^acmulan\s ©reck Course
FIRST GREEK
M
,••
GRAMMAR
BY
W. GUNION RUTHERFORD, N
M.A.,
LLD.
HEADMASTER OK WKSTMINSTEK
MIL T^/ /0 ILonfcon
MACMILLAN AND AND NEW YUKK
1888 All rights resetted
CO.
First Edition 1878
New Edition iSyg Reprinted 1881, 1884, /88j, 1886
New
Edition 1888
PREFACE This Grammar has been revised and the general arrangement remains as
in part re-written, but
it
was.
To change
might have done away with something that commended teachers
for the success of a school-book is often
;
fortunate accident of one man's
work happening
this it
to
due to the
to
meet the
views of the majority. If the
idea from
book
is
which
larger, it is not that I
it first
elementary grammar out
is
have abandoned the
sprang, namely, that the part of an to state rules
and leave exceptions
many who have used matter has been made more
but in response to the criticism of
;
the book, the presentment of the
and
clear
attractive
by printing on two pages what before
wa< printed on one.
Indeed far from relinquishing the
idea I have carried
it
first
out more faithfully, omitting such
forms as occur seldom and selecting as examples of inflexion
common words that I could find. As written when men had but begun to urge
the most
which
it
was meant
to give shape, I
tunity of incorporating in a
new
the
the views to
was glad of an oppor-
edition the latest results of
the free discussion of the last ten or twelve years.
;m
opportunity came when k
Course of which this
the starting point.
grammar
And
such
was proposed to publish I First Greek Grammar should be it
PREFACE
VI
The aim
the
of
new
ground the great main
series
lines of
in short to teach the regular
sion in use at the time
had reached
its
when
is
proper place in the
into
and ordinary modes
the fore-
of expres-
the most precise of languages
Accordingly
highest precision.
sary carefully to revise the
bring
to
Greek accidence and syntax,
Grammar
if
it
it
was
was necesto take its
series.
I have to acknowledge a great deal of very generous and
valued help, not only from also
my
colleagues
and
friends,
but
from many others who in using the book had detected
ways
errors or observed
have to thank
and much
my
of
improving
colleague Mr.
it.
Heard
for
More
especially I
many
suggestions
assistance.
Perhaps I ought to add that though I have " atticized as far as possible, I have of
still
"
remembered that the compiler
an elementary grammar must be governed more or
less
by
the texts which are in use, and have retained such spellings as TcdeiKa redrjKa
and
and
clpya^ofirjv
rjpya^ofxrjv are
W.
Westminster,
1888.
even
if
stone records prove that
the true forms.
GUNION RUTHERFORD.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION This First Greek
Grammar
important respects.
It is
contains
differs
from others in some
compiled on a new principle, and
much matter which has
hitherto not appeared in
elementary books, and some facts that are the fruits of
independent research.
The
First Part comprises only such forms as
for a beginner to
Every
succinctly as the nature of the case allows.
made
make
it is
necessary
know, and these are put as clearly and effort
to avoid the necessity of explanations in English, in fact
the lesson for the day appear
as
memory
of the eye,
which
is
—
to
short
possible to the jealous eye of the pupil, while at the
time the local
was
as
same
so strong in youth,
might be brought as largely as possible into play. In the teaching of a synthetic language like Greek or Latin, practical schoolmasters are not likely to underestimate
importance of
the
in
drill
languages the relation
grammatical forms.
between
the
different
nee can never be clearly understood
till
becomes thoroughly familiar with the principal Familiarity with the accidence i
-itive
translation.
It
is
is
the
first
true that
In such
words of a the learner inflexions.
step towards ap-
some boys can
learn
vm
PREFACE who
inflexions with ease
but
translation,
knowledge loses
much
My book
of
grammatical forms even an intelligent boy
of the crispness of the thought.
original design for
to provide a drill
Further information each master might
But the success
impart for himself. to
was thus merely
more accurately compiled than those
beginners,
generally in use.
me
equally true that without a precise
is
it
are never able to acquire facility in
of the
book prompted
add a Second Part which should supply remarks on
the forms included in the First Part, as well as additional
In this way much has
matter of a more advanced kind.
been added which
is
not to be found in ordinary Grammars,
the relegation of the paradigms to a separate part has
and
enabled
me
to discuss interesting points of
way which would otherwise have been
Grammar
impossible.
in a
Such
Chapters as the Third, the Twelfth, and the Seventeenth will,
it
is
hoped, be specially useful in awakening an
telligent interest in a subject too apt to
Different teachers will have different
My own
the Second Part.
system
is
become
in-
dull.
methods
of teaching
gradually to impart
additional information contemporaneously with the drill in inflexions.
for
him
If this is
to learn
done the pupil finds that
when he comes
I have thought
it
digms, as few
to the Second Part.
prudent to leave unaltered
which usually, though wrongly,
find a place in
Greek texts have yet
harmony with the
latest
little is left
results
many forms Greek para-
been brought into
of critical scholarship.
I
have even retained for the sake of old association such absurd
ix
l'KKi
The time
forms as the Imperative XcXimcc
will
come when
they will disappear from Greek Grammars, but an elementary
Grammar I
is
not the place in which
regret that an accelerated
reprint the First Part before all
errors will
first
-ale
to omit them.
made
it
necessary to
any corrections were made, but
be carefully eliminated as soon as another
opportunity occurs. \V.
January 18S0.
GUNION RUTHERFORD.
CONTENTS PART batten
I.
1
First declension
declension
I
Third declension
11
Irregular forms
25
.
d of adjectives (
'oinparison of adjectives
33 51
Adverbs
.
54
Numerals
.
54
Pronouns
.
Tin- \vrl>
Verbs
.
in -11
in
i
-MI
lions
65
86 100
CONTENTS
Xll
PART Remarks on the
letters
and
Contraction, assimilation
II.
signs
and dissimilation
Dual number Vocative case
Gender
....
Accentuation
Remarks on the
first
declension
Remarks on the second declension
Remarks on the third declension Remarks on
adjectives
Remarks on comparison Adverbs
.
Numerals
.
Pronouns
.
General remarks on verbal forms
The tense-system Verbs in -MI
of regular verbs in
-12
.
List of irregular verbs
Verbs forming their tenses from different roots
Oi at
PAET I.
V
The Greek
A B r
5
K/
V
E Z
H
7
e.
r
z.
K
*
?
^/
e. tli. i.
kappa lambda
nu xi
k.
=
1.
m.
— = =
n.
x(=ks). 0.
Pi
p-
rho
rli, r.
sigma T
X a
^s
iota
omlcron
T
V
eta
theta
mu 1/
n p 5 T
(1.
zeta
??
always hard.
g.
=
epsllon
M \/
a.
b.
e
I
N 5 o
=
gamma delta
_^r K A
alpha
were twenty-four in numt
beta
A 1/
letters
I
^
s.
t;iu
t.
upsilon
ii.
9
phi
ph.
chi
kh.
*
psi
0)
omega
= —
only finiaL
ps. 0.
B
———
:
FIRST GREEK
2
Before kappa, gamma,
II.
has the sound of
e
T),
o
co,
chi,
and
xi the letter
gamma
n, as in ink, sing.
Vowels.
III.
GRAMMAR
The vowels
and into narrow,
i,
are divided into open, a,
v.
Consonants. The most important are the Mutes, IV.which are so named because we are not able to pronounce them without the help of a vowel. They are nine in number. Three are pronounced by contact of the tongue and hard palate, three
by the
lips,
and three by bringing the tongue
against the teeth.
palatals or palate-sounds
labials or lip-sounds
.
.
dentals or tooth-sounds
From
this table
sets of three,
a
we
hard
soft
aspirated
K
7
X
IT
p
i
T
8
e
see that they are again divided into
each set containing a guttural, a dental, and
labial.
The for
letters xi, psi,
f = kg, V.
English
^ = 7rcr,
Signs. h,
and zeta are
and f = 8 with a
The Greeks had no
but they had a sign
l
called double letters soft o\
letter like the
Latin or
which served instead.
— FIRST GREEK
Thus
Jj/Da
was pronounced
GRAMMAR
l«'>m,
and the sign
written over the vowel to which
it
the only consonant with which begins a
word
it is
begins a word
The
it
never without
The
letter
rho
is is
used,
and when rho
If the
vowel upsllon
is
it.
always so
has always this sign.
simply marks the absence of the
'
sign
it
is
This sign
belongs.
rough breathing.
called spiritus asper, or
3
spiritus
asper.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. VI.
—The
declension.
inflexion
The
the changeable part
The nominative
of
nouns and
is
pronouns
word
fixed part of the
called
is
called the stem,
is
called the case-ending or termination.
must never be confounded with the
case
stem.
VII. (1)
—The Greeks distinguished declension Three numbers — The singular the in
:
for one,
:
dual for
two, or a pair, and the plural for several. (2)
Five cases
:
— nominative,
vocative,
accusative,
geni-
tive, dative.
(3) Three genders
VIII.
—All
:
—masculine, feminine,
these, except the vocative
neuter.
case, are
seen in
the declension of the article " the."
Vowels long by nature, except
ij
and
«, are
tht circumflex u<
marked •
i
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
THE DEFINITE AETICLE number
masculine
case
feminine
r
nom.
V TOV
rrjv
TO
TOV
r?}?
TOV
dat.
TCO
ry
TOO I
i
nom.
ace.
gen. dat.
TCO
TCO
TCO
TOLV
TOLV
Tolv
01
at
TO, TCI
nom.
1
Obs.
1.
t
ace.
TOVS
T«?
gen.
TCOV
TCOV
TCOV
dat.
TOLS
reus
TOIS
the written under the long vowel —The not pronounced. —The dual number has only two forms in
iota
dative singular Obs. 2.
•
t
»a
1 I
/
TO
gen.
ace.
t
neuter
is
called iota subscript.
It is
to serve all
genders and cases.
IX. letter
—Declensions of
the
are arranged according to the last
The
stem.
stems ending in alpha or eta
First :
Declension includes
all
the Second Declension most
stems in omicron or omega; the Third Declension stems
ending in other
letters.
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
u,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
FIRST DECLENSION X.
—A.
Feminine Stems
Stems. %a)pa, land ; fia^a,
f OS
1
Obs.
battle ;
OdXaTTa,
sea
ace.
yu>pdv
fidxyv
OaXarra OdXaTTa OdXaTTav
gen.
Xd>pas
p,dxvs
OaXaTTrj?
dat.
Xa>pa
H>"XV
OaXaTTrf
n. v. a.
X a>pd
fMdX d
OaXaTTa
g.d.
yoapaiv
fxdxcuv
OaXaTTaiv
nom.
X&pai
p
voc.
X^P aL
fidx^i'
nom.
Xcopd
voc.
Xcopd
fidxv
ace.
X<»pas
[idxds
OaXaTTai OdXaTTai OaXaTTa?
gen.
Xu>p&v
fJLCLX&V
OaXaTTcbv
dat.
X^pai?
fidxacs
OaXaTTai?
1.
—Alpha
after a
vowel or rho
is
kept in
all
cases of
the singular. Obs. 2.
—Eta
of
the nominative singular
is
kept in
all
cases of the singular. Obs. 3.
—Alpha
eta in the genitive
after any consonant but rho and the dative singular.
is
changed to
*i ami «, are marked long, unless they the circumflex accent.
Vowels long by nature, except
carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
XI.— B. MASCULINE STEMS Stems, veavia, young
man ;
7ro\lra,
1
1
I
Obs.
'JLp/jLTj,
Hermes;
citizen
r
nom.
veavid?
voc.
veavid
'Epfirf
iroXlra
ace.
veavldv
'TLp/jurjv
TroXirrjv
gen.
veavlov
'Ep/JLOV
iroklrov
dat.
veavid
'Ep/if}
TrdXtrrj
n. v. a.
veavid
g.d.
veavlaiv
'TLp/ialv
TToXlratv
iroXlrai
7T0\lT7j?
Ep/jLr)?
f
Ep/xa
TroXlrd
nom.
veavlai
'JLp/iat
voc.
veavlai
'Ep/jual
iroXlrai
ace.
veavid?
'Ep/xa?
iroXird?
gen.
veavicov
'Eipfjicov
7to\Zt(ov
dat
veavlai?
'Epfjuals
7roXiTai<;
1.
—Alpha
after a
vowel or rho
is
kept in
all
cases of
the singular, except the genitive. Obs. 2
—Eta
of
the nominative singular
is
kept in the
accusative and the dative singular. Obs. 3
—Eta
of the nominative singular is also kept in
the vocative singular, except in nouns in
words, and names of peoples.
rrjs,
compound
In these cases we find a
short alpha. Vowels long by nature, except y and
a>,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
SECOND DECLENSION
XIL—A. UNCONTRACTED WORDS Stems, Xoyo, m. speech; ipyo,
nom.
1
1
I^O
'S
\6yos
n.
deed
epyov
voc.
epyov
ace.
epyov
gen.
\6yov
epyov
dat.
Xoyco
epyco
n. v. a.
Xoyco
epya)
g.d.
Xoyotv
epyotv
nom.
Xoyoc
epya
voc.
Xoyoi
epya
ace.
Xoyovs
epya
gen.
Xoycov
epycov
dat.
Xoyots
epyois
>»<»
15,
Vowels long by nature, except % and u, are marked long, unless they carry the linamjlcx accent.
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
XIII—B. CONTRACTED WORDS Stems. tt\oo, m. voyage; bcrreo,
i i
n. bone
nom.
7r\6os
7tXo{)?
6(TT€OV
voc.
7tA0€
7r\0V
6
OCTTOVV
ace.
irXoov
TtXoVV
6
bcrrovv
gen.
ttXoov
irkov
bcrreov
bcrrov
dat.
ir\6(p
7t\0)
6(TTeO)
ocrrco
n. v. a.
7rX6(0
ttXco
6(TTe(0
bcrreo
g .d.
TtXoOLV
ttXolv
6(TT€OlV
bcrrolv
nom.
ttXool
7r\ol
ocrrea
bard
voc.
ttXooi
wXol
ocrrea
bard
ace.
7rX6oV<S
ttXovs
ocrrea
bard
gen.
7tX6(j)V
irX&v
OCTT€0)V
barcov
dat.
ttXools
7rXot9
OOT€OiS
barols
OCTTOVV
!3
1
J
^
Obs
1.
—In the
plural of neuter substantives -ea contracts
to a. 06s. 2.
—The accent
of the uncontracted ocrreov is
Vowels long by nature, except v and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
unknown.
long, unless they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
XIV.
—Words
9
Words
in -ov are always neuter.
are generally masculine
but names of
j
Also the following words
and islands are feminine.
sand
ashes
brick
KekevOos
arpaTros
walk
path
Xrjvos
(TOpOS
:
TJrdjjLfjLos
pebble
in -o?
trees, lands, cities,
and
6B6?
way
yvdOos jaw
vocros disease
vat
coffin
pd/3b)o$
rd
Bpoaos
book
staff
ditch
dew
So/cos
rjireipos
fidaavos
beam
continent
touchstone
vrjao^
/cd/uvos
yepavos
island
oven
crane
XV.
— The
following nouns vary in the plural
number
between the masculine and the neuter gender, in one case with a difference of meaning. When actual bonds are spoken of Scoym
is
the form used, but bonds in the sense of bondage
or imprisonment
is
translated
by
:
Seo-fios, fetter
pi.
Bea/nol or Beafid
Xv^yos, lamp
pi.
\v%vot, or
cradfjios, stable
pi.
aradjuoL or arad/jid
One word has only neuter forms (Tiros, food
XVI.
Seo-^oi
— The
in the plural
pi.
vocative
case
Xv^ya
:
alra
of
0eds,
god or goddess,
always the same as the nominative. Vowels long hy nature, except % and », are marked long, vnless they carry the circumflex accin
t.
is
FIRST GREEK
10
GRAMMAR
ATTIC DECLENSION XVII.
—A few stems instead
of o
have
a>.
This
co
takes
the case-endings as far as possible.
Stem.
J §»
—
veco,
m.
nom.
vecos
voc.
V€(0
ace.
V600V
gen.
V€(D
dat.
veco
n. a. v.
veco
s .d.
vecov
nom.
Veep
voc.
veco
ace.
vecos
gen.
VeCOV
dat.
veq')
e^
CO
4
r^
1
Obs.
—There are no neuter substantives
Voivels long by nature, except
r,
and
a, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
in this declension.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
11
THIRD DECLENSION I.
Consonant Stems
A.— STEMS IN PALATALS, * 7 x s
XVIII.
,
Stems, tyvkcuc, m. guard; irrepvy,
f.
wing
6vv%, m. nail
1 s
nom.
(f)v\af;
Trrepvi;
owl;
voc.
7TT€pvt;
owl;
ace.
irrepvy -a
ow%-a
gen.
(f)v\aK-o<;
Trrepvy-os
ovv^-o^
dat.
(f)v\atc-i
7TT€pVy-L
ovv%-i
n. a. v.
7TT€pVy-€
ovvyj-e
g.a.
(pv\dfc-oiv
7TT€pVy-OLV
ovv%-oiv
irrepvy-es
opv%-€<;
2
^
*§
1^
Obs.
1.
Obs.
2.
nom.
v\atce<;
voc.
\atc-€<;
irrepvy- e?
6W^-e?
ace.
v\a/c-a<;
irrepvy -a?
ow%-a$
gen.
7TT€pVy-(OV
OVV%-Ct)V
dat.
<$>vXat;L(v)
TTT6pv!~t,(v)
6vv%l(v)
—All these stems are masculine feminine. ending nu —The form dative
when the next word
or
of
plural
in
is
used
in the sentence begins with a vowel.
Vowels long by nature, excejd % and *, are marked long, unless they carry the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
12
GRAMMAR
B.— STEMS IN LABIALS, XIX.
M 1
1
Obs.
1.
Obs. 2.
Stems, yvir, m.
w,
/3
vulture ;
f.
vein
nom.
yv^r
voc.
yv-yjr
ace.
yv7r-a
gen.
7U7T-0?
(pXeft-os
dat.
yuir-i
fke/3-i
n. a. v.
yvir-e
<j>\4j3-e
yvTT-olv
nom.
yv7r-€<;
voc.
yvir-es
ace.
yvTr-as
gen.
yvir-oiv
(f>\e/3-(ov
dat.
yv"^rl(v)
<£XeT/a(y)
—All these stems —They are very
are masculine or feminine.
rare.
Vowels long hy nature, except y and u, are marked long, unless they carry the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK cliA.MMAH
C— STEMS 1.
XX.
Stem,
IN DENTALS
1
1 1
a 6,
t,
B
MASCULINE AND FEMININE ipcor,
m.
TrarpcB,
love ;
eptB,
"c2
19
f.
f.
native land ;
strife
nom.
e/3ft>?
TTCLTpl-S
voc.
€p(o-<;
nrarpi-f;
epi-S
ace.
€pd)T-a
irarpiB-a
€pL-V
gen.
epft)T-09
irarpiB-os
epiB-os
dat.
epwr-i
irarplB-i
eptB-i
epi-$
€p(OT-6
irarptB-e
epiB-e
g.i
€p(OT-OLV
irarpiB-oiv
epib-oiv
nom.
€p(DT€<;
TTCLTplB-eS
epiB-es
voc.
e/)0)T-€?
TrarpiB-e?
eptB-eg
ace.
epoar-as
7rarpiB-a<;
epiB-as
gen.
€p(OT-(OV
irarplB-(ov
epiB-cov
dat.
epo3-(Ti(y)
iraTpl-Giiy)
€pi-
n.v.
a.
—
Obs. 1. All stems in 18 not accented on the have their accusative singular in nu like Ipiv.
the case with the one stem in
-it,
last syllable
This
is
also
namely, x a P LTJ X°-P LS
i
£
favour. Obs. 2.
—The
dentals are dropped before sigma.
7ru.Tpfe for 7raT/n8s,
Obs. 3.
— Stems
poetical ko/jvs,
and in
Hence
-Kwrpiui for TrarpiBa-L.
are very rare except 6pvt<s
and the
which are given among the irregular nouns.
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
13
2.
GRAMMAR
NEUTERS
STEMS, acofiar, body ; icepdr, horn
1 1
n. v. a.
croj/jua
Kepa-<$
gen.
K6paT-0<$
dat.
aco/Jiar-c
fcepdr-i
n. v. a.
crco/jLCLT-e
fcepdr-e
g. d.
acofidr-OLV
/cepar-ocv
n. v. a.
acofjuar-a
Kepdr-a
gen.
CrCD/jLClT-CDV
fcepdr-oov
dat.
adafia-G-tiv)
K€pd-at(v)
"88
q •X3
>»«i.
I
Obs. l t Obs. 2.
—Words —As
like Kepa-s are very rare.
military terms are found a genitive Kepus and
a dative K€pa, which come from a bye-form of this stem.
Voicels long by nature, except
r,
and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
DENTAL STEMS IN
XXL— Stems
15
vt
Klavr, m. Ajax; yepovr, m. old-man ; o&ovt, m. tooth
nom.
Ala-?
yepcov
68ov-
voc.
Ata-?
ykpov
68ov-<;
ace.
AXavT-a
yepovr-a
oSovr-a
gen.
AXavT-o$
yepovr-os
6&OVT-05
dat.
Alclvt-l
ykpovT-L
O&OVT-l
§ *2 "I
^ ^
n. a. v.
Acavr-e
yepovr-e
6BoVT-€
g.d.
AloLVT-OiV
yepovr-.oLv
6h0VT-0LV
nom.
Ataz^T-e?
yepovr-es
686vt-€<;
voc.
A.lavT-e<;
yepovr-e?
686vt-€<;
»o
15,
Obs.
1.
Obs. 2.
ace.
AlavT-as
yepovr-as
6hovT-a$
gen.
Alavr-wv
yepovr-cov
ohoVT-WV
dat.
AXa-cn(y)
yepov-o-i(v)
68oV-
—All these stems masculine. —When dropped before sigma, are
vt
simply lengthened; Obs. 3.
—The
c
is
and
o
become
ei
and
a,
t,
v are
ov.
vocative has sometimes the pure stem as
nearly as possible
;
sometimes
Vowels long by nature, exespt
r,
and
it is
a,
like the nominative.
are marked lowj, unless they carry
the circumjlex aoeenL
FIRST GREEK
L6
GRAMMAR
STEMS IN DENTAL XXII.
h
Stems, 'EXA^i/, m. Greek ;
v
7toi/jL€v,
m.
s,
nom.
"E\\V v
TTOLfJLljv
voc.
"EWrjv
TTOLfJirjV
r
1
ace.
EWr/v-a
iroifxev-a
CO
gen.
"EWrjv-os
TroLfxev-os
dat.
"EWrjv-t,
irotfJuev-L
n. a. v.
"EXkrjv-e
7rOL/jL6V-6
g.d.
"EXkrjv-oiv
7T0l,/JL€V'0CV
|
^o
1«^
nom.
"EXkrjv-es
TTOifjuev-es
voc.
"EWrjv-es
7ro{,fi€V-es
ace.
"EWrjv-as
iroifjiev-as
'EWljv-fDV
TTOLfliv-OJV
gen. dat.
Obs. 4>pzv6s,
—With f.
heart,
the
r
EWr)-cn(v)
exception
words of this
Vowels long by nature, except y and
of
iroL/jL6-cri(v)
the poetical word
<£pjv,
class are masculine.
ai,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
Stems, aycov, m.
CRAM MAR
contest; yyefiov,
17
m. leader;
8e\iv,
m. dolphin
nom.
dycov
rjye/JLcov
8e\(f)i<;
voc.
dycov
rjye/jbcov
BeXcpU
\ ace.
dyayv-a
vy.€ft6v*ag_
gen.
aycov-os
iiyejjLov-os
he\(f)lv-o<;
dat.
dywv-c
r/ye/JLOV-i
8e\(f)lv-i,
"*»4
n. a. v.
dycov-e
rjy€fj,ov-€
8e\(f)lv-€
^
g.d.
dycov-ouv
rjy€fiov-oiv
$e\Lv-oiv
nom.
ayS>v-e
rjyefiov-es
SeX^lv-es
1 03
*>»
i
1
voc.
aycov-es
7]y€fMOV-6<;
$e\(f)tv-€<;
ace.
dycov-a<;
fjyefiov-as
&€\<j>lv-a<;
gen.
dycov-cov
r)y€fj,6v-cov
Be\(f>iv-cov
dat.
aya)-cn(y)
rjye/jl6-ctl(v)
8e\i-
S^i
Obs.
1.
Obs. 2. Obs. 3. is
—Words almost —Words ScX^U — In two proper names the in
-tov
are
all
are rare or poetical.
like
last
shortened to form the vocative case,
'
AttoXXidv),
O Apollo
;
masculine.
vowel of the stem
viz.,
"A-n-oXXov (stem,
Hoo-ecSov (stem, IIoo-€i<W),
Vowels long by nature, except
*j
and
a, are
marked
O Poseidon,
long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
G
FIRST GREEK
18
GRAMMAR
STEMS IN LIQUID XXIII. m.
drjp,
Stems
prjrop,
m.
p
oratory Kpdrrjp, m. wine howl
wild-beast.
*-
nom.
prjTwp
Kpdrrjp
Hp
voc.
prjrop
Kparrjp
6r)p
ace.
prjTOp-a
Kpdrijp-a
6r)p-a
gen.
prjrop-o?
Kpdrf}p-os
drjp-os
dat.
pr)TOp-L
Kpdrr)p-i
Orjp-l
n. v. a.
prjrop-e
Kpdrrjp -e
6r)p-e
g.d.
prjrop-oiv
Kparrjp-oiv
drjp-olv
nom.
pr/rop-es
Kpdrrjp-es
Orjp-es
voc.
pr}rop-e<;
Kpdrrjp-es
6r)p-€<;
ace.
pr]T0p-a<;
Kpdrrjp -as
6r)p-a<;
gen.
prjTOp-wv
Kpdrrjp-eov
6r}p-S)V
dat.
prjTOQ-gjty)
Kpdrrjp- at
6r)p-crL(y)
-S
1 OS
1
r^i>
| a,
Obs. 1
.
Obs. 2.
— Of these the stems in and -rop are musculine. —All stems in rho form the nominative -
rrjp
singular,
without sigma, but epsilon before rho
is
lengthened to
eta,
and omicron to omega. Obs. 3.
—The
vocative singular has the pure stem, but
the stem acorrjp, saviour, shortens eta to epsilon, acorep. Vowels long by nature, except v and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
19
STEM IN LIQUID X AND SPECIAL CLASS IN XXIV.
3 1 •5
1
Obs.
1.
Stems, aX, m. salt;
firjrep,
f.
mother
nora.
aX-9
firJTr)p
voc.
aX-?
firjrep
ace.
ak-a
firjrep-a
gen.
aX-09
fJLTjTp-OS
dat.
ak-L
flT)Tp-l
n. v. a.
aX-e
/jLT)T6p-€
g .d.
ak-olv
JJL7]Tep-OlV
nom.
aX-69
fiTjrep-e^
voc.
aX-69
fJL7]T6p-€<;
V
ace.
aX-a9
fATjrep-as
gen.
ak-wv
/JL7)T€p-(0V
dat.
ak-ari(y)
lLT)Tpa-(Ti{y)
—In poetry —Like
p
a As has a feminine singular in the
sense of sea. Obs. 2.
Ovydrrjp belly
;
(st.
p-yTrjp are
Ovyarep),
declined irari)p
(st. 7raTe/j),
daughter; yao-njp,
ArjpLrjTrjp (st. Arjfirjrep),
Vowels long by nature, except
tj
and
f.
(st.
father;
yao-rtp),
the goddess Denieter. «, nr«
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
20
GRAMMAR
STEMS IN
XXV— Stems,
A^oaQevea, m.
;
yeveo;
n. race
1 00
•3
1
Obs.
1.
nom.
Ar)/M)(rOevr)<;
yevos
voc.
Arj/jLoaOeves
yivo?
ace.
Arj/jLoadivrj
yevos
gen.
Arj/jLocrdevovs
yevovs
dat.
Arj/jLoaOevet,
yevet
n. v. a.
ykvr)
g .d.
yevolv
n. v. a.
yevrj
gen.
yevwv
dat.
yeve-cn(v)
—The
final
Thus from the stem should
arise,
is lost between the and contraction ensues.
sigma of the stem
vowel preceding and following yeveo-
it,
a genitive yevecr-os (cp. gener-is)
but the sigma being
lost,
we
get yevovs con-
tracted from yeveos. Obs. 2.
—Proper
their accusative in
names -rjv
as
like A^/xoo-flei^s if
from the
have more often
first
declension, but
proper names in -kXtjs follow the third declension throughout. Vowels long by nature, except y
and
a>,
are marked long, unless tney carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
II.
XXVI.
GBAMMAB
21
VOWEL STEMS
Stems
in
narrow vowels
i
and v
MASCULINES AND FEMININES Stems,
irokt,
f.
city ;
av, m. or
f.
pig ; ir^v, m. forearm. 1
ly^o ? nom.
TToXl-S
ads
irrj^y-s
voc.
iroXt
(TV
wifav
ace.
iroXi-v
av-v
Trr/xy-v
5 6,
%
•*<>
C
•^
gen.
7roX,ea)?
(TV-OS
dat.
iroXei
av-i
n. v. a.
ttoXtj
(TV-6
irrjxn
g .d.
TTOke-OLV
av-olv
ir^^e-OLV
nom.
iroXets,
eru-e?
irr)yeis
voc.
Obs.
7T7J
X €C
iroXei^
av-es
7rr
ace.
iroXeis.
0~V$
7rr)
gen.
iroXe-cov
av-cov
irr^ye-wv
dat.
7r6\€-
av-
irrj^e-ativ)
•»<»
5,
irrj^ecos i
—The
nominative of these nouns
instead of the vocative.
?X et ?
is
generally used
Thus we almost always
Vowels long by nature, except * and
X €i<;
find
<5
ttoAis.
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
22
GRAMMAR
NEUTERS
Stem, acrrv,
1
1
Obs.
—The
city
n. v. a.
acrrv
gen.
a
dat.
acneu
n
v. a.
g.4
acrre-oiv
n. v. a.
dcrrrj
gen.
acTTe-cov
dat.
acrT€-cn(v)
vowel upsilon changes to epsilon in
all cases
but the nominative singular.
Vowels long by nature, except * and
a>,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
XXVII.— STEMS IX
ev
Stems, ftaaiXev, m. king ; Acopiev, m. Dorian
nom.
ySao-tXeu-?
Acopiev-s
voc.
(SacriXev
Awpiev
ace.
/3aaiXi-d
Acopta
gen.
/3acrt\e(i)9
AodplOiS
dat.
ftacrcXel
Aooptel
>-o
n. v. a.
(Saaikri
Awpirj
*e
g.4
ftaaCke-oiv
AcDpLOLV
nom.
/3aaL\fc or
voc.
/3acrA%
ace.
/3a
b
1 •55
-efc
Aaypiijs or -et?
or -et?
Acopcrjs or -et?
*>o
Awpias
Awpiwv
gen.
dat
Obs.
1.
Obs. 2.
—These stems are masculine. the stem —All the upsilon all
of
lose
case-endings, and tion
Acopcevac(v)
fia,(TLkev-cri{y)
when a vowel precedes
commonly takes place between Vowels long by nature, except r
and
», are
it
and the case-endings.
marked
the circumflex accent.
before vowel
the epsilon, contrac-
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
24
GRAMMAR
XXVIII.— Stems 7T6C0O,
f.
persuasion
;
alBo,
in o
and w
shame;
f.
rjpo),
m. hero
nom.
iretOca
alSoos
T}p(D-S
voc.
iretOol
alBoc
r/pco-s
ace.
ireiOco
al&co
r/pco-a, rfpeo
al&ovs
ijpeo-os
alBoc
vp
1 00
gen. dat.
1 41
iretOol
n. v. a.
rjpeo-e
g .d.
rjpco-ocv
not used
not used
n. v.
r)p(D-e<s
ace.
r/pco-as
gen.
T}p(6-(0V
dat.
r)pw-ai(v)
1
Vowels long hy nature, except «
and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
XXIX.— OTHER IRREGULAR FORMS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
Stem
dvep, m.
English
man
S
/3ov,
ox,
m.
f.
cow
yovar,
n.
knee
nom.
avqp
/3ov-<;
yovu
voc.
avep
/3ov
yovv
ace.
av-h-p-a
fiov-v
yovv
gen.
av-8-p-6<;
/3o-6s
yovar-os
dat.
av-B-p-i
0o-t
yovar -i
av-8-p-e
/36-€
yovar-e
av-8-p-olv
fio-oZv
yOVULT-OLV
n. v.
av-8-p-es
/?0-€9
yovar-a
aoc.
av-S-p-as
/3of)-?
yovar-a
gen.
dv-B-p-cov
fio-cov
yovar- wv
dat.
dv-8-pd-o~i(v)
/3oV-0~l(v)
y6va^ri{v)
n.v.
a.
'J
^
g
.
a.
»-^.
