Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Fourth Edition

F E NA RO L I ’ S

HANDBOOK OF

FLAVOR INGREDIENTS F O U RT H E D I T I O N

George A. Burdock, Ph.D.

CRC PR E S S Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fenaroli, Giovanni, Prof. Dr. [Handbook of flavor ingredients] Fenaroli’s handbook of flavor ingredients. — 4th ed. / by George A. Burdock. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-0946-8 (alk. paper) 1. Flavoring essences—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title: Handbook of flavor ingredients. II. Burdock, George A. III. Title. TP418 .F46 2001 664′.5—dc21

2001043274

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2002 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-0946-8 Library of Congress Card Number 2001043274 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper

DEDICATION

Dedicated to Ioana, Meredith and Mike; and to the memory of Silvia.

PREFACE Since publication of the first edition of the Fenaroli’s Handbook of Flavor Ingredients in 1971, Fenaroli’s has remained the standard reference for flavor ingredients throughout the world. Each subsequent edition has listed more substances, including those conferred food additive status, substances Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by qualified scientists (including the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers’ Association (FEMA) Expert Panel) and those substances having undergone GRAS Notification with FDA. This edition is likewise expanded with over 200 new entries, including many botanicals and other natural substances. The addition of botanicals is a response to an expanded readership with an interest in dietary supplements, in which a number of flavoring botanicals serve a dual role.

GRAS ≠ Dietary Supplement and Other Terms of Art, Science and Regulation The reader is cautioned that GRAS status and approval for use as a dietary supplement1 should not be confused, for they are not the same and not even related.2 Both the statutory and regulatory languages are very clear in making the distinction between these two entities. Even the standard for determining safety of GRAS vs. dietary supplements is different (a two-tiered standard, GRAS substances are held to a higher standard of safety).3 For the same reasons, dietary supplements are not GRAS (nor are food additives, for that matter) and cannot be added to food for the purpose of providing a dietary supplement.4 The reader should also note that a substance is GRAS for no other purpose and at no other amount (i.e., level) than for which it was approved. The position of FDA was reasserted with the following statement: It has been too often assumed that the GRAS substance may be used in any food, at any level for any purpose. As a result, the uses of some GRAS food ingredients have proliferated to the point where the GRAS status was brought into serious question. (Federal Register 39:34194-5, 1974) There are, of course, exceptions to all of the preceding, but each must be evaluated according to its own merits, and for these judgments, the opinion of experts in toxicology and regulations should be sought out. Frequently asked questions regarding the meaning of “safe,” “common knowledge,” “notified substance,” etc. are addressed in 62 Fed. Reg. 18937 (April 17, 1997) or log onto www.burdockgroup.com.

1 Or more appropriately, lack of objection by FDA. 2 For a definition of GRAS, see the definition of “food additive” in section 201(s) of the Federal Food Drug and

Cosmetic Act as Amended. For a definition of a dietary supplement, see section 201(ff) of the Act.

3 The reader is referred to a discussion of this distinction (Burdock, G.A. (2000). Dietary supplements and lessons to

be learned from GRAS, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 31:68-76). Copies are also available upon request at www.burdockgroup.com.

4 A “nutrient supplement” may be added to food, but this is also distinct from a dietary supplement. See 21 CFR

§170.3(o)(20) for a definition.

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Safety-In-Use Most, but not all, of the ingredients cited in this book are either foods or products thereof, generally recognized as safe (GRAS) or have food additive status. Also, as noted above, there are exceptions to every rule and this is no less true in determinations of safety. Therefore, while there is an obligation on the original approving party to ensure safety-in-use at the time of approval, there is no assurance that all scientific data continue to support the original determination. For example, safrole, coumarin and cinnamyl anthranilate, all once commonly used, are now prohibited from addition to food by FDA (21 CFR part 189). Likewise, FEMA has withdrawn GRAS status for nine substances, including alknet root extract (FEMA No. 2016), 2-methyl-5-vinylpyrazine (FEMA No. 3211), musk ambrette (FEMA No. 2758) and o-vinylanisole (FEMA No. 3248). Because not all substances continue to enjoy confirmation of safety-in-use and because the FDA regulations place squarely the responsibility for insuring the safety-in-use of a substance on the user, the reader is urged to make a determination of safety based on contemporary data, not simply historical information that may well be outdated.

Sources and Information It was not possible in all cases to obtain details regarding specifications, approved uses, etc., so otherwise available information was used. For example, while FEMA publishes use levels and categories of use for GRAS substances (in the journal Food Technology), FEMA has not made equally available information such as complete specifications or identification (e.g., CAS numbers) for the substances upon which it has conferred GRAS status. In all cases, where critical information was not available, a good faith effort was made to obtain information from the public venue with the assumption these data represent the articles in commerce. Sources of information include, but are not limited to, the following: Arctander, S. (1960). Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. Arctander, Publisher, Elizabeth, NJ. Arctander, S. (1994). Perfume and Flavor Chemicals (Aroma Chemicals). Allured Publishing, Carol Stream, IL. Ashurst, P.R. (ed.) (1999). Food Flavorings. (3rd ed.). Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, MD. Bauer, K. et al. (1997). Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials. (3rd ed.). Wiley-VCH, New York. Bolens Aroma Chemical Information Service (1999). Volatile Compounds in Food. The Netherlands. Budvari, S. et al. (eds.) (2000). Merck Index (12th ed.). Chapman & Hall/CRCnetBase, Boca Raton, FL. Burdock, G.A. (1997). Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

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Burnham, T. (ed.) (1999). Facts and Comparisons. The Review of Natural Products. Facts and Comparisons, Wolters Kluwer Company, St. Louis, MO. Clydesdale, F. (1997). Food Additives: Toxicology, Regulation and Properties. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Code of Federal Regulations (2000). Title 21 FDA. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Committee on Food Chemical Codex (1996). Food Chemicals Codex. National Academy of Sciences. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Council of Europe (2000). Chemically-Defined Flavouring Substances. Strasbourg. Council of Europe (2000). Natural Sources of Flavourings. Report No. 1. Strasbourg. DeRovira, D.A. (1999). The Dictionary of Flavors. Food & Nutrition Press, Trumbull, CT. Fazzalari, F.A. (ed.) (1978). Compilation of Odor and Taste Threshold Values Data. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. Food and Drug Administration (1996). Inactive Ingredient Guide. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Management. Division of Drug Information Resources. Rockville, MD. Foster, S. (ed.) (1992). Herbs of Commerce (1992). American Herbal Products Association, Austin, TX. Lucas, C.D. et al. (1999). Flavor and Extract Manufacturers’ Association of the United States 1995 Poundage and Technical Effects Update Survey. Washington, D.C. Mosciano, G. (1991). Organoleptic characteristics of flavor materials. Perfumer and Flavorist 21(4):51-55; (5):49-54; (6):49-52. Mosciano, G. et al. (1989). Organoleptic characteristics of flavor materials. Perfumer and Flavorist 14(6):47-55. Mosciano, G. et al. (1990). Organoleptic characteristics of flavor materials. Perfumer and Flavorist 15(1):19-22; (2):69-73; (3):51-54; (4):59-61; (5):47-49; (6):35-38. Mosciano, G. et al. (1991). Organoleptic characteristics of flavor materials. Perfumer and Flavorist 16(1):31-33; (2):49-54; (3):79-81; (4):45-47; (5):71-73; (6):43-46. Mosciano, G. et al. (1992). Organoleptic characteristics of flavor materials. Perfumer and Flavorist 17(1):41-44; (2):33-35; (3):57-59; (4):33-36; (5):127-129; (6):41-43. Mosciano, G. et al. (1993). Organoleptic characteristics of flavor materials. Perfumer and Flavorist 18 (1):43-45; (2):38-41; (3):53-55; (4):51-53; (5):39-41; (6):33-35.

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Mosciano, G. et al. (1994). Organoleptic characteristics of flavor materials. Perfumer and Flavorist 19(1):27-29; (2):55-57; (3):51-53; (4):45-47; (5):79-81; (6):53-55. Mosciano, G. et al. (1995). Organoleptic characteristics of flavor materials. Perfumer and Flavorist 20(1):31-33; (2):37-40; (3):63-65; (4):23-26; (5):89-92; (6):49-51. Mosciano, G. et al. (1996). Organoleptic characteristics of flavor materials. Perfumer and Flavorist 21(1):33-35; (2):47-49; (3):51-54. Mosciano, G. et al. (2000). Organoleptic characteristics of flavor materials. Perfumer and Flavorist 25(5):72-78; (6):26-31. Mosciano, G. et al. (2001). Organoleptic characteristics of flavor materials. Perfumer and Flavorist 26(1):52-53; (2):40-43. Newberne, P. et al. (1999). Recent progress in the consideration of flavoring ingredients under the food additives amendment. 18. GRAS substances. Food Technology 52(9):65-92. Newberne, P. et al. (2000). Recent progress in the consideration of flavoring ingredients under the food additives amendment. 19. GRAS substances. Food Technology 54(6):66-84. Smith, R.L. and Ford, R.A. (1993). Recent progress in the consideration of flavoring ingredients under the food additives amendment. 16. GRAS substances. Food Technology 47(6):104-117. Smith, R.L. et al. (1996). Recent progress in the consideration of flavoring ingredients under the food additives amendment. 17. GRAS substances. Food Technology 50(10):72-78, 80-81. Tainter, D.R. and Grenis, A.T. (1993). Spices and Seasonings. VCH Publishers, New York. VanGemert, L.J. (ed.) (1999). Compilations of Odour Threshold Values in Air and Water. TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute. Boelens Aroma Chemical Information Service, The Netherlands.

A diligent effort was made to obtain accurate information and to proof that information prior to publication; however, the author and publisher make or offer no warranties as to the representations provided herein.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The editor would like to thank Drs. Madhusudan Soni and Alan Hood whose tireless efforts represent the core of this edition. Thanks also to Dr. James Barnett, Ivan Peterson, Erica Dineson and Christina Abramowicz for their contributions including, but not limited to, data gathering, data entry and editing. Thanks also to Drs. Peter Baume and Maurice Wagner and all those who provided help and information for this and the previous edition. Thanks are also extended to the staff at CRC Press, including James Yanchak for his technical expertise, Naomi Lynch for her editorial work, Naomi Rosen for her administrative help and Carol Hollander, without whose deft management none of this would have been possible. Thanks also to those who have made suggestions for improvements since the last edition. In contemplation of the next edition, I encourage those with suggestions for corrections, revisions or additions to contact me at the following address:

George A. Burdock, Ph.D., D.A.B.T. 780 US Highway 1, Suite 300 Vero Beach, Florida 32962 www.burdockgroup.com

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THE AUTHOR George A. Burdock, Ph.D. is a principal in the toxicology consulting firm of the Burdock Group, located in Vero Beach, Florida. He is an internationally recognized authority on the safety of food ingredients, personal care products and dietary supplements. He has more than 20 years of experience dealing with regulatory issues related to product safety and risk assessment. Dr. Burdock has over 40 publications in scientific journals and has published two books, the previous edition of Fenaroli’s Handbook of Flavor Ingredients and the Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives. He is co-author of the chapter “Food Toxicology” in the current (fifth) edition of Casarett and Doull’s textbook Toxicology and is co-author of the next edition of Toxicology, published in July, 2001. He is also author of the chapter “Flavor Regulation” in the second edition of Nutritional Toxicology in the Target Organ Toxicology Series, also to be published in 2001. Dr. Burdock’s experience includes Director of Scientific Affairs for the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers’ Association and Manager of Product Safety for the Shulton Division of American Cyanamid. He is also experienced in laboratory studies, having been a study director and section manager at Hazleton Laboratories (now Covance). Dr. Burdock is a Diplomate of the American Board of Toxicology and is a member of the American Chemical Society, the Society for Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, the Society of Toxicology (Associate Member), the American College of Toxicology and the Institute of Food Technologists.

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INTRODUCTION Definition of a Flavor As might be expected, the definition of a flavor will vary according to the source. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines flavoring agents and adjuvants as “substances added to impart or help impart a taste or aroma in food” (21 CFR §170.3(o)(12)). FDA identifies flavor enhancers as “substances added to supplement, enhance, or modify the original taste and/or aroma of a food, without imparting a characteristic taste or aroma of its own”1 (21 CFR § 170.3(o)(11)). To forestall the next question, what constitutes a natural flavor, is described in 21 CFR § 101.22(a)(3) as follows The term natural flavor or natural flavoring means the essential oil, oleoresin, essence or extractive, protein hydrolysate, distillate, or any product of roasting, heating or enzymolysis, which contains the flavoring constituents derived from a spice, fruit or fruit juice, vegetable or vegetable juice, edible yeast, herb, bark, bud, root, leaf or similar plant material, meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, dairy products, or fermentation products thereof, whose significant function in food is flavoring rather than nutritional. Natural flavors include the natural essence or extractives obtained from plants listed in §§182.10, 182.20, 182.40, and 182.50 and part 184 of this chapter, and the substances listed in §172.510 of this chapter. This broad definition also embraces thermally processed flavors, smoke flavors and flavors such as “natural vanillin” which require naturally occurring precursors, such as ferulic acid to enzymatic/fermentive processes to make vanillin, that are, by this definition, natural. Artificial flavors are as described in 21 CFR §101.22 (a)(1): The term artificial flavor or artificial flavoring means any substance, the function of which is to impart flavor, which is not derived from a spice, fruit or fruit juice, vegetable or vegetable juice, edible yeast, herb, bark, bud, root, leaf or similar plant material, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products, or fermentation products thereof. Artificial flavor includes the substances listed in §§172.515(b) and 182.60 of this chapter except where these are derived from natural sources. This distinction between artificial and natural serves as a basis for labeling and because of market pressures, the term “natural” is preferred for the label over any description that might include the word “artificial.” Also, the term “artificial” is separate and distinct from the term “imitation” (See 21 CFR §101.3). The term nature identical was once used widely to designate that a substance, although present in nature, may also be produced synthetically. For example, natural benzaldehyde is produced from the pits of peaches, but this process has a rather low yield and 1 Flavor enhancers include such substances as monosodium glutamate (MSG) or inositol with no specific taste of

their own, but an ability to enhance other flavor ingredients. Also, substances commonly used as flavors or sweeteners (such as cinnamon or aspartame), but used at concentrations below their own threshold of perception, may also enhance the flavor of other ingredients.

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produces waste material (cyanide) for which disposal is costly. On the other hand, production of benzaldehyde from chemical feedstock is much more economical and is putatively the same as that produced from nature; it is therefore nature identical. The use of this term was an artifact of regulation where the approval process in some European countries was much easier for those substances with a natural counterpart. The term nature identical was never embraced by FDA and has largely been superseded by the term, chemically defined substance. The nature identical designation is still used by the International Organization of Flavour Industries (IOFI). The European Community (EC) Directive 88/3881 addresses “flavouring,” “flavouring substance” and even “flavouring preparation” which designates a flavoring resulting from a process, such as enzymatically developed flavors in cheese. In all, the directive extends over several pages and includes definitions, specifications and provisions for further action on items, including limits on production methods and non-flavor ingredients in flavors (including preservatives, solvents and processing aids). 1. This Directive shall apply to ‘flavourings’ used or intended for use in or on foodstuffs to impart odour and or taste, and to source materials used for the production of flavorings. 2. For the purposes of this Directive: (a) ‘flavouring’ means flavouring substances, flavouring preparations, process flavourings, smoke flavourings or mixtures thereof; (b) ‘flavouring substance’ means a defined chemical substance with flavouring properties which is obtained: (i) by appropriate physical processes (including distillation and solvent extraction) or enzymatic or microbiological processes from material of vegetable or animal origin either in the raw state or after processing for human consumption by traditional food-preparation processes (including drying, torrefaction and fermentation), (ii) by chemical synthesis or isolated by chemical processes and which is chemically identical to a substance naturally present in material of vegetable or animal origin as described in (i), (iii) by chemical synthesis but which is not chemically identical to a substance naturally present in material of vegetable or animal origin as described in (i); (c) ‘flavouring preparation’ means a product, other than the substances defined in (b)(i), whether concentrated or not, with flavouring properties, which is obtained by appropriate physical processes (including distillation and solvent extraction or by enzymatic extraction) or by enzymatic or microbiological processes from material of vegetable or animal origin, either in the raw state or after processing for human consumption by traditional food-preparation processes (including drying torrefaction and fermentation); (d) ‘process flavouring’ means a product which is obtained according to good manufacturing practices by heating to a temperature not exceeding 180°C for a period not exceeding 15 minutes, a mixture 1 A Directive sets out minimum standards and when adopted by the member states may be made more stringent. A

Regulation is directly applicable to the member states without any need to transpose into national law.

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of ingredients, not necessarily themselves having flavouring properties, of which at least one contains nitrogen (amino) and another is a reducing sugar; (e) ‘smoke flavouring’ means a smoke extract used in traditional foodstuff smoking processes. 3. Flavourings may contain foodstuffs as well as other substances as described [elsewhere]. This directive is binding on member states, with the exception that if a member state determines that the regulation or regulated substance may constitute a danger to the health of the citizens or environment of the member state, it may suspend or restrict the use of that chemical within the borders of the member state. The Council of Europe (CoE) uses a fairly broad definition of flavor. A flavouring substance is a chemically-defined compound which has flavouring properties. It is obtained either by isolation from a natural source or by synthesis. Flavouring properties are those which are predominantly odour-producing and which may also affect the taste. Interestingly, the Joint (WHO/FAO) Expert Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (JECFA) has no definition of what constitutes a flavor, artificial or natural. Non-regulatory organizations have slightly different views of the term “flavor.” The International Organization of Flavour Industries (located in Switzerland) indicates a flavor “concentrated preparation, with or without solvents or carriers, used to impart flavor, with the exception of only salty, sweet, or acid tastes. It is not intended to be consumed as such.” This definition brings up an interesting point not addressed by regulations, that is, a flavor is not intended to be consumed in and by itself. It is always incorporated in a delivery system (at the very least as a flavor in mineral water or as a sweetened flavor poured over shaved ice). The Society of Flavor Chemists describes a flavor to be “a substance that may be a single chemical entity or a blend of chemicals of natural or synthetic origin whose primary purpose is to provide all or part of the particular effect to any food or other product taken into the mouth.” As descriptive as various organizations or regulatory agencies might be in their definitions, none is so comprehensive as the following: “Flavor is the sum of those characteristics of any material taken in the mouth, perceived principally by the senses of taste and smell, and also the general pain and tactile receptors in the mouth, as received and interpreted by the brain.”1 This definition reminds us that flavor can be experience as well as a sensation. Consider the pain, bite and heat associated with capsicum (red pepper), piperine (black pepper) and allylisothiocyanate (horseradish) as part of the “total experience” of eating food. This experience also forms associations needed for future discriminations, both negative and positive. For example, it is possible to make banana-flavored potato chips, but the crunchy texture would be incongruous with the taste. Conversely, we have long enjoyed pineappleflavored hard candy, which in reality tastes nothing like the fruit but has long been accepted as how a pineapple candy should taste.

1 Hall, R.L. (1968). Food flavors: benefits and problems. Food Technology 22:1388.

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Glossary Absolute: A material extracted from a plant that represents a concentrated form of that material and is extremely similar to the starting material in taste and odor. Usually, this term refers to the alcoholic extract of a “concrete” (see below). Absolutes are not widely used for compounding flavors. Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI): An estimate of the amount of a substance in food or drinking water expressed on a body weight basis that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable risk (assuming the average adult body weight to be 60 kg). The ADI is given in milligrams per kilogram body weight (mg/kg). Acidulants: Acidulants serve several purposes in modern food processing, in addition to their major role of rendering foods more palatable and stimulating to the consumer. In flavoring agents, acidulants may intensify certain tastes, blend unrelated taste characteristics or mask undesirable aftertastes. Acidulants affect only flavor, not aroma; therefore while citric acid may be an acidulant, acetic acid is not. ADI “not limited”: This term is no longer used by JECFA and has been supplanted with “ADI not specified.” ADI “not specified”: A term used by JECFA for a food ingredient of very low toxicity which, on the basis of the information supplied to JECFA, at historical levels of use and current levels of use conforming to good manufacturing practices, does not constitute a concern for safety. Antioxidant: An additive to retard oxidation; usually a sterically hindered phenol (see also auto-oxidation). Aroma: The odor or fragrance of a flavor. Aromatic (chemical) or Aroma chemical: Any chemical that has aroma or flavor properties. Not to be confused with the chemist's definition of a chemical containing a benzene ring structure. Artificial: Similar to imitation. It is possible to have a flavor that is all natural, but it must be called artificial because it has no counterpart in nature. See also the ingredients regulatory definition (21 CFR §101.3). Artificial flavor: Any substance whose function is to impart flavor to a food that is not native to that substance. See also the regulatory definition (21 CFR §101.22). Auto-oxidation: A series of spontaneous and degradative reactions that take place in essential oils when they are exposed to air, light, heat or metallic ions. Balsam: Although most often associated with Peru Balsam, balsam is any plant (most often, tree) exudate, soluble in most organic solvents and alcohol, but insoluble in water. Baumé (Bé): A scale of specific gravities used in graduated hydrometers. The scale is used

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to express the sugar concentration of a syrup or other liquid. Most commercial corn syrups are customarily sold on a Baumé (Bé) basis, which is a measure of the dry-substance content and specific gravity. Baumé determination, however, has been largely superseded by direct determination of refractive index. High fructose corn syrups are sold on a dry substance basis without reference to Baumé. Blender: A material that when added to a substance appears to bring various flavor characteristics together. A blender may or may not introduce a flavor of its own. For example, vanilla can act as a blender. Bottom note: The characteristic left when top and middle notes disappear; the residue when a flavoring evaporates. Brix: A measure of soluble solids (sugars) obtained from the refractive index of a solution. Bulking: Mixing of one or more lots of the same flavorful material to produce a uniform product. The entire crop of an essential oil may be bulked to assure uniformity. Carrier: The diluent or solvent for a flavor; it may be liquid or solid, e.g., gum acacia is the carrier for spray-dried flavors, whereas alcohol and propylene glycol are the carriers for many liquid-based flavors. CAS No.: Chemical Abstracts Service Number. CDER: Center for Drug Evaluation and Review – FDA branch responsible for approval of drugs and excipients. Citrus flavors: Flavors made from the oils and juices of the citrus fruits, e.g., orange, lemon, lime, tangerine, grapefruit, mandarin and bergamont. Also, synthetic ingredients used to simulate these flavors. Clouding agent: A flavoring adjunct used to create a translucent or opaque appearance in citrus drinks. Cold pressing: A process for expressing citrus essential oils by pressure without the use of heat. A process for pressing or squeezing out the oil from the rind of the fruit. CoE: Council of Europe. Comminution: The process of grinding or breaking into small fragments. Compounds: Not to be confused with the chemist's definition (i.e., two elements chemically combined), but a flavoring mixture (flavor) composed of two or more substances. These substances can be natural or synthetic, a chemical or an essential oil, an extract or an oleoresin or combinations. Unlike chemical compounds, which are of known fixed compositions, flavor compounds are usually secret mixtures. Normally, they are finished flavorings that can be added directly to a product so that no additional flavorings are needed. Concentrated fruit juices: A fruit juice from which the water has been partially removed by

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some form of evaporation, such as distillation. It is usually concentrated to the strength of 5 to 6 times the single-fold juice. The essences are usually added back to the concentrate before use. Concentrated or folded citrus oils: Essential oils, such as lemon oil, in which part of the terpene fraction has been removed either by distillation or solvent extraction. The process produces essential oils of greater strength and character, with greater alcohol solubility. They also usually show better stability to oxidation. Concrete: A semisolid mixture containing the essential oil and fatty, waxy materials obtained after extracting the plant tissue, especially flowers, with various solvents. Consumption (annual): From the PAFA database, originating from the NAS survey of 1987 (NAS, 1989) and assumes only 60% of poundage was reported. Consumption (individual): A per capita estimate of intake (Maximum Survey-derived Daily Intake or MSDI) is based on “disappearance data” from periodic surveys conducted by the National Academy of Sciences under contract to FDA. The last survey was conducted in 1987 and was based on a voluntary reporting by manufacturers of the volume of ingredients produced during the survey year. The assumption is that there is a finite amount of substance available and it is ingested regardless of source at the retail level. The method is easy to use because it divides the total yearly poundage by the population in the survey year and the number of days per year. Some considerations are necessary in the use of the survey data: (1) because not all producers participate, it is generally held that the amount reported is a fraction of the actual volume; and (2) because not all persons eat all foods each day in each category in which the substance may be found and, conversely, some consumers may seek out the substance, distribution of consumption may be uneven. In order to compensate for these variables, FDA assumes (1) only 60% of the actual value was reported and (2) only 10% of the U.S. population (243.9 million in 1987) consumes 100% of the calculated amount (Clydesdale, 1997). Again, the assumption is made for a 60-kg individual. Council of Europe (CoE)1: A body of 41 European states, among which have signed the Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field. A Committee of Experts has been appointed by the signers to review the safety of substances added to food. The substances reviewed by CoE are designated as “chemically defined” and “natural flavouring” substances; there are subsets of each designation. CoE chemically defined categories: Chemically defined flavoring substances are divided into Category A (flavoring substances which may be used as foodstuffs (referred to as List 1 substances in previous designations) and Category B (flavoring substances for which further information is required before the Committee of Experts is able to offer a firm opinion on their safety-in-use (referred to as List II in previous designations). Category B substances may be used provisionally in foodstuffs. In general, Category A substances are those for which sufficient data were available, although a JECFA ADI may not have been established for all chemicals within the category. Where there is no ADI, the Committee of Experts has proposed practical upper levels to be used for beverages, foods and/or other food items. Category B contains substances for which the toxicological data were insufficient for a disposi1 For definitions of the Council of Europe designations (categories) and an explanation of the principles used, the

reader is urged to contact the Council of Europe at www.coe.int/soc-sp.

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tive opinion on safety-in-use. However, for extant data allowed for provisional acceptance, provided usage levels do not exceed levels designated and pending the submission of additional data, an ultimate opinion will be rendered. CoE natural flavoring categories: Category 1 – Plants, animals and other organisms, and parts of these or products thereof, normally consumed as food items, herbs or spices in Europe for which it is considered that there should be no restrictions on use. Category 2 – Plants, animals and other organisms, and parts of these or products thereof, and preparations derived therefrom, not normally consumed as food items, herbs or spices in Europe, but on the basis of information available, including consumption data, are not considered to constitute a risk to the consumer. Category 3 – Plants, etc., normally consumed in Europe which contain defined “active principles” or “other chemical components” requiring limits on use levels. Category 4 – Plants, etc., not normally consumed in Europe which contain defined “active principles” or “other chemical components” requiring limits on use levels. Category 5 – Plants, etc., for which additional toxicological and/or chemical information is required. These could be temporarily acceptable provided limits for the which contain “active principles” or “other chemical components” were not exceeded. Category 6 – Plants, etc., which are considered unfit for human consumption in any amount. Decoction: A solution made by boiling the material to be extracted with a solvent, usually followed by filtration; for example, the preparation of tea. Distillate: A clear, flavorful liquid produced from fruits, herbs, roots, etc. by distillation. Also the condensed product separated by distillation. Distillation: The separation of a more volatile part of a substance from those less volatile by vaporizing and subsequent condensation. Two types are generally used: steam and fractional distillation. Distilled oil: The oil separated from a botanical material by distillation methods. Dry solubles: Natural spice oils and/or oleoresins extended on a soluble, dry, edible carrier. EEC: European Economic Community = European Union. EINECS: European Inventory of New and Existing Chemical Substances. Emulsion: A system containing two immiscible liquids in which one is dispersed as very small droplets or globules throughout the other. Encapsulation: A process by which a particle is coated with a partially impermeable layer to retard evaporation and/or chemical reaction. Basically, the material to be protected is wrapped in a wall of impervious material which serves to lock-in or entrap the volatile substances. Enhancer: An ingredient that is added to supplement, enhance or modify the original taste and/or aroma of a food without imparting a characteristic taste or aroma of its own (examples include maltol, ethyl maltol, monosodium glutamate).

