Fabrication and Characterisation of Low-noise Monolithic Mode-locked Lasers

• ...

Author: Larsson David

85 downloads 363 Views 4MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

•

! " # $ % & '(()

! " !

# $" % & ' ! ( ) ' * + ! ! ! ! $ ,

-$./ 0 ( ! "! 1 # &

(#" 2 ' * 3 , - + . 1 # " 4 1 ! * !

1

% (

" ! (

+ !1 5 ' ' ! 6

( !

2 " & +0 0 +*$#"

" 2 ! - (. &7 '+#8 1 1 # # ,1 6 ! & 5%% " 1 ( & ! #

" 1 ! 1 1 0 %

* ! " " + " ! ! * ! 4 * 9 ! ! : " " * ! ! 5 ; " 6 * 5 ; " * ! ! 5 ; 1 ! " - .1 ! ! " * 1 4

<= >31 " ! 9 " - ! 6

4.1 ! ;

-?< @= 3"A= >3. " <=">3 @ " + 0 " 1 4

$ $" ! "B " ! C ! !

% $ !B 4 B "B ! " 1 B ! B CC B % B $ % C "B $ C ! !"C ! 5 "; " B ! C "% % -<= >3. 5 "; B % B

/ ! C %1 ! ! C %! $ ! 1 C 1 5 " ; !

" -C . B B !

! 9 !

$ ! " 1 <= >31 C % % - ! !

1 4 %.1 % % B 0 % B 1 4 B %

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

#G / A==? K ' *" + , -(5,/ =K"N="HJAHI"@. / A=J"A@A1 A==?1 J D$ !E 1 F & 1 $ F '1 & F +0 1 & F # 1 F 1 #G F ! 1 / ( -(5,/ =N @J"3 " 1E & 1 $ F 1 F 1 #G % / * & -((,/ @=<@"@@H?. / @K1 / @@1 / AHNN"AHJ=1 A==? @@ D " 6 3 ; 1E (1 P F 1 F &" 1 $ 1 % / ( ( * -((,/ =AIN" @A3 M $ & $ 1E * 1 # > F & 1 $ F 21 2 F 1 F 1 2 P F O1 F 1 #G F 1 2 F # 1 (( F &1 $ F 1 & / ' " + ' - / O<IH. A==I1 '+'

52 $52 5& ' '#&& ( &+ #&& #&&$ ##&& #+2 #+P , +*$# 2 2, 2#( (# ((5 * & *5 O$#

5 2 $! 5 2; "5 & 0 ' 0 ' # "& & ( 3 !"Q & + # "& & # "& & $ # # "& & #"+ 2 #"+ P 0 , + * $ #0 2 2 , 2

# (6 ( # ( "( 5 * & *"5 O $ #0

** + *** , + - **' " + *' !.+ *'* + 0. *2 *2* 4 *2' . */ + *1 6 *)

'* . '' '2 8 9&

* * ' / 1 3 3 3 5 *( *2

*1 *7 ''

2* " . 2' : 9 . 2'* 2'' . 9 2''* ;8 + 9 2''' < .+ 6; 2''2 " 6; 2''/ ;. 4 +. 4 . 6; = .> 2'2 . ?4 6; 2'/ ;

'1 ') ') '3 2( 2* 2' 22 2/ 2)

!

/* @ 0 + /' . /'* < /'' +;:@ /'2 . ;:@ : A:< " /2 ; /2* ;:@ /2' . /22 : // + . //* . //' .

"

1* . . 1** @ 1*' 1' +. 1'* 4 1'' % 1''* 8 1''' 8 . =. B > 1''2 + 12 ;

!

/' /' /' /) /3 17 17 15 )* )* )* )*

#

)' )' )2 )7 )7 7* 7* 72 7) 51

# "

$#

% &

$'

( )

*#

)* )'

"* < .+ "** % "' & 6 .. ;? "'* @C 0 "'' 0

5) 57

*() *(7 *(3 *(3 *(5

% +, & &

!

6* 4 8 **/ 6' & **1 62 . . +? **)

" ) &

* + & @D . . . ' @+& 0 2 +. *E !F A ;:@ / D+ 1 +. 'E !F A ;:@ ) : +.E ! A! 7 3 66 5 +C *( . ** 6

0

*'* *'* *'' *'' *'' *'2 *'2 *'2 *'2 *'/ *'/

- . / * 4 " !! " O * " / - . 40 ! " 1 frep = c/2ng L1 1 0 & O 4 " -#&&. - " @JI= [email protected]

1 M" 1 " ! 0 1 ! ! *

M" 1 ! ! ! ! ! M" O ! ! ! ! 1 RAS 1 ! RHS * ! ! 1 6 RHS # " % 1 ! # " ! ! * ! 1 D E1 R<1 ?S ' " -? " ?= .1 -O"#O.1 40 - 3"*3. % - " . 0 " ! @@A @

# " 9" * $" % #&& #&&$ $ 1 8 #&&$ - ##&&. #&&$ ! 1 " 0" ##&& 4 @@ ( " 9 F 0

!1 ; 1 * * " ! 1 H?= >3 ! RIS * ! '" 1 ! * " 1 41 0 (

@@/ $ " *

- " . * > ! ! - ! . ! 1 ! ! 0 1 ∼@== -" . 91 ! : ! @== 1 A= *! @@ ! 9 "

- - (&& " % " / 1 1 ! D 1 E1 2 *! - > . RHHS " " -∼? . *

1 ! 1 ! 1 1

! ' 0 / $

A

*! @@/ ! 9 " / !"Q 1 $52/ $! 5 2; 1 5O/ 5 2 f $ ! ->3. * 0 '

& 1 !

# "

! 1 1

# "$52

$ 5O

$: ! 1 0

, 1 :

' 0 ! 1 :

≤ 10

&!

@="H?=

*

@="@I=

* + #

' -$'. ! " ! " ! 8 * ! 0 " 9 4 " - . * 91 ( > -(>. * ! -*. (> 6 ! 1 * " ! ! * #&& " ! 6 ! " 1 ' ! "

" - @A.1 #&& ! ! ! " - 0 1 . 0 * #&& !! ! 2" "T -2T. # " * 6 ! @A + - !*3. " 1 ! !; @H

H

* ! #&& ! ! ! # ! 31 ! ! #&& 0 ! ! 6 !

( " 1 " 6 61 1 ! ! ! * 3 ! 1 ! * 0 ! !! !

* " ! $" ! ! 4! * ! -" / LU .1 @A@ + ! #&& * 9 0 O " 1

! 1 ! * ! " " 1

! ' ! + 4 0 * 8 " ! - 4 4 4! ' @JKK RK1 ?S. @==" " * ! ! % ! / 4! * 8 " ! 4!

( ! 4 # 4! ! ! " 1 1 * -

4!. 1 1 #&& # ! @A@ * : ! 4! 8 " ! !

<

* @??= 0 ! @A= -∼@I*3. RKS ! 4! 4 -$ . ! ! 6 @@ ! " $ " '"! - ! 1 ∼@?H=" @?I= .1 BWEDF A ! -<= >3 ! ! . BWch RBW =

BWEDF A 4T Hz = 25 = BWch 4 · 40GHz

-@@.

* 8 ! 0 -

A? 1 < ! RKS.

( <= >3 0 " @== >31 0 ! -0 . - 0 . >3" *3" ' 0 O $ #0 -O$#. + * $ #0 -+*$#. O$#1 9 " 1 ! ! ! ! O$# ! J=8 ! " ! ! O$# 0 @= *!L

* 0 ! +*$# #&&

-0& 1 &2 0 ! ! " 4!1 ! ! 1 0 ! ! ! 6 * !

- " . 1 ! @=1 <= @I= >3 * ! ! 9 9 (1 ! ! ! 4 " " ! O RNS1 #&& 4 @A ! 4 +*$# ( 1 ! 1 5 , - <. $ - ! . , "2" "T 0 " 2" "T - 2" "T ! 3 . ! -0 1 #V7. 1 Bl = N · Bb - @I= >!L W !L. * 1 * ! ! 1 5 0 4!1 ?

! 6 5 0 -$#V7. " 6 +*$# ! ! J=8 ! O$# !

+*$# 1 +*$# ! O$# +*$# ! " RJS1 H *!L +*$# 9 " !" , 2T" ,2T" 1 "1 0 (# ! 0 @= >!L - <= >!L. R@=S Multiplexer Optical demultiplexing

Delay

RZ-source Pulsed laser

Gate

CR Modulators, Bb Add/drop

Tx

Fibre link

Rx

@A/ " " +*$# " 2T1 2" "T 1 *01 1 201 1 '21 " * 4 " +*$#" * 6 ! * ! 8 " " 0 - O#. 1 ! ! !

* 0 ! ! ! ! : @ 5 R@@S ! 1 0 -*2. !

0 6 *2 AK 5 O# =< <0<= >!L @ 5 R@@S * ! @I= >!L IA? ! ! 1 @= <= >31 ! 0

1 "

I

0 * ! ! " 4 6 (*#I< -( * # . 6 JJ?HAN >3 * 6 - . " ! 6 "0 " 0 " R@AS 0 % @L@A ! 6 0 ! !" "X@= 1 A 0 K Y #$ * 4 01 ! ? @= 5 ! R@HS % * 4 0 4! 4 1 '"! 0 *V"* -

@== >3 . ( #&&

6 ! 1 31 ! " +*$#" #&& ! '2 * 9 / ! 1 " " 1 ( ! 1 $#V7 " 1 6 " 1 6 ! 0 $9 '2 01 "

" 6 #&& ! ! R@<S "

1 4 -(+. ##&& 1 " "0 @I= >!L @= >3 "

6 1 9 01 ( " 6 % " " * % -. #&&1 ! " '2 ! 1 ! " "0 @= R@IS <= >3 R@KS ! ! @I= >!L " '2 ! % " ##&& ! <= >3 R@NS * '2 @I= >3 ! " " R@JS1 ! AI= μm $52"##&& RA=S O ##&& '21 6 ! 0 1 6 ! % * ! '2 0 ! " * ! 0 0 ! ! ! RA@S1 + ! ! ! #&&$ 0 <= >!L @= >!L @=">3 K

% 4 -(+. ! ! + H2" -4 1 1 . ! " 4! 2 ! ##&& ' " 4 ##&& ! ! * (+" ##&& ! ! ( ! A= >!L 52 RAAS * 0 ! ##&&

- & * #&& ! -!. 61 " 2 " 1 * 0 ! ! 4! ( -O&,.1 RAHS 6 A * ! ##&& 41 $! 5 2; -$52.1 RA<S 6 ! ! 2 " RAHS1 $52" -- 0& & @@A1 " ! ! * 1 * " ! * ! 1 " " " # #"T " 1 ! 1

- A==@. ! RA?S " % RA?1 AIS RAK1 0 $S 6 % ! 6 @A1 9 6 1 ,1 4 @H Δt <

1 πνsampling

1 2N

-@A.

