ical range : Ol igocene to recent.
Antigonia steindachnen, a fish.
t boar-
recen
Ge�grap h i ca l d istributi o n : Western and eastern E u rope ' N orth Africa. . Very s mall fishes with almost circular outline, laterally n.nT "''"'� d . H e a d d ee p . Eyes Dorsa l f i n b e g i n s w i t h rays j u st b e h i n d t h e head cont in ues rearw ards as a fringe . Anal fin s i m i fins very anter ior i n . Pect o ral fi n s s m a l, l . fin not forked . nn �u." ,. · Pre da tor s. t rela t i v e s : C l ose ly re to re cen t boa rfis h e s of genu s C apros . Capros aper, a recent boarfish .
75 1
H igher Bony F ish es
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Gasterosteiformes Family: Gasterosteidae
S ti ck l e b
�Tbl
S eamoths
a. ck
-----:
----�------------------------�---------
6 cm) from the Miocene 0 Californ ia, U . S.A. Original: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash ington, D.C , U . S .A.
tllgner H ony .t lSneS
Gasterosteus doryssus JORDAN (length c.
G e n u s : Gasterosteus
hgBSUS volans VOLTA (length c. 8 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy.
�a1: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelie, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
LINNAEUS , 1 758.
Syno nym : Meriamel/a .
Gen us: Pegasus
G e o logical rang e : Upper M iocene to recent.
Geological ran g e : Eocene .
G eog raphical d i stri b uti o n : Nort h Ameri c a , Europe, Asia, North Afr i c a . F e at u re s : S m all f i s h e s o f s l e n d e r shape. H ead shallow . E�es . large. S nout pointed . Dorsal fin with spines anteriorly continuing rearwards as a fringe decreas i n g i n h e i g ht . P e c t o ral f i n s larg e . Pelvic fins consist of a p owerful a n d o bv i o u s s p i n e . Caudal f i n s l ig htly emarg i nate . Flan ks o f b o d y armoured with bony plates.
LINNAEUS , 1 75 8 .
Geograph ical d istri buti o n : Europ e . eatures : Small fishes o f u n usual shape. H ead smal l . Eyes smal l . � e long. Snout produced a s a b road rostru m . M outh tooth ites. Pectoral fi ns transformed into long m any- rayed "wi n g s " . : F e d o n s m a l l freeorganisms .
relativ es : Pro bably re to seam oths of the genus
R e m arks : Fres h - water preda t o rs . R ecent r e l ative s : Closely re lated to recent stickl ebacks of the genus Gasterosteus .
752
recent Gasterosteus aculea tus , a leback.
sticl<
Pegasus volans, a recent seamoth . litho graph from CUVIER.
753
h U I J::<. L J::<. U � l J::<. l
HI gher Hony F i sh
:�
Subo rder: Aulo s to lll o i Trum p e tfi sh el es ----....
Order: Syngnathiformes Family: Aulostomidae
Aulostomoides tyleri BLOT (length c. 7 cm) from the Middle Eocene of 801ca, Italy. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelie, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
G e n u s : Aulostomoides
BLOT.
1 980.
Higher B ony Fi s he s
vrE LE O S TEI
t: d , Ot et ,
'Iy'
syngnathif orm es Au los tom l' d ae
Suborder: Aulostomoidei Trumpetf IS ' h es
fa�l ' �
=----
___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ -__
Eoaulostomus bolcensis (AGASSIZ) (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Middle Eocene of BoIeS. Italy. Original: Museo CIVICO dl Stona Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Eoaulostomus
BLOT,
1 980 .
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : Eocene.
Synony m : Aulostoma .
Geog raphical d i stributio n : Europe.
Geolog ical ran g e : M i ddle Eocene.
Features: Small fishes with elongate , very slender bod ies . Head shallow. Eyes relatively larg e . Snout produced to form a tube s haped rostru m . Dorsal fin very posterior.
Geograph ical d i stribut io n : E u rope.
Remarks : Fed on free-swi mming org anisms. Recent relatives : None . Died out i n Eocene.
Featu res : Small fishes with elongate, very thin bodies . H ead Shallow. Eyes larg e . A powerfu l , rather long, t u be-shaped snout WIth a terminal mouth . Caudal fi n small and not forked . Rem arks : Fed on microsc opic org anism s . leee nt relati ves : Rel1ated t o re tru mpetfishes of the g e
Aulos tomus .
Aulostomus sinensis, a recent trumpet fish .
754
755
Higher Bony Fish e s
EUTELEOSTEI
Sub order: Au los to mo id ei Trum p et fis
Order: Syngnathiformes Family: Aulostomidae
es
----
Macraulostomus veronensis BLOT (length e. 1 8 em) from the Middle Eoeen Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Macraulostomus
of Bolea,
BLOT, 1 980.
t'
lY. f aIXll
---
ros
Suborder: Aulostomoidei
.
Urosphen dubia (BLAINVILLE) (length e. 1 8 em) from the Middle Eocene 01 Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civieo di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
AGASSIZ,
1 835.
Geological rang e : Middle Eocene.
Geog raph i ca l d i stributi o n : Europe . Featu res : S mall fishes with elongate slender bod ies . Head shal l ow . Eyes relatively larg e . Upper and lower jaw9 f sed to form a rather long tube. Mouth relatively larg e . Dorsal fin In th posteno r t h i rd of t h e body, o p posite the anal fi n . Pectoral fi r s small . Caudal fin not forke d , rounded . Body covered with s mal l cteno ld
�
�
s c al e s .
Recent relatives: Genus extinct. Perhaps d istantly related to re cent trumpetfishes of the genus Aulostomus .
756
Higher Bony Fishes
iformes Sor�� ' sUyngnath phenidae
Gen us : Urosphen
Geolog ical rang e : M iddle Eocene.
R e m arks : Fed on microscopic prey.
fE L E O S TEI
Geograp h i cal d i stribulti o n : E u rope. Feat u res : Small fishes with thin , very slender bod ies . H ead shal low. Eyes larg e . Snout elongated to form a narrow tube. Mouth o pening very smal l , term i nal . Dorsal fin i n the posterior third of the body, opposite the anal fin . Caudal fin not forked , rou nded . Rem arks : I n view of the small mouth , fed only on microscopic or gani s m s . R ece nt relatives : None. D ied out in Oligocene .
757
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Syngnathiformes Family: Urosphenidae
Higher B ony F i s h es Suborde r: Aulost ,
o m o id
el .
ST EI
Higher Bony Fishes
syngn at��formes Order:y I ' Fis tul arn d ae
fatn 1 '
Suborder: Aulostomoidei Cornetfishes
'
:.:-----
RsttJIarioides veronensis BLOT (length c . 2 1 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original : Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Iitaly. Urosphenopsis sagitta DANILTCHENKO (length c . 1 6 cm) from the E o cene of Turkmenistan, C . I . S . Original: Paleontologicheskii M uzei Akademii Nauk Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow, Russia, C . I .S.
G e n u s : Urospehopsis
DANILTCHENKO, 1 968 .
Gen us: Fistu/arioides
BLOT, 1 980.
G e o l o g i cal range : Lower Eocene.
Geological ran g e : Middle Eocene.
Geog rap h i cal d i stribut i o n : Western Asia.
Geograph i cal d i st r i b ut io n : E u rope.
Feat u res : Small fishes with very narrow, elongate bod ies . Head shallow. Eyes smal l . M assive tubular snout with termi nal mouth. Body covered with bony armour.
Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes with elongate very t h i n bodies . Head s h a l l o w . Eyes s m al l . S nout rather long , massive iIld tube-shaped with a small terminal mouth . Dorsal fin o pposite hi fin. Caudal fin forke d , with a filamentous appendag e .
R e m arks : Fed on microscopic organisms.
Remar ks : Fed on micros copic organ ism s .
R e c e n t r e l at i ve s : None. D i ed out in Eocene.
ece nt re lative s : Relat ed to rec o rn etfishe s of the genus ......."' . ,.,., "'
Urosph enopsis, recon stru c Akademia Nauk, Mosc ow.
758
t 1· 0 n afte r
�==;::a:;;;;���C51GJ����
Fistu/aria tabaccaria , a recent cornetfish. Lithograph from BLOCH.
759
Higher Bo ny F ish
EUTELEOSTEI
S ub order: Au lo sto ..... o.de s "4 l 1
Order: Syngnathiformes Family: Parasynarcualidae
•
ei
S
vrE L EO STEI ath iformes
d r syngn or � ' . Macrorhamphosidae lY
fa�l .__ -----
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Aulostomoidei Snipefishes
-----------------------
(de BLAINVILLE) (length c. 22 cm) fram the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Ci.vico di Staria Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Parasynarcua/is /angirostris
(length c. 6 cm) from the Middle Eocene of BoIca. Italy. Original: Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria.
Aulorhamphus bo/censis (STEINDACHNER)
G e n u s : Parasynarcualis Synonym : Fistularia .
BLOT, 1 980.
Gen us: Aulorhamphus
de ZIGNO, 1 890.
Geological ra n g e : M iddle Eocene.
Geological ra n g e : Middle Eocene.
Geograp hi cal d i stri buti o n : Europe .
Geograph ical d istri b u ti o n : Europe.
Features: S m a l l fishes with re lative ly dee p , l at e rally flattened bodies. Head shallow. Eyes small . Snout short and tubular, with a small terminal mout h . Dorsal fin with hard rays anteriorly. Anal fin broad - based . Caudal fin not forked , roun ded .
Feat u re s : Smal l to middle-sized fishes with elongate, vey narrow bodies. Head shal low. Eyes large. Snout powerfu l , rather long and tubular with a terminal mouth . Dorsal fin bip a rtite Anal fin fri nge-like. Caudal fin not forked .
Rema rks: Fed on microscopic animals.
Remarks : Fed on microscopic o rg a n i s m s .
Rece nt relative s : Possib le re late d to recent s n i pefish es of the fam i ly Macr orham hosid p ae .
Recent relatives : Genus ext in ct . Poss ibly related to recent cor netfishes of the fam ily Fistular i i d ae .
r econ s t uc Akademia Nauk, Moscow.
Parasynareu a/is,
760
f1 0 n a fte r
Maerorhamphasus sea/apax,
snipefish .
a recent
76 1
Hi gher Bo ny F ish Sub order: Aul osto lllo ' e s' 1 d el
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Syngnathiformes Family: Macrorhamphosidae
Sn l' p ef h �� iS es
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
--
-
Gasterorhamphosus zuppichini SORBINI (length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Nardo, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Gasterorhamphosus
G e o g raph i cal d istribut io n : E u rope . F e at u re s : S m a l l fis h e s w i t h l aterally flattened , relatively deep bod ies . H ead s h a l l ow . Eyes larg e . Snout t u b u lar. Body partly armou red . Dorsal fin very posterior, the fi rst ray very th i c k , den ticu late on the dorsal su rface and very lon g , projecting far behind the body. Anal fin smal l . Caudal fin not forked . -------
or �lry'. d
f�l
.
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Aulostomoidei Shrimpfishes
:..----
--------� == == == == == � ----__
AeoIiscus apsheronicus (LEDNEV) (length c. 1 0 cm) from the northern Caucasus, C.I.S. Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauf(, Moscow, Russia.
JORDAN & STARKS, 1 902.
Geolog ical ran g e : O l igocene to recent.
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : U p per Cretaceous .
-
B
syngnathifor c entri scidae
Genus: Aeoliscus
SORBINI , 1 98 1 .
R e m arks : Fed on microorgan isms.
vrE L EO STEI mes
---- �-
Geographical d istri b u ti o n : Western and eastern E u rope.
Fe atu res : Small fishes with elongate, very laterally compressed bodies . Head shallow. Snout long and tubu lar, with small terminal mouth . Body covered with bony armour. M i d-ventral line sharp . Trunk extends rearwards into a long powerful spine. Tail reg ion bent downward s . Caudal f i n anteri or to the spine, w h i c h rep:tesents the posterior end of the 8n imal . P ro b a b l y s w a m , l i ke their re-
Recent re l atives : Genus ext inct. R e l ated to recent s n i pefishes of the genus Macrorhampho
sus .
n Gasterorhamphosus, rec on stru ctio ter SORBINI.
762
af
Aeo/iscus, reconstruction after ORLOV.
763
H igher Bo ny F ish
EUTELEOSTEI
Sub order: Aul osto .... . eS ", old . , Sh rimp fis h el
Order: Syngnathiformes Family: Centriscidae
es -----.:.
Centriscus strigatus GUNTHER (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marec chia, Italy. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Centriscus
LINNAEUS, 1 75 8 .
S y n o n y m : Amphisile . G e o l og i ca l ran g e : Oligocene to recent. G e o g raphical d i stributio n : Western Asia, E u rope.
F e at u re s : Small fishes with slender, laterally very co pressed bodies and s h arp ventral edg e . Head shallow . Eyes larg e. Rather long tubu lar snout with small terminal mouth . A long rearward poi nting spine projects beyond the posterior end of the body. Caud al fin smal l , rounded and tu rned downwards . R e m arks : Fed on microorgan isms. R e c e n t re l at i ve s : C l osely re lated to recent s h ri m pfishes of the genus Centriscus .
764
t h rimpfish. Centriscus scutatus, a recen s Lithograph from BLOCH
H igher B ony Fishes
L EO S T EI
Suborder: Aulostomoidei Shrimpfishes
s ngnath ifor mes ...:' · · y trisci dae en ,.. - . I y . C �.
:..---'
----� -� ----------------
:""'ItnDlil sile weileri BLOT (length c. 7 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Paramphisile
BLOT, 1 98 0 .
Geological rang e : M i d d l e Eocene. Geographical d i stributi o n : Europe. :featu res : Small fishes with slender, laterally very c o m p ressed bodies with sharp ventral edge . Head shallow. Eyes larg e . Snout long, tubular, with small terminal mouth . Powerful spine p rojects beyond the posterior end of the body . Caudal fin smal l , rou nded jnd turned downw ard s . m arks : Fed on microorganisms. re l at i v e s : G e n u s ext i nct .
D i st a n t l y r e l ated to recent
mnm",fi"I,�� of the genus Centriscus .
765
EUTELEO STEI
Order : Syngnathiformes Family: Paraeoliscidae
H igher B o ny Fi sh .
Sub order: Aul ost o ..1'h.. ' . e S ol S h ri m p fi d e l. sh
�
Aeoliscoides longirostris (AGASSIZ) (c. 4 cm) from the middle Eocene of
Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Aeoliscoides
BLOT, 1 980 .
G e o l ogical rang e : M iddle Eocene. G eogra p h i ca l d i stribut i o n : Europe. Feat u re s : S mall fishes with slender, compress ed bod ies. Sharp m. ventral edge. S n o ut elongated i nto a slender, t u bu lar rostru termi M outh smal l and term i nal. The posterior end of the body spine. a nates in feed on R e m arks : Due to the small mouth these fishes could only the smallest prey organ isms . lation to R ecent relatives : Genus ext inct . There is a possible re recent shrim pfishes of the genus Aeoliscus .
O �Tbl
Higher Bony Fishes
syngna thiformes Subord er: Aulostomoidei cidae eolis Shrimpfishes para : l �� ,a Jlli y ---------------------------�
' LIS robinetae . BLOT (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, .C Pat;reoJ�S . On9lnal: Museo CIVICO dl Stona Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Paraeoliscus
BLOT, 1 98 0 .
Geological ran g e : Middle Eocene. Geographical di stri bution : Europe . ea� u re s : Small fishes with n arrow, very lateral ly compressed Head slender. Eyes large . Long t u b u lar snout with small liermlnal mout h . A spine points posteri extend i n g far b eyond the posteend of the body which turns down together with the caudal fin .
bod'�S.
: Fed o n m i croorganis ms . rel at ive s : Genus extinct . Related s h ri m pfis h e s of the g e n u s
r.. ,.. ,, � �
Aeoliscus punc tulatus , a recent
shrimpfish.
766
767
Higher Bo ny F is he s
EUTELEO STEI Order: Syngnathiformes Family: Solenostomidae
Subo rder : Aulo st 01It Oi ' de Ghost ,
P ip e fi sh � e ---
OSTEI Syngnathiformes ' l y ' solenostomidae
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Syngnat hoidei Ghost Pipefishes
�-----------------------------------------
Calamostoma breviculum AGASSIZ (length c. 11 2 cm) from the Middle Eoc ne of Bolca ' Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Ftosolenostomus lessinii BLOT (length c. 4 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, JIaIy. Original: Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh , Pen n . , U .S .A.
G e n u s : Ca/amostoma
AGASSIZ, 1 83 3 .
Genus: Proso/enostomus
BLOT, 1 980 .
G e o l og ical ran g e : Middle Eocene .
Geological ran g e : Middle Eocene.
G e o g rap h i cal d i stribut i o n : E u rope .
Geographi cal d i stributi o n : E u rope.
F e at u re s : S m a l l' fishes of s lender s h ap e . H ead s h a l l ow . Eyes relatively larg e . Snout extended to form a tube.
Mouth s m al l . Two d o rsal fi n s . Anal fin a n d pelvic f ns smal l . Pectoral fi n s somewhat larger. Caudal f i n relatively large, not forked . B o d y a r m o u re d w i t h bony plates . Rem arks : Cou ld only have fed on very small organisms in view of the narrow t u b ular mouth .
Featu re s : Very s m al l fishes of narrow e l o n g ate s hape . H ead *hallow. Eyes s m al l . Short t u b u lar snout. Body armo u re d with Uadrang u l a r p l at es arranged in row s . C a u d al fin not forked , ro unde d . .
Fed on microorg anisms.
relat i v es : Genus exti nct . Related to recent g host p i pe of the fam i ly Soleno stomid ae.
Recent relative s : Genus extinct. Perhaps distantly related to the recent genus So/enos tom us . Solenostomus cyan opterus , ghost pipefish .
768
a
recent
769
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Syngnathiformes Family: Syngnathidae
H igh er B ony Fish e
:��
Su borde r: Syngnath o id fipef ishes and Se ah o rs
----
O STEI nathiformes � er. syng nath 1O d ae s ng y ny:
f;;
:.----
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Syngnathoidei Pipefishes and Seahorses
Hippocampus cuda , a recent seahorse.
Genus: Hippocampus
RAFINESQUE, 1 8 1 0.
Geological ran g e : P liocene to recent. Geographical d i stributi o n : E u rope. eatu res : Small fishes with elongat e , angu larly c u rved bodies , ; 1IKiC1IeIE�SS and surrounded by bony dermal shields. Head shallow. small . Rather long t u b u lar snout with small terminal mouth . fin shortly anterior to the beginning of the tai l . Pectoral fins .-J.,�n,,,, ..... ...,,... . Caud al fin absent. : Fed on microorganism s . relatives : Closely related t o recent seahorses o f t h e ge
Hippocampus .
arec. f FI ume M Hippocampus ramulosus LEACH (length c. 5 cm) from the Pliocene 0 chia, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
770
771
H igher B o ny F ish
EUTELE OSTEI
Subord er: Sy ngn a th . e S O l d ei . Pipefis hes and Seah
Order: Syngnathiformes Family: Syngnathidae
-_.
..
�
Pseudosyngnathus opisthopterus (AGASSIz) (length c. 30 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelie, Paris, France. Photo graph: Serette, Paris.
G e n u s : Pseudosyngnathus
KNER, 1 863 .
OSTEI
Higher Bony Fishes
sy ngn athiformes ·� · gn athidae .. ,.n ....'ru .. i I Y: Syn f
Suborder: Syngnathoidei Pipefishes and Seahorses
:..----
'Syngnathus heckeli de ZIGNO (length c. 9 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Origi n al: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Gen us: Syngnathus
LINNAEUS,
1 75 8 .
G e o l o g i ca l rang e : Eocene.
Syno nym : Siphonostoma
Geographical d istributi on : Europe .
Geolog ical ran g e : M id d l e Eocene to recent .
F e at u res : M id d l e-sized fishes with very slender elongate bodies. H ead small and elongate . Eyes smal l . Snout produced to form a long t h i n t u b u lar rostru m . Dorsal fin smal l , very posterior. Cauda l fin elongate , not forke d , with a rou nded end .
Geograph i cal d i stri bution : Europe, North A merica, n o rthern Af rica.
R e m arks : Fed on free- swi mming microorgan isms. R ecent re l atives: None. Died out i n Eocene.
Featu res : S mall to middle-sized fishes with elongate, very narrow bodies. Head shallow. Eyes smal l . Short t u bu lar snout with s mall term inal mouth . Body covere d WIth bony quad rangular plates arranged i n rows . Caud al fi n not forked , rou nd d . e .
Fed o n m i croorgan-
rel ative s : Genus extin ct . related t o recen t p i pe of t h e g e n u s Syngna Syngnathus sp . , a recent pipefish.
772
773
EUTELE OSTEI Order: Syngnathiformes Family: Syngnathidae
Higher Bo ny Fi she
�
Sub orde r: Syngn atho id Pipefish es and S e ah or e l Ses
----
Unnamed fish (length c. 22 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Higher Bony Fishes
E O STE I vrEL S de!" D actyliop teriformes i1Y: D actyliop teridae
�
Flying Gurnards
----
Dectylopterus voJitans (LINNAEUS) (length c. 3 . 5cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
de LACEPEDE, 1 80 1 .
G e n u s : Not named .
Genus: Dactylopterus
Geo log ical ra n g e : Pl iocene.
Geological ran g e : Pliocene to recent .
Geographica l d i stributi o n : Europe.
Geograph i cal d i stributio n : Europe .
Features: Middle-sized fishes with elongate, very narrow bodies. Head shallow. Eyes larg e . Rather long tubular snout Wilh small term inal mouth . Body armoured with rounded p l ates of bone . Body tapers to a much narrower tail stem with a small u forke d caudal fi n .
Rem arks : Fed on microorganisms. Recent relative s : Related to recent pi pefishes.
Feature s : Small to m iddle-sized fishes with slender bodies . Head broad. Eyes larg e . Upper surface of sku l l flat, fused with the first
three vertebrae, armoured with bony plates . Snout fal l i n g away steeply. First dorsal fin hard- rayed , shorter than t h e soft- rayed second dorsal fin . Pectoral fins on the th roat . Caudal fin not 'forked . Scales fused fi rmly to: Pro b a b l y botto m l i n g f i s h e s . T h e i r " f ly i n g is greatly in doubt. nt r e l a t i v e s : C l osely re to rece nt flying g u rnards the genus Dactyl opterus .
Oactylopterus
nard.
774
sp., a recent flying gur
775
Higher B o ny F ish e
EUTELEOSTEI
�
Su b ord er: Sc orpa e n o id . el S corp I O n fi sh
Order: Scorpaeniformes Fami l y: Scorp aenidae
'
-
es
----
Scorpaena prior HECKEL (length c. 1 9 cm) from the Miocene of St. Mar garethen, Austria. Original: Weiss Collection, Vienna, Austria. Photograph: Weiss, VI("nna.
G e n u s : Scorpaena
LINNAEUS,
1 7 58.
Higher B ony Fishes ��� � ���!r � -------------------------:..----
S
mes a d Ot � ' , r t erygocephalidae a� lY'
f
l
S ubord er: S corpaenoidei
__
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
Pterygocephalus parctdoxus AGASSIZ (length c . 5 cm) from the Middle Eocene of 8oIca. Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Gen u s : Pterygocephalu5
AGASSIZ,
G eo logical rang e : M iocene to recent.
Geological rang e : Middle Eocene.
G eograp hical di stri bution: Europe.
Geograph i ca l d istri but i o n : Europe.
Feat u re s : Small to m i d d l e - s ized fishes of p l u m p shape. Head large. Eyes large . Gape very Iiong. Anterior part of the dorsal fin carried by hard rays , the posterior part soft- rayed . Anal fi n op po site the posterior part. Pelvic fins un der the broad pectoral fins. Caudal fin not forked, rounded .
1 83 5 .
Featu res : Small fishes of rather broad shape . Head shal low . Eyes Gape rather l on g . Fi rst head spine longer than seco n d . first dorsal fin o f powerfu l spines. Second dorsal f i n rou nded , ';�ipO�site the anal fin which l i kewise begins with spines. Pectora l relatively larg e . Caudal fin large , not forked , rounded .
large.
, Predators.
R e m arks : Botto m- dwe l l i n g predators. Even at that time the hard fin rays were p ro b a b l y poisonous.
N o n e . Died
R ec e nt r e l at i v e s : C l o s e l y re lated to recent scorpionfishes of the genus Scorpaena .
Scorpaena notata , a
776
recent
:;co
rpionfiSn.
Pterygocephalus, reconstruction after BLOT.
777
EUTELEO STEI Order: Syngnathiformes Family : Rhamphosidae
Higher Bony Fish .
Suborder: Scorpae no i
��
Suborder: Scorpaenoidei S earobins
---
BLAINVILLE) (length c. 6 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca. Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale . Verona. Italy.
licatae SAUVAGE (length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Miocene of Licata; Sicily, Italy.
Rhamphosus acu/eatus (de
G e n u s : Rhamphosus
Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris. France. Photograph: Serette.
Genus: Trig/a
AGASSIZ, 1 83 5 .
Geographical d i stri buti o n : Europe , western Asia, North America, :northern Africa.
G eograph i cal d i stribut i o n : Europe.
F e at u re s : S mall fishes of s l e n d e r shape. H ead shal low . Eyes ri small. Snout produ ced to form a pointed rostru m . Long , poste body. e t of e l d d i m the n i ately m approxi e n i orly d i rected s p fin not Dorsal fi n very posterio r, opposite the anal fi n . Caud al R e m arks : Pro bably fed o n microorgan isms.
Recent relative s : None. D ied out i n Eocene.
LINNAEUS, 1 758.
Geo l ogica l ran g e : Eocene to recent.
G e o l o g ical ran g e : M iddle Eocene.
forke d .
Higher Bony Fishes
OSTEI
·•
res: Small fishes of rather plump shape. Head larg e . Eyes Snout pOinted . Gape l o n g . Two dorsal fins, the anterior ..-.11_.·""""".... Anal fin b road- based . Pectoral fins g reatly enlarge d . f i n Slightly emargi nate . : Bottom-dwellers .
r e l atives : Closel y re to recent searobin s of the Trig/a .
Trig!a sp., a recent searobin. Lithograph from BLOCH.
7 78
7 79
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Scorpaeniformes F amily : Cottidae
.
r: COlt 'd 01 e '
SCUlPin�
PRIEM , 1 908 .
G e o l o g i ca l ran g e : Ol i gocene .
G eograph i cal d i stribut io n : M iddl e East. Head Feat u re s : S mall fishes of rather laterally compres sed sha pe. body of half anterior in rst fi the , s n fi large . Eyes larg e . Two dorsal � ly qu i obl s n fi l, pectora The half. r o i r e and t h e second i n post site o opp opposite the first dorsal fi n . The broad - based anal fin s . Cau fin l pectora the fins beneath the second dorsal fin . Pelvic dal fin forke d .
R e m arks : Bottom-dwelling predators .
S co rp ae nif ormes C o tti dae
-------.:.
Cottopsis gaudryi (PRIEM) (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of Iran. Origi nal: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
G e n us : Cottopsis
ST EI
H igher B o ny F ish es Suborde
Higher Bony Fishes
Subord er: Cottoidei Sculpins
(;Ottus brevis AGASSIZ (length c. 5 cm) from the Upper M iocene of Unterkirchberg,
WQrttemberg, Germany. Original: Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Genus: Cottus
LINNAEUS, 1 758.
Geological rang e : Oligocene to rece n t . Geog rap h i c a l d i st r i b u t i o n : A s i a , N ew Zealan d , America.
E u ro p e , N o rt h
featu res : Small fishes with rather laterally compressed shape .
!Head relatively w i d e . Two dorsal fins , the anterior being shorter
n the posterior . Anal fin op the posterim dorsal fi n . lI'AI''Tn r·,., 1 fins larg e . Caudall fin forke d , rou nded .
lat ed to re Recent rel atives : Genus ext inct . Perhap s distantl y r cent scu l p i n s of the fam i ly Cottidae .
rs ,
of
Botto m - d we l l i n g
relat ives : Genus ext i nct. related to recent scu l t h e g e n u s Cottus . Cottus gobio, a recent sculpi n .
780
78 1
EUTELEOSTEI
Highe r Bo ny Fi sh
Cotto i��
Suborder: Order: Scorpaeniformes F am i_ I y_: C_ e t t id a o ___ __ ____________________S c u lpins -----=
Eoeottus veronensis VOLTA (length c. 9 em) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K . , (P1 61 3 1 ).
G e n u s : Eocottus
WOODWARD, 1 90 1 ,
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : Middle Eocene, G e o g raph ical d istributio n : Europe . Featu r e s : Small fishes of slender outline, H ead s hal low , Eyes larg e , Gape long, Two dorsal fins with the anal fin op posite the more posterior, Caudal fin larg e , not forked , rou nded , Remarks : Probably bottom-dwelling predators,
of the Recent relative s : Genus extinct. Related to recent scu l pi ns genus Cottus.
Higher Bony Fishes
LEO STEI
Suborder: C ottoidei Sculpins
S corpaenifor mes Co tti dae
�. ta'/idOt.;o ttIJS aries (AGASSIz) (length c. 8 em) from the Lower Oligocene of Aix en .......nr"". France. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K . (P27442).
anus: Lepidocottus
SAUVAG E
,
1 875 .
Geological ran g e : Lower Oligocene. Geograph ical d istribution : E u rope . : Small fishes of elongate shape. Head shal low. Eyes Snout pointed . Gape long, d i rected u pward s , Two dorsal the first i n the anterior and the second in the posterior half of body, Anal fin opposite the second dorsal fi n , Pectoral fins IJRAlI'WM'V broad , Caudal fin not , rou nded , rks : rs ,
B o tt o m - d w e lilli n g
relati ves : Genus extinc t . to recent s c u l p i n s of , fa m ily Cott idae ,
Lepidoeottus, reconstruction after ZITTEL.
782
783
E UTELEOSTEI
Order: Scorpaeniformes Family: ?
Higher Bo ny F ish
O STEI
es
Higher Bony Fishes S uborder: Percoidei Snooks
IUNrlnnnr'l8 gigas AGASSIZ (length c . 40 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. .. RIJksm useum van Geologie en Mlneralogle, Leiden, Netherlands. of Fu u r , Den mark . Origi nal: Unnamed fish (length c. 3 . 5 cm) from the Eocene Paleonto logiska Museet, Uppsala, Sweden.
G e n u s : Not named . Geolog ical ran g e : Eocene. G eograph ical d i stribution : Europe.
s hal low. Eyes Featu res : Small fishes of s l e n d er s h a p e . H ead small pOinted with set jaws large . Gape long. U pper and lower . Pectoral fins . head the behind teet h . Dorsal fin beg i n ning shortly de d by free fan - s haped . Pelvic fins op posite t h e m a n d p rece b el s on the bar few A . nded s p i n e s . Cauda l fin not forke d , rou ch i n .
Rem arks : Probably bottom- dwel lers .
to sibly related R ecent re l ative s : Genus p resum ably extinct . Pos recent fishes of the order Scorpa en iformes .
Genus: Cyc/opoma
AGASSIZ, 1 83 3 .
Geo l ogica l ra n g e : M i d d l e Eocene. Geograp h ical d i stributi o n : Eumpe . Featu res : M i d d l e - s iz e d f i s r e s of rat h e r latera l l y com p ressed H ead shal low . Eyes s m a l l . S nout pointed . Gape rather JOng . Two dorsal fins, the anterior consisti n g of a few hard rays, . posterior rou n ded and soft- rayed . Anal fin with t h ree hard anteriorly, continuing posteriorly with an elongate, rou nd ed 8KJ111-r:::nlt:' '''' port i o n . Pelvic fin s . Caudal fi n , large, , not forked .
bpe.
: Predators . N o n e . Died
Cyclopoma , reconstruction after SORBINI.
784
785
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Perciformes F a m i l : C e n tro p o m i d a e y _______ __ _ �� _ __ __
__
Hig her B o ny F i sh Subo rde r:
Higher B ony Fishes
Percoi��
__ __ __ __ __ � __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Suborder: Percoidei Temperate B asses
S nooks
----..:.
Eola tes gracilis (AGASSIZ) (length c. 1 6 cm) from the Middle Eocene of 8olca, Italy. Original: Krauss Collection, WeiBenburg, Germany.
fIbJ'ichthvs coleanus (AGASS IZ) (lengt h c . 4 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Origina l: The Natura l History Museu m, Londo n, U . K. (P55 1 392 1 ) .
G e n u s : Eo/ates
•nus: Blotichthys
SORBINI, 1 970.
G e o l og i cal ran g e : Eocene .
Geolo gical ran g e : M i d d l e Eocen e.
Geograp h i cal di stributi o n : Europe, Africa.
Featu res : Midd le-sized fishes, very laterally compressed i n shape. Head shallow. Anterior dorsal fin of hard rays . Second dorsal tall , ro unded and soft-rayed . Anal fin with a few hard rays anteri orly, conti nuing posteriorly as an elongate , rounded, s oft-raye d portion . Pectoral fins fan-shaped . Caudal fin large, ro u n d e d , not . forke d .
fi�
R emarks : Predators . R ecent relatives : Genus extinct. Closely related to recent perch es of the genus Lates , to which t h e l arge N i l e p e rc h and t h e well known Australian food fish barramundi belon g . Seven spe cies of t h i s genus live in fres h water a n d one i n t h e sea.
78 6
SORBIN I , 1 97 9 .
� raph ical
d istrib ution : Euro pe. . Very smal l fishe s of oval outli n e , later ally flatte ned . deep . Eyes l arg e . S no ut som ewha t pOin te d . Dors al fins short hard rays ante riorly , beco m i n g talle r and soft- rayed IDStIBrio rl' . Ana l fin s hort er but othe rwis e s i mila r. Pect oral fins Pelvic fins rathe r elon gate . Caud al fin rou nded , not forke d . """,rL",, : Pred ators living in litZones . re l ati v e s : N o n e . Die d in Eocene.
di . Lates calcarifer, the bar ram un
Blotichthys, reconstruction after SORBIN!.
78 7
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Perciformes Family: Percichthyidae
Higher B o ny Fish .
Percoi:�
Suborde r : T e m perat e Ba
el s Ses -----...:.
Marone sp. (length c. 23 cm) from the Oligocene of Wiesbaden, Hessf' , Germ any. Origi nal: Burger Collection, Bad Hersfeld, Germany.
G e n u s : Marone
MiTCHILL, 1 8 1 4 .
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : Oligocene to recent.
ST EI
Higher B ony Fishes
Pe rc ifo rmes ' l '' p erci chthy idae ,JIll y
Suborder: Percoidei Temperate B asses
:.----
I .rcahites sp. (length c. 5 cm) from the Eocene of Queensland, Australia. Original: I· A ....... "ll'mci Museum, Brisbane, Australia.
Gen u s : Perca/ates
RAMSAY & OGILBY, 1 88 7 .
G eog raph ical d i stributi o n : Europe , North America.
Geo l ogica l ran g e : Eocene t o recent.
Featu res : Small to m i d d l e-sized fishes of slender s ha pe. Head shallow. Eyes relatively smal l . Snout slightly pointed . Gape rather l on g . Anterior dorsal fin consisting of hard - rays , b eg i � n ing �p proximately i n the middle of the body. Posterior dorsal fl0 consid erably smaller, soft-rayed . Anal fin opposite the posteri or .dor�al fin , elongate and rou nded , with hard rays anteriorly. PelvIc fins beneath the pectoral fins . Cau dal fi n deeply forked.
Geographical d i stributi o n : Austral ia.
R e m arks : Fre s h - water preda tors .
Recent r e l at i ves : Closely re l ated to recent perches a n d b a s s o f t h e g e n u s Maro n e (Roccus) . Th i s lives i n N o rt h America and Europe , partly i n fresh water a n d partly i n t h e sea, but i t always seeks fresh water t o lay i t s eggs. 788
Marone american a , perch.
Features: Very s mall fishes with rather laterally compress ed bod
fes. Head shallow . Eyes small. S nout poi nted . Dorsal fin hard
I8yed
anteriorly, soft- rayed posteriorly . Anal fin s i m ilarly with hard rays anteriorly . Pelvic f i n s vert i ca l ly beneath the pectora l fins. Caudal fin not forked , slightly emargi nate. . Bottom -dwellers. nt relatives: Genus extinct . re lated t o t h e recent Perca/ates w h i c h l ives Australia.
Perea/a les c% n arum , a recent bass.
789
Higher B o ny F is h es Subord er: P
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Perciformes Family: Percichthyidae
erc o i Tem perate B a d el. s Ses
-
--
OS TEI d t' Pe rcif orm es � ' p ercich thyidae l
H ig he r B on y Fish es
Su bo rde r: Pe rco ide i or Y Te mp era te Basse s -�------------------------- �------�
,
Percichthys antiquus (length c. 8 cm) from the Miocene of Taubate, Brazil . Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Percichthys
GIRARD, 1 83 4 .
ItJntosius antiquus WOODWARD (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Miocene of Taubate, Brazil. Original: Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany.
Genus: Santosius
ARRATIA, 1 982 .
Geolog ical ran g e : Paleocene t o recent.
Geological rang e : M iocene.
Geographical d i stributio n : South America.
Geograph i cal d istributio n : South America.
Featu res : Small fishes with rather laterally compressed bodies. Head dee p . Eyes l a rg e . G a p e rat h e r l o n g . D o rsal fi in the middle of the body , with hard rays anteriorly and soft rays poste riorly. O b l iquely opposite the anal fi n , w h i c h l i kewise has hard rays anteri o r l y . Pectoral a n d pelvic fins smal l .
features: Small fishes of slender s h a p e . H ead s h allow . Eyes large. Sn out pointed . Dorsal fin with h ard rays anterio rly and posterio rly cont i n u i n g as a soft-rayed fri n g e . Pectoral' fi n s very lI'Tlall . Pelvic and anal fins somewhat larger. Caudal fin not forked .
R e m arks : P re d ators . Percich thys i s probably i dentical with the genus Santosius.
Rem arks: Fresh- water preda tors.
nt re lativ es : Genus extinct. Perhaps related to recent basses the Percichthys which l ive in South America.
Recent re l atives : Genus extinct, but c l os e l y re l ated to recent basses of the genus Percich
thys . fter baS5 a Percichthys trucha , a recent ARRATIA.
790
79 1
Higher Bo ny F ish Subord er P r es
Higher Bony Fishes
Acanus gracilis AGASSIZ (length c . 18 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of Glaru s, Switzerland. Origi nal: Tischlinger Collection, Stammham, Germany. Photo. Tischlinger.
Amphiperca multiformis WEITZEL (length c. 20 cm) from the Eocene of Messel, Ger many. Original: Frickhinger Collection , Munich, Germany.
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Perciformes Family: Serranidae
AG ASS IZ
Suborder: Percoidei Sea Basses
1
�� �
----------------------.�����r��
---------
G e n u s : Acanus
: e , S e a BcOlasdes '
,
1 83 4 .
Genus : Amphiperca
WEITZEL, 1 93 3 .
G e o l og i ca l rang e : Oligocene.
Geological rang e : Eocene t o M iocene.
Geograp h i ca l d i stributi o n : Europe .
Geographical d i stri b u t i o n : E u rope.
Featu res : S m a l l fishes of oval outl i n e , latera l ly fl atten ed . Head deep . Eyes very larg e . Snout rather pointed . Gape rat er long. Dorsal fin hard- rayed anteriorly and soft-rayed posterio rly. Anal fin l i kewise with h ard rays anteriorly. Pectoral fin s smal l . Pelvic fins somewhat elongate . Caudal fin not forked .
Remarks : Predators . Probably l ived in the l ittora l zones . Recently assig ned to the genus Priacanthus. Rece nt relatives : None . Died out in Oligocene.
Featu res : M i d dle-s ized fi shes with dee p , lateral ly com pressed bodies. Head s ho rt and dee p . Eyes larg e . Snout pointed . Gape lather long . Anterior dorsal fin consisting of hard rays. Posterior :dors al fin soft-rayed . Anal fin shorter, l ikewise hard- rayed anteri orly and soft- rayed posteriorly. fins smal l . Pelvic fi n s Iy be n eath a n d rat h e r L .,...r'''' ,.. ,� � Caudal fi n rou nded , , not forked .
N o n e . Died
Amphiperca , reconstruction after MICKLICH .
792
793
Hi ghe r B ony Fis h
Suborder: Perc i�� S e a B a ss 1
Higher B ony Fishes
B/abe crawley; WHITE (length c. 5 cm) from the M iocene of Tourah, Egypt. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P1 4486).
macrurus (AGASSIZ) (length c. 2 1 cm) from the Oligocene of Cereste, France. Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Perciformes Serranidae Family:
G e n u s : B/abe
,
Suborder:SeaPercoidei Basses
es ---
Genus: Oapa/is
WHITE, 1 936.
GISTLY, 1 84 8 .
Geolog ical rang e : M iocene .
Synonym : Smerdis.
G eo g raphical d i stributio n : Northern Africa.
Geological ran g e : Paleocene to M iocene.
Feat u re s : Ve ry small fishes with oval outli n e , laterally fl attened. Head deep . Eyes large. S nout somewhat pointed . Gape rather l on g . Dorsal fin with hard rays anteriorly, continuing as a. ilar. rayed fringe posteriorly . Anal fin s h o rter, but otherwi se sim Pectoral fins s m al l . Pelvic fins elongate . Caudal fin rounded , not forked .
Geograph i ca l d i stributio n : E u rope, nort hern Africa.
S?ft
R e marks : Probably predators.
F eatu res : M id d le -sized f i s h e s o f rat h e r l at e ra l l y c o m p ressed 'Shape. Head dee p . Eyes large. Gape rather long . Anterior dorsal 11 tal l , hard-rayed . Posterior dorsal fin low, triangular and soft
rayed. Anal and pelvic fins tri. Pecto ral fi n s s m a l l . fin rather deeply forked , broad lobes.
,,--.ua,
: Fresh -water p reda-
R e c e n t relatives : N o n e . Died out i n M iocene.
N o n e . Died
B/abe, reconstruction after WHITE.
794
Dapalis, reconstruction after WOODWARD.
795
H igher Bo ny F ish
EUTELEO STEI
:�
Suborder: Perc oi Se a B as s e . e
Order: Perciformes Family: Serranidae
�
----
.
"
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Percoidei ifo rm es ' P erc order ' ' , S erranidae Sea B asses ly f a Jll l ' � ------------------------------------
"
Epinephe/us sp. (length c. 2 1 cm) from the Miocene of Oran, Algeri il. Origina l .' Museum Natiorlal d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph : Serette , Paris .
G e n u s : Epinephe/us
O STEI
PsJaeOperca proxima MICKLICH (length c . 21 cm) from the Eocene of Messel, Hesse ' Germany. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Genu s : Pa/aeoperca
BLOCH, 1 793.
MiCKLlCH ,
1 978.
Geological range : Eocene .
S y n on y m : Emmachaere .
Geograp h i ca l d i stributi o n : Europe.
G e o l og ical range : M iocene to recent . Geog rap h ical d i stributi o n : Northern Africa. Featu res : S man fishes with rather deep bodies anteriorly, becom l ng less deep rearwards . Head elongate. Eyes smal l . Gape rather i
l o n g . Dorsal f i n b e g i n s j u st b e h i n d head with hard rays and c o n t i n u e s , with soft ray s , t o near t h e e n d of t h e body. Anal fin l i kewise hard - rayed anteri ·o r l y . P e c t o ra l f i n s v e rt i c a l l y above the pelvic fi n s . Caudal fin not forked.
Feat u r e s : M i d d l e - sized fi s h e s of rat h e r l at e rally c o m p ressed shape. Head dee p . Eyes smal l . Snout pointed . Gape lon g . Ante rior dorsal fin hard- rayed . Posterior d orsal fin triangu lar and soft rayed . A al fin with hard rays anteriorly and soft rays posteriorly. Caudal fin not forked , s l ightly em argi nate .
�
Re marks : Fresh -water p reda ors . None. Died
R e marks: Predators . R e c e n t re l at iv e s : Closel y re lated to recent groupers of the g e n u s Epinephe/us .
796
t g roupe r .
Epinep he/us sp . , a r e c e n Lithograph from BLOCH.
Pa/aeoperca , reconstruction after MrCKLICH.
797
Higher B o ny F is h
EUTELEO STEI Order: Perciformes Family: Serranidae
.
Perc oi de S e a B as i s es ----
Subord er:
MAMBOURG (length c. 2 cm) from the Lower Olig ocene of Iran. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
Priacanthopsis crassispinus
G en u s : Priacanthopsis
ARAMBOURG,
1 967.
Geolog ical rang e : Lower Oligocene to recent . G e o g raph ical d i stributio n : Middle East . Featu res : Very small fishes with oval bodies. Head deep . Eyes larg e . Snout slightly pointe d . Gape rather long . Dorsal fin tall and fin hard - rayed anteriorly, but posteriorly low and soft- rayed Anal . ed fork not fin similar. Pelvic fins long and narrow. Caudal R e marks : Probably pred ators . Recent relatives : None . Died out in O ligocene.
798
TEl
es
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Percoidei Sea B asses
Pro/ates heberti GERVAIS (length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Monte Aimee, .france. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U.K.
Genus: Prola tes
PRIEM , 1 899.
Synonym: Pseudo/ates .
Geological ran g e : Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene. Geograph ical distributio n : E u rope . fe atures : Small fishes of rather laterally co mpressed shape . Head sh all w. Eyes larg e . Gape rat h e r l on g . D o rsal fin hard - rayed i8n t e O rIY nd soft-rayed posteriorly. Anal fin s i m i lar. Pel,vic fins llkewIse With hard rays. Caudal fin rounded , not forke d .
? �
�
: Predators.
relative s : None. D ied out in Paleocene .
799
Higher H ony F ish e
h U Th Lh U �T h l
Higher Bony Fishes
S ubord er : Perc Oid e S e a Bas s
Orde r: Perci form es Fami ly: Serra nidae
Suborder: Percoidei Sea Basses
�
es ---��--------------------------------_____ ------.:
(length c. 1.7 cm) from the Middle Miocene of Puy de Dome, , U . K. (P2773 6). France . Origina l: The Natura l History Museu m, London
Properca angusta
G e n u s : Properca
_,.n/J.� rugosus HECKEL (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
: Serranus
SAUVAGE, 1 880.
CUVIER, 1 8 1 7 .
ri�lOlorglcal range : M i ddle Eocene to recent.
Geolog ical ra n g e : Eocene to M iocene . G eog raph i cal di stri buti o n : E u rope .
r latera lly co m pressed Featu res : M i ddle- sized fishes with rathe rathe r lon g . Dorsal fi0 bodie s . Head shallo w. Eyes smal l . Gape soft-rayed poste�l and low and hard- rayed anter iorly, triang u lar dorsa l fi n . PelvIc the of orly. Anal fin op posit e the poste rior pa ightly emar glnate . fins round ed . Caud al fin not forke d , sl
�
R e marks : Fresh-water fishes . Recent re latives : None. Died out in Miocene.
i&e4Jonm h ca l d istri b u ti o n : Europe, northern Africa . res : Small fishes o f somewhat laterally compressed s hape . dorsal fin hard - rayed . Posterior dorsal fin rou nded, softAnal fin with a few hard rays . Pectoral and pelvic fins . Pelvic fi n s vert i cally pectora l s . Caudal fin : Predators.
r e l at i ve s : C l osely re to recen t sea basse s of genu s Serranus .
Serranus baldwini,
800
a recent sea bass.
801
Higher B o ny F ish EUTE LEO STEI Suborde r: Perc , e Order: Perdforme s S S i I ? d e i n F_ a ra e r a_ m _y_:_______________________ _
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Percoidei Sunfishes
a B���:! Se----=:
Unnamed bass (length c. 3 cm) from the Eocene of Mors, Denma rk . Original: Paleontologiska Museet, Uppsala, Sweden.
BoreOCentrarehus sp. (length c. 1 3 em) from the Miocene of Nevada, U .S.A. Origi
nal: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U . S .A.
G e n u s : Not named .
Genus: Boreocentrarchus
G e o l o g i ca l range : Eocene.
Geologi ca l ran g e : M iocene .
G e o g ra p h i ca l d i stribution : Europe .
Geographical d i stri b u ti o n : North America.
F e at u re s : Very s m a l l fishes of e l o n g ate oval o ut l i ne , laterally flattened . Head dee p . Eyes larg e . Gape short . Anterior dorsal fin hard- rayed , approxi mately i n the middle of the body . Poster or dorsal fin soft- rayed, i n the posterior third of the bod y, opposite the broad-based anal fi n . Pectoral fins narrow. Caudal fin slightly e m a rg i nate.
Features : Small fishes with deep , latera l ly flattened bodies. Head deep, Eyes larg e . Gape rather long . Dorsal fin h ard-rayed anteri orly but low and soft- rayed posteriorly. Anal fin s i m i lar. Pelvic fins vertically beneath pectoral fin s . Caudal fin rather deeply forked .
�
R e m arks : Fed on small animals.
Recent relative s : Genus p resu mably exti nct. Poss i bly related to recent basses of the fam ily Serranidae .
802
SCHLAIKJER, 1 93 7 .
Remarks : Fresh-w ater fishes . Recent rel atives: Genus extinct. Possi b ly related to other s u n fishe s, living i n N o rth America, o f the family Centrarchidae.
803
H igher B ony F is h
EUTELE OSTEI
High er Bony Fishes
:�
Sub order: Percoidei Su n fishes
Sub orde r: P erc O Order: Perciformes i e C e n t r a r ch l· d a e F ami l S u fi :._ : .. ________________________ __...,:y _n she __
�
-----
Chaenobryttus kansasensis HIBBARD (length c. 8 cm) from the Miocene of Kansas, U . S . A . Original: Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas, U . S . A .
G e n u s : Chaenobryttus
Genus: Oligoplarchus
COPE, 1 865 .
Synonym : Lepomis .
Geolog ical range: M iocen e to recent. Geog rap h i cal d i stri butio n : Nort h America.
Featu res : Small fishes of rather laterally compresse d sh a pe. Head ed s h al low . Eyes larg e . Gape rat h er l on g . D o rsal f i n h a rd- ray short, anteriorly, soft- rayed posteriorly . Anal fin s i milar. Pelvic fins ly i ng vertically beneath the l i ke wise short pectoral fi n s . Cau dal fi n not forked, emarg i nate . Rem arks : Fresh-water fi shes.