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EOA: Essential Oil Association. Essence: Concentrated fragrance or flavorant. In some countries, essence is used to designate volatile oils, but in the U.S., this term is commonly applied to alcoholic solutions of volatile oils. Essential oil: An oily substance obtained from plant material through various methods. The essential oil normally has the characteristic taste and odor of the plant from which it was derived. An essential oil is still called a volatile oil as differentiated from a fixed oil. The hydraulically pressed sesame seed yields a fixed oil (sesame oil) that has low odor and is not volatile. The anise seed, upon distillation, yields odorous and volatile oil — oil of anise. Essential oils may have received their name because at one time they were thought to be essential to the life processes of the plant or that they were the essence of the plant. Excipient: Any ingredient in a mixture of substances that is not present as an active ingredient and may include solvents, preservatives, stabilizers, etc. In drugs, this would include any tablet or capsule ingredients as well. In drugs, the only active ingredient(s) are those present for a specific pharmacologic effect. No excipient may exert a pharmacologic effect and remain an excipient. Expression: A process using pressure to obtain an essential oil, usually out of the rind of citrus fruits without the use of heat. Extended flavor: Dispersion of a flavor on a dry carrier. They may be liquids (flavors, spice oils or oleoresins) or solids (vanillin or heliotropine) and can be natural or artificial. The dry carrier is usually an anhydrous material, such as dextrose. These flavors are also referred to as plated flavors (see also Dry Solubles). Extract: A solution obtained by passing alcohol, or an alcohol-water mixture, through a substance. An example would be vanilla extract. Extracts found on the grocer’s shelf, such as orange, almond, lemon, etc., are essential oils dissolved in an alcohol-water mixture. FEMA: Flavor and Extract Manufacturers’ Association – one of several groups conferring GRAS status. FFPA: Free From Prussic Acid – used to describe HCN-free bitter almond oil. Fixative: Usually applied to perfume, but in flavoring, acts to reduce the overall volatility of the flavoring. Fixed oil: Generally, this refers to a non-volatile oil, obtained by hydraulic pressing or solvent extraction, with little or no odor. Example, sesame oil. Fold: Indicates the degree of concentration of an extract or oil. For example, a fourfold oil indicates a concentration of 8 to 2 kg. Food: “Food includes human food, substances migrating to food and from food contact articles, pet food, and animal feed” (See 21 CFR §170.3).

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Food additive: This indicates any substance approved for addition to food by FDA on the basis of a food additive petition. Food additives are but one category of the all-inclusive designation, food ingredients. Other categories of food ingredients include, but are not limited to, GRAS substances, prior-sanctioned substances, color additives (both certified and noncertified). Although each category is distinct under FDA regulations, some substances are members of more than a single category. For example, a substance can be both a food additive and a GRAS substance at the same time. Food standard: A method or process and/or list of ingredients which may be used in a food which FDA has defined through regulation such as mayonnaise, macaroni, farina, French dressing, milk chocolate, etc. Food standards were developed, in part, to thwart unscrupulous manufacturers from marketing products that did not conform to the usual and common understanding of the nature of a particular product. GRAS: The acronym for Generally Recognized As Safe indicates any substance (and its intended use) which has been granted GRAS status by experts (either in or outside FDA). (See 21 CFR §170.30.) GRAS affirmed: A substance whose GRAS status has been designated by one party is affirmed GRAS by FDA. Herbs of Commerce (HOC): 21 CFR §101.4(h) — part of the labeling regulation requires: “The common or usual name of ingredients of dietary supplements that are botanicals (including fungi and algae) shall be consistent with the names standardized in Herbs of Commerce, 1992 edition, which is incorporated by reference in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.” This designation in Fenaroli’s indicates this substance is recognized in Herbs of Commerce. Imitation: Flavor containing all or some portion of non-natural materials. For example, unless an orange flavoring is made entirely from orange, it is imitation. Specific provisions for the use of the word “imitation” are described in 21 CFR §101.3. Inactive ingredient: An excipient. Any ingredient in a mixture of substances that is not present as an active ingredient and may include solvents, preservatives, stabilizers, etc. In drugs, this would include any tablet or capsule ingredients as well. In drugs, the only active ingredient(s) are those present for a specific pharmacologic effect. No excipient may exert a pharmacologic effect and remain an excipient. Indirect food additive: A substance that is not directly added to food, but whose use in the proximity of food may allow for migration of the substance into food, e.g., a component of a food wrapper. Infusion: Prepared by refluxing a solvent over raw materials (usually alcohol), often using heat over a prolonged period of time. This is an archaic methodology, no longer employed. IOFI: International Organization of Flavour Industries. Isolate: A chemical or fraction obtained from a natural substance. For example, citral can be isolated from lemon oil or lemon-grass.

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JECFA: Joint (WHO/FAO) Expert Committee on Food Additives. LGMP (Limited by Good Manufacturing Practice): A food ingredient whose use in food is self-limiting for technological, organoleptic or other reasons. Many flavor ingredients are self-limiting and over-use would make food impalatable. Maceration: To steep or soak in a solvent for the purpose of extraction. Maillard reaction: Flavor production by non-enzymatic browning of food. Proceeds mainly from reactions of reducing sugars with amines, peptides and proteins. Masking agent: An ingredient capable of covering or at last making more acceptable an unpleasant odor or taste in a food or pharmaceutical. Menstrum: The medium in which a substances is dissolved – a solvent. Middle note or Main note: The substance of a flavor; the main characteristic. Modifier: An ingredient which influences, but does not change materially, the flavor and odor characteristics of a flavor. MRL (Maximum Residue Limit): A term used by JECFA to indicate the maximum concentration of residue resulting from the use of a veterinary drug that is acceptable in or on a food. MTDI (Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake): See PMTDI. NAS (National Academy of Sciences): In this context, the NAS number is the identification number provided by NAS for the purposes of the surveys for food ingredients. Nature Identical: A naturally occurring substance produced by synthetic means. Note: A distinct flavor or odor characteristic. For example, many raspberry flavors have a seedy note. Oleoresin: A resinous-viscous product obtained when a substance is extracted with a nonaqueous solvent such as a hydrocarbon. The solvent is later removed. Spices, as a class, form most of the oleoresin the flavorist encounters; an example would be pepper oleoresin. Possible Average Daily Intake (PADI): The FEMA PADI (Possible Average Daily Intake) is similar to the TAMDI concept, using maximum use level values, but only mean consumption values (based on Market Research Corporation of America mean frequency of eating and USDA mean portion size of 34 general food categories). Therefore, the FEMA PADI (in mg/ person/day) is the mean consumption of foods containing the maximum amount. The conservatism of the PADI method assumes that the maximum amount of substance is added to the entire food category, not just the substance within that category. For example, the consumption of a substance added only to marshmallow cream cookies (a relatively rarely eaten food) would account for very little consumption, but the FEMA assumption is the substance added to all baked goods, not just the small portion of baked goods represented by an exotic cookie.

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PMTDI (Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake): A term used by JECFA to indicate the endpoint used for contaminants with no cumulative properties. Its value represents permissible human exposure as a result of the natural occurrence of the substance in food and in drinking water. Prior-sanctioned food ingredient: A substance approved for the addition to food by FDA or USDA prior to September 6, 1958 and whose approval remains in place. FDA prior-sanctioned substances include several food packaging materials and single or multiple food contact materials. The USDA prior-sanctioned substances are sodium and potassium nitrate and nitrite for use in meat and poultry products. PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake): The endpoint used for food contaminants such as heavy metals with cumulative properties. The value of the PTWI represents permissible human weekly exposure to those contaminants unavoidably associated with the consumption of otherwise wholesome foods. REGS (Recognized Experts on GRAS Status): A group of internationally recognized scientists involved in safety and risk assessment of food and flavor ingredients and dietary supplements. This expert panel is active in conferring GRAS status on acceptable substances and reviewing safety of dietary ingredients. R-E-G-S.com Reported uses: As given in the text of this book, reported uses are those amounts (both usual and maximum) in specific categories of food. Unless otherwise noted, the reported uses are those designated by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers’ Association (FEMA) from the list of 34 food categories adopted by FEMA. FDA recognizes 43 general categories of food (21 CFR §170.3(n)) as originally established in Exhibit 33B of the report of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council report, “A comprehensive Survey of Industry on the Use of Food Chemicals Generally Recognized as Safe” (September 1972). Secondary food additive: Usually designates a substance used in the manufacture of food and, although may be present in the final product, has no functionality in the final food. Examples include enzymes for processing cheese, solvents, lubricants or release agents (a release agent allows a piece of candy to exit the mold without damage). Single-fold oil: The oil as it is produced from the plant (distillation or expression), without concentration. Solid extract: A water-soluble concentrated extractant resulting from the extraction of plant matter using water-compatible solvents. Were the concentrated product oil soluble, it would be an oleoresin. Fluid extracts are water or alcohol reconstitutions of solid extracts. Specialty: Usually similar to a compound, only not finished. A specialty, although not complete, carries the major part of the flavor load, so that only a few other substances are needed to complete the flavoring. Synthetic: Produced by chemical means, but not to be confused with the term artificial.

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Terpeneless oil: Because terpenes contribute to the instability of an essential oil, removal of some may provide stability. However, removal of all terpenes may severely undermine the flavor. There is no standard of what constitutes a “terpeneless oil.” Theoretical Added Maximum Daily Intake (TAMDI): The TAMDI is calculated on the basis of upper use levels and the estimated daily intakes of foods. For example, the more recent FEMA GRAS lists indicate two levels of use, the “average usual” and “average maximum.” The TAMDI would be determined using the “average maximum” level times the estimated daily intake of the food to which the substance is added. The estimated daily level would presumably be maximized as well, using the 90th or 95th percentile consumption. Tincture: An alcoholic extract of a botanical material, without further processing. Although originally an apothecary’s term, in the flavor industry, it refers to an alcoholic extract of a botanical in which the aroma is preserved. Top note: The first note normally perceived when a flavor is smelled or tasted. Usually a top note is relatively volatile and suggests identity. Type or Class: The flavorist tends to group similar flavors together. For example: red flavors (flavorings): strawberry, cherry, raspberry; citrus flavors: lemon, orange, lime, grapefruit, bergamot; brown flavors: coffee, malt, caramel; spice flavors: cassia, clove, nutmeg. Classes can also be made by volatility, chemical function or end use. WONF: With Other Natural Flavors. Essentially, this indicates the addition of juices in addition to those indicated as the characterizing flavor as identified on the label of the container. Please consult 21 CFR §102 for labeling regulations of this type of product.

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BRIEF EXPLANATION OF A SYNTHETIC FLAVOR

Preferred name (usually the most commonly used FDA name)

ACETAL

Identification numbers. See Glossary for description of each

Synonyms: Acetaldehyde diethyl acetal

Names appearing in bold are the most common synonyms

Describes the organoleptic characteristics and other relevant information

CAS No.: CoE No.:

105-57-7 35

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

35 203-310-6

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2002 NAS No.: n/a

2002

Description: A colorless liquid with a pungent, green, woody solvent pleasant odor and whisky or nutty taste. Consumption: Annual: 1000.00 lb Individual: 0.0008474 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 23 ppm; Food: 20 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 11.580 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW:

United States and European regulatory agencies. See Glossary for description of each term

Chemical formula, molecular weight (grams/mole) and chemical structure

See Glossary for detailed explanation FCC specifications where available, otherwise JECFA or presumed article of commerce

C6H1402/118.18

FEMA Possible Average Daily Intake (PADI), IOFI designation (Natural, Nature Identical or Artificial

Specifications: (FCC, 1996 and proposed 2000) Appearance

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid

Solubility

Soluble in alcohol

Assay

97.0% of C6H1402

Specific gravity

0.821-0.827 at 25°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994)

FEMA GRAS approved uses only (in ppm). There may be other (unpublished) use levels

Brief description of industrial processes

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Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum

Usual 5.00 65.20 154.70

Max. 13.33 89.70 154.70

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Hard candy Nonalcoholic beverages

Usual 36.39 4.20 5.41

Max. 66.78 4.20 10.55

Synthesis: From ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde in the presence of anhydrous calcium chloride. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 4 to 42 ppb Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Present in some liquors (e.g., sake, whiskey and cognac); also detected and quantitatively assessed in rums.

Representative values from the literature

Representative values in distilled water unless otherwise designated

Reported in the literature for substances designated by IOFI as “Nature Identical”

BRIEF EXPLANATION OF A NATURAL FLAVOR

Preferred name (usually the most commonly used FDA name)

Genus and species name

Identification numbers. See Glossary for description of each

Describes the plant (and plant parts) from which the flavoring is derived

FEMA Possible Average Daily Intake (PADI), IOFI designation (Natural, Nature Identical or Artificial

Included for those plants from which flavoring substances are derived

Representative values from the literature

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ACACIA GUM Botanical name: Acacia sengal (L.) willd Botanical family: Leguminosae Other names: Acacia sengal gum; Arabic gum CAS No.: CoE No.:

9000-01-05 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

8 232-519-5

See Glossary for detailed explanation FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2001 NAS No.: n/a

2001

Description: Arabic or acacia gum is the dried exudate obtained from the stems and branches of Acacia senegal (L.) willd or of related species of Acacia. Injured trees exude Gum Arabic; heat, poor nutrition and drought stimulate its production. Consumption: Annual: 12,000,000 lb Individual: 10.1694 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 169.179, 184.1330, 582.7330, 27 CFR 24.246, 240.1051 FDA (other): Approved as an excipient (CDER, 1996); HOC (1992) JECFA: ADI: Not specified (1989) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.47 mg IOFI: Naturall Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance

White or yellowish-white spheroidal tears

Insoluble matter Not more than 1%

Arsenic (as AS)

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Solubility

One gram dissolves in 2 ml water

Physical-chemical characteristics: The oil is a mobile pale-yellow liquid exhibiting a peculiar odor and an extremely bitter flavor. Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Breakfast cereals

Usual 0.59 0.78 0.07

Max. 1.53 3.84 0.18

Food Category Imitation dairy Instant coffee/tea Meat products

Usual 9.56 0.13 0.99

Max. 12.50 0.80 3.37

Composition: Four acetophenone glycosides were isolated from the butanol-soluble fraction. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Absolute; taste characteristics at 15 ppm: spicy sweet, fruity and honey with a woody herbal nuance.

United States and European regulatory agencies. See Glossary for description of each term

FCC specifications where available, otherwise JECFA or presumed article of commerce

FEMA GRAS approved uses only (in ppm). There may be other (unpublished) use levels

Representative values from the literature

Reported in the literature for substances designated by IOFI as “Nature Identical”

ACACIA GUM Botanical name: Acacia sengal (L.) willd Botanical family: Leguminosae Other names: Acacia sengal gum; Arabic gum; gum Arabic; Acacia delbata gum; Acacia solution; Acacia syrup; Australian gum; Gum Arabic; Indian gum; Wattle gum CAS No.: CoE No.:

9000-01-05 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

8 FEMA No.: 232-519-5 JECFA No.:

2001 n/a

NAS No.:

2001

Description: Arabic or acacia gum is the dried exudate obtained from the stems and branches of Acacia Senegal (L.) willd or of related species of Acacia. Injured trees exude gum Arabic; heat, poor nutrition and drought stimulate its production. Most of the gum Arabic production is from wild trees, but some from privately owned and cultivated gardens are tapped and collected on a systematic basis. The gum called Hashab geneina (garden gum) is the cleanest and lightest grade and is most preferred for the U.S. Market. The wild gum (called Hashab wady) is collected on a part-time basis in the dry season, from October to May or June, by natives whose main occupation is usually farming. After gathering, it is taken to central collecting stations where it is auctioned under government supervision, graded by hand and dried before exporting to gum suppliers in all parts of the world. Then it is resorted, ground, processed and graded to various specifications. Clear, white (sun-bleached) spheroidal tears, up to 32 mm in diameter, also occur as flakes. Chemically, gum Arabic is a neutral or slightly acid salt of a complex polysaccharide containing calcium, magnesium, and potassium cations. Its most distinguishing property among the natural gums is its extreme solubility in water. Solutions of over 50% concentration may be prepared. Gum Arabic is best described as “heteropolymolecular,” i.e., a polymer system having either a variation in monomer (galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and 4-O-methylgucuronic acid) composition and/or variation in the mode of linking and branching of the monomer units, in addition to a distribution in molecular weight. Major uses of gum Arabic in foods are as a fixative for flavors, a foam stabilizer in beverages, an adhesive for icings and toppings, and an emulsifier and stabilizer in confectionery and ice cream. It is also widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, paper, textile, paint, ink and lithography industries. Consumption:Annual: 12,000,000.00 lb Individual: 10.1694 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 169.179, 184.1330, 582.7330; 27 CFR 24.246; 240.1051 FDA (other): Listed in Inactive Ingredient Guide (CDER, 1996); HOC (1992) JECFA: ADI: Not specified (1989) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.47 mg IOFI: Natural Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance

Arsenic (as As)

White or yellowish white spheroidal tears

Not more than 3 mg/kg

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Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 0.002%

Identification

To 10 ml of a cold 1-in-50 solution of acacia, add 0.2 ml diluted lead sub-acetate TS; a flocculent, or curdy, white precipitate is formed immediately (Part 1 of 2)

Specifications: (FCC, 1996) (Continued) Ash (acid-insoluNot more than 0.5% ble)

Insoluble matter

Ash (total)

Solubility

Not more than 4%

Not more than 1% One gram dissolves in 2 ml water (Part 2 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Breakfast cereals Chewing gum Condiment, relish Confection, frosting Fats, oils Frozen dairy Fruit juice Fruit ices Gelatin, pudding Hard candy

Usual 0.59 0.78 0.07 27.83 0.09 12.72 4.34 0.24 0.36 5.00 0.61 276.50

Max. 1.53 3.84 0.18 28.04 0.11 14.86 12.61 0.32 0.56 9.99 5.28 284.70

Food Category Imitation dairy Instant coffee, tea Meat products Milk products Nonalcoholic beverages Nut products Other grains Snack food Soft candy Soups Sugar substitutes

Usual Max. 9.56 12.50 0.13 0.80 0.99 3.37 0.04 0.04 0.36 0.66 6.38 7.28 10.00 10.00 5.72 28.57 269.20 452.10 0.04 0.04 10.00 10.00

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Absolute; taste characteristics at 15 ppm: Spicy sweet, fruity and honey with a woody, herbal nuance.

ACETAL Synonyms: Acetaldehyde diethyl acetal; Acetaldehyde ethyl acetal; Acetol; Diethylacetal; Dithane, 1,1-diethoxy-; Ethylidene diethyl ether; Ethylidenediethyl ether; 1,1-Diethoxyethane CAS No.: CoE No.:

105-57-7 35

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

35 203-310-6

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2002 n/a

NAS No.:

2002

Description: A colorless liquid with a pungent, green, woody solvent pleasant odor and whisky or nutty taste. As a flavor ingredient, it is used in fruit, rum and whisky. Acetal tends to polymerize on standing. Consumption:Annual: 1000.00 lb Individual: 0.0008474 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 23 ppm; Food: 20 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 11.580 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C6H1402/118.18 Specifications: (FCC, 1996 and proposed 2000) Appearance

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid

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Refractive index

1.379-1.384 at 20°C (Part 1 of 2)

Specifications: (FCC, 1996 and proposed 2000) (Continued) Assay

97.0% of C6H1402

Solubility

Boiling point 102°C

Specific gravity

Soluble in alcohol (1 ml in 1 ml 95% ethanol) propylene glycol and vegetable oils; slightly soluble in water 0.821-0.827 at 25°C (Part 2 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Fats, oils Frozen dairy

Usual 5.00 65.20 154.70 1.80 35.66

Max. 13.33 89.70 154.70 2.50 72.70

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Hard candy Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 36.39 4.20 5.41 32.69

Max. 66.78 4.20 10.55 55.93

Synthesis: From ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde in the presence of anhydrous calcium chloride or small amounts of mineral acids (HCl). Aroma threshold values: Detection: 4 to 42 ppb Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Present in some liquors (e.g., sake, whiskey and cognac); also detected and quantitatively assessed in rums. Found in apple juice, orange juice, orange peel oil, bitter orange juice, strawberry fruit, raw radish, Chinese quince fruit, Chinese quince flesh, udo (Aralia cordata Thunb).

ACETALDEHYDE Synonyms: Ethanal; Acetic aldehyde; Acetylaldehyde; Ethyl aldehyde CAS No.: CoE No.:

75-07-0 89

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

89 200-836-8

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2003 80

NAS No.:

2003

Description: Acetaldehyde is a colorless, flammable liquid with a characteristic pungent, penetrating, ethereal odor. As a flavor ingredient/enhancer, as for example in orange juice, acetaldehyde helps create naturalness, fruitiness and juiciness. Consumption:Annual: 186,666.6 lb Individual: 0.1581 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 23 ppm; Food: 20 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515, 182.60, 582.60 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current level of intake) (1997) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 35.261 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C2H4O/44.05 Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance Acid value

Colorless, liquid 5.0

Boiling point Residue on evaporation

Assay, minimum

99.0%

Solubility

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21°C 0.0006% Miscible in water, alcohol and organic solvents

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Cheese Chewing gum Condiment, relish Confection, frosting Fats, oils Frozen dairy Fruit ices Gelatin, pudding Gravies

Usual Max. 470.00 470.00 30.00 280.00 0.0005 600.00 0.78 9.20 0.50 5.00 83.00 2000.00 0.10 4.00 94.00 150.00 50.00 100.00 8.10 100.00 0.61 53.00

Food Category Hard candy Imitation dairy Jams, jellies Meat products Milk products Nonalcoholic beverages Reconstituted vegetables Snack foods Soft candy Sweet sauce

Usual Max. 9.29 21.49 0.20 0.70 23.00 50.00 1.67 5.53 76.00 76.00 38.00 190.00 0.0085 0.02 0.25 10.00 3.00 1000.00 13.00 230.00

Synthesis: The method of synthesis is dependent on the price of feedstock and may be produced by a number of methods. (1) By oxidation of ethyl alcohol with potassium dichromate or manganese dioxide in the presence of sulfuric acid. (2) By addition of water to acetylene. (3) Forming during the natural alcoholic fermentation process; recovery is effected by suitable fractionation, subsequent preparation of the acetaldehyde ammonia and final treatment of the addition compound with diluted sulfuric acid. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 0.7 to 200 ppb; Recognition: 27 to 380 ppb Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in oak and tobacco leaves; in the fruital aromas of: pear, apple, raspberry, strawberry and pineapple; in the distillation waters of Monarda punctata, orris, cumin, chenopodium; in the essential oils of: Litsea cubeba, Magnolia grandijlora, Artemisia brevifolia, rosemary, balm, clary sage, Mentha arvensis, daffodil, bitter orange, camphor, angelica, fennel, mustard, Scotch blended whiskey, Japanese whiskey, rose wine, blackberry brandy and rum.

ACETALDEHYDE, BUTYL PHENETHYL ACETAL Synonyms: 2-Butoxy-2-phenylethoxy-ethane Acetal R; Pepital; 1-Phenethoxy-1-propoxyethane; Propyl phenethyl acetal; 2-(1-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl benzene; Benzene, 2-(1-butoxy ethoxy)ethyl-; 2-(1-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl benzene CAS No.: CoE No.:

64577-91-9 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

n/a 264-948-9

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3125 n/a

NAS No.:

3125

Description: A liquid with a green vegetable odor and a green paper taste. Used in vegetable and fruit flavors. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000084 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.546 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C14H22O2/222.32

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Specifications: n/a Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 2.00 2.33 1.00

Max. 3.00 3.00 3.00

Food Category Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 1.67 3.00

Max. 3.00 4.00

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ACETALDEHYDE ETHYL (Z)-3-HEXENYL ACETAL Synonyms: Acetaldehyde ethyl cis-3-hexenyl acetal; cis-1-(ethoxyethoxy)-3-hexene; Ethyl cis-3-hexenyl acetal; 3-Hexene, 1-(1-ethoxyethoxy)- (Z)-; cis-3-Hexenyl ethyl acetal of acetaldehyde; Leaf alcohol (ethyl) acetal CAS No.: CoE No.:

28069-74-1 EEC No.: 10034 EINECS No.:

n/a 248-817-3

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3775 n/a

NAS No.:

n/a

Description: A colorless liquid with an odor similar to green leaf. Consumption:Annual: 70.00 lb Individual: 0.00008333 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.00995 mg IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C10H20O2/172.27 Specifications: (Burdock, 1995) Appearance Assay Boiling point Density

Colorless liquid 98% 85°C at 7 mmHg 0.851

Flash point Refractive index Solubility Specific gravity

82°C 1.520-1.426 at 20°C Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol 0.848-0.856 at 25°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Chewing gum Fruit ices Gelatin, pudding

Usual 3.00 0.02 0.04

Max. 7.00 0.10 0.40

Food Category Hard candy Milk products Nonalcoholic beverages

Synthesis: From acetaldehyde diethyl acetal (acetal) with cis-3-hexenol. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in guava fruit (Psidium guajava L.).

