AN ETHNOGRAPHY Or THE EVE: r
AUTHORITY,
,
.
'
aBSERVAT~ON
AND PHOTOGRAPHY
IN THE CONTEXT Or BRITISH ANTHROPOLOGY 183'3':"1900
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by r
A Dissertation SUQmitted to the faculty of , Graduate Studies and Research in Partial fulfillment of the
Requiremen~s
for
Deç;! r,ee .:;. f Doc t .:=-r .;:) f Ph i 1 .::;.sop ~ty
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Depaytment of"Anthropology
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MeGill University \
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Permission has béen granted to. -the National Library of ... Canada tQ .i-cr'ofilm thi s thesis and ..tp lend or sell copies of th& film.
L'autori8at~on a 't6 accord'.
A la Bib1ioth~que nation.a1e du Canada de .icrofilmer cèt te th~se et de prater ou de vendre des exemplaires du film. Llauteur (titulaire du droit d'auteur) 8e r6serve 1ee autres droits de publication, . ni la thl!ae ni de 10ng8 \ extraits de celle-ci ne doivent &tre imprim68 ou autrement reproduite 8ans 80n autorieatiop 'cri te.
The au~hor (copyright owner) has reserved other pUblication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it May be printed or otherwise reproduced without his/her written permission.
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ISBN
0-315-459~3-6 ,.,
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~nthropol ogi ca-l 1
Brown'
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'1~ls0g§
Qi io§ ----7r-Andaman Ibê -'aoQ.ê!!!ÈD l.:âl~ra§.êt:§
'1]91 lno.êQ.!.i.ênt§
pro d '.le t s a f
d88:::> .and I1.R •. ~ac1l.:1.i I·i(.l~-·
gem.wal1~·
an?
(19:22)
-,' /. t an ~merge:nt nlns> eenth c.entLll'""Y
~UC1.<.d.
anthl'-'OPOlOgleaJ
""t:la~~51es
authoritatlve
statements in thels.... .aLlthors·
were
'·\..!51,~1" cje~d
..;~itm":Q.,
,ilt:;
Tlh.'l'"e
aecepter./
field'5
,\:LJmp(..;)t~nr:,<"
(.)f
9
and the ethnograph i c
• ~l e hu"" es •
0
.
"'Iel""e , accepted as ëlccLlrate descr:i ptil:lnS ~ af following
a~gueA
thesis
for
PI'"~'EH:\J1I.~(.!
the abol'""Ï gi nes ttie:·y
f
lI"ldi t]eliol.tS
an alternatIve
li feR
Till;)
te
th0
approdch
lit
hlstory of by
the prodLtction of
kllOwlG?d.\;I~?
é\nthropüloqicc..'"Il
0+
el{ploring the graduaI, cOdifjc:ation
'lot
bC-:)Çjlnhi'"
t,.
observc!ltim"lal
pl"'actic:t;w
in the ninèteenth centw"'y Br:-ibsh antht""opolcJ.ilY.
.
.
1892, and th8ir
H18thIJ'-
of etI1nogl""aphi-c: ol:>servation i5 el(
10gic.1 manuals pub1ished between
impa.ct
dologlC.al dlSCLlSSÊ!d.
\.
coll ec:t i
CH'!
'::\1'"(;)
Et.hnOgraphi'" gbst?rvatlon is th<-=11 approf.l(:,hl::?d +rom
thl::!
,
.,
..a
~
and the' rel a 1: 1 ol1shi p
..
and
.
-
':>'"
~
bstw,een dr~\I'Ii.ny -- -
fi.
,
is discussed ln relcltlon te nlnet~ent~ ,
and' photography physi cal
.
thè jJo~si b i 11.b es of da tél
on
fi. , , pOll'ft -of., vi ew of med i a use,
.;
1840 and
arlel·lr·apo ...·
~Ltl tural
anthl"'opol ügy.
. l'hi;' codlf i c.:~ tl br.
century
(::lf "
graphi c
observati on
rep,"'esentatlonal
and
media
the
are
art'thropol CJg i cal
for
thl:! problematlc
e::p1.oracion of the productIon of anthropologlc;,al
.
Andaman Islands.
st~~tegies Cli rectl y
and
an
j.nt(:?)")Sl'/S
.:-:nowledgœ in the
.
oThe approach adop'l;.8d ,fo..cuses on .
1.lnac~',no~/ledg~d,
ma.rginali=ed know~edge w~ich • wera
...
of
,U!iH3
nev~rtheless
f
implicated
in
the production of
ethng~aphi C;,
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tex;ts.
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the dis~ip~ine of Anthropology comes/to
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1 ess a.n i sol ated i ntell.eé:tLlal acti vi t y Il
'brfüad
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s~ .~(der~
treate~
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works'"'of. Man and Rade! i f fe-Brown ori
1:l1e
are
as the ctll mi nation 'bf ' a 'rd story
the
ÇJ;)
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that 1s bUllt on and
~ncorporates
representational trans~crt~tlQn
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perSpp.ctl ve,
And':'lmcRn 'I
resfdue
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and pol1tics.l processes. 'Drawing on
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and more a ,
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and
admi nI strë:'.tl ve
strategies.
<"nd
systems.
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Les classiqu~s de l'anthropologie comme ~!h!. Aboriginal. Inhabitants <>
_of _the
E.R. Man (1883). et _ The 1s1anders o. _ _Andaman _ ..;===.;;.;;.
Andaman Islands (1883) de
;...;.;;;_.o;;.;,;~
, (1922) de. A.R. Radcliffe-Brown passent gtinéralement ,pour ~tre les produits l'
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d'une
s~ièt.1C.Q -,. .... '
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,
sociAle gui émerge il peine au XIXe siècle. ..
.
...
Ces' classiques
. "" de 1 1 antntopologie étaient perçus à l' époqu-e comme des ouvrages dl autor! té dans le domâine
J
1&
. ,
compétence de leurs (auteurs et
les "tableaux" êthno-'
"gr~phique~ de~ aborigènes que ces ouvrages présentaient ~t,ient'généralement
~
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acceptés comme une description exaète. de la vie des indigènes. la
présente thèse préëonise
,
L' auteu .. de _
.
"
une autre faç~n d'étudier 11 histoi re de
la
v>-
Il 'commence par étudier la codifica-' ~ ~ tion progress~ve des méthodes d'observation employées par les anthropologues
production du savoir authropologique.
..----
,
britanniques du XIXe siècle.
.
..
La codification de ces observations ethno-,
•
,
.
0
.
'
graphiques est étudiée dans l'es manuels. dl anthropologie publUs entre _1840 et 1892 et l'auteur examine de colle~te des' donAées.
leu~
impact méthodologi-que s,ur les possibilit6s 6
.
L'observation ethnographique est ensuite étudiée
'.
du poittt de vue d~ Sotl usage dans l~s médias et le rapport entre le dessin Cl
et
la photogrâphie est
culturetle
du
XIX e
abordé
par rapport
si~cle.
La
à l'anthropologie physique
codification
" graphiques et l'usage par les anthropologues de
II
des
observations
diver~ ~oyens
et
ethno-
représentatifs
sont au coeur d'une analyse approfondie d~ l~ p~oduction du savoir anthropo-
.
,~
/' ,
o
La d~~arche ,adoptlie par l t auteu.r e8~ axée
logique dans les !les Andaman.
i~
su~
l(!s stratégies non reconnues et les .cpnnaissances marginal1s6es qui __ ont ,
néanmoins contriQué directement à ,la • '\
t\\
.
•
R'
.
productio~
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de text:s èthnographiques.
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Dans cette optique, la discipHne d Ü1 '.a?thropologie ressemble moins à une
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activid, i ntellectue lIe culturels
isol~e
et politiques.
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",1:1 reliquat
Radcliffe-Brown .sur les. hablèants /
d~s ,1
Hes
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proce~us.~,ociaux,
de
~eJ\~1 optique, les '~~" (,
Dans
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ouvrages de
Andaman -sont ,~ '" '",
Man
~raités
et
comme
l' apog~e d'une histoire de la représenbrtion édifi,i;if·~ur' des s'tratégre's administratives, syst~me8
des
moyens / et
'i,
de~ ~ 8t~atégi~s
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et
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"Thi Si i s the poi nt that' ;the ·reader i ,s asked te c:onsi'der:, ,t,rat the unhiS1ôrit:al an'd the hi,storical :ara equall y nècessary ta th.e ~heal th, .-an~~ .. i nd i vi ~ual , a 'communi ty, and\ a system of cul ture.: --cr ,-'"
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Cc tinLtl:ty: On he lè7~ ~nd t8'~72 Edit.1ÇJns Q!d§ !'§l'l ~ Qo. 6o.tbx:._ QU2Q.~ ••• ·•••••••••• " .... ::'3
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The (4lltt1ority and Graphi. ,s of Dbser·va:tion:. . Orawing. PhQtography~ an· NC)ti F~"\cts. 18:::9-1900 •• ~ .81
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onre>:tLtaJ. Relativl ty 'i.i1'
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'th~ Canstructlon of Cultures of Representatio~ ••••••• ~O
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SkLtll s, D,~awi ngs, and Phol:ography: FrOm Crarll 01 Oql cal te Naturcilll.t1c O~pictians of th~ Human Body in --' r::.thnogr-aph J, c • and Other Ob~;ervat l oilal MaJr.lual s 1840- _. 19()(> .. " " ... n. ,~ ." 9:::: ,
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C;~I:'lC:S, pec.tj v€:!. 4nd G al';': Ethnograph~é fvlam'tar's .and I:he Lnst:' tLlti onal Conso. 3. dab~ on (J1' (4nthropology. • 184::::--.:1.875... .... • .. '" ..................... " .. 28
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The Obsf?lr-vati on of F.';;\-c·ts: ALtth r1 ty and, Ethnography • i li Foc L\ S ... " .. JI . " ...... ri .. " .' . . . . . . . 5::::
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an Opti.cal Ethnography: ty in the Evol uti oh of
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Fh:i. ng F.:;\cts: .on èf Photog~.i·phl(:: Paradigm far \ Ethnographi(: Observation •••••• : •••••• ~ •••••••••••• '••• 99
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Photogr~phy and tinthrop'olIJg}. :,t the Tw"'n ('Jf tt1~ . ClO!nb_I!:,"Y: Ii;l I"hurn's 'UtDpù"n .Në1.tLlt"'",\llSiTl" •••• : •• \o • • ,.11.c.l _ c\ .... • .
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On the,Virtual POyitlon cf G~orgetown.ln lm Thurn's 6!'!!QQ9 !;'b.~ IQgL~lo.g Qi. §\4i.::lQ!â •••••••• ~ •••••' •••••• :' ~ ••• '1:24
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Repr-esentat,lo'nal Hi rarchy ahd' pb.servat.i anal ÀL\thol~ i t y: Utop i an NatLlr~ll sm a d Descri pt i VI?' Photogr'aphy ln Ever.ard lm Thl..\rn~s > nthropological-Ws-es of the Camera"' ••• ~ ....... " ••••• ~ , '11~3 .
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On VisLlali::ing Ame~lndl~ns: 'The N6itur"t\1 and NQn'Natural ln im Thurn"s Ethnograph~c Practine ••••• : ••• 130 . . . ' .." ~
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Visu.all:.:::ing .'Race:' ,(Jn the Constl"'Llc'tlon of '1\I<3..tUt... ,,'It· . ~I i? P ,.- e sen t.. Cl t i Q f1 ~~. • .. • .. " .. ~ • " " .. ~ l "~::,. W
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Transcultura1 Space: Decontextua1izatlon and ,~tr:.a,ngeness ln' CL.ll ture Contact S3, tL\at j on s ••••••• " ••• t70
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.4 Observa U on ':U1d Ob~ervat ional· Contewts l n th(~' 1.;.l71,1789 ~urveys of the And~man Isl~nds ••••••••••••••••• 157
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On Sounding- tl"'\e Andamal'1 l sI ander-s;' Archi bal d 81 a:J. r' S i , 1789 Sur~ey cf the Andaman Islands •••.••••...•••••.• 103 . l ~ "\, l. ' Ships and Surveys: Œlements in a Techno~ulture'of Po1tJer " ••••••• : •• r • • • • • • • • • • ~ l ' " : ' • • : J 190
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the Di Herenti a..ti on of a Post-1839 CI.11 ture -pf • !:prssenta,tlon: Mouat 1 s 1857..,1~58 EHpeditlon a.nd Lts,",
~ ~
1
/
Precursor5 .••••• ~ ........... " ....................................... -..... . ::. j..l '
The ~.i - ;'
Phantom Penell: Techn~que~ of Representation in the Pictorial Rendltion of Andaman Reallty •••••••••• ~17
.
'\
•
5.:;:;
Tlïe Gun Boat Pl ut-a: Observ.ati onal' Pl atform and , ,CI_Il ture:: for Observatl an •••••••••••• ',' '••••••.• ':. •• -----
1
1-
5.4 /Pr.:.tf,Fing, Smoking., Sea'-I"lor:)ster~ and t1àssive, Form1'd'able . 8i an~s: 'The Gun Boa t Pl LIta and the And"am.anese in Cou~terpai nt .... " . ~ ::::9 M
. . . . . . . . .'
.
.
.....................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .r-U
nii rd Sp'aces and Transcloli
5.5
...............
.
tLlra] Bel ngs: On 'the Rep/'"l:.'1sc:>ntat,1. orV",l Ar' t L cul"-:tt l on Di Andaman C:.Jip-tlVt:?S ............... " ........ n" ....................... ~ ...... , . . . '.~47 Il
..............
..,,.~1.:-
.,/....
/
_"Ndte5 .. "rI"
....
t~
••
"
~
•
,••
'"
....
"
...
"
.......... \
Il
~
......
..
Il
." . . .
Q
.....
"
....
:259
,
6 'From the Representation Q.:.p' Cë'\ptlves t,o the Captives of , oRep ''" <:llsen t a"ti on: Ethnogra&'h i c: Observat Lon on the • Andaman Is'Lmds 1870-1900 .. ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :69
6.1
'Homes:~
From Sl.lI'"veys ta Andaman Stl"'a.tegies of
Oo-British Colonie1l Appropri.:ltlon .......... ::70
Rep,"'esen.tational
SI'Ltll:s and CommLlnir.:atlon: On the Osteolog1cal and C''''Ç'\na (:lI Qg i cal Repn~sentat: ~ on of th~~.Andam.,.n l 51 anè:lei'"S.
6.,2
, 1861, -19()2. J,
"
.
Chë~pter
\."<\.
f '
X'.i(".".
Il
•• "
•
"
"
"
•
.,
:,
"
Il
Il.. ft
•
"
•
"
•
"
~
••
•
"
.'.
"
...
Il
"
..
--:.
"
•
Il
•••
"
.274
Captives .. of RE:lpreseljtaÙon: C'ommunication and the·'!.. tor'mati,. a~ the An~aman Homes ••• ,:'..,." ••••••••••• ,...... 282
''i''
'::l ......'
6.4
On the Arc:h,i. tec:ton i cs of Power:- The Andaman Homes - on Center~J and TranscLIl t IiI'" ë\l Spaces ......... ~ .. 289
"Det~nti
6.5) Shades of Former S~lv~~.and th~ Captlves of €thnograph le I::::epresentat.l on.: Ma:n, F'ortâflal) and !.':!Q!:.f4§~ ~Og 9!d~!:!.ê.3 gO .eD'!;hr:QgQIQg~"." ".~! ...... " " • " • • ' • • • • • • • • 3c)7. 11
•
Not f3S ...
..
ft
" ...............
Il
. . . . . .'
Ci:J11cl t.tsinn. " ........ " ................... " ...... ~~f..JfJendi ces ..... , ......... " .....................
..
1&-
Il
"'II
"'II
..
~
'"
..
...
Il
....
11
....
..
...................
~ .......... ~ '. . .
.......................
'"
,
"
Âppendix
0 ••
.
J' .. .. " .. •
,
..' .... :
...........................
,
1
~
Il
J
'~.'"
li
.. .. .. ..
~
..............
..
'
"
III
324
- , 34:::::
a _ ......
-II" ........... -.......... "._ ...... : ..
Append,i x, 1 .. .. .. .. .. .... " .,. .. • .. .. .. .. • ........ :
,Appèndi,x. IIII ••••••• "......
.............
,
\
-
..
~
....
III
..
::;49,
'::49
.. .15:2 o
•
~
1I+ ............................................ . • • 355 " , \
-J
..
/
-
,
,
v
~
" .!,; ... J
•• "' ....
'
:
AppendlX
IV .....
AppendlX
v ........ . ~)
I" .....
Ap~endl'( VTT •• ,.
,.
.....
III
'olI
•
....
•
..
It
Il
î
. . ... . . . ..... ..
•
0' • • • •
......
''',
III
•
"
IL
•
....
••••••
......
III
•
"
.....
III
" .361
..... .. • 363
••••••••
•
.....
.. . ...
,.
~
III
. . ., .. " ............
.....
." III
...
"
.......
. . . ::65'
,.
......
.
. :.71
••••.••••••••••.•••••• 4113
- .,' <>
•
-/'
.. -
, /
\
o
.vi
-
M~'~.:<~\
c
~
?'l.!},.•.
f';~ ';,tJ}...t.# ~~>~~,'li.i"J~.:s\'tJ}'"~t~: .. : ...'-N. ~ ,,:~.!I l.
••
c
}
Introducti'on
th i s
In The,
first
wory, l wl'll be exp lori ng two
ls
the posslbility
..
ethnographie 1
and
orlentation, ~
A
~
observatIon that.
~hich
..
century
man~gement
.
/
BrItIsh str~egy
or
was excluslve and
utopie
It was to
. ~7 a consequence.
theses.
nterrel ated
that~llneteenth.
anthropology was predleated ,on a system of of
~l
in
deny
the
"
hlstorical
argLl~
Clonte:
'dlsclplinary
terms of' a ser 1 es of
was
observatIon
strategies'
actually served to deny Its own 'ethnographlc p~esent.·
WhlCh the
,
ethnographic
, l''''''~
i~
constructed
.
R~rlod.
durlnQ this
thàt
wlll
l
cultural (
result;
condltion~
of its own productive
(
As
processes.
anthropology was to generate a series of
or a
representatio~s
1
of
other
r~ality
cultures
wh~ch
dlrectly
~ontradicted
the
historical
of the condItions under WhlCh those representatlons 1
PCQ~Ueed
were
~
.
The second thesls l wIll be e):pJ,oring ln this"" wod~ concerns ttle
possibility
ethnographic
that
observatIon,
was
) hierarehically antj dual:vstically c"bnstructed dLlring this
.
\
,
also period.
~v
product of a <\1oubled systenf;' of--production. ~
had a Gyityc~
"
c
Qi
c~~c~§§nt~tigQ,
~hat
is,
a series of technical
s:stems and conventl 0L~S g?Verri'ln~ ,how pers_o'hs. events" and
SO,C:i
groups
1
,were to be described and fixed wi,thln a system of
pretation and
~nalysis.
,
That
' sy~tem
.
n'ter-
served. on the other hand, as
context and generati ve princ:iple f(Jr the pr'oduct ion of
both
al (
.
the
: 1
...
1
o
:l è
- 2
) 1
1
0.
...
~
.~-
\
o
c~eC~~~QiêtiQn§
various
pcrtrayals f
of
-
Qf! sw!iwc@:
graphie
the teMtual and
non-western populations which were
made
out
in
/t .
r'~no:leri ng~ J;o ,pq~sess t~~ ,.. at,~ri ~,~t~e!S o~ .b~~ O~ti nt' to autoncmous
of moral.
.
predomU'lant western
.
second
teHtual
'cultures~
utopie
~hara'1rt~ri~.
thesi s,;. 1 eaOS bacl'
and
cs.
..,
strat,egy of th'ose l'''epresentatl~
r)f'
stereot ypes
of
VlsLlal repre'sentatlons.
the
the
human and
l
non\"'
-
evc~ed
lnvolved a concentration of tropes that
eH cl USl ve
the moment,
t: i
diV~~ ~~\~ 's i nce
The representations of a culture,
descr'Lbed.
..a
to
I
~
'10 manif~est
ènd
psychol og l't:al, and physi cal
The
for
~alled ~cLtltLlres'
entitles
POPI"ll at i
(').I;~,
. 7 have ln mlnd,
were the produet:1)f
ü.i
systemle 1,
productlo~
group of processes or ·media for the processes
included.
for
~~
°photography, locomotlves. ~nder
as '\well ' as technologtc:al
media
of
.
drawfng
and,
o~her
and
artl-,-i\cts,
steamships,
aspects of an lndustriali:ed
enVlronment
du~ing
rapid transformatlon
complex
the
Thesc~
meanlng.
/
A culture of
,
e:·(ample,
of
representa~ion
thlS perlod. was therefore
ë\
doubly
encoded
of indlvldual technique': and a system of techniques
'
already
deplcting
stylized
other
~hich
and
rhL.JS,
representation were to be lntimately linked (
way
of
shared
meaning."
ObS€Vvdtlonal-contexts
InY..~ria~ly,
\,.
1
_~
... ~
these
~
.:..
..
for
contexts
\I~
the
produc~ion
also formed what IN
0
r
as
served
preconditlon for the effective repr-esentation of a CLlltu,,".e. observation
fol'"
1.
by
•
ct hav~
•
1 i mi nal , transC:Lll tU1"al zones\. the product of ~econtextualiz'd
o
transf,orined
,.
the
social and ctiltural elements which mediated and mea"rI i ng of soc:i al events and process&s ,
first and serè:ond spaces of 1
2
'observer'
the
and 'observed.' El«amples of
o·
thi rd-spae:e
to
1
ançl a seri es of
members
of the tribes Of the Andaman
ln
Bay of Bengal.
1
investigatlng, ~
1:01
in
•
~ni al' hom"es· for
ISl~~d~ which . '"
the .
surveyor's.
,
o
the
di se:Ùssed
.
cèl oni 2er' s 'sh i ps,
the
be
e:hapters include the decks of explorer's,
following orr
observati ona,r, e:on.texts
are
~
the
situated
Towards the end of the period '1 will
the prIncipal ethnographic tools used for
be
fixing
Elritlsh representations of non-wsstern humànity were photog., and a little ha'ndbook publlshed Llndor the ausRices of the -
British the
~
Associatlon for the Advf\ncement of Sc:iel1ce. Instï''tute
Anthropologlc~l
of Great
Bri ta,i n
and. later, and
Irel artd,
.....
. In
the
evolution il
and
course of this , work..
of the
esta~lishment
1
also
WIll
be
p
.tracing
the
of relations between"the .8ritish
the Andmanese in arder ta demonstrate that,
by the tlme the
first major ethnographie: works were produced, these ic:;landers had already"been subjected .matiol'~ •
sLlc:h
that
tOl
proc:ess'of repr;-esentational tran.sfor-
El g
they
were. ,
to aIl
intente
and
Çl
!1myl~t1gn!~
derived "from
a~d
through a system of
'4'
, observational conteHis.
•
pLlrp0'.E!ss, '
p~e-e)
"
'At first glance,
,
this argument appedrs
to àmount to little ·more than a reformulation of one of the' .basic tenets
of
nineteentb
~enturY
British
anthrmpology:
the
'b
avowed histortcal and sClentific: reconstruction of decimateQ
., rapldly . this
disappéaring
familiar
historicist·s terms
and
1
of . a
races.
theme,
for
strategy of
di scourse
But my pOlht 1
hope
desc~iblng
•
fii).f
to
lS
quite contrary
demoQstrate
indigerlpus
hi stori c4'l
that
populations
rec:bnstructi (;Jn
was
to the in a
consequence of assumptions àboLtt the nature of ethnographie:' obss'3 8
1
"
\
o
U"
'rvation
and
exclusive
~~al YS~'~r:t)lft
d'eri.ved from
hierarchical
the
f ethnographic knowledge i l' perlod ln EurQpean thought. and not from ,
of raw
.that
.
structure
0
that
fact~
in the conditions of
è\ssociated
'-
,
thts 1 me Rn
Sy
~
the positivity of ethnographie
of the period ,
~nowledge
.
~rod~~~ of an act of differentiati6n WhlCh resulted
the
wlth
putative set
~ome
life.
Andama~e~e
and
th~
in
",,'
. ......-/
1
...
/
thè\t f..1nds a' marginë\l plar:e.
knowledge
~nd
reJected.
,crratlon of a derivativè body 'of eJected, lf
absanted , at R'] l ln
any pJ c.'\cs
'1
"
. the context of the ethnographies of the period and ln the history J."" of anthropology as presently constltuterl. A dIrect consequence of this
act of differentiation was the C)Dstrl.lction of •
ethnographie
representations
of
the
Andaman
lslanders
concealed WhlC~
of
ser'ies
ci
and denied the actuc.'\l observatlonal practices ." those représentattons were articulated.
which through
Notwi thstandi ng the el: i stance of an i:\utbori tatl va 1 i teratur",e on the Andamanese contalned in a var i ous
'j Durnal s~
, 1
of
artlcle~
published
the most prominent of which was the
in
~§~roêi
gi
a~d a pa~~llœl hist~rical , record ....
.
(Keith 1917;
..
se~les
,
Stocking,1971 .. 19731'.1985;
.r
histqrieal
material
Llnof1- i Cl al
and margi nal.
draw
on ln tt"!,e'
Urry 19i':!),
"1
'most of
the
.
chapters
following
PreÎ:l sel y be~auseo these dCICLJments
t~nd
/
photographs- cH Andaman 1 i fe were ,"el egated anthropoI6gicai Interpretation, they
te
e~caped
the
the
lation . that Çlbseures the process of ethnographie in other, ear~ful
o
mor~ e~nsciously
examinat~on
of that mar.ginal
the preeonditions in which
) J
1
1)
\~
...
disClplinary texts.
t~e
mater~
si deI i nes
~lnd
of reformu-
representation l propose that' a
wlll reveal some of
discipline of anthropology emerged
4
"
,'
of
,)
...."
-
during the latter half of the nineteenth- ce~tury.
(-
the.refore
,in
~dopte
.
The position 1
of
relation to the history
anthropolq~y,
\... \
espœcially my interest in m.argirta1 historic:al material,' r,.aises number of wider.methodologlcal questions about my general
ap~rmach
a~
to the
historicaL record. throughou~.this
The historical.,approach 1 employ
drawn its main inspir-ation from Friedrich
Ni~t~sc:he's
the~~â~.of
of the modalities and strategies in
thesis haS disc:ussion ~s
hlstory
a means
of direc:ting c:ultural ac:tivity. Niet:::,sche's positlon 'is developed most
e>:plicitÎ} in a short work publlsh,ed in 1874. eQ~êoj;ê9~
:ttlg·
~979).
entitled
êDQ 12iâs9~êD:tê9~ Qf tl1.â!;Q!:};: fge:: 'bl.fg
'Qf.
(Ni etzsche
L have also profited ~rom Mic:hel FOl.lcault's variO!-IS discu-
!Bsi ons
of
power
and
knowi edge,
and in
parti cul ar
from
ni s
of, , subJugated knowledge and its relatio~s~ip ·to his . L Nietzschean ~nspired n0t.!.0n of a 'tacti
1977 ;':1980) •
Nietz5che's c,'" i tique
discûssion of modalitles of historical
a
of
posltivistic
5
\:i,.
knowledge, have
n
alerted
.
..
,
the
for
investigation. ~
as
dis~very.
a
natural, and
r
•
.,
terms
by' Michel
of
confli c~ ~
Rather than treat
objective
description,
c:ontri buti on to modern thOU9ht\ '\
detail
1
per5pe~tive.
5 \
in
of knowledge in
tactics and
truth'
critical
Both- these._writers have,. in effect,
produ~ ion
~trategie5,
of '.a
.
been discus·sed
,
discLlssed
"
topog~aphy
! 979/ 1'874: 3,6, 1:2-22. ::)8-39,42-47,69-7'3) •
. F
Fouca'ul t· sa
historical
,
me to the posslbiLities aqd valuê
hi stor i ography (Ni et:sche ~ A T~ese issues h.ave aiso
'sEitarch
of
and his deployement of a historiographlc "'-
power,
conception
actlon~
->:-
process Nietzsche
and the
cri si s
of and) of
, ~,
.
\
re~entat~n
~onstructed.
the
l
•
-- has consiSited ,
provi~ional,
"
p~oduction~f
•
tha; tYP(fies'it
and
'v
qynamic
1..
"
knowledge.
Foucault in partic:ul.r has discu~sed tho
di sc i P 11 nary, aspeé:t s of the process
(1979),
'and hi'ls devel.<.ib.ed
a"
,
tacticaL historiography
..
Niet:sche's
thought
in'
ter.'ms
WhlCh,
.
ef-fect
.
transformatio,n ln
its
1982: 111)-11
(Descombes
.
n
~
q~
t:actica~ hi sto~i ography 1 ~ve 1
of'-\-
the
"
roI e
of
IIlocal" and
n mi nd, ,
,
"~bj
19~r:;:
that
'ethnographlc'
in
knowledge, of
the
which,
. knowledge
1:1':''\5
knowledgFl ,
.
on " " two
depends
,
there eXlsts, o
been
,
,
complementary
~
\
1
104-117)" ... Thl:
historiO'graphy of t;hat species o.:f sUbjLlgated, is
raferencœ
./
knowl edges Il
chéracteristlcs of the subJact of anthropology.
!
te
\
ugated
through its focus and articulation of its 'body' 6 c become the presen\ giâ~ielin§ of anthropology. The
has sought
"i concern~. the e11.Ic i dat i <::!n
system Of
.
.,
ln
contemporary frame of
construction of a particular formal
Il
root(id
,
Dr,eyfLls/Rabinow "
\
although
1984:139-16~),
(1980:81-85;
buried
On the one
han~,
"hist~rièal. c:ohtents that
in the words of Foucault,
~nd 'disguised' l°r'\'tll.a funct.ional ist coherence
.systematisation.
formaI
.
Il
Thus,
. subjugated
~no~ledge
,'-efers
cr to
j
v
"blocs
of historical knowledge which wëre present bLlt
wi thi n
ttfe
wh'ich ëéen
body of funct i onali st and systemat ~ si ng .
\
di'ElgLti':isd t.hflory· ànd
critic:ism --- WhlCh obviously draws tlpon 'Elcbolarship --: hf.l!El able to ,'"eveal"
(FoLlcaLll,t 1980:81,82).
Foucault also equàtes"subJugated knowl~dge~ knowledges
that
On the of~hal~
"and~'
with t'a whole set of
have been disqualified as inadequate
to
their
f
ta~k or
down
cm
insuffic:iently ~labmrated: .the hier~rc:hy,
"
naive knowlédges, '\
.
'. \
10c:~ted
low
beneath the required level of cogni t i on or
6
~
b
•
~
{
c
'Af'~his
It
scientifi'city."
.
"" up,opuJar u. , " kfllowl.,epge (Foucault 1980:82). thesi s, '"" for
exampl e,
local
or
o
In the conteHt
..
present
" reg ional,"
to as."dlsqualified<1 "local,"
Foucaul t , refet«s
which
aspect of subjugated knowledge
could
~nowledge
"
of
the
refer
to
'\
tnissionary or travel accounts, which, . with the development of the , di~cipline
tende~
an~hropology,
of ~
the nineteenth
nal i zed (Uri ng
.
of
bopy 1
,historical
elements
and
fragment~
strategies and tactics used,
Notwlthstandlng
century:
~ t~i 5
,however,
marglnallzation,
-to become lncreasingly margi-
knowledd~ ~
0
their
contains •
WhlCh elucidate some
of
the
,but never dir:éctly ackr:!0wledged. in
,the development and deployment of efbnographic o~servation during this perio<j1. In (the
.
"~
opinion,
Foucault'~
tw~
fac~ts
these marginal forms of
~nowledge
..
relate~
of,subJugated knowledge) are
"hi stari cal ~mawl edge of struggl es.
Il'
and' .,;erve
to
t!1e "memory
,,;\S
the of
>,
host il e «J
to
encount~;':s-~:Whi cb even up to thi s day' haye been marglns
the
"encount'ers ,.
Il
p'r\.ld i te
Il'
of
"Knowl eÎ::ige.
Il
The
and thei r respect ive roI es
knowl èdge Il
f orm
the' b.::\si s
~
elucida~ion 1
"
of
n the
confined of
these
constr.uc:tloll
what
he
has
of
termed
'gene'a!ogical' researc:hes:
What emerges out of this is something on~ ~ight cali a genealogy. or ratMer a multipliàity of genealo"gical resea~ches. a painsta~ing rediscovery of struggles together w1th the rude memory' of their eonflicts ••.• Let us glve ~he term g§Q§~lQg~ to the union of erudite knowl-edge and local .memorie~ which allows us ta establi5h a h1storical ,knowledge of struggles'and to.make use of thi5 ~ndwledg~ ~actlca11y today (Fouca81t 1980:83).
1'5,
c
1
The conditions
followlng disCLls,sion 15 therefore about the of
nineteen~ ,7
centbry
ethnographia
historlcal observatlon,
(
o
conditions which derive from the fact that anthrcpology developed as
disctpl~ne'
a
B~itain
in
at a
) ..
partlcular
...
,
'
,
~mong'
time tand
J,
particular
,
classes of British engaged in partlcL.ll.ar ' activfties.
Spêcif~cally~
into
want to\.examine how l:hfs yot..\ng discipllile
l
r
in the conteNt of an embryonic colonial ~~~sence
being
. '
' . '(l
in ,
Broa.y speaking~ . my anatysi.s ($ abOl.lt thn
'·the Andaman Islands. pr~di
c,ame
.
ti ODS for construction of an
~
observati onal cul ture ~
~'md
J
that culture operated in relati~n te itie~je~t at
how
specIfie
,
historical moments.
'~ultur~l/disciplinary
particular those
J ", .
It involves th~ complic~ted question of how a
outsi de i ts own cul hl!'"!? ,
construction
the
e:·:pl 01'"" 1. ng"
parameters
of Br\'t i. sh ethnographi c practi ce between the
clbservati anal
,1
ln 1839 and endlng in 1910.•
of
~a~ameters,
those
~ractices
of
he
relat,
" nature
the
The topi cs l wi Il
perc91vad
therefore
beginning
to
group conceived and
how they
....
t~ey served~
l will. be
el.t'ploring
cu!tu~a
the
wlth~ th~
interrelated
and with" the general
dac.ade'il
from'
whi~h
they emerged. The
work 15 therefore ~~e.ented .as a ·hist ory 1
presenl
,
.=--
of
subjugated knowledge •. It seeks t9 identify the preeonditions for ethnographic
that
observati~n,
is,
historical, •
1
po\i ti eal, '
and
cul tural
which
cond i t 1 0r:~
.
pl'"omoted
dlScipl;,nary practic'9 of anthl'""opology i.n the nineteenth ,
Ethnographie ~
--
-'...
~nowledge.
as.W.H.R. Rivers pOlnted out in
century. 191~,
-
a product which was predi'cated' on" a European presence: ( \
o
,
.
Probably the most favorable moment for ethnographie work is from ten to thirty years after a people has been brought uride~ the influence of official and missionary. Such a time is sufflcient ta make °ïntenslve -work posslble, but not long enough to have allowed any 8
o
the
was
""'" . $erious impairment'oT th~_r~tive_cul~ure and 4 even if , _ it has been changed, Tull ~nd trustworthy informat~on about the past c~n still be Qbtained Trom those who~ ,have parti-cipated in the ritès and practices which have disâppeared or suffered change (Rivers f913:7).
(. "/
\
The temporal and pro~r.amatic distinètion .between §~~~§~ ~Q~t , .ln~~n~l~~ ~Qct'which River~ drew in his 'Report on A~thropci-
and
logic:al
Rèsearch OLltside A,glerIca.'- i-s oT
considerable ""i.Mterest
here CRivers 1913:6-7). River's descriptio~ of the short duration -
of
aboard,
'survey w-ork and df hlS CIW.n e:.(perienceso ln this regard .0
the
Melanesian
Mission'
serve ~s a referenee point in ~ history of 'nine~
1914: v.t 1 i .,1-6) .
vessel~
'i
teenth
ethnographlc
centl.lry
The
practice.
SI
.
gr\i.!Yl ng-- roI e
\
like this misslon'vessel played
ir
the
of a.thnographlc observation during this~wtll
be
on~
transportation 'deploy'men'Ç
devises
.
•
'7
fOCUS)9f the. thesilëi. ',_.II'
. l
•
Thus,"'the concept of a sùrysy lS not only of
.
,
"
methodol Ogl càl val Lie i'n" dl st"'1 nqu.i sh ~ ng two fLtndamental methods of s , "
-
0
sthnograph~~ - praetié~~
.
it_ also
sIgnaIs
a
close
h1storical
J
relationst1ip'&.betwesn
tj1e prod\lct1on of navigational charts
. In
and
,
ethnographie
monDgraphs.
fact,
Mal1nowski
( 192~)
Llsed
1
metaphors
of
fie~dwor~
methodology.
fiel dworker'-
the c:hart and
shou! d
1/
patterns with
~hese
t~rms
go about learning to ..
and spoke of acqLliring a
I~m~m:t.êl
to describe
diseriminate
how
CMàlinows~i's emphasis>.
a
\1
G.!:lsc:t.,
That ~~hart' in
be transformed into a real one.
ôf
cultural
in
aceordanee ..<
of c:liagrams~ .. pl~ns. to
used
in hlS classlc descrlptlon
which". a fieldworher could "take his bearings and lay
course" .... c:ol.lld
Hef
sur~~~
h1a
h1S
oplh1on.
Thus he advoeated -the use
and "synoptie tab.-les of cases" Wh1c:h "ought-
.
be extended tp the study of praetically aIl aspect' of
9
.'
Ilfe"
. '
,~,
<-.
•
\
\
\\
,
\
(1922~11.12-14).:
o
. • ,In
.-
the G,hapters deal i ng wi tt:l the Andaman
1 $Il ands,
l
wi 11 ~~
(
arg~e
that
int~mately
shi ps,
survey,s.
and ethnographi c obGervati on
connect~d in the process of
~rodueti0~
1
Knowl edge. Su-t:"vey work was
•
0+
were
ethnographie •
.
consi deriab 1 e i mpo~t.an;:e in ·fo!'fl'ul.1\-"
\
tlng an ethnagraphisdlscourse of the Andam~n Isli~ds~ syst~~atic
observatIons
of-the Islands were
.
• ~
Co\pany t"h~i
by East
India 1
wh0!39 observat~ns' eonducted from the
sLlrveyors, vessel S.
r
m~de
~ 1
were
decks
nstrumentë\l ~ in the estab 1 i st1m4?'nt
of,
ë.\
British presence on the i<:5lands. As a conseqLlen(:e of the F.!staQli-
.
..
s~ttLe~ent
shment of • penal ~nd
0+
ail
the progresssi ve control whi ch the "Bri ti 'Sh elferc i sed.
.,
is~ands:
the
the
Islands
Gref.\t~
indigenous population of
r({i j, '9-
at Port Blair, South Andaman Island,
•
~~s gr.ë\,ç:luall y e): termi nated.
Sur vey wor :1:,
in
OV(Jr
Andaman'
bbtl,
Its
1
topographie and ethnographic senses, was therefore t.he her-a1.d for particular ,
forms
of
a
EurDpean
iand
~resenc~.
.
\
deployment correspondl ng of parti CLII ar f 0rms 8 Invariably, that presence precipitated I<nowl edge.
"
change. of
In the Andaman Islands, over -
~nd
Andam?nese.
there
~as
. terms the
~riowledge '
~
The
(
Islanders can be
achie~ed
only
\
"
establishment of
ethnography
of a culture
ob~ervational
thus
15
ethnography of
y situating
of an aC.F0un,t of the cultural system WhlCh
successfu~
,'
.
Given these clrcu~~tances. a 'history' of t Andaman
eatastrophlc
the history " of the graduai
of a race.
the
Èuro~eW1~
against the
an officlal and slowly evolving body of ,
the
(:>f ,_.
it
in
made
pOSSIble
~nd
precepts.
norms
i~dissociably
tied to
the.
cultural perspectives oropr-econditlons involved in the pr'oduction
. ,
,
1
10
..
1
'
.. -.
-,
..)
c
o1f'
ethncgrapl:lic
"
Mediating ~hese peles
Knewledge.·
spac:e"
$~sp:ended
"eeple 'are in
ë\
?:on~"
transc:u} tural
Ct
ef 1 i mi nal "
t as
in a nether:world,
rèpresented werl~\ :It
{S.
t~war
~l
'po
third
s. ,a
.
,
wher'ei ry
al i ty
represen~ations~ _
f
e:tplerlng,that 'nether world J
\
~
~ôrk
that the presént
1s dedlc
V' ,
................. •
-... .....
wl11 disc:uss the nature and
In
struc:ture· of
graphi c: manual S that !:lave served a-..:(";reseal"c:h gui des
varieLls
,
atienael',9l.lidellnes fer sever al generations of travellers
or
,
1
fieldworkers.
an
perspective
the -'Il>emerg,ent
which
f'
f
new
tO~Jc"i\rds ô
observation
di,sciplinary .. g~ti
de
1 wl11 also
argue and
marked a Shlft in author"lty from the value .,
~
truthfulness fermerly acsefded te indlvidual tions
to
c:ame
practic:es an~ dafa,collect,on.
mari~~ls
... the
disCllSS
anthropology
of
'observational that
will
that
collective,
,.0
traveller~s
• obJ ecti ye. •
were sanc:tioned by
an
observa-
standards
Emergent
,cef
dlsc:iplinary
perspective. Chii\pter
Two
is devetéd to ii\ discus,slon of .,the
~
culture
~f
~
I~epresentation
which• served to define• the 11 observatlonal practic:es • J
of the period~ This culture wl11 be desc:~ibed in relation to tbe
.
use f
of
m~tric,
and
photo~raphy
hi erarchy
dra~j ngs~
free-hand
photographe ussd
-
mechani ë'all y
ai ded
drawiTlg,
,
descript,ive
data.
•
1
will trace
and
. anthrepo-
the presentation .of c~aniologicai,.
Hl
~
the
lmpact
of
-
\
on this culture, speclfically its role establishing a of
bbservational
t~chniques
and asseciated .medes
of
, -
l'''epresentation
characteristic p
the ,new
of
"
11 L
.discipllne
".
,
"
df
--,
1j . l
,
• anthropqlpgy Chapter:
Three
will
.-
develop an analysis of the
onlY.,full q,;:Y
1 er:gth paper devoted to the anthropol agi c:al .use of photogr'aphy i Everûr:,d F.
r.'l1neteénth eS'ntury British antnroR9loCJY:
...
, Anthropol o"g1 cal
di rected
bè
LIses' of th": Camera;'
towar:ds
the
•
(1893).
what and how to 1
.prese~ted in im Thu;n~s paper,
and his
-'
.~s;-.
it
was
on Bri'l:.l·;h (3uiana ln 1
will argue that his use of photography
1
general.
anal.~"~ \~iI 1
The
• ,
*"
Thurn~1iiI
lm
observf!.l"
~rk
R
c:~n
understood in terms of his cu]tiv~tion cf a yt9Q!BO D~tYCBl15m. ~
Chapter
In
Four
'wil~
1
argue
that
ir
Th~rn's
utopian
Il
wi Il
Andaman
and
waé more thê:\n an ,idHJsync:rati'c point cf vi ew.
"
work concerned with ds ts
of'the Bay of Bengal, of
~he
and in
culture, of representatlon c
'sur veys'
1
n
of ,these el·:amples
...
.
.
..
-~
1858.
ent.i ced onto the dec:tf.'l
,..
~1l
• western
17ad to the
1
world •.
of
of
.
'transc0ltural' zone for
decontel{tuali~ation .
The
ntroduc l on
of the concept mentloned earller of a >trird
acts as a llmlnal
cultural
ln
1 will argLle served as' crltlcal stages or
. "
el
~ere
conteNts' for their exposure to the
~ di sCLlssi on
in
preceding
the'p~riod
occupatIon of the lslands
Whl ch the i 51 anders
which.
tional
deployed
will provide the ba.cl.:groLlnd for describing'a=-cc- nLlmber
\ 'ep i sodes ships,
British
,will
~,
in the Andaman Islands in ~ec:ond
partieular
.
•
the
the
th~
of c:onscioLlsnes_ses.
«;p.ac:e'
social
l
wi Il
.lnd al'so
examine several cases of embryonic or proto-ethnographlc representations of the Andâma'nese dl.lring this early period.
0--
.' .Chapter
Five
will
the
connection
batween
ethnographie observation and various media of r~presentation such
12
.
. • f
as
mirro~s,
mannikins, • "l,
Andamaneae.
wi~l
l
and
photographs
dep~ct
,the
character
and
to'
used
_ dJscuss their authorltative
J
th~
eluc:idate
underlying th-elr-' LIse.
strategie~
observatlonal .
I
also connect these strategIes to an ~ncompass~ng culture of " representation in W~ICh .observàtional practices are seen - ta be will
di~ected
influenced and as
,steamshlps~
vati ons.
~hich
observers used in carrying out their obser-
;The chapter end?
." /JAndamari
youth
such~
by general modes of transportation.
~H
th a di scussi on of \the cap ture of an
• J'ac~~'
named
a~
his
representational
V1S\t'~ Calcutta. investig~te the !~tls \:!Sed
transformations in thœ process of a In Chapter 8iH,
"" establish
to
l 51 ands.
..
which ..
communication with will
l
l 'will
t~e
,
in -order
.
population of
trace the relationship
~etween
methods~_
these
included the capture an~ detentlon'of indivi~uals and
the -.
1
construction of speciàl 'H,.pmes,' the progressive deployment of an )
~nthropological' C
large
portIon
pOInt of view,
g~adual
and the
1
extlnctlon of
&
<1,.
,of the ,population.
i~terest
Of prlmary
ln
thlS
')
discussion are the factors contrlbuting to the successful articupoin~
lation of an anthropological
of view and to lts
expressIon
t>
terms of a series,of pro~ressively more refined
in
ethn6graphi~
"
ob~ervàt_ i ~'in
ons. The te:: tuaI cul mi nati on of that expressi on i s -found
~
-
~.
" several monographs and photographie
wor~s
(Man
188~.
~ortman
1893-189è)'st~uctured according to the categories and sections of ~g.tf~ /
.
~.og
Ql.:lfU:l§.! Q.Q e.o.tbr:geglgg~·
~:tn'all
y,
c::onclude with a summar-y Of" the main points" in my r /
~(
~
P.
\.
d i 6~SSi on of a numb,,::, of possi
13
Ml l i t i es
~fil
the _·thesi s
ar'g~m~P1t,
and a r'
1
for jurther i"esearch.
..
i
l, .
l
1
1
&
o.
NOTES
1. In my coriceptuallzation of ~representatton.~ I have~ fbund the distinct~on WhlCh Mich~l Foucault (198l:44) has drawn between similitude and resembl~nce of considerable value: .Resemblance has a "model, Il an original element that orders and hierarchizes the inc.reasingly less faifhful copies that can be struc~ from it. Resemblance presclpposes a. primary reference that prescribes and . classes. The slmilar develops in sertes that have neither beginning ~,or end, tha't can be fallowPod tn 11nP. direction as easiiy as in another, that obey no hierarçhy, bui propagate themselves from sm~ll ditf~rencp~ among small di~erences. ~e?emblance ~erves représentation, which rules over it= similit",ld~", mer,ves repetltion, WhlCh ranges across it. Resemblance .~predi~ates itself upon' a model it must return to and reve~l,; ~_simll~ude ~~ulates the slmulacrLlln al:; an ·indef~n~tè y~d ~ev~sibl~ relation of the similar to the slmllar:. ~' .
. .
,
~
.
0
.'
---~~e adopted these dr~tinctions in the discLlssion$ in the foll owi ng
c:hapters.·"~
~----
-..-_- 2. -!---tnwe "chosen to conaentrate on vi suaI me.-'t:.b.cds of pl ctori al' reproducti on ~uch as free-hand drawi ng, me_21Ï;ani cal'! y ai ded drawing, 'and photography because they were the-'plcttlrlal ,m~th(:lds 1nost often used in the conte>:t _of Anthropol ogj cal f:l. Pol dwork duri ng thi s p'eri ad. I have e>:-.arilCnad the anthropol agi cal use of ~. these methods from the point of vie~ of the resultant pl~tori~l ima~es, and ~lso in t~~ms of the ~yltYC~l reLatlonship~ they bare to each other and'" to other methods of . pfctori al reprodLlctl on. ' Given my èoncentration on'the development of vlsually deflned observati onal practl ces in !:b.~ f.i~lQ.. 1 have not attempted 1:rl ~ discuss lithographic and other 'second' generation methods of pictorlal reproduction used ui tlrl"e conte::t of the Journals r.1nd bool-:s, 1'1 though I haye treated these reproductl ons as ! i rst generati on products. These methoq.s were used fqr the reproduc:'pon of . fi. rst' gemerat i on drawi ngs and phbtographs whi ch Ilad b6'en prodLlced in in §i.:t!::! observaticnél.l. conteNts. Hence. they were not directly lmplicated in the déveloprnent of fieldwor-!" method~. Furthermore, 1 have. only attempted to.consid~r the Important question of verb.al: represemtation when lt was raised ln the . con:~ext~~historical materl.al and in relàtlon to drawings . ~-ptro1:og"""a-Phs. _ .
l
o
•
qecome clear in the course of the ~~llowlng As wi Il discussion, my lnterpretation of the obse~vational 'practices cf and the period ha:s been based on an analysis o~ both vlsual fact, the~o categories o~ representation verbal mr:i,a~. :3.
In
14
-,'
r . .'
L
~',
••
l
have ~ besn usetl in a C'omfi)lementary and c'Omparatlve fashion. n both cases., lowe>ler:~ my' p'rimary interest was in the interpretat i on of, he .observati onal ~â!Ëâ of the "Pl ctorl ëÜ methods, of ffrst. generat 00 v.i'~al reproductio{1. For the purposes of my lnql.,tiry, 1 hiave, th reforè chosen'j;o'deflne Q.!2§êc~sjaQQ· as a vIsual activ~ty doml ted by a withesslng eye.· even when lt was p~esented in .p. verbal form. such as in the case o'f the .rnanLtal s. ( The manuals, for example. served to codify the o~servatlonal practices of the per,iod and the artlcLllatlon of those practlces ln an lU §!.::!;Y observa\.1.onal 'context, WhlCh resulted in pUbllish,ed, papers and clooks. But the ques...t i on of the what and the how of observation. 1 and kher~fore o~ the cultur~ in terms of which it operated, ~~n, in my opinion, only be approached in terms the relation,ship: betwee~' t...r.e klnds of methods tJqat could be Llsed~ and th'e p~rticul'ar resLIÙ:s that were desired. It other wbrds. it was a question of the ~h.t and the bg~ ta observe. Wh1re' r ramaln senSI t ive to th'!:? issue of the doml nance of the wrl t ten word ln the. developrhent 'C;f the' di sci p I l ne of anthropol ogy. l have chosen to concent~ate on visual methods of plctorial reproduction for two other' major hlstorl~al reasons. In the first place. the type of observatlonal practice wh 1 cl, emerghd in the wake of the var i o~s manllal S \l'Jas ~ J baIl sve. concerned ~i th systemati =: i ng the process of seel ng e): artlpl es . of indi-genous q:ultural and social behavioLl1'" ln ln .êl.t!:! observatiol1.al conte:< ts. Tlhe important -pOl nt coecern 1 ng th 1 s systemat 1 =:atl on was its orientbtion. The whole process of reorganl~lng the observational parateters of ethnography during thls'perlod concerned Its centralizatton. The man~als allowed the ad~erents of an emerging dlsclpllne to control what and how a tra'\lel1er wOI.lld see in' a conte~t which would .~revl~usly have been outSlde of hlS sphere of influence.-In other words, the manuals were developed in order to educate the traveller's or anthropologlst·S eye l~ terms of a particular disciplinary point of view. ' In the second place. the prl'ncipal processes of plctorial reproduction used by anthropologlsts of the perlod were drawings and photographs. They were used because of the authenticity they lent to a verbal.d~scrlptlon by directly represen-ei.nq an observer',s contextually defined viSIon.' This was the recommended f6rm of presentation discussed in the manuals and ln publlshed papers and boo~s 1 have tonsulted. Given these facts. my interpretatlon has ton~entrated on the impact of photography on the ethnography of the perlod.
(
of
1
•
4.
Op.
Cl
t. ~ "lote 1.
5. On the illusory nature of hîstoncal facts~ '~e role of selection in the construction of a historical narrative, and the chaotic conseq}le('lces of a "trLtly tot'al hlstory" (" ••• lts product would be nought.") see Levi-Strauss ~976/1972:257-158. On the 'tropolpgical>' 'characteristics of histoncal dlscourse sée Hayç:len Whit~~!1986/1978. and the Introduction to !'1~~!bi.a:tQCil I!:!~ ~!!~QC1~21 Im2g!ost!QO in ~ing:tê~o~!:! gên~~c~ SYCQgg (White 1980/197'3) • See al so Ni et::sche' s comments on the.'ri Il usory nature of historical obJectivity (197't/J874:37..l.40). !
lS
-,
,
1
/'
:-
6.
, ,
,r
My use of the word 'discipline' has been informed by two complementary points'of view, the one deriving from Thomas ~uhn,' the other fr.~m F'oucàult • . These p,:tints of view can be Sl.lbstdnt.ially d\stinguished as an lnternal and e~t~~nal appr0dch tp th~ .. natùre .~f posltivisti.: knolNledge. In the first, plAte l hèwe L\~~ti1d the \ term to designate a body ,~f i.ns~~'sr1':tlorV and learnin9 nominally associated wlth a collectivity, INh t Kuhn has desc~ibed as a ' CQmmLlnl t y' whi ch w,;)ul d be t; r ansmi:t.t el . in '\; he f,)r m '.' r -e>.emplays t'f<.·L\hn 1977>. In the sec':;.nd place, l have been I::I:'ns':i ....,LI~ of the ~~ercise of" power and knowledoe inCa domain other th~n that I~f sciet'fce. T.1LIS F":lu.:ault's discussion I~f dis.:ipline ill terms of the manipulati.;)n of b,~dies, in terms of their "d,)cility'utility" (1979:137) se~ms to~ me to be r~levant fr.::om\he po::oint o::;of vieIN oL ItS emphasis .:.n tead"ting and d.:.minatic,nl' c'\S l::opp.::.~ed \~'.I learnillÇl and submis~..1I:ln. 7. See aIse., for e'l,ample, the }.::.oll.;:Jwing o:,~mments m}lde \1n conjunction.with the 'Third Report of ~he Committee ~ •• ~ppoi~ted f.:)r the purp,?se .:,.f investigating and publishl.nQ ~ epo-w·ts on the physical .:hara,:t'ers; languages, and lndustria.,). and s.;:,.:ial .:.;:,nditi.;:,n ';:Jf the. Nm,·th-westEj!rn Tribes .:of tfe Oominl..;:,n ,;:,f Canada:'
t,.
...
th~ .:.;:,nstruction Qf the C.anadian Pa.:i. fi.c Rai 1 road, tr a.vey si n'g an en.;:,r ffi':'US st r et .:h .:.f 1 i tt 19. known cbuntry on both sides of the Rocky Mountains, has given ready access to ~ number df native tribes - whose languages and m.;:,des .;:,f l i ()e .:::>ffer a f,ield of inquiry as yet but imperfectly worked ••• (BAAS 1887:173).
. o·
See alsQ the
following by the Rev. E.~.
Wllson:
~ ~
.
Before proceeding~ with my report I woald te say, by way of e~planation, that 1 have been wqrking nlneteen years among ,the OjibINay Indians 6f Ontario aS a missionary, have two institutlons for In-dj.an children at Sault Ste. Marie, and, during t,he ~last t'hree summers <sinee the C.P.' Fi:ailway was .:;..pened) have been visi~ing the Cree, Saulteau~, Sioux, and other tribes·~n.Manitoba and the North-West, in .the hope of induelng those Indians to send sorne of their children to our institution (BAAS 1887:183-184). like~ust
8. Suyveys were als.o used in the context of ethnographie worl<, .:ondUlcted in England. For example, betweer 1892-1899 there was ~n ~ ,attempt to conduct an eX"tensive ethnographie survey .:of, the United I
y"
o
.;,.
-
•
, 16
..
1
'.
'1
,5
"' CHAPTER 1
•
f On the F~undations for an'Optical Ethnography: Observation'and· the Evolution of British Anthropo16gy 1839-1900 -
fAuth~rity.ln
make yOLlr notes ll~"e yèlur pic:tLu'"es a'ld WI'"lte down, things of. il1terest S1.â :iQY 'bêsë~ Q~ ~€€ .tbêm, and do not trust more. than you can t~ t~e deceptive glo~s cf nemory." H.H.Johnston •
"EndeaVOLlr
te
pt,oto~Jraphs.
!;!:lt:1~m" hetp
. 1889.
1
ln the fol1 owi n~ chapter- l
wouiL d 1.1.~. e to di $CLtSS
nLlmber of
d
poi nt'S r-el at i ng te the development of th_e methodol og i cé'\l •
of
ethnogr~phlc
~pea~lng,
the
8r-oad1y
be ralsing ln t~lS c~apter
concern
between
r Will
whi ch
was
,
bl'"dught
0+
~thno~raphic
the '" conte:(t b·f ni neteenth
c~ntury
~rl t~l
handboo~s
l
n .anthropol ogy.
the witnesslng ev. of the travel1er to an '} , col ~ ecti vel y predefined QQi!~~! QQia.!; ~l§~.
and in wt I l
êyt~Q(~t~1
observatlonal
from
ethnographically
Qf
<:1
representa-
.the ~el opment
manua1s and
t~is perlod saw a Shlft ln
that
and
ethngraphic
thl~CJLlgh
about
a ser-les of
deployment \ of
'18~9
1900.
ob'Servation
issues
the
pr-ac:tl ce
1
disciplinl=ation.Œf the process
ti cm ~
1
e::pres~ed
t;hrough
, bcdy
those ead y manLial sand handbo(jks.
o.f
l
WIll '\
--
l::o\.\rSI:;)
of tlllS aL.lthorltative sh.l.ft and
development ,
"
Jescrlbe pl"'actices
of
tts of
a
~scieflce
role
of
man~
i
cs
~nd
trace
lmpllcatJ.cl1S
tOI'"
durlng chIS per-ioçi, _ and
in the self conSClOUS
~thncgl"'aphy
.
redsfln.l.tion
o~
the th_~.
\0'1111 th6
anthropclogy as "factually insplred 1
obs&:(vatlonal sC1.ences, of, IDan."
"
characteristic:s of
,In
addlticn~'
this 'optical
l
will
argue' that
ethnogl"'aphy'
17
.,
can
.
,
1
best be an
\
~nderstood
in terms OT the authorl tclt i va c:onstrue:t ion
anthropologie:al point OT view.
'i~sue
l will thareTore address
OT the
repre~enta
OT the medium of c:onstrue:tion OT. ethnographie: _4\
tion
from
the.
anthropology (as whic:h l
of view of the
oppos~d
j'
,
,discipU,nary
in the final three
c:ha~ters
..
of this stLldy).
~aces
and the Genercltion of Ethnographie: Manuals and' Qb.riag, what
A;tgLISt 1839 J'\ames Cowl es F'r i chard (1786-1848) :If!'
\
ot
a tapie
,
"We are seeki ng Facts. and not i nf erences; observed, and not what i s thought"
In·
histor'y
to actual fieldwork e:onditions.,
l:l)On the Extihc~ion of the Ethnographic Knowledge: 1839-1852.
6
,
e:~amine
point
i
5
addressed
,
the BritIsh Assoclation for the
Ad~ancement
of
Science,
meeting
~
0 .
.
in Birmlfigham, wi~h a paper entitled ~On the Extinction of Human 1' • Races. > • 'The address was e::t~emely lnfluential in that l t . D reSUlted. ln t~e pu~lie:atlon of a series of manuals and handbookn
0+ . with systemati~lng the 'proe:ess 2 observation. These manuals first appeared in 1841, Çioncerned ..
ciilnd in
later forrn of ~gtê§ ÈD9 Q~ê~~~Ê QD'~otb~gQQ1Qgy ha~e qone :.:;, a serl~s of edltlons to t~e present. Prichard's'address opened with the following
t~!;!ir
thr~h
,::
\
obser~at~ons: ,
o
While- other brane:hes of natural hlstory are dillgently cultlvated, no degree OT general attentIon proportionable to its importance lS give~ to Ethnography, or the nâtural history OT the ~uman races. It has appeared to me, for the followl~g rasson, desirable te calI' attention te thls remark. Opportunities for - pursuing the in~estlgation te whic:h l have alluded are every day faill~g and disappearing for ~ver.
18
.
CI
"
,
.
He went on to point out:
\
1) "
This ~s not the case with' respect to other subj ects in naturai hi stor'y' or generaio sei enee. We might eontra~t the differeh,t departm'ents of liuman knowledge in r~ference to the durability of the objects w~th which they are conversant. he
Thus,
argued. that ma't;hemati cal sci ence,
eontempl ated
~
etèrnal
an'd immutable relations."
for matter,
indestructiple,'
ingenerable. and
it
is
nature
as such, fs \t:o our vi ew
partook of "eternal-truths, as
)'
tnorganic
,similarl'y,
immutable
in
ltS
~
properti~!i.
the
Il
~ql1 the other t1and.
processes
generatlon and decay, , .
of
\-~,-
l
.
r_
<0
wtlrld,"
by
subject
to
th'e organic world was ~l.lbject to while
whieh he meant thé various tribes ..... , , the constraints of Il eH tern,;1\l nature.
a~e
"orgal11zed races,
was
His"point
was
)
purely historical, c'limate
being conceived
Il
in terfJls of the '''changes .in
and local circumstances which" could.
at some point
in
time,' prove "incompatible with the conditions of thelr (tribal or 4
racial J the
existence"
issue ~
spread
of
(Prichard 1840: 166-167>.
-
More important
he was 'rai si ng was the i mmedi ate fact
of
European coloni~ation and its devasta.tlng
'the
t The ~xtermin~tlon of the human races ls still goll1g on. Whatever were the causes which destroyed the '. ancient tribes, we know to wha.~ agency we are to GÎt,tribute t'he similar fate of '",any. natiohs who have peri shed sinca the historlc age commenced.
,
He contil1ued:
.. 19 ,
;
rapl d
impact
other races. In Prichard's words,
to
on
4,.
9
o
1..
How'many whola pace~ have become extinct during the few centuries which ha~e elapsed sinc~ the modern s~~~em of ~9Ioni~ation commenced
This W'as obvioLlsly m.;:.re than a rhetori":c3.1 i t,
answer
in
terms
discipl inary' appr.;:tach te the f~
1:;'
ahd P~-ich.:.\rd
qLtestion,
f
prl:)~
1
NOW~
as the ptogress of colonization i5 so mueh of late ypars, and the obstacl~s of distance and physical difficulties are so mueh ~verceme, i t may be calcul~t8rl that chese calamities, impending over the 1 greater part.of mankind, i f we reckon by families Mnd races, are t'J be a.:celerated in thei r pl".:,gl"ess; a'nd i t may happen that, in the course of anether centul"y, the ab.::.riginal natl'Jns of mest parts of the wl;:trl'tl will hav~ r:eased entirely tQ exist. In thè mean time, if Chl"istian nations think i t not their dut y te interpose and s~ve the numerous tribes of their own species from utoter extermination, i t is of the gre~test imp,::.rtan,:e, . in a phil'i',sophical p'Jint of view, t.;:) obta~n mueh m~re extensive ~information than we now possess Qf their physical and moral cha~ac'e~s CPrichard 184Q:169-170). extend~d
o
~ He
" c,::.n.:luded
Aborigînes , with
address wi th a-":pléa' f.;:tr, the
his
suppl:trt
,:.f
Protectil::.n So,:ie.ty on the basis .that i t was concerned
more
just ree'::'l"ding ",the ~1ist.3ry
than
of
the
perishing
5
-
tribes of the human
.
family."
~
The members
the
address of
the
,
appears tl::' have had a de.:isive qnpact çm Natural
Hi story
Se.:t i
0"h
Br i t lsh
the
'Jf
the
1
/Association, 1
and
five
pounds was set aside "~ol"
Cil"culating a S,eries of Gluestions and Suggëstions fol" 'l:;he use travellers
and others,
with a view to procure Infol"mation
pecting the di ff{êrent races I,f
~en,
anctm.::.re éspe,:ially .
whi,:h
o
\
·and
Printing
aré
in
f!..
Tayl':lr' O-r.
DI".
HQdgvln,
i~ IN/aman and'a MY'. 20
J. 'fates, My'
Yarrell
thOSf".l
i'
an uf'll:ivili.zed state.".. The questi,;.ns
drawn up by ;::'Y'i,:hard,
01
res-
WB
,& y,
P.
tH'!
MI" D<:.1l"win,
(SAAS 1840:.xxvi)' 6
'
"o
..
• 1:>
G
The '"
"
~ublished
were
in
their
reports
under
Qt,!~!:i~â
the
;.
ç~se~~tlD9 Qtb~t:â.
\
vi;::.,
sb~
~YmsD Bg~g~
Phys,ic:al Char-acters;
.