COPE, 1 89 1 .
Geologica l ran g e : Oligocen e . Geograp h ical d i strib utio n : N o rth America. res : Small fishes of oval outline, laterally flattened . Head Eyes larg e . Gape rather lon g . Dorsal fin hard-rayed anteri and soft-ray ed posteri orly. fin simila r. Pelvic and pec fins smal l . Cauda l fin not : Fresh -water fishes .
Recent relatives: Related to re c e n t s u nf i s h e s of t h e g e n u s Chaenobryttus .
N o n e . Died
Chaenobryttus gulosU fish.
804
OIigoplarchus squamipinnis COPE (length c . 9 cm) from the Oligocene o f South DakOta, U . S.A. Original: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D . C . , U . S.A.
,
a
s rec ent un-
Oligoplarchus, reconstruction after JORDAN .
805
Higher B o ny F ish
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Perciformes Fami l y: Centrarchidae
.
Higher B ony Fishes
��
Subor de r: Pe r co i S U n fI' Sh
Suborder: Percoidei Perches
es1 ----
temnopterus AGASSIZ (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy . . Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie, Leiden, Netherlands.
Pomoxis lan ei HIBBARD (length c. 5 cm) from the Miocene of Kansas, U. S .A. Original: Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas, U . S.A.
G e n u s : Pomoxis
Genus: Dules
RAFI NESQUE, 1 8 1 8 .
AGASSIZ, 1 844.
Geolog ical ran g e : Miocene to recent.
Geolog ical ran g e : M i ddle Eocene.
Geograph ical d i stribution : Nort h America.
Geographi cal d i stri bution : Europe.
Features: Very small fishes of rather laterally compressed shape. H ead dee p . Eyes larg e . G ape s hort . Anterior dorsal fi n hard rayed . Posterior dorsal fin soft-rayed . Anal fin sim ilar. Pelvic fins s m al l , vert ically b e n eath t h e pectoral f i n s w h i c h are l i kew ise s m al l . Caudal fin n ot forked , e m arg i n ate .
Featu res: Small fishes of rather laterally compressed shape . Head Eyes larg e . Gape rat h e r lo n g . Dorsal fin beg i n s s hortly the head and continues posteriorly as a fringe . Anal fin oII3nIn �"1o�':> hh shorter, but l i kewise fringe-like. Caudal fin short and not forke d , slig htly emarg i nate.
R e m arks : Fresh-water fi shes .
'
I
. Probably predators .
relatives : None. Died out in Eocene.
R ec e n t re l at i v e s : Closely re lated to t h e recent sunfishes named crappies and placed in t h e g e n u s Pom oxis . T h e s e fishes live i n t h e fresh waters of North America. un rece nt s Pomoxis nigrom aculatus , a fish .
806
807
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Perciformes Family: Percidae
Higher Bo ny Fi s h
Subo rd er: Peprc e S Ol. dei rche
s
----=
I; "
!
Mioplosus labracoides COPE (length c, 27 cm) from the Eocene of WYlming, U ,S,A, Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany,
G e n u s : Miop/osus
COPE, 1 87 7 ,
G eo l o g i ca l rang e : Eocene. G eog rap h i cal d i stributi o n : Nort h America. Feature s : M i ddle-s ized fishes of slender shape. Head shallow. Eyes larg e . Gape lon g . Anterior dorsal fin hard - rayed . Posterior d o rsal fin soft - rayed , triang ular, op posite the anal fin which is l i kewise trian g u lar. Caudal fin deeply emargi nate . R e m arks : Fresh -water p redators .
Recent re l atives : Genus ext i nct . Perhaps d istantly relat ed to re cent pike perches of the genus Stizostedion .
j
i
I
f� .
--
ee next Stizostedion lucioperca , the recent pike perch. lithograph from BLOCH (S pag e) . 808
809
EUTELE OSTEI Order: Perciformes Family: Percidae
Higher B ony Fi sh .
Suborder:
Perco i:e� erches ------= p
1
Perea fluviatilis LINNAEus (length c. 21 cm) from the Upper Pliocene of Wlllershausen Lower Saxony, Germany. Original: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkun de , Stuttg art Germany.
G e n u s : Perca
:
LINNAEUS, 1 75 8 .
Syn o n y m s : Coe/operca , Eoperca , Percostoma . G e o l o g ical ran g e : Eocene to recent . G e o g raphical d i str i b ut i o n : Europe, North America, westem Asia. Feat u res : Small to m i d d le-sized fishes of slender shape . Head shallow . Eyes larg e . Gape long . Anterior dorsal fin hard-rayed , arcuate . Posterior dorsal fi n soft-raye d . Anal fin narrow . Pectoral fi ns rou nded . Pelvic fins elongate. Caudal fin deeply e m arginate. R e m a rks : Predators. Recent relative s : The fossil species i s identical to the recent one.
L -
Perea fluviatiiis, the recent perch. Lithograph from BLOCH (see next page)
81 0
81 1
Hi gher B ony Fish
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Perciformes Family: Percidae
Higher Bony Fishes
S ubo rd er : P er ro - "d es 1
ei es
Suborder: Percoidei B i geyes
Plioplarchus whitei COPE (length c. 7 cm) from the Oligocene of North Dakota, U , S.A. ashington, Original: National Museum of N atural History, Smithsonian Institution, D . C " U . S.A.
Pristigenys substriatus EASTMAN (length c. 6 cm) from the Middle Eocene of 801ca, 1IaJy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Plioplarchus
Genus: Pristigenys
•
P erch
------=::
,
,
COPE, 1 883 .
Geological ra n g e : Eocene to recent.
AGASSIZ,
1 835 .
Synonyms: Pseudopriacanthos
G eograph ical d istributi o n : Europe, North America.
Geological range : Eocene to recent.
Featu res : S mall fishes with rather laterally compress ed bodies. yed Head deep. Eyes large . Gape rather lon g . Dorsal fin hard-ra rter. ut sho anteriorly and soft- rayed posteriorly . Anal fin s i m i lar �d , rather for� not fin Caudal . elongate fins pectoral Pelvic and e m a rg i n ate .
Geograph i cal d istributi o n : Europe .
Remarks : Predators.
the genus Recent relatives : Closely related to recent perches 01 Plioplarchus .
features : Small fi s h es of oval outl i n e , laterally flattened . H ead deep . Eyes large. Gape rather l o n g . Dorsal and anal fins very large, hard- rayed anteriorly and 80ft-rayed posterior ly. Pectoral S smal l . Pelvic fin s long and barrow. Caudal fin not forked . : Probably lived near
relati v e s : Closely re to rec ent bigeyes of the Pris tigenys which l ive in oc ean s .
81 2
,Pristig€nys altl:ls, a recent bigeye.
813
Highe r B o ny F ish
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Perciformes Family: Apogonidae
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Pere O ' e� Ca rd i n a l f lhde1
Suborder: Percoidei Cardinalfishes
�
�
---------------------
Apogon spinosus AGASSIZ (length c. 4 cm) from the Middle Eocene 01 Bolca' Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Apogon
de LACEPEDE , 1 8 02 .
r.t.-...h",,,,,n,;·,, margaritae SORBINI (length c. 4 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca
Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Eosphaeramia
'
SORBI N I , 1 983 .
S y n o n y m : Eretima .
Geolog ical ran g e : M id d le Eocene.
G e o l og ical ran g e : Middle Eocene to recent .
Geographical d i stri buti o n : Europe.
G e o g ra p h i ca l d i stribution : Europe, North America.
Featu res: Small fishes of oval outl i n e , laterally flattened . H ead deep , Eyes larg e . Gape rather long. Anterior dorsal fin very t al l , bard- rayed . Posterior d o rsal f i n considerably lower, soft-rayed . ina! fin hard - rayed anteriorly and soft-rayed posteriorly. Pectoral smal l . Pelvic fins very lon g . f i n fo rked w i t h b road
Featu res : Small fishes of rather latera l ly compressed shape . Head d e e p . Eyes larg e . Gape rath e r l on g . Anterior d o rsal fin hard rayed . Posterior dorsal fin soft-rayed . Both relatively tall . Anal fin expanded on a narrow base . R o u n d e d p ectoral a n d pelvic fi n s . Caudal fi n not forked . R e m a rks : Lived i n coral reefs l i ke t heir recent relative s . R e c e nt rel ative s : N o n e . Died out i n M ioce n e . Genus extinct. Closely related to card i nalfishes of the genus Apogon .
81 4
relativ e s : Genus extinc t. relate d to recent car '... 'T''' .... . of the genus Apo__
al t cardi n Apogon maculatus, a recen fish.
Apogon nematopterus, a recent cardinal fish.
81 5
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Perciformes Family: Acropomatidae
,
Higher B o ny F is h Sub ord er:
P erc oii�
"1
OSTEI
Higher B ony Fishes
Per cif orme s ' Iy' p o matomidae
faJll l
S u border: Percoidei Bluefishes
.
� ---------------------------------
o/igocenica (SMIRNOV) (length c . 5 cm) from the Lower Miocene of the Caucasus, C . I . S . Original: Paleontologic heskii M uzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk ' , Russia (Bannikov Collection). Acropoma lepidotus (AGASSIz) (length c. 3 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca ' Italy. Orig inal: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Acropoma
Synonym : Labrax.
TEMMINCK & SCHLEGEL, 1 843 .
Genus: Lednevia
DANILTCHENKO, 1 960 .
Geo l o gi ca l rang e : Mi ocene.
G e o l o g i cal rang e : M iddle Eocene.
Geograp h i cal d istributi o n : W;stern and eastern Europe.
G eograph ical d i stri butio n : Europ e .
PaPe long , d i rected slightly upward s . Dorsal fin s beg i n ap proxi
Feature s : Very small fishes o f oval out l i n e , rather rounded in transverse secti o n . H ead dee p . Eyes larg e . Gape s hort. Two dorsal fi n s , t h e posterior o n e opposite the a n a l fi n . Caudal fi n rather deeply fo rked , with broad lobes.
R e m a r ks : The g e n u s A cro poma is p l aced by some au thors i n the fam i ly Percichthy idae. R e cent re l at i v e s : Closely re lated to recent mem bers of the genus Acropoma .
81 6
re prese Acropoma sp. , a rec nt
nta t ive.
features: Small fishes of slender shape. Head dee p . Eyes large .
i n t h e m i dd le of t h e body, t h e first being hard- rayed and nd soft-rayed . Anal fin opposite the second dorsal fin . fin relatively large, emargin ate. : Predators .
re l ative s : Genus d ied in Miocene . Perhap s related rec ent bluefish es of the fam POmato midae .
Pomatomus salta trix, a recent bluefish, after NELSON.
81 7
EUTEL EO STEI
Higher B o ny F ish
Order: Percifor mes F a i l : E c h en e i d a e ___ m Y _________________________ _��
Suborder: Percoidei Jacks and Pompanos
ei R e m o fa .
__ ' __ __ __ __ __ __
�
Echineis glaronensis WETTSTEIN (length c. 28 cm) from. . the Lower Oligocene of Glarus, Switzerland. Original: Palaontologisches Museum, ZUrich, SWitzerland.
G e n u s : Echineis
Higher Bony Fishes
Subo rde r: P rc e ol deS
1I/CrJI�8IR) sp. (length c. 7 cm) from the Oligocene of Wiesloch, Baden, Germany. Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Genus: Archaeus
LINNAEUS, 1 758.
AGASSIZ, 1 834.
Geolog ical rang e : Oligocene to recent.
Synonym : A rchaeoides .
G eographical d istribut io n : Europe.
Geological rang e : Oligocene to M iocene.
Feat u res : M iddle-size d fishes of slender elongate sh ap e Head s�cker shallow. Eyes smal l . Gape rather long. A characte ristic oval fnnge ody, the of half posterior the in fin Dorsal . on the head forked. deeply rather fin Caudal . e fringe-lik kewise i l like. Anal fin .
Remarks : Probably attached itself to larg e r fis hes , even at that time.
. Small fishes of elongate oval outline, laterally flattened . deep . Eyes larg e . Gape rather long . Anterior dorsal fi n DBI'In-rl:l \/Q,ri . Posterior dorsal fin soft -rayed . Anal fin low and fringeCaudal fin rath e r d e e p ly : Probably g regarious .
R e ce n t re l at i ve s : Closely re lated to recent remoras of the genus Echineis which l ive now adays i n the oceans .
N on e . D i e d
mora. Echineis sp . , a recen t re
81 8
Geograp h i cal d i stri b ution : Europe.
Archaeus, reconstruction after Akademia Nauk, Moscow.
8 1; 9
H igher B o ny Fi sh
EUTELEO STEI
H igher Bony Fishes
Subord er : P er c . eS O Jacks and P o m l d ei
Order: Perciformes Family: Carangidae
Suborder: Percoidei Jacks and Pompanos
p anos
-------=
Carangopsis dorsalis AGASSIZ (length c. 32 cm) from the Middle Eocer re of Bolea
Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
.
(length c. 1 1 cm) from the Oligocene of Chiavon, Italy. Original: ,rhi"t"ri<,rh,,<:: Museum , Vienna, Austria.
G e n u s : Carangopsis
AGASSIZ,
1 844.
Genus: Caranx
Synonyms: Citula , Perequula .
G eo l og i c a l ran g e : M iddle Eocene.
G e o g raphi c a l d i st r i b u t i o n : Europe.
Geological ran g e : M i ddle Eocene to recent.
Geograph ical d i st r i b u t i o n : Europe , North America, northern Af
F e ature s : S mall fishes with slender outline, deeper anL riorly than posteriorly. Head shallow. Eyes smal l . Gape rather lor J . Anterior dorsal fin hard - rayed . Posterior dorsal fin soft- rayed , radler fringe Ith narrow l i k e . Pect o ral fins pointed . Caudal deeply forked , lobes.
rica.
R e m arks : Predators .
Mnge- like .
Recent re l at i ve s : None . out in Eocene .
Died
. Iter BLOT. I n a Carangopsis , reco nslru:-
820
de LAcEPEDE, 1 80 2 .
Features : S mall fishes of oval outli n e , latera l ly flatten e d . H ead dee p . Eyes larg e . Gape rather long . Dorsal fins smal l , the first ba rd- raye d a n d t h e s e c o n d ft- ray e d . A n a l f i n l ow a n d Caud al f i n forke d , narrow lob es . . Probably g regarious.
nt re l ativ e s : Close ly re to rece nt jacks of the ge Caranx, t h e most i m por of whi ch is the yellow jac k. Caranx bartholomaei, the recent yellow
Jack.
821
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Perciformes Fami l y: Carangidae
Higher B o ny F ish
Subor der: P e rc O ldeS ei Jacks an d PO Ill p a no .
s
:----.::
Higher B ony Fishes
P erc iformes ' ' l • C arangidae y•
Suborder: Percoidei Jacks and Pompanos
f aJll l
� ----------------------------------------
Ceratoich thys , reconstruction after BLOT.
: Ceratoich thys
BLOT, 1 969 .
"ClloQlical rang e : Mid dle Eoce ne.
!iAt1lnr�l nhical dl i stributi o n : Europe. lIIITon'..,... .
: Midd le-sized fishes, broadly oval in outl ine and laterally Head deep. Eyes smal l . Gape short. Dorsal fin begins
a few hard rays and rises steeply to a high p o i n t , t h en r. r,l=ll:lC", in height with a posteriorly convex curve and contin rearwards as a low frin g e . Anal fin with a long fi rst ray, but becom i n g rap idly less tall in a posteriorly concave c u rve likewi se passing i nto a low fri nge . Pelvic fins drawn out i nto lon g fila ments. Pectoral fins smal l . Caudal fin not forked , with un dulatin g posterior marg i n .
e
oce n Mid dle E Ceratoichthys pinnatiformis de BLAINVILLE (length c. 50 cm) from th e of Bolca, Italy. Original: M useo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona , Italy.
822
. Probably open-water fishes. relatives : None . Died out in Eocene.
823
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Perciformes Family: Carangidae
Hi gher B o ny F is h .
Subo rd er: Perc e S Jacks an d Po rn ol de i .
Panos
- - --=
Duetor vestenae VOLTA (length e. 1 1 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Ouctor
vrE L E OSTEI
Suborder: Percoidei Jacks and Pompanos
�---------------------------------------
Paratrachinotus tenuieeps AGASSIZ (length c. 9 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Bayerisches Staatssammlung fUr Palaontologie, Munich, Germany.
Genu s : Paratrachinotus
AGASSIZ, 1 84 4 .
Higher B ony Fishes
rmes 'S rde!: ' PCercifo o rangidae a l iy
BLOT, 1 969.
G eo l o g i ca l ran g e : Middle Eocen e .
Geolog ical ran g e : M iddle Eocene.
Geograp h i ca l d i stri b ut i o n : Europe .
Geograph i cal d i stributi o n : E u rope .
Feature s : Small fishes of slender elongate shape. H ead shallow. Eyes smal l . Snout pointed . Gape rather long . J aws set 'vJith small teet h . Anterior dorsal fin of a few h ard rays . Posterior d o rsal fin soft- rayed a n d fa i rly h i g h , ru n n i n g off i nto a frin ge Anal fi n s i m ilar. Pectoral and pelvic fi ns n a r ro w , set c l o s e t o g et h e r . Caudal fin rather deeply forked, with broad lobes .
Features: Small fishes of a p p roximately lozenge-shaped outline, latera l ly flattened . H ead deep . Eyes l a rg e . Gape rat h e r l o n g . Dorsal fi n with a few hard rays anteriorly, rises to a point ap proxi mate ly in the middle of the body and then contin ues rearwards
as a low fringe. Anal fi n s i m i
fany construc ted and o f same . Pectoral fi ns ro u n ded . fin rather deeply forke d . rks : Proba bly fed partly plants .
R e m a rks : G regari o u s . R ec e n t r e l ati v e s : N o n e . Died out i n Eocene.
relative s : Related to re p o m panos of the g e n u s
tus .
. Duetor, recons tructio n after BLOT
824
Traehinotus earolinus, the recent Florida pompano.
825
EUTELEO STEI Order: Perciformes Family: Carangidae
Higher B o ny F ish .
Suborde r: Perc ' e S J acks an d PO lIl pOld e i auo s
-----=
prisca AGASSIZ (length c. 22 cm) from the Middle Eocene of B olca, Italy. Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany.
Serio/a
G e n u s : Serio/a
CUVIER, 1 8 1 7 .
VTE L E OSTEI rcifor-?I es Jjrder: Pe C Jl\ilY: arangl dae
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Percoidei Jacks and Pompanos
�
-----
Trachurus primaevus EASTMAN (length c. 7 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P 1 7493)
Genus : Trachyurus
de LACEPEDE, 1 80 2 .
S y n o n y m s : Carangopsis , Lichia , Micropteryx .
Geological ra n g e : Middle Eocene.
G e o l ogical ran g e : Middle Eocene to recent .
Geographical d i stributi o n : Europe, northern Africa.
G e og raph ica l d i stributio n : Europe, North America, n orthern Af rica.
Features : Small fishes with elongate, rather laterally com pressed bodies. Head shal low. Eyes smal l . Snout pointed . Gape rather long. Dorsal fi n hard- rayed anteriorly and soft- rayed posteriorly. Pelvic fins small and fan -shaped . Caudal fin rather deeply forked.
Feat u re s : M i ddle-sized fishes o f slender elongate shape. Head elongate . Eyes smal l . Gape rat her lon g . Dorsal fin beg in s shortly b e h i n d the head with hard rays, b u t more posteriorly i s , soft
rayed , at fi rst rising to a point and then cont i n u i ng as a low fri n g e . Anal fin l ikewise fringe l i ke . Pectoral a n d pelvic fins elongate and pointed . Caudal fin forked , with broad lobes.
Remarks : Predato rs. H as been rec lass i f i ed i n t o t h e g e n u s Eas tmanalepes . r e l at i v e s : C l osely re to recent jack mackere ls the genus Trachurus .
R e m a rk s : Gregari o u s . R e c e n t re l at i ve s : C l osely re lated to recent amberjacks of t h e genus Seriola .
826
Trachurus trachurus, a recent jack mack erel. Lithograph from BLOCH.
827
H ighe r Bo ny Fi sh
EUTELEOSTEI
Pe rco ' :�
01:"der: Perciformes Family: Carangidae
S ubord er: J acks and Pomp
1 el anos
-----=
�vrE
L E� STEI
cl �ormes rd er : P er . dae oa ll' •.ly. Mem
f
H igher Bony Fishes S ubord er: Percoi4�i Moonfishes
------
----------------------
Vomeropsis triurus VOLTA (length c. 20 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Go lca , Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy .
G e n u s : Vom erops;s
HECKEL, 1 854.
G e o l og i cal ran g e : M i d d le Eocene. G eo g raph ical d i stri b u t i o n : Europe . Feat u res: M id d l e- sized fishes of oval outl i n e , laterally flattened. H ead d e e p . Eyes s m al l . G ape rat her l o n g . Dorsal f l begins a p p roxi m ately in the m i d d l e of t h e b o d y at a t a l l po i nt and continues posteriorly as a low fri nge. Anal fi n l i kew ise low and fringe- l i ke . Pectoral fins small, o b l iq u e ly fan - shaped . Pelvic fins with long and short hard rays . Caudal fi n b road , not forke d , w i t h a n o b t u s e p o i nt i n t h e m i d d l e and emarg i n ate above and below the point . R e m a r ks : Pro ba b l y d u ropha gous . Recent r e l at i v e s : N o n e . out i n Eocene.
Died .
Vomeropsis , reconstruc tlor
828
ft er BLOT.
a
rhombea VOLTA (length c. 3 1 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. . Interfos s, Muni ch, Germ any.
829
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Perciformes Family: Menidae
Higher B o ny Fish ,
Suborder:
Percoi��
' h 1 M o o nfIS es
-----...:
d
' or �r" f aJll l lY'
L E O S TEI Pe rciformes L eio gnathidae
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Percoidei Slipmouths
�--------------------------------------
l.BiOgnathus altapinnus (WEILER) (length c. 9 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of north
ern Caucasus C . I . S . Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk,
Moscow, Russia.
Genus: Leiognathus
de LACEPEDE, 1 80 3 .
Synonym : Equula .
Mene maculata , a recent moonfish. Lithograph from CUVIER.
Geological ran g e : Ol igocene to recent. G e n u s : Mene
de LACEPEDE, 1 803.
Geographica l d istributi o n : Western and eastern Europe.
Fe ature s : S m a l l fishes with rat her h i g h - bac ked bod ies . Head
S y n o n y m : Gasteronemus.
�rt and dee p . Eyes larg e . Anterior dorsal fi n beg i n n i n g at the
G e o l og i cal rang e : Paleocene to recent . G eo g ra p h i ca l d i st ributio n : Europe, northern Africa. ne, Featu res : M idd le-sized fishes of rounded , deep-be l l ied outli g. lon laterally flattened . Head deep . Eyes larg e . Gape rather and y Dorsal fin begins with a point at the highest part of the b od arroW. n fins Pectoral fringe. low very a as conti nues rearwards n arroW , Pelvic fins transforme d into two long filaments . Caudal fin not forke d , very slig htly emarginate .
R e m arks : Probably open-water fishes. m R ecent relatives : Closely related to the recent of Mene which l ives today as a pelag ic fish in the Pacific Ocean
830
a Gula t8 ,
hig hest pOint of the body, hard rayed . Posterio r dorsal fin soft myed , al most fri n g e - l i ke , o p the anal fin which is l ike h a r d - ra y e d a n t e r i o r l y . fin larg e , deeply forked . : Predators .
re l a tive s : C l osely re to recent s l i p mouth s of genus L eiognathus .
Leiognathus s p . , a recent slipmouth.
83 1
Hi ghe r Bo ny F ish . es Subord er: P
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Perciformes Fami l y: Bramidae
"
e rc O 1" d P o rn e l f r e ts ---"
Brama sp, (length c, 1 9 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy, Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy,
G e n u s : Brama
BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, 1 80 1 ,
f;
OSTEI vtE LE
Higher Bony Fishes
d er: Perciformes Jll i lY : Haemulidae
Suborder: Percoidei Grunts
�:
----
Psrapristipoma prohumile ARAMBOURG (length c , 20 cm) from the Miocene of Oran, Algeria, Original: Museum National d ' H istoire Naturelle, Paris, France, Photograph: Serette, Paris,
BLEEKER, 1 87 2 ,
Geolog ical ran g e : Pl iocene to recent.
Geological ran g e : M iocene to recent.
Geograph ical d i stributio n : Europe ,
Geograph ical d istribution : N o rthern Africa ,
F e at u res : M i d d le-sized fishes of rounded out l i n e , laterally flat tened , Head deep , Eyes large , S nout pointe d . Gape h ort. Dor sal fi n hard - rayed anteriorly a n d ri sing to a p o i n t , co ntinui ng posteriorly as a low fringe. Anal fin s i m i lar. Pectoral fins long and narrow, Caudal fi n forked .
Features : Small fishes with rather deep bodies anteriorly, Head dee . Eyes larg e , Gape rather lon g , Dorsal fin beg i n n i ng shortly beh ind the h ead , hard - rayed anteri o rly, soft - rayed poste riorly $nd continui ng almost to the end of the body. Anal fin o pposite poste rior end of the dorsal Pectoral fins elongate, Pe l fin s h a rd - raye d , Cauda l fin
R e m arks: Fed on plants . R e c e n t re l at i v e s : C l o sely re lated to recent po mfrets of the genus Brama ,
: Predators ,
rel ative s : C l osely re to rece nt g ru nts of the Para pristfpoma . Brama sp" a recent po m from BLOCH,
832
�
ret '
aph Lith Ogr
Parapristipoma pumile , a recent grunt, after WHITEHEAD ,
833
Higher Bony F i sh
EUTELE O S TEI Order: Perciformes Family: Haemulidae
Subo rd er: Per CO i
Higher Bony Fishes
��
G ru n
Suborder: Percoidei Porgies
ts
-----=
Pomadasys fu(catus (AGASSIZ) (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca,
sp. (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Italy. Original: Naturhistorisches Museum , Vienna, Austna.
G e n u s : Pomadasys
de LACEPEDE , 1 802 .
Genus: Boops
CUVIER, 1 8 1 4 .
Syno nym : Pristipoma .
Synonym : Box.
Geolog ical ran g e : Eocene to recent .
Geological ran g e : Pl iocene to recen t .
. Geog rap hical distri buti o n : Europe, northern Africa.
Feat u res : Small fishes with oval outl ine, laterally flattened. Head dee p . Eyes larg e . Gape rather long. J aws set with pOinted teeth. Dorsal fin hard- rayed anteriorly, soft-rayed and fri nge- li ke poste r i o r ly . A n a l f i n s i m i l a r , b u t smaller. Caudal fin broad , not
forked . R e m arks: Probably g regarious.
/ .
: Middle-sized fishes of elongate outl ine but rather p l u m p . deep . Eyes larg e . Snout rou nded . G a p e short . Dorsal fin �ayed anteriorly, soft-rayed posteriorly. Anal fin similar, but S idera b ly s m a l l e r . P e l v i c vertica lly benea th the narpecto ral fi n s . Cauda l fi n fork ed .
: Probably fed essen on plant s.
Recent re l at i ve s : C l o sely re lated to recent g ru nts of the genus Pomadasys , which now live in the oceans. t gru nt. Pomadasys kaakan , a rec en
834
(ieographical d i stribut i o n : Europe .
re l a tive s : None. Died in Miocene. Genu s extinc t. relate d to recen t por of the ge nus Boops .
Boops boops, a recent porgy.
835
High er B o ny Fi sh e
EUTELEO STEI Order: Perciformes Family: Sparidae
.
Su b ord er: P erc o s id P O rgi
ei es
------=
6VTE LE � STE I
H igher Bony Fishes
der: P ercIformes JIl ilY: Sp aridae
Suborder: Percoidei Porgies
�:
---
Ctenodentex /aekeniensis (van BENEDEN) (length c. 30 em) from the Upp�r Eocene of Heembee k, Belgiu m . Original: Musee Royal des SCiences Naturelles 1e Belgique, Brussel s, Belgium .
Dentex microdon AGASSIZ (length c. 1 6 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fur Palaontologie, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Ctenodentex
Ge nus: Dentex
STORMS, 1 89 7 .
CUVIER, 1 8 1 5 .
G e o l og ical range : Eocene.
Geologi cal rang e : Eocene to recent .
G eograp h i cal d i stribut i o n : E u rope , northe rn Africa. i ne , laterally F e at u re s : M i d d l e - s ized fishes of h i g h - ba c ked outl ed . Gape pOint flattened . Head short and deep. Eyes larg e . Snout , hard ow I fin rather lon g . Jaws set with power ful teeth . Dorsal . rly. erio post rayed anterio rly and soft- rayed and fri n g e - l i ke d . C auda l In pOinte and long fins Pelvic r. shorte but lar i fin s i m
G eograph ica l d istribution : E u rope, northern Africa, New Zealand.
� A��
somew hat forked , with broad lobes .
R e m arks : Probably gregarious . R ecent relatives : None . Died out in Eocene.
Featu res : Small to m i ddle-sized fishes with laterally compressed bodie s . Head deep. Eyes large . Gape rather long. J aws set with teeth . Dorsal fin hard- rayed anteriorly, soft - rayed and ke posteriorly. Anal fin but smaller. Pectoral fins and fan -shape d . Caudal deep ly fo rke d , with b road : Pro bably g regari o u s .
rel ati ve s : N o n e . D i e d i n M ioce n e . G e n u s extinct. rel ated to recent por of the genu s Dentex.
836
Dentex sp ., a recent porgy Lithograph from BLOCH.
837
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Perciformes Family: Sparidae
Higher Bo ny Fish .
Suborder:
P e rc o lde PO rg i ies .
(length C. 1 4 cm) from the Miocene of Oran, Alge ria. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Pans, France. Photogr"'ph: 'Serette, Paris.
RAFINESQUE, 1 8 1 0 .
Geographical d i stributi on : Europe, n o rthern Africa, Austral ia, North America. F e at u re s : Small to m i d d le-sized fishes of broadly oval outline, lateral ly flattened . H ead deep . Eyes smal l . G � pe ra er long . Jaws with teet h . Snout slightly pointed . Dorsal fi n b g ins sh ortly
�
R e m a rks : G regarious .
838
GRIFFITH & SMITH, 1 83 4 .
Geological range : Paleocene to recent.
Geolog ical ran g e : Eocene to recent.
R ecent re l ative s : Closely related to recent porgies of the genus Dip/odus .
(length c. 24 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany.
Pagel/us microdon AGASSIZ
Genus: Pagel/us
S y n o n y m : Sargus .
behind the head , hard - rayed an t e r i o r l y , soft - rayed posteriorly and continuing almost to the end of the body. Most anteri or ray of the anal fi n spine- l i ke. Pecto r a l f i n s e l o n g ate . Pe l v i c fi n s smal l . Caudal fin forked .
Suborder: Percoidei Porgies
�
Oip/odus oranensis 0/VOODWARD)
G e n u s : Dip/odus
Higher B ony Fishes
eS
Geograph ical d i stributio n : Europe, New Zealand . : M i d d le-sized fishes with rather l aterally c o m p ressed , nn(1iA� . H ead dee p . Eyes large. Gape rat h e r lon g . Dorsal fin at the h i ghest point of the body, h a rd - rayed anteriorly, UT_r·""",.., ,... posteriorly. Anal fin likewise hard-rayed anteriorly. Pel-
fins smal l . Pectoral fins long narrow . Caud al fin deep ly •
with narrow lobes . : G regarious.
re l ativ e s : C l osely reto recent porgie s of the Pagel/us w h i c h l ive i n Ocean s .
Pagel/us sp. , a recent porgy. Lithograph from BLOCH.
839
EUTELE O S TEI
Order: Perciformes Family: Sparidae
Higher B o ny Fish
H igher Bony Fishes
e
l d eSi o rgie s
Subo rder: Perc p o
.
Suborder: Percoidei Porgies
�
Pagrus mauretanicus ARAMBOURG (length c. 33 cm) from the Miocene (' Oran, Alge ria. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Nalurelle, Paris, France. Photog' lph: Serette '
Paris.
G e n u s : Pagrus
" IA
_
Rythmia s starrii JORDAN & GILBERT (length c. 18 cm) from the Miocene Of Californ ia, . U S A Original: National Museum of Natural HiStOry, Smithsonian Institution, Wash i'1gton, D . C . , U . S.A.
Genus: Rythmias
CUVIER, 1 8 1 7 .
JORDAN & GILBERT, 1 92 0 .
G e o l o gi cal ran g e : Paleocene t o recent .
Geolog i cal ran g e : M iocene.
G eo g rap h i cal d i stribut i o n : Europe, northern Africa,
Geog raphical d i stribution : North America.
Featu res : M i d d l e-sized fishes of elon gate oval out l i n�, laterally flattened . Head deep . Eyes larg e , S nout poi nted . Jaw,:, set with conical teeth , Anal fin smal l . Pelvic fi ns elongat e . ect o ral fins fan -shaped . Caudal fin forked, with broad lo bes .
Featu res : Small t o m i d d l e - sized fishes of l aterally c o m p ressed shape . Head dee p . Eyes l arge . Dorsal fin hard- rayed anteriorly and soft- rayed posteriorly. Anal fin simi lar. Pectoral fins long and pO i n t e d . C a u d a l f i n r at h e r deeply forked .
R e m arks : G regari o u s ,
Rem arks : Probably g regarious.
R ec e n t r e l at i v e s : C l o s e l y re lated to recent porg ies of the genus Pagrus .
840
None.
ap h Lt I h09r Pagrus sp. , a recent porgy. from BLOCH.
Died
Rhythmias, reconstruction after JORDAN.
841
Higher B ony Fis h
EUTELEO STEI Order: Perciformes Family: Sparidae
.
Sub ord e r: P er c e Ol' d S
ei PO rgi es
�
Higher Bony Fishes
VfE L E O STEI
ormes S � ' .Perpacifridae or S fa�llY d
t'
Suborder: Percoidei Porgies
.�
:.-----
__ -__ ------------------
Sparnodus vulgaris AGASSIZ (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca. Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Sparus sp. (length c. 43 cm) from the Miocene of Overland Corner, South Australia. Original : South Australian Museu m , Adelaide, Australia.
G e n u s : Sparnodus
Genus: Sparus
AGASSIZ, 1 83 5 .
LINNAEUS , 1 758.
Geolog ical rang e : Eocene to M iocene.
Synonym s : Aurata , Chrysophrys .
G e o g raph ical d i stributi o n : Europe .
Geolog i cal ran g e : Eocene to recent .
Featu res : Small t o middle -sized fishes of rath e r lateral ly com pressed shape . Head deep. Eyes larg e . Gape short. Jaws set with powerful teet h . Dorsal fin low, h ard- rayed anteriorly, �oft rayed and fringe- l i ke posteriorly. Anal fin s i m ilar, but co nsId er ably s horter. Pectoral fins fan - shaped . Caudal fin rat he r deeply
Geograph ical d i stributi o n : West I n d ies , Europe, northern Africa, Austral ia.
forked with broad lobes . R e m a rk s : Probably g regario u s . R ecent relatives : G e n u s ext i nct . Related t o porgies of t he S p aridae .
family
Featu res : M i d d l e - sized fi shes with rather laterally com p ressed bodies. H ea d dee p . Eyes larg e . Gape s h o rt . Dorsal fin h ard rayed anteriorly, low and softrayed anteriorly. Pectoral fins lo n g and pointed . Caudal fin rat her forked , w i t h re l a t i v e l y b road lobes . Re marks : G regarious . Re cen t relative s : Related t o re cent porgi es of the genus
Ills Wh ich l ive i n ocea ns .
Spa
Sparus auratus, the recent golden porgy. Lithograph from BLOCH.
842
843
H igher Bo ny Fish
EUTE LEO STEI Order: Perciformes Family: Sciaenidae
Suborder:
Pe
rCOldeeS' Croake r� -----.;: '
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
rcifo �mes deC: Pe 'Iy' or S cia emd ae
H igher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Percoidei Croakers
fatJl l .
� --------------------------------------
Sciaena JORDAN & GILBERT (length c. 27 cm) from the Miocer.e of Califor nia, U . S .A. Onglnal: National Museum of Natural HistOry, Smithson ial Institu tion ' Washington, D . C . , U . S .A.
Lompoquia retropes
G e n u s : Lompoquia
JORDAN & GILBERT, 1 9 1 9 .
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : M iocene .
knyrkoi DANILTCHENKO (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Upper Miocene of the n orthern Caucasus , C . I .S. Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, MosCOw, Russia (Bannikov Collectio n).
Genus: Sciaena
LINNAEUS , 1 75 8 .
Synony m : Sciaenops . Geological ra n g e : Up per M iocene to recent.
Geog raphical d i stributio n : N orth America.
Featu res : Middle- sized fishes of elongate slender sh ape . Head shal l o w . Eyes sma l l . Sn out p o i nted . Anteri o r dorsa l fi n hard rayed . Posterior dorsal fin soft- raye d , O PPOSite the anal In . Pe lv ic and pectoral fins elongate . Caudal fin slightly emargi nate. R e m a rks : G regarious. Recent re l atives: Gen us ext i n ct . Possibly related t o recent croa kers of the fam i ly Sciaen idae .
Geograp h i cal d i stri butio n : Western and eastern Europe, America .
North
Featu res : Middle-sized fishes of slender outline, rat her deeper in middle of body . Head shal low . Snout slightly pointed . Gape rather long. Anterior dorsal fi n low and hard- rayed . Posterior dorsal fin rayed a n d l i k ewise low . fin smal l , opposite the pos dorsal fin . Caudal fin , not , rhombic . : Predators . re l ative s : Related to re c ro ake rs of t h e g e n u s
Lompoquia,
844
J0RI)A:�· reconstru ctlor after
�1�"Qr,,.,
Sciaena s p . , a recent croaker. litho graph from BLOCH.
845
Hi gher Bony Fishes Suborder: Percoidei Fingerfishes
Hi gher B o ny F ish Subo rd er: Pe rc . e S
EUTELE O STEI Order: Perciformes Family: Mullidae
G o atf ?l d ei l she s
----=
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _
Mul/us moldavicus SVITCHENSKAYA (length c. 8 cm) from the Upper Miocene of Moldavia C . I . S . Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Mos .O W , (Banni kov Collection).
G e n u s : Mullus
RUSSi�
LINNAEUS , 1 7 58.
Geolog ical rang e : M i ocene to recent . Geograp h i ca l distri bution : Europe, western As ia. Featu res : Small fishes of slender elongate shape . Head shallow. Eyes large. Snout pointed . Anterior dorsal fin hard-rayed , situ ated in the anterior half of the body. Posterior dorsa, fi n soft row . rayed , o pposite t h e anal fi n . Pectoral and pelvic fin s n ar Caudal fin rather deeply forke d .
Re m arks : G regarious. Recent relative s : Related to re cent goatfishes of the g e n u s Mullus wh ich live i n t h e oceans.
Genus : Pasaichthys BLOT, 1 969. Geological ran g e : Middle Eocene. Geograph ical distributi o n : Europe. Features : Small fishes of rounded oval outli n e , laterally compressed . Head deep. Eyes large. Gape short. Dorsal fin beg i n s i n the anterior half of the body, i n c reases gently i n he ight and then passes rearwards o a fringe which extends to the toot of the tai l . Anal fi n simi lar, but . Pectoral fins rounded . Pel fins small. Caudal fi n large, not posterior marg i n regularly iUnr.:::n./ O
: Fed partly on plants.
tfISh . Mul/us surmuletus, a recent goa
846
BLOT (length c. 6 cm) from the Middle Eocene of BoIca , Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
PasaiChthys pleuronectiformes
re latives : Genus ext i nct. "Mrn"' ",� related to recent finger of the family Monodacty lidae ar e represented by t h ree and five species i n modern
Monodactylus argen teus, the recent mono.
847
EUTELE OS TEI Order: Perciforrnes Fami l y: Mono dactylidae
H i gher B o ny F i sh
H i gher Bony Fishes
Su bor d er: P er . e s cO ld . . F I n getfish
Suborder: Percoidei Archerfishes
el
�
-----------------------
de BLAINVILLE (length c. 45 cm) from the EocE"le of Balea' Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Psettopsis subarcuatus
G e n u s : Psettopsis
BLOT, 1 9 69 .
(AGASSIZ) (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Naturhistorisches Museu m, Vienna, Austria.
antiquus
Genus : Toxotes
EASTMAN, 1 9 1 4 .
Geolog ical ran g e : M i ddle Eocene.
Geological ra n g e : M i dd le Eocene.
Geog raphical d i str i b u t i o n : E u rope .
Geographical d i st r i b u t i o n : Europe .
Feat u res : M id d l e - sized fishes of ro unded oval o ut lir 8 , laterally flatte ned . H ead dee p . Eyes larg e . Gape s h o rt . Dorsal fin tal l , extending i n an arc over the whole o f t h e bac k . Anal tin likewi se tall and arcuate. Caudal fin larg e, triangu lar and not forked.
features: Small fishes of elongate oval out l i n e . Head deep . Eyes large . Snout pointed . Gape long . Dorsal fin approxi mately in the die of the body , hard- rayed anteriorly. Soft- rayed part lower, the anal fi n . Caudal fin somewhat forked , with broad
Rem arks : Fed at least partly on plants . Recent re lative s : Genus ext i nct . P e r h a p s r e l a t e d to rec e n t fingerfishes of t h e fam i ly Mono d a c t y l i d a e w h i c h are r e p r e s e nted b y t h ree g e n e ra a n d about five species i n modern
�,I
oce a n s . Psettopsis ,
848
afte r BLOT. . reconstr uctlor
t rela t i ve s : Perhap s reto recent archerf ishes of g e n u s Toxo tes w h ich is
� nted
by s i x s p ec i e s , I n warm brackis h waters .
Toxotes jaculatrix ,
a recent archerfish.
849
Hi gher Bony Fishes
Higher B o ny Fi sh
EUTELEO STEI
Sub orde r: P er cO l eS
Order: Perciformes Family: Am p histiidae
.
Suborder: Percoidei S p adefishes
d ei
VOLTA (length c, 38 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy, Original: Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria,
from the Middle Eocene of Bolea, Amphistium paradoxum AGASSIZ (length c , 6 cm) y, German , Munich , nterfoss I Italy, Origina l:
G e n u s : Amphistium
Atchaephippus asper
Genus: Archaephippus
AGASSIZ, 1 844 .
S y n o n y m s : Macrostoma , Woodwardichthys ,
Geographical d i stri buti o n : Europe . Features : M idd le-sized fishes of ro unded oval outli ne, laterally flattened . Head dee p . Eyes large. Gape short . Anterior dorsal fin �d-rayed . Posterior dorsal fin soft-rayed , at first increasing in heig ht and then decreasing in a gentle curve. Anal fin similar to the poste rior dorsal fin and opposite . Pectoral fins narrow and . Pelvic fi n s long and ...,." .... � .... . Caudal fin not forked.
� � 9
e , lateral ly Iatt ned. Featu res : Small fishes of round ed oval outlin l fin exten dln In an Head deep . Eyes smal l . Snout pointe d . Dorsa fin s i m i l a r . PelVIC and arc ove r t h e whol e of t h e back . Anal , elong ate , un orked and pecto ral fins very small . Caud al fin large rou n ded .
.
R e m arks : Probably predators . Recent r e l ative s : None. out in Eocene.
rks : Fed at least part l y plant s.
Died
, EASTMAN ion after Amphistium , reconstruct
850
1 969.
Geological ra n g e : Middle Eocene.
G eolog i cal ra n g e : Middle Eocene. Geograp h i cal d istributio n : Europe.
BLOT,
Synony m : Ephippus.
·
relat i ve s : Genus extinct . ap s re l a t e d to re c e n t . . s h e s o f t h e fa m i l y I P P l dae w h i c h i s r e p r e by t h ree g e n e ra a n d S p e c i e s i n m o d e rn s.
Archaephippus , BLOT,
reconstruction after
851
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Perciformes Family: E phippidae
Higher B o ny Fish .
Perc oi:�
Su bord er: S pa d e r l
el she s
-----=
Ephippus /ongipennis AGASSIZ (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca,
Italy. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fUr Palaontologie, M unich, r'ermany.
G e n u s : Ephippus
CUVIER, 1 8 1 7 .
G eo l o g i cal ra n g e : M id d l e Eocen e . G eog rap h ical d i stri buti o n : Europe.
F e a t u re s : S m a l l fishes of a l m ost c i rcular outline , lat e rally flat tened . H ead d e e p . Eyes smal l . G ape short . Anterior do rsal fin h a rd - rayed . Posterior d o rsal fi n soft - rayed , in its a n te rio r part ith h ard taller than the anterior dorsal fi n . Anal fin o ppos ite , spines. Caudal fin not forked . Re m arks : Predators . Recent re l ative s : Related to re cent spadefishes of the genus Ephippus w h i c h l ive in warm seas .
vrE L E O S TE I
Higher Bony Fishes
6 d er: Perciformes e Jll ilY: Ep hippida
Suborder: Percoidei Spadefishes
�:
1 4 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Exe/lia ve/ifer (VOLTA) (length c .
Genus:
Exellia WHITE & Moy-THOMAS, 1 941 . Semiophorus .
Synonym :
Geological rang e : M i ddle Eocene.
Geographical d i stributio n : Europe. Features: Middle-sized fishes of oval out Rne, laterally flattened . Head deep . Eyes large. Gape short . Dorsal fin beg i n s an teriOrly with a few hard rays, becomes tal l er and f l a g - l i k e ,
reac h i n g
the height o f t h e body, then decreases again i n height, exas a fringe to the root of the tai l . fringe-like, with a short paint . Pectoral fins smal l . Pelvic fins narrow and tapering to a point. fin not forked, narrow and slightly mJ:l'·n;n�._ Fed , at least partly, on plants .
r e l at i ve s : N o n e .
Died ciut i n
Exel/ia , reconstruction after BLOT.
852
853
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Perciformes Family: Platacidae
Hi gher Bo ny F ish Suborder: .
Perc oi��
B a t fis
he 1
�
)1vrE L Ercl�foSTEI mes ! rder: P e taclda e Jl'lilY: P la
�
---
Higher B ony Fishes Suborder: Percoidei Batfishes
Platax orbicularis, the recent orbiculate batfish. Gen us: Eoplatax
BLOT, 1 96 9 .
Synonym : PIa tax. Geological ran g e : Middle Eoce ne. Geographi cal d i stributio n : E u rope. Features: M id d le-sized fishes almost circular in outl i n e , laterally . Head dee p . Eyes smal l . Gape short . Dorsal fin beg ins short hard rays, increases in height to more than the height the body, then decreases steeply in height to near the root of . tall . Anal fin similar in size and shape. Pelvic and pectoral fins . Caudal fin small , not forked , somewhat rounded . : Open -water pred ators .
Italy. 01 B 0Ic a , Eoplatax papilio (VOLTA) (length c. 62 cm) from the Middle Eoce ne Original : Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
854
t re lat ive s : Genus extinct . Related to recent batfishes of genu s PIa tax, three species of wh ich live in warm seas .
855
Higher Bo ny F is h
EUTELEO STEI
Subo rder: Per
Order: Perciformes Family: Scatophagidae
. eS
cO l dei Scats
Higher B ony Fishes
es d er: Percifo rm . 'Iy' Chae todon hdae
ofarJll l
Suborder: Percoidei Butterflyfishes
'
-------:
� -----------------------------------------
Scatophagus frontalis AGASSIZ (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolea ' Italy. Original : Interfoss, Munich, Germany.
Chaetodon ficheuri ARAMBOURG (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Upper Miocene of Oran, Algeria . Original : M useum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photograph : Serette, Paris.
G e n u s : Scatophagus
C UVIER & VALENCIENNES, 1 830 .
Gen u s : Chaetodon
LINNAEUS, 1 758 .
Geological ran g e : Eocene to recent .
Geological rang e : Ol igocene to recent.
G eog rap h i cal d i stri bution : Europe.
Geograph i ca l d i stributio n : Europe .
Featu res : Small high- backed fishes , laterally flattened . head deep and short. Eyes larg e . Anterior dorsal fi n begins at h ighest point of the body, hard - rayed . Posterior dorsal fin soft- rayed , o pposite t h e anal fin w h i c h has hard rays anterior to i t . Pect o ral fi ns rounded . Pelvic fi n s smal l , with two hard rays .
Featu res : Smal ll fishes of oval out l i n e , latera l ly flattened . H ead short and deep. Eyes smal l . Snout pointe d . Gape rather long . Dorsal fin fringe- l i ke , with hard rays anteriorly and soft rays pos teriorly. Anal fin s i m i lar but shorter. Pelvic and pectoral fi ns smal l . Caudal fi n not forked .
R e m a r k s : P ro b a b l y a l re a d y l i ved partly o n l ive p rey a n d partly o n detritu s . R e c e n t re l at i ve s : C l osely r e lated t o recent scats o f the ge n u s Scatophagus which l ive in warm seas and b rac kish wa ter.
856
m arks : The systemat i c po of this fish in the family ''''' C'rl''\ ril � i s d is puted . ent
re l at i v e s : P e r h a p s related to recent butter-
sc at. Scatophagus argus , a recent
Cha etodon semilarva tus , butterflyfish .
a recent
857
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Perciformes Family: Chaetodontidae
Higher B o ny F ish .
Pygaeus gazo/a; (MASSALONGO) (length c. 8 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Pygaeus
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Perc , e S O Bu tt erfl fl' ld el' Y s he s ---=
AGASSIZ, 1 838.
Geolog ical range : M iddle Eocene.
Suborder: Percoidei
Enoplosus pygopterus AGASSIZ (length c. 4 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelie, Paris, France. Photograph : Serette, Paris, France.
Gen u s : Enop/osus
de LACEPEDE, 1 803 .