* % " 1 % #&&$ ! " "" 1 ! ! % I= 5 RANS N

@H/ 26 % $' 6

# " ! - . # " / - . RAS + 1 ! * ! - .1 ! 1 4 ! $52" -

1 ! . (! ! * ! " 1 * ! ! ! * " ! ! 1 ! " " ! ! " " " ! 0 O 1 * 1 ! 5 " 1 " 1 1 4 @< . 6 - " . "

J

# " 0 " "

0 ! ! 1 4 @< !. . " - 0 % . ! ; RAJ1 AS * ; " 1 " ! ; ; ( ! ! ! ! 1 ! ! ! " O ! " ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 0 ( " 0

1 ! ! ! * " ! 0 " - ∼@ 1 0 0 . ! -∼@ 1 F !" ! " . ! 6 ! ! ! ! ! + " ! ! !1 H@ % " 0 1 ! " * ! - .1 RH?S ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " RH=1 HS

* #&& 5 1 1 1

, 1 @=

Cavity roundtrip time

Loss

Net gain

Time

Active mode-locking

Time

Passive mode-locking strong gain saturation

Gain

Cavity roundtrip time

Loss Gain Net gain Cavity roundtrip time

Time

Loss

Passive mode-locking less gain saturation strong absorption saturation

Gain Net gain

@
! ! 1 ! % * " 1 4 @?F " - 0 " . * 1 Ip (t) ! SHG 1 Iac (τ ) 1 Ip (t − τ )

SHG Iac (τ ) ∝

∞

−∞

Ip (t)Ip (t − τ )dt

( 8 1 " 1 @@

@?/ ( " -(>. ! 4 " 1 > ! V 6

O#"1 ! O#

V >

! O#

01 +*$#" 0 ! O# * ? " ! " 1 ! ! !1 ! 1 4 @? + ! " 8 ! 0 1 ! 5 ! " 61 H? 5 ! ! &' ! ( )&!(* 6 2 + > - 2+>.1 ! 2 *! $ @JJH RH@S * 2+> (> " RHAS (> 2+> 2+> #&& * (> 2+> 1 ! * " 1 6 * 4 ! " " 0 0!

2+> RHHS * : 2+> & !

2+>" 6

! 1 A? 5 1

! ! 0 4 - $ . +

@A

! (> 2+>1 2+> ! 0 * " 1 ! 0 4! *

" 4 1 ! 2+> 2+> ! ! ! 3 -+(. 4 " " " "! -*5. !1 " 6 1 T BP = ΔtΔν = Δtc Δλ

λ *51 " -* &.1 ; ( 4 1 1 ! 6 - ! . O " 1 6 ! 6 !" - ". 6 " - . - 6 .1 ! ! " 4! - (# -$' .

. + 0 ! ! ! RH<1 KS 2

!

' " 1 #&& #&& 1 " " 1 #&& , 0 ! %1 ! * 0 ! #&& 1 % -

. #&& ' A 9 #&&F 1 1 4 6 1 4!

!

! % ' " #&& ? ' H " " 0 1 0 * H 41 #&& - " . $9 4 ! * ! 5 @H

* - 0 . ;1 ! 1 9 ' <

1 * ! $52" 4 " 1 0 ? ! " 1 " - ! " . ' 1 %1 ! 9 " 6 <=">3 " 2 " % '

! ' I

@<

! * "

" * 9 " ! & 0! ; 6 1 ! ! ( ! " ! + " " " - ! AA. * " * ; "

>1 ! - ! . 1 -$'" "6 . ! ! 1 ! ! 0! $ 0! 4 ; 1 ! 0 * ; ! " 1 ! ! $'" , #&& 9 " " 1 ! -. RH?S * " - ". #&&$ 9 ; " * 9 -. @ * " 1 4 1 9 @?

A ( - . 0 - α" . - ;. * 9 ! @ % ; / " ! 8 A 61 6 ;" ! - 0 6. ; ! #&& "6 * 6 -X@#31 ?AA RHI1 HKS.

! * ! " 1 #3" " - ! ?A RHNS. ! * ! ! AH ?AA , 4 9 1 4 9 * -Rsp ∝ nsp g) 1 ! * RHJS/ ! 1 " 0 ! !1

! " " *1 ! !

1 ! ! - ! H. ( 1 1 ! ! * ! 6" "1 ! 0 ! + 4 1 $52" 1 4 ! 4 RH?S * ! ! 6 1 - !! AH. * ! ! ! " ! 1 ! ! ! ! !1 ! % 2 " ½n

sp

=

f2 (1−f1 ) f2 −f1

1 ¾ ½ 1−e(E21 −ΔEF )/kT E21 ΔEF

=

@I

" " 5 6 6" - %. 9 - . * " 6 * 1 0 ! ! ! A@ “Short-term jitter”

“Long-term jitter”

m1T+dt

m2T+dt

er jitt ng i Tim Amplitude jitter (RIN)

Distribition of arrival times short-term long-term

Time

dt

A@/ % * ! ! & @JNI " R<=S 5

""6 ! - . 5 & 6 1

1 ( D & E ! %1 ! ! ! ! F0 (t) =

f (t + μTR )

-A@.

μ

O f (t) ! 1 μ 4 TR ; 1 1 ! -AA. 0 * ; ! f (t)1 3 1 4 ! " 6" F (t) = (1 + A(t))F0 (t + TR J(t))

2 2 σA = |A| E 2

@K

-AH.

2 σJ2 = |J| TR2

* 0 - A · J · TR · F0 .

-A<.

-A?. * " - &

1 ( 1 ! . 8 F (t) = F0 (t) + F0 (t)A(t) + F˙ (t)TR J(t))

∞ 1 ∞ 2 2 |X| ≡ lim |X(t)| dt = SX (ω)dω T →∞ T −∞ −∞

-AI.

O 1 F (t)1 ! ! S * ! F (t) * !

! R<=S1 - ; 1 -.1 . SF =

2π TR

2 ∞ ˜ 2 [δ(ωμ ) + SA (ωμ ) + (2πμ)2 S(ωμ )] f (ω)

-AK.

μ=−∞

μ 41 * ! ! - 6 .1 * ! 1 - . μ = 0 1 6

μ * μ" ! !! 2#( !

ωμ = ω − 2πμ/TR

2 σA =

∞

−∞

SA (ω)dω

-AN.

2#( % σJ2 = TR2

∞

−∞

SJ (ω)dω

-AJ.

* D & E 8 ; ? % ! 9 1 1 0 !

@N

% " ! % # @JJA RHIS1 1 2 " 9 - 6 " 6. ' #&& " 1 / ! ! 1 > 1 6" / @. 1 A. 4 ! & 3 " 9 6 ! γ/N 21 γ , ! 1 H. <. ;

2 " 0 % 1 ( 1 2#( %1 R σJ - .1 ( "* -ΔωST = 2P 1 L! .1 6 -ωm .1 -Δω .1 ! -,.1 -γ . 2 -Sφ (ω).1 SJ (ω) =

N2 1+ 2

√ (γ/N 2 )2 2 2ΔωST · 2 2 2 ωm N (γ/N ) ω + (γ/N 2 )2

Δω γ/N 2

2

2(γ/N 2 )2 γ/N 2 Sφ (ω) + √ 2 2 2 ω + (γ/N ) 2 2ΔωST

-A@=.

0 2 " ! RHIS

Sφ (Ω) = S0

Ωc0 Ω

β +1

Ω2c1 Ω2 + Ω2c1

-A@@.

* S0 , Ωc0 , Ω2c1 and β -"I="@== 5L31 @=="@=== 31 A"@==

31 @"H. 31 ! 3 ! @="@== 31 9 Ω4 1 61 " 41 ! Ω−β " 0 - 4 AA.1 ! " 9 A= 5L 1 4√AA * 9 Δω > N2 (γ/N 2) " 9 6 @== #3 - %1 ! H #3 ?= ( " 9 ! 0 RJJS ?AAH @JJH # 33 #&& - .1

! ! R<@S 5 6 - 1 0 . * ; * 6 % -. " - . ! ! * 1 SJ (f ) = 2D f 1 $ 9 1 2

2

@J

calculated SSB phase−noise for a 40−GHz MMLL −115

−120

−125

L(f) [dBc(1Hz)]

−130

−135

−140

−145

−150

−155

−160

−165 4 10

f0= 99 MHz Pase= 0.007mW Epulse= 0.7pJ 3MHz detuning with N=80 5

10

6

10

7

10

8

10

9

10

10

10

offset frequency [Hz]

AA/ , % 6 A@= 1 ω L(f ) L(f ) " " 4 ?AA

SJ (f ) =

2 m

1 6 1 " * " 9 " ? - 0 . + &

-

! ! . 1 & " 61 ! 4"

0 * ! 6 6 " * & " 6 σJ2 μ2 (2π/TR )2 ≈ 1 TR = 100 -A?. 1 2#( % ! @I -<. 4 -3 . 4 O % " ?

" * 0 " !! ! RH?S RAKS/ 0 ;" 4 " - 1 1 6 . (" ! ! -

2 "3. 0 A=

* 4 #&& * ! 6 ! ! # 33 0 5 RAKS 0 #&& 1 ! 9 * 0 " ! 1 L(ω) -& 4 ?AA1 SJ = L/(ωm)2 1 ωm ! 6.1 " ! ! 1 ! 0 1 ! RAK1 A=<S L(ω) =

2π TM

2

τ 2 PASE 1 2πA20 ω 2 + (2γ0 )2

-A@A.

6 A@= O * 1 τ 1 4 1 A20 2 2 " 9 6 γ0 = MAM ωM τ /4TR 9 ! 1 MAM 1 1 τ 1 61 ω M 1 " 1 TR * ; " 9 6 ! ! * ; 6 " 6 ! 0 4 ! 3 R
2π TM

2

PASE 2τ 2 1 2 2 2 1 + 0.16(ω ) τ T S (ω) R R 2 A A20 ω 2 + (2γ0 )2 4π A0

-A@H.

( ωR 0 6 " * & 3 0 6 * -2,. ! 0 ! RIJ1 ?S SA (ω) =

2 2hν 1/τΔN + ω2 2 + 8(Δω)ST |H(ω)| 4 Pave ωR

-A@<.

H(ω) = ωR2 /(ωR2 − ω 2 + jωγ) 1 γ 1 τΔN 9 * ! 0 9 1/ω 4 0 6 0 6 ! " 9 ! ! 4 6 1 >3 * " -2 "3.1 Sφ 1 4 1 ! - 6 A@=.

A@

" # $% * 6 & 6 - 4 . ! 6 ! 1 @. 6 A. ; ; ! ! 4 " " - % " 6 % ! 4! 0 ! ! . ( " ", 2

-(,2. ! ! -. * (,2 * (,2 2T" SN R =

2 Pave 2 σA

-A@?.

σA

"" 6 ; 1 (,2 - . 1 ! 4 " "1 2 , -2,.1 2, 4 3 6 - 2, ! ?. 2 σ |1Hz SΔP Δf (= 1Hz) RIN = A 2 = 2 Pave Pave

-A@I.

! 6 A@I1 2, ; 1 SΔP 1 ! !! ! ! D & " E 2, 5L3

1 4 ! ( 8 !! 2#( 1 8 9 ! 1 * ! 4 6 1 5" " 2 -52.