.
and'
Gev~r·nment
Language; Works
Mon.uments;
and Laws;
ItB~gll~C§
Indlvidual and Family Life;
of
Art;
Domestic
~
Su~erstitions,
~c
(BAAS
1841 ~omas Hodg~~in
111
sorne idea of
AnImaIs;
.
1841:447~458)
.
7
(1798-1866) presented a report whic:h ,.
the el(tent of the efforts to dlssàminate , the
Queries durlng this period.
He mentl'oned,
for e:r.:=tmple,
Queries were furnished to the British Museum.
Royal
that the
Geographlcal
"
Society,
__ the interior of Africa,
and te
to .1 eave from the shores of also
Simpson,
fo~a
mentioned"
th~t
as weIl
w,ith a.'view ~o penetrating'
in
.
the Red Sea
to
t.he Cape 'of. Good Hope.
copies were furnished ,~o
Russla
Sir
George
who was to leave
1
acress Canada and
into
expedltion which was scheduled
the Sovernor of the Hudson Bay Company. voyage
184~:52-53).
(Hodgkin o
Hodgkin from
p
and other British .and forelgn scientiflc bodIes.
as to e>:ped"fUo,ns te t!1e Nlger,
Ha
~ng
Geography and Statistics; Social Relations;
..
Religion,
gives
SQ
Q~ ggQC~§s~Q
tg
,The Queriss consisted of 89 guestions Linder 10 headings.
Bui l,di ngs
':~.\,
committee
~.~
at the ne:{,t _lTIeeting of the· ~ritish AssociatIon in 1840
presented and
result~ of the work of the
provis1onal
~a
went on to note that a reply had already gentleman'
regarding the remnants of
been anclent
received Mexican
~,
Societies ln Tel(aS' (Hodg~ in
.
184i: 54) •
The' Qtleries l"Jere not only of valué for the informatIon might
eliclt,
they
were
i nter-est
could engender ln relation to
Although
It
is
rta
science:
that
m~nlJ' \l: ..__
-=_--:.Y<-
......... ~~t....
':'
<--
• ".
of
the
'they they
... -,
o. .
copies which have bee-;" thus dlstrl,buted may fail to procure f~om those who receive them the direct replies which they call for. it i5 not too m~lch- to hClp,~~ ~hat, from various quarters. detaifed-series of·an~wars may' rbe received. and, fOLlnd 'in no small deoree te c:ontrlbute td ). the i nt~r:-est and advantage of thE' - si t"'t l nqs of Ùll S Section at fLÎture MeetIngs of the Associ.::\tion. tt i5 perhaps not too much to ant l c i p~te', chat in th i s w~y ' " the diffUSIon of these Q4eries ~ay net only serve the , too-muè:h negl ected· caus~ of the sc 1 ence 'of Ethnogr.!i\phy ~ but lndirectly promote ~ practic:afly benevolent interest in sorne-of the feeble.and perishing branches of the h~~r ~amily. Even ln those cases in which direct If repl ie?Tare nct obtained. sorne (Jood ,mc"\y not Ltnreasonab':' ly be·.loo~:ed for frcm tl)e mere {""c:t of thel!" ~:Jin;C':t'~'lÇJ the. attentIon of the reader to a great vM!"iety of points connec:ted with·the ~c:attered F.milIes of man. In many minds thev may ori gl'nate tr'ai ns of though t, and e:tc:ite interest. - inqLliry, ,and investigati,on; and even with thbse who have n0 means of m~hlng Investigaticins of their own, they may yet s~rve to c:reate an .ppe~ite for Information of a kind whlC:h at p,'"esœnt is~ in general, bLlt little apprec:iated, -,:lnd conseql.lently but sparingly supplied.
'
o
He al so argued: . Nevertheless, the int,erests of scil;?nc:e, . of our "country, a!1d of humani ty at 1 arge,. are essen!j, all y connected with this subject. When it is considered that other c:ountries, which have Immeasurë:\bly less direct, interest ln the condltion of the unci~il~=ed sections of the human race. and who. as respects wronq<:. to be atoned for. and advantages to be reaped, may be regarded as aIl but forelgn"te ft, are notwithstanding pursuing lt 'wlth zeal. It certainly ~ehoves us, for- the credit of our c:ountry. te endeavour to dlffuge a more e::tensl ve a(1d operati ve 1 nterest in rel ,~t i on - te i t (Hodg~in 18j2:53-54).
~
•
Hodgkin
went
on to
l~ment
the géneral lack of
lnterest
question of continued et{tinc:tion of the races of man',
p
io, the
especHA1. J Y.
"
in
o
view
of
the
attention devoted to
extinction of various spec:ies He
o~
t~e
the animal ljnqdom.
-was also reported to have made the
tnat aboriglnal yeLlths
sho~uld
2:
general
interesting
comment
be brought te Engl and for study and
---------------------
-
educ:a t i on , 1 nvest 1 gat i
.
0ii
view to advancing
th~
-
~
Ethn910gical
cause of
suggested·,
These ryouths', . he i s r'eported to have ~
should
-
a
with
be
espec:iâfly
chosen
-From
those
"as
had
have
an
j
cpportunity
of
\
,
acquiring knowledge,
'
missionrr y or oth~r native schools"
0j
case
I?ri chard,
thel....Abo'igines '\
a.nd e:(hibiting ability
.
(H9dgv.1n 184~:54).
he was also to' argue in favour of
Protecti
on
the
ln ~
As in the D
grounds
support l ng that.:.its
l,.
interœsts coincided with those of the ASsoclatlon. By' 1844,
the. Querles appear to have ,been
widely
dissemi-
~
,..
nated,
and
"foreign example
~§ngs!
there was tal k of transI ati on and co:"operatl(~n
of
the
(1844),
1843: 70=
(BAAS
a(.:)f:mts"
interest
acc~mpanied
'-
t~ey
t844:~92-293).
note
eliclted.
By way that
by the following editorial
Wl
of
they
th an
were
comment:
.....
The Editors _have thought this paper Df ~o much importance that they have lost no time ln re-printing it, as painting out ta so many residents in India' a kind 'of ~nowledge which th~y may so easily acquire and ·commLlnicate. and which offers sa many ~ points of interl~st ta every thlnklng mlnd. The more savage. races of India fram the Veddas of Ceylan to the Goands and the races of" the Terraes, W1 th the Si ngphos and Vari ens of oGr Eastern Frontiers, to say nothing of the Coles; Dhangul'"'5. Santal s .:tl."l;d Goomsool'" tribes. and many others. ,!,ll offer flelds o'f' research. fr'am WhlCh. undoubtedly, many sC1entific l~urels are ta be gathered, and eventl.\all y much Liseftti knawl edge and m'any humane resul ts may ar1se (QY§~lg! ... 18~4:919)y
In the
1852 a new and' extended set of quest10n~
ti t 1 e
prepared
e
t!soY~l
Qi
,gj;b.ng!.Qgi~~!. !D.9Y1.~~.
by a sub-cammittee of
was issued under'
The questi ons
the Britlsh AssaclatiQn
Advancement of Science which had been appainted in the. old serIes of
J ,
.
querles.
..
....... ~
1851
for
were the
ta reVlse
The Interim perlod had also witnessed
•
< r 4>
7
o
the formation' of members
th~
lo~~n,
Etj)nological Society of
w~ich were àlso members.of the BritiSb
of
,
a nLlmber of Associ~tion.
There was thus a possibility that member5 of the nJw orl~anilatfon influenced the manua!'s .raVI.ien.
his ~~'"
0
As Richard. Cu!! pqlnted o~
of ~he Rècent Progress of Ethnology; for
'Sketch
the. y.
R
>1853. 1
\. t'lon f or th e Ad vancament Th e B1"'1· t·15 h A ssocla of Science has prlnted for circLllation. in orcier to rightly direct· lnqlllry. a new edition of its queries. Lmder the titie of liA Manual ef Ethnological Inql.lir·y." From the clrcum5tance that the leéding Ethncloglgts 0+ Great Britain belcng both te CUI'" Society and to -the Brit;sh AssocIation. tllere lS a Ut11ty 0+ action 'in t~lC? two Societies in the endeavour te ccllect fActo ~nd daota of our science. And my bl,;!lng'r Ethnolequ:.'i\l Secretary to Sectlon E, as weIl a~ Honorary Spcr~t~ry ta our Society~ the abject cf the A~sociatton in th8 di<;;tribLltion of pits Më'lnual Ci:\n be more fui"y carrlf"d out. Copies have already,baen sent te nearly ~very Misslonary statIon in the worlrl; and frem the concIse " directi OQS as ta what tlJ observe, we mc~y e:( pect. i\ l.rl.rÇJe mass of facts to be broLlght together for> 'the advancement of Ethnology (Cull 1956: 118-!19).
a
tI!O,l:.lg!.
Qf
S:!;'b.OQ1.gQ,;"ç;,è,!. !09Y!.!::i was intended,
"for the gl.lid;mcE.'l
~
of- tra'Vellers, of
misslonaries,
knowledge" . .
which 9
tlèOl:.l21. ••• 1854:193).
was
and others, of
fate
to
the
Ostensibly, the re,';\son<;; for
J
were twofold.
va.Ille
The first was the
profe~sed
hwncane
new
science
i~tere·.:;t
..
ln
second
(B
tJ(-~ Wc'lS
In bCJth
purpos~s.
1
Idnd
its publ . . cation,
of vari ous branc:hes of the "human famll y=" the
the collectlon of accurate data for <;;cientlflC cases,
t~HiI
ln.collecting
..
~
however. the selectton of questions was rooted in
widal'"
\
concern wi th the central i z ation of power __ .and the ec;;tabl i shtTIF.i!nt l1i '\
scientiflC
authority
indis~ociably ~
politica-l world order.
bound up _wit,t: an
emergent
Who was to def,ine and control the flow of
24
t
knowledg~
r .. \.J:4
and of what use,would it be -- these two motives are at
'theobasis of the 1852 Manua1. In the words of the authors:
"
, These questions were howevér adapted, not only t~ direct inquiry respecting those tribes which are threatened' with, e:-:tlnction, but aiso te th~est "of the huma~ family. The object i~ pu~lishing these questions la' to induee-Consuls, political and other resldents and travelLers, to obtain Qt:~~!.â~ .!:::nm~l~Qg~ in reply to them~ ènQ ~Q ËgOg i! ~g ~ ~gO~~t: -- to§ ~~it~§b eââ9= ,i~!!gO [my emphasisJ ( ~~Oy~1 .. 185~:~r.
•• .1
l
t
.1. nterestl ng
is
,
to
e~: ami;ne
what
was
Llnderstood
by
"precise knowledge": It should aiways be borne ln mind that tKe veriflcation of what 1S already known is of 1mportance in Ethnology~ as in othe~ sçiences. The dlscovery of new tr1bes of the human famlly falls to the lot of but few observers, whilé many have the opportunity of adding to our knowledge of those tribes that are partialli known~ beside~ which, reeent observation may dlffer from the older in co~sequence of change$ that may have ta~en place in the people. Any amount of Pnowledge, however trtfling lt may a~pear in itself, may be of great value in connexion with other ~nowledge. and therefore will be wel comed. ~g .sH:~ âgg1:;iO!l E~\~â..L s!Qf! D9-t iDf~r:glJ~§§.!.
,.
~bst
lâ
ggÊ~r:y~Q..L
~Og
ng~
~b9t
emphasisJ(A Manual •.• 1852:3). , Pree: i se
,I-:nowl edge'
would therefore be gQ3~~ygQ~
~â
tbgygbt
c::onstituted
-of
tho'5e
fss~~
that' had been
wauld
be tnductively based on those facts considered ln relation
and any
theor~tical
(my~
to other isolated facts or already systemti=ed fact
formulations
(~wlth
other
10
knowl Elc:ige") •
.
"
l e$'$';":~' obj ect! ve'
"tMfse, tr-i bas":
reaso~s
o
_ for
de~iring
accurate,
hnowledge
"
Such particulars will not only throw light on the character and origin.~ the people, but will~ directly or indirectly, influence thè commercial relations which
of
Il
o
~,"",
may be profitably entered inte when commerce alone la looked te. When c:olonizatien i5 c:ontemplcated,. the facts ~ontained in the replies te these queries will ppint \ eut the mutual advantages which might be obtained' by preserving, instead of ann1hilating~ the -aboriglnal populatIon (1852:12).
-.
'-
or
Potential
actual
,commer21. al
.:'\nd
colonial
rel a\ti ons
popul ati ons ~ere tq be recurr i 11g themPos
i ndi genous
with
dLld ng
--±.hi 19'
,Jo.
formati~e o
that
'per~od
a\nthropol~gy.
which
~t.!àâ
Il
sh, -, a funèLàmeot,al
deployment
of
ar(f~as
l bœl i eve, e>::.t.'
of
that.
of
ni netr,""onth
t,he
as the apr.lv('
politlcal c:onslderatlons were
demonstrate,
th.·
co"nstruct.Lon
t~e
the sec:ond hal f
1n
ln the
betweenicol on 1 al p(Jwer <;\11t1
It i s enough to note in the meant i me,
citations
i "
in
\~::amln.3ttC1n
rol~
ta play a
wi Il.
practlc8S Ln
ob~ervational
."n
one of" the .pri nCl p.::\l
~::nowl ~dge.
rel. at 1 onshi p
knowledge
ethnogr ~ph i c: century.
disC:lpline~
~QQ Q!::.HàC.i:.§§ QQ aQ!;'b.CQQ.Q!.Qg~ Wë..\S
~~ of ethnographi c
methodolcgic~l
pert(cular
to the" development o·f the
t'he Andaman 151 ands mater i al,
~'\rgLII~d
Al thol.Igh '1 t mi gl"lt be
those considerations were of no
importance of
in
not
pdr-
-."
. ceived as comp,letely alien to the dlSCLlssions of the role the, new discipline (,TIight
takt~
in the area of 'natlonal
(f.lrodle
l.{1terf~$ts'
~856:295-294,295-~96).
,
Pclitical of
reference
considerations operated w\thin a dualistic peculi~r
(of
Man).
socIal
,0
-
of
N~vertheless.
cultural
thlS
science
climate in w,hJ.,c:h
w~s
conceived,
'Man'
and
interc:hangeable terms (Stocking 1982/1968:110-132). hand
there
~as
the question
ef~man's
1 _'
' (
sCIence wlth1n
'race'
a
ware
On the other
relation to maQ,
26
.
,
-org;.!n 17. a-
the dlsciprine along the llnes of an objective
and
"
te the historical period we are examining.
On the one" hand there was the questi on of the 1. nterna 1 tian
frame
that
i s,
1 1
\
".
the
question of Britain and its Empire ~hich
widar
discipl ine formed. an
embl,;"yoni c:
F04caul t ' Flower
and
cultural,
social,.
5
In both respects,
anthropology ,
grand themes:
(1831-:1899)
anthropology
pol i ti-c:al
in' h is
must
co~text
within ..
formed
the
which
the
the discursive practices of
be seen
as
power and "·.nowl edge.
was to note in Justifying ' Presi denti al Address to
an
of
interp1ay
..
As William~Henry , the the
t.eaching
of
Sect.J. on . of
A'nth,,"oPOI09,y' '(BAAS) in 1894:
,.
More Modern even than.museums has been the" introduction of any systemati c teac:h 1 ng of Anthropo1ogy i nto thl s eountr~: This is certainly most remarkab1e, considering tbat there 15 no nation to which the subject 'is of such ,great importance. Its \mportance to' those who have to rule .-- .and,there are few of us now who are n~ cal1eé upon to bear, OLtr share. of the responsibili~es of government -- c:an sc:arcely be overestimated ~n a~ empire 1il-:'e this, "the popul-ation of wtllc:h .... is com ..... posed of examples Qf almost every siversity under Whl'ch " the human body and mind c:an manifest itseff. ·The physi~ c~l characteristic:s bf rac~,' 50 strongI~ marked in many cases, are probably always assoèiated with eqt.lal~y or more diverse characteristics of temper and intellSft. v In fact, even when the pl,ysical di vergences are wea~~ shown. as in the dlfferent race~ which c:ontribute to ma.ke up the h'ome portion of the Empl..rè, the'O mental and moral charateristTCS are sJtill mo~!:'.·-·s"trongly mar~ed. 'As t.he wise physician will not only stLtdy the particular 'kind of disease under~hich his'patient is sufferlng before administering th~ ~pproved remedies for sueh disea~e, but will ë\,.ls6 tahe into c:areful account the pecl.tl i ar i di osync:rasy and l nherent tendenc i es fJf the individLtal, whic:h ~o greatly modify both the cOLlrseQofthi dtsease and the action of remedles, so it 15 absolutei y necessary. f or the stat'es'man who woul d gavern 'sl.lccessfl.llly not to look upon human natl.tre in~ ...",the abst~act and endeavoLtr' to appi y unI versaI rLtl es. b~û~" to consider tlie special mor. tellec~Ltal, and social .~-.". capab~lities, , and aspirations of each particular racfi "'Ii tb whi ch' he has to deai. A form of government l.tnder whi'ch one ra.ce wouiS live happi 1 y and prâs~rousl y may 'ta another be the cause of l.lnenduraol e misery. AIl' these -questionS' t-h~n shal.lId be carefl.llly studied by those who have any share ln the government· of people beionging to races alien to themselves (Flowe~·1898/1894:2SS-256).
27
~
o
•
J \ He weot on to emphasize: A knowl edge of thei r speci al ·eharac:ter"s and' raI at i ona to one another has a more prac:tic:al object than the mere satisfaction, of sc:ientific' c:uriosity;' it 1s.ë\ ~ knowledge Llpon which the happiness and prosperi ty or· , t h e reverse of millions of our fellow-creatures m~y ~nd. The ignorance often shown upon these subject9~ eve in sa sel ect an assembl y as the Hall se of Commons, ~ould e ludicroùs if it were not liable te le~~ te di sastrou esul ts (FI éJwer' 1'898/1894: 256) • 'Centrali=atlon'
and
are therefore
,:dtscipline~
~ay
terme in the
,
cultural dynamic of the period • . In
s;!Jl.t.l:!C§
thl s
synthesi s of knowl edge and power,
the concept
O-f
p 11 na
of
emerges as the f oundat i on on wt'li ch the new dise i
anthropology
T~e
would bLlild.
trajectory of that
become apparent ln the course of
my_d~scLlssion
pn the Andaman Islands.
represent~tlon
~ynthesis
witl
of the history
For the moment,
of
would
~I
like to return to the development of the disciple in Britaln the role of the
•
and
manuals in that proces ••
inst~uction
1.2) Optics, Perspective, and Grain: Ethnographie M.nu.l • •nd the Institutiona1 Consolidation cf Anthropclogy, 1943-1875. • "
~
,
e ..
~snl:!sl
,gf g.t.bng!ggissf 10ByiJ:~ was dlvided
sections
co~pr15ing
fd~lowed
the earlier edition,
grammer,
and
found
large
pu~lish~d
of I-:nowl edge ll sought
o
did
...
and
content
te
ba
c~tegorles
"inquiry" " ln collecting the
(€! t1!!!J.!:!sÜ.•••
kind _
--
1852:15;1854:193). But what lt " -
~
it
with the addition of a section on"
The object of the section
ob5erver~s
'
deftnad
The 'observations' and 'facts' of which the
28
,
form
was aid ln the, construction cf a verbally
9Q~ifsl ~1bnQgcêeb~.
.., :,'
In
elevsn
portions of the earlier version are
verbatum.
was to "dir:-ect" the
actually
questions •
103
into
1
...
u
authors
•
(
spoke were to be the product of 103 questions.
inclusIon
or exclusion of 'facts' in answerfng those
that. is.
product Ion
of
a
Indlgenous
population.
form of a
would serve to promote
vi!."iual de.SCI""lptlve answer,
01""
the
questtons,.
th~
the existènce or non-exIstence of data ln ,
verb.!\l
and
• dOLlbl ed' verbal/vi suaI representati on
of-
An observer's eye/mind would flrst
been ,educated to discrimlnate ln term~ of' partlcLtlar
.the an
have
categQrles
<j'
1
ethnographlc knowledge befol""e recordlng -gomethi ng as a 11 Wlth the publication of the second edition of ~Qt@§~ ~n~ facto of
or
the coarse
graIn
and
fa~m,
would have
flnally "tl""ansformed lnto
In
Advancement
a
consld~rably
disciplinal""Y.
the
of
Science.
anthropology jn Britain,
content of the new Manual. the
1852
The most ImmedIate differencè betweeh
ln the titie of the revised edition.
"snthropology'
signifies an
contention
-
ShIft ,in the
impo~tant
discipline~
between the rival
bOd~S,O~. ~e
prier
(Keith
amalgamatlon
iA
1871
Stocking 1971: 3~9.~81~3a2~383,387).29 , ,.
f
The use
«
ward ~
of
consoll~ation
Ethnolpgical
o~London
,
their
the
as it formerly provided a point
of London and the Anthropological SocÎety to
two
which was reflected in the form and
and 1874 editions was in the oappearance ,of
the emerging
the
InstltutlonaJization
"anth-ropology'
of
(
the
The twenty-two years getween
Sel""leS of questions had witnessed a gradual of
anl:hropologlcal
undel"" the auspices of the BritIsh Association for
n~w
of
l''"eflned.
waS
a
and expanded edltion
more
~~QYêl
1874
publjshBd
tiecom~
this
itself a repre-
emerging vEr""bally defined eth"nographic template. sentatlonal
of
in the
of
SocIety peri~d
1917: 19,20-= 1;
D
r •
...
o
The ~~,i
Ethnological
Society was founded tn 1843 by
(1811-1876) i~ order to pur~ue a more directed intRrest' in o
ng
1
.
the
hl stol'"y qf m'an,
as opposed to
th~
humani tari an and Socie~y
1971:372).
who had or'iginally
,
In 1863,
James HLlnt (1833-1869),
the Society in 1854<--resignad from it ln
rlval
basa~~n
body
the recently +ormed
to form a
ordp.~
Societ~
d'Anthroroloq\m.
of
Wü5
,towards a "sci ence of 'the whol a natLlre of man" as opposed to
bh(?
Paris (Stocking 1971:376).
The orlentati,on
~
narrowly
hlstorica~"
of
raci al
origins,
,
~
, and bi'blically influ:t=nced
Ethnological Society,
c:onc:p.'''l1~ o~
plLlrality
of
the
1971:376-377).1=
espacially
the qLlestion' of the -LID'lty
r:-aces
of, IM\nldnd
'\
obstac: 1 e
a .principal
societiés,
50
to
the new disci1pl ine
define
(Hunt
1863;
'ant~roJ~i~~Y:
had
t~
two
Lln.Hy
editions
or
Bendyshe 1863-64=
'-
th~
new
di
?
StpcL i ng 1971>. •
(Stocf.-:ing 1971).
manuals
or
1852-1874,
The
handboo~s
1 ends
were
suppor~
fact published to
on
about
n~w
(Ur{y 1972:48).
30'
questicinair:-es
and
.
1871
of
In5titut~
lt
1 ength 1 y
Af ter
James
that the unit y prowided by the new Instituts
SCLts~i
questionaire~
ef fort!t1
two rival Soc:ieties were amalgamated Ln
IraI and
period
obse~vat ion
the
whateve,'" one wished to call.
\
and
raged
--
the .Aew title of the Anthropological
Brq:c.u n
interim
-attempts
,yri.
StodÎlnQ
much so that it became the ·focal point in
negotiations, under
to
.
1B63:2~.
(Hunt
Sy 187l the use of the word ~
become
the
with its ·fOCLIS on the spet:Ltll:a\\tfv"'e-<>"qtestiolt ~
l .
(Stbc~lng
tl1H.i bod~
de
o
phl1.:lr\-
thropic interests 9f the Aborigines protection
jœined
..
Richard!
)
Great no'"
new
in
the
Urry's 1 encou-
forms
of
.,
'
, \.,
•
(
The
appearance
of
1874
the
@!:!~!:!.~~
one
was
.
"
of
several
• , important changes ln, the discipline. l have already mentioned the amalgamation of The
1871.
the~Ethnological
formation
of the
and Anthropological Societles in
Anthr-opologlcal
an
"lr
an official end to elght years of rlva!ry,
mar-~ed
instttutional basls for the
(Keith 1917,
eo~~olldation
of_
also served as
.
diseiplin~
the
Stocking 1971). The varicus journals.
transactions~
y i ncorpot-ated and revt P.I.AlS, for e::amp 1 e.. were sl.lbseqL\entl new J,Q!.:.\!:D.!il Qi :!;tl~ aQ:!;'b.!:QQQ1Q9.Ü~èl 1~1i.:!;.!d1!È' .
Wl,. th
the
the fi r·st ~oILlme of __ .
13'
.
Furthermore. the epistemological vici~-
whieh appeared in 1671.
as ref 1 ~eted in i tE> movp.ment bad ël.nd
si tudes of th'e dl Sc i P Il ne; fcrth
which
tnstutlte~
o
~
among various sections of the British AssociatIon for
the
Advançement of' Sei enee, were fI nall y I~eeonci 1 ed when anthropology ~~ 14 Was granted i~wn section CH) in 18e4. ThIS trend towards institutional
,
•
system,
eonsolldation
was'
rep~d
in
the
educational
Tylpr (18:::::-1916)
wlth the appointment of Edward B.
o
·~s
•
/(eeper of t/i'ie Uni vers! ty MLtseUm and Reader _1 n Anthropology at the University
of O:dor-d' in 1884;
relationship
with the unIversity system.
·solid:f.fied - with the collection ~
thus
thLlS inaugurating
to
plaeing
That relationship
Wël.S
gift of t~lal~ge 'Pitt Rivers ,;et(Finological
O::ford in the same year ,~he
anthropology's
•
10.
(Chapman
material artifacts of the
world's
Indigenous
..... '
.
peoples under the supervision bf an 'anthropologlst.' /'
Th~
impo~t~nce of
,Anthropology which
,..
they
is
these events f9r' the hlstory
not to be
partook
underestimated~
for the
represented the graduaI '"'t.he • -authol'" i t Y
1
•
31
oi
the
" Il
of
British
process
in
cons91id~tion
.and
di sC,ipl i ne
oi
...
o
w1'th
ltS
phase
'.
,
anthr~pology.
In a sense,
the~proce$s
collect(ve foundations. ~
provided·the emerglng field
The
~
early
pre-instl'h.\tional
of anthropology had been dominated by-th.
epistRmologlcal
diffefences between the two societies. 'Their ~malgamation ln 1871 paved 'j:he way for a serIes of major ~OJt?cts in the H391)~c;j
whtch
included
(lJrry
an
anthropometrlc sur vey of the BritIsh . SL\rvey of the Northwest Tr i bes of
1984)
24-::5~ ~7).
1917:
Under London
Hunt·s
was
direction,
polyganetic
of
in
,.
comp~ratlVE?
a p-hY'5ical nature in relation to a •
bidsed.
SOclety
and narrowly concerned with c:lassiflcat:.ory questions ":11;
(Stoc~ing
cala.
AnthropologicaL
ant i -Oarwi n 1 an ~
predominantly
Inclination, of
the
IslaG
1~71:378,~84).
belng
Furthermore, ~owards
inclined
the_Soc,e~y
study
of
mail
was pclttically
a raclst approach
to
colonial
\
domestic polieies
~·.eith
t\me4
also concern~d with elimin~ting
Hunt
trappings
,
~>186:::::)
in
•
was of
In
1~71.:379).
the prevl0us two decades of the
~ontrast~
orien~at~on,
. evolutionary
1917:2(1= Stocking
its
th~
thF? '5amo rellgiouD
dISCipline
( Ht.tnt
the Ethnol09ica1 Society hdd been Darwlnlan
monogenetic ln
in
At
inclinatio~.
int~llectual
outlook
and deveLopmental cr (Stoc~ing
1971:378-
'>
::79,::'84).
The
developèd
in
disc:repant orlentati.ons of the two 80elettes an
•
intellectual climate stil(
publicatlon of Charles Darwin"s !!J~ Qr:i9.!.!J (I<eith 1917: 18; 1
conte::t,
both
Pennimen. 1935:, Societles"
9:'f f • )'.
"
IH\d
domlnated
Qi tbê Vlewed. ~
!2neG..t2~ irl fr~m
this
post-Oarwinian orlentatlons
H159
wlrler
differed
,~
from the earlier
o
pre-D~rwin~an
.
writers,
in terms of a blbliC"ally motivated, '.
ratlve,
who cast their
~nqulrle9 ~
hjstoric~lly
insplred .. (:ompa-
and philoloqical approach ta the question of the unitary, 32
or
eri~rns
plural
of man.
That early
peri~d
had been marked
by
,
Prichard·.s ,
t
intellectual influence (Stod:ing
Sv the third quarter of the nineteenth century,
:di> •
~
1
in
British
jntellectual
~as emergin~ as the drlvlng
and E. B. Tyler
As
anthropology.
orientation
Associati,on question's' Sy
Prl~hard~s
,
lnFluenc~ ~ad ·waned. . '
force
1973:ix-
1971:373,
before,
the
shift
was reflected in a new set of
in
.18ritish 1
(Ur~y
1972:47).
tl18 time thE' ne::t handbook
1 W
published. in
1874.
the
old ethnol~glc~i mem~er. of t~e Anthrapological Instituts were i~ '>
effectlve control
members
i nf 1 Llenti al
more
o'
producing
Indeed.
(stockin(}.:1971:38::-384). of
committee
the
of
th~
responsible
for
som~ 1
the new handbook were members of the oid
f
Ethnologlcal
,
Society. They inclLlded E. 1;1, Tylor, Colonel Lane , Fox (latefr'-- ta be known
as General Pitt Rivers,
1827-190n),
and
Francis
Galton
( 1812-1911 ) .
.
l?
1.3)AnthrQPo~ogical
Knowledge,'Oisciplinary' Presence, and ,Observ4tional Continu~: On 'the 1874 and 1892 Editions of ~et§i iQ~ QY!~i§i 9U ~a~g~Q~Qg~. .. :
,
1 1
l'
The pLlb 1 i cab on of the first edi tion of ~Q:t.§a sHlg Queries ------en'!;!:l!:~Qg!gg~
Soc:ieties cha.nging
.
view.
st10rtl y a.fter the amal gama.t ion of the two fra.ctive
provides
e>~cellent
an
characteristics The
the
when
context· for
assessing
the
of the emerQing disciplina.ry pOInt
distinguishing
organi;:dtlon . of
6a,!;!:lcQQg!ggl:,
eo.
feature
flrst
.
of
of
eplstemologlcal
the
editlon of
QU
.
.
consid,ered in relation to its
predecessors.'
;.",
was
not
on 1 y a. a
pre6ent!\tio~
5
i
~i·f i ~ant
of a new set of
i nc~se~
but al;o
'~ategOri~~:·;~~~ or9.ani~ing 1
33 . .
i ~/ àët~i.1 "
-.
•
'...anthropo- (
."
,
>
the
IJ
. 1 /
.'
,',)
Q
10gl~al~
o
knowledge.
These categbries naturally corresponded with ,
thoe
i ntell ectual and soci al postl.lre o-f the
new
.
Institute. Of' most i
n,terest~
'CultLlre~
WhlCh
Lane Fo::,
soon to be Pi t t
this
Anthropol'ogi cal
the appearance of
)'
h~adi
new secti on
CI
l
was selected over , , a rival candidate
Hi story.
ng ,
Ri vers, di scussad the (oreason i ng beh i nd a~
selectlon ln hIS respective capacitias
president of
the
\'
Anthropologieal Il
a~poi
ntRd
f orms
Insitute
for
the pLlrpose of prepar l ng
~
i nstruet ions r~sponse
J
\
Observers"
of
the
pub 1 i'shi ng
and
Ethnologlsts~
(Lane FOH 1<874:482).
was the resLll t
of the l'lor /.
and
br i ef other
The m?w 'Set
of
of a cornmi t tee f ol""med ln
Scienc~
British Association for the Advancement cf
Beddoe.
cammittee
to a general resolutian adopted at the 1872 meetIng
Bri ghton.
The A.W.
Lubbock, In
seeretary
of InstrLlct.i ons for Travell ers,
Anthropologieal
tHe
and
eommi t tee Franks,
conSl sted
of Calon"el
Francis Galton,
Slr Walter Elliot,
E.W.
Lime
of
held
10N ~
Brabrook~
in Dt" •
J.
Sir
Clements R. Markham, and E.B. Tylor.
1873 th'e eommlttee was reappointed,
(from twenty-five to flfty pounds),
and the
results~
as pointed
out, (Lane Fox 1875:214).
.J
"-
The Interim, between the 1852 and 1874 man~als, ~unetuated
had
be~n
by the-publication of a series of
i~structions
So~iety
solieited by the Royal Geographie
however, was WhlCh
ln eanJunctlon
with the departure of two of its e~peditioMs which l'lere to'seardh \ " fgr Dr. Llvingstone. One ~as to proceed up the Congo Rlver, the'
o
'.
other behalf
lnland
from' the Ea)t
~oast~'
In the report
.
-.tf.
pressn, ted
oT the anthropological committee at "the British
34
on
Associa,/
l ...
tion meetIng of 1873 Lane
G
the
F~x
instructions] pwere furnished ta the
ëln~thropologl.cal
cammanding each e::peditlon, on
the
,Navy, pl~ce
and
1874:482).
The
ant~ropology)
~ "'\
..
F'rehistorir:
han~s
towards
consisted of:
h·mythology,
officers of
others who might be in a position ta
them in the
afficers
who were requested ta distrlbute them
coast to Her Majesty's Consuls,
expeditions
,0
noted, " ••• a S»dfflcient number Cof
~se
the
Royal
them,
or ta
of other travellers who might set out
the interlor from tlme to time"
(Lane
on Fo!:
cantributors to the anthropological instructIons Franks (genera1 anthropology) , Rolleston (physical
,
Beddoe (physical aothropo1ogy> ,
and c\..lstoms), and Lane Fœ: Archaeol ogy) • ,
Tylor (religion.
(Use of Iron in Afriea, and
Not wlthstanding the value of
these
instructions, Lane Fox went on to point out: Althoug.!:! these instructions have been. the means of carryi ng OLlt to a gr:.eatel: tent the wi shes of the Council o~ the Assocjation ln a~pointlng the Committee, and it was important that the opportunlty afforded by the star t--±TlCJ of these el:pedi t l ons shoul d not be 1 ost. yet as th~ inst~uctions were ~r~wn up soIsy with a view to Afrj,(:è'\n e::ploration. and a certain amaunt of repetltion Wè'\S apparent in the volume, owing ta the hurrled manner i~ WhlCh it was drawn up and printed, 50 ~s to be in time for the travellers before startlng. It did not appear te me to meet ~s fU,11 y è'\S COLll d be desl red the intentions of the General Commlttee in placlng a grant of 25 at our' disposaI. $uoh grant having been Intended for the i nformatl on of travell ers in general rath'é"r than for the use of travellers in any one quart~r of the, globe (Lane Fo:: 1874:482-48::>. .... A
-
similar case COLlld' a1so have ceen ma.de' ln relatIon to
set
another
of instructions produced in 1873 at the request of the Royal
Geographlc Society.
but this hme in relation ta Aretlc
e::p~ora-
,
tian.
The questions were dra.wn up by the Arctie Commlttee of the
An1;hropol ogi cal
Institute. 35
consistlng of
Lubbock
(President) ,
Busk,
Captain
Clements
Sherard Qsborn,
Markham,
Flower
[.. "following se
ta
RelIgion,
Mythology.
Brabrook,
Enquirtes
into
Fox~
Lana
th~
contained
Barnard Davis); E:nquirif~$
and Sociology of
TribR$
Es~u\maux
Customs relating to War
etc q
(Bayd
(Lêi\na
Fl1::)
relating to certaIn Arrow-marks' and other Signe in
to
~
u&a_
and Enquiries ''"E11atlng 1:0 Drr:\wing. Ci::\rVl.nq. EnqL.!Ï ri es as to Ethnology (Frr.:HIks);; Enqu t r\ es
the
Physlcal
Cha~acter~stics
\
and
Enql.liries r:elating to Mammalia, Vegetation,
(Lana FON) ~
~elating
and
InstructIons (Dr.
among the Esquima.:t..n:, etc. ,
Captain Bedford Pim,
Fl.Irther Ethhological
'
..
Enquiri~s
(w.
InstrLlc-
TI.lrner) = ,
tions suggested by Captain Bedford The
c;>f
these
awareness
demands of e~:ploratioÇl (Urry '197:2: 46) • e>:peditionary among
ethnOgraPhi! set
African
were producted were only partly a response
ppportunities
flrst
(Markham 1873:291-306).
speed and enthl.lsiasm with which the Arctic and
instru~tions
. lmmedi a t)e
Pi~
influential these
testif'ies
The production
to
members of the
expeditions
informatio~ • .
of
volumes
to 'the
an
incl"'aased
In$titutm
presented
for
cf
obtalning
Lane Fox paid for tne printlng cf
instructions
out of, his
•
o~m
th~
the
pocket
~'
1873:483).
HIS
interest ln these tyP.s of Manuals was such that
he also subsidized the printing of additional copies of the first
The fact that the Royal Geographical Society approaehed ~
Anthropologlcal
the
Instl tLlte abOLit produclng a set of' questi ons ·for (!,
o
cQupled with the wldely locations
to
diff~ring
geographical
which the members fait confldent enough to
direct
36 \
, 1 }
c
questions ëâ 2 confidence As
9~Q~2;
.
bears witness to the growing authorlty and
of the Institute ~n matters r~lating:to
enthography.
Lane
F,ox pointed out in his Report on Anthropology at the 1 11eeting of the British Association ln 187:::,· lamenting the dearth of papers on descriRtive ethnography: It is, however, of the first importance that the accounts of'aboriginal r.ces, presented by t~avellers, should be anthropologically as weIl as geographically investigated. 00 the pthe~ hand, it 15 equally importè,''lnt that in whatever" body the funds necessary far promoti ng e::pl or..:lti on- ar-e reposed. the department of descriptIve ethnology should rRceive due attention~ and as the means of e::ploration are at the, present t'ime entirel~ ln the hands of geographers, we must be content to ,look to them, for the present. as our sourc~ of supply fCIr" thl~s-most Important branch of our science. The d,ifficulty in' thlS respect WIll probably not be sati~factorlly ~djusted until anthropology has baen placed on Its proper footing, as a ~ocus for many cognate branches df study WhlCh relate to'the science of man. That such must eventually be the' case, there can be Itttie doubt~ and tt i5 to th15 institution that we ought ta 1 oo~' for the accomplI shment of th! s obj ect, ·when drawinij to our council the most emlnent men,~nd th~reby introducing a high standard of . public ~pirit and an absence of schlsm, we may place Anthrapology in a position to claim both financlally and Intellectually the support WhlCh, viewed as a SCIence, It ought long since te have recelved from the peoples of this coun-try. Meanwhl1e. it lS satlsfactary ta observe tha~ the best - dispositIon has besn show~ on the part of the leading geographers ta cooperate with anthropologists in the prosecution of those measures which are necessary ta promote anthropol Ogl cal E!l:p 1 orat l on. and at the cone: l,-llsi on 0+ the r
c
based on the reference ta a set of
in
although.it seems probable,
g~D~~sl
instructions. ,
.
that he
o
The Georgraph i cal.
close
relatianship
.
for
Rf
Royal
th{i
Soci et y and the Anthropol ogi ca.l 1n5i tute.
explorations conducted under the auspices of
between
and the
the former body, are
con;nderable importance for ascertail1111g a discipl1nary
rolF.?
~Qt@§1 ÈOQ 9y§(i~§ QO en1ncQQQ1Qg~ in the claslng decades
of
the century. Despite this ovarall geographical
focus~
the varlUUS
s~t~
ot
ainstructlons were able to communicate an important 'anthropcloglca] 1
presence 1 in the conte}-lt of world
ma nt..1 a 1 s
well"e
wida
e:·:ploratton.
to operate as edLlcat tonal med 1 a ln thE' absence
.. any ~ignific~nt number of trained fieldworkers. of
researchers 10
§~1g.
notice appeared in the
~QY~nsl'gf
The.':;e
tnê
In 1876,
for
Anthropol~gical
eotb(QQQ1Qg!~gl
of
creating a grQUp
example.
the
followjna
Miscellarlea seètlon
c~
the
loËtltyt§: \"'''' '"
of the Anthropological Insititute~ Maving caus~d ta be forwarded te the Governors uf Colonie~ copIes of thlS work, hRS rp.ceived·replles from many of them~ and. ln most cases, promises of help ln obtaining the i ntal~mati on asked for. Among those whn h.,ave f aVOLIrably responded to Colonel Fox"s appeal. may be men· tioned the Governors of Newfoundland, South Australia, Ca~e Town, Fiji~ Ceylon, Singapore, Mauritlus, Jamaica. Antigua~ Bahamas, Barbadoes, and the, Gold COrlst. Gc;:)vernor Musgrave, of South Austral i a', has di strl bute-anumbers of copies to magist~ates, inspectQrs of polici,~ and others who are brought into contact wlth nati~es (anon. 1876: 118) • The.Pres~dent
l;
v
"strongly
recommended
uncivilized
'{
·0
countries
those who haye frIands
wtthin
to send them out at once copies
'r~ach
of
nf thl~
little manual~ Canon: 1874/75:226). Notwlthstanding these develo-pments,
Lane
independence
Fox continued to lament the in
sponsoring expeditiènary 38
lac~
of
a~thropology'5
excursions
to
other
".
countries, ~oots
in 1
and in his presidential' address of 1875 he traced its
to the numerlcal weakness of the Instltute.
his
mind,
The issue was,
closely related to the question of the
empirical,
foundations of the dIscipline, in the sense that expeditlons were dispatched to gather facts,
and facts were of necesslty the
raw
rnaterial ~f Vnowledge: Then agaln it is our induct~ve branches which requl re OL!r more i mmedi ate at 1bent ion. Ther:e i sampI e time before us for generalising if we can first lay ln a good stoc~ of facts, but~ for doing thjs. hurry is needed. Aboriglnes are dying out, or fast changlng their customs; and even in civilised countries old ·.:-l:andmarl.s are being removed so"rapidly that in a few year~ the opportunlty for collecting informatio~ will be lost. It is a great mista~e to say, as some have done, that ample materials for our sCIence are 41ready r to be found ln boo~s of trav~l. Many of the observal,tians of tra~ellers having been unscientificalJy made, or observed under the influence of foregone conclusions, are worse than useless
: here echoes disappearance nead
collec~
to
literature themes
of
Prichal~d's
ear:lier rr:aferences to the 'rapid
indigenous races and thé ~
dat~ about
.... _
consequently
"
them.
His
references
to
in the dtsciplinary In facto
device
distantiatlAg
for
4't
~riting
that he
called
"descriptlve
the lSfiues of genre blas ,became a
••
the new
observational
we~e
expressed
sQg
Q~![~@§
important
.~."ough
QO
ln the Preface tO,the first
an~~Q2g1Q~
primary
pract~ces
Anthropology f[cm the old specles of travel ltterature.
~g~@§
travel
and its observational blases were to become recurring
ethnol ogy. "
points
urgent
J.
of
The main
edition
of
and were evidently regarded
as
to be reproduced "in the second edi tlon of 1892 •.
l will return to the genre issue
late~
in thls chapter, for it is
fundamental t~ understanding the exclusive and antiquarian nat~re 39
o
of ethnographie praetiee , In the
meantime~
dU~ing
this perl0d. \ ~
presidentlal address to,laud the gY§C~E.
ning -
QD of
..
however, note that Lane Fox went on in Mis po~enttal
influence of
~gt~§ ~n~
eDtb~QQglgg~.
the
whl1e ca11in9 for a conttnued strength~ QI. numeri cal and authori'tati va pt-esence Cl" the
Insititute ltself. ThIs relations,hlp between the embodlment of iln
.optical, pOInt of Vlew (how and what to observe) and lts tional the
fOLlndations was to I;>eceme, ~
v~ry
relatlonship between the Royal
Anthropol ogi c.;\l
clear 1.n
G~ographlcal
tn5
institu-
dlSI:I\<;:;~;Lrln
Society and
I nst i tute. Lane, Fo:.: cont i nued:
Our anthropological not~s and qu~ries wlll do much f~r LIS 1 n th 1 S resp..ect '1 and 1 etters wh 1 ch 1 have recel ved from the governors of the whole of our colonles te ~hom they have been sen~. show that the matter has been warmly ta~en up by some of them. What we require. however. is the means of enabltng trAvellers and other observers to ma~e investigations and collect such ~t~ tiStlCS as are necessa~y for anth~oplQgical purpo~Rs, ..;:\nd, to do thi.,; a strong anthropologit:al 50(:iei:y Is needed. We have received the most friendly .assistancH from the off:i:cers of -the Geogr.i\phical Society at ~111 4:cimes, but tt;leir means' o.f: alding us Is lirnjted.,'-Geoljraphy of course +:akes the pr-ec:edence in that body, <:.'1nd the same 15 necessarily th~ case "'Jith the> (~)(peditlorïs sent OL\t under thei r, auspi ces. Much 1.lsefLll informat 1. cln ha. been obtained, but it is lamentable to thin~ of tha opportunitie~ for anthropological investigation that have been lost by sorne of thesè eHpedi tions~ the ,In.,,] n results of which h~ve been ta d~term]ne wh1.~h ~~y' th~ water rLIMS ln p,ar'dcular places, whU.,;t tl'f:~ Flow nf human races and of human culture has been made a secondary ctlMsider-ati'on. It 15 true t.l;tat the Arette' E}:pedition has been furnlshed with full anthropologir:al instructlons. but lt l~ unfortunate that the r8g10n selected for inltiatlng these inqu~rle~ should be ~n8 which is probably unlnha~ited.
/
\
He
o
wen~
on to point out:
1
~
\ hands~
I~ every member The remedy rests in our own best to procure new adhesions, our poeiety would do his r
40 •
.f
!JI-
the
would rapidly iQcrease. Experlence has proved that there is no lac~ ofOlnterest in anthropological subjacts.on the part of/the publiè,. and wa must seek out the- càùses.which, in timas now happily gone by, have -made our Society a weakness in the midst of strength (Lane Fox t875b:484-485) J Notwithstanding
the
destructive effects of schism and
the
\
numerical weakness of the' new
~oclety,
~he
publication of
~Og 9.\.!~!:i~~ gO eO!;b!:QEQ1Qg~ lntroduced a novél degree of observa-
continuity
tional
over
the
next
appearanco of the second edi ti on
means
intellectual,
century
England
-
and
colonial
and consequently
a
the
provided
the manLlal
of establishing an anthropologlcal
sCientific,
unti 1
years.
In fact '" Ln the face of
H392.
field~Orker!?
cortinL,ed pauclt-y of trained
the
1n
twenty
in
presence
world of
the
turn-of-~he-
distlnctlve
observ~tional
point of view. The categories and sections oP the manLlal directed the
attention. and efforts of q. wide range of governmen't adminismissionaries,
trators,
and
traveller/scholars
in
a
novel, .
ethnographie directlon, accumulate
while the body of material that began to
from 'their work ln turn relnforced the
observational
, t~nets
of
the manual.
In a very
practical
Ngl~§
sense,
~Og
@utCi~3 gO aotb!:9Elgg~ was to stand in for those absent~thropon ~ , logiste coul d
'by servîng as a be
redlrec~ed ,
11.>.
data.
m-e~ium.
,C
towards
Explicit
slgnificant" in
eye
configuration~
of
the formulation
the
1874
was an awareness of the disciplinary possibilitles
of
whi~h
ç
1
edi t.ion
~bserver's
'through which' any
,. The dri\w
up
Committee 'v
what
w~ich
.
met on the 21st of Novamber,
wer·9 referred to
.,-
1872
to("'" o
as
"Ger'lar,al
·Instructlons
/
l' i
for
"
o
Travellere" passed the
follow~ng
set of
-~~
resol~tion$
regarding the
general form of the proposed volume: 1~
D
work to be published by the Commttte~ shall consi~t of n,l..lmbered sections, each' section being prefaced by li few lines of" eHplanatory notes and followed by questio~. That
the
2. Tha'l;.- the notes and ql..lest ions shall be ex prsssed as briefly à,§LP.psslble. p
th~ecretary
3. That CLane FONJ be requested ta J:.iraw up the headin S of about 100 ,sections and submv~hem to the Commit ee at their ne).~t meetlng.
1
4. That the Secretary be requ9stœd to draw up a specImen section dr sections upan ha~f m~rgln, and clruclate them am6~gst the Members of th~ Committee for thelr remark9 prFJ"ioLlsly ta the neHt meet.ing of the COlUfTlittee.
5. Th a 1;: the tl tl e ef the work shall tJe "Notes Querles on Anthropnlogy for the use of Travellers ReSl'dents 'in I..t'ncivill=ed lands."
and and
T~at M. Broca"s chromatic tapIes be adopted; and, t.hat Dr. Beddoe be ~equest~d to communicate with \him for the purpose of ~scertaining in what manner they can be' Inost economically (,epreduced ln this countl'" y ""CLana 1873: 483) • 6.
The sections wers
-
.
printe,~
'duly , c hrcLÜ ated te the membership by Lane Fel( , after appreval. Lane FOH noted that the secti dna
were divided into ttfree parts- "Part I.
'r:elating to the Cçnst i tl.lt_
tien of Man"
Par,t II. to Culture, .an'd Part II!. to Miscellaneoua
Questions relating to A~t~ropology'l (Lane Fox 187::483~. stated
that the list of
. Sections
would comprise the
He aise
in~ex
te the
")
volume~
questions
that
the
printed
~umbering
in
would be in Roman -figures
with
the
ahd- that these ~teps
were
for
italics,
1.
convenience of reference by users CT the manual. pointed
Furth~rmor$,
out that i"ndividual ,?ectioct,s had been submit-ced "as
42
'
he
-far
a.s
possible" ta the "best known. author-itles" in
,
subJ (?cts
(Lane
Fo~:
-
the
respective
,
The structure of_the
,:1873: 483).
boo~
wi th i ts
authoritative style a.nd potentially wide readership. was intended to SOliClt the maximum responu
insuring that the responses
whll~ il
\
es 0~1 the new disçiplinary.orienconform wlth the ca,tegori 1
would
II ,
•
tati on • In
reported
\.
1
cOQcerning
that
the
the
ri
"1
workiwas
sect l ons.
On the one hand.
ethnology
proper, the
Britlsh
:1
g!.:!~!:~§Ë go. aQ!;'b.!:gQ~lg9~: ,1 AIj'0ngst
respecting
th,e
the progres. made on the publication 1
~Q~
t/g1;,§§
~
Lane Fox agaln present ed a report at
1874
AS$OClation
9asically
ot'"{r
pOl
di vii ded
of
nts,
he
into
two ./
there w.:/s the di vi Sl on "rel at i ng
and dlrected to tt')e acqLpre(llent of , geographical
dlstribùtion.
to
I-nowJedge,
m'i gr a t
l
on •
and
,
interml):ture
of the 'CIifferent races of
man~. lnd.
as weIl as
the
physi cal and menta.l capaci ty of 'l:he~~e ra.ces for Cl vi 11 ;a.ti on." ~ l
the
other
hand there was the
"bearing upon the rlse(and cLlstoms, and have
.,
been
-
questions
of the arts, religions, ,
new
and
of ma
~a nd.
laws.
i nc l Uc;Ji ng al) tha-t co es under the head of the
developed
and
of
they
tl..lt i
spre~d
and the means bv
by
war.
C
~
causes,
prog~ess
conslsting
~1i ch
1 nst i
o~s
~i~Sion
comm~rce,' a~~ ot~er
(\
i
\.
science of Soclology"
(Lane Fo>! 18'7: :214"-.::15). f Fox. went on to ~rgue t 'at the 'term ,
Lane
r_ép('esentative
j
of the-new state
0,' 1
,
~
the science of
sociology.'"
was ...
anthropolq,gy.
:
" 1
and he cast the whole issue ln his or1cal terms: \
All the foreg01ng sections Q~e had been detall i ng the i on of the vol umeJ are contents of the first di inc!uded under the head of "Consti t:l.Îtion -of Ma.n, Il and-. as all'"eady said, - a~e e'thn ~IQgic:al in ttfeir bearings; .but with the adoption of term anthropology our science has widened its'sph It true "that tne
:r
me 1e.
J
is
n
~
,
43"
D
~
- - - - - - - - -____...... - .......... ' ....ii_..:;.._.;........___-:..L:...'-;, :,: ":;";:. .'_--'~_~.~.~_._._
,
old days ,ethnology did practièaliy ineluda a broader range----or- subj eets than are eomprehended t.\nder, th. strict derivation of the term "ethnos." lt is eql.\i\lly true that anthropology has and does at the ~regent timm confine itself far too ewc:lL.\sively to questions of rac:e. But as the wi dening of our sei ence hëi\s ~ been coincident with the change of name it may be weIl to conSI der for moment the c:auses ~tha.t may be entpeetœd ta assign te race-qu'Sstions a legs lmpo!'"tant p!,ace in our deliberations than forme!'"ly.
o·
a
, disctplinè
He then detalled the shift in orienta.tion of the Away
f!'"om
the
polygenetic bibl i cal
ethnological
origins
of man..
question
\
of
parti!=l.llarl-y in
context of thcU: topi c.
monog~nètic
re'ferenc~
others
had
or the ~
to
He poi nted OLlt that sc:&nc:e -ht\d
si~ce p!'"oveJ the greate~ ant~quity of the races,
'(
that Da!'"win Gnd
"shown the great probability of the ciescent
human species from the lower forms of life,
Il
of
the
and noted th.at as
,11
«
·consequence. importance,
\
the
"t'he
quostion ~
stIll
::oologically considered., na!5 .befm transferred'to thf:
...
domai n
of pa) aeontol ogy ~.
to be determi ned perl1aps by ql;?ol ()g 1 sts
,
in the far distant future." H,aving effectively shunted the of
race away from the i~edlate concerns of the
nfi~W
di SC i
laSLle (')1. 1 n~3
,
he went on to make the foll owi ng cruei al poi nt: 1
/' '>
And as a line must be drawn snmewhere. man's ortgln, ln the'proper acceptation cf th~ term -- man as a prog~~s sive being ,-- has beeome lndissolubly connec:ted with .the origin and development of culture. It i~ to ttl'is SClence of c~lture or soclology that Sir John Lubboçk, Mr. Tyl CW-, Mr. Herbert Spencer, and othetrs hav&'- of l.lte years turned their attention (Lane Fox 1875:216) . ...... In his report he went on te
prese~t
a developmental
mod~l
of this
16 new 'cultural' orlentation:
o
It ' has been ~hown that been one of evolution,
7 44
'" \ .
,
"
tH, riss of culture ln man corresponding in aIl
has respects
wi th . the evol uti on of those speci es of ani mals am,?r1gst which ~hat of man 15, included, that every art, custom,
and institution has a historyolOf development whlch ls capable of being stu~ied·âpart from that of the development~ of the particular races amongst whom those customs thrive, and that ~he attention of the~anthropo logists in the future will in a great measure be o~cu~ied in tracing the sequence of- that development and the laws' by which ft 15 governed. 1
He
proceaded to identify this n~w perspec~ive with
of
~ anthropology,'
and to develop a biological
'sociological' science
0'
analogy
for'
a
tulture:
• This i~ the science of "Sociology," the rise of whith pas been' marked by the convérsion of ethnology lrite;) anthropology, or the~study of man ln'all its bearing~, and for the ·prosecution of which far greater accuracy of detail ls reguired ln ~he description of the social institution of savages and barbarous races 'than has been devoted ta the subject hitherto. Every work of man's hand and brain has now to be studied in its bearings upon social evolution; Just as in the study of riatural history every part of an 9rganism and every variety of species has to be studied in lts bearlngs upon the evolution of species. The social anatomy of 'every tribe and raae has to be considered in aIl lts parts, and; ~he questlons by which the 1 attention of travellers /have been directed .to the severai subjects havrtheref6re been classified, ~s far as possible, by their affiriities, and by their relation to the general results (Lana Fox 1875::17).
r
\
This
new theoretical orientatlon was distlnctly reflected 'in ,the 17
imbalance Part l, only
be~ween
contrast,
two major categories of the new
edition.
\
whi~h covered the physical Constitut~on of Man contained
seventeen
. sectiqn r
th~
11 1
sections,
aIl of which (with the exception ,. . on Physiognomy by Darwin) were written by Beddoe.
Part
II
o~
Culture had seventy-five of the
.
of In
remainlng
eighty .... two sections.- the last seven constituting Part III, Misce-llaneoûs. the
The impact ef the oew orientation was also evident
selection
of
authors of the sections
in
Part
45
,
,
in
II •. Tyler
o
contr~ buted sevent-een,
Lane Fox ni ne,
seventy-five
comprising the category
sections
,
and Ll.lbboc k four ~ 'Culture.~
.r
and cognItive map for the new sClence,
prbgramme~
and proJected one half of the new worlc:l
colonial eNperience': ,
~re)cr.:mstruc}iOh
the
and as
Thus
~uch
lt
.
,
~mbraced
of the
ol~der
of 8rltu;h
1
of lndlgenoLls C:l.lltLlres.
\
The reorientation of the fIeld was further pres'i dent i al
Fo:~ ~ El
addre>$s of 1875,
d~veloped
ln Lane
in ,which he dlSCUssF,!d
question of terminology IIto be employed in tl;'le c:lassiflC":'",tlon
.
tt"W 0'1'
our subj ects~" and i ts importance for the "cl ear comprehensi on of i deas \1
and the IIdi vl si on of 1 abour
SCl
necessary in the orgèU1 1 sac
tian of our Socistyll l
discussion
(Lane Fa:: 1875b: 469). Ld.nt~ Fo:{ in i t i fÜ,Bd 1'll r'5
"-
bY
of
bfief1Y descr"ibing the system
used by his ~redecessor Dr.
cl as"iflCati~
Busk (Bus~ 1~75:476):
Professor Bus~~, \. wi th whom -1 t has been my good fortune to cp-oper..ate on 50 rnany dccasi Cln-J, employed in his Anniversary Address a fourfold cla~ai ficatio~, dividing the subJects of the previous year" into -- 1. Ethnolog'y~. 2. Prehi'storiC: or Priscan Archaeol ogy. 3. Anthropology 'proper ~ and 4. Genen:\l w(:Jrks' or essays relating to Ethnolo~~cal subJects. My predeces;;or.
/
-
~
"
He conti nLled by noti ng the di ~unctHJn betwe€:tn Busk ~!S -
~
.
classif~catlo~~~nd th'e current: discipllnary orientation o'f
the Anthropologiccal Insititute: This: classificatio~, although otherwise unobjectlon-, able, appears to me not weIl adapted to our existing organisation, inasmuch as it restr~ts the erPlOyment of the term Anthropology ta a branch of our science instead o~ using\lt comprehenslvely to designate the ~hole. A classification which necessitates the adjunct_ e~gQ~r to one branch of our subjec~. in arder to distinguish it from other branches of ca less str1ctly anthrQpological character, can only be regarded -am a
o
46 \,
,provisi(.:mal arrangement; n.:,.r de. r supp.:.se that !'1f'. Busk himself intended it to oe regarded ln any sense as a fjnal system of classification.
\
,
~
the we'l" cl "enthr,.• p.:.l.=..gy" te. df?Slgnete b.:.th tfl,E WOl'"~ c·f ... ~ew • Institute a~d t~,€',C<'.;ç.:',~:, ...!(v or knowledge·tc, 4 I,..'hich i t Uhe .:.f
dedicated,
the was,
had been a point .;:,f c.;:,ntenti.:m in the amalgal11'ati"on .:,.f
" the~two Societies in 1871. 18 As Lane ~ox's discuSS1Qn indicates, 'l't
,the
question was still worthy of comment in 1875.
ln
f
al:t,
he
went .:,.n to turn the old issue on its head, and_use the 'old wôrd' in
~erms
of
th~
new
conte~t
pyovided-by the Institute ln order to
1 am weIl aware of the inc.::.nvenierKe arls-ing from 'the use of new terms, and am prepared to admit that if, I:,.n the~first formatl.:.n of the Institute, we ha~ adopted a ttt1e that was shorter and better known, Wf? should have doubled our members before now. But - is is no'-l' tCII:" late ~tc. retrace I:"Ltr steps in this direction, nor would the doing so serve any useful purpose at the present time. Anthropology has been born anew Ln the Institute~ and the term is becomirlç:t generè..\.lly a.:ceptecl by the publiq and unlèss we intend t.;:. aband-.::îi\ It as the title .;:.f clur Institute, it ls, r t~lln~', toj be regr;etted that any of our members s.,.:.uld cc,ntinue to use It ln the t~estrictc~d· sen.se of what is now ~nown as the BIOlogy of Man; the more so as biologists are often credlted with adherence to special doctrlnes that are not accepted by aIl. It cannot be too ~ldely ~n0wn that the formdtlon of d specIal school j s qLlite lfï':':'I1Sl stent . . . j th the prl n':l pIes on WhlCh che Institute is .:.rganlsed, and that Anthr':,p.;:.l':'ÇJY, as a science of man, whilst it embraces the wldest fIeld of subjects, admits of the utmost fyeedom of treatment 'that is consistent with a scientific regard for the value of ~vidence CLans Fo~ 1875:4701.
,. ~~~'
Wi Uiin
this
cla~sification
di~CLtSSlc.n
he
t;>rc.adled
the
question
c.f
of the field:
ln any attempt" to
c]assify our
":;'7
papers 'under
br':'ad
the
.cientific headlngs we are met at once by the difficulty of deciding whether our clas~ification shall be by subjects or by worf..ers. If:,' for example, we wished to make a twofold divisIon of our subjects. we should find that aIl branches of anthroplogy mlght be arranded under the two terms êlQlggt and §Q~iQlQg~~ cbrresponding.~o ConstitutIon and CJlture -- the +ir.t relatin; to man" as a ~ember of the animal kingdom, th~ second to >- the development o f ' hLtman insti tutions (Lane FOl: .. 1875: 470) •
o
This dualistic classification was
~Mlscellaneous~
connectlon. 1
a
,
as
its
of
Davis).
sectlon In fact.
inelusJon suppor~
to
no
partlcular
the one employed 1n the
import~nce
contents were to be absorbed
by
in· Part
~hiG 11,
in the 1892 editlon or entirely dro~ped as in tho
Ethnography, '
case
of
was
ex~etly
96
(~Preserving
Bay"nard
Spec i mens.(J '
the pract1cal nature gf these sections and the1r
in the
n~wly
entltled 'Ethnography'
cate~ory
tend~
te
the argument that Part II was to be conceived in relation
'pra~lce'
in the 1892 edtt:.lon.
Lane
Fm~
acl::",?wledgsd
the
idealistic foundation of h:is dLlal classification: ~
But i t would be found. in practice. that a lanJe numb~:tr o·f our papers contained bath biolo,gical and sociological matter, and could not. therefore. be distinquished under these headings. Or, If we wlehRd te ar~ange cur sl.Ibject Linder headings Ii'Jhic:h WCJLlld lnc:]ude the dlfferent classes of wor~ers amongst our members, we ffilght divide them lrto lQtlwst~~~ and Q~~y~ti~~. But Mere, again, It would be foun~ that a number of our papers, belng both Inductive ~nd Deductive in their contents, coul d not be adapted ta th l S nomenc l at'_lre ~ Lane Fe'" , 1875: 470-471 ) .. l - will return to
gn
o
anlncQQQlQg~
however.
the idealistic foundations of ~
at a Iater point in_ the chapter.
1 would
li~e
~Qt!ÈÊ.
sQg
g~~r:.1.tt~
For the moment.
to examine a difliculty in tbe cla9s1fica-
. tlon system Lane Fox was propos1ng. ~
48
(
the i~herent vagueness of hlS two-part
Given
~chema.
Lane
Fox introduced a classlflcatory princlple based on "practlce. assumed the proportl0ns
0+
a thlrd
category,
'II
"It
-~
conslsting of eight
diviHions WhlCh were organized according to whether they Involved inductlve or deductive reasoning.
In this tonnection, he argued:
It appears, therefor~, better to abandon aIl attempt at primary classification, and. Whllst retdlnlng the use of these general terms for such papers as cannet properly be refe~red te any of the subdlvl~ldns of them. te àdopt 1 n our cl aSSl f 1 catIon th!? use of such e::presslons as have grown intü use ln pract~ce. and more partlcu~ ~I Jarly such as have been employed by cognate socletles . ~to designate those subJects WhlCh are properlyObranches of our science. Sy this means we shall at the same time pave the way for absa~bing thelr members into our own body ~ and fo,'-ml ng a strong soc i et y , Whl ch i s sa much needed (Lane Fa:: 1875: 471) • His
eight
divisons
Descriptive
conslsted of
Ethnogràphy.
_.
....
the
fol)owing
Archaeology:
..,..
.' .
subjects:
1.
Ethnology.
4•
5. Comparati~e Anatomy; 6.\PSYChOI09y ; 7. Sociology; ~.
Biblogyi
F'hilo~ogy. The first two were induçtiye, the third deductive, and
the
remai nl ng
In ~873.
1875b:471). subJect the
subj ects
the
Ph lia 1 og y".
~aper~
7e
not
cl assi f i ed
(L.pme
Fo::
ln contr~t. he had proposed the followlng
classificatio'1.
number·of
befo,"'e
fow'"
which he ar,'-anged ln an order based t
belonglng to each category WhlCh were Prehistorlcl
!nst i tute: DescriptIve
Ethnology~
Archaeology.