Geological rang e : Eocene to recent. Geog raph i cal d istributio n : E u -
G e o g raph ical d istributi o n : Europe.
rop e ,
Features: Small fishes of circ u lar outline, laterally flatte ed . Head deep . Eyes larg e . U pper and lower jaws produced to fo rm an obvious rostru m . Anterior dorsal fin beg i n s at the h i ghest part of e the body with a point formed from hard rays, contiguous with th Anal posterior dorsal fin which is soft-rayed and l i kewise poi ted . . nge. fin with hard rays anteriorly, running off into a soft- rayed fn . d Pectoral fins smal l . Pelvic fins elongate . Caudal fi n not fo rke
Feat u res : S m a l l f i s h es w i t h rather l at e r a l l y c o m p re s s e d bodies . Head dee p . Eyes larg e . Snout s l i g ht l y p o i nted . G a p e rather long . Two separate dor sal fins, the first hard - rayed en irely a n d the second h a r d anteriorly. Anal fin broad Pelvic fins fan -sh aped . fins rou n ded . Caudal broad , slightly forked.
org a n R e m a rks : Probably fed on corals a n d associated s m all isms.
Recent re l ative s : None. Died out i n Eocene.
: Pro bably fed mainly p lan ts. rel ative s : Related to re fis hes of the genus Eno-
858
Enop/osus armatus, the oldwife fish.
859
EUTELEOSTE I Order: Perciformes Family: Pentacerotidae
Hi gher B o ny F i s h
Subord er"" P ercOl" de S" A rmo u rheaJI
------ �
Pentaceros sakha/inicus GRETCHINA (length c. 8 cm) from the Miocene of Sakhalin Siberia, C . I . S. Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Russia.
Moscow:
G e n u s : Pentaceros
CUVI ER , 1 82 9 .
G e o l o g ical ran g e : M iocene t o recent.
��;�;;c?t�!�I or I"Iy"" Cich lidae faOl
Hig her Bony Fis hes
Sub order: Percoidei CichIids
------------------------------------
-----
GBophagus priscus (WOODWARO) (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Miocene of Maranhao, Brazil. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P25258).
Genus: Geophagus
HECKEL,
1 840.
Synony m : Macracara .
G e o g raphical d i stributi o n : Eastern Asia.
Geolog ical ran g e : M iocen e .
Featu res : Small fishes of rou nded oval o ut l i n e , laterally flattened. H ead dee p . Eyes larg e . Snout pointed . Anterior dorsal fin tal l , hard- rayed . Posterior dorsal fin soft - rayed , ro u n d e d . Anal f i n l i kewise acco m panied b y hard rays .
Geograph i ca l d i stributi o n : South America, northern Africa.
R e m arks : Predators .
and fringe- l i ke , more posteriorly projecting into a point. Anal fin large, with the middle ray elon . Pectoral and pelvic fins and narrow. Caudal fin not or weakly emarg i n ate . arks : Like their recent rela p robably chewed through b otto m m u d l o o k i n g for
R ec e n t r e l ati v e s : C l osely re lated to recent armourheads of the genus Pentaceros .
I
ourhead . Pentaceros sp., a rece nt arm Lithograph from CUVIER
860
Featu res : Smal l fishes with rather laterally compressed bod ies. Head deep . Eyes smal l . Snout pointed . Dorsal fin anteriorly tall
r e l a t i ve s : C l osely re to rece nt membe rs of the
Geophagus .
Geophagus sp , a recent "earth eater".
861
EUTELEO STEI Hi gher Bo ny Fi sh Subo rde r: P erc e s Order: Perciformes F a m il y : C i c h li d_a e ___________ ________________
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Percoidei Cichlids
Cichi�i .
�
Tilapia fossilis WHITE (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Pleistocene of Askati , nal: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P1 9089-4).
enya. Origi \.kIn8ITle d cichlid (length c . 8 cm) from the Pliocene of Casteliaro, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Tilapia
Genus : Not named .
SMITH , 1 840 .
G e o l og ical ran g e : Pliocene to recent.
Geolog ical range : Pliocene.
G e o g raph ical d istributi o n : Africa.
Geograph i ca l d i stributio n : E u rope.
forked .
Feature s : Small fishes of oval outl i n e , laterally flattened . Head deep. Eyes larg e . Snout rounded. Gape s h o rt . Dorsal fin h ard1'8yed anteriorly, soft- rayed posteriorly. Anal fin s i m i lar but shorter, Pelv ic fins narrow, vertically beneath the broader pectoral fi n s . Caud al fin rou nded , not forke d .
Feat u re s : Small fishes with laterally compressed bod ies . Head larg e . Eyes l a r g e . G a p e s h o rt . Dorsal fi n low a n d fri n g e - l ike anteriorly b ut becom i n g tal ler posteri orly. Anal fin l i ke w i s e de creasing in h e i g ht posteriorly. Pectoral fi ns narrow. Cau dal fin not R e m a rks : p l ants .
P r o b a b l y fed
on
: Probably l ived i n brackish water a n d fed on plants . rel ative s : Related to recent members of the family Cich-
R e c e n t r e l a t i ve s : C l osely re l a t e d t o t h e r e c e n t Afr i c a n cichl ids of t h e genus Ti/apia .
zebra lila Tilapia buttikoferi, the rece nt pia. 862
863
EUTELEO STEI Order: Perciformes Family: Cichlidae?
H igher B ony F ish .
Subo rd er:
P er. c o l. eS de C l c hl i id
LE OS TE I der: P erciformes or l' ly' po ma cen tridae f a Jtl
'
H igher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Percoidei Damselfishes
�
� ----------------------------------------
Leonhardt
.",.,,,.,.,,,,, pygmaeus de ZIG NO (length c . 5 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, 1181y. Origina l : Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
U nnamed fish (length c. 1 6 cm) from the Eocene of Vicenza, Italy. Origi n..!l : I nterfoss, Munich, Germany.
AGASSIZ , 1 8 3 5 .
G e n u s : Not named .
Genus: Odonteus
G eo l o g i cal ran g e : Eocene.
Geolog ical ra n g e : Middl e Eoce n e .
G eog raph ica l distribut io n : Europe .
Geog raph ical d i stribut ion : E u rope.
F eatu re s : Small to middle-s ized fishes of oval outl im, laterally flattened . H ead deep. Eyes smal l . Gape short . Dorsal fin begins shortly beh ind the head , hard - rayed anteriorly, soft- rayed poste· fins riorly. Anal fih large and rounded. Pelvic fins narrow. Pecto ral small . Caudal fin b road , not forked.
Features : Small fishes of c ircular outl i n e , l aterally flattened . H ead deep. Eyes larg e . Gape rath e r long . Anterior dorsal fin of power ful spines , the fi rst one being d isproportionately long . Posterior �rs al fi n soft-rayed and fringe- l i ke . Anal fin l i kewise accompa nied by powerful spines. Caudal fi n , not forked , s l i g htly rounded .
R e m arks : Probably fed on plants. Recent relative s : None. Died out in Eocene .
Re marks : Lived i n coral reefs proba bly fed on small an int re lative s : Related to re damselfishes of the fam i ly ....'. rr' .... �,,_ ridae which are repby 2 8 g e n e ra a n d 335 species i n the reefs tro p ica l seas .
Oascyl/us melanurus, a recent damsel fish .
864
865
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Perciformes Family: Priscacaridae
Higher Bo ny F ish
Suborde r: Pe rc e o l' d S ei
Priscacara liops COPE (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Eocene of Wyoming . U, S.A. Origi nal: Pabst Collection. Zurich. Switzerland,
LEOSTEI
deC: Perc ifor mes Jl'lilY: Dip terichthyidae
Higher B ony Fishes
�:
Suborder: Percoidei
:----
OJ)tericht�ys leptosc:mus ARAMBOURG Oength c. 1 1 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of Iran. Original: Museum National d ' H lstolre Naturelle, Pans, France. Photograph: Serette, Paris.
G e n u s : Priscacara COPE, 1 87 7 ,
ARAMBOURG, 1 939 .
G e o l og ical rang e : Eocene,
Geologi cal ran g e : Oligocene.
Geograph i ca l d i stribution : North America.
Geographical d i stributio n : M iddle East.
Feat u r e s : Small to middle-sized fishes of oval outl ine , l aterally flattened . H ead dee p . Eyes larg e . Gape rat h e r long Anterio r dorsal fin hard- raye d . Posterior dorsal fin soft-rayed anc rounded. Anal fin rou nded , associated with hard rays . Caudal fin not forked, s l i g htly rou nded . R e m a rks : The genus Priscacara is placed by some au tho rs in the fam i ly Perc i chthyidae and by others in the fam i ly Cichl idae.
Features : Small fishes of elongate slender outl i n e . Head shal low and elongate. Eyes larg e . Snout poi nted . G ape long . The two dorsal fins relatively far apart from each other. Anal fin opposite the posterior d o rsal fi n . Pectoral fin narrow , a l most vertically above the pelvic fi n s . Caudal fin forked .
They were fresh-water fishes.
Remarks : Predato rs . relatives: None. Died out in Oligocene.
t. R e c e n t r e l atives : None . Died out in M iocen e . G en u s ext inc Perhaps related to cichlids (family Cichl idae) .
866
867
H igher Bo ny F ish
EUTELEOSTEI
Subord e r: Perco l. deeS
Order: Perciformes Family: Arambourgellidae
i
EVTE L E O STEI
rderi ly: : PNerotciformes ofalfl named
---
H igher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Percoidei
-
J (HECKEL) (length c. 1 6 cm) from the Middle EoC!�. Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Arambourgella cephala
G e n u s : Arambourgel/a S y n o n y m : Carangodes .
BLOT,
'>
of Bolca'
1 98 1 ,
Geolog i cal ra n g e : M iddle Eocene , G eograph ical d i stri but i o n : Europe. Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes with laterally co pressed bod ies. H ead large. Eyes large . Gape long. Dorsal fin 'll Ith steep anterior slope and rounded posterior slope. Anal fin and pe cto ral fin s l arge . Caudal fin stal ked and deeply forke d , witl- relat ively broad lobes.
�a�iania mariae SORBINI (length c . 1 4 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Ital y . . Original: Museo CiVICO dI Storla Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus : Otta viania
SORBIN I , 1 983 .
Geolog ical ran g e : M id d le Eocene, Geograp hical d i stributio n : Europe. Featu re s : S ma l l fi shes with s l e n d e r b o d i e s H ead d e e p . Eyes , rather la rge . Gape long . Anterio r dorsal fi n begins just b e h i n d the , head , fring e - l i k e , cons isting of powerfu l s p i n e s . Posterio r dorsal fin smal l , soft- rayed . Caudal fin deeply forked , with narrow lobes . Rem arks : Pred ator s . Rec ent re l atives : None. D ied out in Eocen e.
Re m arks : Predators , Recent re latives : None, D i e d o u t i n Eocene.
868
869
High er B ony F i s h
EUTELEO STEI Order: Perciformes Family: Not named
.
Sub ord er: Per
.e cO ld S
ei
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Percoidei
-------
Ruffoichthys spinosus SORBINI (length c. 6 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Ruffoichthys
SORBINI , 1 98 3 .
Geolog ical ran ge : M i d d le Eoce n e . G e o g raphical d i stributio n : Europe .
Featu re s : S ma l l fis h e s of s l e n d e r o u t l i n e , rath e r d ee p i n the m i d d le of the body but less so posteriorly. H ead shallow. Eyes s m al l . Gape rath e r l o n g . Anterior d orsal fi n consistin g of well separated hard s pines . Posterior d o rsal fin small and soft-rayed. Caudal fin stalked . R e m arks : Predators. R ecent re l ative s : None . Died out in Eocene .
fish (length c. 9 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, GIIOontol'O Qi' s;ct Museu m Zurich , Switze rland.
870
871
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Perciformes Family: Not named
Hi gher Bo ny F is Subo rder: •
Perco i��
l
High er Bony Fishes Suborder: Mugiloidei Mullets
EVTELE OS TEI
o rd er: P erciformes fam ily: Mugilidae
---
Picture on the previous page.
G e n u s : Not named .
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : Eocene to rece nt. G eog rap h i cal d i stribu tio n : Europe .
l ao/f te t�e
Feat u re s : Smal l fishes of almost lozenge-shaped ou tlin e flattened . H � ad deep. Eyes l arge . Snout poi nted . First ray dorsal fin disproportionately elongate, as also the first ray o f pelvic fins. Caudal fin stalked , triangular, slightly forked .
II
Y
e
R e marks : Probably still -water predators . Recent relative s : None. Died out in Eoce n e .
i Mugil prnceps AGASSIZ (length c. 8 cm) from the Oligocene of Sodom, Israel. Origi
nal: Naturhi storiska Riksmuseet, Stockholm , Sweden.
Gen u s : Mugil
LINNAEUS, 1 7 5 8 .
Geo log i ca l rang e : Eocene to recent . Geog raph ical d i stributi o n : Eu rope , northern Africa, western Asia. Featu re s : Small fishes of elongate, but nevertheless rat her plump, shape. Head shallow. Eyes smal l . Snout pointed . Anterior dorsal
fin po i nted hard - rayed . Posterior dorsal fin soft-rayed , approxi mately trian g u l a r . Pelvic fins elongate and broad . Pectoral fins ,
pOinted. Caudal fin deeply forked. Re m a rks : G regari o u s . Re ce nt r e l at i v e s : Closely re lat ed to recent mullets of the gen us Mugi/.
a recent mullet. litho graph from BLOCH.
Mugi/ cepha/us,
872
873
Higher B o ny Fi s h
EUTELEOSTEI Order: Perciformes Family: Sphyraenidae
Suborder: M u gi l e S O ld B a r r a C lt
.
d
Suborder: Sphyraenoidei Barracudas
ei
�
------------------------
Parasphyraena apsheronica SVITCHENSKA (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Upper Miocene of Azerbaijan, C . I .S. Original : Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akadi;mii Nauk ' Moscow, Russia.
G e n u s : Parasphyraena
Higher Bony Fishes
LEO STEI
-...JrOO" .. bolcensis AGASSIZ (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca,
Original: Interfoss, Munich, Ger m any.
Gen us: Sphyraena
SVITCHENSKA, 1 968 .
ARTEDI , 1 792 .
G e o log ical range : Upper M iocene.
Geolog ical rang e : Eocene to recent.
G e o g raph ical d istribution : Western Asi a .
Geog raph ical d i stributi o n : E u rope, Africa, I n donesia, Asia, N o rth Americ a .
Featu res : S m a l l to m i d d le - s ized f i s h e s of s l e n d e r st ream l i ned s hape . H ead shallow. Eyes smal l . Snout poi nted . Two relatively small dorsal fi n s . Anterior dorsal fi n hard-raye d , in the anterior half of the body. Posterior d o rsal fin soft- rayed , in th posterior half of the body, opposite the s i m i larly shaped anal fin . Pelvic fins very smal l . Caudal fin forked . R e m arks : Predators . R ecent re l atives : Genus extinct but nevertheless related to re cent barracudas of the genus Sphyraena which is rep resen ted by 1 8 s pecies i n t ro p i cal seas .
: Predators .
Parasphyraen a , Akademia Nauk,
874
Featu res : M i d d le-sized fishes of slender strea m l i ned s hape . H ead shallow. Eyes smal l . U p per and lower jaws set with powerful teeth and elong ated to for m a b road rostru m . Two relatively s m a l l dorsal fin s . Anterior d o rsal fi n h a rd - rayed . Posterior d o rsal f i n 80ft-rayed , o p posite the s i m i tarly shaped a n a l fi n . Pectoral pelvic fi n s s m al l . Caudal deeply forked , with narrow
. aft e r reco n str u c t ion MoscoW.
re l at i ve s : Closely reto recent barracudas of g e n u s Sphyraena , rep re b y 1 8 species i n tropi seas .
Sphyraena barracuda , a recent barra cuda. Lithograph from BLOCH.
875
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Perciformes Family: Labridae
Highe r B o ny Fish
Sub ord er: labrOi, deeS' Wra s s e
�
�
Eo/abroides szajnochae (de ZIGNO) (length e. 1 0 em) from the Middl Bolea, Italy. Original: Universita di Padova, Padua, Italy.
Eocen e of
Genus: Eo/abroides EASTMAN , 1 9 1 4 . Geological range: M i d d l e Eoc e n e . Geographical d i stribution : E u ro p e . Features: Small fishes with elongate
bod ies. H ead rel a1 1 ve ly shal low . Eyes smal l . Dorsal fin extends over al most the w h o l e length of the back , d ivided i nto a long hard- rayed and a short soft-raye d port i o n . Anal fi n with a few h ard rays anteriorly, soft- rayed more posteriorly. Caudal fin rounded , not forked .
Remarks : Fed on Recent relatives : w rasses .
small animals and also on b ivalves an
snails.
G e n u s ext i nc t . Nevertheless relate d to rec ent
I vtE LE O S TE
erciformes PLabr d � Or e · idae ' ly' faJll1 c'
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Labroidei Wrasses
:.--•
I"abrus agassizi MONSTER (length e . 1 7 em) from the Miocene of St. Margarethen, Austria. Original: Naturhistorlsches Museum, Vienna, Austria.
Genus: Labrus LINNAEUS , 1 7 58. Geological range: Eocene to recent . Geographical distribution : E u rope. Features : Small to midd le-sized fishes
with rather laterally com pressed bodies. H ead shallow . Eyes relatively smal l . Gape short. Dorsal fi n d ivided i nto a long hard - rayed and a short soft-rayed portion . Caudal fin strongly emarg i nate .
Remarks :
Fed o n smal l animals
and also on bivalves and snai l s .
Rece nt relatives :
C l osely re
fated to recent wrasses of the genu s Labrus .
Labrus sp., a recent wrasse.
876
877
Higher B ony Fish
EUTE LEO STEI
Suborder: La br
Order: Percifo rmes e d_ a_ ri_ F_ l y_:__ a b_ L_ ami_ _ __
, eS
VVra��!
�
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Pseudovomer minutus SAUVAGE (length c. 5 cm) from the Upper Miocene of Licata Sicily, Italy. Original : M useum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France . Photo: graph: Serette, Paris.
G e n u s : Pseudovomer
SAUVAGE, 1 873.
G e o l o g ical ran g e : M iocene to P l iocene. G e o g ra p h i c a l d i stributi o n : Europe . . H ead F e atu res : Small fishes of oval o u t l i n e , latera l ly flattene d begin fn dee p . Eyes larg e . Snout somew hat protrud i n g . Dorsal fan fins l n i n g s hortly beh i nd the head with hard rays . Pectora . row nar s haped . Anal fi n with a spine- l i ke fi rst ray . Pelvic fins R e m arks : Fed on small animals. Recent re l ative s : None. Died out in P liocene.
EO STEI £ VTEL P erc iformes
Higher Bony Fishes
order :
Suborder: Labroidei Wrasses
, Lab ndae fam ily:
---
Symphodus sa/vus BANNIKOV (length c. 9 cm) from the Upper Miocene of Moldavia C.I.S . Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk ' Moscow Russi � (Bannikov Collecti on). ,
Genus : Symphodus
RAFINESQUE, 1 8 1 0 .
Geolog ical ran g e : M iocene to P liocene. Geograph ical d i stributio n : Western and eastern Europe, northern Africa . Features : Smal l fishes of elongate oval outl i n e . H ead short and Eyes larg e . Dorsal fin beg i n n i n g j u st beh i n d the head, : ant norly hard - rayed but with a soft-rayed , posteriorly arc u ate portio n . Anal fin with a few hard ra s anteriorly, soft -rayed pos ten orly . Caudal fin not forked .
deep
�
�
Re m arks : Probably fed mainly sm all ani mals but also on biva lves and sna il's . e Ce nt r e l a t i v e s : C l osely re
On
e
ed to recent wrasses the ge
Symphodus .
.....
Symphodus me/ops, the mermaid.
878
8 79
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Perciformes Family: Labridae
Higher Bo ny Fish es Subo
el. es ---
rd er: La brO ' d 1
.
VV ra s s
£ VTEL E O ST EI order:
P erciformes lidi dae FaJ1l ily: Pho
Higher B ony Fishes Suborder: Zoarcoidei Gunnels
---
PhO/is gune/lus LINNAEUS (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Pleistocene of Greenland . Origi nal: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden. Tortonesia esi/is SORBINI (length c. 7 cm) from the Middle Eocene of l:3olca, Italy. Original : Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy
.
Genus: Tortonesia SORBINI , 1 983 . G eological range : M iddle Eocene. Geographical distribution: Europe . Features: Small fishes with elongate
slender bodies . Head shal based, divided ir iO a long road b fin l ow . Snout poi nted . Dorsal Anal fin rela Ively long . portion. hard - rayed and a short soft-rayed d Pectoral fins rounded. Caudal fin not forke , with a raUl ed end .
Remarks : Fed mainly on small a n i m a l s but also o n b ivalves and snails.
Related to re cent wrasses of the fam i ly La bridae which is represented by 57 genera and about 500 spe c ies in warm seas .
Recent relatives:
Genus: Pho/is GRONOV, 1 760. Geologic al range : Pleistoce ne to recent. Geograp hical distribu tion : Green land . Fea! ures: Small fishes wiH I elongate slender ,
laterally compre ssed bodies . Head s h a l l ow . Eyes s m a l l . Gape s h o rt , d i rected u p wards . Dorsal fi n long , hard- rayed . Caudal fin rounde d , not forked . Remarks : Fed on s mall anima ls.
�
ecent relatives: The fossil species is ident ical to the recen t one. The genu s Pho/is is repnted
by ten s p e c i e s i n
Pho/is gunellus, a recent gunnel. litho graph from BLOCH.
880
881
EUTELEO STEI Order: Perciformes F amily: Trachinidae
Higher Bo ny F i sh Subord er: Z o arc e s .
oi d W e e v e r fi ei sh
�
----�------------------------------------
Callipterys speciosus AGASSIZ (length c. 36 cm) from the Middle Eocen e of Bolca, Italy. Original: Field Museum of Natural HiStOry, Chicago, IllinoIs, U . S .A
G e n u s : Callipterys
AGASSIZ, 1 83 5 .
�:JJ1i1Y:
Suborder: Trachinoidei S andperches
---
... .
u..n.""'r(�i.�
mesogea ARAMBOURG (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Miocene of Oran, Algeria. Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photogra ph: Serette,
STEINDACH NER, 1 88 4 .
Synony m : Parapercis .
G e o g ra p h i ca l d i stributio n : Europe . Features: Middle-sized fishes with elongate, rather late �al ly c om . . pressed bodies . H ead shal low . Snout pointed . Dorsal into a short, relatively hard- rayed and a long soft - rayed portion. Anal fin fri nge- l i ke , beg i n n i n g i n the middle of the body . Caudal fin elongate, rounded posteriorly.
fin dlvl ?ed
R e m arks : Probably lived mainly near the bottom .
882
Higher B ony Fishes
d er: Perctformes M ugiloididae
Genu s : Neopercis
G eo l o g i ca l ran g e : M i d d le Eocene.
R ecent re l ative s : Genus extinct . P e r h a p s d i st a n t l y related t o weeverfishes o f the genus Tra chinus , r e p r e s e n t e d by fo u r s pecies i n t h e M ed it erranean and other temperate seas .
)1vrELE� STEI
Geolog ical ran g e : M i ocene to recent . Geograph i ca l d istri bution : Northe rn Africa. Featu res : Small, rather p l u m p fis h e s . H ead deep . Eyes s m al l . Snout pointed . Gape long . Dorsal fin begi n s j ust behind the head and runs as a fringe to near the posteri or end of the body. Anal fin likewise fring e-lik e. Pect oral smal l . Pelvic fins vertic al ly rJAnl"""I· h the pecto rals and very Cauda l fin not forked , : Lived near the bot-
er t g reat Trach inus drac o, t h e rec e n H. OC weever. Lithogr aph from B�
r e l at i ve s : Close ly re to recent sand perch es of g en us Neop ercis (Paraper-
Parapercis multifasciata, a recent sand perch. (After SMITH).
883
Hi gher Bo ny Fi sh
EUTELEOSTEI
Suborde r: Tra ch i n . e S ? ld ei . Chni ds ------=
Order: Perciformes Family: Clinidae
NIKOI/ (length c . 4.5 cm) from the Upper Miocene elf Moldavia, C . I . S . Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Mo� o w, Russia (Bannikov Collection).
Clinitrachus gratus BA
G e n u s : Clinitra chus
SWAINSON,
1 839 .
t:vrEL E � STEI
Higher Bony Fishes
es der: P erclf orm Clinidae �:Jlli1Y:
Suborder: B lennioidei Clinids
---
C/inus gracilis 8m DACHNER (length c . 7 cm) from the Upper Miocene of Hernals, near Vrenna. Austria . Original: Naturhistorisches Museu m , Vienna, Austria. Gen u s : Clinus
CUVIER , 1 8 1 7 .
G eo l og ical ran g e : Upper M iocene to recent.
Geolog ical range : M iocene to recent .
G eo g ra p h i ca l d i st r i b u t i o n : Eastern E u rope.
Geog raph i cal d i st r i b u t i o n : E u rope, norther Africa.
fins smal l . Caudal fin ro unded , not forked .
low. Eyes small . Snout pointe d . Dorsal fin extends as a fri nge over the whole of the bac k . Anal fin l i kewise fringe - l i ke . Caudal fin not forke d , rounded .
Feat u r e s : Very Small fishes of slender shape. Head short and d ee p . Eyes s m a l l . Gape s h o rt . Dorsal fin extend in g over the whole of the back. Anal fin fri n g e - l i ke . Pectoral fins broad . Pelvic R e m arks : Fed on small organisms and l ived near the bot-
Remarks : Fed on smal l organ ism s and l ived near the bot tom .
tom .
Re cent re l a t i v e s : Close l y rela t ed to recent c l i n i d s of t h e genu s Clinus which l ive i n tem Perate eas tern sea s .
R e c e n t re l at i ve s : C l os e l y re lated to recent c l i ni d s of the g e n u s Clinitra chus w h i c h l i ve in the Med iterranean .
Clinitrachus, reco nstru ct lC BANNIKOV.
884
Features : Small fishes with elon gate slender bodies . H ead shal
afte r
Clinus sp . , a c l i n i d . Lithograph from CLNlER
885
Higher B o ny Fish
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Perciformes Family: Ammodytidae
.
Suborder: B 1enn io ide� el Sand I ce --
s
-
Ammodytes antipai PAUCA (length c. 4 cm) from the Middle Oligocene of Rumania. Original : Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria.
G e n u s : Ammodytes
LINNAEUS, 1 758 .
f;l.ffE LE O STEI O rder:
P erci formes " d ae G o b 11 y: fantil
---
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Blennioidei Gobies
Gobius microcephalus AGASSIZ (length c . 5 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: M useo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Gobius
LINNAEUS, 1 758.
Geological rang e : Oligocene to recent.
Geological range : M i ddle Eocene to recent .
G eograp h i ca l d i stri bution : Europe.
Geograph ical d istri b u ti o n : Europe, North America, western Asia, northern Africa.
Featu res : Very small fishes with elongate eel - l i ke bod ies. Head long and shallow. Snout pointed . Dorsal fin low, exten d i ng over almost the whole of the back . Anal fin l i kewise low, but consider ably shorter. Caudal fin rather deeply forked . R e m arks: Fed on small o rganisms and lived on a sandy bottom .
Features : Very small fishes with latera l ly c o m pressed b o d i e s . Head dee p . Eyes larg e . Gape short . Two dorsal fin s , t h e anterior short, the posterior broad- b ased . Anal fin o pposite the second dorsa l f i n . P e l v i c f i n s s m al l . Pec toral fins relatively b road . Cau dal fin rounded , not forked . Remarks : Fed on small organ Is m s and l ived near the bot to m .
R e c e n t r e l at i v e s : C l osely re lated to recent sand lances of the g e n u s Ammodytes w h i c h l ive i n t h e oceans .
Re c ent relative s : C l o s e l y re late d to recent g o bies of the
Gobius . d lance. Amm odytes sp. a recent s an Lithograph from BLOCH
886
Gobius sp . , a recent goby. Lithograph from CUVIER.
887
EUTELEO STEI Order: Perciformes Family: Acanthuridae
Hi gher B ony F ish es Subo rder: Bl en .
n l' O ld , el' S urgeon fish es
---
f;VTEL E O ST EI
Higher Bony Fishes
�
Suborder: Blennioidei Surgeonfishes
iformes rd er: P erc canthu ridae aJll.i lY : A
---
Acanthurus ovalis AGASSIZ (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Gen u s : Acanthurus Aeanthonemus subaureus (de BLAINVILLE) (length c. 1 4 em) from the MIC die Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, UK (P1 6201 ).
Genus: Acanthonemus AGASSIZ , 1 834. Geological range : M iddle Eocene. Geographical distributi o n : Europ e . Featu res : S m a l l fishes of oval outl ine a n d
later
ally flattened bodies. Head short and deep. Eyes smal l . Anterior dorsal fin hard rayed, very tall
Geog raph i cal d i st r i b ut i o n : E u rope. Featu res : M id d l e-sized fishes of oval outl i n e , laterally flattened . Head short and dee p . Eyes larg e . Snout s l i g htly pointed . Dorsal fin beg ins short ly beh i n d the head with hard rays and contin ues as a soft- rayed fringe to the root of the tai l . Anal fin si m i lar and fring e-like . Pectoral and pelvid fin s smal l . Caudal fin not fork ed, emarg i nate .
��
low and extending to the root of the tai l . Anal fin l i kewise with long hard rays anteriorly and soft rays posteriorly. Pectoral fins short and pointed .
'thurus
Pelvic fins somewhat longer and taperi n g . Cau dal fin broad, not forked .
888
Geological rang e : M iddle Eocene to recen t .
Re mark s : Fed at least part ly plant s . Has been reciass i �led into t h e g e n u s Proacan
and prom inent. Posterior dorsal fin soft- rayed ,
Remarks : Probably fed at least partly on plants. Recent relatives : None. Died out i n Eocene.
FORSKAL, 1 775.
ue ee on s tr
Acanthon emus . r · tion after de BI INVlll.
nt r e l a t i v e s : C l osely re to recent s u rgeonfi shes th e genu s Acanthurus which i n all tropical seas .
�,f� .
.
�.
'
�
I '-
t .
,,� .
.
,
Aeanthurus ieueosternon , the powder blue su r geonfish .
889
Higher B ony Fi sh
EUTELEOSTEI
Sub ord er: B l en n ' S_u geo n _r�
Order: Perciformes F a m i_ th n_ a_ u_ a_ e d_ ri_ y :_A c_ _ __ ___l _
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _
__
. eS
;�� � ei
Eazanc/us brevirostris AGASSIZ (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca Italy. Original : Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Pans, France Photograph : Serette, Paris.
Genus: Eozanclus BLOT & VORUZ, 1 974. Geological range: Middle Eocene. Geographical d istribution: Europe. Featu res : Small fishes of almost cir cular outline, laterally flattened . Head deep. Eyes smal l . Snout somewhat
EVTEL E O STEI
teriorly, projects upward from the hig hest part of the body and ends in a tall point, then descends in a c u rve and extends as a fringe to the root of the tai l . Anal fin s i m i larly fringe- like and beg inning with a few hard rays. Pectoral fins smal l . Pel vic fins pointed . Caudal fin rounded ,
---
Naseus rectifrons AGASSIZ (length c. 10 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy.
Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Naseus Synonym : Naso .
Geograph ical distributio n : Europe.
I
Closely related to
recent surgeon fishes of the genus
Zane/us , represented by a few species in tropical seas.
890
arks : Fed partly on plants . bee n reclassified into the
Probably fed , at least
Recent relatives:
de LACEPEDE, 1 80 2 .
Geological rang e : M iddle Eocene to recent.
not forked. partly, on p la nt s .
Suborder: Blennioidei Surgeonfishes
Featu res : Small fishes of rou nded outl i n e , laterally flattened . Head short and deep. U pper and lower jaws form a projecting snout. Dorsal fin beg ins at the highest part of the body, is hard - rayed anteriorly and conti nues as a soft-rayed portion rou nded posteri Orly. Anal fin s i m i lar and exas a fringe to the root the tai l . Pectoral fins smal l . Pelvic fins h ard - rayed . Caudal not forked , emarginate .
produced. Dorsal fin hard- rayed an
Remarks :
Higher B ony Fishes
order: P erciformes thuri dae faJlli ly: Acan
Eorandallius.
Moorish Zane/us earnutus , the rec ent idol.
.
nt r e l at i ve s : Closely re to recent u n icornfishes of g enus Naso which l ive i n
Nasa /ituratus, a recent unicornfish.
891
Hi gh er B o ny Fish Suborder: Bl e n n' , eS l S u rgeo n fiOsl d e 1' h --------------------------------------------�
EUTELEO STEI Order: Perciformes Family: Acanthuridae
(length c. 7 cm) from the Midd' Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original : Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Fr n ee . Photo g raph: Serette, Paris.
Parapygaeus po/yacanthus PELLEGRIN
G e n u s : Parapygaeus
PELLEGRIN,
G e o l og i cal ra n g e : Eocene.
1 907 .
L E � S TEI � VTE rC l formes d r' Pe ' . A canthu ridae or �IY faJll l .
:.----
Tyferichthys nucha/is (AGASSIZ) (length c. 21 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original : Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U . S A
Genus : Tylerich thys
BLOT, 1 980.
Synon y m : Naseus .
G eo g raph ical distributio n : E u ro p e .
Geological ra n g e : M i dd l e Eocen e .
Featu res : S m a l l fishes o f elongate oval outl i n e , lateral ly flatten ed. H ead d ee p . Eyes large . Snout somewhat produced . Dorsal fin . h a rd - rayed anteriorly and fri n g e - l i ke and soft - rayed �oste riorly l al s fins Anal fin si milar but s horter. Pelvic and pectoral
Geograp h i cal d i str i b ut i o n : E u rope .
R e m a rks: Predators . R e c e n t re lative s : None . Died out in Eocene .
Hi g her Bony Fishes Suborder: Blennioidei Surgeonfishes
Featu res : M iddle-sized fishes of oval outline, lateral ly flattene d . Head d ee p . Eyes s m a l l . G a p e rat h e r l o n g . Do rsal f i n i n t h e posterior half o f t h e body, anteriorly with a few hard rays , posteri orly soft-rayed . Anal fin o p pos ite , fri nge-like. Caudal fin n ot fo rked, deep ly e m a rg i n at e . rks : Probably l ived partly on hard-shelled food . t re latives : None . Died out i n Eocene.
892
893
Higher B ony Fish e
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Perciformes Family: Caprovesposidae
Suborder: Ac anth u ro ' 1d •
�
el
----
Caprovesposus parvus DANILTCHENKO (length c. 3 cm) from the Lower Olig ocene of northern Caucasus, C . I .S. Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akaaemii Nauk, Moscow, Russia.
G e n u s : Caprovesposus
DANILTcHENKo, 1 960 .
e VTEL E
Higher B ony Fishes
der: P ercIformes J1l ilY : K ushlukiidae
�:
Suborder: Acanthuroidei
---
Kushlukia permira DANILTCHENKO (length c . 1 7 cm) from the Lower Eocene of Turkme nistan, C . I .S . Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akadernii Nauk, Moscow, Russia.
Gen u s : Kushlukia
DANILTcHENKo, 1 968.
G e o l ogical rang e : Oligocene to M iocene.
Geo l og ical ran g e : Lower Eocene .
G eo g ra p h ical d i stributi o n : Western and eastern Europe.
Geograp h ical d istributio n : Western Asia.
Featu res : Small fishes of oval outl i n e , laterally flattened . Head dee p . Eyes larg e . S nout pointed . Dorsal fin begins shortly beh nd the head , hard - rayed anteriorly, soft-rayed posteriorly, extending as a fringe almost the whole length of the back . Pectoral fins s m al l . Pelvic fins close to the pectorals . Tai l fin not forked .
!
R e m arks : Predators .
Re mark s : Pred ators . nt rel at ives : Genus extinct . h e l es s perhaps related rece nt rab bitfis hes.
Recent r e l atives : N o n e . D i e d out i n Ol igocene .
n a ft er Caprovesposus , recon struct 1' 0 Akademia Nauk, Moscow
894
Featu res : M idd le-sized fishes of oval outl ine, deep anteriorly and strong ly decreasing in height posteriorly. Head dee p . Eyes larg e . Snout pointed . Gape rather long . Anterior d o rsal f i n tal l , h ard rayed . Posterio r dorsal fin soft rayed , fringe-lik e. Caudal fin not fo rke d .
Siganus guttatus, a recent rabbitfish.
895
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Perciformes Family: Gempylidae I I
I
Higher Bo ny Fish
Suborder: S comb roi :� Snake M a c kere�� .
---
Epinnufa cancefiata ARAMBOURG (length c. 5 cm) from the Lower Oligor.ene of Iran. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photog r�)h : Serette, Paris.
Genus: Epinnu/a POEY, 1 85 4 . Geological range: Ol igocene t o recent. Geographical distribution: M iddle East. Features : Small fishes with very slender
elongate boe les . Head relatively larg e . Eyes smal l . Snout strongly pointed . G ape long. Anterior dorsal fin e longate , hard-rayed . Posterior dors' I fin soft rayed . Pectoral fins pointe d . Pelvic fins vert ically ben e th pecto ra l s a n d very s m al l . Anal f i n t riangular. Caudal f i n forked .
formes cdlelYc: :PGercl empylidae ?aJ1 i
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Scombroidei Snake Mackerels
----
Hemithyrsites maicopicus DANILTCHENKO (length c. 6 c m ) from t h e Lower Miocene of Azerbaijan , C . I . S. Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Mos COW, Russia.
Genus: Hemithyrsites SAUVAGE, 1 87 3 . Geological range: M iocene . Geographical distribution : Western and
eastern E u rope, northern
Africa.
Features: Small fishes with very slender elongate bodies . H ead shallow. Eyes larg e . Snout poi nted . Dorsal fin fri nge- l i ke , h ard rayed . Anal fin smal l , l i ke the pectoral and pelvic fi n s . Caudal fin forke d . Remarks :
predato r s .
Remarks : G regari ou s . Recent rel atives : C losely
Probably g regarious
Recent relative s : Genus ext i nct . Nevert h e less d i stantly re l ated rec e n t snake macke rels of gen us Thyrsites .
re lated to recent fishes of the ge nus Epinnu/a .
. ' fis h of the Epinnufa onentails, a ree .nt family Gempylidae
896
evrE LE� STEI
Thyrsites atun , a recent snake mack erel . Lithograph from CUVIER.
897
Higher B o ny Fis he s
EUTELEO STEI
Suborder: S co mbro ' d
Order: Perciformes Fami l y: Trichiuridae
.
1 el C utl a ssf i sh es -'
the Oligocen e of Wiesloch, Eutrichiurides de/heidi LERICHE (length c. 8 cm ) from
fUr Naturkun de, Karlsruhe, GerBaden , Germany . Original: Staatlich es M u seum many.
G e n u s : Eutrichiurides
CASlER , 1 944 .
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : Paleo cene to Ol igocen e. G e o g r a p h i ca l d i stribut io n : Europ e, Africa .
l y flatten ed bodies . Feat u re s : S m a l l fishes w it h slend er, l ateral rather 10'1g . Dor Head shallow . Eyes larg e . Snout pointe d . Gape l , forked , sal fin low and fri nge-like . Cauda l fin very smal
R e m arks : Predators. Recent r e l atives : Perhaps related to recent cutlassfishes of the genus Trichiurs which l ive
TE LE O STEI f;V ercif ormes
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: S combroidei Cu tl assfishes
P rder : : Jll i1Y Trichiur idae
�
---
Lepidop us sp. ( length c . 24 cm ) from t h e Pliocene o f Licata, Sicily, Italy. Original: Siber & Siber Collection, Aathal, Switzerland.
Ge n u s : Lepidopus
.
GOUAN .
Sy no ny m s : Acanthonotus , Anenchelum , Lepidopides .
Geological rang e : Eocene to recent. Geog raphicall d istri bution : Europe, South America, western and northern Afric a . Featu res : M i ddle-sized fishes w i t h very slender elongate, laterally flattened bodies . Head shallow . Eyes large. Snout poi nted . Gape ,?ng , Dorsal, frn low, extending along the whole body . Anal fin . likewise low and fri nge-like, but nevertheless considerably s horter. Pelvi c fins completel y lost. Caudal fin very smal l , forked . Rema rks : Predators .
in the ocean s .
Rec ent r e l at i v e s : Closely re
lated to recent scabbardfishes
�
t e genus Lepidopus which In the oce ans .
fi sh. nt cutlass Trichiurus /epturus, a rece Lithog raph from BLOCH
898
Lepidopus sp . , a recent scabbardfish. Lithograph from CUVIER.
899
Higher B o n y F is h
EUTELEO STEI
Subord S co m b rO ld. es . Macker: erel s a n d r u. nael.
Order: Perciformes Family: Scombridae
s
-----::
(AGASSIL) (length c. 7 cm) from the Middle Eocene Of Bol ca, Italy Original: National M useum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, \ Jashington, D C , U.SA
Auxis propterygius
G e n u s : Auxis
CUVI E R , 1 82 9 .
EVTEL E O STEI
Higher Bony Fishes
ord er: P ercifor� es fam ily: Scombndae
---
Suborder: Scombroidei Mackerels and Tunas
.
Gram m atorcynus scomberoides Af,AMBO' RG ( l en g th c. 1 5 em) from the Lower Oli gocene of Iran. Original: Museum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Photo
graph:
Serette , Paris.
Gen u s : Gramma torcynus
GILL,
1 862 .
G e o l og i cal rang e : Eocene t o recent .
Geological rang e : Ol igocene to recen t .
Geograp h i ca l d i stributi o n : E u ro p e .
Geograp h i cal d i stributi o n : M i d d l e East .
F e atu res : S m a l l f i s h e s o f s l e n d e r s h ape . larg e . Snout somewhat p rod uced , poi nted
Head shalJw . Eyes Two small (torsal fi n s .
Caudal fin deeply forked .
R e m arks : Predators . R ec e n t re l atives : C l osely re lated to recent b u l let mackere l s of t h e g e n u s A uxis w h i c h
Remarks : G regario u s . Rec ent re l at i v e s : C l o s e l y re
a r e placed a m o n g the smaller
to recent m ackerels of the Gramma tocyn u s .
t u n as .
Auxis
sp., a bul let maej.,e
from CUVIER.
900
Feature s : S m a l l to m i d d l e-sized fis h e s , o u t l i ne beco m i n g deeper ante rio rl y . Head elong at e . Eyes smal l . Snout pointed . Gape rather long. Anterior d o rs a l f i n h a rd - rayed , p o s t e r i o r d o rsal fin soft rayed . Anal fi n o pposite the posterior dorsal fi n . Pelvic fins vert i cally beneat h the pector al fin s . Caudal f i n fo r ke d .
e
lith Ograp
h
t h e recent double-lined mackerel, after WEBER. Gramma torcynus bicarinatus,
90 1
Higher B o ny F is h Suborder: S co m b roi de s . Ma ckere ls an d T ".......... el. la
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Perciformes Family: Scombridae
s ----
(length c. 9 cm) from the Oligocene of Sh uster, Iran. Original: The Natural History Museum, London, U.K. (P71 30).
/surichthys orienta/is WOODWARD
G e n u s : /surichthys
WOODWARD, 1 90 1 .
£VTE LEO STEI
Hi g her Bony Fishes Suborder: Scombroidei Mackerels and Tunas
order: P erciformes ridae faJl\i1y: Sco mb
----
Palimphyes /ongirostratus DANILTCHENKO (length c . 1 1 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of the Caucasus, C . I . S . Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk, Moscow, Russia (Bannikov Collection).
Genus: Palimphyes
AGASSIZ, 1 84 4 .
Geolog ical ran g e : Ol igocene.
Synony m : Krambergeria .
Geographical d istri bution : Europe, western As ia.
Geolog ical ran g e : O l igocen e .
Feat u re s : S m a l l fishes of slender shape. Head shal low. Eyes larg e . Snout poi nted . Dorsal fin fringe-like . Anal fin likewise fringe li ke and very low . Caudal fin deeply forked , with narrow l obes.
Geograph i cal d i stribut ion : Euro p e .
Remarks : Predators. Recent relat i ves : None. Died out in Oli gocen e .
Featu res : Small t o midd le-sized fishes of slender shape . Head shal low . Eyes relatively large. Snout poi nted . Two d o rsal fi n s , res pectively op posite t h e pelvic f i n s a n d t h e anal fi n . Pectoral fins narrow. Caudal fin deeply forked . Remar ks : G regario us . Rec ent r e l at i ve s : None . out in Olig oce ne.
Died
reconstruction after Akade mia Nauk, Moscow.
Pa/imphyes,
902
903
Hi gher Bo n y F is h Subord er : Sc o m bl'rOi e d e�l M ac ke rels an d Un
EUTE LEO STEI Order: Perciformes Fami l y: Scombridae
a.s
,
�
Higher Bony Fishes Subord er: Scombroidei Mackerels and Tunas
LE O ST EI t: VTE Ord er: P ercifor� es fam ily : Sco mbndae
----
,I
(length c . 7 . 5 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of if e northern Caucasus, C I S . Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademll '�auk, Mos cow, Russia (Bannikov Collection).
Sarda rara BANNIKov
G e n u s : Sarda
Genus: Scomber
CUVIER, 1 82 9 .
Geological ran g e : Eocene to recent .
G e olog ical ra n g e : Paleocene to recent. G e o g rap h i cal d i st r i b u ti o n : E u rope, North America, n or hern Af rica. of s l e n d e r s h a p e . Head n arrclw. Eyes Gape b road body
center. Anal , pectoral a n d ven
Geographical d i st ri bu t i o n : Europe , Africa, North AmE;)rica, eastern Asia. Featu res: M id d l e - s ized fishes of slender elon gate shape. Head shallow. Snout pointed . Two dorsal fins, respectively opposite the pelvic fins and the anal fi n . Pecfins n a rrow . forked .
Caudal fin
rks : G regari o u s .
tral fins smal l . Caudal fi n deeply forked .
nt r e l ative s : C l o s e l y re to recent mackerels of the Scomber which l ive i n
R e marks : Schooling fishes . Rece n t re l at i v e s : C l o sely r e lated to recent fishes o f t h e ge n u s Sarda.
schools i n t r o p i c a l and .... . H r " "' ica l seas . Sarda australis ,
904
LINNAEUS, 1 75 8 .
Synonym : Pneuma tophorus .
Syn o n y m : Pe/amys .
Featu r e s : S m a l l fishes l a rg e . S n o u t p o i n te d . d ee p . Dorsal f i n o n a b as e , b eg i n n i n g a b o u t
D CHN R (length c. 33 em) from the Oligocene of Radoboj , . Original Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria.
'!I:r.llttnbl�r sujedanus STEI
a recent bl"in lto
Scomber scomber, a recent Lithograph from BLOCH.
mackere l .
905
Highe r B ony F is Sub ord er: S co lll b h. e S . Mac ke rel s an d �oltldei
EUTELE OSTEI Order: Perciformes Family: Scombridae
na s
-----=
Scomberomorus speciosus AGASSIZ (length c . 40 em) from the Mi ddl e Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie, LeJden , Nether lands.
G e n u s : Scomberomorus
de LACEPEDE, 1 802 .
EV TE L E � ST EI rC l for� es order: Pecombndae S y: il f aDl
Hi g her B ony Fishes Suborder: Scombroidei Mackerels and Tunas
---
Scombrosarda cernerurae (CiOBANU) (length c. 21 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of the northern Caucasus, C . I . S. Original: Paleontolog icheskii Muzei russkoi Akademii . Nauk, Moscow, Russia.
Genus: Scombrosarda
DANILTcHEN Ko,
1 962 .
S y n o n y m : Cybium .
Geolog i ca l ran g e : Eocene to O l igocene.
G eolog ical rang e : Paleocene to recent .
Geograp h ical d istributi o n : Western and eastern Europe. Featu res : M i d d l e - s ized fishes of slender shape. Head shallow . Eyes large. Snout pointed . Gape long . Two small dorsal fins. Anal fin triang u l ar . Pelvic and pectora l fins s ma l l . Caudal fin rather deeply forked .
Geogra p h ical d i stributi o n : Europe, Africa, Middle East. Featu res : Small fishes of slender outline, but somewhat deeper in the midd le of the body. Head shallow. Eyes smal l . Sn oLt pOinted . Gape lon g . Two dorsal fins, respectively opposite the pelvic fins and the anal fi n . Caudal deeply forked . R e m arks : Gregarious. R e cent re l at i v e s : C l osely re lated to recent Spanish mack erels of the genus Scombero mo rus w h i c h b e l o n g a m o n g t h e t u nas a n d o c c u r in h u g e schools i n t h e Atlantic and Pa c if i c .
dicuS , a Scombero mo rus qu een lan
mackerel.
906
Re marks : G rega riou s . Recent re l atives : G e n u s extinc t. P Os s i b l y r e l a t e d t o r e cent mack erels .
Scombrosarda , reconstruction after Akademia Nauk, Moscow.
907
Hi gher B o ny F i s h Subord
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Perciformes Family: Scombridae
.
er: Mackere lsS coa nmdbTroUin:�as --
el
-
E VTE LE OS TEI
Hi gher B ony Fishes
Percifor� es y: Famil Scombndae
Suborder: Scombroidei Mackerels and Tunas
order:
--
.I
Thunnus lanceolatus (AGASSIz) (length c. 33 cm) from the Middle Eocen., 0 Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genu s : Thunnus SOUTH , 1 845 . Synonyms: Orcinus , Thynnus . Geological range: Eocene to recent . Geographical distribution : E u rope, N o rt h America, Africa Features: S m a l l f i s h e s of s l e n d e r o u t l i n e , b u t deepe [
Turio wilburi (GILBERT & JORDAN) (length c . 30 cm) from the Miocene of California, U.S.A. Original: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash ington , D.C. , U . S A
in the
Genus: Turio GILBERT & JORDAN, 1 92 0 . Geological range: M ioce n e . Geograph ical distributio n : N o rth America. Features : M id d l e - sized fishes of slender
m i d d le o f the body a n d tapering towards t h e caudal t n . H ead shallow. Eyes s m a l l . Snout pointed . Two do rsal fin s , res pectively
shallow. Eyes larg e . Snout pOinted . deeply forked .
relatively long. Caudal fin deep-
Remark s : Predat ors . Turio i s occas i onally consid ered a syn
opposite the pelvic fins and t h e anal fi n . Pectoral fins na. mw and ly forked and sickle-shaped .