! * : 9 9 ! 0 6 52 2 ! ! ! " / 6 1 1 - . 52 * 6 0 " AA

! 2, ! ! RK1 @KJS -A@K. > ! @" δI !1 M M" -M W ?JN 52 W @= > . rI2 = RIN (dB/Hz) · Be 5 9 !

O @ 5 ! 2#( ; ! KK Y 1 52X@= * ! *

4 ! 1 9 -! ! 2, ! . *! A@ 6 0 2, 5L3 51 6 A@K δI = −10log10 (1 − rI2 Q2 )

*! A@/ 26 0 2, 52 X @= - > ! . 0 @ 5 - KK Y 2#( .1 9 ! 6 A@K * ! ! =?U5 R@AS 5 2 2, ! - 5L3. ->3. ->3. @= ? "@@J< <= A= "@A?< N= <= "@AN< @I= N= "@H@< * 9 ! 1 " -'2. +*$#" 8 ! 0 4 1 1 !

0 * 1 !" 1 % ! ! ! * Z O '2 - 0 . 8 %

* ! '2" * " * ! ! @A " ! ! 6 - " "

" . ' 6 41 ! &&" 6 " 4 1 ! 4 " 4 ! 51 ! ! '2"1 * ! 5 *V"* ! '2 @ #3 < #3 @= >3 <= >3 !

AH

RHNS " 4! ! '21 4! - , " &

"# 1 ,+&#. 51 @== 3 - 8 !. V " && -+&&.1

! !

1 ! ! "

" 4! ! H== 3 R@<S * ; 4!

"! 0 % ! R<<S V % " ##&& " -! ! .1 ! ! " 9 6 4 6 A@A #" " 9 6 ! @ #3 RHKS #3 - 4 ?AN. ! 8

! 4 ! >3" '2 ! * % ! - 6 9 5. ! 0 " 0 4! ( " R@AS ,+&# R
0 ! @L? " 6 R@AS & ! * ( * % ->3. -. -. -. -. <= A? A? ? A@ N= @A? @A? A? @=< @I= IA? IA? @A? =?A HA= H@H H@H =IA =AI I<= @?I @?I =H@ =@H

A<

! " # $

& '

A "

O ! * *

1

1 ! " -@"< 1 @="<= >3 . M -MO. 6 -M$. 1 * 0 ! ! ! 1 ! ! * 4 R
hνA dg Γ dN

-H@.

dg hν 1 6 1 Γ dN 9 * ! ! 4 * 9 * ! ! 0 R
5 ! MO 4 1 9 V M$

A?

9 V * ! 4 ! RHJS ( ! ! ! ! @=" <=">3 R<J1 ?=1 ?@S

( ' $ -1 * 4 " ( 4 4 ! * A " -

/ RH=1 H?1 HJS. ; 6" R<@S %

O 41 ! ! 4

! ! &" 1 1 ! ! ! * / 4 ! 8 H= $ -∼@?H="@?I= . O$# ! ! 1 4 H@ - ! !"Q .1 ! : " ! +*$# O$# 9 O 4

! ! >1 4 HA * 9 6 1 " # 1 8 : O# ! ! + O# ! ! RHHS %

' +*$#" 4 40 #&& ! ! 40 1 ! ±5μm ! - F 1 R?AS. 10μm1 A? #3 @= >3 -<== #3 <= >3. * ! ! Q 1 " 4 HH.1 ! H= #3 @= >3 ! ! ! % ! % ##&& ! 4 ! ! ! "; $52 ! ! ( ;" ! !

R?H1 ?<S * 6 0 0 1 ! ! !

AI

H@/ # " <= >3 " 0 ('++I - <@. * O# A=

0.2 DBR−grating1 Gaussian fit1 DBR−grating2 Gaussian fit2

0.18

0.16

Power reflection coef |r|2

0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0 1.545

1.55

1.555

1.56

1.565

Wavelength [μm]

HA/ 2; - . A $52" 5 " @??A @??K 1 > 4 * O# AH !

AK

A

A

G

!!

G

"#$

DBR

!!

HH/ * / . " [ !. $52" ! ! 1 > * ! 1 !

9 ' ( " $! 5 2; ##&&1 4 HH!. " @ >3 R??S * ! < 9 / 1 1 ! ! $52 ! "

! / N== #3 ! <=">3 ! R?IS H >3 " -@ L>3. ! ! ! R?KS <=">3 * 9 $52 $52" 1 ! ! $ ! ! 6 - . ! 9 % $52" R?@1 ?A1 ??1 ?NS * 6 -<"I . ##&& @A ! ! $52 R??S * ! -A= R?JS <= RI=S.1 ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! @="@? 1 ! ! !

-- " & ! * 4 ! ! 4 - ! ; .1 - ; .

' -; . 4 5 - 4 H N=8 $ 5 $52 * 4 % ' " 4 J=8 ! ! - 4 H<. * ! RI@S ! AN

RIAS ! ! ! 5 4 RIHS -@@< . * ! J=8 4 !

/ ( > $52 -(>$52.1 > " ' ( 2; ->'(2. "1

%

"#$

H " ' ->'. $! 5 2; -$52. 4 " 4 " 4 ! @JN= 0 9 ! RI<S - 0 4 . * "! 1 ! ! O ! !

! 0 * 9 ! ! 5 $52 4 ! ! ">3 ?? 0 $52 4 " 1 1 4 RI?S $52 A= * " 4 5 > " ' R?JS @A

@?N >3 ! =I"@< # " ! * ! 4 H * 4 " > " ' ->'. 41 * ! ! * 0 ! !! 0 * R?JS "

" 4 ! ! 'O 1 RIAS " $52 4 * $52 / 6 ! ! 2 " * ! 6 ! * 6 4 ! " ! 9 4 AJ

! ! 6

4 * ! ! 9 +,-,-,. !' /$ * 0 6 ! 0 * @ H? > * $52 >' 4 ! " 4 " 1 4 " * 4 ! ! " $521 ; 4 ; 4 " ! RIIS1 4 < =J " "

! ! ! ?"@= !!

!0 * 6 ; " ? Y 2" @= >3 " ; -∼H= Y. ! <= >3 " ! % - 9. ! -6 4 ( 9. * ! ; ! 4 RK@S1 ! 5 $52

! * 1 1 Δνrep 1

=?"A= Y 61 νrep 1 1 ΔL1 01 Δng 1

1 6 HA HH Δνrep =

∂ν ΔL Δng ∂ν c ΔL Δng ΔL + ( + + Δng = − ) = νrep ( ) ∂L ∂ng 2ng L L ng L ng Δνrep ΔL Δng + =( ) νrep L ng

-HA. -HH.

* ! 6 ! ( -! " . 8 6 " !"

H=

% H= '"! $ " ! 1 ! !! " % 5 !

5 1ΔλB 1 9" 0 1 Δnave 1 1 ΔΛ1 6 H<1 ΔλB =

∂λB ∂λB ΔΛ = 2Λ0 Δnave + 2nave ΔΛ Δnave + ∂nave ∂Λ

-H<.

+,-,-,- ( , /! * % >' 4 1 6 H? * @== ! ! RIHS * >' 0 0 91 % 0 - $52. 1 D E $52 @? RIKS ! 4 ##&& * >' 4 $52 4 ! F =

ng ng1 − ng2

-H?.

ng 0 ng1 and ng2 0 ( 6 * ! ! Δλ1/2 = 0.8

λ2c Ltot (ng1 − ng2 )

-HI.

λc Ltot * ! 0 9 1

9 ! 6 ?"@= #&& 0 9 ! =@J"=HN @ -=@"=A A . ( ! - 0 . * ! 1 9 " * 1 4 ! !1 6 0 - 0 RI@1 INS.

! * $521 " "6 " # <=">3 ##&& ! :1 /! O $52 8 41 0 9 1 ! 1 4 H? ! 0 9

H@

0 9 ! ==@ ! 0 9 * ! ( $52" 4 ! " ! ; * ; 0 9 - 6 K 0 .

H?/ ( - 0 . O# $52 0 9 . O# 0 91 LDBR = 145μm !. O# 9 0 9 - . / λB = 1550nm1 H ?= Y $52 ; ! *

! ! !" - ! . 0 ' >' 4 $52 ! ! 0 1 ! ! % * ! =@Y

RIJS1 ! Δλ ΔnDBR = λ0 nDBR

-HK.

λ0 5 61 ΔnDBR 0 nDBR 0 O $52 4 ! / @. 8 6 - 8 !. A. 4 ! " - . +,-,-,+ , /! $52 -4 HI!.1 RIH1 IKS 1 -4 HI.1 RK=S/ @. 0 1 A.

HA

! ! 0 - ! "9.1 H. ; ! 9 <. -. ! ! 0 * " 4 ! % 5 ! ! 5 RK@S 1 ! 6 " 1 ! ! <=">3 ##&& ! $52 ! R??1 KAS

1 ##&& $52 1 " A="@I= >31 ! R?A1 ?K1 II1 KHS * ! ! ! ! + ( > -(>.1 ! * ! (+ " * ! ! A1 ! (+ R?NS ##&& $52 MO ! (> R@N1 ?NS ! MO" $52 8 ! ! 1 ! 9 $52 ! 6 4 ( 9 R@NS M O 0 -MO. ! " ! 6 MO ! ! ; MO ! ! RK<S ! ! RK?S *

##&& $52 ! MO !

ACTIVE

ACTIVE &

PASSIVE

HI/ ( . $52 !. +,-,-,1 !$ , $ /! ) * * $52" 1 1 - ?="@== . 1 4 ##&&

! ! ! 1 R@N1 ?N1 IIS

HH

!1 ! ! 1 4 HK HN * * : ! 6 * ! * 4

! ( 1 ! 1 0

O 8 ! 0 9

4 0 1 5'5 -53 " ' 5 ' H=AA"HA1 . ( 0 9 ! ! " " 1 8 " ! O ! ! " 1 " $" $52 ! ! ! @JJK & ?== 1 4 ! ' 5 -'5. RKIS ! * *

- HA
CH /H2 "2 @ μm "6 RKKS1 ! 2% CH /H2 -K<= . < μm -! H μm ! 91 <AH. R?HS O "; ! ;1 0 ! ( 4 ( ! " $52 * ##&& $52 $" % * ! * A@A? *

! !

-- 3 %, * $52 0 ! * 4

5 1 λB * 0 0 1 1 -(1 ++. * 5 0 0 #! * #! 1 Λm = λB m/nave -λB 5 1

nave 9 0 .1 0 - 0 . 4 - @1 A H. * H<

HK/ $ 5 % - ! ! <. * * ! 4 " 0 1 5'5

HN/ - %./ * 0 ! 1 ! !

H?

! 1 - 6 @? 4 ?. * ;1 21 O# ! 1 λF W HM 1 4 4 HJ 2 λF W HM 4 1 0 9 ! ; ! 1 ! ! 0 9 * ; ! ! 6 HAA * ; ! ; ! * * ! 0 1 0 0 40 - ! 1 ! 40 . 8 ! ! 9 ! ; ! $: ! ! 1

--! , 5 ! 2 O -2O. " + 4 !