General
on read
Ethnology~
Anthropology~
and
Psychology (Lane Fo:: 1873:360). Needless ta say. these discrepant and
m~rcurial
organi;::ln~
(
claSSIfIcatIon systems werel tao elUSlve ta sct
prlncIples
between what. I S now
ef the field.
kno~"-ln
as RhySl cal anthropology
of Man [1874J or Anthropography 49
and theinltial
[189~J)
<.15
dIVISIon
(Constitution
and cultural anthropology
o
(Cul ture 1: 1874 J or Ethno9raphy 1:1892J) prèvai 1 ad.
the category headlng 'Cûlture' was repla~ed by ~Ethnography.' The roots
of
this'
substitution
can~
increased emphasis on·ethnagraphic ,
pological
theory.
Although
.
the
think~
!
QC~,ti;~
be
traced
to
~nthr6-
as opposed to
.sub-sectj. ons of
the
an
catp.gory
\
,
remaih'ed practically the same, the· lmP..lication was a marb.ed shlH, in orientatlon away from & rationalistic Tylorian culture '~hd
towards a more practical process of observation
(~g.tsUl!
.sQfI. Q!:!§r:i§§ •••
edi t i on
~Qt§§
of'
189~:
~o.Q
in
th~ory
1im10
tb~
, 87-88).
Qldêr:i.§§
Thus t'he adi to,'"s
of the second
go." ao.t.tlCgQg1.ga~
follo~ing definition of anthropnlogy:
Anthropology may-be deflned ~s the natural history of man. It, is divlded lnto two m';\ln divisicm~,~:- n,atnaly~ ANTHROPOGRAPHY and ETHNOGRAPHY. The former t~eats' of man and the varlet\eS of the human family {rom a purely anj mal pOl nt of 'Il ew. trùt i s, from a strLlctl.triaJ. and fLlnct\lonal aspect ~ wh l i e the Latter deal s Wl th hi m as a soci.a1l. and intellectual belng, and includes i.nquiries as to hl s manners. customs. i nsti tut l ons, hl story. tradi.tions. language, rellgion, intellectt,tal aptitudes. lndLtstrles. art~ 3tc.
edited by John G.
Garson and Charles H.
Read., The project
was
init1ally begun under the ausplces of the British Association and was
l'ater
transfeJ'l'red to the authori ty af
Insititute.
under
(BAAS 1887:172-173,
o
necessary
ta
Anthrapol ogi r:,.d
whase care it was brought ta Frul tian in
...
Report of Councll 1890:;479).
reorgan~=e
previous edltHm,
the
It was
and revtse bath maJor categories of
18?~
found the
the flrst part "owing ta the great developmemt
50
(
:~ 1
cf
(
this
br-anch
of the sc"ence" and the second te
br-lng
"lnto
greater- pr-ominence the quer-les which pr-esent the least dlffieulty to
those
wh osé
special-I<nowledge may
1892:v-iv).
be
Sllght"
The r-esult was a substantial
incr-ease in
te 242 pages cempared wi th the 15 ,pages of the 1854 ethno-
size,
0
10g1 cal
manual,
1
topies,
medical
146 pages of
the
detailed sectj ons
113
contai ned
..and
~nd
_.....
( ,.""
on
the
1874
editien.
~nthr-opogr- aphy,
It
14
77 on ethnographIe subj eets) compared
on
with
1
the
103 ,individual
1854
on
eth~ographic
topies alone 'ln
edltions e~rlier-
increase in
de~il ~in indivlC:lLta~\
se;:t1ons
~f
~Qt~~ !n~ Qy§(!~§ ~O eO~b(QQQ!Qg~ ccmpare~)t~
of
the
There was a
l'1anl.lal and the 99 sectIons of the 1874 manual.
cor-responding
ac~s
s~ctions
both
t~e
editions and its correlats ln par-celling of obser-vational
into qUlte minute activities. ,~
,
Lane
Fo::,
...
in h1~ report to the BrItIsh Association on th.
~,
edition o~ ~Q!@§
1874
sOg
Qy§C!~§
QO e~~btQ~Q1Qg~.
had
1 evel-ed
~
the folJowing critlC:ism against thé ear-lier manuals:
.. The chief defect of mo,.st' 'of these works has been. their i nsuf fic i ent detal 1 • l t 1 S not enough to pub l i sh sLteh general quer i es as mi ght SLtggest themsel ves Ltnai ded to any well-lnformed travel1er; what i5 wanted 1s to draw attentlon to mlnutlae WhlCh mlght ordlnarlly be e:: p~cted to pass unnot i ced ~ but wh 1 ch are often of the first lmpor-tance to the student of the dlfferent b~an chas of anthropolo(:pcal research (Lane Fo:.: 1875: ::14) ~-_
Dur\ng det<1:1il!,
thlS ~pld
mim.ttnes'l"
c'
the and
perlod eommentators were to dwell on the matter' the value of what Tylor would refer to as
(Tylor-
di~tinetion
practiee
-
1883: ::43). Furtherrrore,
51
"tedioLls
ln the new 189:2 ech,tlon
between the two eplstemologlcal emphasl;:ed
of
levels of
by the'LtSe of the ward
-
theory
'cL\ltLtre'
was
'l!
o
blurred ih favor of positivistic practices, one sort deriv(ng tts authoritatlve
discourse from,a rapldly solidifying
and jthe
spective, observations
ln
the
other
from
the In
'field.~
rigour
both
per-
medic~l
~scientific~
of
C:i\ses,
an
however,
-
individual"s powers of observation were to be focussed and authentic.ated
through the imposition of the disc:iplinary
The
f~i
1 ure of Lana
FON' S
·conc:erned
with
"
numerlcal
For'
dl~c'ipllne.
~hre.~ened
conc:ern
an
.::\nd instltutional boundaries
the myrlad i\rticLllaticms of the np.w
with geography. ,geologyp arc:haeology, ~ di si ntegrate
cl aSSI f 1. (:at.i on systE'm cont.::\ i. ne;;
soèiology~
From
emergent'
!:t'Je.1
it gives one an idft~ why he w~s ~w
In the first placè.
lessons.
perspec:tivt::?
anthrop~logdcal
ta
hlS
dl,scl,plil1p ~
medicine,
the beginnlng
was i mmed 1 atel y apparent
of
Lane
biology, ta
and ev en
overwhelm
perspactlve.
This
thé
RreC:Oi\ri ous
Instituts.
The second
FOH
in
an~
~
numeri cal lesson
of
strength of the Anthropological
the failura of his system is the insight
it
affordo In
for have
eHample,
Lane Fox was to lamant that "so few papen;
1873, shOLltd
been devoted to descriptive athnology." He went on to p,oi.nt
out :'
o
It can hardly be necessary to draw the attention of anthropologlsts to tne Importance of more active me~ sures for promoting this branch of study at a time whan 'the manners and customs of unc:ivilized races are changing wlth a degree of rdpidity unprec:edented in the world 1 s hlstory:. and when the contlnued(beldstence of sorne of these races l s becomi ng a quastlon of, on l y .a f ew more years. Nor can l t be necessary to 1 nSl st . on the prlnclple 'that a natlon WhlCh, from lts vast colonlal pqssesslons, 15 plac:ed more contlnuously ln contact wlth savage races than any other, has special dutles lmposed on lt wlth res~ect ta this branch of ..;r
52
"
"
1nquiry (La.ne Fox 1873:'3!O)-;
G
"
situat~on
Twenty years later the
/
had
radi~ally
to the
point
tha.t earlier exhortations te study 'culture'
habit
of trained observation were found to impose a needless and barrier between the 'trained'
idealisti~
of
f
ac:ts '~e was an:: i ous to
amass •. The
and the
observe~
precedi ng
, polog.y rest:Jn how ethnographic knowledge was turn
through
the
mass
di seussi ons
demonstrate th~t the dlsclplinary foundations of anthro-
clearlY
was
codified
~inuals.
.
altered,
The
through
wlth
questIon
ever-lncreasing
concelved~
whlÇh ln
speclflcity
in
of the accuracy of detail to -be
cbservational pracfiee' and of the consequently
the sought
dlrected
nature of the traveller's attentioA brings me again to the chara-
cteristic~~ of .n QQt1~~i ~tbQQg~!Qb~ and its embodiment ln ~Qtê§
,
1. 4') The
Foc:us.
0
Observation
of
Fac:ts:
...
Authorityand
Ethnogr.aphy
"irt.C
P
•
Q
,
"In tak i ng notes, the e::plorer may be recommended not ta be afraid of tedloLlS minuteness, whereas the l,"vely superfit!iall&y P .of popular books of travel makes' them almost\ worthless for anthropology.1I E.B. Tylor (18S3)
~.,"
• The various :1
reflected but
progressiv~
edjtions
of~
anthropological
instructions
an increase ln the speciallzation of
al so\ mar ked
travàller' and with
Increase in the volume and detail of
-his
Et:flnographic
an
1
mportant reversaI in
the
not
authority
from lIat
conceptual/observational
knowledge would no longer be
" ____
home"
authored
53
"
the
categories.>
!!JQ!Y!'Q!:!~il~
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~""- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - ' _ _.:;......... _ _~L______
only
discipline,
casLial observer to the anthropologist
preconstructed
the
_
_'!--
...
-0
}
in
the' e:ontex'c
~Qll.g~ii~gl~ emerging
of
a
f far
away
(an~~1Yc'lpol,ogi::ally)
land.
but
Y"ather
w':"'l.lld
be
authored in the ,:onte~t (;If
an
discipline with i'\:;s " aYffi ,:i;air" specialists.
Alfrll'd
C.
Haddon, ,
. -or gani ~er
of
the
fam.:.us CambY i dge
E~.. pedi
t i ,:m
t he
t ...)
T,~,r
r es litt
Straits following
and
New
ironie:
Guinea (1898-1899), in ~elation to
way
orientation of his littl~ book,
~1§t9~~
would phrase
it
th~
theoretical
Qi
overtly
in
the
~Dtb~Qg~lQg~:
It may be objected that insuffio:ient att.ention has biten given to labourer$ in the field and peY"haps too much to armchair workers, but this is necessitated ,by the compass of the book. Detailed investigations, hewever valuabre and interesting, are after aIl b'\.lt material t,) be' merged into generali:ations, and generalizations prol:eed mainly frc'jTl aY"mchairs (Hadd':Jn 194·3/19~4:v-vl).
o
o
He
f
went on to point out: h
l
-.
"';>;
o
The
' )
..
~
Observers in the field have te, rely uPQn what they " can see for themselves or be told by\their intormanj:s. When an investigator has left his field and is working up his results at home ha only to,;:) fre~uently finds that'he has omitted-to.inqui~e ab,:out certain custems. "'1" belief~ which might reascnably be expected te occ0r there. This is the justificati·(,.)n for questil;:)nail"es. It : is one I;:)f the m':lst imp':lrtant fun.:tions of stay-at-h.:ome ~ynthetic sbudents laboriously to cull data from the vast ~iterature of anthropology, travel, and ançient and modeY"n histpry, and t.:o weld them into coheJ"snt . hypotheses. The student at home in this way suggests fresh inquiries te the field anthropologist, and a .richeY" h~Y"vest is the result'. The most valuable geneiàUzatjons, are made, h(,~ever, when the observer ia at the sa~ ~ime a"",geflleralizer; ..Abut "doubt.le,ss," as Mahaybal said te Hannibal after the battle of Cannae, "the gods have not best,;)wed everything (,.)M the saille man. Y';)U, Hannibal, I<now h.:;.w t,:) f:I:lnquer~ but you do nl:ot ~now ho\.J to use you!" vl.:tory c'Hel.J.:\d!.)n l'34'9/1'334:Vl'J. "armchair" specialists were to be t~,e "general izers,"
thrJse
who would relate tacts to facts in a systemàtiO:: manner in order
S4
-
.'
\ '.;;
to' construc1: a body --b.f knowl edge.4I!l But, Haddon' s comments, difTsrentiation .
~worl<~rs,.11 the
specialists.
submltting
by
.
to.
~i~~
could te
,
of
only
the
anthropologis~s
galn
authorlty
"
. representative authority. ur,1,fol ds
santatil.1n
\
nineteenth
.
in
Thi~
the
T~e an
such
ethnographl C of
~
tral nad
,his
authoritative pOlnt of view. and r,?-orlented te another system
\
.
allt.td~;
the trave'ller would be deprived of
Thus
~
Qi
'~h~ gQio~
traveller
tbe
authenticity
(
geographically
travell er woul d no ronger be consï dered. to possess
Haddon,
as
" a rmchair
"labourers"o and
.shift in" disciplinary a.uthority that t have
authoritative eye. From
'
between
also serves to demarcate spatially and
i nd i vi dual ,
he 'makes
and the
own of
proCess of authoritative re-repreanthropologi cal
handboo~:
s
of
the
,
centur-y~
The pllblicat10ns of the v,arious handbooks .rked a collect1,.
,"'<
,
rt!
vization of a point of view which had its origins in an
'
emergiMg
d
self-consc10Llsly /disciplin'ary· science oT man: \ new field of l' ,7 V anthropological investigation inltlally finding ts 'scientiftc authority'
in relation to the British Association. The Preface to ~,
the
first
e~:a,mple~
edition inclLlded
statements which.
~9têâ
oT
S09
g~êri~â
gO
eothr~gQ1Qgy,
a series of mett'l0dological in the follo_wing edited forrn,
and
disciplinary
were reproduced
19
in the second edition: These Notes and, Queries are published b~ the Association for . '- the Advancement of Science •
Brit~sh
The object of the work 15 to promote accurate ant~ropo lo'gical observat;ion on the part of travellers, and te enable thosè who ar~ not anthrepologists themselve5 te supply the information which 1S wanted for the scientific study of anthropolog~ at home.
55
for
o
~-----,-
History has cenf"ined i-~ -4:hief'ly te the ",chievements ef /specl al races; but the, anthropol ogi st regards 0\11 rades as eq~~lly wortHy of a place in the records of human develepment. The more remote and unknown the race or tribe. the more valuable the evidence afforded of the stL\dy of i ts i nsti tut ions, from th~ probab i l i ty 0'; thelr being Iess mlxed with those of ËÙ~opea~,ortotn. , Traveli ef's - I:l~ve' LlsLlall y recorded on) y thos,e CL\sto~\ of modern savages which they·have chanced ~o·observ~; ànd. as a ruls. they have observe~ chlefly thps~ of . which thelr exp8rience of civili~~d ·n~tituti~ns has led them t~ t (JO 1-:. for. Nor are thert;/wa .t i ng instances i n ' whi ch tHe, information th us cbtaine~ ~ S baen lamentably distorted!n order to render it in H rmony with preconçei~ed idsas; owing to·th4s and ther causes, the imp~rfactions of the anthropologi record surpas~ th~se cf other sciences, and faise theorieg a~e often bu!'l t LtpOn the i mperfect bases of i nduc:t 1 on. 1
The ~rapid e:d:.ermination of savag'rs at the pr.esento time~ and the rapldity with which they are'being reduced to the $otan'dard cf European manners. .' renders i t of urgen t importance to correct tHese sources of erro~ ~~ soo as posslble •
.
,
!t is ~oped that the que~tions cnntalned in the fmllowlng se~tlons~ each of which ~ the resL.llt of "lpr;?d.a,l study cf t~e subject trea~ed, may be/a means of .nabling the traveller to collect information witnout prejudice arising from his ihdividual bias. To thiq ~nd lt ia parti~ularly requested that he will end~avou~ to answer the questions as f411y as possible, ~ot cbnfining himself to a detalléd account of those thlngs whtch exist. but also, by sRec~al inquiries directed te the sLlbject, Dendeavour1ng:to detelimine the l1on-~:dst:" ence of others to which attention 1"l 9rawn (Note~ and Querloes ••• 1892: V-Vl) .
.:
.
1
These passages present sorne of the methodological parameter"l for
an
QQ§~~~stiQDsl
e~sfti~g wnich could
according te the.categorles
an~
then
h~ndbeok:
sections of the
"aÇ.~!.!~ët~ anthropological
organi~ed
be
.
QQa!!tCYëti9o." on the
1
of "travellers" and non anthropologiGts Jto I;ln'abl:e
) 56
, , , ,
<"_,'L, .~.---", ..~,,_'"
(~d:,
L
'"__
.
\' \.~;.
.'
(
[
/
i
.'
trayeller
Information
to- collect
,
J prejudice
without
1
1
arising from his individual bias ll )
fi.s;
'II • • •
§~i.gD.~i=
:for the
study of anthropology at -- home. " o
il)
",
basi s
for
~,
thare
a
instances
)
~ccuratê
A concern about the
.' .
l,amentably
harmony
obtai n'ed \has
nformatlon thus
in
,
, '\i,-.
to render
ln orde
wlth preconcelved ldeas ••••
want10g'
~nd
lt
in
t
false" theorles !>
1 1
are often bUllt upon lmperfect bases lof inductIon. "). #>
lil)
concern\ with 'purity' of
A
(mmQt~ and
iOLlrce
YD.tDQ~D. the race or t~lb~.
~~i~êD~~
1
fOCLIS on !Jo.~§!:iiÛ. observa,ti'ons \ (" ••• as
A
they hav,e ,observed
chn~fly
a
rLll e.
1
those WhlCN their e:
of
1
An
Bwareness of the
- \"
knbwledge: ) ,
ac:count spec:iâl to
~~l~=
afforded of the stufY of lts lnstitu-
t10ns ••• ·).
v)
the more
more
1
iblg tbê
1
("The
(II •••
'of
nature
not Q c:ol'lfinlng
te
those t,hi ngs Whl ch
~nquiries
deter~i"ne
p,osi ti veine a
but
directed.-to ,the sLlbj ct,
-
of
detailed also.
by
endeaVourlng
the non-e::i stenc~ of othe s to whi ch atte-
ntiqn isidrawn.
II
).
1
Although an i~dfvidual's observlng eye woul
still be the cehtral
1
,
1
m~g!§~9C~ -'o~gan
c:ollectively
of this new
,def~ned
and
57
f~eld.
it no
objectively
~
became
an nymous.
.
i ncreasingl Y.
Thus.
1 1
~,
' 1
1
.. --~-_.
the
...
o
of its
products
l'
of view would be
paraI leI with the anonymlty ~as
WhlCh
,.
If
called for.
those facts should be free from individual
te the discipllne.
e:: terml nati on factual
of
.and
an 'anthropologlcal pOlnt of view'
The methodologlcal_ parameters were~
bl as. new
o~
·fa:c:ts~·
S,ome.
howevér~
not ent'ln.,ly
1 i ke the reference to the
"rap'ld
1..;
the sava'ges" and) the' j, mport.::\nc:e
the~human
data on these disappearing branches of
can be' traced to Prichard'~ *eminal
gat~1eri mJ
of
family.
Anothmr impor~
1839 Address.
"
te
tant therne impliclt in the Prefatory statements can bp traced Prichard's
Address:
obJectificatlon
in
his
calI
for
involvement ,
with
membws of a
highly
unll~ely
prove
during
cLIIl:ure. ' That.
cbjectLVe!
"
this
fLlndamanent,.ll to
heyday
fleldwork
practlce at the end of the century.
Ethnologlca.l
Society
aspIrations.
ln
contrast
J
.
tlfle~
~owa ds
observatlon, a
t.be,
colonial
of
developrnent The quest
to the formation of
with lt
pr?fesSed
of
for
a th~
~clentiflr.
to the humam ~ari a:n goal s of the
Aoorlgines Protection Society. obje
~raced
of London,
a(~al
pro:ti mti'\te
was
obJectlvlty can be
increa.ed
nr;;t
acti vi t y,
distantiating
to
gjven
an
observàtlon was a
ethnograp~ic
of the process of
choi c~ of dl st c"l.nt 1 at ion (:lver and
dl SCl pli nary
dl sta.nce.
implicit
cJ li
And the orientatIon of thls newly
~unctlon
of its
the effeC~$ d~ colonlalism,
excluslv~nass,
but r'ather towards
w~s
not
",'"ecor-
1
fin
g " pre-coloni21 representatlons
1
thls
orlentation,
o~
aborlglnal culture ••
can argue that the
one
dise plinary 1 rbng
·0
of
point
e>:clusivlty, of-
o~ view attually w~~to elimlnate a
pdtent~al dat~~on
i~dlgœnOUS
they
G 1 '/Eln
the
//
\
intercultural
contained)
which
58
the dynamics interaction
o~
flourishing
(and the moral
might~wi~e_
"
interfere
vast
Europea~-
ImPlicati~s wlth
the
,
construct~on
The
sQ~b.!:QQQ!.Qgi.!:.ià!.!.~
of,purely
handbooks,
of
course,
defined representations.
were tq be the principal
generating
th'ose representations in the closing c:Jecaêle's
nineteenth
century.
Through their use,
ethnographlc
could readily be constructed in terms of a given ~alistl.c
criteria: a
~et
means
of
of
the
knowledge
af cognitive
classification system, divided according ta
<-
and presented in the for~ of questIons.
concise sections, handbooks
thus
ccnc~ntrated,
~ecast
and
the
easily
dIsciplIne, consumed form.
and
ln
a
These
portable,
Withln the covars
of
these books, Anthropology was carrled into the fIeld. These made
lA
issues can al 50 be tr""ace'd the
Ethnological therefore
n a number
1860's during the period of
of
rivalry
statements between
Society and the Anthropological SOCiety.
worth
examinin~
in light of that rivalry.
" Introductory Address on the Study of the
'j,
Anthropology~
They
celved as
comments viab~e
relative to observational
presented
practice~
he
during that period:
We have' abund~nce of observations dnd facts of a certain kind; but the observations are valueless. because naarly aIl travellers only see what suite their bwn pr~conce{ved·noticns. Facts, too, we have ln abundance, but they are hot of the right sort. For science we must. h1ave el·:act details; but this wa have not got. It must ba ow'r object, to decide what are the facts we 'most want, and coll~ct information on a systematlc plan. No country has during the last three hundred years publishad more works of travel than ours, and no people have had the same opportunlty of studylng the different 'races of man: but unfortunatel Y', 1 i ttle of aIl these writings and opservations are of any value to science. While men at home wer~ dealing in assumptions, _nd performing the part of special pleaders for their own pet dogmas, ~we could not expect anything else from ,/ travel~ers~ It must be our object to get travellers to
o
59
are
Hunt·s 1863
newly formed Anthropological SocIety of London contains
following\
the
ta the per-
o
give up theories, and simply collect reliable f~ct5. Another cause of the comparative uselessnjss of the accounts of travelle~s is the want of honesty in telling what they really saw. Some fear shocking public opinion, while others indulge in e~aggerations for the sake of the e~.:itement whid, their r'iarrative produces l.,n the' r ead i ng pub 1 i.:. Mi 55i .:.nar i es have had LJ r c.'\na opportunites of studytng the iharacterlstics of uncultivated nations, but their Marratives are proverbially useless to science by reason of the self-" g10rt fying acc.::.unts of the results of the1r .::.wn labours. Sôme of the mildest people in t.Je world hav~ been called "cannibals" a8d "lowast savages, Il when there has not been c.'\ shadow of truth in the charge. But, generally speaking, travellers have not buen to blame; the fault lies with the cultivators of science at home.
\
Hunt went on to point out: And here r must toud'l on a sub,j9l!l!t .;)f deep importance. We have to found a great scienc~, and we shall want labourers abroad as weIl as at hl;)me. Ib.§~§: !.êb,!2\.Ü::'I!l:::i 1'2
o
Q~ g.f:-- ëO,:t: r.l!ë1. âl!!:.~.l~1! ig â~i§:o.~~ ffiYâi r.ê~êi~! !2ffii Qr.glimio.â~:t: ~r.âioio.g~ Ihi:t: ffiYâl bêY§ 91.1 OY!:.~§:r.~ ~êl~§ i!:.s91&êlI!Q fr.gm 1b1!1r. mlo.QâL êDQ Q~ ~sygb~ ~g §§!k f2!:. fê&1§ êo.Q §gê!:.~b fg!:. 1!:.Y~b~ Ibg ènlbr.gQQlQQiâ1 r.~9Yi!:.l!â
ir.sio..109L g~Q1.Q9iâi
1.ik!
lbl!
Notwithstanding the
~QisnlalL
gr.
ibg
the ideological differences which
field during this peril;:.d,
systemati:zation
~b§ ~QQ1Qgi!~L
(Hunt 1863:11-12 Cmy emphasis]).
Hunt's general .:.;:.ncern
divided with
'"
of, observation w~s shar~d by. "::'::'9'~entatl;)rs
ttH~
fr':Jm
!
i
the
rival Ethnological
discussed
the
Society.
T.S.
Pyideà~x,
issue from an ethnological
poi~t
of
for ~ie~
exampl,e, in
article 'On the Prin.:iples of Ethnology.' In 'Ùs optni.:,": ,
o
.
Ethnology to become a science must be basad on iridu.:ti.;:.n. A great quantity ':Jf facts· relating t.;:. the_ physicai and mental differenc8s pre5ented by man~jnd have, Q f l ate yeàrs, be""n .: •.:.11 e =éed by H19 pr ~i sew.;.r-t hy industry of observers;> N.:;.'l.wli;hsta.nÔing, hoW'ever, tt~ store of building mater taIs accumulated and lying l'ealJy tl:;' the han",d of the workman, we have no h~sitation in expresslng the opini.::.n that the foundacion st,;:.ne of a Ethnology, has yet to be laid. l
·60
his
, The. want of precision in" language, t~e discordance i~ opinion, the absence of order and method, or any recognised starting point, so different trom th~ reoulsr and progressive growth of a system of t~,at
ideas
.1as once attained a fiym basis of trutt,
to
hl.
'
rest upon, aIL pr':'c'l ai m" that in èthn,;:.l,:.gy the refgn c' f chaos is not yet 'ended (F'Y"ideau}-. 1865:4(8). He
was
~lso
enough,
to
p~int
out that 6bservatibnal
capacity
was
not
as he went on te argue that- ethnology lacked an adequate
point of view and ,;:.bservatien-al orienf'ati';:.n: -
Where so many industrious and i~telilgent workers have laboured SI:) lcmg and e-ffetted so Little of a dj.lrable • character, surely it eught to excite a misgiving that their efforts have not been made lD lhg tigbl d1[~,li2n, and that the sy~tem 'on which inquiries have been prosecuied, must have been'an erroQeous one Cmy emphasisJ (Prideaux 1865:408).
(
What 0l1e needed,
,
theref.::.re,
m?ght add...#norder and methôd.
The serves
existence
t.;:)
1
theoretical opt i cal
1I
was the "right direction," and
of ethnological manuals at this
for
an adequate
perspective.
instrument
One
In bther word's, as Hunt had pointed
time
highl ight the importan.:'e t,::. be attad1ed t.:) cries
Prideaux'~
p
Manuals
for "a clearly
centralized. and eould
Hunt
and ., collective
only funetion
ayticulated ,
and
only
as
the
central ized
j
paradi~m.
And ~hat paradigm resided with the British Asso~iation
for the Advancement of S,:ience. The
introduction
of a new system of
yepresentation 'also
irnplied the .:reation ,;:If a new type .;:.f ,:,bseyver. As Hunt
~rgued,
'scienl.:e
autho'dty
of
man,' after .having been ,reeducated.,: The
a
l'
associated
with
this
new
61
type
of traveller
..
woul~
have
~o
be
o
i~parted
and.
correspondingly.
By the en~ of the century, be
. approprlate 1
through
,an.
traveller"s
or
.In.9k.!.lr:~
g:tbngg!:sQbl~
g,Y.,§ by
the
same~
means
of
handbock~.
the individual
_a
of
words
col1ectlv~
o~
of the authors
"the 1:::10Q of k,":!owl edge
~.§
e
of
c" seek" Cmy
of
th~
anony-.
prŒc'\<5t~ly
view
gf
~IDYil
he
In ei ther case
subJe~tiv\ty
point
or
obser'vil1g
observations woJld have been r~placed by the
"objectivity·
ln
ln a discipllnary sense.
the med1um of anthropbloqical
the result would be the
maLIs
the reeducated traveller could either
anthropolo~ist
defined as an
could
defined elaewhere and by othœrs.
§tbOglggi~QL
emphasl 5 J.
Never,the--
less. ~Llnt"s appeal for a n~w type of cbGervattonal travaller .waY accompanied
by
a demand for
a new
type of
that wa.s free from "deal i ng in cE\ssumpt l,ons Il In
his
anthropologi
address st~.
Hunt called for
But
anthropologist, ...
nd "pet dogmas.
University
one Il
training
for
if his appeal would ramain unanswerod
fer
another 20 years,
,.
,
"systematic
plan"
in te!rms of which the
deslred
·'ethno(~rap':hir.:
pOlnt of vlew' ~ould be constructed. the
various
•
manuals would
function
during
th~
1880'5 tdfccus travellers' eyes through a .ystematic cate~erical
- grid
for _
dlff~entia~.ing
fact from fictIon"
(I~nd
tl1ere e::ist
..;
\
number cf important ' ....~~:al{lples of its , inflLlence ln this ~ ..,. 1" t
dirac'tien.
\
The cases,
Portman'5~ ~/or~;
for e:-,ample" of E. H. Man and M. V.
in
~
o
the
Andaman Islands wlll be addressed latar in the
the
present,
however,
theS1S.
1 would 11ke to briafly discuss
For
Haddo~'~
"
62
fieldwor~
own
experience in the Torres Stra1ts.
-
Haddon's introductory remarks ta his paper 'The
Ethnography
of the Western Tri be of Torres Stral ts', (1890) resonates wi th -the
ea:!;tll:Qeglgg~.
was the
Notwi thstandl ng HFddon ~ s !:5Cl ~ntif 1 c: background
tralned as a zoologlst), p~per
are mode.-l s of the type of· ethnogr-aphy advocated by
1874 handboo~.
according
~c
the sections presented in Part
of
led
paper
in
wor~
II~
fact, repllcates
to
In
hlS
introduction~
hls interest in the
Haddon
of the
was structured
"Culture"-'Haddon the
chronol_oglcal
thcse sections in its own sectional and
organ i::: 03t i on. which
In facto Haddon noted that his
The
1890: '!:OO) • sequen~e
the introductlon and main body
(he
detalle~
ethnography
of
sequentlal the
Events
the
Torres
sfraits, given his :::potoglcal bac~ground and interests:
(
In the summer of 1888 1 went ta Torres Strai t.s, to investigate the structure and fauna of the coral reefs of that di stri ct. Ver-y saon after my arn val,. i n the Straits 1 found that the natives of the islands had of late years been greatly reduced ln number~ and that. w~th th8 e::ception of but one <Sr two lrldlvlduals. none of the whi te resid8nts Lnew anythlng about the CL\stam5 of the ndtlves. ~nd not a s1ngle persen Gared about them personally. When 1 began to quest10n the natIves 1 discavered that the young men h~d ~ very\ lmperfect aèquaintancè Wl th the old hablts ana bellefs.\ and that only from the~oldet- men w~s rG!llable }nfOrmc:\tl,on to be obtained. So lt was made clear to me that lf 1 neglected ta avall my5elf of the present opportunlty of . col~ectlng InformatIon on the elhnography of the 151anders. 1t was e:: tremel y probab 1 e that that ~ nowl edge woul~ never be gleaned -- fpr If no one lnterested himself ln the matter meanwhlle. It was almost certaln that no trust~orthy Informdtlon could be collected ln. say. ten ye~rs~ time. Th~s belng my oplnlon, 1 felt it my dut Y to fill up aIL the time not'actually employed in my =oologlcal researches ln anthropolcgical studles 1 would remlnd anthropologists that 1 had not previo~sly made a study of th~t subJect. ~nd before 1 left home 1 had no lntentlon of serlously studying the natives. or 1 would have endeavoured to'prepare m~self 63
\
for the worJ..:. ThlS wlll, to a certain extent~ ac:collnt for ~ag~eness and deficiency on pOInts WhlCh 1 now percelve to be of ethnological interest and importance. On the other hRnd. one beneflt resultlng from my Imperfect ~nowledge was that 1 was not preJudiced ln ~avour 6f any one part 1 CLll ël.r theol~y. and tl1ereford dl d not agk such leading questlons which. unconsciously on œither si çle, mi ght have l~esLll tœd 1 n erroneous 1 nt orm.:." t 1 on. But, . further. 1 do not cl ai m that my i gnorë\nce of ethnology was a galn' for accuracy~ none bLlt those ~90 have undertaLen slmllar enqulrles c:an have any tdea. of the grf?a-t dlfflcult't there is ln acqLllring réllable information concerlii ng past events. Even among oursel'- ' -,_ ves there are comparatl vel y few edLlcatè1::l peopl e who c:.~n 9 1 vs a trLlstworthy accoLlnt of' 51 ghts they 'have '::iF.?en long 'aga, ment i oni ng the even ts in thelr pr0p,er 'iequencs, or who can repeat fairy stories ~nrrec:tly~ or Qive an intelligent and logical account of their religous bellef and of fhelr sacred Iegends. What wonder tl1en if I have been 1 ed' i nto error, wt1en i t is remembered that much of what 1 have gathered i5 n6w passed away, that 1 1 aboured under tlle great di f f 1 cul t y of transI atl ng -the thoughts and br:.· 1 i efs of l1)en, practi -. cal!y in the stone age. Into terms of the complex clvill=ation of the nineteenth c:entury. and that. ~oo~ !with the very Imperfect medlLlm of the Jar'C]on-r-:ngI19h spoken in the Strë\its. That error has c:r~pt into my acc:oLlnts 1" do not doubt. 1 have done my be<:it t~ !':eep 'i t out. but one is necessarily at the me~cy of one~s i nformants. Whenever possi. bl e l , of course, c:hecl~ed, the information by asktng other men on the same or on a different Island (Ha~don 1890:~97-299).
.
,
"
1 have quoted Haddon -in 'e::tenso. ,------_.
not onl y becal.l'Ja hc:." gj ven
,on,~
d
good idea of the transcultural conteHt of fieldwork at thlS timœ,
•
but
also
sections
becau.e
his account was organlzed the-
tonstit~tlng
category
according
~Culture~
the
f~om
(Haddon ~
439). rap~ic
one
first
1890:4:7-
~
experience' and the eplstemologlcal rigour of hlS ..
c'onfront~
é>
an instance 'of the It
i~
~xc 1 u~ veness
only in
s~ch
and
~onOgraPhs,«- that 64
paper, -~
and persuasl ven~':;fi
prog~ammatic.
presented, ,.:for the most part, in f ragmefltary form papers
tho
Furthermore. in the contrast between his tentatlve ethncg-
of the new discipline.
o
to
1n
one becomes t::re 0-1
pamsages
ethnograph'l c the
UtOP1C
undellying
practlces
observatlonal
the
of
nature
ethnographic aetlvity of thlS period -- after ail,
much
Ihe medIum of
Haddon' s ethnographl c fiel dworl<' had been. "j argon-Eng 1 i sh. " '-Notwlthstanding Haddon's expe~iences,
the ~uthority of
his
system of observation rested wi,th the • general i zers,' the coll ec-
,
tivity
j,nvolved
~_he
in the production of
As
handbook.
.
,
1
have
noted, their institutional base initially rested with the British Assoc i ati'on for th~ Advë'\ncement - of Sci ence. Ey the fourth quarter
"
,
of the nineteeth century, however, the
various
ne,wl y
Anthropologic~l
(in
fact,
~Cambridge
.
the
School'
'amateur'
later
(Stocklng 1985:80».
as
museum~
for its objects.
the
The
became
fabric ,of British anthropology,
served,
and
Ethnographie
and eventually the University system
Institute~
Haddon
institutional
formed
it had been dissemlnated among
the
disciplinary
as
These new
foundation
of
part
of
the
pa~t
of
the
organizations
Anthropol ogy •. the
the Institute as it!!f' professlonal' body,
unveristy system as i.ts training ground.
The
~,~~tt '-
.
.-or
dispersion of authority had already been desc~ib~d by Hunt: the , -travell ers were considered subjective loci for "preconceived a "want 4!!)f honesty in telling what they
notions~"
really . saw, " lJ
the
"fear"
of
produced
"for
generous,
but
"shocking the no
public
opinion" , or
sake", of "exci tement. less
firm in his
Il
later
Haddon
"exaggeratlons" WOLll
d be
assessment
of
situation: A deep debt of gratitude lS owed to the explorers, travellers, and administrative offlcers ln aIl parts of the world who collectively have provlded a vast amount Qf information about the peoples among whom they have travell ed; or over whom they have rul ed. 'Survey voyages
c
,
,
more the
and
general sClentlflc expedltions often collectad information. but the most ~atisfactory ~ave ~een the varlOUS anthropological expeditions consisting of tC~iD§9,~9Ct§C§. who~ b~sides amassing fresh evidence. 'checl-.;ed. corrected, or ampl ified the work of earlier obsp.rvers. Such varled data~ often of unequal value~ have formed the foundatian on wh\ch the scienc~ of ethnolQQY ~as been and is being laboriously built Cmy emphaBi~J '(Haddon 1949/19~4:103).
o
valuab~e
value~
Knowledge in Haddon"s eyes had made between "explorer"s., Jànd
instance
..• adminis'trative (:lfftcens"
travellers~" , '
Workers" COLlld al so be described i n term<~
"trained
prodLtction
and the differentiation he
of
knowledge
of
the
of differing value.
gtrategi c
movement
Here we
of
of
the
have
an
aLlthori ty:
ii..:
hiet-archically divldes knowledge in terms of valLu! and nO[1-v'-\lue, institutionalizes
that
dis~inct~on
through
..'
'training. '
In
.L"'~
connection.
,.'
and
'lii?\ddon, 20
slgnificance.~
of
the use of the, and
i ""
wor kers"
Haddon
are
groups of indivjduals functloning within and
parallel
to
~ystem.
sentations
wtthl:JLlt
~~olely
in'
deve-
• a paraI leI that is
t6c
glven the e:
produced by
efhno~raphers.
~hat
the nineteenth cehtury was
the
effects of
~he
ter/Tll'ii
Ari obvioLlS cnntampnraneoLl5
~uring the' Industrial Revolution,
loped
nct
this proeess i5 the factory system which had
easily forgotten,
\
by
"1 a bourers" by both
Impl i ad in the use of 'these words i ~> a conc:~ptlt::m
,of a preconstituted productive
0'
word~,
al~o
It must not bs
forgott~n
a period which WaG ,marked by
Industrial Revolution end
that
anthropoloqy ,
emerged at a tlme when Britain's po~er was ,direetlY Unked t~e eHpansion
o
of the proë:luctive forces whic:h emerged from the indus-
trial and technological advances assoc:'iated with th~t r-evolution. In
the case of anthropology the factory system
66
involved
,
)
a
1; !
~--~----,------------------------
, ,1)
continuous
production
"anthropologists manu~~ctured
optical
home."
at
material
Those
was
facts .
"
were
1n\ wh1ch
raw
observationa~
a transformati~nal process
through
representatl~nally reconstltut~d
optical ethnography and p'ackaged i(1. the array of .a new ~~
logical discipline. This analogy i5 meant to century
British
disci~linary , ,-
was
a~thropology
in
.can
via anthropo-
exact. Nineteenth
be closely p~oc~ss.
form of manufacfuring
construed
the object of
as
an
intellectual
/(l''"epre~en'tati onal
fdr
places'
with
More informatlon from
the
institutional
bases on Britis~ sojl.
field
continued and intensified quest
fed
a
representati on
of
~
~uestion~
of
prOdL!cts then ci rcU1Cated ,
lin~ed
economy that
a
WhlCh
the production' of particular fragmentary representations
, man.' Those conceptual
by
of observational fqcts to be consumed
away
for
th~
perfect
'man,' whi ch i n ....'tLtrn allowed ORe, to asV more
-- hence a circulation of the absence and presence •
of
0
. facts, the binary basis of knowledge.
In the follow1ng chapters 1 (~'r.' VariOL!S aspects_of ,th+ construction of anthropoio9i~1 1
dioscu5s
.representations . 1.5)
\
/
ln this prevailing observational economy •
On the Minuttae of Observation: Focus, Grain, and the Paradox of Detail in the Production of Ethnographie Knowl edge~ , ;.t
. 1
would
llke
to ret~rn in cl~sirig to the
progre55ivly
mbre re~ined ~gr~ln' in the
por~rai~
man
of
emerging
as that is manifest in the second At
r:: ,-:t\
expll'i/'lation ~fact~~
matter
issue
for the increaslngly minute focus
on
of
the
ethnographic, edition here
i5
of the~
observational
ln that edition, and the strident rejection of ,a specula-
67
tive
o
~
deployment,
•• 1892:vi).
Th~
progressively
of ~Qi~Ê ~ng Qy~~1~Ê tated
gn
,
mor~
.
Qamplex and detailed .ditions
enihcQeglgg~
bath paralleled and- preclpi-
a 'call- for more detailed and minute
dominates
the
gibnQIQg~,~l
'Report
on
fact'3.
movement from the brief and general In~Y!cx
th~
an~
to the multiple sections
Anthropological Notes and
~~oYal
interest~ng
aIl uded
subsections of
fOC\..IS
with
itm
ts part:icu-
tOM
of
in
view of the shift
in
<:\uthority
t!§!!!::!s.l gf
detail in a) Queries Respectlng the Human gibnQIQg~'sl l!J,Q!::!!c~.
Lane
h<'\,ve
l
Compare agai n the foll owi ng comment,s c:c.meern iJ::n;:, Race.
Fo>~'
s
'Report
on
and c) the c:r"iHcisms. the
Anthropol ogi
ca"
I:h(~
e
b)
-.
o
in
Qf
a
larly
lack
e
Quert~s .•. ~
cal, for increasing "mlnutiae.1I The increase in
l
This" proce!Ss
c:ontall1ed and
Notes
Quer i es. '••. : T~e following ~ueries might have b~en consid~~ab~y' extended, and much might h~ve been added t~ e~pl.in the reason~ and motives on which some .of them are founded. Such ~ddltions would, however, have inconveniently extended these pages, and, in part, have defeated. their obj ect (Queri es .•• 1842: 332) •
\
The following questions migh~be muc:h inc:reé~ed" in numb"er, ':jind the reasons and motives for framirtg t.hem stated. but suc:h detail would swell ths tract to a volume (A Manual ••• 1852:3>.
\
The chief defec:t of most of these wc:îrks (the other manuals -,of lnstr:uc:tionJ 'has been their lnsufficient aetail. It is no;t' enoygh to publish such' g~mer.ill queri es as ml ght-" suggest themsel ves, unai ded to mny well-informed traveller~ what' is wanted 15 to draw attention te minutiae which might ordinarily be expScted to pass unnoticed, but whic:h are often of the first importance to th~ student of the\different branches ~f anthropologic:al research (Lane'Fox 18~S:214).
o
Tylor
and
H.
H.
Johnston
made
...
'
68
1 -
simi~qr
p01nts
in
their
'\
1
respective sections on anthropology published in the Royal
8eog-
-0 Tylor, for example, pointed ,out: ~he characters of men;s bodies and minds belng matters of common observation, Europ~ans not specially trained
in Apthropelogy, who have happened to be thrown among little-known trib-es, o-Pten bring home valuable an-ehropol ogi cal i nformati on. Though e>:plorers, traders. and colonists have made their way into almost every corner of· the eà'rth, it is ~urprising te find ,how many new facts may st!ll be noted down by any careful obse~ver~
If fsmilisc
~QYC§§~
~i~b sn~bcQQQ1Qgi~21 m§tbQQ§~
mQC§ snQ
QQâ~CY~
Qi
~~ ~ill
Q§t~~C.
The hints here given will servè to draw attentibn to Interesting pOlnts which might otherwise be overlooked [my emphaslsJ .
.
r,
~
Missionaries Have done much in reçording partlculars of r:lë\t i yè rel i 9 ions, and some have 11ad the, 5~ i 11 . to .describe them scientifically~ but tb~ eQint Qi ~i~~ Qi ~b! œi§âiQo~c~ engaged ln conversion to another faith ls unfavourable for seeing the reasons of the bellefs and practices he i5 striving to u~set. The obJect of the' anthropologist is neither to attack nor defend the doctrines of the religion he is e::am(ning, put to trace t~eir rat~onal origin and develapment CmW emphasist. ln taking notes, the explorer may be recommended noe to be afraid of t~QiQY§ minyt§Q~§â, whereas the lively sl.tper'Hi:iality , of popular boqks 'of travel makes them almost ~orthless for anthrop610gy ~my emphasis~ (Tylor ~888:222,240,2~3). t
What
were
minutiae"?" general
The
the
reasons for thi s • j ncreas~d obvi~.us
most
"attenti on
"
answer is that it was
tied
ta
to
a
""
increase in demand for new formscof information through-
but Bri tai n du!'"i ng that ti me. the'
,
second
edition
extemsively
of ~~t~§
rewritten
Thus, th:e anthrop'ograph i c part of
!QQ
,QY~Ci~§
QU
antbcQQ~!~g~
" ow ing to the great development . 6f ,
branc:h ' of the its
nature~
has
been
sc:ieme:e~
11
had~·
while the ethnographie: part
not required such drastic treatment,
revised. and additional c:hapters
have
~_~~_i·_._
this
r
"from
but the whole been
69
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _....,j. . . . . . ._ _..::...._ _ _ _ _
was
.. _ -,:
writ,ten."
i
q
Although,
o
"the
arrangement
of
the sec:tions
also ,'YChadJ t
been
b
altered~
. with
a
queries which present the \-.:nowledge may be ~.light" in~rease
theless, an As
the
int~
view of bringing ~east
prominen~e
greater
1
thos~
difficulty to
whose special
(~Q:!;~§ ~D9 Ql:l~!:i~§ .•. 189::v,iv)'.
adapted
poi nted
out.
liA
campl ete
system
of
r f:!io.!;.~
point
accomplish~d
and SLICh a wor-11 would be an encyclopaedia"
tg
i·natn.lct lfm5
to general application would embrace every
could present itself to the notice of the
Never-
b~ unl~mited.
in detail and volume could not
authors to the Preface to the fi nst edi ti on of
Ir:È:tgllgr:s
the
which
traveller.
O.:!lo.t.â ••• 1854: 1).
t7
Practical considerations of
si~e,
however, only obscur-e the
paradoxical "nature of this observati6nal economy:
th~
generative
and mutual relation between facts and knowledge is self perpetuai
ting
perfect J
a ~ealist par-adigm,
within
for the,only po~slbility cf
representation wOLÙd be ta originate
the
a
(re)presented
'
object itself. ""But that was becoming increaslngly difficLllt in a pe~iod
when, the
physical
b 1 orogy, and anthroPolog'y
am~ c
î tsel f
earth
archaeoJ
sClences,
ogy,~
had eHtended and' were ccmtl nui ng
"
to extend thé physical, historical, and cSltural hortzen of man~s perceptLlal and cenceptL\al Llni verse.
.
,Thus, a pregr-essi va i ncre'ase
'in detail only serves to signify the deslres and ytQei~h impossibility Manual s
?f
this
represent
the,~i ghtenl ng, of
While
et~nography.
route for an optical
the
~!l!!:!2~1
the
observat i on,lJ 'J
~ocus
in
Q§t~il,
those
o
of àn ~g~!~~l ethnography in the d~rectlon of gD
in&r:€2~~
they simultaneously hlnt at the difficulty of
details.
observatlonal
becau~e
and
of the tnher-ent
authorial.
contradictions
strategies upon
based.
70
•
which
9ras plng in
thay
the ws're
ils a perpetuaI gap between the two types of rep~esen- ~
There
I.Infulfilla~le
t
-- verbal: and
mediiLlms
tatlve
desire'
inscribed
. --
vi suaI' in
betrayed
the
by
word
the
." en deavour". Hl the foy.lowing quote by H. H. Johnston:
.
liLe your ~n~~~~Qyt Emy emphaslsJ to' ma~e your notes pietLlres and photograp,hs. Write down' th-ings of interest sÊ ~Q~ pês~ ~h~m Q( §gg ~bgm, ~ and do not trust more than you, can help to the deeeptive gloss of memory (Johnston 1889:400).
..
-.
N~t
'
,
only is perfection Impossible, but because of thlS lmposslbi-
,
lit Y
•
,l
authorlty
forever
Eludes
l,
the
\
observer.
Granted
the
contradi/:tion., the various handDooks on!.,y served to e~lebrate the· \ ~~hift
\
0
in
authority
and ,power e>:pressed
iS
Johnston's
words.
.
Neverk.hel ess,
as
Johnston
also pointed
photography
out,
and
conveyed an immediaey whieh could clre~mvent the o' author i ty aceorded the man!-Jal s. "'--- After aIl, ~there woul d appear to pietures
no questi on that phC?tographs di q embody the 'ty'pa of authori ty
be
formeriy a~eribed ta traveller~.
In the words of Charles H. Read:
~l
\
··~s
a~
.-
The, best an S8ems to be to devot'; much ti me . pos.ible to the photographie camera or to ma~ing careful drawings. for by these means the traveller isde-al i ng wi th f ae~'s aboL~~ wh i c'h therf!? can be no question, and th~ record thus obtained may be QIUCldated by sLlbsequent in'{l'-:llrers on the same spot, w)1ile thé timid answers of natIves to ~uestions propounded through the medium of a native lnterprater-can but rarely be ~elied upon. and a,'"e more" ap.t ter prodLlce eonfLlsion than to bs of benefit to compa~atl~e anthropology (~Q~~a sQQ gb!~(i~§ ••• 189~: 87) • ' ,~ "{.
\
Did photography ma~k a r~versal in the authorjtative shift 1 have , &
~
been ~
;.
,
de$erlbing~ I~
othér':
,-
or did it reinforce it in some.-=:..subt..le mannel"? In "
words ~. ,how did , photogi!"aphy opÈfr-ât~ in the cOIl,tex t \
\
"1 1
71
\' \
1· .' l
_
«'
of
o
•
optical ethnography 1 have been describl~g7
,-
••
o
\
.1
72 ~-
\
(
.
, - ,
,
(
NOTES
. 1.
,
péip(?r 1 S 11 sted 1 n the 'BAAS ,"'epart of 18:::9 as • On the of',Jf thF. HL\ffi-::';'!: phato(;)r2\phlC pr-acEss was
I"h/a
r:.;~tlnctl(:ln
publl cly,
.:?~:hlbl.LI.::?d
i.n P.!\r.l<;:'; •
.
:2.
SP'f.?, hJI'" el: cRmp le, Më.~nLlal ••• (1~52: 2) • ,
BAAS
(1841: 447) ;
BAAS
( 184:2: ::::::::!) ;,
A
( 1972: 45-48) • Fa'" a l'.L story of .~Qtg§ êO,g Qyê.r:.!.§§ Siee Urry TI,e ·f ul1 IJwi ng \ are the anthrapol'og l cal rv:JiVlanUiü S of particular intf:('P-.st ln r-elatlol1 the argument, r 6111 maUny~
1..
ta
Qy!r:.!.~~ B!§Q.~tlQg ~h! ~!dm!Q BêÇ!~ ~Q ~~,e~~C!§i!~ §ln~! QtLlt:'ît.:?!, London: ~:;;loC'hard ~,. Juhn E. Taylor, 1841:447-458= a)50 BAAS 184::~3~-:~9). t'1~!J~8.t Qi Ëi;..!:.§:!JS:ifl.G ~mc ~ll§§1~~§ ~i~~ Hc;.w':sc::heL (~?d.), Londol':
e
io
tg
I[!~§Ll![§
1841
E!:~12§K§9 :tg!: tb.ê Y§§ Qf Qff.;u;gc§ I~~y~ll§r:§ iD'@§D§c~l~ J. F. Ml,(rI"'ëW~ 1849. A.Iso the 1851,1871 ançl
§;t!.9kÜ.l::i';" In~
John
w.
1886 ed ~ Cl ons.
~~Q~êl ÇQQÇ,Œr:.o.j.!.19.
;
gt~QQ19g~~il ~Qgyic~ g§!.ng ê §gCl§§ gi· Qyg§tiQQ~ Ç;,tl! lj!:J.i!l.êQ B€iÇ,§l, ,London: Taylor and Francis. 185:2. Reprinted ln ~gyr:.Q~l Qi th! ~~bQQ1QUl~ll §Q~i.gt~ Qi bQQ~QQ~ Vol ::;~ 1.f:3~34!, pp.l?::-208. .~:.:.
6
Qi
t1in!§ '-
tg 1!:~~§lJ. g[§, London: Royal Geog,rap.hical· Society, t 854 (pllb l t shed 1 n the J.g!::'\!:'Q~!. Qi :;'!J.§ BQ~§l. §~Qg!::sa.!J.1.Ç. §QÇ.l.gt~. Vc>L ::4, L854.pp 1'-]1), ' alsa the 1865,' 1871~r 1878. 1883, 1889. •.:me! 180::; ~?d l t i on~".
~gt~~ ~D~ ~U§[l!~ gb ad~b!::QgQl.gg:i. London: Edwa~d St~nford
(
1874~
dnd
In~ti
tllte,
th~second edltl0n pLlbllshed by
th~
Anthropolaglcal
18~~.
4. See .Stocking (1~73:1xxxix) for a dlScussion of" ths ~ole cf evironmental determJ,nis,m in the evolutian of F'l"'ichard~ s, thought.
,
1
5.
o
Se~ also keith (1917:13-14)~ Stocklng (1971;1973:xxiti-iv).
6.
Prichard"s address was summari=ed in the Reports of the Associatlon for the Advancement of Science for ~ 1840, as -follows:
~ritlsh
He e~:pressed hlS regret that so little attentlon .lo.Jë\S given to Ethnography. or the natural historv of the hLtman race" whife opportLtnltias for ob5erv~t'lon ,7i\r-e every day passi ng away; and conc 1 ude-d by .an .~ppeal ,n favour of the Aboriglnes' Protectio~ Sect~ty (BAAS 1840: 89) .
7.
•
They
' ,
1
were prefaced by the followlng commenta WhlC;h. in essen~ei set the historlcal stage and dlsciplinary or 1 ent,:at 1 on for the subsequent manuals and handbooks: (J
At 'the meeting of the British Associatlon held at Birmlngham, Dr., Prichard read la paper fI"O~ the EHtinction of sorne varietie'S of the Human Race." He pointed out inst~nces in which this extinction had' already taken pl ace "te a great eN tent. citnd showed that many races now e:dstlng are likely~ at no distant perioC1, tC) be annll1ilated. He pointsd out the irre'tr"i.evablF..' 109$ whi.ch, science ffiLlst sLlstinn. if so lc.,'\rge a portlon of the human race, counting by tribes instead of lndividLtals" i5 suffered ta peri'sh. befo,,"e many interest.i.ng questlons of a psychological, physiologleal and philological character~ as weIl as many hi'atori.<:c:\l f~,cts 'in rel ati on te them, have been 'i nvest i gated. Whence he argued t~at science, as weIl a~ hLllnanity, is interestœd in the efforts which ~re made to rescue them, and ~Q preserve from oblivlon many lmpor~ant details connected wi th tl1em., At the suggestlon of the Natural Histo~ical Section, to which Dr~ Prlchard's paper was read~ the Associ atl on voted the sum of 5 to be e::pended i ri printlng a set of queries to be addressed to those whn may travel or reslde in parts of the globe inhablted by the threatened races. A Committee was 11~eWlse appointed by the ~ame Se~tlon tn prepare a 11St of ~uch questlons. The(foJlowln g pages. to WhlCh th!'? attentlCJn of traveIl ers \ and others i s 8,arnes.t l y J n'Il ted. have.' in consequence, been praduced. It 15 rlght to ob!3ervo. that Whllst these questIons have been ln preparatIon. the Ethnographlcal SOCIety of P.ar1~ has prlnted a set of ~u~stlon5 on the same subject fer the use of travnllers. Ii: has been grati fyl ng te percel 'le the generecl simllarlty between the questions proposed by the French savans [sic.] who compose that Society. ~nd those which had been al ready prepared by the Comml tto'e; but theComml ttee 1 s botlnd ta acl-'nowl edge the -35'51 stance (,-1111 èh,' in the completion of Its tas~, It h~s derlved frem the
74
comprehensive character and gene~al arrangement of the Ethnographical Saciety's list. The following ~erles might have baen cansiderab1y extended, and much might have been added te explà-ln the reasons and motIves on which some of them are founded. Such addItions ~ou1d, however, have inccnvenlently extended these pages, and. in part, have defeated thelr ebJect. The Commlttee has only -further to e;:press lts deslre that the AssociatIon' may cont i n"ue 1 ts support to the i nteresti ng st.tbj set of Ethnography, ~nd that their fellow-members will ald ln bringing these querles under the notice of those who may have it ln thelr power ta obtain replies. Brltain. in her extensive colonial possessIons and\commerce, and in the number and intelligence of her naval offlcers. possesses unrlvalled facilities for the elucidation of the whol e subJ e(: U and ·1 t woul ci he a stai n on her character. as weIl as a 10ss to humanity. were she ta allow herself to be 1eft behlnd by other nations in this' inqldry. It wIll be d~sirable. before glvIng dlrect answers to the questions proposed ln the fol1owlng llst. that the traveller should offer, ln hIS own terms. a descrlption of the partlcular group cf human b81ngs. WhlCh he may have ln view ln drawlng up hlS lISt cf answe~s, seeing that the replIes. however accurate and replet~ with'useful information. may fal1 ln some partlculars to give a complete Idea of the people to whom they relata (BAAS 1841:4~7-448).
c
As wi Il be seen in the conteHt of the present chapter. most of the i SSlles rai 'Sed by these remarks wen: to become perSI stent them~s in subsequent editlcns of the manuals. It 1S also interesting ta note. given the importance placed on the organization of the queries. that t~eir form derIved from a French manual publlShed at the same time. 8. The series of qllestions complled by the Ethnagraphical Society of Parls had already been l'''eprlntèd ln Vol. 10 of 'Ib,§ g,Q~!:Dsl Qi j;!J§ e~üsj;!'s §Qs!.§l:i. See al sa. for e:~ample. the quertes and replies concerning India which were published d~rlng thlS period by StaLlnton (1849/50:386-400) and Long <18,66:44-84). 9. "
See also Cl.lll
(1856: 118-119).
10. The project of setting Antryropology on a scientlflc footIng was very much in ~eepin~wlth the 'scientlflc spirit of the age." As one commentator argued in 1887: ,\,' -.1)
\ (
....:
c
'.
OC
The wor k of the 1 ast hal f centllry has been twof 01 d. the one side It has been acc~mu~ative merely:. ne stocks of organi:::able material -- the raw bric',~ S of 75
science -- have baen laid up, as befor~. ready to the calI of the master mason. but in far g~eater profusion" than by any prevloLls age. On the other Sl de i t h~Si been directive and architectonic: the endless stQres of fnct an~ Inference, thu~ dug out and shaped to the hand by the brick-makers of ~nowledge in a thousand fields, have been asslduously built up by.a compa~t body of higher and broader ~ntelligences into a slngle g~~nd harmonlous whole. This last task forms tnd~ed the great scientific triumph of o~r epoch. Ours has been an age of firm grasp and wide vision. It has se en the downfall of the anthropocentr l cfa 11 acy. Cosmos has taLen t:hf~ place of chaos. Isolated fRcts have been fltted and dovetailed lnto their proper niche in the vast mo~ai~. The particular has slowly merged into the gen~ral. thœ general lnto stlll higher and deeper cos/\'lI?c.'.?l concE.'pt.s. We live in an epoch of unification, ~implific~tion. correlatlon. and universality. When after-ag.s look bac~ upon our own. they wIll recognise that in science i ts key-note has been· the 1 dea of un; ty (AlI en
o
1887: 868) . A~thropology.
wilh its broadly comparatIve aspirations. wam thus early lnfected wlth the grand pretenslon It has carried intc the present day: the di vi st on of 1 ab our between the IIbri ch:-makers of knowl edge" (the fact gacherers') ",nd "hi gher ",nd broader' i nt'e11 i gences" concerned with prodLlclng a systemic conception of the IImosaic li of its fleld; '" SCl enc:e of man. fhis obsession with system. fact, and dlvlsiCln (Jf labour was tied ta the\, conte::t withln which it operated: the lnc:redlbly r~ptd s~ientifi~ progress and technol og i cal and SC~J:l al ch,3nge wh i ch hë\d transfor": med Br 1 tal n SI nce the end of th3=~ ~l g!îteen th century. As Freden c Harrison ~loquently put lt in hi~ London Institution Lecture, 'A Few words ",bout the Nlneteenth Century:' The last hundred years have seen ln in England the most sLldden change in our materl al and e::ternal 1 He that 16 perhaps recorded ln h~story. It Is curious how many things d",tè From that 1770 or 1780. The use cf ste~m in manufactures and locomotlon by sea and land. the te::t Il e revel L\t Ion, the f actol~y sys tem. tlï~ È>normOL\'5 growth of population, the change from a rural ta a town l.i fe, . the portentoL!S gl'''owth of the Emp 1 ra \, r hp vd~t e!: pansl on of sea power. of commerçc. of m,anl (f actur8 r::i. of wealth, of IntercommLlnJ catlon, of the Post;, th(?n tl1e use of gas. ele~triclty~ telegrap~s, tœlephones, stoam presses, se~ang' machl~es, alr englne~, gas 8nglne5, electrlc engines, photographs, tunneJs, Shl~ canals, arid all the rest. ,
,.
,0
He went on to point OL!t that, "Rest and ft):ity .are essentlal to thOught, to SOCial Ilfe, to,be~uty; and a growing Herl~s oF mec:hanical lnventions mal<'lng' life a string of dissolvlng Vlews 1S \
l
, 76
1
..-J
a-bar to r'est and fixlty of any sort. If, as Harrison_perceived. the nineteenth century represented the mechanical fragmentation not only of a coherent world view, but of the very nature and ferm ~f humanlty itself, one cannot be surprised te find hlm concluding his lecture' wlth thf! following observatlons: Il
c'
There never was 'an age ~hen the need was so urgent for synthetic habits of thought, systemic educatlon. and acommon 'moral and relgious f~lth.~ There i5 much to show that our better genl LIS l. S awaJ.::ened to the task. . Stupefied with sme~e, and stunned with steam-whistles. the~e was a moment when the centufy llstened wlth equanimity ta the vulgarest of Its flatt~rers. But if machlnery were really ItS last ward, wC? should aIl be rushing violentJy do{..\!n' a steep planE;? lUe' a herd of"'~wlne (Harrison 188~:415.4~4.4:6). ' l have dwel t on Han"'l son' s comments because l tfll n~ that they raise a serIes of lnterestlng questlons in regard te tha developemant o~ anthropologlcal observatlon durlng thlS period. HIS descriptions. fOI~ e::ample. calI into questIon a study of anthropology WhlCh see~s ta treat It as a 'hlstory of Ideas.: When one star-te to C'onte::tuall::e the Idea of the 'sclt:ntlflc Spl'~lt of an 1 age' and an observat 1 o'lal 'sei enee of man' 1 n the conte:: t 0 F nineteenth cRntury Brltain. the lssyes become broadly cultural. In ot:hœr words. what is at ISSUe 15 not'only how fl::ed ideas a,~e ~ssoclated with one anbther ln respo~se to Ideological aspects 0+ the socl
11. he,""!?
f!Y way of the interface provided by the retlna.
the eye 15 consi-de,"'ed as an e::tension of the braln (Pl/-enne 1970:~5). Sec al~:;o H.nnson (1969:61-198) op the questHJn of observatIon as -3 theory-l~den practice. ~nd also the folJowlng comments concernlng the CLll tLlral p'recond 1 tians of obSerVw.tl on: Tr-avel1 ers have usua11y -recorded only those cLlstoms of mQdern sawages WhlCh they have cha~ced ta observe~ and, as a rule. they have observed chlefly th05A which thelr experience of Cl~lli=ed instItutlons has led ~~,c~m ta' look' for" (!:l,g:!;,§§ §}Q9 Qyg!:1..§§ ••• 189::vi). l have. of • course. aloo appliAd th15 Inslght ta the productIon of the manuals themsel'le5. IJrr-y. (197::54) also ma~es a simllar pOlnt., but he dOŒS no~ pursue its cultural Impllcatlons. Il
.r 1
1~. Notwithstandlng these dlfferences. one of the predomInant reasons for the formatlon of a new.SocIety may have been a dlfference of opinion over the inflammatory Issue of race (Stoc~lng 1971:376).
The Ethnological Soclety 6f London publlshed a JQYr:o~l from another !IQ~!:!J~l (N. S.) fr'om 1869 to 1871 (2 vols), I!:s!J§~f~~gn§ from 1859 ta 1860 (: vols.). and seven volumes of Ir:s!J§~ftiQQâ from 1861 ta 1869. The Anthropologleal Society of London published a Revlew and Journal ln elght vdlumes 13.