Remarks : G re g a ri o u s . Recent relative s : C l o s e l y
elon gate outl i n e . Head Pelvic fi n s smal l . Cau d al fi n
ony m of Scomber.
Rec e nt relatives :
out in M ioce ne.
re
lated t o recent t u nas of the ge nus Thunnus which l ive i n h u g e swarms i n warm and tem per ate seas . LithO Thunnus thynnus , the re en! un a. graph from BLOCH .
908
Turio, reconstruc tion after JORDA .
909
Higher B o ny F is h
EUTELEO STEI
Suborder: S co lll b r . e S . M ac k erel s an d TO l d el.
Order: Perciformes Family: Scombridae
u n as ----
EVTEL EOS TEI
rmes o d er: P ercifo e phiida i f:Jll i lY: X ----
Hi gher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Scombroidei Swordfishes
(VOLTA) (length c. 55 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bol ca' Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Xiphop terus falcatus
VOLTA (length c. 60 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Interfoss, Munich, Germany.
BIochius longirostris
G e n u s : Xiphopterus
AGASSIZ,
1 83 5 .
Genus: Blochius
VOLTA, 1 800.
Geolog ical ran g e : Middle Eocene .
Geological rang e : Middle Eocene.
Geographical d istributio n : Europe.
Geograp h i call d i stributi o n : Europe .
F e atu res : M i d d le-sized fishes of very slender elongate outl ine. Head shallow . Eyes smal l . U p per and lower jaws produced to a point, the upper being shorter. Two small dorsal fins, the poste the rior being o pposite t h e anal fin and the anterior op pos ite pelvic fins . Caudal fi n deeply forked . R e m arks: Rapidly swimming predators . Recent relatives : None . Died out in Eocene.
Features : Midd le-sized fishes of very slender elongate outline. Head shallow. Eyes larg e . U pper and lower jaws set with poi nted teeth and extended to form an u nusually long rostru m . Dorsal fin fringe-like and extending over the whole length of the body. Anal fin likewise frin ge- l i ke , but begin ning only in the m i d d l e of the body. Pelvic and pectoral fins smal l , fan-shaped . Caudal
fin deeply forke d .
--
Re marks : Predators . The rostru m p ro bably served to d e flect th e prey a n d strike i t from th e side . R ec e nt r e l ati ves : None . Died in Eocene.
91 0
Blochius,
reconstruction after ZITIEL.
91 1
Higher B o ny F ish
EUTELEO STE I
Subo rder: Scorn. , b rOl de S . S w ord fish ee�'
Order: Perciformes Family: Xiphiidae
.
.
NAEUS (length c. 1 34 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiurrl f M arec chia. Italy. Original : Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Xiphias gladius LJ
Genus: Xiphias LINNAEUS , 1 75 8 . Geological range: Eocene to recent . Geog raphical distribution : Europe, western and n o rth rl Africa. Features : Large to very large fishes of strea m l i ned sh rl pe . Head
shallow. Eyes larg e . U p per and lower jaws produced 10 form a sword - l i ke rostru m , with the lower jaw considerably sl .) er than the upper. Anterior d o rsal fin tal l , i m mediately beh i n d Ile head .
Posterior d o rsal fin smal l , s hort ly in front of the end o� t he body . Pelvic fins very anterior in posit io n . Pe t o ra l fins
Anal fin large.
l o n g and pointed, p l aced rather
v e n t ra l l y .
Caudal
fin
l a rg e ,
EVTE L E O STEI
erciformes rdleilYr: : PPal aeorhynchidae �aIt
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Scombroidei
----
colei (AGASSIZ) (length c. 81 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of Glarus. SWi tze rland. Original: Teylers Museum, Haarlem. Netherlands.
Homorhynchus
Genus : Homorhynchus van BENEDEN , 1 873 . Synonym : Hemirhynchus . Geologica� range: Eocene to M ioce n e . Geograph ical distribution : E u rope . Featu res : M i d d l e - s ized fishes of ve ry s l e n d e r e l o n gate o ut l i n e . Head shallow. Eyes larg e . U p p e r a n d lower j aws p ro d uced to form a rostru m , with the l ower jaw considera bly shorter than the upper. Do rsal and anal fi n s fri n g e - l i ke . Caudal fin deeply forked .
Rem arks : Pred ators . Recen t relatives : N o ne .
Died out i n M iocene.
sickle-shaped .
Remarks : Pelag i c p redators . Recent relatives: The fossil spe cies i s identical t o the recent one. The swordfish Xiphias g/a dius
lives
i n all
the world ' s
ocean s . the re Lithograph from B�oo'.
Xiphias gladius,
91 2
t sw or dfi Sh
.
91 3
H igher B o ny F ish es
EUTELEO STEI
Suborder: Sco mb rO ide
Order: Perciformes Family: Palaeorhynchidae
i
--
eOTE LE O S TE I
Hi gher B ony Fishes
ercifo�mes order: P om elda e N ly: faJJli
Suborder: Stromateoidei Driftfishes
---
Palaeorhynchus altivelis ARAMBOURG (length c. 60 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of Iran . Original : M useum National d ' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Phot og raph: . Serette, Paris.
Carangodes cephalus HECKEL (length c. 1 6 c m ) from the Middle Eocene o f Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Pa/aeorhynchus
Gen u s : Carangodes
de BlJI.l NVILLE, 1 8 1 8.
HECKEL, 1 856.
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : Eocene to M iocene.
Geolog ical ran g e : M id d l e Eocene .
Geog rap h ical d istri butio n : Europe, M iddle East.
Geog raphical distributi o n : Europe.
Feat u res : M iddle-sized fishes of slender elongate outl ine . Head shallow, elongate . Eyes large. U pper and lower jaw produced to form a rostru m . Dorsal fin extending over the whole body, arcu ate u pward s . Anal fin si m ilar, but only half as long. Pec oral fins very smal l . Pelvic fin s elongate . Caudal fin relatively small , deeply
Featu res: S m a l l fi shes of s l en d e r outl i n e . H ead d ee p . Eyes large. Gape long. Anterior dorsal fin smal l , consisting of a few hard ray s . Posterio r d orsal fi n l o n g , arcuate b eh i n d . Anal fi n large, triang u lar. Pectoral fins larg e , rou nded . Pelvic fins l i ke wise large, elongate. Caudal fin d eeply forked .
forke d .
Remark s : Perhaps even at that tim e there was a sort of sym
R e m arks : Predators . Recent r e l atives : N o n e . out in M iocene.
i s b et w e e n t h e s e fi s h e s large jellyfishes .
Died
ti on Pala eorhynch us , reco n stru c ORLOV.
91 4
aft er
relat i ves : Perhaps re to recent driftfishes of the Nomeidae which is rep � �O nl· � ,.J in t ropical and s u b seas by t h ree genera ab out 1 5 species.
Carangodes, reconstruction after BLOT.
91 5
High er B ony F is h
EUTELEOSTEI
Subord er: S tro m a teO l, dees
Order: Perciformes Family: Nomeidae
.
' D r i ft fI' S h e s1 ---
£VTE L EO ST EI
Higher Bony Fishes
erciformes idae �arJldlei1rY: :PTetragonur
Suborder: Stromateoidei Sq uaretails
----
sp. (length c . 18 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy. Tetragonurus
Psenicubiceps afatus DANILTCHENKO
(length c. 1 2 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of northern Caucasus, C . I . S . Original : Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akadem ii Nauk, Moscow, Russia (Bannikov Collection).
G e n u s : Psenicubiceps
Gen us : Tetragonurus
RISSO, 1 8 1 0 .
Geolog ical ran g e : Pl iocene to recent .
DANILTCHENKO , 1 98 0 .
G eo l og ical ran g e : Lower O l igoce n e .
Geograp h i cal d i stributio n : E u rope .
G eo g ra p h ical d i stri buti o n : Eastern E u rope .
Feature s : M i d d le-sized fishes with elon gate, torpedo-sh aped bod ies . Head s h al low . Eyes larg e . S nout rou n d ed . Gape s h o rt . Dor sal fi n anteriorly hard- rayed and very low, pas s i n g posterio rly i nto a rou nded soft- rayed p o rt i o n w h i c h l ies o p posite the anal fi n . Pelvic fins very s m a l l , vertically ben eath the pectoral fi ns w h i c h are con s i d e ra b ly larg e r . C a u -
F e at u re s : S m a l l fishes of e l o n g ate oval outl i n e . H ead relatively deep. Eyes larg e . G ape s h o r t . Anteri or dorsal fin tal l , rlar d - rayed . Posterior d o rsal f i n soft- raye d . Pectoral f i n s b road . Pelvic fins narrow . Caudal fin deeply forked .
R e m arks : Perhaps even at that
dal fin arcuate above and b e l ow , e m a rg i n at e p o s t e r i o r l y , h ea rt s h aped i n outl i n e . Keeled
t i m e these fishes l ive in sym biosis with large j e l lyfi shes.
-
rh o m b i c
Recent re l atives : Genus ext i nct .
scales rse rows .
Probably related to recent d rift fishes of the fam i ly N o m e i dae
in
rks : Probably fed on j e l
and to t h e i r close relatives the
hes .
Ario m m idae.
e nt re l ative s : C l o s e l y reAriomm a indica ,
91 6
a rr a n g e d
mid . a recent an o m
to rece n t s q u aretai l s of gen us Tetragonurus .
Tetragonurus cuvieri, a recent square tai l . Lithograph from CUVIER.
91 7
Higher B o ny Fish
EUTELEO STEI Order: Perciformes Family: Stromateidae
.
Subord er: Stro mate
e . S
Ol d B u tter fi ei sh es
-- -
Pinichthys pulcher BANNIKov (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Lower Oligocene of northern Caucasus, C . I .S. Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademil Nauk, Mos cow, Russia (Bannikov Collection).
G e n u s : Pinnichthys
BANNIKOV, 1 985.
E VTE LEO STEI Order : Per ciforme s Fam ily: Stroma teidae?
-
Higher B ony Fishes
Suborder: Stromateoidei BuUerfishes
Unnamed b!Jtterfish (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Eocene of Mors, Denmark. Original: Paleontologiska Museet, Uppsala, Sweden.
Genus: Not named .
G e o logical range : Lower Ol igocene.
Geolog i cal ran g e : Eocene.
G eog rap h i cal d i stributio n : Eastern Europe.
Geog raph i cal d i stributio n : Europe.
Feat u re s : S mall fishes of rhombic outline, laterally flattened . Head small in relation to the total body size. Eyes smal l . Gape short. Dorsal fin beg ins at the highest part of the body, tall anteriorly but conti n u i n g posteriorly as a low fri nge. Anal fin similar. Pelvic fins p ro bably absent. Pectoral fins rounded . Cau d al f i n deeply forked , with rather broad lobes .
Featu res : Fishes with oval outl ine, laterally flattened . Head dee p . Eyes larg e . G a p e short . Dorsal fi n narrow, beg i n n i n g i n t h e ante rior third of the body and running rearwards to a raised arcuate end near the caudal fi n . Anal fi n larg e , tria n g u lar. Pelvic fi ns narrow . Pectoral fins smal l , fan-shaped . Caudal fin larg e , slightly ema rg i n ate .
R e m a r ks : P ro b a b l y f e d small animals .
Recent r e l at i ve s : G e n u s probably ext i n ct . Perhaps re lated to recent butterfishes of the family Stromateidae .
on
Remarks : Probably l ived in open water near the coast .
Recent relative s : Genus extinct . Distantly related t o recent but terfishes of the fam i ly Stromate idae. h. b utterfis Stromateus f/atala , a recent Lithograph from BLOCH.
91 8
91 9
EUTELEOSTE I
Higher B on
Suborder: P leuryo neFctish' deesl. Le fteye Flo un d e rs .
Order: Pleuronectiformes Family: Bothidae
01
---
S ITCHE SKA (length c. 4 . 5 cm) from the Lower Miocene of northern Caucasus, C . I . S . Original: Paleontologicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akac":1'1ii Nauk, Moscow, Russia.
Arnoglossus distinctus
G e n u s : Arnog/ossus
BLEEKER,
1 862.
VTE L E O STE I
Higher Bony Fishes
ur�nectiformes �Famrdeilyr: : PleB othldae
Suborder: Pleuronectoidei Lefteye Flounders
---
sp. (length c. 7 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di. Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Bothus
BONAPARTE, 1 84 1 .
Geological ra n g e : M iocene to recent.
Geolog ical ran g e : O l igocene to recent .
G e og raph i c a l d i st r i b u ti o n : Western and eastern E u rope .
G eog raph i cal d i st r i b ut i o n : E u rope .
Featu res : Very small fishes of oval outline with stro n g ly f attened , asymmetrical bodies . Eyes smal l , both on the right side of the body. Dorsal and anal fi n s fri n g e - l i k e . Pectoral fi n s s m al l Caudal
tened asym metrical bod ies .
R e m a r ks :
R e m a r ks : P re d a t o rs l y i n g o n the bottom .
,
fin n ot forked .
P r e d at o rs l y i n g o n
t h e bottom .
Eyes smal l .
Both on the right s i d e .
Snout slightly p o i n t e d . Dorsal a n d anal f i n s fri n ge- l i ke .
fins smal l . Caudal fi n not fo rke d .
Pectoral
R ece n t r e l at i v e s : C l o s e l y re
R e c e n t r e l a t i ve s : C l o s e l y re lated t o rec e n t s c a l dfishes of
to recent lefteye flo u n ders the genus Bothus .
the genus Arnog/ossus .
Arnoglo ssus
l dfis l1 . s p . , a rec en' sca
Lithograph f r om COUGH.
920
Featu res : Small fishes of rounded oval outline with strongly flat
Bothus podas ,
WHITEH[A[) .
a recent flounder, after
92 1
EUTELEO STEI Order: Pleuronectiformes Family: Bothidae
Highe r Bo ny F ish Sub order: Pleu ro nect oi . Lefteye Fl o un d
:�
el ers
- --
(length c. 6 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Eobothus minim us (AGASSIZ)
G e n u s : Eobothus
EV TELEOSTEI
-
(KNER) (length c. 6 cm) from the Middle Miocene of St. Margarethen, Austria. Original: Weiss Collection, Vienna, Austria.
Scophthalmus heckeli
G e n u s : Scophtha/mus
EASTMAN , 1 9 1 4 .
Higher Bony Fishes Suborder: Pleuronectoidei Lefteye Flounders
orde r: Pleuronectiformes fam ily: Bothidae
RAFINESQUE, 1 8 1 0 .
Synonym : Rhombus
Geological rang e : M i ocene to recent .
Geological rang e : Middle Eocene.
Geograp h i cal d i stributio n : Europe.
G eographical d istri butio n : Europe, Asia.
Features : Small fishes of rou nded oval outline, with strongly flat tened asymmetrical bod ies. Eyes smal l , both on the left s i d e . Snout pointed . Dorsal f i n and a n a l fin fri n g e - l i ke . Pectoral fins small and narrow. Caudal fin not forked.
Feat u re s : Small fishes of rou nded oval outl ine with very flattened asymmetrical bodies . Eyes sma ll , both on the right side. Do rsal al and anal fins fringe-l ike . Pectoral fins smal l , fan -shaped . Caud fin not forke d , rounded . R e m arks : p redato rs .
Botto m - dwe l l i n g
Bott o m - d we l l i n g
Rec e n t r e l at i ve s : C l osely re lated to the recent brill (Scoph th almus rhombus) a n d other turbot s .
R ecent re l atives: Related to re c e n t f l o u n d e rs of t h e g e n u s Bothus .
reconstructio n aft er MAC-MILLAN.
Eobo thus ,
922
R e m a rk s : pred ators .
Scophthalmus maximus ,
the recent tur bot. Lithograph from BLOCH.
923
H igher Bo ny F i sh e
EUTELEO STEI
�
Su b ord er: Ple uro n e cto 'd . R'19h teye H ou n 1 el
Order: P leuronectiformes Family: Pleuronectidae
d ers
-
C . I S Original: Liopsetta sp. (length c. 1 1 cm) from the Pliocene of Sakhalin, Siberia. Russia Paleontolo gicheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk. Moscow.
Gen u s : Uopsetta
GILL, 1 864 .
r nectiformes ord er: Pleu ? Soleldae : F am ily
Hi gher B ony Fishes
S ub o rder: Pleuronectoidei Soles
---
Solea kirchbergeana MEYER (length c . 7 em) from the Miocene of Unterkirchberg. Wurtte mberg . Germany. Ong l n a l : Bayensche Staatssa m m l u n g fUr Palaonto l o g i e . Munich. Germany.
Genus : So/ea
GOUAN , 1 7 7 0 .
Geological ra n g e : Paleocene t o recent .
Geolog ical ran g e : P l i ocene to recent .
Geog rap h i ca l d istributi o n : E u rope, northern Africa, western As i a .
G e o g rap h i cal d i stributi on : Eastern Asi a . I bod Featu res : Small fishes w i t h g reatly flattene d asym metrlcJ
fi m fringe ies. Eyes smal l , both on the right side . Dorsal and anal n ded , not like . Pectora l fins small and fan -shaped . Caud al fin rou forked .
R e m arks :
E VTE L E O S T EI
Featu res : Small fishes o f oval o u t l i n e with g reatly flattened , asym metrical bod i e s . Eyes small . Both on the right side of the body . Snout rather ro u nded . Dorsal fin and anal fins fri nge - l i ke . Pectoral fins poi nted . Caudal fi n not forked , rounded . R e m a rks :
B o t t o m - dw e l l i n g
Bott o m - d we l l i n g
predato rs .
p r e d ators .
Rece nt r e l at i v e s : C l o s e l y re lated to recent soles of the ge nu s So/ea .
R e c e n t relat i v es : C l o sely re lated to recent arctic flo u nders of the g e n u s Uopsetta w h i c h l ive off arctic coast s .
C 8 'l1 Liopse tta glacialis . the re flounde r. From J ORDAN .
924
ar c tic
Solea solea , the recent sole
Lithograph
from BLOCH.
925
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Tetraodontiformes Family: Aracanidae
Higher B o ny F is h e
�
Sub � rder: B ali sto . AnCient Trunkfisid e he
�
---
Eo/actoria sorbinii TYLER (length c. 5 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
G e n u s : Eolactoria
TYLER, 1 97 5 .
11VTE L E OSTEI
P der: Tet rao don tiform es or H y' Araca nidae
fam
'
---
Subo rder: Balis toide i Anci ent Trunkfish es
_ __ --------------__ __ __ ___
Ptectocretacicus c/arae SORBINI (length c. 2 cm) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Gen u s : Plectocretacicus
Geolog ical range : M i ddle Eocene.
Hig her B ony Fish es
SORBINI, 1 97 9 .
Geological rang e : U pper Cretaceous.
G eog raphical d istri buti o n : E u rope . F e a t u re s : S m a l l f i s h es w i t h ro u n d e d bod ies , a l m ost entirely armoured with bony plates - only the snout and the stalk of the tail are free. Eyes larg e . Snout rou nded . Mouth smal l . p per and lower jaws with teet h . All fins s m all . The forehead region and t e posterior ventral part of the body each carry a pair of sp ines With s m a l l t h o rn - l i ke o u t g ro wt h s . Two small broad spines at the horizontal level of the eyes .
�
Geog raph ical d i stributio n : M id d l e East . Featu res : Very small fishes of al most circular outl i n e . Head smal l . Eyes larg e . G ape rather l on g . H ead and body enc losed i n an armou r of bony plates with o n ly the stalk of the caudal fin and the bases of the other fin s free of it. Remarks : Counts as the o ldest known boxfis h . Probably fed on organ isms taken from the bottom . nt relatives : Genus extinct. Distantly related to recent box-
R e m arks : Lived on small organ isms. Recent relat ives : Genus extinct . D istantly related t o recent cow fishes of the genus Lactoria . . . back COWLactoria fornaslnl, the thorn fish.
926
927
EUTELEOSTEI
Order: Tetraodontiformes Family: Aracanidae
H igher Bo ny Fi s h
�rden r: B a listOidee�l . Sub AnCIe t Tru n k fl S1l es - --
(de BLAINVILLE) (length c. 4 cm) from the Middle Eoce:l Italy. Original Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Proaracana dubia
G e n u s : Proaracana S y n o n y m : Ostracion .
-
of 8olca,
TYLER , 1 97 5 .
E VTE LEOS TEI
Tetraodontiformes y: famil Triacanthodidae or d er:
Higher Bony Fishes
Suborder: Balistoidei Spikefishes
--
fop/ectus bloti TYLER (length c. 10 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
Genus: Eop/ectus
TYLER , 1 97 3 .
Geological ran g e : M i d d l e Eocen e .
G eo l o g i c a l ran g e : M id d l e Eoce n e ,
Geog raphical d i stributi o n : E u rope .
G e og ra p h i ca l d i stri b u t i o n : E u rope ,
Feat u re s : S m a l l f i s h e s of c i rc u l a r o u t l i n e , rat h e r latera l l y flat tened . Head s h o rt and d e e p . Eyes l a rg e . G a pe s h o rt , rath e r prod uced . F i rst d o rsal f i n h a rd - rayed . S e c o n d d orsal f i n s oft rayed , opposite the anal fin . Pelvic fins small . Caudal fin on a
F e at u re s : Very s m a l l f i s h e s w i t h ro u n d e d o u t l i n e and l aterally
H ead d ee p . Eyes l arge . Ga p e short . Head and body enclosed i n an armour of hexagonal bony plates, rat h e r flatt e n e d b o d i e s .
except for the stalk of the tail and the bases of the fins . First
thick ped u n c l e , elongate, rou nded , not forke d .
dorsal fin pointed , at the h i g h
R e m a r k s : P ro b a b l y p referred hard-s helled food .
e s t part o f t h e body . Second d orsal fin soft - rayed , opposite the anal fi n .
Rece nt r e l at i v e s : N o n e . out in Eoc en e .
C a u d al fin e l o n
g ate , not forked , rou n ded . R e m arks :
Died
P ro b a b l y p refe rred
h a rd - s h e l l e d food . Recent relati ves : Related to re c e n t cowfi s h e s of t h e g e n u s Ara cana .
928
Proaracana ,
t· atter TYLEf1· recon str uc Ion
Eoplectus,
reconstruction after TYLER.
929
EUTELEO STEI
Order: Tetraod ontifor mes " a c a n tho d id a e F a m i l y : T n_ _ _ _ _ __ _________ __
Hi gher B o ny F i s he
� �:�
Subo rder: B alis to "d S k i p f e i --.:=-s
_ _ _ _ _ _
---
Spinacanthus imperialis (MAssALONGo) (Iengl h c: 66 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy. Photograph: G . Bonato, Verona.
G e n u s : Spinacanthus
AGASSIZ, 1 835.
t: VTE LEOSTEI
Higher Bony Fishes
order: Tetraodontiformes Triacanthodidae family:
Suborder: Balistoidei Spikefishes
---
Zignoichthys ab/angus (de ZIG NO) (length c. 18 cm) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Universita di Padova, Padua, Italy. Photograph: Universita di Padova.
Gen u s : Zignoichthys
TYLE R , 1 97 5 .
S y n o n y m : Protobalistum .
Geological ran g e : M iddle Eocene.
Geolog ical ran g e : M i d d le Eocene.
Geog raph ical d i stri buti o n : Europe .
G e o g ra p h i ca l d i stri buti o n : Europe .
Featu res : M i d d le-sized fishes of oval outl i n e , laterally compressed . Head dee p . Eyes smal l . Snout somewhat prod uced . First dorsal fin borne by three hard rays. Second dorsal fin soft - rayed , s hort and fringe-like , l i ke the anal fin opposite. Caudal fi n not forked .
l ine . laterall y Featur es: M i d d le- sized to large fishes of oval out or. Fir?t anteri hat somew flattened . Head deep . Eyes larg e . Gape ase �n re ec d h c i h w rays dorsal fin carried by five strong h ard l fin Ana d raye soft , l length posterio rly. Second dorsal fin smal l fin ped un opposi te the second dorsal fin , rather larger. Cauda culated , not forked , rounded . n ly als o took R e m arks : Free-s w i m m i n g pred ators w h i c h certai hard - shelled prey .
Recent relatives: None. Died out i n Eocene.
Rem arks : Probably fed on b i valves . gastropods, crabs a n d als o corals . Re cen t rel ative s : Genus extinct. Neverth eless related to recent rfis h e s .
Ba/istaides canspicillum , the clown trig gerfish .
930
931
H ighe r B o ny F ish e
EUTELEO STEI
Suborder: B a listo i d e� . S pi ke fi h e s
Order: Tetraodontiformes Family: Triacanthodidae
I
---
Protaean thodes ombonii de ZIG NO (length e. 1 6 em) from the Middle E:oeene of 8olea, Italy. Original: Universita di Padova, Padua, Italy.
G e n us : Protacanthodes
G ILL,
1 88 8 .
G e o l o g i cal range : M i ddle Eoce n e .
G eograp h i ca l d i st r i butio n : Europe. Featu res : M iddle-s ized fishes in outline deep i n the mi ddle of the body a n d taperi n g rearward s . Head dee p . Eyes l arge Sn out pointed . Gape short . J aws set with powerful teet h . First dorsal fin with a long powe rfu l ray and t h ree smaller rays . Second dorsal fin soft- rayed , broad-based . Anal fin considerably smaller . Pe ctoral f i n s l i kewise smal l . Pelvic fins each with one l o n g h ard ray . Caudal fin elongate and rou n d ed.
932
H igher Bony Fishes
ord er:
Tetr�o?on tiformes Family: Bahshdae
Suborder: Balistoidei Triggerfishes and Filefishes
Alutera sp. (length c . 3 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Marecchi a, Italy. Museo Civieo d i Storia Naturale, Verona. Italy.
Genus : Alutera
OKEN , 1 8 1 7 .
Geo l o g i cal ran g e : Pl iocene to recent. Geogra p h i cal d i stri butio n : E u rope . Feat u re s : S m a l l to m id d le-size d fishes of elongat e , laterall y flat tened shape . Head deep b ut with a long produ ced snout. M outh small. Fi rst ray of the fi rst do rsal fin elonga ted as a spine and with thorn - l i ke o u t g rowt h s . Secon d d o rsal fin s h o rt , frin g e - l i ke and soft- raye d . Pelvic fins absen t . An obviou s ventra l kee l beg ins at the th roat . Tai l fin not forke d . Rem arks : Fed on pl ants .
Recent re l ative s : Relat ed to re cent filefis hes of the genu s Alu
tera .
R e m arks : Probably fed mostly on h ard-shelled p rey. R e c e n t r e l ative s : Genus extinct . N eve rt heless related to recent s p i kef i s h e s of t h e fam i l y Tri acanth o d i dae .
EVTELEOSTE I
Tria eanthus biaculea lus ,
tripodf i s h .
A/utera scripta, the scribbled filefish.
933
Higher Bo ny F is h Sub order : Ba lis t . e S. Triggerfishe s a n d Fil f?lhd ei e
EUTELEO STEI Order: Tetraodontiformes Family: Balistidae
---
sp. (length c. 1 4 .5 cm) from the Pliocene of Fiume Mar Orig inal: Staatliehes Museum fur Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Monacanthus
G e n u s : Monacanthus
IS
es
=
chia, Italy.
OKEN , 1 8 1 7 .
£ VTE L EOS TEI o?ontiformes o rd er: Tetr?shdae Bah y: JJlil fa
H ig he r B on y Fi sh es Su bord er: Ba lis toi de Tr igg erf ish es an d Fil efi sh i es
--
Oligobalistes robustus DANILTCHENKO
(length c. 9 em) from the Lower Oligocene of the northern Caucasus, C . I .S. Original: Paleontologi cheskii Muzei Russkoi Akademii Nauk ' Moscow, Russia.
Gen u s : Oligoba/istes
DANILTCHENKO,
1 960.
G e o l og i cal rang e : Pl iocene to recent.
Geological range : Lower Oligocene.
G eograp h i cal d istributi o n : Europe .
Geog raphical d istributi o n : Eastern Europe.
Featu res : Small fishes of elongate oval outline. Head deep . Eyes relatively smal l . Mouth prod u ced somewhat forward , very smal l . F irst ray o f t h e first dorsal f i n very l o n g a n d powerfu Second do rsal fin very posterior, short and fringe-like, opposite the anal
Featu res : Small fishes of oval out l i n e , lateral ly flattened. H ead deep. Eyes smal l . Snout somewhat produ ced . Fi rst dorsal fin with three hard rays, the first being considerably stronger and longer than the two others. Second dorsal fin fri n g e - l i ke l ike the anal fin . Ca udal fin not forked , rounded .
fi n . Belly with an obvio us keel . Pelvic fins absent . Caudal fin
Re m arks : Fed on bivalve s and snail s, crabs and possi bly also Coral s .
not forked , rou nded . R e m arks : Fed on small organ i s m s and p ro b a b l y a l s o on p l ants .
Re cent r e l at i v e s : C l osely re lat ed to recent t riggerfishes of the fami ly Ballistidae.
R e c e n t re l at i v e s : Closely re lated to recent tilefishes of the su bfamily M o n acanthinae. Monacanthus hispidus ,
head filefish.
934
e the recent plan -
Pseudobalistes fuscus,
and-gold triggerfish.
the recent blue
935
EUTELEOSTEI , I' I
Order: Tetraodontiformes Fami l y: Balistoidei
I
Hi gher Bo ny F is h Subo rde r: B a li st . e � Triggerfishes an d F il e f ? l d e 1 IS hes
---
Hi gher Bony Fishes Suborder: Tetraodontoidei Puffers
EVTEL EOSTEI
Or de r: Tetraodonti�ormes Family: Tetr aodonttdae
-
I
Unnamed fish (length c. 38 cm) from Fiume Marecchia, Italy. Original: St atlich es Museum fUr Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Eotetraodon pygmaeus
G e n u s : Not named .
Genus: Eotetraodon
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : Pl iocene to recent?
Geological rang e : Eocene.
G eograp hica l di stributio n : Europe .
Geog raphical d i stribution : Europe.
I terally F e at u res : M i d d l e- sized fishes of elongate oval outlin flattened . Eyes larg e . Gape very smal l . Fi rst ray of the fir",t dorsal fin elongate, powerful and anteriorly serrated . Second dorsal fin very posterior, short and fringe- l i ke , opposite the si m i lar anal fin.
Featu res : Small to very small fishes with ro unded plump bodies . Head large. Eyes large. Mouth smal l , somewhat produced . Teet h
Caudal fin elongate, not forked, ro un ded . Belly keeled .
TYLER, 1 980.
fused to form beak-l i ke plates . First dorsal fin absent , as also are the pelvic fin s . Second dorsal fin opposite the anal fin . Caudal fin stalked , not forked . R e m arks : Fed p refera b l y o n h a rd - s h e l l e d p re y . P e r h a p s even then were able t o i nflate them selv e s .
Rem arks : Fed on small organ i s m s and p e r h a p s a l s o o n p l a nt s . R ecent re l at i v e s : Closely re lated to recent filefishes of the subfam i ly Monacan t h i n ae .
is Monacanthus melanoceph fl/
cent redtail filefish.
936
TYLER (length c. 2 em) from the Middle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, Italy.
the re
Rece n t r e l ativ e s : Clo sely re l ated t o recent puffers w h i c h live i n tropical and su btropical seas but also occur in brack ish and fresh water. Arothron hispidus ,
stripes puffer.
the recent stars and
937
I '
Hi gher B o ny F i sh
EUTELEO STEI
es S uborder: Te trao do nt o' d . , P orc up i n ef I e l i sh e s
Order: Tetrao dontiformes Family: Diodontidae
---
CRO S S O PTERYGII
Crossop terygians or Lobe-Finned Fishes
-
The lobe -fi n ned fishes are assig ned t
?
the Oste ichthyes. They
differ from other bony fishes , however , In possessing true nostrils and choanae (ducts leading from the nostrils i nto the mouth) . The sku l l is extensively ossified in the older forms, but incompletely sO in the Coelacanth iform e s . The eyes are protected by bony sclerotic rings consisting of more than fou r elements. The jaws are set with more or less longitudinally ribbed teet h . The verte brae are only partly ossified . Pelvic and pectoral fins arise from a q u adri partite base . The caudal fin is heterocercal in the older re pre sentatives , with a small u p per lobe . In the course of evolu . ti on , however, t h i s lobe became g rad u a l l y bigger a n d f i n a l l y reached t h e size o f t h e lower l o b e . Later forms have a third lobe at the end of the verte bral col u m n . There are usually two dorsal fins and an anal fi n separate from the caudal fin .
I n the primitive members of t h e g roup t h e body i s covered by thick rho mbic scales with a cos m i n e layer and a t h i n shiny ganoine Oiodon tenuispinus AGASSIZ (length c. 7 cm) from the M iddle Eocene of Bolca, Italy. Original: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona, I taly .
G e n u s : Oiodon
laye r. In later forms these cosmine scales tend to transform into cycloid scales by g radual loss of the cosmine and ganoine lay ers . The length of these fi shes varies from 20 cm to 2 . 5 metres or even more . Lobe-finned fishes originally l ived i n fresh water. Later they moved
LINNAEUS, 1 758.
into the sea , especially the mem bers of t h e order Coelacant h i
S y n o n y m s : Heptadiodon , Megalurites .
formes. The oldest ones appear i n t h e Lower Devon ian a n d t h e
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : Eocene to recent .
G eog raphical d i st r i bu ti o n : Europe, Asia, Africa, Nort h A I n dones ian Arc h i pelago, Cari b bean , Austral i a .
group reached its first maximum i n t h e M i d d l e Devonian. There
erica,
was a second maxi m u m , though only of short d u rati o n , in the
Feat u re s : Small fishes with p l u m p oval bodies. S k i n set with short powerful spines. Head smal l . Mouth relatively larg e . Mouth l ik e . Fused dental ridg e s . Dorsal and anal fins smal l , o pposite each other, near the root of the tai l . Caudal fin on a stalk, not forke d , rou nded .
distributed in the Up per Cretaceous . After that t i m e , in the Ter
be�k
R e ma rks : Fed mainly on hard s h e l l ed p rey . C o u l d probably already inflate the mselves .
Lower Triassic . After some oscil lations they came to be u n iformly tiary, no fossil lobe-fins have ever been fou n d , and t h ey were believed to have di ed out. In 1 938, however, the fa mous La timeria was discovered living in the depths of the ocean around the Comores Islands so the lobe fins had s u rvived after al l . About 90 fossil genera have so far been described . Many of these are based on frag ments though others are very well p reserved . The part i c u l a r i m po rtance of lobe-fins lies in the fact t h at they are seen as the i m mediate
R e c e n t r e l at i ve s : C l osely re lated to recent porc u pine fishes
ancestors of all terrestrial vertebrates .
of the genus Oiodon which live in warm seas .
938
.
.
O/odon hystnx,
efi sh a recent po rcu pin
.
939
C RO S S OPTERYGII
Lo p e-F in ne d :Pi s h es
CRO S S OPTERYGII
-----
r---
order: Co � lacant�iformes Family : D lploce rCldae
Lob e-Finned Fishes
-
---
?
..... co +-' ..... (I) I-
>-
? ?
-
�
--
(f)
0 ..... (I) c 0 .0 ..... co 0 :::J
'---
,�
-
(f)
� :::J I
(1) 0 ..... (I) 0 0
Chagrinia sp. (length C . 1 0 cm) from the Upper Devonian of the U . S .A. Original: American Museum of Natural History, New York, N Y , U S A.
0 'iii (f) co .....
....., 0 (f) (f) co .;:: I-
r
:::J
j
c co
E .....
(I) Q..
co c 0 > (I) 0 c
S �
r
� �I-
--
Ge n u s : Chagrinia
1
-
--'-
SCHAEFFER, 1 962 .
Geological ran g e : Upper Devo n ian . Geog rap h i cal di st r i b u t i o n : N orth America . Feat u res : S m a l l fis h e s of s l e n der shap e . H ead s h a l l o w . Eyes large. Snout poi nted . Gape rather lo n g . First dorsal fin anterior to the middle of the body . Second dorsal fin in the posterior t h i rd of the body . Anal fin smal l . Pectoral fins relatively l arge . An obvious ventral keel beg i n s at t h e throat . Caudal fin t h ree-lobed with the m iddle lobe brus h - l i ke . Rem arks : Predators .
l
I
I
--
Rece nt re l atives : N o n e . Died out in Upper Devon ian .
I
after The approximate stratigraphical distribution of the crossopterygi ans, ch ange d
M U LLER. 940
941
Lobe-Finne d F i sh es
CRO S S OPTERYGII
Order: Coelacanthiformes Family: Diplocercidae
Lobe-Finned Fishes
ord er: Coela canthif�rmes FaJ1lily: Hadronect ondae
--
Lochmocercus acicu/iodontus LUND & LUND (length c. 1 1 cm) from the LowE'r Carbon iferous (Mississippian) of Bear Gulch, Montana, U .S.A. Original: Adelphi I I niversity , Garden City, N .Y. , U .S.A.
G e n u s : Lochmocercus
CR OS S OPTERYGII
LUND & LUN D
,
Allenypterus montanus MELTON (length c. 1 4 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) of Bear Gulch, Montana, U .S.A. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U. S.A.
G e n u s : Allenypterus
1 984.
M ELTON, 1 969.
G e o l o g i ca l ran g e : Lower Carbon iferous (Mississippian) .
G eolog ical r a n g e : Lower Carbon iferous ( M i ssissippian) .
G eograp h i ca l d i stributio n : N o rth America.
G eographical d i stributio n : North America .
Feat u re s : Small fishes with lateral ly compressed bod ie . Head
Featu res : S m a l l fis h e s , a p p roxi mately half- pear- shaped in out line. H ead deep. Eyes larg e . Gape rather long . Fi rst dorsal fin at the h ig h est part of the body. Second d o rsal fin beg i n s s hortly behind the first and exten ds rearwards as a fring e . Anal fin and pelvic fins smal l . Pectoral fi n s considerably larger. Caudal f i n consists o n ly of a s mall exten sion of the vertebral axi s .
d ee p . Eyes larg e .
Gape rather long . Two small d o rsal fi n s , the
fi rst b e i n g a pp r o x i m at e l y in t h e m i d d l e of t h e body a n d the second in the posterior th ird of the body . The pelvic and mal fins
are l i kewise small and l i e o b -
l i q u e l y o p p o s i t e t h e f i rst a n d second d o rsal fi n s respectively. Caudal
fin
ro u n d e d ,
t h re e
lobed , w ith a p ro m i nent brush
Rem arks : Predat ors .
l i ke m i d d l e l o b e .
Rece n t re l at i v e s : N o n e . D i e d out i n Lower Carbonif ero u s .
R e m a rk s : Predators . Recent r e l at i ve s : N o n e . D i e d o u t in Lower Carbonifero u s . Loch m ocerc us , reco ns lr Uc lIOn LUND.
942
aft e r
Allenypterus, reconstruction after Lund.
943
C RO S S OPTERYGII Order: Coelacanthiformes Family: Hadronectoridae
Lobe-Fi n ne d F is e h s ----
CR O S S OPTERYGII
Lob e-Finned Fishes
order : Coelacanthif �rmes f amily: Hadronecton dae
--
Hadronector donbairdi LUND & LUND (length c. 9 em) from the Lower Call niferous
(Mississippian) of Bear Gulc h , Montana , U . S.A. Original : Natural History, Pittsburgh, Penna. , U . S . A.
G e n u s : Hadronector
Carnegie M lseu m of
Po/yosteorhynchus simplex LUND & LUND (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Lower Carbonif erous (Mississippia n) of Bear Gulch , Montana, U.S.A. Original: Adelphi U niversity ,
Garden City, N Y , U.S.A.
LUND & LUND, 1 984 .
Gen u s : Polyosteorhynchus
G eo l o g i cal ran g e : Lower Carbon iferous ( M i ssissipp ian) .
LUND & LUND, 1 984.
Geolog i cal ran g e : Lower Carboniferous (Mississipp ian) .
G e o g rap h i cal d i stribut i o n : North America.
Geog rap h i cal d i stri b utio n : North Ameri ca .
Feat u re s : Small fishes with laterally compressed bodies, _'eepest in the m i d d l e . H ead deep. Eyes larg e . Gape rather 1 01lg . First dorsal fin approximately in the middle of the body, the the dorsal fin in the posterior t h i rd . Pelvic and anal fins op . two dorsal fin s , smal l . Pectoral f i n s somewhat larg e r . Cau dal fin b r o a d , t h r e e - l o b e d , t h e m i d d l e l o be prom i n ent a n d b ru s h - l i ke .
�econd sIte
R e m arks : Predators .
Featu res: S m a l l fishes with laterally com p ressed bod i e s . H ead deep. Eyes large. Gap e rather long . Two s mall d orsal fins, the first b e i ng at the hig hest part of the body, the second in the posterior t h i rd . Pelvic , pectoral and anal f i n s smal l . Caudal f in three- l o be d , t h e m i d d le l o b e p rominge n t a n d brush - l i ke . Re marks : Preda tors . Rece n t r e l at i v e s : N o n e . D i e d out in Lowe r Carb onife ro u s.
R e c e n t re l at i ve s : N o n e . Died out in Lower Carbon iferous . . liter LJ D. Hadron ector, reconst ruc ti on
944
Polyosteorhynchus, reconstruction after LUND.
945
I
CRO SSOPTERYGII
I
Order: Coelacanthiformes Family: Rhab d o dermatidae
Lo be-Fi n n ed F is he
s
---
(length c. 1 9 cm) from the Low r Carbonifer0us (Mississippian) of Bear Gulch, Montana, U.S.A. Original: Bayeri sche Staats sam mlung fur Palaontologie, Munich, Germany. Caridosuctor populosum LUND & LUND
G e n u s : Caridosuctor
C R O S S O PTERYGII
ord er: Coelacanthiformes Fam il y: Rhab dodermatidae -
Coe/acanthopsis curta TRAQUAIR
(length c. 9 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Eskdale, U . K . Original: National Museum of Scotland , Edinburgh, U . K .
G e n u s : Coe/acanthopsis
LU ND & LUND, 1 98 4 .
Lobe-Finned Fishes
TRAQUAIR , 1 90 1 .
G eological ran g e : Lower Carboniferous (M ississippian) .
Syn on y m : Dumfregia .
Geographical d i stri butio n : North America.
Geological ran g e : Lower Carboniferou s (Mississip pian) .
Feat u re s : Small to middle- sized fishes of slender shap e. Head shallow. Eyes larg e . Snout slig htly rou nded . Gape rath er l o n g . First dorsal fin approximately i n the middle o f t h e body. Second dorsal fin in the posterior third of the body . Pelvic and anal fi ns sma l l , op posite the dorsal f i n s . P e c t o r a l f i n s ro u n d e d . C a u d al f i n e l o n g at e , t h r e e l obed , t h e middle lobe g reatly extended and brush -l i ke .
Geog rap h i cal d i stributi o n : Europe. Featu res : Small fishes with slender bodies. Head shallow. Eyes large. Snout rou nded . Gape rather lon g . First dorsal fin shortly behind the middle of the body. Second dorsal fin just in front of the root of the tai l . Pelvic and anal fins opposite the dorsal fi ns. Caud al fin three- lobed , the middle lobe brush - l i ke .
Rema rks : Predators . N o w reclassified i nto the g e n u s Rhabdo derm a . Rece nt re l ative s : None. Died out i n Lower Carbonifero u s.
Rem arks : Predators . Recen t r e l ative s : N o n e . Died out in Lower Carboniferous.
946
Caridosuctor,
t' after LUND. reconstr uc Ion
947
L obe-Fi nne d F i sh e s
C RO S S OPTERYG I I
Order: Coelacanthi formes Famil y : Rhab dodermatidae
--
C R O S S OPTERYGII
Lobe-Finned Fishes
�
Or d er: Coelacanthi ormes f am ily: Coela ca nthld ae
--
Axelrodichthys araripensis M,<11S£Y (length c. 42 em) from the Lower Cretaceous of Ceara, Brazil . Original: Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany. Rhabdoderma elegans (NEWBERRY) (length c. 1 4 c m) from the Lower Carbc I 'Il erous of Scotland, UK Original: The Natural History Museum, Londo n . (P 53 19)
G e n u s : Rhabdoderma
REIS, 1 88 8 .
S y n o n y m s : Conchiopsis , H%
G e n u s : Axe/rodichthys
pygus .
MAISEY , 1 98 6 .
Geolog ical ran g e : Lower C retaceou s .
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : Lower to Upper Carbonifero u s .
Geograp h i cal d i stributi o n : South America.
G e o g raph ical d i stributi o n : Western and eastern Europe. North America, northern Afri ca .
Featu res : M iddl e-sized fishes with laterally compressed bod ies . Head s h a l l o w . Eyes s m al l . Gape l o n g . F i rst d orsal f i n in t h e anterior t h i rd o f the b o d y . Second dorsal f i n probably s m a l l e r , in the posterior part of t h e body . Pelvic and anal fins elongat e . Pectoral fins b road, fan - shaped . Caudal fin very larg e , p robably
F e at u re s : Small to m iddle-sized fishes of slender shape s h a l l ow . Eyes large . Snout ro u n d e d . Gape rat her l o n g dorsal fins smal l , the first approximately in the middle of the body, the second in the poste r i o r t h i rd . C a u d a l f i n t h r e e lobed , the m i ddle l o b e brush l i ke .
ead 80th
t h ree- l o be d .
Remarks: Predators . Recent re l at i v e s : N o n e . D i ed out in Lower Cretace ou s .
R e m a rks: Predators . R e cent r e l ative s : N o n e . Died out in Upper Carbon iferous .
Axelrodichthys araripensis, reconstruc t io after MAISlY . Rha b dod erm a ,
948
FORE� .
ter reco n s t r u 1 011 af
949
CRO S S OPTERYGII
Order: Coelacanthiformes Family: Coelacanthidae
Lo be-Fi nn ed Fi sh es --
REIS (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Soln hofen (Kelhelm), Bavana, Germany. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fUr P'llaonto logie, Munich, Germany.
Coccoderma nudum
G e n u s : Coccoderma
ZITIEL, 1 88 7 .
S y n o n y m : Ookkoderma . Geological rang e : U pper J urassic. G eographical d i stributio n : E u rope. Feat u re s : S mall t o middle-sized fishes of slender shape . Head shallow. Eyes larg e . Snout somewhat pointed . Gape rather long. First dorsal fin anterior to the middle of the body. Second dorsal fi n in the posterior half of the body. Pelvic and anal fi ns opposite the respective dorsal fi n s . Pectoral fi ns rounded . Caudal fin ap proximately lozenge-shaped , three- lobed , the middle lobe p romi nent and brush - l ike. Scales with g ranu lar surface .
Lobe-Finned Fishes
II CRO S S O PTE RYG s iforme lacanth Coe order:
canth idae f aJl\ily : Coela =������������������� --=
AGASSIZ (length c. 32 cm) from the Permian of Bad Sachsa, I nterfoss, Munich, Germany. Original: Germany. , Hesse
Coe/acanthus granulatus
Gen u s : Coe/acanthus
AGASS IZ , 1 836.
G eolog ical ran g e : U pper Carbonifero us to Lower Triassic . Geograph ical d i stributio n : E u rope, M ad agascar, North America . Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes of slender shape . H ead shallow. Eyes larg e . Snout rounded. Gape rather lon g . First dor sal fin in anterior third of body. Second dorsal fin in posterior third of body. Pelvic fins smal l . Anal and pectoral fins rounded . Caudal fin three- lobed , the middle lobe bru s h - l i k e . Remarks : Predators. Recent re l at i ve s : N o n e . out in Lower Triassic.
D i ed
R e m a rks : Predators. Recent rel at i ve s : None . D ied out i n U pper J u rassic.
Cae/acanthus,
THOMAS.
950
reconstruction after Moy
951
Lobe -F in ne d Fi sh es ·
CRO SS OPTERYGII
Order: Coelac anthiformes Family: Coelacanthidae
CRO S S OPTER YGII
�
L ob e-Finned Fishes
or d er : C oelacanthi ormes canthldae Fam il y: Co ela -
OipJurus newarki BRYANT (length c. 1 0 cm) from the Upper Triassic of
U . S .A Original: I nterfoss, Munich, Germany.
G e n u s : Oip/urus
Newif�, N J. ,
(Eichst atl), Bavaria, Germany. Original: 8ayrische Staatssammlung fUr Palaontologie, Munich , Germany .
Gen u s : Ubys
N EWBERRY, 1 87 8 ,
S y n o n ym s : Osteop/urus , H%
Ubys superbus ZITTE L & REIS (length c . 42 cm) from the Upper Jurassic of Solnhofen
phagoides, Pariostegus , Rhabdio
lepis ,
MU NSTER, 1 842 .
Geolo g i ca l rang e : Upper J u rassic. G eograph ical distrib utio n : Europe.
G eo l o g i cal ran g e : U pper Triassi c , G eog rap h ical d i stri buti o n : North America, Eyes Feat u res : S mall fishes of slender out l i n e , Head shallO\ larg e , Snout pointed , Fi rst dorsal fin anterior to the mi ddlE:! of the body, Second dorsal fin somewhat larger, i n the posterior half of t h e body, P e l v i c a n d anal fins o b l iquely opposite the re spective dorsal fins, Caudal fi n t h re e - l o b ed , t h e m i d d l e l o b e pro m i n ent a n d b rush- l i ke ,
Featu res : M i d d l e - sized fishes of l atera l l y c o m p ressed shape. Head deep . Eyes large . Snout somewhat produced . G ape rather l ong . Both dorsal f i n s relatively l a r g e , the fi rst anterior to the middle of the body, the second i n the posterior th i rd . Pelvic and anal fins ro u nded and sl i g htly poi nted . Caudal fin very ' l arge, th ree l obed the m i dd le lobe pro m i nent and brush - l i ke . -
,
Rem arks : Predators . Rece nt relatives: None , Died out i n Lower Carbo nifero u s .
R e m arks : Predators. R e c e n t re l at i ves : N o n e . out in U pper Triass i c .
D i ed OipJurus, after SCHAFFER.
952
953
Lo b e- Fi nne d Fi s he s
CROS SOPTERYGII
Order: Coelacanthiformes Family: Coelacanthidae
-
(length c. 8 cm) from the Upper Cretacpous of Lebanon. Original: Henne Collection, Stuttgart. Germany.