1 5 " * ! 6 1 ! $52" 5 @??= ' 0 9 - 0 .1 ! <@1 ! ! ! : 0 ! " * 40 ! 1 A@A? - ! . HJ ; ! 9 1 H== ! - <. 9 9 0 9 ( 4 H@= ' 4 @A= 0 ! 5 6 ? Y ; A !

! ! N= @
HJ/ O# @ 1 A1 H Δn = 0.008 1 : * 5 @??= 1 @= 1 0 0 H@JJ

! 1 ;

HK

H@=/ O# & " 9 0 @A= HI= 1 A? Y ?= Y * 1 HI= Δn2 = 0.0027 - @H== . Δn3 = 0.008 - @N== . 5 @??= @= 2; ! 3

H@@/ 2; 9 @
; - .

H@A/ 2; " 1 @
HJ

H@H/ ' " 1 @
<=

# * " 0 1 " - 0 SiO .1 ! $52" ( $52" " " " ! 2 O -2O. 1 4 <@ +

$52 ! ! 2O " * 4 $52 " 0 '

<@/ $ 2 O

<@

)* '

* 0 ! ##&& $52" - ##&&(+H. 0" MO" ! 0 - . % - ('++I. * " 1 ! ! ! ! 1 RH=S * 0 - ! <A 7.1 1 " H@1 ! RHJ1 H=S * 6 ##&&(+H ('++I In1−x Gax Asy P1−y 1 1 3 O ##&&(+H 6 1 ('++I @1 A H * 4 9

" ! ##&&(+H" * "! " ! ! ! * ! ! ! #"+ P 0 -#+P1 #"+ ' P $ 1 #+'P$. * ##&&(+H" " ! & 1 * <<

##&&(+H ! " *! <@/ 0 $52"##&& -##&&(+H. & # -0. -. ( * , -Y. -μm. - . @< ==A? \@@N T @H > =?H = =@K? \@@N T @A > =IK =K@ = =@ \?@N T @@ =J \@?@N T @= =? J@K T J =< ?@K T N ==? K > =N? =HA === =A< I =. =@I =?H === ==@? < > =K@ =J= =J= ===K H - >. =@I =?H === ===? A > =N? =HA === =A< @ @ @?@N (

' !-4 & $ 4
*! <A/ 0 ('++I"H1 "H 6 M-λ) 6 > ! λ μm *

6 % M-@AJ. & # $ * - . -nm. @I > AK? @? /T 2 · 1018 J== @< /T 9 · 1017 ?== @H /T 5 · 1017 A== 17 @A /T 1 · 10 A== @@ M-@@./T @= @= <= J M-@=K. =N? A== N M-@AJ. @N K > 0W=?H=1 W=NI HK I > 0W=AIN1 W=NI KA0H ? > 0W=?H=1 W=NI KH0A < > 0W=?H=1 W=NI HK H M-@AJ. @N A M-@=K. A== @ /( 1.5 · 1018 @===

<A/ 5 ##&&(+H MO " ! 7"0/ "0/ P -=1=. N
<H/ 5 ('++I]A

<
##&&(+H"

<<

1 ! ! O ! * L ! 2

! / [ - . 5 ! ! 1 ! RKN1 KJS - <AH .

<?/ (4 * * 0 1 ! ! 2 * " ! * ; 0 ! * ! ; ! ! ! * ! ! * 0 ( 5 ! 1 ! " 1 4 <? 1 ! ! 1 - " . 1 1 " * * 1 1

! !

+ 2 &((( 2 "6 @H?I #3 * 4 ! # 2 " @H?I #3 - . * ; RN=S + 2" 0 ! 1 ! 2 " * 9 " 6 * % ' -'. ! ! 63

A= > * ! H * ! ! ! 1 ; ! - ! <AH. * "

- λ = 628 . * ; 0 !

! ; * ! ! 1 ! V" ! O 1 1 ; 1 0

! ! (+

!-- 5 0¾,6 * (+ ! 0 !

! ! 1 RKNS ! 0 1 ! ( * - . O ! ' - . + 1 0 - ! ' . * ! ! ! 1 T?A="1 VP" T?A=I -T?A@< 0 . * 4 ! RKNS e− + CHF3 → 3F + CH + e−

-<@.

4F + SiO2 → SiF4 + O2

-<A.

3 * > ! * * ! ! ! - ! .1 O

<= N= O1 4 <I1 ! HH= P

N= O

! ! @=="A== * 0 ! ! VP" - "! . * ! ! ! ! 0 / 0 1 0 ! ! 1 * 0 -! <H. *

! 63 *! <H/ ( ! ! (+ / (+A]I=A - ! << . ' L+ 2 " * P

-. -* . -O. - ') -P. @N-@ILA. @== I= A= H==

<I/ (+ ! "2 * ! !" ! " ; ! ! ! 4 ! - . + ! " / @== * 1 @ILA -' L+. A= '

*! <
* ! ! ! $ " ; ( ! " 0 ! " ; ( ! 9 1 1 1 * ! ! 9

h=190 nm

EHT=3.00kV Mag=63.7kX WD=7mm

<K/ (# (+

* ! ! 4 " ?= ?== ! * 1 4 <K1 ! !1 4 0

!--

0 ,6 784(7 ( * 4 ' L ! , " !^ @JN? RKJS ' − based 0 ! / 0 1 - " 1 @?="A== ' [email protected] ! - 0 . * !
!

/ 6 ! "

! * 6 - . ' - . - 0. ( ! ! ' L O 1 RNAS1 ! ! - 1 ; . RNH1 N<1 N?S !24 O ! 0 ' +

6 ->. 9 ! * 0 R=1 1, 1S" R=1 1, 1S" * 8 ! 1 ( ! RN=S1 RNA1 NIS1 " ! R?H1 ?<S +

! V

*

1 ! 5 H ! 2" -( 2"@=,2. 1 * 0 - :. " " 9 ! ; 1 4 *

R?H1 ?<S "; -J? Y ; @? 1 @H< . ! ! " F >1 > > ! !

> RKJS !

NK Y " - M-@H. >1 AK? .

grating

ridge active

<N/ ( "; * 0

<J

( ! ! #+2 , !^ RKJS (#"

CH 1 ! " -

. ! " 4 SiO - .1 @"I L * 4 ! O " - . ( ! 01 1 -P H . 1 P H P H #+2 @JNJ RNHS RN<S 5 ! 1 C Hy 1 0 K1 ! 0 @@ ! ! ! RN<S * C H5+ ! % " RN<S 1

0 = K? Y * ! ! 1

* ! ! 1 0" -7(. " -L" / =?"=K. ! * ! e− + CH4 → CH3 + H + e−

-<H.

3CH3 + In → In(CH3 )3 and 3C2 H5 + In → In(C2 H5 )3

-<<.

-<?. * 9 ! " / 1 1 1 ; 3H2 + 2P → 2P H3

#$ > 2 " ! " 1 - !. 5 RNH1 N?S ! 2 " 1 - 0 .1 4 <J

1 4 <J 4 <@=1

!

-@?= P RKJS1 A== P RN?S. 4 !

1 (#" H 9 I=1 N= @== O 2 " - !
! 5 @== O N= O ! 1 4 <J <@=

?=

<J/ ! 2 " N= * 1 ;
mask

ridge

etched surface

<@=/ (#" ?K= P ! ?@

# CH ) 5 *, ! ! * * *

-∼ H= Y . 1 ! - SiO . RNH1 N?S $ 1 ! & $ > ! " ; RNHS1 ! ! 1 ; " 1 τ 1 ! τ=

P ·V Q

-<I.

O 1 P ! M ; -M ! 0 * L. 1sccm = 1cm3 /min @ 760T orr = 0.3167T orr litre/s

RNHS -

! ; .

@= =<

J= * ?= * 1 0 ; - . AA HK O 61 ?= * ! ! *! <? & 0 ; ! ! * 1 ! <? 0 * 0 & 0 - . 1 * - 1 ! . 1

@=Y

@== ' RKJS 5 ;1 ! ! A= ' - A? '.

?A

*! <?/ , 9 * ! ∼K -H= . _ -* . M -. -. @ @==
1 ! ! 8 1 8 8 ! - 8 . ! RNA1 ?HS 6 ! ! * R?HS - ! .

SiO " ! RNKS1 ! , * <=="I== H? μm - A?="HN= AAμm. * ! H== - ! . - . * 6 H L * ! @ L 1 * 0 ! ! 6 # O ! 9 -@A= " HI= . * * ! !1 4 <@A ( ! ! ! -! @== * . * "" ! ! RKN1 JS1 kT λ= √ 2πd2 P

-<K.

λ ""1 5 38 1 * 1 πd2 " - 0 =< . !

! ! =< @== * + ! ! ! 5 2 RNNS * 2 ! ! ?H

<@@/ (# 9 6 RNNS 1 1 1 = + R kR φR SR kI φI EI

-<N.

! ! 1 1 φR ";01 φI " ;01 ( !! ! O ;0 * ! ;0 ! 4 -<=="?== P.1 ! * ! -$. ! -$. ! & RNJS " ! ! ! ! 1 ! " " @H= P - $'"! ! ! @L< P . @= * @= 1 ?= * @H RNNS 1 2 6 O# $ ! - . * ! 2 1 ( ""1 ;0 ! ! 1 -4 <@A.1 ! ;0 * 2 9 ! 4 <@A ! ;0 !

9 * ;0

?<

- .1 ;0 ! * 9/ @= ! 1 ! ! * 6 9 0 9 ! 9 " 0 6 0 D0E $ ! 9 0 9

! ;1 *

9 8 ! 1 @=="A== 1 D!E ( 9 ! ! !

pillar trench

a3

a2

<@A/ $ ; * 3 2 !/ tan α2 = 180/2100, α3 = 9.8 1 tan α2 = 60/2100, α2 = 3.2 3

2

* 3 9 3rd

HI= ?=Y 2nd ! ! @A=

' ( )

* ' +)

<@H/ (# 9 O ! ! " ??

5 ;0 ! O ; !" # 1

!

! " ; !

- ! 1 ! 1 . 9 @== 0 ! ===< - 0 . RJ=S , !^ - .1 ! ! / " -! . ;0 * ; !

" ! 4 1 6 <J

-<J. 1 0 1 ' 01 1 & 9 ! 9 " " 1 8 D E ( 9 " ! 3 ( 9 9 , !^ 3 " 9 " * " D E - " 1 HE . " ! <I (

1 ! : 1 0 - . ! -. O ! 0 ! * I= - AE . O 1 ! 0 6" !

r(x) = rv + rl (x) ∝ Cv + Cl (x) = Cv + Kcosh(x/L)

* 9 " ' 1 A"H 1

?I

*! <I/ 0 " &((( #>H== , " 0 ( > > , " 2 -* . V -L. -Y. -. @ N=

AE N AN A A?

AE I @N H A?