1848 ta 1856 (4 vol s. ) •
---~--
77
" \',
---
-------
1
from 1863 to 1871. a ~9YCDA! From 1870 ta 1871. and thrm8 volumea of Memalres From 1865-1870. Aftar the two Societi~s were amalga'mat;d-i;:;-1871' l::he"new Ir1std~ute pLlbllshed ,:\ ~!gyt:.D.~l cL:'ntlnLIOI.\sly from 1871, and ~§D fram 1900 (Pennim~n 1935:364).
o
14. AlthoLlgh Ethnology had baen recognl:ed by the BrItish Associatlon for the Advancement (..)f Scu":mc:e ln 1844. .lt ~<Ji\S Orllv as a subsect.Lon t() Sectlon D. Zaology ,and Bot"my. ln 1D51 it ~'J,:lSi mav€lo' ta Sectlan E. Geogr-aphy and Ethnology. Ln 1806 11: ~-Jc""\~; nlQvI"d bacl' ta Sectlan D. thi':i ttme Llnder the l'"\.\b,'"ic: of Eliolüt;!y. wtnd1 had the sLlbsecti,,:,ns of F'hYS10logy and Anthrop<:Jlogy. In lOtI'? Secban E drapped El:hnoli:lgy WhlCh iTlovl?d bdCI, bj SGcl:i<:Jn D. ln l8ï1 tire name anthropology was user.:! ag"un. and l,t W.i\S Fii1
...
15. In 1980 L,ane Fc)): c::hanged hJ'5 n.-lm8 bJ F'.I,lt r~lVt::!I~''.i III ü!"'dl:'t L,) sat l S Fy "tho=? cl"lnd i t i, ons of a ~'>Jll J • FardŒ!t,u 1 s cont ~~r'l1L nq Lane F 0.:>:: " S change of n,;"\me. ses Chapman ( 1984: :~5n. '~,) • f.(~C':'\'I'::'U • the material l am· de~llng with falls wit.hin the pel'"lQcl in wl"u cil he wa$ known under hlS former name 1 havu contlnu~d ta r~f~r t~ 1; i m aS: Lane Fe::. } 6<.
i
li
Tyler's
Et:,U.lH:".t1:.:::!~
Sf.HnHl':'ü
Çk!l!;Y!:§
deftnltjol1
(187 U
fOUt~
0';
~cultL\r"~;'
yean:; eè)Y" l i el'":
h,:;Id
~'I
j'Jt:::I:
p,l.\bJ.l'.;htEd
CultLlr!? or ClVll.L:!atiC'Jn. taLc.;m ln it:.s wide (",thIÎogrc"~pl'lic" sense, ls that comple:: whole whll:h jnclLlde':i knc:JwlfildCZJE, bellef. art. enoroUs. l.:\w. cLlstom. c::\nd dl1y othal~ c.:-,\pdbtllt.LeS and habits, ac"qL\ll-ed by. man as ë\ m,l?m\.:J(~r01 SOCl et y • (Tylor 1891: 1) • 17. In fac.t the first edl'l:ian wa':i org<:\nl'::f~d (accer:-dln'.'.~ ta 1:hl~';;';8 categor1es, the thlrd belng. r'art IlI, 1'11SC:f.:?1'L:\I'i"graphy (--); C. Statlstlcs (FranCIS Ga~ I:':m).
18. F J. aW81"":
o
follow.Lng
cont:.8mporary account
v.hJ l
The hlstOI~y' of the qr.adual 1""12coqn.ltlon of P,nthr-l1pnlo l jY dS ~, dl 5 t: flet sub J i:!ct b y 'th 1 S H'3S,OC 1 id_l (:-Jn J S-. ,=..n r~p l j" (IrM: of the hlstory o{ l t s 'Jr3.dual gl"'cJwth, ctnd tt\,~ 'jrcttJf.I;,1 recognltlan qf ItS pOSItIon among oth8r SC18n~8S ln lh~ \l'IDI~ld '.Ott lan:;)e, .::\ pt-cces~ 5t.111 L/1 C:jpf~r6\tl(Jn ...in1j s t ] 1) far fr-am complete. P,lthaugh t~1
78
1 :\10
~
(
(
hi story of man, whi ch were begl nnl ng' to be coll ected from s~ many diverse sources. Indeed ••• one of the great difficulties with regard to maflng Anthropology a speci,al st..lb]ect of study, and devotlng a speclal organisation to Its promotIon, lS the multifarious natLlre of the knc.)wl edge comprehended l.lnder the t 1 t 1 e. Thl s very ambitu:m, WlilCh endeavours bJ Include such ~ e::ten Sl ve ''"i:mge of sub] e.:t s. ramI fyl ng 1 n a 11 dl recticJns. 111u'5t.rating and rece1vIng llght from sa mop other sCiences. appears often te overl~ap Itself, and~ give a looseDess and 1ndeflniteness ta the aims of the' Individt..lal, r:lI'".' the instItLltlon preposlng te cLtltivate i t. The 01 d terÎn Ethnal ogy. or the study of peopl es or ~ces, hc",s a Ilmlted and deflnlte meaning.l It treats of tn8 resemblances and modlf1c~tlons of the differ~nt groups of human spCCies ln thelr relatlons to eech other, but Anthropology, as now understeod. has a far wider scope. It tn?ats of man~ lnd ,:as a whele. It Investigatès its or1g1n and hlS relatIons ta the rest of the I.\ni verse., It j nvo~ es the al d of the sc:i ences of zoolo~y, comparative anatamy. and phYSIOlogy, ln ~ts attempts to estlmate the distInctions and resemblances between man c"lnd h t 5 neêresf. al l i es. - ai"ld 1 n f l:d ng hl s pLace ln the sc:ale of liv1ng beings. In endeavoUl~lng te investigate the ongin an~:r .antIqui'ty of man,'- geo10gy must ·lend ils assi~tance to determlne the comp&rët1ve . ~ ages of the stt-atë:\ ln WhlCh the eVldence? of hlS e:'15 .... ~ tence ~:'\r'e found. 'and resear~c:hes Inte hlS early hlstory saon trench upon tot~lly dlfferent branches of ~now1 edae. In tracl ng the:! progl~ ess of the race f rom i t s most primitive condition. the characterlst1cs of Its priyslcal structure and relations ~lth .the lower anlmals are saon left behind. ~nd it 15 upon eVldence of a flnd pec!..ll i ar to, tlle hl..lman spec i es. and by Whl ch man ISsa' pre-emtnently distlngulGhed from aIl other lIving beings, that our conclusIons mainly rest. The stud~ of the worhl of our earliest ~nowl'l forefathers -- "prehistori C c'1rchaeol ogy" as 1 t i 5 common l y calI ed -- 1 S now almost a sCience by Itself. It Investlaat.es the orlg1n of ~ll human culture. endeavours_to trac8 ta thelr common beginning the sources of our arts. customs. and history. The difficul ty IS. wllat to. Include and where to step~ as. though the term prehistoric'may roughly Indlcate dn artJflClal llne between the prOVInce of the anthrepologist and that WhlCh more legltimately belongs ta the archaeologist. the ant1quary. and the historian. It is perfectly evident that the studles of the on~ pass Insens1bly 1nto those of the others. ~nowledge of thœ or1gin and development of par~lc:ular' existlng customs throws immense llght upon their real natu(e and importance~ "md conversely. it l S often only from_ a profound acquaintance with the present or comparatlyely modern manifestùt10ns"of culture that we ar,e able te Interpret the sllght indlcations afforded us by. the sc:anty remains af,prim1tive CiY111=ation. 79
o~
:1
It is.considerations such as these that have caused -the grad~al introduction of the term Anthy,:)p,:tlogy as a Sl.lbs'titute for Ethnology, whid1 ! have tral:ed in the history I::>f this Associèti,:.n, an.d whi.:h is ',5een in other org~nizations for the cultivati,:,n I:,f ,~ur s,:ien,:e (F'.1.:lwer 1898/1894:.250-:;51).
20. Prideau'l; (1865:408) alsl;) lJses'terms sUI:h as "industry ,:d observers, Il "workman," and "workers, Il aIth':'Ltgh' in his Celse, hi,~ m~taphors are c,riented t':twards the l:onstrL\t;ttl:an I::;.f ~" "durable-rù,ct s.:ient~fiç edifice emb.::adying the laws' clf Ethn':,l,:,gy ......
.
21.- pSee also the following statement by Johnston:
It
r
.
·is
the dut y I:)f every dvilised traveller in ~ountries newly opened up to research, te cQllect , facts, plain unvarnished facts, for the information of those lea~inq minds of the aQe who, by dint of great ~ - I:an a.bJY. generali?e . experience, frl:.m che details ':I:antributed fr.:=-m diverse s,:aurces"(J.::>~mston 18_8·3:3·3~D.
-
o
22.
e
See also
~sQgsl
...
(~852:3).
.' \
.
..
,
/1
o 80
,
CH~2 The Authority an~ Graphics of Observation: and Noting Facts 1850-1900.
"Pllofugraphy. ln which the I~.:ty of .liqht. SLlQ.JE!ct te unalterab18 physical laws, ta~es the plcture. and not the err~ng ha~d of man. 'IS the only means of cbvlatlng one pf the greatest obst~cles ln the ~tudy of anthropo109'1_ bv (~n...::\bllng us tCl cOlnpar,.$' IJI:l.JE!I..:ts seporat.~d by ti/llE."' d\l1d SjJace. 'C~II""'1 '.,.'ogt. ,,"T' t;I
J
~1'''"'''
,
~
II
~
7 ch<7lpt~l~ ~
"
Drawing, Photogr~phy
1;llJotl:lr~l~aph'l
..
~. ~~ -
r.
:."---
.wIll
the
di seLiss
general
of
LIse
in é'\nt.hl'·ofjol (Jgy duri ng the. ,st?cond hà Lf of" the
ni ne--
1
tt:!lq,nt,h een tLlry~
.
-,Idea of 1
in
~hi ch
1~l:?pl~esent.ati anal
to
relation
and
Ptrubh~
phof.ography·s
The
hiel~arehy
as
r
'accuracy.' .a
technique
W,l,
chapter WIll end with a dlscusslah
Il
ûf
1 ate
trace
of ~œtween
1840
and
of
"
. F'lllJ
y
organu:ed
t:n.en
par',::\digmat.lt.: n;Jle ln deflnln'l ethno~raplllc flel-d·cwol~1.
the end of
and
C§QC§=
~Yl~YCê~gf
representatlch in ethnographic manuals,publl$hed , , . '1892.
studies
techni qW?5 al~e s'Istematl calI
co :'scl(:ntlfic" <'aims and (::lb}ects ln :\
t-elated
th perspectl ve
~
use this discussion to intrcduce the .œ~m!:.sj;;iQD i n
11011
dra~ing in the case of cranlologlcal
geometr·i.c
and
Ji will f (JCLl5 on 1. ts relètl'cnshi p
pcat:tice
the mneteerlth c~ntLllry ...,
toçwctphy
'1
WdS
n l ne teenth
used ln three cl 1 stl net l<Jays C':-'iï
ll.W;:Y 8rJ t l sh
1
n
conte;( t
the
anthropology:
composIte ptlotpgraph:=:. dnd
il1ustratlve/descrlptlv~
in
bath major categorles of physlcal and cultural
photographs.
I t was thereFore
,
us~d
anthropology.
~
~1
"
,
but differently. In the case o"f physical anthropology it was LIsœd
o
",,,,-"
to tak'e anthropometric stltdi~~ of living subjects, studies, raci al
or
c:raniological
composite photographs designed to preduce
"general
"
types.
In
~
the
case of ethnography l t was
l.\i5ed
desc:rtptive medlum in order to "factuali=e' indigenous cul t'ural behavi our,
and -as a method' of catal ogui ng
'as
scci~l
.:\ ~nd
ethnograpl1i c
objec:ts: In the anthropol e~g~ cal 1 !ter~tl.lre prodLlced dLlr i ng tilt::
hal~
of
the
described
ni neteenth
in
distinct
dra~lng
toward one
of
sy~tsm
bas~d
l<Jas"
J,11VèU-
i abl y
Those descriptions rev(=.al
relatjon te drawing.
shift away from a
based on
Ph~tOgraPh*
c:entl..lry,
<:;t.~C'cmd
authoritative
r.:\'
inscriptIon
on photographie reprRsentHtion.
That shi ,ft al so marked the emergence of the opt! c:al ,et.hnography ,r disc:ussed in the flrst chapter. AlthougH photography Mad. a decisive impact on the culture of representation
~r?m
its appearance in 1839, its impact on ethnog-
ra~hic:
can be discerned most c:learly frem the 1860'$ , peri od wi tnessed the emergence ,of anthropol ogy' 1ü
pr~ctic~
onwards ' Th i s disciplinary variOLIS
c:on~ciousness,
journals,
societies,
provide the
therefore
-
dat~,
,
which took lnstitutional form jn the manua!
5\
for tracing
and
handboolls.
p~tography'
Thase
s impact
on
the authority 'of other, methods of plctorial reproductlon. During
the
.,
two
dec:ades
followtng
the
mid-tArm
of
the
c:entLlry, physlcal anthr-opology was damll1ated by raclal. and
theorl es.
ëlli'lthropology
o
(Hrdlic~a " hlng
an
I~mong
cranlologlcal
IooJere
19~4:97;
the
prIncipal and
product~
classification 82
of
this
cr-aniometric
studles
toward~
estciblis-
Jarion 1982:9). These aimed
evolutlonary
of
the
races.
But
the
r
theorias
upon
I~
the~
which
were
be~ame
based
increasingly
marginajized in the clo~ing decades of the century. ins~rmountable
historicdl
difficulties
in
obtaining and
data "
.disappearance
wi th 1 the began
1
approach necessitated.
evolationary
Difficulties with.the raciai/evolutionary,
were ':'Jmpounded by pr'Jble~ in obtaining 'a large :)
J'
t.:.
,
the tYP9 of historical orientation which,an
studies
face
the
~~nthr'Jp.:;.logists
'::Jf indlgenous pe'Jples,
,
Jn the
enc.ugh
)!
'of craniological and other measurements to allo~ adequate statistical This
or
aggregative
situation
att~mpt
ing
not
helped by
to be drawn
the
!
mea.sure the '''::JI ume and weight of its
invoived
the ~Îl
exact form (Vogt 18EA:,
73-74)(
th~m.
from
problems
-
t'J
~scertaining
was
conclusion~
brai n
; The
in' and
"skull-
1
relgn,~
i,nto
as one
bbs~rver describ~d
prc,blems
i
it
(Hrdlicka 1934:97), aiso ran
.jf unacceptably hi,gh indical
variability
am.jngst
1
ntminallY pure s'amP.1es of 'racial- .. types.~' These pr.jblems were the .r suIt of the fallure to take into account the skull's • 11'
. vari abi 1 i ty'.'
and
. modi fiabi'll ty" •
Variations
its
plasti':lty,J, ,:;.r
(Hrdl1t::ka
"continued
1'334 : 98-99 ;
~inhe~~nt
evolutionary 198:2: 10""11 ) •
attempt~
such as these tended to defeat
to
classify
Crani 01 bgi cal studies
were
neverthel~ss accorded a
seJtions devoted to anthropometry ln during the tLlrn of the .:entLlry.
Ldt:et"
prominent position , . in fteldwo~~
,
.,,
the
manuals publlsned
editl':'I'-s, however, seem t~:. ,(
/
hdVt'i?
~,la •.:ed
'';ClI:idl
m·,:)t e
>~mpll2\sise
I..:.n the, ne .. esslty or cc.IJ .?:ting 1)J. .2.!.t~
and .:ulturc\l' datd ~:)n th8
i
V-It"lüUS
8'J,1..:;tulÇ,1
l;(jl:Jes
,(c;'1~f:,-:..,,,,
thar obtaining craniological me~surements WhlCh had by this tlffie 1
83 :
,
<1,
,3
o
also gained in co~plexity.
The collection of abcial and cultur~l
~ata involved a reorient.tion away fr6m historical reconstruction ,,-
and towards the cOllection of observable fact~~ As ~)consequence. f • ~
alte~ed
the representafional foundations of ethnographie practlce to accomodate its changed operational base. ) ,
Photography
appeared
at a time
when
and
anthropologi~ts
were~~ecoming lnc~ea~lngly aware of the impcrtDncœ
ethnographers
of ob~ervation and observational tech~iques ln thm dev~Jcipmant dt t~eir
01
Th~t awareness manifest~d itself in two
discipline.,
ways.
:..
1
one.hand there was discussion of the value of
the
--
techniques at a pfac~ical
representati ona1 their
use
other
hand~
v.;\rious
level,
Cl if f
in
of
At' the level of et'lrographic theory~
value. there
was
strat~gic
discusslon of the
observational methods,...,to acr.:omplish
en?n t
Cln
the
value
of
d:l~cip1inary .. àums.
The former type of discussion tended te be held in the "context of .
pu~lished
articles
,
~/
in ethnographie and anthroRological
Jou~nals.
\
1
Thes~
articleS were predominantly concerned with rRportlng
vat1o'nâ't f i
ndi\~gs. T~e \
.
'
"
1 at ter type of di scussi on
'
\
in the c0l"\tQ,e:< t t;>f the ,
variou$ manuals
a~d
tJndt~d
handbook ••
ob~er-
ta .af-lpear war('i!
They
\
\
conce~ried with
'pri marll y achieving ,
.
for,m
weil
defi~ed
\
-
gi~ing advice as to the best method
observational objectives.
An
oT.th,lS elOerg;i..ng dual1stlc'consciousness can b(:!
the case"
~f
quarter
of
provide
insights into the type oT
of
embryonlc t.rclcelj
in
craniOldgiCal and anthroppmetr:-ic st":idieti in the thil'"d the
ninet~enth
century.
These
studies
therefore ~
o
ser-ved
repr~sentational
cul~ur~
-
Bri t i sh anthropol bgy a.t the begi nn l ng of th'e second
of the century. 84 , ' "
.\
which hal f
1
~----~--~-
-~
~
-
.
"
.,.
.
,2.1) Mechanically Aided Drawing, Phbtogr4phy, And Craniology Circa 1860. In 1864-65 whi~h
they
C~rl
Vogt and W. H.
dlscussed
the relatlve merits
dr~u"'(.l ngs
(both perspect i. ve and geometri c:)
10gical
studles.
.not
of
1n
two
wor~~
p~dtogrRphy
the câ~e of
The di,sr.:us;;si ons are i nterestl ng.
but al
several types of graphic
o~ly
raclaI type among a group of indivldual~
of
1
on
to
note
m~thcds
naturaln~ss
of
t~~
photography
dlscrimination
Cgiven correct
of
lightinq
t can .also be Llsed, to prodl.lce 1 arger ql.tanti ti es
r-epresentati ons
went•
0-
becètt.tcae they
argue~that
allows for greater accuracy ln the
cond i ti ons), but
and
~roductlon.
Vogt not
ln
cran i
only assess the descrIptive acc:urac:y of the varlouca
of reproductIon,
~
pu~lish8d
Wesley
in the ql.lest for' those
character i sti cs.
a
fundamental
Its
He
comparati ve
anthr-opol ogy: Photography,
in
which the ,""ay of llght, subject ta laws, ~akes the picture, and not the erri ng hand of man. i s the r.ml y means of CJbvi at'i ng one of the greatest obstac~e$ ln the .study of anth~opo logy, by enabling us to°compare obJects $eparated by tlme and space •••• Naturalists sali or $team round th~ ~orld; they observe one race or tr-ibe,' then,~aftèr weeks, or perhaps months, they ses anothsr, and from memor~nda. and s~etches, try to discovsr re$em lancss and ta institute comparisons. the zoologist, who i~ ~eqLllred to lnstitute a comparison betwsen tWQ similar animais -- the one from Africa, t~e other from Asia -and ta determine from memory, or ~rom notes and drawi ng$, whetber or not they belong to-"the sams spec l'es, shrugs his' shoulders and says, "Show me the animais . side by side, or at lea5t the skin a~d the skaleton, but do not ask anythinq unreatSorfabl Et. Il Neverthel.!tsSi. thi s demand i s~ frequentl y m.de of the anthropol 09 1!St. Though photography cannat pl ace th. r.ac:.es th.ms~l1 'le side by slda,- it, to a certain extent, supplias ,1 th Llnalterabl~ phy~ical
()
o •
4'"
"..
&,1.>
... --.
~
1.
<
85
/
',1
want of them by the exaetness of its delineations (Vogt 1864:74-75). In~~g
ntati~.
of
skull s;
photagraphy lma~es.
the various methods for the plct6rial represe-
lay
Vogt
went on to argue that
the
v,Ü ua
mainly in the natural quallty of the
N~turaln~ss
was conveyed by a
reptic.ated a single or "fi::ed
pq~nt
perspectlv~l
of view.
resultant
system. which .
so ·that the rays of
light emanating from" an object met "in the eye as lin the of
of-
a cOjàe," as opposed to a system of geometric
sLtmmit
dra""nng,
which
operated in relation to a constantly moving perpendleularly POS1t i oned the
wh i ch served to form ca representatl0n
eye~
parai leI , _ Mori zontal,
Il
by means
of
or vertical' rays emanating r,from i t. "
Moreover, the geometrieal method posed, in his words,
1
1
1
••• very great dH~ieultie$ to any one who i9 a l'C.'IN_,''!4'l~d to ordinary drawing, and that in praetising it e must abandon .11 the rules ~ne has hitherto follow d~ and consent to become a mere ~aehine, whieh does nothing bu~ mark with peneil or pen the point~~~[~h indicates the perpendicular ray (Vogt 1863:76).
\
He of
l
oitY(21imm
then went on ta diseuss the di.ference between the· pe~spective
ons, "f'rOIt\
il
vi
~nd
~wer'
the 5
2c~ifiSi!li~~
of
geometric
representa-
:.~
poi nt of vi ew:
"~
Though geo(ll.J!trical drawing, so long as l t 1'.1 given in naturai size, admits of some measurements being taken as easily as on the abject itself, it cannot be denied that, to common observation, it presents ..... ' apparently incorrect image, .nd that our tommon mode of viewing objects corresponds more ta the perspective than the geometrical.
o
Howevar, ha qualified this statement "in his
86
n~:
sèntence:
. .
,
....
\
.,,
-
':,.
,
,'
speaking, it corresponds to ne~ther, and views alone can render the image of th~ sLl
"
~stereOsCoplC
,
published ~ year later. It covered much th~ sj~e ground as VOOt'b thOUQh ~ts author reached a different set of tonclusionb.
paper,
.-
T
[§~11§ti~
more
•
Wesley argued that the geometric method was ~
In the first place,
means pf pictorial·reproduction:
Dra"",ings upon the .çIe,:.metr ica1 s.ystem, are sim'pl y el E'va.ti,:,ns clr plans nl;:.t takeJ;'!' fr.:,m .;:.ne p,;,int c,f s.ight; \ the 1 i ne of si ght bei ng al ways per pendi cul ar t'he plane of the projection •••• ln these dra"",ings, therefore, there lS no perspective, and no foreshortening, everything Is l''epresented as i t l"eal'ly .is, . and not as it appeal"s to the eye (Wesley 1865/6;189),
.-
t.,
He
went on
.to
argue -
~~at
were
perspective and geometric drawings
1
.
.
both cRpable of generating accurate measurements, capability their
...
thi~;
but I;hat
should nct be considered a vital
use was i;o "supplement the tables of tTleasurements,"
.
wh] dl
-0'
1
had all"eady been made, >ëy'ld ~,*i~'l would ""al ways be y'equil"ed what' ~ , ~ .. . ..... . ' . . , ____evel" methQd of-:"drawing tnay be .,adbp1;ed." In his vj.e""" "F'le drawtnCl\::'
.
were
"requi'red
. ',~' SI
""'"
as substitutes f"r the examinatior.l .:,f the 1
itself,
and
Echoing
Vogt's
not
' • ... '~.IS.
skuJ 1
o
t'J suppl:y the place
of
measurement
tables."
~
criticism of the artificiali~y of the
geometric
system., he c,':mti'lued: Perhaps 'ô m':Jre serio~~ abject-ion against gelJmet,rical draf,t,llngs, i5 tha~ thay aie n.:at-comparable wlth ,{:he objects delineated, and aY~, therefore, unintelligible and confusin9,. This will be evident, if we ccms) deI"
87
.. ,
~.~.
1. -
"
"
,,
,
.
"
•
"
1
that
in geQmetrical representations the abject.is .not d~Awn as it appears to the eye, but as it actually,is_ Thé impression produced upon the eye ,bY-ëm abjec't: is that of a perspective drawing,'and not_of a geomet~ical elevation; since in·observing any abject, thos~ parts nsarer- to the eye appear larger than they are ·in re.al i ty, and those part's further- re(Uoved appear l ess: thUlf,-- we 'ohave foreshortenir'lg, and those effects WhlCh we calI perspective" (Wesley 1865/6:190) •
.
Q
s~ul15,
He went on to discuse the varioui rules fol'" drawing geometric so
as
,
orientation;
the various points of vi'ew to be adopted
to Ç)btai n a compi ete representati on ='
standard
Yiz ••
t:'he quest,i on 'of
di stance between the eye and the obj ect in
order
a
tha.t
--<
a.ccurate cdmparisons coul~ be made between~~ifferent skulls;
.
of~ine as opposed to shaded drawings,
desirability der'ed from ,thé necessity ..r~~Sot.
l
PQ:ll1t"
of view of Yisual clarity;'
when: consi-
and finally, the
of establishing a fiNed scale,
comparative
c:onsidered ~the !;sH!!gl:! 1!:!!:19s'
He
the .
lIindispensab:e"
fol'"
a.ttai ni ng these rasI.11 ts~ "both for the ~gréat saYi,;g of' 1 abour and the accuracy of 'outline obtained by its employment Î;_ 1Wesl~Y\':
·for
4
the
R~garding
.1865/6:193).
.
s~ientific representat~on o~
..
value
objects,
of ~e
•
,pthotcgraphy
for '\
the
c6ncluded:"-
'
It dOÈs not appear to me probable that photography will ever supersede drawing, for scientlfic purposes. For. portraits of .living persans, of course photography' lS' admirably ad?pted~ but for s~:Lllls 1t has 6bjections whic:h are scatcely to be overcome. If the llghtll-lg' of the picture ~e perfect, lt lS stlll a dlsadvantage that the photograph, renders evary minuteudetall wi~h absolutely certaln fidel11:y. St.;uns~aDd linperlectlons' of th~ -.bones,. crael
"
'. '"
.
0·,--
,
. "
Ir
t',
"
"
"
88
r'
'.
- ~ ,,/
.
.. .-'.,...
~,,-._~'" ~ ~~ ~('_.......:..~..~ "'J~t~,t,,~:>,'_~f";';~'L._ .. r
.1/
't
','
,. "
seded
o
.
v
by a mere me~anic~l pro~ess (Wesley le6~/6:193~
194).
,
.
\
' p
Wesley and Vogt agreed that the choice of reproduction
grap~ic
,Alt~o~gh
particular method
~
...
depandant upon the
w~s
~f
desirad.
res~lts
th~ ~ealism of geo~etric drawing did not correspo~i. te
the nat\.\rali~of persp~ctive rendition, "
.
within their raspectlve
' f
operating
contexts each could he considered
,realistic
~Qth
,
and
,
:How~
naturalistic.
did phetography differ from these methods
of
,,.,..
reproduction?
pi~torial
In
•
two
his'discussiOn of iconic representation.
fundamental
quaI i t i
.
-
e~
j,
n the photographi c
In the Tirst pl.ace, he no1;ee:! that phèto.,., a commen perspect1val system with t~e human liye
graphy, shared
,
it& naturallsm).
.-
obs~rver
.
"
.
orpe+ .,1 n rel at ion to each' othe~.
.
In the
of
hand
pho~ography~s
(Vogt!"
man"
~
Welse)l
1864: 74) •
was his
c:apabilitiecs of' reproduc:ing "every
. (Wesley
also
nol:ed
minute
det4\1 1
l wi l ! certain fidelity" 1865/6:193). . ~ , '\ have oc:casio~, ~o return tp these ...qua.lities later in the c:hapter, '. but, for the meme(1t,' l wculd 11 ka te note that the asc:riptlon qf
with
,
absolutely
1
,. fài thfulness'
o "
.
;.
'" r"elati vs.
d1fferent forms of ic:enic 'representation
relativity. was the product of an
That
. '
to
f \
evelving
'
.. ~~';,.l;
)
...
.'/.~~~t~:'-.l'"'!.~~" .... ~
\
.s<_,.
"'e
Il \ .
,_. _\ r "'t_1j,\.,!>~< L~-..~ ~~·v:r.~ ~it--;",.
"
,~
,
was' "sLlbjec:t to l.malterablé phy~ic:al laW9 ••• and .I,ot the
erring
,
an
f
Mords.,
,,t
were
€he .constructions of photog~aphi~ repr~entation '1' medi a,ted - by light. It was therefore a prOC~$S '\ which, ln ,
9-1ace,
'1
\.
in terms of wnich the objects ln its field of view
,geometrî ca1 l y
Î
The unique value of that.ays~em resided-
its ability te reproduce the single solitary vie~point of
in
"
reproduct ion ""O·f
~
obJects and individuals.
isol~ted
Vogt
, ri
!
~
was
and
,
,
"
'pl~ral representational culture, dr awi ngs'
and
mechan i calI y
1. on,
m.diated . processes
.
~
r epr .,duc t
·which consisted of illustrative
both
,
perspective
and
"
pi.:tUYléll
.:)f
• 1 geQIDet r i c,
. \
~......
I
(came~a
'ssociated technologies v
met'~1,jds
var i OUS
"oweve~,
in
Wi thi n· i ts ';:.wn
each of these
\~fined
relati,:on t,:) ':riterla ':of truthfullness,'
J
il')
~
teY'ms ,:)f ac,:ura,:y. One 'can even detect its
cd the!se prc,cèduY'es:
'\
p~cesses C~OUI d
-1)
medHmi':al
•
lucidas and the,
,:tÎ pr,:-du,: i ng \ ge'.Jmet ri,: drawi nçjs) :
• 'yepyssentat lon.al dom.lti n, fun,:tion
cam~y-a
obscuras,
th~i y-
. wi th.
Ijperat~on.in
hand dY'awn
t~e
least
llustr:ation~\ 'ft"om
i
~
\
1
L
,j
1 i fe.
1
,
~
2.2) Repr ••entational Truth and Contextual Relativity in Construction of Cultur'es df Representation. •
o
In
1863 Robert Clarke
PUbllShe~ ~~apey:'
'l?kei>ches of the
Cplony of'SieY'Y'a Leone and its.lnhabitants,'.in t~e
. ib~ G]'!lQ!21Qg!~sl §Q~!.!!:t Qi b!2QQQD ~h i
t~e
I~êD~êSl!QO§
"
21
. drawings
lithlOgrap~~i,: repr",:)'ducti,:)ns of
drawings
were
important
time'
"
the so.: i et y
t
quality.
There
was
':I:)mment
~ t ed
(th~y
and part:>ly be.:ause .;:)f
possibly another motivation" f,:;tr
drawi ngs wh i f_h Was I:.:;tnne.: ted t.;:) 'fal: i al quest i ,:ms. ~
VI'
t h
The
the ..wer e t.le'i
1"1
-
St ctc \-:'i ng
(1971..1376) has advan':ed the idea, that the d~lay in publishing the .." ---- . _" drawi,nos (,::rf almost d yedyl WdS due te A dlsagreement between the ___ .::'"':r _ '"'\"\.~)
~
4
-""'0......
mem-b1tr s' • ;P-.f
() f
"
A committe8
for~ed
uetween . Hunt .,
O·
Hodgin
~l.,d
Henry Chnsty
dncl
te deal : ..... 0
OLldf
(1810-1865'),
wlth l'?)""
abo"~ l
,:c'uld
_
'90 fi
the t
have
•
0
pro]e~t.
l,jl1l
~
pLtblishing r-
l
,these~
Wl
T~l.:'m~
by
..
.1ad published illLlstratlons
for by private sLlbs,:r i pt i c,n) , ,
y-
partlyrbe':ause t t was
j.=!urnal,
.
paid
i 11 us t
pr,:)du,:ed by his wife.
enoLlgh to warrant
-WY'ight in his preface t,;:) the fiY'st
ch wa $
sts. led
T~e
\,
announcement~of
.0
i
(
•
of
l LonêoM
on
Hunt's resigni\tiqn from th, Ethnolog1cal ,.. ( the same evening that the matter of th.
pro5ect ~a$ referr.eô to Wright.
loc:ked1>
6piniqn~
IR Stoc:king's Ql
/
•
the
differenc:e
,"
...
.
the
ri\tner'
-
dr~wi~gs
slaves,
therefore an ares. O·T hl..lmanits.rian interest.,
: '
and
.
S~erra Leone,
romal'U ci !led
Ijthograph~c ~ t
could have focused on from
i\
colony
freed
of
l-F so.
~
~
,"
,
,;1
'tHel" i'.mportanc:!" was J;lot overtl y cast in that '
>
/
....
'.
even 'though
a
f~am~
of
reference
'
Clarke's paper did addre$s ~~e question of
" -. 5 J , (Cl arke .. 186j;1331, 333',348-349,359) 4
'
D~spi
te the
$la~ery
authol'"i ty
thay
acqui,red, from pl..lb'lication in this jOJM:..nal and from Wrigh't's : , i ntr'oductory comments, j:iiobert Cl arkè sti I l ~ 'found i t necesfllary_ ta
......
"
autheriticat~
1
,
... ,.
illust~ations
the
in the body of the
p~par:
Sefore sub~itting,~se lithographs te the pUblic, 1 may be permitted to .tate~that. although Mrs -Clark r5 no ar-tist" nevertheless the oriCJinë.ü drrawing are aCCI.li rate and trLlttiful 1 i ~'enessp-s. ?lnd so rnuch i 55 thisa the case, that the portraits were Immediately r~cognized by tl"lose who Imew'the _diff.erent indi-viduals of the 1"'4~c:-ti!a represented (Clarke 1963:348). ;'.:--:. o'
•
Not
- /6 " , but
on 1 y' werefl the drawi ngs accurate and" tru·thful,"-
tholle ~
0
the distance between an original and i ta 'reproduc7 11 , tian, 5uc:h. that the, two becam~, tr~y iCOrlieally contiguou!iI': te
~ollapie
;'
,
.
1
The sl.lbj eet of thi s drawi ng WaS ~é:ountry doctor. He was with difflculty persuad~d to.allow the drawing ta be made, but became!greatly alarmGd lest sorne evil should befal (SlC.] hlm for havlng consented,to sit ~or hl s I l veness, and ln the greatest agI tat i on he rose up and left abruptly, the mass of grls-grl~ encircllng his head, necv., and arms being of no avail;in, supporting hlS courage agalnst fears of the "evil sye" (Clarke 1863.352). "
o
Notwithktanding
the powers which gr.aphi~ methods pf reprodu~tion 91
!
.
'
'..~~ '. ~.. ~_. _.~_~.~:~.. :Ù~.:., ~,
.-
•
~v
J~\
-
;',", l'. ,!"J'''-,
,N ':
,,~,'t,.' ~~
,,'''-
- ,
,"
.
;
,
,
\-1 f
('
_,.
1
such as drawings,
~ultural •
Ph,jt~gr:aPhs migh~ha~~ in ,:r':;tss-
the ascriptic,n ]' f ad:uya,:y."d truthfulness \ '
situatio'ns,
1s a relative,
J'
paintings, or
,:ôntextual, ,aQd cultu 'a}lY defined matter.
.:ase of th,lise drawi ngs"
In ttle
'",
\ authent i fi',: at i ,::.n had ~ .
fol" e'.
been
,
,~
~rovided
even'thou~h
by Clarke and Wright,
dra~ings
the
obviously
Cl
suffered
trom
deterioY'~tion
graphie
in the proce.s
graphie transfer C.WY'ight 1863:v-~i.) and an unsy,t,.ematic
.
-
1 • ....
'
'
and detai l '(Cl al" ke 1863: 363) •
j
litho-
of
approadl
..
The authority tbat
was
>
ascribed
they
w1th Hunt, or the tact
~~'in• the journal, 1 . _ it
o~
to them might have baen the result
the
controversy
,
war,e.the first illustrations publ1sh-
or a cambination of,both. But in either case,
must n'b.t. be forg,jtten that théy were pr,jdueed dLlring a perl,::d"
\ whi~h
.was witnessing the
.
1'lB'nat:ralist:c medfumo, \
found
~ecessary
to
-~
asce~dency
Wha~ i~
of
photogra~hy
g~iml
as the
elear; however, i5 that it was
authenticate them,
and that ,was
done
by
ascY'ibing qualitiês t'jf a':cuY"'a.:y and truth t.o a, process ,::.f pictor~
J
~;
,
1
-ia1
reproduction'which differed from the relative naturalism 1
1
per5pe.:tival geometric
drawing,
drawing,
the
.::.f
Jrealism'
yet the térm5 that were applied in aIl these
cases
were the same -- unless r
media
were\ compared
in a given
relation to a given object
as with Vogt and context
(s~ulls)o
WesLey,
(craniology)
the5e and
This i5 an importart
in
p~lnt,
\
as
it
further
illustr~tes
the point l made
ln
1
t
·ecti,~n. cl:;tn~ernlng ~he relatlv1ty and
,
,~,
~L\e)
o /'"/"
Qut, ctiQn
CI
f ~rlns sud,
,
/'
tJ/::, .:.
'V"
pteceding
i
dependen,:y
as 'truth' and 'dccuracy.· As l have
i t" relatès, tc. th!::'
1 d~a.
t ha 1; "p r
CoC es~e'S
(t~le
p01nt~d
'':', f P 1'_ 1; or- l al rel-! r' '•• Gu -
cao be clefinad in 'terms of .:t.lltures -- cultures ,:,f répres-
...
1
coJnte."tLl~1
the
• __ , _.. i~i'."'--
.
92
'
'
,
_
r"
.
'\
1
_r-~
•
•
hie·ral""C:~icall y !5t~u~t_U,+d in,
·sentation " -- which are
~O
rel ~ 1
for e~ample,
°pàradigmatic: . objectives,
\
,
•
natl.lr- li5m
cul t,ures' i nvol ve i nte Syst~mi c: rel ati o'n
," These
\,estaoli shed
'pet"een
graphiç- - 5ysfemof
objects or used in the same
the
ln
nthr~pometr"ic
o~
closin~ d ..cades-~ot
...
imil~r
c:a~
'c:ontext •
1
',
:e~nturJ.1 ,~~~n 091C,"~,
th ..
a",d
,
met ods 1
~: /
the
1
/
1
'
1
C:ëiln,
1 f
i
de~line
referenc:es te the
. and.
as
mean$
disciplinary .-:
0
stud
~
l
strategy
~'·of
, _...~
1
.w"i'
fn
1...,1
1
ri,
l
J'
~
,', ' j , 1
fac s
,1.
•
'
s/M'ft "clured
/'
li"
-\
i,':'·-· ~
j
~
,(; .;..'
i li'"~·ri,:
. ~';. ~es
1
~
.J-.
.
, . 1i Î ser:ti~h
pub~ish d a ~~Q~~L'Qi §~L€nt~i~~ • 1 :
F'ric:hêtrd
first edition of
sPDe~ifiC: reasons for e){amin ,
. ,
'
l'
,"\4
'
!
il: '1 n~ir~{ -'n
1
:
in'
'l" '~_r1""
1 1
~~iC:h ,J'
1
Jl.)\.sc:tin g s
the head
.
~
o
,;ir-
T~1à-
Ut ton". ,::
2.'3) Skulls, Drawings, ~ ~nd h~ ogra, h ~ Friom ~ cjntia ,Cg 1, ~atur al1 sU c Dep 1 ct 1 ons 0 ~htf H ,fllan Sod . ' . i !h!'l graphie and Other Obser atitnjal Ma~Uil,~S! 1 ~~-1100. '
l,
1
1
st:u '~6Ili ,1:/r "~~ 0/ ;1;..,..iC:, ~"
pr0f:ess of 'producti,ng ethnjglra Ihi
1
t;
1 incr"ease' ,in
~~;, , o~} ~s r rli
to the val a
1
-\.oj
,
referené:es
,
i n/f~e~l.\
_ c:learly traced in
in
1
r1p"~',1 ~"to/~ rl:~1.
_',
d.isciplinary
interest
.\
•
be'
'~i ri 1 ar
0
und!
\"
9a.lism.
'
\,
\
te)
ion'
\ \
Parti cl.ll car _ at tent ion shqul d ,!:;le Pdi d ta t,he ,_
~
1
"
,
"
93
,
"
,
.
.
V l'
l'
'1 o
/1
l
ade/'ti
i
o:f
-/,ri,
1
l '
1
1
..~~ . s i : be
1i
l '
~ 1 eçt-i ,on ,~f; e'G,~nbl'ç ~i ç: ~~~;: i/~ e t~ pur~h~se~1 an~i
1 cu
".
n~ 1Il}u t~at ~ of ~ ~"~ ~ r sISe Si, 1 musi 'al' . st) (FIe~,r: ' 1
1
s, i ols,IF'&c, uc~ eyf.i le he pe p~e)b~for E ~péa y v.\allia le. :Û1, ! a 0 the../Afa matijn . isee anl ou~ 9[;" l'ogieali~~e pted down çHi t i 9 s, fI'" m poersonl'l ng. the V~d nc:é i,n el' i~f;ln reside ,t • f -"'/ • US fi 1~' d, tho\.~ mo e rfle s of th c: &lalread ,fa )ll,ia 't;6 thno 0 . sts, ar ,/ 's'Ilr/ # ' / ome ~ew nd alll.1 1 e at~. ri ~ -t:or the,~sr:î If ~(TYIOr l 71:2 7)1" ~ r
.j,
, • 1
1
•
~
1
i
'.1 he
C~
,9
1
i
VI
J
Civi 1%la
/
J~
'~'
,! 1
i
unde~
thJ
In
s
(H,,3IFl6)., /.
!
1
oUec:tl,ng
~o
f
l !.OQg!gQ!.!;sl,
f
",rI,"
l
i lal' " -
went ~n
" " 'yI
l':~
ir
f
"
,l,
oti'
I! :'r7 '
dt
on~
*nét
-ttl,-'f
,fer
'~j
ided
thre~
1
i'
and
social
.
ff
1
.
~/
1
f ;1 l /
'f
1
~
94 ,
'/ ~
·â.rt
c: ndi ,ions of a 'p ople" (Tylor'
{""
t
He
e~~mined
,ew·, , arti'C:le" 1{
~
4. ,
;
title 'Anthr POIOQY'!in
briefly, mention.ed, kl.llls:
,/
} c:at ;
fa t'-;la l~evidenc:e on~ 'materiaf
,i
l '
,(
nguage. ,'{
1J I . / . ,
r~d
1
Itst
CI
..
ë
.
!' f
sr
ra
~
of
/
/
o /., i
,1 ~J
\
!
(
,
/
\
1 1
\
/
\
1 / 1
\
1 .
1
'/,
by.a c:o~mitteè appolnted by 'the British !Assoc:~. and cont~ining\direc:t:.ion$ for/ <Jnthr:opolo! gio,fal meaSl..tr.~ment of statt..tr"'e, proporti
'
\
1
Tyldr's
1
-
reas
Llp
~
("
"
q)ri~ewt:,,,-l?f.~h~~hanc:lb>ooks
1 ,
~
shifting a.nthrofJomet.r---ic:\ql.\estion~ out o·f
fo
,
had te do
the
\1
wj,,~h 'a/~V'i.Si'on··'(,J/
·,]r.i\br.JL.u'·
"
"ecessi ta ted 'b Y t~~ emer,g ~"g dl SC i pli "ary c: onoe ~lJsn es s •
..
.. pometric:
questions
anatomi c:al ,
1
l'
,
profeSSlonal
.
c:ould
trai ni ng
not
m~st
al
ta~:en."
conf i ned
~\
natl..u"'al i st s ....
Llp
te
cl ~~_i f i.ed
~i 5
~\hout_
s.pec:i.al
tnedlcill1\' \ men
u
jand
posi ti on
1
li'atter:
~,\._,
,1 (
11:
"be
Ant hro'-
:~
- -
, 1
1
1
, 1
1
1
!
\
\
,
~'
The remark made ès "to the neceDsity of anatomical training fbr valid-observatiQn of rac:e-types must by no means be taken as di sJ:tJuragl ng te non-~di c:al ébservers in other departmen~ i f anthropol ogy. Ir,dellfd_ naval officers~ from their ~~ofessienal acquainte~ce with the. arts of nàvigation al')d\war, dS well as with\ the m~J~1,1 farieus c:rafts and pro~~sses practised on ,bdard s~îp, ~ are among the best judges pcs~ble of. the ~6iyiliz~tion of a foreign tribe, as shawn in the!r arts'of: construction, subsist~nc:e, ,-'and'\wal'-lfilr-s;-'Also in ,éQll~ct'lnÇT. the spec:im~ns and\lnodeHs whl,!=h illusta,te C:iVilizat'~on~. the, sailor's tec:t)nica'l k.ncwl-~dge .r=nablés 'him be ter than t~e ordinary trav,ller, tQ di(tingulsh rœ~ ly genuine .and instruc:tive ~bJect~ fr~ ~he c:rook ~ 'spears, trE! soft wood cIJ-lbs, and th~ ~st of tl1e worth..-,, • less trade c:urlOS wMic:h even savage~ !"l'ave now laarn.t' te "" pass off on the white man. What -anthropo1.ogists at. home ',Ji" want is nelther rubbish nor unl?rac:tic:~~ rarit~es, ,but '- /". rather weapons, implements, &c.' of gQOd quality, suc:h. ô.'; ~'i'-), as are or were ln aFtual use ,in natlvli li-fe (rylor: .' -" ",
1
1
'. '.
t
95
"
.,.....~..... -,.,-~ :;:.à.~~t.~.~~~:.i. l_i~~';:~_.j~V':A.,r:;:\~ _.,,:~.,,,,Â;}W
;~ . • ~ e 't,~J_~~r~ {' _."_~' ~~,r' r ~
...
1:
:/
,, "
,
fo'l~~i ~~ '-5.{~·l."H ~ ~ <~. -_. .''t_ ~ ," ~f.~ __: _~. !
\
.,\
t'
" ,
f
\1
1Bab: 226-227) •
o
Tylor's
clearly indicates l:~e"-'
passage
.
o-r 1 abour.
division
<J$ai.1 ors,
newly, institutionalized
Pàrt i ~l ar k i nds 'of WO~ I-;ers
-- .travellers, .
1..
naval l $urgf2ons, mi ssi onar i es and colonia1: admini Sjl:.rators_'_
1
o
~r~
'--
advantageously placed and
...
posse~sed
particular kinds
of
expe~ti~e, which wŒuld be bro~ght together'in the 5y~ihetic w~ole ,
of anthropolog'l. -- . . His recason for focl.Isi Mg on mat~r'i a l,cul ture was (-
.
tnteresting.
The' problems
t~e ~'hortn-ess-o(a
,proportion to easier ,
(
complex not
.
interprètatlon visita
It would,
~
therefore, be
'collect material objects than hav.e to deal ~lth the , ' , It was, however, issues of ~n~erpr~tative·obs,rvation.
to
enough to bring home
and.he.concl~ded
uni~entified
or misidentified
objects,
his article with the following warning:
On) the whole, . the 'most useful counsel whic:h can be given te' navig~te~s coming into contact :with races whose n~tive tultl.lre is 'changing or perl~hing Is to combine the. collection o-r illustrative specimens with: therow;1h detai! ed ex'ami nati on of thei 1'" purÇ)ose and msaning. Neither cbllections'of unexpl~ined cur1o~i~ies. nor note-book desc~iptions withdUt specim,ns or sket-, ches ' have hal f thei r proper val ue~ but he who bri n'g5 :home objEPCts of indus~ry or war, social custom.· or religion, 'Jith thorough knowledge of 'what théy,are, nas it in his power to m~ke. important contributi"ons to the $cie~e of man (Tylor 1886:238).
.'
(
o;f
\sp~.ci aIl y
1
lit
In this process by whi~h anthro~olog~ ~as t
r.and~ ,
.
...
-a division of observational labour instituted,
•,5kI..\111$ was
r~duced
f or ex amp 1 e,
~
s\.\~ct i
on
(6)
the l:.opi c: of
"
-
~
to ca minor subsec:tièn. In a tI.5!o.Ysl Qi s:tJ:l!JQ19=
( 1854),
.
compart~~ntali:ed
• ....
in. the sec:ti on on
.
tontained in total 16 subsec:tions.
i t
, w-:as
Physi cal
ac:c:orded
its
Characters.
In the-1irst edition of
own whic:h ~Qt~§
96 ' "
(
\
h" 5 0 "
~!~_....:.._.!t>:...-
____________•
1
o
relation ~
to
a
series -of
in numbers 48-67.
to.
!b~
§!.;-,€ of Par-t 1. the
mention of
.
~b~CA~!;,~~§,
the ,centLlry,
.,
tn Section
be
1
l
'
!,,~d' ~\acome
the study of Sh.llis
l
t hm ~
a
SP~.~ië\ll=er.l
~nd
of
<:Il.\bcsec-
nC:l~ea:ù ng 1 y l detai l sd .phySl cal • an'thrO~'O.l qC))< drawing .vs.
0*
the relative merit
phot.ograp);y was\, .. stud'e~,
__e~tablishing~'
.
and~
body
t-- __ :
of
During this period
•
naturalistic:
however.
of these media formed part of
'l
-
.,;econd ed i
~ng
~I:.~( ~t.lb_-%e'çt-lon'·~. Q~!;'!!Qlgg!.G~l
,II
discus-sion of observatior:lal "ffiethod ..
human
~he
l ri
t:Qt:!.D
A of Part I. A1throp6graphv. By the
~on'lned solely to cranioloqical que~tion
Qf .~~6.
{;QQ§!;*"!;,Y':!;lQQ
.(
-
cOLlld
Ltr'l11'" the sLlbsec:t ion
sl-:ulls was li!111ted
. Th;' qLlestioQ_ ,of
-
the'y'
"
t_~ on of .;:I.n
-
wn~ich
,
subJ ected
".
.
measL\ren:tent~
,
thœ
,
1
t~e
-1
a disc:ussiQn oriented towcaY"ds
and descriptive depictton
the ph~sical
not
and
of
elèm~nts
behavioral
the of
~
_
tiia~erî'al cl..ll'turr. l'The manual s were the pri nci pal i n.,;ty"uments for o
-
_,'"1:l1e disseminatlon -of these new observational practices. ~rtic:le
prichard' s
on ethnelogy
.-
, •
-c:on~rned
the
1
foll ow~ 1"19
..
referencj to drawing:
-
~
shape of the fea.tl.lres and the for.-m and. expre$si~ 9f2~he c:euntenjnc:e should be desc:ribed. For t~i$ purpose - --words afTord b'tlt very i mperfect mean\3 of commLtnic:atlng c:orr\ect- idea.s. It will be advisable in all instances te' obt.ain, i f 'possible, "c'orrect portraitq ,of persorts of both. s"exes,' . and these "sheul d be col Cluf'ed 'i0 as te represent the cgmplexion a~ weIl as the form of the c:ountenanc:e.\-. I f no artics't should be pr"f~sent who is càpab~e of taking a li~~ne~s, the form of the features may at 1 e.st bl!! de15cri bed by -ca prof'i 1 e or shaded outline CPfichard 1849:425). The-
ri
.lt
Sy the fourth edition of the.Admiral.ty'Manual,
0
sment !"L -
Pric:hard'g à515115-
H.
.
q~ •• tion4ld.fJ
of ·the 4ccuracy of artist"s dr'awings had'blt.n
..,'
... Î""
4IlI
&:17 ~
-'If, -
"
• -Q
.
~~~::-"~~ _~~,~-J~~~~.~...:à~~~:~. . ~~~~.~~-
,
f
::s "{:a ~,~\&~.~,~.~ ~ i
":'
,\
.TYlor
appended the following note to Prichard 7 s comments in
(
th~article:
ravisions to
his
The use of photograph~,~ however, now affords a great ~ facility for effecting t~is object. Fbr 'ethnological purposes it is deslrable that the body shouid be as . littlè conceàl~d by ~lothing, and toree portraits (no~ too small) should ~~~taken of each .. ~dividual, front, side and bac\-' (Tylor: 1871:235). 'h'''' Tylor's 9Plnibn of photography was cast in terms of its
facility
,
~
ln
anthropometric studles.
By the fifth edition of the
manuàl,
ç
however.
he was quite clear as to
the'rel~tive
value of drawings ~
1
an~*""he was able to cl assi fy the type of photog-
and photography, raphs which
desirable:
w~re
•
~
"
For representing the features and expresslons of tribes, their attitudes and costume, the general appear~nce of their'occupations and homes. nothing gives sa lively an impression as good sketê:he_'5~' especially in col Ours. Thi 5 i s well, knowH to' the pLtbl i sh~"'s of books of travel, who will insert illustratians even of poor quality rather than none. P!,otography, -hawever" is now generally available, and of course gives b~tter detail, especially in race-portraIts; but the ord~nary carte de visite s1:e i5 too small to show featurês, thè full cabinet size being desirable. In photograpQs taken.for physiëal c:haraèters it is des1rable that the body should b~ as littl~ as possible ccncealed ~y clothing. and t~ree port~aits should be taken of- each indlvid~al;' 'front, ~profi I.e, and back. On the other hand, when the abject is to displ~y life'and habit, groups of natiyes in war-array or dancing or ceremonial costume may be t~ken in the appropriate and spirited attitudes WhlCh the sOl\vage knows as: ~el1 as the éi vi 11 zed, man how to assltme.• when he shows how a ma~v'or",sIÙn-C:loak is tliJ be ot/ draped or a spear brandl shed (Tylor 1881: 226). ,,
""". 'Oetailed
1
reference
representations
6
i mportance
a
in
~
,
~
....
onl y
was
photography and the able
to prcJC1Uce
representationa~
~ype
testify
culture which
observation by
th~
te
wa~
\ts to
closing decades of the
could photography be used for
.
anthropometr~c:
new
define
.
century • studies' ...
.' '---.:.
",
\
of' plctorlal
'
~,~~hnographic
~.Not
it
to
.-
,
"
TO . . .
~
it was
187~/76),
(Tylor
~l.o
~
. ...
rac~-portraits
'1869) and
(Lamprey ~tJ
Llseful in ,the pic:torial representation of the "life and habita" :J>. "';"\.T' (. ~~ <J ...~ ~ J.!. . . ~~ "'," , of il"ldigenou~ peoples. Al subseC::tid~·(XCIX.,:"had b~en ~;::d~.for t:..
photography ~Q:t§â
...
in Part
r
) •
In
(MisceI1aneol.ls> o·f the .ftrst 'edi:tion , ~
1
èlnd Q!::!~!:.i§â go. aD.ib.C.gQ.g!.Q9.~.
sec'ond
<..
~ad-been ·~dved
hal f
~di tlon
By__ ,the second
-.--
subsection
-
into the main body of the text.
of the manL,al devoted to EthnographY.
1t
in the al SC)
WeilS
accorded its own section in the varioLls post-1865 editlons cf Geographi c: Soci et y' s !:jiO:tâ 12
. F!ayc'Ü
of
.tg
I!:.ê~~ll'§I:j!':'
§sJ..!:m.tlL1~
th~
m09
~
2.4) \
Fix~ng
Façts: Observation.
On a Photographie Paradigm for
Ethnographie
\
The c:l:,slng decades of the centur_y!\
therefore,
were
mar~(lid
~,
a ca11 fo~ an increase in the use of photGgraphy as Mn obser-
by
I~
vatlonal devlce in ethnographie fleldwork.
howevar, ..
vaILle,
was 'still established in relatlon to drawing. It was described as exhibiting qualities of accuracy,
datail, duthentlclty, .nd most
a\'ld rel ati ve sa.se of' use, aa r:ompared ,,, wi th the artisanal sldll and" talents involved ln drawing. TOis 15 important of all,
speed,
.
.
nct
to
say
that
one
dld not have te
Iearn
how
to
produce
1
ph.otographs,
especially
during
anthropology,
however, was
increasl~gly
prod~c:tl~r# o~
Q~tsi!.~9. i~~i§.
'-
..
,..
1'" ~,..tI.
1
this
Hence,.
Ite
period.
U4!e
mech~nical
llnked to the
the type of 8stural
\I~
()
..
tal~nt
~
" and apprenticeship .needed te attain 'a proficiemcy in.drawing qot
consi8ered necessary for the productton of
F.
Everard
im
Thurn
( 1852-1C?32)
photographe.
had a.rgued in.
thœ
casa
was· As of
,-
,
0
in
-F,
.~
99 ~
~
.
-
" ...,
~
.
"~_-chr,,~!t-, __ .• T,~ __ '_~ ~.Li~~"\hd.••L . l.:;'. .:.-.. "".~.:lJ..~_, .;'",1., \~....:-. ~.~i~ .!_,J:.. .'~~\'~.JL,~..'5;.(': .-h...~-:~-.~ .. :;.. ~h:;'''':''-.~.", -...~ ....:.,....J~-;l~ !!~""::.~ ~;:..,.~. t~~_';.~,c2.~'c:..."~~:........_....:.._:.............._ _...._ _5
,
(
Catll.n~s
"beautiTul
series"
of
drawing
of
Amerlcan
Nor,tln
13
Indians: '.
o
But Catlin enjoyed the unusual advantage no~ ônly of considerable techn}cal skill a~ an artist, but of living among t~e f;lk whom he drew and about ,whom he wrote. But ev en his drawings, val~ible~as they are, and artistitally Isuperiar as they are, are far from having the value 'of the accuracy of photog~aphs (im Thurn 1893: 195). JF
, This
line of thought was not limited to descriptlve
photogcaphs~
-.1 Francis
Galt6Jn- had--also noted the
pho~ography,
artistic
"mechanical
_and the lack of precision and blases
renditions,
-
in
relation
to
precision"
of
associat~d
with
ef
his
the ,production
,
"generalized" compOSIte pértraits (Galton 1879:1:::'~-133.134.1:::6). could pho~ograph
A photographer •
periode; f
C
of time,
Photography
was,
mec:han i cal,
and
.
the product was increased
as opposed to its " a rtistic"
inTact,
percei ved
as
the
'quintessent.i al
..
Jt could be percèived ln this •
as
the human eye, but it aIse
preduced
exhibited an intifuate contiguous link, re-ferents.
o "
that
'1
w~y because it eperated wi€h the same ty;e pT pe~spective
,
by
merIts.
henc"e objecti ve mode o'f creati ng natura.i.
perspectivally defined data.
i s,
~hort
reiative1y
•
~~lY~'of
and the
desc~iptiye ~~GYrA;~,
its
within
system ,
repre~entations
WhlCh c
or 'likeness," with thelr
'In V9gt·s words, oit \Nas "the,ra'Y"t!oof light" whic:h
"the
pi.cture." John.ton •
~iot§
tg
fqr eHa_mple,
.
o
argued in his section èf
I~â~!il~c§: , '
-r'
AlwaY$ photog~aph, if you can, in p~eTerence to dra-· wing. A really~careful drawing is of course as good as a 'pnotograph, but it will not be recei,ved' by sc:ientiTic men witn' the same~mcunt cf trust in its authenticity as a photograph; moreover, te make a study of a man's face o~ body that shal1 be as correct as a phot09.rap~,
-
.
100
~
~..
;~.'.
'... ,~ ... '
'
tOO~1
.'
o
.. '1
•
f
you ml,.lst have 1a: ; -a preÙminary education in dr.awinc;, which few éxpl rers hava .ever had the l.isur. te undergo. Still wh-ere it is impÇJSsibla to use photography or accurate,anthropometriè i'1l11;-r.';l.ments, rough sketches or measuremehts are not to be dasptsed. They will, at any r~te, serve to give sorne idea of the race you have encountered. You will probably' find that savage races have tDe very strengest objection to be 'measured, 4nd in such cases i t i 5 bette" to _i\bandon the -.:_ldea, al tC?gether Lint il you have l''''99i ded, long a-mongllt ~~m. T~e samé remark applies to bath painting and ph6togr4phy. A~l th~se praetices must be ~radually int~oduced to the native mind~ and nct sprung upon ~t wlth ala~mlng abruptne~s. If posslble~ your photographs of -grou~ 'nti indlviduals should be ta~en instanta.neously; with out deliberate posing, which will never r'epresent your subj ects i rrtttei r naturai aspec~ You should watch- your opportunity with some one of the man y handY- little pocket-camera~C~~c.J now in vog\.\e, and ~hotograph the natives in th~r most char~cteristie att. itudes~ ar:d, engaged in thelr customary occl.lpationm. As fn lite~ary descrlp€ions, ~o in arti~tic representation, always .avoid g~Q~Cill~êtiQQ as much as possible, and make careful minute $tudies of Individuals rather than of g~oups a~;-;;;emblages of people [my emphaslsJ (Johnston 1889:399).
1 .
c;
He went so far as to \..Ise
~i.!!!::!si_ C~QX:''iâ~Q~â\llQQ j;\S
the paradigm of
-
14
..
authentl Cl ty:
Endeavour to .get into conversation with the native. as • ~'muc:h as possible,. either directly, or through hnt,arpraters. En'courage them toj tal k on any-IJuaJ set that int.rests them,' and write down phonetieal1y "word. and phra?es that fall from thelr mou~hs. S.vagas often sPflak with mu en more c1earness', slowness, and dist.ln..... ct~ess than we do, -and vou ~ill find it not very di~fi~ult, when you are used to phonetic writing, te port whole conversations pretty muc~ as thèy ~re tered • . When you translat,~ these afterwards, with the 1~ of your interpreter,-~'ny ~urious facts and eNpre~ sions and ideas-wirl be'brought to light whieh you robably would not have elieited by di~eet questioning. At thè same tlmé, qus?tion the· natives when th.y are in a communicatIve mood. Enquire into aIl the datai19 of their lives. Take care .•. not to repsl them by any expression of your ow~ oplnion of certain facts they may reveàl, and Vou will colleet a . serie. of moat valuàbl~ memoranda on 'the condition of tha~UDCivi11%ed mind. Endeavour to màke your notes 11k. your pictur •• and photographs. Wri té down thfngs of i nterest .1 ~gl.l
o )
0,
101 ' ... ,
"
.
, ,
\
amit::.
can
,.1
tu§!!! 21:'. a~g tU§!!!!, and do not trust m·::.re ithan y.:;:.·o help\ to the'~eceptive glos5 of memory (Johnston
1899: 399-400~ '. \
Johnston's
cc,mmen~s testify to the paradigmatil:
auth'~rity
photography
seems to'have attained ~y the closl~g decad~ of
r.:entury.
pas~'age a1so i mplies that tf,is author i ty was based
The
naturalistic
.
paradigm.
il'
In contrast to'the shifting generalitfes ..
>
( •
...
the
<
which pl.agued discussic/ns of geometric representati,,::rn, Johnston's advit.:ë
i5 ~straight
.
f'::orward endl::orse~ent ,';)f a
'naturalisti.:
,
and
descriptiv. modal of~ethnographic-p~actice th~t relfed on descri15 ptLve detail rather than abstract generalizatlon. In his description of field-werk practice, Johnston seems 'pte have a1mosb , concel ved the observer as a type ,:;:.f p~,otljchemical. sur f~:e, passi-
• inscribing
ve1y-
the condition of the
.
'-
mind," or theï.,.. with
the~g~neral
r'.athar than groups ••• " ~
trend towa.,..ds increa5ing detail
.jY'
o
.
now
.
~1i~
become
all,:.w~d
phot.:ography tlJ
attaln • of
observa~
(a functiQn of framing and camera diyectio:.n)
naturalism i t implied
qu.seio~
i ndi vi"-dual s
.
about
never
this
tended to repr'odu':e the 'on the spot! QQ~~r.:ts::
p~sence,
which ther-e can be no question," -\. .fashion the paradigmatic authority of photograp. The
f
t.he sense '':If i ts
I t was also quality • "facts
0
~n
"
- The photograph' 5 di rectness,
ll!081 Q!2i.o1 !:!!
In
'
par i cid, he al so caU ed for "careful minute studies
ticn.l
~2Qt.
"molSt characteristic attitudes" QO tOi \
keaplng
, ~ncivilized
(
"memo~anda'9n
trust
which
photographs \
1.02
appeared
quantity, whb:h
the
helped
189~:87).
POSl-
\
'"
------'' l' I' ' !,'' ",.
,\'r",m,.,~,,~'.'"'ë ...'i."~,,:"",l"';,,!'r.,)'Çi"r_"1':',"T,v\::'='-"":"'"-....,...,...;"':.,-,-".".;r"..,.,.,--:;-----:-",..,....""T'"';----;r--:;~_r_-~';-:~~-~---~-~~---~-~~~; 1
"
, "
"i n the' sense'- that '-
o
fbr'
t part. on. did not question their
'" r
,
cultural autnority. In other wbrds, photography
t
-
}
lmp?rtd~t
an
the
pnotographic
th~
whi ch camera.
fJrawi
Tnis
:,.g
preclpitated
traveller~s
shift in authority from the
- havi n~-been-there,
~lBg
eya~
th.
ta
served ta authenti cate,.
shift
waa,
sanctioned
\.. .~
'the
by
,{
,,'
,r
conti gLIOUS presence of phot'ogr:aphi c r"eprodwcti on, r~l
authority
not
the
resided ln the fact .that the camerA was thera
travell er ~ s "erri ng hand.
repla~ed
and i ta cul tLl-
t!"
I!f
~
subtl e way
thE!