R«
Vowels long by nature, except
»j
and
<*,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
26
GRAMMAR
IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES IN ALPHABETICAL
ORDER
Stem
yaXa/cr, n.
yepa?
yrjpacr
English
milk
privilege
old age
ypav,
old
f.
woman
nom.
yaXa
yepas
yrjptv;
ypav-s
voc.
yaXa
yepa?
yrjpcvi
ypav
ace.
yaXa
yepas
yrjpas
ypav-v
gen.
yep co ?
yijpcos
ypd-os
dat.
ydXaKT-L
yepa
yrjpa
ypd-i
N
I '<
1
n. v. a.
ypa-e
g .d.
ypd-olv
n. v.
yakaKT-a
yepa
7pa-e?
ace.
yaXaKT-a
yepa
ypav-s
gen.
yakcuKT-cdV
yepcov
ypd-cov
dat.
yaka%i(y)
yepacri (y)
ypav^i^v)
1 -^
^
Vowels long by nature, except % and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK GRA MM AR
27
IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES IX
ALPHABETICAL ORDER
iap, and
Stem
English
.
!
yvvaitc,
Bopar,
f.
woman
n.
spear
nom.
yvvrj
BopvJ
voc.
yvvai
Bopv
"
spring
yvval/c-a
Bopv
gen.
yvvai/c-6s
Bo par- o?,
4
Zeus
eap
Zev- ?
eap
Zev
V
ace.
Zev, At, m.
eap
At-a
r)p-os
At-o?
Bopos dat.
yvvaiic-i
Bopar-i,
vp-i
Bopl\ or
Bope^
4s
11 5,
n.v. a.
yvvaiK-e
Bopar-e
g.d.
yvvaiK-olv
Bopdr-oiv
n. v.
yvval/c-es
Bopar-a
ace.
yvvaiic-as
Bopar-a
gen.
yvvacK-wv
Bopdr-(ov
dat.
yvvai^i{y)
B6pa-(Ti(v)
Vowels long by nature, exeqt
r
and
*, r/rr
marled
*A« circumflex accent.
Zony, un/ess
Mry carry
FIRST GREEK
28
GRAMMAR
IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES IN ALPHABETICAL
ORDER
Kveacr,
Stem
English
1 §> •«
4
fckeiS,
f.
KV€
key
KopvO,
gloom
f.
helmet
tcpear, n.
meat
nom.
/c\et-?
/cvecfras
fcopvs
Kpeas
voc.
/e\et-?
KV€<j>a$
KOpV-S
repeat
ace.
/c\el-v
fcvi(f>a<;
Kopvd-a,
Kpeas
i
or Kopvv gen.
/c\et,8-6<;
dat.
k\€lB-l
n. v. a.
tc\ei8-€
KopvQ-e
g.d
k\€lB-olv
KOpvO-OLV
fcve(f>ov<;
KOpvO-OS
Kp6(DS
Kve(f)d
KOpvO-i
Kpea
nom. voc.
/cXetS-e?,
KopvO-es
Kpea
icopvO-es
Kpea
Kopv6-as
Kpea/
/
/cX€t9 i-~c»
p
ace.
s^
/eXetS-a?,
I
K\ei<;
gen.
kXcoB-cov
KOpvd-WV
dat.
k\6L(tl(v)
KOpV-Giiy) Kpea-cri(v)
Vowels long by nature, except % and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent
KpeSiv
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES IN ALPHABETICAL
ORDER
kvov and
Stem
fiaprv, futprvp,
kvv,
m.
and
English
vav,
ni.
dog
witness
ship
nom.
KVCOV
fidprv-<;
vav-s
voc.
KVOV
fidprv-s
vav
|
ace.
Kvv-a
fidprvp-a
vav-v
•8
gen.
KVV-6?
fjbdprvp-os
V€(tiS
dat.
KVV-L
fxdpTvp-i
VTjt
l
1
f.
f.
f
ii.
a. v.
Kvv-e
fJidpTVp-6
VTJ6
g
a.
KVV-OLV
fJbapTVp-OLV
veolv
n. v.
kvv-€<;
fidprvp-e?
vrjes
ace.
Kvv-a<$
fidprvp-as
vavs
gen.
KVV-WV
fiaprvp-cov
vecov
dat.
KV-aL(y)
p.dpTV-ai{y)
vav-o-i(v)
.
Vowels long by nature, except v and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless (hey carry
FIRST GREEK
30
GRAMMAR
IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
Stem
opvlO, opvl, m.
English
1
f.
cor, n.
ear
bird
nom.
opvi-s
ov-s
voc.
OpVL
ov-s
ace.
opvl-v, rarely
OV-S
opvlOa *l
i
1Ss
gen.
SpvlO-os
COT-OS
dat.
opvlO-c
COT -I
n. a. v.
opviv-e
wT-e
g .d.
opvfd-ocv
COT-OLV
n. v.
opvlO-es, opvets
d)T-a
ace.
opvl6-as, payees
coT-a
gen.
OpvfO-COV, 6pV€-(OV
COT-COV
dat.
opvl-o~i(y)
co-crC{v)
Vowels long by nature, except
»j
and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
CRAM MAR
81
IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES IX ALPHABETICAL
Stem
ORDER
Trvp, irvpo
m.
ttoB,
English
fire, pi.
vBar
for
vBapr,
n.
n.
= icater
foot watcli-fires
1
1
1I
nom.
7TOU-9
TTVp
vBcop
voc.
7TOV-9
TTVp
vBcop
ace.
ir6B-a
TTVp
vBcop
gen.
7ToS-09
7TV/3-09
£/8ar-09
dat.
TToB-L
irvp-i
vBar-L
n. a. v.
iroB-e
g.d.
TTOB-Olv
n. v.
7ToS-69
irvpd
vBar-a
ace.
7ro8-a9
TTVpd
vBar-a
gen.
TToB-OJV
TTVpCOV
vBdr-wv
dat.
iTo-ai{y)
7TVpOL<;^
vBa-(Ti(y)
Vou-eU lung by nature, except
r,
and
»,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
32
GRAMMAR
IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
Stem
vlo, vie,
(j)pedr for
m.
(ppeapr,
English
nom.
son
n.
cistern
1
(ppeap
VlO-<$ r /
(ppeap
X eiP> X €P f.
hand
X dP X € 'P
voc.
vie
I
ace.
VIO-V
(ppeap
Xetp-a
1
gen.
vlov
fte-o?
(j> pear- o?
dat.
vlS
vlel
typedr-L
xeLP-°* X etp-L
1
n. a. v.
vlrj
(f>pedr-e
Xelp-e
g.d.
vle-otv
(ppedr-oiv
x ep-° lv
n. v.
vlels
(j>pedr-a
x elp-^
ace.
(j)pedr-a
Xelp-as
gen.
vle-cav
(f)pedr-(ov
Xeip-MV
dat.
vle-cn(v)
$>pedcr-i(v)
Xep-al(y)
Vowels long by nature, except
*i
and
a, are
marked
the circumflex accent
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
33
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES A.
—ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION XXX.— SIMPLE THE MOST COMMON CLASS OF ADJECTIVES dyados, good
masculine
r-»
I v
1 •8
i
1
feminine
neuter
nom.
ayados
dyadrj
dyadov
voc.
dyade
ayadr)
dyadov
ace.
dyad op
dyadrjv
dyadov
gen.
dyadov
dyadi]?
dyaOov
dat.
ayaOco
dyadfi
dyadco
n. v. a.
dyadco
dyadco
dyad co
g.d.
dyadolv
dyadolv
dyadolv
n. v.
dyaOol
dyad at,
dyad a
ace.
ayadov?
dyad d<;
dyaOd
gen.
dyadwv
dyadebv
dyadcov
dat.
dyadolv
dyadals
dyadols
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
*, are
marked
long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
D
FIRST GREEK
34
GRAMMAR
0tXto?, friendly
masculine
feminine
nom.
/\to?
tyiKia
(piXiov
voc.
<j>i\i6
(f)i\id
(j>l\lOV
ace.
(j>t\,COV
(f)l\L(iv
(f)l\lOV
gen.
(f>i\lov
tyikias
(f>Lklov
dat.
(f)l\i(p
tyikia
(f>iXi
b
1 1
neuter
I »3
n. v. a.
1
l\l(D
g .d.
(pikioiv
l\lOLV
n. v.
(f)l\lOl
ikiai
(pChicu
ace.
(f>l\lOV$
c^tXta?
(f)iXia
gen.
^CklCOV
(f)l\l(OV
(f)t\l(DV
dat.
(pLkloiS
(f)L\iai<;
tyiXioi*;
1
i
Vowels long by nature, except
*>
and
a, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
35
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES AND SECOND DECLENSION
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST
XXXL— CONTRACTED Xpvareo*;, golden
masculine
1
1 •i
i
Obs.
nom.
^/juctoO?
Xpvo-rj
Xpvarj
Xpvaovv Xpvaovv
ace.
Xpvaovs yjpvGOW
XpV
Xpvo-ovv
gen.
yjpvaov
Xpvcrrjs
Xpvcrov
dak
Xpv
Xpvo-\)
Xpdcray
n. v. a.
Xpvcra)
Xpvo-a)
ypvca
Xpvaocv
XpVO-OLV
Xpvo-olv
n. v.
yjpvaol
Xpvaovs
Xpvaal Xpvaas
XpVGCL
ace.
gen.
yjpvcr&v
Xpuawv
Xpvo-oiv
dat
Xpvaots
XpvcraLS
Xpvaots
.
—The
a.
to
Xpvo-a
feminine singular of adjectives in -eo? con-
when a consonant when a vowel or rho precedes, as tracts
neuter
voc.
g
i
feminine
eta
:
precedes, but to alpha x/™°"«">
XPvrf Du k
(woollen), €p€a apyvpka (silvery), dpyvpa. Vowels long by nature, except
*>
and
*, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
V€ *a
c
FIRST GREEK
86
GRAMMAR
tt7r\oo?, simple
masculine
feminine
nom.
a7r\o0?
airXrj
difkovv
voc.
a7rXo{)?
aifXrj
difkovv
ace.
airkovv
aTrXfjv
a,7r\ovv
gen.
difkov
a7rA,?)?
difkov
dat.
dirXS
a7r\y
airXo)
n. v. a.
airXw
aifkd)
dirXoo
g.d.
airkolv
dirXoiv
difkolv
n. v.
airkol
dirXal
dirka
ace.
airXovs
a7rXa?
air\d
gen.
aifkwv
a.7r\cov
dirXcav
dat.
clttKoZs
a7rXat?
airXol?
neuter
1
1
1 1
1
XXXII.
— Many adjectives
belong solely to the second
declension having only two endings, -o? for the masculine
and feminine and -ov all
compound
for the neuter.
This
is
the case with
adjectives.
Vowels long by nature, except
»j
and
a, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, uidess they carry
PIBST
GREEK GRAMMAR
—ADJECT1
^7
OF THE ATTIC DECLENSION
XXXIII.
\
is
tXecos, gracious
masc. and
fern.
neuter
nom.
ZXecos
voc.
tX.€0)9
ZXecov
ace.
ZXewv
ZXecov
gen.
ZXeco
iXeco
dat.
ZXetp
ZXeco
n. v. a.
ZXeco
ZXeco
g.4
ZXecpv
ZXecov
n. v.
ZXeco
ZXeco
ace.
ZXecos
ZXeco
gen.
ZXecov
ZXecov
dat.
ZXecps
ZXeco?
tXecov
singul
1
5<
Obs.
—There are very few adjectives of this
class.
Vowels long by nature, except v and *, are marked long, unless they the circumflex accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
38
B.— ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD AND FIRST
DECLENSION XXXIV.
—Some
in the masculine suffix -ta,
adjectives follow the third declension
and neuter and form a feminine in the
which combines with the stem in various ways. rjSvs, sweet
masculine
feminine
nom.
r)8v<;
wbeia
voc.
r)$v<;
rjSela
1
ace.
rjBvv
r)
CO
gen.
r)8eo<;
rjSelds
rjB&OS
dat.
rjSei
rjSeid
7}0€L
n. v. a.
T)$6€
rjbeLa
y$ee
g.d.
tfBioiv
r)heicuv
rjBeoLV
n. v.
ySels
rj&eiff,i
rjBea
Seta?
rjhea
M
_,
Sclav
neuter
r£» 7]
Bv
rjhv
•S
1
ace.
77
1
i
gen.
rjheoov
r}hei(bv
r/Secov
dat.
rjhecri(v)
rjheiais
r]he(Ti{v)
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
u,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent
GREEK GRAMMAR
FIRST
39
fieXds, bhvk
neuter
feminine
masculine
nom.
fAe\d<;
fieXaiva
fjbeXav
voc.
fjbiXav
fiiXaiva
fieXav
ace.
fieXava
fieXaivav
fjiiXav
gen.
fieXavos
fieXaivr)^
fieXavos
dat.
fiekavL
fieXalvrj
/jueXavi
n. v. a.
fieXave
tiekaiva
fieXave
g.cl.
fjLekdvoLV
fieXaivaiv
fxeXavoiv
n. v.
fie\ave<;
fieXaivait
fjueXavc^
ace.
fieXavas
/jLeXaivd?
/jueXava
gen.
fieXdvwv
fjLeXaivwv
fieXdvcov
dat
fiekaativ)
HeXaLvais
fieXao-t^v)
-Si
i 00
-i
1
Obs.
same
1.
— Adjectives
like /AeAas
may have
the vocative the
as the nominative.
Obs. 2.
— Like
/wXas
is
also declined Ttp-qv, Ttpeiva, T€ptv,
tender.
Vowels long by nature, except %
and
», are
marked
the clrcumfiex accent.
long, unless they
FIRST GREEK
40
GRAMMAR
Xapieis, graceful
feminine
masculine
nom. voc.
1 S3
1 'S
i-<>
r
i
t
Obs.
1.
Obs.
2.
neuter
is
neuter
X aP^ X aP Lev
yapie<j(ja
%apiev
yapiecraa
X aP iev X aP Lev
ace.
yapievTa
yapiecTGav
gen.
yapL£VTO<$
XapL6(Tar7)<;
%apL€VTO<;
dat.
XapL€VTt
yapieaari
yapievTi
n. a. v.
yapLtvre
^apceaad
Xapfevre
g.d.
yapievTow
yapieacraiv X^pievroLV
n. v.
Xaplevres
XapLeao-ai
Xaptevra
ace.
yap^vra^
^apceaaa^
X^ptevra
gen.
yap^vTtov
XapL€(T(TCOV
X^P^vtcov
dat.
Xapiecn{y)
yapikcro-ais
Xapieai(y)
—This a very —The formation is
rare class of adjectives in Attic. of the dative plural masculine
to be noted.
Vowels long by nature, except
y,
and
u, are
marked
the circnn\flex accent.
long, unless they carry
and
FIRST
GREEK CRAM MAR
•11
XX xv. —PARTICIPIAL STEMS IN Xvaas,
loosing (with reference to past time)
feminine
masculine
1
1
5<
-vr.
neuter
n. v.
Xvaas
Xvadaa
Xvaav
ace.
Xvaavra
Xvadaav
Xvaav
gen.
Xvaavros
Xvadarjs
Xvaavros
dat
Xvaavrc
Xvaaarj
Xvaavrc
n. v. a.
Xvaavre
Xvaaad
Xvaavra
g.d.
Xvadvroiv
Xvaaaaiv
Xvadvroiv
n. v.
Xvaavres
Xvadaat
Xvaavra
ace.
Xvaavras
Xvaaad<;
Xvaavra
gen.
Xvadvrcov
Xvadacov
Xvadvroyv
dat.
Xvadav(y)
Xvaaaais
Xvaaac(v)
—
Obs. In the dual number Xvaavre and kvaavroiv used as feminine. Vowels long by nature,
excejtt u
and
*, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
may be
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
42
XvOek,
GRAMMAR
loosed (with reference to past time)
feminine
masculine
neuter
n. v.
XvOeis
XvOelaa
XvOev
ace.
XvOevra
XvOelaav
XvOev
gen.
XvOevros
XvOelar]<;
XvOevros
dat.
XvOevre
XvOelo-rj
XvOevre
n. v. a.
XvOevre
XvOelaa
XvOevre
g .d.
Xvdevrocv
XvOeLcrcuv
XvOevroiv
n. v.
XvOevre
XvOelaai
XuOevre
ace.
XvOevra^
XvOeiads
XvOevra
gen.
\V06VTCOV
XvOeco-wv
XvOevrcov
dat.
XvOel(rc(v)
XvOeicrais
XvOel(Ti(y)
1$
1
1
v»
5,
—
In the dual number XvOevre and \vQ£vtolv Obs. used as feminine.
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
a>,
may be
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
Xvcov, loosing (of pi'escnt time)
masculine
feminine
neuter
1 n. v.
Xvcov
Xvovcra
Xvov
ace.
Xvovra
Xvovcrav
Xvov
gen.
Xvovros
Xvovarjf
Xvovro<;
dat.
Xvovtl
Xvovcrrj
Xvovtl
n. v. a.
Xvovre
Xvovcra
Xvovre
g.d.
Xvovtoiv
Xvovcraiv
Xvovtoiv
n. v.
Xvovres
Xvovcrav
Xvovra
ace.
Xvovras
Xvovcra
Xvovra
gen.
Xvovrcov
Xvovcrcov
Xvovrcov
dat.
Xvovcri(y)
XvovcraL?
Xvovcrc(y)
siiK/ular
1
Si
Obs.
— In
the dual
number Xvovrt and Xvovtoiv may be
used as feminine.
Vowels long by nature, except * and m, are marked long, unless they carry the circumflex accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
44
BlBov?, offering (present time)
feminine
masculine
1 CO
"3 -1
1
Obs.
neuter
n. v.
BlBov<;
BlBovctcl
BlBov
ace.
BlBovto,
BiBovaav
BlBov
gen.
BlBovto?
BlBovctt)^
BlBoVTOS
dat.
BlBovtl
BiBovcrr}
BlBoVTL
n. v. a.
BlBovtc
BlBovctcl
BtBovre
g.d.
BlBovtolv
BiBovacuv
BlBovtolv
n. v.
BlB6vt6<$
BiBovaao
BlBovtcl
ace.
BlBoVTCL?
BiBoiKTas
BlBovtcz
gen.
BlBovtcov
BlBovctcov
BlBovtcov
dat.
BlBovo~l(v)
BlBovctclls
BlBovo~l(v)
—In
the dual
number
SiSovre
and BlBovtolv may be
used as feminine.
Vowels long by nature, except % and
a>,
are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST ORKKK
GRAMMAR
•i:
Seitcvvs, showing (present time)
feminine
masculine
4
1
1
neuter
n. v.
&€LtCVVS
Sei/cvvcra
heaevvv
ace.
BetKvvvra
heuevvcrav
heiKvvv
gen.
$€IKVVVT0<;
heucvv
SeiKVVVTO?
dat
BettcvvvTt,
Seucvvarj
heiKvvvrt
n. v. a.
Beitevvvre
BetKvva-d
BetKvvvre
g .d.
heiKVVVTOLV
SetKvvaaiv
SeiKVVVTOlV
n. v.
8eifcvvvT€<;
BetKvvaat
BecKvvvra
ace.
heuevvvras
heiKvvcrd<;
heiKVVVTCL
gen.
SeiKVVVTCOV
SeLKVvacov
heiKVVVTWV
dat.
heiKvvav(v)
Seitcvvo-ais
&ei/cvv
|
$
Obs.
—In
the dual
number
8€ikv\'vt€
and fciKvvvroiv may
be used as feminine.
Vowels long by nature, except
»»
and
«,
are marled long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent
FIRST GREEK
46
GRAMMAR
XXXVL—PARTICIPIAL STEMS
IN
-or
XeXvtccos, liaving loosed
masculine
feminine
neuter
n. v.
XeXvKGos
XeXvKvla
XeXvicos
1
ace.
XeXvKora
XeXvKvlav
XeXvfco?
1
gen.
XeXv/coros
XeXv/evids
XeXv/coro?
dat.
XeXv/COTL
XeXvfcvid
XeXvKOTi
XeXv/core
XeXvicvia
XeXvKora
g.d.
XeXvieoToiv
XeXvKvlaw
XeXvKOTOLV
n. v.
XeXvicores
XeXvKvZaL
XeXvKora
ace.
XeXvKOTCLS
XeXvKvLa?
XeXvKora
gen.
XeXvKorwv
XeXvKViSiv
XeXvKorwv
dat.
XeXvKoai{v)
XeXvKviais
XeXvKO(Tc(y)
n. v.
*s
a
1
Obs.
—In
the dual
number XeXvKorc and XcXvkotolv may
be used as feminine. Vowels long by nature, except y and u, are marked long, unless the circumflex accent.
tlvey
carry
FIRST GREEK
C—ADJECTIVES
GRAMMAR
I?
OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
XXX VIL — Some adjectives
follow the third declension
entirely. evyevrji;, well-horn
masculine and feminine
i
IL V.
evyevrj?
acc.
evyevrj
gen.
evyevovs
dat.
evyevel
neuter
evyeve? \
\
evyevey)
\
\
evyevov? evyevel
J
1
n. v. a.
evyevrj
evyevrj
g .d.
evyevolv
evyevolv
a
evyevel?
evyevrj
evyevel?
evyevrj
v.
J
acc.
gen.
dat
Vowel* long
l/y
j
evyeviov evyeve-<Ti,(v)
nature, except
r,
and
m, are
marked
the circumfiex accent,
evyeve-at^v)
long, unlets they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
4S
ev(f>p(ov, kindly
masculine and feminine
J
neuter
n. v.
eveppcov
evpov
ace.
ev
6V(j)pOV
gen.
ev(j)pov-o<;
evefrpov-os
dat.
6V(f)pOV-C
ev(f)pov-i
iO
\
-\ a
i
n. v. a.
€V(f)p0V-€
6V(j>pOV-€
g.d.
evcppov-OLV
eveppov-oiv
n. v.
€V(j)pov-e<;
evfypov-a
ace.
ev(j)pov-a<;
ev(f)pov-a
gen.
6Vcf>p6v-(ov
€V(f>pov-cov
dat.
€V(j>po-ai(v)
ev(j)po-cri(v)
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
u,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST
GREEK GRAMMAR
49
fietfav, greater
masculine and feminine
n. v.
fiei^cov
•<.
ace.
fiel^ova or
1
gen.
/j,ei£ovo<;
CO
fjL€l%OV
//,ei£o>
41
g
/JL€L%OVt
n. v. a.
/JL€l£oV€
fiel^ove
g.d.
fiei^ovoiv
/JLeC^OVOlV
n. v.
fJL€l%OV€<;
Or
fjL€L%OV<;
fi€i£ova or
ace.
fjL6L%ova<;
or
/Wfou?
fiei^ova or /letfo)
gen.
fiei^OVCOP
fiei^ovwv
dat.
fi€i£ocri(v)
Liei%o<Ti(v)
Obs. 1.
— Only
forms like Obs.
fiel^op
fiei^ovos
dat.
*9
neuter
2.
//£i£u>
in
yLtetfco
comparative stems have we the shorter
alternating with long like fxci£ova.
—The
shorter forms are found only in the accu-
sative singular masculine,
and the nominative,
vocative,
accusative plural. Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
«,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
and
FIRST GREEK
50
XXXVIII.
—Many
GRAMMAR
adjectives have only one termination,
the neuter being alien to their meaning, or not compatible
Thus
with their stem.
no neuter substantives
as there are
with a palatal stem, so the adjectives in palatal stems have
no neuter forms. rapacious
(st.
XXXIX.
t/Ai^,
of the same age
(st.
iJAwc);
dpna^,
apiray).
— Certain
adjectives are irregular in declension.
Of these the two following are most commonly met with :— iroXvs, much, stems tto\v
masculine
and iroXXo
feminine
neuter
nom.
TToXv?
iroXkrj
iroXv
ace.
IToXllV
irdXkrjV
ttoXv
gen.
TToXXoV
irdXXrj^
TToXXoV
dat.
7ToXXoj l
iroXXrj
iroXXco
Obs.
—The
plural
meaning many
is
quite regular ttoXXoi,
7toAAcu, ttoXXol.
fieyas, great, stems fjueya
masculine
and fieyaXo
feminine
neuter
nom.
fjueyas
fieyaXr)
voc.
fieyas
fjieyaXr)
fieya
ace.
/Jieyav
/jueyaXrjv
fieya
gen.
fieyaXov
fieyaXr)*;
fieyakov
dat.
fieyakcp
fieyaXr)
fieyaXcp
Obs.
—The
plural
is
fieya
quite regular fxcyaXot, /xeyaAat, jxeydXa.
Tmvcls long by nature, except
vand
a>,
arc marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
51
XL.— COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (1.)
The most common method
suffix -Tcpos, -repa, -repov to -ra-n/,
is
add
to
to the
-TaTov to form the superlative degree.
stems the stem-vowel ceding syllable
is
positive
/covo<;, light
6<;,
wise
is
-raros,
In omicron
lengthened to omega,
short or
stem the
form the comparative, and
if
the pre-
common.
stem
comparative
superlative
KOV(f>0
/cov
Kov6-raro<;
ao(f)(o-Ta,TO<;
yXv/cv
yXvfcv-Tepos
yXv/CV-TCLTOS
/ze'Xa?, black
fie\av
fieXdv-repos
fieXdv-TCLTOS
aafyrjs, clear
acKpea
aacf)6(r-TaTO^
fiatcap
fia/cap-repos
(juLfcdp-Taros
yXvtcvs, sweet
fid/cap,
happy
Some stems
in -aio
seem to drop the omicron as yepal-raro^
yepaios, aged
yepcuo
iraXaios, ancient
wakcuo iraXal-repo^ irakaC-raro^ a^oXato a^o\al-repo<; a^oXaL-Taro^i
cr^oXato?, slow
Some
yepal-repo*;
other stems seem to change o into at, as
7T/3O)0?, early
Trp<po
irpcpai-repo^
irp(pai-TaTo<$
oyjrtos, late
oyfno
dyfnai-Tepo?
o^iaC-Taro?
Vowels long by nature, except
»i
and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, vniess they carry
FIRST GREEK
52
XLI. -eo-repos
—
(2)
and
Stems
and a very few
in -ov,
prudent
evvovs, kindly
comparative
superlative
crcocfrpov
cra)(f)pov-ecrT6pos
O-GHppOV-eO-TCLTOS
evvoo
evvovo-Tepo? (for
6vvo6araro<; (for
— Another
ending
-iotos for superlatives.
which
it
have
stem
evvo-eo~T6po<;
XLII.
others,
-eo-raTos.
positive
o-axfrpcov,
GRAMMAR
occurs
are
is
This
is
-rW
for
evvo-eo-TCLTOs)
comparatives, and
very rare, but the words in
commonly met
with.
The mode
of
formation from the stem must be taken on trust for the present.
comparative
positive
superlative
rjBvSy sweet
TjB-LCOV
rjh-lo-TOS
Tayvs,
BaTTWV
Ta^-io-TOS
fjLel^COV
Ixey-LcrTOS
swift
fieyas, great
Obs.
—For the
inflexion of the comparatives of this class
see p. 49.
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
a, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
53
XLIL—IRREGULAR COMPARISON positive
comparative
superlative
dyado?, good dfielvcov
—
tea/cos,
bad
fii/cpos, small
fteXrfcov
fieXTio-ros
KpeiTTcov (superior)
KparuTTOs
/caKLWV
KVLKLGTO^
^etpcov (deterior)
XeLpLcrros (deterrimus)
fJTTcov (inferior)
r/tacTTa n.pl. as adv.
fMKpOT€pO
lUKpOTCLTO?
fJL€L(OV
0X4709,
—
little
much
apKTTO?
6Xiyi(TTO
eXaTTcov
i\d%ioTos
ttXclcov
7r\eto-T09
/caXos, beautiful
tCaXXt(OV
KaXXiaro*;
paSios, easy
pacav
pao-TO?
iyOpos,
i^O-tcop
€^6-C(TTO<;
aio"Xp6<;, base
alo"%-t(ov
ala-^-L
dXyecvos, painful
dXytcov
a\yi
(7T/30, before)
Trporepos (prior)
rrpmro^ (primus)
7to\u?,
hostile
Vowels long by nature, ercept th.
r,
and
«, are
marled
circumjttx accent.
long, unlets they carry
XLIV. by
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
54
Adverbs. Adverbs are derived from adjectives Stems in omicron drop this
affixing -&>? to the stem.
vowel
i'Ao-s,
:
the -a)?
is
adv.
In stems of the third declension
tA-ws.
form of the stem which occurs
affixed to that
in the genitive singular,
adverb ra^e-ws
contracted
a-acjie-ios,
the genitive also
XLV.
raxv-s,
genitive
rjs,
;
genitive
Ta^e-os, clear ;
o-a^e-os,
swift;
adverb
As a
Comparison of adverbs.
parative of an adverb
is
rule the com-
the neuter accusative singular of the
comparative of the adjective, and
its
superlative the neuter
accusative plural of the superlative of the adjective, as crocfiioS)
wisely, a-o
XLVI. declined
:
when
Contraction occurs only
Z<>.
contracted.
is
Numerals.
more
The
wisely, o-o^urara,
first
:
most wisely.
four cardinal numerals are
eh, one ; 8vo, two ; rpeh, three ; rerrapes, four.
nom.
et-9
ace.
ev-a
pLiav
gen.
ev-os
dat.
ev-i
ev
pula J
r/
ev
n. a.
fjLias\
ev-6
g.
fjua
ev-i
Suo
J
t
d.
Bvolv
J
nom.
rpels
rpi-a
rerra p-es
rerj&p-a
ace.
rpeus
rpi-a
rerrap-as
rerrap-a
gen.
rpi-ojv
rerrap-cov
dat.
rpi-a i(y)
rerrap-cri{y)
Like eh are declined ovSeh, ovSefiia, ov8ev, and prjSeh, no one, both of which negatives have a plural.
/x^Se/ua, fiifiev
Vowels long by nature, except n and
a, are
marled
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST
GREEK GRAMMAR
XL VI I.— The Personal Pronouns me;
7,
ice,
us
thou, thee; /
nom.
av av
eya)
voc.
1
ace.
eyLte,
i
gen.
ifiov, fiov
0~OV
dat.
€fJLOl, fJLOL
(TOL
fie
•-o
n. a.
v(6
acf>co
»i
g .d.
vu>v
acfxpv
nom.
^e?9
voc.
—
vfAel?
*«
g
ace.
77/^a?
vfias
gen.
r/fioiv
VflWV
dat.
rj/JLLV
V/JUV
$ XLVI1I.
—There
person in Greek.
is
V/JL61S
no true personal pronoun of the third
The nominative
is
expressed in various
ways, and for the accusative, genitive, and dative following
you
we
find the
:
plural
singular
avrov
avT7]v
avra<;
avrd
avr?)<;
avro avrov
avrov?
avrov
avroyv
avrcov
avroov
avrut
avrfi
avroZ
avrol?
aural?
avrol?
The nominative (sing, airro?, airnj, ai-ro, pi. uiVoi, avrcu, has the meaning self, a sense which it also receives in
the ohliqut*
c&SOfl in
Vowels long by
certain circumstances.
nttturr, ejrrej,t r
and
*,,
are marlxtl long, vnlc.vi they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
56
XLIX. mine;
your.
d, ov,
possessive pronouns are
rjfxeTepos, a, ov,
vfxerepos
L.
—The
GRAMMAR
They
our ;
—The yonder.
suffix 8e
avros.
are declined like adjectives, but
principal demonstrative pronouns are
The forms
nom.
of ovtos are
and
6'5e,
r/Sc,
e/ceu/os, £k€ivy}, Ikzlvo,
£k€lvos is declined like
OVTO?
TOVTO
aVTT}
m
m
/
ace.
TOVTOV
TCLVT7JV
TOVTO
gen.
TOVTOV
TavTrfz
TOVTOV
dat
TOVTO)
TaVTTj
TOVTCp
n. a.
TOVTO)
TOVTO)
TOVTO)
g. d.
TOVTOLV
TOVTO LV
TOVTOLV
nom.
OVTOl
f
*
f
CLVTCLl 1
I
«
and
:
/
1 ^3
o-6<s
6Se is declined like the definite article, the
being added to each case.
.
J 1
my,
epj, Ifxov,
thine ; vfierepos,
have no vocative.
roSe, this ; ovtos, avrrj, tovto, this ; that,
e/xos,
cros, cr-q, crov, thy,
-
TdVTa m
ace.
TOVTOV?
TCLVTCLS
TCLVTCL
gen.
TOVTCOV
TOVTCOV
TOVTCOV
dat.
TOVTOLS
TCLVTCLIS
TOVTOLV
V. 53
i,
Vowels long by nature, except % and
u,
are marled long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST CREEK
LI.
—The
reflexive
pronouns are declined as follows
:
First and second persons
sing, myself
sing, thyself
pi. ourselves
pi. yourselves
ace.
ifiavrov, -7)v
creavrov,
-i\v
gen.
ifiavrov,
aeavrov,
-779
dat.
ifiavro),
ace.
r)i±a<;
gen.
T)fJLb)V
dat
r)filv
-779
<*>
I
Obs. ryj
—The
(TeavTQ),
-fj
avrovs, -a? avroiv
avrols,
u/za? avrovs, -a? vficov
-aU
-fj
vfiiv
avroiv
avToU,
-ais
contracted forms o-avrov, craim/v, rravrov, crav-
o-avry, o-avnj are in Attic writers the
Vowels long by nature,
«ror;rf r
ami
»,
more
visual.