" I AI < A? ? AE "A? @< ? A? < AE @A @? I A? < " H? A= ! ! RJ@S * 9 ! 1 9 ! ' " 5 " * ! *

" 9 - . @=="A==

! : ( (+ - . RJAS O @I L 2" @A L , 6 ! 0 O -&. (+ 1 4 <@<1 &" 9 ' &"

* 6 ! &" ( 6 - .1 6 !

+ !-0,6 * 4 #+2 ! ! - 2 " 1 @==O I= O. ?I= P
5 1

9 1 HN Y * A= Y A? Y O ! @J μm

@@=

* @A= 9 - I== . ! ( HI= ?K

<@
?N

@A= ! "! ! - HI= ! .

* HI=

?= Y 9 9 * ! H== A μm 1 4 <@H * N= * " N Y -0 .1 ! <I1 @K= A@A? * ! 9 4 ?= * A? * O ! 1 ; ! ! !

; * ! 2 " 5 9 * ! A== * ! 4 ! <K1 (# A? * 4 <@?

2073 nm

<@?/ $ * ! 1 9 *! <K/ '! - .1 ! 4 #+2 2 " ' L 5 2! -* . -. -Y. -P. -L. -O. -OL .
!-- & * 4 ! 1 4 ! 0 ' ?J

6 ##&&(+H"0 AA= 1 ?H= ! -T. 1 ?= Y "! * H== HI< 1 ! >"2 4 @@? - ; ! < 1 @== . * T" ?="A== - ". 4 * T VP" I== * 9 : VP" 1 ! 0 0 4 2 -@@ . * @K="A== * 0 9 D E @A -H= . 1 ! <N * A= 1 ! <K1 ! - ! . * 4 #+2 @A * 4 2250 ± 80 1 ! 4 @== 4 <@I *! <N/ '! ! 2 " ' L 5 -* . -. -Y. -P. -O. -OL . I=

=@J

N=

A?

<@I/

I=

!-- & ( ! #+2 * 0 > " " ! -! . - " . 9 #+21 " ! ! * 6 ! " * 1 ! ('++"01 * ##&&(+H" H== 9 * @=">3 ! ! * $52" ! / I== HI= 1 N Y

!-! * ! I * 1 ! ! ! <J " , " ( ! ! ! ?=" *! <J/ & ! $52 & &" &DBR L

-μm. -μm. -μm. $52 @
IA

*

- . 1 ! * $52" -@ < . ! !1 4 ?@ * $52 - $52. ( $52 ! A? @= Y 1 0 8 ; * !! 0 !

! 1 <HA * @=
?@/ &" 1 @ < & $

- -

0& !0 $ (+ K - ; . 2" 1 -2∼@= . ; ("1 ! ! * ; ; ( 0 ; ! 8 ! 2" +

!" ( ! + ! RJHS1 " ! * ; " IH

HAY * ! ! / @. A. 6 ! ! - . RH=S * ! 9 1 A < 1 2" ; + ! ! *
?A/ 2 ; " '7?H! ?= -& AA @
* -! ?@. &" -4 <@<.1 6 * $52" -< @? .1 ! 9 01 - !

I<

! . < =H 1 @= < ! 0 ! *! ?@/ O $52" - . 9

* 1 0 $52" -Λm = λB m/nave . $52" RS RS RS @ <H @??@ @?K?"@?N= A <H @??H @?I?"@?K= H @ @??@ @??? < < @??H @?I?"@?K= ? AA @??? @?I?

?H/ ( 9 ! ! < 2" $52" -'(?I!. > N= μm 3

"

1 $52" 2" - 8 $52" . ?< A ! 2" I?

,

&$

?
??/ ' 'O " $52"##&&1 5*3.

II

" * " 9 #&& , " !" $52" " 1 ! " ! $52 ' " - 1 ! ! . ! " 0 !

O " ! ! ! 0 0 "AA P ?? $52" ! ! " ! ! ! * " $52" - 9 !. ! ! " !

$52" ! 2 /! &# * &" $52 4 ?I * " ? Y 2" 1 0 - H@ " HA"H? $52 1 A= '. * ! 4 ?I1 <= ?K 1 ! * ! ?= ' * 2" ! ! !

!

-A? '. +

--

5& & .8 (9 /! " 4! $52" * 4! 1 ! H 5 'O" * 4! ! ? O H= @=">3 $52"##&& R@NS H 5 4! @= @=">3 R?NS * $52" 6 > ! 1 " ! " * "

4 <= 5 -4 ??. - O#. ! =? @= * H"I 1 8 ! * $52" 1 0 ! ! ∼<== (# - IN L. * 4 ?K ?N * ! ? 4 > IK

?I/ &" @=">3 $52 ##&&(+H" * A= ' !" * " 1 4 ?J 0 " 0 " ! ! $52 ! 2 " 3 -2( (#2<=.1 4 <"@= >3 4 -'0 '5#=<@==H=H=1 H= 51 @ 5/ H= 51 , I 5. @ 5 4 ; , 2 " ! "N 5 * ! 4 H= 5 "N 5 O ! 0 ! ! AN 5 1 ! ; -(@@

@= >3 <= Y ; . * ! ! ! !

! "?"-"I. P - AN 5 " " @?J P ?= Y ! ! ! ! ! ! a"< P. O 1 ! ! ! H? - <== (# . * ! " ! 9 4 6 > 2+> ! 4 4 ?@= ?@@ * O# *5 =H<1 * ! " IN

?K/ ( " $52"##&& > @<= ! ! ! "H= P

?N/ " $52"##&& > " @<= ! ! ! "H= P

IJ

?J/ ( " "##&& ! $52"##&& , 9 > N= ! ! "AK P

Retrived spectrum

0

10

10

8

6 −1

10

2 −2

10

0

Timeshift / ps

Optical spectrum

4

−2

−4 −3

10

−6

−8 −4

10

1542

1544

1546

1548

1550

1552

1554

1556

1558

1560

1562

−10

Wavelength / nm

?@=/ ( ! " $52"#&&&1 2+>" K=

Retrived field

0

10

10

8

6 −1

10

Intensity

2 −2

10

0

−2

Wavelength difference / nm

4

−4 −3

10

−6

−8 −4

10 −15

−10

−5

0

5

10

−10 15

time / ps

?@@/ ! " $52"#&&&1 2+>"

, 2+> !

$ " - 1 $52. ! 1 4 ?@A1 9

1 * - . 1 A@ 4 ! 1 ! ! -('++I. " R<JS * $52" 2 " 1 % 2, ! ?AA 18 (9 : :% * M$ MO -('++I]@. ! 9 O <=">3 MO" -4 ?@H. ! @=">3 " - " .1 M$" -4 ?@<. 9 ! > ! H * ! " 1 ! MO" 6 0 4 ! 4!

--

;,-,-,. ' ) * ! " " - . *

K@

?@A/ ( ! " @=>3 "##&&

?@H/ # " @ MO " ∼<=>3

KA

?@3 > K? ! ! ! "?I P 8 " 1 ! 8 1 8 : ! &' )!& 9* ! ! 6 AK - . " μ = 01 !! 1 * !! 2 , -2,. R
* 2, AA >31 K==== & 3 * ;,-,-,- ' ) <

* * 1 " " * ! 1 ! " 61 0 ! * - . 9 % * % - 9 ! . * 4 ! % - .1 : ! A== 1 % " "" * ! 6 ! *

KH

! ! 2 " # " ! 1 ,1

1 T = N · TR 1 A * " % ! 6 0 @L<* ∞ 3 ! RJ<S σpp =

2 2 σXC − σAC

-?A.

2 2 σXC " σAC * 6 % ! - 6. " 1 L(T ) = c/ng N · TR @=">3 @=== ! H= 1 ! ! * !

4! * !

0 4!

! AH % ! ! ! " " 4 * % " ! ! flow = 1/4N TR - 0 @=">3 H= flow = 2.5M Hz ( 1 @=== 4!1 ! ! RJ<S ! ! " ! % - . 1 % ! " ! ! 1 RAK1 <@S 6 - 0 .

&' ) * * " " 4 ! & @JNI R<=S ; - AA . * 6 6 1 ! 1 ;

- . * % ! ! ! 6 RHJS * " ( 3 -(. " 4 ?@? * ; -%. A1 AA * ! 1 1

K<

! 6 1 6 AK * ! " @= >3 <= >3 1 1 % ! 6 * 10/40 GHz synthesizer

Laser

22/50 GHz Spectrum Analyzer

?@?/ ! - . " " ( 3/ * ( 6 * ! 3 ! ! O ! ! 1 aA 5 ! RJ?S 1 2 " " ! 0 1 S F 1 1 S J ( 6 1 1 ( " ! -((5. " L(f )1 4 " - " ! φ = ωt1 Δφ = ωΔt. @ 31 Pn (f )(1Hz) 1 Pc 9 6 f L(f ) =

Pn (f )(1Hz) Pc

-?H.

* 2 1 SJ = 2πf L(f ) fr ! 6 * 2#( % ! - 6 AJ . R

1 σrms (flow , fhigh ) = 2πfR

K?

fhigh

flow

(L(f )l + L(f )u )df

-?<.

! 1 Lu 1 1 Ll 1 ! 1 ! R<@1

+ ! ! 6 - ! .1

! 6 % ! / @. 8 ! 61 A. " L'2" % ! " 6 % ,6 6 RA?S # % " ! * V >NA?@

*! ?A/ *V"* % 4 '2 RHNS 2 3 #0 @=">3 <= >31

% ! < & 2 = 2 @ 2 A 2 H @= >3 XA= A= "N=# <#"N=# N=#"?> <= >3 XA= A= "HA=# @I#"HA=# HA=#"A=> ;,-,-,+ .8 (9 :% $ = $

& " ! % 0" 1 ! R3 <A? * 0 -('++I1 H. 0 MO * ! " ! ! ! !1 4 NIKH' 3 * AA >3 & K==== & 31 ( - ?@?.

KI

* " " 4 ?@I + 2" A"MO @"MO 2" -2" ? Y . 3 6 @ #3 ! 3 1 ;

#3 ! 6 0 - H. @"MO 0! A"MO % 4 @= >3 -A= "N=#.1 % N@ 2" @"MO @@= A"MO , 1 1 % ! : !

" 4 -A"MO/ "@A? 5L31 @MO/ "@H= 5L3. 0" 1 0 * 0" "@AH 5L3 RJKS /! &# .8 (9 * " ! 1 0 3 2 [( 3 (#2<=1 NIKH' ! * 3 1 % ! 1 ! "6 ! ! 4 ?@K 3 ! "6 % * ! % $52" A?= % @NK " " 6 ! - . "@A= 5L3 1 $52"1 @3 $52 ##&& @??= 6 ! * 4 " $52 ! RI?S * 6 N@ >3 "

KK

?@I/ ( " ! ! % @= >3 " * ((5 3

KN

?@K/ ! 2#( % $52"1 " 3 -2[( (#2<=.

KJ

A= , 1 * O! R?NS JJ? >3 *5 =< - " . * ! N @ O 1 + R@NS ! I@ " *5 =HN 4!" =@N O * % ! =H ! * ! % R@NS1 - . 1 ! R?NS R@NS

6 ! HAA $52 ' 8 !