..
camf:ilr.lI
,
th~ traveller,
.and thr- :phoêograph stood' in
for
t.he
th~t
thœ
in
the
conte:<'t:l.lal lion the spot" pre~en~ of a traveller's eye. 'The
cumulative result of these
authority of -an case of
subJectivity,
indivi~l.Ial
lt
1
skill as an artis
\
the
to a mechanical process,
~1It
the
travellor,
1;.0
---;thn~graPhY~
movement the
~
nica! ana-chemical procsss. 1
tJpâralleled
(C.iltlin'\B
was replaced by the collective,
Il),
shift in authority, implitit i han~
authenticated,
~
authorityof an optjcal.
a
factorm was
by natural and/or apprenticed skill, \ ....
drawing,~
,lItechnical
~everal
i'
transfe~
was
from
~away
of authenticity from
significa,nt. the,
Thi'3
It
subjectivity of
coll scti, e \ sub) ecti vi ty
an
closely of
the
opti c,al
and the associated disciplinary point of view, as r
.
,,
have,discussed in Chaptar 1. The jrefatCr"Y Note td the sectlon on 1
Eth9ogr~phy ,
1
ls wO,rth quoting in full
~ery
have
in
ln this connectlon as, it provides
,i~
,nteres;lng example of mind.
I::JQ.t~!i
':
__
I2Q1Qg~
a
1of
in the second
iype of
i~ alsa
Furthermore.
opt~eal
dlSCUssss
œthnoQraphy the
"'
1
~mportant
relatlonshlps between'field wor~ methods, observatlonal practicà,
•
1
o
and tthe' role
of
photograpny~'in the context
103 ,
v
~-,
.,
ï
of
Sn! .tim!
iD
1
j
"
~~ 1
,
.,
It ie an obvious fact that to obtain even superficial answers to the queries which form the body of this work t-Notes and Queri es on AnthropologyJ wotl'ld necessi tate a long-continued residence among a n-atlv,e race, and that evan with the most frlendly relations It would be a difficult matter te obtaln accurate ;nformatlon upon certain 'matters, such, for instance. as the 51gnifi~anc; af quasl-rellglous cere'manies. of totemlc si ne, past history 01\-,\ the race. and sLlch l:d e. Sorne ln lcations as ta the most profItable Ilnes of Inqulry - to be pur.ued during a short stay amOng a savage people would seero. therefore, te be a necessary preface ta a work of this character. lt l~~ be~ê~êC~ ~~ Qe ~~~Q§ êQ ~~â~ illÈbbêC te ~QiQt Qut LQ ~Q~t g~C~ç~lQn~ Qeâ~(~ÈtieQ~ Q§Q ~~ ŒÈg~ ~~tQ tb@ ~§2~ cê5~lt§ q~c~ng § 11mitgg §tÈ~ (my emphaSl sJ • E,very studenb o.,f anthropology wOLIId wish a different l1ne to be pUFS5ued. aCCGrding ta the dIrectIon of hlS own studles·,Ibê Q§5! Q1ÈQ §~~m~ tg Q§ te gg~Qt~ §§ œ~sb t~ill§ s§ gQ~§~Ql§ ~Q tb§ ~bg1QgcgQn~f ~gm§Cg QC ~Q IDgrio9 sgc§i~1-QcÈ~~Q9§~ fQC Q~ to§§§ ill§gO§ tbg tcsygllêC 1§ Q§êlio9 ~~!b fÈft§ gbgyt ~b~~b ~bgrg ~Ën Q§ 09 g~g§t~QO~ .' 909 ~b§ CêkQCg
.
-
"
1
\
tOYâ gg!s~O§g m~~ gg §1~S~gÈ1@9 Q~ §~Q§gg~~O!-10g~~r§r§ gO tOê §~mê'§HQt~ ~b~lg ~b§ t!ill~9 gO§~§[§ Qi Q§tl~§§.tQ gy~§tign§ Q[QQgYOQ§Q tncQ~gn tbg m§g~Wffi Qf § o~tlY§ 1nt!cQcgtgC ~sn Q~t cgc@l~ Qg cgligQ YQQO~ sOg s[§ ffi9Cg ;~et ,tg QrQ~~g ~gQf~2~gO ~bsQ tg Qg Qi. g§Q§f~t tg S9mQgCê!iYê §otor.gQQlQg~ [my emphasls]. It lS almost impossIble to make a savage ln the lower stages of 1:1..11 ture llnder stand 'db~ the qLlest l ons are as~ ed, ,~nd from the Ilmlted range of hIE vacabulary or Ideas It IS often nearly as dlfflcult to put the question befare him in such a way that he can comprehend It. The res4tt often lS that fr'om tlmidlty. or the desu-e to' please. or from wearlness of the qLlestionlng, he WIll glve an answer that he thinks ~'nll satlsfy th~ Inqulrer. If time serves~ these dlfflculties can ea~lly be,overcome by 'friendly J ntercourse, and d careful chec~'ing of' answers thrQ~gh different Ihdivlduals. The lnformation obt ai ned wll1 probab 1 y be more accuratc?' 1 f the e~: amlndticn t~les place on the spot ta WhlCh the ~uestlons relatE!~ and the practlce of mallng ~.etches of obsolete abJects or customs.- fClr correction ,by the .natlves~ , ~s aIse LIsefuJThey ",all alse be found ta anSVJ~I" more freely when the Interragator places hlmself on the same< 1 S'vel as themsel ves. 1. e.. 1 f they SI t upon the ground h~ should do the same. ' The relatlve importance 0+ partlcular lnqulries is greatly affected Q'y the ~ocalitles ln WhlCh they are made. and âQffig knowledge of the problems of ethnology should be possessed by the traveller, if ,he wauld make 104
(
opportunitie~-~
O-F~,~,~" "
..-
t
PO.~~t~9S
~
the best use of his Should he no'" suc:h I<.nowledge~ he would do weIl '1:.0 put himseQf in 1/ c:ommun.ic:ation wlth ~ the authoritles of the Briti$h 1 Museum. or the Museums at O~ford or Cambridge, qr any other c&ntre where ethnology 1 s studi ed. What 1. s needed 1)1 tl1is country. with lts vast colonl",l possessIons, im a Bureau of Ethnology. ~uch as has now"enlsted for ~ame time in the UnIted States. The value of such an'institutlon for ouI'" empire:can searcely be est'lmated.' \ T.tU'lt its tabL\lated resea~hes would be of. tt,e greate9t importance to sCIence will not be doubted; but its. ~strongest c:l.aim to existence as ca national Institution • 15 the immense service it would render~ first te the officers governing our distant possessions~ ~ and, second. to the central government at home, wh'o wO\..ll d ·thus have, in the compass of a mOd,st library, a synop/ 'sis of the hi,story, manners, c:ustoms, cand religiouœ 1 ~eliefs of the innumerable races composing the British Empire. In a wQrd, we should th~n have at hand the means of understanding ~he motives whic:h influence the peoples ~ith whom we are eonstantly dealing~ and thus be able te ayoid the disagreements arising from ignorance of th~ir cherished prejudic~s and beliefs (Raad 189:: 87-88) •
i ,
1
i '
i'
As
Charles Read pointed out,
acti v~ ty.
~owever,
It was,
observa.tion was a spati,a.lly
bOLlnc.l
alsQ temporally clrcumscribed.
in ca given cultural
longer
one
éhanee
one had of eH,pandin g one'~~J:.'iledge of" th'.at environment.
~tayed
environment~
the
Th~
qreater
the graater the\î::iOS:l:iibitity of ov~rloo~dng, 16 cultural behavior.
The shorter the stay, or
misinterpreti~
'-
i
'
1
How di d ~Q!;!§! èo.ft"-QY!r.!.~â go. ao.!;b.r.QQ.Q!.gg~ fit lnto fieldwork -
,
st~ategy?
-
1
\
As Read pointed out, ln arder ta
answar-~
one woul d have to have
t,c:) ,the type of quari'es i t pO,sad,
•
~ve ~~equate
.
res! ded
for. a long period of time with,in ca given cultural contewt.
HE!~ca,
,
one oT,! the 'prlme functions flf ~j)he questionnaires ~nd manual!l, 'to . gain
factual
administrators,
and
.
. i nformati on others
Trom
10n
to
detailed answers. designed
to
.
provlde a handy synopsls of 105
S;, 'f'"
~:4-'\\,':" I.'.~~'u...:"';:~ .." ..,_=:f...{--..~:I;,"" .. _.:r"'";,,~,,,~, ....... _:. ... ~~, •. ,
.1.
.L-.l'~ .... _"fl .•
colonial
ries,
who were in a
~he
tvpe
of
Wc'1S
provido
1
1
1
1
..
o
As
required.
1 pointed ,::;tUt
~n
-r
)..
the first. ,:hapter, ~
te _ . .
i
t pr.::avi ded a
_,-
1
pyecdnstructeo categorical f.rameworl-. for eUîn.;:.graphic 1
."
/
I
,
,("
aIs.;:. fun.:tioll temp'r;:.rariIy to convert long M';:.r.:e l m-p~l"-t,oan t I y, ' l~."
__
":;>v
~
,
,~
allowed been
, to directiy answer a'series of questions whic~ ~had
one
~
~o
designed
~
#xtract. the most
rev~lant
infor~ation
least p,::;,ssible time oY' s.idestepping indi.vid.ual
, facts. '
.
method.j~.::agi.:al
and
'
nineteenth century Anthr.:.pol'jgy \.....,
context of thi s 1 i tt 1 e bool<, paragr~ph
the
considerations arid concentratinb on the collection or
- Lata
~
in
.
-
thsor~ti~al
t
.
of
the
carr i ed i nto the fi el d.
citation can be read
as
the
.
within the' The
.
fi rst
quintesse~tial
,
,etatement ,
',,,
for
~
Q~ti~èl êtbQg~èQb~.
an 1
fI-'
second pâragraph presents a
'---~:
On the •
mê~~~QD~ê!~Yèl QQiD~
the
'::ather
QI
~iê~
in terms
of which that opticai ethnography couid operate. J
optical ethnogra~hy using the fo110wing twd criteria: operated over §b2rt Qêr!Q~§ Qi i1ffiê; (~) It provided an'
obsarvation~
-.
(1)
It
obs~rV8r
in terms of an independentIy oriented point of view
but within an "'::an the sp.;:.t" interrogative ,:,::ante ... t (Read 1893:88'). In
...
Read' s
WQf
ds,
"sorne i nd i c at i c,ns as t
0
t he
m2§~
Qr:.!2fiièQlê
therefore, /
charac1;ey
~"
'.,r, ':~n
tiest
be , m<::'l;'.:.:'
r:esults during a li!ll!~ê~ §.tè~." In additlQn t,
.' 106
the
..... 1 1: Cl
1; he
L!SlIcll'l
y
1
. ready-made
o
"
provided a
entbcQeQ1Qg~
. c:.ame1"'a 1
ve!":'y
~Qt.i• .iOg ,1à\r1llcil.a
prac:ess 'ol ac:qLtiring knowledge,
lef)gthy
much
as a
~hort :
term,
~
..
QO ,
\
research
pro9ramm~
,
~,
l ans, was de ,. gnad ta
6!xcl\.idœ
~QCI.IS'"
.and
Q-
directi_onal information- defined ir:l
Th'e use.".of ~n
rms of 1 i ght.
)
opti cal
.
~
the , '~ns.
-
ogy
not gratLa tous
ra.'
qua,l i't i ea
,.
,through
Qbsar.vêtt i anal information
in
fash],oh~.
a -lems,
of
analogou$
ett,nr.Jgr ..:apl-, i
of
C
.
geomet''''.I.e
--- ..
.
shortened 4! -
1
-"lind
p~ŒlS~<:J
Wë\ljj
teJ
êlnd they also o
the
"
.t.imf-J
~ ~
""
/
repre~e~tations
transparenc:y
Q~
science,
were
.,.
_ ..)
man,'
and,
~
wit~
the
between observer and observed,,
R$
~.
was '" analogol..ls
ëi\PP'~l"'ent
\
,oundationD the
Fl}lrth~more ,
nel.ltral i t'y.' ,
the (.
eont~nual
i der.Jl og i cal
its
.
~
'
a function of
~hus
those! lenses.N hanee,
of
ob j ec: t i vit Y ~
relation
of
r.:onte:< tl.l~l,
R~~d des~l"'ibed
to that between the phot09,raphi c camera
them~
i t SI ~ /
(:!Ina
......r; .....
0
"
and the' construction of f~cts waSt
subject;
,.
<:icti vi ty.. was
thus
Thi
at
$
. c,_onception
the
root of
And
were
anthropologic:al
most
'
~
thE:!" najural i st 1 c
:
the type of representations
,,
tho
af
.,
a relational 'on the spot"
Qf the observer-observed "'(
outlined.
~n the case
r, ,
construction of a photographie image,
th~t
rel~tionship ,
parad i gm
çonsidered
were
- " thus ,perspee:tival. aS
h.r.ve
l
opposœd
t.d
geometrlc in q,rgan,.'l,zational form. Ethnographie: observatlon Eiought ~
naturalist~as ~pposed
ship with the
0
-,
for i ts. processi ng.' The ac:cl.lraè:y and factl.Lii\ll ty Glf the ,
resulting
.~
'
/-~.-'
'.,.
which
c:raraet-aristlcs
~a
,
The variolAs editionl!li' of
<;.
requi red
o
L~'
fl.lnct i oned as differen
m~nuals
nformati~on
i
-.
an~l
At.
. <-.
the
Qbjee:~s
to an
, artifici~l,
of its disciplinary
very founclation of
th~
1
! 107
pOint,t~
observational
1
-&
or gener.l,
relatlon-
view.' practic:Êls, oi
,..-----
...." '1
:f
,.
.;
1
late"
o
~
ee~'tfur~
ninetae.nth
n
,
...
Briti?h
f
....
t.:o~strut.:ting' of
ethnogr:~hy mil"'ror i
J
dr~am
b~~aQ
-
•::emtl.\Y)',
~
'.
::::~:: ::,r :~::u.t
age
(
.
::t~po::::
of'
::e:::t :
d~ca~es
pet' fed, 1 y'
,é-
.tlt::'
T-te
Man:--'
of
•
shaoe auring the m1ddle
·I,ji th; _the Yï.:.ject tl!.' de>velQe
1
dream
•
t~~~
to
the
, . .
a p'l"'fe':tly. natural
\
s
VI
.. "
fi neC!
.j
o~
the
l' é{';,:.Lé j,'
::~::m::::'c W:::: ra;::::, o~ ~ i
" That 1 y..pyè~entà}.; of woul d emeygè fyom an 'eti)nogyaphi ç; py'esent' of
ieldwork,...
') bJt
.
would
incorporate
the
past
fut,ur~
p.nd
eond tions of mank nd. 1
~ ......
•
quest ~or a hf'stoYieàl general izatio!" was
The
\
c
1
superseded,;.-
1
"
!
'h,:;.wever, and
theJlate~
in
descriptive
point
Ideal const.ructed aceording t,c
,
)
a
perspe,:tival
~Qt@§
êQ~Qygtl@~
in
Gè.\.'rson'.
I.ntr oduet i on
to
the
QQ
éQib~QeQ1Qg~. ,,
thi s regard,
John
George
.eet i on ·-oFi:-:':·-An'thr,:.pography /
ifl
categories
t •
outlined
reVeali ng
natural i sti ':
view defined in ~erms of th~~bseYvation~l
of
.,
\-
decades of the century by a
for not r:::!~l y does i t
is
test i fy t.:o ' t~1e _
for~the e~aet
quest
.
physical '~eproduction of 'man,' but
it
f
'alsD
,
repl i é'ates, many' I;,.f the .:I:)neerns expressed - by ~:ead: ~
1
,
c'
o -
.
ANTHR..DF:PL3RAF'HY ln.: 1 udes -:.bservat i .:,n$ of an an~tpmical, physi,::rl,:-gical, and path-:tl.:.gi,cal èhara,~ter. Marry 6eSeaY,:hes in this brandl ,:.f Anthr'e,pol~ogy may be ! easily~ under-taLen by the genera~ t~'ëwelleY" whe- will ~ ~ find i t , a mo:.t Inceresti'1g and fasdnatlng .. fJeld ,:.f _-./ ' study; .::.ther-s ar-e, of a more ted1nt.:al charac'ter- and can' >;/' only be under-ta~en by medlcal men and Natur-aJ ists' WhCl/ have ~;ad' previoLIs trcünlng in thè subJects W~lld1 it embraces. 'The general travel J el'" may al so do much" t',t' acfvan,:e 'the study of the. more techni.:al part by .' colle':tjnq °SPE'.:jmens of s~E-'letons, hall", ë.mel ev en parts CI f t h \."? b ':. cl y , S LI': h as t fiE' h ('1 n cl s:, • f e (? t r b t· a l ~I, ' ;:1)" the: entjY'l? hec.~d, and sf·ndlnq thPOt to ':'l\t lal..Jor".toY'Jes .:;)).-; museullIs to fl8ve the1.t ch;\"acters w•.)\'hed CAle by s~1.11ed anatomists. ' The anatomJ. cal pal t ,:.f the sut> Jec t conSl sts elf obs-ervatlons on the e",ter-nal .:h2tl"act~t-s of thf: bodYr and ,on the çpm~"r at i ve mo'" phol ,.gy and o~togen1 0 f L ts
108
1
"
,
,~ .. ~ ...... b.,.....a:::- .• ~I:.."'-~t'!~":':,..~...u... • ..::.:w;~h•.::,
.
.__..
1 f.~ '~\I.-.~lO... ,.... .....:"~~h,
t~ .. =..........-:: . . .,t.oJ'L..;:-:...--....=c........-.-:..._...II....~
/
\
o
/ uscular, 'ne~vou9, and other systems. Ath. exter al -/ haracters of the body are be.t ob •• rved;' in the liv.i g subject. Mat'erials for ras.arch ara tneire-. ~,fore abu, c;lant, a'nd may gen.,..al1 y wi th cil 1 i t t l fi tact readily#:ab'tained. The-i-nformat~on which th.y yield/wh n sys emé\tically studie,9-is most important, and"uro/emtl re~ ired for t~e advancement . of AnthrqpO~l gi~al sc:i nc:e" 'For these re.asons~ and becë\use ta • te ~i-c:~l kn wled'ge of.anatomy i$ ~ot' essentiàl for their stuèt y • th general ·"traveller is especi+lly reFomme,ded to '~e qte hi s- attentil!ln to them. Under "Anato~icuil Observ tions" he will, find'what he is to not - fegarding t em. Researches on t~e c:o~parative morpho 09Y of' man 1 -. re made on the skel eton and dead bOd~f They are sual1y undertaken by anatomist5 and medi ~ men in .n natomi c:al 1 aboratory or a h05pi tal wf"\er./ anci\tomi c:al works c:an b consulted and are outside h ~Cope of this ·work. As however the traveller may h Il opportu~it1e5 of exam ning the ~keleton,' tho~gh u ~le to secura i t for the 1 boratory, ' and may possess me .anat.omi cal knowledge ll a few directions are given t ,llenable him to i.nyestigat its most important charac:te :,. . he physiol~gic:~l part inclu a obsarvationr on thè se ses, the'physical powe~s~ ci7 ulation, ,r~up~-, ration, sych~logic.al development, In this depë\'rtment t~ general traveller may make eral impor-tbln-t observa ions1 while the mere sc,ie.t~i.fic:ally trcil:Vned #travell r will· "find it, ca stJll laI" ~ field. for; 1 research The same ob~ervation appli _ 0 the ~athologi c:-al p rt of the sLlbject,. whic:h de.a ith abnGrmarlties or de iations from the usual type: '. 'if! §!!~!!C!l 2Ci!O= - ~h.@.§ 'Qi e~I!:jBQEQ§BeE!::1::t S\!:! j;r:!im.t~ g', 10 .tbi! ~Q!:k fcgm /, .th.@ Q9!n.t Qi ~1!i~ Qf .th~ 9gQ!iCè j; ~!ll~,~ !Q'!i -~gl ,gyi _§ hil!! !:l9~ èn9 ~bè.t .tg gtù!~ y§! (At the $ame t i me ma y. of the outlirfes'of investyga lona given will be u'eful to the more sc:ientificalfty .per~ travaller, and ssibly suggest others to his/mi '. ,_ . ' ,For _the . purpo~ of ,t' . ul at1 ng .m 'd 1 cal ,men· practising dl'" .stationFd ih yari ~ parts of the_ world to çlevote a.ttention tic' Anth,ropo l'aphy;, as weIl as' t,6 the adyancement of kno~f edgof di sease sorne sec:-, ti ons of a more pur 1 y me(~i ca, / cnaractsr have, besn. added to thi spart o-f; ·the wor / Some of t ese secti ont mi ght more àccurate y hav...e be r,--p.'f<$ced 1 nia .'- di+{eren order, or even 1"n . . th second r,t cf the book -- Ethno( grëtphy' -- but it as· been ,O'ught bettsl" to keep .a~,'l the medical sectio s·togeth near thosè'of an anatomical and ph~s{010 ical na I~af aven at the expsnse of ,.c:onsist.elilc:Y· in classlfic ion 'Cmy- empha~isl (Barson
R
,..-
>
........
1
.1
lt 1
!
1.
j..
,..
~)rsonp
•
..
. -
r./ -..
/
:intrq,d c:tt"ci' . ;!.8Jocat.ed
'-typ.~__
a
•
,//
1
of
PhYSic:al
, .....,
~
"-~'-"
l
" 1
~
/.
1
.
11
(,
1_'
.'-.'
,
/
'OU{
. 1892: 5-6
,
f
1
,1 ,1
'.
1. 1
anthr'opology
whieh
had shed its historieal
orientatïon.
As
he
,
noted,
,0
anthr,::apography
was an observational T~1e
the "how and "what t,:;.. observe."
eonstY.~':~l.f'n~ ~ased
"how" implied a
cln
meth'::.dc,l ':'gi cal
.
best"defined"in terms of t~e t~~~nique~ and
. operation
defihed
in
terms of 'a point of view,' which should replace
traveller's poiht of view. geneyal
technolo0Y
.
In e'ffect,
w~s
tyaveller,"
tla,9'. "poi nt of vi ew of
the
'
othe~
none
the
thfiln \]»-
the
pl::aint
c,f
view
»
expressed by the handbook.
.
'
As l3ayson poi nted out, Anthror;ography was ~on,:eyned wi th the externa1 '::c'uid
-
characteristics
"be ex.:lu'ded from consideration and the, field could
': on 0:: en-
~
on developi~g a 'living'
trate
morbidly, by
~he
~ignified,
representation,
bits and, piedes of
~,e
~XPy'essi~1, ,
most
human body it was prepared
bccasi~:5'nal1y ~hi/ 'anthr'~POgraPhi::
to ,appropriate.
~ould
comp~yative _morpho10gy
of 'man,' thus
"
~
natt.lralism'
1
wh en ri~ing specimens cciuld be 17 brought befc're 'the various so.;;1et.ies for e:-.amination. find °i t\l 4er fect
,
,
. ··As
,total
-
/
th~.. styuctuye
repYEsentation
othe
~andbook
however,
i nd~ cates,
of, 'man' would be
'the-
from
'",
ph:,.:sical and s.;:.cial/,:ul tural data. If anthy-opography were concern-
.•
w~ the' "stYUctLlr8ll
described 'rom anatomical, ..--~-
and; functional" aspects of ~
, ,' 'man
-
~
"SOCi4l and
_ intel-
being." The result of this division of labour would
scientifically
as
l.
physiological, and pathological points
·of view, ethnography would deal with him as lect~\al
-'
definfid' "naturai histolry
~.
18'9:;:: 1).
,
,:,'f
mar'1":
. '
be
a
t:!nl!:1!:f!e21.2g)!
The dimension of this represèmt,
0,
ation, however,
\
wOLlld
.f
be
as
ôpposed
..
temporally
'"
~O
defi·ned. An evolut~ionary perspective could !ltill be r.ta.in.d, but it would
b~ r~c~st
in terms of race rather than specles. ,
the races were still, total
for t'he moment,
rep,:",,9sentai on
D.~!;,Y!:~.i
of
spatially existent,
man cOLlld appear to
be
·scientific~
th ï 91
0
geogr.t\phl calI y
-- '",lnti l one began to si tl.late that representat i on
an emerging
.5
And~
observational practice,
wi-thi. n
which relied cm
,
an analogy ta the natur"'alism of pl1otography. o
A .
r~~resentation
represent!::!d.
It
i s,
of
,
how~ver ,
i s,
~
a function of
by the,. phrase:
-
.
certair:- Vind;'O'f.
flhow
and
what
te
,
observe./I In the graphie,
contra~t
tq
i nscri pU ve,
•
sub-categories:
notice the commen roet-of
AntbropolQg~,
o
and incisive inflections of beth
anthropog(Agb~,
and
ethnogc~ab~.
..
The
lB
root
"
common
to
photog(~Qti~
'and
implicates
'grammar 1
etymolog'ièal connections to writing (to incise..
scratch~
)
~or
eut)
wlth
j
tn
carys,
(Par'tridge 1983; Gelb 1952":7). This brings me back to the
question
of ,
the
sR~r.ational
role of
~~.
photography
within
that
hw
0
optical ethnography l have described up te now •
•
\ i .
.. l'
o
.. "
111 • ",
~
"\~~~,~
1
fT'.t'r;;'~'"
-}.tfto-
IN '-
.l;)~~'"
f
~'\,
J",~t·
-~~~~
,
,
c,
".
.
,NOTES L
('
,
'
'.
,
·1. More than a decade later, Pr~nçis Galton weu~d claim that his comp.:;,site phot.:::ographs fulhlled a similar f.urt'tti.;:.n c"i3alt.::on 1879: 140).
·2.
c
."
See for example the fol1.:::owing: c. The head is so important as distinctiv~ of race, that partic41a.t" attention must be paid t,:::o i t . Is i t r"ound, or elongat~d in either dirèction, .and what Is the shape of the face, broad~ oval, ~ozenge-shaped, or'9' any other mar-ked f';:.rm? It will .:ontribute to ' fa,:ilita.te the undêrstanêling ':::of Qthet:' des.:riptions, t.:::o have sket.:hes .:::of sever41 typi.:al spe.:imens. A prc.file, and a,l$':::O a fr':;)nt view should be given., Ih the profile, particularly . notice the height and angle .:::of dJ the forehead" 'the situcation qf the meat'l.i~""àuditor.-lLIS, and' the f.:;)rm .:;)f ,the p~:osteri,:;)r part ri'f "the head. it will also be desirable tb depict the ~xternal' ear, so ~s to ,:':;)fwey the ferm ana pro::)pt:;)rtai.:.n, .:::of its several paY'ts. ~he form of the head may be minutely and accurately described by empleying the ~ivisions and . terms' introduced by craniologists, and the corY'esponding development' of moral and intéllectual eharacter ~hould in coriJunctton be faithfully stated. So mueh of the ne·: 1< should..... be given with the pyofile,as to show~ the setting .:;)n of the head. The advanee or b'ecession of the chin, andthe .:haracter ·.:::of the lip$' and n1:::ose, may likewise be given in pr'.:;)fi~e.· The front view shou-ld exhiblt the widt~ of the forehead, templ~s, and checl
."
1840;449) ..,..
3.
See
f~r
example
B~oca
(1875) and Topinard
,~.
(1890:263~2~). ~
.... ~
~ t';
~:,...
L.
4. The .:amera lu.:idà was.oa mechani':al drawing instrument j,nvented by W. H. Wollast.:;)n in 1806['( 1812;-370-:371'). The impc.tt::mt p.::dn"ts to ~ note in c;::anne.:tion with Welsey'~ .:all fe.j( its, L!S~'_ ln n:t-anlQl.::agi.:al studies aY'e his emphasis cm its abillty t5">-::save time ",rtd l{:;S ~\se ~n the pr.,ducti,:>n of S1t.~!:!r.st!S Q!:L:t.li.p.~§·:"''' The chi~f differeno:'e-'bei;,ween this instrument and ·the,-~~Iuse· .::af photogyaphy was ther~,fore the eaSie wi th "1ri~h ~ !~h~ .:'ould
/'"
.
-,
l,,'
("
112 g,
ol
~/ -
~
/
-..--,
'~
"
\
produce outlines as 'opposed to the tonal prodl.tcts of photography. As the only way ta achieve this type of linear repregent~tiQn wae' by drawing" ?ne abviou& path towards ~ccuracy ~as by way ot th~ camera' ll.tcid.a. ror an ex~mple of an argument supportin(J th&? improvement of the camera lL\.:ida J ow,et" the camera,obs':llra set? W.:.lla~t.:.n (1812:372-373), and fc.r a di$":Ll~.:;s'ion 0; Vè"WjO~Ab .:.-\;he-tl' cranjclmet.nc lnsb"Llments Lls~d dul'"Ïng thi6 Pi-\\"Î •.• cl ~,f't·, T .. lpir'AI"\·! ( 18';:ü ~ :263-.297) •
5. Tflat tt,le' neg'r.::. in his present 5tat'e .;:.f .:Lvili:!iti.:'tr1 is not creative but imitative is readily explained ~y the fa.:t ".;:.f hi.5 ral:e having bee!;'l depre5sed i:1y slavery and by bad govèrnment, corrupting and .liebasing influen.:ei> which al"~ still actively in operation; but if this papel" hel ps 'to cIearer and juster vie,w$ of the negrç. chaYac~~l", it will not have been written in vain (Clarke: 1863:348-349).
( \
6. See also·the fc.ll.:.wing .:.bservati.::.ns by l~a1tl:.n in regr.Hc.I t,· wl:II::.dcut repr.::.du.:tion,.:.f .;)ne .::.f his /"mp'::'Sife ph.;:.k.graph~>= t,
rI
The a.:c.;)mp.pnying woodcut Is as f~iy il representati.;)n ':'.-( of the cClmpl,sites as is pra.:tüable in I:.rdinary printing. It was ph,::.tographically transferyed to the wood, and the. engraver has used his best- endeavoclr 'tl;' translate the sffades into line engraying. Tf1is composite is made out of only three components, and its three-fold origin is ta be traced in the ears, and ln the buttons to tKe vest. To the best of my judgment the original ~1:thc.togYaph is a very exact average I;:.f ih, eomponents: nqt one feature in it appears identicel wi th that of ë:\ny .:;.ne of them, but i t contë-\j n? a ~esemblance aIl, and is nl:.t ml,re like t.;) one clf them • than to another. However the Judgmen~ "of the wood engraver is different. tliâ tiaQ~t1ag Qi tu~,~QmQQiit~ , llêâ mêQ~ it ~~i~tl~ 11gm Qn~ Qi 1!~ ~Qm2QQmDiâL ~b1~u ii IDYât 'Q~ QQta~ ia'mloQ h~ bi! a~~!t i!!DL Ii li JYi!
• •;)ne
t.,
êi
iUQygU
iD
gtt1~i 9ti~1Qg ê
'bile big QrQgY~!Q ! t§imffigllaQ i!i 9!~lêi!Q iêtbltL hê~iD9
QQt!têti ~19â§1~ Q~mtlQQk~Q in ~gYill~ Ëi(QOS li~!a!ii ita 9!~~êi!~ ffiQth~tL ~bi~b ~ê§ êQQit!O! 111 t!lêtlY.!âL Ibi~ li t9. mm s IDQâl i!tikiog QtQQi ibs~"1b! ,gIDQQi11! li i l(Yi ~2mQiQêl1Q!} (my emphasisJ (Galton 1879,136).
tg
-
ts
.
'.--.-
The i nte.rest ing ~ featureclof Gil \on' s composi te photogr aphs wa~ their ~bs,act QY gen.f!ral ~uality. In contrast te. ':!,nventions.l phc.t.:.graphs ..... ith the!r emjjhasls on des.:riptiv6Iè detall, cotT!pc.~it~s were generalizations. These qualities could explain the marginal role they/' would play "'ln the representational culture in 1
o ..
113
)
,
'.
f
-,
r question. What Galton produced wa~,a type of photograph which was basad on an Inherent contradiction~(Composite photographs were .generalizations east in ter:ms of" parti!rularities. I,n other words, whi le they drew the;r authori·ty from or1\? o;f the defining , eharacteristies of photography -- its LI'1iquely eontigttous ieonie rQl.a.t~onshlp wU:h l t S ' referen-t -- they operated in terms of neqating the particularism and ~niqueness of its various component parts. Thus they can be viewed as an attempt te deflne an inductive base for photographie r . .epresentation s:t. t!l~ l.g!::~l. Qiit1â ~i.§!:!~l !!91li!;.€mg-!.g9)L. In contrast, anthropometrl c, studl es were basad on using the phobo9r~ph as ,an observational tool in c:ombination with'-'a series of particular measurements. It was these' measurements that provided the baS1S for generali:;,:ation. The photographs themsp.lves remain~ê.particularities. 4
1
'The affect "",as slmilal'" to reported indigenoLls responses to ._~. painting and photography. See for el
r "
Pa!.ll Jorion' d98:;:!) traces th; decline of craniological. studies to the first decades of the' twentieth century. 1 am lnelined~ however. te trac~ its marginalizatlon to a shift Ln ~ observational practice~ and consequent reorientation of ethnograr,;)h i c research dur l ng the 1 ast quarter of the ni neteenth cœntl.wy. One ef fed'," of that shi·f t was the increalSed i n·~ll.lence of the fieldwork manuals.. Another affect was ..:in inereased empha$"is on culture and its e~mponents. These 5hi~ts put increased value on contextl.lall~ing bath observational pr,ctices and the lIves of the observed. Thus the indivi~ual human bOdy lost its prlvileged. posit1.on in favour of C?bserving institutional bodres il10 partieular cultural contexts! ~ 8.
f
9. • Wè:H!l
.
As the Preface te the Manual points out. Prichard~s article publ i shed posthumoLlsl y. See al 50 @.Y~r::i~s ••• (1840: ::;:::3) •
10. Tylor edi ti on.
had'" edited
F'richard~s' origina~
.artlcle
for
this
.
Tylor's references te both the ~ÈQ~2i Qi gt!lQgl.ggi~sl lQSyiC~ and ~9~~â ~ng Q'ygC!~li gO aDfbrQgglgg~ tends to support 'l:.he "view tha.t anthropological aut,hority had b...,een consolidated ~nd concentratad in the form of manuais by thlS tlme.
11.
l
1~. See~ for example~ S;le92:11~97,::::5-236)~ '
53). 13~
~Qi~â ~iQta
sUg
g~rk~§ QU eQ~bCQQQigg~ ~Q Irs~~ll~c§ (1865: 2~-28;
(1874:2, 18vl:47-
Comp~re.
.'
im TMurn~s comments on the superiority of phototo Ge~rge ~~tlin's (1796-187::!) remarks on the accuracy and truthfull ness of hi 5 pa~ nti ngs: , g~aphs
o
0
l wi sh to ~nform the vi si tors ta my Gall ery that, having some years Slnce become fully convinced of the rapid ~ decl i rte and certal n e>{tl ncti on of the nume-roue 114
..
..
\
o ..
"
tribes of t.he NortR Anferi can Indi an.Ù and .liai"; also t~e vast importance ana value which a full Qi,~gC1jl blit9r~ of these interesting but dying people might b& ,to future ages -- 1 sat (sic.J out alone, un.ided and unadvised, resolved (if my life should be spared), by the aid oof my brush :nd my pen, ~o rescul2 fr.ctn obliv.l.on' 50 much of their p~imit(vs looks and c:ustoms as the industry' and ardent enth~sia5m of one lifetime CQuld' acc:omp l i sh. ~ndl set tl1em Llp inca ê!!llft!:~ -- l::!Ol.9k!!:! â\Qg 1:.mQgr:.iêbS~11 fol'" the Ll'Se and benefit of ful:Llre ages. 1 have already devoted more tha~ seven years 0+ my life exc:lusively to the ac:c:omplishment of.my design, .:\nd th.at \Wi th mol'"s thart, e:{ pec:ted succ:ess. l t'lp.ve visited with grea'c diffic:ul'l:y~ and sç~tnli? h.a.:::ard 'to Ilfe, forty-eight tribés. (residi;;g w.l.th'in the United ,.Statels. and British and Me:dc:an Territories;) c:onta.ining about 300,000 souls. I h.ve sean them in their own villages, have c:arried my canvaas ~ri~ colburs the whole way, a.ne-p.::dnted my portraibs, ~I, c. from the life, as th~y now stand and are seen in thD Gallery. .
?he collection contains (besides an Immense numbar cf )OI:osiumes and p'ther manLI'factures) '310 F'ortrai tSi of
giatiQgyiâb~g m~Q èD9 ~gm~D
smg
i
gf 'tb~
QlffiCmD~ ~ci~~§~
pail"!tings,,- gftâJiC1Q.tl~§ gf 1I1dian Countries,,- to~!C Villages, Games ~D9 Customs; containing in aU ab'bve 3000 -figr.tres. . A As this lmmense collection has been g~thered, and §~§C~ e~lntlD9' b~s ~~~D IDs9! fC9m n~t~c§, av MY OWN HAND -and that too, when I h~ve besn paddling my canae, 01'" ' leadlng my pack-herse over .:\fId .thro'ugh trackless wilds, at the hazar~ of my life; -- the world will Burely be kind a.nd lndulgent enough te rec:eive and estimata tham~ as they have been Intended, ~s tt:y~ so.g fèG.=âlmiigve 1CsJilÈ,§ gf lD91.::Œ9bl.êl SiOfJ bl§:!;·9C.Ü;,ê.!. fi!!;;tâ ~ and me for thelr present unflnlshed and unstudied ~ondltlan. as war~s of art (Catl,n nd.:~). ~QQ
" '"
fOr
~
,. --tri
'4
, ~ "~;j
.."
'
}{'
,
.
o
See also (Catlln 19~6/1841:3-5). Catlln~s introduction t5 Clu,;ite remarl-able ln the emphas13 he placEls on the use of h1$ paintings as authentlc Rlct~~idl record~ of tribes facing $xtinctibn. H1S sentllnents were '31mllar ta those eHpressed in Pr i c:hard' s f affiOllS 18:;9 address. e t!.9o~§l gr s!;onQlgg,is;,ël l!J.9YJ,J':~ of and ~Qt~§ iD~ QYêCl§§ QO eo!bCQQQlgg~ •• He·al~o emphasizes thQ truth~ dccuracy and tactLlality of hus p':llnhngs. As -im Thurn (189:::188) pOlntE'd OLlt. Catlln'9 authentlcatlon was eztabLlshod by the' f act that he produced hl s pc'u nt i ng on the spot (SElé for exampl e Catll n 19::!6/ 1841: 119-,1:6) • l t 1eS i nteresti n9 ta not", however, that hlS descr 1 p tl vs catalogue contal ned-~ 14 separclt~~ testimonlals aS to thelr accuracy -- for, example: o
115
,,
Having spent sixteen year~ in t~e continuaI acquantance with the Indians,o~ the several tribes of the Missour~, ' represen~ed in Mr. CatIin's Gallery of Indian Paintings, l was enabled t~ Jüdge of the correctness of the like~ess, and 1 iQ§t~otlt ~êSQgQi~g~ g~gCt QQ~ Qi tbêffi, when I lcoked them over, from the stri~lng resemblance they bore ta the originals -- sa, also, of the Landscapes on the Mlssouri. î HONORE PICOTTE Thesa testimonials were complimented by certificates affixed to the ba~k of the painting: ••• nearly évery Portrait has inseparàbIy attached to i~s,back, an iD~i~i~y§! cert~fi~ate~ signed by Indian Agents, -G-ff i cers of the Army,' or other persans 'Nha wers' pre~ent when the picture wa5? painted. The form~of these certificates is as follows:
~
.NQ. ,131, BLACI
"JOHN F. ID9l~D
Bg!o.t·" ~
This strategy of authentification is. 0\ course, similar to the e,
14. 'Ccmpar"e Johnston's ( 1886: ':37-:38) :
116
comments with the followll1g
by
Tylor
1
1
1
I t remains ta ment~on in few wards what the explorer can do ln forwarding. that great brancn of inte11ectu.l ,life WhlCh turns an language. Landing ~ften among pec5p 1 e of whose> 1 anguage he i 5 absofutel y i gnor .ant, he i5 lad ta notlee clo5ely the e::presslons of \::ClLtn't,enance by which he may Judgœ of thelr feelings. and thance he l'Play pass on t.o becl.JllllnlJ prot-iC:lent ln thetr pé\"tomtnat or gesture 1 angLlage •• Th 1 S vs rp.c:\ll y <:\ f orturl'" te apportunity, for nothlng opens te lhe mlnd so cleDrly the i nmo5t pr i nc l pl es c:)f tf'loL.tgh l: "and l af1gltaG~ as to have to e~~press anesel f and L.mderstand ethers through dwmb show.~b§Cê ~~~C~ §igh 9Q~â itâ ~9C~ g~ i~~~il' Q !!k§Q~§§ ~g !bê ~f~iQO QC QQiêft 11 §~~Og§ f9C (my emphasl sJ. '"
(
15. J See for et~ample the comments by Mr Hyde Clarke followil1g tt,e pr'esent,ati on of Gal ton ~ 5 paper on Composi te Photograph~: ,1
Mr. HYDE CLAR~E said i t was nec~ssary te ac~pt Mr. Gal ton~ 5 reSLII ts under the reservatlons and cencJi,ti ons he had jmpesed. Otherwise there was a danger of adopting wrong c6nclusions, .~ ~ m~~D 9t ~~it.9i ~id Qgt l:~I2l:~.§~n.t È DsÜ:b!Ciâl fs~j;.L 2b!:t ~.ê.li An €u::t1±.1J;.!.sll ti,Cm!·. Thus ln the examples [~f composite photogr~phs] bœfere them the criminal characteiistics were eliminat~d, and
they had a natural type'of man instead. Thua, inatead! of a typlcal figure or a distinctiv~ type, only an average was ob_tai ned. (my emphasi sJ (Gal tor, 1879: 144') •
16.0 On the question of l~ngth of stay vs. see Tyl o~ (1886:' :!35--237L "',
descl"iptive .cc!_!r~'I.\cy
"
for example, Latham (1856), ,nd Sutherland (lS56).
17.
See,
(1854),
Cull
(18S~
, ,
'-
o • 117
. j_.
"",b)"
,Owen
...
CHAPTER 3 Representational Hierarchy and Observational Naturalism and Descriptive Photography in ThurnPs 'Anthropological Uses of the Camera.~ {J
Authority: Everard im
Uto~ian
Primitive phases of Ilfe a~e fast fadlng f~om the world -in thlS age of ~estleGs travel and explo~ation, a~d it should be recognised as almost the dut Y of educated travellers in the less ~nown parts of the world to put on permanent record, before l t i s too 1 at-e. SLICh of these.phases 'a~ they may ob.erve •.• E. F. i m Thurn
\
...
In
18~3,
F.
Everard
im Thurn published a
peper
in
the
entitled ~Anth~opological
two regards •
.
part i c:ùl ar over
and
In
Uses of the Camera.' The paper 15 interest1ng in th~
'meri ts
first place,
he discusses the uses and
of photographi c: rec:ords .of
"pri mi tiye
against hand drawn illustrations (im Thurn
From this point , o~ view,
.
accompanying
an"
the' fol k"
1893:184).
the paper reflects the kind of thinking
authoritative
shift
in
,the
culture
of
J
representatlon
as i t
involved the
use of photography in ethno,
~Phi_C:
Ifieldwork practice.
an insight into the nature
In the sec:ond pl~c:e~im ThLlI~n provides o~
the new anthropolegic:al
~erspectlve
with its incorporatlon of an optical ethnography.lf the logic:al
Instltute's
. handbook
mfoy
90
~e
te travel1ers. regarded
as
~Q~~§
the
Anth~opo-
~Q~ Qy§C~!~
methodologlca:f
canonization of observational parameters of the emerging "SCience of
man,"
then
l~
Thurn"s paper
15
the definltlve
of
stat~ment
1
photography's naturallstically insplred role in that SC:lenc:s. ,cl ~
118
In
o
the'
envisioned
fOllOW!~
chapter 1 will diseuss the role im
photography
~n
should" take
turn
of
the
Thurn century
o
- anthropol ogy.
1 will discuss the
connect~ons
batween his defini-
tion of that role and h4s ethnograpQie and cOlonial activities'ln 1
Guyana,
which
under
Brtt~sh
known as Bri ti sh aGui ana. work
sol el y
i's
graphy,
and
The approac:h 1 wi Il -take to i m Thurn ~
def i ned by my ,int!1!rest in hi Si papar
ort
thus 1- -ltJi 11... not at tempt to eNami ne t.he
GUY4nese ethnograpby, nor will British
colonial rule from 1831 ta 1966 was
eolonization
OT
lEi
photc-
hi $Ito,"y
o·f
"
l d·i SCLISS in datai 1 the hi story of
the araa.
The chapter is
to\-~
devot'ed
-explai-ning a str;ategy im Thur,,'. work used in the prod\.\eti'on of a series 'of ethnographie representations. TMèi\t. strategy 1$1 dire,ctly ,
to un~erst~nd~ng one of the mechani5~s underlying
relevant of
the
.
production
of ethnographie
Y':nowledge.
in
much.
cloB~n9
.
decades of the ninèteenth centùry. '\
Photograp,hy and Anthropology Olt. the' Turn of th. Century: lm ThurnPs 'Utopian Naturalism.'
3.1>
• ,
the
..
Everard F. i m Thurn was. bOrn in Sydenham" London, in 1852'.
)
He was educated at Marlborbugh sehoel and went to Oxford where ha
,
. graduated M.A. Curator short
)
in May 1881.
From
1~17
of the MUfeum at Georgetown,
,
to 1879,
however ~ he
Wfi\<::i
Britfst, ,lSuiana • . After
1
$1
a
~
peribd of time in Engla~d he retu~ned to British Guiana in
1882 to became a magistrate with his on the upper Pomeroon River.
h~adquarter$
In 1890 he was
at
Maccasseema
app~inted
Government
.,;
Agent of the North West Provinc:e of British Guiana.
o
From 1899 te
1902,he was Chief Secretary and Lieutenant Governor oT Ceylen and ~
from
1904
to
4-
1910 he. was appointed Governor of FUi 119
.and
High
l
Commissioner
of the Western P~f'iC:.
Between 1919 and
1920, im
Thurn was #acted Presi dent of, t-he Anthropol Ogl cal· Insti tute. died in Se:otland' ln 1932.
:>
•
Thurn's life history 'provides
outstanding e:
.
terface
the
Office
Coloni 1
ethnographic
He
a11
,
e:areer
at
the
turn
of
the
His
century.
work was necessari 1 y a e:ompl el: fuslon of
poli t l cal
1
and $cientifi~ enterpris~s,
and as such reveals dramatte:ally how Il
Briti,sh anthropoldgy established its disclplioary focus.
pa~ed
was
on the t,ype of long term contact wi th i ndi geJo6s
lations which whie:h
His work
fieldwor~ers
marked
eould still aspire to, during a period
.
.
the
popu-
decline of the ethnographie value
plac:ed
on
of""
~i$sicnary
activity.
The perïod also witnessed the blcssoming of ,.,
,~'~
\
fieldwork prcacti'=e, a prae:tlc:e whic:h was expressed -in the form of ""' and manuals. the various handbooks
lm Thurn's ethnographie:
work
provi des' an opportun i t Y to e::'ami ne how an evol vi ng obserya-
th us ti orial
cul ture
,effo~t.
i n
Finally~
.
paper
parti c:ul ar
researc:h
{im Thurn was the fir~t person te write a
devoted
to"
anthfopolcgy. The paper is
the use
of
photogr~phy
...
in
full
Britlsh
therfcre
of c:onsiderable lnterest in
tha.t it presents a detailed outline,
ac:c:ompanied by examples, of
photography 's ethnographie practice in the e:losing dec:ade of the c:entl.try. In his paper im Thurn
II<>,
<1893: 184) pointed out that "Among. the
innumerable uses now made of the photographle:
camera~
mig~t
and especlally
be
made of it by the anthrapologist,
that which the
\
trav~ling \ ,
.
anthropologlst p seems ta be InsLlfflciently apprec:iated
)
l:!O
1
.\.
1
J"'
J
o
" Tb ... ,Overc:ome the prac:tic:al difficl.\ltie. , , anthropometric studies o~ living -subjects, hi.~ pAp.r \
utili.sed."
and
obtaining
recommended the "use of the, c:amera for tM.! ~~'k\t:.~s.@'- 1:!IiQc:.g', of
not
the 'mere bodies of primitive folk -- which migh~'-- indœed ba
more ac:~urately measured and photograp~ed f?r suc:h purpose~ than
_live,
state" . -- but
of
difficult
anthropologists, ..
conv~ni9~~ly.ob~ained·when
they be
these
emphasisJ. 'He went more
.
c:ould'
~~,
.
fol'k regardsd
to say
,roceeding, and
,
that~
~hat·
in
...
Q!i.OQI.'~' (,ny
.U. l:;LQQ
as
d •• ~
"Thi ~ 1 attet:" i!il 1ndaad " far
one much more saldom
prac:tised
by
..
anthropolo~y~
one the utility of which for
as we aIl wish to regard it, as fon !~~Ii~ !~l!n~m, sorne
regarded,
anthropologists
will,
l fanc:y,
be at firet sight
inclined
te
P'
questi on" (1893: 184'), (my empha5i 5J • ..
fo~
His
""'1'
promoting this type, of ..
/
twofold. IIfast
Jn
the first place, it promised a
photography
"permanent'reco~d"
of
fading" "primitive phases of life."
lIalmost the dut Y of educ:ated travellers~ in that ".g. of restli!!is travel rnay
and exploration ll to record "such
observe" ,'(im Thurn 1893: 184).
o~
these phases- as'
ttley
The'representat.ional ·f"unction
ja
J-
of
photographs thus comp,lemented descriptive
second
place,
~hot~~raphs
acc:~untCjJ.
were considered more
hand drawn illustrations or the'writ.ten word.
'authQn~ic'
which
were
rnay be sorne
o
~een
thous~nds
s
month~
or
of mi 1 es, away" (.1893:
this point a few pages further on:
121
~
SCj"eEiH'l,'
i rt mi nutest detai 1-, the actual
by the traveller
'"
then
lm Thurn note~ th~
"power of photography ••• of reflec;,.ting on·. the white \ at home in a ,r0om as th! 5,
In,
hera
,
scane$ /
year~ befor~,' a~d 7~
19~) •
/
He
r e t u 7 te
o
••• if the task attempted is to .help 0L!.t" 'with the great and wonderful powers of the camera, 'j;J:te traveli er' s description of the fol~ among whom he b~s passed, ~o picture them to home-staying anthropolbgirsts better af'd. far more vividly than any words or,ev n any drawing can do, the task, if yet not light, fts 0rarativelY easy
o
) ( 1e9~: 18~) •
.
In order to oRerate successfully 1
'c:etitury
9riti!!!h
r
/
anth.rcpology, r
disciplinary and
opti~~lly
oriente~
,
had
to
produce
gtbnQ9(~Qbi~ f~~t§. K
p,'"ovi des
a
good
\
..
exampl e
• ethnographie: .2 The. modern
/
/
o
/..,
•
of
This
aut
•
,
1
fn
his
paper,
1 ;
lm
1
1
the. contempor ry - /
anthropologieal - "llustrator
1-
does lijaeed
of
ganera.ll y draw Tram photograph ; bl.lt al mo t al w;4v, ,T:.om photographs taken under' O,g =o'è1;,!:!!:~!, QO,èi,1;,i gO,§., '1 n ~J~ 'eucample WOl.lld net berhard te ind, and 19ht i7ndeed__f-e., 'found in one of the most aluable and accurate lof / ' recent anthrepelogical bocks, in Whl'ch i5 given a p~c ture of the Caribs of my ow country of GUlana, which, l.am assured by the very d~ tinguished author. was,the best attalnable~ -This p cture glves no hlnt of what ,Car i b s s!:!!t li.L§t i.0, tb.êl.r.. ~Lt!:!t:è1. §:\;~:\;ê; but;t t 1 S evidently taken from a ph tograph~ the ~istp~y.Of whic~ l have b€l€ln Llnable to tra e. The e)(planatl/on 15, however, easy to me. During y many years acquàlntance with theu~e Caril:ls. both lli hell~ native wlld 9 and ,durlng their briet ViSlts t the town. 1 have otten been struc k by th,~ m.arvelloLys dl fferencE> in thel r appearance -when sesn I.ln.:ler these two dlfferlng conditions. It lS· true that" ln hl S natu'ral surl~oLmdi ngs the Cal~ lb 1 s but ve~y lightly clad. whereas. an th8 rare occasions when he enters the town he sometimes. but by no means always, puts on a fragmentary and lncongruous· plece or -. two of the cast-off clothlng of whlt€l men lntendlrtg, by '"" no '"€lans .sLlcç_essfLllly, to ador:-n his person; but such separable û'cclderits of rags by no means e::plcun the .. full change in ~is appeafance. 1 have seen the same men. ln their distant home~ on the mountalnous savannahs between GUlana ~nd the Bra=11s. though clothed , 1 with but a slngle stnp of cloth, two or three lnches wide and perhaps a yard in length. and elther unadorned or adorned with but a scrap of red or white pai~t, look -like what the novelists describe as well-groomed g€lntle~e.n. Vat the sama lndivlduals ln Georgetown, wlthout any added clothing or adornment, look th~ meanest and 122
Il
!
o
.',
.
.~
Ir..
Iii..
'!....:. __ ~ '. ~ .... , /
-
i
-
.J-
-
"
I,
.
-
/
thœ .I-
in
l '
, 1;
,
and
#
/;/ .
l,
l
!
,1
li l,
, ,1
Il
""
/
1
.
,
1
l"
"
!
,
obser vat i oné,l
1
()f'
/
1
-'
wh j eh l
1
Cl
wi l ]
/
i t
/
/
ilttempt.s i',.)
therefore unei vi l ize'û
o
It 1s nttural
1
• .-~
/ '..
/
..
be~ause
it
";~l
,1 ':
o
7} ,: .if"'}. ,
,",:..~~
that vision on a geographic landscape which 15
proJects
~
""
,
, wi -Id '
exotic, and iherefore uncultured. Th& representational culture of utop~
naturàlism
an The
an~
c'jmbines
,
that
derives
combines
from
two
pho~ogr.phs
effort to'convey a sen~e or
an
.descriptions", in 'natural'
one,
thus
eXdtic"geograpbfcal realm,
and
sc,rts and
·of
written
picture' .,
.:;,f
the .other
a
that
the two in a tandem effort ta depict that world ,peopled '
by ethncJgY'aphi.:ally 'p':l'r~e' spe~l:mens. . In
ar tic 1 e,
hi s
i m ,"hurn suggested t.b.è:t t.b.~
Qi
!:!32!:.
è
----
~S\!D!r.A c-oarêf 'produce "n.:;,n-natural" ph'Jtographs. He impI ied that a phot'Jgraph which
it
per
se
was taken might not be (~.e.:
"n'jn-natural,
".:i rcums,tances"
was accurate but the
.
its
circumstances
-'
Il
LInder
--
or itslsubject was pr.:;,babLy not a
were
"True Carib lf but
.l
an Ackawois).
What however did he mean· by "non-naturaI7" One ,:;,nly
..
1
'
begins
•
---------
0
to understand the importance of this chaY'acterization
~&--davêl,:>pment of ethnography when one examines the contexts
.
in
.
, 1
'l'
"
•
.•:,f
iis use in some detail. ~ I~ Thu~n applied the designation in both geographi.:al
and cultural sej;tings.
His geogr'ëlP~.:al usage
.based on a distinction between Georgetown, Guiana,
and"
the
Carios'
IIdistant
the
h,::>mes
savannahs." His cultural usage distinguished
on
capita~
was·
of British
thl9~"mountain.:.us·
~etween
the types of
clothing the Ame~indians wore in the t~o lo~ation~ •. ,
3.2
tt:e Virtual PotUtlon of Georgetown in j.m T~;urnt.$ > emQOQ tb~ Ing1ëD§ 2~"§Y~ênê· On
lm "Thurn published l1is maj.=:-r wc.rk ·:.n Br~~~sh Guiana, ..
~b~ Iosi~Q~
QI
§YisQ~l
~l..~,.
_
~
•
ê!!.!lQQg
".J'
~~ing §k~~~bêa,Çbi~il~ ~QihtQQQ1Q9i~ 1~2m
SoU. 11l1!!r.!2r. QI Dtl1i!!U §YiêQ~
in 18t!i3. "The- w.jrk Y/as di vided i nto ",t
124 "\
/
""
two
parts. f
rhe
.
fil"'st part described Brit"ish
Guiana'.
n.tul"'~l
environment; the seco~d depicted i~digenous li~a. Th~.e two p.rts
.
also
employed
oddly differing narrative structures.
,
.firmt'
The
part ~as subdivided into a kind of tr~ve19gue (chapters 1-3),
an
'""",
.
~
Ima~ined ~eries
of 'pictures' of the natural vegetation
4), followed by a generàl
The
sec:ond
part
descri ption of ani mal 1 i -fe
"
was structured along the li nars
(cha~ter
a.;:1 ël9lsi·c
(:If
ni neteenth centL\ry f ac't:uall.Y based ethnograph t c an al y!l-li S.' - .and punctuated
by
chapters
t.ndi genoLls
1 i fe
dealing
6-19).
with
the
variouG
The book. thus
5) _
Facets
Wd!S
of ~ r::\
repreuu,mt$i
formative stage of ethnographie dlscourse in which the.nafuraltœt hel~
and the anthropologist of
first
the
'descriptions~
t..
o
four
-
equal sway. Considér the or9anizatl0n
ehapters,
of the capital,
particularly
im
Georgetown. He opened the
Prgf~c~
with the following passages: In JLt1y 1877 r' first tanded in Bri,tish Guiana, andon Chri~tmas Day, 1879, the intermediate two and a half years having ~e~n'spent, in about equal proportlcin, __ in wandering among' the lndians and in the chl~f town of the colony, I laft the coun;try, as l then thought, for ever~ During the foi~owing iwo years, spent in England, whenever the~e came ~ perfectly fine d~y, whether in spring. summ~~, autumn, or in winter~ and whenever 1 was able to sp~Md thoss too rare opportunities of perTect life in wandering over down-country, or through English lanes and woods, or by that ever pleasant river which runs past Qxford town, then 1 fel~ that the unspeakabl~ pleasure of such a day surpassed by far aIl that the days, and all·that the years, however pleasant~ which a"man may spend ln the troplCs can ~fford. Bui when, very much more Qften, 'gloamy days had ta be èndured, then my thougMts invariably turned westward, an9 l longed ta be once more among,the deep shadow5 ~nd br6ken lights of the giganttc tropical forest~~ on th~ sunlit waters of braad r~~ers, or on ~he rolling, limitless savannah», among'wMich l Mad learned te know the 'lar,ger and more free ways oT Nature. And so it
,
, :
-
.
125 ,
\
.
,-"
......... .
'
••
~
.,.,..
~<
<
,
,.
..
.. .'. ~
". ,......
~
~
.~.;",,"
..
happened that, two days beiore Christmas of 1881, once more came to'Guiana (im Thurn 1883:v-vi).
.,'
c'
l
In' the interim he had begun ta wrlte the book- Whic:h he f'.inished
.
zcm his retùrn ·to British Guiana.
eqLlal
time
iA ,
The ~ta.tmefït that he spent abol..\t
.
the interio~ and ln Georgetown ~~ovided
lm
'
observa:'
a frame of referenc:e in which to authentic:ate his He
tian .... .,
also
situated
hls
movements' in
•
produc:tlon
of
Guiana were
~n
,l
the book.
"
the other free. types
were
the one
limitless, one
e::cluslve:
to·
the
!
Contrasts between Engl,nd and
important theme.
natural envlronments:
relation'
-
Thurn
partlcLllarly the tl-'o c:onstral~ed, >
C:OLtntrles'
cultivated. and open;
and naturally abundant. of a rapidly
9rltish
The stereo-
expanding
industrial
4
envI ronment:; the o"ther of a col oni al pr"esence. One might ently in lm spent
expec:t that Georgetown would have flgured promin-
ThLlrn~s
descrlptions of the country.
After
half his tlme there CduriAg his ftrst stay ln the
he had been Curator of the MLl!:feum at
aIl,
country
The town
Ge>ol"'get~wn).
he
al so
represented the most Important c:enter of Brlti.h c:olonial scc:Lety in
South America, _ bordered as it was by Spani sh, 5 ~ and Dutc:h c:olonies. Desc:riptions of the c~lonial city
l10rtheastern
Part~gese
c:ol.lld
have been fit ted
first
and sec:ond editions of
c-ontalned
1
nta the emergent anthropol ogy, ~gt~§
~od Qyg~!@§
iri the first edltion~
and sectio~ tf<XIV,
aQtbtQeQ!Qg~
QO
a section 'Contact with Civili=ed Rac:es'
f~ th~
(Se~tion
XCV~
in the secondoeditian)
that speC:lfically addressed the qUeltion of the
soc:ial
and c:ul-
turtl. consequences of E\.lI'''opee.n c;:ontact wi th indi genoLls p opul at ions
c
(see
Appendix I).
been
of
The issue of intercultural 6 cons~dera~le ethnographiç interest.
~ontact
As im
c:oul d
~aveJ
Thurn .'
ha
'
Q
126 1
•
'
.
,
.. '·1
o
also
noted,
the
British claim in the Guianas was
of
pr ••• ing
,
international Interest because of the recent the
northwest
emphasL:e
l
part of the coIony (im
Thurn
resentatlons
of gold in.
1892/93:61-17>.
point becau~e 1 thlnk the whole question
tHi s
bf the
a
1
of
4
distinction between 'natural' vs.
T~urn's
disco~ery
"non-natural'
im rep-
Caribs can alse be approached in terms cf a
- European absence or presence. 1
,
There
were
two
tll/ays
to
appr oaeh
dlsappearanee .. of indlgenous life styles. two
directions
emer~t
the
t.he
prob t f:m
which
dis21p1ine of
0+
t:.llF.1
corresp~nd~d
anthropolrJgy
wlth milJhi:
J
take. ., One whl"''Çhl ac:hLeved dominanc.e durlng this peY"iod Wi':\S ~ predornlnantly naturali<;t-;Lc desc,'"ip.tion of Ind1.gf-:moLl!s ~1C::lcu\1 <,,\nd behavlcr set agalnst a geoqraphical whole.
cul tur"al
WhlCh
was
b~tween
1eft
two
aSlde • . w~s the
cultures
at
description
their varl0US
of
The
relationshlps
geagraphlc
pOJnts
contact· Development of this latter perspective would h;we "i
the di BeurSl ve formul at i on of mul ~ p 1 e cul. tural
si tl ated
1
~ \:lf
a
,
l
vi ew, the prodLlct of several $hi ft
aw~
ot
neCI~li
poi nta ~
Clil tures,' and tht.ls prci!!c i p i ta1;ed
1
mon(::) 1 o~ue .
from the authori ty of an anthropol og i cal
(Clifford 11983). completely
P
other p
Needless to say, the ,"'esult"w'oul'd hi:wE! bfiHm the,
different
c:onc:eptual
organi=ation
of
nineteenth ,
1
century anthropol ogy.
..-II-
Rather 'than a complex soei~l entity in ItS own
right,
.. ,
thff
\
capital Clty remains a cipher, a
1· 1
.
o
a
~icty~à2Q~itlQQ,
foil for im Thurn's naturalizing account of the
its Amerindlans. comments:
"lJt
Chapter~2,
last
ihterior-
for example, énds with othe
all the adventures of the
-127
to be used as .nd
followi~g
expéditlon
were·
,.
\.,.
/ /
an'tt
;6ver,
we reached Georgetown a-fter an
absen~e
• of $ix
,
months
&.
/ -from
/
;' /
the clvilised world." Chapter 3 then begins with a
of "The two most interesting natural features in
d 1 scussi on
interior
lengthy
o-f
those which have attracted most
Guiana,
the
attention
from the outside world," the Ka,iet~ur fal"l.f" and Mount' Roraima (lm
~,eorgetown" city, i
llsed
/
as
,':llbsence
1
a ' " are
Cl.
ge~graPhiCal
contrasts
adventures
begin
and
described from the vantage poi nt
its cultural presence
!
,-
Although~
1883:55,56,57).
Thurn
i~
evacuated,
reference,
with
poln.t.
"l'- '
an' earlier
'i'n
end
at
of
-that
and the town is
only
't~iS
work.
The Clty's
mention of _Georgetown, ,
in
<
o
which i. t
15
described
as
the
hl.~b
of
arr- embryonic colonial
7'
communicatIons system:
,
•
A line of steamers, largely subsidised by t~e Gover_nment, runs from Georgetown to the Berbice on the one : hand, and to the Essequibo on the other; and smaller , -... steamer"s run twi ce in each week l\tp the Essequibo, - the Demerara,- and the Berbice., Th~steamers are almost the only means yet attempted of opening up the colony. The small st~amer runs up the Essequibo.for a distance .'of about thirty-five miles from the mouth, partly' for the • convenience of the few who travel in that direction~ but chiefly for Government purposes, the penal settlement of the colony betng situated on the Ma~eruni, a large tributary of the Essequlbo. It was by this latter ~teamer that 1 rRached the outskirts of' civilisation, at oBartica Grove. WhlCh stands at the . junction of the M~=erunl wlth the Es~equlbo. Leavir,g Georgetown early in the mprnlng. we passed for twc hours along the coast. and then ran 1nto the Esse~ quiéo. ,On board was la most heterogeneoLls and 9if!!JC~â=. gy~ (my emphaslsJ crowd of East Indlans. C,hinese~ Indians, ~egroes. toqether wlth Portuguese and a few other white men. Nearly ~very Individual of thlS crowd travelle~ wlth a str3nge assortment of luggage. varying fr.om a ~edst~ad or waggon to a palr of live 'fowls or a P!i'rrot. cfn el ther si de of the r lyer the banJ.. s were low ~nd swampy, densely covered with courida bushes (aYif~= oo1m ni.t!.9s). . mangroves (B!:l!.;;'QQ!:lQ!:~ !!lsOg~!.), and, pal mt~ees. In the evening, about four o)clock, we reached .Bartica Grave ~im Th~rn 1883:4).