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 2.00 0.08 0.04

Max. 5.00 0.40 0.30

ACETALDEHYDE PHENETHYL PROPYL ACETAL Synonyms: Acetal R; Pepital; 1-Phenethoxy-1propoxy-ethane; Propyl phenethyl acetal; Acetaldehyde propyl phenylethyl acetal; Benzene, (2-(1-propoxyethoxy)ethyl)-; (2-(1-Propoxyethoxy)ethyl)benzene; (2-(1-Propoxyethoxy)ethyl) benzene CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-57-4 511

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

511 231-327-9

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2004 n/a

NAS No.:

2004

Description: A colorless liquid with an odor described as being pleasant, clean or green or as having a very strong odor of green leaves. It has a green paper taste and is useful in vegetable and fruit flavors. Consumption:Annual: 433.33 lb Individual: 0.0003672 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 3.137 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C13H20O2/208.30 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance

Colorless, stable liquid

Solubility

Flash point Refractive index

95°C 1.4770-1.4820 at 20°C

Specific gravity

1:7 in 70% ethanol; 1:2 in 80% ethanol 0.944-0.950 at 25°C / 25°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 3.00 7.75 8.67 7.67

Max. 7.00 15.00 20.00 13.00

Food Category Gravies Nonalcoholic beverages Processed vegetables Soft candy

Usual 0.50 2.67 15.00 7.00

Max. 2.00 6.33 20.00 11.00

Synthesis: From acetaldehyde with a mixture of propyl and ß-phenyl ethyl alcohols. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ACETANISOLE Synonyms: Acetophenone, 4'-methoxy-; 4-Acetylanisole; p-Acetylanisole; Ethanone, 1-(4methoxyphenyl)-; Linarodin; 4'-Methoxyacetophenone; 4-Methoxyacetophenone; p-Methoxyacetophenone; 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethanone; p-Methoxyphenyl methyl ketone; Methyl p-methoxyphenyl ketone; 4-Methoxyphenyl methyl ketone; Novatone; Vananote CAS No.: CoE No.:

100-06-1 570

©2002 CRC Press LLC

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

570 202-815-9

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2005 n/a

NAS No.:

2005

Description: Yellowish-white crystals with an odor similar to that of p-methylacetopheneone, suggestive of hawthorn and floral note of heliotrope, possessing a bitter and unpleasant taste. Useful in vanilla, nut, tobacco and butter flavors. Consumption:Annual: 5600.00 lb Individual: 0.004745 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 10 ppm; Food: 20 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 9.088 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C9H10O2/150.18 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997)

Assay, minimum

Colorless to pale-yellow fused solid 98%

Boiling point

153°C (26 mmHg)

Solubility

Freezing point

34.7°C (not less than 36°C)

Specific gravity

Appearance

Melting point

38°C (36°C)

Refractive index

1.55489 at 25°C Soluble in most fixed oils and propylene glycol, 1 g in 5 ml 50% alcohol; insoluble in glycerin 1.0959 at 25°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.0001 1.50 110.00 1.00 0.20

Max. 0.0001 2.00 110.00 2.00 0.20

Food Category Hard candy Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual Max. 278.30 335.00 100.00 100.00 7.80 150.00 2.10 31.00

Synthesis: From anisole and acetyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride and carbon disulfide; from anisole and acetic acid in the presence of boron trifluoride. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 10 ppm: Sweet, anisic, fruity, cherry with powdery vanilla nuances. Natural occurrence: Reported found in European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus L.), guava fruit (Psidium guajava L.), Vitis labrusca L., tomato, anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), mentha oils, grilled and roasted beef, sherry, cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.), salted and pickled plums, Illicium verum and black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa ell.).

ACETIC ACID Synonyms: Ethanoic acid; Acetic acid glacial; Acetic acid (aqueous solution); Ethylic acid; Methanecarboxylic acid; Pyroligneous acid; Vinegar acid; Vosol; Acetic acid, of a concentration of more than 10%, by weight of acetic acid CAS No.: CoE No.:

64-19-7 2

©2002 CRC Press LLC

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2 200-580-7

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2006 81

NAS No.:

2006

Description: Acetic acid, CH3COOH, is a colorless, volatile liquid at ambient temperatures. The pure compound, glacial acetic acid, owes its name to its ice-like crystalline appearance at 15.6°C. As generally supplied, acetic acid is a 6N aqueous solution (about 36%) or a 1N solution (about 6%). These or other dilutions are used in adding appropriate amounts of acetic acid to foods. Acetic acid is the characteristic acid of vinegar, its concentration ranging from 3.5 to 5.6%. Acetic acid and acetates are present in most plants and animal tissues in small, but detectable amounts. They are normal metabolic intermediates, are produced by such bacterial species as Acetobacter and can be synthesized completely from carbon dioxide by such microorganisms as Clostridium thermoaceticum. The rat forms acetate at the rate of 1% of its body weight per day. As a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent, characteristic vinegar odor, it is useful in butter, cheese, grape and fruit flavors. Very little pure acetic acid as such is used in foods, although it is classified by FDA as a GRAS material. Consequently, it may be employed in products that are not covered by Definitions and Standards of Identity. Acetic acid is the principal component of vinegars and pyroligneous acid. In the form of vinegar, more than 27 million pounds were added to food in 1986, with approximately equal amounts used as acidulants and flavoring agents. In fact, acetic acid (as vinegar) is one of the earliest flavoring agents. Vinegars are used extensively in preparing salad dressing and mayonnaise, sour and sweet pickles and numerous sauces and catsups. They are also used in the curing of meat and in the canning of certain vegetables. In the manufacture of mayonnaise, the addition of a portion of acetic acid (vinegar) to the salt- or sugar- yolk reduces the heat resistance of Salmonella. Water binding compositions of sausages often include acetic acid or its sodium salt, while calcium acetate is used to preserve the texture of sliced, canned vegetables. Consumption:Annual: 7,033,333.3 lb Individual: 5.9604 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved FDA: 21 CFR 131.111, 131.136, 131.144, 133.123, 133.124, 133.169, 133.173, 133.178, 133.179, 169.115, 169.140, 169.150, 178.1010, 184.1005, 582.1005 FDA (other): Approved for OTC use (21 CFR 310.545, 444.442f); excipient (CDER, 1996) JECFA: ADI: Not limited (1973) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.145 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C2H4O2/60.05 Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance

Clear colorless liquid

Readily oxidizable substances

Passes test

Assay

Not less than 99.5% and not more than 100.5%, by weight or C2H4O2

Solidification point

Not lower than 15.6°C

Boiling point

118°C

Solubility

Heavy metals Not more than 10 mg/kg Nonvolatile residue Not more than 0.005%

Specific gravity

Miscible in water, glycerin and alcohol 1.049

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 0.11 0.11

Max. 0.18 0.16

Food Category Hard candy Imitation dairy

Usual Max. 0.17 0.17 0.14 0.14 (Part 1 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) (Continued) Food Category Cheese Chewing gum Condiment, relish Fats, oils Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding Gravies

Usual 0.00 0.07 135.60 14.93 0.05 0.04 1.82

Max. 0.00 0.70 135.70 30.86 0.05 0.06 12.14

Food Category Meat products Milk products Nonalcoholic beverages Snack foods Soft candy Sweet sauce

Usual 7.84 0.80 0.23 1.50 0.05 0.11

Max. 16.27 1.25 0.23 1.50 0.07 0.11

(Part 2 of 2)

Synthesis: From the destructive distillation of wood from acetylene and water and from acetaldehyde by subsequent oxidation with air. Pure acetic acid is produced commercially by a number of different processes. As dilute solutions, it is obtained from alcohol by the “QuickVinegar Process.” Smaller quantities are obtained from the pyroligneous acid liquors acquired in the destructive distillation of hard wood. It is manufactured synthetically in high yields by the oxidation of acetaldehyde and of butane, and as the reaction product of methanol and carbon monoxide. Vinegars are produced from cider, grapes (or wine), sucrose, glucose or malt by successive alcoholic and acetous fermentations. In the U.S. the use of the term “vinegar,” without qualifying adjectives, implies only cider vinegar. Although a 4 to 8% solution of pure acetic acid would have the same taste characteristics as cider vinegar, it could not qualify as a vinegar, since it would lack other readily detectable components characteristic of cider vinegar. In Great Britain, malt vinegar is specified. On the European continent, wine vinegar is the most common variety. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 10 to 522 ppm; Recognition: 60 ppm Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Identified among the constituents of petitgrain lemon oil, in bitter orange oil and in strawberry aroma. It is found in unprocessed figs along with citric and a small amount of malic acid. Reported found in fresh apple, apple juice, grapefruit juice (Citrus paradisi), French fried potato, cooked or boiled potatoes, Capsicum frutescens, vinegar, wheaten bread, blue chesses, cheddar cheese, Swiss cheeses, Camembert, feta cheese, gruyere de comte, tilsit cheese, cream, canned mango, traditional cooked rice, fermented radish and other natural sources.

ACETIC ANHYDRIDE Synonyms: Acetanhydride; Acetic acid, anhydride; Acetic oxide, Acetyl anhydride; Acetyl ether; Acetyl ether, Acetyl oxide; Ethanoic anhydrate, Ethanoic anhydride CAS No.: CoE No.:

108-24-7 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a 203-564-8

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

n/a n/a

NAS No.:

n/a

Description: An esterification agent used in the preparation of modified starch and for acetylation of acetylated monoglycerides. It has a strong acetic odor. Consumption:Annual: n/a Individual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.892 FDA (other): Listed in Inactive Ingredient Guide (CDER, 1996) JECFA: n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C4H6O3/102.09 n/a Specifications: Appearance Boiling point Melting point

Clear, colorless liquid 140°C -73°C

Solubility Specific gravity Vapor pressure

IOFI: n/a

Slowly soluble in water (reacts) 1.08 at 15°C 4 at 20°C

Reported uses: n/a Synthesis: It may be synthesized from diacetyl by partial reduction with zinc and acid or may be derived from fermentation. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 490 ppb; Recognition: 1.5 ppm Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in watercress (Nasturtium officinale r. br.).

ACETOIN Synonyms: Acetyl methyl carbinol; Acetylmethylcarbinol; 2-Butanol-3-one; 2,3Butanolone; 2-Butanone, 3-hydroxy-; Dimethylketol; 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone; 1-Hydroxyethyl methyl ketone; gamma-Hydroxy-beta-oxobutane; Methanol, acetylmethylCAS No.: CoE No.:

513-86-0 749

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

749 FEMA No.: 208-174-1 JECFA No.:

2008 405

NAS No.:

2008

Description: Acetoin is a yellowish liquid with a bland, woody, yogurt odor and a fatty creamy “tub” butter taste. It is useful as a flavor ingredient in butter, milk, yogurt or strawberry flavors. Consumption:Annual: 33,833.3 lb Individual: 0.02867 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 5 ppm; Food: 50 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 182.60, 582.60 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: No safety concern (1999) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 62.694 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C4H8O2/88.12 Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance

Monomer: colorless to pale-yellow liquid; Dimer: white crystalline powder

Refractive index 1.417-1.420 at 20.0°C

Assay, minimum

96.0% of C4H8O2

Solubility

Boiling point

148°C

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Miscible with water, propylene glycol and alcohol; insoluble in vegetable oils Specific gravity 1.005-1.019 at 25.0°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Breakfast cereals Cheese Chewing gum Condiment, relish Confection, frosting Confection, frosting Fats, oils Frozen dairy Fruit juice Gelatin, pudding Gravies

Usual 3.10 380.00 0.67 10.00 0.42 2.00 21.00 100.00 50.00 10.00 0.03 81.00 0.029

Max. 3.10 750.00 0.67 10.00 0.42 8.00 100.00 100.00 750.00 50.00 0.03 81.00 0.029

Food Category Hard candy Imitation dairy Meat products Milk products Nonalcoholic beverages Other grains Reconstituted vegetables Seasoning, flavors Snack foods Soft candy Soups Sweet sauce

Usual Max. 18.20 84.89 50.00 100.00 12.29 24.27 0.012 0.03 1.80 17.00 200.00 400.00 32.00 200.00 30.00 90.00 36.00 98.00 9.8 50.00 0.05 0.05 98.00 98.00

Synthesis: From diacetyl by partial reduction with zinc and acid. It is also a product of fermentation. Acetoin is an optically active compound. The d(-)acetyl methyl carbinol is obtained from fermentation and, in mixture with other products, from the catalytic oxidation of 2,3-butanediol. The 1(+)acetyl methyl carbinol is also obtained from fermentation. The optically pure form has not been isolated; the optically inactive form is prepared synthetically. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 5 ppb to 10 ppm Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 100 ppm: Creamy, dairy, sweet, buttery, oily and milky. Natural occurrence: Reported found in fresh apple, cooked apple, leek (raw) (Allium porrum L.), heated leek, corn honey cocoa, butter, roasted coffee, cheeses, white wine, red wine, rose wine, sparkling wine, microbial fermented tea, scallop, crowberry (Empetrum nigrum coll.), Chinese quince fruit and other natural sources.

ACETOLEIN Synonyms: Glyceryl monooleate, acetylated; Monoglycerides, acetylated; 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, ester with 1,23-propanetriol diacetate; Oleic acid ester with hydroxypropanediyl diacetate CAS No.: CoE No.:

28060-90-4 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

n/a 248-807-9

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

n/a n/a

NAS No.:

n/a

Description: Acetylated monoglycerides consist of partial or complete esters of glycerin with a mixture of acetic and edible fat forming fatty acids. Acetolein may have an acetic acid odor, but is practically bland in taste. Consumption:Annual: n/a Individual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 184.1323 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: n/a IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C25H44O6/440.61 n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Varying consistency from clear, thin liquids to solids, white to pale-yellow in color

Appearance

Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, acetone, etc.

Solubility

Reported uses (ppm): n/a Synthesis: The food additive acetylated monoglycerides is manufactured by: (1) the interesterification of edible fats with triacetin and in the presence of catalytic agents that are not food additives or authorized by regulation, followed by a molecular distillation or by steam stripping; or (2) the direct acetylation of edible monoglycerides with acetic anhydride without the use of catalyst or molecular distillation, and with the removal of vacuum distillation, if necessary, of the acetic acid, acetic anhydride and triacetin. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ACETONE Synonyms: Acetone oil; Dimethyl ketone; Dimethylformaldehyde; Dimethylketal; Ketone propane; Ketone, dimethyl; Ketone, dimethyl-; ß-Ketopropane; Methyl ketone; Propanone; 2-Propanone; Pyroacetic acid; Pyroacetic ether CAS No.: CoE No.:

67-64-1 737

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

737 200-662-2

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3326 139

NAS No.:

3326

Description: A clear liquid with characteristic aromatic odor; pungent, somewhat sweet taste. It is used as a flavor enhancer, flavoring agent or adjuvant solvent, or vehicle washing or surface removal agent. Its quick miscibility with water, alcohol, ether, chloroform and most volatile oils makes acetone a valuable solvent and extractant. Consumption:Annual: 37.50 lb Individual: 0.0000317 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 2 ppm; Food: 2 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 73.1, 73.30, 73.345, 73.615, 173.210 FDA (other): Approved for OTC use (21 CFR 310.545) JECFA: No safety concern (1999) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.901 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C3H6O/58.08 Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance Acidity (as acetic acid) Aldehydes (as formaldehyde) Alkalinity (as NH3)

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Clear, colorless liquid.

Nonvolatile residue

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 0.002%

Phenols

Passes test

Not more than 0.002%

Refractive index

1.356 at 20°C

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Solubility

Miscible with water, alcohol, ether, chloroform and most volatile oils (Part 1 of 2)

Specifications: (FCC, 1996) (Continued) Assay Distillation range Heavy metals (as Pb) Methanol

Not less than 99.5% and not more than 100.5% by weight or C3H6O Within a range of 10 including 56.10 Not more than 1 mg/kg

Solubility in water

Passes test

Substances reducing Passes test permanganate Water

Not more than 0.5%

Not more than 0.05% (Part 2 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Fats, oils Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding Jams, jellies

Usual 0.37 3.00 14.00 3.00 0.60 0.27

Max. 0.37 9.00 20.00 5.00 0.60 0.27

Food Category Milk products Nonalcoholic beverage Snack foods Soft candy Sweet sauce

Usual 1.60 0.57 5.00 0.88 1.30

Max. 1.60 .057 10.00 5.40 1.30

Synthesis: By fermentation, or by chemical synthesis from isopropanol, cumene or propane. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 40 to 476 ppm Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in apple, pear, grape, pineapple, strawberry, raspberry, tomato, black currant, citrus, onion and potato; also reported found in cocoa leaves, in Mexican goosefoot and in the oils of coriander and lavender; in trace amounts it has been reportedly identified in the oil of bitter orange, in distilled wine and in coffee aroma.

ACETONE PEROXIDES Synonyms: Acetone peroxide CAS No.: CoE No.:

1336-17-0 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

n/a n/a

NAS No.:

1194

Description: A mixture of monomeric and linear dimeric acetone peroxides (mainly 2,2hydroxyperoxypropane), with minor proportions of higher polymers, usually mixed with an edible carrier such as cornstarch. The cornstarch mixture is a fine, white, free flowing powder having a sharp acrid odor similar to that of hydrogen peroxide when the container is first opened. Acetone peroxides are used in foods as a bleaching agent, maturing agent and dough conditioner. Acetone peroxides are strong oxidizing agents and exposure to skin and eyes should be avoided. Consumption:Annual: n/a Individual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 137.105, 172.802 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: No treatment level set (1965) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: n/a IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: n/a n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance

Assay

Monomeric and linear dimeric acetone peroxides are usually mixed with an edible carrier such as cornstarch resulting in a fine, white, free flowing powder Yields an amount of hydrogen peroxide equivalent to not less than 16.0% of acetone peroxides

Heavy metals Not more than 10 mg/kg (as Pb)

Reported uses (ppm): Acetone peroxide is formed when hydrogen peroxide 30% acts on acetone. The introduction of dilute sulfuric acid causes the reaction to go into completion. Acetone peroxide is one of the most sensitive explosives known to man and great care would be needed to handle this compound carefully. Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ACETOPHENONE Synonyms: Acetylbenzene; Benzene, acetyl-; Benzoyl methide; Ethanone, 1-phenyl-; Hypnon; Hypnone; Ketone, methyl phenyl; Methyl phenyl ketone; 1-Phenyl-1-ethanone; 1-Phenylethanone; Phenyl methyl ketone CAS No.: CoE No.:

98-86-2 138

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

138 202-708-7

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2009 n/a

NAS No.:

2009

Description: Acetophenone has a characteristic sweet, pungent and strong medicinal odor with a bitter, aromatic cherry branch taste. It is useful in flavors of grape, cherry and tobacco. Consumption:Annual: 550.00 lb Individual: 0.0004661 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 1 ppm; Food: 10 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 5.552 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C8H8O/120.14 Specifications: (FCC, 1966)

Assay

Practically colorless liquid above 20°C 98% of C8H8O

Boiling point

202°C

Appearance

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Refractive index

1.533-1.535 at 20°C

Solidification point Not lower than 19°C Very soluble in propylene glycol and most fixed oils; soluble in alcohol (1ml in 5 ml 50% alcoSolubility hol), chloroform and ether; slightly soluble in water; insoluble in glycerine (Part 1 of 2)

Specifications: (FCC, 1966) (Continued) Chlorinated compounds

Passes test

Specific gravity

1.025-1.028 at 25°C (Part 2 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Chewing gum Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.10 13.12 10.57 17.93

Max. 1.00 45.07 14.45 24.50

Food Category Hard candy Nonalcoholic beverage Soft candy

Usual 28.30 3.88 20.79

Max. 28.30 5.93 28.25

Synthesis: From benzene and acetylchloride in the presence of aluminum chloride or by catalytic oxidation of ethyl benzene; also prepared by fractional distillation and crystallization from the essential oil of Stirlingia latifolia. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 170 ppb; Recognition: 2.9 ppm Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 10 ppm: Sweet, nutty, benzaldehyde with musty, fruity notes. Natural occurrence: Reported found in the oils of labdanum, Stirlingia latifolia, Urtica dioica, Elsholtzia argyi var. nipponica, Elsholtzia ciliata, in various species of Orthodon (0. citralifernm, 0. linaloolifernm var. laerolinaloolifernm, 0. linaloifernm, 0. sabinolifernm var. taiwanense) and in castoreum absolute.

2-ACETOXY-3-BUTANONE Synonyms: Acetoin acetate; Acetyl methyl carbinyl acetate; 2-Butanone, 3-(acetyloxy)-; 2Butanon-3-yl acetate CAS No.: CoE No.:

4906-24-5 608

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

608 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

Consumption:Annual: < 1.0 lb Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 1 ppm; Food: 10 ppm FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: No safety concern (1999) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.454 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

3526 406

NAS No.:

3526

Individual: 0.00000026 mg/kg/day

IOFI: n/a

C6H10O3/130.14 Specifications: (JECFA, 2000) Appearance Assay Boiling point

Colorless to slightly yellow liquid 98.0% (min) 74-75°C

Refractive index

1.410-1.416

Solubility Specific gravity

Soluble in ethanol 0.990-1.010

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 20.00 49.30

Max. 20.00 49.30

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages

Usual Max. 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 (Part 1 of 2)

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©2002 CRC Press LLC

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4-ACETOXY-2,5-DIMETHYL-3(2H)-FURANONE Synonyms: Furaneol acetate; 3(2H)-Furanone, 4-(acetyloxy)-2,5-dimethyl-; Furanone, 4acetoxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H) CAS No.: CoE No.:

4166-20-5 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3797 n/a

NAS No.:

n/a

Description: May contain ~3.0% 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone.1 Organoleptic characteristics: Caramel, savory. Used in commercial meat flavors. First used in food in 1988. Consumption:Annual: n/a Individual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.9310 mg IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C8H10O4/170.17 Specifications: Appearance Assay Boiling point Density

Yellowish liquid with a characteristic odor 90+% 243°F 1.167

Flash point

>230°F

Refractive index Specific gravity

1.1595; 1.4770 1.4798

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1996) Food Category Baked goods Confection, frosting Gelatin, pudding Hard candy Imitation dairy

Usual 5.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

Max. 10.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

Food Category Meat products Snack foods Soft candy Soups

Usual 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00

Max. 5.00 5.00 5.00 2.00

Synthesis: Synthesized from furaneol and acetic acid. Aroma threshold values (ppb): n/a Taste threshold values (ppb): 75% of a taste panel found furaneol acetate intolerable at 0.03-0.06% in water containing 5% sucrose. Natural occurrence: Reported present in strawberry (0.001-0.01).

4(p-ACETOXYPHENYL)-2-BUTANONE Synonyms: Acetate of 4-(hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone; 4-(p-Acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone; 4(p-Acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone; p-(2-Acetylethyl)phenyl acetate; 4-(4-(Acetyloxy)-phenyl)1 Flavors and Fragrances Catalog. Aldrich Chemical Co. 2000.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

2-butanone; 2-Butanone, 4-(4-(acetyloxy)phenyl)-; 2-Butanone, 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-, acetate; 4-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, acetate; 4-(3-Oxobutyl)phenyl acetate CAS No.: CoE No.:

3572-06-3 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a 222-682-0

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3652 n/a

Description: A yellow liquid with sweet, raspberry, fruity odor. Consumption:Annual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.048 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

NAS No.:

3652

Individual: n/a

IOFI: Artificial

C12H14O3/206.24 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance Assay Boiling point

Yellow liquid 98% 155°C at 2.5 mmHg

Refractive index Specific gravity

1.5088 at 20°C 1.0977

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Chewing gum Confectionery, frosting Fruit ices Gelatin, pudding Hard candy

Usual 5.00 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00

Max. 10.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00

Food Category Imitation dairy Jams, jellies Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.50

Max. 1.00 1.00 0.50 2.00

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

4-ACETYL-6-tert-BUTYL-1,1-DIMETHYLINDANE Synonyms: 6-tert-Butyl-1,1-dimethylindan-4-yl methyl ketone; Celestolide; Ethanone, 1-(6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,1-dimethyl-1H-inden-4-yl)CAS No.: CoE No.:

13171-00-1 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

n/a 236-114-4

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3653 n/a

NAS No.:

3653

Description: A crystalline compound with a mild, sweet, musky odor. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000001 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: Artificial

C17H24O/244.38 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance Assay

White crystals, almost white crystals 98%

Melting point Solubility

76°C Miscible in oils

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Soft candy

Usual n/a

Max. 8.00

Synthesis: From tert-butylbenzene. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

3-ACETYL-2, 5-DIMETHYLFURAN Synonyms: 2,5-Dimethyl-3-acetyl furan; 1-(2,5-Dimethyl-3-furyl)ethan-1-one CAS No.: CoE No.:

10599-70-9 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

n/a FEMA No.: 10599-70-9 JECFA No.:

3391 n/a

NAS No.:

3391

Description: It is a liquid with a powerful, slightly roasted, nut-like, sweet taste. Consumption:Annual: 5.00 lb Individual: 0.00000423 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 1.048 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C6H10O2/138.17 Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance

Yellow liquid

Refractive index

Angular rotation

Between –1° and +1°

Solubility

Assay Boiling point

99.0% of C8H10O2 83°C (11 mmHg)

Specific gravity

1.475-1.496 (25°C) Soluble in alcohol, propylene glycol, most fixed oils; slightly soluble in water 1.027-1.048 (25°C)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 4.00

Max. 4.00

Food Category Milk products

Usual Max. 0.60 0.60 (Part 1 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) (Continued) Food Category Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding Gravies Meat products

Usual 0.60 1.50 4.00 2.00

Max. 0.60 1.50 4.00 2.00

Food Category Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy Soups

Usual 1.00 1.50 4.00

Max. 1.00 1.50 4.00

(Part 2 of 2)

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 5 ppm: Nut, cocoa, meat, popcorn, bread. Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

2-ACETYL-3, (5 or 6)-DIMETHYLPYRAZINE, mixture of ISOMERS Synonyms: 2-Acetyle-3,5-dimethylpyrazine; 3-Acetyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine CAS No.: CoE No.:

977043-63-2 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3327 n/a

NAS No.:

3327

Description: It has an odor of roasted hazelnut with caramel popcorn and nuances. Consumption:Annual: < 1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000026 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.810 mg IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C8H10N2O/150 Specifications: Assay

C: 63.98%; H: 6.71%; N: 18.65%; O: 10.65%

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Breakfast cereals Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 2.50 5.00 1.00 1.00

Max. 7.50 5.00 1.00 1.00

Food Category Gravies Meat products Soft candy Soups

Usual 1.00 2.00 5.00 4.00

Max. 2.50 5.00 8.00 7.00

Synthesis: From the corresponding dimethyl-ethylpyrazine by bromination, followed by oxidation to the ketone. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in coffee.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

3-ACETYL-2,5-DIMETHYLTHIOPHENE Synonyms: 2,5-Dimethylthophen-3-yl methyl ketone; Ethanone, 1-(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl);- Ketone, 2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl methyl CAS No.: CoE No.:

2530-10-1 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a 219-779-5

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

Description: A liquid with burnt, roasted taste. Consumption:Annual: 3.33 lb Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.599 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

3527 n/a

NAS No.:

3527

Individual: 0.00000282 mg/kg/day

IOFI: n/a

C8H10OS/154.23 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance

Colorless liquid ≥ 96%; 2.6% of 2,3-dimethyl-5-acetylthiophene

Assay

Boiling point

107-109°C at 15 mmHg

Refractive index

1.5440 at 20 mmHg

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding Meat products

Usual 1.00 2.00 0.60 1.50 1.00

Max. 1.00 2.00 0.60 1.50 1.00

Food Category Milk products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy Soups

Usual 0.60 1.00 1.50 1.00

Max. 0.60 1.00 1.50 1.00

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in boiled and cooked beef.

2-ACETYL-3-ETHYLPYRAZINE Synonyms: Ethanone, 1-(3-ethylpyrazinyl)-; 1-(3-Ethylpyrazinyl)ethan-1-one; 1-(3-Ethylpyrazinyl)ethanone CAS No.: CoE No.:

32974-92-8 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

n/a 251-316-2

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3250 n/a

NAS No.:

3250

Description: 2-Acetyl-3-ethylpyrazine has a nutty, popcorn, meaty taste. Consumption:Annual: 1.67 lb Individual: 0.00000141 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.630 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: n/a

C8H10N2O/150.18 (calculated = 150.079312) Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) C: 63.98%; H: 6.71%; N: 18.65%; O: 10.65%

Assay

Boiling point

55°C at 1.1 mmHg

IR spectra

3.3, 3.39, 3.41, 5.5, 5.9, 6.05, 6.45, 6.55, 6.85, 7.09, 7.14, 7.40, 7.60, 7.85, 8.02, 8.45, 8.60, 8.70, 9.20, 9.30

Mass spectra

150, 43, 107, 52, 79, 27

NMR spectra

(CDCI3), 1.28 (t, 3, -CH2CH3), 2.69 (s, 3, -C(=0)CH3), 3.15 (q,2, -CH2 – CH3) 8.44 (d-1, ring –H) 8.61 (d,1, ring –H)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Gelatin, pudding Gravies Meat products

Usual 1.00 0.10 10.00 1.00

Max. 2.00 0.10 20.00 2.00

Food Category Milk products Snack foods Soft candy Soups

Usual 0.10 0.14 1.50 10.00

Max. 0.10 0.25 5.00 20.00

Synthesis: From 2-ethyl-3-methylpyrazine by bromination, followed by oxidation to the ketone. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in pork liver and cocoa.