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent
FIRST GREEK
58
GRAMMAR
Third Person sing, himself, herself itself ; pi. themselves
INDIRECT
DIRECT REFLEXIVE
REFLEXIVE
a?
eavrov
eavrrjv
eavro
e
eavrov
eavrrjs
eavrov
ov
eavrS
eavrfi
eavrS
Oi
eavTOvs
eavrd?
kavrd
c(/>a?
eavrwv
eavroiv
eavrcov
o-({>cov
eavroLS
eavracs
eavro is
s <3
t
1 Obs. 1. etc.,
—The
contracted forms avrov, avrrfv,
are in Attic writers the
Obs. 2.
Obs. 3.
o-(pLcn(v)
more
ai>To{>, avTrjs,
usual.
—For plural eavrov has sometimes these forms
—The
:
avrovs, avrds.
ace.
o~(fias
gen.
o-(/>gjv
dat.
crcfiio-iv
avrwv. avTots.
indirect reflexive
pronoun
is
used,
e.g.
when
a person speaks of somebody else doing something to him.
The
singular forms
when not
in an emphatic position are
enclitics. Vowels long by nature, except
*j
and
a,
are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK G RAM MAR LIT.
—The forms
LIII.
of the reciprocal
pronoun each other arc
ace.
dXXrjXco
dXXrjXa)
oXXijXg)
g.d.
dXXrjXoiv
dXX-rjXoiv
dXXrjXoiv
acc.
uXXjjXovs
dXXrjXds
aXXrjXa
gen.
dXXrjXcov
dXXrfXcov
dXXrjXcov
dat.
dXXrjXots
dXXijXais
dXX rjXoL<;
—The forms
of the relative pronoun are
masculine
feminine
0?
acc.
OV
1
Obs.
gen.
oh
:-
neuter
H
H
7]V *
ov T
dat.
ft)
V
nom.
rf
tf
ft)
ft)
ft)
dat.
olv
olv
olv
nom.
01
ft)
rf
rf
rf
H
a?
a a
at
tf
acc.
o{/
gen.
0)V
OiV
0)V
dat
oh
ah
oh
— The enclitic
as
/
V
•I
1
<"xrir€p,
:
H
nom.
H
I
59
irtp is
who just, or
often attached, giving a stronger precisely who.
Vowels long by nature, excejd % and #, are marked long, unless they carry the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
60
LIV.
—The
GRAMMAR
interrogative pronoun has the
the indefinite pronoun, from which
by the
accent.
finite, TiSj
Interrogative,
m. and
f.
;
rts,
m. and
f. ;
ti,
Tt?
Ti
T£?
TL
ace.
TLVCL
TL
TLvd
TL
gen.
twos
or TOV
tlvos or tov
dat.
TLVL
Or
TLVL
n. a.
1
same stem as
distinguished only
nom.
t
dual
is
n.
Inde-
ti, n.
J*
•1
it
Tft)
Or T(p
TLV6
TLvk
TLVOLV
TLVolv
g'd.
nom.
TtVe?
tlvcl
TLves
tlvcl or CLTTCL
ace.
tlvcls
tlvcl
TLvds
TLvd or
gen.
TLVCOV
TLVWV
dat.
tl
tlctl(v)
Vowels long ty nature, except r and 4
a>,
CLTTCL
are marlced long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
The
relative
pronoun
os
and the
indefinite
<;i
pronoun
declined together to form a relative pronoun oorts, ir/tnsutnr, whdtsoever ; often also
tis are
-iJTis,
o
n,
with the same meaning as
the Latin phrase quij^pe qui.
*1
1
1
Ob*.
nom.
octtls
ace.
ovnva
rjvTLva
gen.
OTOV
fjCTTLVOS
OTOV
dat
OTCp
JJTLVL
OTCp
n. a.
WTCV6
coTLve
COTLV6
g-d.
OTOLV
OTOLV
OTOLV
nom.
oXtlvgs
aLTCV€<;
CLTTa
ace.
OVCTTLVaS
aaTivas
CLTTCL
gen.
or (op
OTCOV
OTCOV
dat
OTOLS
alcTTicri(y)
otol?
—The irregular forms
O TL TL
of this relative should be care-
fully noted.
Vowel* long by nature, except n and
»,
ore mnrUnl long, unless they carry
the circumflex a<>
FIRST GREEK
62
GRAMMAR
THE VERB
—
—
LV. There are two conjunctions in Greek verbs in -co, and verbs in -fxi. The verb-stem is that simple form which is modified to express relations of time and mood. The tenses, moods, and verbal nouns are classified according to the stems (tense-stems) from which they are derived.
LVI.
—A complete Greek verb has
(1) three
numbers
(2) three voices active,
myself, (3)
e
and
singular, dual,
:
plural.
:
A vera, /
middle,
loosed,
I was
passive, iXvd-qv,
two
:
classes of tenses, e.g.
eXvo-aLi-qv,
/
loosed for
loosed.
—
Principal
I loose. future, Aio-w, / shall loose. perfect, XkXvKa I have loosed.
present, Xvu,
Historical
imperfect, e'Awv, aorist, cAvcra,
/
/ was
pluperfect eAeAvx^, (4) four moods, e.g.
—
indicative, Xvio,
I
Xvol/jll,
imperative, Ave,
loosed.
The meaning
)
J
of these
moods can
only be learnt by use.
loose.
(5) three verbal nouns, infinitive, Xveiv, to loose,
adjective, Xvreos, that
/ had
loose.
subjunctive, Xvco optative,
loosing or used to loose.
loosed.
must
Vowels long by nature, except
/>
e.g.
—
participle, Avcoi/, loosing,
verbal
be loosed.
and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST
LVII. example
GREEK citAMMAK
— The following forms of of the conjunction in
eTvai, to be, will
IM)1<
present
S
and
2
3
imperfect
Or
7]V
€L-fML
Tj
€1
rja-da
ia-rl(v)
rjv
D2
ia-rov
rj-Tov
3
ia-TOV
T]-T7]V
1
€
rf-fiev
2
icr-re
rj-re
3
el-ai{y)
iutjjerf.
P
future
AT1VK
/
y
1
serve as an
-/zi.
TEN
present
u:j
S
1
€
2
eo-et,
3
ea-Tdi
D2
ea-eaOov
3
ea-eaOov
P
rja-av
1
ia-ofieOa
2
ea-eaOe
3
ea-ovrat,
Imperative dual
singular
plural
2.
ta-dc
ear-op
ea-re
3.
ea-T(o
€(TT'(t)V
€
Vowel* lung by nature, except
t?
and
t»,
ore marked long, unless they carry
Vie circumflex accent
FIRST GREEK
64
SUBJUNCTIVE
TENSE
present
GRAMMAR
S
OPTATIVE
1
CO
6L7JV
and
2
$-?
etfy?
imperf
3
V
€L7J
Tj-TOV
elrov
t
D2 3
P
future
S
D P
Tj-TOV
ecrrjv
1
co-fiev
elfjuev
2
r)-re
elre
3
(b-ari(v)
elev
1
ia-olfJLrjv
2
ea-oLo
3
6CT-0LT0
2
efr-oicrdov
3
Icr-oicrQrjv
1
i(T-oi/j,eda
2
ecr-oicrOe
3
ea-OLvro
Infinitive present
ei-vai
ecr
eaOai
Participles present cov ovo~a
ov
future I
icr-o/Mevo^,
Vowels long by nature, except y and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
tj,
ov
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
VEKBS IN LVIII.
—Verbs
n
in -&> are classified according to the final
verb-stem in the same
letter of the
65
way
Thus we can form
the substantives.
as
we arranged
at once
two great
groups, e.g.— (1)
Verbs whose verb-stems end in a vowel
(2)
Verbs whose verb-stems end in a consonant.
The former the latter.
of these classes is
much more
simple than
Consonant stems are often so altered in the
present and imperfect tenses that you will not be able at first
to assign
them
to their proper classes.
pages will give you examples of verbs in
groups of which the following
is
The succeeding -cd
arranged in
a synopsis.
L VOWEL-STEMS narrow vowels open vowels
a,
v,
i,
e,
II.
av, eu, ov uncontracted.
o contracted.
CONSONANT-STEMS
palatal mutes, k, y, %.
dental mutes, t, labial mutes,
liquids
and
8, 6.
it, /3,
<j>.
nasals, \, p,
/x,
v.
—
Note. The expressions strong and weak which you will find applied to tenses may be best explained by examples from English. Thus bore, tat) sank, are the strong past tenses of bear, take, sink ; but neared, baked, linked, are the weak pu.st tenses of near, bake, link. Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
*, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
66
GRAMMAR
VERBS Vowel-Stems.
I.
Uncontracted \vo),
TENSES
INDICATIVE present
S
present
imperfect
1
\v-co
and
2
\v-eis
e-Xu-e?
imperfect,
3
Xv-ec
e-Xv-e(v)
D2
\v-erov
i-Xv-erov
3
Xv-erov
i-Xv-irrjv
PI
Xv-ofiev
e-Xv-ofiev
2
Xv-€T€
€-Xv-€T€
3
\v-ov(7(,{y)
e-Xv-ov
stem
I loose
\i)
S
future,
stem Xvcr
e-Xii-ov
1
Xv-cr-w
2
\v-(T-€l,$
3
Xv-a-ei
D2
\v-a-6TOV
3
Xv-
PI
Xv-a-o/Mev
2
Xtf-cr-ere
3
Xv-a-ovai(v)
Present Imperative dual
singular
plural
2.
Xv-^
Xv-€TOV
Xv-ere
3.
\v-6TCO
Xv-ercov
Xv-ovrcov
6S
Voicels long by nature, except
*j
and
u,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
in
GRAMMAR
'•-7
n
Active Voice verb-stem
Xv
SUBJUNCTIVE
OPTATIVE
Xv-G)
Xv-Olfli
Xv-T)$
Xv-OLS
Xv-r^
Xv-ot,
Xv-TfTOV
Xv-OLTOV
Xij-TJTOV
Xv-OLTTjV
Xv-(DfJL€V
Xv-oifxev
Xv-7JT6
Xv-OLre
Xv-(octl{v)
Xv-OL€V Xv-a-oi/it,
XV-
Xv-
Xv-
Xv-a-OLTTJP Xv-(T-OLfJL€V
Xv-(T-OlT6
Xv-a-oiev Infinitive present
future
Xv-eiv
Xv-a -eiv Participles
present
Xv-cov, Xv-ovcra, st.
Vovx!
future
Xv-ov
\
Xv-a-cop, Xv-cr-ovcra, Xv-cr-ov
Xvovr
>t.
•',
except
r,
and
*,
XvcrovT
are marked lony, unlets they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
68
GRAMMAR
VERBS Vowel-Stems. TENSES
I Uncontracted Xvco, I
INDICATIVE imperfect
S
1
e-Xv-a-a
aorist,
2
e-Xv-cr-a?
stem Xvcr
3
e-Xv-cr-e(v)
weak
D2
i-Xv-a-arov
3
i-Xv-a-drrjv
1
e-Xv-a-afiev
2
e-Xv-a-are
P
3
e-Xv-a-av pluperfect
perfect
S
1
Xe-Xv-K-a
i-Xe-Xv-K-rj
perfect
2
Xe-Xv-K-a?
i-Xe-Xv-/c-7)$
and
3
Xe-Xv-/c-e(v)
e-Xe-Xv-K-ei(v)
D2
Xe-Xv-K-arov
e-Xe-Xv-K-erov
3
Xe-Xv-K-arov
e-Xe-Xv-K-errjv
1
Xe-Xv-K-afiev
i-Xe-Xv-K-efiev
2
Xe-Xv-K-are
e-Xe-Xv-K-ere
3
Xe-Xv-K-d<Ti(v)
e-Xe-Xv-K-eaav
weak
pluperfect,
stem XeXv/c
P
Has the same
"Wanting in vowel -stems strong
endings as imperfect h i indicative and as
aorist
the present in other
strong perf.
and
pluperfect
mc ods
"Wanting in vowel -stems
Have
the same
endings as weak perfe ct and pluperfect respectively
Vowels long by nature, except v and
o>,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST
IN
GREEK GRAMMAR »
11
Active Voice writ-stem
fil
S
Xv optative
SUBJUNCTIVE
Xv-cr-w
Xv-a-aifiL
Xv-a-rj^
Xv-a-eia^
Xv-a-rj
Xv-a-eieiv)
\V-
Xv-G-airov
\V-(T-7]T0V
Xv-cr-aiT7)v
\v-a-CO/JL€V
Xv-a-aifiev
\V-
Xv-a-cure
Xv-a-co(rt(v)
Xv-a-eiav
Xe-Xv-K-co
Xe-Xv-K-Ol/JLL
Xe-Xv-K-ys
Xe-Xv-K-ois
Xe-Xv-zcrj
Xe-Xv-K-ot,
\€-\v-K-T)TOV
Xe-Xl)-K-OLTOV
\e-Xv-K-7JTOV
X€-Xv-K-OLTT}V
Xe-Xv-K-wfiev
Xe-Xv-rc-oL/jiev
\€-\v-/C-T)T€
Xe-Xv-tc-oire
\e-\v-K-(Dcri(v)
Xe-Xv-K-oiev
Aorist Imperative //W 2 \v-o--ov
3
Xv-a-drw
(J
/ml
plural
Xv-ar-arov
Xv-a-are
Xv-a-drdiv
Xv-a-dvrcov
Infinitive aonst Xv-
Xv-cr-as, Xv-a-a
Xv-a-av
,
Xe-Xv-fc-evai
Participles aorist
-
perfect
.
.
perfect Xe-Xv-K(ii<;, Xe-Xv-tcvla,
Xe-Xv-/co<;
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
70
VERBS Vowel-Stems.
Uncontracted
I.
Xvo/jlcll,
TENSES
INDICATIVE present
present
I loose
SI
imperfect
\v-ofMac
i-\v-6/JL7)V
and
2
X,i1-jg#.
e-Xv-qv
imperfect,
3
Xv-erai
e-Xi7-eTO
stem Xv
D2
\V-6(T0OV
i-Xv-ea6ov
3
Xv-ea6ov
i-Xv-eadrjv
PI
Xv-ofieda
i-Xv-o/xeOa
)
future,
2
Xv-eaOe
€-Xv-€(T06
3
Xv-ovrat
i-Xv-ovro
SI
Xv-a-ofiau
Xv-a-ei
2
stem Xva
Xv-o-erai
3
D2 3
PI
Xv-cr-eaOov ,
Xv-cr-ea6ov
Xv-a-ofieda
2
Xv-a-eaOe
3
Xv-cr-ovrcu
Imperative dual
singutar 2
Xv-ov
3 Xv-eaOco
Vowels long by nature, except
plural
Xv-ecrOov
Xv-ecr6e
Xv-ecrdcov
Xv-eotfcov
r,
and
&>,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK (.KAM.MAR
7i
IN
Middle Voice for myself
MIJI'M
OPTATIVE
TlYi:
Xv-couai-
Xv-olin]i>
Xv-olo Xv-tjtcll
Xv-OLTO
Xv-t](t6ov
Xv-oia6ov
Xv-rjadov
Xv-oia6riv
Xv-aofieda
Xv-oifieOa
Xv-rjaOe
Xv-oiade
Xv-covrat
Xv-otvro Xv-a-qijiTjv
Xv-a
oio
Xv-cr-oiTo
Xv-o~-oia0ov Xv-a-oladifjv Xv-ar-ol/JLeda
Xv-cr-oiaOe
Xv-a-otvro Infinitive jrresent
fvt
Xv-eaOac
Xv-cr-€cr6ai
PARTICin.F.s pre
future
Xv-6/jLevos, h>ug
t»j
-rj,
-ov
nature, rxcr]>t
r,
Xv-a-ofievos, and
-rj,
-ov
u, are marled long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
72
GRAMMAR
VERBS Vowel-Stems.
I.
Uncontracted
Xvofjuau,
I loose,
INDICATIVE
TENSES weak
imperfect
S
aorist,
stem Xvcr
i-Xv-a-d/jbrjv
1
2
i-Xv-a-aL,
3
e-Xv-a-aro
D2 P
i-Xv-cr-acrOov
3
e-Xv-a-dcrdrjv
1
e-Xv-o~-d/j,eda
2
e-Xv-a-aade
3
e-Xv-a-avro pluperfect
perfect
S
1
Xe-Xv-fiai
i-Xe-Xv-/jL7]v
and
2
Xe-Xv-aai
e-Xe-Xv-g£-
pluperfect,
3
Xe-Xv-rai
i-Xe-Xv-ro
2
Xe-Xv-a6ov
e-Xe-Xv-adov
3
Xe-Xv-crdov
i-Xe-Xv-cr07jv
1
Xe-Xv-fieda
e-Xe-Xv-fie6a
2
Xe-Xv-crOe
i-Xe-Xv-
3
Xe-Xv-vrai
e-Xe-Xv-vro
1
Xe-Xv-cr-ofiai
2
Xe-Xv-a-ei, &c.
perfect
D
stem
XeXv
P
S
future perfect,
stem XeXva
wanting in
strong aorist
vcrw ^el-stems
Imperative dual
plural
2.
Xv-G-CLL
Xv-a-aaOov
Xv-cr-acrde
3.
Xv-c-daOco
Xv-a-daOwv
Xv-a-daOcov
2.
Xe-Xv-o~o
Xe-Xv-adov
3.
Xe-Xv-aOto
Xe-Xv-crOcov
Xe-Xv-aQe Xe-Xv-adwv
singular aorist
perfect
FIRST GREEK IN
GRAMMAR
to
Q
Middle Voice for myself
SUBJUNCTIVE
OPTATIVE
Xv-(T-(0fiai
Xv-
Xv-cr-rj
Xv-a-aio
Xv-
Xv-a-atro
Xv-a-rjadov
Xv-a-aiaOov
Xv-ar-rjardov
Xv-d-ai(jQr\v
Xv-cr-cofieda
Xv-a-alfieOa
Xv-a-rjade
Xv-a-aicrde
Xv-a-covraL
Xv-a-acvro
Xe-Xv-fiivos
Xe-Xv-fievos
a)
h
€LT)S
i Xe-Xv-/JLev(o
etrjv
€17}
rjrov
Xe-Xv-fievco
elrov
r)rov
Xe-Xv-fievoc w/iev
Xe-Xv-fievoc elfiev €LT€
T)T€
€l€V Xe-Xv-a-oi/j,7jv
Xc-Xv-a-oio, &c.
Infinitive aorist
perfect
future perfect
Xv-a-aaBai
Xe-Xv-adcu
Xe-Xv-
Participles aorist Xv-cr-dfJL€PO<;,
future perfect
perfect tj,
ov
Vowels long by nature,
Xe-Xv- pivot, excej>l v
and
*>,
?;,
ov
wanting
ore marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
71
GRAMMAR
VERBS I Uncontracted
Vowel-Stems.
identical with the middle except in Xvofjbai,
TENSES
weak
INDICATIVE
S
1
i-Xv-6-rjv
aorist,
2
i-\v-0-f)
stem
3
e-Xv-6-7)
2
i-Xv-6-rjTov
3
i-Xv-6-T]T7)V
1
€-Xv-6-7)fJL€V
2
e-Xv-0-rjre
3
i-Xv-O-rjcrav
1
Xv-6r)<j-ofJLai
2
Xv-Orjcr-eL, &c.
Xvd
D P
weak
S
future,
stem XvOrja strong aorist
strong future
Wanting in vowel-stems. same endings as weak
Has the aorist
Wanting
in vowel-stems. Has the same endings as weak future
i
Imperative dual
singular
plural
2.
Xv-6^ji
\v-6-T)TOV
Xv-d^rjre
3.
Xv-0-t]ro)
Xv-6-rjrcDV
Xv-Q-kvjwv
—
The termination of the second person singular imObs. perative of the strong aorist passive is -Ot. Verbal adjectives able, or fit to loose, or to be loosed.
Xv-tos, Xv-ri], Xv-t6v,
Xv-reos, Xv-rea, Xv-reov, necessary Vowels long by nature, except
v,
and
a,
to
I
are marked long, unless they carry
Vie circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK QRAJOIAB
75
n
in
PABSIYB Voice
and tenses derived from
aorist
I a in
aorist
I
OPTATIVE
8UBJUNCTIVK Xv-B-o)
Xv-6-€L7]V
Xv-0-fjs
Xv-6-€L7)<;
Xv-O-rj
Xv-0-€L7)
Xv-6-fjTOV
Xv-6-elfov
Xv-6-f)TOV
Xv-6-€LT7)V
Xv-6-(t)/J,€V
Xv-6-elfiev
Xv-d-ijre
Xv-6-elre
Xv-d-u)<Ti(v)
Xv-9-elev Xv-6tjo--ol/jlt]v
Xv-urja-OLo,
&C
Infinitive weak Jut a rr
aorist
Xv-Brja-ee-Qai
Xv-d-rjvcu
Participles future
aorist
Xv-0-efc, Xv-Oeicra, Xv-dev
Xv?&-7)(t6/jl€vo<;,
rj,
ov
THE AUGMENT The € which is mood of Aiw
prefixed in the historical tense of the indica-
called the augment. All verbs beginning have an augment of this form. It is called Que syllabic augment. When I vi rl) begins with a vowel, the vowel h lengthened Thus in the historical tanaee of the indicative mood. i becomes I a becomes t\ av becomes t)V tive
is
in a consonant
*
This
is
w,
r,
7;,
» at
V
n „
o
t»
n „
called thu temporal 1",
Vowels lung
and «, hij
or,
v
0L
n
V
rj
cv
„
?;u
augment
remain without augment.
nature, excryt
r,
rtn>l *,
atr vuirked Ivmj,
the circumflex accent.
Mim Hi
<J
carry
FIRST GREEK
76
GRAMMAR
VERBS IN Vowel-Stems.
11
Contracted
II.
Active Voice rl/judco,
contracted
iroioiy
I make ;
tI/jlw,
1 honour ; Trotico, contracted
BrjXoco, contracted BrjXoi),
I show
Present and Imperfect Tenses
S
1
rlfj,(o
irom
BrjXa)
2
Tt/xa?
7T0iel%
$lj\,OLS
3
rlfia
7T016L
SrjXol
D2
rl/jidrov
iroielrov
StjXovtov
3
tI/jlcltov
Trouelrov
BrfKovrov
PI
TL/JL(OfJL€P
TTOLOVfJLeV
BrjXovfjLev
2
rlfxare
7TOi€LT6
8t)\0VT6
3
tI/jlcoctl^v)
iroiovcniv)
&r)\ov<Ti(v)
SI
irifKov
ilTOiOVV
ihrfXovv
2
irf/j,d<;
iiroUi?
e'S^Xou?
3
iri/Jid
iiroUv
ihrfXov
erl/jLarov
iiroielrov
iSrjXovrov
D2
eiroielTTjv
iSrjXovrrjv
1
6TlfJLcb/JL€V
€7rotOVfl6V
ehrfKovfjuev
2
irl/jLare
eiroielre
iBr)\ovT6
3
irt/jLcov
eirolovv
i&rjXovv
3
P
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless iliey carry
FIRST GREEK
CRAMMAR
77
VERBS IN O Vowel-Stems.
Contracted
II.
Passive Voice Tifidofiai,
contracted Tt/xw/xat
iroLovfiai
;
;
iroikoyuii
8r)\6ofjLcu contracted
contracted
B^Xovfiat
Present and Imperfect Tenses
S
TTOLOVfJULl
hrfkovfiai
1
rlfJL(t)flOLi
2
tI/jlo,
3
rlfjidraL
irotelraL
&7)\0VTCU
D2
rlfida-Oov
TrotelcrOov
Srj\ov
3
tI/mi
nroielaOov
hrfKovaOov
1
rl/jLco/jieda
iroLovfieOa
SrjXov/jbeOa
2
rl/jbdaOe
TroieZaOe
hrfkovcrde
3
rl/JLa)vrat
iroiovvTcu
StjXovvtcu
irl/JLco/jLrjv
67TOLOV/JLTJV
iBrjXov/jbrjv
P
SI
.>7T0l€l
hrfkol
2
erlfMco
67T0L0V
iSrjXop
3
irl/JLCLTO
€7rqL€CT0 -
iSrfXouro
D2
irlfidcrOov
eiro^elardov
e&7)\ov
3
eTlfidaOrjv
eiroielcrO^v
i$r)\ovadr)v
PI
eTtfiuyfjieOa
iiroLovfieOa
iSrjXovfieda
2
irl/jLaade
iTTOtetg^e
iSrjXovade
3
irlfjLWVTO
CTTOLOVVTO
€&7)\0VVT0
r Vowels long by nature, except
»i
and
<*,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
78
VERBS IN H Vowel-Stems.
II.
Contracted
Active Voice TL/jbdcD,
contracted
I make ;
rlfico,
I honour ;
iroiew, contracted ttocw,
Sr]\6(o, contracted BrjXco,
I show
Subjunctive and Optative Moods
SI
tI/jlco
TTOIW
&7)\(0
2
Ti/JLas
iroLrjs
StjXols
3
rlfia
iroifj
Bt]\ol
D2
rlfiarov
iroiTJrov
hrfKoirov
3
rl/jbdrov
7TOC7JTOV
$7)\(x)TOV
PI
TlfJL&fieV
Troiwfiev
hrfKoi/Jiev
2
rl/jbdre
iroirjTe
hrjXoyre
3
tI/jlco(tl(v)
iroLwaiiv)
&7)\co
SI
TLfMpTJV
7T010L7)V
BrjXolrjv
2
rl/ia)r)<;
iroioii]^
&7}\0v7}
3
rlfifuTj
TTOiOlT]
SrjXolr)
D2
tI/jl&tov
7TOIOITOV
BtjXoltov
3
TL/JLGOTTJV
7rOtOLT7)V
&7)\0LT7]V
PI
ri/juw/jLev
TTOiolfxev
&7]\oifiev
rl/jiSre
7TOLOLT6
BrjXolre
TTOtolev
hrjXolev
i
2 2
rlfMtpev
Vowels long by nature, except q and u, are marked long, unless they carry the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAK
7:'
VERBS IX n Vowel-Stems.
II Contracted
Passive Voice Tifidofuu, contracted
ri/jLco/jLai,
&c. &c.
Subjunctive and Optative Moods
SI
tI/jlco/jlcu
TTOLOi^iai
hrfKajiiai
•_
rlfia
TTOifj
BtjXol
3
Ti/jLarac
Trocrjrat
BrjXcorai
D2
rlfid
1T017](tQoV
BrjXcoo-dov
3
rlfxaadov
TTOir\
BtjXwgOov
PI
Tifioj/JLeda
wo toofie 6 a
BrjXcofieda
o
ri/jLaaOe
TTOLTJade
BrjXaxrOe
3
rlficjprac
TTOicovrac
BrjXcavrac
1
Tlfia>fl7)V
TTOCOLfJLTJV
BrjXoifirjv
2
rlfiwo
7T0L0L0
BrjXolo
3
rlfirZro
7TOLOLTO
BrjXolro
J) 2
rifiayadov
iroiolcrQov
BrjXoiaOov
3
Tifiaxrdov
TroioiarQrjv
&7)Xoi
PI
S
rlficpfieOa
iroLoCfieda
SrjXoifieda
2
TlfjL(Z(T0€
iroiolaOe
BrjXota-de
3
rifJL&VTo
7T010LPT0
BrjXolvro
I'ovctU long
Iry
nature,
excej.t
%
and
«,
nrr marked long, vnlcs* thry carry
the circumjlex accent
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
so
VERBS IN n Vowel-Stems.
II Contracted
Active Voice rlfidco, contracted rlfiw,
I make ;
I honour ;
Imperative
S2 3
D2 3
P2 3
Troceca,
contracted iroiw,
BrjXoco, contracted &r)X
I show
Mood
Tipd
7TOL6C
BtfXov
rl/Jbdra)
7T016LTCO
BtjXovtco
rlfiaTov
7T016LTOV
StjXovtov
rl/jbdrcov
TTOieiTWV
BrjXoVTCOV
Tlfxare
7TOL61T6
hrfKovre
TtfJLCOVTCOV
7T010VVTCOV
SrjXovvrcov
Infinitive rifiav
BrjXoVV
7TOL6LV
Participle Ti/jLwv, (oo-a,
Tificov
7roi(ov,7roLov(ra, §rj\wv,hrjXovcra.
itolovv
BrjXovv
future
rlfjutjaco
TTOirjCTG)
SrjXcgjj-Q)
perfect
TerifirjKa
ireirobnica
SeSr/Xcofca
Vowels long by nature, except n and
a, are
marlced long, unless
the circumflex accent.
tliey
carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
81
VERBS IX n Ynwi:!. Sikm.s.
Contracted
II
Passive Voice contracted
Tifido/jiai,
rl/jLajfiat,
Mood
Imperative
3
D2 3
P2 3
&
rl/j.(o
iroLoit
BtjXov
Ti/idaOfo
TTOieiaOb)
hrfkovo-Qw
rlfjudadov
TTOieloOov
&T)\0VO-d0V
TLfJidadcDV
irocetadcDv
hrfkovo-Owv
rlfxaaOe
Troielo-Qe
SrjXovaOe
rlfidadcap
iroieio-Qayv
BrjXovadtov
Infinitive TTOLelaOai
Tl/jbdadat,
BrjXovadat
Participle TlfLW/JLeVOS, 7],
OP
TTOIOVIL6VOS, 7},
OP
SijXovfjLevos, V,
ov
ftdure
TLfir)aofiai
TTOlTjO-OfMat
hrjkdio-ofiai
perfed
rerffirjfiai
TreTTOLrj/iiaL
SeBjjXoy/JLcu
Vowel.
-"lit,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
G
FIRST GREEK
82
GRAMMAR
[
CO CO
r H a H
(D
CO
CD
8
^T
s
Ph h"
&
x x§ « '8 ?
I-
1
fc
N
Ph
co
xn
13 J3 Is
**
2
CO
O 3a
g m PQ Ph
"
P
8
«Uj>*-U>
H
5 o
III — —a k
fc
S
*VU
*Vl>
«U/
H H £
h h v e
52
o CO
r
-t^.4' b
ft
o
fc
fa
O
k
Q.
-J
s 5
o >
p4
t>
PS
&
Ph
ti
s. s, 5"
O
i
N
t= h w w N b I-
Ph
g CO
S s S O
2 8
M «
v«
CO 31
O
s
CO
~s
s £
v
^N ^k ^h
Co
>*
> CO
"5
PS
O
4 3
g
h
CO
S cs
s
fc
P\-T^
H
1 p H CO
X
C cj § 2 | %
CO CO
h
5 fc:
o W fa §
3 s Q Q
8
^>
i
-
;i
>:
lit
Ph
V
V
N
h
£
&.»
1^
h
8 ^8
P" i
.
5
ps
1 i-t ^w
4
"V
i
**>
—
3 B
s, 8. §-
H
s s<
S
H | co H PS
Ph
111
V
N
^ vh S
J2 ^ N
^
Pfe
V
Q.
H
=*
h
fc Ph CO
3*
n
ve
Ph Ph
N
2 a
h s a.
3.
T h %• ^ h -8
-8 ^ ^ k^. t:
1
N
^ s
Q_
8 W
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
OO
H
3.
o
: ?
A
73
g E a s
a 6
7
HI
H
w v o
3
*
w
1
H E !
E CO
W W
3 B > go
Si
o o >
I^
5 H
5
"-i
o
s O
?
—
^ CJ
1 o >
O ^
ill
B
-4
So
3 2
i-h
5 1 N
!'5
E
>i
H 3
JISl-3-
9
s
a
^«i
»»*
1
i 6
-5-
III w w o «w
***/
~w
— a
-i
~*
S a
fit w w o ^•M
3 CO
t:
^P O
s3
K
Q
<
H a E H
s
*
O
|£ &X £ o X fc
1
1 £
III w
w o
FIRST GREEK
84
GRAMMAR CO*
CO
lit-
3
? O b
s°l H Q P
8
fit
H
w
w
8-3
PM
8
> CO*
3 M PM
i
<J vvu •ivy
a
3 H CO
^ c © p 2 £
—
v
-
'
&
Pm
8
O O
O -4
ajcg N -<
N
co CO
>•
51 Ph
*
p £
8
3- =L
9^?
1
7^!
S i w w
H h
5jt
>\y >vy *VW
O
H
H PS P H P
vu
«vu ««;
-a
-
5
N *<
X
b § P5 Pm
<
a § b P fe
3
3
8 b
^vu
3i ^T^8
i^
Q a 9
tt>
iu
<<
a
pa
p p
s CO
s O <
o c ^ vS P* 5" * v3~^-
v
?
p 8
3. N -< -»
v
«\U «vu "VU
*
3
3
t
i 03 9 PM
H H P H P
Ml^
8
lir 8,v2~-< vw w 8
8_vg
7k *<«
8
s *
H W S
Is?"
02
vvu
W 8
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
B6
^—-.
•* -a
H
E
K
3.S
is
s M
£ 1
(4
D H p -
1^3" ? =£ Q.
£
b «
«o*8 b -
1
3
H 03
-
a a
O ^ N
2
O o
I
CO "3
b
a
1 B i
< M § s
i-i
g
-
in•
4 £?
-
P H b
H
I
-
3. 3,
5 v a ve
- ^
a
to
^b
v^
»W "P*"*/
4-3*
1
3 1
*- ?- 3-
;r-
^-^
3
a
<
125
3
Sk
i
!