?@N/ ' 2, " $52"##&& "##&& 5 ! 0 : :% 18 (9 M ( 4 " " H ( 9 ! ! 1 & " + ! ! !1 ! 4 6 4 ( 9 -M'(.1 ! ! * 9 " 9 -2" .

N=

?@J/ 2, ! " @=">3 $52 ! ! " * M'( ! <= >3 M$" <= >3 MO" 5 ! @ " ! ! * MO" ('++I 0 - H. * M$" >"! # 5 0 * " >1−x M$ > #$ >#%$ * ∼@AN= 5 9 1

5 2" " 91 " * ! ! @== μm ! * ! * M$" H= ! 1 " MO" K 5 M$" H -I μm. 6 -H?= ?== L . 0 ! ! ! ! , !

+ 6" "

2 " - . ?A= " 2 " M$ @"MO 1 ! ?H 8 M$" @"MO &

((5"1 ?A@1 4 ! 9 A= 5L 1 R<@S1 A= 5 9 M$ ;

- M$ ! . N@

?A=/ (" " <=">3 M$" @"MO * " ! ! M$" 7 5 *V"*"4 ! @I"HA= #3 - ! ?A. % A@J M$ 1 ! I @H MO" * % M$ ;

@== #3 M$ ! ! " * 0 - .1 M$" MO" * MO" - ! A= O MO" K O M$".1 ! M$" H ! MO" * 9 4 !! ! M$" * ! ! ! 6 : !

> " : * : ! ! M$"(+ ! ! ! V ! 8 !

6 $ ! 6 ! NA

?A@/ ! % " <=">3 M$" @"MO

*! ?H/ + " M$" @"MO" & -. P -P. λ -. Δλ -. & -O. M$ K? "?I @AKN @A ∼1 @"MO @K? "AK @?H@ AA J

NH

! " ! ! ! * " ! 2#( % 4 ?AA % *V"* 4 A -A= 3"HA=#3. " @A< " 8 " 3 MO 1 !!

; ! M$" ! ! " ! MO" * ! ! *

! % M$" 0 ! 0 ! " ! ! ! ) 18 (9* # 4 " <= >3 ! 6 ! HJ <= >3 2 % ! " % 3 1 * 4 8 " - %. ! 6 ! 3 6 " 1 " 2 "

* 9 ! ! , ! ! ! : 9 - 9 3 ! . * 9 61 ! @ #3 - 4 ?AA. ! " ! 6 2 " R

3 5 4 ;

3 ! ! - . !! 1 4 $' - !". + -. !! 1 ! ! ! - 0 5 ! . ! 6 91 " f -4 ?AH. 1 1

N<

?AA/ ! % ! " <=">3 M$" @"MO ! ?H

N?

?AH/ ' @"MO - 0 . 6 -X@#3.1 ! !

31 9 6 -\@== #3 .1 3 1 "@A? 5-@3. ! ! I?N? (

NI

! 2 " ! ! '2"1 A1 ! % '2 ( 1 ! ! 1 ! ! " " RJK1 JN1 3

" % ( R
! 61 ! 4 ! 0 5

" 1 ! ";

<= >3 : 6 - "6 . - 0. 0 ! <= >3 6 <= >3 ! A= >3 $' O ! <= >3 " M"! 0 HH ?= >3 -@K >3 ! .1 ! Vabs 50-GHz photodiode

Igain 40-GHz synthesizer High power RF amp

Q-band LNA

laser microwave delay LO RF Spectrum Analyzer

RF Q-band mixer IF

V LNA Bias-T

?A
NK

?= " ; -==N 5L>3 5O' \?= >3. 6 1 5 2 " 0 4 A< 5 &+" 0 ! ! ! 1 ! 6 - . 0 -$'"@K >3. 4 ! ! !"1 "

% ! 6 6 -A= 3"@? >3. ! ! 4 -' / H= 3L@A >3. ! ( 3 0 " ! 6 6 &+1 ±ωLO - . &+"6 !! 1 4 6 $'" 2 " ! 1 vRF (t) = VRF cos(ω0 t + φ(t))1 ω0 6 φ(t) = (ω(t) − ω0 )t - 6

6 . ! %! 1 vLO (t) = VLO cos(ω0 t + θ) O θ = π/21 1 - " 4 . vif (t) = vRF (t) · vLO (t) =

α α VLO V RF sin φ(t) ≈ VLO VRF φ(t) 2 2

-??.

α 01 " 0 O 2#( vif (1 1 α2 VLO VRF - ! " 0 5.1 Sφ Sφ ! ! " - ! ! ! 6. ((5 ! 1 L(f ) = Sφ (f )/2 R
1 ! ! 0 5 4 ! 4 41 , ? 5 A< 51 ;

"@IJ 5L3 " ! " "@IN 5L3 <? 5 -A $'".1 0 8 0 ;

; ! % 3

3 61 ! % 9 6 3 f = 1/4Δt1 Δt 9 RAKS 3 !

@. 6 ! - 4! !. A. " 3 + ! 4! A NA

NN

3 ! ! ! ! 6 -HN 5 .1 4 ?AN 0 ;

;

% ;

? ! " 5", # R
!" " @1 A H MO1 0 ('++I ! H 2" ! ! - <<A. A= ' 0 H"MO @N ' $ " / @. " 1 A. ! ! ! 0 2

! ! H. O

! ! ! ! " 1 40 0 2 "6 <. O 6 2, "! ?A? 2, 2 "6 -A"MO . 40 ?AI %

- $./

' $./

?A?/ 2, 2, 3 6 P NJ

?AI/ 2#( % 3 6 P

?AK "! -((5. " " - AA.1 6 ?I1 " 9 Lf gs (f ) =

2π TM

2

PASE 2τ 2 1 2 2 2 1 + 0.16ω τ T S (ω) relosc R 2 A A20 (2πf ) + (2γ0 )2 4π A0

-?I. RAKS 4 " 1 P 1 " 1 A20

! A H ! " 1 ! - .1 1 4 H Z & 3 " 9 " 2 2 τ /4TR 1 ! 4 1 61 γ0 = MAM ωM 1 M 1 1 τ 1 61 ωM 1 " 1 TR 3 0 ! 6 R3 6 ?I " 9 ! A= 5 ! 1 % J=

?AK/ 2 ! - ! $ ! ! ! ! H 5. @1 A H MO 0 ;

J@

# RHIS - AA . ( 6 2,"1 4 ?AK ! " 4 4 1 S 6 ?I1 & 3 0 6 RAK1 0 5S ! ! 4 6 0 6 ! 9 f 4 ! 6 -XH= 3. ! 6 H >3 ;

?AN 2#( % ! A= >3 ! 6 ! " 4 % ;

6 ! A= >3 @= >3 " 9 ! RHI1 AKS1 % -@= 3"A= >3. @"MO << ! ! " 6

JA

?AN/ . ( 4 !. % A= >3 5 A= @= >3 % @= >3 ;

2," 4 ?AJ " "

0 1 6" 0 6

9 ;

6 - "@?A 5L3. @"MO ! 6 @ 5 - 6 A@K ! A@. 0 2, 0 ! 1 ! A= >3 2#( ! 6 JH

! ?
4 _MO P ( ( λ Δt Δλ 5 & -. -P. - 5. ->3. -. -. -. -O. @ @J@ "AK AI HJKN @?H@ @@ AAA =HN JA A @J= "HN AI HJ?N @?
@== #3 >3 2, ! @= 5 @"MO 2#( -2," . = 3 A= >3 A"MO =IH L

J<

+ ! ! " > ! 1 ! ! 6 "1 0 " ; 2" ! @Y1 ! @KY ! ! ! A 9 0 9 ===N1 ! ===A - 0 . % " ! ! 1 0 < ! ! 6 ; - ! . & ; ?= μm ; K? Y1 ! A< Y ! " ! " " ! " " 1 % 6 8 % % @=">3 " " % 0 1 ! ! RH=S " " 4 " 5 ! ! @=">3 5 " $521 ! 1 ! ! + " !1 $521 0 ! ; $52 &1 " " <=">3 9 ! " "" ! 4 " <=">3 ! O ! ! % @"MO 4 ! " M$" <= >3

! @"MO M$" 0 " 1 !

J?

"

" " 5 "! !"Q ! / " 1 " $ 6

4 " 1

! 1 *

9 ! 0 # 9 ! ! ! ;

9 ! ! ! " !

@=">3 $52

@=">3 6

/ " ! 1 " 4 ! 1 " ! " $52 ! HI 1 4!" ? O % A?= -A= 3"N=#3. ;

<=">3 2" @== # 6 ! 1 6 1 <= >31 ! ! " " $9 ! ! 0 / 4 1 0 " ! JI

9 6 9 %

<< A= >3 @= 3 @"MO "

! " ! $" %1 ! ! 1 ! / @. @= >3 ! ! ! A. "

! H. 5 + ! ! 4 ! % '

! ! ! ! R?AS O ; 1 <=">3 $52 ! " " 6 $52 4 " / "1 1 ! 4 " ! % "; 0 ! ! " 2" ! 4 1 4 4 40 0 6 0 " 6 " <=">3 " ! ! 3 0 > 61 ! ! : $'" 0 M$ MO 1 M$

JK

% R@S >^1 D5 ! 1E M " 1 > , 5 ! 1 , / ' ! V 1 @JI<1 @@@H"@@@J RAS 1 D# "& 1E 1 ( M 1 P I1 , I1 , !L$! A=== RHS 5 1 # 1 #1 ( O ' 31 D # "& ( &1E M 1 P A?1 , I1 @JNJ R<S $ 1 D ! ! " 1E 1 P <<1 , H1 @JKN R?S , 1 M 1 P N1 , AJ1 @JKA RIS '1 # ' O1 !" 1 2 & 1 # '1 D(!" " " 6 1E & ?N [email protected] A? # @JJ@ RKS > 1 D !"+ ' (1E O ( #" + 1 ! ' 1 ((5, ="!L 1E & 1 @<-@=./AH<<"AH?A1 + ! @JJI RJS ( 1 1 V1 ( 1 # 1 DH !L -@I=>!LU@J. +$#LO$# 01 + ' 1 $@"@1 +(1 ( $ 1 V(1 @JJJ R@=S $ 51 1 D' ,2T" 2T" <=">!L $# "4! 1E &1 P J1 , H1 # @JJK R@@S '1 1 & +0 1 ( 1 ( 1 1 D 6 +$# 1E A==H &+( # ' R@AS # 1 D9 ' "+ "$ $0 V , ! ( ( 1E M 1 P H=1 , @A $ @JJ< JN

R@HS & +0 1 '+#"$V1 1 " R@<S & +0 1 D" " +$# 1E '+' A==< R@?S + 1 (31 1

1 D+ 0 @=>!L ! " 1E + ' 8J?1 " $ 1 1 ANN"J1 @JJ? R@IS # (1 1 1 1

1 D+" " " 1E + ' A==@ R@KS + 1 ( 1 (31 1 1 D<=">3 @I= >!L " 1E + ' A==A R@NS + 1 1 ( 1

1 D " 6 " " " " 1E + M HH1 K=J"KA?1 A==@ R@JS ( 1 ( ( 1 !1 + 1 D"+ @I= >!L ' 0 O # "& & $ # 1E &1 P @I1 , I1 A==< RA=S + 1 ( 1 2 1 1 1 1 D @I=">3 (" # "& & $ + ' 2 1E A==? RA@S + 1 1 1 (31