2-ACETYLFURAN Synonyms: 2-Furyl methyl ketone; 2-Acetofuran CAS No.: CoE No.:

1192-62-7 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

4113 214-757-1

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3163 n/a

NAS No.:

3163

Description: Colorless crystals with powerful, balsamic-sweet odor. Consumption:Annual: 23.33 lb Individual: 0.00001977 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 1.280 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C6H6O2/110.11

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Specifications: (Burdock, 1995) Appearance

Colorless crystals

Refractive index

Boiling point

173°C; 67°C at 10 mmHg; 60°C at 12 mmHg

Solubility

Melting point

33°C

Specific gravity

1.5017 at 20°C Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether and propylene glycol 1.098 at 20°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 1.75 4.57 2.71 1.86

Max. 3.75 9.29 5.57 3.86

Food Category Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 4.00 1.43 4.63

Max. 8.00 3.00 9.29

Synthesis: From furan and acetyl chloride by a Friedel-Kraft condensation. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 10 ppm Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found as a constituent in coffee aroma; also isolated from beech and oak wood tar oils; an aroma component of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa); also a volatile flavor component of potato chips. Also reported in tomato paste, roasted beef, grilled pork, beer, rum, red wine and green tea.

3-ACETYLMERCAPTOHEXYL ACETATE Synonyms: 3-Acetylthiohexyl acetate; 3-Acetylthiohexyl ethanoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

n/a n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3816 n/a

NAS No.:

n/a

Consumption:Annual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA Rx: n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.004351 mg Empirical Formula/MW: C10H18O/154.24 n/a Specifications: n/a Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1998)

Individual: n/a

Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Confection, frosting Frozen dairy Fruit ices Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.01 0.0001 0.01 0.005 0.01 0.01

Usual 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values (ppb): n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Max. 0.10 0.10 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Food Category Hard candy Instant coffee, tea Milk products Nonalcoholic beverages Processed fruits Soft candy

IOFI: n/a

Max. 0.10 0.001 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.10

Taste threshold values (ppb): n/a Natural occurrence: n/a

2-ACETYL-5-METHYLFURAN Synonyms: Ethanone, 1-(5-methyl-2-furanyl)-; 1-(5-Methyl-2-furyl)ethanone; Methyl 5methyl-2-furyl ketone; Furan, 2-acetyl-5-methyl-; 1-(5-Methyl-2-furyl)ethan-1-one; 5Methyl-2-furylmethylketone CAS No.: CoE No.:

1193-79-9 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a 214-779-1

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3609 n/a

NAS No.:

3609

Description: A light yellow liquid with strong, nutty aroma. Consumption:Annual: 3.33 lb Individual: 0.00000282 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.028 mg IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C7H8O2/124.14 Specifications: (Burdock, 1995) Appearance

Light yellow liquid

Refractive index

Assay

99.24%

Solubility

Boiling point

71-72°C at 8 mmHg

Specific gravity

1.5138 at 20°C Slightly soluble in water; miscible in corn oil 1.0688 at 20°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Gravies Nut products

Usual 1.00 0.50

Max. 1.50 1.50

Food Category Snack foods Soups

Usual 1.00 0.50

Max. 2.00 1.50

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 50 ppm: Nutty, cocoa-like with toasted, bready nuance. Natural occurrence: Reported found in coffee, roasted filberts, tomato juice, raisin, roasted onion, French fried potato, crispbread, smoked fatty fish, boiled/cooked beef, fried cured pork, beer, cognac, rum, malt whisky, cocoa, black tea, wild rice (Zizania aquatuca), squid.

4-ACETYL-2-METHYLPYRIMIDINE Synonyms: Ethanone, 1-(2-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)-; 2-Methyl-4-acetylpyrimidine; 1-(2Methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)ethanone CAS No.: CoE No.:

67860-38-2 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

Consumption:Annual: n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3654 n/a

NAS No.:

3654

Individual: n/a

Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.301 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: n/a

C7H8N2O/136.15 Specifications: (Burdock, 1995) Appearance

Liquid

Refractive index

Assay

≥ 99%

Solubility

Boiling point

85-90°C at 10 mmHg

Specific gravity

1.5039 at 20°C Slightly soluble in water; soluble in fat 1.0990 at 20°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Breakfast cereals Cheese Chewing gum Confection, frosting Egg products Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.10 1.50 1.00 0.10 2.50 0.50 0.10 0.50 0.50

Max. 5.00 10.00 5.00 1.00 10.00 5.00 0.50 5.00 5.00

Food Category Gravies Hard candy Meat products Milk products Nonalcoholic beverages Nut products Snack foods Soft candy Soups

Usual 0.10 1.00 0.30 0.10 0.05 1.00 1.50 0.50 0.10

Max. 3.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 3.00

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in meat extract.

ACETYLPYRAZINE Synonyms: Methylpyrazinyl ketone; 2-Acetylpyrazine; Ethanone, 1-pyrazinyl-; Ketone, methyl pyrazinyl; 1-Pyrazinylethanone; Pyrazin-1-ylethan-1-one CAS No.: CoE No.:

22047-25-2 EEC No.: 2286 EINECS No.:

2286 244-753-5

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3126 n/a

NAS No.:

3126

Description: Acetylpyrazine has a flavor reminiscent of popcorn. Consumption:Annual: 111.67 lb Individual: 0.00009463 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 5 ppm; Food: 5 ppm FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.291 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: Nature Identical

C6H6ON2/122.13 Specifications: (FCC, 1996), (Burdock, 1997) Appearance

C: 59.01%; H: 4.95%; 0: 13.10%; N: 22.94%

Mass spectra

Boiling point

79-80°C

NMR spectra

IR spectra

1683, 1570, 1282, 1163, 1102, 1043, 1020, 950, 858 cm-l

UV spectra

43 (100), 52 (44), 53 (34), 79 (27), 80 (45), 122 (37) T = 0.82 (1, db, ring -H), 1.28 (1, db, ring -H), 1.37 (1, qd, ring -H), 7.28 (3, S, -CH3) ETOH λ max 269 mm

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.10 1.30 1.40 0.10

Max. 1.00 4.25 7.28 1.00

Food Category Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 0.30 0.39 1.22

Max. 1.25 1.18 4.25

Synthesis: By the ester condensation of Et02 C-pyrazine; by dehydrating pyrazynamide with POCI3 and then reacting the resulting 2-cyano-pyrazine with methyl magnesium bromide. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 62 ppb Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 10 ppm: Roasted, nutty, bready, yeasty with popcorn, corn chip nuance. Natural occurrence: Reported found in guava fruit (Psidium guajava L.), wheaten bread, other types of breads, boiled and cooked beef, grilled/roasted uncured pork, pork liver, cocoa, coffee, black tea, roasted barley, roasted filbert (Corylus avellano), roasted peanut (Arachis hypogea), roasted almond (Prunus amygdalus), scallop, filberts, popcorn and sesame oil.

2-ACETYLPYRIDINE Synonyms: Methyl-2-pyridyl ketone; 2-Acetopyridine; Ethanone, 1-(2-pyridinyl)-; Ketone, methyl 2-pyridyl; Methyl 2-pyridyl ketone; 1-(2-Pyridinyl)ethnone; 2-Pyridyl methyl ketone CAS No.: CoE No.:

1122-62-9 2315

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2315 214-355-6

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3251 n/a

NAS No.:

3251

Description: A colorless liquid with tobacco-like aroma. Consumption:Annual: 950.00 lb Individual: 0.0008050 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Food: 10 ppm FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 1.349 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C7H7ON/121.14

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance Boiling point

Colorless liquid; tends to yellow on exposure to air 192°C; 78°C at 12 mmHg

Refractive index 1.5203 at 20°C Solubility

Soluble in alcohol, ether and acids

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Breakfast cereals Cheese Gravies Meat products

Usual 5.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

Max. 5.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

Food Category Milk products Other grains Soft candy Soups

Usual 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

Max. 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

Synthesis: From ethyl picolinate. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 19 ppb Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 10 ppm: Corn meal with nutty, bready nuance. Natural occurrence: Reported found in wheaten bread, other types of breads, boiled and cooked beef, grilled and roasted beef, lamb (roasted), lamb and mutton liver, beer, several types of brandy, cocoa, black tea, roasted filbert (Corylus avellano), roasted peanut (Arachis hypogea), heated beans, Bantu beer, coriander seed (Coriandrum sativum L.) and other natural sources.

3-ACETYLPYRIDINE Synonyms: β-Acetylpyridine; Methyl-3-pyridyl ketone; 3-Acetopyridine; ß-Acetylpyridine; Ethanone, 1-(3-pyridinyl)-; Ketone, methyl 3-pyridyl; Methyl 3-pyridyl ketone; Methyl ßpyridyl ketone; Methyl pyridyl ketone; Pyridine, 3-acetyl-; 1-(3-Pyridinyl)ethanone; 3Pyridyl methyl ketone CAS No.: CoE No.:

350-03-8 2316

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2316 206-496-7

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3424 n/a

NAS No.:

3424

Description: A colorless liquid with sweet, nutty, popcorn aroma. Consumption:Annual: 200.00 lb Individual: 0.0001694 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 2 ppm; Food: 3 ppm FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.436 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C7H7NO/121.13 Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance

Colorless liquid; turns yellow in air

Refractive index

Assay

98% of C7H7NO

Solubility

Boiling point 230°C

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Specific gravity

1.530-1.540 at 25°C Soluble in water, ethanol, ether and acid 1.100-1.115°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 2.00 1.00 1.00

Max. 3.00 2.00 2.00

Food Category Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 1.00 2.00

Max. 2.00 3.00

Synthesis: Dry distillation of calcium nicotinate with calcium acetate. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in roasted filberts, beer, brandy, coffee, malt and wheaten bread.

4-ACETYL-2-METHYLPYRIMIDINE Synonyms: Ethanone, 1-(2-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)-; 2-Methyl-4-acetylpyrimidine; 1-(2Methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)ethanone CAS No.: CoE No.:

67860-38-2 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3654 n/a

Consumption:Annual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.301 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

NAS No.:

3654

Individual: n/a

IOFI: n/a

C7H8N2O/136.15 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance Assay

Liquid

Refractive index

≥ 99%

Solubility

Boiling point 85-90°C at 10 mmHg

Specific gravity

1.5039 at 2°C Slightly soluble in water; soluble in fat 1.0990 at 20°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Breakfast cereals Cheese Chewing gum Confectionery, frosting Egg products Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.10 1.50 1.00 0.10 2.50 0.50 0.10 0.50 0.50

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Max. 5.00 10.00 5.00 1.00 10.00 5.00 0.50 5.00 5.00

Food Category Gravies Hard candy Meat products Milk products Nonalcoholic beverages Nut products Snack foods Soft candy Soups

Usual 0.10 1.00 0.30 0.10 0.05 1.00 1.50 0.50 0.10

Max. 3.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 3.00

Natural occurrence: Reported found in meat extract.

2-ACETYLTHIAZOLE Synonyms: Methyl-2-thiazolyl ketone; 5-Acetyl thiazole; Methyl-5-thiazolyl ketone; Ethanone, 1-(2-thiazolyl)-; 1-(Thiazole-2-yl)ethan-1-one; 1(2-Thiazolyl)ethanone CAS No.: CoE No.:

24295-03-2 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

4041 246-134-5

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3328 n/a

NAS No.:

3328

Description: A colorless liquid with green onion, herbal, grassy odor. It is used as flavor enhancer and flavoring agent. Consumption:Annual: 133.33 lb Individual: 0.0001129 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.054 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C5H5NOS/127.16 Specifications: (FCC, 1996 proposed 2000) Appearance

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid

Assay

98.0% of C5H5NOS

Boiling point

89°C at 12 mmHg

Refractive index 1.541-1.552 at 20°C Soluble in alcohol (1 ml in 1 ml 95% ethanol), propylene Solubility glycol and vegetable oils; insoluble in water Specific gravity 1.219-1.226 at 25°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Gravies Reconstituted vegetables

Usual 0.30 1.00 1.00

Max. 1.00 2.00 2.00

Food Category Snack foods Soups

Usual 1.00 0.10

Max. 3.00 0.50

Synthesis: By oxidation of the corresponding carbinol using dichromate. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 4 ppb Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 30 ppm: Corn chip with slightly musty background. Natural occurrence: Reported found in raw asparagus, cooked asparagus, kohlrabi, cooked or boiled potatoes, turkey (roasted), raw chicken, boiled and cooked beef, grilled and roasted beef, pork liver, beer, Finnish whiskey, heated beans, other varieties of mushroom, rice bran, maize.

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2-ACETYL-2-THIAZOLINE Synonyms: Acetyl thiazoline-2; 2-Acetyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole CAS No.: CoE No.:

29926-41-8 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3817 n/a

NAS No.:

n/a

Description: May contain ~1% acetic acid. Organoleptic characteristics: Green onion, herbal, grassy. Consumption:Annual: n/a Individual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA Rx: n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.006413 mg IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C5H7NOS/129.18 Specifications: Density Flash point

1.170 198°F

Melting point

26-30°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Breakfast cereals Chewing gum Confection, frosting Fats, oils Fish products Gravies

Usual 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02

Max. 0.20 0.10 0.50 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20

Food Category Hard candy Meat products Other grains Poultry Snack foods Soft candy Soups

Usual 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.02

Max. 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.10 0.20

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values (ppb): n/a Taste threshold values (ppb): n/a Natural occurrence: Reported present in beef (boiled, grilled, roasted), chicken (raw), corn (sweet).

ACONITIC ACID Synonyms: Achilleaic acid; Ahilleic acid; Citridic acid; Ciridinic acid; Equisetic acid; Glutaconic acid, 3-carboxy; 2-Pentenedioic acid, 3-carboxy-; Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid; 1Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid; 1,2,3-Propene tricarboxylic acid; Pyrocitric acid CAS No.: CoE No.:

499-12-7 33

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

33 207-877-0

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2010 n/a

NAS No.:

2010

Description: Aconitic acid has a very low odor (if any) and a winey-sour taste. It is used in fruit flavors, rum and brandy. Aconitic acid is also commonly known as 1,2,3-propenetri carboxylic acid and occurs in the leaves of tubers of Aconitum napellus L. and other Ranunculaceae. It is also found in yarrow (Achillea spp.) and horsetails (Equisetum spp.), as well as in

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other plants such as beets and sugarcane. Depending on the natural source, aconitic acid is also called achilleic acid, citridic acid or equisetic acid. Aconitic acid of the trans-configuration can be isolated during the processing of sugarcane, by precipitating it as the calcium salt from cane syrup or molasses. The concentration in molasses ranges from 1.8 to 2.5%. Aconitic acid may be synthesized from citric acid by dehydration with sulfuric acid, or by catalytic dehydration. The cis-configuration is somewhat unstable and is readily rearranged to the trans form by heating. Trans-aconitic acid is decarboxylated to itaconic acid by heating to 180°F. The cis form occurs in plant and animal tissues as a metabolic intermediate in the Krebs cycle during the isomerization of citric acid to isocitric acid by the action of enzyme aconitase. Consumption:Annual: < 1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000017 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 2 ppm; Food: 15 ppm FDA: 21 CFR: 184.1007, 582.60 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.157 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C6H6O6/174.11 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance

White or yellowish crystalline solid

Melting point

194-195°C (with decomposition)

Solubility

Soluble in water and alcohol; slightly soluble in ether

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 15.00 8.94 5.55

Max. 20.00 25.21 8.54

Food Category Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 1.64 22.39

Max. 3.36 31.20

Synthesis: By dehydration of citric acid with concentrated H2SO4; aconitic acid prepared by this or other methods has the trans configuration; the cis-isomer is little known. Trans-aconitic acid can be isolated during sugarcane processing, by precipitation as the calcium salt from cane sugar or molasses. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 25 ppm: Nutty, vegetative, musty and slightly caramellic. Natural occurrence: Reported found in beet root, sugarcane, the leaves and tubers of Aconitum napellus, and other natural products (Pelargonium species).

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ADIPIC ACID Synonyms: 1,4-Butanedicarboxylic acid; Hexanedioic acid; Acifloctin; Acinetten; Adilactetten; Adipate; Adipic acid (8CI); Adipinic acid; 1,4-Butanedicarboxylic acid; Hexanedioic acid (9CI); 1,6-Hexanedioic acid; Molten adipic acid CAS No.: CoE No.:

124-04-9 26

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

26 204-673-3

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2011 n/a

NAS No.:

2011

Description: Adipic acid is a crystalline powder with practically no odor. It has the lowest acidity of any of the acids commonly used in foods and has excellent buffering capacity in the range of pH 2.5 to 3.0. Like succinic and fumaric acid, adipic acid is practically nonhygroscopic. Its addition to foods imparts a smooth, tart taste. In grape-flavored products, it adds a lingering supplementary flavor and gives an excellent set to food powders containing gelatin. As a result, adipic acid has found a wide number of uses as an accidulant in dry powdered food mixtures, especially in those products having delicate flavors and where addition of tang to the flavor is undesirable. Its aqueous solutions have the lowest acidity of any of the common food acids. For concentrations from 0.5 to 2.4 g/100 ml, the pH of its solution varies less than half a unit. Hence, it can be used as a buffering agent to maintain acidities within the range of 2.5 to 3.0. This is highly desirable in certain foods: yet the pH is low enough to inhibit the browning of most fruits and other foodstuffs. Consumption:Annual: 343,333.3 lb Individual: 0.2909 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved FDA: 21 CFR 131.111, 131.136, 131.144, 184.1009, 582.1009 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: 0-5 (1977) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 52.797 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C6H10O4/146.14 Specifications: (FCC, 1996) (Burdock, 1997) Appearance Assay

White, crystalline solid Not less than 99.6% and not more than 101% of C6H10O4

Refractive index

1.5480

Residue on ignition Not more than 0.002%

Boiling point

216°C at 15 mmHg

Solubility

Melting point

153°C

Specific gravity

Slightly soluble in cold water; soluble in hot water; soluble in alcohol; insoluble in benzene 1.360 at 25°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Condiment, relish Fats, oils Gelatin, pudding Gravies

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Usual Max. 40.00 40.00 0.04 0.13 14.01 14.09 2700.00 2700.00 3.40 4.00 0.75 1.00

Food Category Imitation dairy Instant coffee, tea Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Poultry Snack foods

Usual Max. 4250.00 4250.00 0.01 0.04 2.67 2.67 0.04 0.05 0.15 0.15 0.50 1.86

Synthesis: By oxidation of cyclohexanol with concentrated nitric acid; by catalytic oxidation of cyclohexanone with air. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found as a minor constituent in butter and has been found in other fats as a product of oxidative rancidity. It also occurs in beet juice, pork fat, guava fruit (Psidium guajava L.), papaya (Carica papaya L.) and raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.).

AGAR Botanical name: Gelidium cartilageneum (L.) Gaillon, Gracilaria confervoides (L.) Greville Botanical family: Gelidiaceae, Sphaerococcaceae Other names: Agar (9CI); Agar-agar; Agar-agar flake; Agar-agar gum; Agaropectin, mixed with agarose; Vegetable gelatin Foreign names: Bengal gelatin; Bengal isinglass; Chinese gelatin; Chinese isinglass; Cylone isinglass; Isinglass Japanese; Digenea simplex mucilage; Japanese gelatin; Layor carang; Macassar gelatin CAS No.: CoE No.:

9002-18-0 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

212 232-658-1

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2012 n/a

NAS No.:

2012

Description: A dried hydrophilic, colloidal polygalactoside derived from the entire plant (minus the roots) of Gelidium cartilagineum (L.) Gaillon or Gracilaria confervoides (L.) Greville. It is commercially available in bundles consisting of thin, membranous agglutinated strips or in cut, flaked granulated or powdered form. Although agar was discovered in Japan in 1658, it was introduced to Europe and the United States from China in the nineteenth century, where it was initially used as a gelatin substitute in the making of desserts. It soon became widely used as a solid bacteriological culture medium after its use by Robert Koch in his famous experiments. Its major uses in the food industry of today are in bakery products, confectionery, dairy products and canned meat and fish. It is also used in microbiology, dentistry and medicine. The Gelidium species amansii and cartilageneum are the major sources of agar, although many species of Rhodophyceae are used. The weeds (agarophytes) used in the commercial product of agar grow from the tide line out to depths of 120 feet, and are harvested by waders along the shore at low tide, raked from small boats or picked by divers. Japan is the largest producer of agar. Because agar is soluble in hot water but relatively insoluble in cold water, it is extracted by boiling the agarophyte in water, filtered, cooled to form a gel, cut into pieces and frozen, then thawed to free the agar from salts and other impurities that are soluble in cold water. The wet agar is repeatedly washed with cold water and finally dried. American and Japanese agar are graded according to published specifications. The high quality American agar is divided into bacteriological, medicinal and dental grades, and the Japanese agar into three grades and two subgrades. It is odorless or with a slight characteristic odor and mucilaginous taste. The structure of agar is not completely known. Chemically, agar is believed to be composed of 3,6-anhydro-L-glactose and D-galactopyranose residues in varying proportions. Consumption:Annual: 528,333.3 lb Individual: 0.4477 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 150.141, 150.161, 184.1115, 582.7115 FDA (other): Approved for OTC use (21 CFR 310.545); HOC (1992)

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JECFA: ADI: Not limited (1973) Trade association guidelines: Specifications: (FCC, 1996)

FEMA PADI: 0.339 mgIOFI: Natural

Appearance

White to pale-yellow

Arsenic (as As)

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Ash (acid-insoluble) Not more than 0.5% Ash (total)

Not more than 6.5%

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 10 mg/kg Microscopically wet agar appears as granular and Identification somewhat filamentous Insoluble matter Not more than 1.0% Insoluble in cold water, Solubility soluble in boiling water

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Confection, frosting Frozen dairy Fruite juice

Usual 0.64 1.56 2.16 1.50

Max. 3.90 2.72 2.16 1.50

Food Category Reconstituted vegetables Soft candy Sweet sauce

Usual 1.20 0.64 2.00

Max. 1.20 0.65 2.50

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

β-ALANINE Synonyms: β-Aminopropionic acid; 3-Aminopropanoic acid; 3-Aminopropionic acid; Abufene; Alanine-; beta-Alanine (8CI)(9CI); 3-Aminopropanoic acid; -Aminopropionic acid; 3-Aminopropionic acid; Propanoic acid, 3-aminoCAS No.: CoE No.:

107-95-9 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

4044 203-536-5

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3252 n/a

NAS No.:

3252

Description: This is a secondary amino acid, which is formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Because neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to βalanine have been demonstrated , the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GABA. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-β-alaninemia, has been reported. It is used as a flavor enhancer, flavoring agent, nutrient supplement or adjuvant. β-Alanine has a slightly sweet taste. Consumption:Annual: 450.00 lb Individual: 0.0003813 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 26.799 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C3H7O2N/89.10 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance

Needles (from water)

Solubility

Melting point

207°C (decomposes)

Specific gravity

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Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether and acetone 1.437 at 19°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Breakfast cereals Condiment, relish Jams, jellies

Usual 100.00 10.00 50.00 100.00

Max. 300.00 10.00 300.00 300.00

Food Category Meat products Milk products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual Max. 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 100.00 300.00 50.00 300.00

Synthesis: By heating acrylic acid with concentrated aqueous ammonia under pressure, by addition of acrylonitrile to phthalimide or to ammonia; from β-aminopropionitrile, from succinimide by the Hofmann degradation. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported to occur as a component in amino acids; carnosine, anserine, pantothenic acid.

l- and dl-ALANINE Synonyms: L-α-Alanine; L-α-Aminopropionic acid; (S)-2-Aminopropionic acid; DL-Alanine; DL-2-Aminopropionic acid CAS No.: CoE No.:

302-72-7 (DL) 56-41-7 (L) n/a

EEC No.:

n/a

FEMA No.:

3818

EINECS No.:

n/a

JECFA No.:

n/a

Description: A white, odorless powder having a sweet taste. Consumption:Annual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA Rx: n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 52.7378 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

NAS No.:

n/a

Individual: n/a

IOFI: n/a

C3H7NO2/89.09 Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance Assay Heavy metal (as Pb) Lead

White crystalline Not less than 98.5% and not less than 101.5% of C3H7NO2

Loss on drying Residue on ignition

Not more than 0.002%

Solubility

Not more than 10 mg/kg

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Not more than 0.3% Not more than 0.2% Freely soluble in water; sparingly soluble in alcohol

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1998) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Breakfast cereals Cheese Chewing gum Condiments, relish Confection, frosting Egg products Fats, oils Fish products Frozen dairy Fruit ices Gelatin, pudding Gravies Hard candy Imitation dairy Instant coffee, tea

Usual Max. 50.00 150.00 75.00 375.00 50.00 150.00 10.00 20.00 5.00 10.00 20.00 100.00 25.00 100.00 50.00 250.00 10.00 30.00 50.00 250.00 60.00 200.00 10.00 20.00 50.00 150.00 200.00 1,000.00 50.00 200.00 50.00 150.00 100.00 500.00

Food Category Jams, jelly Meat products Milk products Nonalcoholic beverages Nut products Other grains Poultry Processed fruits Processed vegetables Reconstituted vegetables Seasonings, flavors Snack foods Soft candy Soups Sugar substitutes Sweet sauce

Usual 5.00 100.00 50.00 50.00 75.00 10.00 100.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 2,000.00 100.00 25.00 100.00 10.00 25.00

Max. 10.00 500.00 150.00 250.00 225.00 20.00 500.00 30.00 10.00 10.00 4,000.00 200.00 100.00 500.00 20.00 100.00

Synthesis: Anthrobacter oxydans HAP-1 hyper produces DL-alanine in a non-growth associated manner. Aroma threshold values (ppb): n/a Taste threshold values (ppb): n/a Natural occurrence: Natural constituent of protein in plants and animals; found in apple, beef, carob, pea, soybean, wine, zucchini.

ALFALFA EXTRACT Botanical name: Medicago sativa L. Botanical family: Leguminoseae Other names: Alfalfa, extract (Medicago sativa L.); Leucerne CAS No.: CoE No.:

84082-36-0 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

274 281-984-0

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2013 n/a

NAS No.:

2013

Description: Perennial herb with erect stems or sometimes decumbent 0.3-1 m long with pinnately trifoliate leaves. Leaflets ovoid in shape, tapering to the base. Grows throughout the world in a variety of climates. Seeds or entire plant (minus roots) are used for extract. Consumption:Annual: 233.33 lb Individual: 0.0001977 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 182.10, 582.10 (Alfalfa herb and seed); 182.20, 582.20 (Alfalfa extract) FDA (other): Approved for OTC use (21 CFR 310.545); HOC (1992) JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 99.975 mg IOFI: Natural Specifications: n/a Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods

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Usual 516.80 334.80

Max. 730.50 465.10

Food Category Nonalcoholic beverages Gelatin, pudding

Usual Max. 23.73 36.16 1.00 3.00 (Part 1 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) (Continued) Food Category Frozen dairy Meat product

Usual 65.14 410.00

Max. 111.70 500.00

Food Category Soft candy

Usual Max. 162.80 232.70 (Part 2 of 2)

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 0.4%: Hay-like, brown, dried, fruit, prune, caramellic and tobacco.