<
CO
B
4 £? 53 GO •4 Ph
<
5| Ah
3
«k
Q_
^^
^o 3
^
^ 3
1 j a -
-
H
a ^< a.-<
A
^
•8 ns
o
X
w E
FIRST GREEK
S«3
GRAMMAR LIX VEEBS First TL-drj-fii,
TENSES
I place.
present
Si
present
and
2
imperfect
D
stem TiBe
P
i-rl-Orj-v
ti-6t)-<;
e-Ti-6eis
3
rl-di]-crt(v)
e-Ti-Oeu
ri-de-Tov
e-rl-Oe-Tov
3
TL-Oe-rov
e-Ti-6e-T7)v
1
TL-6e-/jL€V
i-Ti-de-/JLev
2
t l- de-re
e-Ti-Oe-re
3
Ti-6e-a-ai(v)
i-TL-0§j^rav e-dri-K-a
I
a e-ur)-K-as "
3
stem 6e
i
2
2
strong
imperfect
ri-drj-fii
SI
aorist
Us \ %
e-6r)-K-e(v)j
D2
e-Oe-rov
3
i-Oe-rrjv
1
e-6e-fJLev
2
e-Oe-re
3
e-Oe-aav or
P
e-Orj-K-av
Present Imperative dual
singular
plural
2.
rl-Oec
rl-Oe-rov
TL-06-T6
3.
Ti-de-rco
rt-Oe-rcov
rt-Oe-vrcov
2.
6>e'- ?
Aorist Imperative 3.
Verb-
INDICATIVE
-tfe-rw
Qk-TOV
Oi-re
Oe-rcov
Oe-vrcov
Infinitive present
aorist
Ti-Oe-vai
Oel-vai
FIRST GREEK
IX
GRAMMAR
B?
-fU
Class stem ^e.— Active Voice >t-|;.HN<
TIVK
oi'TATIYK
Tt-Oelrjv Tt-Oeir)? Ti-Qeit)
Tl-OetTOV
TL-drj-TOV
Tl-Orj-TOV
Tl-0eiT7)V
TL-d(0-fjL6V
Tt-del/iev
Tl-6r)-T6
TL-06LT6
Ti-6o)-ai(v)
Tt-delev deirjv
Oh
6ei7j<;
H
Be ir)
drj-rov
Belrov
6r)-Tov
BeiTTJV
Bw-fiev
Belfiev
0r}-T€
OeiTe
0c7)-ai(v)
Oelev
Participles present
aorist
TL-OeL-s, TL-Oel-aa, Ti-Qe-v st.
VoweU
@ei-$, 6el-aa, de-v f\
TL-de-vT
st.
Qe-VT
fata ,<>,
perfect
drjad)
TeOeiKa
long by nature, excrpt v
and
«, are
marked
long,
vnleu they carry
IH
FIRST GREEK
88
GRAMMAR
VERBS First Ti-Orj-fjii,
I place.
Yerb-stem 0e
INDICATIVE
TENSES p'esent
S
present
imperfect 6-TL- 6 e-fATjV
1
Ti-6e-/j,aL
and
2
Ti-de-crai
i-TL-06-ao
imperfect
3
Ti-6e-Tai
6-TL-06-TO
2
TL-Oe-adov
e-Ti-0e-cr0ov
3
TL-0e-aOov
i-TL-0i-(T07]V
1
ri-Oe-fieda
i-Ti-0e-fJL60a
2
TL-0€-(T06
i-rl-0€-cr0e
3
Ti-de-vrcu
i-TL-0e-VTO
D
stem rt0e
P
string
i-06-/JLT)V
aorist
6- 00V
stem
6-06-TO &c. as imperfect
0e
Present Imperative dual
singular tI-06-(TO
2.
3. TI-0€-(T0Gl>
.
plural
TL-06-CT0OV
Tl-0€-O~0€
TL-0e-(T0COV
Tl-0k-G0(dV
Aorist Imperative dual
plural
2.
0ov
3.
06-O-0OV
0e-o-0e
3.
0ia0co
3.
0eo~0Q£>v
0e-a0(ov
singular
Infinitive present
aorist
TL-0€-O~0ai
0k-o~0ai
IX
N
GREEK GRAMMAS
1-IK-T
-/u
Middle and Pacbivi Voioi OPTAI
SUBJUNCTIYi:
l\
1
TL-0a)-fiai
TL-0€L-JJ,rjV
TL-dfj
TL-06L-O
TL-Orj-raL
TL-del-ro
tl-Qij-gOov
TL-Oel-aOov
tl-6?]-
TL-6eL-(T0r)v
TL-d(t)-/jL€0a
TL-OeL-jxeOa
TL-drj-
TL-del-aOe
TL-dto-VTCLL
tl-Ocl-vto
da)-flCLL
06L-/JL7JV
n
6el-o
Orj-TCIL
del-TO
&c. as present
&c. as present
Participles present TL-de-fievos,
(wrist rj,
ov
4 passive ,Jpk&nv
.
0e-fAevo<;,
tj,
ov
weak future passive, Tedjfcrojuu.
perfect middle, TedejjjuL.
Obs. like
—
r-T/-/At,
I tend
(vLil)-stein
c),
is
inflected
throughout
TL-Oij-fjLL.
Vowels
}
/on;/ lui mil Ihl
*, art
liltlUHjltS
(/.
marked
long, unless Ihry carry
FIRST GREEK
90
GRAMMAR
VERBS First Class.
—
I make
i-o-Trj-fii,
to
stand
INDICATIVE
TENSES present
S
present
imperfect
i-arrj-v
1
L-arr)-/jbi
and
2
t-CTTT/-?
i-(TTr}-<;
imperfect
3
X-(TTr]-(Ti{y)
l-GTT)
2
L-crra-rov
r
D
stem ?
lara
f
f/
3
P
strong
L-ara-rov
l-ara-rov f
/
L-(TTa-T7]V
1
X-ara-fxev
X-ara-fxev
2
X-ara-re
t-ara-Te
3
l-ara-<Jt(v)
X-ara-aav
S
1
e-arrj-v
aorist
2
e-CTT/-?
stem
3
D2
€-(TT7)-T0V
3
l-(JTl)-T7]V
1
e-o-rr]-/jL€V
2
e-(TT7)-T6
3
e-arrj-crav
P
e-arr)
Present Imperative dual
singular
plural
2.
l-cttt)
t-o-ra-rov
X-ara-Te
3.
L-aru-ro)
l-ard-rayv
l-crrd-vrcov
2.
arrj-rov
3.
ary-rco
Aorist Imperative. ard-vrcov
Infinitive present
aorist
i-GTa-vai
arrj-vai
GRAMMAR
FIRST QREEE
EN
n
-fit
Verb-stem ara.
—Activk V«»k
k
SUBJUNCTIVE
OPTATIVE
t-(TT(0
l-crrai^v
i-arfj-s
l-(TTalr)<;
i-cttt)
l-araLrj
i-ar^-Tov
l-aracrop
i-arrj-rov
l-arairrjv
l-(TTO)-fJL€V
l-aralfiev
l-arrj-re
l-aratre
i-(TT(0-(ri(v)
l-aralev
arco
arairjv
aralr)?
(TTTJ
aralr)
(TTTj-TOV
(TTCUTOV
aralfiev
arrj-re
crTalre
crralev
Participles present i-
aorist
l-crrd-aa, l-trrdv
(tt&-<;,
stem, i-aravT
stem, gtclvt
weak
future, (rrr)<jw.
ard-aa, ardv
perfect, e ary/cg.
aorisL^
In the present, future, and weak aorist the meaning transitive,
make
intransitive,
to
stand
;
but
in strong aorist
I stood and I stand.
Vovxls long by nature, accept
r
and
m, are viarked long,
the circumflex
ao
|
is
and perfect
unk*» they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
92
VERBS First
l-arrj-fiL,
I make
MIDDLE AND
INDICATIVE
TENSES present
S
present
imperfect
1
L-ara-fjuat
L-CTTa-/jLr)V
and
2
L-ara-aac
L-ara-ao
imperfect
3
X-ara-rai
X-ara-ro
'l-ara-aOov
l-ara-aOov
3
X-ara-aQov
l-ard-a6r)v
1
l-ard-fieOa
l-ard-fieOa
2
L-ara-ade
3
X-ara-vrai
D2
stem
lara
P
strong
L-ara-ade »
L-ara-vro
wan ting
cwi'ist
Present Imperative
1.
singular
dual
plural
L-ara-ao
X-ara-aQov
X-ara-aOe
i-ard-aOcov
l-ard-a6cov
i-a6co r
Voted* long
\nj
nature, except %
and
m,
ore marked long, unless tluy carry
the circumflex
accent
I
IK>T
GREEK QRAMMAB
98
IX -fu
Class to stand.
Verb-stem ara
PASSIVE VOICE
SUBJUNCTIVE
OPTATIVE
l-(TT<x)-fJLCU
i-aTai-fiTjv
i-arj/
i-arcu-o
[-(TTlj-TCU
l-aral-ro
l-arij-aOov
l-aral-aOov
L-arrj-crOov
l-arai-aOi^v
l-arco-fieda
l-arai-fieda
l-arrj-(T06
l-aral-aOe
i-arco-vrai
i-arat-VTO
wantin D
r
Present Participles
Present Infinitive 'i-ara-adat, future, ar-qo-ofiai.
l-
weal: aori
.
7),
OV
iaTa@r)v.
/mil: future jiassirr, crradrjaofiat '•
io-TTjad/jLrjv,
Vowels hiwj
I
the weak uorist middle,
4
*i,
err
is
always transitive
vvirl.rrf lowj,
the circumflex accent.
unless they carry
FIIiST
94
GREEK GRAMMAR
VERBS First Bi-Bw-fit,
TENSES present
present
I offer
INDICATIVE
S
imperfect
1
Bi-Bo)-/jLt,
i-Bl-Bovv
and
2
Bl-Bco-s
i-Bi-Bovs
imperfect
3
Bl-B(o-ai(v)
i-Bi-Bov
stem
D2
Bl-Bo-rov
i-Bi-Bo-TOV
BlBo
3
Bl-Bo-tov
€-Bl-B6-T7)V
1
Bl-Bo-pL€V
€-Bl-Bo-fjL€V
2
Bi-$0-T€
i-Bl-Bo-re
3
Bl-B6-cLo-l(v)
e-Bl-Bo-aav
1
e-Bco-K-a
stem
2
e-Bco-zc-as
Bo
3
6-Bcd-k-6
P
weak
S
aoiist
— —
D2 3
P
strong
— — —
e-Bo-rov €-B6-TrjV
1
i-Bco-K-afiev
€-Bo-fl€V
2
i-Bco-K-are
e- Bo-re
3
e-Bco-K-av
e-Bo-aav
Present Imperative dual
singular 2.
Bl-Bou
3.
Bi-Bo-rco
plural
Bl-Bo-tov
Bi-Bo-re
Bl-Bo-tcov
Bl-Bo-vtcov
Aorist Imperative 2.
So-?
B6-TOV
B6-T6
3.
B6-TCO
B6-T(DV
B6-VTCOV
Vowels long by nature, except
y,
and
a, are
marked
the circumfiex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST
N -/XL Class
GREEK GRAMMAR
I
\ Vil) >t( in
Bo.
— Active Voice OPTATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
Bl-Bco
Bl-Bo ltjv
Bl-Bco
Bi-Bo I?)
Bl-Bco-tov
Bl-Boltov
Bl-Bco-tov
Bl-Bo lttjv
Bi-8oi7]<;
Bi-Bco-fiev
Bl-Bo l/jl€V
Bl-BcO-T€
Bl-Bolt€
Bl-Bco-ctl(v)
Bl~BoL€V
Bco
BoLTJV
Bco-S
Bolt)<;
Bco
Bo IT)
Bcb-TOV
Bolrov
BcO-TOV
BoLTT)V
Bco-LL€V
Bol/jlcv
Bc7)-T€
Bolre
BcO-0~l(v)
Bolev
Infinitive present
aorist
Bl-B6-vcll
Bov-vcll
Participles present
aorist
Bl-Bov-s, Bl-Bov-ctci, Bl-B6-v
Bov-s, Bov-cra, B6-v
stem Bl-Bo-vt
stem Bo-vr
future, Bcvcrco.
perfect, BkBcoica.
FIRST GREEK
96
GRAMMAR
VERBS First Bl-Bco-jju,
I offer
Middle TENSES
INDICATIVE present
present
S
imperfect
1
Bl-Bo-fiai
and
2
Bi-Bo-crao
i-Bl-Bo-ao
imperfect
3
Bl-Bo-rai
6-Bl-Bo-to
D2
Bi-Bo-aOov
i-Bi-Bo-a6ov
3
BL-Bo-a6ov
€-Bl-B6-O-07]V
1
Bc-Bo-fieda
i-Bt-Bo-fieOa
stem BoBo
P
i-Bi-Bo-firjv
2
Bl-Bo-ade
i-Bl-Bo-ade
3
Bi-Bo-vrai,
€-Bi-Bo-vto
strong aorist
i-B6-fi7]v
stem Bo
€-Bov €-Bo-ro etc. as
imperf.
Present Imperative dual
singular
plural
2.
Bl-Bo-ao
Bl-Bo-crdov
Bi-Bo-aOe
3.
Bc-Bo-aOco
Bl-B6-ct6cov
Bi-Bo-aOcov
Aorist Imperative Bov
&c. as present
Bo-aOco
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
ami
u, arc
marked
the circumfiex accent.
long, unless fhey carry
GREEK GRAMMAR
FIRST
IX
W
-hl
Class Verb-stem Bo
Voice OPTATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVK
Bi-Bco-fiat
Bl-BoL-fjLTJV
Bl-BoI-o
Bl-Bo) Bl-Bco-tcll
Bl-Bol-to
.
Bi-Bai-crdov
Bl-Bol-o~6ov
Bi-B(o-o~6ov
Bl-Bol-o-0tiv
Bi-Bai-fieOa
Bl-BoL- /JL€0a
Bt,-Bo)-ade
Bi-Bol-o-Qe
Bi-Boi-vrai
Bi-Bol-vto
Bw-fiat
B0L-fL7)V
Bay
BoL-0
i
Bol-TO
Bay-Ten etc. as
present
etc. as
present
Infinitive present
aorist
Bl-Bo-o-Qcll
B6-adaL
Participles present BL-B6-fi€vo<;, 4
I
aorist rj,
ov
perfect BiBo/iaL *
Bo-pevos,
weak
aorist passive, iBodrjv.
rj,
ov
weak
future passive, Bodi'io-opaL. Vowel* long by nature, except
r,
and
«,
are marked long, unlea+they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
VERBS IN The forms
of the verb et/u,
are as follows
present 1
el-fii,
2
3
/
shall go
(verb-stem
SUBJUNCTIVE
OPTATIVE
imperfect
Va
ICO
Xoifll
rjecaOa
lys
'iocs
V
€1-
rjei(v)
D2
L-TOV
TjTOV
LTJTOV
XoLTOV
3
l-tov
T)T7)V
L7JT0V
LOLTTJV
1
X-fiev
rjfiev
X(0/JL6V
LOL/JL6V
2
X-re
V T€
LT)T€
XoLT€
3
X~acri{v)
rjaav
lq)(tl(v)
LOL6V
P
l)
:
INDICATIVE
S
-ill
LOl
Imperative dual
singular
V 2.
Xdi
LTOV
ore
3.
LTCO
LTCOV
16vt(dv
Participle
Infinitive Ikvai
Icov, leov,
iovaa, lov
Late and incorrect forms for this imperfect (1) 7]6lv
(2)
Tjecs.
dual fjetrov, yecTrjv.
(st.
lovr)
are, singular
plural rjeipev,
jjeiTe, fjeaav. Vowels long by nature, except
v,
and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST
VERBS IN -M Second Class.
M
GREEK UliAMMAK
t
—Verbs which form the present stem by
adding vv to the pure stem.
Bel/c-vv-fiL,
I shew,
pure stem,
present indie, active.
.
present-stem, Bei/c-vv
Beitc.
present indie, mid.
( Bei/c-vv-fii
BeL/C-VV-fJLCU
Beltc-vv-s
BeiK-vv-aai
<
BeiK-vv-TaL
( BeiK-vv-<Ti{v) 7
,
dual
and pass.
f BeiK-vv-rov < ~ ,
BeU-vv-adov
beiK-VV-TOV
Bet/c-vv-aOop
y
!BeU-vv-fiev
BeiK-vv-fieOa
BeU-vv-re
BecK-vv-aOe
8€i/c-pv-d(ri(v)
Bel/c-vv-vTcu
imperfect
i-BeU-vv-v,
imperfect etc.
i-BeiK-vv-firjv, etc.
imperative
imperative
BeU-vvi
Beiic-vv-ao, etc.
etc.
middle 8€iK-vv-cr$ai. Infinitive active feiK-vwai. The other tenses and moods are like those of verbs in -o>. Subjunctive SiLK-vv-o), etc.; and even in the present and imperfect indicative and the imperative, forms like Scik-vv-cis for 8tUvd-s are
very common.
Vowels long by nature, except
v,
and
«, are
marked
the circum/lex accent.
long, unless they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
100
PREPOSITIONS. The more common
I.
III.
With the accusative els With the genitive avri, With the dative ev and :
:
:
(archaic
and poetical
diro,
irpo.
e.K,
crvv.
(Latin in with the accusative),
els
es).
With the Accusative.
I.
(1)
their simplest meanings.
Prepositions with one Case.
A.
II.
and
prepositions
to, into.
Of place e(f>vyov els 'Kd-qvds, they fled to Athens. els eo-irepdv, towards evening. (b) Of time els Skikoo-lovs, up to two hundred. (c) Of measure Two other prepositions in this class you will once and again meet with ws, to (always used with a personal object), and dvd, up, along. (a)
:
:
:
(2)
:
With the
II.
Genitive.
XP V0~^ ^ VTl X^ Akov 9°ld instead
(1) dvrC, in place of, for.
>
of bronze.
Compounded with a verb it conveys the notion of an action counter to some other action. (2)
from, away from. Of place dir' 'Adrjvwv, from Athens. Of time air* eKeivrjs rrjs rjfxepas, from
&ir<$,
s
(a) (b)
:
:
Compounded with also that of back
—
verbs
dirt-evai,
it
that day.
has besides this meaning
go away from ;
a7ro8i5ovcu,
give bach. (3) 4k, before
(a) (b) (c)
vowels
Of place Of time Of origin
e%,
out
of,
from.
e£ 'AOrjvuv, out of Athens.
:
e/c
:
:
tovtov, after
Ik Atos,
from
Vowels long by nature, except ^ and
this.
Zeus.
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
GBEBK
I'IKST
Compounded with (4)
trp6, be/ore,
101
verbs, usually carries the notion
from or out
of removal
(iKA.M.MAi:
of.
for.
Of place irpb twv dvpiov, before the door. Of time Trpo ttJs tipfafc before the peace. Of preference Trpb tovtuv, sooner than this.
(a)
:
(6)
:
(c)
:
These meanings are
all
found in compounds.
With the Dative.
III.
(1) tv (Latin in with the
ablative), in, in
answers to the
question tvhere ? (a) (b)
Of place kv 'AOrjvais, in Athens. Of time Iv rrj kopry, in the feast. Compounded with verbs it has most frequently :
:
this
sense.
(2)
and
in poets
common
£w), with,
in Attic prose only in a
few phrases,
in poetry, but
its
place being
taken by /wra. This preposition, however (and not
compound with simple verbs
to
yueTa), is
add the idea
used to
of associ-
ation or fellowship.
Prepositions with
B.
two
Cases.
Genitive and Accusative. (1) Sid, through. I.
With the genitive (Latin per) (a)
Of
place
:
—
Sia rrjs TroAc/xias
-^lopas,
through
(In
enemy's country ; but also often at an interval of as Sea 7roAAov, at a long interval. (6)
Of time
:
0A77S,
ry/xe/aa?
St'
through the whole day,
but also commonly at an interval of as 81a ttoWov, at (c)
a long
interval,
Instrumental
:
St
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
dyyeAoi;, by ami
*,
a messenge?:
nrr viarked long, unless they carry
the circumflex acctnt.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
102 II.
With the accusative (Latin 6Y
Bid voo-ov, owing to illness ;
propter) k\xk,
Compounded with verbs
—
owing
to
me.
adds the meanings
it
(1) thoroughly, right through, or (2) parting (Latin dis).
(2) Kcrrd, down.
—
With the genitive Kara rav TrerpOtv, down from the rocks ; (a) Of place Kara twv yeipSiv, down over the hands; Kara yrjs
I.
:
ieva i, to (b)
lies
II.
go under
the earth.
Metaphorically
^iAiWou
Kara,
:
against Philip.
to tell
—
With the accusative Of place most general
—
(a)
xf/evSea-Oai,
in its
Kal Kara Odkarrav, by land
and
meaning
:
Kara
wing was, on
K€pas, at the place where the right
yrjv
Kara to Se£tov
sea ;
the
right wing. (b)
Of time
—most general
in its
meaning
:
Kar' Ikzivov
rbv y^povov, about that time.
Metaphorically
(c)
/caret
:
rovs vofxovs, according
to the
laws.
Compounded with verbs downwards and
transitive force to be silent,
(3)
but
With the genitive Of place forep
I.
(a) (b)
:
On
behalf of
:
sake.
sometimes gives a an intransitive verb, as o-uxiirdv, to
— K€
over-head.
inrep rrjs iraTpL&os,
for
one's country's
—
With the accusative Beyond in various relations
II.
live
adds the meanings of also
KaTacriG)7rav, to silence.
over.
(nrcp,
it
and
against,
beyond seas ;
:
virlp rrjv
V7rep Bvvafiiv,
Vowels long by nature, except % and
a, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
ddXarrav olkcIv,
beyond
to
one's power, etc.
long, unless they carry
first
<;K1-:i:k
Compounded with
I
GRAMMAR
verbs
adds
it
103 all
these senses to
the simple verb. (4)
^d. With the genitive,
I.
fiera tov
with, together with
t/v,
with hope.
»II.
With the accusative,
fj.€T
ra Mrj&iKa, after
When
after
tlie
—
add
to a simple verb the
notion of participation or fellowship
used
;
tvith his
friends
0-vva.Trtdavt. /xe-ra
i*t L With
twv
not /wra,
is
but he died
kralpiDV.
Prepositions with three Cases.
C. (1)
ow,
a-vvaTrodvrp-KiLv, to die with,
e.g.
/xer' cA.7riSos,
Persian war.
desired to
is
it
—
he was with Philip ;
the genitive
— only
poetical
= TZf.pl
with
the
= Trept
with
the
genitive.
— only With the accusative —
With the dative
II.
poetical
dative. III.
(a)
Of place
those (6) (c)
:
ol
dp.l
HAon-oW,
the followers of
(lit.
around) Plato.
Of time d/xl rov x €Llx ^ va for ^ie winter. With numbers d/xc/u to. TpiaKovra Ittj, about :
i
:
thirty
years.
Compounded with verbs
it
most commonly adds
the meaning of around. (2)
bri. I.
—
With the genitive (a) Of place: (1) in answers of rest on, kirl -njs vcws, upon to the question whither
?
eVi
to the question where? the ship; (2) in
Kopivdov
answers
ttAciv, to sail
in the direction of Corinth. Vowels long by nature, excrjd
r,
and
u,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
104
(6)
Of time
(c)
Other relations
:
€7rt
riov irarkpiav, in the time of
the infantry.
"With the dative
II.
(a)
Of place
by the
twv oirklrdv,
ol eVt
:
—
(rest near)
kirl rfj
:
:
(c)
:
kiri
tovtols, on these conditions ;
Oai, to serve
for hire
=
t'va
—
With the accusative (a) Of place (1) motion
III.
to live
lirKovy to get
irao-av rrjv
on
after) this. it is
in your power;
kirl /xicrOu)
o-Tparevea--
[iio-Bov Tvyuo-i.
upon
to,
:
—
dva/3atv€cv
horse-back ; (2) motion over
to
'EAAaSa, over
J
e
—
IttI
all Greece.
Of time kirl 7roXvv \povov, for a long time. Of aim or object k-irl £v\a 7re/x7reiv, to send for wood; €7rt /Aa^ryv e£ievcu, to go out to fight = a>s
(b) (c)
OakaTTrj oIkclv,
sea.
Of time kiri tovtols, upon (i.e. Other relations e(f>' vfuv ko-riv,
(b)
our fathers.
the officers of
:
:
fidxuvTcu.
Compounded with on,
motion
feeling to
over,
at, etc.
verbs
an intransitive verb
X^etv, to
make
it
adds the ideas of
rest
motion against, of sequence in time, It also often gives a transitive sense
—
iVx^etv, to be strong ; kirur-
strong.
(3) irapd.
With the genitive
I.
from
:
'Adrjvaiuiv rJK€Lv, to be
side
the
come from
tov irarpbs Aa/*/3avei tov
ittttov,
of.
napa twv napa
the Athenians.
he receives the horse from
his father. II.
With the DATIVE
with the king. III.
:
by the side
of.
irapa to? /3a<TiAei,
In Attic prose only of persons.
With the accusative
:
to the
presence
of.
irapa rbv
/3ao-iAea ayetv, to bring before the king.
In more general senses Vowels long by nature, except n and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST BREKK (iKAM.MAR (a)
Of
by: irapa Tyv irokiv
place, pasty
H' nt
tkt city ;
/><(.<(
irapa
>)
seaboard of Macedonia. Of time Trap* oAov tov
(b)
trary
to
the side
«*l L With
:
during
my
whole
i,
the
life.
irapa rovs vop.ovs, con-
to the laws.
Compounded with verbs (4)
Trapyatn-, tin
OaXaTTav Mcikcooviu,
fiiov,
:
Beyond, and so contrary
(c)
105
the GENITIVE
adds the notions of
to
rov irpdyfiaros Kptvciv,
ircpl
:
it
past, or amiss.
of alongside,
to
decide about the business.
With the DATIVE arm
II.
ircpl
:
has a ring on his
for
the place.
With the accusative
III.
(a)
Of place
:
ry X €t/^ SaKrvkiov «X €l ^ie ircpl t£ ^piy, to fear >
ScSuvai
;
—
to tci\os ^d.yca-8ai,
ircpl
i0
fi^t round
the wall.
Of time ircpl p.ccrds vvKras, about midnight. With numbers ircpl ra cgyKovra, about sixty. Compounded with verbs it adds the notion
(b)
:
(c)
:
of
round, or of exceedingly. (5)
* P 6s. With the genitive
I.
fioppa,
northwards;
(2) in adjurations
With the dative
II.
(1) of directions, our
:
Babylon ;
irpbs
rrjs
irpbs tQ>v 0cG>v, :
(1) of place at
(2) in addition to
—
rbv
fjkOov irpbs
;
Of time
(c)
In other relations
:
irpbs
ijp-ois,
speak
&Tjp.ov kcyciv, to
(b)
t?)j> :
irpbs Ba/3vAwvt, at
fjv, it
with the
was towards day.
irokcfioikri irpbs at,
(as
they came to us ; irpbs
to the people.
i)pkpav
Vovxls long by nature, except % and
7iy>os
irpbs tovtois, besides this.
:
genitive)
—
seawards;
by the gods.
With the accusative irpbs rbv poppav, northwards (a) Of place
III.
wards
OaXd-rrys,
tovs 'AOrjvaiovs,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
106
they
make war against
Of comparison
the Athenians.
cocnrep 7r€VTe 7rpb<s rpta, as Jive to three.
Compounded with
verbs
adds the notion of
it
towards, of in addition, or of near. (6) im6. I.
—
With the genitive Of place wo yrjs, under the earth (a rare use). the prose Greek equivalent of the (6) Of the agent (a)
:
—
Latin
a, ab,
with persons
'Adrjvacayv, the city
—
17
:
IL With the dative (a) Of place (rest under) vtt' (6) Of subjection :
twv
V7rb
the Athenians.
v7rb SevBpo),
:
MAw
7rdAis
was taken by
'AOrjvaiovs
under a rjo-av,
tree.
they
were
subject to the Athenians.
—
With the accusative Of place (motion under)
III.
(a)
ret^os,
tlie
:
enemy came under
ol 7roAe/xiot r\\6ov
mrb
the wall. \
(b)
Of time vwb vvktol, sub noctem, at nightfall. Compounded with verbs it adds the notion :
under, or of gradually, or of underhand.
Vowels long by nature, except
tj
and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
of
PART
II
CHAPTER on 1.
§§
The torms which you have
I
I_V learned in the preceding part
book belong to the Attic dialect of the Greek language. Other dialects were the Doric, the Ionic, and the Aeolic. The poems of Homer are written in the Ionic dialect, and in the history of Herodotus we see a later form of the same. The Attic is really an offshoot of the Ionic, as the Athenians
of this
who
inhabited Attica belonged to the Ionian race.
Attic writers struck out a path for themselves, and
number and
But by the
excellence of their writings, gave so great im-
portance to the refined Ionic in which they wrote that the Attic must be regarded as distinct from the Ionic.
The
chief writers in the Attic dialect, taken in its widest sense,
were
the
orators
Antiphon, Andocides, Lysias,
Isocrates,
and Demosthenes, the historians Thucydides and Xenophon, the Philosopher Plato, and the Comic poet Aristophanes. The Tragic poets Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Isaeus, Aeschines,
Kuripides, wrote in Attic
poetry generally,
;
but in Tragedy, as in imaginative
many words and forms
of
words were
allowed which would have been rejected by any pure writer of prose. Vowels long by nature, except
tj
and
m, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
108
A very
2.
to us, but
small portion of Attic literature has come is
it
surprising that so
For the
preserved.
difficulty of
much
down
should have been
multiplying the copies of an
had to be copied by scribes, and the only letters known were the large and clumsy capitals which could not be written quickly. The small or cursive letters in which Greek books are printed did not come into general use among manuscript copyists till the eighth century after Christ, or about twelve hundred years ancient book was very great.
after the great Attic authors
The Alphabet.
3.
—You
All books
named above
wrote.
will observe that, although there
are twenty-four letters, there
are not twenty-four distinct
sounds in the Greek alphabet.
There
of
sound between epsilon and
fact
7]
and w did not
and
is
no essential difference
omicron and omega.
eta,
exist in the early Attic alphabet,
but
In
E
served to represent both the long and the short sound
The other three vowels have each only which is used indifferently for their long and their short sound. Moreover xi is simply ko- and psi is 7ro-, and the sound of zeta might probably have been given by &r, while tt, which is as much a double letter as xi, psi, or zeta, of the
one
two
letters.
letter-sign,
has no separate character.
two
—a
On
the other hand,
and a as a nasal [ayyeAos, dyKvpa, Ay x"7 7/ 5 ] ** distinct sounds
palatal
nasal.
"
*s
gamma has When used
sometimes called
ayfjia.
One
letter
which was in use when the Iliad and Odyssey
were composed disappeared at a later time from the Greek Its existence is proved by the metre, and in old alphabet. stone records
pronounced
it
like
is
It was and has received the name
represented by the symbol F.
our
F ov V
digamma.
The
known
distinction till
now made between
o-
and
books began to be printed in Greek.
Vowels long by nature, except
»j
and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent
s
was not The form
long, unless tliey carry
GREEK CKAMMAR
FIRST
of course only the ordinary
5 is
with the
109 last
turn directed
downwards instead of upwards. When the first part of a compound word ends in sigma, 9 is sometimes used, as The form 3, which is often used for 7r/oosayo> [irpos, ayio]. theta, is only a shorter
Vowels.
4.
namely, a,
w;
y,
a,
a
way
—Attic
;
av, rjv
c, ;
7; ;
1
1,
and
When
v.
called improper,
o,
;
v,
a> ;
v
;
at, ct, ot
;
a, e,
o, u>
rj,
the open vowel
and
with the narrow vow \
Is
long the diphthong
is
is
the narrow vowel
if
iota
is
underneath the hard (iota subscript), as written in capitals, a,
appear as AI, HI,
y, o>
iota
is still
brought into
line,
as "AiSrjs for
When
w.
121
or
;
if
a
capital, the
Indeed in
^St/s.
but the latest manuscripts the iota which
written
it is
y,
£,
word beginning with such a diphthong requires a all
av, ev, ov
The diphthongs were produced by the
vi.
union of the open vowels t
of writing 0.
Greek had twenty-two vowel sounds,
we now
write
was written in line with the other letters (adscript). By the union of the two narrow vowels the diphthong vl is
subscript
produced.
Consonants.
5.
which
is
—The
dentals are also called
a wider term, and in a wide sense
include not only the mutes, but also letter
/*,
A, v,
though not belonging to the mutes,
We may now
arrange
jt
ft
Palatals
K
7
X
Linguals
t
S
6
Signs.
— Besides
spiritus asper, the sign
and is
said to
The
p.
a
labial.
the consonants in three classes.
all
Labials
G.
Unguals,
may be
use to
its '
is
fi
a \
v
p.
mark the absence
of the
also used to indicate the elision
TauV €$77 for Tavra show that two words have been run together, as
of one vowel before another, as
!,
to
ku.tul
Vowels long by naturr, except
r,
and
<*,
are marked long, unlets they carry
re umjltx accent.
and for
FIRST GREEK
110 kcli
In the
€ltol.
case
first
it
GRAMMAR is
called apostrophe, in
the
second coronis.