Macropomoides orientalis WOODWARD
G e n u s : Macropomoides
WOODWARD ,
1 942 .
C RO S S OPTERYGII
Lob e-Finned Fishes
o rd e r: Coelacanthi �ormes f am ily : Coelacanthlda e -
SCH ULTZ E (length c. 7 . 5 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Miguasha, Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada. Original: Musee de Geology, University Laval, Quebec, Canada.
Miguashaia bureaui
Genus : Miguashaia
SCHULTZE , 1 97 3 .
Geolog i cal ran g e : U p per Cretaceous.
Geolog ical ran g e : U p per Devonian .
Geographical d i stri butio n : M iddle East.
Geograph ical d i stributio n : North America.
Feature s : Small fishes with rather laterally compressed bodies. Head deep . Eyes larg e . Snout prod uced . Gape rather l on g . First dorsal fin shortly behind the middle of the body . Second dors� 1 fin m uch more posterior. Pelvic and anal fins rou nded . Caudal fin t h re e - l o bed , t h e m i d d l e l o b e prominently brush- l i k e .
Features : Small fishes of slender shape . Head deep . Eyes rather large. Snout somewh at prod uced . First dorsal fin approxim ately in the m i d d l e of the body. Second d o rsal fin very posterior . Caudal fin three-lob ed, the middle lobe brus h - l i ke . Re m arks : Preda tors.
Rem arks : O n e o f t h e last lobe fins before the discovery of La timeria .
Rec ent re l ative s : N o n e . D i ed out in U p per Devo n ian .
Recent re l atives: Poss ibly re lated to the recent genus Lati meria .
Latimeria chalum nae.
lobe-fi n .
954
ent The onl y rec
Miguashaia ,
SCHULTZE.
reconstruction after
955
Lobe-F inn e d F i s h es
CRO SS OPTERYGII
Order: Coelacanthiformes Family: Coel acanth idae
Lob e-Finned Fishes
C R O S S OPTERYGII
Coelacanth i formes o r d er: Coel acan thidae f am ily: --
(length c, 1 2 cm) from the Lower r lassie of Madagascar, Original: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Fran ( <. Pho t o graph: Serette, Paris.
Piveteauia madagascariensis LEHMAN
G e n u s : Piveteauia
LE:HMAN,
Whiteia woodwardi Mcw-THOMAS (length c. 26 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Mada gascar. Origillal: Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
G e n u s : Whiteia
1 952 ,
Moy-THOMAS , 1 93 5 ,
Ge o l og ical ra n g e : Lower Triassi c ,
Geological ran g e : Lower to U p p e r Triassic,
Ge o g rap h i cal di stribu tio n : Madagascar,
Geog rap h i cal d i stri buti o n : M adagascar, G reenlan d , N o rth America,
Featu r es : S m a l l f i s h e s of s l en d e r s h a p e , Head dee � Snout pOinted , Gape rather long , First dorsal fin narrow , in the ant eri or t h i rd of t h e body, Second dorsal fin with a rather broau0 r base, Pectoral and pelvic fins narrow, obliquely op posite eac II other, C a u d a l f i n t h ree- l o b e d , t h e m i d d l e lobe prom inently brush l i ke , R e m arks : Probably predators , R e cent relativ e s : N o n e , o u t in Triass i c ,
Feat u r e s : M i d d l e - s i z e d f i s h e s of rat h e r l a t e ra l ly c om p ressed shape , Head s h a l l o w , Eyes l a rge, Snout elon gate and pointed , Gape rat h e r long , Fi rst dorsal fin long and n arrow, Second dorsal fin i n the posterior t h i rd of the body, rou nded , Ana l , pelvic and pectoral fins l i kewise rou nded , Cau d a l f i n t h re e - l o b e d , t h e mid d l e lobe pro m i n ently brush l i ke , Remarks : Predators ,
Died
Piveteauia ,
recon slruct'ion qtt ,r LEH�'.v-,
Recent re l at i v e s : N o n e , out in Upper Triassi c ,
Died
Whitela ,
956
reconstruction after LEHM
957
CRO S S OPTERYGII
Order: Coelacanthiformes Family: Coelacanthidae?
Lobe-Finn e d J:1 is h es ---
C RO S SOPTERYGII
Lobe-Finned Fishes
Order: Coelacanthiformes Family: Laugiidae
sp. (length c. 25 cm) from the Upper Triassic of Zogno, Bergamo, Italy. Original: Museo Civico dei Scienze Naturali Catti, Bergamo, Italy.
Holophagus
Unnamed fish (length c. 67 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Wapiti Lake, Original: Staatliches Museum fOr Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
G e n u s : Not named .
Genus : H% phagus
EGERTO N , 1 86 1 .
Geolog ical rang e : Lower Triassic.
Syno n y m : Trachymetopon .
Geographical d i stributio n : Nort h America.
Geologica l ran g e : Upper Triassic .
F e at u re s : M i d d l e - s ized fishes with rat h e r laterally com p ressed bod i e s . H ead e l o n g ate . Eyes s m al l . S n o u t s l i g h t l y p r) d uced . Gape rather lon g . Fi rst dorsal fin in the anterior t h i rd of th e body. Second dorsal fin in the posterior t h i rd of t h e body, op I site the larger anal fin . Pectoral fins long , narrow and pointed . C udal fin very larg e , t h e u pper and lower lobes arcuate ante riol ly, pro d u ced into a point posteriorly, the m id d l e lobe brush- l i ke.
Geog rap h i ca l d i stributio n : E u rope , Austral ia.
R e m arks : Predators . Recent re l atives: None. P robably d ied out in the Triass ic
F e at u re s : M i d d l e - s ized fishes of rat h e r latera l l y c o m p ressed shape . Head shallow. Eyes larg e . Snout pointe d . Gape rat h e r lon g . Dorsal fins roun d e d , the first in the middle of the body, the second very posterior. Anal and pelvic f i n s l i ke w i s e rou n d e d . Pectoral fins long and roun ded . Cau d a l fi n t h re e - l o b e d , t h e middle lobe prominently brush l i ke . R e m arks : Predators . R e cent re l at i v e s : N o n e . D i ed out in Upper Triassic . Holophagus,
WOODWARD.
958
reconstruction after
959
Lo b e-Finne d Fi s h es
C RO S S OPTERYGII
Order: Coelacanthiformes Family: Laug iidae
Lob e-Finn e d Fishes
o rd er: Coela ��nthiformes family : Laugllda e
--
Laugia groenlandica STENSIO (length c. 1 7 cm) from the Lower Triassic of GrerJll and . Orig inal: The Natural History Museum, London, U . K. (P264 1 - 2 ) .
G e n u s : Laugia
C R O S S OPTERYGII
STENSIQ , 1 93 2 .
Undina peniciiia ta MUNSTER (length c . 32 c m ) from the Upper Jurassic o f So lnhofen (Eichstatt) , Bavaria, Germany. Original Interfoss, M u n i c h , Germany.
G e n u s : Undina
MUNSTER , 1 834 .
G eo l o g i cal ra n g e : Lower Triassi c .
Geological rang e : Upper J u rassic.
G e o g ra p h i cal d i stributio n : Greenland.
G eograp h i cal d i stri butio n : Europe.
Feat u res : M i dd l e- sized fishes of s l e n der shape. H ead shal low . Eyes large. Gape rather long . Fi rst dorsal fin slightly ante! lor to the m i d d le of the body. Second dorsal fin in the posteri or thi rd , o pposite t h e relatively l o n g anal fin . Caudal f i n long and n rrow t h re e - l o b e d , the m i d d l e l o b e p ro m i n ently bru sh- l i ke .
Featu res : M i d d l e -s ized f i s h e s of rat h e r lateral l y c o m p ressed shape . H ead deep . Eyes l arge . Gape rather long . Fi rst dorsal fin approxi mately i n the middle of the body, the second very poste rior. Pelvic and anal fins rou nded . Pectoral fins elongate . Caudal fin b ro a d , t h r e e - l o b e d , t h e middle lobe prominently brushl i ke .
,
R e m a rks : Predators .
Rema rks: Predators . Undina is occasionally considered a syn
R e cent r e l at i v e s : N o n e . D i ed out in Lower Triassic.
onym of H%
phagus.
Rece nt re lative s : N o n e . ou t in U p pe r J u rass i c .
J. Laugia , reconstr uction after ST:Nt>
960
Died
Undina , reconstruction after N
f1.M1lJ' � .
961
Lob e-Finned F ish es
CRO S SOPTERYGII
I
Order: Onychodontiformes Family: Onychodontidae
--
Callistiopterus clappi ROMER (length c. 7 cm) from the Upper Devonian of M -Juasha, Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada. Original: Museum for Comparative � ology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. , U . S.A.
G e n u s : Callistiopterus
THOMSON & HAH N , 1 968.
CR O S SOPTERYGII
Lobe-Finned Fishes
Order: Onychodontiformes Family: Onychodontidae
-
Quebecius quebecensis (WHITEAVES) (length c. 6 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Miguasha, Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada. Original: Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas, U . S.A.
G en u s : Quebecius
SCHULTZE, 1 973.
Geolog ical range : U p per Devo nian .
Geolog i ca l range : U pper Devo n i an .
Geograp h i ca l d i stributi o n : Nort h America.
Geogra p h i ca l d i stributi o n : North America.
Feature s : Small fishes with very slender elongate bod ies Head shallow. Eyes smal l . Gape lon g . The two dorsal fins very poste fins. rior i n posit i o n , respectively opposite the anal and pelv Caudal fin heterocercal with large lower lobe . Rounded c ales .
Feature s : Small fishes with rather laterally compressed bod i e s . Head dee p . Eyes smal l . G a p e very lon g . Two dorsal fi ns , t h e fi rst smaller, both very posterior i n position . Anal fin elongate, rou n d e d . Pelvic fins b road - based . Pectoral f i n s long and very narrow. Cau dal fin d i re c t e d d ow n ward s , het e ro c e rc a l , w i t h t h e l o w e r lob e b i g g e r t h a n t h e u p p e r . Rou n d ed , strongly overlapp i n g Scal e s .
The taxonomic classification of this s pecimen is d is puted . R e m arks : Predato rs . The taxo n o m i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of t h i s ..::::_ . specimen is disputed . \ <,
:
R e c e nt re l ative s : N o n e . D i e d ! out in U pper Devonian .
P tychiidae. 1 1 n afte r Callist iopterus , reconsHU C SCHULTZE.
962
Re m arks : P redators . N o w re classified i nto the genus Holo R e cen t relative s : None. Out in U p per Devon ian .
D i ed Quebecius , SCHULTZE.
reconstruction after
963
CRO S S OPTERYGII
Order: Rhip i distiiformes Family: Porolepid idae
Lobe -Finned Fi sh e s -
Porolepis brevis JARVIK
(length c. 20 cm) from the Middle Devonian of Sp it., ergen Original : Museum National d ' H istoire Naturelle, Paris, France. P hotograp h ' 3e rel t e , Pari s .
G e n u s : Porolepis
C RO S S OPTERYGII
-
Glypto/epiS paucidens AGASSl7
(len gth c. 62 cm) from the Middle Devonian of Caithness, Scotland. Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U K
G e n u s : Glyptolepis
1 84 1 ,
Geo l o g i cal ra nge : M i d d l e to Upper Devo n i an .
S y n o n ym : Gyrolepis .
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : Lower to M id d le Devonian .
Geo g raph ical d istri buti o n : Europe, Spitzbergen, n o rthern f. sia.
Featu res : Small to m i d d l e - sized fishes of rat h e r lat er al l _ com pressed shape . He ad deep . Eyes relat ively larg e . Snout rrunded . Two pairs of nost ri l s . Body covered with thick rhom b ic <.c ales. Paired f i n s p robably l o n g and pOinted , with fleshy lobes . '
R e m arks : Probably p redat o rs .
AGASSIZ ,
Syno n y m s : Hamodus , Phlyphlepis , Sclerolepis .
WOODV','.\AD, 1 89 1 .
Recent r e l at i v e s : None , Died o u t i n Devon ian .
Lobe-Finned Fishes
or d er: Rhipid is tiiformes f a m ily: Holoptychiidae
G e o g rap h i cal d i st r i b u t i o n : Western and eastern E u rope, S p itz bergen , G ree n l a n d . Featu re s : M i d d l e-s ized t o l arge fishes with rat her lateral ly com pressed b o d i es tapering strongly rearward s . H ead rat h e r d ee p . Eyes smal l , Gape long , Two d o rsal fins, both of them narrow and gently pointed and situated very posteri o r l y , Pelvic and anal fins obliquely o p posite the res pective d or s a l f i n s . Pectoral f i n s very long a n d narrow . Caudal fin heterocercal , with the lower l o b e c o n s i d e ra b l y l ar g e r a n d almost frin ge- l i ke . R o u n d e d , ove rlap p i n g scales . R e m a rks : Predators . R e c e n t m l at i v e s : N o n e . o ut i n Upper Devon ian .
Died Glypto/epis,
964
reconstwction after ZInI:L
965
CRO S S OPTERYG II
Lobe-Finned F i she s
Order: Rhipidi stiiformes Family: Holoptychiidae
CRO S S OPTERYGII
Order: Rhipidis tiiformes F amily: Osteolepididae
Lob e-Finned Fishes
-
sp. (length c. 40 cm) from the Lower Permian of Texas, U . S .A. Origi nal : American Museum of Natural History, New York, N . Y . , U . S.A.
(length c, 45 cm) from the Middle Devo Han of Scaumenac Bay, Canada, Original: American Museum of Natural History, Ne York , N.Y , U , S .A.
Ectosteorhachis
G e n u s : Holoptychius
Genus : Ectosteorhachis
Holopfychius quebecensis (WHITEAVES)
EGERTON, 1 83 7 .
COPE, 1 88 0 .
S y n o n y m s : Apedodus , Apendulus , Oendrodus , Lamnodus
Geo l og ical ran g e : Lower Permian .
G e o l og ical rang e : M iddle Devonian to Lower Carbonifero us
Geograp h i cal d istributi o n : North America.
G e o g r a p h i c a l d i stribu t i o n : E u ro pe , North America, G ree n lan d , Australia, Antarctic , n o rthern As ia.
Featu re s : M i d d le-s ized fishes with long n arrow bodie s . H ead broad . Eyes smal l . Gape long . Dorsal fins very posterior. Pectoral fins roundad . The whole body covered with thick rho m b ic scales .
Fe atu res : M i d d l e - s i zed fishes with rath e r lateral ly co mpre ssed bod ies. Head shallow, Eyes small , Gape long , Fi rst dorsal t,'l very smal l , second consid erably larger, both very posterior. Pel"ic fins smal l , rather pointe d , opposite the fi rst d o rs a l fi n . A n a l f i n somewhat larger. Pectoral fins u n u s u a l l y l o n g and n a r ro w . Caudal fi n heterocercal with the l o w e r lobe l a rg e r . R o u n d e d overl a p p i n g scales .
Remarks : Predators. Recent relatives: None . Died out in Lower Permian .
R e m arks : Predators . R e c e n t relatives : N o n e . Died out i n Lower Carbon iferous . Holop tychius , TRAQUAIR.
966
er recon st ru ct ion aft
967
CRO S SOPTERYGII
Lobe -Fin ne d Fi she s
Order: Rhipidistiiformes Family: Osteolepididae
McCoy, 1 848 .
Synonyms: Oiplopterax, Oiplopterus , Oiptopterus . Geological range: M iddle to U pper Devonian . Geographical distribution: Europe, G reenl and . Featu res : M iddle-s ized fishes w ith elongate s lender bodies ead shal low . Eyes smal l . The two dorsal fins very posteri or, w th the first smaller than the second . Anal and pelvic fins OppOSi e the res p ective d o rsal fi n s . Caudal fin rhombic i n shape, pointed posteriorly. Body covered with rec t a n g u l a r , d i a g o n a l l y a r ranged scale s .
Remarks :
Predators .
Osteolepis macrolepidotus AGASSIZ (length c. 1 8 cm) from the Middle Devonian of the Orkney Islands, UK Original Frickhinger Collection, Munich, Germany.
Genus: Osteo/epis VALENCIENNES, 1 82 9 . Synonyms : Pleiopterus , Pliopterus , Triplopterus , Tripterus . Geological ran ge : M iddle to Upper Devonian. Geographical distribution: E u rop e , northern Asia, Antarctica. Features: Small to m idd le-s ized fishes with slender elongate bod
ies. H ead shal low . Eyes smal l . Gape long . The two dorsal fins small, rou n d ed , very posterior i n posit ion . Anal and pelvic fins obliquely o pposite the respective dorsal fi n s . Pectoral f i n s l i kewise ro u n d e d . C a u d a l f i n heterocercal w i t h t h e lower lobe larger. Scales rectang u l ar, ar ranged i n d iagonal rows.
Rema rks : Predators . Re cent relatives: N o n e .
R e cent re l atives : N o n e . D i e d o u t i n U p p e r Devonian .
out i n U p pe r Devonian. I" . Gyroptychius, reconstruct ion a tar JA
968
Lobe-Finned Fishes
-
Gyroptychius agassizi TIlAILL (length c. 30 cm) from the Middle Devonia of the Orkney Islands, U K Original Bayerische Staatssammlung fUr Palaontologie, r�unich, Germany.
G e n u s : Gyroptychius
C ROS S OPTERYGII
Ord er: Rhipidistiiformes family: Osteolepidid ae
Died Osteolepis, reconstruction after JARVIK.
969
Lo b e-F in ne d Fish e s
CRO S SOPTERYGII
Order: Rhipidistiiformes Family: Osteolepididae
CR O S SOPTERYGII
Lobe-Finned Fishes
Order: Rhipidistiiformes Fam ily: Eusthenopteridae
Thursius pholidotus TRAQUAIR (length c. 1 9 cm) from the Middle Devonian of Caithness Scotland, U.K. Original: Bayerische Staatssammlung fOr Pali;iontologie, Munich, Ger� many.
Eustenopteron foordi WHITEAVES (length c . 3 1 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Miguasha, Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada. Original: Musee d ' Histoire Naturelle, Miguasha, Quebec, Canada.
G e n u s : Thursius
Genus : Eusthenopteron
TRAQUAIR, 1 88 8 .
WHITEAVES ,
1 88 1 .
G e o l o g ical rang e : M i d d l e Devonian .
Geological ran g e : U p per Devonian.
G e o g raphical d i stri b u ti o n : Europe.
Geographical d i stri b u ti o n : E u rope, North America.
Featu res : Small to middle-sized fishes with slender e longate bod i e s . H ead s h a l l o w . Eyes s m al l . Gape l o n g . Both d o r a l fins rou n d ed , very posterior. Pelvic and anal fin s opposite the re spective dorsal fins. Pectoral fins elongat e and narrow. Caudal fin heterocercal with lower lobe considerably larger. Body cov e re d with recta n g u lar, d i ag o n a l l y arranged scales .
Featu res : M idd le-sized fishes with long, anteriorly dorso-ventrally flattened b o d i e s . H ead s h a l l o w . Eyes s m a l l . Gape l o n g . Two elongat e and pointed dorsal fi n s , both of them very posterior. Pelvic and anal fi n s o p posite the res pective d o rsal fi n s a n d somewhat broader. Pectoral fins elongat e , rou n d ed . Caudal fin with three lobes, the m i d d le one extending beyond the two oth ers . S c a l e s ro u n d a n d t h i n , ove rl a p p i n g .
R e m arks : Predators . R e c e n t relative s : N o n e . out in M i ddle Devonian .
R e m arks : Commonly seen as the most typical example of the lobe-fins which first moved onto l an d . 11K. Thursius, reconstru ction aft er JAA
970
Recent re l at i ves : N o n e . D i ed out in U pper Devonian .
Eusthenopteron , reconstruction after WHITEAVES.
971
Lo be -F in ne d F is h e s
CRO S SOPTERYGII
Order: Rhi p idistiiformes Family: Eustheno p teridae
-
C R O S SOPTERYGII
Lobe-Finned Fishes
Order: Rhi p idistiiformes Family: Panderichthyidae
Tristiehopterus alatus EGERTO (length c. 28 em) from the Middle Devonian uf thf? Orkney Islands, UK Original: National Museum of Scotland , Edinburgh, U . k
G e n u s : Tristichopterus
Egerton , 1 86 1 .
Geologica l ra n g e : Middle Devonian .
E/pistostege watsoni WE.STOlL
Geograp h i ca l d i stributi o n : E u rope.
F e atu res : M i d d le-sized fishes with slender elongate bodies . Head shallow. Eyes smal l . Gape long . Two n arrow dorsal fin s both very posterior. Anal and pelvic fins o pposite the respectlv dor sal fi n s , somewhat longer and pointe d . Pectoral fins 10i1 �' and narrow, somewhat fan -shaped . C a u d a l f i n t r i p a rt i t e , w i t h a l l th ree lobes o f about t h e same l e n gt h . R o u n d e d , ove r l ap p i n g scal e s . R e m arks : Predators . R e c e n t r e l at i v e s : N o n e . D i e d o u t i n Middle Devonian .
Tris tichopterus ,
WATSON.
972
reconstruction
er
(length c. 1 7 cm) from the Upper Devonian of M iguasha, Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada. Original Musee d' Histoire Naturelle, Miguasha, Quebec, Canada.
G e n u s : Elpistostege
WESTOll, 1 938 .
Geologica l ran g e : U p pe r Devonian . Geograp h i cal d i stributio n : North America . Featu res : M idd le-sized to large fishes with h ead deep b e h i n d a n d taperi n g fo rward s . S n o ut rounded. Eyes small and close toget her. Gape long . R e m arks : Al ready has a very
amp h i bian - l ike head and t here fore may have p l ayed an i m portant role i n evolution . R ecent re l at i v e s : N o n e . D i e d out i n U p pe r Devonian .
Elpistostege ,
SC/-JUL17£.
reconstruction after
973
CRO S SOPTERYGII
Lob e-Finned Fis h e s
Order: Rhipidistiiformes Family: Rhizodontidae
DIPNOI
Lungfishes
---------------------------
Lungfishes are bony fishes with a l u ng branching ventrally from the esophag u s . The lung is a prim itive organ com parable to that of other pri mitive teleosts and amphibians. External g il l s form i n th e larval stages b u t are later lost. I n the earliest stages there i s bone i n the s ku l l , but carti lage predom in ates later. M ost l u n g
fis hes have massive tooth plates w h i c h have arisen b y the fusion of primitive tooth rows. There are usually two tooth plates on the
palate and one on the lower jaw. Some Devonian genera have re markable flange-l i ke bones on the upper and lower jaws which have been i nterpreted as gripping tools h e l p i ng i n the capture of
food . The internal s keleton is partly bony and partly cartilaginous. The paired fins are narrow-based and consist of a joi nted main ray and n u m e rous side rays. The cau d al fin is primitively hetero cereal but tends to become d i phycerca l . The first dorsal fin tends to be lost , while i n the cou rse of evol ution the second dorsal fin fuses with the caudal and anal fi n . P ri m itively there are t h i c k cosmoid sca l e s , b u t i n you n g e r g e nera t h e s e become t h i n n e r Canowindra grossi THOMSON (length c. 52 cm) from the Devonian of Canowlndra, New South Wales, Australia. Cast: Tyrell Museum of Natural History, Drum leller, Alberta, Canada.
cycloid scales with the loss of the cosmine a n d ganoine layers . At the same t i me the scales i n c rease i n size. Lungfishes feed predominantly on molluscs but also on plants . All lungfishes l ive , and always have l ived , i n fresh water.
G e n u s : Canowindra
THOMSO N , 1 97 3 .
G e o l og ical ran g e : U pper Devonian. G e o g raphical d istri butio n : Australia.
Feat u re s : M i dd le-sized fishes with slender elongate bodies. Head shallow. Eyes smal l . Gape long . First dorsal fin smaller than the seco n d , both very posterior. Pelvic and anal fins similar. Pecto ral fins small and pointe d . Caudal fin heterocercal with the IJwer lobe larger. Body covered with rou n d overlapping scale s . R e m arks : Predators.
Formerly the l u ngfi s h es were seen as the fo reru n n ers of t h e am p h i bians. It t u rns out, however, that, from the p hylogenetic point of view, they must be regarded as a side branch of the crossopteryg i a n s . They first appeared towards t h e e n d o f t h e Lower Devonian and i n the U p p e r Devonian reach e d t h e i r a l l - t i m e maxi m u m . They were never so common agai n , although they have persisted , with a few genera , to the present day . These recent forms are d i strib uted over a wide area, occu rring i n Africa, Australia and South America. Not more than 45 fossil genera have so far been de scri bed w h i c h i n d i cate s t h at l u n gf i s h es were always re latively
Recent relative s : N o n e . D i e d o u t i n U p per Devonian .
rare . The smaller specimens are often extremely wel l preserved as fossi l s .
. \Nest Canowindra , reconst ructio n aner Australian Museum.
974
975
D IPNDI
Lu ngf i sh e s
---
VIP N D I
Lungfishes
.
fami ly : Ura nolophl d ae
--
-
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co +-' "0) f-
-
--
(f) ::! 0 0) u
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"0
-
u (f) UJ co "-
::! J
-
U
(f) (f) co
"-
f-
r
"- C CO 0) .I
D- E (f) ::! 0
"-
2
.-
C 0 -D "co 0 c
. co -
C 0 > 0) 0
I
J
.-
I
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� r r
Genus: Uranolophus DENISON , 1 96 7 . Geological range : Lower Devon ian . Geographical distribution : North America. Feature s : M i d d l e - s ized fishes with l ateral ly
b o d i e s b ut rat h e r broader i n t h e m i d d l e . H ead deep . Body covered with very thick rhombic scales. Both dorsal fins low. Caudal fin broad and short.
Remarks: Fresh-water predators . Recent rel atives: N o n e . D i e d out in Lower Devon ian .
.1
--
The approximate stratigraphical distribution of lungfishes, changed after M LL E R .
976
Uranolophus wyomingensis DENISON (length c. 3 0 cm) from the Lower Devonian of Wyoming, U . S .A. Orig inal Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U . S .A.
Uran olophus ,
SCHUL1ZE.
r e c o n s t r u ct i o n
after
977
Lu n gfi sh e s
D IPNOI
Family: Dipnorhynchidae
------
VIPNOI
Lungfishes
Family: Dipnorhynchidae
SCHULTZE (length c. 25 cm) from the U pper Devonian of Bergisch G ladbac h , Rhineland, Germany. Original: Natu rhistoriska Ri ksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden. Griphognathus sculpta
(ETHERIDGE) (length c. 1 2 cm) from the -lower D. V6flian of Taemas, New South Wales , Australia. Orig inal : Australian N at io n a l University, Canberra, Australia.
Oipnorhynchus suessmilchi
G e n u s : Oipnorhynchus
JAEKEL,
G en u s : Griphognathus
1 92 7 .
Geolo g i cal ran g e : Upper Devonian.
G e o l o g i cal rang e : Lower Devon ian .
Geog rap h i cal d i stributio n : E u rope, Austra l i a .
Geog rap h i cal d i stributio n : E u rope, Australia. Featu res : M id d l e - sized fishes of slender shape. H ea d shallow a n d flat . Eyes s m al l . Snout ro u n d e d . Gape rat h e r l ong . Two d o rsal fi n s . Anal f i n s m al l . Pelvic a n d pecto ral f i n s lun g and poi nted . Caudal fin with a lower lobe . Body covered w ith rounded overlapping scales . R e m a rks : Fre s h -wat e r p reda tors . Recent r e l atives : None . out i n Lower Devonian .
GROSS, 1 956.
Died
Featu res : M i d d l e- sized f i s h e s w i t h rat h e r lateral ly compressed bodies . Head shal low . Eyes smal l . Snout produced to form a sort of beak. Gape long. Two dorsal fins i n the posterior t h i rd of the body, the first being small and pointed and the second consider ably larger. First dorsal fi n . Second dorsal fi n . An a l , pectoral and pelvic fins e longat e , n arrow a n d p o i nted . C a u d a l f i n with a lower lobe . Body cov e red with rounded, overlapping s cal e s . R e m arks : !Fresh -wate r preda t ors .
Oipn orhyn chus ,
MACMILLAN.
978
af te r n c on str uc t i o n
r"
Re cen t relative s : None . D i e d o ut in U p p e r Devon ian .
Griphogna thus ,
SCHULTZE.
reco nstruction after
979
D IPNDI
Family: D ipnorhynchidae
Lu n gfi s h es
Lungfishes
DIPNDI
f am ily: D i p teridae
-
Holodip terus gogoensis MILES
(length c. 8 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Paddy's Springs, Western Austra l i a , Austral i a . Original: Australian N at i o na l U n i ve rs i t . Canberra, Australia.
G e n u s : Holo dipterus
WHITE & Moy- T HOM AS , 1 940.
Chirodipterus australis MILES (length c. 12 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Paddy's Springs, Western Austr alia, Austra l i a . Original : Australian National U n i versity, Canberra, Australia.
Ge n u s : Chirodlp terus
GROSS,
1 93 3 .
Synony ms : Archaeotylus , Ho/odus ,
Geological range : Upper Devonian ,
Geolog ical ran ge : Upper Devo n i a n .
Geogra p h i c a l d i stribution : E u rope, Aust ral i a .
Geograph ical d istri bution : Europe , Austra l i a .
Featu re s : M iddle-sized fishes, Head shallow. Eyes large . Snout slig htly p roduced, rou n ded , Lower jaw placed rather posteriorly , acting agai nst the upper jaw as in a parrot ' s bea k . Body covered with ro unded scales .
Feature s : M i d d l e-s ized f i s h e s . H e a d s h a l l o w . S n o u t p ro d u ced i nto a sort of beak. Lowe r jaw extends further than u ppe r jaw . Strong intermeshing tooth plates . Re marks : Fresh -water pred ators. Recent relatives : None. Died out in U pper Devo n i an
980
Remarks : Fresh-water predators . Recent rel ati ves : None. Died o u t i n U p per Devonian .
981
I
D IPNOI
L u ng fi sh es
Fami l y: Di pteridae
Lungfishes
VIPN O I
F amily: D ipteridae
------
I
I
Pentlandia macroptera (TRAQUAIR) (length c. 1 2 cm) from the Middle Devonian of the Orkney Islands, U . K . Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U . K. Oipterus valenciennesi SEDGWICK & MURCHISON (length c. 1 2 cm) from t he Middle Devonian of Caithness, Scotland, U . K . Original: Naturmuseum Senckenberg Frank furt-am-Main, Germany.
G e n u s : Oipterus
SEDGWICK & MURCHISON , 1 829.
Gen u s : Pentlandia
WATSON & DAY , 1 9 1 6 .
S y n o n y m s : Catopterus , Eoctenodus , Para dip terus , Polyphrac tus.
Geological ran g e : M iddle Devonian .
G eo l ogical ran g e : Lower to U pper Devonian .
Geogra p h i cal distribu tion : Europe .
Geograph ical d i st r i b u ti o n : Europe, N orth America, northem A.sia, A u st ra l i a .
Featu res : S:-nall fishes with slendel- bodies . Head rather deep . Eyes large . Snout rou n d ed . Two dorsal fi n s near t h e posterior end of t h e body. Fi rst dorsal fin very smal l . Second dorsal fin con s i d e ra b l y larg e r and ro u nded at t h e end . Caudal f i n w i t h lower lobe o n l y . A n a l f i n j ust separate fro m the caudal fin , e l o n g at e a n d n a rrow . P e l v i c and pectoral fins elongate and pointed . Caudal fin heterocer cal . Round overlapping scal es.
F e at u re s : S m a l l fishes o f slender shape. H ead shal low Eyes relatively large. Snout produced , pointed . Gape long. Two do rsal fi n s , t h e fi rst very s ma l l , t h e s ec o n d e l o n gate a n d b road . Caudal fin with lower lobe . Pelvic and pectoral fi n s elongate, narrow and pointed . Body cov e re d w i t h ro u n d overla p p i n g s c al e s . R e m a r k s : Fresh-water preda tors . Recen t re l at i ve s : N o n e . Died out i n U pper Devonian .
982
Ol'p terus, reconstruction after FORSTER-COOPER.
R e m a rks : Fresh- water preda tor s .
R e cent re l atives : None . out i n M id d le Devonian .
D ied Pentlandia , reconstruction after Watson .
983
D IPNOI
Lu ng fi s h es
Family: Dipteridae
-
sp. (length c . 1 1 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Bergisch - Gladbach ' Rhineland, G ermany. Onginal : Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden .
Rhinodlpterus
G e n u s : Rhinodlpterus
G ROSS , 1 95 6 .
Lungfishes
DIPNOI
Family: Phaneropleuridae
(length c . 2 1 cm) from the Uppel" Devonian of Bonaventura County, Canada. Original: The Natural History Museu m , London, U K (P24745-6).
Fleurantia denticulata GRAHAM- SMITH & WESTOLl
G e n u s : Fleurantia
G RAHAM - SM ITH & WESTOLL, 1 93 7 .
Geolog ical ran g e : M id d l e t o U p p e r Devonian .
Geolog i ca l ran g e : U p p e r Devonian .
G e o g ra p h i cal d i stributi o n : E u ro p e .
Geograp h i ca l d i stributi o n : N o rth America.
Feat u re s : S m a l l f i s h e s of s l e n d e r s h a p e . H ead s h a l l ow . Eyes
re l at iv e l y large .
S n o u t p rod u c e d .
G a p e l o n g . Two dorsal fi n s , c lose together at t h e posterior end o f the body. Fi rst dorsal fin considerably smaller than the seco n d . Caudal fi n with lower l obe
Featu res : M i d d l e - sized fishes w i t h rat h e r l aterally c o m p ressed bodies , deepest out i n the m i d d l e . H ead shallow. Eyes relatively larg e . S n o u t p roduced to form a sort of beak. Gape long . Teeth p o i n t e d . F i rst d o rsal fin v e ry s m al l . S e c o n d d o rs a l f i n b road .
only. Anal , pelvic and pectoral fins elongate and poi nted . Body covered with round overlap p i n g scales .
Anal ,
R e m arks : Fresh-water p redators .
e l o n g at e
Recent relative s : N o n e . Died out in U p p e r Devonian .
Caudal fin w ith lower lobe o n l y . p e l v i c a n d pectoral f i n s and
poi nted .
Body
covered with t h i n rou n d scales .
R e m a rks : Fresh -water p reda tors .
Recent r e l at i ves : N o n e . D i e d out i n U pper Devonian .
reconstruction after GRAHAM SMITH & WES rOll
Fleurantia ,
984
985
DIPNDI
Lungfish e s
Family: Phaneropleuridae
Phaneropleuron andersoni HUXLEY (length c. 33 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Fife, Scotland, U . K. Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, U . K.
G e n u s : Phaneropleuron
HUXLEY, 1 85 9 .
D IPNDI
Lungfishes
Fam ily: Phaneropleuridae
Scaumenacia curta (WHITEAVES) (length c. 25 cm) from the U pper Devonian of Miguasha, Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada. Original: American Museum of Natu ral History, New York, N . Y . , U . S .A.
G e n u s : Scaumenacia
TRAQUAIR , 1 89 3 .
G eological ran g e : U pper Devonian .
Syno ny m : Canadipterus .
Geograph ical d istribution : E u rope.
Geological ran g e : U p p e r Devonian .
Featu res : M i d d l e-sized fishes of slender shape . Head shal ow. Eyes s m al l . Snout somewhat p rod uced , poi nted . Gape rat her l on g . Dorsal fi n fused with the caudal fin to form a fri nge which beg i n s in the anterior t h i rd of the body and becomes rather tal ler posteriorly. Anal fin separate from t h e caudal fi n . Pelv i c and pectoral fi ns elongate and pointed . Thin overlapping scales.
G eo g rap h ical d i stribution : North America.
R e m arks : F resh -water p redators . R e ce nt re l atives : N o n e . D i e d o u t i n U p p e r Devonian .
Featu re s : M i d d l e - s ized f i s h e s of l ate ral l y c o m p ressed , h i g h backed shape . Head shal low. Eyes smal l . Snout somewhat pro d uced , poi nted . Fi rst dorsal fin beg inning at the h i g hest part of the body and forming a very blow fri n g e . Second dorsal b road , rounded posteriorly. Caudal fin with the lower lobe conside rably l a r g e r than u p p e r . Anal , p e l v i c fi n s a n d pectoral f i n s e l o n g at e a n d p o i nted . B o d y covered with rou n d scales . R e m a rks : F resh -wate r p reda tors .
after Phaneropleuron, recons tru ct ion DOllo.
986
Recent re l at i ves : N o n e . D ied out i n U pp e r Devon ian .
Scaumenacia, reconstruction after PIVETEAU.
987
D IPNOI
Family: Ctenodontidae
Lu ngfi sh e s
D IPNOI
Lungfishes
Family: Sagenodontidae
Ctenodus tardus FRlrSCH (length c . 45 cm) from the Permian of Kostalov, Cze hoslo vakia. Original: American Museum of Natural History, New York, N .Y . , U . S.A
Sagenodus copeanus WILUSTON (length e. 34 em) from the Upper Carboniferous of Kansas, U . S .A Original : Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas, U . S .A
G e n u s : Ctenodus
AGASSIZ, 1 83 8 .
G e n u s : Sagenodus
OWEN , 1 86 7 .
Syn o n y m s : Campylopleuron , Proctenodus , Rhadamista .
Synonym s : Petalodopsis , Yonodus .
G eo l o g i ca l rang e : Lower Carbon iferous to Perm ian .
Geological ran g e : Lower Carbon iferous to Lower Perm ian .
G eo g raph ical d i stributio n : E u rope, Austra l i a , Nort h America.
G eogra p r. i cal d i stributi o n : Europe, N o rth America.
Feature s : M id dle-sized fishes with slender, laterally flattened bod ies . Head shallow. Eyes smal l . Snout somewhat p roduced , p i nled . Gape rather long . Dorsal a n d anal fins fused with caudal fin t o form a n arrow fri n g e . Body covered with t h i n round scale s .
Feat u re s : M iddle-sized fis hes with slender, laterally flattened bod ies . Head shallow. Eyes smal l . Snout rounded . Dorsal and anal fin s fused with the caudal fin to form a low fri ng e . Body covered with rou n d scale s .
R e m arks : Fresh -water p redato rs .
R e m arks : Fre s h - water p redators .
Rece nt relative s : None. Died out in Permian .
Recent re l ati ve s : N o n e . D i e d o u t i n U p p e r Perm i an .
Sagenodus, reconstruction aft er WATSON & GILl.
988
989
DIPNOI
Lu ngfishe s
Family: Uronemidae
------
Uronemus lobatus TRAQUAIR (length c. 1 3 cm) from the Lower Carboniferous of Edinburgh, Scotland, U . K . Original: National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh , U K.
G e n u s : Uronemus
AGASSIZ, 1 844.
Lungfishes
DIPNOI
Family: Conchopomidae
Conchopoma edesi DENISON (length c. 10 cm) from the Upper Devonian of Francis Creek, Illinois, U . S .A. Original: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U .S.A.
G e n u s : Conchopoma
KNER, 1 868.
Syn o n y m : Ganopristodus .
Synony m s : Conchiopsis , Pep/orhina .
G e o l o g i cal ran g e : Lower Carbonifero u s .
G e o l og i cal ran g e : U p per Carboniferous to Lower Perm i a n .
G e o g raphical d i stributio n : Europe .
G e o g ra p h i cal d i stri buti o n : Europe, North America.
F e at u res : S m a l l fishes of slender s h a p e . H ead shal low . Eyes smal l . Snout somewhat produced and pointe d . Gape rather long . Dorsal fin and anal fi ns fused with the caudal fin to produce a narrow fri nge which beg i n s dorsally in the anterior t h i rd of t he body and reaches ventrally al most to the pelvic fin s . Pelvic a n d p e c t o ra l f i n s e l o n g a t e , p o i n t e d . B o d y cove red w i t h rou n d scales .
Feat u re s : Small to m i d d le-sized fishes of slender shape . Head shallow. Eyes smal l . Snout rou nded . Gape rather long. Lower jaw somewhat posterior in position. Dorsal and anal fi ns fused with the caudal fi n to form a low fri nge tapering rearwards . Anal fi ns smal l , poi nted oval i n o u t l i n e . Pectoral fi ns considerably bigg e r , e l o n g at e a n d p O i n t e d . B o d y c o v e re d w i t h r o u n d scal e s .
R e m a rks : Fre s h -water p reda tors .
R e m arks : Fresh -water p reda tors .
R e c e n t re l ati ves : N o n e . Died out i n Lower Carboniferous.
R e c e nt r e l at i ve s : N o n e . D i ed out in Lower Permian .
990
Uronemu s, reconstr uction after FORsTER
Conchopoma ,
COOPER.
WEITZEL.
rec o n s t r u c t i o n aft e r
991
D IPNOI
Lungfishes
Australian Lungfishes
Family: Ceratodontidae
,L u ng fishes
DIPNOI
Family: Ceratodontidae
AustralIan tu ng£lS' h es
______
LEHMAN (length c. 11 1 0 cm) from the Lower Trias Ie of Mada gascar. Original: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France Ph otograph : Serette, Paris.
Paraceratodus germaini Gosfordia truncata WOODWARD (length c. 27 cm) from the Lower Triassic of Gosfo�':J Australia. Original: Australian Museum , Sydney, Australia.
G e n u s : Gosfordia
WOODWARD, 1 89 0 .
G e n u s : Paraceratodus
LEHMAN , 1 95 9 .
G e o l o g i cal rang e : Lower Triassic .
Geolog i cal ran g e : Lower Triassic .
Geog raph ical d i stributi o n : Australia.
Geographical d i stributi o n : M adagascar.
Feat u res : M i d d le-si zed fi shes with laterally compressed b od ies . H ead d e e p . Eyes s m al l . S n o u t p ro d u c e d and p o i nted . Gd pe rather long . Dorsal fins fused with caudal fi n and anal fin to f( t- m a broad fringe. Pelvic fins very narrow and elongat e . Pectoral fins l i kewise very narrow but cons i derably l o n g e r .
Featu res : M iddle- sized to large fishes with slender bod ies taper ing rea rwa rd s . H ead s h a l l ow and elongate . E yes smal l . Snout pointed . Dorsal fin beg i n ning approximately i n the mi ddle of the body, probably joined to form a fring e with the caudal and anal fin s . P e l v i c and pectora l f i n s probably elongate .
R e m a rks : F resh -water preda t o rs .
Remarks : Had a d u rophagous d i et .
Recent re l atives: Related to re cent Australian l u ngfishes of the g e n u s Neocera todus .
Recent relatives : Genus exti nct . Perhaps related to the Austra l ian l u ngfish Neoceratodus .
Gosfordia ,
992
reconst ruction after RI
IE,
, Neo cer atodu s fors teri
l ungfish .
993
Lungfish e s
D IPNOI
Family: Not named
Esconichthys apopyris BARDACK (length c. 5 cm) from the Upper Carboniferous (Penn sylvanian) of Mazon Creek, Illinois, U . S.A. Original: Field Museum of Natural H istory, Chicago, Illinois, U .S.A.
G e n u s : Esconichthys
BARDACK, 1 974 .
G e o l og ical ran g e : U pper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) . Geographical d i stri b u t io n : N o rth America.
Features: Small fishes with slender bodies. H ead shallow. Eyes s m al l . Snout rou n d ed . Pectoral fins very narrow and stri kingly long . This fish represents a larval stag e . R e m arks : Adu lt specimens not known . Recent relatives : None. Presu mably d ied out in Carbon iferous .
The Bolca fishes came from this cliff. I t seems clear, unfortunat ely, that the locality will be exhausted in the foreseeable future.
994
995
Literature
Literature
For reasons of space, this b i b l iography i s essentially confined 0 works on morphology, systematics or phylogeny. Further refe r ences can be fou n d in the bibliographies of all major paleonto logical works .
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G E N ERAL LITE RATU R E
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996
FOSS I L F I S H FA U NAS
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Li te ra tu re Schaumb erg, G . (1 978). Neubesch reibung von Coelacant hus gran ulat us AGASSIZ (Actl n l stla, Pisces) aus dem Kupfersch i efer von R ichels dorf (Pe r m , W . Deutschland}-Palaont. Z. 52, 1 69-1 97 . Schu ltze, H . - P . (1 973) . Crossopterygier mit heterozerker Schwanzfloss e aus dem Oberdev on Kanadas , nebst einer Beschre ibung von OnYCh odon tida-Res ten aus dem Mitteldev on Spaniens und aus dem Karbon der USA. -Palaeon to graphica, 1 43 A, 1 88-208. Schultze, H . - P . {1 975} . Die Lungenfisch -Gattung Conchopom a (Pisce s, Dipnoi). Senckenbergiana lethae 56, 1 9 1 -23 1 . Schultze, H . - P . and Arsenault, M . (1 985). The Pandericht hy id fish Elpistostegea close relative of Tetrapods ? -Palaeontology 28, 293-309. Schultze, H . - P . and Arsenault, M. (1 986). Quebecius quebecensis (WHITE AVES) ' a porolepiform crossopterygian from the late Devonian of Quebec , Canada. Schweizer, R. (1 966). Ein Coelacanthid e aus dem Oberen Muschelkal k Gbtti ngens. Neues J b . Geol. Palaont. Abh. 1 25, 21 6-225.
Nybe l i n , O . ( 1 9 6 1 ) . U ber d i e Frage der Abstam mung der rezenten primitiven Teleostier.-Pal aon! Z. 35, 1 1 4-1 1 7 .
Stensib, E. (1 92 1 ). Triassic Fishes from Spitzbergen .-Part 1 , Vienna, 307 pp. Stensib, E. (1 932). Triassic fishes from East Greenland.-Medd . om Gronland 83, 1 345.
Panche n , A. L. {1 967}. The nostrils of choanate fishes and early tetrapodS.-Biol . Rev. 42, 374-420.
Thomson, K. A. and Hahn, K. V. (1 968). Growth and form in fossil rhipidistian fishes (Crossopterygii).-J . Zool. 1 56 , 1 99-223.
Reis, O. M. (1 888). Die Coelacanthinen, mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der im Weissen Jura Bayerns vorkommenden Gattungen .-Palaeontographica 35, 1 96.
Thomson, K . S . (1 962) Rhipidistian classification in relation to the origin of the tetra pods.-Breviora, Mus. Compo Zool. 1 66, 1 -1 2.
Ritchie, A. ( 1 98 1 ). First com plete specimen of the dipnoan Gosfordia truncata WOOD WARD from the Triassic of New South Wales.-Rec. Austral. Mus. 33, 606-6 1 5 . Romer, A . S . and Smith, H . J . (1 934). American Carboniferous Dipnoans.-J . Geol . 42 , 700-7 1 9 . Rose n , D. E . , Forey, P. L., Gardiner, B . G. and Patterson, C. (1 98 1 ). Lungfishes, tetr;:) pods, paleontology and plesiomorphy.-Bul l . Am. Mus. Nat. His! 1 67, 1 63-275. Save-Sbderberg h , G. ( 1 934). Some points of view concerning the evolution of tt p vertebrates and the classification of this group.-Ark. Zoo I. 26 A, 1 -20. Save-Sbderbergh, G. ( 1 937). On Rhynchodipterus elginensis n. g . n. sp. , represent ing a new group of Dipnoan-like Choanata from the Upper Devonian of East Greenland and Scotland.-Ark. Zool. 29 B , 1 - 1 8 . Save-Sbderbergh, G . (1 952). On the skull of Chirodipterus wild ungensis GROSS, "'1 Upper Devonian di pnoan from Wildungen.-Handl . K. Svenska Vetenskapsaka' . 3, 1 -28. Saint-Seine, P . de. ( 1 949). Les poissons des calcaires lithographiques de Cerin Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat . Lyon 2, 1 -357 . Schaeffer, B. (1 94 1 ) . A revision of Coelacanthus newarki and notes on the evol utiu'1 of the girdles.-Am. Mus. Novitates 1 1 1 0, 1 - 1 7 .
Schaeffer, B. {1 952}. The triassic Coelacanth fish Diplurus, with observations o n t'le evolution of the Coelacanthini.-Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 99, 25-78. Schaeffer, B. {1 954}. Pariostegus, a Triassic Coelacanthid .-Notulae Nature Acad . nat. Sci. Philadelphia 25 1 , 1 -5.
1 0 24
Thomson, K. S. (1 968). A critical review on certain aspects of the diphyletic theory of tetrapod relationships.-Nob. Symp. 4, 285-305. Thomson, K. S. and Campbe l l , K. S. W. (1 9 7 1 ) . The structure and relationships of the primitive Devonian lungfish Dipnorhynchus suesmilchi (ETH ERIDGE).-Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. BUll. 38, VI + 1 09 S. Vorobjeva, E. I. (1 959). A new genus of a crossopterygian fish, Platycephalichthys, from the Upper Devonian of Lovat River.-Paleont. J. Akad. Nauka UdSSR 1 959, 95- 1 06, (russ.). Vorobjeva, E . I . {1 967} . Triassic Ceratods from South Fergana and remarks on the systematics and phylogeny of Ceratodontids.-Paleont. J. Transl. 1 , 80-87. Vorobjeva, E . I . (1 975). Formenvielfalt und Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Osteolepi dida (Crossopterygii, Pisces) .-Palaont. Z. 49, 44-45. Vorobjewa, E. I. (1 977). Morphology and the features of the evolution of crossoptery gian fish .-Trudy Paleont. I nst. 1 63, 1 -240. (russ. ) Watson, D . M . S . (1 92 1 ) . On t h e Coelacanth fish.-Ann. Mag . Nat . His!. London (9) 8, 320-337 . Weitzel, K. (1 926). Conchopoma gadiforme KNER, ein Lungenfisch aus dem Rotliegen den. Abh. Senckenberg. naturforsch . Ges. 40, 1 59-1 78. Westol l , T. S . (1 937). The Old Red Sandstone fishes of the north of Scotland.-Proc. Geol. Assoc. London 48, 1 3-45. Westoll, T . S. (1 948). On the evolution of Dipnoi.-In: G. L. Jepsen et al. (publ.), Geneties, Paleontology and Evolution, 1 2 1 -1 84, Princeton.