ALGIN1 Botanical name: Macrocystis and Laminaria spp. (brown algae); Prophyra spp., Gloiopeltis furcata and Rhodymenia palmata (red algae) Botanical family: Phaeophyceae CAS No.: CoE No.:

977026-92-8 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2014 n/a

NAS No.:

1189

Description: Seaweed, originates in many of the "Northern" waters; also phaeophycase from red seaweeds. Also, may be from giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. Major Monosaccharides: D-mannuronic acid, L-gluluronic acid. Anionic seaweed polysaccharide: linear polymer of D-mannuronic acid and L-guluronic acid. Derivatives: Alginates Derivative names: Ammonium alginate; Calcium alginate; Potassium alginate; Sodium alginate; Sodium calcium alginate Consumption:Annual: n/a Individual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 133.178, 133.179, 150.141, 150.161, 184.1120 (Brown algae extract); 582.30, 582.40 [Brown algae (Laminaria spp. and Nereocystis spp.) and extract thereof]; 182.1121, 582.30, 582.40 [Red algae (Prophyra spp. and Rhodymenia palmate (L.) Grev.) and extracts thereof] FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 115.135 mg IOFI: Natural Specifications: n/a Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Fats, oils Frozen dairy

Usual Max. 10.00 100.00 1100.00 2400.00

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages

Usual Max. 4000.00 4000.00 50.00 240.00

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

ALGINATES: AMMONIUM, CALCIUM, POTASSIUM and SODIUM Botanical name: Phaeophyceae spp. Botanical family: Phaeophyceae 1 See also DULSE

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Other names: Alginates (salts of alginic acid; ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium) CAS No.: 9005-34-9 (NH4+) 9005-35-0 (Ca+) 9005-36-1 (K+) 9005-38-3 (Na+) 12698-40-7 (Na+/Ca+) CoE No.: n/a

EEC No.:

n/a

FEMA No.:

2015 NAS No.: 2015

EINECS No.: n/a

JECFA No.:

n/a

Description: These are the salts of alginic acid, a hydrophilic colloidal carbohydrate extracted by the use of dilute alkali from various species of brown seaweeds. These salts are generally odorless and tasteless. Alginic acid is a linear glycuronoglycan consisting mainly of β-(1→4) linked D-mannuronic acid and L-glycuronic acid units in the pyranose ring form. Derivatives: Alginates are the derivatives of alginic acid. Derivative names: Ammonium alginate; Calcium alginate; Potassium alginate; Sodium alginate; Sodium calcium alginate Consumption:Annual: 386,666.7 lb Individual: 0.3276 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 173.310; 184.1133, 582.7133 (Ammonium alginate); 184.1187, 582.7187 (Calcium alginate); 184.1610, 582.7610 (Potassium alginate); 133.178, 133.179, 150.141, 150.161, 173.310, 184.1724, 582.7724 (Sodium alginate) FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Not specified (1992) (applies to the entire class of which individual compounds are a member) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 146.43 mg IOFI: n/a Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Available for the individual salts Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Condiment radish Frozen dairy

Usual Max. 65.00 200.00 1500.00 5200.00 470.00 1000.00

Food Category Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Sweet sauce

Usual Max. 1000.00 1000.00 110.00 340.00 3300.00 4500.00

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

ALKANET ROOT EXTRACT (FEMA #2016) Botanical name: Alkanna tinctoria Tausch Note: This compound has been removed from FEMA GRAS list #4, 1970.

ALLYL ANTHRANILATE Synonyms: Allyl 2-aminobenzoate; Allyl o-aminobenzoate; Allyl anthranilate; Anthranilic acid, allyl ester (8CI); Benzoic acid, 2-amino-, 2-propenyl ester (9CI) CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-63-2 254

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

254 231-331-0

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2020 20

NAS No.:

2020

Description: Allyl anthranilate is used as a flavor enhancer and flavoring agent. Consumption:Annual: 1.67 lb Individual: 0.00000141 mg/kg/day

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Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.289 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C10H11NO2/177.21 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Appearance

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid

Solubility

Boiling point

105°C

Specific gravity

Almost insoluble in water; soluble in essential oils; poorly soluble in propylene glycol 1.12

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 1.25 0.75 0.30

Max. 2.50 1.50 1.00

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 2.00 0.88 0.91

Max. 2.00 1.64 2.04

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ALLYL BUTYRATE Synonyms: Butenoic acid, 2-propenylester; 2-Propen-1-yl-butenoate; Allyl butanoate; Allyl butyrate; Butanoic acid, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); Butyric acid, allyl ester (8CI); 2-Propenyl butanoate; Vinyl carbinyl butyrate CAS No.: CoE No.:

2051-78-7 280

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

280 218-129-8

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2021 2

NAS No.:

2021

Description: Allyl butyrate has a peach/apricot odor and is used as a flavoring ingredient and adjuvant. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000263 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 1 ppm; Food: 3 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.428 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C7H12O2/128.17

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Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Acid value

1.0 (max)

Refractive index

Appearance

Colorless liquid

Solubility

Assay Boiling point

98.0% (min) 44-45°C

Specific gravity

1.412-1.418 Insoluble in water; soluble in ethanol and oils 0.897-0.902

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 0.67 2.04 1.15

Max. 1.33 4.55 2.28

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 0.92 0.65 1.84

Max. 1.70 1.47 3.56

Synthesis: From allyl alcohol and butyric acid in the presence of concentrated H2SO4 or ptoluenesulfonic acid in benzene. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 60 ppm: Fruity, green, tropical with sweet, fermented waxy nuances. Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ALLYL CINNAMATE Synonyms: Allyl 3-phenylopropenoate; Allyl β-phenylacrylate; Propenyl cinnamate; Allyl 3-phenylacrylate; Cinnamic acid, allyl ester (8CI); 2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl-, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); 2-Propenyl 3-phenyl-2-propenoate; Vinyl carbinyl cinnamate CAS No.: CoE No.:

1866-31-5 334

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

334 217-477-8

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2022 19

NAS No.:

2022

Description: A colorless liquid with peach- or apricot-like aroma. It is used as a flavoring agent or adjuvant. Consumption:Annual: 5.00 lb Individual: 0.00000423 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 1.305 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C11H18O2/188.22 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Acid value Appearance Assay Boiling point

1.0 (max) Colorless to light yellow, slightly viscous liquid 1.0 max 163°C

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Refractive index Solubility Specific gravity

1.5661 Soluble in ethanol; insoluble in water 1.046-1.058

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 0.50 7.68 2.65

Max. 2.00 10.08 4.65

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 2.28 0.92 4.38

Max. 3.83 1.81 7.27

Synthesis: By esterification of cinnamic acid with allyl alcohol in the presence of concentrated H2SO4. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ALLYL CYCLOHEXANEACETATE Synonyms: Acetic acid, cyclohexyl-, allyl ester; Allyl cyclohexaneacetate; Cyclohexaneacetic acid, allyl ester; Cyclohexaneacetic acid, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); Allyl cyclohexylacetate; Cyclohexylacetic acid allyl ester; 2-Propenyl cyclohexaneacetate CAS No.: CoE No.:

4728-82-9 2070

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2070 225-230-0

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2023 12

NAS No.:

2023

Description: A liquid with an intense, sweet, long-lasting fruital (pineapple, peach, apricot) aroma. It is used as a flavor enhancer, flavoring agent and adjuvant. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.0003417 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 6.858 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C12H12O2/182.26 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Acid value

1.0 max

Refractive index

Appearance

Colorless liquid

Solubility

Assay Boiling point

96.0% (min) 66°C

Specific gravity

1.455-1.499 Soluble in ethanol and oils; 1:4 in 80% ethanol 0.945-0.965

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 1.00 41.77 7.64

Max. 2.00 57.58 16.14

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 11.42 4.69 30.69

Max. 17.17 7.59 37.27

Synthesis: By esterfication of cyclohexane, acetic acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of benzene. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

ALLYL CYCLOHAXANE BUTYRATE Synonyms: Cyclohexanebutanoic acid, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); 2-Propenyl cyclohexanebutanoate; Allyl cyclohexyl butyrate CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-65-4 283

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

283 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2024 14

NAS No.:

2024

Description: A liquid with pineapple-like aroma. It is used as a flavoring agent or adjuvant. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000014 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 3.419 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C13H22O2/210.31 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Appearance

Colorless liquid

Boiling point

104°C

Refractive index 1.4608 Insoluble in water; soluble in ethanol, Solubility essential oils and flavor chemicals

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 1.00 14.86 11.43

Max. 2.00 31.71 31.06

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 10.50 7.36 13.07

Max. 28.33 8.57 28.43

Synthesis: By direct esterification in the presence of benzene. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ALLYL CYCLOHEXANEHEXANOATE Synonyms: Allyl cylohexylcaproate; Allyl cyclohexylcapronate; 2-Propenyl 6-cycloheaxane hexanoate; Allyl cyclohexylcaproate CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-66-5 2180

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2180 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2025 16

NAS No.:

2025

Description: Allyl cyclohexanehexanoate has a weak fatty, fruity odor and is used as a flavoring agent or adjuvant. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00005932 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996)

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.317 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: Artificial

C15H26O2/238.37 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Appearance

Colorless liquid

Refractive index

Boiling point

128° at 1.5 mmHg

Solubility

1.462 Insoluble in water; soluble in oils and ethanol

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 2.00 13.13 2.94

Max. 4.00 17.88 8.81

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 6.50 1.75 10.38

Max. 10.80 3.13 14.94

Synthesis: By direct esterification of the acid with allyl alcohol. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ALLYL CYCLOHEXANE PROPIONATE Synonyms: Allyl-3-cylohexylpropionate; Allyl β-cyclohexylpropionate; Allyl 3-cyclohexylpropionate; Allyl hexahydrophenylpropionate; 3-Allylcyclohexyl propionate; Cyclohexane-propanoic acid, 2-propenyl ester; Cyclohexanepropionic acid, allyl ester; Cyclohexanol, 3-allyl-, propionate; 2-Propenyl cyclohexanepropanoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

2705-87-5 2223

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2223 220-292-5

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2026 13

NAS No.:

2026

Description: A colorless liquid with pineapple aroma. Used as a flavoring agent or adjuvant. Consumption:Annual: 2200.0 lb Individual: 0.001864 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 10 ppm; Food: 10 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 9.222 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C12H2O2/196.29 Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance Acid value Acid value Assay

Colorless liquid 5.0 max Not more than 5.0 98% min (ester content)

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Boiling point Refractive index Solubility Specific gravity

91°C at 1 mmHg 1.4595 (1.4570-1.4620) at 22°C 1:4 in 80% ethanol 0.945-0.950 at 25°C / 25°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 2.33 52.27 9.56 20.11 21.36

Max. 5.33 71.15 17.21 28.75 29.81

Food Category Gravies Hard candy Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 1.00 7.41 7.20 44.97

Max. 2.00 10.00 13.80 57.80

Synthesis: By direct esterification of cyclohexylpropionic acid with allyl alcohol in the presence of benzene. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ALLYL CYCLOHEXANEVALERATE Synonyms: 2-Propenyl 5-cyclohexane pentanoate; Allyl cylohexylpentanoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-68-7 474

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

474 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2027 15

NAS No.:

2027

Description: Allyl cyclohexanvalerate has a characteristic fruital (peach, apricot, apple) aroma and is used as a flavoring agent or adjuvant. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.0000494 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.000 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C14H24O2/224.34 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Appearance

Colorless liquid

Boiling point

119°C

Refractive index 1.4605 Insoluble in water; soluble in ethanol, Solubility essential oils and flavor materials; poorly soluble in propylene glycol

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 2.00 11.25 3.42

Max. 4.00 17.17 6.92

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Synthesis: By direct esterification in the presence of benzene. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 4.93 1.53 7.71

Max. 8.32 2.63 11.64

4-ALLYL-2, 6-DIMETHOXYPHENOL Synonyms: 4-Allylsyringol; 6-methoxy eugenol; Phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-; 4Allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol; 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-allylphenol; 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-allylbenzene; Phenol, 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxy- (8CI); Phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)(9CI); Methoxyeugenol CAS No.: CoE No.:

6627-88-9 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

1651 229-600-2

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3655 n/a

NAS No.:

3655

Description: A clear liquid with a roasted, burnt, meaty, bacon aroma. It is used as a flavoring agent or adjuvant. Consumption:Annual: n/a Individual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.021 mg IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C11H14O3/194.23 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance

Clear pale-yellow liquid

Assay Boiling point

98%; 1.5% 2,6-dimethoxyphenol 168°C at 11 mmHg

Refractive index Solubility

1.549-1.550 at 20°C Insoluble in water; soluble in fats

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Cheese Condiment, relish Gravies Meat products

Usual 0.10 1.00 0.10 0.10

Max. 0.50 5.00 0.50 0.50

Food Category Poultry Seasoning, flavorings Snack foods Soups

Usual 0.05 1.00 0.10 0.05

Max. 0.20 5.00 0.50 0.20

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: Detection: 1.2 ppm Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 20 ppm: Meaty, phenolic, smoky and bacony, with creamy, vanilla nuances. Natural occurrence: Reported found in nutmeg, smoked pork belly, smoked sausage, natural smoked flavor banana, sherry and red wine.

ALLYL DISULFIDE Synonyms: Diallyl disulfide; Diallyl polysulfides; Disulfide, di-2-propenyl (9CI); Diallyl polysulfides; 4,5-Dithia-1,7-octadiene; 2-Propenyl disulphide CAS No.: CoE No.:

2179-57-9 485

©2002 CRC Press LLC

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

485 218-548-6

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2028 n/a

NAS No.:

2028

Description: Allyl disulfide has characteristic garlic odor. It is used as a flavor enhancer, flavoring agent or adjuvant. Consumption:Annual: 160.00 lb Individual: 0.0001355 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Food: 5 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.180 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C6H10S2/146.26 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance

Liquid

Solubility

Boiling point 138/139°C (79°C at 16 mmHg) Refractive index 1.541 at 20°C

Specific gravity

Insoluble in water; soluble in most common organic solvents 1.010 at 15°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Condiment, relish Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.10 9.09 13.82 0.10 0.50

Max. 1.00 13.16 15.21 1.00 1.00

Food Category Gravies Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy Soups

Usual 2.00 9.40 0.07 0.50 1.00

Max. 6.50 13.10 0.68 1.00 10.00

Synthesis: By oxidation of allyl mercaptan with iodine in the presence of pyridine and ethanol; from sodium allyl thiosulfate with potassium hydroxide. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 4.3 to 30 ppb; Recognition: 80 ppb Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 2 ppm: Green onion and garlic-like with meaty nuances. Natural occurrence: Main constituent of Allium sativum essential oil. Reported found in onion (Allium cipa, L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.), nira (Allium tuberosum rottl.), raw cabbage and caucas (Allium victoralis L.).

ALLYL-2-ETHYLBUTYRATE Synonyms: Butanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); Butyric acid, 2-ethyl-, allyl ester (8CI); 2-Propenyl 2-ethylbutanoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-69-8 281

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

281 231-332-6

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2029 n/a

NAS No.:

2029

Description: A liquid with ethereal aroma and slightly fruit-like note. Used as a flavor enhancer, flavoring agent or adjuvant. Consumption:Annual: 0.17 lb Individual: 0.00000014 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.615 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C9H16O2/156.23 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance

Colorless liquid

Refractive index

Acid value

1.0

Solubility

Assay Boiling point

99.0% 165-167°C; 58-60°C at 6 mmHg

Specific gravity

1.4240 at 15°C Insoluble in water; soluble in ethanol 0.882-0.887

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 1.00 3.00 1.50

Max. 2.00 5.50 3.00

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 1.60 0.83 2.28

Max. 2.80 1.38 4.25

Synthesis: By prolonged heating of 2-ethylbutyric acid (sodium salt) with allyl bromide in xylene; by direct esterification of the acid with allyl alcohol. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ALLYL 2-FUROATE Synonyms: Allyl furan-2carboxylate; Allyl pyromucate; 2-Furancarboxylic acid; 2-Propenyl ester; 2-Propenyl 2-furoate; Allyl 2-furancarboxylate; Allyl furoate; Allyl 2-furoate; 2-Furancarboxylic acid, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); 2-Furoic acid, allyl ester (8CI); 2-Propenyl 2-furancarboxylate CAS No.: CoE No.:

4208-49-5 EEC No.: 360 EINECS No.:

360 FEMA No.: 2030 224-128-3 JECFA No.: 21

NAS No.:

2030

Description: A liquid with caramelic, fruity odor. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000289 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 0.5 ppm; Food: 2 ppm FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.288 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C8H8O3/152.15 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Appearance

Colorless or pale-straw liquid

Refractive index

1.495 (Part 1 of 2)

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) (Continued) Boiling point

206-209°C

Specific gravity

1.181 (Part 2 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Condiment, relish Frozen dairy

Usual 0.50 1.50 1.10 0.27

Max. 1.00 3.20 1.40 1.80

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 0.75 0.24 1.55

Max. 1.60 0.54 3.14

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in grilled and roasted beef and shoyu (fermented soya hydrolysate).

ALLYL HEPTANOATE Synonyms: Allyl heptoate; Allyl oenanthate; Ally enanthate; Allyl heptylate; Heptanoic acid, allyl ester (8CI); Heptanoic acid, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); 2-Propenyl heptanoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

142-19-8 369

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

369 205-527-1

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2031 4

NAS No.:

2031

Description: A liquid with characteristic wine odor and a slight banana note and banana-like flavor. Consumption:Annual: 550.00 lb Individual: 0.0004661 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 2 ppm: Food: 10 ppm FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: 0-0.15 (1990) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.388 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C10H18O2/170.25 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Acid value Appearance Assay Boiling point

1.0 (max) Colorless to yellow liquid 97.0% (min) 210°C

Refractive index Solubility Specific gravity

1.426-1.430 1:1 in 95% ethanol 0.880-0.885

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Confectionery, frosting Frozen dairy Fruit ices

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 0.80 1.00 2.80 1.00 3.00 2.50

Max. 0.90 4.00 4.80 24.00 4.00 5.00

Food Category Gravies Hard candy Jams, jellies Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual Max. 0.01 0.01 4.72 9.88 0.45 0.45 0.01 0.01 1.00 14.00 2.00 10.00 (Part 1 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) (Continued) Food Category Fruit juice Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.02 1.00

Max. 0.05 2.00

Food Category Sweet sauce

Usual 0.08

Max. 0.10

(Part 2 of 2)

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 10 ppm; Fruity, pineapple-like with waxy tropical nuance. Natural occurrence: Reported found in some varieties of mushroom.

ALLYL HEXANOATE Synonyms: Allyl caproate; Allyl capronate; 2-Propenyl hexanoate; Allyl caproate; Allyl hexanoate; Hexanoic acid, allyl ester (8CI); Hexanoic acid, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); 2-Propenyl hexanoate; 2-Propenyl n-hexanoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

123-68-2 2181

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2181 204-642-4

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2032 3

NAS No.:

2032

Description: A colorless liquid with fruity sweet, pineapple-like taste and fruit-like aroma (pineapple). Consumption:Annual: 16,033.3 lb Individual: 0.01358 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 3 ppm; Food: 5 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: 0-0.13 (1990) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 10.749 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C9H16O2/156.23 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Acid value

1.0 (max)

Appearance

Colorless to light-yellow stable mobile liquid

Assay 98.0% (min) Boiling point 185°C

Refractive index 1.422-1.426 Insoluble in water at 260° and in propylene glycol; soluble in ethanol, fixed Solubility organic oils and organic solvents Specific gravity 0.884-0.890

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 2.77 56.72 28.63 27.04 30.05

Max. 5.50 80.28 181.20 43.14 46.27

Food Category Gravies Hard candy Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 0.01 18.63 0.16 11.94 51.86

Max. 0.01 53.79 0.29 21.98 71.82

Synthesis: By esterification of n-caproic acid with allyl alcohol in the presence of concentrated H2SO4 or of naphthalene-β-sulfonic acid in benzene under a nitrogen blanket. Aroma threshold values: n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in baked potato, mushroom and pineapple.

ALLYL α-IONONE Synonyms: Allyl ionone; Butenyl α-cyclocitrylidenemethyl ketone; Cetone V; α-Cyclocitrylidenemethyl butenyl ketone; 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1,6-heptadiene-3-one; Allyl alpha-ionone; 1,6-Heptadien-3-one, 1-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-; Ionone, allyl alpha-; 1-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)hepta-1,6-dien-3-one; 1-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1,6-heptadien-3-one CAS No.: CoE No.:

79-78-7 2040

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2040 201-225-9

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2033 401

NAS No.:

2033

Description: A yellow liquid with a meaty, spicy, slightly floral, woody taste and a strong fruital aroma reminiscent of pineapple. Consumption:Annual: 466.67 lb Individual: 0.0003954 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 0.5 ppm; Food: 3 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: No safety concern (1999) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.712 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C15H24O/232.35 Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance

Colorless to yellow liquid

Refractive index

Assay

88% min

Solubility

Boiling point 102-104°C at 0.15 mmHg Flash point

Specific gravity

1.50402 (1.5030-1.5070) at 20°C 1:8 in 70% ethanol; insoluble in water 0.9289 at 20°C; 0.928-0.935 at 25°C / 25°C

>100°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.30 3.62 1.19 1.56

Max. 0.75 6.26 2.87 3.54

Food Category Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 0.70 0.62 4.19

Max. 1.50 1.28 6.39

Synthesis: By condensation of citral and allyl acetone in the presence of sodium methoxide and subsequent ring closure in the presence of boron trifluoride. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 2 ppm: Floral, sweet, fruity, woody and orrislike nuance. Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

ALLYL ISOTHIOCYANATE Synonyms: Mustard oil (mustard oil volatile, synthetic); Allyl isorhodanide; Allyl isosulfocyanate; Allyl isosulphocyanate; Allyl isothiocyanate, non-perfume grade; Allyl isothiocyanate, stabilized; Allyl mustard oil; Allylsenevol; Allylsenfoel; Allyl sevenolum; Allyl thiocarbonimide; Artificial mustard oil; Artificial oil of mustard; Carbospol; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 004901; 3-Isothiocyanato-1-propene; Isothiocyanic acid, allyl ester (8CI); Oil of mustard; Oil of mustard, artificial CAS No.: CoE No.:

57-06-7 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2110 200-309-2

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2034 n/a

NAS No.:

2034

Description: A colorless liquid with very pungent irritating odor and acrid taste; lachrymatory. Consumption:Annual: 63,666.6 lb Individual: 0.05395 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 16.138 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C4H5NS/99.19 Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance

Colorless to pale-yellow strongly refractive liquid; tends to darken on aging

Refractive index

Boiling point

152°C

Solubility

Melting point

-102.5°C

Specific gravity

1.52481 at 15°C 1:8 in 80% ethanol; slightly soluble in water; completely miscible with ether, chloroform and benzene 1.02356 at 15°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Condiment, relish Fats, oils Fish products Gelatin, pudding Gravies

Usual Max. 25.00 100.00 718.00 5000.00 49.99 50.00 0.05 0.07 1.00 2.00 2.00 10.00

Food Category Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Processed vegetables Seasoning, flavorings Snack foods Soft candy

Usual Max. 35.22 61.16 1.00 2.00 30.00 50.00 6.50 30.00 48.00 100.00 1.60 3.50

Synthesis: By distillation of sodium thiocyanate and allyl chloride. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: In the essential oil from seeds of Brassica nigra Koch, Brassica juncea Hook. and Thoms., and Thlaspi arvense; in the essential oil from roots of Cochlearia armoracia; in the seeds and roots of Alliaria officinalis; in onion juice; and in the seeds of various Cruciferae. Reported found in pineapple (Anans comoscus), raw cabbage, cooked cabbage, sauerkraut, milk, heated beans, horseradish (Armoracia lapathifolia), raw cauli-

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flower, Brussels sprouts, turnip, Chinese cabbage, wasabi (Japanese horseradish) (Wasabi japonica).

ALLYL ISOVALERATE Synonyms: Allyl isovalerianate; Allyl 3-methylbutyrate; Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); Butyric acid, 3-methyl-, allyl ester; Isovaleric acid, allyl ester (8CI); 3-Methylbutanoic acid, 2-propenyl ester; 3-Methylbutyric acid, allyl ester; 2-Propenyl isovalerate; 2-Propenyl 3-methylbutanoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

2835-39-4 2098

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2098 220-609-7

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2045 n/a

NAS No.:

2045

Description: A liquid with a fruitlike (apple, cherry) aroma. Used as a flavoring agent or adjuvant. Consumption:Annual: 3.33 lb Individual: 0.00000282 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 4.008 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C8H14O2/142.20 Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Appearance

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid

Refractive index

Acid value

1.0

Solubility

Assay Boiling point

98% 89-90°C

Specific gravity

1.413-1.418 Insoluble in water; 1 ml in 1 ml 95% alcohol 0.879-0.884

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 5.00 19.07 16.00 10.78

Max. 10.00 28.94 35.33 12.44

Food Category Hard candy Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Synthesis: By direct esterification in the presence of benzene. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 37.00 4.28 22.72

Max. 37.00 11.05 37.02

ALLYL MERCAPTAN Synonyms: Allyl sulfhydrate; 2-Propene-1-thiol; Allylthiol; Prop-2-ene-1-thiol; 2-Propene-1-thiol (8CI)(9CI) CAS No.: CoE No.:

870-23-5 476

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

476 212-792-7

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2035 n/a

NAS No.:

2035

Description: A colorless liquid with strong garlic odor. Used as a flavor enhancer, flavoring agent or adjuvant. Consumption:Annual: 26.67 lb Individual: 0.00002259 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 0.5 ppm; Food: 2 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.408 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C3H6S/74.14 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance

Colorless liquid; tends to darken on aging

Refractive index 0.925 at 23°C

Boiling point

67-68°C

Solubility

Insoluble in water; completely miscible with alcohol and ether

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Condiment, relish Frozen dairy

Usual 0.10 0.51 2.34 1.05

Max. 0.50 1.68 3.58 15.25

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 0.53 3.10 0.28 0.71

Max. 1.05 5.53 0.84 1.75

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: Detection: 0.005 ppb Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in onion, garlic and caucas (Allium victoralis L.).

ALLYL METHYL DISULFIDE Synonyms: Allyl methyl disulfide; Allyl methyl disulphide CAS No.: CoE No.:

2179-58-0 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2176 218-549-1

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3127 568

NAS No.:

3127

Description: An oil-soluble organosulfur compound present in garlic and onion with a strong odor. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000017 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

JECFA: No safety concern at current level of intake (1999) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.292 mg Empirical Formula/MW: C4H8S2/120.23 Specifications: (JECFA, 1999) Appearance Assay

Colorless liquid 90.0% (min)

Boiling point Refractive index

IOFI: Nature Identical

83-84°C 1.533-1.535

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.60 0.73 0.60 0.60

Max. 1.00 2.00 1.50 1.50

Food Category Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 1.00 0.60 0.75

Max. 2.00 1.50 2.00

Synthesis: By treating a mixture of corresponding aliphatic thiosulfates with an alkali metal sulfide. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in garlic (Allium sativum L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.), nira (Allium tuberosum rottl.), caucas (Allium victoralis L.), nobiru (Allium grayi regal).