In writing Greek we use the same marks as in English and the comma; but in Greek
for diaeresis, the full stop,
there is
no note
is
of exclamation,
represented by
'
as
<5/xr
and the colon or semicolon
while
the English
semicolon
supplies the place of our note of interrogation, as ti ravra ivhat
In the sentence
accent.
word
first
the third
is
;
There are also three signs used to mark
this ?
is
eyu> Tain-a
Aeyw, the accent of the
the grave, of the second the circumflex, and of
the
Accents are written to the
acute.
left
of
and on the second vowel of a diphthong, as "Ofxrjpos, It must be understood that all this last paragraph cvcrTOfAos. refers only to Greek as now written, and not at all to ancient Greek, which had no system of punctuation, and capitals,
mark
did not
accents.
CHAPTER on 7.
The
§
VI
inflexion
real difficulty of
II
consists in
the collision
stem and the ending.
Vowels collide with vowels, and consonants with consonants to form discordant sounds. Such discordancy is removed by the four methods of contraction, assimilation, dissimilation, and vowel compensation of the
for
consonantal
vowels
;
Contraction
loss.
is
used in the case of
by the other three methods consonants are brought
into harmony. 8.
—
Contraction. The Attic dialect used contraction it was possible, and in a natural way. If you
wherever
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
a>,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
know
the
well, you will have no But you will have noticed
further difficulty with contraction.
a few inconsistencies, and some apparent striking inconsistency
111
Grammar
part of this
first
GRAMMAR
One
difficulties.
that in the plural of the
is
declen-
first
sion, and in neuter nouns of the second, ca contracts to a and not to t] as xpvaeas xpucras cxrrca, ocrra. In other cases, as in the third declension, this happens only when the €a is preceded by a vowel or rho, as vynjs, healthy, ;
:
In
accusative vyia for vyt&a. of the third declension, for 7n/^eas,
7r/0€
we
the accusative plural
ca?, of
find ea contracted to u, as 7n)\€L<s
for 7iY>«r/?£as.
In the dual of the third declension in Attic
in
«
becomes
rj,
In the nominative plural this happens only
as acm/, cvyei^.
masculine nouns in
as PacriXfjs for /WiAtcs.
evs,
It is
true that the broad sound of omicron generally prevails over
other sounds, but in contracted adjectives
gether before
a,
Si7rAoat, 8i7rAcu 9.
;
77,
at,
which
is
Snrkorj, 8nr\.r}
—When
two mutes come together, the
a dental, the former must be changed to
the same order as the dental.
Before a hard dental the
mute becomes hard, before a
other
disappears alto-
;
Siirkorj, 8nr\rj.
Assimilation.
latter of
y
it
as 8i7rAoa, 8t7rAa
;
before an aspirate
it
soft
becomes aspirated
;
dental
soft,
or, referring to
and the
must be changed so as position as the second. Thus
table on page 2, the former letter
be in the same vertical
Before t palatals become j>
$
»
k, labials
become
Before
When
v
ft,
»
»
7»
»
&•
„
x>
»
< )-
palatals
comes before a
palatal into y,
tt.
„
t
It is to assimilation also that the following
due.
and before
Vowels long by naturt,
to
:
excej>t
the
become
y, labials
labial it is A.
r,
/x,
«, art
and dentals
changed into
and p into A and
and
changes are
narked
/x,
p.
long, unlets they
s.
before a
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
112
Examples
of these changes are
fie/jLLy-rac
to /Ae/xtfc-rat,
Terpi/3-Tai
e^-Teo?
to
yeypacf)-rai to yeypair-rat
7r\e/e-8r)v
to irXey-hrjv
\6L7T-BrjV
tO \€i/3-$7)V
vv^-Srjv
to
vvy-Srjv
Kpvcj)-Sr)V
to tcpv/3-8r}v
eirXe^-Orjv
iirefiir-Or^v
to iirefi^-O^v
irplft-Orjv
to irpic^-drjv
eir\eK-dr)V to
i^evy-Orjp
to
ifc-rio?
i^ev^-Orjv
to Terpiir-Tai
TreTrXe/c-fJLcu
7T€7r\ey-ficu
rerv^-fiao
TeTvy-ficu
XeXeiir-fiai
XiXec/jb-fjLac
ypafy-fir)
10.
as
rjvvT-ficu
j^wcr-fiai
7re7T6i0-/iai
ireTreia-fiac
€V'irKeK(o
ifi-7r\efC(o
iv-/3dXX(0
e/u-ftaXXco
€V-(f>VQ)
i/jL-(f)VQ)
iv-fiiyvv/jLC
ifJL-fJLLyVV/JLl
ev-KpaTTjs
iy-Kpa,Ti]$
iv-ypd
iy-ypd(f)CD
iv-%do-/ca>
iy-%daKQ)
iv-Xelirco
iX-Xeiirca
avv-peco
avp-peco
Dissimilation.
dt-drj/jLi
into
—By
Ti-drj/xi,
and
this is
meant
all
such changes
Xv0rj-0i into Xvd-q-n.
dental comes into collision with a dental, the
Vowels long by nature, except % and
By
When a changed to
may be regarded we understand the
Elision
sigma, as TrkiretdraL to 7re7re«rTcu. as dissimilation extended.
first is
elision
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
GREEK QRAMHAB
FIRST
113
simple disappearance of one of the discordant letters Aafcra? for XafnraBs, and
—as
in
i/yc/zd)ye fiovcri.
Compensatory lengthening.
—You already know what
meant by tliis. In oSova-i the second syllable is long by nature, whereas in o&Wt-o-i, which must have been its In primitive form, the same syllable is long by position. is
other words, to compensate for the loss of vt, the vowel-
sound was lengthened.
In the case of
simply becomes
instead
long
of
a,
and v the vowel
i,
but
short,
e
o
like
is
lengthened to a diphthong, except in the dative plural of the anomalous adjective \apUt<s
— see
CHAPTER On
§
p. 40.
III
VII
11. A striking peculiarity in Greek is the dual number. Very few other languages possess it. In Latin there remain a few traces of it as in duo, ambo, octo. It is properly used
only of things which go in pairs, feet, to) (ure, to) 6da\/x(o,
alike, as, to> ra>
7roA?/,
rrdoc,
as,
the ears,
the
dScA^w, pair of brothers, tw ittttw, span of horses, cities in league with one another, or in alike.
Accordingly
Even
with a singular verb.
it is
may always
by the plural, but in the Attic dialect
it
and often with 8vo or
afj.<ji(i}
added.
in
which
as to jXLKpov 7raLO\ipLOV, the
occurs very frequently,
Thus we may use
Vowels long by nature, except
t,
fiiKpov is used little
and
men-
be supplied
or to> Bvo Tpaircfi, for the two tables.
compare the way
sometimes
in cases like those
tioned above the place of the dual
to> Tpanrtfi
the eyes,
or of persons circumstanced
two
some way circumstanced 1
tw
either
We may
with diminutives,
yuwoj tkiUL
m, are
marked
long, unless they carry
Die circumflex accent
I
FIRST GREEK
114
GRAMMAR
But the dual has not that completeness which the numbers have. Substantives have never more than two distinct dual forms one representing the nominative, vocative, and accusative cases, and the other the In fact in Attic two forms serve to genitive and dative. express all the cases and genders dual of the article, of the demonstrative and relative pronouns, and of all adjectives in 12.
other two
—
os,
tj,
or
ov,
Further,
05, os, ov.
7t\€kovt€
Xvovre,
and
like
forms
are in Attic
preferred to \vovo-d, irXeKovo-a, etc. 13. The Active voice of the verb has no first person Dual, and the first person dual of the middle and passive never
occurs in Attic prose or comedy. 1
In the principal tenses of
the indicative and in the subjunctive there
is only one form and the third persons. The imperative of the middle voice has no distinct form for the third person dual, but uses the plural form instead, e.g., Xvo~do-6u)v, let them
for the second
loose for themselves, or let
Further, even
them two
loose
when dual forms did
for
themselves.
exist,
the Greeks often
preferred to use a plural verb with a substantive in the dual. 14.
Of the The
cases
vocative.
you must pay
rules for
special attention to the
forming the vocative of the
first
declension hold good in all cases, but Attic writers could
on emergency use the nominative, as & k/ditt/s apurre. In the second declension the true vocative is much more frequent than the nominative, except in the case of Oeos,
also
which has never it is
1
its
true vocative form.
In poetry, however,
not unusual to find the nominative used for the vocative. It occurs in classical
Greek only
thrice,
Horn.
11. xxiii.
485,
irtpi-
and Phil. 1079, op/xwuedov. We cannot accept as true Attic such forms as are found only in tragedy, and the fact that in these three cases the metre would allow of the plural casts a doubt on the existence of words differing so little from the plural forms. 8u)/j.e9ov,
Soph. El. 950,
\e\el/j.fxe9oi>,
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
u,
are marked long, iinless (hey carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK In the third declension
Some words have no and
tive,
use
115
down
as a general rule
may be
it
may
that the nominative
GRAMMAR set
be used as a vocative.
in all cases
vocative form distinct from the nomina-
though possessed of a special form, rarely
others,
it.
15.
The following
rules will help
you
to
form the vocative
(1) Stems which end in a mute preceded by a vowel have no vocative form distinct from the nominative, as <£vAa*,
kafnraS, etc., vocative, <£vAa£, Ad/X7ras.
Exceptions are stems in vocative, "Aprept
power;
;
as "A/dtc/u? (stem 'Aprcpt.8),
-l8,
rvpavvis (stem, Tvpavvt.8), vocative, rvpavvt,
irais (stem, 7rai8, orig. Tra'iS), vocative, nat, boy.
(2) Stems ending in nu or rho preceded by a long vowel have no vocative distinct from the nominative, as "EAA^y,
Greek, Or\p, wild-beast.
Exceptions are b\ov)
;
0-WT7//3,
"A7roA.Aa)i>,
saviour,
Iloo-eiSwi/, vocative,
Uoo-eiSov (stem, Uoo-ci-
"AttoAAov
vocative,
'AttoAAwi/)
(stem,
vocative, o-Cnep (stem, o-uyrqp)
;
and some-
;
times Xdpwv, Charon, vocative, Xdpov (stem, Xapwv). (3)
Stems ending
in
nu
or rho preceded
have no separate vocative form nominative
is
(stem, rj-yepov)
if
by a short vowel
the last syllable of the
accented, as rjyepiov, leader, vocative, yycpcov ;
dijp, air,
The only word
in
vocative, dt)p (stem, dtp).
common
use which
is
an exception to
this rule is Trarqp, fattier, vocative, irdrep (stem, irarep).
(4)
But
if
the last syllable
is
not accented, these stems
occasionally form a vocative, as Saipuv, deity, vocative, Salpov (stem, Saipov), p"qri)p, mother, vocative, prJTcp (stem, pi)Ttp) /V//TW/),
orator,
vocative,
KUKoSaipxav, unfortunate, Sai/iov)
But
;
pTJrop
(stem,
vocative,
p-qrop).
tcaKooaipov
;
Adject (stem,
koko-
TaAas, wretched, vocative, TaAav (stem, rakav).
in these cases the
nominative
Vowels long by nature, excejU x and
», art
is still
marked
the circumflex accent
very often used
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
116
GRAMMAR
Thus we may have <5 pjrv;/), w kiW, & dkdcrw raAas, a> //iAas, as well as w [xfJTep, w kvov, TaAav, w fxeXav. (5) Stems ending in vt have occasionally a vocative, but by no means often. The nominative form, except in a few words, is far the more common of the two. Thus Homer uses ATav as the vocative of Afas (stem, Aiavr), whereas as a vocative. ro)p,
a>
KOLKoSaL/jLuv,
On
man
the other hand yepuv, old
A fas.
nominative form
Attic writers invariably prefer the
(stem, yepovT), generally
forms a vocative ykpov. Adjectives are as uncertain as substantives graceful one (stem, Xapteis is the
x aP KVT)t
;
thus X"P tcv
occasionally found
is
;
but
>
more common.
Participles of the third declension have never a vocative
form. (6)
In stems ending in diphthongs, the vocative
is
gener-
from the nominative, being the pure stem, as w /3ao-i\€v, <5 ypav, but even in this case the nominative would not be wrong. ally distinct
(7) ferred,
In
soft
but TrdAts
w
vowel stems the nominative
Thus
sometimes the true vocative. far more common. 5 £'x^ s e^ c
So
is
ix^v, or
<5
(8)
<3
sometimes pre-
7t6Xl does occur,
o-weo-is, or
<5
o-vvecri
;
-
>
In the case of adjectives, the nominative found, as
is
is
the more often
yXvicvs.
Stems which
elide sigma,
as
A-qfioo-Oevcs,
generally
Arj/xoo-Oeves (nominative, Ar]fxoo-6euy]s). form a vocative, as In the case of adjectives the feminine and masculine have the unhappy same form, as u> SvcttvyJs dvep, a> Suo-tuy^s ywou,
man,
But the nominative
unhappy woman.
quently used, as w
Bvo-tvx'Q's
For masculine vocative, nominative, as
<S
/*eya?
Vowels long by nature, except
/xeyas, great,
aW-qp v,
is
also fre-
wep, & Svo-rvxys yvvat.
and
}
but /xeya
a, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
generally used the is
found once or
long, unless they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK twice,
which occurs once
fxeydke,
117
in Aeschylus, is probably
a licence.
In short there
is
no limit
al
"A/37/s,
w ywvj,
<3
Greek
in
We may
nominative for the vocative.
to the use of the
have w TaAavraTos,
Kpmjs, or any other nominative form.
CHAPTER on
IV
§ VII (3)
GENDER The gender of Greek
16.
substantives
is
ascertained some-
times by their meaning, sometimes by their form.
As
in English, so in Greek, difference in sex
used, as 6 dinjp,
77
yvvrj,
p-yryp, the father; the
daughter;
in
71-01-179,
AeW,
8€ct7totis,
?y
man,
the
mother ; 6
7/
Actum, the
Of the names
17.
kv<s)v, 6,
77
Tttttos, 6,
77
6
7ra.Trjp,
77
is
made by means
of
lion, the lioness ; 6 Secr-
the mistress;
the master,
77
be ex-
Ovydrrjp, the son, the
17
the same form serves both genders, as ixaprvs, the witness, 6,
woman;
the
vlos,
others the distinction
termination, as 6
may
In some cases distinct words are
pressed in different ways.
6,
77
in others again Ocos, the god, 6,
77
ttcus, the child.
of beasts, /Sovs
but
;
most are common, as 6, 77 occasionally happens that
it
a word signifying an animal with sex has grammatically only
one gender, as o t)
8«A<£fc, dolphin, 6
xe^tiuv, swallow. x
Aayws, hare,
t)
d\wn]^, fox,
In such cases the gender when necessary
pressed by the words dpprjv and drjkvs, as 6 Oijkvs
AayoK, the xhe-hire, 6
6t}Xv<;
Xckiotov, the male-swallow, Vowels long by nature, except
77
r,
StkcfiU, the 8hr-/jJn'n,
1)
dppijv
apprjv dkio-mj^, the male-fox.
and
&>,
nre marked long, unless they entry
the circumflex accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
118
Besides the names of masculine beings,
18.
names
are the
of all
as 6 TafjLrjXaov, the (month)
wind, 6
'IAro-os, the
Masculine
winds and months, and of most rivers Gamelion, 6 f3oppds, the north
The reason probably is month TroTapx><s,
(river) Ilissus.
that the Greek words for river, wind, and avefxos, i*r)v
—are masculine. — Diminutives are all
Exceptions. signify males
neuter,
even when
to dvOpu-n-Lov, the manikin,
as,
;
they
to dvSpdiroSov,
the slave, is also neuter.
A few
names
of rivers are feminine.
notable are the fabulous streams
Most names
of
in -ov are neuter,
feminine, as 19.
17
Aphrodite,
Glycerium,
names of females, of lands, islands, and of abstract words, as r) ^A^poSirrj, woman, rj Acovtiov, Leontion, rj TXvKepuov,
are the
plants,
yvvfj,
17
Of these the most and 17 2tv£.
TLdpvqs.
and
17
Arjdrj,
mountains are masculine, but those ending and in -rj feminine. A few others are also
Feminine
cities, trees,
r)
'Attik^, Attica,
AaKeSatfxiov, the (city)
17
Kews, the (island) Ceos,
Lacedaemon,
irirvs, the
r)
r)
r)
Sikcu-
when
they
pine,
ocrvvrj, justice.
Exceptions.
— Diminutives
are
countries, 'EAAtJo-ttovtos is
neuter
even
woman. Of names of masculine, and AeATa neuter, the
signify females, as to yvvatov, the
little
former being really "EAA77S ttovtos and the other the name of a letter of the alphabet.
Of the names of islands, those in -ov are neuter. Of the names of cities, there are many which are not feminine. Of these the most common are t6 "Apyos, to "IAiov,
Ta "AfSSrjpa,
Of the names palm,
01 AeAc^oi.
of trees
and plants masculine are 0Lvt£, and some others ; neuter are
eAAos, cork, kittos, ivy,
those ending in -ov and 20.
Neuter
are the
-1,
as irpdcrov, leek,
names
of
Vowels long by nature, except y and tlte
a,
most
irkirept,
fruits, of
pepper.
the letters, the
are marked long, unless they carry
circumflex accent,
GREEK GRAMMAS
FIRST
used substantivally, and every word when referred
infinitive
word
to merely as a
to
yi-wvj,
the
as to
;
fiijkov, the apple,
(word) woman, to
in as or
«
rjs
feminine
Second Declension,
which end
in os,
u>s
all in a,
.
—
substantives
all
7;.
masculine are
neuter those in
;
to criynu,
tfjv, life.
Declension, masculine are
21. First
which end 22,
119
substantives
all
ov, wv.
All words in ov ujv are neuter, except the Exceptions. names of women, as 1) TXvKtptov but there are many words The most important you have in os which are feminine. Others are learned on page 9. f
;
:
/eeptcos, tail,
fiijpwdos, card. rpi/3o<;, footpath.
like
KeXevOos,
drpairos,
dfial-LTos, carriage-road.
0809, rdcppos.
KtnreTos,
ditch.
KlfiwTos,
chest.
Xn*><>$> coffer.
fcdpSoiros, kneading4rovgh.
things
hollow,
like
\77y09,
TrveXos, batldng-tvb. cro/309,
yvddos, icdfuvos.
XijtcvOos, oil-flask.
7rp6^ov<; (009), ewer. aicaTO*;* boat.
names
crd7r(f)€ipo<;, lapis lazidi.
of earths
/xi'Xto9, ochre.
like
acr(f)a\Tos, bitumen.
irXlvdos,
rfKetcrpos, amber.
aavos.
a/z/z.09,
yfrfjffios,
and
stones,
tyd/ipLos,
sand.
Vowel* long by nature, exempt *
and
marked OO
*, are
the circumflex
long, unless (hey carry
j3d-
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
120 TJrd/jLados, sand.
acrftdXos, '
*Z
va\o$,
soot.
> names of earths and stones.
.
glass.
icoirpos, dung.
yvyjros, chalk
And
others.
Note. stone,
—
like
Ai#os,
6
but
stone,
the diamond;
17
some
of
Aiflos,
KpvaraXXos,
6
ice,
07
particular
KpvarraX-
Xos, crystal.
Other words are merely feminine adjectives, the substanthem having dropped off; as
tives originally attached to
23.
7)
avXeios (Ovpa),
7)
hiaXeKTos
7)
(Tv
i)
8id/jL6Tpo
7]
avvSpos
7)
fidpfiapos
7)
7r€pl%Q)pos
the house-door.
(^xdvtj), dialect.
diameter.
(
{^(copa), desert.
Third Declension.
(yrj),
foreign land.
(yrj),
neighbourhood.
—Masculine are
(1) All substantives in dv, as (gen. avros) (2) All substantives
words
r]
cf>prjv
(gen.
in
and
rjv
/oevos), spirit,
evs.
except the poetical
rjp,
K-qp,
r)
:
and
doom, and to
Krjp,
heart.
(3) All substantives in
raiment,
except
77s
and abstract nouns
in
r??s,
€o-0?js
(gen. ZaOfJTos),
as raxvr-qs (gen. ra^v-
ttjtos), speed.
(4) All substantives in tip X^Lpos), hand,
and to ovs
and
ovs,
except
17
x€W
(g en
-
(gen. euros), ear.
(5) All substantives in tuv (gen. wi/os Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
u,
and
ovtos),
o>/d
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
and
FIKST GREEK to?
(gen. (dtos
and to
and
(gen.
uk
(gen. ko>6Wos),
Feminine
24.
and to
are
121
except to v8u>p (gen. vSaros), water,
<£g>to<s), //'///?,
fo//,
GRAMKAB and the
rare
words
k
r)
o-kw/j (gen. o-KaTos), dirt.
:
(1) All substantives in avs,
ws,
(gen. ovs)
and a?
(gen.
aoos). cis and i? except 6 o<£is (gen. and the rare words 6 ktcis, (gen. ktcvos) co?«6, (gen. SeA^iyos) dolphin, and 6
(2) All substantives in
snake,
6
o 8€\ts
-
ac?cfcr.
(3) All substantives in vs except 6 /36rpvs (gen. fiorpvos)
grapecluster, 6
l\6vs (gen. i'x#vos)
,/*V*,
6 /avs
mouse, 6 ard^vs (gen. o-Ta^vos) ear of corn, 6
dead body,
vtKvos)
6 irrj^vs
(gen.
jxvos)
(gen.
v£kv<s
and
(gen. irq\€(D<s) fore-arm,
o
ttcAckvs (gen. 7reA€Kea>s) axe. (4) All substantives
anvil ; 6 Kavu)v rule ; 25.
Neuter
are
in
and
except o
(gen. o^os)
aK/xun',
o Kiiov, pillar.
:
(1) All substantives in a, av,
t,
€v, €s, ov, op, os,
7'.
(2) All substantives in ap, as, (gen. aros or ws) except the
rare
words 6
26.
nine
;
\fdp (gen. xpapos) starling,
and
6
Aas (gen. Auos)
Substantives in £ are partly masculine, partly femiare masculine, with the exceptions of r) \//
those in
AatAa^, (fi\€f36s)
huiTicane ;
17
(gen.
Aai'AaTro?)
;
r)
^Ae^, vein
X^P VL ^-> water for the hands (gen. ykpvifios)
the defective
17
(gen. ;
o^, wtce.
Vowels long by nature, except v and *, are marled long, unless they carry
and
FIRST GREEK
122
GRAMMAR
CHAPTEK V ACCENTUATION 27.
Of
grave
the three marks of accent mentioned on
not written in Greek except
is
subdued
Thus
acute.
(he tied the horse), the
because there allow of
its
in the sentence ovros
p.
tov ittkov
ZSrjcrc
word tov has the grave accent simply
no pause immediately after
itt-kov
110 the
represents a
it
to
it sufficient
But
receiving the full force of the acute.
and
ZSrjo-c,
is
when
ovtos,
have really the grave accent on those and might be written ovtos,
syllables not already accented, eSrjo-e,
ittttov.
The acute can stand upon any one
28.
of the three last,
the circumflex upon either of the two last
syllables.
word
barytone,
is
called
perispomenon,
oxytone,
or
A ac-
cording as the last syllable has the acute, the circumflex, or
A
neither.
but one
oxytone;
word having the acute upon the last syllable upon the last but two propar-
called paroxytone,
is
e.g.,
ittttos is
paroxytone,
ZSrjo-e
word having the circumflex upon the
A
proparoxytone.
last syllable
but one
is
called properispomenon, as oStos.
The acute may be on long
29.
or short syllables,
the
circumflex only on such syllables as are long by nature.
The acute accent can be on the if
last syllable
but two only
but not evfiopfov. The circumflex can be on the last but one only
the last
is
short, as
be short by nature, as
efyio/)os,
o-vkov,
The diphthongs ai and and if the last
but not
if
the last
o-vkov.
ot are treated as short, as avOpunrot,
syllable
/xowrai,
does not prevent the preceding
is
long
syllable
by position
it
from having the
circumflex.
A
last syllable
but one when long by nature,
Vmcels long by nature, except
r,
and
a>,
if
accented
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK at
123
must have the circumflex whenever the
all,
short by nature, as fjyov, not
last syllable is
not yvvcuVcs.
-ijyov, yvi/cuKes,
See infra,
Exceptions like axrrc are only apparent.
§
35
(4) Obs.
The accent
30.
of a
word
is
altered
by the changes which
a word undergoes in inflexion, contraction,
No
requires an accent
syllable
etc.
£rom the mere fact of
contraction.
A
contracted final syllable has the circumflex
was accented,
of the uncontracted syllables Xpvo-kov,
xpiwov
;
but the acute
if
the
if
first
as, ti/xuci, ti/x^
the last was accented, as
ytyaios, yc-yws.
31.
When
an oxytone word undergoes
position or a conjunction, in all other cases
throws
it
it
a pre-
elision, if
loses its accent altogether, but
back upon the previous
syllable,
as 7rap' ifiov for irapd ifwv, ovS' eyw for ovSe iyco, but SeiV hri) (for
Seiva
32. In
hrrj).
the case of crasis, the accent of the
disappears, as rayadd for is
paroxytone, and
by
crasis long
t<x
But
dyaOd.
if
first
word
the second word
accented syllable becomes through
its
nature, that syllable acquires the circumflex,
as rdpya for rd epya. 33.
When
dissyllabic
placed after the word to which they belong
prepositions
their accent
except dp^i, dvri, dvcu
back on to their
first syllable,
all
throw
Sta,
as KaKuiv d-no for
a7TO KGLKIOV.
in Latin we find some words which always adhere word which precedes them, so in Greek there are certain words which have so little individuality that they throw their accent on to the preceding word. These Greek
34.
As
to the
equivalents of the Latin -y">,
and are as follows
/«",
etc.,
are called Enclitics,
:
(1) All the forms of the
indefinite
pronoun ns,
t
long by nature, ear/7 if r avti *, are mnrlnl hmg, unless they carry the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
124 p. 60), 7T(o,
and the
GRAMMAR
indefinite adverbs ttov,
itol,
7rw§, ttoOcv,
77-77,
irore.
(2)
The
and
particles ye, re, vvv, irep, rot,
(meaning
8e
towards, and always attached to the preceding word). (3)
Of the personal pronouns the forms
/xe, p.ov, jxoi,
also (unless emphatic, or after a preposition)
and
o-ov, 0-0 l, k,
o-e,
ol, (Tcfie, crcfuv, cr^)to-i(v).
(4)
The present
indicative of ei/U (except in the second
person singular), unless
be emphatic, or stand at the
it
beginning of a clause, or follow aAAa, ovk,
In these cases cart
tovto.
yap tovto,
fxet^ov
ovk
is
el,
jxrj,
a>s,
/cat,
always paroxytone, as eon
eo~Ti kolkov, etc.
35. Enclitics throw their aceent back on the preceding
word
A
tl,
KaAw?
Te,
and
last syllable, as,
some
accent to
enclitic is entirely
beautifully.
(3) After a paroxytone, enclitics of
accent, enclitics of
its
something beautiful.
perispome the accent of the
(2) After a
as
:
preceding oxytone does not subdue
the grave, as Kakov
lost,
way
in the following
(1)
two
one syllable lose their
syllables retain their accent
Xoyos
a certain
tls,
speech,
on their
but Aoyot nves,
speeches.
(4)
Proparoxytones and
properispomes
receive
from a
following enclitic an additional accent on their last syllable, as, Set£dv /xot,
show me ;
Observation.
exceptions to § 29 as (5) its
When
avdp(07r6<s tls,
—By these oWe
for ws re, locnrep for ws irep, etc.
several enclitics follow one another each throws
accent upon the preceding, as
one ever says
to
tls /xot
et
tfyrja-l
ttotc,
If any
me.
36.
Certain words have no accent.
(1)
Of the article the forms 6, 77, The prepositions kv, eis or h,
(2)
a certain man.
rules are explained such apparent
Vowels long by nature, except
*?
and
a, are
These are
:
ol, at. o>s,
marked
the circumflex accent.
Ik or e£. long, unless they carry
TOST GREEK GRAMMAS The conjunctions ti and The negative ov, ovk, or
(3)
(4)
may be
These
u>s.
ov\.
accented, but only
end of a sentence or precede an //ou sat/ so
or not? ov
The accent
37.
(fujcrt,
UNI
when they
enclitic,
as
7)
ov; do
he denies.
words changes with
of
are at the
rjs
Knowing the accent
In
inflection.
regard to substantives and adjectives, the principal rule
is
of the nominative singular, accent the
other cases on the same syllable
if
the last syllable permits
Exceptions to this
otherwise accent the following syllable. rule will be given as they occur.
But verbs throw
38.
verbs
their accent as far back as the last
reservation, that in compound must not precede the augment, Xvofxtv
permits, with
syllable
accent
the
\.e\vKa[i€V, kXkXvvro,
this
but
Trapko-yov, not Trapzo-ypv, Trapzlypv
not Trdpnypv.
The main exceptions (1)
Accented
infinitive,
the
on
to this rule are these
the
penult,
the
second aorist middle
middle infinitive and participle,
first
:
aorist
infinitive,
ti/atjo-ou,
active
the perfect
7ri#«r0ai, AeAvo-flat,
\ekvftkvo
(2)
Oxytone are the
participles in
as
€19, ovs, us,
second ws,
TTiOiov, \v6ci<s } &i8ov<5, SitKVvs,
(3).
aorist
and present
participle
AcAvkcos, lo-T&s (but kvcras).
Perispomena are the second aorist active
and (except
in verbs
compounded with a
tion) the second person
middle, as
diphthongs at and
mood regarded
as long, not as short.
1.
imperative
but 7rapa\df3ov.
— —The
Observation
infinitive,
dissyllabic preposi-
singular, second aorist
Tridtlv, iridov, irpoSov,
active;
participles in -a?,
Participles in their inflexion are accented
as nouns, not as verbs.
Observation optative
VovxU
2.
long by nature,
excejit
r,
ana
*>,
01
are
in
arr marked long, unless they carry
the eircumflex accent.
the
126
FIRST GREEK
.
GRAMMAR
CHAPTER
VI
§§X.-XVII
FIRST DECLENSION 39.
Of
the words you have already learned,
a contracted form of an older 'Epfxeas.
^Epfxrjs is really
There are also a few
feminine nouns contracted in the same way, as
o-vktj, fig-tree,
for o-vKta.
N. V.
aVKT)
A.
avfcfjv.
G.
D.
crvicfj
But a few contract the ea into a, which they retain as pva, mina (an Athenian coin), for /xvea,
throughout,
poppas, north wind, for fSopeas.
The
plural
N.
fiva.
fioppas.
V.
\xva.
fioppa.
A.
jjLvav.
fioppav.
G.
fivas.
ft op pa
D.
fjbva.
Poppa
is
always the same whether for masculine or
feminine, for contracted or uncontracted nouns. 40.
The dative
to the stem, as,
plural
stem
was originally formed by adding
ri/xa,
dative plural
rifxa-ia-L,
and
uri
this
longer form you will find in Attic poetry, and occasionally in elevated prose.
The
was formed by adding -wv to the by contraction tl/miov. It is that all nouns of the first declension have
genitive plural
stem, as ri/m-wv, which became
due to
this fact
Vowels long by nature, except the,
*>
and
u, are
marked
circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
121
the circumflex on the last syllable of their genitive plural.
Adjectives do not follow this rule, and two rare substantive are
exceptions,
namely,
a usurer,. xpwr<» v
xpijcm)<s,
and
i
en/o-iat, trade-winds, tTijo-iiov.
additional examples for practice.
41.
I
dvpd,
door.
7)/jLepd,
day.
"KM
NINE
I
So fa, opinion.
P^X7
rpdire^a,
Tpocjyrj,
nurture,
"tyvX 7!*
S0l d-
!'
table.
fMolpa, fate.
aKavOa,
yevpa, bridge,
fiepi/jLva, care.
thorn.
J''J^
f'
irvkrj, gate.
pudyatpa, sword.
Qepdiraiva, handmaid, \v7rrj, pain.
i\id t friendship,
Xeaiva,
evvoia, goodwill,
Btya, thirst. %\alva, cloak.
iraiheia, education
arpareia,
tcktvr), bed.
lioness.
apery, fioptyr),
way of life.
expedition, biaira,
kco/jltj,
virtue.
form. village.
MASCULINE Aof/d?, Loxias.
re^vfrr)^,
irpohoTT)^, traitor.
evepyerrjs, benefactor.
7rocrjri]<;, poet.
XrjaTijs, robber.
artificer,
puOrirr}^, sclwlar.
07rXtT77?, lieavy-armed soldier,
arparccorrji;, soldier.
fiovkevrrjs, councillor.
8ecr7roT77
d&XrjTrjs, champion.
CONTRACTED fivd, mina,
yr), earth.
I
_.
(1) Pt
°">
£
'Adijvd
(the goddess)
Ath< ua.
If you examine the above examples you will find That a remains in the nominative singular after f>
t*
*""*
^
m
ana
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
ami
c,
t,
tne feminine designation atva. «, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
128
Exceptions are
Koprj, girl ;
head) ; and the poetical (2)
That
sonants, a
whether vowels or con-
after all other letters,
changed to
is
Xpoa, colour
the rare word K-oppt^ temple (of the dew.
epo-q,
;
r).