/ 128 ,
'"
:_;" ..•
"
-
,,-~~ ..rL"':'-,_"'·.~,_\~~., _ ~.-;. ~.. ".~;run~"'."'''':~ Jh
<
•
-
,1,1"-
\
...
~ ..~
\-'
"{"
.fI
1
('
"1,
,
•
:
'
,
':J
"'1
..... -
Im lhurn's descri~tion of t~e Bartica Greve sattlement is not4ble
o
...for its sc:,!nt geographical and cultural detail.
It c:learly givell5 civiliz.tion~
the
impression of a place at the very edge ef
the
• boundary between a non-natural colonial world and a
.t
natural
gèographical world of tropical Guiana: Bartica. Grove, . once a flourishing mission !ltqtion~ 19 now redl.lced "to a few wooden huts, usad as st,es, ci church, recent 1 y hal f-restored from a m~Bt' rui l'JOl B condition, a faw small living houses, and some imbersheds. These latter are -g1~t!:!!:f!.i9!:!fl bui Idinqs {my emphasisJ, consisting of a_fe~ upright posta $upporting roofs of withered palm-l~avas. Under their eaves colonies of gigantic: green spiders, . as large-às thrush's' eggs, watch their webs, undisturbed fram yea~'s end to year's end. The whole sleepYJ beautiful village li~s under the shade' of an avenue of large mango-trees. From this avenue ~the view riverward ts of an- enormoO$ ~retch' of wat~r; the view landward is of a tanglad 5hrubbery of of 1 ower"1 ng bushes, from wh! ch ri se gr'oups of graèeful pal ms, and is bounded in the distance - by v the ,edge of the for:.est. The ditches\ and pathœ in the vi 11 age are c:hoked by great masses of \ maidenhail'" ferns and silver-backed gymnograms
.:
The
inhabitants of the village,
as described by Lm
ara
Thurn,
also marginal in appearance and habit: 1<
The
dec-aying village i5 now chiefly inhabited by so~alled 'river-men:~ These are idle negroes and halfcastes who make a living on the t1mber grants, 'or as best they can. There are also a few inha.bitants of a better kind, chle/ly store-keepers Cim Thurn 1883:5) •
•
Im
Thurn~s
parts
"into, the
contrast
'''l
narrative c:hanges radlcally at this,point a9
to
Macusi
i nteri or" W1 th a c:rew 0-4=
Il
In
r
"-
the riv.r-men whom he found set,
de-
'Indi ans.
.. aM'
and
lmmana'Jeabla
l
disagreeabl,e
he
'
the Indlans were,. for lm Thurn,
'\nuch
more
Hm
Thurn
,
easily 1883:5).
managed" In
this
and
•
"far more pleasant in
melnns,.. ..
passage from clvilization to the ints,..ior
of
129
.~
.
_, ,.~........L.",-",::,,,,:;,,",--_ _ _ _...._ _ _ _. . ._ _lIIiif
Sritish Guiàna, Georgetown's cultural and colomal e::lstence was. as
l h,ava alr-aady p'Ointed out, point of reference.
~ical
f·endê~l"'ed
The
effectively redLlced to a geograpexclu~lon
more emphatic bec.;\.use of the
w?s tO·b2
this implled,
st'~LU:;:ture
of hIS geographl-
cal conception of BritIsh Guiana.
There
two - Ds1;Y!:iÜ organic ways to
wer'e
In
of ils flora and in terms of its
terms
,
di~cursive strategi~s e::clude
fduna
AppencliH I l l .
Both
colonial man.
And neither -~echnique places Georgetown 4
embryonic
~ommunlcation
system,
.
wIth
ln its descriptive purv19w. -
that élbserlce,
(see
m:\n, especlally it~
rhe
--
city rem.a-i-ns aOvirtt..lal posltlon, - lacking in cLlltLlrdl
That
Bri t i sh
descri be
SLlbstance.
i5 the distinguishing feature of
the
'(
non-natural pole of im Thurn's descriptive ethnography. 3.3) On ~
Visuali~ing
I~ ThU~~'s
Amerindians:
The Natural and
Non-N~tural
in
Ethnographie Practice. \
lm Thurn deployed the naturai/non-naturai dlchotomy ln a sllghtly different
fashion
il~;
paper,
ë\
~PrimitIve Gdmes.· PLlbllSihed
lf"1
1
1889.
In
thèat pape,".
']r::!;1..fl:.~:31
he dl fff:renti e,'\ted between
dl1d
8
thpse
which had.
i
ri
III S
wOI'-c1~.;,
/
as thay tended ta
reflect Rather
o
lhe than
only natural
pt~apli~'s
111teractJon wlth the
compara the twc types cf garne. games~
reafflrmlng in thls
~30
"1
~ay
naturé\l lm
envII~onment.
Thurn
descrlbed
.
(
hlS conceptuali=atlon
~natural·
of the Redmen as a
o
specles.
9 ~!C!t9Q shleld game
he commented: ,
,.
Those who, judging by the unfortunate stray Redmen seen da:::ed , i n Georgetown ~ thi n~:; l:hesf. peop 1 el nat\.\r"è\11 v deJe-cted and 101'11 spirited, wOl.lld qLlite chQ\n':.,..~ Lhail'" opi ni on di-d they see these sarn.la---Recjmen l'II} 1 dl Y F.)HC1. t(~d and i IJ~ _. the hi ghest of spi ri ts dl"II~'l IIg thi ,. (i [n
1934/1889:51).
Thu~n
Im
Thurn
.
distlnction ,
belween
presence,
situa~lon
the games in
and cul tu!'"al conte::ts ..
geogrë\phi cal
colonial
described
which
,n.atl.lr.al i 'sUc ln gener'
/(ll.1ar
a ~;l§.!:!§\l. âit.!:!!ê.:!;'iQO, wl'llch
~ymbo1i=ed
replicated
by.
Georgeto~n,
a morally and
I.... Rfl~c'l
wOl.lld and
vl~ual
a
physical1y
,::1
innocent
state of indigenoLIs_ e::lsten~e. Thurn~s utopian naturalism wa~ construct~d
in
terms,pf thé bLnary
fOI.... ming the "marvellol.lS differenc:e" of the Caribs e:dstenr.::e' g,g.t;,!:l
. accurate and naturai.
vioLlf"
The former,
repres(-=nt~d
"in their distant homes." Tl;le l.atter,
WI1:)I'" 13
the:\. 1'" beIHiI"
f.:h~~'" t;reh.flviolw'
J.n
c colon1zed
"Georgetown.
Thil=LJ'.hstinction betweêm the
Il
two
wr.:ll.tld
• i nd i (~enOtls'
al sO' . oe aC,centuated by the presence ;and absence of
10 'clothing mated
-
.
Thurn 1893:186).
attrlbutes
But if both dejected and
were to be consldered
accurate
characterization mo~e pertInent than the other.
an!-
de.cript\OMm.
there must have heen:'some othar factor that WOLll d mj7ib~
then ~
(im
onl:J
That
factor
WdB
the sùb-title ta 1''11.5 book,
6mQU9
t.Uf!
Redmen of the Brltish colony. In
IOg~90a
the
Qi
first place.
~ §~l~ns was Q§log-~l~t~b~§ ~bi!tl~ gQ~b'QQQ!Qgi~
131
tc~m
0
~b!
tn~~igC
the
autset,
'natural' ficial.
Qi
êct~i~Q §~i~Q~·
its
Georgetown was thus excluded from
relatlonshlp ta the
"natural'
landscape
and
peoples of British GLllana belng r-egarded clearly ar-tlThe
sub-title
orientation.
also announces the
It was nct to be
naturalist's repor;t.
ta~en
disciplinary
boo~'s
as a travelague, nar was it a
It was.the.ame disciplinary predicat.ion im
.
Thurn adopted in his paper on photography. There his disciplinary affiliation was announced in his title and clearly articulated ln the second paragraph of the paper: "
"
Primitive phases oT Iife are ·fast fading from the wprld iri this age of restless travel and exploration, and it shauld . bs recognised as almost the dllty of, edY'F=a~ed' travaIl ers in the 1 ess known parts of the world ~o jiLrl: on permaneryt record; before it is too late, slIch o~ these phases as the~ may observe ••• (im Thurn 1893: 184). '
..
The
familiar
fading,1I
"educcated
"observe," first
was
~eader
are
fast
record,"
and
Its position on the to
a
speclalized
and ruled out Its being
ta~en
eVldently
eoneeived
as
a
novel
and
hlghly
attempt te construct a dlsclpllnary argument
as
a The
self-
for
the
for
the
-,~
As
Thurn ::u-gued.
lm
propenSl ti es
Mary
especl~lly
possibillty
tranSposlng
ta
use a
tool wlth
2 l.l eh
waLll d neceSSl tate a dl fferent or1 el! tab on
observing .ye.
~ ~A~
"permanent
travellers~1I
of photography,
phases
expositlon on the use, of photography by travellers.
conscious ,
"primiti-....'e
of the paper oriented the
~pplication
pdper
.
and phrases,
were> deployed ln this statement.
page
popular
words
Slnee that tool offered the revolutlo-
of spat1ally and temporally
the 'natural" elements 132
o~
transportlng
indlgenaus behavlour
and from,
around
o.
the
ant~wopoflletr
w~. i;:
That procedure
cH~arly
measurements .=,n the spot,-
differed' and' from
clf pbot.:.graphing. Caribs ."in theit" nat\..\ral stat~," one
t~kin~
fl"om
tr-~nSip~')rt i
ng
.:.an begin
t.1~,.
Tho~;,F:>
tra •.:e a netw.;.rk ,:,f motives undeYIying his choie$' "f 'sl..lb.jf..ict. motiv~s are linked
.
stig
expre$sed~by ~Q~~2
,
êDtb~gQgiQQ1,~llm~tê'Qot!ltYêl
to the
Q~gtig§
gO
~O!btgQ2lgg~ and
Q21nt Qi 6
11
EtuOQ12Q1Sàl view
would
tra~eller.to
Furthermore,
IQQyl~~·
No~e
entailed a shift from
a
coll~ttive
im
Th~rn
that this disciplinar~ point t~e
authority of
the
authority which the camera was not a
G,-
pl'" .::.fessi onal
acti vi ties
as
a
colonial
"
-
persl:lni fiecJ.
anthr.::>p.::>l'ogi cal sket.ches must al so be vi ewed as the pr,:>duc t
f
,
Siolitary
travell~r.
disinterested
of
,J
,::>f hi $
Cim
c.fficial
Hi~
Thurn
.)
1892: 665). Visualizing 'Race:' On\the Construction of 'Natur.l' Representations.
3.4)
\
Im Thurn' s dis.:ussion of the:~,1
1
.: on seq uan'.: Els
ra,:ial intermixture in -Briti"s~ï oGuiana i5 a good e~ample
l':if
the
'di~ciplinary
sence
of
natural
articulation of his ut~~ian naturalis~ in the pre...., 1 ..::. " ' a well-established European presence. Raci.al purity,
enVl ro"nmental condi tions, _. and a form of 'mor al
happ1. nesS
sl-,'HJuld c.:;.rrespond in his ub::tpiari natural ism and together d'eMote people living in a natura]
a.
state cd physi,:a"l it,nd moral lnnc.cenl:(iH .(\.
o
Sorne interest attaches to the as yet nut very numerQUS instances of persons whose veins are hal f filled with India.n, hal f wi th f.:;.reigo bloQd: l have, personally, not the slightest doubt that the pur~ Indian left tG "
't
133
,
, (
l
,
himself and his own·natural cbnditions ls' much the happier and morally the better man (im Thurn 1893:191). Moral _ happines5
followed frclm a perfect relati';:.nship
with
the
'L/I'1âtural envi ronment. Even - the Warraus, wh,:;. were unkempt êln'd 1 i ved in the swamp land of Br;'tish Guiana,
were "happy and
c.;:)ntented"
(Lm Thurn la~3:1~9). He terms
situated
the
~ssue
of Amerindian cultural
of problems consequent upon European contact,
change and
in
within
p
this
context
his
~oncern
was
particularly
the
~roblem
of
unidirectional cultural assimilation:
...
But from-the first instant that the stronger European influence meets and touches the weaker n~tive American race, it Is absolutely unavoidable that'a change should begln in the latter; and it has always seemed to me that it Is our dut y, though 1 fear one that has seldom anough in_the history of the world be~n acted on, or at -least been wisely acted on, to see that this changewhicH we are forced by circumstances· to ma~e ln this naturally happy and estimable fol~, should be as little to their detriment as possibly .••• Guiana is one of the not too -numerc'Lls places in which from the "fll"St -qhe European influen,:e, largely, it must be adffilttsd, because the cir,:umstan.:es of the place did, not bring it much in contact wlth the native element, has been comparatlvely, unfortunately J can only say comparat1vely, harmless to the l~tter. But now, when, owing to the spread of the gold indust~y into the before LIn~n';)Wn interlor ,:,f the ,:';)lony, these circumstances are rapidly changing, and the European and native elements are inevitably being daily brought more and more into contact, it would become us te see that the graduaI merging of the natlve into the European element should be accomplished with as little injury te the former as possible. And this desirable end, difficult, lt must be admltt~~, of attainment, could best, and, it seems to me, only be reached, by a gradLlal lntermarrlage ,::tf the- l:;w,:, elelnents (lin Thurn 1893: \91-1921. , If
change
w~s
Inev1table,
it would
ta~e
the,form of a
unidir~c-
tional passage Tram nature to culture,
o
from
be~g
European,
from being primitive te being .-
of
-
f ...
<
:Thi •.•• ction
the issue of intergroup relation$ between peoples.
an
con-
moral
1 ~onsequences
Port~ges~
.
,of native
intermar~iage
,
and Scottish partners.
wit~
in terme of numerical importance.
this
the
case,
extens~yely
view.
He
discussed, then
prob~em·of
Conveniently,
briefly
the
physi~ar
discussed the case of
anp •
in
pass&ge
Negro intermarriage
bath from moral and
li.'\n
hierarchally
Tarm CT the hierarchY aIse marked
towards civili:aticn. Thus the
~s
Sp~ni~h.
.Negro,
His argument wae
constructed
of
physi cal
drew .several conclusions as te the
Thurn
4nd
~
of how he dealt with i-t');ilthin the fral'nework
anthropological perspective.
lm
~
,
e>:ample
colonial
It is therefore of considerable intarest ~~
•
'-~~~,i!#_ rf~
l
,
indigenous
t~
1
his paper rep~esents one cf the'few times th~t im ~~urn
fronted
#
~ t~
-
civili~ad.
\ .
R.d man
~
:'h
1
points
.
w~s
of
Ar~w.ck
Spanish ~
inter~ixture,
and
ended
eHam~le,'
went on ta mention the Pcrtugese Arawack
wi th the foll.owing l"'evealatory comments
on
Scottish
Arawack' i.ntermiNture (Fig.l):
!'
"l'
••• 1t will be noticed that, as in all the other rare instances l have seen of th~ mixture of British with Red,bloed, the reswlting cross takes much more exclusi- . vely after ~he European parent than is commen whan the foreign element i5 oi non-B~itish orig1n
His
hierarchy
Negro
.'
of intermixture was
r~clally Qrga~i%ad
.
at the bottom and the Scottish at the top.
The
with
th~
dichotomy
\,
"
the physical and mor-al poles of his
between separated
o
cleser
in the case of the negro,
together,
until,
in
135
..
the
discussion,
tended to grçw Scottish
widely
\
'Arawack
cl oser-
and
c6se,-
the
~
L
o
"e~elusively"
in fI uenee
was
qualities
which
he
British.
The
"conjectured and, supported
illustration were particularly interesting.
bet~.en 'rad
physical
and
~
by
phot.::ographi .:
ror example,
unions
Negros and Redmen were most often between black men
women-. - In his opinion the most per fect physical
~uch")ntermarriages ~should fath.r
m.::oral
resul t
reflect the physical power
with the beauty of the mQther.
The Ideal
moral
of
and c.f the
product
<;:)
would
be -il ·child who was brought up by the m",::other's
opposed
t.::o
that of the father.
The reasons i m Thurn o
choosing
family,
•
gave
as f.:::.1'"
~
the mother's famil~ as the source for the child's moral ~
.duc.tion, weye
~erfectly
in harmoAY with his
non-natur~l/natural
Morally the good or evi! result of the cross depends on wh.ther the ,::.ffspring are brOUgh~p entirelx.by the, moth.r and enti rel y among her fol k, among and as the father' s fol k. In the former .:as ,e chi 1 d acqui yes chiefly the qualities, ~bl~b ~t~ g ___ [~ll~ tb~, 9QQd if 11~Q!~ g~~!l!l~âL Ql so slmQât ~Qti[~l~ Oàt~t§ fQlk while in the latter case it acquires ra~her the qualities of the father, whb:h ln no spirit .::of reprobation, but of pit y, must be described as the m~st woefully and sadly unfortunate quallties which the European, as a Franhenstein, compounded and supplied to that most artificial c~eature WhlCh, by his origlnal enslavement of the African5 and the~ by the too rapid and ent i,r el y bad 1 y pl anned en fr an.: h l sement 0 f these same, he created [my emphasisJ (lm Thurn 1893:192). r,
·-lm hi.
Thurn was quite clear as t.;:) the qualities he distinguished by strategie
spheres.
separation
of his
In the case of Gabriel,
ethnographj~
subject
in
the , son of a Warrau mother and
F'hysio::al1y the plo::ture cd h1.m'which T shQW YC'LI spf~aks for itsel r. rt .:an, o.,f .:QLlrSe, nQt be o:laimed that his {ace 15 beaLltlful, but it i5 at least fa~ more refined than that of the ordinary black man, and his e~pre~-
136
two
,~'
sion, of which the photograph givei.Qo 'idea~ has the gentle intelligenc:e of the red man~. with cl r.:ert~in proportion of the animal good humour whic:h 15 the most favourable ,c:harac:ter to be looked fdr in the blac:k ffian's face. That his strength is not only a.ppa~ent but real will be u~derstood frQm the fac:t that l have sean him waH a shart distaI"H:e, (when pCJrtèlging th-e l?:t\gqi~ge fJ.:\st a fall~ with a rie b
o
1
1. ~,-
1
ThiS
picture
hi~
oF
(Fi q.
servant
mi.cr~c:?:~m ,for the lnter-fc\ce of 't:'1e n:atur,al
deS~ion
moves
-.and
TIH:3
non-natl.lr.al.
from a dIScussion of thii1! physical
and, mor.l
,,
charac:terlstlcs
WhlCh Gabriel embodied,
agal n both physlc:al the
pOl
h~~d,
of a
nt at r
Whl
and ,moral.
to hl s natLlral
throu~h 'to hl s ELlropeani"z:atl.on',
ch Me op!?rates photogr.aph i
.
point of vi-ew.
t::
the .i\ppar.at'.ls
tlJ
wh i,:h
.
in the co"te::t of'lm Thurn's prlper,
discIP~inary
vi. r' tlH-JS,
become the symbol. bath
and (::lf the pn:ll:ess O't
Whi~'
n~'\tur..;l-·
t;ym~JG)l
i;!-ë.'\tion bath Gabl':iel and the photogrcil.ph i..::e in hl:; -"Il • utopian cosmcigraphy. Not only does t~is p~ss~ga operate descrLptively
~s
a model
o~
physical and moral processes which
m.r~
th~
t,
unidi-reetional passage -From unc:ivilized ta c1vili:ed,'fru-t it~---'
ct.
~
. ..
.
,
naturalizes'
Gabriel was both a servant to a
product~
c
1
Euro-
1
. served·as· im
.
1"."
thus
Ga~riel
natural world.
He could,
more ways than one.
-~
-
~
.
-
guide
Thurn's
)o~--
"
ln
,
for e:rël:mp'le.
funct·ion. as the crew
of
Macusi Indians had prevlously done.,v ta. gUIde lm Thurn thraugh-
~
purely
naturel world ccmpletely allen tb him.
He could
a~ a ÇJL\lde 'for the Interface between t.he natLlral
-aerve
He w.:\s. after aIl not
'"1.11.: l.\r: i"l 1 : An
tJnt:e
-1
and humàn ,!"edLator who enabled ~t;>European to e:-~per:ience
pean, the
its
-
l
tt"I.E1 t
nC.Jpec tl
d.
pLII'"e
and
aIse non-
b l oaded In~i an.
on aï i J I1 Thurn' s photographs of i3abl'-l el n::!veal
El t
they are,t1.l. gh 1 Y c:ontri ved,' the poses adoptec:l" bel ng t,hat
1::::: The poses thus offer A
bf a classic nude study in European art. mec:\l'\s by whlch
im ThUt'"n and his readers could 1nterpret Gc:ibriel' s ,
EûrL,pe~.n i:: at i on
--
•
'1 i, <':lit.la
l
aesth~.t i
role as a servant -- through a process of
h~s
--
c: 1:: càt ion.
Oddl y.
enough,
trI}
femlfll,.:es
Thurn
-
but"in so dOlng he Rlsa-emph.si~ss thœ ,MaturaI pole
Gabrt~l,
of
_0
,
dichtJtomy:-' Gab!'lel's physic:al pose
naturai/nan-natural
his
st.rength)
was
,.--
<,
photographs (the pole represented by hlS fathœr's
bath
~"",.r
_~
mothe~'s - g~ace
inflected with hlS
in
phYSlc:~l
n
(the
t~at.\tY,~_f for,'m and line-derived frem his motl1e,'"'s phY5ic:al f(rm).
-
ln Europeêni::ing_Gabl"'iel
Paradoldcally.
im Thurttl
r' , (
1 -
~
l,50 natLirali:::es /"
, Q .
him.
!,Jil'$
~
desc:r'iptlon of Gabriel's l::Ihotograph (Flg.
,2)
--n:lpli-dtes ,~
~.---
I?>
that movement at a' moral level. Hè was, for pol nt out ·that' whi 1 e thf~ photogr'aph ,
,
"no idea/l
as
Gabl"~el ~s
t'b '.
ne;:)t ~
0-
however,'
~ause
'nat.l..tral
~
e),(am~Le.--at
(ISP~~;~f~Ç i"t:se] f. a::presslon.
ta repress the Euraplan or non-natural
tomy,
he
\.,
p~le 9~
",
"
,
.
t/g'î'~;: do~s
his
dlcha-
proceeds ta naturali=e physical ,features by describing
)'
.' ..... " ---
,1
The dllemma
138
......'
II-
im Thurn te ravise his utopian natur~tlsm~
Unabl~
.
pal\1S ta ___ ~
l
\
. them
o
'
in terms of a natural moral condition.
faii
te
J nd i cat ion' • of
adequate
gence,
his
presence.
i~
Gabriel
,moral '
Gabriel's
aesthetlsi~ed.
obJectified but at the
is
.
of aesthetic beauty.
photograph
~
same
time
His physica.l pow_r, the musculature
of hi s body,. ~his
may
'but- i t èompensates - by exaggerati ng the n.atLlra.l ne!!!!!!!
feminized and
1
~
0
nt~l"ii
of
an
~
o
i
gi ve
The photograph
and because
dra\ilng,,/~'\lS
a pdintihg or
double
'naturalizatiolî 'is fact alized in terms of ca disclplHlélry point of Vlew:
Gabriel 1 s
because
photagcaph
passasses
ethnogra.phie interest . is presented in an anthropologica.l -conte::t, a.nd in
.
it
•
terms of a distinctive representational culture. ,
3.5)
Negotiating' Spontaneity and Negotiating Ethnographie' Representations: Photographing Other Cultures •
.,
Anthropol d9J. c~l obser-vati on requi red ,a pot nt of vi\w ~ in im 'ThLwn"s I.ltopian naturalism was hieral"chic. .c~ounts
are
made
possible
only by
aspects of Ca.rib sOc!.:?l· llfe.
HIS
descri~tjve
t~e
represslng
Within .anthropology·s
'whi ch
colonia.l
r-I?presL?nta-
,
tiQnal
cultl.lre,' those
strongly ideol,ogic.al
'description'S'
aru
~
validàted
thrOLLg~ an
posiéivist
bias
valori~ing
ab'ove
the
act
at the root of
~objectivity~
that
duplicity
bf
anthropologlcal
photography, worked
the
diS~lPl~ne~.
to establish the ~naturalne~$'·
in
Sy
dnd
and antnropometrtc
,
inclpie~t
discourse:
of descriptive photogranhy ovmr
"subjective' hand dr'âwn illustrations. .)
typlfies
Thurn'$
,.lm
lts own
handc::;~
discoursA
,
and'
that of its photographie obJeet, the native, through a procass of ,
0
geogra.phi c and cul tùral mask.i ng j ' , ,
In im Thurn's vieW,
'
<
\
ant~ropometric
studies were not only
139 . o ,
'
,.•~~~:.:~ 1,.",~";.-,:., ....... ,.-~. .
~
~",\.,........! __ .=.~~'!. ~ch .:..~
...........
~,...:.L .~ ... ' .." .. :- \.
r' .. '[.,.~ ..•
"
. ' ..' _. " •.
~,k_ .~.......
,
\\
di"ffic:uIt to obtain, they were aiso "lifeless," "artific:ial," and • , nateriaIIy' complex because of the three vi ews- of each subj eet o
requlred
..
U'":iE!
of
e:1ad:
measurements
persons~
of the
afford
sufficient data Fi,nally,
Il
and
patience,"
he
resurrec:ted
.
"influence" and concluded by j
\
them
of
'----
:
any
"time.~
of
on
rem~rking
f
the
l
r
that
stl.lffed
and
allowed
him to deploy his argument in fa.voul'" 9f
"living
an thropometri c
Coupled with his earlier
1
comtnent
his
te
and weight of the photographlc materlal needed for such
distortEid
beings"
photographs \l."9re·
birds
while
and
animals,"
nominally
argument
continuJd
a~:;i
tQ~ ~g!~CiQ~i~~ s~~~Cs~~'
gi
to
"badl y
criticisms
th~
photography
the
He could do
venue
o'
thi~
because
the
binary
~ei ng/l t feles~
bodi es:
to operate in relation ,
s'tstems of natur.l/non-natural and l i ving
n
these
"ac;:epting
photography for anthropometric studies.
f'
.
the prob1ems
an undertaking (im Thurn 1893:188-189).
of
• 1
which [wereJ re"quir,d
the deduction from
~or
-
quantl ty
photqgraphed,"; not
t~ "I,arge numoer of individ;tals,
inferemces.
..
thé
of photographe in these studi e~ sÙ 11 neceSSl tated "a ser i'es~~-
mention to
He also pOl~ted out ,that
(lm Thurn 1893:186,188).
to
aUQ~QgtsQn~ siC!sg~ bë~_ig ~~gQ
•
As
t:!~~ti.gQ
he
\ poi nted out in conC::luding this section of-his paper:
,
••• enough ha5l~ l hope, already been said, '{and enough pictures ha.ve been shown to illustrate.the. contention th~t the camera, to say nothing of its uses for anthropomefric photoraphy; may be utilised by the tra~eller with anthropblogical tastes to very ~reat advantage'in sec:urfng, for exhibition to those of simil~ast'es who. i\re·, not. lucky enough to be able to travel .;\ild see for
·them.slves,
~ n!Qi.t~
o
(im Thurn
à~~~tè~! Cg~9Cgâ
gi tn!
e~imi.tl~~
1893:200)~,,;,
.
gi to!
i21k
ë2e!âtsQ~~~
Yi.~i~gg
tmy
146 1 •
lif!~
emphpsisJ ..
4
. ..
The camera, therefore, al10wed these
o~
to
tr~n$c.n~
•spaca
and te t~9Cgg~~~ the observations of the traveller
time
and
'recQrds~
in
SLich a way as ta allow others. to, "see for themsel vas." the "a.ctl.lal that haJ previ OllSl y
sr.enes"
,
i
al'"gument
pr-ocess
m ' ThLIr-n· s fol'"
.
papel'"
sLlcceedtl1d
presen t 1 nq
ln
bean
$
.
~ôc~~~n f:.
,.;\
his L\"t.opi':\n natùr-alism.
of ethnogr"aphi c descri ptl on oper:i,\t(?d :i n
'''' L=P j'" eS8n t c:\t l an al
condltlons
)l')
. .
(im Thur-il 109::::185). If
(spati all y and temporall
for-
PI- i
CJI'" i
t: i
c~s
c)f dE?'Sc:n
p1::i~!;
ma~lng obser-vat~ons.
Vat
tht~
tr'J
l'"ospt:llïf';8
-
ail d
.ne: c: W' ac: 'y
~.:\ t'li"" ,d
~
.
h~vl~gl lnS\stQd~n _h~ !Ill
Thl\r-n thell pr-2sented a ser-ies
f.jf
, " photographs
,
e
"ë\I'"tlfle:lal' phatC)gl~!tphs
,
~"e("e
of Gabri el
i
qLlallties
al i 8n
(Flgs.
'CI~OSS-CL\l
pl'"oce~;s
c)f "
cf
A
o
~f photogl"'aphy in our
L\Se
theat
I:L\1 tLlre
CLlltLlres
bt;ars wltness te ltg;
cLllt.Llr-al
charàcterl"St 1 cs.
wi Il
,
,
., ,.,
Thi;'>)"
ln
phO\:Ogr"èlph i nq
the
ph(Jtogrr.\ph~r-
~lien.
pr.~t~c~.
intr'uSl.ve
l t . u~e ln Qth8r
<:tnd, dis l:lrH.:t:ly'
.....
As Johnc;ton warned hi s re.a'dl:'rs 1 n l:.he
painting, 'and anthropom.tric measurements:
probabl y fi nd th~ savage rac:es have t~le ver-y
141
,_ ~.".L~"L""
IJn:Il,lp
..
\
1)
You
in th 1 'li
the
,Mas at tau ned tl,e qUc.~l i t Y
a natural occLirence with a ~atural product,
pho~ography,
Likl?
culture-b~~n~
ft
cases of
thl:;tt-
i 11' l!1.ë.tS\ntsD.êQ!:!â rel ati on to QUI '~H.Jg.:Uà:OG~ §'Ü':
Taking ethnographlc photographG ie a If the
tOI'"
'natL\rall.: ,at l an. •
tu/'" al p,,"ob lems i nvol Vt?d
cul tural setti ngs and the f •.;\ct:
cancei ved hl s prodLlct
1-4).
the ot:her- two photogr·.::"phs
'1
the pr(:JclLlct of ~ a comp l r-=::
tlonal cul tLlre: ln
'posed'
and
rf:f!mar-~' •..\t)l('?
"
,~ -
.....
stronge5t objection #~ be measured, and ln iu~h cases. tt is better to abandon' the idea altogeth~Y" until yç.u haÇe resided long amon~st them. The same remark applies to both paintin~ and photogr~phy. AlI these practice must be gr:adually introduced t.;:. the native'"' mind, a not spY"ung upon it with alarming a~ruptness CJohnst. n··
" ~
1 BB9: 399) • ,
thi 5
,But
was
interfacing involves series
t
the
.::.nl y
of
o
th~
th~ough
hier~rchic "
pr.:.bl em.
The
ethnographie
observation
prbcess of negotiation over
of 1~
.
example
.:.f
.;:.f interr.:.gatlve (qûesti,:.ning) and persy.asive dcti.;:.ns
part
. lm
aspe.:t
two cultures
a complex and
a on
his
\
subject (5).
r
one
-"
Thurn' s
,.paper on photography provi des. an
of
pitfalls
the
of
attempting
to
i nterest i ng
obtain
, posed'
~hotogra~hs in a cross-cultur~l context:
\
..
The firs~ time l tried to photograp~ a red man ""as among the mangrove trees at the mo~th of. the Barima river. My red-skinned subJect was car~fully posed high up on a mangrove root. He sat quite~ still while r ,fr.)c-ussed and drew the shutter. Then, as l t.:>.::.k of f t~1e ,cap, with. a m.::.an he fell ba.:kward .:>ff his per,:h .:>n t.:. ,- th~ soft sand belbw him. Nor could he by any means be persuaded t.;:. prepaY"e fumseJ f ,:,n.:e more to face the unknown terrors of the camera. A very common thlng to happen, and to'foil the efforts of the photographer at the very moment when he has but to withdraw and to 'replace the cap, is f.:))'" the timid subjeo:t suddenly t,::. put up his hand ta e~nceal his face, a proo:eeding most annoying to the photographer, but interesting to the anthropologist, as i11ustrating the very widespread ~read of primitive folk of havlng their featuY"es put on paper, and being thus submitted spiritually to the power of anyone possessing the ricture (im Th~rn 0
18'33: 188) •
./'
o
questioning
process (what was a natural pose for the
subJe~t
(0
be placed in?) and of a peY"suasive pl'"ocess ,(to get him t.::. pc.se in
142
,c
, "".*
- .,
......... ,.-
•
"
o
the 'given attituâe) the ac:tion was v':-llnerable to reac:tionSi on the 15 part of his_subject~ In a,c:ouple of other inst.nces lm Thurn also
desc~ibed
indeginous reactions ~o hi9 attempts
to
obtaln J
photographs.
These
des~riptions
are
partic:ularly
intereattng
because they describe his attempts te obtain instantaneous photo-
.1 .
graphs of- fI ui d c:i..tl tural events. In ,a festi val,
photograph reproduced
of an Ac:kawoi dressed in
his
paper
on
for
a' Parashaera
pho,tograpl,y.~
C)I"'IB
reconstruct the diffic:ulties and frustratiOns im Thurn must en c oun t er ec;.
foll owi ng
in
takiMg
descriptions,
~natural'
photographs.
Compare
the fî rst accompanyi ng the
r.:~n
have the
photocgréi\ph,
and the second from his 1889 paper on primltlve gamea: c. , The lirst ls a photog~ap~ of Cl Partamona (Ackawoi) red man in a curious dress made and worn for a special festival celebrated by those people and called Parasheera. The dress consists of three parts. which ma9 be desc:ribed,as shirt, cloak, an~ mask, all made of the bright greenish-yellow immature leavas of thi AEta palm (Maurltia flexuosa). Probably there 15 not an eH~mple of this dress in any eXlsting, museum; for it ie probable that no white man e):cept myself fi..;\S ever seen it, and l fran~ Iy confess that 1 was deterred, as ha~ often be~n the case LInder. si mll ar Cll'"~umt;të\nCeS', from bringi ng away an e::arnpl e of the dre!as by the consideration that when seen off the body of the wearer lt would look llke nothing ln the world but a ~mall bundle of withered palm Leaves, and would to the uninitiated seern sLÎpremel-y--u-ninteresting (im Thurn 1893: 195).
)
lm
Thurn's
1889 paper,
in c:ontrast,
contained
the
description of his attempts to photograph what must have
"
b&e~
~)
same danc:e:
o
f~llowing
Meàntime 1 had wedged myself with my smaii hand camera against the wall of the house in whic:h the parasheera were te drink, in the hope of obtaining some instantaneous photographs. Whether by acc:ident or design, the 143
tha,
.,.1
long procession closed around me, yelllng,' shrieving~ and roaring, and wavlng their dancIng stic~s so closely round my head that l had continually to ducv. te avo1d them. Then it passed on round the house= and Just as l made a rush for my larger camera. WhlCh! had beiore stationed in posltlon ready for another chance photograph, the proceSSlon. ta my great dlsappolntment, wended its way Into the house. the headman -7 who had led the processIon -- alone rema1nlng outs1de~ and . there formed a clrele, f~ces inward, ,roLlnd the paiwar1§:! trough
o ;.
-,
...
Given
the circumstances described by im Jhurn;
one 15
not
surprised,to find that the only type of photograph he was able to 'L
obtain was the one reproduced in the paper. The physical ,position this photograph in his pap~r'ls also inter~stinfj i'Ji
of
Î '
th.t
it
t
1"1.",,1
...
serves
)
...
J
to distinguish tt;e illustrative function it was ...
Tne photagraph,was of a dancer, and one might have
serving •
expec~ed
it to
.-
have
basn
gamei!.
placed in the section of his paper which
ethnographie museum the
however,
It was placed, objects
and photographs ta be presented therefor~.
type of clothlng used for the Parasheera.
type of dance wi th:!) wh'l ch the
with
in the section which deàlt with
The photograph was,
conte~t.
dealt
within
a
used to illLlstrate as opposed to the. As such.
clothlrlg,fLtnction~~.
it
might not have been Incorrect te have dlscussed It ln terms of an illustr.atlve
functlon ,
best
presentœd ln
terms
of
the
posed
'1
quallty
of
the dancer.
After aIl what WdS of Interest was
dress. not the conditlons under t~tion
was
logical
C:~
of
it was used. ThIS interpre-
supported by the fact that hJS dISCUSSIon of thls dress
prefdced
means
\
ts
~hlCh
the
by
a calI for the deployment of photographs
1.11Llstrati.ng the ffiLlseLlm.
Lise Q..f
Even here.
natura\ rendition of obJects.
however.
he was
an
Interested
a
ethnoin
a
as indicated by hlS descriptIon of ;
144
variouS", abjects ln
as
attemp~, ~o
take
instantaneous photographs of
Parashear~
the
~
o
festi va}. Thu$ he sOl.\ght the best meâns by whi ch cul tl.trë\l e:har.cteristics
o
-
could be llll.tstrated
~in
situ." A
f~w
pages
later
he
,
cone: 1 ud ed : In short a good series of photographs sbowing emch of the possesslons of a prlmitive folk, and its use, would be far more lnstructive and far more interesting than any collection of the artlcles themselves. Or~ if lt is desired to illustrate not the possessions but the habi ts of SL\ch fol ho, the th i ng can be done in the soi\ma way (im Thurn 189~:197). ~ne
of
th~
principal argl.tlnents im Thurn was making c::onc:erned
the
>
use of photography as a means to illustrate descriptively the uœe of
ethnographijc
objects
within
partieular
Oi!tYr:.àl..· cultl.lral
1
cqnte~:
ts.
But
of
sen~enee' in
last
ths
above
--
cultural
,$
passage
g~bs~ig~.
I have already noted the description
lnstantan~ous
taki,ng
of
.
of
\
hi s attempts to photograp,h the Parashetera dance.
. problems . :
th€
his interest also covereuiJ-·t.he more difficult ",rsa
indicates, ~natural~
as
lm
Thurn' ''j
photographs i '1 the conte>:t
fluid social and cultural evants appear to be rel.tively
of
mund8~O
when approached from the perspective of a hundr~d and fifty years of
photographie
history.
But.
anthropological uses of the camera
as his whole' discussion of testifies~
the
the problem was not fi
a tecrnical one (which has since baen efTsctlvely
only
it was also
~
dis~iplinary
sol ved) ;
"
one."
-The dlScussion of instantaneous photographs was part ot a larger
effort
te
~stabli~h
an
optical
ethnegraphy
and
th~
representational eulture of anthropolegy wlthln WhlCh eth~agraplll 1
would paper,
_f~nct~on.
E.
B.
SlX years before the appaarance of Tyler
had 145
\ \.
4.
lm
:Thurn's
dlscussed the anthropologlcal use
of
o
photography
ln hlS article 'Anthropology' publlshed in
a
~sQ~sl
.For ~r,::present 1 nc;} the features and e:<pressi ons of tribes, thelr attjtudes and costume, the general eppearance of thelr occupations and homes. nothing glves so lively "n 1mpr.ession as good s~"etches, . especlally in colour~. ThIS I~ weIl ~nown to the publlshers of boo~s of travel. who (.oH11 1 nsert 1 Il Llstratl ons Even of poor quail ty rather- lhan none. Photography~ however. ~.s now generallY'av~l)able, and of course glves better detall, e<.:~peclally ln r':1ce-portral ts .... In photogrdphs ta~'en for physlcdl char~cters I t 15 deslrable th~t the body Sl10LIId be as 11ttle as possIble conce",led by clothl.f1g. and three portralts should bu td~en qf each Indlvldual. front, profile. ~nd bacf. On the other hand. when the ab:iect lS te dtsplay llfe and habIt. groups of natives in war-",rray or dan~lng or ceremonial costume may be taken Ir the approprlate and spirIted attItudes WhlCh the g~vage kncws as well dS the Clvlll:ed man how to assumc:, whsn IlE-? SI10WS how a mat or sf'lrl-c:lqa~ 15 to be draped or a spaar brandished (Tylor 1886:~~6). Although
Tylor's
diSCUSSIon appears to promote
it
clearly ~
"illLlst~tlve
assumed'
specimens"
c:onc:eived
in
a
(Tylor
1886:~:;8).
n~turalistic:
relatIon
poses and what he al 50
•
to
the
descri bS'd
as
The InDre radLcal aspect
of im ThLlrn's dc-?scrlptlve naturallsm," ln contrast, .mey be understood to have
~!.§!::!~ll:i
e::tended Tyl or' s
dea of the observatlonal • conte):tL\all=:ation of specimens of cLlltural behavior. l
3.6) From Ambient Light to Ethnographie Sight: On the Creation of In$tantanaous Observers and Authoritative Voyeurs. lm- Thurn seems to have intUlted that the transtemporal
tra:ïsspat 1 al authority the
quallty
frcm
camera.
th~
of
eye and
That transition.
146
1 ~hift
of
eye-wltness/traveller
to
photographs preC:lpltated h~nd
of an
and
a
in WhlCh a mechanical process was
o
Substltuted
fQ~ a sUb)ectlvely crlented observational
basic
the
ta
repr-esentatlon.
development
cf
I t tnvolved. the
a
culture
transi~ion
of
from
eye,
waa
ethr1oQr:~phi
(:)IH?
t'lP~
~eye'
(.:If
-
other of a si ng], e P'Ql-nt perspect i ve sy~~tt?m in whi ch
to the.
c
th,,;.'
camera operated in place of the observer's eyes. The new 'vi$iQ~'
.
with considerdble speéd to prod4ce visual
operated
/'
talntng ~inute datail. The
whole
que<;tiofl ,
basn
in
posed
\
terms
\
,
"
a
o
observer
was
reciprocal
1 i nI--
r~presentation$ produced by an' ~Llthéri.tiat,.ivl~ ~
rec~st
geogr.ph~c.l
ln terms of a
and
cultural
Pho-t,ogrcmphy w.,\s,
c:cmt:.1 ÇJLIClUti
made possi hl e . a
light itself -- that al10wed a Bri~ish audience
f
te bec me an '\.
~lmost
This
ob~erver.
first-h.nd
'at
g~ographicAl
~
cU~Llra)\ t Il apse of
th/? di sj Ltnct~posi ti ons of
observing eyes\\tr velle!'" and pl.lbllt:) an
beew~un
ralationship
q~-
more convi nci ng becaus/? i t
th'e
.and
preVHJI.I~iily
which' had
natura11<;cn prodLtced by the photogrii~phic: prr:H:e<ns.
home'
<:on-
(.';
pict.\;Jrial and verbal
all
0
'
of ..'\ùthentic:ity,
of
'fact9~
\
,
aL!thor i al
p';,~en
t'he
var Ü1t.t $
lad 'to thEf ,'"eposi,tioI1lflÇl
the audience at
h~me
now became an
I,j-f l
'in
\
Sl tu
~
observer by ffî~ns
f
the cont i guous 11 {1ht
i mcagery.
borone
\
1 ink
That
l nstantaneèkls! y
r.f::C'l pl ta tp.d a coll apsfJ of spaCE!
.;mlj
Il
time,
SLlch
th<:tt
"the:'
act,.lal sc(:;nes whi ch
traveller menths or year. before, miles
c"I.way"
ml nutest
The of
o
(:oLtld be seen
d>?tall'u .effE,cl::.s
(1
nd
were
$Ei#en
it may be some thousand$
"a.~ home~'~
room such as
1:his.
three
~f
i.,
t 89:': 185) •
m Thl.trn
of lhlS b .... an~:;fr..:)J'·mai:'1,on ':\1'-12 evident in the
a phatograph of
thQ
by
C~rlb
fouths WhlCh im 'hurn
-and descrlbed ln hlS paper on phetoqraphy (Fig.4>:
\ 147 .
....• ~' , ..'"" , !.; .....">
:,. ..
(.f~ k'
.
.i!'t.::r.'J.~'.
~;_ ..
\~;.~",.,~,i~! ._,
C ..H5E
reproduced
r'
ft )generall y supposed that these red-sf lnned foll are undemonstr<,tlve' ln thell~ beê'l.l~lllg tOI-Jards one another. fkl t HU:5 n;i::d l y 1 Si on 1 yIn "::.he presp-nc:e of strangers. Whe~ aJane, or befora others wlth whem they al"~~
,.
~mlll,iir,.
:,h81r h':?èlrLng tf.'JItJ-::.rd '-2r"ch eï.:her 1:::; 8\1er, Sw:h ë.. pIC ~une -:\s thl s, oF Ul('ee Cal~ibs .s1:,:l1..,:hnq Itnth tt1eLr" . arms '~I:lUlid 8ê'ch elher'.;; nec~ S. iTlay ofJ:.en be SE€'n (HI) Thurn 189'':::19(1). C,:W~?b$l
The
ng.
~.mera
1
aut~ority
allowed
an
and intimacy of ,
-
gQ!~!::t~r.::§ bY-Q1eans
audIence at home ta ~ha
participa~e
additional
on
of a p,"'ocess
he
the
observer's situatlon within a glven
whi ch repl icated the fLtncti ons of
.
the ethnographie handboo~s and manu.l~. Further
ln
}
provlded another description
WhlCh
throws
light on the same photoqraph:
It 15 practlcally Lmposslblr for a stranger to see them Inore! plC!i:,\'::;lng and n<\tur-":ll '31:atE? e:fcept wh~n. 1. nl::JW do J ri tilts f11Ct ur~~ of three Cc,,\rlb lads. they i:il'"'("? t,:d,en LInder' the mClst ni'ilur.::il condltlcms. and dlstanes and tlmo b8tnq for thp purpose annlhllated. tney àre 'shawn YCll,l ln thC? most nMtLll~.:=d conditlons but 1,1I1thout thc-'lr \llow18dqe (lm 1hurn lB9:::190). in
thell~
,H;
that
sw:h
ths
presence of
th!? photDcwapher
IrJ,:\S
ndturr.:\llsm .L~pproi\c.h
tu cLI1I:ur ..d
photOIJ'- ë-\ph'j of The Tl1ei r
n2p,-esentatlLJn
th!"? tk 3wa ~ e '.!)§t;..9blQt:::l
photogr'aphs
sequentl:\l
organl~ation
1:3 ~'\Ih 1
al-e §@.9bl§D!;1.~l and
ppi nI] ga,ne
,
(F
p:;'led
Thur-n'
tm
'3
or" 16
ser-]I?S
l ,] '';;.
i nstan taneous ln
~j-l::l).
char<.-\cter.
the
betrays
...
,
of
(;?\I1deflc\'?d ln a
Cl 148
In IJ1+_J
LnstantanelJI_lsly
reconstructlon
o \
of
a fluid
pr~cess
of
geographic
mgy€rogOS
Whléh would describe ca complete sequence
cultural
behavior ~
Within
and o~
cultur~l
social
and , 17
"
three ~
photography,
in
contrast to its individual ·fragm.nts.
years of the publication oi im the
first
on
moving pictures were shawn
publically.
This new technical development wO\.lld prec:ipitate a reo'rg':\ni:ii\tion in . the
hierarchic struc1;ur.'_e "Of the
wi thi n - wh! ch series
of
-
operated.
photogr~phy
of still photography.
.
meantime,
,utoptan
Wlth the production
t:h~
of
pr.t\ctic:ally
observati on.t\l
The next step woyld
however,
reprssentation
~e ~otion
lAnd
paramet.er':a pictures. In Il
his paper testtfied t"o the paradigmattc
.~
position. of evolving
o'f
sequential photographs 'im TtJurn had'
strategi calI Y. reac:hed the limi ts\:-of
the
'c:ülture
naturali stic
p'l;1otogrpahv
culture of representation. , naturall~m exempl~fies
in
Within
the
c:ontEnct
of
this~ conteKt~
his
the type of stategically sophiati-
cated representation of a culture that could be achieved •
.---. l',
,0
0,
~
149
an
,
,Î'
,
. 'Î
,
~
NOTES
:
1. In 1896 Maurice V. Portman published a paper entitled 'Phategraphy for Anthropologists' in ~hich he arg~edJ~hat photography ·eould be uS'ed to answer most of the questions posed by ~Qi[@ê §!C,g gYIr::i!!,§ 2,0 eD:tbr::g12Q!.gg~· ~J:hougt"! thi s paper i. S obvi ousl y of iltfportance in any di SCUSSl an 6f photography and anthropol ogy, 1 have chosen ~o separate my discussion of the Portman and lm Thurn articles for a number of reasons. The flrst 15 that Portman was a prominent adminIstrative and anthropological f\gur~ ln the hlstory of the Andaman Islands and 50 1 have discussed hls· contrlbutions to anthropalogy in the chapter (6) which cov~rs the perl0d in which he was active. The second reason is that lm Thurn and .Portman's approaches"to the anthropological use of photography ware very different. lm Thurn advocated a 'natLlralistic~ photog~" raphy, and Portman favored a photography which was more illustrative ln functlon because of its intimate connectlon with ~gt~g . ~C~ QY~r::!§§ QO ecibr::QQQlgg~· Althou~h r have' chosen to address the papers separate]y. the two approaches are nevertheless closely related both in time Cthey were published ln the \890'5) and ln disClpllnary afflliatlon.
.
-2.
.
,
o
lm Thurn provlrled the foltowing argument for using the term the Car1nya Indians in BmQC9 ib§ !C~!~O.
'~rue Carib" to describe §!.!i~Dg (188::):
Qi t
The Indlans pf the. 1rue Car~b trlbe are ln GUlana ~nown • simply as C.tr"":ibs or Cariblsi, and theY,cali themselves Carinya. But none of these three terms are satlsfactory. Not cnly th\s tribe~ but sever~l others ln GUlana -- namely. the Ac~~woi. Arecuna. and Macusl tribes -belong to the 'Carib branch; to use the sImple term Carib lndlfferently of the trlbe and of the branch is therefore ~pt t~cbnfuse. An attempt has been m~de ta distingUlsh between branch and trlbe by calling the formèr Car1.b. tht:t latter Carlblsi, But "thlS latter term 5eems to have origlnated ln a mlsta~e, The word Cë\ribisl 15 Arawak. and means the 'Carib's place.' or 'Carlb's home;" Just as IturlblScl, the name of a small river of GUlana. means 'home of the lturl or howllng men~:ey;' and as Aroabiscl, the name of the well-I--nown dlstrict in bUlana~ means 'the home of the aroa or Jaguar,' The travellsr in passlng up some rIver often has his attentlon'called to some settlement by his Arawa~ companlon., who •. with bated breath. point tc It and ejaculate 'Car1b1s1~' which merely means te say that (True) Cdribs live there; or, as 1 have agaln and agi\in e}:perienc~d. 1f the traveller hlmse~f asks who
150
•
_ -ô .. ' .... _' ... ,
. !
,,*,
,~'
,..
... -
ff ..
~
.. f
,
/
lives at sdme settlement which ~s in s1ght, try!/ answer of the Arawaks invariably Is ~carlbiSi;0Y il not unnatural mistake, trivellers have theref • suppo ••d that Caribisi is simply the n~me of tM~ tr be. The term may therefore be e:~pLlnged from ethnelOgi~l lists. But we have nct yet fOLlnd a name for the o-â'rib t.l"'ibe, alS di stingui shed ·f rom the Cari b bran~J\'-;··---·i n, Gui ana'; It might seem natural to use 'Carinya.· their own narne for themselves, for this purpese; bl.\t this term has th-a disadvantage of being unfamiliar to ethnologists. Every purpose i$ anwwered by calli~g the tribe True Caribs, and sxtepding the term Carib te the whole branch
o
/
"
On the fictienal status of the ethnie categ9ry 'True Car1~~ see Drummond (1977). Drummond (1977:76-82) makes the point that im ~hurn~s attem~ts at a positivistic ethnographie categori~atlon of the Indians of British Guiana was based on his acceptance of their his.toric:al/1in~uistic stereetyping wi,tbin th. fra(1'lswork ef contemporary evolutionary/migratory theory. fm Thùrn'g de.i-gnatien ·of 'Trl.le 'Carib~ was therèfcre infll.ltinc:ed by popl.ll4rly inspired colonial and ethnographic notions of the day. Arthough 'True ~arib' does not denote an _ autonomOuB ethnie c:ategory, Drummond (1977:8:D t:onclLldes that it, dosa howevër erdst at the lav~ • of ideel'ogi,cal stereqtyping. as 'a method of di.fferentiating ".life-style" images. Th~;.....following are ,the current apfillings o~ the tribes discussed by !m-Thurn:
t
1">.
!;Y!:!:!lO!:
True Carib
Cari~
Arawack
Âraw.ak
\
. Warraus
r
Warr'au
Ackawois
Acawai .
Miàcusi $,
Makushi
. Aracunas
:--
If
\
Arecuna ,
~~'
<
.
It ,',is important to attempt to· tl'"ace the s,hift
from posed' anthropologfcal(. studles to the c;,.andid naturalis:n irnpliad in .Jr:Jhnstan' s phr ase : n~tLlra.l '<jo.aspe~t." lm Thurn used the ward Qi,Ç;~!:'!c.!:Z.1i=· • gyg a number of times in hlS artIcles and his book on British ,GLliana. This use WOLlld not ,3ppear to be gratuitous, as it .. lrTlplier.;4 'a ~artlcular approach te photographle representation during thl. period. Ses for e}:ample, Henry Peach 1 Robinson' s (183C)-1901) diSCUSSIon of photography and the plcturesque ln Eif~Q~121 sff~~t iD EbQtQg~~Qb~~ Qêl09 tilD!§ gO gQffiQQ2LllQO 20Q ~bis~g3~YCg i9C EbQj;Qg~2Q.bg~.ê:
o.
It 1 S an 01 d canon 'of art, that every scene worth paInting must have something of the subli me; the 151
'<. (
.
'fi. . J.,
9- .
"-
,
o
,
t
-".
1
. ,~
beauti fuI of or -the pi cturesque. ' By i ts nature, photography can make no pretensions ta represent t~e first, but beauty can be represented by its means, and picture( " . squeness héts never ,hac sc. perfect-an intet-prei;el'". The most obvious way,of meeting wlth pJçtu~~sque 8~d beau"',lfLt'l. s!Jbje::ts l;o,Iould ,th~ ~)~'sfs~s:,j,:,nd'-'1f ~ Ln(,wle--d~€: b·:· f _ i ","',Hl J.s ~l':(.Llr€:''.:>quE' ~'.nû ";-'!:?<='lll'JJ t.ll: è:ln ';~,J.S :~lr, ':'I"IJj E' l ~ttét~nE:H.J by ët ,.. <:1Y'l?ful study ,:of the ,:auses W~'I:Ldl pY"oduc'!? these deslrable qualiti-s:s.' He who studies the VarlOLlS effects and daayacter clf f,:oY"m, and light ~nd shade (tc, ë:t. photographer the addition ~f colour would only be ~ complication), and examines and co~pares thbse "cha'racters and effects, and fh~ manner in which they -are , combined and arranged, both in pic,tures and nature, wi.ll 'be better ql:lalified to dis,*,vefr and 'enjoy scenery than he ta whom this study has never appeared necessary, or who looks at nature alone without having acqûired Any Just principles of selection. H':owever much a man' might love beautiful scenery, his love for i t would be greatly , ·enh~nced .if he looked at i t with the eye of an artist, / and knew ~b~ i t was beautiful. A new wOY"ld i5 open to him who ~a5 learnt to distinguish and feel the effect of the beaut'i 1\Jl and subtle harmoni~s that natuye presents in all- her va'r i ed aspe,:ts. Men usually see J; tt'Ie of whft is befc,re the!r eyes unless they are trained to use them in a 'spe,:i~l manner (R,:,binsc'n 1972/1869:15).
lJ:;
:
l
. .~
(;;1
•
~~Robi~son was one of th~ mdst prominent 'high art~ photographers-, active dUY"ing the second half of the nineteenth century. He achieved fame fe,l'" his e,::.~;)site Ol'" montage P~1,;)tographs depicting _'f genre topi,:s whid1 wel'"e ,:onstl'"Ui:ted fl'"QJl1 multiple, for the- most part, studil:' e:~posul'"es ,:,f ':ostumed fi.gures. T,he various eXpl;)SLly.es . \Nere them pasted t,:,gether 50 as t,:, fll'"eSent .:.ne h Jmc'geneOLlS'!5.:ene.,' Robin' sc.n' s handbclI:'~' Ib,§ E:if.iQt:.l~Ü !;liê~i 10 Eb,QtQ9J::.âJab~ w~s publ i shed in 1869 and was e~tY"emely InflL1en~ial durina this p.riod. W. F. Don\<:in,\ fol'" e'I,ample, mentH,ned t.{e bo,:.~ i~ his article on ph,:.tography')published 'ln ~int§ t2 It:.ê~gll§t:.§l §~igntiii~ ~nd §êO~J::.êl, London: Poyal Geographi ca1 Soci et y, 1883, p. -248. The r~ference t,:, R.;)bins,;)n was t-et",uned ln, t-evisibns tp the article carried
4.
o
See also
.
R. R: Marett:
,
BE?hind im Th\..lrn's descriptions, ,thén, whether of Nature or Man, one éan allNays dis,:ern that ce.ol and dispassionate interest in fact for its own sake which is t~e
[.
15~
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,"
t
)lêry nerve and maryow of science, indC\c,lnQ a.s it does a ~rge tolaranc~ of a world of objects" not specldlly
o
designed to ·.:onform tÔ·'ol.\r humoul"s. "It -1·s cert;:Ain, too, that a certain sel flessness is essential to the ffit:!rltal outfit .:;.f the good,obsel"ver, if he L.s:to a..:cord t.o e4rldl ·:.f 'the myriad forms of ci teeming... em\rt-ronment tts individual right to exist for itself and ta h~Je a meaning and pu~pose of its own. So i t ..:omeS about thab, î,,",)m the fi r'st page te. thlj:! 1 ast Qf ht~ fai th'ful revi ew ,:,f aIl t~1in9s Guianese, im Thuyn I;;tpp,:>w'\d~ wit~1':'1.\t llicHi .:.y pl"ejudice the schema of sl.lb-~it..\(flan ,Natul"~ in its entil"ety, and at the sarne time l"ela1:es tOhe sc.wage, the 'genuine ~QmQ ~11~~§1~ii, to th.t_~c~eme as hardly more th;!.n an integyal part of it --:ra~ participant in the e.:cmomy .:;.f the uni versaI 1 i~fe as yet harcll y aware .Qfhis prospe.:tive r.:.le as predominant par-tl1er. Having thus envi saged the aboI" i gi.nal p.:;.pufat i .~n in i ts 11:,no'establlshed eql.lilibriLlm with it·s UiQijt,s!i., the natural ist, gi ven a su f fic i en.:y of c.:)mmon sense to match his intelligen.:e,' is Just the fuan·'to.pl"'epar9 theway f.;:)r the introduction .jf a high~Y' "-civilizati.:.n, because .1'e i sin a posi t i on to ,jLldg~ h.;:)w best a fres.balance "'can be stru.:k between ' an lmmemorial l.j':àl custom ,and the ways of the wider 'wdl"ld CM t ·1 '334: x v) •
5. .. r.;:)r a brlef hisot.;)ry of British influence in the rea see im Thurn (1~2-'33~ ::$6-57). lm Thurn appears tc. have wr i tten th·i s article for a plirti.:ular political puY~se. Henee, the content,l:.f that paper i s roadi calI y di f ferent fl"om the othsrs l di 9':U5S. The incongruity supports the Dargument l develop concerning 't~e ex.:lusive nature of~,hïs ethn.~gYaphic observatio'ns~
o l-
The consequences ''jf ~ul"opean 'r.:ontact wel"e ,:ont i nuall y debated dur i ng the per i od. 'In fa.:t th~ wH01 e· IDQgYI 2GjtiQgl ,;)f ethnographic obseyvation may be ~nderstood as a aspect ~f that debate. Foy an ëarly. example, see J.o C. pYichal"d (1'840). As l have pointed out in the first.~hapter, Prichard's seminal addresy -'-On the Extinction of Huméa.n' Races' was extremely influent!al ln the development of the various manuals'" On. issues Cç~s&quent up.::.n cultural contac~ and colonization Sea Frere (1882) and go tUI ÇQO~s~l 2.1 Ey.tQg!:!\!l snd. ~ê~i,~g Çi~il1;'ê~1!2nil, By i t i sh As.oc i at i r:m ,for tl1'e Aqvancement of Science (1895). 'The first society devoted to \ndigenous peoples, The Abbrigines Protection Sociéty, was directly concerned, wlth this issue (Stocking 1~~1:3e,~-:T'''2).
6.'
I
7.
...
See aiso the following imp.:.rtant statement:..-Unlike most-travellers, i t has be.en 11)' 10::1'1; to marI<' the results c.. f my worJ<, not, in th~ Pi,rst pl'l·:a, •.:an paper, with ink and"pro:otyactor, but'with Î:iuvernment: :;;t;?1 :on5, witt) lines of communiCcléi,::on .:,:.nneéting 1.,hlilSi:? stations, " and wi th the general apparatus .:d ~dminitra~ive organisation. ~
..
153 ,,
\~.
.,
"
".J,!.
,
.
~.~t~ .•t;'..:~. . _~:\:.difi!,.-t~,,-..t.;',.~"-"~~i;.'I~.:./~~. . _~\.,.~.
..,\
......
,"
.~_.~
. -/
,
.
,1
If..
i.;, .....,.
r'
{,If' .. ,
~
,'" -'1,-
" •
El
lm Thurn went on te describe the prece?s how he had been Instrumental in transferming ~he natural geography of this distrjct of British GUlana: ~ This has been done aver a tract of sorne 9400 square miles o'f :B1~d:lSh territol"y~ be'fo\"'e almast unl.-:n,own, ard ~ulte unutlIlsed. M~ map-making, in this very practica} sense, h~s on what was. when 1 first began. it in 188~, th_ un~n Q north-western portion of our colany Ijf, BrLt:ls GUlan. DU''''lng my nine years' wark 1 have been actJve y en ag8d, fll"'st. ln ascert~lnlng the nêl'\:ul"'e 6f th , ll1ty·y, and then ln transforming thl5 f'rom i J:s sté.'\te of desol ate and unbroken swamp • • 1 on, smather'ed j, n the densest' ,'trop.l céll 'vIegetat and j nliab 'L tecl but 1ly ':; ~ew Rt?dlllen, 1 nto an 1 ntegr:a l p.:\r t of thœ cOlony, ~lth a rapidly-increasing population, and pr-omi sJ.lîg'" Lo bel in the n8ar future one of the bus1 est rlnd ffi!:lSt pr'ocJuc;t ive par-ts of our onl y pClssess 1 011 on the sCll.lthern h,:\1 f of the cont.lnent. of Aln€::rlca. So rapid indsed i..;; thls transformat..lon now proceeding. that J h'=:1':ii'lI-:.::\I:(% 1:0 show i 1.:5 ("'esLll t·s 0"1! paper, for the l'''eeard of one 'J./et'2h '.% wo\"'L may l1e r'ende~-ed worthless bi th!;? "c.lviarl(:e of th!'? ne::t. 'fet, JLlSt as, concun'-ently wlth thlS actual wod Wh1Ch we ar'e ca,I"'I"'lng on 'ln the new country, WB - - that is~ my st~ff and myself -- are j ot t i nG down ün tempol"'ary ever-chang i ng maps the -new developments, 50 It has seemed ta me lll-advlsed that 1 .hould. while 1 am her~ at home ln a perlcd of comparative r8st. give you an accbunt o~ what i5 at the marnent being done (lm Thurn L89::665>.
c
IO
!~i5
ethnographle obSe~vation5 can the~efore be seen as a pioduct his adminlstratiye actlvltles. Note alsa hlS ~~voivement in ';c'w veyi ng and map-mak i n9. 1 wll' 1 retLlrn to the f Llndall1~nt,al reldtio~ship between surveying and athnogrdphy in the follow1ng two- cl,apters~ in ~onjunction wlth the Andaman lslànds. For the momeflt it 15 sLlfc:ficient to point out its possible :"'ole ln the ~a~e of im Thurn"s ethnographic activit~. of
8.
