Fish Diseases and Disorders: Volume 1: Protozoan and Metazoan Infections

FISH DISEASES AND DISORDERS Volume 3 Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections

FISH DISEASES AND DISORDERS Volume 3 Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections Edited by

P.T.K. Woo Department of Zoology University of Guelph Canada and

D.W. Bruno FRS Marine Laboratory Aberdeen UK

CABI Publishing

CABI Publishing CAB INTERNATIONAL Wallingford Oxon OX10 8DE UK

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© CAB INTERNATIONAL 1999. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fish diseases and disorders / edited by P.T.K. Woo. p. cm. Vol. 2 has editors: J.F. Leatherland and P.T.K. Woo. Vol. 3 has editors: P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 1. Protozoan and metazoan infections – – v. 2. Non - infectious disorders – – v. 3. Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. ISBN 0-85198-823-7 (alk. paper). – – ISBN 0-85199-126-2. – – ISBN 0-85199-194-7 1. Fishes– –Diseases. 2. Fishes– –Infections. I. Woo, P. T. K. II. Leatherland, J. F. (John F.) III. Bruno, D. W. (David W.) SH171.F562 1998 571.9´17– –dc21 98–27553 CIP ISBN 0 85199 194 7

Typeset by Solidus (Bristol) Ltd Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn

Contents

Contributors

vii

Preface

ix

1.

Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis and Associated Aquatic Birnaviruses P.W. Reno

2.

Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus L.M. Bootland and J.C. Leong

3.

Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia D.A. Smail

4.

Other Viral Diseases and Agents of Cold-water Fish: Infectious Salmon Anaemia, Pancreas Disease and Viral Erythrocytic Necrosis B.H. Dannevig and K.E. Thorud

5.

Spring Viraemia of Carp and Other Viral Diseases and Agents of Warm-water Fish N. Fijan

1 57 123

149

177

6.

Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections C.N. Lannan, J.L. Bartholomew and J.L. Fryer

245

7.

Bacterial Kidney Disease (Renibacterium salmoninarum) G.D. Wiens and S.L. Kaattari

269

8.

Enterococcus seriolicida and Streptococcus iniae R. Kusuda and F. Salati

303

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Contents

vi

9.

Mycobacteriosis and Nocardiosis S. Chinabut

319

10.

Furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida) M. Hiney and G. Olivier

341

11.

Motile Aeromonads (Aeromonas hydrophila) T. Aoki

427

12.

Enteric Redmouth Disease (Yersinia ruckeri) M.T. Horne and A.C. Barnes

455

13.

Edwardsiella Septicaemias J.A. Plumb

479

14.

Vibriosis L.A. Actis, M.E. Tolmasky and J.H. Crosa

523

15.

Flavobacterial Diseases: Columnaris Disease, Cold-water Disease and Bacterial Gill Disease E.B. Shotts, Jr and C.E. Starliper

559

16.

Other Bacterial Pathogens J.G. Daly

577

17.

Saprolegnia and Other Oomycetes D.W. Bruno and B.P. Wood

599

18.

Ichthyophonus and Related Organisms A.H. McVicar

661

19.

Applying Epidemiology to Infectious Diseases of Fish M.A. Thorburn

689

20.

Shellfish Diseases (Viral, Bacterial and Fungal) S.E. McGladdery

723

Glossary

843

Index

861

Contributors

L.A. Actis, Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA. T. Aoki, Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry, Department of Aquatic Biosciences, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan. A.C. Barnes, FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK. J.L. Bartholomew, Department of Microbiology and Center for Salmon Disease Research, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3804, USA. L.M. Bootland, Department of Microbiology and Center for Salmon Disease Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3804, USA. D.W. Bruno, FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK. S. Chinabut, Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute, Department of Fisheries, Kasetsart University Campus, Jatujak 10900, Bangkok, Thailand. J.H. Crosa, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA. J.G. Daly, Division of Natural Sciences, Purchase College, State University of New York, Purchase, New York 10577, USA. B.H. Dannevig, Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway. N. Fijan, Department of Biology and Pathology of Fish and Bees, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, PO Box 190, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. J.L. Fryer, Department of Microbiology and Center for Salmon Disease Research, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3804, USA. vii

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Contributors

M. Hiney, Fish Disease Group, Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway City, Ireland. M.T. Horne, Aqua Health (Europe) Ltd, Unit 31, Enterprise House, Springkerse Business Park, Stirling FK7 7UF, UK. S.L. Kaattari, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA. R. Kusuda, Fish Disease Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan. C.N. Lannan, Department of Microbiology and Center for Salmon Disease Research, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3804, USA. J.C. Leong, Department of Microbiology and Center for Salmon Disease Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3804, USA. S.E. McGladdery, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Gulf Fisheries Centre, 343 Archibald Street, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 5K4, Canada. A.H. McVicar, FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK. G. Olivier, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, PO Box 550, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3J 2S7. J.A. Plumb, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, International Center for Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA. P.W. Reno, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Department of Microbiology, Laboratory for Fish Disease Research, Mark O. Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon 97365-5296, USA. F. Salati, National Institute for Cancer Research, IST – Advanced Biotechnology Centre, Marine Biotechnology, Genoa, Italy. E.B. Shotts, Jr, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA. D.A. Smail, The Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK. C.E. Starliper, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 1700 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, USA. M.A. Thorburn, Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. K.E. Thorud, National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 8156 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway. M.E. Tolmasky, Institute of Molecular Biology and Nutrition, Department of Biological Science, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92834-6850, USA. G.D. Wiens, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA. B.P. Wood, FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK.

Preface

This comprehensive volume is on the major viral, bacterial and fungal diseases in fin- and shellfishes. It completes the three-volume series on fish diseases and disorders; Volume I (published in 1995) is on parasitic diseases in fin- and shellfishes while Volume II (published in 1998) deals with non-infectious disorders in finfish. Reviews in the three volumes are written by international authorities who are actively working in the area or have contributed greatly to our understanding of specific piscine diseases or disorders. Authors in the present book are experts on infectious microbial diseases, and are from North America, Europe and Asia. As in Volumes I and II, the principal audience of this volume is research scientists in the aquaculture industry and universities, fish health consultants and managers of government fish health laboratories. This volume is also appropriate for graduate and senior undergraduate students interested in microbial diseases of fish. The secondary audience includes parasitologists and environmental toxicologists who may wish to initiate research programmes on the combined effects of microbial and parasitic infections on fish health and the synergistic effects of pollutants on microbial diseases. We expect this secondary audience to increase as it becomes evident that this combined effect can have a great impact on fish health and production and that fish health can also be used as an indicator of problems in the aquatic ecosystem. We would like to thank Dr R.M.W. Stevenson, Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, for her advice during the planning of this book. Patrick T.K. Woo David W. Bruno

ix