ALLYL METHYL TRISULFIDE Synonyms: Methyl allyl trisulfide; Allyl methyl trisulfide; Allyl methyl trisulphide; Methylallyl trisulfide; Methyl allyl trisulphide CAS No.: CoE No.:

34135-85-8 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

2177 251-843-8

FEMA No.: 3253 JECFA No.: 586

NAS No.:

3253

Description: An oil-soluble component of garlic with a strong odor. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000001 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: No safety concern at current level of intake (1999) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.529 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C4H8S3/152.30 Specifications: (JECFA, 1999) Boiling point

47°C

Refractive index

1.593-1.603

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Condiment, relish Gravies

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 2.00 2.00 2.00

Max. 2.00 2.00 2.00

Food Category Meat products Soups

Usual 2.00 2.00

Max. 2.00 2.00

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in garlic (Allium sativum L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.), nira (Allium tuberosum rottl.), caucas (Allium victoralis L.), nobiru (Allium grayi regal).

ALLYL NONANOATE Synonyms: Allyl pelargonate; Allyl nonan-1-oate; Nonanoic acid, allyl ester (8CI); Nonanoic acid, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); 2-Propenyl nonanoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-72-3 2036

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

390 231-334-7

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2036 6

NAS No.:

2036

Description: Allyl nonanoate has a characteristic fruital aroma (cognac, pineapple) with sweet, waxy, fruity, wine-like taste. Consumption:Annual: < 1.00 lb Individual: 0.00002118 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current level of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.93 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C12H22O2/198.31 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Appearance

Colorless oily liquid

Assay

96.5% (min)

Boiling point

241-242°C

Refractive index 1.430-1.436 Insoluble in water; soluble Solubility in ethanol, essential oils and flavor chemicals Specific gravity 0.872-0.880

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.50 5.00 2.00 2.50

Max. 1.00 8.50 4.22 4.50

Food Category Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 0.50 0.60 4.42

Max. 10.00 1.40 7.52

Synthesis: By esterification of nonanoic acid with allyl alcohol in benzene solution in the presence of naphthalene-β-sulfonic acid. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 10 ppm: Waxy, slightly green with creamy berry and fruity nuance. Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

ALLYL OCTANOATE Synonyms: Allyl caprylate; Allyl octylate; Allyl octanoate; Octanoic acid, allyl ester (8CI); Octanoic acid, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); 2-Propenyl octanoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

4230-97-1 400

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

400 224-184-9

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2037 5

NAS No.:

2037

Description: Allyl octanoate has a fruity odor and oily-winey undernote. It has a pineapple, banana, fatty, fruity taste. Consumption: Annual: 23.33 lb Individual: 0.00001977 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current level of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 3.98 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C11H20O2/184.28 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance

Colorless to pale-yellow oily liquid

Refractive index 1.432-1.434

Assay

97.0% (min)

Solubility

Boiling point

222°C

Specific gravity

Soluble in ethanol and fixed oils; insoluble in glycerol and water at 260°C; slightly soluble in propylene glycol 0.872-0.880

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 1.00 20.99 6.96

Max. 2.00 30.58 13.60

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 18.43 4.02 16.75

Max. 34.71 8.34 22.34

Synthesis: By esterification of caprylic acid with allyl alcohol in benzene in the presence of naphthalene-β-sulfonic acid. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 10 ppm: Fatty, fruity, pineapple tropical-like. Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ALLYL PHENOXYACETATE Synonyms: Acetate p.a.; Acetic acid, phenoxy-, allyl ester (8CI); Acetic acid, phenoxy-, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); Allyl phenoxyacetate; 2-Propenyl phenoxyacetate CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-74-5 228

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

228 231-335-2

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2038 18

NAS No.:

2038

Description: Allyl phenoxyacetate is a colorless liquid with honey- and pineapple-like aroma. Consumption:Annual: 50.00 lb Individual: 0.00004237 mg/kg/day

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current level of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.37 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C11H12O3/192.22 Specifications: (FCC, 1996, proposed 2000) Acid value

Not more than 1.0

Refractive index

Appearance

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid

Solubility

Assay Boiling point

97.0% of C11H12O3 265°C

Specific gravity

1.513-1.518 at 20°C Soluble in alcohol (1 ml in 1 ml 95% ethanol); slightly soluble in propylene glycol; very slightly soluble in water; insoluble in vegetable oils 1.10-1.105 at 25°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 0.50 1.83 1.17

Max. 1.00 4.42 2.83

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 0.27 0.53 2.16

Max. 2.00 0.98 4.70

Synthesis: By direct esterification in benzene solution. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ALLYL PHENYLACETATE Synonyms: Allyl α-toluate; Acetic acid, phenyl-, allyl ester (8CI); Allyl phenylacetate; Benzeneacetic acid, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); Phenylacetic acid allyl ester; 2-Propenyl benzeneacetate; 2-Propenyl phenylacetate CAS No.: CoE No.:

1797-74-6 2162

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2162 217-281-2

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2039 17

NAS No.:

2039

Description: A colorless liquid with sweet honey-like, but faint odor and sweet fruity undertones. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.0000833 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996)

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 6.18 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: Artificial

C11H12O2/176.22 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Appearance Assay

Colorless, slightly viscous liquid 99.0% (min)

Boiling point Refractive index

89-93°C 1.5122

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 5.00 36.27 6.55

Max. 10.00 46.98 9.04

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 17.63 4.18 14.22

Max. 22.37 6.90 18.71

Synthesis: By direct esterification in benzene solution. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ALLYL PROPIONATE Synonyms: Propanoic acid, 2-propenyl ester (9CI); 2-Propenyl propanoate; Propionic acid, allyl ester (8CI) CAS No.: CoE No.:

2408-20-0 2094

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2094 219-307-8

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2040 1

NAS No.:

2040

Description: A colorless liquid with sharp, sour, fruity odor and ethereal fruity (apricot, apple) taste. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000043 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.27 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C6H10O2/114.15 Specifications: (FCC, 1996, proposed 2000) Acid value

Not more than 2.0

Refractive index

Appearance

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid

Solubility

Assay Boiling point

97.0% of C6H10O2 124°C

Specific gravity

©2002 CRC Press LLC

1.408-1.413 at 20°C Soluble in alcohol (1 ml in 1 ml 95% ethanol) propylene glycol, vegetable oils; insoluble in water 0.912-0.917 at 25°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 5.00 10.00 12.00 13.00

Max. 10.00 20.00 17.00 15.00

Food Category Hard candy Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 5.60 1.00 10.00

Max. 5.60 2.00 90.00

Synthesis: By direct esterification of the acid with allyl alcohol in benzene solution in the presence of concentrated H2SO4, or of p-toluene sulfonic acid. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ALLYL SORBATE Synonyms: Allyl-2,4-hexadienoate; Allyl hexa-2,4-dieonoate; Allyl sorbate; 2-Propenyl sorbate; 2,4-Hexadienoic acid, 2-propenyl ester, (E,E)-; (E,E)-2-Propenyl 2,4-hexadienoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-75-6 2182

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2182 231-336-8

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2041 8

NAS No.:

2041

Description: Allyl sorbate is a colorless liquid with a fruital pineapple-like odor. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000061 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.84 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C9H12O2/152.19 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Appearance Assay Boiling point

Colorless to light yellow liquid 99% 67°C

Refractive Index Solubility Specific gravity

1.506 Soluble in ethanol 0.945-0.947

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 17.07 10.00 2.25

Max. 17.07 10.00 6.00

Food Category Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 1.45 7.00

Max. 1.45 10.00

ALLYL SULFIDE Synonyms: Allyl monosulfide; Allyl sulfide (8CI); Diallyl monosulfide; Diallyl sulfide; Diallyl sulphide; Diallyl thioather; Diallyl thioether; Oil garlic; 1-Propene, 3,3'-thiobis(9CI); 2-Propenyl sulphide; Thioallyl ether; 3,3-Thiobis(1-propene); 3,3'-Thiobis-1-propene CAS No.: CoE No.:

592-88-1 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2174 209-775-1

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2042 458

NAS No.:

2042

Description: A colorless liquid with characteristic garlic odor. Oil soluble component of garlic. Consumption:Annual: 6.67 lb Individual: 0.00000564 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: No safety concern at current level of intake (1999) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 1.86 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C6H10S/114.20 Specifications: (JECFA, 1999) Appearance Boiling point Refractive index

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid 138-139°C 1.488-1.492

Solubility Specific gravity

Insoluble in water; miscible in ethyl, alcohol and diethyl 0.887-0.892

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Condiment, relish Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.01 7.67 8.94 0.01 0.01

Max. 0.04 10.53 9.98 0.04 0.04

Food Category Gravies Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 1.00 9.22 0.01 0.04

Max. 3.00 10.89 0.04 0.05

Synthesis: From allyl iodide plus potassium sulfide in alcohol. Aroma threshold values: 0.05 ppb Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in garlic (Allium sativum L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), nira (Allium tuberosum rottl.), caucas (Allium victoralis L.), mustard (Brassica species), and cooked/boiled beef.

ALLYL THIOPROPIONATE Synonyms: Propionic acid, thioacrylic ester; Thiopropionic acid, allyl ester; Allyl thiopropionate CAS No.: CoE No.:

41820-22-8 EEC No.: 11436 EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3329 490

NAS No.:

3329

Description: Allyl thiopropionate has a sweet, alliaceous odor. Consumption:Annual: 1.67 lb Individual: 0.00000141 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status:

©2002 CRC Press LLC

CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: No safety concern at current level of intake (1999) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.047 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: Artificial

C6H10OS/130.21 Specifications: (JECFA, 1999) Assay

83% + 15% diallylsulfide

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Condiment, relish

Usual 0.25 0.25

Max. 0.25 0.25

Food Category Gravies Soups

Usual 0.25 0.25

Max. 0.25 0.25

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 10 ppm: Pungent, sharp, alliaceous, acrylatelike with tropical depth. Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ALLYL TIGLATE Synonyms: Allyl-trans-2,3-dimethylacrylate; Allyl-trans-2-methyl-2-butenoate; Allyl 2methylcrotonate; Allyl tiglate; 2-Butenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-propenyl ester, (E)CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-71-2 2183

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2183 231-333-1

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2043 10

NAS No.:

2043

Description: Allyl tiglate has green, fruity, berry-like odor and earthy rooty taste. It is used in fruit flavors. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000988 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 4.99 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C8H12O2/148.18 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Appearance

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid

Acid value

1.0 (min)

Assay

98% max

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Refractive index 1.451-1.454 Slightly soluble in water, Solubility ether and most fixed oils Specific gravity 0.939-0.943

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 30.25 4.25 20.00

Max. 39.25 5.50 25.00

Food Category Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 2.55 10.25

Max. 4.15 14.25

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ALLYL 10-UNDECENOATE Synonyms: Allyl undecylenate; Allyl undecylenoate; Allyl undec-10-enoate; Allyl 10undecenoate; 2-Propenyl 10-undecenoate; 10-Undecenoic acid, allyl ester (8CI); 10-Undecenoic acid, 2-propenyl ester (9CI) CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-76-7 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

441 231-337-3

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2044 9

NAS No.:

2044

Description: Allyl 10-undecenoate has a fruital aroma suggestive of pineapple. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000438 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1996) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 1.49 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C14H24O2/223.34 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Acid value

1.0 (max)

Appearance

Colorless oily liquid

Assay Boiling point

98.0% (min) 180°C

Refractive index 1.448 Insoluble in water; soluble in Solubility ethanol, propylene glycol and organic solvents Specific gravity 0.8802

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 0.50 8.39 1.56

Max. 1.00 11.82 2.36

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 7.75 1.02 2.50

Max. 11.00 2.26 4.15

Synthesis: By azeotropic distillation of a benzene solution of the corresponding acid and allyl alcohol in the presence of naphthalene-β-sulfonic acid. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

ALMOND BITTER Botanical name: Prunus amygdalus Batsch, P. armeniaca, P. persica (L.) Batsch Botanical family: Rosaceae Other names: Peach kernel; Apricot kernel Foreign names: Amandes ameres (Fr.), Bittermandel (Ger.), Almendra amarga (Sp.), Mandorla amara (It.) CAS No.: CoE No.:

8013-76-1 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

366 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2046 n/a

NAS No.:

2046

Description: Bitter almond has an intense, almond-like, cherry aroma with a slightly astringent, moldy taste. The term bitter almond refers to the essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the partially de-oleated press-cake of kernels from any of the following: bitter almond (P. amygdalus), apricot (P. armeniaca) and peach (P. persica). The kernels from these and other such fruits contain the glucoside amygdalin, which on enzymatic hydrolysis yields benzaldehyde and HCN. The distilled oil must be rendered free of HCN (prussic acid) prior to its marketing as a flavor ingredient. Very little essential oil is currently made exclusively from bitter almonds or other fruit kernels; specially purified benzaldehyde is often used in its place. Consumption:Annual: 386,166.70 lb Individual: 0.3272 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 182.20, 582.20 FDA (other): HOC (1992) JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 25.70 mg IOFI: Natural Specifications: (FCC, 1996) Assay Acid value Angular rotation Chlorinated compounds

Not less than 95% of aldehydes, calculated as benzaldehyde (C7H6O) No more than 8.0 Optically inactive or not more than ± 0.15° Passes test

Heavy metals (as Pb) Passes test Hydrocyanic acid Refractive index Specific gravity

Passes test (about 0.15%) Between 1.541 and 1.546 at 20°C Between 1.040 and 1.050

Physical-chemical characteristics: Oil intended for use as a flavor ingredient is treated to remove traces of HCN by precipitation as insoluble calcium ferrocyanide. Essential oil composition: Bitter-almond oil is obtained by first cold expressing the fixed oils from the comminuted kernels, after which the press-cake is macerated in about 10 parts of water for 12 to 20 hours to effect the enzymatic hydrolysis of amygdalin. The mixture is then steam distilled to yield about 0.5 to 0.7% of the essential oil. Bitter almonds are rarely used because the yield of oil is only 0.6%. Apricot kernels yield 1.2% of oil and are the preferred starting material. The major components of the oil are typically 97.5% benzaldehyde (bitter almond) and 2% hydrogen cyanide (bitter almond). Reported uses (ppm): Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 70.87 49.63

Max. 160.6 79.90

Food Category Hard candy Milk product

Usual Max. 25.28 201.0 28.38 35.57 (Part 1 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (Continued) Food Category Chewing gum Frozen dairy Fruit juice Gelatin, pudding

Usual 161.80 40.84 57.75 33.95

Max. 605.00 48.65 157.00 51.65

Food Category Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy Sweet sauce

Usual Max. 25.36 50.35 72.11 130.50 575.00 575.00 (Part 2 of 2)

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 20 ppm: Cherry pit a sweet creamy, fruity background.

ALOE Botanical name: Aloe perryi Baker, A. barbadensis Mill., A. Ferox Mill. and hybrids of this species with A. Africana and A. spicata Baker Botanical family: Liliaceae Other names: Aloe ext.; Aloe, extract (Aloe spp.) Foreign names: Aloes (Fr.), Aloe (Gr.), Aloe (Sp.), Aloe (It.) CAS No.: CoE No.:

84837-08-1 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

28 284-293-2

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2047 n/a

NAS No.:

2047

Description: The various species of aloe are plants with stalks about 1 meter in height, few branches, and succulent basal leaves that are quite elongated and spiny-toothed; the flowers are spicated. The plant is native to southern Africa. The useful product is the juice, extracted by cutting the succulent leaves when turgid; the juice is subsequently concentrated and dried. Technically and commercially dried aloe juices are distinguished by their characteristic cleavage (glassy or waxy) (Burdock, 1997). Aloe extract derived from the concentrated juice from the leaves of the plant has a very bitter characteristic flavor. Extracts and tinctures are sometimes used in liquer formulations because of the bitter flavor. Derivatives: Aloe derivatives include fluid extract, dry and soft extracts, and tincture (10% in 80% ethanol). The main constituent of the juice and its derivatives is aloin, which varies from 5 to 25%. Consumption: Annual: 233.33 lb Individual: 0.0001977 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.510 FDA (other): HOC (1992) JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 5.585 mg IOFI: Natural Physical-chemical characteristics: The oil is a mobile pale-yellow liquid exhibiting a peculiar odor and an extremely bitter flavor. Apparently, the essential oil is of little or no commercial use as a flavor ingredient (Burdock, 1997). Other characteristics include: Specific gravity: 0.863; Boiling point: 266 to 271°C. Essential oil composition: Aloe juice contains about 2% essential oil. The main constituent of the juice and its derivatives (fluid extract, dry and soft extracts, and tincture) is aloin. Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages

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Usual 92.20

Max. 186.00

Food Category Nonalcoholic beverages

Usual Max. 15.25 190.00 (Part 1 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) (Continued) Food Category Condiment, relish

Usual 48.00

Max. 48.00

Food Category Soft candy

Usual Max. 100.00 500.00 (Part 2 of 2)

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

ALTHEA FLOWERS Botanical name: Althea officinalis L. Botanical family: Malvacea Foreign names: Guimeure officinal (Fr.), Echter Eibisch (Ger.) Altea comun (Sp.), Altea officinate (It.) CAS No.: CoE No.:

977052-71-3 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

31 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

n/a n/a

NAS No.:

6001

Description: The althea, or marshmallow, is a perennial herb 50-150 cm high growing preferentially in marshy areas as well as in the lower mountain areas in central and southern Europe, North Africa, Asia and North America. The plant (wild or cultivated) has long, spindle-shaped or cylindrical roots (grayish yellow externally, fleshy white internally), erect stems, alternate ovate white leaves and white or pinkish racemose flowers blossoming from July through September. Derivatives: Infusion (3-5%), fluid extract, syrup and tinctures (20%) Consumption:Annual: n/a Individual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.510 FDA (other): Listed in Inactive Ingredient Guide (CDER, 1996); HOC (1992) JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: n/a IOFI: Natural Reported uses (ppm): n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

Althea Root CAS No.: CoE No.:

977005-75-6 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

31 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

Description: See above, Althea Flowers. Consumption:Annual: 316.67 lb Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.510 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.551 mg Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods

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Usual 10.00

Max. 20.00

2048 n/a

NAS No.:

2048

Individual: 0.0002683 mg/kg/day

Food Category Nonalcoholic beverages

IOFI: Natural Usual Max. 5.77 7.16 (Part 1 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) (Continued) Food Category Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 10.00 5.00

Max. 20.00 10.00

Food Category Soft candy

Usual 10.00

Max. 20.00

(Part 2 of 2)

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

AMBERGRIS Genus/Species: Physeter macrocephalus L., P. catodon Other names: Ambra (tincture); ambregris (tincture) Foreign names: Ambre gris (Fr.), Grauer Amber (Ger.), Amber gris (Sp.), Ambra grigia (It.) CAS No.: CoE No.:

977023-08-7 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

n/a 232-454-2

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2049 n/a

NAS No.:

2049

Description: Ambergris, also called ambra, is the pathological tissue resulting from the consumption of indigestible components by whales. It accumulates in the intestinal tract of the sperm or cachalot whale. It may become dislodged from the intestinal tract and is occasionally washed ashore (Somaliland, Mozambique, Java, Japan and Madagascar); more often it is found in whales taken in commercial hunts. Tissue ranges from 50 to 150 g in weight, although occasionally much larger pieces are found. Ambergris usually is distinguished commercially in four different qualities, depending on the color and physical appearance, i.e., as soft black amber, waxy ash-gray amber, gray amber or white amber. The latter two qualities are the most valued. The quality of ambergris may improve on aging and particularly when exposed to daylight and saltwater. Ambergris tincture has a peculiar, sweet, extremely tenacious odor with a seaweed, moss-like undertone. Although ambergris is used mainly in perfumery, the tincture may be employed in the formulation of aromas to confer special bouquets to liqueurs, tobacco, fruit flavors and beverages, candy and ice-cream flavors. Derivatives: Dried or powdered ambra is never used as such. Usually it is used as a tincture (3-5% in 90-95% ethanol), extract or resinoid (prepared by concentration of the tincture). The alcoholic extract is aged in tightly sealed bottles in darkness to allow the full development of odor. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000175 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 182.50, 582.50 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.181 mg IOFI: Natural Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Frozen dairy Nonalcoholic beverages

Usual 1.00 1.44

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Max. 2.00 2.54

Food Category Soft candy

Usual 1.00

Max. 4.00

AMBRETTE Botanical name: Hibiscus abelmoschus L. Botanical family: Malvaceae Foreign names: Ambrette, graines (Fr.), Moschuskörner (Ger.), Abelmosco, semillas (Sp.), Ambretta, semi (It.) Description: The plant, originally from eastern India, is now cultivated in several tropical and equatorial countries. The fruits of the cultivated plant, Hibiscus abelmoschus L., contain the flat, kidney-shaped seeds about 4 mm long and 3 mm thick. The seeds are grayish-red but sometimes greenish in color. Although the better-quality seeds are said to come from Martinique, seeds are also produced in Angola, Ecuador, China, Indonesia, Madagascar and Seychelles. Derivatives: Essential oil; a 10% tincture is obtained by maceration of the crushed seeds in 65% ethanol.

Ambrette Absolute Oil CAS No.: CoE No.:

991770-79-0 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

228 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2050 n/a

NAS No.:

2050

Description: The raw essence is derived from the steam distillation of whole or crushed ambrette seeds, with use of the latter providing a higher quantity of palmitic acid in the distillate. Removal of the fatty acid by alcohol extraction or precipitation by divalent salts produces the liquid essential oil. The essential oil is a clear, yellow to amber-colored liquid with a characteristic aromatic flavor, and a distinctly brandy-like and floral, musky odor. Adulteration with ambrettolide, farnesol or other macrocyclic lactones has occurred. The main constituents of the oil include farnesol and ambrettolide. Consumption:Annual: 1.17 lb Individual: 0.00000098 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.50 mg IOFI: Natural Specifications: There are two essential oils: raw essence and liquid. The raw essence is obtained by steam distillation of seeds. It solidifies at 35 to 39°C because it contains large amounts of fatty acids (primarily palmitic). The liquid essential oil is obtained by removing the fatty acid from the raw essence by solvent extraction (alcohol) or precipitation of the fatty acids as the calcium or magnesium salts. The essential oil has the following characteristics: Specifications: Acid value

< 3.0

Optical rotation

- 2º30' to + 3º0'

Refractive index

1.468 to 1.485 at 20°C

Saponification value 140 to 200 1: 2 to 1: 5 in 80% ethanol, Solubility 1: 0.5 in 90% ethanol Specific gravity 0.898 to 0.920 at 25°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods

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Usual 5.00 1.40

Max. 7.00 2.19

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages

Usual Max. 1.37 2.84 0.80 1.51 (Part 1 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) (Continued) Food Category Frozen dairy

Usual 1.37

Max. 2.84

Food Category Soft candy

Usual Max. 1.69 2.48 (Part 2 of 2)

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

Ambrette Seed CAS No.: CoE No.:

977052-20-2 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

n/a n/a

NAS No.:

6171

Description: The seeds are processed to extract raw essence and the essential oil. The dried seeds and tinctures (a 10% tincture is obtained by maceration of the crushed seeds in 65% ethanol) are used primarily in the manufacture of liqueurs, vermouths and bitters. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.0008184 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 182.10, 582.10 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: n/a IOFI: n/a Physical chemical characteristics: See below, Ambrette Seed Oil. Reported uses (ppm): n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

Ambrette Seed Oil Other names: Ambrette seed liquid CAS No.: CoE No.:

8015-62-1 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

228 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2051 n/a

NAS No.:

2051

Description: See above, Ambrette Absolute Oil and Ambrette Seed. Consumption:Annual: 53.33 lb Individual: 0.00004519 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 182.20, 582.10 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.127 mg IOFI: Natural Specifications: Identification: The infrared absorption spectrum of the sample exhibits relative maxima (that may vary in intensity) at the same wavelengths (or frequencies) as those shown in the respective spectrum in the section on Infrared Spectra (Series A: Essential Oils), using the same test conditions as specified therein (FCC, 1996). Specifications: Acid value Angular rotation Heavy metals (as Pb)

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Not more than 3.0 Between –2.5º and +3º Passes test

Refractive index 1.468 to 1.485 at 20°C Saponification value Between 140 and 200 Specific gravity Between 0.898 and 0.920

Physical-chemical characteristics: A clear yellow to amber liquid having the strong musky odor of ambrettolide. It is soluble in most fixed oils and in mineral oil, often with cloudiness. It is relatively insoluble in glycerin and in propylene glycol. Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Frozen dairy

Usual 1.53 0.23 0.00 0.28

Max. 3.10 0.63 3.75 1.07

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 0.10 0.32 0.62

Max. 0.50 1.20 1.40

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 30 ppm: Fruity, pineapple, waxy with green, sweet apple nuances.

Ambrette Tincture CAS No.: CoE No.:

977017-78-9 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

228 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2052 n/a

NAS No.:

2052

Description: Ambrette seed tincture (variously reported as a 10% tincture being obtained by maceration of the crushed seeds in 65% ethanol, or as 25 parts of seeds to 100 parts of 8090% ethanol) is reported to find greatest use in liqueurs, tobacco and fruit flavoring. See also Ambrette Seed. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: < 0.000001 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 5.543 mg IOFI: Natural Physical-chemical characteristics: See Ambrette Seed Oil. Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 17.75 25.00 9.20

Max. 26.50 45.00 26.40

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 15.00 8.00 28.00

Max. 45.00 12.40 40.80

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

2'-AMINOACETOPHENONE Synonyms: Acetophenone, 2'-amino-; 2-Acetylanaline; 1-Acetyl-2-aminobenzene; o-Acetylaniline; 2-Acetylphenylamine; o-Aminoacetophenone; o-Acetylbenzene; 2-Aminophenyl methyl ketone; o-Aminophenyl methyl ketone; Methyl 2-aminophenyl ketone CAS No.: CoE No.:

551-93-9 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a 209-002-8

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3906 n/a

NAS No.:

n/a

Description: 2'-Aminoacetophenone has a grape-like odor. Aminoacetophenone is a pheromone produced by virgin honeybee queens and released in feces. The pheromone repels and is used to terminate agonistic interactions between queens and workers. A grape-like odor of

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2'-aminoacetophenone is of diagnostic importance in detecting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in culture and in burn wounds. Consumption:Annual: n/a Individual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.012286 IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C8H9NO/135.17 Specifications: Assay Boiling point

98+% 85-90° at 0.5 mmHg

Density Flash point

1.112 > 230°F

Reported uses (ppm): Food Category Baked goods Breakfast cereal Confection, frosting Jams, jellies Milk products

Usual 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Max. 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

Food Category Other grains Seasonings, flavors Snack foods Soft candy Sweet sauce

Usual 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.05

Max. 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.50 0.50

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values (ppb): n/a Taste threshold values (ppb): n/a Natural occurrence: Reported present in chestnut honey (>154 ppb)1; green tea2 and wine (0.7 to 12.8 µg/L). dl-(3-AMINO-3-CARBOXYPROPYL)DIMETHYLSULFONIUM CHLORIDE Synonyms: S-Methylmethioninium chloride; Methylmethioninesulfonium chloride; Methylmethionine sulfonium chloride, L-; S-Methylmethionine sulfonium chloride; Sulfonium, (3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)dimethyl-, chloride, (S)- (9CI); Sulfonium, (3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)dimethyl-, chloride, L-; Vitamin U CAS No.: CoE No.:

1115-84-0 761

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

761 214-231-1

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3445 n/a

NAS No.:

3445

Description: Naturally occurs as the L-form in a variety of vegetables. Although used in food as a flavoring ingredient in fish products, it has also been used therapeutically in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis and gastritis. Consumption:Annual: 98.33 lb Individual: 0.00008333 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: 1 Guyot et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 625, 1998. 2 Kumazawa and Masuda, J. Agric. Food Chem. 47, 5169, 1999.