Whi te , E. (1 954). The Coelacanthid fishes.-Ann . Rep. Smithso nian Inst . 1 933, 35 1 360.
1 025
Index of Genera and Synonyms Current scientific names are normal. Synonyms are in
italics.
A Macropetalichthys
1 26 245 888 299 Lepidopus Acanthonotus 899 Acrogaster Acanthophoria 716 591 Cobitis Acanthopsis 231 Acanthorhina Acanthurus 889 792 Acanus Acentrophorus 375 97 Aceraspis 366 Saurichthys Acidorhynchus Acronemus Acrodus 1 66 1 64 Janassa Acrodus 71 6 Acrogaster Acrolepis 277 Acronemus 1 66 Acropholis 278 816 Acropoma 1 66 Acronemus Adiapneustes 377 Dapedium Aechmodus Aeduella 285 Aellopos 1 95 Aeoliscoides 766 Aeoliscus 763 669 Ctenothrissa Aeothrissa Anaethalion Aethalion 500 Aethalionopsis 578 Aetheodontus 363 Aetheretmon 261 Orthacanthus Aganodus 151 Asthenocormus Agassizia 438 Agassizichthys Macropetalichthys 1 26 Aipichthys 736 Alaspis . 1 00 Alosa Alausa 551 Albertonia 41 5 Allenypterus 943 Allothrissops 479 Clupea Alonsina 552 Alosa 551 =
Acanthodes Acanthonemus Acanthoniscus
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1 0 26
933 288 Amblypterus 283 Amblysem ius 426 Dapedium Amblyurus 377 Ameiurus 599 Amia 431 Amiatus Amia 43 1 Amiopsis 432 Ammodytes 886 Chirodus Amphicentrum 315 Amphiperca 793 Amphiplaga 674 Centriscus Amphisile 764 Amphistium 850 Amyzon 593 Squalicorax Anacorax 1 80 Anaethalion 500 Analectis 71 3 Bananogmius Ananogmius 491 Paralepis . Anapterus 640 Vernonaspis Anatiftopsis 77 Pachylebias Anelia 708 Lepidopus Anenchelum 899 Anglaspis 71 Ang u i l l a 523 Anguillavus 524 Anguilloides 531 Bananogmius Anogmius 491 393 Coelodus Anomiophthalmus Antigonia 750 601 Aoria 258 Apateolepis 643 Apateopholis 966 Holoptychius Apedodus 966 Holoptychius Apendulus 405 Aphanepygus 702 Aphanius 462 Aphnelepis 327 Apholidotos 814 Apogon 501 Apsopelix 868 Arambourgella 744 Araripichthys 634 Halec Archaeogadus 819 Archaeus Archaeoides 463 Archaeomaene Semionotus 387 Archaeosemionotus 84 Pteraspis Archaeoteuthis Paramblypterus
=
Acanthaspis
ny at This is a quarry in the famous Posidonia Shales of the Lias of southern Germa ve rs ha Holzmaden in Wurttenberg. As well as interesting fishes, many ichthyosau been found here. Photo: Staatliches Museum fUr Naturkunde
Alutera
Amblypterops
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1 027
Index of Genera and Synonyms Holodipterus Archaep h i ppus Archaeus Arduafrons Argyropelecus Arnogl ossus Ascalabos ASia tolepis Lycoptera Asima Menaspis Asineops Aspidopleurus Prionolepis Aspidorhynchus Aspidorhynchus Vinctifer Aspius Astephas Asterodermus Asterodon Colobodus Asterolepis Asthenocormus Atherina Atherstonia Atopocephala Atracauda Atractosteus Auchenaspis Thyestes Aulorhamphus Aulostoma Eoaulostomus Aulostomoides Ischyodus Au/uxacanthus Aurata Sparus Australosomus Auxis Axelrodichthys
Archaeotylus
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=
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=
980 85 1 819 391 626 920 469 498 230 675 653 446 448 579 600 1 96, 1 97 351 141 438 71 0 300 338 301 373 1 04 761 755 754 233 843 330 900 949
B Bajaichthys Baleiichthys Bananogmius Bathylagus Batrachoides Beaconia Belantsea Belemnobatis Be/gicaspis
Rhinopteraspis
Belichthys Belone Belonorhynchus
1 028
Saurichthys
712 451 491 61 1 693 339 1 65 1 98 85 302 701 366
Index of Genera and Synonyms
Belonostmus
Belonostomus
=
447
447
Belonostomus Belonostomus
Vinctifer Benedenius
=
Benedenichthys
4 48 2 69 269 649 724
=
Benedenius Ben thesikyme
Dercetis
=
Berybolcensis Beryco morus Berycopsis
=
723
Platycormus
Besan ia B irgeria Birkenia Blabe
742
2 96 1 06 94 41 91 1 787 316 541 535 606 835 1 01 803 279 1 39 , 1 40 1 0 9� 1 286 835
Notagogus Blochius Blotichthys Bobasatrania Bolcanguilla Bolcyrus Boltyshia Boops Boreaspis Boreocentrarchus Boreosomus Bothriolepis Bothryo/epis Bothriolepis Bothus Bourbonella Box Boops Brachipteraspis Pteraspis Heterolepidotus Brachyichthys Brachylebias Brachyosteus Brachyrhamp hus Brama Brannerion Bregmacerina Bregmaceros Brembodus Broiliina Gemuendina Brookvalia Brychaetus Brycon Byzenos Janassa
Blenniomogeus
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=
=
=
=
=
=
336
R4 4)8
103 118 698 832 -0 3
t8 0 679 389
1 20 .A O 96
595
1 64
C
Calamopleurus
43 3
Calamostoma
768 41 0 Cal l ipterys 882 962 Caliistiopterus 465 Callopterus 1 03 Camptaspis Cephalaspis 988 Camylopleuron Ctenodus Canadapteraspis 79 Canadipterus Scaumenacia 987 Canobius 265 Canowindra 974 751 Capros Caprovesposus 894 91 5 Carangodes 820 Caran gopsis Carangopsis Seriola 826 821 Caranx 1 78 Carcharocles 1 78 Carcharocles Carcharodon 86 Cardipeltis 946 Caridosuctor 704 Carrionellus 551 Caspiolus Alosa 661 Cassandra Leptosomus 459 Catervariolus Catopterus Dipterus 982 348 Catopterus Redfieldius 424 Caturus 764 Centriscus 1 90 Centrophoroides 1 02 , 1 03 Cephalaspis Pachycormus 442 Cephenop/osus Ceratoichthys 822, 823 Ceratoscopelus 655 1 71 Cestracion Heterodontus 804 Chaenobryttus 857 Chaetodon 941 Chagrinia 575 Chanoides Chanos 573 Charitosomus 576 Cheiracanthus 246 314 Cheirodopsis 31 5 Cheirodus Chirodus 254 Cheirolepis 645 Cheirothrix Ischyodus 233 Chimaeracanthus Chirocentrites 480 981 Chirodipterus Callignathus
=
Notagogus
=
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=
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=
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=
Chirodus
315 Chei rothrix 645 Chondrenchelys 217 Chondrosteus 368 Chrysophrys Sparus 843 Cimolichthys 652 Cionichthys 341 Citula Caranx 821 Cladocyclus 481 Cladodus Cladoselache 1 54 Cla dodus Stethacanthus 1 59 Cladodus Symmorium 1 56 Cladoselache 1 54 Cleithrolepidina 360 Cleithrolepis 361 Cli matius 238 Climaxodus Janassa 1 64 Clinitrachus 884 Clinus 885 Clupavus 470 Cl upea 552 Clupeops Clupea 552 551 Clupionella Alosa 591 Cobitis Cobitopsis 697 Coccoderma 950 Coccodus 392 Coccolepis 298 1 3 1 , 1 32 Coccosteus 947 Coelacanthopsis 951 Coelacanthus Coelodus 393 Coeloperca Perca 81 0 Colobodus 351 Colpopho/is Notogoneus 577 Commentrya 287 1 51 Compsacanthus Orthacanthus 99 1 Conchiopsis Conchopoma 948 Conchiopsis Rhabdoderma 991 Conchopoma Conger 536 424 Conodus Caturus 482 Cooyoo 545 Copeichthys Diplomystus 1 80 Corax Squalicorax 61 6 Coregonus 268 Cornuboniscus · 604 Corydoras Corysodon 1 73 Chirothrix
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1 029
Index of Genera and Synonyms . 393 Cosmodus Coelodus 288 Cosmopoma Paramblypterus 780 Cottopsis 781 Cottus 502 Crossognathus 370 Crossopholis 1 76 Crossorhinops Phorcynis 1 76 Crossorhinus Phorcynis 733 Cryptoberyx 725 Ctenocephalichthys 836 Ctenodentex 988 Ctenodus 669 Ctenothrissa 1 22 Ctenurella 906 Cybium Scomberomorus 206 Cyclobatis 785 Cyclopoma 439 Euthynotus Cyc/ospondy/us 621 Cyclothone 1 64 Cymatodus Janassa 580, 581 Cyprinus =
=
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D
=
=
=
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=
1 03 0
-
Dicellopyge 295 Belonost omu s 4 Oichelospondylus 47 Oictaspis I rregulareaspis 72 Oictea Janassa 1 64 Dictyopyge 342 Digoria 73S Oinichthys Dunkleosteus 1 36 Dinopteryx 735 Diodon 938 Diplacanthus 242 Diplodus 83b Oip/odus Orthacanthus 1 51 Diplognathus 1 40 Oiplolepis Sauropsis 444 Diplomystus 545 Oiplopterax Gyroptychius 968 Oiplopterus Gyroptychius 968 Diplurus 952 Dipnorhynchus 978 Dipterichthys 867 Oipteroma Paramblypterus 288 Dipteronotus 36l Dipterus 982 Oiptoterus Gyroptychius 96 i Discoserra 320 Oissodus Orthacanthus 1 51 Disticholepis 406 Oitaxiodus Caturus 42 Ookkoderma Coccoderma 950 55:; Domeykos 81 Doryaspis 32b Dorypterus 87, 8tl Drepanaspis 171 Heterodontus Orepanephorus 273 Drydenius 82 Ductor 807 Dules 94 , Oumfregia Coelacanthopsis 1 36 Dunkleosteus n Oyctiaspidella Irregulareaspis =
=
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=
Dactylopogon Dactylopterus Daitingichthys Dalpiaziella Damocles Dandya Dapal is Dapedium Oapedius Dapedium Oapedoglossus Phareodus Oaptinus Saurodon Dartmuthia Dastilbe Oasyatis Heliobatis Oasybatus Heliobatis Davichthys Delphyodontos Deltoptychius Oendrodus Holoptyehius Dentex Dereetis Osmeroides Oermatoptyehus Diademodus Oiaphorognathus Boreosomus
656 775 510 525 1 57 376 795 377 377 497 490 95 504 213 213 505 234 228 966 837 649 51 3 1 55 279
Index of Genera and Synonyms
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=
31 8 Ecrinesomus 967 Ectosteorhachis 1 61 Edestes Edestus 1 61 Edestodus Edestus 161 Edestus 287 Elaveria Commentrya 546 Ellimma 559 Ellimma Knightia 547 Ellimmichthys 559 Ellipos Knightia 274 Elonichthys 973 Elpistostege 796 Epinephelus Emmachaere 78 Empedaspis 652 Empo Cimolichthys 537 Enchelion 630 Enchodus 424 Endactis Caturus 571 Eng raulis 378 Enigmaichthys 433 Enneles Calamopleurus 859 Enoplosus 309 Enzichthys 77 Vernonaspis Eoarchegonaspis 755 Eoaulostomus 922 Eobothus 61 2 Eoc/upea Gaudryella 782 Eocottus 982 Eoctenodus Dipterus 425 Eoeugnathus 1 85 Eogaleus 499 Eohiodon 726 Eoholocentrum 876 Eolabroides 926 Eolactoria 690 Eolamprogrammus 786 Eolates 394 Eomesodon 657 Eomyctophum 527 Eomyrophis 527 Eomyrus Eomyrophis 81 0 Eoperca Perea 854, 855 Eoplatax 929 Eoplectus 399 Eoproscinetes 617, 618 Eosalmo 379 Eosemionotus 81 5 Eosphaeramia 937 Eotetraodon =
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=
890 Eozanclus 852 Ephippus 851 Ephippus Archaephippus 796 Epinephelus 896 Epinnula 831 Equula Leiognathus 81 4 Eretima Apogon 554 Erichalcis 443 Erisichthe Protosphyraena 676 Erismatopterus 994 Esconichthys 1 03 Cephalaspis Escuminaspis 607, 608 Esox 555 Etrumeus 483 Eubiodectes 1 03 Eucephalaspis Cephalaspis Eucompsacanthus Orthacanthus 1 51 428 Eulepidotus Heterolepidotus 292 Eupalaeoniscus Palaeoniscum 351 Eup/orodus Colobodus 294 Eutecana Turseodus 1 95 Euryarthra Aellopos 452 Eurycormus 630 Eurygnathus Enchodus 323 Eury/epis Haplolepis 31 2 Eurynothus 31 2 Eurynotus Eurynothus 633 Eurypholis 313 Eurysomus 971 Eusthenopteron 239 Euthacanthus 439 Euthynotus 898 Eutriehi urides 853 Exellia 646 Exocoetoides 1 50 Expleuraeanthus 1 52 Expleuracanthus Triodus =
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F
=
=
E Eastmanosteus Ebenaqua Eeheneis Eehidnocephalus Echinochimaera
1 31 31 7 818 52 1 23,,:
Faleatus Fistu/aria Parasynareualis Fistularioides Fleurantia Anglaspis Fraenkelaspis Fubarichthys Fundulus Furo =
<=
1 58 760 759 985 71 303 705 427
1 03 1
Index of Genera and Synonyms ,
Index of G enera and Synonyms Holaspis Poraspis Holcodon Enchodus Holocentrus Holodipterus Holodus Holodipterus Holophagoides Diplurus Holophagus Holoptychius Holopygus Rhabdoderma Holurus Homalacanthus Homoeolepis Tetragonolepis Homorhynchus Homosteus Homostius Homosteus Homothorax Bothriolepis Hoplopteryx Howqualepis H u lettia H umbertia H u m i l i chthys Hybodus Hygoph u m Hyperlophus Diplomystus Hyporhamphus Hypospondylus Xenacanthus Hypsidoris Hypsocormus Hypterus Atherstonia =
G
=
H
678 Gadella 681 Gadus 1 86 Galeorhinus 274 Elonichthys Ganocrodus 275 Ganolepis 209 Ganopristis Sclerorhynchus 990 Ganopris todus Uronemus 304 Gardineria 830 Gasteracanthus Mene 762 Gasterorhamphosus 752 Gasterosteus 61 2 Gaud ryella 1 1 9 , 1 20 Gemuendina Palaeoniscum 292 Geomichthys .861 Geophagus 71 7 Gep hyroberyx 705 Gephyrura Fundulus Gharbouria 620 390 G ibbodon 484 G i l licus 115 G il pichthys 293 Glaucolepis Pteronisculus 313 Globulodus Eurysomus 393 Glossodus Coelodus 751 Glyphisoma Capros 965 Glyptolepis Glyptosteus Bothriolepis 1 40 582 Gobio 887 Gobius 276 Gonatodus 718 Hoplopteryx Goniolepis 622 Gonostoma 992 Gosfordia 556 Gosiutichthys 534 Goslinophis Grammatorcynus 901 979 Griphog nathus 319 G u i l d ayichthys 294 Gwynnedichthys Turseodus 264 Gymnoniscus Phanerosteon Gymnosaurichthys Saurichthys 366 395 Gyrodus 289 Gyrolepis 964 Porolepis Gyrolepis 396 Gyronchus 171 Heterodontus Gyropleurodus 968 Gyroptychius =
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1 032
Habroichthys 33 3 Hadronector 944 Hajulia 514 Hakelia 658 Halec 634 Halecula Etrumeus 555 Hamiltonichthys 1 61' Hamodus Glyptolepis 965 Haplolepis 323 Hardistiella 1 13 Harpagofututor 21 8 Hayward ia 32 1 Macropetalichthys Heintzaspis 1 26 Helichthys 343 Helicoprion 1 60 Heliobatis 2 1 2 , 21 3 Helmintholepis Apsopelix 501 Hemicalypterus 380 Hemicladodus Chirodus 315 Hemicyclaspis 98 Hemicyc/olepis Hoplopteryx 718 Hemigonolepis Hoplopteryx 71 8 Hemirhamphus 699 447 Hemirhynchus Belonostomus Hemirhynhus Homorhynchus 91 3 635 Hemisaurida 97 Hemiteleaspis Aceraspis 897 Hemithyrsites 93 Heptadiodon Diodon . 1 71 Heterodontus 428 Heterolepidotus 1 70 Heteropetalu s 38 1 Heterostrophus 670 Heterothrissa 439 Euthynotus Heterothrissops 1 88 Hexanchus 557 H i lsa 770, 77 1 H i p pocampus 99 H irel la Histionotophorus 695 Histiocephalus 695 Histionotophorus 407 Histionotus 558 Histiothrissa 545 Histiurus Diplomystus =
=
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=
=
74 630 727 980 980 952 959 966 948 270 247 388 91 3 1 29 1 29 1 40 718 290 468 61 3 666 1 68 659 545 700 1 53 598 440 300
=
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=
lanassa Janassa I chthyoceros Ichthyodectes Ichthyokentema Saurichthys Ichthyorhynchus Ichthyotringa Ictalurus Ameiurus I d ri ssia I n i o pera I n iopteryx lonoscopus I rreg ulareaspis Ischnacanthus I schnolepis Ischyodus Ischypetrus Semionotus =
=
=
=
1 64 397 485 460 366 644 599 623 220 219 466 72 244 344 233 387
630 709 630 427 515 902
J
Jacobulus Jagorina Jamoythius Janassa
416 1 21 1 05 1 64
K
Kentuckia Knightia Krambergeria Kushlukia
Pal imphyes
255 559 903 895
L
Labrax Acropoma Labrus Lambdodus Stethacanthus Lamnodus Holoptychius Lampanyctus Lanarkia Larnovaspis Lasal ichthys Lasani u s Laugia Lawnia Lebias Leboni chthys Lednevia Legendrelepis Legnonotus Leiacanthus Hybodus Leiognathus Lepi daspis Lepidocottus Lepidopides Lepidopus Lepidopus Lepidotes =
=
=
=
=
Ischyrecephalus Enchodus Ismene Prolebias Isodon Enchodus Isopholis Furo Istieus I su richthys
=
81 6 877 1 59 966 660 89 82 345 112 960 284 706 517 81 7 111 408 1 68 831 94 783 899 899 382
1 033
Index of Genera and Synonyms
Index of Genera and Synonyms 382 Lepidotus Lepidotes 374 Lepisosteus 631 Leptecodon 501 Leptichthys Apsopelix 471 Leptolepides 472 Leptolepis 471 Leptolepis Leptolepides 661 Leptosomus 649 Leptotrachelus Dercetis 84 Lerichaspis Pteraspis 639 Lestidiops 583 Leuciscus 472 Leptolepis Liassolepis 71 9 Libanoberyx 673 Libotonius 953 Libys 826 Lichia Seriola Lignobrycon Triportheus 597 434 Liodesmus 924 Liopsetta 720 Lissoberyx 427 Lissolepis Furo 1 60 Lissoprion Helicoprion 228 Listracanthus Deltoptychius 707 Lithofundulus 942 Lochmocercus 91 Logania 844 Lompoquia 434 Lophiurus Liodesmus 694 Lophius 95 Lophosteus Dartmuthia 682 Lota 686 Lotimorpha Palaeogadus 337 Luganoia 1 24, 1 25 Lunaspis 594 Lusitanichthys 498 Lycoptera 81 Lyctaspis Doryaspis =
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=
=
Macropomoides 954 Macrosemius 409 Macrostoma Amphistium 85 0 Macrourogaleus 1 81 Mallotus 614 Manlietta 352 Maurolicus 627 Mayomyzon 1 14 Mcconichthys 67 1 Mecolepis Haplolepis 323 Megalolepis Palaeogadus 686 Megalurites Diodon 938 Megalurus Urocles 436 Megapteriscus 259 Megapus Cheirothrix 645 Megaselachus Carcharocles 1 78 Megastoma Leptolepis 472 Megistopuspholis Cheirothrix 645 Meidiichthys 353 Mekolepis Haplolepis 323 Meletta Sprattus 569 Menaspis 229, 230 Mendocinia Mendocinichthys 354 Mendocinichthys 354 Mene 829, 83C Mentzichthys 262 Meria mella Gasterosteus 752 Meridensia 355 1 68 Meristodon Hybodus 689 Merluccius 248 Mesacanthus 280 Mesembroniscus 1 77 Mesiteia 396 Mesodon Gyronchus 71 Mesogaster Ramphognathus 31 0 Mesolepis 266 Mesopoma 398 Mesturus 75 Metapomichthys Capros 99 Micraspis Hirella 1 42 Microbrachium Microbrachius 1 42 Microbrachius 51 2 Microcoelia Sendenhorstia 399 Microdon Eoproscinetes 402 Microdon Proscinetes 324 M icrohaplolepis 683 Micromesistius 207 M icropristis 826 Micropteryx Seriola =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
N
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Nannolepis Narcine Narcobatus Torpedo Naseus Naseus Tylerichthys Naso Naseus Nematonotus Nematoptychius Nemopteryx Neopercis Noemacheilus Notagogus Notelops Notidanus Hexanchus Notogoneus N u rsallia Nyctophus =
=
=
=
334 21 1 21 0 891 893 891 662 271 684 883 592 41 0 520 1 88 577 400 663
0
=
=
=
861 756 429 33 1 1 40 396 1 26
=
=
=
=
Onobrosmius Ophichthys Goslinophis Ophidion Ophidium Ophidion Ophiopsis Ophirachis Belonostomus Ophisurus Goslinophis Opistopteryx Opsigonus lonoscopus Orcynus Thunnus Orectolobus Ornategulum Orthacanthus Orthocormus Orthogonikleithrus Orthybodus Hybodus Oshunia Osmeroides Osmerus Osteolepis Osteoplurus Diplurus Ostracion Proaracana Ottaviania Oxyosteus =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pachycormus Pachycormus Saurostomus Pachylebias Pachyrhizodus Pachystetus Prolebias Pachythrissops Pagellus Pagrus Palaeobalistes Palaeobalistum Palaeobalistum Palaeobrosmius Palaeogadus Palaeocarcharias Palaeoclupea Apsopelix Palaeocrossorhinus Phorcynis Palaeodenticeps Palaeodasybatis Heliobatis Palaeogadus Palaeolycus Palaeomolva Palaeoniscionotus Coccolepis Palaeoniscum =
=
=
=
Ochlodus Orthacanthus Odonteus Ohiodurolites Macropetalichthys Oligobalistes Oligoplarchus Dapedium Omalopleurus Omosoma Omosomopsis =
=
=
1 51 865 1 26 935 805 377 740 741
685 534 69 1 691 41 4 447 534 664 466 908 1 74 560 151 44 1 473 1 68 467 51 3 61 5 969 952 928 869 1 30
P
=
=
Macracara Geophagus Macraulostomus Macrepistius Macroaethes Macrobrachius Bothriolepis Macromesodon Gyronchus Macropetalichthys
1 034
=
955 533 1 33 1 03 808, 809 346 934 681 788 256 305 873 846 528 291 728
=
=
M
Miguashaia M i lananguilla Millerosteus Minestaspis Cephalaspis Mioplosus Molybdichthys Monacanthus Morhus Gadus Morone Moythomasia Muensterichthys Mugil Mullus Mylomyrus Myriolepis Myripristis
=
=
442 445 708 51 8 709 51 1 839 840 401 401 686 1 75 501 1 76 550 213 686 632 687 298 292
1 035
Index of Genera and Synonyms
Index of Genera and Synonyms Palaeoniscus
Palaeoniscum
=
Palaeoperca Palaeorhynchus Palaeoscyllium Palaeos pondylus Palaeoteuthis Pteraspis Palaeo thrissum Palaeoniscum Palimp hyes Pangasiu s Paracentrophorus Paraceratodus Paracestracion Parachanos Dipterus Paradipterus Paraelops Paraeoliscus Fundulus Para fundulus Parahaleeula Etrumeus Parahaplolepis Haplolepis Paralepidotus Paralepis Param blypterus Paramiatus Amia Paramphisile Paran guilla Parapercis Neopercis Parapholidophorus Parapristipoma Parapteraspis Pteraspis Parapygaeus Pararaja Parascopelus Parasemionotus Parasphyraena Paraspinus Parasyllaemus Parasynarcualis Paratarras ius Parathrissops Euthynotus Paratrachinotus Paratriakis Parexus Parhybodus Hybodus Pariestegus Diplurus Parmphraetus Bothriolepis Pasaichthys Patavichthys Pateroperca Cephalaspis Pattenaspis =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1 036
292 797 914 1 82 1 49 84 292 903 602 383 993 1 72 574 982 506 767 705 555 323 384 640 288 43 1 765 526 883 453 833 84 892 205 641 41 7 874 729 507 760 328 439 825 1 87 240 1 68 952 1 40 847 542 561 1 03
Pattersonichthys 66-' Pavelichthys 538 Pegasus 753 Pelamys Sarda 904 Pelargorhync hus 50 Pe/ecopterus Protosphyraen a 443 Pe/eeorapis Apsopelix 501 Peltodus Janassa 1 64 Peltopleurus 364 Pentaceros 860 Phyllolepis Pentagonolepis 1 27 Pentlandia 98j Peplorhina Conchopoma 99 1 Perca 8 1 0, 8 1 Percalates 7 89 Percichthys 798 Percostoma Perca 81 0 Perequula Caranx 82 1 Pericentrophorus 38E Penodus Pycnodus 402 Perleidus 356 Sagenodus Petalodopsis 989 Petalopteryx 41 1 41 8 Phaidrosoma Notogoneus 5r Phalacropholis 986 Phaneropleuron 264 Phanerosteon 49 7 Phareodus 605 Pharmacichthys 1 07 Pharyngolepis 456 Phelidophorus Pholidophorus 228 Deltoptychius Phigeacanthus 90 Phlebolepis 347 Phlyctaenichthys 1 40 Phoebammon Bothriolepis 668 Phoenicolepis 454 Pholi docten us 45� Pholidolepis 456 Pholidophorus 332 Pholidopleurus 457 Pholidorhynchodon 1 35 Pholidosteus 37 1 Pholidotus Dapedium 8 1 Pholis 1 76 Phorcynis 62 8 Photichthys 636 Phylactocephalus 1 27 Phyllolepis Physichthys Macropetalichthys 1 26 =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pachylebias Falcatus Stethacanthus
Physocephalus Physonemus
=
Physonemus
=
=
Pimelodus Pinichthys Pionaspis Piveteauia Placopleurus Bothriolepis Deltoptychius Eoplatax
Placothorax
=
Platacanthus Platax
=
=
Platinx Brychaetus Heterodontus PlatyeanthuE! Deltoptychius Platycormus Platyosteus Oxyosteus Platyrhina Platysomus Plectocretacicus Plectrolepis Eurynothus Pleiop terus Osteolepis Plesioberyx Plesiodus Lepidotes Plesiopteraspis Pteraspis Pleurolepis Tetragonolepis Pleuropholis Plioplarchus Pliopterus Osteolepis Plyphlepis Glyptolepis Pneumathophorus Scomber Pnigeaeanthus Deltoptychius Pododus Mesolepis Podopteryx Bregmaceros Polyosteorhynchus Polyphraetus Dipterus Polysephis Proscinetes Polysephus Eoproscinetes Pom adasys Pomognathus Halec Pomolobus Pomoxis Pomphractus Brychaetus Poraspis Porolepis Portheus Xiphactinus Praesemionotus Priacanthopsis Pric onolepis Hoplopteryx Platops
=
Platyacrodus
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
708 1 58 1 59 603 91 8 73 956 365 1 40 228 855 572
496 1 71 228 742 1 30 204 31 1 927 312 969 734 382 84 388 461 812 969 965 905 228 310 679 945 982 402 399 834 634 562 806 496 74 964 489 41 9 798 718
Prionolepis Priscacara Pristigenys Pris tipoma
Pomadasys
=
Pristisomus Pristiurus
Macrourogaleus Capros
=
Proantigonia
=
Proaracana Procarcharodon
=
Carcharocles
Procheirichthys Proctenodus
=
Ctenodus
Prohalecites Prolates Prolebias Lepidotes Proleptolepis Promecosomina Promyliobatis Pronotacanthus Propalaeoniscus Elonichthys Properca Proportheus Propteri dium Propterus Prosauropsis Saurostomus Proscinetes Proserrivomer Prosolenostomus Protacanthodes Pro tamia Amia Protaspis Proteomyrus Pro tobalistum Spi nacanthus Protobrama Pro toearostomus Notogoneus Protoclupea Protolophotus Protosauropsis Saurostomus Protosphyraena Protospinax 191, Protospirata Edestus Protostomias Prymnites Psenicubiceps Psettopsis Pseudacrodus Heterodontus Pseudoberyx Pseudola tes Prolates Pseudolota Palaeogadus
Prolepidotus
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
653 866 813 834 357 181 75 1 928 1 78 358 988 458 799 709 382 474 420 215 522 274 800 486 692 41 2 445 402 540 769 932 431 83 530 930 494 577 563 71 5
445 443 1 92 1 61 624 487 91 6 848 1 71 564 799 686
1 03 7
Index of Genera and Synonyms
Index of Genera and Synonyms 813 84 688 Pseudoraniceps 584 Pseudorasbora 1 93. 1 94 Pseudorhina 772 Pseudosyngnathus Pseudothrissops Euthynotus 439 878 Pseudovomer 1 66 Psi/acanthus Acronemus 84 Pteraspis 1 43 . 1 44 Pterichthyodes 1 44 Pterichthys Pterichthyodes 1 51 Pternodus Orthacanthus 1 08 Pterolepidops Pterygolepis 1 08 Pterolepis Pterygolepis 293 Pteronisculus 306 Pteroniscus 777 Pteryg ocephalus 1 08 Pterygolepis 335 Pterygopterus Thoracopterus 392 Ptycholepis 403 Pychnodus Pycnodus 403 Pycnodus 743 Pycnosterinx 737 Pycnosteroides 858 Pygaeus 272 Pygopterus 325 Pyritocephalus
Pseudopriacanthus Pseudopteraspis
=
=
Pristigenys
Pteraspis
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Rhadinacanthus
=
Diplacanthus
Rhadinichthys Rhamphexocoetus Rhamphodopsis Rhamphognathus Rhamphosus
Rhina Pseudorhina Rhineastes Astephas Rhine/lus Ichthyotringa =
=
=
Rhinobatos
Rhinobatus
=
Rhinobatos
Rhinodipterus Rhodeus Rhom bopteryg ia =
Eobothus
=
Scophthalmus
Rhynchodercetis Rhyncholepis Rhytmias Richardso nius Ruffoichthys
Ruppelianus
Palaeogadus
Rutilus
Sahelinia
=
Clupea
Santosius
963
Sarda Sardina Sardinella
R
Sard i n ioides Sardi n ius
Radamas Radamus
=
Wodnika Menaspis
=
Redfieldius
Regenius
=
Cyclothone
Remigolepis Retic ulepis
Rhabdiolepis
Diplurus
Rhabdoderma Rhabdolepis Rhacolepis
Rhadamista
=
Ctenodus
Rhadinacanthus
1 038
1 69 230 348 62 1 1 45 281 952 948 260 519 988 243
585 20 1 922 923 651 1 09 84 1 586 870 68t' 587
81 396 Scatophagus 856 Scaumenacia 987 Sceletophorus Phanerosteon 264 Schizurichthys 349 Sciaena 845 Sciaenops Sciaena 845 Sclerolepis Glyptolepis 965 Sclerorhynchus 208, 209 Scolenaspis Cephalaspis 1 03 Scomber 905 Scomberomorus 906 Scombroclupea 567 Scombrosarda 907 Scopeloides 625 Scophthalmus 923 Scorpaena 776 Scrobodus Lepidotes 382 Scyliorh inus 1 83 Scyllium Scyliorhinus 1 83 Selachidea Hybodus 1 68 Semionotus 387 Semiophorus Exellia 853 Sendenhorstia 512 Seriola 826 Serranus 801 Shurcobroma Bothriolepis 1 40 Sibyrhynchus 221 Simopteraspis Pteraspis 84 Sinamia 435 Siphonostoma Syngnathus 773 Smerdis Dapalis 795 Solea 925 Solenodon Enchodus 630 Solenognathus Charitosomus 576 Spaniodon 508 Sparnodus 842 Sparus 843 Spathobatis Aellopos 1 95 Sphaerodus Lepidotes 382 Sphenocephalus 672 Sphenolepis Notogoneus 577 Sphenonchus Acronemus 1 66 Sphyraena 875 Spinacanthus 930 Spinogadus Merluccius 689 Spratelloides 568 Sprattus 569
Scaphaspis Scaphodus
Doryaspis
=
Gyronchus
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Sagenodus
Quebecius
600
64 4 1 99 . 200 200 984
S Sacabambaspis
Q
1 94
85
Rhi nopteraspis
Rhombus Rhombus
242 263 696 1 23 "11 1 77 8
Sarginites Leptolepis Sargocentron Sargocentrum =
=
Sargocentrum Sargodon
Sargus
=
Diplodus
Saurichthys Saurodon Sauropsis Saurorhynchus Saurostomus Scanilepis Scapanorhynchus
70 989 552 79 1 904 565 566 654 637 472 73C 730 386 83 8 36 6 490 444 367 445 297 1 79
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Squalic orax
Squatina Pseudorhina Stanacanthus Both riolepis =
=
Stegotrachelus Stemmatodus Stensioella Stethacanthus Stichoberyx Stichocentrus Stichopterus Stichopteryx
Stolephorus Spratelloides Streblodus Deltoptychius Strematodus Gyrodus Strigilina Janassa =
=
=
=
Strobilodus Sudis Sundayichthys
Syl/aemus
Apsopelix
=
Symmorium Symphodus
Synergus
Urocles
=
Syngnathus Synodus Synorichthys
1 80 1 94 1 40 257 404 1 18 1 59 731 738 369 721 568 228 395 1 64 430 642 267 501 1 56 879 436 773 638 350
T Tachynectes
Tarsichthys Teleopterina
Tinca
=
Pyritocephalus
=
Telepholis Tenuicentrum
Tetheodus
=
Enchodus
Tetragonolepis Tetragonopterus Tetragonurus Tharrhias Tharsis
Thaumas
Pseudorhina
=
Thaumaturus
Thectodus
=
Acronemus
Th elodus
Thelolepis Thelodus Thelolepoides Thelodus Thelyodus Thelodus Thlattodus Caturus =
=
=
=
Tholonotus
665 590 325 647 732 630 388 596 91 7 476 475 1 94 61 9 1 66 92 92 92 92 424 282
1 0 39
Index of Genera and Synonyms 1 64 335 518 Pachyrhizodus Thrissopater 488 Thrissops 51 6 Thrissopteroides 908 Thunnus 970 Thursius 1 83 Scyliorhinus Thyellina 1 04 Thyestes 588 Thynnichthys 908 Thunnus Thynnus 1 55 Diademodus Tiarodontus 862 Tilapia 589, 590 Ti nca 477 Todi ltia 75 Torpedaspis 210 Torpedo 880 Tortonesia 849 Toxotes 827 Trac hurus Holophagus 959 Trachymetopon 249 Traquairichthys 607 Esox Trematina 250 Triazeugacanthus 677 Trichophanes 1 94 Pseudorhina Trigenodus 779 Trigla 202 Trigonorh i n a 1 64 Janassa Trilobites 1 52 Triodus 359 Tripelta 969 Osteolepis Triplopterus 597 Triportheus 969 Osteolepis Tripterus 972 Trist ichopterus 1 71 Heterodontus Tropidotus 214 Trygon 80 Trygonaspis 495 Tselfatia 722 Tubantia 93 Turi n i a 909 Turio 714 Turkmene 294 Turseodus 640 Paralepis Tydeus 893 Tylerichthys Thoracodus
=
Thoracopterus
Janassa
Typodus
=
Index of Genera and Synonyms Gyronchus
Tyriaspis
39 6 96
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
U U arbryichthys 413 U m bra 609 unnamed (Amiiformes?) 43 7 unnamed (Anguilliformes) 54 4 unnamed (Arge ntini dae) 61 0 unnamed (Balistidae) 93 6 unnamed (Beryciformes) 775-777 un named (Birkeniidae?) 110 unnamed (Cheirothricidae?) 648 un named (Cichlidae) 863 , 864 un named (Cochliodontoidei) 224-2 21 unnamed (Coelacanthidae?) 958 un named (Cyathaspididae) 76 u nnamed (Edestidae) 1 62 unnamed (Ellimmichthyiform, ) 548 , 549 unnamed (Elopi dae?) 509 un named (Galeiformes?) 1 8G unnamed (Holocephali) 23) un named (Ichthyodectiformes) 49"' un named (Iniopterygiformes) 222, 22::i un named (Orodontiformes) 1 6'0 un named (Parasemionoti dae?) 422 , 42 871 , 87, unnamed (Percoidei) 78 unnamed (Scorpaen iformes) 18 unnamed (Scyliorhinidae?) 80 un named (Serranidae) 9 1 'j unnamed (Stromateidae) 7r4 unnamed (Syngnathiformes) 96 ' U n dina 40 .. Caturus Uraeus 9, f U ranolophus 543 U renchelys 436 U rocles 216 U rolophus 990 U ronemus 31 1 Platysomus Urop teryx 757 U rosphen ,:8 U rosphenopsis 8� 2 U rosthenes =
=
Utahacanthus
2"1
v Varasichthys Vernicomacanthus Ve rnonaspis Veronanguilla Vi nciguerria Vinctifer Voltaconger Vomeropsis
w Wadeichthys Watsonosteus Watsonulus Whitapodus Whiteia Willomorichthys Wodnika .
Woodwardichthys
=
Amphistium
Wuttagoonaspis
464 1 34 421 529 957 307 1 69 850 1 28
x
Xenacanthus Birgeria Squalicorax Xenolamia Xi pllactinus Xiph ias Xiphopterus Heliobatis Xiphotrygus Xyne Synod us Xystodus Xenestes
=
=
=
=
1 53 296 1 80 489 91 2 91 0 213 570 638
y
Yogoniscus Yonodus
=
Sagenodus
308 989
Z Vinciguerria
Zalarges
Zanclites Zapteryx
Zenaspis
1 040
478 24 1 77 532 629 448 539 828
Zenopsis Zeus
=
Cephalaspis
629 492 203 1 03 748 749
1 04 1
Index of Orders, Suborders, and Families Families are i n SMALL CAPS. Terms preceeding an eq ual sign common names.
(=)
A
45, 245-251 45, 245-251 44, 231 ACANTHORHINIDAE 65, 888-893 ACANTHURIDAE 65, 888-895 Acanthuroidei 47, 368-370 Acipenseriformes 46, 277-282 ACROLEPIDIDAE 62, 8 1 6 ACROPOMATIDAE Actinistia = Coelacanthiformes 67, 941 961 58 ADRIANICHTHYIDAE 58 Adrianichthyids ADRIANICHTHYIDAE AEDUELLIDAE 46, 285-286 4 7 , 363 AETHEODONTIDAE African hillstream catfs. AMPHILIIDAE 53 African lungfishes = PROTOPTERIDAE 67 4 1 , 1 60 AGASSIZODONTIDAE 53 AGENEIOSIDAE AGONIDAE 61 62 Aholeholes = KUHLlIDAE AIPICHTYIDAE 59, 736 Airbreathing catfishes = CLARIIDAE 53 Airsac catfishes = HETEROPNEUSTIDAE 53 AKYSIDAE 53 ALBULIDAE 50, 5 1 7 50, 51 3-51 7 Albuloidei ALEPISAURIDAE 55 55, 637-642 Alepisauroidei ALEPOCEPHALIDAE 54 Alfonsinos = BERYCIDAE 59, 723 Algae eaters = GYRINOCHEILIDAE 52 ALLOTHRISSOPIDAE 49, 479 ALOPIIDAE 42 AMBLYCIPITIDAE 53 AMBLYOPSIDAE 56 AMBLYPTERIDAE 46, 283-284 AMIIDAE 48, 431 -436
ACANTHODIDAE
Acanthodiformes
=
This is a quarry in the famous Lithographic Limestone of the upper jurassic of southem Germany, at Oaiting, near Solenhofen, Bavaria. Unfortunately not all beds are rich in fossils. Good luck is required to find anything.