1 D" "+ > V (! ! ! # "& & $ 1E &1 P @=1 , <1 @JJN RAAS 1 1 + 1

1 "+ H2 2 ! + ' 2 # "& &$1E '+' 1 @JJJ RAHS 1 # & 1 D# " > 3 " / ' 1 01 1E "+ 1 P @
1 D

$52 # "& & #"O !"2 (1E & 1 P @N1 , @1 A=== RA?S O 1 ' 1 > 51 1 2 $ 1 & O1 +8$ 1 > 21 2 ' O 1 D+ ( " "$ ' 1E # 61 P <J1 , @=1 + ! A==@ JJ

RAIS 1 2 &1 ( > 1 2 5 1 2 1 #1 ' 1 ( 1 2 O 1 D " " $ ' / ( M3 @== >L1E # 61 P ?H1 , @1 A==? RAKS & 1 DV ", # &1E $"1 #1 # A==A RANS O 1 ' * 1 9 & O1 > 51 2 ' O 1 D# " % ! " 1E + &1 P AI1 , ?1 # @1 A==@ RAJS 5!1 ( 31 D' V E ! , $ 1 '! V @JJ? (5, = ?A@ 1E M 1 P AJ1 , A1 ! @JJH RHAS O $& 1 2 ! 1 [ O O1 D 6"

" 1E +( 5 P @@ -@@. @JJ< RHHS 2 ! 1 D 2+> # V 1E !1 (5, @"<=A="K=II"K1 A=== RH<S $1 D' V E ! , $ 1 '! V @JJ? (5, = ?A@ 1 1 1 D, " 1E ( * M 1 K-A./@?J@IK1 #L A==@ RHIS $> % 2 # 1 # " & &1 M AN1 I1 @?J< -@JJA. RHKS & 1 1

1 D( " ! 1E + ! ' 2 A1 @"H@ -A==?. RHNS >NA?@ D % - .1E 2 >NA?@1 V"1 , ! A==@ RHJS 1 $ & 1 & '1 ' 1 & +0 1 # 1 $ 5 1 ! 1 D& "% " <=">3 " # "& &1E & 1 P @I1 , @@1 , A==< R<=S $ P & 1 D' " 1E 5 HJ1 A=@1 @JNI @==

R<@S # 331 D, # "& &1E M 1 P AJ1 , H1 # @JJH R31E &1 P HK1 , AA1 @HHN"@HHJ1 A==@ R '1 D" ' "2 ' ! + "& &

-+&&.1E ' & + A==?1 1 D5 2 " +$# ( 5 # > 1E & 1 P @N1 , @@1 , ! A=== R 1 + 1 D(" !

41E M 1 P A?1 , @@1 AAJK"AH=I1 @JNJ R3 " " 1E P <=1 , @A1 @= A==< R?=S $ & 1 1 # 1 DO "5 2 ", #" <=">3 # # "& &1E & P @K1 , @@1 , A==? R?@S 5 1 2 1 # 1 ' (!1 > 1 " 1 D+ <= >3 ! " $52 1E + # $ + ' 1 (1 P I=A=1 A==? R?AS ( 1 1 1 1 # 1 D 6 2 0 # "& & ! # V ' > 1E ( M 1 P H1 , A1 @JJK R?HS # # 2%1 O 1 ( * 1 ( 1 ! ( 1 D "2; L53 ! 5 2; # >L &1E P <=1 AAIJ"AAKK1 -A==@. @=@

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

4 ?K" 1 & I= -AI.1 AJ @JJA RIHS " 2 1 ( , 1 5 ! 1 1 O1 5 ( 1 5 1 5 ( 31 @@<" " ! 5 ; 1 &1 K1 IJK"IJJ1 @JJ? RI<S 1 $ ! 2 O $0 1 D ! 1E & P HK1 , H1 @JN= RI?S 1 > 2! 1 V 1 5 #1 # 1 # '1 ' 51 2 1 D??" & > # 0 "' & 5 "2; # "& 1E & P <1 , H1 # @JJA @=A

RIIS ( 1 1 1 # 1 D # "& ( "> #6"O & ! " # $! 5 2; 1E ( M 1 P A1 , H1 (! @JJI RIKS $ 1 ( ( 1 > !1 5 2 1 5 1 D5"% $52 @? ! #+P 1E &" 1 P H@1 , @?1 A= @JJ? RINS " 1 > 1 & ' 1 ( $51 D$

> P > " ' ' 2 ' ' : $! 1E & P+& J1 ,+ K1 V& @JJK RIJS ' ' ' 31 D$ & '1E O1 @JJ? (5, =""1E & [email protected] @N @JNN RK@S $ $1 2 1 + 33 # '1 DP " ! 1E & P HA1 , A1 A< + ! @JJI RKAS 2 1 5 ^1 1 ( 1 O 2!1 ( 1 2 (31 O !1 > (1 D*! # # "& &

& 1E &1 P @?1 , ?1 # A==H RKHS + 1 ( 1 2 1 1 1 1 D@I=">3 # "& ( & + ' 2 1E & ( 2 & 1 P HH1 A1 A==? RK<S ( 1 ( 5 1 ( $!1 & ' " 1 D M"O"0 O " " '1E ( M 1 P N1 , <1 V&LV>V(* A==A RK?S #1 ' #&1 > & 1 ' 51 2 # $ & 21 #1 ' ' 5 1 D# >"> #"M"O ( V & 0 1E M 1 P HH1 , @1 @JJK RKIS 2 # &1 # 1 ' 1 ( 1 ( $ 2 1 1 ' 1 D>" 2 "O $52 & "+ ( > ! V '51E " &1 P J1 , @@1 , !! @JJK RKKS # 1 5 $ 1 7 &1 5 1 5 ' M1 M1 ' 1 ( $ #$ 1 + 1 ' 51 2 # $ & 21 #1 D# ! 5 ; @? μm ! 1E + # @< -A===. @JH"@JI @=H

RKNS $ 1 # $ $ 5 >:1 D( P&( 1E A===1 (5, ="@H"=N?=HK"H RKJS V , !^ 1 # 1 > >1 D " 1 ' 2 ' 1 3 1 1 @JN? RN=S >1 D + ' # > $0 >L1E $" , @A=JH1 @JJK RN@S ( ' #,1 D' > ! / " ' 1E P ( 51 P <1 , ?1 @A@I"@AAI1 @JNI RNAS 2 > 1 P 31 + ( 1 P P1 D "! "

"6 1E P ( 5 @J-?.1 (L+ A==@ RNHS 2 1 # $!1 # 1 O ' "(1 & !

1 D2 ' *!1 D; 0

'<"A E1 P ( 5 @?-?.1 (L+ @JJK RN?S 1 ' ' 1 5 > 1 > !1 D '<"A 0 ! 1E P ( @I-H.1 #L @JJN ',2(1 [ [ RNIS 51 D # & " + # 1E $"1 V 1 A==< RNKS 5" &1 2 1 # 1 2 1 ( 1 1 D(+ 'L1E & P IH1 , I1 $! @JJH RNNS 1 # 5 1 2 O 1 , 1 ( 1 ' , 1 # 1 D2 &> , > ('* 2+ 2,' ',> + (&'+,1E # H?1 1 ( 1 D ! ! 1E P IN1 , N1 + ! @JJ= RJ=S V , !^ 1 D " '
RJAS ( +1 D, 2" M "! " 1E '+ @JJ? RJHS 2 & D0 V !G ^ , 1E $"1 VG 51 @JJH RJ<S & 1 ( O 1 # >1 1 D# O + ' ' 1E M P HN , N1 A==A RJ?S 5 1 ( ,@?=1 " @JNJ RJIS 1 $ & 1 & '1 & +0 1 " # 1 # 1 ! 1 D$ " !1E " ( -(5,/ =N @J"1 1 ' #, 1 ( 1

1 DM" " 1E + & P AK1 , @1 <J"?@1 A==A RJNS $ $ 1 #1 5 1 D2 ! % " 1E & P AI1 , A<1 @JJ= RJJS 31 ' # $1 $1 1 5 !1 D# " ! " 0 1E + &1 P AK1 , @=1 # A==A R@==S #"' 51 D*! $ &1E 1 ,

1 #1 @JJN1 (5, ="NJ==I"JIH"N R@=@S T"# ' & ' 1 D$ O *! ( " & V > " ' "' 1E M 1 P AJ1 , <1 @JJH R@=AS 1 51 D 1E 2 HA/JK1 @JAN R@=HS ,61 1 D 1 D 2 HA/@@=1 @JAN R@=<S 1 1 D+ 1E +0 V" 1 @JJK1 (5, ="@J"?@=IAI"@ -. R@=?S T+,27 /LL 3 %

2

@=?

T?A=

P@=A

#A==@1

& &

,

0 ! ! < # ! 0!

R@==1 IJS ' ! 4 ! R@=@S ! 4 ! 9 ! 1 ! 9 1 Δβ 3 9 ! -@. 4 9 ! 9 ! Δβ(λ) = β1 (λ) − β2 (λ)

2π κ λc -Δβ = 0.

Δβ = β1 − β2 −

-A.

41 ! 1 Λ1 9 9 0 ! / -H. 1 ! ! 0 9 ( λc = 1.55 μm λc = Λ · (n1 − n2 )

Δn = 0.05 → Λ = 31.90μm Δn = 0.10 → Λ = 15.95μm

! 4 ! &" 1 9 0 (ng1 − ng2 ) R@==1 @=@S @=I

Δλ1/2 = 0.8

λ2C Ltot (ng1 − ng2 )

-<.

&" ! ! 3 ! " -! ! ?"@= - <.. ! 1 1 & 1 1 κ Ltot = xLc = x

π = NΛ 2κ

-?.

0 " 4 0 !

! !1 ! @ κ ! ! 0 &" -&" ! % 4 ! . ! κ ! : ! 0 9 4 κ 0 9 - 6 . RIJ1 AKNS

(- - 2 O ( ! 1 0 9 ! !

! ! ! 1 ! " -( ++. < -##&&(+H. 0 9 ! ! 8 0 9 9 0 4 ! <"@= ! ' ! A - ! <= >3 1 ! @ . 4 !

@= - !! . 6 < Δng > 0.096 4 0 9 =@J 0 0 9 ! " ==@ 0 >'"4 !

! @/ , 0 " " " " @ 2 @ 2 A Δnmax Λ Δng 5O & -μm2 ) -μm2 ) -. - . -. -. @I0=@ AA0A@ ==@I @== "==@ KN? JI A===

@=K

2.2

1.6

InP

BCB

BCB

@/ >'"4

& - % +. (-- 69 2 9 0 9 ! 0 ; 4 $52 1 6 I"K + 0 9 -?="@== . 1 R@==S 0 9 1 0 9 4 H 0 - .1 ! 0 1 4 " 0 -5'5. ! 0 " 0 1 0 ; -X=<.1 ; ! 0 ! RIJS |R| = 2mr

sin(δLg ) δLg

, (mr < 0.2)

-I.