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CoE: Approved. Food: 50 ppm FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 8.68 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: Nature Identical

C6H14NO2SCI/199.70 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance Assay

White crystalline powder 99.5%; trace of methionine

Melting point 139°C Solubility Soluble in water; insoluble in fat

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Fish products

Usual Max. 700.00 1000.00

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in asparagus, cabbage, cabbage juice, celery, sweet corn, milk, potato, tea, green tea and tomato.

AMMONIUM ISOVALERATE Synonyms: Isovaleric acid; Ammonium salt; Ammonium isovalerate; Butanoic acid, 3methyl-, ammonium salt CAS No.: CoE No.:

7563-33-9 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

464 231-458-1

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2054 n/a

NAS No.:

2054

Description: Ammonium isovalerate has an odor reminiscent of valeric acid and a sharp, sweet taste. It is used in butter, nut and cheese flavors. Consumption:Annual: 650.00 lb Individual: 0.0005508 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 6.57 mg IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C5H9O2.H4N/109.00 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance Solubility

Deliquescent crystals Soluble in alcohol and in water

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Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Cheese Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 26.07 0.10 1.17 0.30

Max. 37.53 0.10 2.15 0.60

Food Category Hard candy Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 0.03 36.00 1.00 4.81

Max. 0.03 41.00 2.00 5.74

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

AMMONIUM SULFIDE Synonyms: Ammonium monosulfide; Ammonium monosulfide; Ammonium sulfide ((NH4)2S) (8CI)(9CI); Ammonium sulfide solution; Ammonium sulfide (solution); Ammonium sulphide; Diammonium sulfide; True ammonium sulfide CAS No.: CoE No.:

12135-76-1 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

482 235-223-4

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2053 n/a

NAS No.:

2053

Description: The distinct ammonical/sulfurous odor of ammonium sulfide makes it a valuable flavor ingredient. It is used in baked goods, meat products, condiments and gravies. Consumption:Annual: 1033.33 lb Individual: 0.0008757 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 3.28 mg IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: H8N2S/68.15 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance

Liquid at room temperature (> –18°C, yellow crystals); tends to decompose at higher temperatures

Solubility

Very soluble in ammonia and in cold water; decomposes in hot water; soluble in alcohol

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Condiment, relish

Usual 11.24 2.00

Max. 13.17 2.00

Food Category Gravies Meat products

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

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Usual 0.52 21.92

Max. 1.60 61.90

AMYL ALCOHOL Synonyms: n-Amyl alcohol; Amyl alcohol, n-; Amyl alcohol, normal; Amylol; Butyl carbinol; n-Butylcarbinol; Pentan-1-ol; n-Pentan-1-ol; n-Pentanol; 1-Pentanol (9CI); Pentanol-1; Pentanol; Pentasol; Pentyl alcohol (8CI); n-Pentyl alcohol; 1-Pentyl alcohol; Petan-1-ol; Primary amyl alcohol CAS No.: CoE No.:

71-41-0 514

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

514 200-752-1

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2056 88

NAS No.:

2056

Description: Amyl alcohol has a characteristic fusel-like sweet and pleasant odor and burning taste. It is somewhat more toxic than ethyl alcohol. Consumption:Annual: 850.00 lb Individual: 0.0007203 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 20 ppm; Food: 50 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1997) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 12.42 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C5H12O/88.15 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Colorless to pale-yellow liquid 98.0% (min) 138°C

Appearance Assay Boiling point

Refractive index

1.407-1.412

Solubility Specific gravity

Miscible with alcohol 0.810-0.816

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Frozen dairy

Usual 6.65 15.70 514.20 36.96

Max. 30.25 81.69 554.60 47.16

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Hard candy Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual Max. 56.77 93.32 83.24 495.10 71.30 142.80 65.93 82.52

Synthesis: By hydrogenation of valeric aldehyde with sodium amalgam; from amyl chloride. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 1.6 to 70 ppm Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in orange juice (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), orange peel oil, apple juice, pineapple (Ananas comoscus), fresh blackberry, leek (raw) (Allium porrum L.), heated leek, asparagus, sauerkraut, wheaten bread, crispbread, gruyere de cote, provolone cheeses, raw uncured pork, cured pork (raw), coffee, partially fermented tea, scallop, red wine, vinegar and other natural sources.

AMYL BUTYRATE Synonyms: n-Amyl butyrate; Butanoic acid, pentyl ester (9CI); Butyric acid, pentyl ester (8CI); Pentyl butanoate; n-Pentyl butanoate; Pentyl butyrate; n-Pentyl n-butyrate; 1Pentyl butyrate CAS No.: CoE No.:

540-18-1 270

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EEC No.: EINECS No.:

270 208-739-2

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2059 152

NAS No.:

2059

Description: Amyl butyrate has a strong, penetrating odor and a sweet taste. Consumption:Annual: 3833.33 lb Individual: 0.003248 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 20 ppm; Food: 10 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1997) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 9.63 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C9H18NO2/158.24 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Acid value

1.0 (max) Colorless to pale-yellow liquid 98.0% (min) 185-186°C

Appearance Assay Boiling point

Refractive index 1.409-1.414 Soluble in alcohol and Solublity ether Specific gravity 0.863-0.866

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Frozen dairy

Usual 9.88 48.57 158.40 19.78

Max. 19.75 72.27 403.40 39.24

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Hard candy Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 11.30 77.17 14.80 49.75

Max. 21.30 96.95 25.67 74.80

Synthesis: From n-amyl alcohol and butyric acid in the presence of H2SO4. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 210 ppb Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 30 ppm: Sweet, fruity, banana, pineapple and tropical. Natural occurrence: Reported found in fresh apple, apple juice, apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), banana (Musa sapientum L.), strawberry fruit, beer, malt whiskey, white wine, red wine, port wine, cocoa, fresh plum, cherimoya (Annona cherimola), custard apple (Annona atemoya), spineless monkey orange (Strychnos madagasc.) and other natural sources.

α-AMYLCINNAMALDEHYDE Synonyms: Amylcinnamaldehyde; Amylcinnamic aldehyde; Amyl cinnamic aldehyde; α-Amyl-beta-phenylacrolein; alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde; alpha-Amyl cinnamaldehyde; α-Amylcinnamicaldehyde; α-N-amyl cinnamaldehyde; α-Amyl cinnamic aldehyde; 2-Benzylideneheptanal; Cinnamaldehyde, alpha-pentyl- (8CI); Heptanal, 2-benzylidene-; Heptanal, 2-(phenylmethylene)- (9CI); Jasmal; Jasminaldehyde; α-Pentylcinnamaldehyde; 2Pentylcinnamaldehyde; 2-(Phenylmethylene)heptanal CAS No.: CoE No.:

122-40-7 128

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

128 204-541-5

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2061 685

NAS No.:

2061

Description: α-Amylcinnamaldehyde has a distinct floral (jasmine, lily) note. Consumption:Annual: 61.67 lb Individual: 0.00005225 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 2 ppm; Food: 5 ppm

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FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: Evaluated (1980) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 1.36 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: n/a

C14H18NO/202.29 Specifications: (JECFA, 2000) Acid value Appearance Assay Boiling point

5.0 (max) pale-yellowish liquid 97.0% (min) 284-287°C

Refractive index Solubility Specific gravity

1.554-1.562 Insoluble in water; miscible in alcohol 0.962-0.969

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.47 6.44 2.67 4.19

Max. 1.22 9.69 5.19 6.78

Food Category Hard candy Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 9.84 2.61 5.55

Max. 9.84 4.47 7.65

Synthesis: By condensation of n-amyl aldehyde with cinnamic aldehyde. This method of condensation of aromatic aldehydes with aliphatic aldehydes has the maximum yield in αamylcinnamic aldehyde with little formation of the inferior homologs. The methyl, ethyl and propyl amylcinnamic aldehyde analogs exhibit a characteristic scent. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 40 ppm: Sweet, floral, spice-like with cinnamic and waxy nuance. Natural occurrence: Reported found in black tea and soybean.

α−AMYLCINNAMALDEHYDE DIMETHYL ACETAL Synonyms: alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal; Benzene, (2-(dimethoxymethyl)-1-heptenyl)- (9CI); (2-(Dimethoxymethyl)-1-heptenyl)benzene CAS No.: CoE No.:

91-87-2 47

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

47 202-104-3

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2062 681

NAS No.:

2062

Description: α-Amylcinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal has a floral note reminiscent of jasmine. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000728 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 1 ppm; Food: 5 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: Evaluated (1980)

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Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.62 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: Artificial

C16H24O2/248.37 Specifications: (JECFA,2000) Acid value

1.0 (max) Almost colorless to pale-yellow 97.0% (min) 300°C

Appearance Assay Boiling point

Refractive index 1.504-1.511 Slightly soluble in water; Solubility miscible in alcohol Specific gravity 0.954-0.963

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 2.63 1.53 4.00

Max. 5.08 2.60 6.50

Food Category Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 1.21 2.40

Max. 2.70 4.90

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

α-AMYLCINNAMYL ACETATE Synonyms: α-n-Amyl-β phenylacryl acetate; Floxin acetate; α-Pentylcinnamyl acetate; Amyl cinnamic acetate; α-n-Amyl-β phenylacryl acetate; Cinnamyl alcohol, alpha-pentyl-, acetate; 1-Heptanol, 2-(phenylmethylene)-, acetate (9CI); α-Pentyl cinnamyl acetate; 2-(Phenylmethylene)-1-heptanol acetate; 2-(Phenylmethylene)heptyl acetate CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-78-9 216

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

216 231-339-4

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2064 677

NAS No.:

2064

Description: α-Amylcinnamyl acetate has a mild fruity, green odor with a balsamic and slightly floral undernote; somewhat fruity flavor. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000438 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 1 ppm; Food: 5 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 1.09 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C16H22O2/246.36 Specifications: (JECFA, 2000) Acid value

1.0 (max)

Refractive index

1.487-1.495 (Part 1 of 2)

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Specifications: (JECFA, 2000) (Continued) Appearance

Colorless oily liquid

Solubility

Assay

97.0% (min)

Specific gravity

Soluble in oils; miscible in alcohol 0.953-0.961 (Part 2 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 1.00 4.80 2.85

Max. 2.00 10.80 6.00

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 6.50 1.65 4.40

Max. 8.50 3.20 9.60

Synthesis: From amylcinnamic alcohol and acetic acid. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

α-AMYLCINNAMYL ALCOHOL Synonyms: 2-Amyl-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-ol; 2-Benzylidene-1-heptanol; 1-Heptanol, 2-benzylidene-; 1-Heptanol, 2-(phenylmethylene)-; 2-Pentylcinnamic alcohol; 2-Pentyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ol; 2-(Phenylmethylene)-1-heptanol CAS No.: CoE No.:

101-85-9 79

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

79 202-982-8

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2065 674

NAS No.:

2065

Description: α-Amylcinnamyl alcohol has a light, floral note. Consumption:Annual: 15.00 lb Individual: 0.00001271 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 0.5 ppm; Food: 5 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: Evaluated (1980) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.50 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C14H20O/204.31 Specifications: (JECFA, 2000) Appearance

Colorless to slightly yellow liquid

Refractive index

Assay

95.0% (min)

Solubility

Boiling point

141°C

Specific gravity

1.533-1.540 Insoluble in water; miscible in alcohol 0.954-0962

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 0.50 2.06 1.25

Max. 1.00 5.65 3.67

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Synthesis: From amylcinnamic aldehyde by reduction.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 3.75 0.80 2.00

Max. 4.50 1.58 6.10

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 25 ppm: Sweet, spicy, astringent, green, floral and rosy. Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

α-AMYLCINNAMYL FORMATE Synonyms: α-n-Amyl-β-phenylacryl formate; α-Pentylcinnamyl formate; alpha-Amylcinnamyl formate; 2-(Phenylmethylene)heptyl formate CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-79-0 357

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

357 231-341-5

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2066 676

NAS No.:

2066

Description: α-Amylcinnamyl formate has a sweet, oily, herbaceous and somewhat green odor. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00002118 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 0.2 ppm; Food: 2 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.70 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C15H20O2/232.33 Specifications: (JECFA, 2000) Appearance

Colorless liquid

Solubility

Miscible in alcohol

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 0.50 3.33 1.95

Max. 1.00 9.29 3.58

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 3.75 0.84 2.75

Max. 5.00 1.50 7.46

Synthesis: By formylation of the corresponding alcohol. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

α-AMYLCINNAMYL ISOVALERATE Synonyms: Isovaleric acid, ammonium salt; alpha-Amylcinnamyl isovalerate CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-80-3 463

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

463 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2067 678

NAS No.:

2067

Description: α-Amylcinnamyl isovalerate has a mild, fruity, somewhat tobacco-like odor and oily, fruity, hay-like, somewhat spicy flavor. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00001836 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status:

©2002 CRC Press LLC

CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 1 ppm; Food: 2 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.48 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: Artificial

C19H28O2/288.43 Specifications: (JECFA, 2000) Appearance

Colorless liquid

Solubility

Miscible in alcohol

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 0.50 1.87 1.25

Max. 1.00 4.33 2.75

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 3.25 0.92 2.00

Max. 4.50 1.58 3.57

Synthesis: From amylcinnamic alcohol and isovaleric acid. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

AMYL FORMATE Synonyms: n-Amyl formate; n-Pentyl methanoate; Formic acid, pentyl ester (8CI)(9CI); Pentyl formate; n-Pentyl formate CAS No.: CoE No.:

638-49-3 497

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

497 211-340-6

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2068 119

NAS No.:

2068

Description: Amyl formate has a fruit-like aroma. Consumption:Annual: 2100.00 lb Individual: 0.001779 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 10 ppm; Food: 30 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1997) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 7.29 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C6H12O2/116.16 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Acid value

5 (max) Colorless to pale-yellow liquid

Melting point

Assay

92.0% (min)

Solubility

Boiling point

128-130°C

Specific gravity

Appearance

©2002 CRC Press LLC

– 73.5°C

Refractive index 1.396-1.402 Miscible with alcohol, ether and other organic solvents 0.881-0.887

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Frozen dairy

Usual 19.57 31.99 90.99 15.03

Max. 29.35 43.69 148.40 20.57

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Hard candy Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 17.35 2.76 12.94 28.54

Max. 32.27 4.91 20.83 39.44

Synthesis: From n-amyl alcohol and formic acid in the presence of H2SO4. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Identified in apple, strawberry, tomato, fried cured pork cognac, honey and Pyrus malus.

AMYL 2-FUROATE Synonyms: Amyl furan-2-carboxylate; Furancarboxylic acid, pentyl ester; Pentyl furan-2carboxylate; Pentyl 2-furoate; Amyl furoate; Amyl 2-furoate; 2-Furoic acid, pentyl ester CAS No.: CoE No.:

4996-48-9 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2109 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2072 748

NAS No.:

2072

Description: Amyl 2-furoate has a fennel, mildly oily taste and a sweet caramellic-winey odor. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000149 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: No safety concern at current level of intake (1993) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 1.05 mg IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C10H14O3/182.22 Specifications: (JECFA, 2000) Acid value

1.0 (max)

Refractive index

Appearance

Colorless or pale-yellow liquid

Solubility

Assay Boiling point

98.0% (min) 95-97°C

Specific gravity

1.469-1.475 Insoluble in water; miscible in alcohol 1.031-1.038

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 2.50 3.33 2.00

Max. 5.00 6.00 4.00

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 4.00 3.45 3.67

Max. 6.00 5.00 7.83

AMYL HEPTANOATE Synonyms: Amyl heptylate; Amyl heptanoate; Heptanoic acid, pentyl ester (8CI)(9CI); Pentyl heptanoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

7493-82-5 370

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

370 231-342-0

FEMA No.:

2073 170

NAS No.:

2073

Description: Amyl heptanoate has a characteristic, strong, ethereal, fruital (unripe banana) odor and corresponding taste. Consumption:Annual: 0.17 lb Individual: 0.00000014 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 5 ppm; Food: 5 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1997) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 1.53 mg IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C12H24O2/200.32 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Acid value Appearance Assay

1.0 (max) Colorless to pale-yellow liquid

Refractive index

93.0% (min)

Specific gravity

Solubility

1.422-1.426 Soluble in most organic solvents; 1 ml is soluble in 95% alcohol 0.859-0.863

Boiling point 240-245°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Frozen dairy

Usual 5.00 4.25 88.28 5.77

Max. 10.00 6.37 124.00 7.28

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 10.49 3.26 10.52

Max. 14.00 12.20 13.34

Synthesis: From the corresponding heptanoic acid and n-amyl alcohol in the presence of mineral acids or in benzene solution in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

AMYL HEXANOATE Synonyms: Amyl caproate; Amyl hexylate; Amyl caproate; n-Amyl caproate; Amyl hexoate; Hexanoic acid, pentyl ester (8CI)(9CI); Pentyl caproate; Pentyl hexanoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

540-07-8 315

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

315 208-732-4

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2074 163

NAS No.:

2074

Description: Amyl hexanoate has a charcteristic fruit-like (banana, pineapple) aroma. Consumption:Annual: 166.67 lb Individual: 0.0001412 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status:

©2002 CRC Press LLC

CoE: Approved. Bev.: 5 ppm; Food: 20 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1997) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.87 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C11H22O2/186.30 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Acid value

1.0 (max)

Appearance

Colorless liquid

Assay Boiling point

98.0% (min) 222-227°C

Refractive index 1.418-1.422 Soluble in alcohol, propylene glycol and fixed oils; insoluble in glycerol Solubility and water; 1 ml is soluble in 1 ml 80% alcohol Specific gravity 0.858-0.863

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Frozen dairy

Usual 5.00 12.30 6.61 13.88

Max. 10.00 17.79 67.52 18.96

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 4.95 4.37 18.31

Max. 9.36 6.56 24.88

Synthesis: By esterification of hexanoic acid with n-amyl alcohol in benzene solution in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Green, waxy and fruity with pineapple and apple notes. Natural occurrence: Reported in fresh apple, apple juice, apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), Vitis labrusca L., other Vitis species, strawberry fruit, blue cheese, beer, rum, cider, white wine, soybean, yellow passion fruit juice, fresh plum, other varieties of mushroom, Chinese quince peel and other natural sources.

2-AMYL-5 or 6-KETO-1,4-DIOXANE Synonyms: 1,4-Dioxan-2-one, 5(or 6)-pentyl; 5(or 6)-Pentyl-1,4-dioxan-2-one CAS No.: CoE No.:

65504-96-3 EEC No.: 2205 EINECS No.:

2205 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2076 n/a

NAS No.:

2076

Description: 2-Amyl-5 or 6-keto-1,4-dioxane has a fruity-winey, somewhat ethereal odor. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00003389 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Food: 5 ppm FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.54 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: Artificial

C9H16O3/172.22 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance

Colorless liquid

Solubility

Slightly soluble in water

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Fats, oils Frozen dairy

Usual 1.00 2.00 5.00

Max. 5.00 5.00 10.00

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 5.00 1.00 5.00

Max. 25.00 10.00 25.00

Synthesis: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

AMYL OCTANOATE Synonyms: Amyl caprylate; Amyl octylate; Pentyl octanoate; Amyl octanoate; Amyl octoate; Octanoic acid, pentyl ester (8CI)(9CI); Pentyl octanoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

638-25-5 393

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

393 211-328-0

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2079 174

NAS No.:

2079

Description: Amyl octanoate has an odor suggestive of orris. Consumption:Annual: 33.33 lb Individual: 0.00002824 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 5 ppm; Food: 5 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: Acceptable (no safety concern at current levels of intake) (1997) Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 1.65 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C13H26O2/214.35 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Acid value

1.0 (max)

Appearance

Colorless liquid

Assay Boiling point

98.0% (min) 260°C

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Refractive index 1.425-1.429 Soluble in alcohol and most fixed oils; slightly soluble in propylene glycol; insoluble in glycerol and Solubility water; 1 ml is soluble in 7 ml 80% alcohol Specific gravity 0.855-0.8562

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Chewing gum Frozen dairy

Usual 7.20 0.05 4.85

Max. 10.09 0.10 6.81

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 4.29 3.98 6.72

Max. 6.22 5.76 9.33

Synthesis: By esterification of octanoic acid with n-amyl alcohol in benzene solution in the precence of p-toluenesulfonic acid. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in strawberry, fresh apple, melon, malt whiskey, cider, white wine, sparkling wine and Chinese quince peel.

AMYRIS Botanical name: Amyris balsmifera L. Botanical family: Rutaceae Other names: West Indian Sandalwood Foreign names: Amyris (Fr.), Sandalo delle Indie Occidental (It.), Amris extracto (Sp.) CAS No.: CoE No.:

977059-69-0 33

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

33 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

n/a n/a

NAS No.:

6004

Description: Small tree (so-called West Indian Rose) with compound leaves and white flowers. It grows mainly in South and Central America and in the West Indies (Haiti, Dominican Republic and Jamaica). The wood may be used in furniture. It should not be confused with true sandalwood belonging to the botanical family Santalaceae. Derivatives: Essential oil of wood Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.0000728 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Category 5. Liqueurs 0.150 g (wood)/L; beverages 0.100 g (wood)/L FDA: 21 CFR 172.510 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: n/a IOFI: Natural Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

Amyris Oil CAS No.: CoE No.:

8015-65-4 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

33 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

n/a n/a

NAS No.:

6005

Description: The volatile oil is obtained by the steam distillation from the wood of Amyris balsamifera L. The yield is approximately 2.5-3.0%. Amyris oil has a wood-like odor reminiscent of sandalwood with a burning taste. It is used as a fixative in perfumery and in flavors such as Oriental specialties and liqueurs. Consumption:Annual: 366.67 lb Individual: 0.0003107 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Category 5 FDA: 21 CFR 172.510 FDA (other): n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: n/a IOFI: Natural Specifications: The infrared absorption spectrum of the sample exhibits relative maxima (that may vary in intensity) at the same wavelengths (or frequencies) as those shown in the respective spectrum in the section on Infrared Spectra (Series A: Essential Oils), using the same test conditions as specified therein (FCC, 1996). Specifications: Acid value Angular rotation

Not more than 3.0 Between +10º and +53º

Ester value

Not more than 7

Ester value after acetylation

Between 115 and 165

Heavy metals (as Pb) Passes test Refractive index 1.503-1.512 at 20°C Solubility Passes test in alcohol Specific gravity

Between 0.943 and 0.976

Physical-chemical characteristics: It is a clear, pale-yellow liquid. It is soluble in most fixed oils and usually in mineral oil. It is soluble in an equal volume of propylene glycol, the solution often becoming opalescent on further dilution. It is practically insoluble in glycerin. Essential oil composition (%): The essential oil has the following constituents: alcohols: valerianol 21.5%; elemol 9.1%; cadinol 50.1%; β-eudesmol 7.9%; γ-eudesmol 6.6%; 10-epiγ-eudesmol 9.7%; α-eudesmol 4.8%; 7-epi-α-eudesmol1 0.7%; dridemol 1.1%. Terpenic hydrocarbons: cadinene 10.7%; curcumene 1.5%; β-sesquiphellndrene 4.7%; β-bisabolene 0.8%; α-zingiberene 2.4%; seline 3,7(11)-diene 2.5%. Carbonyl and lactonic compounds: αagarofuran 0.5%; bisabolone 0.9% (CoE, 2000). Reported uses (ppm): n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

trans-ANETHOLE Synonyms: Isoestragole; 1-Methoxy-4-propenyl benzene; p-Methoxypropenyl benzene; pPropenyl anisole; p-Propenylphenyl methyl ether. Anethole; p-Anethole; trans-Anethole; (E)-Anethole; Anisole, p-propenyl-, trans-; Anisole, p-propenyl-, (E)- (8CI); Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-, (E)- (9CI); (E)-1-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene; trans-pMethoxy-beta-methylstyrene; trans-1-(p-Methoxyphenyl)propene; trans-p-Propenylanisole; (E)-p-Propenylanisole CAS No.: CoE No.:

4180-23-8 183

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

183 224-052-0

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2086 217

NAS No.:

2086

Description: trans-Anethole has a characteristic anise, sweet, spicy, warm odor and corresponding sweet taste. Consumption:Annual: 62,833.33 lb Individual: 0.05324 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved FDA: 21 CFR 182.60, 582.60 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: ADI: 0-0.6 (1992)

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 65.14 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: Nature Identical

C10H12O/148.20 Specifications: (JECFA, 1997) Appearance

Colorless to faintly yellow liquid

Refractive index 1.559-1.562

Assay

99.0% (min)

Solubility

Boiling point

234-239.5°C

Specific gravity

1:2 in 96% alcohol; slightly soluble in water; miscible with chloroform and ether 0.983-0.988

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding Gravies

Usual Max. 634.80 722.50 264.10 494.90 265.30 2564.00 41.48 53.45 44.52 52.80 2.51 5.01

Food Category Hard candy Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy Sweet sauce

Usual Max. 375.50 491.70 5.01 10.01 32.89 42.54 327.40 530.60 43.00 86.00

Synthesis: By esterification of p-cresol with methyl alcohol and with subsequent condensation with α-cetaldehyde (Perknis); the most common method of preparation is from pine oil. By fractional distillation of the essential oils of anise, star anise, and fennel; the anise essences contain an average of 85% anethole; fennel, from 60 to 70%. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 15 ppm: Sweet, anise, licorice, root beer. Natural occurrence: Reported found in anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume), clove bud, calamus (European origin), bitter fennel (var. vulgare (Miller)), sweet fennel (var. dulce (Miller)), “vegetable” fennel (var. azaricum (Miller)), myrtle leaf, ouzo, Illicium anisatum, Illicium verum, pimento berry, dill seed (A. graveolens L.) and other natural sources.