1 042
48, 4 1 5-437 65 AMMODYTIDAE 64, 886 Ammodytoidei 64, 886 AMPHIASPIDIDAE 37, 78 AMPHILIIDAE 53 AMPHISTIIDAE 63, 850 ANABANTIDAE 66 ANACORACIDAE 42, 1 80 ANAETHALIONIDAE 50, 500 ANABLEPIDAE 58 ANARHICHADIDAE 64 Anaspidiformes 38, 1 05-1 1 2 ANASTOM IDAE 52 Anchovies= ENGRAULIDIDAE 52, 571 Angelfishes POMACANTHIDAE 63 Angel sharks Squaloidei 43, 1 90-1 92 Angel sharks SOUATINIDAE 43, 1 93-1 94 Anglerfishes Lophiiformes 57, 694695 ANGUILLAVIDAE 50, 524 ANGUILLIDAE 50, 523 Ang u i l l iformes 50, 523-544 ANGUILLOIDIDAE 5 1 , 531 -532 59 ANOMALOPIDAE ANOPLOGASTRIDAE 59 ANOPLOPOMATIDAE 61 ANOTOPTERIDAE 55 Antenna catfishes PIMELODIDAE 53, 603 ANTENNARIIDAE 57, 695 57, 695 Antennarioidei 40, 1 39-1 45 Antiarchiformes 56, 674-677 APHREDODERIDAE 56, 674-677 Aphredoderoidei 61 APLOACTINIDAE APLOCHEILIDAE 58 ApOGONIDAE 62, 8 1 4-81 5 APTERONOTIDAE 54 ARACANIDAE 66, 926-928 ARAMBOURGELLIDAE 63, 868 ARANDASPIDIDAE 37, 70 59, 744 Arari pichthoidei ARARIPICHTHYIDAE 59, 744 ARCHAEOMAENIDAE 49, 462-464 Archerfishes = TOXOTIDAE 62, 849 Amiiformes
are
Amiommids = ARIOMMATIDAE
=
=
=
=
=
1 043
Index of Orders, Suborders, and families 54, 6 1 0 54, 6 1 0-61 3 ARIIDAE 53 65 ARIOM MATIDAE 53 Armoured catfishes = LORICARIIDAE ARGENTINIDAE
Argenti noidei
Armourhead catfishes =
53 Armourheads PENTACEROTIDAE 63, 860 ARRIPIDAE 62 Arthrodiriformes 39, 1 28-1 46 CRANOGLANIDIDAE =
Asiatic torrent catfishes =
53 49, 446-448 49, 446-448 53 40, 1 4 1 -1 45 39, 1 1 9- 1 2 1 37, 70 53 55 38, 97-99 58, 7 1 0-7 1 1 58, 7 1 0-7 1 1 53 55, 630-653 55 55 60 60, 754-756 60, 754-767
AMBLYCIPITIDAE ASPIDORHYNCHIDAE Aspi dorhync hiformes ASPREDINIDAE ASTEROLEPIDIDAE ASTEROSTEIDAE Astraspi diformes ASTROBLEPIDAE ASTRONESTHIDAE ATELEASPIDIDAE ATHERIN IDAE Atheriniformes AUCHENIPTERIDAE Aulopiformes AULOPODIDAE Aulopus
=
AULOPODIDAE
AULORHYNCHIDAE AULOSTOMIDAE Aulostomoidei Australian l u ngfishes
CERATODONTIDAE
=
67, 992-993 62
Australian salmon = ARRIPIDAE
Index of Orders, Sub orders, and Families
53 53 Barracudas = SPHYRAENIDAE 63, 874-875 Barracudinas = PARALEPIDIDAE 55, 639642 Barreleyes = OPISTHOPROCTIDAE 54 Basking sharks CETORHINIDAE 42 Basslets = GRAMMIDAE 61 Batfishes = OGCOCEPHALIDAE 57 54, 61 1 BATHYLAGIDAE BATHYMASTERIDAE 63 BATRACHOIDIDAE 57, 693 Batrachoidiformes 57, 693 Beachsalmon = LEPTOBRAMIDAE 62 Beardfishes = POLYMIXIIDAE 59, 740-743 BELANTSEIDAE 4 1 , 1 65 BELONIDAE 58, 701 BELONTIIDAE 66 BERYCIDAE 59, 723 Beryciformes 59, 7 1 6-747 Berycoidei 59, 7 1 6-734 Bichirs = POLYPTERIDAE 45 Bigeyes= PRIACANTHIDAE 62, 8 1 3 Bigscale fishes = M ELAMPHAIDAE 59 Bil lfishes = ISTIOPHORIDAE 65 46, 296 Bi rgeriidae Bi rke n i i d ae 38, 1 06-1 1 0 Black dragonfishes = IDIACANTHIDAE 55 63 Blackfish = GADOPSIDAE BLENNIIDAE 64 Blen nioi dei 64, 884-885 Bluefishes= Pomatomidae 62, 8 1 7 60, 750-751 Boarfishes= Caproidae BObasat ran i i d ae 46, 3 1 6-3 1 8 50, 51 ( Bonefishes= Albulidae Banjo catfishes = ASPREDINIDAE
Barbel-less catfishes = AGENEIOSIDAE
=
Bonnetmouths = EMMELICHTHYIDAE B
Bonytongues
Osteoglossidae
Bonytongues
Osteoglossiformes
62
49,
496-49 1 BAGRIDAE Bagrid catfishes
=
BAGRIDAE
Baikal oilfishes = COMEPHORIDAE
66, 66,
BALISTIDAE Balistoidei Bandfishes = CEPOLIDAE Bannertail catfishes
1 044
=
OLYRIDAE
53, 601 53, 601 61 933-936 926-936 63 53
BOTHIDAE BOTHRIOLEPIDIDAE Bowfins = AMIIDAE Bowfi ns = Amiiformes Boxfishes
=
OSTRACIIDAE
66, 40, 48, 48,
49,
49 6-497 920-9 2::1 39- 1 4') 431 -436 41 5-43 1 6
57 40, 1 30 Bramble sharks = ECHINORHINIDAE 43 62, 832 BRAMIDAE 57, 679-680 BREGMACEROTIDAE 48, 389-390 BREMBODONTIDAE Bristlemouths = GONOSTOMATIDAE 55, 621 -625 Brotulas = OPH IDIIDAE 57, 690-692 Burrowing gobies = TRIPAUCHENIDAE 65 Butterfishes= STROMATEIDAE 65, 9 1 8-91 9 43 Butterfly rays GYMNURIDAE 63, Butterflyfishes = CHAETODONTIDAE 857-858 Butterflyfishes PANTODONTIDAE 49 BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE
Cavefishes
BRACHYDEIRIDAE
CATURIDAE
=
=
=
AMBLYOPSIDAE
CENTRARCHIDAE CENTRISCIDAE CENTROLOPHIDAE CENTROPHRYNIDAE CENTROPOMIDAE CEPHALASPIDIDAE C e p h alaspidiformes CEPOLIDAE CERATIIDAE CERATODONTIDAE CETOPSIDAE CETORHINIDAE CENTROPH RYNIDAE CHACIDAE CHAETODONTIDAE CHANNICHTHYIDAE
C
CHANIDAE CHANNIDAE Chanoidei
Callichthyid armoured catfishes CALLICHTHYIDAE CALLICHTHYIDAE CALLORHYNCHIDAE
46, 60,
CANOBIIDAE CAPROIDAE CAPROVESPOSIDAE CARACANTHIDAE Caracins = Characiformes CARANGIDAE
52, 62,
CARAPIDAE Carapids
=
CARAPIDAE
CARBOVELIDAE CARCHARHINIDAE
42,
Carchar h i n o idei CARCHARIIDAE Cardinalfishes
ApOGONIDAE
CARDIPELTIDAE CARISTIIDAE Carps =
CYPRINIDAE
Carps = Cypriniformes
52, 52,
CATOSTOMIDAE Cat sharks= SCYLIORHINIDAE Catfish eels = PLOTOSIDAE
42,
53, 604 53, 604 45 265-267 750-751 65, 894 60 594-597 81 9-828 57 57 46, 264 42 , 1 85 1 8 1 -1 87 42 62, 81 481 5 37, 86 62 579-590 579-593 52, 593 1 8 1 -1 84 53
CHARACIDAE Characiformes CHAULIODONTIDAE CHAUNACIDAE CHEILODACTYLIDAE CHEIROLEPIDIDAE CHEIROTHRICIDAE Chimaeras = CHIMAERIDAE CHIMAERIDAE C h i m aeriformes CHIROCENTRIDAE CHIRODONTIDAE CHIRONEMIDAE CHLOROPHTALMI DAE CHONDRENCHELYIDAE Chondrench elyiformes CHONDROSTEIDAE Chondrosteoidei CICHLIDAE Cichlids = CiCHLIDAE CiMOLICHTHYIDAE CiRRHITIDAE CITHARIDAE Citharids
=
CITI-lARIDAE
56 48, 424-430 62, 803-806 60, 763-765 65 57 6 1 , 785-786 38, 1 00-1 04 38, 95- 1 04 63 57 67, 992-993 53 42 57 53 63, 857-858 64 52, 573-574 66 52, 573-575 53, 595-597 52, 594-597 55 57 63 45, 254 55, 645-648 45, 233 45, 233 45, 232-234 52, 572 46, 3 1 2-3 1 5 63 55 44, 21 7-2 1 8 44, 21 7-21 8 4 7 , 368-369 47, 368-369 63, 861 -864 63, 861 -864 56, 652 63 66 66
1 045
Index of Orders, Suborders, and Families CiTHARINIDAE Citharins = CITHARINIDAE
52 52
Cladoselachian sharks =
4 1 , 1 54 CLADOSELACHIDAE 4 1 , 1 54 Cladoselachiformes 4 1 , 1 54 CLAMYDOSELACHIDAE 42 CLARIIDAE 53 47, 360-362 CLEITHROLEPIDIDAE 45, 238-241 CliMATIlDAE 45, 238-243 Climatiiformes 66 Climbing gourami = ANABANTIDAE 65 Clingfishes = GOBIESOSOCIDAE CliNIDAE 64, 884-885 64, 884-885 Clinids CliNIDAE 52, 594 CLUPAVIDAE CLUPEIDAE 52, 55 1 -570 5 1 , 550-572 Clupeiformes 52, 551 -572 C lupeoidei Cobia = RACHYCENTRIDAE 62 52, 591 -592 COBITIDIDAE 46, 298 COCCOLEPIDIDAE 40, 1 3 1 -1 34 COCCOSTEIDAE 39, 1 29-1 45 Coccosteoidei 44, 224-227 Cochlidontoidei Cod icefishes NOTOTHENIIDAE 64 Codlets BREGMACEROTIDAE 57, 679-680 57, 681 -688 Cods = Gadidae 67, 949-958 COELACANTHIDAE 67, 941 -961 Coelacanthiformes Coelacanths = Coelacanthiformes 67, 941 -961 Combfishes = ZANIOLEPIDIDAE 61 Combtooth blennies = BLENNIIDAE 64 COMEPHORIDAE 61 COMMENTRYIDAE 46, 287-288 CONCHOPOMIDAE 67, 991 Congers= CONGRIDAE 5 1 , 535-539 CONGIOPODIDAE 61 CONGRIDAE 5 1 , 535-539 CONGROGADIDAE 64 CORACINIDAE 62 Cornetfishes = FISTULARIIDAE 60, 759 CORNUBONISCIDAE 46, 268 Coronodontiformes 4 1 , 1 55 CORYPHAENIDAE 62 Cladoselachiformes
=
=
=
1 046
Index of Orders, Suborders, and Families
6 1 , 780-783 6 1 , 780-783 Cow sharks = HEXANCHIDAE 42, 1 88 Cow-nosed rays = RHINOPTERIDAE 43 CRANOGLANIDIDAE 53 C restfishes = LOPHOTIDAE 58, 7 1 5 CODIDAE
Deep-sea smelts
Cottoidei
DENTICIPITIDAE Denticipitoidei Denticle herrings DERCETIDAE
=
54, 61 1 51 , 550 5 1 , 550 DENTICIPITIDAE 52, 550 56, 649-651 51
BATHYLAGIDAE
Crocodile icefishes = CHANNICHTHYIDAE
DERICHTHYIDAE
64 CROSSOGNATHIDAE 50, 501 -502 Crossopterygii 67 CRYPTACANTHODIDAE 64 Ctenacanthiformes 4 1 , 1 66-1 70 CTENODONTIDAE 67, 988 CTENOLUCIIDAE 53 CTENOTHRISSIDAE 56, 669-670 Ctenothrissiformes 56, 669-670 Cub sharks = CARCHARIIDAE 42 Curimatas = CURIMATIDAE 52 CURIMATIDAE 52 Cusk eels = OPHIDIIDAE 57, 690-692 Cutlassfishes = TRICHIURIDAE 65, 898-899 Cuthroat eels SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE 51 CYATHASPIDIDAE 37, 7 1 -77 CYCLOBATIDAE 43, 206 CYCLOPTERIDAE 61 CYNOGLOSSIDAE 66 CYPRINIDAE 52 , 579-590 Cypriniformes 52, 579-593 CYPRINODONTIDAE 58, 702-709 Cyprinodontiformes 58, 696-709 Cyprinodontoidei 58, 702-709
Devonian cladoselachian sharks
=
=
4 1 , 1 54 43 Devil rays = MOBULIDAE 46, 295 DICELLOPYGIDAE 59, 739 DIGORfiDAE DINICHTHYIDAE 40, 1 36-1 37 59, 735 DINOPTERYGIDAE 59, 735-739 Dinopterygoidei DIODONTIDAE 66, 938 45, 242-243 DIPLACANTHIDAE 67, 941 -942 DIPLOCERCIDAE DIPLOMYSTIDAE 53 Diplomystid catfishes = DIPLOMYSTIDAE 53 67, 978-980 DIPNORHYNCHIDAE 63, 867 DIPTERICHTHYIDAE 67, 981 -984 DIPTERIDAE 59 DIRETMIDAE DISSOMIDAE 51 Dogfish shark = Squaloidei 43, 1 90-1 92 Dolphins' = CORYPHAENIDAE 62 DORADIDAE 53 60, 748-749 Dories = ZEIDAE 46, 326 Dorypteriformes 61 Dottybacks PSEUDOCHROMIDAE 65 Dragonets CAlILlONYMIDAE 65 DRACONETIIDAE 37, 87-88 DREPANASPIDIDAE 65, 9 1 5-91 6 Driftfishes= NOMEIDAE Driftwood catfishes = AUCHENIPTERIDAE 53 Drums= SCIAENIDAE 62, 844-845 Duckbilled eels = NETIASTOMATIDAE 51 Cladoselachiformes
=
=
o
60, 775 60, 77 5 64 DACTYLOSCOPIDAE 55 Daggertooths = ANOTOPTERIDAE 43 DALATIIDAE Damselfishes= POMACENTRIDAE 63, 865 DARTMUTHIIDAE 38, 95-96 DASYATIDAE 43, 2 1 2-2 1 4 DACTYLOPTERIDAE
Dactylopteriformes
Deep-sea anglerfishes CENTROPHRYNIDAE
=
=
=
E Eagle rays = MYLIOBATIDAE ECHENEIDIDAE
57
43 4 1 , 1 61 -1 62 64 Eelblennies CONGROGADIDAE 56 Eel cods = MURAENOLEPIDIDAE 65 Eellike gobies = GOBIOIDIDAE Eelpouts = ZOARCIDAE 63 Eels = Anguilliformes 50, 523-544 53 Electric catfishes = MALAPTERURIDAE Electric eels ELECTROPHORIDAE 54 Electric rays= TORPEDINIDAE 43, 2 1 0 54 ELECTROPHORIDAE 65 ELEOTRIDIDAE 50 Elephantfishes MORMYRIDAE ELLIMMICHTHYIDAE 5 1 , 545-547 ELLIMMICHTHYIFORMES 5 1 , 545-549 ELONICHTHYIDAE 46, 273-276 ELOPIDAE 50, 503-509 50, 500-520 Elopiformes 50, 503-5 1 2 Elopoidei 63 EMBIOTOCIDAE EMMELICHTHYIDAE 62 62 Emperors = LETHRINIDAE ENCHODONTIDAE 55, 630-632 55, 630-633 Enchodontoidei 38, 1 1 1 ENDEIOLEPIDIDAE 52, 571 ENGRAULIDIDAE ENOPLOSIDAE 63 , 859 63, 851 -853 EPHIPPIDAE 52 ERYTHRINIDAE 54, 607-608 ESOCIDAE 54, 606-609 Esocoidei 4 1 , 1 60-1 62 Eugeneodontiformes 51 EUPHARYNGIDAE 53 Eurasian catfishes = SILURIDAE 55, 633 EURYPHOLIDAE 67, 971 -972 EUSTHENOPTERIDAE 59 EUTAENIOPHORIDAE 55 EVERMANNELLIDAE 58, 696 EXOCOETIDAE 58, 696-701 Exocoetoidei ECHINORHINIDAE
EDESTIDAE
ECHINOCHIMAERIDAE
43, 2 1 5 62, 8 1 8 45, 232
F False morays = XENOCONGRIDAE
5 1 , 527-
1 047
III
Index of Ord ers, Suborders, and .Families 529 62 Fangtooth = ANOPLOGASTRIDAE 59 Featherbacks = Notopteroidei 50, 498499 Filefishes = BALISTIDAE 66, 933-936 Fingerfishes = MONODACTYLIDAE 62, 847848 FlsTuLARllDAE 60, 759 Flatheads = PLATYCEPHALIDAE 61 Flying fishes = EXOCOETIDAE 5 8 , 696 Flying g u rnards = DACTYLOPTERIDAE 60, 775 Footballfishes = H IMANTOLOPHIDAE 57 Four-eyed fishes = ANABLEPIDAE 58 False treval lies
=
LACTARIIDAE
GASTEROPELECIDAE Fri l l sharks = CHLAMYDOSELACHIDAE Frogfishes = ANTENNARIIDAE
53 42 57, 695
65, 88 7
Gobies = GOBIIDAE GOBIESOSOCIDAE GOBIIDAE Gobioidei GOBIOIDIDAE Gombessa
=
LATIMERIIDAE
GONORHYNCHIDAE Gonorhynchiformes Gonorhyn choidei GONOSTOMATIDAE Gonostomatoidei GOODEIDAE Goodeids = GOODEIDAE Goosefishes = LOPHIIDAE Gouramis = BELONTIIDAE GRAMMICOLEPIDIDAE
Freshwater hatchetfishes =
Index of Orders, Sub orders, and Families
52, 52, 52, 55, 55,
65 65, 88 7 65, 887 65 67 576-57 7 573-57 8 576-57 8 62 1 -62 5 62 1 -627 58 58 57, 694 66 60
Grammicolepids = GRAMMICOLEPIDIDAE
60 GRAMMIDAE 61 GRAMMISTIDAE 61 Graveldiver SCYTALINIDAE 64 Greeneyes = CHLOROPHTALMIDAE 55 Greenlings = H EXAGRAMMIDAE 61 Grenadier fishes MACROURIDAE 57 Grunts = HAEMULIDAE 62, 833-834 Guitar fishes= RHINOBATIDAE 43, 1 95-203 Gulper eels = Saccopharyngoidei 51 Gul pers = EUPHARYNGIDAE 51 Gun nels = PHOLIDIDAE 64, 881 GYMNOTIDAE 54 43 GYMNURIDAE GYRINOCHEILIDAE 5? =
G
=
57, 681 -688 56, 678-689 Gadoidei 56, 678-689 GADOPSIDAE 63 GALAX IIDAE 54 Galaxiids = GALAXIIDAE 54 Galeiformes 42, 1 7 1 -1 89 GalJoen fishes = CORACINIDAE 62 Garpikes = LEPI SOSTEIDAE 48, 373-374 GASTEROPEL ECIDAE 53 GASTEROSTEIDAE 60, 752 Gasterosteiformes 60, 752 GEMPYLIDAE 65, 896-897 GERRBDAE 62 Ghost flatheads = HOPLICHTHYIDAE 61 Ghost pipefishes = SOLENOSTOMIDAE 60, 768-- 7 69 Giant gourami = OSPHRONEMIDAE 66 G IBBERICHTHYIDAE 59 Gi bberfish = GIBB�RICHTHYIDAE 59 55 GIGANTURIDAE Goatfishes MUUJDAE 62 , 846 GADIDAE
Gad iformes
=
1 048
H
47, 333-331, 67, 943-9462, 833-83' HAEMULIDAE 3, Hagfishes = MYXINIDAE 59 Hairyfish = M IRAPINNIDAE Halfbeaks= HEMIRHAMPHIDAE 58, 69 7-700 HALECIDAE 55, 634-636 Ha lecoidei 55 , 634-636
HABROICHTHYIDAE
50, 52 1 -522 50, 52 1 Halosaurs = HALOSAURIDAE 50, 52 1 Hammerhead sharks = SPHYRNIDAE 42 HAPLOLEPIDIDAE 46, 323-325 46, 323-325 Haplo lepiformes HARPAGIFERIDAE 64 Hawkfishes = CIRRHITIDAE 63 Headstanders = ANASTOMIDAE 52 HELOGENIDAE 53 HELOSTOMATIDAE 66 Hemiodids = HEMIODONTIDAE 52 H EMIODONTIDAE 52 HEMIRHAMPHIDAE 58, 697-700 42, 1 77 H EMISCILLIIDAE H EPSETIDAE 53 Herring smelts = ARGENTINIDAE 54, 61 0 52, 55 1 -570 Herrings = CLUPEIDAE 42, 1 7 1 -1 72 HETERODONTIDAE Heterodontoidei 42, 1 7 1 -1 72 H ETEROPNEUSTIDAE 53 H EXAG RAMMIDAE 61 42, 1 88 Hexan choidei H I MANTOLOPHIDAE 57 HI ODONTIDAE 50, 499 59, 724-732 HOLOCENTRIDAE HOLOPTYCHIIiDAE 67, 965-966 HOLURIIDAE 46, 270 HOMALOPTERIDAE 52 HOMOSTEIDAE 40, 1 29 HOPLICHTHYIDAE 61 Horn sharks = HETERODONTIDAE 42 , 1 7 1 1 72 Hound sharks = TRIAKIDAE 42, 1 86-1 87 HYBODONTIDAE 42, 1 66-1 69 HYPOPHTHALMIDAE 53 HYPOPTYCHIDAE 60 HYPSIDOR IDAE 53, 598 HALOSAURIDAE
HADRONECTORIDAE
Halosaurid eels = Notacanthiformes
ICHTHYOKENTEMIDAE ICHTHYOTRINGIDAE I chthyot ringoidei I CTALURIDAE I DIACANTHIDAE I n i opterygiiformes INIOPTERYGIIDAE ISCHNACANTHIDAE Isch nacanthiformes ISON IDAE ISTIOPHORIDAE
62, 8 1 9-828 38, 1 05 Jawfishes = OPISTHOGNATHIDAE 64 Jacks
=
CARANGIDAE
JAMOYTHIIDAE
K 53 38, 89-90 Kelpfishes = CHIRONEMIDAE 63 Killifishes = CYPRINODONTIDAE 58, 702709 Kissing gourami = HELOSTOMATIDAE 66 Knife eels= GYMNOTIDAE 54 Knifefishes = Notopteroidei 50, 498499 Knifefishes = RHAMPHICHTHYIDAE 54 KnifeJaws OPLEGNATHIDAE 63 KRAEMERIIDAE 65 KUHlIlDAE 62 Kafue pike = HEPSETIDAE KATOPORIDAE
=
��ME KYPHOSIDAE
Icefishes = SALANGUIDAE Icht hyodectiformes
54 49, 480-489 49, 479-493
459-460 643-644 643-653 599-600 55 44, 2 1 9-223 44, 2 1 9 45, 244 45, 244 58 65
J
KUSHLUKIIDAE
ICHTHYODECTIDAE
49, 55, 55, 53,
�
65, 885 63
L LABRIDAE
63, 876-880
1 049
Index of Orders, Suborders, and Families 63, 876-880 62 42, 1 78-1 80 Lamnoidei LAMNIDAE 42 Lampreys= Petromyzontiformes 38, 1 1 3-1 1 4 38 Lampreys = PETROMYZONTIDAE LAMPRIDAE 58, 7 1 2 Lampridiformes 58, 7 1 2-7 1 5 Lam pridoidei 58, 7 1 2-71 4 55 Lancetfishes = ALEPlsAuRIDAE 59 Lanterneye fishes = ANoMALoPIDAE Lanternfishes = MYCTOPHIDAE 56, 655665 Labroidei
LOPHIIDAE
LACTARIIDAE
Lophiiformes
Largenose fishes
=
MEGALOMYCTERIDAE
59 38, 1 1 2 LATIMERIIDAE 67 LATRIDIDAE 63 LAUGIIDAE 67, 959-961 Leaffishes = NANDIDAE 63 LEBIASINIDAE 52 Lefteye flounders = BOTHIDAE 66, 920923 LEIOGNATHIDAE 62, 83 1 LEPIDOSIRENIDAE 67 LEPISOSTEIDAE 48, 373-374 48, 373-374 Lepisosteiformes 62 LEPTOBRAMIDAE 49, 469-477 LEPTOLEPIDIDAE 49, 469-478 Leptolepiformes LETHRINIDAE 62 Livebearers = POECILIIDAE 58 Lizardfishes = SYNODONTIDAE 55, 637638 Loaches = Cobitididae 52, 591 -592 Loach gobies = RHYACICHTHYIDAE 65
Lophioidei LOPHOTIDAE
Index of Orders, Suborders, and Families 57, 69 4 57, 694-695 57, 694 58, 7 1 5 53
LORICARIIDAE
65
Louvar = LUVARIIDAE Low-eyed catfishes.
53
HYPOPHTHALMIDAE
66 LUGANOIIDAE 47, 336-337 Luganoiiformes 47, 333-337 Lumpfishes = CYCLOPTERIDAE 61 LUTJANIDAE 62 LUVARIIDAE 65 LYCOPTERIDAE 50, 498 LUCIOCEPHALIDAE
LASANIIDAE
Lobe-fi nned fishes
=
Crossopterygii
LOBOTIDAE Longneck eels = DERICHTHYIDAE
67 62 51
LOGANIIDAE Loosejaws
1 05 0
=
MALACOSTEIDAE
1 24-1 26 761 -762 MACROSEMIIDAE 405-4 1 2 Macrosemiiformes 405-4 1 4 MACROURIDAE 57 Mackerels SCOMBRIDAE 65, 900-9 1 0 Mackerel sharks = LAMNIDAE 42 MACROPETALiCHTHYIDAE MACRORHAMPHOSIDAE
39, 60, 48, 48,
=
55
MALACOSTEIDAE
53
MALAPTERURIDAE Manefishes = CARISTIIDAE Marbled catfishes = HELOGENIDAE
62
53
Marine hatchetfishes = STERNOPTYCHIDAE
55, 626-627
66
MASTACEMBELIDAE MAYOMYZONTIDAE MCCONICHTHYIDAE
38, 1 1 3-1 1 4 56, 671
Medusafishes = CENTROLOPHIDAE MEGALOPIDAE MELAMPHAIDAE MELANONIDAE MELANOSTOMIIDAE
45 38, 9 1 -92 55
43, 2 1 1 58, 701 NEMIPTERIDAE 62 NETTASTOMATIDAE 51 New Zealand smelts = RETROPINNIDAE 54 NIMICHTHYIDAE 51 NOMEIDAE 65, 9 1 5-91 6 NARCINIDAE
Merluccid hakes = MERLUCCIIDAE
Needlefishes = BELONIDAE
=
=
North American catfishes =
53, 599-600 50, 522 Notacanthiformes 50, 52 1 -522 NOTELOPIDAE 50, 520 Notopteroidei 50, 498-499 NOTOTHENIIDAE 64 65 Nurseryfishes = KURTIDAE Nurse sharks = ORECTOLOBIDAE 42, 1 731 76 ICTALuRIDAE
NOTACANTHIDAE
=
M EGALOMYCTERIDAE
Longnose chimaeras RHINOCHIMAERIDAE
M
62, 829-830 57, 689 57, 689 MERLUCCIIDAE M iCRODESMIDAE 65 MiLANANGUILLIDAE 5 1 , 533 Milkfishes CHANIDAE 52, 573-574 Mi nnows = CYPRINIDAE 52, 579-590 MIRAPINNIDAE 59 M rrsUKURINIDAE 42, 1 79 MOCHOKIDAE 53 Mojarras = GERREIDAE 62 Molas MOLIDAE 66 MOLIDAE 66 MONOCENTRIDIDAE 59 MONODACTYLIDAE 62, 847-848 Mooneyes = HIODONTIDAE 50, 499 Moonfishes = MENIDAE 62, 829-830 51 Moray eels MURAENIDAE Morid cods = MORIDAE 5 7 , 678 MORIDAE 57, 678 51 MORINGUIDAE 50 MORMYRIDAE Morwongs = CHEILODACTYLIDAE 63 Mudminnows = UMBRIDAE 54, 609 MUGILIDAE 63, 873 M u giloidei 63, 873 MUGILOIDIDAE 64, 883 Mullets MUGILIDAE 63, 873 MULLIDAE 62 , 846 MURAENESOCIDAE 51 MURAENIDAE 51 MURAENOLEPIDIDAE 56 Mustard eels = DISSOMIDAE 51 MYCTOPHIDAE 56, 655-665 Myctophiformes 56, 654-665 MYLIOBATIDAE 43, 2 1 5 Myliobatoidei 43, 2 1 2-2 1 6 Myriacanthoidei 44, 231 MYXINIDAE 37 MENIDAE
MELANOTAENIIDAE MENASPIDAE Menaspoidei
5
59
50, 5 1 1 -5 1 2 59 56 55 58
44, 228-2 30 44, 228-2 30
=
o Oarfishes = REGALECIDAE OGCOCEPHALIDAE OLiGOPLEURIDAE ONYCHODONTIDAE Onychodontiformes Opah= LAMPRIDAE OPHIDIIDAE Ophidiiformes OPISTHOGNATHIDAE OPISTHOPROCTIDAE OPLEGNATHIDAE
ORECTOLOBIDAE Orectoloboidei
ORODONTIDAE Orodontiformes OSMERIDAE
63
57, 57,
Orbicular velvetfishes = CARACANTHIDAE
OREOSOMATIDAE
NANDIDAE
67, 67,
OPHICHTHIDAE
Oreos = OREOSOMATIDAE
N
49,
OLYRIDAE
58 57 465-467 53 962-963 962-963 58, 7 1 2 51 , 534 690-692 690-692 64 54 63
Osmeroidei
61 42, 1 73-1 76 42, 1 73-1 7 7 60 60 4 1 , 1 63 4 1 , 1 63 54, 6 1 4-61 5 54, 6 1 4-61 5
1 05 1
Index of Orders, Suborders, and Families
Index of Orders, Suborders, and Families OSMEROIDIDAE OSPHRONEMIDAE OSTEOGLOSSIDAE Osteoglossiformes Osteog lossoidei Osteolepidiformes OSTRACIIDAE
50, 5 1 3 66 49, 496-497 49, 496-499 49, 496-497 67, 964-974 66 4 2 , 1 78
OTODONTIDAE
Peltopleuriformes PEMPHERIDIDAE
62
Pencil fishes LEBIASINIDAE PENTACEROTIDAE Perches PERCIDAE =
=
PERCICHTHYIDAE
52
63, 8
0
62, 807-81 2 6 1 , 787- 79 1 62, 807-8 1 2
PERCIDAE
Perciformes
61 -66, 785-9 1 9
Percoidei
6 1 -63, 785-872 56 , 673
PERCOPSIDAE
56, 672-67 7
Percopsiformes
p
4 7 , 363-3 65
56 , 673
Percopsoidei
65, 9 1 3-9 1 4 PALAEORHYNCHIDAE 1 49 PALAEOSPONDYLIDAE 1 49 Palaeospondyliformes 67, 973 PANDERICHTHYIDAE 53, 602 PANGASIIDAE 49 PANTODONTIDAE 60, 766-767 PARAEOLISCIDAE 55, 639-642 PARALEPIDIDAE 5 1 , 525-526 PARANGUILLIDAE 48, 4 1 5-423 PARASEMIONOTIDAE Parasitic catfishes = TRICHOMYCTERIDAE 53 PARASYNARCUALIDAE 60, 760 Parazen = PARAZENIDAE 59 59 PARAZENIDAE 63 Parrotfishes SCARIDAE
PE R LE I DI DAE 4 7 , 351 -359 4 7 , 351 -363 Perleidiformes 39, 1 24-1 26 Petalichthyiformes 4 1 , 1 64 PETALODONTIDAE 4 1 , 1 64-1 65 Petalodontiformes 38, 1 1 3-1 1 <.. Petromyzontiformes PETROMYZONTIDAE 38 67, 985-987 PHANEROPLEURIDAE 64, 88 1 PHOLIDIDAE 49, 45 1 -458PHOLIDOPHORIDAE 49, 451 -46£ Pholidophoriformes 4 7 , 330-33:Pholidopleuridae 4 7 , 330-33L Pholidopleuriformes 40, 1 3t Pholidosteidae 55, 628-62f+ PHOTICHTHYIDAE 55, 628-62f Photichthyoidei 39, 1 2 1 PHYLLOLEPIDIDAE 39, 1 27 Phyllolepidiformes 53 Pike-characins CTENOLUCIIDAE 51 Pike eels = MURAENESOCIDAE 66 Pikehead = LUCIOCEPHALIDAE Pikes = ESOCIDAE 54, 607-608 PIMELODIDAE 53, 60: Pinecone fishes MONOCENTRIDIDAE 5S Pipefishes = SYNGNATHIDAE 60 , 770-77 Pirate perch = APHREDODERIDAE 56, 674
PATAVICHTHYIDAE
5 1 , 541 -542
PATTERSONICHTHYIDAE
5 6 , 666-668
PLATAC IDAE
67 ,
Pattersonichthyiformes
56, 666-668
PLATYCEPHALIDAE
48, 438-445 PACHYCORMIDAE 50, 51 8-5 1 9 PACHYRHIZODONTIDAE Pachyrhizodontoidei 50, 5 1 8-520 Paddlefishes= Polyodontoidei 48, 370 54, 606 PALAEOESOCIDAE PALAEONISCIDAE 46, 289-294 Palaeonisciformes 45, 254-322 45, 254-308 Palaeoniscoidei Palaeoniscoids = Palaeoniscoidei 45, 254-308
=
Pearleyes
= SCOPELARCHIDAE
PEGASIDAE Peg as if ormes PELTOPLEURIDAE
1 052
55 60, 753 60, 753 4 7 , 364-365
=
=
PLATYRHINIDAE
P LATYS OM I DAE Platysomoidei PLESIOPIDAE
63, 854-85'"
e1
43, 20 I
46, 309-3 1 1
46, 309-3 1 ti
61
PLEURONECTIDAE Pleuronectiformes 66, Pleuronectoidei 66, PLEUROPHOLIDAE PLOTOSIDAE Plough nose chimaeras CALLORHYNCHIDAE Plunderfish = HARPAGIFERIDAE Poachers = AGONIDAE POECILIIDAE
64
PTYCHOLEPIDIDAE Ptycholepiformes PTYCTODONTIDAE Ptyctodontiformes Puffers= TETRAODONTIDAE PYCNODONTIDAE PYCNOSTEROIDIDAE Pycodontiformes
61
PYGOPTERIDAE
58
Pyrrhulinins
66, 924 920-925 920-924 49, 461 53 45
POLYMIXIIDAE
59, 740-743
Polymixoidei
59, 740-743
POLYNEMIDAE POLYODONTIDAE Polyodontoidei POLYPTERIDAE POMACANTHIDAE POMACENTRIDAE POMATOMIDAE Pomfrets= BRAMIDAE Pompanos = CARANGIDAE Ponyfishes = SCYLIORHINIDAE
45
Pteraspidiformes PTEROTHRISSIDAE
PTERYGOCEPHALIDAE PTIUCHTHYIDAE
59, 737 48, 389-404 46, 2 7 1 -272
=
LEBIASINIDAE
52
Q Quillfish = PrILiCHTHYIDAE
64
63, 865 62, 8 1 7 62, 832
R
62, 8 1 9-828
66
Rabbitfishes = SIGANIDAE 65 Racehorses CONGIOPODIDAE 61 RACHYCENTRIDAE 62 Rainbowfishes = M ELANOTAENIIDAE 58 RAJIDAE 4 3 , 205 Rajiformes 4 3 , 1 95-2 1 6 Rajoidei 43, 205-206 Rays = Rajiformes 43, 1 95-2 1 6 REDFIELDIIDAE 4 7 , 338-350 Redfieldi iformes 4 7 , 338-350 REGALECIDAE 58 Remoras = ECHENEIDIDAE 62, 8 1 8 Requin sharks = CARCHARHINIDAE 42, 1 85 RETROPINNIDAE 54 RHABDODERMATIDAE 67, 946-948 RHABDOLEPIDIDAE 46, 260 RHADINICHTHYIDAE 46, 2 6 1 -263 RHAMPHICHTHYIDAE 54
66
RHAMPHOSIDAE
42, 1 81 -
=
PrERASPIDIDAE
66, 937 48, 39 1 -404
63
=
= PSETTODIDAE
39, 1 22-1 23
48, 370
Porcupinefishes DIODONTIDAE 66, 938 Porgies = SPARIDAE 62, 835-843 POROLEPIDIDAE 6 7 , 964 POTAMOTRYGONIDAE 43 PSEUDOCHROMIDAE 61 PRIACANTHIDAE 62, 8 1 3 Prickle backs STICHAEIDAE 63 59 Pricklefishes = STEPHANOBERYCIDAE PRIONOLEPIDIDAE 56, 653 PRISCACARIDAE 63, 866 43 PRISTIOPHORIDAE PROTEOMYRIDAE 51 , 530 3 7 , 79-80 PROTOPTERASPIDIDAE PROTOPTERIDAE 67 Prowfish = ZAPORI DAE 64 PSETTODIDAE
4 7 , 329 39, 1 22-1 23
63 48, 370
1 84
Psettotids
4 7 , 329
3 7 , 8 1 -85 37, 7 1 -88 50, 5 1 4-5 1 6 61 , 777 64
=
Rhenaniformes RHINCODONTIDAE
6 1 , 778 3 9 , 1 1 9-1 2 1 42
RHINOBATIDAE
4 3 , 1 95-203
Rhinobatoidei RHINOCHIMAERIDAE
43 , 1 95-204 45
1 053
Index of Orders, Suborders, and Families
Index of Orders, Suborders, and Families RHINOPRENIDAE
63
SCANILEPIDIDAE
RHINOPTERIDAE
43
SCARIDAE
Rhipidi iformes
67, 964-974 67, 974
RHIZODONTIDAE
65
RHYACICHTHYIDAE =
TRACHIPTERIDAE Ribbonfishes 58 PLEURONECTIDAE 66, Righteye flounders =
=
=
=
=
63 63, 856
SCATOPHAGIDAE =
SCATOPHAGIDAE Scats 63, 85 6 LETHRINIDAE Scavengers 62 Schilbeid catfishes= SCHILBEIDAE 53 =
SCHILBEIDAE
43
SCLERORHYNCHIDAE
53 62 , 844-845 43, 207-2 09
58
Sclerorhynchoidei
43, 207 -209
63
SCOMBEROSOCIDAE
61
SCOMBRIDAE
58 65, 900- 91 0
Scombroidei
65 , 896-91 4
924 =
POTAMOTRYGONIDAE River stingrays APLOCHEILIDAE Rivulines BATHYMASTERIDAE Ronquils PLESIOPIDAE Roundheads 43 , UROLOPHIDAE Round rays
46, 297
216
SCIAENIDAE
SCOPELARCHIDAE
55 60, 77 6
SCORPAENIDAE
ANOPLOPOMATIDAE Sablefishes Sabretooth fishes = EVERMANNELLIDAE
61
60, Scorpaeniformes 60, Scorpaenoidei SCORPAENIDAE Scorpionfishes 61 , Sculpins = COTTIDAE
55
SCYTALINIDAE
SACCOPHARYNGIDAE
51
61 , 792-80�
Saccopharyngoidei
51
SERRANIDAE Sea basses ARIIDAE Sea catfishes Sea chubs = KYPHOSIDAE CERATIIDAE Sea devils SYNGNATHIDAE Seahorses PEGASIDAE Seamoths Searobins = TRIGLIDAE Sea toads = CHAUNACIDAE SEMIONOTIDAE
48, 375-38"
Semionotiformes
48, 375-383
SERRANIDAE
61 , 792-802
S
=
=
67, 989
SAGENODONTIDAE
54
SALANGUIDAE
54, 61 6-6 1 9
SALMONIDAE =
54, 61 6-6 1 9 SALMONIDAE Salmonids 54, 606-620 Salmoniformes 54, 61 6-6 1 9 Salmonoidei 60 HYPOPTYCHIDAE Sand eels Sandfishes = TRICHODONTIDAE 64 Sandfishes = TRICHONOTIDAE 64 KRAEMERIIDAE Sand gobies 65 64, 886 AMMODYTIDAE Sand lances Sandperches = MUGILOIDIDAE 64, 883 Sand stargazers = DACTYLOSCOPIDAE 64 67 Sarcopterygii Sarcopterygii Sarcopterygians 67 =
60, 75 1
61 , 77 J
5f
Shark catfishes = PANGASIIDAE CENTRISCIDAE Shrimpfishes
56, 654
47, 366-367 Saurichthyiformes 58 SCOMBEROSOCIDAE Sauries =
49, 490
SAURODONTIDAE =
Pristoidei Sawfishes PRISTIOPHORIDAE Saw sharks Scaleless black dragonfishes =
MELANOSTOMIIDAE
1 054
60, 770-77 '
=
43 43
51 , 54 )
44, 220-22 1
SIGANIDAE
65
SI LLAGINIDAE
6?
Siluriformes 53, 598-604 53 Sisorid catfishes = SISORIDAE SISORIDAE SILURIDAE
Silversides
=
SIMENCHELYIDAE
ATHERINIDAE
=
=
=
=
=
897 =
LUTJANIDAE Snappers NEMICHTHYIDAE Snipe eels MACRORHAMPHOSIDAE Snipefishes =
=
=
.
=
STEPHANOBERYCIDAE
51
STERNOPTYCHIDAE
55 , 626-627
60,
STETHACANTHIDAE
41 , 1 57-1 59
761 -762 =
61 , 785-786 =
51
Soapfishes = GRAMM ISTIDAE
61
SOLEIDAE
66, 925
SOLENOSTOMIDAE
732 64 Stargazers = URANOSCOPIDAE 46, 255-257 Stegotrachelidae Stensioellidae 39, 1 1 8 39, 1 1 8 Stensioelliformes
62
60, 768-769
Soleoidei 66, 925 SOLEIDAE Soles 66, 925 South American hillstream catf. =
53
ASTROBLEPIDAE
South American lungfishes
=
63
STICHOCENTRIDAE
LEPIDOSIRENIDAE
67 63, 851 -853
SPARIDAE
62, 835-843
Speckeled knifefishes
=
APTERONOTIDAE 54
59, 738
Sticklebacks = Gasterosteidae 60, 752 Stingrays = DASYATIDAE 43, 2 1 2-2 1 4 Stomiiformes 54, 62 1 -629 AKYSIDAE Stream catfishes 53 =
STROMATEIDAE
65, 9 1 8-9 1 9
65, 9 1 5-9 1 9 Stromateoidei ACipenseriformes 4 7 , 368Sturgeons =
370 STYLEPHORIDAE
59
STYRACOPTERIDAE
Spadefishes = EPHIPPIDAE
59
STICHAEIDAE
=
46, 269
=
CATOSTOMIDAE Suckers 52, 593 CENTRARCHIDAE 62, 803-806 Sunfishes EMBIOTOCIDAE Surfperches 63 58 ISONIDAE Surf sardines Surgeonfishes = ACANTHURIDAE 65, 888=
=
=
SPHENOCEPHALIDAE
56, 672
893
Sphenocephaloidei
56, 672
SACCOPHARYNGIDAE Swallowers 51 Swamp-eels SYNBRANCHIDAE 60 Sweepers = PEMPHERIDIDAE 62 Swordfish = XIPHIIDAE 65, 91 1 -9 1 2
SPHYRAENIDAE
63, 874-875
53
Sphyraenoidei
63, 874-875
53
SPHYRNIDAE
58, 7 1 0-7 1 1 51
Spiny eels= NOTACANTHIDAE 50, 522 Spiny eels Notacanthiformes 50, 52 1 -522 59 DIRETMIDAE Spinyfins Squaliformes 43, 1 90-194 Squalidae 43, 1 90-1 92 Squaloidei 43, 1 90-192 53 Squarehead catfishes = CHACIDAE 65 , 91 7 Squaretails = Tetragonuridae Squatinidae 43, 1 93- 1 94 Squatinoidei 43, 1 93-1 94 Holocentridae 59, 724Squirrelfishes
=
53, 602 60, 76376
SIBYRHYNCHIDAE
722 42, 1 8 1 - 1 84 Slimys = SCYLIORHINIDAE SCYLIORHINIDAE 42, 1 8 1 - 1 84 Slipmouths OSMERIDAE Smelts 54, 6 1 4-61 5 62 Smelt-whitings = SILLAGINIDAE AsTRONESTHIDAE 55 Snaggletooths CYCLOPTERIDAE Snailfishes 61 Snake eels = OPHICHTHIDAE 5 1 , 534 CHANNIDAE Snakeheads 66 GEMPYLIDAE 65, 896Snake mackerels
SIMENCHELYIDAE
=
47, 366-367
780-78'"
=
=
=
=
Snooks CENTROPOMIDAE Snubnose paraSitic eels
SERRIVOMERIDAE
SAURICHTHYIDAE
61 , 77 6
=
=
=
776-779
64 =
=
SARDINOIDIDAE
776-784
=
RAJIDAE Skates 43, 205 Skates = Rajiformes 43, 1 95-2 1 6 ELEOTRIDIDAE Sleepers 65 DALATIIDAE Sleeper sharks 43 ALEPOCEPHALIDAE Slickheads 54 Slimeheads = TRACHICHTHYIDAE 59, 7 1 6-
Spikefishes = TRIACANTHODIDAE
42 66, 929932
Spiny eels = MASTACEMBELIDAE
66
=
=
SYMMORIIDAE
Symmoriiformes SYNANCEIIDAE
41 , 1 56 41 , 1 56-1 59 60
55
1 055
Index of Orders, Suborders, and families Synancejidae
=
SYNANCEIIDAE
SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE SYNBRANCHIDAE
60, 60, 60, 55,
SYNGNATHIDAE Syngn athiformes Syngnathoidei SYNODONTIDAE
60 51 60 770-774 754-774 768-774 637-638
T
59 5 1 1 -51 2 500-520 Tarpons Elopiformes 327-328 Tarrasiiformes 258-259 Teg eolepididae Temperate basses Percichthyidae 61 , 787-791 52, 579-590 Tenches CYPRINIDAE Tenpounders Elopidae 50, 503-509 TERAPONIDAE 61 65, 9 1 7 Tetrag o n u ridae Tetraodontidae 66, 937 Tetraodontiformes 66, 926-938 66, 937-938 Tetraodontoidei 38, 89-94 Thelod ontiformes 47, 335 Thoracopteridae 53 Thorny catfishes DORADIDAE Threadfin breams NEMIPTERIDAE 62 Threadfin scat RHINOPRENIDAE 63 Threefin blennies TRIPTERYGIIDAE 64 Threadfins POLYNEMIDAE 63 Three-toothed puffer TRIODONTIDAE 66 Thresher sharks Alopiidae 42 THRYPTODONTIDAE 49, 491 -492 Tigerperches TERAPONIDAE 61 Toadfishes Batrachoididae 57, 693 Tonguefishes CYNOGLOSSIDAE 66 43, 2 1 0 TORPEDINIDAE 43, 2 1 0-2 1 1 Torped i n oi d ei Torrentfishes HOMALOPTERIDAE 52 TO XOTIDA E 62 , 849 59, 7 1 6-722 TRACHICHTHYIDAE TRACHINIDAE 64, 882 Tapetails Tarpons
=
=
EURAENIOPHORIDAE
Megalopidae
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
50, 50, 46, 46,
Index of Orders, Sub orders, and Families
64, 882-88 3 58 Trachipteroidei 58, 7 1 5 Trahiras ERYTHRINIDAE 52 TREMATOSTEIDAE 40, 1 38 T RIACANTHIDAE 66 TRIACANTHODIDAE 66, 929-932 TRIAKIDAE 42, 1 86-1 8 7 TRICHIURIDAE 65, 898-89 9 T RICHODONTIDAE 64 TRICHOMYCTERIDAE 53 TRICHONOTIDAE 64 Triggerfishes BALISTIDAE 66, 933-936 TRIGLIDAE 6 1 , 779 TRIODONTIDAE 66 TRIPAUCHENIDAE 65 Triplespines TRIACANTHIDAE 66 Tripletails LOBOTIDAE 62 TRIPTERYG IIDAE 64 Trachinoidei
URONEMIDAE
TRACHIPTERIDAE
U ROSPHENIDAE
67, 990 60, 757-758
Zoarcidae Zoarcoidei
63 63, 88 1
=
v VARASICHTHYIDAE Velvetfishes Vi perfishes
APLOACTINIDAE
=
=
CHAULIODONTIDAE
49, 478 61 55
=
=
=
True American characins
=
53, 595-597 50, 523 True rays RAJIDAE 43, 205 Trumpeters LATRIDIDAE 63 Trumpetfishes AULOSTOMIDAE 60, 754=
ANGUILLIDAE
=
=
756
=
49, 494-495 59 Tubesnouts AULORHYNCHIDAE 60 Tunas SCOMBRIDAE 65, 900-91 0 TURINIIDAE 38, 93 58, 7 1 3-7 1 4 TURKMENIDAE TSELFATIIDAE
Tube-eye
=
57 64, 882 Whale-like catfishes =' CETOPSIDAE 53 42 Whale sharks RHINCODONTIDAE Wolffishes ANARHICHADIDAE 64 52, 572 Wolf herrings CHIROCENTRIDAE Worm eels MORINGUIDAE 51 Wormfishes Microdesmidae 65 Wrasses LABRIDAE 63, 879-880 Wrymouths CRYPTACANTHODIDAE 64 WUTTAGOONASPIDIDAE 39, 1 28 Wutlagoonaspidoidei 39, 1 28 Warty anglers
Weeverfishes
=
=
BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE
TRACHINIDAE
=
=
CHARACIDAE
True eels
W
=
=
=
=
=
STYLEPHORIDAE =
=
x Xenacanthidae
=
Xenacanthiformes
=
Xenoco n g ri dae
=
U
Xiphiidae
40, 40, 51 , 65,
1 50-1 53 1 50-1 53 527-529 91 1 -9 1 2
=
=
=
=
1 056
48, 41 3 54, 609
UARBRYICHTHYIDAE UMBRIDAE Upside-down catfi shes U RANOLOPHIDAE U RANOSCOPIDAE URENCHELYIDAE UROLOPHIDAE
=
MOCHOKIDAE
53 67, 977 64 51 , 543 44, 2 1 6
Z ZANIOLEPIDIDAE ZAPORIDAE Zeidae Zeiformes
61 64 59, 748-749 59, 748-751
1 05 7
Index of G enera Arranged b y Formation ORDOVICIAN
Sacabam baspis
70
S I LURIAN
Birkenia Dartmuthia Hemicyclaspis Hirella Jamoythius Lanarkia Lasanius Logania Pharyngolepis Phlebolepis Pterygolepis Thelodus Thyestes Tyriaspis unnamed (Birkeniidae) unnamed (Cyathaspididae) Vernonaspis
1 06 95 98 99 1 05 89 1 12 91 1 07 90 1 08 92 1 04 96 1 10 76 77
D EVON IAN
A slab being split. Looking for fossils can seem like hard labour, but determina tion will be rewarded by success.