O ! ; -A . δ 5 6 & ;

0 9 Lg 2mr = Λk

Δn n ¯

-K.

O Λk 1 Δn 9 0 9 n¯ 9 0 5 1 λDBR @=N

Λk = k

λDBR 2n

-N.

9 0 9 " ! A$ 1 ++ ( 0 4 # #

,

A/ # 4 ( AA μm @N μm ( 1 0 9 ++ #! 0 ; ! 0 9 ! 4 < 0 0 " 8 9 0 9 5 0 01 W H
(-- 1 2 2; ! -(. -. RIJS ("0 0 :1 "0

4 0 0 ! 1 (! (! 0 !"Q 0 1 0 0 + 1 0 4 0 1 t2 = 1 − r2 6 ; ! " 1 r1 = r2 = r1 " 0 ! RIJS @=J

H/ 9 0 9 1 -##&&"(+H. 9 0

0.12

reflectivity [a.u.]

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0 1544

1546

1548

1550 1552 wavelength [nm]

1554

1556

@@=

TF P =

1 1−r

−(re−jφ1 − rejφ1 ) ejφ1 − r2 e−jφ1 jφ1 −jφ1 −(re − re ) e−jφ1 − r2 ejφ1

-J.

O 0 !

Ttrl =

ejφ2 0

0

-@=.

e−jφ2

! -@@. O ) 9 0 α " 0 ! φk = bk l = (2πf /c0 · nk − iα/2) · lk

, k = 1, 2

-@A.

M = M1 · M2 · ... · Mn

5 -@H.

M1 = M2 = Mn = TF P · Ttrl

! 4

-@<. #! / 9 0 ) 1 0 g,k 1 1 - . 6 @?1 R@==S 4 < 4 ?1 ! A Mtot = M n

y=

O

Λhigh

Λhigh 1 sin(πk ) k Λ

0

-@?. Λhigh /Λ

! A/ + 5 @??= 9 0 H@J

-. -Y. -. @ A
1

0.9

0.8

Normalised grating strength

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 Duty cycle

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

?/ , - . 4 $52" ( / 1 $ / A

$ / H $ /
@@A

I/ ; O# @1 A [ H 9 0 9 ===N

@@H

' !

! 0 5 !

"! " " 1 ! " ' ;

!

/' #

5@ " " - %. ∼<=">3 3" - " . ! 1 ! ! ! "! ! " 6 -<= >3 . " 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! -$' . ! 5@/ 4 " $ $ &, & , 4 , 1 4 1 >1 $ " 1 H 5 , > ( ->3. - 5. - 5. - 5. VA $ $'"?= " " "? - . &,@ HH"?= ? A< @N - . #0 HH"?=1 ="@K K "K"-"N. @H -.1 ? - . 5"* ======?"@? =? "=? HH &,A =====H"@? I AII AH? - . & " 4 4 -, . ! - . -6 5@@. , 4 4 @@<

, 0 1 @= 5L V abs 50 - GHz photodiode

Igain 40 - GHz synthesizer

Q -band LNA

laser microwave delay

High power RF amp

LO

Q - waveguide Coax Opt fibre

RF Spectrum Analyzer

RF Q -band mixer IF

V LNA

5@/ ( " P 1 ! ! $' F 1 F 2 1 6 - .F &+1 F 1 " 6F P1

"% ! 1 !1 !! " ! ! ! 1 4 1 6 4 4 ! 1 6 1 ! ! 0 & + 1 4 " 1 4 0 !

! ! % ! 1 E 1

1 &+" &+"6 40 1 f +1 9 &+"6 1 f + ± f ! !! 01 vIF ! 9 61 f / vIF (t) =

α VLO VRF sin(2πf t) 2

-5@.

" 1 Kφ[BEAT ] = αVLO VRF @@?

Noise synthesizer

-60 - (-90) dBm

Att.

LO

28-30 dBm

40GHz

ESA

RF

30-50GHz

Reference oscillator

Pick-off Tee

12-13 dBm Variable phase shifter

5A/ '! " / 1 2 / 61 &+/

1 (/ ( 3 " 9 ! " ! " -4 5@. ( 4

1 1 , 1 31 2 - 3 ! .1 6 5A ! R
-5A.

5 ! 1 6 " - NHI?=1 @=#3" ?=>3. ! 1 -4 5H.1 ! ! 0 &+" 0 &+"31 4 5< - 0 @="@H 5 &+" . !6 ! &+" 1 VLO 4 0 (

9 6 @= 3 @= >3

" . 9 ! 0 3 1 ;

! " ! 0 ;

1 6 5H1 6

1

1 i0 = R · P0 R
5H/ D E 31 NHI?=1 " 6

5
@@K

5?/ 1 6 5K 4 ! ! R@=AS ,6 R@=HS @JAN1 ! ! 0 !

1 R@=<S

" ! "@K< 5L3 * 1 4 -, .1 5 ! 1 6 5@= 1 δishot 1 (dishot )2 R ! δishot

=

2qio B

(dishot )2 R

=

2qi0 BR

-5H. -5<.

-$2. " i0 i0 )2 = DR = ( √ 2qB 2qi0 B

-5?.

, @ 3 5 $2

-5I. A" i0 = 2mA 1 Pc = −12dBm Pshot = −12dBm − DR = DR(dB) = 155 + 10log[i0(mA)]

−12dBm − (155 + 3)dB = −170dBm/Hz

6 1 i2N,th(v) 1 - ! i2N,th(v) =

4hvΔv 4kT Δv ∼ = hv/kT R R(e − 1)

@@N

-5K.

-5N.

PN = kT B

! , kT = −174dBm/Hz

, T = 300K

N F = 10log[PN,actual/kT B]

-5J. -5@=.

! 5A/ , 4 " " ' , - 5. > - 5. &,@ ? A< #0 K "K &,A ?K?"I? A? 4 ! Fsyst = F1 +

F1 F2 F1 F2 ...Fn + ... + G1 G1 G2 ...Gn−1

-5@@.

4 4 > 8 4 - ( . 4 1 ! 5A1 ! 4 48 , -! . 6 5@@ ! ?@ 5 " ;

! ! -5@A. ! "@K= 5L3a -"@K< 5L3a?@ 5. 5L3 W " @II< 5L3 + " / "@II< 5L3" -"@A 5." H 5 W "@?K< 5L3 # ;

! !1 " 1 1 4! ! 6 - ( I= >31 <= 5. 5I ;

! 3 - (> NA
! " ;

6 A >3 ! 6 ;

! 1 " O ! 0 -a@H 5 " . ! !

1 ! H 5 @?= 1 ! ! 4 PN, tot = Pshot + Pthermal

@@J

5I/ # ;

(> NA
@A=

&

"!" ; ! " "

"

!- % )"0-

(+ #+2 - . ! " -≤@ L .1 !

' " 5 9 + ! #+2 (, RNIS1 1 , ' R?HS 9 ! (+ RNAS (+ (( -( (. ' P $ -'P$. ?N L (+ " 9 ! " (+ V VP" I== A μm ! 1 ! 4 @A="HI=

1 !

"! ! ! 0 % 0 "! 1 0 (+

" )% O T"?A= -T+,27 '.1 "! " 1 !

! R@=?S 2 ! ! ! L T @@Y 1 " @=== L A=== ?A="??= 1 <=== L @A@

I=== H@= "! @I= ' A "! &" 1

-<= . "! 0 +&"57JH== ( @== P - ! @= . ! - . AA= μC 0 T$",?= @ @= 1 1 ! ! "! @@= ' A

" !- 1 "2+3- +() "! ! <AA @== 1 ; @I ' A + 1 I= O - A= '. ! HA= P

0 AK L ! 1 -A? L . ! H"< 1 ! 6 -( # 2 @@I?. I= ' ! 4 -+0 . =A ! @== O ?

" 40 5 VP" ! ! ! @?= ' #$( T?A=I -T?A@< . ! I== ! J= ' J= 0 63 ? @ TH?@5/+ -@/?.1 ! J= '

! ! AA μm

" !- 1 "2+3- +() VP" 2 1

! 1 ! 1 1 $" @AA

"

( 1 "13- -

5 #+21 ! @A #+2 ! ! <AH 4 -$ . ! " ! M" 5 9 ! 0 @== 1 ( 1 1 (+ @ 0 @? !

"5 " 1 ! -! #$(. VP" T?A@< A μm 0

? μm 1 -∼@== . 8 1 0 @=Y (+ + -@/@. I= \A==

"6 " 53 ! -5'51 ' H= AA"HA . ! - . 1 A? 5'5 -H===. ! 5'5 ∼A μm1 5'5 A?= ' ? 5'5 0 5'5

"7 8 1 H===1 4 ! / J== &+2K5 -! ? @K= '. I== T?A=I -! J= J= '. 0 @= ? OL TH?@5/+ -@/?. I= "! A @A= ' -&+2K5. -TH?@5. ? 1 ! 41 " " 9 @AH

! " / /?==`LK?=`L/?===` ! " 9

" 9 : ! ! 0 ! + " ∼@@=

"

," -, N=1 > @==1 A?=.

@A<

Lasers

Lasers

Characterisation of Polymers

Characterisation of Polymers

Crompton Characterisation of Polymers

Crompton Characterisation of Polymers

Characterisation of Bulk Solids

Characterisation of Bulk Solids

Quality Characterisation of Apparel

Quality Characterisation of Apparel

Lasers

Lasers

Principles of Lasers and Optics

Principles of Lasers and Optics

Principles Of Lasers And Optics

Principles Of Lasers And Optics

Characterisation of Porous Solids

Characterisation of Porous Solids

Characterisation of Probability Distributions

Characterisation of Probability Distributions

Principles of lasers and optics

Principles of lasers and optics

Principles of Lasers And Optics

Principles of Lasers And Optics

Principles of lasers and optics

Principles of lasers and optics

Principles Of Lasers And Optics

Principles Of Lasers And Optics

Principles of Lasers and Optics

Principles of Lasers and Optics

Handbook of Lasers and Optics

Handbook of Lasers and Optics

Principles of Lasers and Optics

Principles of Lasers and Optics

Lasers and Nuclei - Applications of Ultrahigh Intensity Lasers

Lasers and Nuclei - Applications of Ultrahigh Intensity Lasers

Arrows and Lasers

Arrows and Lasers

Lasers, Molecules and Methods

Lasers, Molecules and Methods

Fundamentals of Semiconductor Lasers

Fundamentals of Semiconductor Lasers

Industrial applications of lasers

Industrial applications of lasers

Digital Design and Fabrication

Digital Design and Fabrication

MEMS - Design and Fabrication

MEMS - Design and Fabrication

Fabrication and Welding Engineering

Fabrication and Welding Engineering

MEMS: design and fabrication

MEMS: design and fabrication

Optics, Light and Lasers

Optics, Light and Lasers

Optics, Light and Lasers

Optics, Light and Lasers

Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalization and measurement. Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data. Agree & close