ANGELICA Botanical name: Angelica archangelica L. Botanical family: Umbelliferae Other names: Garden angelica, European angelica Foreign names: Archangelique (Fr.), Echt Engelwurz (Ger.), Arcangelica (Sp.), Angelica (It.) Description: Angelica is a herbaceous plant, about 1.5 m high, cultivated in Europe, especially France, Belgium and Germany. The plant is characterized by spindle-shaped, fleshy roots, an erect stalk, alternate leaves and greenish-yellow flowers with an inferior ovary; the seeds are oblong with an off-white color. The plant blooms from June to August. The parts of the Angelica used are the roots, seeds and stems. The active principles of angelica are coumarin and furocoumarin. The plant (including roots and seeds) contains several furocoumarins including angelicin, bergapten and xanthotoxin, as well as umbelliprenin and various phenols. One of the main constituents is ß-phellandrene.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Angelica may be cultivated as a fresh vegetable, or cooked and prepared like rhubarb. The dried roots and the corresponding derivatives find extensive use in the formulation of liqueurs. Roots are often employed in the flavoring of vermouths and bitters. The roots are sometimes employed with juniper berries to make gin. Agelica oil or extract contains 5methoxypsoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen and may therefore evoke photodermatitis. Recurrent vesicular dermatitis has been reported among confectioners gathering angelica. Derivatives: The derivatives are the fluid extract from the roots, tincture (20% root extract and less often, seed extract in 60% ethanol), essential root oil, essential seed oil and essential stem oil. Derivative names: Angelica seed oil, Angela root oil, Angelica stem oil, Angelica root extract Essential oil composition: The main components in the essential oil obtained from various parts of Angelica archangelica of Romanian origin: Root oil: α-pinene 27%, β-pinene 57.1%; Stem oil: caryophyllene 49.2%; Leaf oil: α-pinene 36.9%, β-pinene 23.9%, β-phellandrene 33.8%; Flower oil: β-phellandrene 68.3%; Fruit oil: β-phellandrene 87.4%.

Angelica Seed CAS No.: CoE No.:

977050-07-9 56

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

n/a n/a

NAS No.:

6173

Description: See above, Angelica. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: < 0.000001 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Category 4 (with limits on coumarin and furocoumarins) FDA: 21 CFR 182.10, 582.10 FDA (other): HOC (1992) JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: n/a IOFI: n/a Reported uses: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

Angelica Seed Extract CAS No.: CoE No.:

977032-50-0 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

56 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2089 n/a

NAS No.:

2089

Description: See above, Angelica. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.00000175 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Category 4 (with limits on coumarin and furocoumarins). Level of use in ppm: Baked goods 63.50; Frozen dairy 60.00; Soft candy 26.80; Gelatin, pudding 130.00; Nonalcoholic beverages 1200.00; Alcoholic beverages 2000.00 FDA: 21 CFR 182.20, 582.20 FDA (other): HOC (1992) JECFA: n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 173.112 mg Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual Max. 1800.00 2000.00 50.50 63.50 48.00 60.00

IOFI: Natural

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual Max. 115.00 130.00 1000.00 1200.00 18.70 26.80

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: CO2 extract: Taste characteristics at 15 ppm: Herbal, ambrette, mushy and peppery with a fresh woody nuance.

Angelica Seed Oil CAS No.: CoE No.:

977050-08-0 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

56 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2090 n/a

NAS No.:

2090

Description: Angelica seed oil is obtained by steam distillation of the fresh seed of Angelica archangelica L. It has a sweeter and more delicate aroma than the root oil. The essential seed oil has a bitter, aromatic flavor. The essential seed oil is obtained in 0.6-1.5% yields by steam distillation of seeds harvested in mid-July (in Germany). Consumption:Annual: 15.00 lb Individual: 0.00001271 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Category 4 (with limits on coumarin and furocoumarins). Level of use in ppm: Baked goods 68.73; Frozen dairy 59.08; Soft candy 70.26; Gelatin, pudding 54.70; Nonalcoholic beverages 33.00; Alcoholic beverages 75.61 FDA: 21 CFR 182.20, 582.20 FDA (other): HOC (1992) JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 13.444 mg IOFI: Natural Specifications: Identification: The infrared absorption spectrum of the sample exhibits relative maxima (that may vary in intensity) at the same wavelengths (or frequencies) as those shown in the respective spectrum in the section on Infrared Spectra (Series A: Essential Oils), using the same test conditions as specified therein (FCC, 1996). Specifications: Acid value Angular rotation Ester value Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 3.0 Between +4º and +16º Between 14 and 32 Passes test

Refractive index Solubility in alcohol Specific gravity

1.48-1.488 at 20°C Passes test Between 0.853 and 0.876

Physical-chemical characteristics: It is a light yellow liquid. Soluble in most fixed oils, slightly soluble in mineral oil, but relatively insoluble in glycerin and propylene glycol. Essential oil composition: The seed oil qualitatively contains α-pinene, camphene, βpinene, myrcene, β-phellandrene, ocimene (no isomer given), limonene, γ-terpinene, caryophyllene, p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, borneol, carvone. The seed oil contains 0.5% imperratorin, 0.1% bergapten, 0.02% xanthotoxol, 0.04% umbelliprenin, osthole, osthenole and angelicin (CoE, 2000). Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages

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Usual 55.72

Max. 75.61

Food Category Gelatin, pudding

Usual Max. 28.45 54.70 (Part 1 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) (Continued) Food Category Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 51.72 45.36

Max. 68.73 59.08

Food Category Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual Max. 23.87 33.00 54.01 70.26 (Part 2 of 2)

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

Angelica Root CAS No.: CoE No.:

977050-06-8 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

n/a n/a

NAS No.:

6172

Description: See above, Angelica. Consumption:Annual: 15.00 lb Individual: 0.00001217 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Category 4 (with limits on coumarin and furocoumarins) FDA: 21 CFR 182.10, 582.10 FDA (other): HOC (1992) JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA: PADI: n/a IOFI: n/a Composition: Polysaccharides (mainly sucrose), tannins, organic acids (angelic = methylcorotonic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid); flavonoids (archangelenone); essential oil (yield 0.35-1.30%); coumarins and furocoumarins (osthenol 0.37-0.47 µg/g; umbelliferone, begapten, isoimperatorin, xanthotoxin, angelicin, archangelicin). Reported uses: n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

Angelica Root Extract CAS No.: CoE No.:

977032-49-7 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

56 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2087 n/a

NAS No.:

2087

Description: See above, Angelica. Consumption:Annual: 0.33 lb Individual: 0.00000028 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Category 4 (with limits on coumarin and furocoumarins). Level of use in ppm: Baked goods 56.24; Frozen dairy 60.82; Soft candy 60.44; Gelatin, pudding 91.00; Nonalcoholic beverages 54.76; Alcoholic beverages 15.79 FDA: 21 CFR 182.20, 582.20 FDA (other): HOC (1992) JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 12.00 mg IOFI: Natural Composition: Qualitative composition similar to angelica root oil described above, with some additional esters and terpenic derivatives (CoE, 2000). Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 15.79 40.96 50.79

Max. 15.79 56.24 60.82

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 73.00 26.69 52.03

Max. 91.00 54.76 60.44

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 0.3%: Bitter, herbal, brown with astringent, dry tea notes.

Angelica Root Oil CAS No.: CoE No.:

8015-64-3 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

56 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2088 n/a

NAS No.:

2088

Description: The essential root oil is obtained by steam distillation of the roots. The paleyellow to deep-amber liquid has a warm, pungent odor with musky or earthy notes and has a bittersweet flavor. The yield from the roots is fairly low even though they may be steam distilled for up to 24 hours; these factors, coupled with the qualitative differences in old versus young roots and the labor-intensive process in digging and cleaning the roots, make the root oil fairly expensive. Consumption:Annual: 40.00 lb Individual: 0.00003389 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Category 4 (with limits on coumarin and furocoumarins). Level of use in ppm: Baked goods 38.68; Frozen dairy 26.82; Soft candy 37.42; Gelatin, pudding 35.81; Nonalcoholic beverages 13.31; Alcoholic beverages 41.29 FDA: 21 CFR 182.20, 582.20 FDA (other): HOC (1992) JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 6.634 mg IOFI: Natural Specifications: Identification: The infrared absorption spectrum of the sample exhibits relative maxima (that may vary in intensity) at the same wavelengths (or frequencies) as those shown in the respective spectrum in the section on Infrared Spectra (Series A: Essential Oils), using the same test conditions as specified therein (FCC, 1996). Specifications: Acid value

Not more than 7.0 Optically inactive, or not Angular rotation more than +46º Ester value Between 10 and 65 Heavy metals (as Pb) Passes test

Refractive index 1.473 to 1.487 at 20°C Solubility Passes test in alcohol Specific gravity Between 0.850 and 0.880

Physical-chemical characteristics: It is a pale-yellow to deep-amber liquid having a warm pungent odor and bittersweet taste. Soluble in most fixed oils, slightly soluble in mineral oil, but relatively insoluble in glycerin and in propylene glycol. Essential oil composition: Terpenic hydrocarbons (α-pinene 4.4-24%, α-phellandrene 7.520%, β-phellandrene 16-24%, β-pinne 0.2-0.5%); macrocyclic lactone 0.8-2.4% (CoE, 2000). TNO (2000) reported 87 compounds from the angelica root oil: of these 43 were hydrocarbons, 22 alcohols and the remaining were esters, carbonyl aldehydes, carbonyl ketones, lactones, phenols, furans and oxides or epoxides of pyrans and coumarins. Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 29.02 27.59 20.40

Aroma threshold values: n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Max. 41.29 38.68 26.82

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 13.47 9.29 26.83

Max. 35.81 13.31 37.42

Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 25 ppm: Green, herbal, ambrette and mushroom-like with a vegetative, spicy nuance.

Angelica Stem Oil CAS No.: CoE No.:

977032-48-6 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

56 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2091 n/a

NAS No.:

2091

Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: < 0.000001 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Category 4 (with limits on coumarin and furocoumarins). Level of use in ppm: Baked goods 129.60; Frozen dairy 88.42; Soft candy 132.20; Gelatin, pudding 17.50; Nonalcoholic beverages 13.29; Alcoholic beverages 77.00 FDA: 21 CFR 182.20, 582.20 FDA (other): HOC (1992) JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 22.037 mg IOFI: Natural Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 64.00 116.60 72.53

Max. 77.00 129.60 88.42

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual Max. 12.22 17.50 11.42 13.29 114.8 132.20

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

α-ANGELICA LACTONE Synonyms: 4-Hydroxy-3-pentenoic acid lactone; β-γ-Angelica lactone; γ-Angelica lactone; 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone; γ-Methyl-β-butenolide CAS No.: CoE No.:

591-12-8 731

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a n/aI

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3293 n/a

NAS No.:

n/a

Description: α-Angelica lactone has a sweet, herbaceous odor reminiscent of tobacco. Consumption:Annual: n/a Individual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Food: 2 ppm FDA: n/a FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 0.811 mg IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C5H6O2/98.10 Specifications: (Burdock, 1995) Appearance

Needle-like crystal; readily isomerizes to the beta form

Refractive index 1.4476 at 20°C (Part 1 of 2)

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Specifications: (Burdock, 1995) (Continued) Boiling point

167-170°C; 56°C at 12 mmHg

Solubility

Melting point

18°C

Specific gravity

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether, and carbon disulfide 1.084 at 20°C (Part 2 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Breakfast cereals Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 4.00 2.00 0.20 2.00

Max. 4.00 2.00 0.20 2.00

Food Category Meat products Milk products Soft candy

Usual 2.00 0.20 2.00

Max. 2.00 0.20 2.00

Synthesis: By dry distillation of levulinic acid. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ANGOLA WEED Botanical name: Roccella fuciformis Arch. R. tinctoria CAS No.: CoE No.:

977038-44-0 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

n/a n/a

NAS No.:

6006

Description: A lichen, especially R. tinctoria and R. fuciformis, yielding a blue, red or violet dyestuff. The liquid extract of the dyestuff made from the lichens is called archil liquor. R. tinctoria of Africa and the East Indies is the source of the chemical indicator litmus and the dye archil, or orseille. Derivatives: Liquid extract Consumption:Annual: n/a Individual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 172.510 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: n/a IOFI: Natural Reported uses (ppm): n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

ANGOSTURA Botanical name: Galipea Officinalis Hancock (G. cusparia DC.) Botanical family: Rutaceae Other names: Cusparia Foreign names: Angostura (Fr.), Echt Angostura (Ger.), Cuspa (Sp.), Angostura (It.) CAS No.: CoE No.:

977000-22-8 n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

n/a n/a

NAS No.:

6174

Description: Angostura (bark) is obtained from Galipea officinalis, wild growing tree in the mountains of Venezuela, along the banks of the Orinoco River. The tree may grow up to 20 m in height and has long-stemmed leaves. It has large, cob-shaped, whitish-red flowers. The part used is the bark. Angostura has a bitter, slightly aromatic flavor with a pungent aftertaste. The bitter principle is angosturin, the empirical formula for which is C9H12O5. Derivatives: The derivatives are tincture (20% in 60% ethanol), fluid extract and the essential oil. Derivatives names: Angostura extract Consumption:Annual: n/a Individual: n/a Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 182.10, 582.10 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: n/a IOFI: n/a Reported uses (ppm): n/a Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

Angostura Extract CAS No.: CoE No.:

68916-12-1 EEC No.: n/a EINECS No.:

n/a n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2092 n/a

NAS No.:

2092

Description: Reportedly obtained in 1 to 2% yields by steam distillation of the bark. It has an aromatic odor with a burning bitter flavor. As an essential oil it is rarely seen as a commercial product. Consumption:Annual: 18.33 lb Individual: 0.00001553 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 182.20, 582.20 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 102.94 mg IOFI: Natural Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Acid value Ester value Ester value after acetylation Optical rotation

1.8 5.5 35.7

Refractive index Solubility Specific gravity

1.5074 at 20°C 1:9 in 90% ethanol 0.928-0.960 at 15°C

-7º30' to -50º

Physical-chemical characteristics: It is a yellowish liquid turning dark with aging. Composition: The main constituents include galipoline (a C15H26O sequiterpene alcohol) at approximately 14% galipene and cadinene. The bark also contains alkaloids, such as cusparine, cusparidine and galipoidine (Burdock, 1997). Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

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Usual Max. 1943.00 3030.00 58.00 69.00 32.00 50.00

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual Max. 33.00 50.00 288.10 329.90 52.00 73.00 (Part 1 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) (Continued) Food Category Gravies

Usual 10.00

Max. 40.00

Food Category

Usual

Max.

(Part 2 of 2)

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a

ANISE1 Botanical name: Pimpinella anisum L. Botanical family: Umbelliferae Foreign names: Anis (Fr.), Anis (Ger.), Anis (Sp.), Anice (It.) CAS No.: CoE No.:

977007-65-0 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

336 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2093 n/a

NAS No.:

2093

Description: Herbaceous annual plant indigenous to Greece and Asia Minor, now extensively cultivated in Europe, Russia and to a lesser extent in India. It has a perpendicular root, an erect cylindrical stalk, alternate leaves, yellowish-white flowers, five edged carpels and lens-shaped seeds. It flowers in July. The fruits of commerce are grayish-green to dull yellowish-brown in color, 3 to 5 mm long and 1.5 to 2 mm wide, containing about 10% of fixed oil and 1.5 to 4% of essential oil. Parts used are fruits, improperly called seeds. Anise has a history of use as a spice and as a fragrance. It has a sweet, soft, mild flavor with rich effects. The main component responsible for its characteristic taste and smell, as well as for its medicinal properties, is trans-anethole. Derivatives: Fluid extract, tincture (20% in approximately 70% ethanol), infusion (5%) and decoction (4%). Extraction of anise seed yields an oleoresin containing fixed oil and the full anise flavor. Consumption:Annual: 255,000.00 lb Individual: 0.2161 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 182.10, 182.20, 582.10, 582.20 FDA (other): Approved for OTC use (21 CFR 310.528, 310.545); excipient (CDER, 1996); HOC (1992) JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 330.53 mg IOFI: Natural Essential oil composition: The seeds yield 2.5% of the oil on steam distillation. The major components of the oil are typically: 95% trans-anethole (strong, sweet, anise) and 2% methyl chavicol (strong, sweet, tarragon). TNO (2000) reported presence of 44 compounds in Anise. Of these 23 were hydrocarbons, 8 phenols, 4 alcohols, 3 carbonyl ketones, 1 carbonyl aldehyde, 1 acid and 4 unknown compounds. Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Condiment, relish Fats, oils

Usual Max. 3.77 3.77 961.00 7581.00 691.00 1075.00 2000.00 4000.00

Food Category Gravies Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual Max. 151.90 151.90 1951.00 2304.00 30.00 40.00 4.00 7.00 (Part 1 of 2)

1 Anise is synonymously used with Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook,F.), which is described separately in this book.

FCC (1996) has described both Anise oil and Star Anise oil under the title Anise Oil.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) (Continued) Food Category Frozen dairy

Usual 4.00

Max. 5.00

Food Category

Usual

Max.

(Part 2 of 2)

Anise Oil Other names: Aniseed oil; Anise, oil (Pimpinella anisum L.); EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 004301; Pimpinella anisum oil CAS No.: CoE No.:

8007-70-3 n/a

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

336 n/a

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2094 n/a

NAS No.:

2094

Description: Anise oil is obtained by steam distillation of the dried ripe fruit of Pimpinella anisum L. It has the characteristic odor and taste of anise. Consumption:Annual: 38,666.67 lb Individual: 0.03276 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: n/a FDA: 21 CFR 182.20 FDA (other): Approved for OTC use (21 CFR 310.545); excipient (CDER, 1996); HOC (1992) JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 46.352 mg IOFI: Natural Specifications: Identification: The infrared absorption spectrum of the sample exhibits relative maxima (that may vary in intensity) at the same wavelengths (or frequencies) as those shown in the respective spectrum in the section on Infrared Spectra (Series A: Essential Oils), using the same test conditions as specified therein (FCC, 1996). Specifications: Angular rotation Between -2º and +1º Heavy metals Passes test (as Pb) Phenols Passes test Between 1.553 and 1.560 at Refractive index 20°C

Solidification point Not more than 15°C Solubility Passes test in alcohol Specific gravity Between 0.978 and 0.988

Physical-chemical characteristics: Anise oil is a colorless to pale-yellow, strongly refractive liquid. Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Condiment, relish Chewing gum Frozen dairy

Usual Max. 426.30 570.20 162.40 181.90 180.00 180.00 181.50 2208.00 46.30 61.33

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Hard candy Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual Max. 39.09 46.30 497.0 1255 10.33 27.08 24.52 31.33 509.50 681.10

Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: CO2 extract: Taste characteristics at 20 ppm: Sweet, licorice-like, anise and fennel with a lingering candy-like note.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

ANISOLE Synonyms: Anisole (8CI); Anizol; Benzene, methoxy; Benzene, methoxy- (9CI); Ether, methyl phenyl; Ether, methyl phenyl-; Methyl phenyl ether; Methoxybenzene; Phenyl methyl ether CAS No.: CoE No.:

100-66-3 2056

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

2056 202-876-1

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2097 n/a

NAS No.:

2097

Description: Anisole has a characteristic pleasant anise-like, agreeable aromatic odor. Consumption:Annual: <1.00 lb Individual: 0.0000307 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 20 ppm; Food: 50 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515, 182.60, 582.60 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 7.58 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C7H8O/108.13 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance

Colorless liquid

Refractive index

Boiling point

155°C

Solubility

Flash point Melting point

42°C 37-38°C

Specific gravity

1.5179 (1.5165-1.5175) at 20°C Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether 0.999 (0.9980-1.0010) at 15°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 38.74 20.03 33.00

Max. 56.06 33.45 46.00

Food Category Hard candy Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 6.25 7.43 51.58

Max. 6.25 13.47 56.95

Synthesis: By reacting phenol and dimethyl sulfate in the presence of aqueous NaOH; by passing methyl chloride into a suspension of sodium phenolate in liquid ammonia. Aroma threshold values: Detection: 50 ppb Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in apple juice and in the oil of Artemisia dracunculus var. turkestanica; also reported found in butter, Camembert cheese, roasted beef, olive (Olea europae), malay apple, Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), bourbon vanilla, truffles, crab and sopadilla fruit (Achras sapota L.).

ANISYL ACETATE Synonyms: Benzenemethanol, 4-methoxy-, acetate (9CI); Benzyl alcohol, p-methoxy-, acetate (8CI); Cassie ketone; p-Methoxybenzyl acetate; p-Methoxybenzyl alcohol acetate; 4-Methoxybenzenemethanol acetate; 4-Methoxybenzyl acetate CAS No.: CoE No.:

104-21-2 209

©2002 CRC Press LLC

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

209 203-185-8

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2098 n/a

NAS No.:

2098

Description: Anisyl acetate has a floral fruit-like odor (pleasant, vanilla, plum, lilac) and a slight pungent, sweet taste. Consumption:Annual: 4983.33 lb Individual: 0.004223 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 5 ppm; Food: 30 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 3.22 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C10H12O3/180.21 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Acid value

Not more than 1.0

Refractive index

Appearance

Colorless to slightly yellow liquid

Solubility

Assay

97% min

Specific gravity

Melting point

270°C

1.5110-1.5160 at 20°C; 1.515 at 15°C 1:6 in 60% alcohol; insoluble in water 1.104-1.107 at 20 /25°C; 1.014 at 20°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Chewing gum Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 1.55 11.01 51.47 7.99 10.46

Max. 3.83 18.31 51.47 13.88 16.98

Food Category Hard candy Meat products Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 3.70 10.00 3.30 17.88

Max. 19.37 10.00 6.98 25.91

Synthesis: May be prepared by the reaction of anisic alcohol with acetic anhydride. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in vanilla and currants.

ANISYL ALCOHOL Synonyms: Anisic alcohol; p-Anisol alcohol; Anisyl alcohol; p-Anisyl alcohol; Benzenemethanol, 4-methoxy- (9CI); Benzyl alcohol, p-methoxy- (8CI); 4-Methoxybenzenemethanol; 4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol; p-Methoxybenzyl alcohol CAS No.: CoE No.:

105-13-5 66

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

66 203-273-6

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2099 n/a

NAS No.:

2099

Description: Anisyl alcohol has a floral odor with sweet, fruity (peach) taste. Consumption:Annual: 1950.00 lb Individual: 0.001652 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 10 ppm; Food: 20 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.93 mg Empirical Formula/MW:

IOFI: Nature Identical)

C8H10O2/136.16 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Acid value Aldehyde content Appearance

Not more than 1.0 Not more than 1.0 Colorless to slightly yellow liquid

Assay

97% min

Boiling point

259°C (145°C at 18 mmHg)

Flash point

42°C

Freezing point Melting point

> 23.5°C 23.8°C (25-27°C) 1.5430-1.5450 (1.5412Refractive index 1.5430) at 25°C 1:1 in 50% alcohol; 1:13 in 30% alcohol; soluble in Solubility most organic solvents 1.110-1.115 (1.110-1.125) Specific gravity at 25°/25°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy Gelatin, pudding

Usual 0.96 12.73 6.48 10.90

Max. 2.87 24.12 12.78 23.85

Food Category Hard candy Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 0.78 6.33 17.44

Max. 2.62 14.76 27.96

Synthesis: By reduction from anisic aldehyde. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: Taste characteristics at 10 ppm: Spice, anise, vanilla, balsamic and powdery. Natural occurrence: Reported found in anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), honey, Bourbon vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews), Tahiti vanilla (Vanilla tahitensis Moore), Illicium verum and tomato.

ANISYL BUTYRATE Synonyms: Butanoic acid, (4-methoxyphenyl)methyl ester (9CI); Butyric acid, p-methoxybenzyl ester (8CI); p-Methoxybenzyl butyrate; (4-Methoxyphenyl)methyl butanoate CAS No.: CoE No.:

6963-56-0 286

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

286 230-163-5

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2100 n/a

NAS No.:

2100

Description: Anisyl butyrate has a weak, floral, intensely sweet, plum-like odor. Consumption:Annual: 1.67 lb Individual: 0.00000141 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 1 ppm; Food: 3 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.39 mg IOFI: n/a Empirical Formula/MW: C12H16O3/208.26

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance Assay

Colorless liquid 97% min

Melting point Solubility

Approx. 270°C Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 1.50 12.62 5.09

Max. 4.00 17.36 6.85

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Usual 7.00 2.83 8.05

Max. 10.60 3.97 12.90

Synthesis: From anisyl alcohol and n-butyric acid. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

ANISYL FORMATE Synonyms: Anisyl alcohol, formate; Benzenemethanol, 4-methoxy-, formate (9CI); Benzyl alcohol, p-methoxy-, formate (8CI); 4-Methoxybenzenemethanol formate; p-Methoxybenzyl alcohol, formate; p-Methoxybenzyl formate; 4-Methoxybenzyl formate CAS No.: CoE No.:

122-91-8 354

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

354 204-582-9

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

2101 n/a

NAS No.:

2101

Description: Anisyl formate has a floral, sweet, faint balsamic odor and fruity (strawberry) taste. The floral note varies, depending on whether synthetic or natural anisic alcohol has been used (probably because of the purity of the starting alcohol). Consumption:Annual: 283.33 lb Individual: 0.0002401 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Used provisionally. Bev.: 3 ppm; Food: 15 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 2.11 mg IOFI: Nature Identical Empirical Formula/MW: C9H10O3/166.18 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Acid value

3 max

Refractive index

Appearance

Colorless liquid

Solubility

Assay Boiling point

90% min 100°C

Specific gravity

1.5220-1.5240 at 20°C Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents; 1:3 in 70% alcohol 0.138-0.142 at 25°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 2.50 10.53

Max. 4.50 23.33

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages

Usual Max. 5.21 10.17 2.65 5.65 (Part 1 of 2)

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) (Continued) Food Category Frozen dairy

Usual 6.73

Max. 15.52

Food Category Soft candy

Usual Max. 5.86 17.41 (Part 2 of 2)

Synthesis: By direct esterification of anisic alcohol with formic acid. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Reported found in Vanilla fragrans and Ribes species.

ANISYL PHENYLACETATE Synonyms: Anisyl α-toluate; benzeneacetic acid, Acetic acid, phenyl-, p-methoxybenzyl ester; Anisyl phenylacetate; Benzeneacetic acid, (4-methoxyphenyl)methyl ester; p-Methoxybenzyl phenylacetate; 4-Methoxybenzyl phenylacetate; (4-Methoxyphenyl)methyl benzeneacetate; Phenylacetic acid, p-methoxybenzyl ester CAS No.: CoE No.:

102-17-0 233

EEC No.: EINECS No.:

233 203-010-5

FEMA No.: JECFA No.:

3740 n/a

NAS No.:

3740

Description: Anisyl phenylacetate has an anise-honey-like odor and faint balsamic taste. Consumption:Annual: 1.67 lb Individual: 0.00000141 mg/kg/day Regulatory Status: CoE: Approved. Bev.: 1 ppm; Food: 5 ppm FDA: 21 CFR 172.515 FDA (other): n/a JECFA: n/a Trade association guidelines: FEMA PADI: 1.57 mg IOFI: Artificial Empirical Formula/MW: C16H16O3/256.30 Specifications: (Burdock, 1997) Appearance Assay Boiling point

Colorless, oily liquid 93.55 370°C

Refractive index Solubility Specific gravity

1.5589 at 20°C Soluble in alcohol 1.1288 at 25°C

Reported uses (ppm): (FEMA, 1994) Food Category Alcoholic beverages Baked goods Frozen dairy

Usual 5.00 7.33 2.70

Max. 10.00 14.70 6.16

Food Category Gelatin, pudding Nonalcoholic beverages Soft candy

Synthesis: From anisyl alcohol and phenylacetic acid by direct esterification. Aroma threshold values: n/a Taste threshold values: n/a Natural occurrence: Not reported found in nature.

©2002 CRC Press LLC

Usual 2.70 2.39 4.92

Max. 6.16 5.66 10.80

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