We tht.ls cO/!le been made in te lt a11 c\asses of
to the one great di 1,11 si on wh i ch hd!:5 C\S ye t the cla~siflcati6n a~ games: and, accordlng games are di'/lsible lnto the t~"o .great natwral and artiflcial games. The latter 2l.'''"c:'?, - -of CCJl.u"sè. mLlch' the most numerous and~ the most prominent; ~nd it is consequently these which have baen almost exclusively studied by the few who have turned their attention to t~e whole subJect of the natural hlstory of games. O~ the other hand, 1t happens' that our Redmen are still in that conditlon 'in -which artificial Qames are entirely, O~ almost entirely, unrepresented. Thei~ games are natural games, 'and are therefora valuable as material to be I.\sed ln the comparative"study, as yet almost unattempted, of na~ural. as Q
CJ
l.
154
'.
'
.'
,
., ,
o
1 distinguished
from
games
art! f i c:i al
,
( i ni
Thurn
1934/1889: 3"4) • 9. For the full (1934/1889:47-52) • .
desc:ription
of
the· garne
<:les
im
Tht.lrn
10. . Clothing was" an· important, indicator in the dl~tinction between the natural and non-natural.· See~ for eltampl e~ " the· foll owing:-
"
As one of the earliest ways in which the .1ndian rnimi~s the European is in the adoption of clothes. 'aven though he generally only uses these while he is among white men, rejecting them'with a sigh of relief as soon as hR i5 alone with his fellcJw5I" it may not be out of pliee to say ë\ word here as to how this matter has yat gone. The new habit seems to be adopted in three stag~s: first, beads are used by men and women ~lj~e; th~n the men obtain arid put on by w~y o~ Ghow semn single European garment. generally an ordinary~lannel jer~ey Qr a hat. and the women wear a garmant made ll~e a f·l annel pettilltoat, worn t"'ol.lnd the nec::l( ~ the hand ovel'" on'e shouldet"', und,er the other; and lastly, the Inen weal'" shlrt and trousers, the women an ordlnary .dress, ~n each case without other cloth1ng. Beads have .lready penetrated almost throughout the colony~ enormous qu.ntities finding their way, in b~r_ter, year by year tnto ,the interior. . •• they are t.lsed chiefly te replac:e 'the seeds or teeth, wMich were formerly all that the Indian Mad of this sort to ma~e into body ornaments. The .second stage, marked by the occasienal,possession and use of a single European garment, has"not yet spread beyond th'e Ackawoi- and True Caribs of thcit part of the forest region whic:h is' near the coast, .a"nd even there prevai ls only in rare' cases. The third stage>has fairly_ established itself among the Arawaks~ and other Indians living round mission statlons of the coast region (im • Thurn 1883: 200-201>,_
cul tural' Thœ$e stages are also reminiscent o f ' the three stages of Savagery, Barba~lsm and Civili:ation. On the 9an1 tary and aesthetic impact of c:lothing in the case of South Africa ses Frere (1882:340-341). Im
11.
Oxford cu~reot
Thurn is repor't,ed to. have attended Tylor' $ l~cture. at 18S~ (Stocy,ing 1985:72), 50 he W4S certainty aW4(e of anthropol~gical ac:tivity. in
Q
12.
,0
See Drvmmond (1977).
13. The pbses are reminiscl:l~ centemporary erot.ica. Fig.3 'wa.s not 1~cluded in his paper.~t ;~ from a collection of im Thurn'.
155
1
"';~':' .
.'1
•
~
'.
-
....~~~"t"'t}:,_u
-_
. ___
'
1
.J...~_""~.!......~~. __ ~~_=--.:;..._''....:.'.J.r,"~'.:.. . .;.'_ _......_~_~
.
,
photographs in the Royal Anthropological lnsitltute's Photographie Collection. Ail the illustrations in othis chapter have been drawn from that coll ec'ti on.-
o
-
Im Thurn (1893:187-188) described i t as a process of galnlng" -1~ the confidence of those ona-desired to photographe . ~ 1""",
,."~
1
\
13.
See also the
following~
On the evening of thair arrivaI 1 entice~ several of the dancars out by presents of pipes and tobacce, but could hardly get them to stand to the camera, from which th~y always fled in terrer (im Thurn 1934/1889:57) • ••. 1 often observed~ that when after mueh diffieulty l had persuaded Indians te stands in front of sueh a terrible objec~ as a camera, to be photographed, they again and again de~eated my purpose by cl~pplng -their handa over their eyea at the moment the cap of the apparafus was withdrawn, lest the terrible eye of the camer~should see them (im Thurn 1883:369).
..
16. The photographs w,re not reproduced in th~ paper. They are from the Royal Anthropologieal Institute's Photographie Coll'ection. For an descripfion of the Arawak IDA~gy~~~ whipping g....;lme see im Thurn (1934/1889:39~46~ 1893:198).
,17. lm, Thurn·s sequential photographs ware not unique in this respect. Sea for e~ample Portman's photographs of the Andamanese material cLilture:
" Portman •••• has set himself the task of reproducing ~by photography, not only the physical types of - the r~ce, but every process of their industry, their postures in ~reeting, in sleep, . the numerous styles of
l will be discussing
PQrtman~s
work in chaptar
~
.
,,
~ix.
o
-0
-
"
156
CHAPTER 4 ('
Observation and Observational Contexts in of the Andaman Islands. ~
t~e
1771
17S9 Surveys
••..• and in the Attempt te offer thQffi a Social Communication, which shall afford them·th~ Comfo~tB and Advantage~__ of more civilized Lifa, the Dictates of Humanity no less than of Policy requira that this should bé effected as much as possible by censiliatory Means, certainly without 81oodshed: It"is~ tharafore recommended to you'.to endeawo\..lr.. by PersLlii\tion, Presents, afld other alurements (but not by For,ca or deceit> to prevail on some of the Natives to come on Boa d your Vëssals, where ki nd and attent! Vf! Treatment of them may remove the Apprehensions of the lnhabitants "n gen~ral, and promote an easy Intercourse, while at the sarne Time a usef\.ll Object may be gained in acqui- ,ring a Knowledge of their Manners and Customs, and of sLlch Words and E::pressi ons in' thei r Language cUi woul d between us. . facilitate ZtCommunication wou! d be mat.eri al, and "'perhaps. af ter general Treatment of the Natives while you ~re at the lslands lt may not be impracticable-,- to inducs two or three"of thern ta attend you to Bengal, 'where a further Intercourse with the English may tend to furt'her civili:atian of the People and ta for~ard the Objects of Government. C. H. W. Cornwallis, December 19, 1788. 0
\
Jf1
Tne
Andaman and Nicobar Islands are
portion of the Bay of Sangal. major
Islands,
North,
lOÎ-~ted
in the
western
The Andamans"are comp6sed 9f three •
Middle and South
Andaman~
collectively
known as Great Andaman. The other major Islands of the group Landfall Island,
Intervlew Island,
Islands,
Ric:hie's Arc:hipelago,
sèparateÎ:l from Channel.
The
~he
the Labyrinth Islands, North
Little Andaman,
and South Centinel,
Anda~an
Rutland Island; , '
and Baràtan-g.
I.sI,~nds
Ni cabar
.by
th~
Islands' were
o
tt1e t i nque
Thecse i'slands ar~
v1rtually
un~cuchêd
,by
arid the inhabitants
successfully resisted'systematic: European colonization until
, 157
t.\i
90 mi 1 e wi de Ter Degra'œ
Europeans 'until the lat~ eighteenth c:entury, .~.
arG~
the
third
quarter
'~sugge$t
~
/' of the nineteenth century.
There
15
evidence
however that the Islands were frequented prier the peried
European colonization by Malay pirates engaged ln the
\
tra
(the
'Handu
God
n,'
of the narne "Andaman~ has
or1gins
anon.
1899:I,19;
tr ders seeking trepang
1908: 13-14),
eight enth century, the
c:cupled -:with ,1,
t e
prevalent
them
and
Burmese
to
isl~ders1
idea
that
and birds
~""~
Portman 1899:I 1l-1.~,"19~51.116).
nests (Mouat 1863:21-22;
i $,Ciàte'd
traced
(Beche-de-mer) and edlble .,'
l~te
been
slave-
the Malay form for 'Hanuman' the mythological Monkey
Chinese
the
to
"'..
Until
"
implacabl~ hostllity~
they
were
cannibals,
European contact in the midst of one
of
the
<.
busiest sea lanes
" '-_~.
0
Colebrooke noted 4
the world (Earle -1850:
9).
As Lieutenant R.
1807:
....
1 t i s perhaps ci wonder, that l sI an-ds so e}~ tensi ve, and lying in the tr ck of ·so many ships, èhould have been, till of late ears, 50 little known: that while the countries by whi h they are almost encircled. have baen increaslng ln opulation and wealth. havlng been from time Immembrial ln a state of io1erable Clvlllzation 4 the5e Islands hould have remalned ln a state of nature, and their 1 habItants plunged ln the grossest ignorance and barbarl y. The wlld ap earance cf the country. and the untractab1e and fero ious dISposItIon of the natIves. h~ve been the causes. probably, WhlCh have deterred navigators from freguel ting them;; and the." have JLl,stly dreaded '"' ~;h 1 pwrc:c~ t the 6!J.QBm~!J.§ more than the ~anger of foundering in the ocean~ for aithough it 15 highly pra~able, that the course of tlme many vessels h~ve been wre upon thelr coasts. an inGtance does not OCCU. of any of the crews belng s~ved, or of a 51ng1e erson returnlng to glve any account of such a dlsaste (Colebroo~e 1807:385). Thi~
prl. ca t i on A.D.
~ppro-
isolation ensured a graduaI process of representatlve \of the IS 1 an d <;.
WhlCh lasted from the
second
century
through the formatIve perlod of anthropologlcal discourse ln 158
-.~
--
,-~';.,
~
,
, ,
"
./
o
1::t)e mid-te-late ni'neteenth centl.try. The Nicobar grol.lp, i sl ands',
comprise'''' total o-t
l.n c:"Eln"tr as t,
of which ar-e inhabited~
twelve
t~r Nic:obar,
o.
Cho~ra,
Tillanc:heng,
The maj(::lr l$l
Teressa,
and even c:anniball ~ti t:he ~ foctls:
~.
as
consl.derable
cOffilner.c:ial
... nd
î
e:: alnp 1 e.
::79;
BaI'"bè 1846:
been
the
obj ec:t
It~lian
Dt.lteh. ' and
/
miss~onary
Dut~h,
baen subjeet tg
of'
360-:-362) •
344-345,
miS!iiilOlïcilr'Y
attention,
1870:
'"hey had,
sporac:Ji c: and LlnsLlc:cessfl.ll
,for'
'French,
and had
Austrian,
the èlghteenth and early . nineteenth c:entury ~
1985:226-2~~).
nt~vertt'\e-
(.~\n\':ln.
sinee. at"least the.seventeenth:, cèntLu'"y
278,
treacherou~
c: by ELlropean e:,:p 1 orer-s, chey Woi+re!
of
1 ?
at,tention
:69.
~
ar
CamQrta~
BompokR,
Altheugh the Nicobar Islander. were percelv&d
less
<Î\nl~\3
Nancowry, Katc:hall. Little Nicobar, ~nd Great Nicobar.
Tr-inkat,
,
nin"t ..~,
(anon.
their so~ereignty in 1848 , ,l a.nd finally ceded their l'''ight;s to th,e British in 1969. [n 1869 ,:i\ /<1
Penal
The Duteh relinquished
'
""
Settlement
administration
l'las establ ished at Ncancowry Harbour
of the Port Blair,
I t . was
Set t l ement.
So~t,h Andama.n
abandoned ln 1889.
'
'l"he
"1'"
Island~
From 1871
islands -: were foy"ma.l1y l"cluded under" the Chief
1•.In
P',I 1
tj)1wards, thF.!
Comnü$sior:e,f')'llhip
of the Andaman and Nieobi:\r Islànds. Fro,,", J.a6-C1~~947 the ls1.i\nds were ther"e~or-e under~rltish Administrative control. the
Slnce
1947
And,t;m-an and NIcobar Isl'and,s have formed p'art of the R!"3puL"Jll
C
of India •. In\tha following·th~ee chapters,
o
1 will trac:e'the stages
di~course about the Andamanese in some datai!,
Western locale
small
and l nsi gn if ll:ar"': thou'gh i t
,for
sgelOs -- l Si
the
one
of
159 , '
j'
: .7: ,,,,. ,./
"' ,
, .. '
, Jo ... 'r.~.it U
ln
•
.
"
the fountain heads of modern anthropology. Western sur~ey
deptctLons reparts
~nd
A close lnspectlon of
of the Andamanese, leads to an
early travelcgues.
understandlng
and, historlc,,:tl placement of the anthropologlcal classlcs. Inhabitants
Aboriginal Man
and-
A.R.
collection
Ibg
eO~§miD
Horace
!§!§D~§C§.
documents ls thus of critical Importance
i~quiry
present
the Andaman Islands' by Edward
~f
Radcliffe-Brown's
of
'On the
Thls
_ta
the
into the production and dissemination of
~thnog-
The present Chapter explorea the sarly
period
raphic Knowledge.
"
\\
o,f European contact wi th the indigemous population of the Andaman
1
151 ands. centu~y
will begin by presentinq a number of pre-seventeenth
depictions of the Andamanese
't'non-European f
-
, p
,: .?-=+
i
tl"'ëlvell ers,.
1
publish~d
by
will then proceed to
European dlscuss
and some
-'
seventeenth century d~,scri pti ons wh i ch represent a more obJ ectl ve ~
:
-:.sppl'"oach
..
'
to
observation and depictlon of the
the
the
characteristies
phenOmf?na
of
and
This wlll be-fcllowed by an 8::tench?d d1.SCIJSSlOn
Nicobar- 1s1 <.,"ds. of
Andaman . .
of
conslder~ble
'transculb..\I'"al Important
thlrd, spaces.'
ln
u8derstandlng
construction of ethnographle tnowJedge ln the Andamans.
and
a
the the
role of the lit8rary devlce of 'strangeness' cr detamll13rl=atlon ('Dstranenie') remalnlng
1
Hl
conceptuall::lng
them.
1
WIll
de'vott?
th8
pages of the ehapter ta detall1ng the raIe of ShlpS ln . , sur've~s cf the lslands. thE'll'- ' transcul tLwal' functlon
the
e~rly
in
culture
\
\
contact SItuations.
and thelr relatlcnshlp
to
the
productIon of ethnographlc representatlons. Thls chapter sets the stage
for the ne:~t b~o chapters WhlCh e::plcre th~ second
of British colonl:ation in corisiderable detall.
160
'period
\
\
\
1
4.1>
From Fable ta Fact:
o
A.D.
From teenth and
The Andam.nes. in
th~ second century
approxlmately
century~
short
o
appear~
for
~bu
A.D.
te the
inhabitant~.
e):éÎmpl e,
in
sevsnvisited,
Referencas
Claudius
and in the descriptibns of-the nineth century Zaid
U-I-Ha5san
and
Sul iman
(anori.
Majumdar
eHtraordinary
descriptions of the Andaman Iilllands wras
1975;3~-38).
Perhap9
one of
~
(7th
travelG Port~man-
1870;
1899:I,50-51;
or
Ptolemaeu9~
I-tsing"$ account of his trave15
150) ,
of
Liter.ture,
the Andaman Islands were periodically
accounts glven of their
descriptions
century) ,
TrAvel
:200-1800.
the
most
fUl""nlShed
On leav~ng the two Islands of which we have jûst .pokan, one sails westwards for 100 miles, reaching a very 1 arge ancf weal thy i sI ,",nd calI ad Angaman. ThQy h.'l\ve no ~ing. They are Idolaters. and llve 1ile wlld beamts. And l will tell you of a r::\ce of men. whl(:h is quite worth mentloning ln ,oL1r boo~. Vou mw.;l: ~ nC1W in ver"; truth that aIl the men ln thlS Island hdve hea~s li~e dogs, and t,eeth and eyes al sa Il ~ f~ dogs. l ,-\SG'_lr(? ym.l that. as regards thei r- hp.ads. th(::1y ,'111 1001, Il. ~ (:-1 bi 9 mastiffs. ,They have abundance of spl~es. Thuy are ~ very crLlel people. rhey e.3t men, ~:'\ll tho';;;e thP.1 çan .catch, as long as they are not of thelr race. They have great abundance of every varlet y of splceries. They feed on rlce, mU'. dnd all klnds of flesh. fhp.y a] 1,$0 -have Pharaoh's nuts" apples Qf Paradlse, and m~ny other f rui t S. dl f f \:?rent f rom, OLtI'· s (Folo 19'31: ~89-291» • Friar Odoric (1 ;:5>
al 50
(1~2~),
referred
1
189~\ :
I. 53-54 =
Nicoll Ccntl
Brown
(c.
1440), and Caesar
ta the Andamanese as 19::3/19::2:7-8;
Fraderi~D
cann i bal s " (Portmi.tn
Majumdar
1975:37;
8ingh
2
197F:3).
These references,
however, were cursofy, and untl1 the
sevknteenth century, deplctions of the Andamanese revolyed around
o
l '
,~
a n~mber of common phys~cal and/or behavloral "
J
161
distinctIons,
the
most important of which were their The net result was,
c:annabllism.
series
a
/deseription.
...-' of
ferOC1~$neSS'
na~enes~,
and
as in the case of Marco Polo's
depIctIons WhlCh were
fantastic
or
marvelous ln lnf1ectlon. From
the third quarter of the elghteenth century
mid-nineteenth
to
the
century the Brltish East lndia Company mounted
a
number ~f Important suryey{~g exeeditions to the Andaman Islands.
,
Of
particular
Interest are the sur veys of John Rltchte
<1857-~8).
'1
(179b),
an'd Fredêric
'As a result of these expeditions
increasingly
Arc:hibald Blair (1789), Mouat
~olebrook~
(1771> "\
R.
H.
detailed ac:c:ounts-of the A~damans bega~ to Emerge. Although these accounts
were
presented in the form of surveyors' thelr lmpaet on the ~epresentation of
isl~nds
as they
signtflcant.
wa~
Followlng
colbni:=atlon.
p~ssiblilties
discussed
on these surveys,
fi nall y 4
colonists. The 1858
ab,.:mdoned in 1796 OWI ng ta the bad The second. begun ln 1858.
establIshment
mar~ed
narratIve witnessed mQnograph~;
(Man
oF
production
the of
Islanders. the
fIrst
In the Andamans.
188::> •
Brltlsh
PQ~SeSSlons
process
of constructlng a
involved
heal th
opened ta
ThIS major
as
anth~opologlcal
rep~esentatlon
descrIptIve perlod
a1so C
th8
Inspectlon.
the
of VOlee
'obJectlve' "
'1'. • .,
and
ln
a rejection and sublimatIon of the authorltatlve
162
ln
ethnograph 1
elsewhe~e
of the individual traveller ln favor of speclallzed,
l'
the
.of
proved successful.
the fInal phase ln the progreSSIve
the
begun ln 17894
of a penal settlement on the Islands
~pproprlatlon
of'
the Brttlsh made two
major attempts te colonl;e the Islands. The flrst, was
these'
\
accounts The
o
formulated
ln the language of an emergent
discipline.
indlvldual authority of the traveller was 5uperseded by_ the
capltallst
and
instltutlonal
authoritie5
of
the
Company. the Gover-nment of India, and a variety of ties
including
AssocIation
the
~siatic
the
,for
Society
of
Advancemant
Anthr-opological
Instituts.
, representational
$tr~tegies
'in
of
the'
India
le~rned
50cie-
Sengal,
the
Science,
begin
1
East
the
Briti.h and
thm
analysis
of
Andamans
Dampier's description of th~ Nicobar Islands.
William
Oampler~s descrip-
tion is not only predicated on the shift in. traveller"s authority
, 1 discuss, it aiso exhibits a self-consciousness in regard ta nnw 'objective~
the
half of the seventeant~ century in conjunction
second
the cr-eation of the Royal
. Society
Royal Society had publisheq in the
" ' It~O§!'t!gn~/ (1665/1666)
a
series of
Tir!i~t
..-,.
volume of - ,its
instructions
under
ti-tl a,
'Directions for Seamen,
bOLlnd Tor far Voyages r
III) •
Thaaa
supplemented
instruction~
Natural There
directions by
Robert
were
entitl~d
Boyle
Historyof a Countrey, i5
evidence
with
of London (founded 1660), ~
The
durina.~.
observational strategies which bagan to emerge
'General
Great'or Small'
te suggest that
a
by
these
tho
CAppeindiN OT
sertes Heads
for
, -
(Appendi~
instructions
~
III>. had
a p
decisive
.... ,
.1:1 onal
- -. 71 ,
impact on the production and dissemin.tion of ~'nowl
edge
of other cLiI tUI'i~s
(Fran:
observa-
r
1967/1934: 17-29, 3()-
~
14 1- 160) •
Although
there
is
no evidence
to
5Ugge~trha.t
Dampier used these Instructions ln his tr'avel $, his accounts.were certainly
cast ln the same mould that motivated the
publication
~
of the InstructIons.
o
William
Dam~:her'~
account - of
~63
,'.
his brief
i'"
sojourn
,
the
., ,
Nicobar.
in
i91ands
that
1688
15 the first
Dampier
published a
The account he presented" , ,in travellers in a numbar of ~h
(anon. boo~
(p~mpiar
episode
1927/1697:
1870:
of
270;
KIOS~
impo~tant
1971/190=:,
differs frôm those of earlier way$~
It was the product
of
from the 5th to the 15th of May
15 part of a tràvel account remarkable for
~ts
observa-
The opening paragraph5 of his Preface
stand as a clear statament te th~~ affect:
o
by
320-329). More importantly, his Nikobar
tional self-consciousness.
~
the
on Mis travals in 1697,
~Q~sg~â
extanded stay on the Islands,
1688
narrative
perceptively moves, beyond a discourse ~nf~cted
thé marvelous .nd fantastic 254) ••
descriptive
Befora the Reader proceed any further in the parusal (sic. J of this tlJork, 1 must bespeak ta little of his Pa't.i.ence here to tal El along wi th hi m th i s short account of ft. It lS composed of a rrri::t Relation of Places and Actions, in the same arder of tlme ln WhlCh they occurred: for which end 1 ~ept a Journal of every Day's Ob~3ervatl ons. In the Descrlptlon of Places. thelr Product, ~c. 1 have endeavoured ta give wh~t satisfactlon r could to my COI.lntry-mf-:m; tho' pOSSl bl '/ to the descri:'En ng several things that may have been much better accounted for by others: Choosing ta be more particular than might be needful. with respect to the intelligent Reader. rather than to omIt what 1 thought mlght tend to the Information of Persons no less sensIble and Inqltlsltlve. tho' not so Leë"lrned or E:: per 1 enced. For wh 1 ch reason. my chief Carp hath been ta be as partlcular as was consistent wlth my lntended brevlty. ln settlng down such Observables as 1 met wlth. Nor have 1 glven my s~lf any great Troubla Slnee my Return. to compare my Discoverles wilh those of others: The rather. because. should.it so happen that 1 have descrlbed s~me places. or things which others have done befare me. yet ln di"fferent AcccJLlnts, even of the same thlngs. It can hardI y be bl.lt there wll'l" be some new Llght afforded by each of them. But after all. conslderlng that the maIn of' this Voyage hath lts Scene laiq ln long Tracts of the Remoter Parts. bath of the ~2§~ and ~§§~=IUg~§§, sorne of which ve~y seldom vlslted b~ ~Og!~~n-man, and 164
.\ .'
.
,'
others as rarely by any ~YCgQ~.ng. 1 may without vanlty encourage the Reader to expect many things wholly new to . him~ and many others more fully described than ha may have seen elsewhere~ for which not·only in this ' Voyage, tho' it self of many years contlnl.\anclI" but also several former long and distant Voyages have quallfled me (Dampler 1927/1697:3).
.
o
As for his style, he had this ta say: ,1
(
it cannot be expected, that a-Seaman jhould'~ffect Politeness; for were 1 able te do it, yat 1 think 1 should be little sollicitous about it, in a work of this Nature. 1 have frequentty indeed, div9sted my self of Ssa-Phrases, to grat,i;fy the La'tKl.·RGa.del"~ fOI'" which the Se amen will hardly forgive me: A~et. passibly, 1 .h~11 not seem Complaisant enough to the"o~her; bacaus~ 1 still retaln the use of 50 many Sea-terms. 1 confesa 1 have not been at aIl 5crupulous in thts matter, either as to the one or the other of these; for 1 ~m perswaded, that ï f what 1_ say be 1 ntell i 9 i b! e, ~t. matters not greatly in what words l.t 15 e)(preas. (Dampler 1927/1697:4). pres~nce
Hi s account: was th us caught between the i mmedi a"l:e·
of
cii\r. ",
observer
(the Seaman)
andothe distance that sepàrated hlS
vations frbm the expsriences of a reader." bet~een
\
twe
narrative~
.
obm~r
This distance was ca~t .
the one represented
by
t~mpor~l
his
reference te a daily journal, the.o~her by the publication of bis
~g~sg~Ë.
what
)But" ulti'mately,
he attrfbuted thE! ';ntslligibility' of
..
he sai d t,o, the obJe.è:tï v:e autheri ty of hi s syea" -- the
of· an eye-witness.
The objective and comparative quallty of hlS 1
commentarie~
on
eyes
the
0
,..
-possibl~
•
existence
of
c~nnabilism
bears
. witness ta the working of a new observational format sven at this ~arly
date.
re~arks ~~arco
Compare Dampier's self-qualifying and
$~lf-effacing
,'
with the fantastic imagery and rMetorlcal indulgence . .t,
--
of
""
Polo's description of the Andamansse cited earliar: As
for the common Opinion of'aySbce~Qebsgi esic.J,· or
'
... • J....l...
t ..... l . ... , __ ~! ___ .... ~" •. ~.,
-
"
......
,.;;.:t..::-:;':-:....c:t.-..~~<~.i:i..~J,;""".<;'(r:. . . .Jl~........
.,1."_-> .'-..
\ . , ~;:.,"--;.:tP<3,_.,.:r-!,~
~"""""-""":,,,_,--,,,"_ _
Man~eaters,
.r did never meet with any sueh People: AIT Nations or Families in the World, that l have seen" or heard of, havin~ sorne sort of Food te llve on, either Fruit, Grain, Pulse or Roota, which grow naturally, or alse planted by bhem; if hot Fish and ~and-Animals basides; (y~~, even the People o~ ~~~=~gllsOg had Fish amidst aIl their Penury) and would searee ~il1 a Man p~rposely to eat him. 1 know not what barbarous Cust6ms may formerly have been ~n the World;' and te sacrrfice their Enemies to their Goda, is a thing hath baen mueh talked of, wlth Relation to Savages of 8mgC!fso r am a stranger to that also, if it ba, or have been customary in any Nation.there; and vat, if they sacrifice their ~nemlas, it ls not necessary they should eat them tao. Af ter aIl" l wi Il not be perempfory in the l'legat ive, but l speak as ta the Compase of my own v'nowl ~~, and know some of these Cannibal Stories ta be false,~ (nd many of them have been disproved sinee l first wen tp {he ~!~t=IQQt@â. At that time how barbarous wer~ he peor I!:!.Ql:.iQ! lOQ.!èUâ aecOl.ln"ted, wh i ch now we fi nd to be ci vi 1 enough? What syange .Stor.i es havs we heard of ·the la.Q!so!, '~hose Islands ~ere "called the Isles o·f ~êQa~Q!lâ7 Vat we find that they do tr,ada very civllly with the EC!Q~n and §e~ni~~gâ; ~ and have done so with us. l do own that they have formerly endeavoured °to destroy our Plantations at ~~CQsgQ~3' and have sinee hindred us fro~ settling in the Island a~D~s bgSs by destroying two or three Colonies suceesslvely of .those that were settled there; and even the Island 19Qsgg~has been often annoyed and ravaged by them, when settled by the ~yt~b, and. still lies waste
l'
t,
For Dampier observation was a comparative, per~~n~l of bein~ ~tthin the ~cornpass of one's own n.l
pr~cœ$s.·
His
knOWle~7)~
emphasis on the need for a
new
and ratio-
staDdard
.,
..
of
o
accuracy
and
voyagers
is
'f.ac:tlkal'
t '
.::.;/
-
>~
truthfullnëss
an
in the
9bservation~1
important instance of the new,
accol.tnt91
attitude
tow.rds
i nformati on and i ts use in the prod\.lcti on of I<nowl edge ,
about othe~ cl.tltur.s~
..
~s
a
of
And his
,
~Q:isg.!.!
was perc:eived at t11fP.
paradigmatlc example of the naw conc:ern:for
tlOje
ob~ervational
accurOacy ac:ti val y promoted by the Royal Soc: i et y of Londnn (Fr",n tz ,1934/1967: la~e
As one of the most
15-=9).
t~~5pected
seventeenth early eighteenth c:entury
~QYê9§§
~ppropriately
wam
tra~el
and
populâ\l~
bQo~s~
dedlcated to Charles
of
DAmpi~r·.
Mcuntague.
thu 5
President of the oRbyal Society (Ft:'antz 1934/1967: Althot.Y;;jh ~ic:obar
Islands
experience
.
~
Dampier's
subsequ~nt
islanders.
ls
1 ()-11
,
:!o).
description of the inhabitants
of
1:. he
acc:ount
of
hl.
a prec:oc:iously
Objective
i~pact
on
developments in the ethnographie: representation of
~he
on
the islands,
It was not,
bis work had no apparent
for instance, referred'to in tha
wor~
oi
the l~ter su~yors. Th~ reasons for ~ his lack of influence can~ ,
.
~~r
-/
thinl-.:. for
-',
-.
be
sought ln 'the il1crease in comple:dty and
relationshi~ween
_ the close
the
reason
possible
~~emplifies
account aCCllracy, relies
for
SU~'-:'~Y5 ~nd
it
lS
,.
Dampier's l-ack
of
,~n(j
the politicaJ
.
There
1S
ano'the>r hl ';:l
influence. - While
,
,
a new sœnse of observational disçretion
still cast in the form of a
e){C1USlvel,yon its
tb§ 'gSiotAQf
lsldnds
and partlcularly ln
commercial' interests of the East India Company.
fCQID
mootlvations
observational practices deployed ln relation to the
in the second half of:the eighteenth c:entury,
Yi~~
auth~r'$
Qf S
1
authority:
.
~!Sm!nL
travelogue !:!~
s~ geag3~9
!:!,ê9
tg
.:\nd
th-at
~!:i.t~êO
tbs~
Qi'
1.1; ~
'If
§~i~Q~iâtw
o
As
$,ti I l in-t"lmat-el ,
the ,product of a peried in which anthropology was
v:
c:onnected te travel aç:counts,. 167
't
hlS modest
voi ce • .."
.-\
'
in
lost
".Ias
the
collective movement'
towards t
an
'objective'
discipline. Unti 1'" the ei ghteenth centLlry,
the onl y references
to
the
"
Andaman and Niéébar ~lands were ta be found 5cattered in diverse J
.travel
accounts. these
however,
From
the
ihclde~tal
.
.'
elghteenth
late
century
onwards,
account5 were,overshadowed by another
series of descriptions which were mo~e 5cien~ifical1y and disciplinaril~
..
,
With the split.~etween
orientœd.
sclentific --_ ..... -:-,----
QQ§g(Ys~iQnâ,
matter' OT
th~.two types of dlscourse.
~impl~
but its
ef~e~ts
divi5~on
a
were
t(§~~!
appeared
~nd
."gYDtê
in
the
The pOInt 15
subject
relatively
com~lex.'
, ,
'"
Travel pt'"eseFltat i on
accou~ts
of
were
relativ~ly
what was seen,
'active' and vivid in
and the temporâl di mensi ons
observational practices were an integr~l part o' Thl.lS. 'I~s1ng could.,make the narrative struc:ture.
of
comments about the Nic:obar Islands:
.
their
'T
"' '
their of
their
~ollow1ng ,
y
~.
"
•
Looki~~~ towards the east we saw the shore, for an eHtent of one or two Chinese mil,es, with nothlng but c:ocoa-nut trees and betel-nut fdrest~ luxuriant and, pleisant (to be seen). When the native~ saw our vessels c,omi=ng, they aIl br.ought c:ocoa-nuts, bananas, and t~lngs made of rattan-can and'bambcos. a~d wished ta exé:hange them. ,l4hat "they are anx i Ol.l~ "to get i s i ron onl y;- for cl\ pi eae of i l'''on as 1 arge as I::.wo f i n(iers~ one gets from ~hem five to ten coc:oa-nuts: The.~en ar~ entirely nakeQ; whtle wome~ ve~l their person with some leaves. If the marchants' in joke offer them. their c:lothes, they ways their hands (te tell .that) they do ndt use't~em •• ~· CMajumdar 197p: 35-36).
1
l
,. t'
•
o
. Or
cQnsider
t~e
\
'
followfng
~ontemporary-of ' ......:'. '.
D~mpier:
near ,;
dec:r~ption ~y
.
,
~
Alexander
Hami lton'~
'J
, j
"
168 1 •
-',
J .' :'
.
\
.'
\
~
. <
1
..
t.
'
"
.
,
•
~" ~~
,
,
;:.-~.
1
The Isl~nds opposite to the Coast of IèOi~~C~U, arJ the a!:u1~m~n§. They l y about 80 Leaques off, .and .are surrounded wi th many dangeroLls Banks and Roc:ksp , th'ey are all inhp.~ited "with Canib.als, who are 50 fearl.ess, tha.t \they will swim off tD a Boat if ,she approac:h ~ear the,S~re. and ë:tt tac:k her wi th thei r wood en Weapons, rY'otWl thstë\n-~ ,ding' the*Superiori. ty o.f Nwnbers in the Beat, ë\nd the Advant~ge of missive and defen~ive Arms of I~on. Steel ,and Flre.
o
knew one
E~CgY§~QQ,
who c:ommanded a Ship from Fort bound from ~~lè,~~·to i~Ugèl, in Company Wl th another S~P. gC?i ng too near one of t.he. 6Ug,!1ffièQ Islands. was drlven, by the Force of a strong Current. on sorne Rocks, and the Ship was lost. The other Ship was driven thro' a Chanel between two of the s~ma Islands." and was not able to, assist the ship-wracl('d Men, -, but nei ther EfU:g!::!§§9o. nor any of h,i li Peop 1 e were ever more heard of, which gave Ground te conjecture -that they were ~ll devoured by those savage Ç~ul~~l~ (Hami 1 ton 1930/1727: II, 36 )'. ' 1
St.§~QCg§,
'1
And again,
•
About si:: Leagues to the SOLlthw'ard of §gmgr::.~t:à I$1 ..,nd, lies IèllèOa=is09 'the ~ninhabited, Island, ~here one C~ptafn Q~§!J. lost his ship 10. 60.U9 1708. but the Man were all seved, ,and finding no Inhabitants, they made Fi res in the Ni ght, Mld na:: t Day there cama 5 01'" 6 Canoaes from ~ing and §QY~~, -two fine I~lands that' ly about four Leagues to the Westward of the de~ert Island, and ver~-courtaously c:arried the shipwrackt Men te their;Island~ ef ~lng and §QY~~, with what lit~la Thlngs they had saved o~ their Apparal and efher Neces,sari es. The Captain had saved a broken, Knife-about four Inchs$ long in the Bl~der and having laid lt carelesly ay, ons ef the 'Natives made bold to take it, but did not offer t~· hide it. The Captain seeing his Knif~ in the paor Native's Hand, teok lt 4ram him; and bestow~d $ome I(icks and Blows on hlm,for his 111 Man-ners, which was very i11 tayen, for aIl in general ~hewed they were dissatisfied with the Action; and the shipwrâckt Men ceuld observe' Contenti ons ar i si ng 'between- thosa who were their Benefactors in bringing them tq their l -.:;1. and, and others who ~ere nct concerned ±n l t: l:iawe- ~ ver, nex~ Day as the Captain was SItting under a Tree at Dinner, there came about a Dezen of Natives towards him, and saluted him on every Slde with a Shower of Darts made of heavy hard Wood. with thelr POlnts har"dened -in the F11"'e, and 50 he e::plr'd in a t10ment. How far they had a Mlnd te pursue their Resentment, 1 know not, but their Bene+ac:tors keptoGuard about their
•
....
169 (
r
\' ()
\
,I~:"
, ,.
j
:.._~~._ ,»:';';. . ~;~,:.~~~, ,<..'t'M...1-:.._·_'\~_ t.' ._L ....\\.. ,~• .<'/,. :..:'
,.
'*' ~ ~:f~t,
, ·d . . ;:·;
i
!
t
Houss tifl the next Day, and then presented them wlth Canoaes, and fitted ~hem with Out-Ieagers ta keep them from overturning, and put seme Watér .in Pots, some Cocoa-nuts and dry Fish, and pointed te them te be i mmedi .. tel y gone, whic:h they di d. Seing si ::teen in Company, they divided equally, and steered thelr Course fer ~Qnk~~~lgèn, but in the WaYle~e of the Beats lost her O~t-l~ager, and dro~ned aIl her Crew, the rest . arrived sate, and 1 carried them afterwards tq ~~tsby= !ieât~m (Hamilton 1930/1727:11.38).
twc
Gj,
.'
~
in
1 bave quoted.Hamilton
~~t~Q§g,
because 1 believe that one can
distinguish betwe'èm the 'ac:tive"" descriptions of traval and
the
'passive'
scientifically inspired
descriptions
6
fQllowed.
The
se~ond
of
"-...
achieved by the exclusion of what 1 consider to be
evldence
.a
Ot
therefore
century,
"
III
which
the new 'objectivism
~escription,
of the latter decades of the eighteenth
c:hara~terl$tic
~as
ty~~
accounts
important
j;c.sQs!;!:Il:t,Yc.!l tbic.9 ÊQ~~,@. 'TI"'aQfculturaf space'
= particularly
importan~
notion for understandlng -
. development' of observ'atlonal strategies.
4.2) Transcultural Space:
lS
ths
,
DecqntextualizatiQn and Strangeness in
Culture Contact Situations. The
history
oT Andaman colenization afferds . eyidence ~gt~~gn
contact situations that lnvolved a peculiar area wh1ch l will calI a course,
not
~emonstrate.
/
$t=.:L\ltLlr.:\l '.~
these
artiTacts
o
be
§~sS~.
iI.:.,;i:t.::...,
1
..
althoLlg~.
My Llse of "between
as l
lS.
hape
of ta
\1
ref ers to the tran-
ql.\alltles of partlcLllar e::perlsnces. ,The physlcal sltes th l rd-space
experiences
are
de~lned
by
cu) tural
"
deployed against the backgrounds ,of two different
A third
170
..W _~-"---. ~ _~~
'betw~en'
cultures
a third space tends to be most clearly disclased at
opposing cul tures.
,.1
The notion of
taken Ilterally.
borders of cul tures.
~he
of
to
ibic9
of
,~
sp~ce
develops from the momentary
and or
1
1
permanent .JLlxtapositlon\pf two $ets of
transcLIltur
displaced~
7
o
l,.
elsments. both
The
effect ef this Juxtepesltion is the ejectioM
sets of elements from their respective
cultural
.
of
cent.xt ••
which
results in a form of 'decallage' in which avents acquire a
sense
of strangeness
viewed. fram the perspective of
~hen
either
cul ture • . Strangness or defamiliarization procsss
by
which the familial'" i5
'. perc:.~pti ons
are dehabi tuaI i ~ed,
Shkl ovsky:
il • •
life';
it
â:tQn~.
rend~red
unfamiliar~
and Whê-re ln the wordts 01 VI~' tOl~
ta
make one teel thili<)s,
"The pl.lrpose of art
teJ tmpart the;)
1.5
12).
The value
of
<;Ih;n~
the
tc:Y mak(::l
'oensc":\tl cmn 01
thi ngs' as they are perce! VF!d and' no t as they are 1..l'1own"
\:19/1\5:
hab~tual
Art ex i sts that one maY recover the sen Gat i on
exists
Thus,
Il
0'
is a literary
('05tr~nenie')
(SI \ ~ 1 av'.', y
of 'ostral1enie" or dp.famlllë'\1' 1:' "\l:tun
the present discussion stems less from its Ilterary
app'
III
lcation~
klnds
0+
thei r effeats on a process of hab i tual CLIl tur .:\l . percepti on.
rh8
i ncongruOLtS
the'
the
form
than
i ndi geneRIs
51
ght
lnsights
Clt
lt
pravides
Into
the
European cl othi ng wOl'"'n by members
popul atl on on the Andamans was gr8eted.
f(;)1'"'
a\.
el: amp 1 e. 1> ,. 'h
wi
th cons 1 der-ab le humoul'"' by EUl'"'opeans
~as
pl'"'ocess
Symes
~f
18'27: {59) •
accultUl'"'atlon.
qLlesti on
of
the.
be
optlng
One
can
81
ted tl1l.';:· i s l':'·\l1U·~ •. ' ~~5
18~9:~15;
th el'"'
anon. 1850
é-ict:ept
or one can place them dt the center cF
representatlon
partlcular point ln tlme.
will
Vl 51
the body decol'"'ation of Andamanese (Lelgh
1: 17-18;
the
WllCl
al
cil'
In this and the fcilowing chapters,
1
for the second
of
stl'"'ategy.
the'
l ~::;1
Another
drlder-s
comment
171 1
-. \ 1 \
,(
by
additiena~
Smklevsky .. thraws
d.~ .. "Art
is
light am the value of Jthe
ca~~
'ostranenie' in' the
of.culture
contact
a mSans of re-experiencing the making of
al ready
obj sets
hav~'-ço
made
,...
i-.
for
studies:
objects, art. "
but
Fredel'"'i c
~
Shklovsky'~
Jamsson interprets
i mportanee
literary
.
position in a manner which renders
'=
i t applicable in tl:1e present 'Cë\se:
Are we te assume that aIl forms of art exist only to "bare thelr own devices,~ cnly ~c give us the spectacle of the creatIon of art ltself.; the transformatIon of objects lnto art, their being m~de art~ .••. Or are He to assume some more metaphysical 1mplicatlon. ~amely that the very aet of perceptIon 1s ltself a ma~lng af the abject in questlon~ and that ta re-perceive an abject anew is ln a sense to became conSClOUS of our own "ma~"ing' ac:ti'lity?" (Jameson 1974:79). is
St~angeness
found
aiso a
prominent
in the '] Iminal' phase of a classlc rIte of passage
lmparts'
~.
1977 a /1964: 1(6) .
transformative
mih1ug
It has also been coneelved
I~efle;~lve
qLtestlons
about
The a thl rd space woul d be a of a group.
construct Ion
~
~
This
acc:ul turat i on ~
space
ThIS
.)
one
operatIon ey process
~
l ater-
st'ereotyped
hë\SJ'll\tle to do
when taken
a
the
",,'
, cul ture..
as
leads us dlrectly lnto
of l n'~
a.C,t}\ë\l
ln
fLm'ttions of 'd~famlilarl;::::atlon' on the
theoret 1 cal
reconstitutton
and
proeess (Turner. 1977b:40).
hand and a collectIve rltual on the other. general
a reconstltutlve
It is therefore dlrèetly lmpllcated
process.
between
15'
which
. (Turner
J.nitland
an
ritu~l
indl'liduals or groups.
conneetion
ta
nowl edge
Furthermare.
collectlvely generated
the
deviee
representatianal
wlth
the
as
process
of 1
n a
of
the conventi onal sense of '.assiffill
\
,1.
172
.
,
,
...
.<
.'., "
.
.". J ..:.:,..
.t.o_
.~.,.'
_ •• r
.
'
"-:,.~.,..... -1_ .. ,:' ~~....~
l
o
laticrn'
and 'absorption,'
excess
and multiplicity.
representatlons, •
for i'ts main principles are the notions ':';If
and counter-representations
y~,
/
tr an~c'Jl tLlra] additive,
not
of
A third space is a surfeit
'\
ln whose
surfaces,
semioti~
fi~ld
'
ob J',,:ts and evsnts 'è'll"~\ n'::tt ë\~;si nd ll~t j, \lé.!,
w1ibiD a
but
l'
=:~t ht'"q'
but ê'tQ§§ dnd'~~~~~~D culturwa.
culture, 1
Z'~rI~
third space is a perpetually flu.:tl.latinçJ tl"ans l:ultut"ë;.l
A
of human interaction, reactions
between
and is defined by and conceived a~ actions and
members
of two or
more
historlcally
separatp
groups. te~tuali::ed
elements
in
":mes o\>m'" culturî-!
hl.\fl1r:.t".::ous c.r tt"agie resl.llts.
,
ThIs type
"
'transcultLlt"al'
Sj:.lcFP
d~apter
because it5 'spatial'
whereas a thi.rd space è'lyi.·ses have
pec.ple
lost
bf'.'ë{l~,
from
the
pyesenc~
naturdll~dn
.:.f l:u1 tL't c.1
conte~.t.
thelr
ln approprlé1ted
refuse
and
t(-:.:'r
characterlstics .are deflned
.:ultural elements WhlCh a150 serv§? t.:. deflne I.ltoplan
that
bi~!~u..
.-.. ftp.n
..
the last by
I:.r
\Ji.th
clothing 8
of cultures.
wh.;:.
ta~
e up and
It5 terms of reference
I.'~,f=,
ar
l''€:..'mndnt,c,
chI?
mi sund PI" -"
C'"
) standlng,
in
whid1r_~
.
/-
for e·,.ample,
Just such a
WQYds,
.:entLlry.
An
slgn,
gestures, ... and éI,.:t1 :Jns, have 1
.:onteY.t as was pt",:.vided by i;he Ar,dë.\flIcl,n
Andamanese third
o "'".
~pace lS
repl<~,:c!d
TsJ é1nds,
an lntercultur&l
]imin~:d
"
."
Q
....
,),
\
,
J 173
Il
-.
.,....
. 0'
Q
l
:.,~
. t
•• "
J Il
,
whereln
zone,
c
people
and
thlngs tend to 10se
their
cultural
momentarlly or perpetua~ly, between identitles and osclilate, 9 cul tures. Clothing aRd ItS use are a distingulshing characterls-' the zona.
tl c: of
wh 1 ch ] none form
(nakedness) or another
early
graphies
descrIptions of the islanders. these
ILminal.
representattve of an
thil~d
'unnatLlral'
r ag-
are Fcutlnely present ln
mentary Elements of European clothingl. ·the
(f
In the
1 ater
space elements Bre
et'hno-
e::cluded
as
state of e:;1stence.
In an lmportant sense the Andamanese culture was called into being on the dec f's of- European sur"vey sh 1 p s cul ture ln 1 r s Bay of Beng,,, l
BrItish
that 'strange" was
settlng as weil).
(and.
con~elabvely.
Vl?rSlOn was const ructed
But the rela~lon b~tween the two
hlerarchlc in that the overall strategy directlng
the
The Issue 1S therefore less a
of d rit? of chically
wIthin d culture.
p~ssage
djfferentlated as
r-emalns
to
tr"ansC:'.ll tll 1r'ë:-\1
what
~one
type
I1mJ nilJ
~
ooth
,;tëd:E?S
clalhlng.
cLll~ural
C
-a-brac .
,1
t
s
can
ch was traded
BLtt the questIon at tal ned bf?
for
ta
! i nten:!st dual
~
h ...we 1
ng
.
l'"f?Cr-lS
3ng l e:
f.t:~Q§!;'!dltyr:.~!.
t
ln
'lmpartecl
m~
lJë,\(':~
gl
to
qu~stlon.
fr-om
a
ln
issue as a major theme.
, '-,
'. _ .r ..~ -: ._
las 1
more
The remalnder of the theslS
<" 174
the
CUI'"
the parado:(lC31 questIon of Ilffilnallty
thlS vexlng ,nd theoretlcaJ ly critlcal
ven
renders
ethnogr"'3,ph i. c
lt ln order ta approach It
conte>:t.
the
<:1dd.
Although 1 have not ilnswered the hopl~
quest Ion
of actIon that
50
ShlpS
lImInal hlerar-
d
ThIS brlngs
émd . 1 ml ghi: al Wh1
1
dDm~ln
cul tura,l J y hOmfJgp.nloLls.
inconaruous br l
nowl edge
stal:e. <.:md to whom
f3Cf that there IG no general
the
thdn of
between cultures. of
ln
a has
,, 1
j
1
,A~daman
4.3) 0
o
'.'
.Ships ànd Third "spac: ... :· John Ritchi.'s 1771 Survay cf the
1
Islands.
-
1 1
T~e
first
attempt
to produce an extended
survey
À,,,; am 1"
Islands was made in the third quarter of the
c:entu1Y.
In 1771~ Captai,n' John:Rltc:hie~
eighteenth
1
HydroqJr.aphi5: Surveyor for Andë\mc~n
the _Eist Indi a Company. c:ondl.lc:tèd a C:Ltrsory .sLtrvey of Nicobar Islands pOi ~ts
'the
~f
1900:
(Templ~
341~347~
1901:
ë\nt.l
As Temple
23~-238).
hi s e::ped l ti on mar I~s the fi rst at tempt to obtë\i n
out.
d
series'of ac:c:urate observatlons concernlng the lalaDds. Rltchis"s unpublished
manusc:rlpt.
ln
hl~
opinion,
waa
rp.martlablQ
,!"i\
document for the perlod and shows hls'capac:ity
fQr-obs~rvë\tJon
a very favour"ble llght." He went on ta
f or
he
Wë\S
"acute
subseqùently Negfr- éU S
l'1ote~
8nOLtgh to observe and rec:ord
been established.
tht::;>re
f.:ë>::
tends
y~;~~
sLlbmar 1 ne
ct
r~()m
;:::-~,-~
11 (J f.!
(
rises
the
long
:; t r
1
n9
0
Nlcobars.
the
RirchJe'~:;
"remarl<s; are ....
f
1
sI and s
~
no W n
'3 U C C. e Si ' j
iVE! l '(
the Cocos and Prepë\l'"l s."
Andamans.
amp 1 e"
fact
a
that f
b<'\11 1
el!
ln
th"!t\ 1:
thc;t
Il.:-\':.
_, ~i
t Il 8
FL\I~th()rrnol'"e.
l,
lZZl.
and
foreign
fl~Lllts
also
noted
that
a
contrast
the
that
Nicobarese had Hl hlS day .:ümost.1
0::..11
~
th\.,
that they now possessIf (Templo 19 1:'0:
that on the
:'I~d
...
of
Mèll~ch
vIllage- chief was flylng a
1771 RltchlE! "Brltl':.h
had
UnIon
observf::?d Fl.\!]."
III
to the Dutch mlSS10nal'"leS on the Island who were flylng 10
the
Danlsh
flag.
In
thlS
connectlon.
Temple
aclnowledqed
RltchlS'S observatlon that the mlsslonary effort ln the
o
had thus far been a fallure (Temple 1900: 341-342) • {
-,
. ,1
- ...
17'5
,\',1
_.
':i:....
\~
Nitobars
.
,
,-'
~ensltivlty of Ritchie 1s observatJo~5 15 also
'The
in
the reflexive attItude he
du~ing
those observations. an
pre5enting constructed
too~
towards the question of repro-
He was conSClOUS of the
problem
1.nadequate 1second generatlon' wrl tten terms
in
of
the
ap~arent
Itlnerary
of
n'arrat1ve
followed
by
his
11
He feared that verbal inadequacles
expedltion.
would
obscure
1:2 and deflect his §y1bQ~1~Y:
Prefaratory to the t-emar~os, i t 1 S necessa,""y to observe. - that th~ flrst part relative ta the head of the Bay' of Bengal:; from pOint P,,:ï!mlras to the sOLtthern 8::tn:!mlty of the Coast of Chittlgong, are observdtlons. 'made ln the CaLtrSe of a regLtl ar SLtrvey: 1 t 1 S hoped therefore. that thesE' WIll be found tollerably camp] ete. the latter part, WhlCh beglns wlth the coast of Ar~can. contal ns bro~ en romarl s LlpOrl d 1~L\nrll ng SUrVE"1y: these are v~ry lame. but If the wr1tèr should e~er bG enablœd te make any acJd 1 tl on to thE?m. the most tr1. VI ;,\1 par ts b~ e:cpLlnged, ta 9i 'le pl é1ce to 0 thers of qre.,ter 1 mportance. As ta the 1 anguage. tb§ ~ll!. !1lb!~i Qg tgL~Q .f9.!: tbê g§§Q. the w'''-lter belng very senslble 0+ hlS lnabll1ty that WdY: Wrltlng lS nelther hlS talent. nor profesSion, and the remarl s. 10 tbglC UCê§QOt fQcm. ~re only the wcr~ aF a few days (Temple 1901: ~~3). Ritchle's survey of the Andaman Isldnds fell withln that
cf hlS expedItIon which was theorunnlng survey. sporadic~
compaS5
hlS'
between in
of a type of surveylng
the
of the Bay cf
tC!~§lggy§
those cf eariler travellers who made thelr long Journey.
hydrographie
Nevertheless. and
hl!:.'>
observatIons
and Blalr"s and Mouat·s
e::p8ditlans Whléh were speciflca,lly
Islands.
Bengal.
the lslands can therefarœ be posltioned mldway
the course oF a
SLlrv8'flng
In that they were
may be considered ta fall wlthln the
observ~tlons
HIS descriptIon of
portIon
directed
repol"°t' contained a
later tawards
wealth
ethnographie detail WhlCh dlstlnguish lt
earlier descriptions cf the islands.
-,
~." l:..
..
'Q.
..,
, __ •.• ,
',_
,
. ;"'. . . ,:.',. _-,. . :,~
:-;~~ .~:N~I':_.J.. ~'" -I__ ~~~~~:.c;.--.t!..~ .• ,
from
But the value of hlS obser-
176
d: .. '- ...
of
l... '.\.,/,'. . ./'
:~,,~:"!..,":~~.t.~.. :'"r).· __ ~ .~! r'''.:-__,
vations was not on1y confined to their detail, theï r aCC:Llracy. Ritchi~
predecessors. of
the
it also resided in
.
dld not shrink from a comprehensive critiqua of
his
In facto his observations represent a first exampte
progressive
geometricization
pf
the
margin$
of
the
lslands. WhlCh allowed a new generation of observers te c~me into contact with the indigenous population: It may be nec:essary to premiüe. th~t frem Cape Negrai. the South bweèt extremity of Ava and Pegu to Acheen' Head, the North-west part of Sumatra, there extends a great Ban'k or Shoal, upon whi ch q,re si tuated several cl usters of 151 ands gener all y desc:r i bed Linder tl19 nrlmes of the Niiobars, th~ Andamans, and the Cocos. -- This Bank and its Islands sQpar"ë\tes the Etay of Del1gal fl~etn the Sea of Tenasseri m: and l t s I~eprf?<;:;pn ti::\t l on 1 n the· C~arts hlthel~to publ1shed tS e:(c,;~n-2dinqly lIlCIJrl'"t'-'ct. The positions assLgned ta them. lS in gener~l. ~ery lnaccurate, and the flqure and dimenSIons h~ve net the least resemblance. ta what thp.y really .::\Ir"f? III th(? .Jout-nal before me. the sltuatlon. e::tent. and form cll ~,hp'l)e Islands. i.s ] end dm'In suif] cientLy e):ac::t: for" <'\\11 'Nautical purposes; ~nd te the Nicobar Islands. part]cu~ _lar attentlon has baen pald. bet:ause they ·"Ire> morE~ freqllented tl1an tlle others. l\pnn acceunt of thE) rp.fn9s-hments. and Water, WhlCh are te b~ hAd upon them. thœ InoffenSIve m~nners of the Inhablt~nts1 and the vast q'uantities of Cocoa Nuts, WhlCh ar'e to be had for the Pegu Market (Tc~ ,plt-? 19uO:::A~). He made a simllar pOlnt ln the CAse of the
-
Andama~s:
And flrst th~ great eD~~ID~n lS. eV1dently. dll Island of a very dlffere~t n~ture. fro~ what Lt has hltherto baen represented~ for aIl agreed. ta ma~e It a place where 'no soundl ng'S coul d be obtalned. 'é\nd consequen t l '1 na anchorage had about lt The ~atlves lt w~s s61J, w~r~ a terrible cast of people. who came out ln thelr Canees and attempted ta board every 3/11 p that c.:?,ne ne.:\r' the I sI and: that they shet thel r al"'rows to rt great dlstance. and seldom mlssed their më:\r~·. Naw very,little, l f any thing at all of '.Il~ i5 tru8; for e::cept at the East side, between the Latitude 1: 30'. and 13 30' Nortl1, we hav.e had soundings ever'f' where neal~ tl1e land; Anchorage, we had almost every nlght, when w~~ chose te bring too, and that was very eften. The pa ~~e may be
o
,
,
.
177 -
"
,-
~"'~''''''''_''_
... n'·, .. 1 .....
~.
. ;
,
1
r
dexterous perhaps, but they are not flerce. and we, cOLll d observe, Q,:i tbêl.r: QQ~H~.r:ysti1!Œ§ !:!QQO Q!:..!r:: g~mh. ~bs~ tbg,:i Lo§~ tb~ ~§ê ~f tbgml sOQ bsg~ DQ QQ~Qt~ Q.@êQ ~s~gbt lt 10 § msoo§ç~ !O~.t gQ§ QQt 9r::2s! OQOQ!:!t .tg
.
tbQ§ê~
~bQ ~~C§ tb~lr:: Q[g~§e.tQr::2· Untlll a farther examlnatlon of thlS Island tal es place. the only use my remarks Cë1n be of. 1S contlne,d to SholpS ln d1stress, or those who would 5~reen themselves for a few ~ays. from tempestuous weather: ln such CQS8S, they mav be very usefull~ nnd te such. r recemmend them. b&t.there are other matters, net less warthy of attentlon. altho we can an 1'1 gLless at them; L mean, the prabab 111 t Y .of getting ê~ÇêiiêO~ hlm~§[ for bUIldIng, upon thlS Island. Tlmbel- 1S an artIcle, WhlCh aIl the Company's Settlements about the Bay, are destitut~ of, especially the kinds which serve the purpases of Sh1p-bLlllding and Fortifi catlCln (TempJ e 1901: ~:'7-:,8).
Ritchie's observations form the basis for a normall:lng discourse whi ch
moved
from
the
fantasti c: \ to
the
from
f actual ,
the
,
historlcal to the aa~~al. '.
In this process.
extended
over the isIands as they were
gational
c:harts
contro~
'flxed~
and their natural products were
potential pr"oduc'ts for colonià.l and commen:ial normali z i ng
in
di scoLirse
was graduaIly te~ms
of navi-
'surveyed'
e~lploitation.
e:: tended te the Andclmanese
ln
that
were demythologi=ed and then naturall=ed ln an envlronment was
o
This they whic:h
progresslvl:!ly opened to e:,pleltat1an by me<"lIlS of LJbservation
and measurement. F~rther on. he wouJd add;
.,
as
At the sotcth end of L1 ttl e Andëlm.f\n', ther-e l s na 50undlngs within' less than a m.;i'll~ of the land, to the westward; but the banh proJects further off at the S. E. c:,orner; there 15 also. j-eefs of roc~ s abave water, at this end. but these run no great way off, and ln the Pl al's l have, mar J...ed thei j~ utmost (2:: ten t. In aIl the al d plans. this Island 1S drawn as two Islands. ly1ng near one anothsr: l ,wi 1 l ventLlre ta say ~ that the Persan wh0e..'er he was. that gave the s~.uectch of 1 i ttle {Inètaman in ~hat manner •. had never s~en the Island, e::cept perhaps, at a great dlstance: and the same may be sald of Great Andaman. for wlth respect to both. the only thing that the oId Charts arE:! rlght ln, lS that there are Islands somewhere about the places asslgn'd in t~em
(Temple
lqOl:~38).
" 178 .'
,
j"
~
n
,
" •
Ritchie's
running
the i 51 andslo
tians
conc~rning
in
full~
the
important
information
ë\
Andamanese~
vessel.
as
l
He r.eported
13 E~~opean
,
survQy produ
about
to a
~
including an instance of
what
1"
His descriptidn 15 weil worth reproducing
it contains aIl the elements and interplay 1
posited· in relation to" a
tr~nscoltural
l,
.'"
have
third space:
'. ,
\
On the 16th of J'anuary 1771. at: 3 in the ë\f ternc:>on, Wfl~ an,chor't;!d in the nortliér"n part of Di 1 i gent Strai t, in 119 fatham water, and soft ground. At 1 Q clock of the m9rning, of the 17th, Came on, ë\ very heavy squall of~ wind. and rain. attended wlth much Thunder, and 11ghtning, from the S. E. qLlclrter; thœ strength of th&! squall. cq.ntlrlLled about hal f an haur, at wh i ch ti me thlli! wind abated. but the rain ccmtinLled; iD9 10 ..Ibgr.::~ 1:t §~~ma
QO§§~
ibm
"
,
o
~b~t
it
~io~
f9C
~ll tb~t gs~~
sOQ
tb~
cs!n§~ ~!tbgy1 !otg~mi§§!Qo~
t~g
3~~~~i910g
iD9~~
~s§ ~Q~§1iC9Y~ ~O~ §g~~ll~.
it
t1m!l~
During ail this t lifte ,we saw no boats. nar was there the 1 east a.ppearance of hO~SES, of cultlvation. any wher~ upon the l~nd _about" th,~ place:; in the nlghts inde>ed~ t.ha shore WciS 1 i ,~hted 'üp wi th hundreds of Torches ~ wh i ch -made an appearance. dS If we were ln the mlddle of a great la~ e •. sur,'"oLlnded by houser,;; llghted l.lp. The Inorning of Sunday the ~oth was f~ne weather, and.t 8 0 clock a Canoe paddled off. froln one of the eastern Islands, and came very near US~ we made what sIgne we cculd ~o them, ,to come on board; thlS they toa~ little notIce of: and fearlng lest they should give us the slip~ 1 .arder"d our boat ta be hauled up. at the slde cppomite to that where the CanoE was and m...=tnned Wl th l?~lrOpf1an Seame>n. the moment the people ln the Canes saw our boat put off, they toa~ ta thelr paddles, and wlth aIl their might. pulled tewards the.nearest land: they were soon overtahm. and two' of tllem J LWlped lnto the SE<:"\. and swam (:0 the shore Wl th alTla:: i ng SWI f J:ness, ,the (.)ther' two (for ther's were only +ou~n) s.tald ln the Ccln(~e, and ~strj.,l.C~" at our~le ~ thelr paddles .. AJ't old lascar .. who had been a prlsoner ln A~acan. and who pretend~d to understand the Blrmah language, at hlS own reque~t, was ,sent ln the boat as a lingulst; thlS man wEnt lnto the Canoe, and stood bet~een the two people: but whlle h~ spoke ta thlè man before hlm, the ether behlild, took up - 'a torch made up ef Rushes and QsmmêC, ~nd after,blowlng i t· up as
much
as he 1::Ul d :,;\held i t te
\e Lascar \
\,
',5
tiare
'
poor ~ld fel10w roared out in a horrible " manner, and _ leaped into the sea, to cool his posteriora:' the boat crew could easily have prevented the fiery attack, made upon the lascar 1 s hinder parts; but a I1ttle mischief and a great deal of mirth suited them best. When the, two Strangers were brought on board, surely never were people more terr.ified' they were two' 1 ads about 1.4 years of age; p.nd no doubt, thoLlght that -they would be lmmedlately sacri~lced: despair was strongly paintep in thelr faces~ ànd neither of them could support th~ir weight, but fell upon the deek, as if they had lost the use of thelr limbs; a very little time however, brought them too; fea~, and terror, ~ave ,place to wander~ and amazement! their countenances cleared up, and we eould soon ~erceive, ~hat the observati~ns they· made, were mixea ,wlth ~ degree of plea~ure. Boiled riee was offered to-them ta eat; but this they only turned over with their hands, and certainly, did not know what it wa~~ 1 then thought of coccnuts, and had sorne open"d for them'; thlS theyeat greedily of; but l obse~ved that ~f one nut, which was nat opened in their Presence, - they would!not eat; this canvinced me, that they dreaded pOIson. They soon found the use of thei r 1 egs, -: and bei ng éonvinced t~atL. ~ intended tc do them no injury~ began to walk aboutf~a d stara at every thing ln the vessel; ~he differenee f . the calcur between the Europeans, end lascars, was a matter that toqk up much of thei~. attention. Between' 10, and 11 0 clack. anothsr Canoe paddled off tawards us, mnd when they came near, WB made the tWQ lads calI ~o the men in it, and they soon came alongside. and were only two, an e.lderly man. and a lad; the latter' came in lmmedlately. but the old fellow made ~ sorne difficulty; two lascars went over to help him up. and got him upon the ê§o~§ of the vessel~~ but he turned ~hort about, and caught each of the, iasc~rs by the neck. under hlS arme; and plunged lntc the Sea! they went down al together. for about a mi nute of 'ti me, "and then the lasc:a,"'s came up on each slde cf thE?} old man at sorne dIstance; they sald he was the devlJ and mUC:h-stronger than 10 men. The oid man swam about for a 1 i ttle tl/ne, and then went forwé\r-d tc the Cable. and came up of'hlS own accord. He stared at every thlng. as mLlch as the young on es had done. and several tlmes trled to pull ~the rIng bolts out of the ded S; and r-oè.1r-'d and wh.o.Qp~ç:l ll~8 tl19 American warlOLlrs . . S,J.netlmes he laid hlS hands upon th~ great guns, crying Coo.-- Coo.-- Coo (Temp~e 1991:~~5-~36) . b~Qech;
f
l,
1
l;
the
{'-
-
.... ,.