Exceptions are o-to& colonnade ; }
to A/xa, boldness; Starra,
adder ; and the poetical ^pL/xva,
way
of life;
e;(ioVa,
care.
SECOND DECLENSION The dative
was originally formed by adding This longer form you will find in Attic poetry, and sometimes even in prose. 43.
(xtl
plural
to the stem, as koyo-uri.
44.
Additional examples for practice
to fxerpov, measure,
6 7roi/o?, labour.
ypovos,
helirvov, dinner,
time.
hrjiios, people.
irehiov, plain,
ol/cos, house.
Scopov, present.
7tAo0to9, wealth.
%vyov, yoke.
6(j)6a\fjLO<;, eye.
ro^ov, bow.
17T7T09, horse.
ywpiov,
apiOjios, number.
irTepov, wing.
Trora/jLos, river.
i/jlcltiov,
place.
cloak
7roAeyLto?, war.
For feminine nouns, see page 119,
§ 22.
Contracted o povs, stream.
6
Ovyarpi&ovs, daughter's
rb icavovv,
vovs, mind.
basket.
ypvcroyovs, goldsmith. Vowels long by nature, except % and
u,
are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless iliey carry
son.
F1KST GREEK
(1)
1-0
words there are some
In these contracted nt,
QRAMMAB
irregularities of
namely The nominative, accusative, and vocative dual are
made oxytone, contrary to § 30. (2) Compound words have the accent on but one, contrary to
§
30
as,
;
the last syllable
tunr\
ATTIC DECLENSION. 1"'.
The forms
like
have been called Attic.
vtios
Ad-
ditional examples are
6 \aycos, hare. Xeco?, jwqple. y
A0o>?, Mount Athos.
MtW?,
Minos.
a\o)?, threshing-floor.
7)
Keo)?, Ceos (island).
Kto?, Cos (island). ea>9,
Of
these words
all
irregular in omega,
dawn.
but Acws
may have
and tws always has
;
their
accusative
as Aaywi> or Aayw,
bat Xto'w and «w. 46.
The accentuation
is
irregular:
(1)
ca>
syllable as regards accent; (2) in the genitive last syllable
rule that, syllable
In
passes as one
and dative the
when accented has the acute, in violation of the genitives and datives of all numbers a long final
when accented
takes the circumflex.
Vowels long by nature, except
»j
and
*, are
marked
long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
K
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
130
CHAPTER §§
XVIII.
VII ff
THIRD DECLENSION Words
47.
rules of
belonging to this Declension violate the general
accentuation in
that words of
this,
accentuate the genitive and dative of ending, as
foot ; 7roSd?,
irovs,
all
one syllable
numbers on the
case-
ttoSl, ttoSolv, ttoSwv, tto(tl.
Exceptions to this are (1)
The common words
girl; and
n. light;
<3s,
n.
ovs,
ear;
irais,
6,
f],
boy or
together with the rare or poetical
words ($£?, f. torch; (6s, f. blister ; fyuos, m. thrall ; du>s, m. and f. jackal; T/>ws, m. Trojan. These are all paroxytones in the genitive and dative dual and in the genitive plural. The adjective ttols has the same peculiarity, 7ravr6s, iravrC; but
TTOLVTCOV.
and dative
(2) Monosyllabic participles accent the genitive
of all
numbers on the
gen. Sovtos
;
last syllable
but one, as
Sovs, giving,
being, gen. ovtos.
PALATAL AND LABIAL STEMS Additional examples for practice
48.
Stems in 6 dojpaj;, breastplate,
Kopa^, raven, CT(f)7]%,
Wasp,
Stems in
k. st.
6copd/c. 6 oprvf;, quail,
rerrt^,
st. fcopa/c.
Ktjpv^, herald,
st.
aapK.
st.
oprvy.
grasshopper,
st.
T€TTly.
St. (T(j)7)/C.
st.
y.
tcrjpv/c.
rj
\oy.
irrepv^, wing,
st.
irrepvy.
aaXiriyt;, trumpet, st craX7Tcyy. Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
u,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST
MS IN i)
XatXayjr,
GREEK GRAMMAR Stems
7T.
hurricane,
except
6 Kcovay^r, gnat,
st.
kcovcott.
^
are rare.
There are no stems
st
XaiXaTT.
in
131
\iyjr,
tcciTTjXuf),
defective,
nom.
and
in (f>
/cari)-
of uncer-
tain meaning.
STEMS
IN
6 "Aparfr, Arab, tj
yS.
*Apa@.
st.
xepviyfr, water Jar Die hands,
st.
%€pvij3.
—
aAwm^, /. fox, Ki}pv£ and <£otVi£, palm tree, Observation. from dAw7T€K, KrjpvK and oiviK, are anomalous, the stem vowel being in the first case lengthened, in the others shortened to form the nominative.
The stem
t/hx, /. hair,
forms a nominative singular #/h£, and a dative plural Opi^i{v).
STEMS IN DENTALS Additional examples for practice
49.
Stems in
Stems in
t.
iSpclos, sweat, IBpcor. /ce\r)<;,
riding
hoise,
r)
st
8.
Oxytone.
(Tcfrpayk, seal, st a(j>paylB. eX.7rt?, hope, st. iXircB. %Xa/jLi><;, cloak,
fceXrjr.
st ^Xafivc).
Xefirjs, caldron, st. Xe/SrjT.
Kprjs, Cretan, st Kprjr. eadrj^y raiment, st eadrjr.
yapis, favour, fipaSvrr)?,
st.
yapiT.
slowness,
st.
Stems in fj
Not Oxytone.
S.
"A/3Te/it9, Artemis,
st.
'Ap-
T€/-UO\
7ro\tTt9,
,/ree
woman,
st
7ro\ZT£o\
fipa&VTTJT.
dvBp(ovLTL<;, men's chamber,
vv%, night, st.vvtcr. opofia, name, st ovofiar.
st.
avBpcoviriB.
Vowels long by nature, except v and «, are marked long, unlets they carry the circumflex accent.
Stems in to
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
132
Stems in
t.
xpr}/j,a, thing, st. ^prjfjLar. fcv/jLa,
wave,
handmaid,
vTnjpeTLS,
rj
st.
virrjpeTiS.
KVfiaT.
st.
Not Oxytone.
6\
irpeaftvTLS, old woman,
st.
TrpeaftvTih.
There
is
one neuter stem in
it,
namely,
honey, gen.
fxk\i,
/xeAtTO?, dat. /xeAin.
DENTAL STEMS IN
i/t
Additional examples for practice
50.
6 iXecfras, elephant,
iXecpavr.
st.
[fids, thong, st. l/jlclvt.
ryiyas, giant,
avBpcds,
st.
dvhpiavT.
statue, st.
hpaicwv, dragon,
st.
Spa/covr.
Oepdirwv,
servant, st.
aevo
Xenophon,
Oepairovr. st.
Eevocjxovr.
STEMS IN DENTAL .4 dditional
51.
6 alcov, age,
st.
examples for practice 6 av^rjv, neck,
alcov.
d/jL7re\ojv, vineyard, st. aytt-
Xl/jltjv,
irekayv.
6,
r)
%etfMov, winter,
st.
st.
iraiav, battle-song, p,r)v,
month,
st.
XeifMov.
6,
st.
st.
st.
^
u,
snow
st.
s ^-
kclvov.
77
X
77
d/crts, ray,
st.
d/crlv.
pang,
st.
a)o7z/.
L( V>
onSis,
and
hen,
neighbour,
6 /cavobv, rule,
TtTaz/.
r,
\ifiev.
cock,
yecrov.
ircudv.
Vowels long by nature, except
st.
aXe/crpvov.
yetrcov,
yeifJLwv.
st. yit^z/.
Ttraz^, 2ifem,
r/
av^ev,
st.
haven,
dXe/crpvcov,
fcXoov, twig, st. kXcov.
Ae ificov, meadow,
NU
>
%
fc0Z/ -
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
The words
52.
stem
GRAMMAB
133
Hoo-etSojv, 'A-irokkiov not only shorten their
but also form their accusative from a stem without nu, as IIoo-ciSw, 'A^-oAAw. The forms 'A^dAAwva and II oo-eiSuW are poetical and very rare. The accent is
in the vocative,
drawn back
in a
in the vocatives "AttoAAov
and
and
U6
few others, as 'Aydpepvov.
STEMS IN LIQUID RHO Additional examples for practice
53.
6
fia)o-T?;/3, girdle, <j>a)p, thief, st.
st ^coarrjp.
6 drjp, air {no plural)
Trdvdrjp, pantlier,
st.
dep.
aWrjp, ether (no plural)
Carian, st
st.
irpaKrop.
irav-
Orjp.
Kdp,
st.
tax-gatherer,
7Tpd/cTQ)p,
(frap.
Kdp.
st.
aldep. ol/ctfrcop, colonist, st.
oIkt]-
rop. 6 axm'ip, star> 1S declined like aidrjp, but the dative plural
has
a
by metathesis.
STEMS IN NARROW VOWELS Additional examples for practice
54. r)
rpvcns, nature, TToirjo-cs,
6 pivs, mouse,
st. (f>vo~L.
making,
st.
/3orpv<;,
7rot-
8vvap.cs, power, st Bvvafii. vffpts, insolence,
crdcnSi
st.
ear
st
ftorpv.
tjctl.
6 pAvTis,
st. fiv.
grape- cluster,
erra^us,
st vftpi.
l^Ovs,
faction, st. araa-i. seer,
st pavri.
rj
8/31/9,
exeejit
r,
and
», are
marked
the circumflex accent.
fish, st.
oak
6pv<;,
Vowels long by nature,
of
corn,
crra^v.
lyOv.
tree, st.
hrow,
Bpu.
st. 6pv.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
134
GRAMMAR axe;
56. Like 7rrjx v,s are declined, 6 ireXtKvs,
old
man N.
\
and the plural
of
eyy^Avs,
rj
N. A. TreXeKT]
ireXeicv*;.
A. ireXeKvv. G. D. ireketceoiv
G. TreXetcecos.
D.
ireXetcei.
N.
irpeo-fivs.
7re\.e/cet?.
irekeiceLS.
G. TreXe/cecov.
N. A.
irpkafti)
A. Trpeaftvv.
N.
irpe
V.
TrpeG-fieLs.
A. TrpeafieLs. G. D. irpecrfieoLv.
G, irpeafiews
G. irpeafieodv.
D. irpea^ea^v).
irpecrftei.
The singular
N. A.
D. irekefceai{v).
V. Trpeo-fiv
D.
irpkcrfiv^
eel.
is
only used in poetry, but the dual and
meaning
plural have in prose the
singular of which 7r/)ecr/?eimj?
is
ambassadors, for the
of
used.
N. ey^eXu?.
iy%iX€i,<;.
A.
ey^eXvv.
iy^eXea.
G.
iy^eXvos.
iy^eXecov.
D. iy^iXvi
iy^eXecriv.
Observe the fact that the long
final syllable in the genitive
and plural of soft vowel stems does not prevent the accent from being on the antepenult. singular
aorv being the
57. Neuters of this class are very rare,
only fully-declined word in
common
ao-Tv is generally given as ao-reos,
use.
The
but ao-rew?
is
genitive of
the only form
found in stone records and though there are many lines in acrrecos, there are none in which acrrcos
poetry which require
must be in
read.
Other words,
like vairv, mustard, only occur
the nominative and accusative singular.
There are
Attic no neuters ending in iota. Vowels long hy nature, except
r,
and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
in
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
135
STKMS IX €V A dditioncd samples for practice <
6 liTTrevs, horseman. t€p€v<;, priest.
7paeu?, painter.
Ei)$oev
Heipdevs, Piraeus (no 'JLperpievs,
The accusative
60.
(livelier
plural).
in Eretria.
plural of masculine stems in cv ought
not to be contracted to
-ets
or
The contracted form does
779.
not occur in stone records or in Attic comedy criteria.
It is possible that
Xenophon used
—the only true
it,
but he often
sins against his native tongue.
STEMS IN OMICRON AND OMEGA 61.
Words from stems
and Topyw, which Atjtg!), Leto. st.
st.
have naturally no
maternal uncle,
/it/t^o)?,
plural,
from the stem ro^yov.
irarpays, paternal uncle,
Atjto.
r}%, Io.
in omicron
has, forms its plural
st.
Trarpco.
st. firjrpa).
'Io.
STEMS WHICH ELIDE SIGMA names
cases,
and
doubly in the dative singular, as 'HpaKkerjs, Heracles
(the
62. Proper
in
-kAct/s
contract
in
all
hero).
Vowel
N.
'Hpa/cXi}?.
V.
'WpaicKels.
A.
'HpatcXea.
G.
'Wpaickeovs.
D.
'HpatcXel.
r,t r
avd
«, are
marlnl
the circumflex accent.
lomj, vnlrxs thry carry
FIRST GREEK
136
When
proper names like
they take the
first
GRAMMAR
Arjfioa-devrjs
require a plural,
declension forms, as ot 'ApicrTo^dvai in
Plato, Sympos. 218, B.
53.
Additional examples for practice. 6
XcofcpdTrjs, Socrates.
2o0o/c\r)?, Sophocles.
to
mountain.
o/309,
avOos, flower. tyevSos,
Wvos,
lie.
nation.
Tet^o?, wall.
CHAPTER §§
xxx,
VIII ff.
65. There are also some contracted adjectives with only two terminations, as evvovs, evvovv, well-disposed, evirvovs, airy, evppovs, fluent. They have this peculiarity, that they do
not contract their nominative or accusative plural neuter, e.g.,
cvrrXoa, einrvoa, evppoa.
66. Like ^Aews are declined dyrjpojs, exempt a£«>x/>€ws, substantial,
and a few
others,
from old age, among which are the
compounds of TrAews, full, as ava7rAe(us, Tre/nVAecos, e/x7r Actus. The neuter plural is very rare. Plato has ifAea as neuter The simple nXem is itself plural nominative of fAews. irregular. Vmoels long by nature, except % and
a, are
marked
the circumflex accent
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
Singular
137
lYl'RAL
n.
7rXe&)?.
vXlo.
irXecov.
7rXea)
irXeai.
7rXea.
a.
7rXe&>i/.
irXedv.
TrXicov.
7rXea>9.
irXeas.
7rXea.
&
7r\i(o.
7rX,ea
irXeco.
7rXeG)i>.
7r\€0)Z/.
irXeoiv.
(1.
7r\e'ft).
irXea.
7rXea).
7r\€6)9.
TrXeais.
7rXeoj?.
For
G7.
Like
-tfivs
w/ra,
p. 140, § 74.
are declined yAvxt's, sweet; evpvs, broad;
; rant's, swift ; 9i]\v<s, feminine ; and others. as Unlike substantives, adjectives do not contract ca
Ppa\\s, short
;
but
axr-rq,
rjBea.
The compounds
of irijxvs are exceptions to this rule, as
TP l7I" lX r e tc, not Swn/xca, Tpnnj\€a. Like /xcAas is declined raAas, TaAcuva, TaAav, wretched.
^ l7n1Xt
>
]->
68.
The
1'>
adjective
x a P^€l ^
*s
anomalous in retaining
The feminine
in its feminine forms in Attic writers. (fnovnjeis is
era-
of
not found in Attic, but the feminine substantive
/x^AiTovrra, honey-cake, is really the contracted feminine of /xcXirdcis, as irkaKovSy flat-cake is
7tAuko€19. in
The
other dialects
Tlfiijets,
it is
not uncommon,
pure Attic though
e.g.,
snowy
vi^ocis
precious ; tAijcis, wooded; irrcpoci?, winged.
69. In adjectives like is
the contracted masculine of
class is altogether rare in
ev-yev?/?, if
the
preceded by a vowel, ca contracts to
r/s
a,
of the nominative
not to
77,
as 171?/?,
healthy (stem vyua).
Plural
Singular EL
i/yte?.
£7**79.
vyte?.
V.
vytcjv.
g.
vyieai.
d.
a.
&
£7*01)9.
.1.
vytel.
Dual n.a.v. £7*?}.
g.d.
Vowd*
vyia
n.a.v. 1/7*6*9.
vyioiv.
long by nature, except % and «, are marled long, unlets they carry the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
138
GRAMMAR
Barytone adjectives have the accent in the genitive plural
on the
last syllable
but one, contrary to
p.
123,
§
30, as
avvrjdaiv for (rvvrjOeiov.
Additional examples for practice
70.
aa(f>i]^, clear.
evcoSrjs, fragrant.
evreXrjs, cheap.
e7rc(f)av7]<;, notable.
av6dhr}<;, self-willed.
evrjOr]?, simple.
avrdp/cr)*;, self-sufficient.
eVSe?;?, deficient in.
€vcf>vi]<;,
a
well-made.
vTro&eijs, inferior.
rpLrjpT}^, triply-fitted.
ev&aifjLoov, pivsperous.
rjSioov, sweeter.
nrXelwv, more.
Of these rpLrjprjs is only used in the feminine (sc. vavs, and irXeliov is, as stone records show, somewhat
trireme),
irregular, retaining et before long vowels or
diphthongs only
and showing e before short vowels. The forms with the diphthong are however used when required by the metre.
in poetry
Singular ifkeov, ifkelv.
n.
irkelcov.
a.
irkeova, irXelco.
irkeov, ifkeiv.
g.
irXeovos.
d.
ifkeovi.
Plural
71.
n.
irXeoves, ifkeiovs.
irkeova, ifkelw.
a.
7r\eova<;, 7r\etou?.
ifKeova, irXela).
g.
irXeovcov.
d.
7t\€0
Many
of
the
adjectives
Vowels long hy nature, except
r,
and
of
a, are
one termination ought
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
139
common
rather to be considered as substantives of as
vyas,
plmipoU
6,
>),
nt'ntnj,
(stem
vyaS),
y
exiled;
; <£iA6VoAis, 6,
arbitrcu
Occasionally the poets
<£iAo7roAiS).
gender,
avroKpcrnop, 1),
o,
1},
patriotic ; (stem
formed a neuter even
to these, as neuter plural avroKpdropa.
The compounds
Xapts have a neuter even in prose, as crapes,
6,
of
ct'xapt,
rj,
to, winning.
Plural
Singular n.
€v%api<;.
€v%api.
ev^dpiTe*;.
ev^dpna.
a.
evyapiv.
evyapi,.
evydpiias.
evydpira.
g.
evydpLTos.
evyaplivsv.
d.
evydpiri.
evydpiai,
7% The compounds
of 7rovs
form a neuter in -now,
e.g.,
ewrovs, u*ithout feet, halt.
Plural
Singular n.
dirovv.
dirovv.
diroBes.
a7roSa.
a.
a7roSa.
dirovv.
diroBas.
diroBa.
g. d.
diroBo<;.
a7roS&)z/.
diroBt.
diroaiiy).
Some compounds masculine in
-irovv,
prefer to form their accusative- singular as ttovXvttovs, many-footed, ace. irov\v-
TTOVV.
73. irpaos, gentle, has
some
of its forms
from a stem irpdu
of the third declension.
Singular ]].
Trpaos.
irpaeia.
a.
irpaov.
irpaelav.
irpaov.
g-
irpaov.
irpaeias.
irpaov.
d
Trpao).
irpaeia.
irpCufi.
the
•
irpaov.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
140
Plural irpdea.
n.
irpaoi.
TrpaeidL.
a.
irpaovs
TTpdeids.
irpdea,
g.
irpdewv.
irpdeioav.
irpdkwv.
d.
irpaoLs or Trpdeat.
Trpdeiais
TTpaoL? or
most
74.
of its cases
it p deat.
from the stem
crwo.
Singular n,
crcos.
acad.
a.
(TOW.
(Tcodv.
acov.
g-
(TCOOV.
crcoa?.
acoov.
d.
GQ)G).
n.
acoot or
a.
(TCQOVS or
CTGOrp.
Plural
awa
(roods.
acoa or
or
ad ad
(TCDCOV.
g-
d.
o-<wat
(TCOOIS.
ctqoclis.
(TCWOfc?.
CHAPTER §§
IX
XL.—XLIII
COMPARISON 75. to
The words 7raAcuds, ancient, and crxoAcuos, slow, seem also have the forms in omicron, as TraXaiortpos, cr^oAatdrepos,
precisely as the greater
number
76. Like 7r/3wos, early, Vowels long by nature, except
and v,
and
of adjectives in a to. 6\pio<$,
a,
are
late,
marked
the circumflex accent.
are also compared
long, unless they carry
GREEK GRAMMAS
1IKST the poetical adjectives
7rA?Jo-ios,
near,
and
141
The
erSios, calm.
egMa^ which from their meaning are rarely compared, have once or twice the forms /zco-ui-
words
/jlc(to<s,
tniddlt
T€/x>9, ix€
The word
and
has in good writers the analytic com-
i'Aos,
i\r€pos is
uros,
uratTtpos, tVcuVaTo?.
;
<j>i\o<s
parative fxaXXov
form
,
and superlative
purely poetical and
almost entirely confined to the vocative friend, and the neuter plural tive,
<5
i\raTa
is
in prose
my
^lArare,
dearest
used as a substan-
our nearest and dearest.
77. ripe,
t<x
The
fidXio-Ta i\os. <£i'A.TaTos
Of
adjectives in
-
the words
irt(tiv,fat,
and
irk-Trw,
form their comparative and superlative irregularly, but
they are very rare indeed. ttlcdv.
Triorepos.
ttIotcltos.
ireirwv.
Treirairepo^.
Trent (lIto-tos.
78.
A few
-eoraTos,
viz.,
adjectives in os are irregular in taking -eo-reposy
pure;
aKparos,
ippiofievos,
strong;
a6ovos,
abundant.
aKparko-Taro^.
afcpaTe
79.
€ppo)/ji€veo-T€po<;.
ippcofievecTTaTOS.
d(f)0oveo-T€po<;.
acpOoveo-raros.
The words
v/3purrrjs,
insolent
(man), and cVi^a/us,
charming, form their comparative and superlative as v/3pLOTos
80.
and
if
from
lirL^aptTos.
v/SpiGTOTepos.
vfipLo-TOTaros.
iTTC^apcrcorepof;.
i7rc^apiTojraro<;.
Of comparatives and
superlatives formed from ad-
verbial, prepositional, or indeclinable positives, the following
are of most frequent occurrence Vowels long by nature, except v and
<*,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumjlex accent
FIRST GREEK
142
GRAMMAR
irepav, on the other side ; irepatrepo^, further.
vTreprepos, upper, further ; prep. vTrep,
vTrepraros, uppermost (from
over).
varepos,
vaTaTos,
latter, later ;
last, latest.
Trpovpyiairepos, more serviceable
(from irpovpyov,
serviceable
6,
rj,
;
TrpovpyialraTos, most
to),
Greek many adjecdo not form their These comparatives and superlatives by inflexional change. generally use /xaXXov and /zaAwrra, as magis and maxime are used in Latin ; as /xaXXov SrjXos, more plain, S?}Aos /xaXto-ra, 81.
As
in all languages, there are in
which
tives,
for euphonic or other reasons
or /xaAtcrra SrjXos, most plain.
CHAPTER X §
XLIV
ADVERBS 82.
There
are
stems,
Some
many
adverbs besides those formed from
They may be formed from substantival
adjectives.
and many are
of a formation
now
difficult
or verbal to trace.
Thus
are simply cases of adjectives or substantives.
forms like
<£i'A(os
we
case in Greek, as in oikos, house.
really see the
we
at home,
of/coi,
see the locative case of
The dative supplies a great number,
as
Srj/jLoaia, publicly,
from
Btj/jLoo-ios, public.
ISla, privately,
from
t'Sto?, private.
GTrovhfj, zealously,
from
aTrovBi], zeal.
Vowels long by nature, except %
and
a, are
in
remnants of the ablative
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
F1KST QBESK
bom
QRAMMAB
l
r,
stilus bj the and a greed number from verbal stems by the suffixes -eir, ^<> ////./*, cAAryi'to-Ti, ?'«
one
•
?
formed
are
as Kwifi6v, like a
-' '<>r,
Boffiz
t/Moi 6r«*&
Others are really phrases like the English at
as «K7roSwr,
rOJKJbflt,
For a large
84.
<>///
ro&tv).
e\-
no general principle of formation can
aAis, enough ; a£0is, again ;
many adverbs
7raA.1i',
back
;
?Am\
avruca, vmmediaUi'jf ; cVct,
Hut
UKiy (for
^//'
(j^
class
Such are
iven.
.substantive
'/"/,
formed by the three stem or the modified stem),
of' place are
-Ocv (attached to the
suffixes
-1,
and
(attached to the accusative), as oucot, at home, oikoOcv,
-8e
from home, from
we do not find With the accusative found, and then combines
In Attic prose
oTkos, house.
attached to the accusative singular.
-&€
of plural
names
of places
often
it is
with the plural sigma of the case to form -fc as 'Adrjvafc AtJnns (for 'A&jvasSe). 86.
The
chief adverbs of time
wit 11? (indirect), •
7tot€,
when?
o-n-orc,
totc, then, ore, oirore, when.
CHAPTER
XI
XLVI
§§
87.
are
to
'Hie cardinal, ordinal,
and adverbial numerals are as
follows Cardinal. 1
a
'2/3'
3
7
eU,
fila,
ev
Ordinal.
<""
6 irpoiro s, the fust
Adverb. airat;, once
Bvo
Bevrepos
6Y9
rpeh, rpia
rpLros
rpis
Vowel* long by nature, except
*,
and
», are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
144 Sign.
4
8'
5e
6*
GRAMMAR Adverb.
Ordinal.
Cardinal.
Terrapes, rerrapa rerapro^
T€TpdfCi<;
irevre
irevTcucis
7re/A7TTo? €fCTO
e%aici<$
e7rra
e/3So/zo?
eTTTOLKl^
6/CTCQ
oy&oos
OKTCLKIS
evvea
evaros
evaicis
11 id evBe/ca
ivSefcaros
ev^e/cd/ci ;
I2ij3' BcoSe/ca
Bo)Be/caro<;
BcoBefcd/cis
8
7]
9 6'
10 j
ff
(
BeKa 1
13 iy Tpeis(rpid)icdi 8e/ca rplros Kai Sefcaro?
TpicrKaLBefcdfcis
U i$
T6TTClp€S KOI BitCd TerapTOs /cdi be/caro? TeTTapeaicaiheicdiu*;
15
irevreKaiheKa
*€'
7re/A7TT09 /cdi he/caro? TrevreKaihefcdicis
16*9' eKfcaiBe/ca
€Ktos
17 if €7rTafcai$€/ca 18 £?/ 6fCT(OfcaiSe/ca
efthofjLos icdi hetccLTO*;
eTTTaKaiheKaKis
oySoos
/cdl
Be/caros
oKTa/caiSe/cd/ei?
19*0' ivvea/eaiSefca
evaros
icdi
he/caro?
ivvea/cai&efcdfcis
20
a:'
elfcoaTos
eltcocrdicis
25
*V eifcocri
€t/C0C7T0? 7reyLt7TTO?
elKoadtcis irevrdicis
30
V
TpidKovra
TplCLKOGTOS
TplCLKOVTaKlS
40
yu/
TerrapaKovra
rerrapa/coo-ro^
TerrapaKovraKi^
50
•
irevrrjKOVTa
7T6VT7]KO(Tt6<;
irevrriKovrdici*;
60
£'
i^Kovra
ei^rj/coo-TOs
€%7)K0VTdlCL<;
70
o'
€/38o/Jbl]KOVTa
e{3$op,r)KO(TTO<;
eftBofjurj/covTaKis
80
tt'
oySor/fcovra
oySoTj/coo-TO?
dySorjKOVTd/cis
90
<_/
ivevrjicovra
ivevrjfcocTTOs
evevrj/covrdfas
100
p'
e/carov
e/carocrTos
efcarovrdfcis
200
hiCLKOcrioi, at,
BiaKOcrioo-Tos
hlCLKOG idicis
Tpiatcoaioi,
TpiCLKQCriOGTOS
TpiaKoaidias
T6TpafCO(TlO(TT6
Terpafcocridfcis
300 t
eUoai(v) irkvre
a au, a
400
i/
rerpaKocrioi, ai,
500
<£'
TrevTafcoaioi, ai,
a a
icdi
heKaTos
irevTaicocrioo-TOs
Vowels long by nature, except * and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
efacaiBeicdici*;
irevTaKocridKi^ long, unless they carry
FIl;
Sign.
(
a
%
e^aKocrioi, ai,
700
yjr'
kiTTaKOGLoi, at,
800
oi
otcTatcocrtoi, at,
900
^
evatcoatoi, at, ai,
fivpioi, at,
jl
88.
The
Adverb.
k%aico<Tio
a a
a
a
2000 fi Si^tXioi, ai, a 3000 ry rpisyiXioL at, a 10000
145
Ordinal.
;ii(linal.
600
1000 a yt\ioL,
GRAMMAR
;
a
efaicoani
eirraKoaiocrTo*;
cirr a kog lutein
oKTa/coo-ioo-ros
oktclkoctkikk;
ivafcocnoaTOS
ivcucotTiuKt.^
^lXioctto^
X^
S^^^oo-to?
Bi^TXid/civ
TpLSxiXiocrTOS
rpc^TXidKL
fivpLoa-roq
fWOU&iUQ
1
'
is shown in To form com-
alphabet were used, as
letters of the
the second column, as signs of the numbers.
pound numbers kcli was often used, in which case the smaller number was put first, as eiKoo-iv «£, twenty-sir, but e£ *ai €lko(tl, sir-and-twenty So eiiaxrros Ikto%, twenty -sixth, but octos /cat eiKocnos, sir-and-ticnit'cth. Compounds of 8 or 9 are often expressed by means of the participles of 8to I .
votv hkovra rpiaKovra, thirty lacking A c»'o5
nty-eight,
&kov rpioKocrTuv €tos, the thirtieth year save one,
the
i.e.
twenty ninth year. 89.
Fractions were expressed
tions with the general formula
in different ways.
- our
Frac-
quarter, fifth, etc.,
expressed by compounds with fiopiov, as Tptrrjfioptov 7r€fX7TT->iix6piov
=
Fractions with the formula
\, etc.
expressed by phrases like nfir at 8vo /xolpaL
=
vim
might be expressed as the
Thus
to"i' c7r-ra
90.
ra e£
p
1
'">' ;
€k
long by nature, excrpt »
last,
simply
The jnoft imports
faurrof, each;
ra rpia piprj
Fractions with
':.
ami
»,,
J,
- were
=
|,
rdv
formula
j
t!
i
=
or in a shorter way.
tol <£ pipi)
=
j.
adjectives of quantity are
t«5, all; vchttos, otootos,
ore marled /<my, «mbtt lAry CBfT|f
tt« circumjlex acctnt.
L
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
146
which in a
series ? (Lat.
The adverbs
are
quotus
?),
much ;
ttoXvs,
every time;
€/
dAiyoi, few.
7roAAaAas,
often;
irXetxrTaKLs, very often ; oAtya/as, seldom.
91. it
When
avros comes between an article and substantive
acquires the meaning same, as 6 avrbs
It often coalesces
by
oLvrjp,
the
same man.
with those forms of the
crasis
article
which end in a vowel, as
Singular n.
avros.
CLVTr).
TCLVTO,
a.
tov avrov.
rr)V avTrjv.
TCLVTO,
&
TCLVTOV.
rr)<;
d.
TCLVTO).
TCLVTTJ.
'
TCLVTOV.
avTrj<;.
TCLVTOJ.
Plural n.
CIVTOL.
CLVTCLl.
a.
TOV? CLVTOV?.
tcl<$
TCLVTCL.
avTds.
TCLVTCL.
T(OV CLVTWV.
g-
tcus
tols avTols.
d.
T0l
clvtcll<;.
Dual n. a. v.
92.
TavTco.
g
.
TOIV aVTOLV.
d.
Like ovtos are declined too-ovto(v), so great.
toctoOto?.
TOcravTi).
TOLOVTO^.
T0LCLVT7].
tolovto(v), such.
TTjXlKOVTO^.
T7}\lKCLVT7).
TrfKiKovTo{y), so
But the tau
old.
of the forms of ovtos beginning in that letter is
dropped, as rcurra, but Tocr-avra; and the nominative and accusative singular neuter
may end
Vowels long by nature, except % and
a>,
in nu.
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
147
With the same meaning as these fonns we also find too-oV toios-<$€, and njktKos-Se declined regularly, except that
&,
they have the suffix
-Se
appended.
In the following tables the pronouns and the id formed from their stems are arranged so as best to show 93.
their relations to one another.
PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES interrogative
indefinite
demonstrative-
relative
rki wlwl
ns, some one
Trorepos,
7roTeoo9, one of €T€po<;, the one
which of two?
iroaos,
how
great ?
how
two (alteruter)
7roo-o9, of size or
5Be, OUT09, ttM
of two
to
(tantus, tut)
H'h'tf
7roto9, of some
quality
so
much
quot)
Of
OTTOTepOStWhidl
some Tocro9,TO(709Se 0(709, 07TOO-09,
number
great, so
quality! (quali<)
Who
of two
(alter)
much?(q>j
7TOt09,
09, 09Tt9,
y/'"'/\
htm
(quantvs,
quot)
Toto9, roiosBe,
TOIOVTOS,
km
much
Of
such a quality
0l09, 07T0M>9, of
which
(J
(qua! is)
(tal
TTTjXlKOS,
old?
hOW TrrjXLKo^tOfsonw
T7]XtKO
V\t/f09, oirrjXl-
tcosBe, ttjXikov-
tco
whichage
T09 of such age Vowels long by nature, except r and m, art ma rked long, unlets (key carry the circvm/Ux accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
148
PRONOMINAL ADVERBS interrogative
demonstrative
indefinite
7rov, where 1
ttov, somewhere
iroQev, ivhence ?
irodkv
relative
ov, ottov, wher*
(from <
ivdevBe
oOev
ivTevdev
oiroOev
evravOol, thither
ol. 07T0L, o
rore, then
ore, 6tt6t€,
some-
whence
( where
{some ttoI,
whither? whither
tt6t€,
when?
irrjvUa
TrjVL/cdBe
(
which OTTTJVLKa
rrjvUa 7to)9,
somehow
irrj,
in some
way
this
j
CHAPTER LV-
ft)?,
07Tft)9,
as
J
ravTrj ) in rfjhe
.§§
hour
&8e Ot/Tft)?
Try
/
rrjvLKavra
'
?
f
when
(at
TjVlKa
what
<
7TW9, h0W
irore, sometime
at
(
whither
inwhi
this
way
07T7J <
way
XII
ff
GENERAL REMARKS ON VERBAL FORMS 94.
—Double
Forms.
Besides the third plural imperative active forms like \vovVowels long by nature, except v and
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumjlex accent.
FIRST CREEK riovy
QRAMMAB
and the middle forms
kvcravTiav,
149
Xvco-dutv,
\e\iv6uv, and the passive \vdevnov, we find in
Xvcraxrdw, late
Greek
XveTiocraV) kvcraToxrav, kveaOaxrav, \vo~dcr6uxrav, AcAtV^oxrav,
Such forms, however, are never found
\v6i)Toxrav.
in stone
Alexander the Great, and are therefore when found in Attic prose texts to be regarded as records or in verse
till
after
late alterations of the shorter forms.
95.
Such optative active forms as Avo-cus, Avcrcu, kva-auv and \vo-ciav, are equally suspicious in
for \v
Attic prose
as are also forms of the passive optative such as
;
They
kvOeiijTov for XvOeiTov.
The ending present and futures, 96.
are not found in Attic verse.
-y for ci in
the second person singular
and passive
indicative, middle,
is
certainly
late.
97. In late writers the pluperfect indicative active
is
thus
inflected
99.
Singular
Plural
\e\vK6LV
\e\VK€L/JL€V
XeXv/ceis
XeXv/ceire
\e\v/c6i
\e\vKeurav
— The
Auxiliary Tenses.
active indicative
may
substantive verb, as AcAvkws
The same €t/xt,
is
perfect
and
pluperfect
be expressed by the participle and the clfxi,
true of the middle
AeAv/cws
and
fji>.
passive, as XeXvptvos
The subjunctive and optative perfect ty. more frequently expressed in this way than by
AeAv/xet/os
active are
AcAi'kw and XtXvKonjv, namely, AeAv/cws 5, AeAu/cws
For future 100. in
perfect,
AcAvkws
tfo-o/Licu
The Perfect Imperative.
the active voice except
tt-qv.
was used.
—This
when the
tense
is
not used
perfect has a present
meaning, and then the second person singular always ends -0i.
Thus from
I
Ketcpaya,
Vowels long by nature, except
%
shout,
and
«, are
we have marked
the circumflex accent.
the imperative
long, unless they carry
in
FIRST GREEK
150
GRAMMAR
(2) fcefcpa%0i. (3) K6fcpdyaT(o.
PL
(2) fce/cpayare.
In the middle and passive the third person singular is in such phrases as ravra elprjo-Oa, let these things be
common said.
The second person
singular
is
hardly used except when
the perfect has a present meaning,
from
as,
fie/Avrjo-Q
remember;
I remember ; irkiravo-o, quiesce. Future middle and passive. There
/Acfivrjuai,
—
is no lack of meaning seeing that in addition to the future tense common to both the middle and the passive voices we have also forms like XvO^crofiat and XeXvcropat, and in the case of verbs from consonant stems sometimes
101.
futures with a passive
another like 102.
Tpacfi-ja-opai
from the strong
aorist erpdcfarjv.
Future middle in form, active in meaning.
—
Another peculiarity of the future is that a very large class of verbs have a future middle in form but active in meaning. In
fact,
almost
all
verbs which denote the exercise of the
bodily functions have this peculiarity. are already deponents, list.
The most important
shout,
/ce/cpaya, cry aloud, tcefcpdl;-
d\-
ftoav, cry, fiorjo-ofiai.
yekav, laugh, yeXda-
(poet.)
cry,
grunt,
ypv£-
KcoKvaofiai.
lament,
olfico^-
shriek,
6\o\vlj-
o/xai.
6\o\v£eiv,
ryrjpvao/JLcu,
o/jLai.
OflCU. /ccofcvetv, wail,
ol/jl(o^€lv,
O/JLCLL
ypv^etv,
OfJUU.
/cekXayya, scream, iceic\dy%-
aXd^ofxat.
yqpveiv
of these verbs
in the following
are.
103. aheiVy sing, do-o/xai,
aXakd^eiv,
Many
and are not included
OpLCLL.
OTorv^eiv, wail, ororv^opbai.
Vowels long by nature, except * and u, are marked long, unless they carry the circumflex accent.
151
d/coveiv, hear, aKovaofiai.
Oiyydveiv, (poet.) 104.
Sdtcveiv,
iaOletv,
105.
Bij^ofiat.
bite,
eat,
eBofjuac.
touch, Qi^oyiai.
tttvclv,
spit,
pofalv,
gobble, po
Trrvao/jLai.
XiiTTTecVflapjXdyjrofiaL.
rpayyeiv, gnaw, rpcotjofiai,
irtveiv, drink, Trtofiat.
^daKeiv,
diravrav,
xavovjuu.
dirav- OpdxrKetv, leap, dopovfiai.
meet,
velv, swim, vevaop^ai.
Tijcroficu.
walk,
fiaBi&LV,
gape,
ftahi- TrrjBav, leap, TrrjB^a-o/jLac. ifKelv, sail, nfkevaofiat,.
ovfiat.
-fialveiv, go, -/3iJ(to/jlcu.
pelv, flow, pevaofiac.
(/3\a>atc€Lv), (poet.) go,
cnrovBd^etv, hasten, gttovBdaofiac.
fioXovfiai.
run
diro-BiBpdaiceiv,
away, air o-Bpaaofuu. BiGotceiv, pursue,
Blo)!j-
(rpe^etv), run, BpapLOvfjuat.
ofiai.
^ev^ofiat.
proceed,
yuipzLv,
yu>pi}-
6 ever o fiat.
Belv, run,
irai^etv, play, iraicrofiau
iriirreiv, fall, ireaovfiai. tcd/jLveiv, be
weary, xafiovfiai,
<j>ddveiv, get before, (fiOtfcroficii.
varepelv,
106. (fiiwvai aor.),
be behindhand, vaTeprjO-ofxat,.
live, /3id>-
(rofjLai.
-yr}pd
grow
old,
be,
€
aor.)
die,
diro-
Oavov/xat,.
Trdcr^ecp,
-yrjpdcrofiaL. (rXrjvat,
elvai,
aTToOvrjaiceiv,
svjfei',
Treiaro/jucu.
endure,
r\i]
», arr
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
152
GRAMMAR
Tvyydveiv,
107. \ayxdveiv, obtaifiyXiyl--
rev^-
obtain,
OfJbai.
O/JLCLL.
\afiftaveiv, take, \rf\jro/jlcli.
Kiyydveiv, (poet.
dpird^eiv,
seize,
KKeirreiv,
steal,
Kke-^rofxai.
grasping,
be
TrXeove/crelis,
)find,
dp7rdao/iai.
ifKeoveKTrjaofJuat.
KLY'rjcrofjLai.
by
108. Intellectual or emotional activity is expressed
dfiaprdvecv,
rwOd^eiv, mock, TwOdcropLcu.
dfiap-
err,
Oavpd^eiv,
Tr)(TO/JLCU.
know,
ycyvcoatceiv,
enjoy
aTToXaveiv,
yvdxropai. learn,
fiavOdveiv,
admire,
Oav-
fidcro/JLCu.
dirokav-
GOjJLai.
p,a-
v/3pi%€Lv, insult, vfSpiovfiai.
drjcropai.
o/jlvvvcu, swear, dpiovpai.
(r/cG)7rT€iv,jeer, atccoyjrOfJULl.
109.
many
There are
some
more,
of
between the active and the middle.
Remarks on Contracted Verbs.
110.
irregularities are to
The verbs
(1) Xp{op,ai,
use;
kvw,
oscillate
—The
following
be remembered :—•£w,
8i\p(o,
live;
thirst;
answer (of an
XP™> irtivQt,
hunger;
though from alpha stems contract in (w/xev, £t}t€,
which
far i, subjunctive,
scrape; and
\pu>,
£w,
£>/s,
eta,
oyxw,
as,
£w,
oracle);
smear; £ijs,
£?},
etc., infinitive, £r)v.
rub; occasionally contract in eta
also.
(2)
The verb pyw,
instead of ov and singular piyf
;
shiver with cold, contracts in
ot, as,
infinitive
w and
w,
piydv; subjunctive third
optative third singular piyw)
;
participle piyuv,
pZyoxra, plycov, gen. /kywvros.
(3) "Words like
x^w only contract when the vowel epsilon
Vowels long by nature, except % and.
a>,
are marked long, unless (hey carry
the circumflex accent
is
GREEK GRAMMAR
FIRST
... by
another epnlon and before the endings
followed ollowed
In
of the active. I
with that of
/
f«o,
Ai»o>.
8(2, StlS,
£etT€, £ovcri
all
other COOCS their formation
The only exoeptiona
which
s iw ><>t It ;
syllables,
&1, 8oVfX€V i &IT6,
imperfect eSow,
;
Seowi
;
The verb those
are &o>,
and a
eis
ifl
identical
/ bind: and
Attic always contract like poly-
in
8oUCTl, £to, £ciS, £«l, ^OV/Xtl',
«?£ouv, etc.
like all other dissyllabic verbs in Seirc,
If,.",
imperfect eSeoy,
But Sew,
-€
/
Sew,
Sets,
lade,
ifl
Sci, Seo/xev,
eScis, cSci, etc.
in Attic to kovw, but which have a short connecting vowel are from Aow, and then contract ; e.g.
Aoew, wGw/i, contracts
persons
formed as
if
\6ofiev becomes Xovfiev.
\0€T6
„
\0VT6.
ekoov
,,
eXovv.
\6ea6at,
„
XovaOcu.
Xoofjuevos
,,
Xovfievos.
CHAPTER THi:
TKNSE-SYSTEM OF REGULAR VERBS IN OMEGA
You must
115.
carefully observe that in no tense of
there any stem-form nt i,
is
XIII
stem.
as there
not found.
It is
shorter
may
than
Ai>,
which we
therefore also be called the
no part of the verb
The same
is
in
true of
Auw
call
is
the
verbal
which the syllable Av
all
pure verba, that
is,
which have the omega of the first person singular nt indicative active preceded by a vowel. Of coarse contracted verbs belong to this class, us lung by nature, except
r,
and
tI/xu),
iAw,
and
8?/A
«, are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex
06
FIRST GREEK
154
were originally
GRAMMAR
and
rlfxaw, <£iAew,
This
8r}X6(a.
is
a very im-
portant class of verbs, and far more Greek verbs belong to
it
than to any other.
Many impure verbs also belong to this group, that is, have their present stem and their verbal stem identical, such But with most impure as Aeyo>, / say, and 7rAc/c(o, i" plait. Thus of the verbs which you verbs the case is different. you take favyia or AetVw, you will observe evy and Aei7r are not the shortest For favyo) has for aorist e^vyov, stem-forms in the verb. of which vy is the stem, and AeiVw forms an aorist e'Ai7rov from the stem A«r. 116. "We may now go further than we did on p. 65 and may divide our verbs in a better way than by the letters in which their stems end, for we have learned that some verbs have no stem-form shorter than the present stem and that have learned,
if
that the present stems
others have.
This at once separates
Greek verbs in omega into two
all
great groups
Verbs in which the present stem and verb-stem are
I.
identical. II.
Verbs in which the present stem and verb-stem are
different.
To the former of these groups belong the vast majority of The latter embraces a comparatively small number of verbs, but from the nature of their meaning the Greek verbs.
verbs which frequently,
belong to it occur for the most part very and so appear to be more numerous than they
are.
117. If
group,
we
we examine
the verbs which belong to the second
shall see that the present
stem
may
conveniently
be regarded as enlarged from the shorter stem-form or verbstem, but in different ways. Vowels long by nature, except y
We may and
u, are
thus divide the second
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they carry
FIRST GKKEK
ORAMMAB
155
group into smaller groups according to the way
in
which the
present stem, difbra from the verb-stem.
118.
I.
The vowel
of the present
stem
is
longer than in
the verb-stem.
verb-stem,
(pevyco, flee. Xeiirco, leave.
119. II. In cases
present stem
is
when the verb-stem ends
verb-stem, @\a/3. „
tvtt.
/cpvTTTG), hide.
„
KpV(j).
The present stem
certain letters
(1)
arise
is longer than the verb-stem from the coalescing of the final
iota.
The
form tt
(2)
which
verb-stem and the semi-vowel y represented in
letter of the
to
in a labial, the
TU7TTO), strike.
120. III.
Greek by
\ctt.
increased by tau.
fi\a7rT(o, hurt.
by
vy.
„
gamma,
palatals kappa,
chi unite with this iota
(o-a-).
fcrjpvTTQ), 'proclaim
for
tuttm,
for
ray-t-o).
opvTTQ), dig
for
opv^-t-co.
Delta and occasionally
gamma
order
tcrjpvfc-i-co.
coalesce with the iota
to form zeta. KOfjLL^co,
carry
olp,a)£
(3)
Lambda by union with
for
/cop,i&-i-a>.
for
olficoy-L-to.
the iota becomes kk.
fidWco, throw
for /3a\-i-a).
for
VowU long
by nature, except
t,
ami
*, are
areX-L-co.
-marled long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST
156
When
(4) is
the verb-stem ends in
thrown back into
121. IV.
by nu or a
GREEK GRAMMAR nu
or rho the semi-vowel
it.
T6LVQ), stretch
for rev-t-co.
(pOeipca, destroy
for
The present stem
is
(f)0ep-L-(o.
longer than the verb-stem
syllable containing nu.
by nu alone
(1)
verb-stem /3a.
/Salva, go.
„
rejjbvco, cut.
by
(2)
refi.
av— verb stem p,a0.
fiavddvo), learn. /3\a
j3\aar.
„
by ve—
(3)
verb-stem kv.
tcvveco, Jdss.
The present stem is longer than the verb-stem by when the verb-stem ends in a consonant, by wtk,
122. V. a-K
or,
and sometimes by reduplication yrjpdo-fca),
yiyvcbcTfCG),
also.
grow old come
to
verb-stem yrjpd. know.
evpla/CQ), find.
The Still
„
,,
evp.
two classes must be regarded as quite irregular. more irregular are the two remaining classes.
last
123. VI.
A
short stem alternates with one enlarged
by
epsilon.
(1)
The enlarged stem
in epsilon belongs to the present,
while other tenses are formed from the shorter. Vowels long by nature, except % and a, are marked long, unless they carry the circumflex accent.
Bokcj
verb-stem 8ok.
(ea>), seem.
future Sofa) (not
The
(2)
&oki)
shorter stem belongs to the present, while the
other tenses are formed from the enlarged stem.
verb-stem £6e\.
e6ek
future iOeXrjcrw. 124. VII.
form
its
€l&ov,
I
The verb draws upon quite different stems to / see ; o^o/xat, / shall see
different tenses, as 6pw,
saw, from opa,
on-, 18,
see p. 184.
CHAPTER XIV THE TENSES IN DETAIL Present and Imperfect.
125.
—The imperfect
is
formed
from the present stem by prefixing the augment and adding the personal endings.
Verbs when compounded with a preposition have the augment immediately after the preposition, as et
I
to the first consonant of the simple verb,
forms before the augment,
pakXov,
becomes 12G. c
lit
Ud
ypaov.
€{iP
I
«£ before the
When before
But
throw
into,
resume their true together, a
/ throw
iv-€-/3a\kov.
tK,
the preposition ends in a vowel, the
the
out
of,
augment.
augment,
-€(u, about,
Vowclt long by nature, except
r,
v7ro-ypd<£w,
and and
irpo,
«, are
be/ore,
marked
the circumjlex accent.
/
fowd H
subscribe,
never lose their
long, unlets they oarry
FIRST GREEK
158
vowel, although 7rpov/3aivov,
also
some
irpo
may
irregularities in
127. (1)
becomes
e
contract with
/
7rpo-e-/3cuvov,
for
ei,
GRAMMAR e
to
went forward.
form ov, as There are
augment. not
t],
in the verbs
lav, leave, eleov.
eirea-Qat, follow, elirofir^v.
eOL^eiv, accustom, eWt^ov.
^eiv,
ecrriav, entertain, elarlcov.
ekLrreiv,
eX/ceiv, draw, eTkicov.
epirew,
128. (2) syllabic
Some
have, el%ov.
eiXirrov.
roll,
creep,
elpirov.
verbs beginning with a vowel have the
augment
uiveZaOai, buy.
icovovfirjv.
push.
icodovv.
ovpelv, make water.
eovpovv.
(tidelv,
129. (3)
Some
verbs have a double augment in Attic
avTifid\e2v, entreat.
rjvreftoXovv.
avTihiKelv, dispute.
rjvrehiicovv.
ajjb(j)oo-f3r]TeLV, dissent.
r/fAcpeo-fitfrovv.
afjL(f>Lyvo6iv s doubt.
rjLupeyvoovv.
Biatrav,
ihiyrcov.
diet.
hicLKoveiv, serve.
ehirjKovovv.
dve^eaOai, endure.
^v6l^6ll7}v.
evo'xXeiv, trouble.
t/voj^Xovv.
avoiyevv, open.
avewyov.
apnrkyeaQai, have 1
30.
on.
rjpL7T€c^6/jLr)v.
The second or strong aorist active and middle.
— Pure verbs cannot form
this tense,
verbs
consequently very rare in Greek,
possess
it.
It
is
and few even
of
impure
Vowels long by nature, except y and u, are marked long, unless they carry the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK hardly occuring at
That
their stem.
all it
GRAMMAR
159
except in such verbs as have a root for
is
often thought a
to the fact that the verbs
common
which form
number, are in very frequent use.
it,
tense is due though few in
Its inflexion is for the
same as that of the imperfect, and for the other moods the same as that of the present. Thus from AeiVw we have the active aorist cAiTrop, and from 7T€c6u) the middle indicative the
aorist €7n66[xip'.
Active Present
Imperfect
Svbjunctice.
Indicative. s.
D.
P.
1.
eXenrop.
2.
€\e*7T€?.
3.
eXenre.
2.
ikeiirerov.
Optatiir.
XeLTTO).
XeLiroiiii.
Imperative.
Infinitiv.
\6L7T6.
Xelireup.
§$
3.
i\ec7reT7]v.
1.
iXeLTTOfiev.
2.
eXetVere.
Participle.
3.
eketTTOv.
Xclttcop, Xeiirovaa, Xelirop.
i
Aorist A s.
D.
P.
1.
eXnrop.
2.
e\t7T6?.
3.
eXnre.
2.
iXiirerop.
3.
iXl7T€T7)P.
1.
i\L7TOfl€P.
2.
iXl7T€T€.
3.
eXcTTOP.
VotoeU h>mj
l,y
*
Xlttcj.
XiTTOlfJLL.
Xi7T€.
Xnrelp.
Xlttqjp, nature, except
r,
and
m,
Xnrov
are marled long, unlets they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
160
GRAMMAR
Middle Present
Imperfect
K
A •
\
t
Indicative. s.
1.
eirei66fjL7]v.
2.
iireldov.
3.
iireiOeTO.
2.
iireLOeaOov.
3.
iireiOecrO^v.
Optative.
7T€Ldc0fjLCU.
7T€L0OL/JL7]V.
Imperative.
Infinitive.
i f~«a
I).
Subjunctive.
irelOeaOai.
nrelOov.
1 p.
1.
eTreiOo/jieOa.
2.
eireideaQe.
3.
iireldovro.
Participle.
l
7rei06fjLevo<;,
77,
ov.
AORIST: s.
I).
p.
1.
67rid6fjLr)v.
2.
eiriOov.
3.
eiriOero.
2.
iirldecrOov.
3.
iirideo-O'qv.
1.
67ri66/jLe9a.
2.
iirideade.
3.
eirlOovro.
Subjunctive.
Optative.
TriOwfJLCLL.
7Tl,0Ol/JL7}V.
Imperative.
Infinitive.
irideaOaL.
iridov. «3
131.
future
Participle.
iriOoiiei /09,
Future active and middle. is
—The
77,
07A
inflexion of the
the same' as that of the present, except that the
future stem forms no subjunctive or imperative. tracted future has the
same
The
con-
inflexion as contracted presents.
E.g.— Vowels long by nature, except y and u, are marked long, unless they carry the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK (-KA.M.MAK
161
Future
PjUCSXNT Lull
&
I
>.
T.
IUm
cnrepw, I
slwll sow.
1.
<j>L\a),
2.
3.
(f)l\€l.
(Tire pel.
3.
(f>i\eiTov.
crirepels.
3.
<}>iX€ltop.
1.
i\ovjjLev.
cnrepov/jLev.
2.
3.
airepovat.
1.
L\0lT)V.
<Tir€pOL7)V.
2.
<j)i\oL7i<;.
cnrepoir)*;.
3.
(f>t\OLTJ.
(Tirepoii).
2.
<j>l\oltov.
airepocTov,
Optative S.
D.
etc.
Infinitive
airepelv.
Participle (f)i\a)v,
o
-ovaa, -ovv •
with
tlie
airepcov, -ovtja, -c
middle.
mute form their by adding sigma to the .stem. The sigma combines With gutturals to form xi, and with labials to form psi, while 7tA.ck-
future
/?Aa7r-T0j,
/
hurt, fiX-difrio; $S-a>,
/
sing, ^a-ofiac
;
irpdrTU),
do
(7T/Xiy), 7Tpd£(0.
Towel stems have their vowels long before sigma, that is, becomes eta, omicron becomes omega, alpha becomea eta except when preceded by epsilon, iota, or rho, in which epsilon
Vowels long by nature, except n
and
«, are
marked
long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
M
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
162
case
it
SrjXiocru) (f>vpu)
not changed, as
is
ew (aw), allow,
;
(aw), knead, vpao-u>
Tf/xw (dw),
133.
7roia>
edtra)
but
;
(3ou)
Sr/Aw
;
shout;
(aa>),
(oco),
laxrojxai
Ileal,
/3on/cro/Acu
;
TZfirjO-to).
The contracted future
is
verb-stem, and then contracting stretch),
iroirjcnn
(ea>),
iw/mi (tao/xai),
;
future
tracted syllable ;
is
formed by adding
The
eo>
to the
as rev (verb-stem of reivia,
Stems ending
reveco, revoG.
their futures in this way.
pollute, /xiavu)
j
in A,
jx,
v, p,
form
syllable preceding the con-
always short,
assign, ve/xoj
ve/xw,
cnrtipo), soiv, o-Trepw
;
;
/ziau'to,
dyyeAAco, report, dyyeAto.
Not a few stems
in e (present ew), most stems in iS and a very few in a8 (present d£oj), throw out the sigma in the future. Those in € and a8 at once contract the colliding vowels, kcxAw (ecu), call; future KaAw (for
134.
(present ifa),
KaAecrcu)
:
/?i/3dfw,
the stems in
bring, future
18 after
/3i/3w (for
/3iy8do-a>).
But
dropping sigma add epsilon and con-
tract, as Tropica, provide, Tropno for (Tropica)).
135.
The
first
or
weak
aorist active
and middle.
—
The stem is simply the future stem lengthened by alpha. The stems in A, /a, v, p which form their future without sigma do not employ that
letter in the aorist,
but in com-
pensation lengthen their vowel; short alpha becomes long after iota it
and
becomes
rho, after other vowels
eta,
paiva),
and
eppava
sprinkle,
;
after consonants
Kadaipw, purify,
tKadrjpa.
Exceptions are pualvco, pollute,
i/jbirjva.
T6Tpaiv(o,
irerprjva.
bore,
KoiXalvco hollow, eKotKdva. XevKalvco, whiten, iXev/cdva. opyalvco, enrage,
wpydva.
la^valva), dry, Xayyava. Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
a, are
marked
the circumfiex accent.
long, unless they carry
QRAMMAB
FIRST GREEK Kpsilon
becomes
«t,
and
and
iota
lengthened, as /i
The perfect
active.
the
perfect
;
upsilon
are
simply
Kptvio, deride, hcptva.
—
Tlie same stem supplies the and pluperfect middle ami \e, and the third future, which has a passive sense. The characteristic mark of the stem is its reduplication. The rules for reduplication are 137. (1) Verbs beginning with a vowel have no redupli-
136.
pluperfect active,
cation proper, but simply lengthen the vowel, as
6pp.u> (aw),
urge, &pp.r)Ka.
138. (2) Verbs beginning with a consonant followed
vowel or by lambda, nu, or rho, repeat the with epsilon, as plait, 7rc7rAex a
Ai'to,
AcAvkci
—
all
tKTova
;
is
iAw, ircikr]Ka.
its
reduplication, as ktciVo),
{ty/U*, injure, i^rjfxiiOKa.
Exceptions to (2) are up,
ttAckw,
other cases a verb beginning with two
consonants takes only epsilon for kill,
;
But an aspirate
represented by the corresponding tenuis, as 139. (3) In
l>v a
consonant
ypd^no, write, y€ypaa
Kvaw, scrape, KCKvaiKa.
;
initial
which follow
verbs beginning with
all
(3), as, piTTTio, throiv, cppla;
p,
yk, yv,
y\v
M
eyXvfifMiL (passive); p.vi)pov(.vui, mention, efivijpLovcvKa; yviopifo, 'point out, cyviopLKa.
140. There are a strong and a
The weak perfect
active.
weak
perfect active.
— Kappa
added to the
is
reduplicated verb- stem, the vowel following the rules laid
down
in § 132.
Spa) (aw), do, hpaaca, SeSpdtea.
rlfiw (aa>), rlfirjaco, rerLpLrjKa. 141.
Stems
in tau, delta,
sonants before kappa, as in
(ttlO),
changed, as
persuade,
and theta throw out these con*
fotc&tfti (<$vci£), reproach, &vtf&uca
The vowel
irkirtLKa.
0eipu) (0cp),
Vowels long by nature, except
t>
is
destroy, t<\>6apKa. on d
*,
are
rmW
the circumflex acvtnt.
1(»>'J,
j
occasionally
unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
164
GRAMMAR
—
The second or strong
perfect. This is an old formed directly from the verbstem. The vowel of the stem undergoes change, and a few stems in kappa, gamma, pi, and beta change these letters 142.
and comparatively rare
tense,
into the corresponding aspirates, as 7T€/>l7r<0
{TT€jXir\
143.
evyo) (vy\Jlee, 7reevya;
Send, 7r€7TO/X(£a.
The perfect middle and passive.
— This tense
is
formed by adding the personal endings of the principal tenses of the middle directly to the perfect-stem without
Stem
connecting vowel.
When
XeXv-fiai.
any
Av, perfect-stem \e\.v, perfect middle
the stem ends in a consonant, the con-
changed according to the rules laid down in page 111. The ending -vrai of the third person plural is incompatible
sonant
is
with consonantal stems, and in this case the periphrasis with ei/M is
always used.
The following
table gives an example
of each class of consonant stems
Palatal
Dental
Labial
Liquid
Singular nreirXeyiiai.
yeypa/x/iai.
ireireiayLai.
eairapfiai.
ireirXe^ai.
yeypayfrac.
ireireiaat.
eairapaai.
TT6Tr\eicTai.
yeypairrao.
ireireiaTai.
eairapraL
Plural 7re7r\eyjie6a.
yeypa^eOa.
ireirelajjieda.
ireifXe^Oe.
yeypa
ireireiaOe.
eairapOe.
ireifkeyiievoi
yeypa/jifievot,
ireireia fjuevoL
iajrap/Jbevoi
elaL 144.
elaL
elaL
The future perfect
perfect stem
is
elaL
formed by enlarging the
by sigma and adding the
middle, as AeAiKr-o/>icu, from XeXv 145.
eairdpfieOa.
;
inflexions of the future
XeX€i\J/op.ou,
from
AeAei7r.
The second or strong aorist passive stem.
Vowels long by nature, except %
and
a>,
are marked, long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
165
This stein supplies the second aorist and the second future \e.
It
formed by adding epsilon to the verb-stem, being sometimes changed, as njnio, wit
ifl
stem-vowel
the
(verb-stem t<xk)
stem -Ack)
;
It<xki]v
;
The
(stem
raice)
;
7tA€kw, plait
(verb-
(stem 7rAaKe).
farXAtcrpr
or
—
weak
aorist passive stem. This and the first future passive, and is formed from the verbal stem by adding 6e. Before this syllable the vowel of vowel stems is lengthened as in the future, aorist, and perfect active, rr/ia, irtfx^drjv ; ireipa, try, 146.
first
stem supplies the
i7T€ipddi)v
;
first
aorist
futures, TlfxtjOyja-ofiat^ 7P£Lpadi^crofJ.ai.
CHAPTER XV VERBS IN 1
These verbs
17.
differ
-fxu
from the verbs
in
omega only
in the
and second aorist stems, and ocMany verbs casionally in that of the perfect and pluperfect. belonging to the -
of the present
according to the
They
148. (1)
-/it
conjugation.
are divided into
Verbs which
two
in the present
classes.
add
their person-end ingi
dicectly to the verb-stem or the verb-stem reduplicated with
iota
;
as,
;
already given.
oo
p.
The
rest
you
will
find in the list uf
\
170. iMf
V§ nature, rrr, r t r ami *. «rr mnrlnl h,ng, vnleSM they carry the circumflex accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
166
149.
I
'irj/JLL,
make
send,
go
to
inflected like ti'0»;/u.
is
;
ACTIVE present
%u,
ure,
tys, tyo-i (v), ie/xev,
i'ao-i(v).
subjunctive fa; optative Uirjv; imperative hi; infinitive
uvai; participle imperfect
rets.
lets.
i-qv,
fet,
kt«,
re/xev,
r'ecrav.
aorist ^Ka, 7^Kas vy/ce^), ct/zcv, etre, curai/ or
subjunctive 5 e?i/at
;
participle
future
optative efyv
;
es
infinitive
;
efs.
perfect
rfo-io ;
Ty/cav.
imperative
;
ef/ca;
MIDDLE
I
Ufxai,
optative
hasten ; subjunctive leifxrjv
imperative
;
^rai
iy
tooyuat,
recro
e ^c
>
-
infinitive 'Uo~0ai
;
;
parti-
ciple zefievos.
imperfect
optative
future
teo-o.
re/xr/v,
aorist et/^v,
cf
subjunctive
;
<5/xat.
et'/^v.
rjo-ofxoLL
aorist passive
perfect ct/xat
;
efflrjv
;
;
pluperfect
subjunctive kdw
;
et/x^v.
future
kOrjo-ofiat.
verbals eros, eTeos. It differs
from
TiBrjfiL in
its
perfect middle which has,
unlike tWcc/aou, a passive as well as a middle sense. 150.
The three
aorists tOrjKa, ^Ka,
and cSwKa are (with
the rare Z
4>r)fxi,
subjunctive
I
say ;
<£co
infinitive <£avat
;
;
rjs,
cfirjcri,
optative
participle
imperfect e&jv, ^rjcrOa,
a/xev,
air]v
;
<£ar€, <£acrt.
imperative
a#t
or
cf>d6i.
ds.
e^,
€a/>t€v,
€aTe, e<£ao-av.
152. Besides the regular forms the perfect active of tW^/xt
has also the following Vowels long by nature, except
r,
and
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, -unless they carry
CKAMMAU
FIRST GREEK p.
1.
carafiev, W6
2.
earare.
'*>.
earaaL.
Subj. «ttw
I may
crrTW5, €(rr<xkra, ccttos
sf
pluperf.
stand ;
imper. to-radi, ottotw,
167
earaaav,
Io-tw/xcv, to-roxri
€(rraTO»',
ecrTaT€
;
inf.
tliey stood.
opt. tarraiyv
;
earaycu
;
;
part.
gen. tcn-WTos, €cttwot/s.
;
dTroflia/o-KU), / <&«/ has the forms rtdvafiev, Ttdvare, rcOvao-i, 3 plural pluperfect
153. Similarly rWv-qKa, the perfect of
IrkSvaxrav
;
imperative redvadt, nOvdrto
;
infinitive Tidvdvai
;
participle tcOvcios, rtdveukra, re^vcos.
154. S^ta or StSoiKa (stem
Si),
I fear. PLUPERFECT
PERFECT BeBot/ca, BiBca
iBeBoi/cTj
BeBot/cas
iBeBoUr)<;
BeBoc/ce (BeBie)
iBeBol/cei (v) (iBeBlei)
(BeBol/ca/jL€v) BeBifiev
iBeBifAev
BeBoUare, BeBcre BeBoLKaat
(v),
eBeBire
BeBidaL
iBeBccrav
(v)
subjunctive BeBlco
imperative BeBcOi, BeBlrco, BiBire infinitive BeBtivai (BeBoucevai)
participle BeBtojs, BeBivla, BeBio? BeBoifca><;, BeBottcvta, B€Boitco<;
55.