1 058
Aceraspis Alaspis Ang laspis Asterolepis Boreaspis Bothriolepis Brachyosteus Callistiopterus Canadapteraspis Canowindra Card ipeltis Cephalaspis Chagrinia Cheiracanthus Cheirolepis Chirodipterus Cladoselache Climatius Coccosteus Ctenurella Diademodus
97 1 00 71 1 41 1 01 1 40 1 38 962 79 974 86 1 03 94 1 246 254 98 1 1 54 238 1 32 1 22 1 55
Diplacanthus Diplognathus Dipnorhynchus Dipterus Doryaspis Drepanaspis Dunkleosteus Eastmanosteus Elpistostege Empedaspis Eusthenopteron Euthacanthus Fleurantia Gemuendina Glyptolepis Griphognathus Gyroptychius Holodipterus Holoptychius Homalacanthus Homosteus I rregulareaspis Ischnacanthus Jagorina Kentuckia Larnovaspis Legendrelepis Lep idaspis Lu naspis Macropetalichthys Mentzichthys Mesacanthus Mi crobrachius Mig uashaia Millerosteus Moythomasia Osteolepis Oxyosteus Palaeospondylus Parexus Pentlandia Phaneropleuron Pholidosteus Phyllolepis Pionaspis Poraspis Porolepis Protaspis Pteraspis
242 1 46 978 982 81 88 1 36 1 37 973 78 971 239 985 1 20 965 979 968 980 966 247 1 29 72 244 121 255 82 111 94 1 25 1 26 262 248 1 42 955 1 33 256 969 1 30 1 49 240 983 986 1 35 127 73 74 964 83 84
1 059
Index of Genera Arranged by Formation
Index of Genera Arranged by Formation Pterichthyodes Quebecius Remigolepis Rhadinacanthus Rhamphodopsis Rhinodipterus Rhinopteraspis Rhyncholepis Scaumenacia Stegotrachelus Stensioella Sundayichthys Th ursius Torpedaspis Triazeugacanthus Tristichopterus Trygonaspis Turinia U ranolophus Vernicomacanthus Watsonosteus Willomorichthys Wuttagoonaspis
1 44 963 1 45 243 1 23 984 85 1 09 987 257 118 267 970 75 250 972 80 93 977 241 1 34 307 1 28
CARBON I FEROUS Acanthoniscus Acrolepsis Aetheretmon Allenypterus Apholidotos Atracauda Belantsea BeneGlenius Canobius Caridosuctor Cheirodopsis Chirodus Chondrenchelys Coelacanthopsis Commentrya Conchopoma Cornuboniscus Damocles Delphyodontos Deltoptychius D iscoserra
1 060
299 277 261 943 327 301 1 65 269 265 946 314 315 21 7 947 287 991 268 1 57 234 228 320
Dryden i u s Echinochi maera Edestus Enzichthys Esconichthys Eurynothus Expleuracanthus Falcatus Fubarichthys G i l pichthys Gonatodus G u i l dayichthys Hadronector Hamiltonichthys Haplolepis Hardistiella Harpagofututor Heteropetalus Holurus Howqualepis I n iopera Iniopteryx Lochmocercus Mayomyzon Mesolepis Mesopoma M icrohaplolepis Nematoptychius Paratarrasius Polyosteorhynchus Rhabdoderma Rhadinichthys Sagenodus Sibyrhynchus Stethacanthus Symmorium unnamed (Cochliodontoidei) unnamed (Cochliodontoidei) unnamed (Cochliodontoidei) unnamed (Cochliodontoidei) unnamed (Cochliodontoidei) unnamed (Holocephali) un named (I niopterygiformes) unnamed (Orodontiformes) U ronemus Utahacanthus Yogoniscus
27 3 23 2 1 61 3D' 994 31 2 1 50 1 58 302 115 276 31 9 944 1 67 323 1 13 218 1 70 270 290 220 219 942 114 310 266 324 271 328 945 948 263 989 221 1 59 1 56 224 225 225 226 227 235 222 1 63 990 25 1 308
PERM IAN Acanthodes Acentrophorus Acropholis Aeduella Amblypterus Atherstonia Bourbonella Coelacanthus Ctenodus Dorypterus Ebenaqua Ectosteorhachis Elonichthys Eurysomus Ganolepis Gardineria Helicoprion Janassa bituminosa Lawnia Menaspis M uensterichthys Orthacanthus Palaeoniscum Paramblypterus Phanerosteon Platysomus Pygopterus Pyritocephalus Reticulepis Rhabdolepis Tholonotus Traq uairichthys triodus U rosthenes Wodnika Xenacanthus
245 375 278 285 283 300 286 951 988 326 31 7 967 274 31 3 275 304 1 60 1 64 284 230 305 151 292 288 264 31 1 272 325 281 260 282 249 1 52 322 1 69 1 53
TR IASSIC Acronemus Aetheodontus Albertonia Apateolepis Atopocephala Australosomus
1 66 363 415 258 338 330
Beaconia Belichthys Besania Birgeria Bobasatrania Boreosomus Brembodus Brookvalia Cionichthys Cleithrolepidina Cleithrolepis Colobodus Dan dya Dicellopyge Dictyopyge D i p l u rus Dipteronotus Ecri nesom us Enigmaichthys Eoeugnathus Eosemionotus Gibbodon Gosfordia Gyrolepis Habroichthys Haywardia Helichthys Hemicalypterus Heterolepidotus Holophagus Ischnolepis Jacob ulus Lasal ichthys Laugia Legnonotus Luganoia M acroaethes Manlietta Megapteriscus Meidiichthys Mendocinichthys Meridensia Mesembroniscus Molybdichthys Myriolepis Nannolepis Paracentrophorus Paraceratodus
339 302 336 296 316 279 389 340 341 360 361 351 376 295 342 952 362 31 8 378 425 379 390 992 289 333 32 1 343 380 428 959 344 41 6 345 960 408 337 331 352 259 353 354 355 280 346 291 334 383 993
1 06 1
Index of G enera Arranged by Formation
Index of Genera Arranged by Fopnation Paralepidotus Parapholidophorus Parasemionotus Peltopleurus Pericentrophorus Perleidus Phaidrosoma Phlyctaenichthys Pholidoctenus Pholidopleurus Pholidorhynchodon Piveteauia Placopleurus Praesemionotus Pristisomus Procheirichthys Prohalecites Promecosomina Pteronisculus Redfieldius Sargodon Saurichthys Scanilepis Schizurichthys Semionotus Synorichthys Thoracopterus Tripelta Turseodus unnamed (Coelacanthidae?) unnamed (Edestidae) unnamed (Parasem ionotidae?) Watsonulus Whiteia
384 453 417 364 385 356 41 8 347 454 332 457 956 365 419 357 358 458 420 293 348 386 366 297 349 387 350 335 359 294 958 1 62 422 421 957
LOWER J U RASS I C Acanthorhina Aphnelepis Archaeomaene Chondrosteus Dapedium Euthynotus Hulettia Hybodus Lepidotes Leptolepis
1 062
231 462 463 368 377 439 468 1 68 382 472
Pachycormus Pholidolepis Proleptolepis Ptycholepis Saurorhynchus Saurostomus Tetragonolepis Todiltia Uarbryichthys unnamed (Amiiformes?) unnamed (Galeiformes?) unnamed (Parasemionotidae)
442 45 5 47 4 392 367 44 5 388 477 413 437 1 89 423
U P P E R J U RASSIC Aellopos Allothrissops Amblysem ius Anaethalion Arduafrons Ascalabos Aspidorhynchus Asterodermus Asthenocormus Belemnobatis Belonostomus Callopterus Catervariolus Caturus Coccoderma Coccolepis Corysodon Daitingichthys Disticholepis Domeykos Eomesodon Eurycormus Furo Gyrod u s Gyronchus Heterodontus Heterostrophus Histionotus Hypsocormus Ichthyokentema lonoscopus Ischyodus
1 95 479 426 500 391 469 446 1 97 438 1 98 447 465 459 424 950 298 1 73 510 406 553 394 452 705 395 396 171 381 407 440 460 466 233
Leptolepides Libys Liodesmus Lycoptera Macrosemius Macrourogaleus Mesturus Notagogus Ophiopsis Orectorobus Orthocormus Orthogonikleithrus Pachythrissops Palaeocarcharias Palaeoscyllium Paracestracion Pholidophorus Phorcynis Pleuropholis Propterus Proscinetes Protoclupea Protospinax Pseudorhina Pteroniscus Sauropsis Strobilodus Tharsis Thrissops Undina unnamed (lchthyodectiformes) U rocles Varasichthys
47 1 953 434 498 409 1 81 398 410 414 1 74 441 473 51 1 1 75 1 82 1 72 456 1 76 461 41 2 402 563 1 92 1 94 306 444 430 475 488 961 493 436 478
LOWE R C R ETAC EOUS Amiopsis Araripichthys Axelrodichthys Brannerion Calamopleurus Chirocentrites Cladocyclus Clupavus Coelodus Cooyoo Crossog nathus
432 744 949 503 433 480 481 470 393 482 502
Dastilbe Ellimm ichthys Eoproscinetes I dri ssia Macrepistius Notelops Omosomopsis Oshunia Pachyrhizodus Paraelops Proportheus Protostomias Rhacolepis Sinamia Stemmatodus Stichoberyx Stichopterus Tharrhias Tselfatia unnamed (Cheirothricidae?) Vinctifer Wadeichthys
504 547 399 623 429 520 741 467 51 8 506 486 624 519 435 404 731 369 476 495 648 448 464
U P P E R C R ETAC EOUS Acrogaster Aipichthys Anguil lavus Apateopholis Aphanepyg us Apsopelix Bananogmius Centrophoroides Charitosomus Cheirothrix Cimolichthys Coccodus Cryptoberyx Ctenocephalichthys Ctenothrissa Cyclobatis Dactylopogon Davichthys Dercetis Dinopteryx Echidnocephal us Enchelion
716 736 524 643 405 501 491 1 90 576 645 652 392 733 725 669 206 656 505 649 735 521 537
1 063
Index of G enera Arranged by Formation
Index of Genera Arranged by Foqnation Enchodus Eubiodectes Eurypholis Exocoetoides Gastero rhamphosus Gaudryella Gh arbouria Gillicus Hajulia Hakelia Halec Hemisaurida Heteroth rissa Hexanchus Hi stiothrissa Hopl opteryx Humilichthys Ichthyoceros Ichthyodectes Ic hthyotringa Istieus Lebonichthys Leptecodon Leptosomus Libanoberyx Lissoberyx Macropomoides Mesiteia M icropristis Nematonotus Omosoma Opistopteryx Ornategulum Osmeroides Palaeobalistum Palaeolycus Parachanos Pararaja Paraspinus Parasyl laemus Paratriakis Pateroperca Pattersonichthys Pelargorhyn chus Petalo pteryx Pharmacichthys Ph oenicolepis Phylactocephalus
1 064
630 483 633 646 762 61 2 620 484 514 658 634 635 670 1 88 558 718 666 397 902 644 51 5 51 7 631 661 719 720 954 1 77 207 662 740 664 560 513 401 632 574 205 729 507
Platyco rmus Plectocretacicus Plesioberyx Prionolepis Prolates Pronotacanthus Protobrama Protosphyraena Pseudoberyx Pycnosterinx Pycnosteroides Rhinobatos Rhombopterygia Rhynchodercetis Sardinioides Sardinius Saurodon Scapan orhynchus Sclerorhynchus Scombroclupea Scyliorhinus Sendenhorstia Spaniodon Sphenocep halus Squali corax Stichocentrus Stichopteryx Tachynectes Telepholis Thrissopteroides Tubantia u nnamed (Beryciformes) u nnamed (Beryciformes) unnamed (Beryciformes) u n named (Ell immichthyiformes) un named (Ellimmichthyiformes) unnamed (Scyl iorh ini dae?) Urenchelys Xiphactinus Zan clites
7 42 927 7 34 653 799 52 2 494 443 564 743 737 200 201 651 654 637 490 1 79 209 567 1 83 512 508 672 1 80 738 721 665 647 51 6
7 22 775 776
777 548 549 1 84 543 489 492
1 87 561 667
PALEOC E N E
650 41 1 605 668 636
Boltyshia Mcconichthys
606 67 1
EOC E N E
Acanthonemus Acanthurus Acropoma Aeoliscoides Amia Amp hiperca Amphiplaga Amphistium Amyzon AngLilioides Antigonia Apogon Arambou rgella Archaephippus ASineops Astephas Atractosteus Aulorhamphus Aulostomoides Auxis Bajaichthys Berybolcensis Blochius Blotichthys Bolcanguilla Bolcyrus Bolthyshia "Brachyrhamphus" Brychaetus Calamostoma Callipterys Carangodes Carangopsis Ceratoichthys Chanoides Crossopholis Ctenodentex Cyclopoma Dalpiaz i e l l a Dentex Diodon Diplomystus Ductor Dules Ellimma Enoplosus
888 889 816 766 431 793 674 850 593 531 750 81 4 868 85 1 67 5 600 373 761 754 900 712
7 24 91 1 787 541 535 606 698 496 768 882 915 820 823 5 75 370 836 785 525 837 983 545 824 807 546 859
Eoaulostomus Eobothus Eocottus Eogaleus Eohiodon Eoholocentrum Eolabroides Eolactoria Eolam program mus Eolates Eomyrophis Eoplatax Eoplectus Eosalmo Eosphaeramia Eotetraodon Eozanclus Ephippus Erismatopterus Exellia Fistularioides Galeorhinus Gobius Gosiutichthys Gosl inophis Heliobatis Hemirhamphus Histionotophorus Holocentrus H u mbertia Hypsidoris Knightia Kushlukia Lepisosteus Libotonius Lophius Macraulostomus Mcconichthys Mene M ilanan g u il l a Mioplosus Mylomyrus Myripristis Narcine Naseus Notogoneus N u rsal l i a Odonteus
755 922 782 1 85 499 726 876 926 690 786 527 855 929 61 8 815 937 890 852 676 853 759 1 86 887 556 534 213 699 695 727 61 3 598 559 895 374 673 694 756 67 1 830 533 809 528 728 21 1 891 577 400 865
1 065
Index of G enera Arranged by Formation
Index of Genera Arranged by Formation Oph idion Ottavian i a Pagellus Palaeoperca Paraeoliscus Paramphisile Paranguilla Parapygaeus Parasynarcualis Paratrachinotus Pasaichthys Patavichthys Pegasus Percalates Phareodus Platinx Platyrh ina Pomadasys Priscacara Pristigenys Proaracana Promyliobatis Prosolenostomus Protacanthodes Proteomyrus Psettopsis Pseudosyngnathus Pterygocephalus Pycnodus Pygaeus Rhamphexocoetus Rhamphognathus Rhamphosus Ruffoichthys Scatophagus Scomberomorus Scopeloides Seriola Serranus Sparnodus Sphyraena Spinacanthus Syngnathus Tenuicentrum Thaumaturus Thunnus Torpedo Tortonesia
1 066
691 869 839 797 767 765 526 892 760 825 847 542 753 789 497 572 204 834 866 81 3 928 215 769 932 530 848 772 777 403 858 696 71 1 778 870 856 906 625 826 801 842 875 930 773 732 61 9 908 210 880
Toxotes Trachurus Trigonorhina Trygon Turkmene Tylerichthys unnamed (Argentinidae) un named (Cichlidae) un named (Percoidei) unnamed (Scorpaeniformes) unnamed (Serranidae) unnamed (Stromateidae) U rolophus U rosphen U rosphenopsis Veronanguilla Voltaconger Vomeropsis Xi phopterus Zapteryx Zig noichthys
849 827 202 21 4 714 893 61 0 864 87 2 784 802 919 216 757 758 532 539 828 910 203 931
OLIGOCENE Acanus Aeoliscus Ammodytes Analectis Aoria Archaeus Atherina Berycomorus Capros Caprovesposus Caranx Chanos Cobitopsis Cottopsis Dapalis Digoria Dipterichthys Echeneis Eomyctophum Epinnula Eutrich iurides Ge phyroberyx Grammatorcynus
792 763 886 713 601 81 9 710 723 751 894 82 1 573 697 780 79" 739 867 818 657 896 898 717 90 1
Homorhynchus Isu richthys Leiognathus Lepidocottus Merlucci u s Morone M ugil Nemopteryx Noemacheilus Oligobal i stes Oligoplarchus Palaeogadu$ Palaeorhynchus Palimphyes Pang asius Paralepis Pavelichthys Pinichthys Plioplarchus Pomolobus Priacanthopsis Prolebias Propteridium Proserrivomer Protolophotus Psen icubiceps Pseudoran iceps Sarda Sardinella Scomber Scombrosarda Sprattus Trichophanes Zenopsis
91 3 902 831 783 689 788 873 684 592 935 805 686 91 4 903 602 640 538 918 81 2 562 798 709 692 540 715 916 688 904 566 905 907 569 677 748
MIOC E N E Alosa Ameiurus Anguilla Argyropelecus Arnoglossus Aspius Bathylagus Batrachoides Blabe Boreocentrarchus
55 1 599 523 626 920 579 61 1 693 794 803
Brachylebias Bregmacerina Brycon Carcharocles Carrion ell us Chaenobryttus Chaetodon Clinitrachus Clinus Cl upea Cobitis Corydoras Cottus Cyclothone Cyprinus Diplodus Engrau l i s Epinephelus Esox Gasterosteus Geophagus Gobio Gonostoma Hemithyrsites Labrus Lampanyctus Lebias Led nevia Lepidopus Leuciscus Lithofu ndulus Lompoquia Mullus Neopercis Nyctophus Onobrosmius Pachylebias Pagrus Palaeodenticeps Palaeomolva Parapristipoma Parascopelus Parasphyraena Pentaceros Percichthys Photichthys Pimelodus Pomoxis
703 680 595 1 78 704 804 857 884 885 552 591 604 781 62 1 581 838 571 796 608 752 861 582 622 897 877 660 706 81 7 899 583 707 844 846 883 663 685 708 840 550 687 833 641 874 860 790 628 603 806
1 067
Index of Genera Arranged by FOJ;mation Properca Pseudorasbora Pseudovomer Rhodeus Rhytmias Santosius Sciaena Scophthalmus Scorpaena Solea Sparus Sudis Symphodus Tetragonopterus Tinca Trigla Triportheus Turio U m b ra u nnamed (Anguilliformes) Xyne
800 584 878 585 841 791 845 923 776 925 843 642 879 596 590 779 597 909 609 544 570
PLIOCENE Alutera Aph anius Belone Boops Bothus Brama Bregmaceros Centriscus Ceratoscopelus Conger Dactylopterus Etrumeus Fundulus Gadella Gadus H i lsa H ippocampus Hygophum Hyporhamphus Lestidiops Liopsetta Maurolicus Micromesistius
933 702 701 835 921 832 679 764 655 536 775 555 705 678 681 557 771 659 700 639 924 627 683
Monacanthus Perca Ric hardsonius Sardina Sargocentrum Spratelloides Synod u s Tetragonurus unnamed (Balistidae) unn amed (Cichlidae) unnamed (Syngnath iformes) Vincig uerria Xiphias Zeus
934 81 1 58 6 5 65 73 0 5 8 638 91 7 936 8 3 774 629 912 74 9
P L E I STOC E N E Coregonus Lota Mallotus Osmerus Pholis Rutilus Tilapia
61 682 614 615 881 587 862
The oblique rays of the evening sun make the contures of fossils visible in a stone in Wyoming. A marker is placed on the plate . . .
. . . to be worked on the following day.
1 068 1 069
Ind ex of Gen era Arrang ed by Loc ality
Index of Genera Arranged by LOf2ality BAD W I L D U N G E N , G E R MANY
Legnonotus Paralepidotus
Brachyosteus Jagorina Oxyosteus Pholidosteus
1 38 121 1 30 1 35
Pholi doctenus Pholidorhynchodon Sargodon Thoracopterus
408 384 45 4
457
386 33 5
Dules Enoplosus Eoaulostomus Eobothus Eocottus Eogaleus Eoholocentrum Eolabroides
B EA R G U L C H , MO NTAN A, U SA Acanthoniscus Alle nypterus Apholid otos Atracauda Belantsea Caridosuctor Damocles Del phyodontos Discoserra Echinochimaera Falcatus Fubarichthys G u ildayichthys Hadronector Harpagofututor Heteropetalus Lochmocercus Mcconichthys Paratarrasius Polyosteorhynchus unnamed (Cochliodontoidei) u n named (Cochliodontoidei) unnamed (Cochliodontoidei) unnamed (Cochliodontoidei) unnamed (Cochliodontoidei) unnamed (Holocephal i) unnamed (Iniopterygiformes) unnamed (Orodontiformes) Yogoniscus
299 943 327 301 1 65 946 1 57 234 320 232
1 58
303 319 944 218 1 70 942 67 1 328 945 224 225 225 226 227 235 222 1 63 308
B E R G I S C H GLAD BAC H , G E RMANY
Eolates
Griphognathus
Eoplatax
Moythomasia Rhinodipterus
Acanthurus Acropoma Aeoliscoides Amphistium Anguil loides Antigonia Apogon Arambou rgella Archaep hi ppus Aulorhamphus Aulostomoides Auxis Bajaichthys Berybolce nsis Blochius Blotichthys Bolcanguilla Bolcyrus " Brachyrhamphus" Calamostoma
Ceratoichthys Chanoides
Brembodus Dandya G i b bodon Holophagus
1 07 0
Eosphaeramia Eotetraodon
Exel l i a Fistularioides
Acanthonemus
Caran gopsis
296 389 376 390 959
Eoplectus
Ephippus
BOLCA, IT ALY
Carangodes
B i rgeria
979 256 984
Eomyrophis
Eozanclus
Cal l ipterys
B E RGAMO, IT AL Y
Eolactoria
Cyclopoma Dalpiaziella Dentex Diodon Ductor
888 889 81 6 766 850 531 750 81 4 868 85 1 76 1
754
900
712 724
Galeorh inus Gobius Goslinophis Hemirhamphus Histionotophorus Holocentrus Humbertia Lophius Macraulosto mus Mene Milananguilla Myripristis Narcine Naseus Nursal l i a Odonteus
91 1 7 87 54 1 535 698 768 882 915 820 823 575 785 525 83 7
Platinx
824
Pomadasys
983
Ophidion Ottaviania Pagellus Paraeoliscus Paramphisile Para nguilla Parapygaeus Parasynarc ualis Paratrachinotus Pasaichthys Patavichthys Pegasus Platyrhi n a
807 859 755 922 782 1 85 726 876 926 786 527 855 929 815 937 890 852 853 759 1 86 887 534 699 695 727 61 3 694 756 830 533 728 21 1 89 1 400 865 691 869 839
767
765 526 892 760 825 847 542 753 572 204 834
Pristigenys Proaracana Promyliobatis Prosolenostomus Protacanthodes Proteomyrus Psettopsis Pseudosyngnathus Pterygocephalus Pycnodus Pygaeus Rhamphexocoetus Rhamphognathus Rhamphosus Ruffoichthys Scatophagus Scomberomorus Seriola Serranus Sparnodus Sphyraena Spinacanthus Syngnathus Tenuicentrum Thunnus Torpedo Tortonesia Toxotes Trach u rus Trigonorhina Trygon Tylerichthys unnamed (Percoidei) U rolophus Urosphen Veronanguilla Voltaconger Vomeropsis Whitapodus Xipho pterus Zign oichthys
81 3 928 215 769 932 530 848 772 777 403 858 696 71 1 778 870 856 906 826 80 1 842 875 930 773 732 908 21 0 880 849 827 202 214 893 872 216 757 532 539 828 529 910 931
BRAZ I L Arari pichthys AxelrOdichthys Brannerion Brycon
744 949 503 595
1 071
Index of Genera Arranged by Locality
Index of Genera Arranged by Locality
Calamopleurus Cladocyclus Dastilbe Ellimma Ellimmichthys Eoproscinetes Geophag us Notelops Oshunia Paraelops Pimelodus Rhacolepis Santosius Tetragonopterus Tharrhias Tholonotus Triportheus Vinctifer
GOSFORD, AUSTRALIA
433 481 504 546 547 399 861 520 467 506 603 519 791 596 476 282 597 448
B ROOKVALE, AUST RALIA Beaconia Belichthys Brookvalia Manlietta Megapteriscus Mesembroniscus Molybdichthys Phlyctaenichthys Procheirichthys Schizurichthys
339 302 340 352 259 280 346 347 358 349
B U N D E N BAC H , G E RMANY Drepanaspis Gemuendina Lu naspis Stensioella
88 1 20 1 25 1 18
C E R I N , FRAN C E Belemnobatis Corysodon Disticholepis Phorcynis
1 072
CLEVELAND, O H I O , USA Cladoselache Diademodus Diplognathus Dunkleosteus Kentuckia
1 54 1 55 1 46 1 36 255
F l U M E MARECCH IA, ITALY Alutera Belone Boops Bothus Brama Bregmaceros Centriscus Ceratoscopelus Conger Dactylopterus Etrumeus Gadella Gadus H ippocampus H ygophum Hyporhamphus Lestidiops Maurol icus Micromesistius Monacanthus Sardina Sargocentrum Spratelloides Synodus Tetragonurus unnamed (Balistidae) unnamed (Syngnathiformes) Vinciguerria Xiph ias Zeus
933 701 835 921 832 679 76<1 655 536 775 555 678 681 771 659 700 639 627 683 934 565 730 568 638 9 .1 7 936 774 629 91 2 749
GLARUS, SWITZERLAN D 1 98 1 73 406 1 76
Acanus Echeneis Homorhynchus Nemopteryx
792 81 8 9 1::684
I RAN
Apateolepis Cleithrolepis Dictyopyge
258 361 342
Gosfordia Myriolepis Pristisomus Promecosomina Tripelta
992 291 357 420 359
G R EE N LAN D Acropholis Laugia Pholis Phylioiepis
278 960 881 127
H OLZMAD E N , G E RMANY Acanthorhina Chondrosteus Dapedium Hybodus Lepidotes Pachycormus Ptycholepis Saurorhynchus Saurostomus Tetragonolepis unnamed (Amiiformes?) unnamed (Galeiformes?) unnamed (Parasemionotidae?)
231 368 377 1 68 382 442 392 367 445 388 437 1 89 423
I LL I N O I S , U SA Conchopoma Edestus Gilpichthys Haplolepis Mayomyzon
991 1 61 115 323 114
Berycomorus Brachylebias Cottopsis Dipterichthys Epin n u la Grammatorcynus Isurichthys Palaeorhynchus Priacanthopsis Propteridium Proserrivomer Protolophotus Scopeloides
723 703 780 867 896 901 902 91 4 798 692 540 715 625
CAL I FORN IA, USA Argyropelecus Bathylagus Cyclothone Gasterosteus Lampanyctus Lompoquia Rhytmias Turio Xyne
626 61 1 621 752 660 844 841 909 570
KANSAS, USA Apsopelix Bananogmius Chaenobryttus Cimolichthys Fundulus G i l l icus Hamiltonichthys I chthyodectes Leptecodon Pomoxis Protosphyraena Sagenodus Saurodon Squalicorax Xiphactinus Zancl ites
501 491 804 652 705 484 1 67 902 631 806 443 989 490 1 80 489 492
1 073
Index of Genera Arranged by Loc.ality CAUCASUS, �rmer U S S R
Eubiodectes Eurypholis
Aeoliscus Analectis Arnoglossus Bregmaceri na Caprovesposus Digoria Gephyroberyx Le d n evia Leiog nathus Merluccius O l i gobalistes Onobrosmius Palaeogadus Palaeomolva Palimphyes Pavelic hthys Pinichthys Pomolobus Psenicu biceps Pseudoraniceps Sarda Sard i n e l l a Sciaena Scombrosarda Zenopsis
763 713 920 680 894 739 71 7 81 7 831 689 935 685 686 687 903 538 918 562 91 6 688 904 566 845 907 748
Exocoetoides Gau drye l l a Gharbouria Haj u l i a Hake lia H alec H e m i saurida Heterothrissa Hexanchus H u m i l ichthys Ichthyoceros Lebonichthys Libanoberyx Lissoberyx Macropomoides Mesiteia Mi cropristis Nematonotus unnamed (Scyliorhinidae?) un named (Ellimmi chthyiformes) un named (Beryciformes) u n named (Beryciformes) u n named (Beryciformes) Omosoma Opistopteryx Ornateg u l u m Osmeroides Palaeobalistum
LEBANON
Pararaja Paras p i n u s
Acrogaster Aipichthys Ang u i l l avus Apateo pholis Aphanep ygus Centrophoroides Charitosomus Cheirothrix Coccodus Cryptoberyx Ctenocephalichthys Ctenothrissa Cyclobatis Davi chthys Dercetis Din opteryx Enchelion
1 074
716 736 524 643 405 1 90 576 645 392 733 725 669 206 505 649 735 537
Paratriakis Pateroperca Pattersonichthys Petalopteryx Pharmacichthys Phoenicolepis Phyl actocephalus Plectocretacicus Plesioberyx Prionolepis Pronotacanthus Protobrama Pseudoberyx Pycnosterinx Pycnosteroides Rhinobatos Rhombopterygia
Index of Genera Arranged by Locality 483 633 646 61 2 620 514 658 634 635 670 1 88 666 397 51 7 71 9 720 954 1 77 207 662 1 84 548 775 776 777 740 664 560 51 3 401 205 729 1 87 561 667 41 1 605 668 636 927 734 653 522 494 564 743 737 200 201
Rhynchodercetis Scapanorhynchus Sclerorhyn chus Scombroclupea Scyliorhinus Spaniodon Stichocentrus Stichopteryx Telepholis Urenchelys
651 1 79 209 567 1 83 508 738 721 647 543
M I GU ASHA, CANADA Alaspis Bothriolepis Callistiopterus E l pistostege Eusthenopteron Homalacanthus Leg en drelepis M i g uashaia Quebecius Scaumenacia Triazeugacanthus
LI CATA, ITALY Gonostoma Lepidopus Parascopelus Photichthys Pseudovomer Sudis Trig l a
622 899 641 628 878 642 779
MONTE S. G IORGIO, SWITZ E R LAND Acronemus Aetheodontus Besania Eoeugnathus Eosemionotus Luganoia Meridensia
MADAGASCAR
Placopleurus Saurichthys
Australosomus Bobasatrania Ecrinesomus Jacob ulus Paracentro phorus Paraceratodus Parasemionotus Perleidus Piveteauia Pteronisculus Watson ulus Whiteia
330 316 318 416 383 993 417 356 956 293 421 957
Gasterorhamphosus Lusitanichthys unnamed (Elopidae?)
Aspius Cobitis
Amphiperca Atractosteus Palaeoperca Thaumaturus
431 793 373 797 619
762 594 509
O H N I N G E N , GE R MANY
Esox Amia
1 66 363 336 425 379 337 355 365 366
N A R D O , ITALY
Anguilla
MESSEL, G E RMANY
1 00 1 40 962 973 971 247 111 955 963 987 250
Gobio Leb i as Leuciscus Rhodeus U m bra
523 579 59 1 608 582 706 583 585 609
1 075
Index of Genera Arrang ed by Lo cality
Index of Genera Arrang ed by Locality O R A N , A LG I E RS
Muensterichthys Palaeoniscum
Alosa Batrachoides Chaetodon D i plodus Epi nephelus Neopercis Pagrus Parapristipoma
55 1 693 857 838 796 883 840 833
Platysomus Pygopterus Retic ulepis Wodnika
305 292 31 1 27 2 281 1 69
Lasanius Logania Mesacanthus Mesolepis Mesopoma M i crobrach i u s M i l l erosteus Nematoptychius Osteolepis
R I N G E R I K E , NO RWAY
Palaeospondylus Parexus
Aceras pis
PADDY'S S P R I NGS, A U ST R A L I A
H i rella Pharyngolepis Pterygolepis
Chirodipterus Eastmanosteus Holodi pterus
981 1 37 980
Rhyncholepis Tyrias p i s
97 99 1 07 1 08 1 09 96
Pentiandia Phaneropleuron Pteraspis Pterichthyodes R habdoderma Rhadi nacanthus Rhadin ichthys Rhamphodopsis Stegotrachelus
SCOTTLA N D , G R EAT B R I TA I N
Stethacanthus
PALATI NATE, G E R MANY
Thelodus Acro l e p i s
Acanthodes Aed u e l l a Elonichthys Ort h acanthus Paramblypterus Rhabdolepis Triodus Xenacanthus
245 285 274 151 288 260 1 52 1 53
Aetheretmon Astero lepis .oBirkenia Canobius Cephalaspis Cheiracanthus Cheirodopsis Cheirolepis Chon drenc helys Climatius Coccosteus
Q U E E N SLAND, A U ST R A L I A
Deltoptyc h i u s Di p l acanthus
Cooyoo Ebenaqua Pachyrhizodus Percalates u n named (Cheirothricidae?)
482 31 7 51 8 789 648
Di pterus Dryden i u s E u rynot h u s Euthacanthus Glyptolepis Gonatodus Gyroptyc h i u s H o loptychius
R I C H E L S D O R F , GE RMANY
Holurus Homosteus
Coelacant hus Dorypterus Euryso m u s
1 0 76
95 1 326 313
I s c h n acanthus Jamoyt h i u s Lanarkia
277 261 1 41 1 06 265 1 03 246 31 4 254 21 7 238 1 32 228 242 982 273 31 2 239 965 276 968 966 270 1 29 244 1 05 89
Thursius Tristichopterus Turi n i a U ronemus Vern icomacanth u s Watsonosteus
112 91 248 31 0 266 1 42 1 33 271 969 1 49 240 983 986 84 1 44 948 243 263 1 23 257 1 59 92 970 972 93 990 241 1 34
Eurycormus Furo Gyrod us Gyro n c h u s Heterodo ntus Heterostro phus H istionotus Hypsocorm us lo noscopus Ischyodus Leptolepides Li bys Liod esmus Macrosemius Macrourogaleus Mesturus Notagogus Ophiopsis Orectolobus Orthocormus Orthogo n i kleithrus Pachythrissops Palaeocarcharias Palaeoscy l l i u m Paracestracion Pholidophorus Pleuropholis Propterus Proscinetes Protospinax Pseudorhina
SOLN H O F E N , G E RMANY
Sauropsis Strobilodus
Ae l l opos Allothrissops Amblysem i u s Anaethalion
_ .
Arduafrons Ascalabos Aspidorhynchus Asterodermus Asthenocormus Belonosto mus Callopterus Caturus Coccoderma Coccolepis Daiti ng ichthys Eomesodon
1 95 479 426 500 391 469 446 1 97 438 447
465 424 950 298 51 0 394
Tharsis Thrissops Undina u n n amed (Ichthyodectiformes) U rocles
452 705 395 396 1 71 381 407 440 466 233 47 1 953 434 409 1 81 398 41 0 41 4 1 74 441 473 51 1 1 75 1 82 1 72 456 461 412 402 1 92 1 94 444 430 475 488 96 1 493 436
S P ITZB E RG E N , NO RWAY Anglaspis Boreaspis D o ryaspis Irre g u lareas p i s Larnovaspis Poraspis Porolepis
71 1 01 81 72 82 74 964
1 077
Index of Genera Arranged by Locality ST. MARGAR E T H E N , AUSTR IA Labrus unnamed (Anguill iformes) Scophthalmus Scorpaena
877 544 923 776
SOUTH A F R I CA Atherstonia Atopocephala Cleithrolepidina Dicell opyge Helichthys Meidiichthys M entzichthys Sun dayichthys Wil lomorichthys
UNTE R K I R C H B E R G , GE RMANY Clu pea Cottus Cy p r i n u s Solea
WAP I T I LAK E , CANADA 300 338 360 295 343 353 262 267 307
Albertonia Boreosomus unnamed (Coelacanthidae) unnamed (Edestidae) unnamed (Parasemionotidae?)
Dactylopogon
TA LB RAGA R , AUSTRALIA
Echidnocephalus Enchodus
Archaeomaene Leptolepis Uarbryichthys
462 463 472 41 3
Euthynotus Histiothrissa Hoplopteryx Istieus Leptosomus Palaeolycus
T U R K M E N IA, fo rmer USSR Eolamprogrammus Kushlukia Turkmene U rosphenopsis
41 5 279 958 1 62 422
WESTFAll A, G E RMANY Crossognathus
Aph nelepis
552 781 581 925
502 656 521 630 439 558 71 8 51 5 661 632
690 895 714 758
TSELFAT, MOROCCO C l u pavus I d rissia Omosomopsis Protosto mias Sticho beryx Tselfatia
470 623 741 624 731 495
Reclaiming a fossil demands utmost care. The smallest tools are used under a dissecting scope to clean a fossil-here a crustacean. Photo: K. Gatz.
1 078
1 079
Index of Recent Families and Genera
Index of Recent Families and Genera
Common names normal. Ge nera in italics. Families in SMALL CAPS.
755, 756 Australian lungfish = Neoceratodus 992 , 993 Auxis 900
Burbot = Lota Butterfish = Stromateus Butterfishes = STROMATEIDAE 65, 9 1 8 , Butterflyfish = Chaetodon
B
C
Aulostomus
A 889 369 Acipenser ACIPENSERIDAE 47, 368 Acropoma 81 6 Aeoliscus 763, 766, 767 21 5 Aetoba tus 51 7 Albula ALBULIDAE 50, 51 3 , 51 7 551 Alosa 933 Alutera 826 Amberjack = Seriola 599 Am eiurus Amia 431 -433, 435, 436 Ammodytes 886 Anchovy = Engraulis 571 1 94 Angel shark = Squatina Angler fishes ANTENNARIIDAE 57, 695 Anguilla 523 Anglerfish = Antennarius 695 694 Anglerfish Lophius Antenna catfish = Pimelodus 603 Antenna cod let = Bregmaceros 679, 680 ANTENNARIIDAE 57, 695 An tigonia 750 Aphanius 702 Aphredoderus 675 8 1 4, 8 1 5 Apogon Aptychotrema 1 97 Aracana 928 Archerfish Toxotes 849 ARGENTINIDAE 54, 61 0 626 Argyrop elecus Ariomma 916 Ariommid = Ariomma 916 Armourhead Pentaceros 860 Arnoglossus 920 Asp= Aspius 579 Aspius 579 Ath erina 710 ATHERINIDAE 58, 7 1 0, 7 1 1 A tractosteus 373 Acanthurus
=
=
=
=
1 080
53, 601 53, 601 BAGRIDAE Ba lis toides 931 Barb = Pseudorasbora 584 874, 875 Barracudas = Sphyraena Barracudina = Lestidium 639 Barracudina = Paralepis 640 Barracudina = Sudis 642 Barramundi = La tes 786 Bass = Morone 788 Ba thylagus 61 1 693 Batrachoides Beardfish = Polymixia 743 Belone 701 Be ryx 717 81 3 Bigeye Pristigenys Bitterling Rhodeus 585 583 Bitterlings = Leuciscus 551 Blueback = Alosa Bluefish= Poma tomus 81 7 Bluefishes POMATOMIDAE 62 , 81 7 Boarfish = Antigonia 750 Boarfish= Capros 751 Bodianus 880 Bonefish = Albula 51 7 Bonefishes = ALBULIDAE 50, 5 1 3 , 5 1 7 Boneytongues = OSTEOGLOSSIDAE 50, 497 Boops 835 Bothus 921 , 922 431 -433, 435-436 Bowfin = Amia Bregmaceros 679, 680 621 Bristlemouth = Cyclo thone 622 Bristlemouth = Gonostoma 55, Bristlemouths GONOSTOMATIDAE 625 Brotulas and cusk-eels OPHIDIIDAE 5 7 , 690, 69 1 Brycon 595 900 Bullet mackerel = Auxis 599 Bullhead catfishes = Ameiurus 1 71 Bullhead shark = Heterodontus Bagrid catfishes
=
BAGRIDAE
=
=
=
=
=
682 91 8 919 857
61 4 75 1 821 Caranx 81 4, 81 5 Cardinalfish Apogon 580, 581 Carp = Cyprinus 598 Catfish Ictalurus 593 Catostomus 1 85 Cat shark Galeus 1 83 Cat shark = Scyliorhinus 42, 1 8 1 , Cat sharks = SCYLIORHINIDAE 1 82, 1 84 62, 803 CENTRARCHIDAE 764, 765 Cen triscus 718 Centroberyx 655 Ceratoscopelus 804 Chaenobryttus 857 Chaetodon 52, 574 CHANIDAE 573 Chanos 595 Characin = Brycon 233 Chimaera 52, 480, 481 , 483, 487, CHIROCENTRIDAE 488 572 Chirocentrus 63, 863 , 866 CICHLIDAE 63, 863, 866 Cichlids = ClCHLIDAE 885 Clinid = Clinus 884 Clinids Clinitrachus 884 Clinitra chus 885 Clinus 552 Clupea 591 Cobitis 68 1 , 684, 686 Cod = Gadus 683 Cod Micromesistius 678 Codlets = Gadella 536 Conger 536 Conger eel = Conger Conger eels = CONGRIDAE 5 1 , 535, 536, 539 5 1 , 535, 536, 539 CONGRIDAE 61 6 Coregonus
Capelin = Mallo tus
" Capros
=
=
=
759 60, 760 604 604 Corydoras 61 , 780, 783 Cottidae 781 , 782 Cottus 926 Cow-fish = Lactoria 1 88 Cow shark = Hexanchus 806 "Crappie" = Pomoxis 71 5 Crestfish = Lophotus 845 Croaker= Sciaena 898 Cutlassfish = Trichiurus 621 Cyclo thone 703 Cynolebias 704 Cyprinodon 58, 703, 704, 706-709 CYPRINODONTIDAE 580, 581 Cyprinus
Cornetfish = Fistularia Cornetfishes = Fistulariidae Corycats Corydoras =
o
775 865 63, 865 865 Oascyl/us 61 1 Deep sea smelt = Ba thylagus 837 Oentex 550 Oen ticeps 550 Denticle herring = Oenticeps 938 Oiodon 838 Oiplodus 748 Dories Zenopsis 749 Dories Zeus 65, 9 1 5 , 9 1 6 Driftfishes = NOMEIDAE 62, 844 Drums = SCIAENIDAE
Oactylop terus
Damselfish Oascyllus Damselfishes POMACENTRIDAE =
=
=
=
=
=
E
Eagle ray Aetobatus Eagle ray Myliobatis "Earth eater" Geophagus
21 5 215 861 81 8 Echeneis 523 Eel = Anguilla Electric ray = Narcine 21 1 Electric ray Torpedo 210 ELOPIDAE 50, 505, 507 , 508 Elops 509 =
=
=
=
1 081
Index of Recent Families and Genera
Index of Recent Families and Genera Engraulis Enoplosus
EPHIPPIDAE Ephippus Epinephelus Epinnula Esox Etrumeus Exocoetus
571 859 62, 851 852 796 896 607, 608 555 646
Gonostoma
622 GONOSTOMATIDAE 55, 625 Grammatorcynus 901 Grouper = Epinephelus 7 96 Grunt = Parapristipoma 83 3 Gudgeon = Gobio 582 Guitarfish = Aptychotrema 1 97 Gu itarfish = Rhinobatos 20 0 Guitarfishes = RHINOBATIDAE 43, 1 95, 1 97 , 201 , 202 Gunnel = Pholis 881
F
False morays = XENOCONGRIDAE 5 1 , 527529 933 Filefish = Alutera Filefish = Monacanthus 934 759 Fis tularia FISTULARIIDAE 60, 760 921 , 922 Flounder = Bothus Flounder = Liopsetta 924 Flying fish = Exocoetus 646 775 Flying gurnard = Dactylopterus 705 Fundulus
Hake = Molva Hake = Raniceps Halfbeak= HEMIRHAMPHIDAE HALOSAURIDAE Halosaurs = HALOSAURIDAE Hatchetfish = Argyropelecus Hatchetfish = Triportheus HEMIRHAMPHIDAE
58, 51 , 50,
58,
Hemirhamphus
54 , 42 ,
Heterodontus Hexanchus
678 681 , 686 Galeorhinus 1 86 1 85 Galeus Gar = A tractosteus 373, 374 752 Gas terosteus Geophagus 861 Gephyroberyx 71 7 768 Ghost pipefish = Solenostomus Ghost pipefishes = SOLENOSTOMIDAE 60, 769 846 Goatfish = Mul/us 582 Gobio Gobius 887 Goblin shark = Scapanorhynchus 1 79 887 Goby = Gobius Gonorhynchid = Gonorhynchus 577 GONORHYNCHIDAE 52, 576, 577 577 Gonorhynchus Gadella Gadus
1 082
Hilsa Hiodon
770, 59, 725, 726, Holocen trus 42, Horn sharks = HETERODONTIDAE Hundshai = Galeorhinus Hippocampus
HOLocENTRIDAE
Hygophum Hyporhamphus
ICTALURIDAE Ictalurus
Jack mackerel = Trachurus
827
K Kaupich thys
Killifishes = CYPRINOOONTIDAE
527 58, 702709
L
H
Herring = Clupea Herring smelts = ARGENTINIDAE HETERODONTIDAE G
M
J
687 688 697 52 1 521 626 597 697 699 552 61 0 1 72 1 71 1 88 557 499 771 732 727 1 72 1 86 659 700
53, 598, 600 598
63, 879, 880 877 926 Lactoria 660 Lampanyctus 114 Lampetra 713, 714 Lampris 114 Lamprey = Lampetra 38, 1 1 4 Lampreys = PETROMYlONTIDAE 657 Lanternfish = Myctophum 56, 658, Lanternfishes = MYCTOPHIDAE 661 , 663, 664 786 Lates 25, 954 Latimeria 83 1 Leiognathus 899 Lepidopus 374 Lepisosteus 639 Les tidium 583 Leuciscus 627 Lightfish = Maurolicus 628 Lightfish = Photichthys 629 Lightfishes = Viniciguerria 924 Liopsetta 638 Lizardfish = Synodus 55, 637 Lizardfishes = SYNODONTIDAE 591 Loach = Cobitis 592 Loach = Noemacheilus 954 Lobe-fin = La timeria 374 Longnose = Lepisosteus 694 Lophius 715 Lophotus 682 Lota LABRIDAE
Labrus
905 901 60, 761 762 Macrorhamphosus 4 61 Mal/otus Marine halfbeak= Hyporhamphus 700 627 Maurolicus 50, 51 1 , 5 1 2 MEGALOPIDAE 51 2 Megalops 830 Mene 689 Merluccid hake= Merluccius 689 Merluccius 683 Micromesistius 573 Milkfish Chanos 52, 574 Milkfishes = CHANIDAE 687 Molva 934, 936 Monacan thus 62, 847 , 848 MONODACTYLIDAE 847 Monodactylus 62, 847 , 848 Monos = MONODACTYLIDAE 499 Mooneye = Hiodon 830 Moonfish = Mene 890 Moorish idol = Zanc/us 526 Moray eel Muraena 788 Morone 609 Mud rninnow = Umbra 873 Mugi/ 873 Mullet = Mugil 846 Mullus 56, 658, 661 , 663, 664 MYCTOPHIDAE 657 Myctophum 215 Mylioba tis 534 Myrichthys 728 Myripris tis Mackerel = Scomber Mackerels = Gramma torcynus MACRORHAMPHOSIDAE
=
=
N Narcine Naso
Needlefish = Belone Neoceratodus Neopercis Noemacheilus
NOMEIDAE
21 1 891 701 992 , 993 883 592 65, 9 1 5 , 91 6
1 083
Index of Recent Families and Genera North American catfishes Notacanthus Nurse sharks
=
=
ICTALURIDAE
53, 600 522 ORECTOLOBIDAE 42, 1 73 , 1 75, 1 76
Po/yodon POMACENTRIDAE Pomadasys POMATOMIDAE Pomfret Pom%
=
Brama
bus
Pomoxis Pompano = Trachinotus
o
Porcupinefish
=
Diodon
Porgies = SPARIDAE Opah = Lampris OPHICHTHIDAE OPHIDIIDAE Ophidion Orbiculate batfish Orect%
=
P/atax
bus
Osmerus OSTEOGLOSSIDAE
713, 714 51 , 534 57, 690 69 1 855 1 74 61 5 50, 497
Porgy = Boops Porgy
=
Dentex
Porgy
=
Dip/odus
Porgy = Pagel/us Porgy = Pagrus Porgy = Sparus Pristigenys Pseudoba/istes Pseudorasbora Putter
=
Tetraodon
Index of Recent Families and Genera 370 6 3, 8 65 834 62, 81 7 832 562 806 825 938 62, 8 42 835 837 838 839 840 843 813 935 584 937
p
Pagel/us Pagrus Pangasius Para/epis Parapristipoma Pegasus Pentaeeros
8 1 0,
Perea Perca/ates
8 1 0, 790, 38,
Perch = Perea Perciehthys PETROMYZONTIDAE Pho/is Photieh thys Pike = Esox Pike perch = Stizostedion
607 , 808,
Pime/odus =
773,
Syngnathus
Pirate perch = Aphredoderus P/atax P/atyrhina Platyrh inid gu itarfish P/iop/areh us Po/ymixia
1 084
=
P/atyrhina
370 839 840 602 640 833 753 860 81 1 789 81 1 791 1 14 881 628 608 809 603 774 675 855 204 204 81 2 743
R
895 43, 205 , 206 688 Raniceps Remora = Echeneis 81 8 RHINoBATIDAE 43, 1 95 , 1 97 , 201 , 202 Rhinobatos 200 585 Rhodeus 586 Richardsonius 562 River herrings Pom% bus Roach Ruti/us 587 555 Round herring = Etrumeus 568 Round herring = Spratel/oides 216 Round ray = Ur% phus Ruti/us 587 Rabbitfishes = Siganus
RAJIDAE
=
=
S
Snake mackerel = Epinnu/a
=
=
=
=
=
6 1 7 , 61 8 Salmon = Sa/mo 6 1 7, 6 1 8, 6 1 9 Sandfishes GONORHYNCHIDAE 52, 576, 577
Sa/m�
=
5 1 , 534 896 60, Sni pefishes = MACRORHAMPHOSIDAE 761 925 So/ea 769 SOLENOSTOMIDAE 768 So/enostomus 925 Soles So/ea 852 Spadefish = Ephippus 63, 851 Spadefishes = EPHIPPIDAE 62, 842 SPARIDAE 843 Sparus 874, 875 Sphyraena 1 90 Spiny dogfish Squa/us 43, 1 90, Spiny dogfishes = SOUALIDAE 1 92 522 Spiny eel = Notacanthus 568 Spratel/oides 569 Sprats= Sprattus 569 Spra ttus 43 , 1 90, 1 92 SOUALIDAE 1 90 Squa/us 91 7 Squaretail Tetragonurus 1 94 Squa tina 726, 727 Squirrelfish = H% centrus 728 Squirrelfish = Myripris tis Squirrelfishes = HOLOCENTRIDAE 59, 725, 732 Stickleback = Gasterosteus 752 Sting rays DASYATIDAE 43, 2 1 3 , 2 1 4 Stints Osmerus 61 5 Stizostedion 808, 809 65, 91 8. 9 1 9 STROMATEIDAE 91 8 Stromateus Sturgeon = Aeipenser 369 593 Sucker = Catostomus Sudis 642 804 Sunfish Chaenobryttus Sunfishes = CENTRARCHIDAE 62, 803 Surgeon fishes = Acanthurus 889 834 Sweetlip = Pomadasys 91 2 Swordfish = Xiphias 879 Symphodus 773 Syngnathus 55, 637 SYNODONTIDAE 638 Synodus Snake eels
=
Paddlefish = Po/yodon
Pipefish
886 883 904 Sarda 565 Sardina 565 Sardine = Sardina 566 Sardine Sardinel/a 566 Sa rdin el/a 730 Sargocen trum 899 Scabbardfish = Lepidopus 920 Scaldfish = Arnog/ossus 1 79 Seapanorhynehus 856 Sea tophagus 856 Scats = Seatophagus 845 Sciaena 62 , 844 SCIAENIDAE 905 Scomber 906 Seomberomorus 923 Seophtha/mus 776 Scorpaena 776 Scorpionfish = Scorpaena 781 , 782 Scu lpin = Cottus 6 1 , 780, 783 Sculpins COTTIDAE 42, 1 8 1 , 1 82, 1 84 SCYLIORHI NIDAE 1 83 Scy/iorhinus 801 Sea bass = Serranus 6 1 , 802 Sea basses= SERRANIDAE 770, 7 7 1 Seahorse = Hippocampus 753 Seamoth = Pegasus 779 Sea robin Trig/a 826 Serio/a 802 SERRANIDAE 801 Serranus 540 Serrivomer Serrivomerid eels SERRIVOMERIDAE 51 , 540 557 Shad = Hi/sa 602 Shark catfish Pangasius 764, 765 Shrimpfish = Centriscus 763, 766, Shrimpfishes = Aeo/iscus 767 895 Siganus 710 Silverside = Atherina Silversides = ATHERINIDAE 58, 7 1 0, 7 1 1 Silver tetra Tetragonopterus 596 Sli mehead Gephyroberyx 71 7 Sli pmouth = Leiognathus 831 Smi pefishes = Macrorhamphosus 762 Smooth dogfish = Triakis 1 87 Sandlance = Ammodytes
Sandperch = Neopercis
=
=
OPHICHTHIDAE
=
=
=
=
=
=
1 085
The Author
Index of Recent Families and Genera V
T
50, 500-502 50, 51 1 , 51 2 589, 590 Tench Tinca Tenpounders ELOPIDAE 50, 505, 507509 596 Tetragonopterus 91 7 Tetragonurus 937 Tetraodon Thunnus 908 897 Thyrsites 862 Tilapia Ti/apia 589. 590 Tinea 693 Toadfish Batrachoides 210 Torpedo 849 Toxates 825 Trachinotus 882 Traehinus 827 Traehurus 66. 932 TRIACANTHIDAE 932 Triaeanthus 1 87 Triakis 898 Triehiurus 931 Triggerfish Ba/istaides 935 Triggerfish Pseudobalistes 779 Trigla 202 Trigonorhina 66. 932 Triplespines TRIAeANTHIDAE 932 Tripodfish Triaeanthus 597 Triportheus 43, 205 , 206 True rays RAJIDAE True sturgeons ACIPENSERIDAE 47, 368 755. 756 Trumpetfish Aulostomus 908 Tuna Thunnus 923 Turbot Seophthalmus Tarpons
=
CROSSOGNATHIDAE
Tarpons
=
M EGALOPIDAE
Vineiguerria
62 9
=
=
=
W Weeverfishes
Traehinus
882 616 Wolf herring Chiroeentrus 57 2 Wolf herrings CHIROCENTRIDAE 52, 480. 481 , 483, 487 . 4 88 Wrasses LABRIDAE 63, 876. 879. 880 Whitefish
=
=
Corregonus =
=
=
=
X
91 2
Xiphias
Karl Albert Frickhinger was born i n 1 92 4 . Science always inter ested him so that , even as a boy , he was an enthusiastic fossil collector. Thi s , however, was only an ep isode. Coming from an
Y
=
=
Yellow jack
=
Caranx
82 1
opened his own pharmaceutical shop in M unich . Here , for the fi rst time, he had an op portun ity to spend some of this time on
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
u Umbra Unicornfish Urolophus
1 086
=
Naso
609 891 216
old family of ph armac i sts, he was pred estined to study phar macy. At the same time he took an interest in botany and finally
Z Zanelus Zapteryx Zenapsis Zeus
scientific research and tu rned his attention to fish parasitology. 890 203 748 740
He invented several preparations for the prevention of fish dis eases i n the aquariu m and , after a few years, founded the firm Zoomedica to market h i s prod ucts worldwide . He sold the firm in 1 977 and so, at last , had t i m e to pursue his old hobby of paleon tology. By methodical acquisition , g u ided by evolutionary consid erations, he built u p an i m p ressive collection. Since, however, he
had always been under the Sign of the Fis h , it is no surprise that fi nally he special ized entirely on fishes . Th is gave h i m the deter mination needed to produce this book.
1 087
Picture Credits All photos by the author un less otherwise i n dicate d .
D r. Allen : 1 74 b , 509 b , 534b, 5 73 b , 7 3 0 b , 843 b , 875b, 906b Bayer. Landesanstalt fOr Wasserforschu n g : 1 1 4 b Debel i u s : 1 7 1 b , 1 83 b , 1 94 , 2 1 5b , 1 97 b D r . Foersch : 856b Dr. Fran k: 584b H a n se n : 374b, 5 1 2 b , 849b Kahl : 5 98 b , 781 b Dr. Krup p : 702b Kuiper: 886 b , 895b Linke: 862 b Norman : 1 87 b , 2 1 1 b , 43 1 b, 593b, 595b, 596 b , 597 b , 675b, 695b , 755b , 7 7 5 b , 788b, 8 0 1 b , 804 b , 806b , 8 1 3 b , 8 1 4 b , 8 1 5 b , 8 2 1 b, 8 2 5 b , 826b, 83 1 b , 8 4 7 b , 859 b , 865 b , 890b , 93 1 b , 934 b , 935b, 936b N i e uwenhuize n : 752b Paysan : 5 9 1 b Dr. Randa l l : 2 00 , 527 b , 5 7 7 b , 700b, 743b, 723b, 750b, 768b, 8 1 6 b , 904b, 9 1 6 b , 932b R e i nhard : 523b, 582 b , 583b, 585 b , 587b, 592 b , 602b , 6 03 b , 609b, 979b R ichter: 370b Scharger: all reproduction s Schmida: 7 1 0 b , 786b, 993b Sch ra m l : 7 6 7 b , 638 b , 695 b , 7 2 7 b , 7 2 8 b , 7 5 1 b, 7 6 1 b, 7 7 3 b , 8 0 1 b , 835 b , 8 5 2 b , 838 b , 864 b , 865 b , 8 7 9 b , 933 b , 934b, 937b Seegers: 704b, 705b S e n ck enberg M u se u m : 954b Stawikowsk i : 861 b Dr. Stehman n : 1 88b, 204b, 2 1 6b , 599 b , 626b , 628b, 642b , 683b , 748b
1 088