1
The following verbs otSu,
INDICATIVE prem ring,
are from consonant-stems
/ know
SUBJUNCTIVK
OPTATIVE
ut
1.
olBa
elBco
elBeirjv
2.
olada
elBfj?
elBeir)?
''>.
olBe (v) iMf
/)/
ii'itmr,
elBelrj
elBfj
men
f
1 "'"'
%
" rr v " ir
l'
the circumflex accent.
Cil
h*ft vnJess they carry
FIRST GREEK CxRAMMAR
168
OPTATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE present d.
p.
2.
XdTov
elSrjrov
elhelrov
3.
lo-tov
elBrjrov
el&eiTrjv
elBco/iev
elBelfjbev
€lBt]T6
elBelre
1. Xcr^iev 2.
&rre
3.
tow*.
IMPERATIVE
joas^ S.
1.
d.
fj$7)
p.
$Se£
XctOl
(j>)
X(TTOV
3. jj(7TT)V
X(TT(t)V
6tSco?, elBvla, elBos
VERBAL laTeov
y
2. 77
PARTICIPLE
l(TT(0
2. rj
1.
INFINITIVE elBevat,
2. rjBrjcrda
3.
el&ecev
elBaxrt (v)
(z>)
^<7ay
XcTTCOV
/tttare etVoyLtat
156.
The forms
present are writers,
still
c
nBafiev, otSare, ofSacri , for the plural of the
found occasionally in some texts of Attic
but ought undoubtedly to be removed.
The same
the case with the past forms given below.
They
are dilectical or late. s.
1.
rjBetv
2.
rj&eio-da, rjBeLs or
3.
fjBrj
d. 2.
ySeiTov
3.
rjSetrrjv
f}8r)<;
P- 1. 7)BeifJL€V 2.
rjSeire
3.
rjSeaav
Vowels long by nature, except
vs
and
u,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
is
I
1KST
GREEK ORAMMAB
€OlKtt,
INDICATIVE
/ AM
169
///v
SUBJUNCTIYK
OPTATIVi:
present
]).
1.
eoaca
eOLKCO
eoiKoirjv
2.
eoucas
regular, or
regular, or
3.
eoitceiv)
el/ccos <w, 17?, etc.
etVo>9 etrjv, etc.
3.
ioUaTov
1.
eoiyjiev
'1.
eoUare
3,
€ii;a
infinitive
elickvai
partidpit el/coos,
eltcvla, etVo?
past i
ia>/cr}<;,
There
is
etc.
also a 3 sing. rj/cei(v)
future etgco, regular
The forms
€otVa/x€v for loiy^ev
as well as coikci'cu
and
coikws,
and €olk<wi(v) for €i£acri(i') ciKtvui and clmos, an-
for
probably un-attic.
Ton*** tony by nature, rrrrpf q nnrf *, are m«rJ.rd Zona, u»Ja« tt«y carry the
•
FIRST GREEK
170
GRAMMAR
CHAPTER IRREGULAR IN ALPHABETICAL
ACTIVE MEANING ]
verb
alvw
meaning
future
imperfect
sing
fjdov
acroficu
praise
yvovv
alveaw
aorist
perfect
yveKa
fivecra
alvtaojiai
perceive
rjadavofxrii'
aiud-qaofiai
aKOVto
hear
TJKOVOV
aKoiKTo/xat.
-fJKOvcra
dicfiKoa
d|iapTdva>
err
ij/adpravov
aixapr'qao-
rnxaprov
i}p.dpTT)Ka
a!cr0dvo-
ycrdTj/j.a.1
UAl
fJLCU
dv&X£o-Ktt
spend
avr)\i<jKOV
dvaXibau
durjXcoaa
dvrjXtoKa
<Wy£a
dvtyxa
T)\pd/A7]V
dvofyvv|At
open
dviipyov
dvol^w
6/irTO|iai
arpop-cu
touch
7]TTT6fl7]V
frlTTO)
kindle
fJTTTOV
axf/u
dpird^a)
seize
ripTrafrv
apiraaofj.a.1
dp X 0|ioi &p X «
begin rule, start
Tipxov
av£dv
make
7]tii;aV0V
OufuKVOV-
grow come
to
acpiKvoijfirjv
rjpiraca
ijpTraKa
dptjo/Acu
7}ptd[XT)V
ijpyfj.ai
&p£o}
9jp£a
VPX*
a
d(plK6fi7]V
dcplyixai
Zj3aivoi>
^ao/maL
^/SaXXov
/3aXw
ZfiaXov
/3e/3X7?/fa
pXanTft)
go throw hurt
ZfiKaiTTOv
pXdxJsw
£/3Xafa
|8^/3Xo0a
pXerra)
look
tfiXeirov
(PXw
fare
|3cuvco
pdXXco
Pod)
yapA
wish shout duco ux-
ij3ov\6/AT}v
j3Xt\{/ofJLai
e/3Xe^'a
fioXodfiai
ifxoXov
fitufiXwica
j3ovXrj
i^ovXr/drjv
(3e(ioi>XT)fiai.
'eyt]p.a.
yeyd/xrjKa
[3oifi
yafiQ
iydfiovv
orem 1
Indicative
compounds
Zj3t)v,
-/3d),
subjunctive
/3w,
optative ^airjv, imperative
j3r)di
infinitive (Sijvai, participle /3ds.
Vowels long by nature, except % and
a,
are marked long, unless
the circumflex accent.
flicy
carry
(in
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
171
XVI
VERBS OBDXB midi'i.k
Jul
nBumra
a&rist
PA8SIVK .MKANINd future
perfect
q.
aori8t tfadrjv
alveOriaofiat rjvtdrjv
rivr)fJ.cu
...
...
dtcovadJjao-
...
...
perfect TppLOLL
riKoOadrju
fJKOlHTpmi
rjixapr^drjv
ijpjdprrjp.ai
dvrfKudrjv
dvijKupxLi
dve(j>x0V v
dvi^ynau.
apiraad'qao- ijptrdadrjv
ijpTaauai
uau afiaprrjdri-
n§uu dva\o)dri
dpoix&^TofJLCU
dipdrjcofiai
...
fUU &p£ouai
...
fjpypAi.
...
fiad-fiaonai
PaXovfMu
-ipdd-qv
I'll
p\T)0TJffOUai
ptpXrjfiat
i^aXofiijy
t
i\d\pop.aL /SXo/St^to-
ip\d
ip\dp V v
fUU
...
:::
Vowel
/',
tscrft (h,
v.
i
and
*,
are marked long, unless they
FIRST GREEK
172
GRAMMAR ACTIVE VIEANING ]
verb
meaning
imperfect
future
aorist
perfect
ya.fi.ov' fid. i
nubo
iyafiov/XTju
yafMov/xai
iy7}/j,dfj.r]v
"YCAW
laugh
eytXaaa
grow old become
eytXwv eyqpavKov
yeXdcrofiai
ynpdcrKtt
yrjpdcrofiaL
iyrjpdcra
eycyv 6 fJLTj v
yei/rjcro/xai
eya/6/A7]V
vtyvonai
y€yd/JL7]fJiai
yeytprjfACLi
yiyoua tyvwv
1
yiyvu>(rK
get
SaKVW
bite
ZSolkvov
ZdaKov
8€LKVVLLL
show
ebelicvvv
£5et£a
5^5eixa
Se'xonai
receive
idexofirjv
e5ei;dfi7)v
dideyficu
bind
£5ovi>
drjcroj
8er](r(0
i8er)
SeSerjica
8(.6do-Kw
lack teach
edeov idldaaicov
8idd£(i)
idldafa
dedidaxa
8vvap,at
am
able arouse
eSvvdfirjv
dw/jeo/xai.
idvpifjOrju
§e&tivqfiaL
jfyapov
eyepd
ijyetpa
wish accustom
tfdeXov
eOeXrjtru)
ijdtXrjaa
ediu
ddiaa
eWuca
drive
ixa
fjXacra
eXyXcuca €lXkvko.
to eyiyvua-KOv yvuaofiai
ZyvuiKa
know
8€ft)
2
8€' W/
I9&W 4
8e8eKa
^
3
7}9£Xr)ica
EXk»
draw
ifkavvov el\KOV
2X&
dXKvcra
6ir£orTa[tat
know
7)Tl(TT&IJ.T)V
€in
rjTriaTTjdrjv
err op. a i
follow
eirrSfxrjv
£\J/OfACU
icnr6/j.7]v
Ipva^opcu
work
elpya£6fA7]v
ipydaofxat
elpyaadpirjv etpyaafiat
evpia-K&>
find
T)Vpi<JKOV
evp-fjcrio
rjvpov
^x«
have
el%OV
?£w,
4»
permit
etu3v
£€vyvvp.i
yoke
efrtyvvv
fj8op.ai
am
i]56fJ.T)v
IXavvci)
glad
GXQVu
£<JX 0V
etdaa
ijadriaofAcu
5
-qvprjKa 6
£axrl Ka etdica
ijo-drjv
1 Indicative Zyvuv, subjunctive yvQ, yvu)s, etc., optative yvoirjv, imperative yv&di, infinitive YPtDvai, participle ypovs. 2 See §TTO. 3 Strong perfect iyp-fjyopa in a neuter sense am awake.
4 In iambic poetry loses its initial epsilon becoming 0Ao>, deXrjaw, but even in poetry always rfdeXov, ydtXrioa, i]diXr]Ka.
Vowels long by nature, except %
and
a, are
marked
the circumflex accent.
long, unless they earn/
FIRST MIDDLE MEANINO aorist
flit
m
OEEEK GRAMMAR PAB8IY1 future
perfect
mi: \ni\«;
aortit
perfect
iyeXdffdrjv
yvu)
iyVUHT07)l>
Zypuxruai
uat Set^o/xai
iSei^ifirjy
5£8eiyfxcu
dr)x&'n
i8Wnv
8eix6w°-
eSdxdyv
teSetyfiai
fUU 5rj
idrjadfxrjv
8£5efM
Sedrjao/xaL
ited'rjv
8c5(p.ai
8i5d£o/JLCu
€5t5ai;d/j.r)v
dedlday/xai
8i8di-o/j.a.i
iScddxdy"
SedlSayLLcu
nytpdrjv
er?iycpfiai
8t.8ax0ri
fUU tyepoOpUU
eyr/yepficu
qypofxriv
iyepdrjffofXCU
etdia/xai i\adT}
rjkdd-qv
iXrfKanai elXicvapMi
*'"
cpyaad-fao- eipydffdrjv
...
(tpyaapMi
ftrnt
CUfrfpOfMl
T)vp6fir)V
evpedjao-
rfCpTjfiaL
r)vp40r]v
rjOprjfiai
fJLCU
Zi-oficu
taxviuu
ti-ofiai
(
(rx^oAtat ifcvtdfirjv
5
t£evy/xcu
Hao/jLai
elddrjv
(tafitu
$vyt)Gopxu
i&yriv
(frvyfuu
In compounds iawSfirjv, and even in simple verbs the subjunctive
enrti/xot, optative cvoifx-qv, etc. 8 Indicative ov .subjunctive
(
pounds
i
imperative
Vowtla long by nature,
, 0"X?7*»
e * c '» optative axoirjv (in
crx^J, inlinitive trxctV, participle
exctjti
*,
awl
«,
oxuv.
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
is
com-
FIRST GREEK
174
GRAMMAR ACTIVE MEANING
meaning
verb
bury
Ka0CUpu> Ka9€^o|xai
sit
Ka0T]p.ai.
sit
Kadrj/ATjv
KaXa>
call
en&Xovv
purify
down
future
imperfect
OdlTTtt
aorist
ZdOLTTTOV
6d\pw
tdaxpa
iKadaipov
KaOapu) Kadedov/xai
eKadypa
KaXw
eKaXeaa
£ Kade {6 fxrjv
perfect
eKadefofiyv
iKadrj/j-rju
Kd|iva)
Kaw
or
labour
(Kafivov
Ka.fiovfji.cu
ZKCLfLOV
KeKfxrjKa
burn
Znaov
Katiaoj
fKCLvaa,
KeKavKa
mix
ixepavvvv intpdaivov
KCpG)
Kepdavd
eKepaaa eKtpbava
ZkXcLoi'
KXavaofxai
^KXavaa
moXm K£pdvvt5jjii
KeKXrjKa
KaOao/xat
K€p8cUVW gain xXda) or weep kXcu'oj
KXa-ffao)
kXcttto)
steal
t-KXeiTTOV
KXtxpu
Kp€|ldwvp.l
hang
KpefxCo
iKpifiaaa
Kptvb)
part,
eKpefidvvvv Znplvov
KpivG)
k'Kpiva.
€KTlilfl7]U
KTrjaofMai
iKT7j(rdfj.r]v
KiKTtffiaL
iXdyxavov
X-fj^ofxai
ZXaxov
etXrixo-
i\dfJLJ3avov
Xr)\pofiai
ZXafiov
etXrja
Xr)ao3
ZXadov
Xf)Xrjda
X-qcofiaL
eXa.86fj.Tiv
XiXrfa-fiai
e/cXe^a
or
x^KXocpa
KX^xj/ofxai.
KeKpiKCL
judge 2
Xa^xdva)
acquire obtain bv
Xap.(3dvco
receive
Xavddvw
lie
XavOdvo-
forget
eXdvdavov eXdvdavo-
|xav0dv(i>
learn
efidvdavov
fiadrfGOfxai
ffiaQov
fxefxadrfKa
Hdxojiai
fight
efxa.x6fJ.7fv
fj.axovp.ai
efxaxead-
fxefxdxrffJ.a.1.
|xtyvv|ii
mix
ifdyvvv
fdfa
tfufr
remind
•ifjdfxvvaKov
-flVTfGlt)
-Hfju/wcra
KTttJJlCU
lot
p-ai
hid
3
p.l(iV"qCTKW
/"?" f
-
J 1
used as a present, /
am
and forms
optative exceptionally KeKXyp-r/v, KeKXfjo, /ce/cXflro, KCKXrjfxeda, KeKXrjade, kckX^vto. 2 K^KTVfiat has the present force of I possess, and forms its subjunctive exceptionally KeKTUfiai, KeKT-rj, KeKTfjrai, etc., its optative KeKTr)fir}v, KeKryo, KeKTTJro, KeKTJifxeda, KeKTrjade. kckt^vto. Ke'KXrffiai
is
Vowels long by nature, except % and
u, are
called
marked
the circumflex accent.
its
long, unless (hey carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
—
—
i
i
MiDDir. futurr
UUKOra
acrid
PAMIY1
perfect
mi \mn<;
fed
Jul,
Tfddfificu
IP (KaXeaapLrjv KiKXrjfiai
KaXovfiai
(KaddpOrjv
KXydrpofmi iKXjdTjV
KeKadapfxai
KtKXrjficu
'
KCKXrjffO-
K^Kpa/JMl
Kcpwfiai
iKepaadfiriv
KXavcrofiai
tK\av
Kavdrjcofiai
(Kavdijv
KiKavfiai
Kpadr)
iKp&d-nv
K^KpdfJLCU
K€KXaV
(KXaOdrjy
K^KXavfiai
(KXtyOlJV
KtKXfflflCU
ftmt
KXe
iicXdinjv
fUU
(Kpefidad-qy Kptvot'nai
(KpidTJV
K^KplfUJU
Kpidr)
fMU iKT7\BT\V
\rj\f/otwi
i\a^6fiT}v
etXrj/xficu
Xrj
ciXWw
ctXrryfiai
iXri
(IXrjfifxat
!
f
(/iL
X 0v>>
Ht/uynai
iixlyjjv
^fiyrjfjLai
If
4
ffOfiCU
3
In the Reuse of forget iTiXavddvonau, etc. 4
The
vrjcdf,
always the compound form
in prose
is used as :i present with the sense / subjunctive exceptionally fiffipufiau, fUfivrj, optative fif/jLvy/x-qv, fte/i»7A M f Au'!7T0 M c A"'W*e ^ a A^M* The imperative fjUfjun/ao = remember ('
jH-rfect passive fx^fwrffiai
remember, and fiffivrrrcu,
we hud
etc.,
it
its
iMiwyuTo.
forms
its
»
Voxctls long by nnt
'
the
i
.
lit.
.,1 loivj,
vnleu they carry
>
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
176
ACTIVE MEANING
meaning
verb
imperfect
vo/uQ)
httfiica
veuSfJUKa
cpjiyv
olrjaofiai.
iprjdrjv
tfafarp -tiXXw
oix^cofjiai
VO[U£o>
think gone
perfect
•VL\pU)
hands) think
otopai 2
aorist
vev^jxrjKa
vitfii
1
future
heifia -ivi^a
distribute Zve/iov wash (the -Zvifyv
vtyM
vefiQ
kvbjxi^ov
(rfxofiai
am
-SXXvpa 3
destroy
-6X&
-wXecra
-oXwXeKa
6p.VV[JLL
swear smell
&p.vvv
6/j.oOfiai
tifioaa
dfJubflOKa
d(r
owe
SxpeiXov
ocpeiXfiaw
uxpeiXrjcra
(bcpelXvKa
uxpXov
&
6cr4>paivo-
nat
finv
6<j>Xi(TKdv(i)
incur
(dis- Co
grace, etc.)
iraC£«
play
2irou£ov
Trai
Hiraura
-rr^TraiKa
Trd
suffer
%ira
Trelaoficu
i-waQov
iriirovda
1T€TdvVi5|ll
expand
eireravvvv
7rerw
e-Tr^Taaa
fasten
tirriyvvv
ir*f)£ii)
Ziryt-a
-€irifxir\T)v
TrXifjau
•'iirXncra
burn
-eirip.irprqv
-Trp-fi
•^Tprjaa
irtva)
drink
frtpor
-irtofiai
Ziriov
irforrci)
fall
ZlTLTTTOV
Treaovfiai
Zireaov
ireirTutca
irXcw
sail
ZirXeov
irXeixxoixal
^vXevaa
TreirXevKa
irpdrTti)
transact, fare
iirpa.TTov
7r/>d£w
tirpa^a
ireirpaxa
irrj-yvvfii
4 fill
-ir£p.ir\T]|Jtt
irlp/irpt]|ju
5
iriiruKa
n-iwpdya 6
1
The verb vlfav
2
In prose the present
is
•iriirXriKa
in prose
used only in compounds.
oiofiai is
contracted (ofytcu). 3 6XXvux is in prose always
like
the imperfect
compounded with
Vowels long by nature, except * and
u>,
d7r<5,
(po/Arjv,
generally
viz., aTroXXvfii.
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
GREEK GRAMMAR
FIBST 1CIDDLI
mi\mm;
acrid
PA8HTI mean:
perfect
vefiovfiat
£v(tfidfir)i>
vev^firjfiat
-viypofiat
•(vtipdfn)v
-vtvififiat
future
flvHM
perfect
vefiov/iat
Ivtfl-ffdlfV
v€vtfir\fim.
vofitovfiat
ivofi'tcBifv
vev6fito~fiai
vofuadrjaofiat
...
-dXoi'fiai
uiXbfvnv
-6Xu}Xa
duodyaofiat
ihflLBTfV
dfiwfiofiat
6
u€i\ridi)v
fiat
6
cofiat &(pXr)fiat
xatffdjao-
ixalad-nv
xlxat
fiai
xeTaadrjao- (xcrdo-frnv
xtxrafiai
fiat
xayrjo-ouat
•xXycofiat
•(xX-naafi-nv
•xixXno fiat
-ir\Tfadr)o-o-
ixdyrjv ixXifcdnv
xdxrrya xixXtffffuu
ixXrjfi-nv
fiat
•(xprjadrjy
-xixpijfiat
xodr)o~ofiat
4x607]*
xixofiat
xpd£ouat
(xpdxBrjv
xixXevvfiai xixpayfiat
-irpr)
fiat ...
ixpa^dfirjv
xpd£ofiat
xtxpayfiat
TpaxBvcofiat xexpd£oflCU
4
xifixXrjfu
is
in
i>rose
always comj>ound«d with
which case the
[ttad (fixixXrjfu. 5
6
in pTOM always compounded with omitted ifixlxprjfu. intraiiMtive / hare fared.
irifixptffu is
second urn
is
xixpa-,
Vowels long by naturt,
excej>t
r,
find *, ore
marked
h
t
in wliicli
OMI
long, unless they carry
the cXrcumJtex accent.
N
FIRST GREEK
178
GRAMMAR ACTIVE MOANING 3
meaning
imperfect
future
iirvvdavb-
Tretiaofiai
iirv66/j.T)v
irtwvafxai
quire flow
ippeov
pxrqaofuxi.
ipp&qu
ippv7]Ka
break
epprryvvv
crp«vvvfu
throw quench
ecrfitvvvv
O-KWITTft)
jeer
^aKUTTTOV
despatch turn
HcrTeWoi>
HcrreiXa
W
?
^arpe^a
T«CV0)
stretch
trewov
T€vQ
£t€IV<X
TiTOLKO.
ri\i.v
cut
Zrefivov
re/xQ
HrefAov
TirfxrjKa
tCktw
bring
Ztlktov
T^o/xai
HreKOv
T^TOKa
verb
irvvBdvo-
hear,
MM pCirroi
OTcXXtt
1
in-
aorist
perfect
tpp-nfa
'ippiirrov
ptyio
?ppi.\J/a
ipptcpa
ZaPeaa
^craX/ca
forth TTpt&O-KO)
wound
iTlrpuXTKOV
Tpibaoj
irpuxxa
Tp£ir«
turn
Zrpeirov
Tp£\l/0)
arpeij/a 2
T€Tpo<pa
nryxdvw
hit,
trfryx&vov
T€^OfW.L
Ztvxov
T€TVX7}Ka
vire(rx^p-V v
hap-
pen promise
viciaxvoti-
viroaxv^o-
4>cuvco
show
e<paivov
<pavu>
0eipa>
destroy
tcpdeipov
Hcpdeipa
4>6« 3
produce
HtpVOV
(pvcro)
Z
VJTKTXVOV-
|UU
fUU
1
The verb criXKu
2
There
3
The strong
nature.
is
also
is
ordinarily
compounded
irt<payKa
2
in prose writers.
found in poetry a strong aorist ^rpairov. two senses of I grew and 7
aorist e has the
It is declined
i
Voicels long by nature, except
r,
and
?0J, tyv/JLev, tyvre, ?,
am
the circumflex accent.
by
The sub-
are marked long, unless they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK MIDDLE MEANING future
aorist
PASsivr. mi: a nino
futun
'perfect
...
perfect
aoritt
bayfioofian.
tppdyrjv
pi
ippi
tppififiai
afirjaofiai
t
tafiriKa,
taKuxpdrjv
fiat
((TTaXfUtl
areXoufiat
ia-TeiXdfirjv
arpi^ofiai
€aTp€\f/dfl7]lf t
icrdX-qv
{ffraXfiat
i
tvTpafifiai
TtvoOfxai
•iTetvdfXTjp
TirafKU
iarp4
fiai
revovfiai
irddrjv
radfjao-
fUU refiovfiat
Wt/477/ZCU
4Ta.fi6fJ.riv
refiovfiai
iTfH)dt)V
Tirfirffxai
iT(nl)6rfv
riTpwficu
irpairbfirfv
rirpafifiaL
Tfirjdrjffofjuai
T€Tfli)(TO-
fiat
T^OfJXLl
ircKSfiriv
TpdHTOfJMl Tpu)0r)cofiai rptxf/ofJicu
Tptif/Ofiai
lTpvtydfi.-r\v
irpdirnv iTpt
(pOVOVflCU
(pavoGfiai
icprjvdfxrjp
(pavrpo-
xitpaofuu
icpdurjv
i
ri<pr\va
fUU
i
((pdapfiai
dapf)ffo-
fiat
juiict;
0uj.
I
pvu, Ntitlitr
(pvrjs,
o].t;itivt;
H
nor
sense,
Th 1
inlinitivc
inij>fr:iti\v
is
pvvai,
and
J'onml in Attic.
tl
f
puttetplt
The
\
/ am by nut
Vowels long by nature, except
r,
ami
*,
•<
the circumflex a*
•/,
unUu tkey carry
FIRST GREEK
180
GRAMMAR ACTIVE MEANING
verb
Xaip« Xao-KW XP1
3
meaning
future
imperfect
aorist
perfect
%X ai P 0V
Xaiprjaco
exdpr)v
KexdpTjKa,
yawn
HxacTKoi>
Xavodjj.a.1
%X avov
pour
^X eov
Kexyva K^x v «a.
iXPV^dfirjv
KixPVJM.1
rejoice
there
need
is
ixprjv
1
Xpri
or xpV"
Xp»|wxi
use
ixptifj-yv
A0A
push
iibdovv
Xpyvofiai &
Zuxra,
1 The perfect K^xV va nas a present sense. Owing to this it has some imperative forms, as Kexw aT€ gape in Aristophanes. 2 The third person singular of 2%ea is not contracted but remains 2x ee ( v )> thus being easily distinguished from the same person of the imperfect, £x et he tised to pour.
Vowels long ly nature, except
r,
and
a,
are marked long, unless tley carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST
Ml
future
1)1)1.
K
GREEK GRAMMAR
181
MKANINd
I
per'
aorist
X^OfUlL
(Xe&W
K^x vP- ai
uxrofiai
euadfi-qu
Zucficu
Vw pcrject
flit'
Xvdriaofiai
(X^rjv
XPVcOtjco-
k^xvucu
KlxpVt""
fiac
8
The subjunctive xM 3 XPV (•»* XPV V) the optative XP*' V ('•''• the iiifiuitive XPV VCU (£* XPV cl^at), and the participle x/xu;' '
etrj),
XPV
iaxr/xau
UMTd-fyrOfW.1
L
>
&v).
long by nut
\m
i
the circumflex vu<
they carry
XP^l
FIRST GREEK
182
GRAMMAR
CHAPTER
XVII
VERBS WHICH FORM THEIR TENSES FROM DIFFERENT ROOTS (1) Speak, say
dyopevw,
/ say,
and
et7rov; perfect etp^/ca
futures p-qOrjo-ofiou
The
;
its
compounds have future epw
aorist
;
perfect passive etpTj/xai; aorist ipprjOrjv;
and
elpycropLat.
aorist clttov is particularly irregular, the second person
and plural being formed
in both singular
as
if
from
etna.
Thus— ehrov, eiTTov.
et7raTe,
et7ras,
cotc^),
€lttcitov,
elirarrjv,
€L7rofX€V,
et-Trare,
So in the imperative we have el-irk and etVdvrwv, but eiVaTw, and eiirarov. The alpha does not appear in
the optative, infinitive, or participle.
Aeyw is
more frequent than dyopevu when the simple verb compounds; Aeyw,
is
required, dyopevw taking its place in
Ae£a>, e'Ae£a,
kkkyOyv, AeY^cro/^cu, AeAe^o/xou. (2) Take, choose
alpu), fipy)K<x
;
I
take; imperfect jjpovv
Most
aorist eiAov.
third root
future alprjo-w
;
perfect
come from a
:
dXia-KOfxac, dXiocrofiat
;
of the passive forms
;
I am
aorist
taken;
edAwv,
imperfect
or
ypedrjv
;
->}AtcrKo/x^v
perfect
;
future
edXwKa.
or
ypy p,ai. of cu/ow has the meaning / choose. I choose ; imperfect ypovpyv future alpyjarofxai perfect ypy pat, I have chosen, and / have been chosen ; aorist ypWrjv, I was chosen; future atpeOyarofxat, I shall be chosen; yprjcrofxai, I shall have been chosen ; aorist elX6p,yv, I chose.
The middle alpovp.ou,
;
Vowels long by nature, except
v\
and
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
nBST GREEK GRAMMAB Verbals
map
tlt
b\
taha^ oc that
188
map
be chosen;
or to be chosen.
alp€T€o<s, to be taken,
(3) Go, come
I go ;
€pxo/xai,
Wl;
tive
subjunctive Tw; optative
thai; participle
infinitive
to*fu;
in
l
imperfect ya, see p. 98. future
see p. 98.
eTfjLt,
aorist fjkOov. tkdu), eKOoifii, cA#€, ikOetv, l\6J)V.
/ am come. / was come.
perfect l\i)\v9a., or r}Ku,
pluperfect elkrjkvdi], or
The future cAcwro/uu and in tragedy.
tJko»',
not Attic, but occurs in other
is
dialects
(4) io-Otto,
I
Eat
eat ; imperfect iprOiov.
future cSofxai
;
aorist <ayov.
perfect e&JSoKu
participle tfySoicm or PtPfHoKiLs.
;
perfect passive eSvJ&oyxcu, or KaraPtppuipai. aorist KaTeBto-Orjv. (5) Live
&I
lire;
seep. 152,
subjunctive {« fljF
;
partieiple
imperfect
§
110(1).
optative ftfrrj imperative ft;
;
infinitive
fwi'.
future
<£wi';
Puoo-opa^
rarely
fto-w;
aorist
ifHmv. perfect /?e/?tWa
;
perfect passive impersonal filfltm
(6) KT€tV(U, aiTOKT€lVl»), /
JKH
/.///.
future KTCl'W, U7TOKT€yW. Vvwels luwj by nature,
,r
rj//ie
marked
circumflex accent,
long, unless they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
184
aorist CKTeii'a, avreKTeiva.
perfect aVeKrova.
pluperfect airtKTovq.
The uncompounded forms in the perfect and
are the rarer, and are quite
un-Attic
I
aTToOvrjCTKio,
imperfect
die ;
aorist dirkOavov
;
is
uses
not to be
For the passive Attic writers used the forms of
imitated.
oO/xou
Xenophon
pluperfect.
KareKavov and KaraKeKova, but he
Kara/catvco,
a.Trkdvr](TKOV
future
;
perfect rkdv-qKa, never
;
aTroQav-
compounded
;
pluperfect kreOvaJKr] never compounded.
(7) See
/
opQ> (aw) eiSoVj
l8o)j
O7rto7ra
;
future
see; imperfect kwpow or
18k
t'Sot/xt,
passive
perfect
ISeiv,
iSe,
kopapiai
;
future oxpopai; aorist
l8(ov
or
;
perfect
Sifxfxat
;
kopaKa or
aorist
tb0rjv
6
(8) Sell 7rojAw
(ew),
€77(6Aow,
/
aVoSwcro/xai
more
sell ;
dire8i86/xr)v
;
aorist aVeSo/x^v
;
rarely
future ;
a7roSt<5o/xcu
7rwA?;o-a)
perfect
or
;
imperfect
more frequently
irkirpaKU..
passive 7rcoXovfxai.
future 7rwA?ycro/xat perfect irkirpapat
;
;
aorist kirpaOrjv.
pluperfect k-e.-pu.px)v.
future exact irtTrpavoiiai.
(9) Consider kcrKOTrovv^
crK07rw, ka-K€\pdiJLr)v
Vowels
;
perfect
loruj
or o-kottov/xgu
;
future
crKei/'o/xat
;
aorist
'ka-K€fxp,at.
by nature, except tlie
r,
and
&,
arc marked long, unless they carry
circumjlex accent.
QRAMMAB
IIKST QRBSK
(10) Strih
/ §tHh
TV7TTO),
future trard^ia
I
,
Volllhl.
aorist tVdra^a.
;
perfect 7r€7rA?/ya.
passive rvTrrofxai perfect
7rc7rA?/yyxcu
;
hrX^yip
aorist
future
;
compounds
(in
7rA>/y//
future
;
I
7rc7rA>y£o/xai.
But when TiVra) means / strike with th» hand Of forms are used. Thus future 7rc7rA?yyu future passive Tx^rnfropxxi. The other tens* generally supplied by a periphrasis, <.
:
;
lv€pa\ov, passive
7rA7;ya
perfeet
;
passive rrAj/yuv
€iXrj<j>a.
(U) Run rpkxui, ;
Weov
0€tu,
€Tp€x<>v->
8pap.ovp.ai
aorist l8papov
;
future 0pc(o/xai,
Oeuaropai,
perfect S€8pdpijpuii.
;
(12) Hear, carry €pu>,
-U.TOV,
-e,
€
future
o«ro>;
-drtjv,
-apcv,
-arc,
ivijv€yp.ai; aorist
^cy^y
middle
;
i)vtyKov,
aorist ^KtyftOI
p.
;
VjveyK-a?,
:
ouropm
pip', €vt'jV€ynai.
(13)
/ 6wy ;
fuvov/tat, iirpidfirjv
tive
subjunctive Spfap
;
7r/Hw,
7rpidp.€vo
;
i(jjmjp.uL
\
The such as
;
A*
Unmfytqp
imperfect
irpLdirdto,
perfect
kc
•
future wnjo-o/ini '
infinitive
;
liovijpat.
;
;
ive
~piaip,p-
;
n
iin;
;
iple
irpi
passive aorist
lui\n'fitp
.
7~*'S «'i'/T
present passive would be supplied by a periphrasia irpatriv tvpidKto.
Votcclt lona
Iry
nature, except tiu
ami », are marked cimtmjUx accent. r.
long, vnlett they tarry
Printed by R.
& R
Clark, Edinburgh
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