The
visitcr-s' reactlOns
transcultural l'''sference
settlng-
bea~
wltness to the extremely
provlded
by
the
dec~
of
a
important Shlp
as
a
point .for trans~ul tural behavior on the part of se amen \ /
180
1
,.::J, .
.....
•... ..!
1
. -;
and
o
Andamanese
-
(Temple 1901:237). - In c:cntr.st
presence on an island,
reversaI
transported
the
and
ex6~ic::famlliar.
Andamanese
transposed
f ound
As
ElIrOptMn
to
the
foflowing
As part'of
them.slves b:tchl101 , og i c ...\l
a
_14
CL.tl t&,.lrescape.
ë\
thé ship's dec:k reversed the rëlatic-:mship
of stranger:native :: visitor:host :: thi s·
ta
ind~c:~te,
events
situation existed in the case of clothing.
the
samli
Rit~hie·cbnt~nuœd:
At ~1 0 cloe~ we spyed two large Cenees, paddltng cff~ from where the two men swam on shore, these had 8 men in e.ach; and we soon perceived. that thl-~y were ~~al" boats; for the upper end of their paddles, were bciws; they ~ing incthis form~. They came pretty near, but not aloHgside, and were c:arefull to expose their p~d dIes to our sight, ~s little as possible; we had no dOL.tbt, '. but they cama wi th an i ntant ta reSCLle! the two lads that we took in the merning; however they shewad no menacing 9igns; out lay by at small distance, ar1d talked'to the two lads; and sometimes with the old man, who now became perfeetly satisfied with hlS treatment. l had given those we took, peices oT coarse cloth to wrap round them; TO~ these people were all stark naked: and when they seemed desireus of g01ng into the Canoœg~ to their friands, they were permitted to do 50; but they no sooner got into the Canees, then they threw the peeees of cloth into the old canee that ther were taken
(
l'
1901: 236) •
---He went on te
,,'
..
\,
note~
,
<,
,
'.
, '
There were enly 20 in all of these aQgimêQ@~, whicn we saw; and·all of them ~ere ~iffStls§' 1~ wooly ha.d.
o }
.
\1
181 /
-- -- ... ---.. ..... 1
.. : '",
"'
ot
,
~SQ~
~o:t:
....be characteristic !isff§I:i.@§: :heir, wlire fIat,., like the,Africans; 'but they had thic:k Hps, as these hav~;, and i-f a11 the inhabitants of th!. QI"'Etat Island, be o-f the same cast; ib i5 not to be dOL\bted but they ar'e a race of people, Very dis'tinct Trom those of the adjacent countrys (Temple 1901:236). Ri tchi e
the-n
,
1 "
cencI uded
fol 1o",Ii ng thOLtghts: Triff 1 ing as thi 5 at:count is~ i t l S all l am abl e to 9 ive Cancern in Cg J the nat ives of \tha Andaman; f or no other' af them came near us~ while we were about the I51 and, and o\..\r ti me was 50 very 1 i mi ted that we CC/LI l ("J not enter into any close enql.lirys; bec,aides~ at. tllilt time l cid suppose, that the Island would have ii\\fterwards baen f Ltrther enqui red i nto~ respect! ng i te harbours, produce, inhabit:-efrts, pnd every thing elt'!le, necessary to be known (Temple 1901:236). In tfJ j,
COl'ltrast to the clbjectively normali:::ing p(:Jrtion
harrati ve
which deals wi th the
hydrôgraphi c,
geological
descriptions of the islands,
Andaman'ese
are i
têlr!'"or,
and
nt~rspersed
pleasU're,
not
(::If
agronometric,
hi'3 or
his observations of the
with epi sodes
of
Vl
01 snes,
mirth~
to mentiot, the rec:urring /natter
of
their nakedness. The objective fac:ets of his obssrvati'o\1s seam to break, dawn in the 'f ace of the human events. cal
framework in which ta organize his
Lac:~r.i
ng any thaoret iand
observatio~s
exclude
irrelevent in~iderits, Rit.chie's narrative 15 organized ~'round the itinera~y
of his voyage: a day ta day chronology ~f e~ent$. If tt
can be targued that this chroNology provided a parallel - P/",OC:EÙ:;$ of -
"
_","
~
-~
{
~~
~ ~- ._-~
---
-
---
- .... -
_
__~~
_
_ _ _~
~
4_--"_~
~s\..lbjec:tive. narmalization!l~ especially as seen in the i'nteraction ~.
':"j 1"" .{,
between t. was ,
;,
o
Hence
seamen and Andamanese,
ft is neverthelesiS!, tru:e that:
al ways , prec:arioûsly balanced between it
mirth
was sUbject to rules outside the domain
normalization
with it;B measuring instruments and
192
i t,
and,
violence.
of
objac:tive
sQundfngs..
In
-
"
,
Il v
1
"
contrast to Dampier'!S ileeount',' which was ba$ed' on ,a' ~tay on land" , . ' - ' , 15 Ritchie~$ • har'l"'~t~~e U~"falds' fr'om the deck of, hI'S ship. Because ,
..
of the continuing
obs~r·vational
,""---','l\""n"'-'d<1--
\
".
of hostility, .. ôn the part of the
~hreat
Andama-
Th,e process i5 evidsRt in the ,cases
settings.
n
f' "
.
of elair and Moua.t • ~
• On Sound1ng the Andaman Islanders: SUr'vey of-the-Andaman Islands.
4.4)
,
1789
Ar'chibald Blair?s
/, . I~ 1788-89i
Capfain Archl~ald Blajr (d.18IS) o~·the
Bo~bay
•
condLI'c:ted an 9Htensive ~Llrvey of the A-nd.aman 'Islands
M
-fOt;
East India. Compa.ny with a view ta establishillg ca ljaï"'boLU'"
the
1
i'51ands ftqr' its fl·e~t--i-rï the r'egion
the
on
,o;"'~"':( );F',(, ,h,«
, ,
1966:
::\.·():;::;':'116)'.·
...:
As a result, • settlement was establis~ed at ~ort Cornwallié (now 1
•
F'ort
B1c:\ir) in 1789.
(nClw
I~\ol,·t
bof
l::IeCal.lSe
\~as
It
w~s
latel7 movŒd to Nckth
and fina11y abandone~' eri,n
in 1793,
Cornwi-l'lis)
Harbour
Ecast'
1796
BIJi r
the persi st.ent bad \ heal th. ..... of the colon i sts •. 'Port
r'eoccupied
\!)y
the ari tt sh i h 1858,
~nd
r,ema.i.~ed,
the i sI aride
1
aritiah"admini~tratïcn
"l..tnder
ti11
ce-d':'d1t', e : 0 1
1947 when they"were
,,'
th~ RSpLibliC: o.f
al ai 'r' ' El >, ....
1
India.
,It
It
~a$
i nstrLtcti'ons
by
,sL\r vey
---
:
'
---~ "
Q
i ssued
, '
'Q,
...
set 'of
twenty-si x
'4Itt:''p,lOYEr~ _ the E!i\s~ t.ndia Company, (ses App.endix. IV)~" "rhe •
\
~
..
'\
~~..
1
:-1 t,zad ,c:ontr-~l, ano c:orresp,ondi ng Qbser:vational -requir'èments ,
.
",
'.
"
••.1 .... ,.•
~ ""1'..
.. .... h' ';
~,
~
l
.. !~
,
-,
.,
,
., ..
'
'
'.
'.:'-f
1
'
"
"
~
_
~
. r
o,f "
.!
ta:f·
.
hi s
".
.
~
,,-
~I'
, rat.1,' ~..,..'Iy -...... . : ~"".iî~\?.tti"l~"'.i .~ . ) ::: ~ .
,r:.P'J1'1,",·-fL.n"1.:;n't~~~~~~~t;f'-t!W'"'~~,
"--f
~~ . . . . . . . . . - ·':<;"'.:-' .... ~1:-~;t_'~ ~\~:h·k~1 ~If
1
1'':,:'1 ~
, ..
?"
are strikingly' Illl.uitra.ted by item
,~noteworthy, fo~
o
f;
,'"
,
vo'yë\g~
, cr!
-·'e_ ~.,,,
-
2~.
.1ao
.
,
e.~.bli.hing
the emphasi$'it places on
.~ in~orm.l'
,
nautical communications'network which would al10w Tor' .. c:an't.inued
...
dire~tion df 'Bl~ir's survey: "
25. ,~1 thOL\gh c:èrtain materi al Poi nts have been noti c:ad in your Instructi ons~' the conf i dence repo.ed'~ in You by t~e ~oard induces them te leave much to your discretion as to the best Mode-~' performing ,the Service on which you ha.ve been appol nted; and aof ter s\.\C::h a rel ~ ance cn Your Attention'to,the General Objects of yo~r Sur~ey, t'lev will not limit a Time Tor its Completi~n; bl.\'t. thay wi sh you to avai 1 yoursalof of all OppOI,.tLtnP.t'~51 that may offe!r of wri t'i Dg to Bengal ei ther by Sh i'~p~nà Véssellil coming directly te this Country~ or b~ ~any other proceedi ng to ei th!:!r Q,f the Comp~ny' s S~ttl amants on the Coast of Coromandel~ so that the Gevernor Sener~~ in Council may be regularly advised of your Proceedings, and fI..\rni sh you 'wlth suç:h ether Inst-t7uuè:- .ik tians as' may belî-ec:essary
,"
...
per.h~s instructions Bl~ir w~s directed as te
As
look for during his sur vey of the islands. The these observations were te be
of
Blair
-
Whrt ,he was
te
an,accurate navig~tion~l
ch.r~
~
h~rbour.
,the report of his sur vay tê the , '
pr~$en~ed •
Governor
(À~t'"'4~
•
13èl'1eral in Counc:i 1 on_ the 12th of June 1789. >,'-
....
.'
~rinC1pal preduc~.
16
and pl ans for_ a
1
1
"
Al thollQh 'i t.
"
foc:ulI
,wa~ on c:oast.al naviga.t{~~~ ,:nd anc:horage, 'lt also contains detai l~__ nat.ural history o~ the
the
,of
T~~~e ~ere cast Din
jslands
t.he
JIÇ;.
fo~m of ~ series ~f obser~atiqn51 on the pos~ibility of c~lonl%in9 the" i sl'ands ,and eXPl'ot ting', their
.,
. .~
t:'-' ;<--- .'
-.. ~
~.
- '-afsè ..
~
,
'~a~lJral . ~e!50u~c~s:""",Tf:tEt "'rèpol"'t .. '
.',rncIIïdéd !
...
;~
'observations on th_e-weathe~,-
',' ,ëlvai .1 atil e . al ong , the , "-
coas~s t~nd
l~ l
.'
. .;",; 9r61: 1
J.
'"
(f
~\-
Andaman CTempl e' 1900: ~
..-
, \
, ,
-4
,
'
t:onnect. i
en,
Il
'.;>
...
fish
,
in thé harbcul"'s ooj: tve
t'ypes and potential uses f'ol'" the trees to be
•
~
the types' of
111-112).
Tound
on
As he pointed out in this
,'\
the, 'Great
-Ânda~n
is in a pe~fœct
9t~te
of
','
~.
"
(
,"
.,'J.,.
'1"
.Yf t ~
1
-
,
l -
'.
'
, ..
- .' "
"
184 ,
,
"c"
7:~~~1"f~~~~~~~w.~ft~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
:~:;~.,_ .. k"o.-~"tL,.~\&',',~~~>,:,
".,,'"
.
Nature'" (Temple
o.
':
1
"'
_."":"'
'"
',i
,'<"
,'/
..
"I,.:(~'~,:,'".' :~.. t,>';~.:>~ ~'~·
~
" ,: ,'\,:.
.
1~OO:
f' :
112).
'>
1.
.-,
Agalnst ,this b_ckgrdund, ,
,
•
.'"H ,
•
~,
"'""
th~ Andam,~ese ~e~~ ~f
secondary-, "
"
interast. They were represenbad as a "constant irri:taht and threat ,
.
"
,whiC:h èôntined th~ 'ey.pedition, te th"e edges of- th~ i'sl~nds .. ·:
. Bl.ci\'i'r' S
.
,
ol':'1'gl nal
~ nstr.uc:ti ons
i':' r'egard to
..
\
'
notfÏd ttlair"potential f,or hostillty, • :c:at9~~with that ~o$~ibilitY,tn mind:
Andamanese
and His actions were predi-
..
;\
..
t"e
iethly. With'respec:t to the bast Method of Qpenin~ an Intercourse with the People in the·Rude State in which tney have hlt~erto been described to be, much may be' collec:ted from the Attempts made by the ,modern Naviga~ tors on Di~covery; and it would'appear from their Regulations that it wOl.lld be most advis.able for you at· first te refain from landing (unless in the case of positive" Necessit)/) e:(cept at SLICh Places on the Co~àt as, you may Judge from thei r Appe.:w-ance' wi Il, suc:cessfully answer the Objects of your Survey~ for 13l"'ounds 'of cente'ntion are te be avoided, as far as. possible, with the NatIves, whose Indisposition to .very kind pf Intercourse (Mr. Richles lnstanc:e "entcepted) \h,..'\s been attended..with Ac:ts'of Hostility ,te ,those who have heretofo~e visited the Islands ••• " (Temple 1900:106).
, "
"
,..
"
,
c:autionary
The
.
tone
,
:thi s i tetn---- concer-n'i ng . the
of
....
landing on
/.....
wi sdqm
of
f;!.-<)"
entering an Andarnq,nese . •," ··presence, SUPPOl'"'ts my argument abç!.l:t the si gni f l canee of the shi p ef-recting
the~islands'and "\
,
f
cas
.,
pri mar-y transcL.ll tllral obsel""vati onal 'tool and
al ~
~a~~;
t~e '~
'
J
,0
East
In
"
instructions'contain a particularly good. example of
1ndi a" Company' •
platform.
.'
5
t
~Pi ni ons a.b~ut
the
tran,!?~Ul tU~~l
'and
"
funçtion~
of a
sh~p1
.
"
. \:
Blair~s
~'obser9ational
,
e,J
'.
'
~
l
J.
, , ',-
• • • • and in the ,At tempt to offer them a Soci al .Commt,.lnicati on, whi ch shall' affor:~ them the Comforts and Advantages of more civilized Life, the Dictates of Hum-anity no less than. of Polie' - require that this shOl.\1d be effected as muc:h as P95 ible by· c:onc:ili atory Me~~s, eertainly without Bloodsh' d: It is therefore
. ~~ ~
185 , ,
"
-'
-
"
,
~ 'l~1r.~~~~~~~ ;~'f~~ ~~ ~
r'
_
"r~~~
~~
1.
,
1
'~'
.
..
\
\
,.
rec:ommended to, 'you to endeavour - by PersLlation, Presents. and ~ther al urements (bl..lt not. by Forc:e or dec:ei t) to preva~ l'on some Ot th1e Nati ves to come on ,~o~rd your.vessel~, where ~nd and attentive Treatment' 'of them may remov the Appreh~nsions of the Inhabitants in' general, a.nd p omote an 'easy !nterC:~Llrs'e~ whi 1 e at th-a same Ti me a I.I~fUl Obj ect may be gai ned in ac quiring a knowledge 0 their Manners and C~stoms. and of sl.u::h 'Words and E::p essions in their LangLlage c.l\n would facilitate Communication betwee'n us. '.' i9thly. ' I t wOllld be materi.:\l. and perhaps~, ëlfter . general ~ Treatm~nt of th~ Natives whlle you are at tha Islands i t may not be imprac:ticable, to indllcs two or thre~f thsm 'tèP-,attend you to Senga.l, 'where a 'fLlr't:.her Intercourse with the English may tend to the furthar. civili=ation of the People and to"forward the Objecta Government. (Temple 1900: 106J
..
0>..
,
-
..
of
,',""
",'
lhe ship was ~erceived
th~ central
as
èlemen' in
observing and 'civilizi~g! the Andamane~e.
-,
.
,
The strategies
•
be deployed' , ?
.
in, ,lImanners," "c:ust.oms,1/ and "l anguag.e" and ta
~
n,ic:at'içm,'
the
the
"c:iv'Ùi,'zed
liie,"
.
'plai'n
,
intent was te fl..lrthel"
'
and
tbe
"obj ects
it
, comml..lnic;ation, to
·be
11-
f acil i tate commt.t-,. interestas' of
9., .dup1 i ai ty .'r
: Andamanese:
. an
a
<
\.
of
ques~iol")
"social
From the OL\tset there
Il
in . the poi nt of vi ew -Aë-\daptèd .
interest
As, the
gavernmont."
of
was
as~ weIl a,: 't~Wl edge.
ba
In prapagatrng ary '1 nterasrl:
c:onsidered ,as i nnocw.Qus, or: oqiecti va.
émphasized, ,
te 0
this -egi.f!!:~i:t!90~! SQn.1;§i!i.!.1; were by no maans to
in
, r
~rOces$
d4al
thé
in what they were
t'owards ~
tt1e
by
...and
shapl-Jd
Wc:1S
'\
condi ti oned ",
early
!
-point
on an ï nterest in what they COLlI d be. in
the
history
of
i oliando,
the
.administrative policy contained a dOLl~le set of "That
." t'\..-'
,-
"
~/ ~"\'.
.•
~ '~\
;;-: :,.
~
,
therefnro."
representatlons.
aiso lmplied a double tempor':ll '.pr,'ime of
rp.fE:?renCI,?:
•
,~~~',
,-
p011Cy
Even at ' th i s
.-
present
(wh~t
they were) o
-- future
(what they could be). ..
Observa-
'
... tion ~as erdowed with highly motivated spatiotempor,al
not
a:aa'::i,
'
~
to
mention
thé trans~ultural effects of the
tecHnoscape
which
1.
"
186 l'
, ""',
. ...
'
,
.
!
, ' ~,
",
\
l'
"
.
o
"" .,'
f'
{
Given
.i
1
these di screpant pé).-specti V9S' on the·, Ar\damanese, • 1
.
\
~lair orIent
did
':1 ndi cate,
.
himself ln
his
ta
but in tenns.- of an
observed, .
As \ hi s
regard?
•
\
nar'rO~l ~
be
India
t
i n,strut:ti'orAs
'
\
..
\'
0'
Comp~~y ~erspectlve.
.
,
'\
1:lrientat.ion . in relation to the :Lnd.lg~nous popul,{:\t~on ";las n,o 1 1
,
,
t wo ,f ,!:(II".i, o~· th e
,
'\ a,
.
\
-
Brai r
"
.
'
and ,on
th~'
givèn his. instructions"
a.t te;mpted .;., è', open
one hand, \ e
,~at'i~n.~ w,i th tham, : bQ'p\~~' :hi's $h~p.
other, "' '. \
l t took
on shore s:o';inuni -
'.', '
portion of ~i~epàrt
with
deal ing·
.
speculating D~ thelr possible origins.
by
7s5 :;
t~; e~n :Ai ',-,- -~.X~
I1e tried
~,
An'dama"ese
His
,.:
b~gan
'
\
,<
(~Ü!",ec:1;e.t?,ï, As pne'wol.tld empe'c'~,
,f ,
,/
\
fie ' '.:'~
def i ned;;,
the
He went on
/
{
dwel1~n?s, '"'food~' and
" tc:i 'disblss their physica.l 'char-acterlstics,
,
agfth~ir
'.
t-
,
such
.
, arrows~
bows anti
1
..., and canees. A description of what he found in
'
'fis~-nets_'
'1
1
hut testifies to
observat i anal '
for
,
. huts
tZ{
,
'i
bei ng Ol~n·am.ented wi th - the bones of those AI1i mal s p~i nte.d rad; in .One we found fr-"agment--s of '--etar-then Pot!s. iand near i t a piee.e of a (lLtman skLlll; t.he'" former has p6ssibly been driven there in ~ Burman
,'
'.
Canoo, bf Which WR faund the remalAs~ t~e latter left-= Accident fqr it did ,not Appe:~r aIS a thing Attende,d to (Temple i900:11~).
by
,,
~ "
.' The
ttlat, he did not
Tact
~
fragihe~~ of hLlman skLtll ~
.
r-
.....
,
,
~
"
,'
..
iil~nd~rs,
specLli~te
OM--
rea,~ons
;
,"', ~,;.
. . :'
li'f la
findin9/
"
/
1
g1 ven the ~ann'l bal 1 sm attri buted tP. the 1
'
~
"
or"
,1
on Andamanese 'social organization~ •
if
,
187. , ,
_
.Î
.
,
,', " "
,
-- ":..,,/,,.
1"
r
!· ':;~ ,J.,
/ 1
for
. i-
l
:
f~rther tes~lfies ta hl. obJectivi~y. After comm~ntihg
"
1
'II ",:
~
o
, ••• thei r
.
cap~city
.
det~11:
\
hts
'"
~
'"
,:'i ::'
'.
"
, \
parti on
o-f· hi s ... ~epor't ~ b(,addrS~Si n9
'
the
~
problem
of
their
hosti 1 i ty:
o
(
"
,
.
,They seemed te have very deep rooted prejudices- a'gainst : ~ stfiangers; and constantl y e~(pressed ei ther fear or \ Resentment when aver thay saw us land. ENcapt at Interview Island~ 'WB were attfocked at' every place we L visited, which very Muc:h circumscribed our excursionB but being prepared,~ in ail our skirmishes with t~am when"they ware lnvariably the Aggre.sors, We had only .pne man Wounded. Sy the kindest treatment 1 cOl.lîd .devi se "wh,.e!l they came on boatd, and di smi 5Sr-ng them wioUt· 'preS~l\Its!t l endeavoured in vai n 1:.0 promots a ,fri end 1 y i l'ltel'·cOLtrs.e Wl th' them; thei 1'" behavi OLlr was so ~xcessi :ve~.Y ~-Jil d and contradl <;::tory, that °I" fOLu;d i t imp~s5~ble to judge of their Motives with certaint~
•
>
,
, "
",
.
..
.'
,
'
want- . ~ t'p recount an instance of contact wi th' Anâamanese .. whi'ch s'erves,
,
as évidence of the ,." ~ype of ten~ous observational and communicational conditions'thdt V' " , ., -cotild~b;~ negotiat·ed in a nonverbr:\l sltLlë\tion of mutual susplc:icm:
,
,
\
. ,
'
,
,0
,
., ,
,.. ,
\,
~~:
;
'~:' ~,
'
..,,: l- ~
\~I ~
40
Ii(,
"
".
,
\
"\\ _
along with Richie's narrative,
':
"
~~t;' ~~:'"
'
.
---
,Exa~ining
the upper branch of Port ~ornwalli$, the day bafore I quitted it" on our way from, and Return ta the Vess~ls we saw several'Women fishing on the- Reefs; passing one of the pOlnts prett~ ~lose, a single man ruh down and shot his Arrows at ua, and as l perceived he had but f ew I 1 et hi m expend them ail Wi tti'PLlt i nterruption, ~nl~ one~Of his Stock ~truc~ the boat; he was then Joinea by an Old Woman a young Wom~n and a boy, ,when they Attacked'us with Stone6. The"women as weil as the men: wer~ p"v!r~c t:l y naked e::capt a Stri ng Y'ound 'their Waists, With a sm~ll ornamental Tassel hanglng ta the f ore part"!, The al d woman when she 'coul d nct make her 'stones reach the Boat, eipressed' het, fury by c:arrying indecenc:y to the highe~t possible pitch. As there;was no danger to Apprenhend from their Attack an~ wl.hing to Iearn something tharacteristi~ of them, r thréw a knife on 3hore and Madè signs to the ~an ta pick i t, up, to see l-'Ihat effect it w.ould . produce; on taUng Ltp the I
h,
-
,.
188
"
.
'~,
.
\
.
-
,
.'
~.
-
,-
l~ J"'~J.""'i'~'~:'I' .~'-'-"
rI
1
-
,
1 '.
/
~ppe'ar
wi
th the \,\ anç:e excercised on séverai trees gr-ea.t satisfaction hallooing tQ us t~ Observe his dsX'teri ty. \ Those ruds.8avages we~e at last so'pleased that I M'ad \ nearly per~uaded them to come into the Boat. They' followed ~s ftbout two Miles along a ver~\ Ru~ged Roc~ Beac~ expr~ssing Attention, and sat down on the point Where t.oJe quitted the shore wi~h indications of regrat a~ our departufe: This instance of good Niture inclines me ~o think that i t would not be very. g:tifflCLllt ta establlsh a'friendly'in~.rcourse with th~, and that with proper Attention and, Managemell.u th1ey might be made useful ta 'Settters (Temple_;.~900': 113). ~.,
o.
.
Ci " :, -;:.,
Hostility , . ,
affected
the structure
........
d-'f •ëbse'rv~tidnal ... r
fI'
i t in uneHp~cted ways~
.
practice
• { ..--;,
by
"'_
mentioned~
\I have alre'ady
the
~ompi eH spat i otempora~ a:ces of observ~ti on as i t was theori z ed in ~ ~-
the'
,\
cbntext of Blair~~ in~tructions.~
The threat of ~ostility on
s,hore constituted an empirical constrain't on the pLlre observational ~. p~ac~ices)
deployment
and promoted the observatlonal context 1
'\'-
"of
the ship~s dec:k.· .AlthoLlgh Bl~ir mentions that he managed ... 01.. to
entice "~1
some Andamanese to vdsit his ships,
.information on this subje~t.
-' __
..
man~se response
His commenta,
he gives no howevér,
-
Those who Visited the vesseis gav~ so~e Coffries l, had on board the' Vi per, very pressi ng i nvi tati ons, a by .si gns, to Accompany them on shore. The compi i ance wi th, .:uch a Request Mi,ght, ëe a. Speedy ~eans of p.romoting an intercourse' with them:
11
.'
on the Anda-
bo non-European c:rew members is worth noting: '\
i';"
further
...
f'......
~~':~ 1
,
~1
Thiil
<
~;..
~e,
"
"
-
•
- Anda.manese,
>" .,,, o
reference
to
an'
ethn.ic .sensitiv.~l on the
part
of
'ther
-
coupled
with Ritchles~
•
recognition of the gLins on his ship, \
comments in regard to
.
::::
thair
.
ternis tb-support the oplni'on, "
. ,
that the AndamaneGe weré subject to contact situations befor, the 1 ~';'!1. arrival of the English. The~ obvioLls candidates are the. Malay~, ~' ISurmesè and Chinese.
o·~ . ~,~~
~
1
,
" '
il':
Blair's observation also suggests a type
~
~.
,
-'.' ".~,"1-'
'
.. .
~./
,
r
.A
,
0'
18~
~ ~
'
r ('
,
~,I-
~:>"',, -"~~~<:}~;~~:\L1ù~;',~:;;::::o_,:-',,,~_~_. -'..1;:,~\'"
,:<"Lr,,_:,'
o'
,
:
,., ..
of
0'
J,
- ,.. (
Tr'o~n horse strategy towards a colonial mi:!li·sion. ',In ~thnograph~c
first cdetailed
.....
Knowledge of
the~
,fac,t,
th.
Andam~nes.
w~~
j
col'lected o from an escaped convict who had 1 i ved ,amongst the,,!, ,for
,
~
w
~
•
1
'over
year befor~ l'"etl.lrni ng to the sattl-ament in
,a ,
1863: :93~ Por.tman 1899: l, 279,-28~, ~ l, 530:'5~2) •
fEt62i.} 20-121 ;
,-,\
-w
,
1859; / (Mol.\at
"
4.5) S!tips and Surve~s: Elements in a'-Tec-Anoè::ultur.a-of PlDw"er. t
,
.
..
'Between the seventeenth and, middl e of the nineteenth'c~nt~r~ , , ., ~. ~
,
.
,
-.
,
,
....
1
"
there' "'lare a number of l'''ec:orded i natancesof captured
,
. ,
.
1.7 . . ~
- ',
,
, . transported
'to
Ind~ a.
,mai ni and
Aftef~'
. 0
"
the colonl:::atiGm o·f. , , ,- ,
in
.in'1858 these incidents .becam~ lems signiHcant: 1
-i$lands ,
flr\damarHSlsœ
D
r~~~esent~~ion
•
ui to
oi the Islands.
th~t Roint~
and~
.the
in fact up
the point when communication was established bjtwesn th~ . t~o
to
o
-e-ul.tures,
the.
..detenti on
and
t1"'a.nsportat-i on
.
·o·L :,t ndi vî dua.l $ ,
fulfilled an import~nt colonial and anthropological·function:
.
for a process of observ~tion impossible 6h
allowed
~,,~
1
~~e
~t
i5i~ndB
"
thèm~el ves.
,
,
1
'And - there
was
anoth'er
motivabor.l.' ·rn ,
allowing
9'
ïndividuals' or gl'"oups onto a. ship,
.~-
. one~
~
51
.
one could tmprssa them
power and- superiori ty. Thus, Fytchê- pdinted", o~tt fn "..thè case -
,oT three.captives sent q
wit.h
to~Ra.ngoon
in
.~
~861:
•
. j. l~deemed advisable to sand .ClhemJ o-ff by a- Steamer the' ~ttlement for Rangoon, - with a viaw~ to "ascertain some knowlédge of theïr. langu-age ,could be",acquire.d,. and sams time tO-lmpart to them some idea of the power and reso~rces ?T thei 1'" captors. (Fytche ~61: 263) _ ,_
•• • leaving whethi9r at t~e
1
~
A,s the Andama.n response to the g\.l.ns on Ri chi e' ~- sh i P }lf.tt.ests, i t 18 was not just a- - matter of sending them to India. The' elemantary . 0 ,
>.
;.
.forms ,of" Europeah ,-
e
powe~
"
-~ ships and guns
t t
rominent items of instr;ucti,on.
'.,
wer's
the
mOf.:it
\
After the shl~board lessons, th~ f
'
1
190 ,
~ \~'
't,..
-,
•
~.I
'")
•
K:,,~',~ . _-:"/h"",~~~'~~~,a,;,,~~, Û,:-"... -~,
. ., ',-'U :.:,,: " '"
~
.~
,
-c'.' , ,-', ' .:
,
)
r':":~: -,'- .;" .
',Î
. ,ç
,
;~;"
,
:;1 .. 3.-:'... ::,-_'" ~
_"
..
'. màJor
i
,1"\
"'0 ~
-},',
..
~~ ~-
was rœached by forcing or,enticing lndividu~ls
" cons'c'i "usness
,
f
"
te
\ ...:..'?
accompany. a ...
<
ship
! ; .
~
,an~ '
,
It,
,
.
1 ,
po~erfl -
can
-
culture
' j
l
.
,
thsrefore
bè
' .
argued
~,
'
B~air~s
tbat
v~
.
which
....
-"
in
\
the c1,11ture'. of, 'representat~Qn,1
bof
form ,import,ant elements
~
,
,
'
o~serV~iOnat
func~ioped . withi~-the following ~a~ametet5,
,
,
". ,
•
~
t~rn
of
,(Foucault 1979:,136>,.
\
tpractir.:2'
'li
manipulat,d live individyals, wh9' beca~e ,t~e . .., -,,.
"obJ ec::t andVrfarget of "
~.
..'
of
1
appropriated "
voyages
blueprint ~or .ll ~ transport'tion system which "
the
J
.
Pë!rts.
,
,
t:"spresantation, ,
act'ed
~
,
sur vey
,
,na.,vigationai ,'- cha!ts ,~
On cali these
back to India.
..
"
\
thE!In 1ictiy.F.I in 'Sri,ti·sh'colonial administration and an,t~ro'.'ol~gy: ,~~, ObserVât ions
in
wel"'e ',made
the
of
,course
'surVeYi ng \
'\
-
,,'-
.. ' exp$di '\:i on.
a
\
\
\
:::ty,T::: ~:::eI:::: ::::a::~ PO~~i~W ,ol··an ~nterested -
"
,~:~. ~l ~ho~2h
, obse vational
~
,
,
~he ~~.~~dS' w~r,l!"
"harts a?d pl an" 'of context
'
"
bo-ard .wor~( -- ·thare wa5
-- ship
1
l
0:
an
aIse
a
prad.ucts
,
\;.
,
~;'~ , •
~~
::...-~~-:-
~ ft'
~H~
1
",
.v, '
t
eommunication with the And.manese~
,
l,
) . .
~
-
-...
"'1'"
....
i
.
v)
The
shi pboa,'"d
sur vey
was'
<1
i'mportan't. ";' in
particul<Îrly
1 "
e
,
constr-LIcti ng
'
"
."
, ,
the~
of
r-epresentcations
Andamanese
"
,
thei r hast i l i ty towcards oLltsi ders.
The sur vey was there-fel"'e part
7 ~f-a' com~uOicat;on5 s~~~em Wh~Ch lnc1ud~d v)
ba?~d
Observations prOdl:.ICed were oQ'
and' ,compa.ri~'g
te
"1.
,~
"
owing
ships.
in part, on crossr,efêrehcing
••
~~air w~ given'
'ln-formation from ,other sources.
copies o-f Ric:hiePs journâl 'dnd sur vey as weIl as copias of i111.15,
~
. " .... _'. ' tratians <' ~~ J
,
• \
__ -; , ~J ~. r ~ _, ,,~:' ~
_
r, ~\ ~
~r;ld"
r-emarks , .
f
made
by'
a
Captain
.'
.
,..
~~:;~~;~~~W~ili~1j~:~~~.~~L~. ~:; . ~ :91
Buchanan
"\
,.
•
,-.
l'
,,'
~
,!
\
>- ~~
~ J ~)
,-
'>-"
1
'
.;,~:"-<,~,:~~\/',,:::'~,:::~.'~::_:,~:,:i:',~~,~,,-;.~. ': ~c~ ~' "
"
'
'.
'.-' "
.p,
1
,"
•
'/1
t.T~iTlpl e':,l ~OO; 106'L.. ):-4~theY'mO're,
J ....
,àc knOIt!l ~dg.d :t.;'i r
hâ
~CUY~~~i:·~::5:eP::::. A~kn~wjge' t'he gre.t
o
'.
,,~:;,
Jo
-
~.
aid
valL,. 'ànd
hàve.'
'Ret'thies; tsic-.l Remuks stay, ànd the; blid. Weather' he ~ had to enGounter, he ~how$ "ih his 6hart, a proba~ir{ty ~:.! the e:ü sten.:e of Ha.!'eouY"s and·.st rai ts, 'W~ey' ~ 1· havé Aç:~LAally :- found t~e,m. .Captain. Buc!,anan ~ by More favourable Weatt~er ,..and a closer Appr.:)ach Is f1'IÇ!r.e Minute' :in his Di~:ription Csic. J of some~ parts ,(Temple : 1 SOO ~ 116) .' , , ,Re.::eïved
f-ro"m
<
,Mr
_,J
s short
r\/J;:,twi tt,~tandi ng hi
"
(>
..
,(
!
<
_
These
T
_
{
0
•
\
pa'ramet.ey's· al so constrainèd ,the.•:)bservatio,:)nal jJl"acti.:es of .c,
o
_
'
,
Ri~hie's· ',$ùrvey"
and .-.---.
1
~ep.,aràt~el, ~ t ,fr~m"
:",'
\
tf'lose,
t~e
I.~: "
Chi'rts that the .$urveyc.. rs pr1:)dul:eid . wSre, instrumental _ in the suceess of later eX~éditigns (M;~uat ' travelled;.
F"urthermore,
'.
-11?l62: 1 i~,
.
,
,ther~fore
"Fhe
.'
,
51.1'1" vey. .'
, ~
1
•
m~rk. a particularly impoft'nt stag~ in the~history of
,"~_~pr-esentat'ion of the i91ands. ,-
r, '
4.S) , Early Pictorial Repre:aentations Qf the Andaman Islan'd. their I"habitants. . ,
and
, -
,
;
fit number ,:)f travellers and mJ.ssi-?narie~ visited the Andaman NÎI:obar
These' included,
(1792),
obser~~tion~/
and publi shed., thei r
'Islands
"
Hamilt~n
",
'~I
in', the
(t790), aronta.na
~
. , (1939) , and Ch,:,pa"rd (1849), t.o ment i on th~._ most ,promi,nent.
Colebrooke ,(17901),
Symes (1927/1795), . Lej gh ~
," Barbe (1846)" '. .
-
Although
~the
these publications,dre-w" attention to the
.
desc r i pt ions
-ane.:dotal
\
t~,ey~
YCc.l,..ebr.:)oJ.:"e, f.:.!"
furnishé'd
If(" ,
.:ont i
provi d~d began tô m.,ve
.
t (-le Andaman
nl-led
'
l"anguag,e)
~.eyond
~Y"J,~i d~ a
i. nstan~
,f.;.\'"'
isla.nds,
the
1
tÎ'\e
o
"
merel y
sel ~~r: ~ 1. '-la
Je'sl': ( i 0 t i .;,n'S·
...
and
f;hlli1Y -,
the
to be fI" agmente9~
.,
"
,
•
"
~$.~ -;,~
" "
, ."
-'
~ ~
1
•
, l
4
, ",:
'.
~~lJ.
<'
_::.'~
"
,
, .. .t
)~
ri'. '.
~. \~~nt,~'';;:!~~~~,~~,~:~-t-&J~J''~{A,~~:~~
,~!1:,
_,-':1
,
._'
1'/'
'~-+
"~~' ~ ~,"f(
~-.. :r:~~t).~~~7!~:~~-,~~;j.fJ~~~~~ '1"~~\~
t
"
,
t
'
pre~ol1}i nantl y ~~di Vi~ual -PQi~t~ o-f Vi ~w.
" p'roduc:t of
,
~!' \~
I~ ~ "~, ~ ~
','
",
-':~2r f:T~:;-'~~~
•
Neverthel ess,
,
nu~er of these pubïic:ations we:re acc~mp~nie,d by i.llU$t:a~on5
'-. ci
\
.
"
render them, more inter.esting, in this st.u.dy ,
which
,of
the '~history
of observational practices. :
,
.
'
-:.~-
h
_
'There exi$t$~' very li.ttle,' if any: pictorial reproduc:tipns of
,~
."
.
,
the - Andaman Isl~nders b.efore th(i.\l, .second l.Aâl f of , :~
,1
» '
r
ni"neteenth
Il
.
.\
' \
~
hi lit r.epor't: re-Fers, to é\ number of view~ by Li e(!(tenant
and
W,\les~
'.
•
of whl eh Was of Barren l,sI and (Templ e .. 'f9ci'Ô: 1.16,114) • - ..
~
..
•
., Test,
Vi~WS'~
"""
one of 'Slairl's assistants (Phillimor~ 1''9-45':49 n?>.
'~f
i~l';nd'~
T 'ese i .'
Xh~~ t~I:" "~~damanese, ! j.\
were th us the r,ather1 >. , whose 'presence' in .the repCJrts i...s mostly indirect.:
..... ,
There , .
"1: .....
e
r'l':lm.b~r of ,c6ioure~ panor~mas of ~t~e ~~~$~ ~ l~ill?~mll
.:\r:-e' jals.o _a.
"
,
Si~nifi.c~ntlY;· '~~~
~ i rst pi,ctorfa'l r~present~tion's of Andamanese were rep!;pduc:?,- ,....: " t~.ons ba.~~d on photograpt:\s, ,ahd ±he~ïe were of C:ë;\ptured ''Andan\anesè the
-
...
\.
,
(Fytche -1861, Maltat ..
"
." /, Thé
l~o::;)·.
0'
:t.'
4
~h ..t
. 1,
is é
r.p~oduction Q~
the
a
P~ndaMus
•
Fontana (Fontana 179~: \
.
l
i ~nds
tree and
it~ ~ruit (iig~
Islands
the
9) from
~t.
by. Ni.c:tH:il_~5
lal ands that .l1l\l:c:cmp'ani es a 1792 paper
Ni cobar
. visited
1·
,h~ve beal\' ..bl~' tb t';'~~,: 'in 'Engl hh 4~guag,e ,publî,~ationi". '
'":10'
t
'----'''.,
fi
il
1
fi rst. vj-s~al r'el?resentati on of' ei.ther group of.
,
..:!.
Fonta.~a
facing 163)."
ln 1778 (Fontana
1
d
4
1792:
/ ...
appears. -,t,a - have 21 149)'. ' 'In' 1795. "
'
and
.
"
aQd Nicobar Islands.,
One was gf 'à village at .Nanco~ry, 22 10~11)' 1 khe other of the vol cano ?t Barren Islan~ (Fi gs.
Andaman ,
t".' 2.~'
. appear to have besn produc:ea sar 1 yin i
Lei gh and· an-
1790.'
t..
.
anonymous author published drawings of the NïcÇlbarese in' 18::::9 and •
èQ' , ""',, , . ,
,
, •
lhstuc:tions mention views by Captain BLlchanan, ..
Blair's lIIIJ1
century.,
the
" . ' .:.,
.
,
\
.
,
1950
res~ectively
., .
-
.....'.
'
.
(Leigh 1839:
faci ng 209,
211, 214, an on • 1~50 ,"
193
"
'-....,
: _ _ 't
,"
v
",
,.'
'
l-" r."--~" ~' ~ )~
""
,,,"_1,.(,.,
,,:~ '"
.~7 '"'' _f-~,~~:f~"-\~~:;-U';.",,;iN~,,*,). ~~i->J.<~~.-,;~·~t{~~I?!'jtfijF1J-:?/~l:;; l'';)o'~>''''' ;hi:~W;:~;-:~..,~~!~~~~~~~~~~)f~~~.,~~_
","" :c"",",~,
"<
,
"'
"""""''.::~:','~:r
~~"
~",'-
':,~
. ' \6
,.
- reprodLtc:tior, _ of twd: AnëJa.ma.n.e~e base<:f on'- aco,photpgraph (Ii) "
,
p~per
publ i s~ed, in' ~2!:!t:nêi_Jgi
he
[ytche ~ 5iL
(Fi g. lé». e:<ë\mple
of
reproduction
,
§gs1!:t.i "91 ..
tb.!!. 8!!.èS-1.
i 11 ustrati on' , appeara' to . be
published
. a'.
Fi,nally,
è9ygn~.!:!!:.ê§
Is-lê\n~ers. .
17,
three
.. -_~~re
They 1
prob~bly .
which wëre
o-P
o-F
.
~ -n,.
-.
~'o'.th!i Andiu~a.n ISlan~~ ,
,~
tI
.
.,.
.~
\ . , . . -
. ,.
-~
, *'
t;:
Cl
,
.nd 'Fytche,o Andamanese . .."':. .. , 24
'was only
pra.c:tic:ed'>aft.~1'"
- - .-" ,
~f·
absence
-
l839~
c
orie still has the problem of " tha ,
~aterc:ol ,?urs,
of drawings.,.:"Or ,
during
rep""e$ent-ati~ns
period in whi,C:h 'vi'suai
a
l 51 ands
~
"were reproduced'-
... ~
..
On~ DreaSC~)I'
Po
~
for thé 1 at;~~ of
Andam~nese is .clearl~y);neir
.... --
p~
- .......
pen!e:bvea ~~~,
,.~
saying
...
.
tha.t
it,would have been
.fl~...t i ng
subj ect ..:3
tec:hn i cal
~i
5 Th! Si prob 1
mi tati'Çlf1s.
ln
of
tr,e
....
.Nicobar
represantati ons
"hQstCtrty.
:.: _'
' f j'~.:-
1 ...
-'
of
I t goés withcut
e~~'~o:i ~~~ave
hostile,
bel''! c: onlDoundœd
drawinQ,
was
• }"
:
,., ~,
the t1ms·, neœdsd"
~har!3a$
in the case of
.
"
.'
. ,
.. ~
F~"
1
r
•
>
,
, , ,
q'
- ~:. "'"
~ ~r
• ". __ ,~>'? ..... ~
Q
..
...1 ,
slowness
of
-
" ,
:Ph~tograp'hY thè
• c:hemtéal·· process a.J,~ bul kin~.$s of tbe equipme:nt
the ,
,,J, '
~;~~l
fi -
'.
\
'J'...t*.. L'"". _,,"
,
.... '
would
",
by:.-J
'WQuld be depend~~t o~ ~wh~ther a sketch or a more finished product •
e ;
-"-
..
v.~r\Y~ d~ff.ic:Lilt -to draw
tha case of
G
~ ..... _ ._
ctorifoi1 -
....,;,.,..r;-- -...;.
.'
..
.-
repr:od~~ ons"
pLlbl"i sheJ
the
the -Fact that photography
'i;'
,
.
,
Until
do rtot appear te have .basn'
Discountin~
o~_il1ustration.
~-~~
b'
.,:~
~
,
su~jects
.
.;
(which 'was probably::of J;a!:k, 'a ,çè\ptured Anda.man
in CalC!..ltt:à?~~pon his ret'urn f-rom the 2 (.:.... _
.yoLtth) ,
'-
and if
~
baken duringg his voyage
i,n ë:\ .wic:ker c:hail'"
flouat ...... -
'
coul d have been -ba~ed --l :Pf' photographs, '
0
-"
>- ••
... - - .
orl, as in the case of a pi,cture d:t: ,ë:\n Andaman' reclining
1857-58,'"
J
l
o ,
ra, ) .
>-
-..-
pl.lbl i shed - . AndamanesE . .5ltfljacts, (Fig.
"
,
If'
".~..
i!O·g B§§.ê~r:shg~ smgng :!ital B09.ëID.ën !!lsD~~t:Êi
~863.
in
~IOQll.
a'nLtmbar of re,prodLu:tions i·q::~rS~-.i;l~O~
inclLtded
MoLtat
a
a~~i,est.,
the
~Andaman
of
-
wi th
.
,
,.
•
j,
fJacing 14· -- Figs. 12,:13, 14~ 15) • , ln ;1961, f'ytC:he pubHshed •
II: ~
;,r;",:
~""i"::'c"I_:;1~.'"-""~~""J_"',
have
besn inhiDiting -fac:tors. The fact that the Nicobar Ist'ands wer:-e ' a , ,\, mOr. hespi tabl e envi r:.enment seem$ ta have resul ted in the produC'-
o C-
..
Q
tion
a high~r incidence of pictorial ~eptesentation5 in .the
of
periep prier te the 18605.
'1
, ~he establishment of" a Penal Settlement at Port Blair, South Andaman
in 1959 ensured an constant British presence
Lsla~d,
on
\
the
As a conseëJuence'
Islands.
perman~nt
~
establl'.sped
with
,~
dlminutlon.
in ~ù
~
the
.
~
~
indigenous
relations Were
popCil at i on,
".
the
for
dr·awi ng
photcgra.phi ng- ~ the Andamanese naturall y. became more numerous"
.
' "..JI . process Q.f~e~·tablishi~g cO~mi..tnic:ation
tr,,!mntional
the
mediated
by
A~~.manese
.
or
~
1
k"""
and 'wi th
"
opportunitieSj
host~lity
finally
ships "and it was fac:ilitated
by
the
But
was stlJl of
capt~re
who were then subjected to various methods of represe-
~t~ti onC\l. man! pLll'a~ i on. '.
" :.<.C
-'. \ j
\
.._1'"
\~
.\
J
,\ \
\
,.-
.
D
\.
."c-
,
,
-
•
Q
."
\~ \
t
-
~
-"'
-::
,
1
..\
,"
..l
...
~
- ;"J
g
~
\
\ ". \
'\-
\
,s-
195 ')
.
."
,
-;}i
...
.. ,ln'-' *'
"
,
,
•
~~-,.. ,
..
.!:"'.~~
""
"',,'
~
" .. J -......
•
'i,.;"'~~" .,.t..~
,,"','
, ..'"I\~:;'~""":
',.IA,
:",
~~Mll~Jj~ ...<{. -'->..~·"I~rl'-~1~-::~'~~~~r P;~1f,;f~ir:~fi~'t:....Rf..;!;.Jj~!J\'J!.J!i:f;\· JI"' ....~ft-';. ~ .':',';,~f,'.,,! ,,-, ,n",r""_"~':.,:,<:>r:~,:'",:~,,;;,~, 't,",{,,·';,{~,~.;.,,~;{,,:'::',J/:;~"':";;:',""" ___ ,
.
'
\ NOTES
OJ
, ",
I
L
t:'or a yiew of the Islands in 1!3--l6, !See P. 'Ba\rbe qe46)" who '; ! travelled around the islands ,in the Dutch govèrnment st. •• m.,... " §~D9§~ far 17 days. The British placed the island~ under the!r admini5tration~ as a result of' a series of atts.c:ks 6n th.' c:r.4!WlI of ve!?sels which culminated in' ,the murder ~f the c:~ew of ~. Eyt:t§Q !~l.s!!l in Oc:tober 1866. On board there wa5 a; l eged. to ha '. i' been 'a number of English women anq c:hildren (~nen. 1870:280). I;l " 1 the question of a.ttiilcks see., for example, the fcillewinÇJ c:omment5! \'\ by B a r b e : ' · . ~,
,
Not
a single year has passed without hearing _ of i:s:ome or ~oat5 being lost. But as no one, 5u.~ec:te~ the Islanders to be capable of plrac:y,· thè""105S W6\S 1 al ways at·tri buted ei ther te .ba~ wèit1;her' or ~to the, inca.pac:ity of the captains. It !-s b\.\t a few 'yaars s1ncEi Government has beeA c:onvtncea; tJ;.àt the Nic:obal"i ans, al thot..lgh desti tute of riéai C:~Lri;è\ge and bravery, have ~ beef1 gui.lty ,of.. ,the greatê'st' crli.mes, in mw"dering peac:efuI . people,~ _____wlio ~'ol.lld not sLispec:t ,that the' nati"es, who5.~ apl'3é~;,nce'; ~$,SO simple 'and timid. would aver conc:ai ~~nd -(jare to eH Ertc:ute sl.lc:h treac:herous cissi gns. So there 15 very lit'tle doubt- now, that ca graat par't of th'e' ~ vessels Which were supposect to be lost in the Bay, ' have been cut off and plundered ~y the n~tive5 of thaos islands, arad ~eir c,rews found j:h~re a watery gr~~eP. ve~sels
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Further on ,~ accusations:
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in his discussion,
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In-~ntioning the c:haracter of t~ese people, 1 hava sta.ted that they .i"e tl"'eac:herous, and as pr;oof of i 't" l shall relata the follb ,facts:/ a Chora v sel was eut off in the fal SI! har. In 1833, bour of Nancowry,· d every pe~son on board mu~dered. In 1~39, the pi 01; of a Whaler being an~ho~ed at the same ~pot, the c~ptain, sorne of the officers, and a greater part 0 the crew, were 5laught~red by the natives. In 1844, Captain Ignatius Ventura, frem Moulme~n, commanding the ~~C~, ~nc:hored on the north side of Teressa, at two o'clock in. the afternoon: on$ hour later the cap..tai,n and c:rew were murdered. In·',the same year, Captaln Law met the sa me fats at ~armorta. Another:- vessel, thre~\ years ago, after having" ~akEtn . part of h~r qa~9q at ~atc:hall, salled to otrye f41$~ harbour of ~ancowr_y tl!:l (!07npl'e1:é her c:êrgo, there alsc the captain and-crew were slaughtered cy the natives. The headman "of Katc:hall, . who' had 91 ven a p~rt o-f ' the ca~o to ,the ab oye ,vessel, related the faèt to me. H. speke in the highes~ terms of the c:~ptain of the ~aid
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as likewise, of Captain Véntura. 1 pam weIl -acquainted with the last mentioned person; he was the mo.t kind and hansst, consequently incapable of provoking any persona Sut ft appears that it· was noi 50 with the vessel fi~st mentioned~ they hi~hly exa~perateë the' -natives by~thei~ conduct (Barbe 1846:344,348).
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2. . Cassar Frederi ke, for example, had thi s to say i \ .., t/,e Andamanese: . ,
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From Nicubar ta Pegu i~, as it were, al ro~or Gihain' of ) an infinite numbkr. o~ Islands, of which many are inha. bit~d with wild people; and they call those islands the Isl.nds·of Andemaon, arid they 'calI their people savage "or ·wild'.-a be~al.\se they eat 'on'e another: also, these islands have war one with anether, for they have sm~~l barques, and with them they teke one anethe~, and 50 .at one anether: and i i by evil chance any ship, be lost on those island's, as many have been, 1:here is not, one 'man of thos~ips lost there that escapeth uneaten or uns1 ai n. These' ..peopl e have not a-ny acql.lai ntance wi th . cany other peo'ple,.neither have they trade with any, 'bUt ,live only of the fruits as those islands· & yield (F'redericke (1625,., II:'1710J Quo'ted in Brown 1~33/1922:8). .
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3.. Tzvetan Todorov provides the followinçrdefinition ~df th,e, fa.ntastic which ..· 15- of conSjiderabie. heip in understa";diPlg tJ:le clllhtrai foundations for Marco Polo's di5course when' consiéfer'ed' fl10m a.n anthr,opological' point of view: In 'a world' 'wh1ch 1s indeed our world, the one we know ••• there occur5 an event which cannot be explained by t~e laws of this same·familiar world. The person who eMperiences the event mu~t opt for one of two possible solutions: either he 1s 'th~ victim of ~n illusion of the 5enses~ o·f a pl'"oduê:t of the i magi.nati on and ,laws ~of the world then.remQin what- they are; or else the event has indeed taken plàce, it is a.,n ,integral part of reality -- but then this reality i5 controlled 'by laws I.lMknewn ta ·L1s.... 'The fantastic OccLlpies the duratlon~~f thlS uncertainty. Once we choose 6ne answer or the 'other, we leave the fantastic for a neighboring . genre~ . the' ~lnc:anny or the marvelous. The fantasti C' i s -t.hat hesitation' e)(perierked by ~erson who .. knows only the: 1. aws 'of nature, . confronti ng" an apparentl y superna,tl.lral avent' (Todorov 1975: 25). "
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One ,of the preconditions for the fantastic is a world which 1s as real. 'FLlrthermore~' a certai n atti tude must be adopted towards the text -- one which will reject 'allegorical' or' "poetic P readings (Todorov 1975:33). Tmdorov argues that the b!!ititiQO which i5 at the hsart of the fanta5tic i5 experienced by the reader who might or might not identify with a· character .(Todorov 1975:31-33>' Retl.lrning '1:0 Marco Polo~s depic;tio,n of the
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Li el..ltenant-Col onel 1'1i è:hael -Symes, who vi~ited th$ ~attlement Port èornwallis in f79?~ lef-t',the fOllowing descriptl~n of thë recently esta~lished colony:
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In the evening we walked .ro~nd the grounds that Mad basn cle4red, making a. Cl~cult of tlttle more than a qL(art~r _of a mile. p~rtly alcii~q the beach~ . and pt':l\rt.1't ~y a path'leading thrcugh heaps of, brushwood~ .nd th. trunk~ of huge tree~ that h.d recantly bmen fnllad. A smaii garden, ditigent;~_~il~ed~ prodUced but a se~nty crop of Indttan vegetabl'e!S. A ·sha.llow soi 1 ~ impr"egna.ted !Ni th 1 eaves and dec:ayed brLlshwood, washed down by ttl. J.... mOLtntain st'reams, proved at first L\nfavoul"'able to ,c~d tivatfon; the pains. however, which h~been b~l:itoWGld, seemed likely in the end te overcome t ia d}scouragement: The situat:lon,(:lf the !:iettlement 0 "thètside o~: ~ hill, riBingO abr~ptly from the,verge of the sea, although ~aleulated t6 avoid the unwhole~ome effec~~ of stagnant waters, was yet at times attended wlth grœa~. l'neonveni snee.- qwi ng to the i mf!let.uosl tx o~ the tOI"'4
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Notwithstandinq the colcny·~ad been establ1shed bn" \ its present site llttle more than si:(te~ln monthsl' tha! ,habit.atlons of the commandant and offlcers. and tha hùt? of the i r,f et-i or cl asses ~ wen? n:mden,,~d ewt,'"emal y c:omfortable; the fi rst constq.tc:ted of "!itone aQ,d pl anll,s, the latter of mats and'clay, l:hatehed with l~Mve$ o'f the ra.ttan, or cc)ven~cI '",i th boarêis. The j;lll~g,eon l1ad a. separate dwell~ng asslgned hi~~ and there w~s~ li~ewtsœ a c:ommodlous mes~-room. The number cf lnhabltanis alto-
,.
gether ,was about 7{)1"l, inclL\din9-ja company o'f sqpoys as a guard over the convict"::i, and a defence ta the sattl4r3-ment.
Symes
went on te contrast this
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striring and gr-and (Symes
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,A situatIon mor.:e picturesque, or:- a. view mo'rel r/,:)mantic. than that wt1ieh Chatham Island and Corn.wal1is haY"boLlr present. C,:ln sbrc:c:l Y'" be i magi nad. Land-l oc~a?d on aIl s.~des~ l1othll'9i: lS -te be seen but an t3::tensivo aheet of water, resel~bi l ng a vast l ab.;, 1 nterspersed with 'small ilS"lands, and environed by loft.y ,mounta.ins clothed wlth impenetrable fqrests. 'The scener;y o·f nature, 'l n thi s s,equestrated spot, :L s uncommon1'l .
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18~7:154-155).
Da~pier's dedication (1927/1697:1-2i 'was aG Tollows:
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Sir, . May i t pOl ease you to .Pardon the Bol d'ness of a Stranger te 'your Person, if upon the encouragement of Common Fame, he presumes sa m~ch upon you~ ~~ndor, as to lay before you this Account of tfis Travé.J.S1' As-the Scene of them' is not only Remote, b~~ fOr the,most part little frequented also, sa there ~ay be some thlngs in them New even to YOLI:; ! and,some, posslbly, not altogether uriusefLtl ta the F'ublIC~': and that just Veneration which the World pays, as to your Genera~~orth, so e~pecially te that Zeal for the advancement of ~nowledge, and the Interest of your Country, which you e::pres? Llpon aIl ~Occasions, glves you a partlcular Right to whatever may any way tend ta the promoting these Inte~ests, as an Offering due ta yeur Merit.' 1 have nct sa much of the vanity of a Traveller, as to bEl fond of telling stories, e!:ipeclally of this kInd; nor can 1 thl),k this plain. piece of nl1.ne, deserves a place among yOLlr more Curiou$ Collect~ns; mueh less have l'the Arrogance ta use your Name by' way of Patronage for tht? tao obvi ou,S fae.ll ta, both' of the Au~hor and tt1e Work. Vet d,are 1 avow, according ta my narrow sphere and peer abillties, a hearty Zeal for the promoting of useful knowledge, and of any thlng that may never so remotely "tend to m~ Cquntries advantage: And 1 must own an AmbitIon of transmitting ta the publie~ through your hande. these 'Essays 1 have made toward those great ends, of wh~eh you are sa de~ervedly esteemed-tha Patron. Thls hath been my design in this PublIcation, being desirou~ t~ bring in my Gleanings here and there ln Remete ,Reglons. ta that general Maga:! i ne, of the I~nowl edge of ForEll gn Parts, whieh the BQ~~l §Q~~~t~ thought you mest worthy the CLlst,ody of, when they chose you for thei r Er.~gÜ,= ~~Qt: and If in persulng these Papers, your Goodnsss shall so far dl sti ngLIi sh the E::per i enee of the Author from his Faults, as to JudgE! him c~pable of servlng hlS Country, either immediately, or by servlng Vou. he will endeavour by sorne real preofs to show hims~lf,
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W. DAMPIER.
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6. l ~ave distinguisbed between 'acti~e' and 'passIve' accounts of ,the i si ~nds on the basi 5 of the absence or presence of a ~arked discipl~nary perspe~tive. For instance, pre-nineteent ,century fravel accounts exhibited the absenc~ of a highl defin d qbservat~onal point of view which ~ould jUMction exclusi e . relation ~o a centralized disciplinary body in the form of he Royal Society etc., with its emphasis on 'objective' and 'factua-' lly' orien~ed observational practices. This does not mean that pas~ive accounts were free of cultural blas or ~sthetic
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influences d in a nllmb.::H" of Wr::\y!::': bv' m,:mLI<"d~\: J,Il terms of a h.i8rarchy r.Jf l"E'pre$ent~tional t",~<.::rlnlquc~~i. ,:md a ';:;r:1I"1L-'~:1 of visual el\clL~stQm:;. The first Sur'veyel"'s. the ml.sslon.;'u"i~~\\1 \..111 the Nic:obal'" IsLands" <'ind _the varl0LlS n.atl"II'".:\li!r.ts who Vi'Slt;;ad tl"H'J i~lands~ exhlbtl: Ir thelr observatLons~ varylng pOInt. of vt~w. As 'one observer acutely described the slt~ation in ~e70 ln rag~rd' to the Nicobar Islands:
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In th~ volL~m~ of §~!.~G.:!;'i.QUË.: before 1.1~, ,the pi.~pE!re~" wi th one or two e»(c~pti ons~ be~ng to tl1e presen'~ century. As a whole. they furnlsh a fair. but i~ some "aspects incomplet" account of the Nicobar Islands, the manngrs. c:l.lstom!.;. l al~gl"lage and hl st-Çjry o'f 'the. i nhi:;\bi'" tants. the ~oology, bot~ny and geology~ and the history 01 the seftlements WhlCh hav~ frem time to tlmH baen establ h;ht1d ln -:-·tt),em. Th(:? aLlthors belon9 l:o thl"~6! "cl~sses~ missi on.::~rlE"~s. m(?n of s(:'iencG'. and n.:\vlqators. so that sorne of bh8 SUbJ8~t5 ~re trR~ted From very different.polnts oF vlew. ,In directing the l'''e-publi(:atlon of these p,\(:H:;!r":l, tllf? !{ldi ci.n Gov~?'rl1ment has. pl aced Wl tJl i n t11F~ FI-!?ac:h of trl(~St'l -, -té> whom 15 entrLlst(:!d the i mp'ort.::mt dut Y of Cl VIL!.,: 1. ng thœ i nhab l i:ants and devel opi ng tl,f? n~<;(::)tlri;: ,?~:; c)f ' tht:mr~ islands. ,:il most val'"lablr,::>-manLl,"d. I",hll:h C:ë.\nn\Jt 1,H l t.a be' of ln'FInite value t:o aIl entJ<"\ge~u1 thdt ((lC'Jsl: ihi;(:?~· refitlng wor~' (anon. 1870:271),.
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The- author hdS descrlbœd ln ~ hlghly ,sUCCInct and coharent fashion ~Q 3~mlQl§tcitLy~ mQ~Gl Qi t~~ ~YltU~AL 2U~~ê~ q( LQQ~: !.§gg~ ... i:md the argument the ~llthor is m,:d.l nl~ '{:unc:œ,~ned th"'? âdministl~atlon of these spaces ln carms of a mel:,a-c:ontb)(tll~l pOlnt of Vlew (that of the Goverl1ment: of .Indi.a) ca~;1: rn the tlJnn , .. of~ a. manual. l shall h<3ve occaSlon to come b :;c;,1 . to t 11C~ i. l'i'::;'.tr?': r~used by tl11S impor-tant pé\ssaqli:' ln M lciit81'" c.h<J,ptc~r" f':'or t:hl1 moment, L wOLlld ll~e ta pCI.Lnt out that l t ';'?r'( (:J~,:.trly l,JI:'T,I",.t.(H:" the p-ar I:l cu 1 <:Ir cLtltlJ/,'al e,""tlfEICb;., form<..~tJ ons. and stl· . Jtî~CJ1(:',_ 1. .am interestl?d ln: manuë\ls, ,3Ltthon5 (Hl thlCj 1.:.3<;".....2 'dthnlJ-graphers'), and perspective!. , ) 'In thls é\nd the following chapter::; l Itnll dlSCUSS thn l'.:;sue üf technologlcal conté){ts. LI1 partJ.cLllar ShlPS, ~s m'3di.) for" du.dplinary ë\ct!Vlty (for a. full discussÎl'm of 'the tec!")l1lflLH?S <.1rrd effects (;:)f dlsclpllnarity conside-red a'5 a 'ph,/SlCS or'an>9,tomy l'Jf power' see Fo~cault (1979) on Discipllne.
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,Until the mid .... rtlineteenth century, communication between the ~
Andamanese and Earopean ~isitors or settlers was extemelY limited. For the most part, it consisted of gifts of nails. bits '01 glass, mlrrors, knives, .hatchets etc. (Temple 190Q:I09,11~; l~OI: 236) • It. was ~l 50 marked by acts of h05iti Il ty on bath $ide~,." (Symes 1827:"61-162; POI'"tman 1899: I=. _ Temple 1900: 109.113; 1901:236). Although a number of Ilmited vocabularies were collected ,'lnd published, . WhlCh establishes't.he fact that thel'"e "'las, perhaps, ~more than fleetlng contacts between the ~wo cultures, those contacts apparently led ta llttle (Symes 1827: 157-158; Colebrooluiil 1807: 393-394; Mauat, 1862: 126',lE;163: 1~9> •
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8. Thase included bltS o'f 1 1'" on , nails gla~s, bottlf?s, varlOUS articles of cl~thing or cloth, bllttons ..~ beads, hats._ certlflca.tes. hatche~, I-,'nlves, and tobac~o 1;.f6! mentl0!1 sorne of the mor-e commO/1 (J if ts and c),,"'ti cl es of e)(change( In return. the sai 101"'(5 received c:oë:onuts, fruit, fowl. pigs. and ett1nographic curl0S such as bows and al'"I'"OWS etc. '
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The terms 1liminal phase,' rite? 0 margln" 'Or' ~transition,,' 9. are usid to designate the central por a • transformative ritual process known as Bi.:!;'~§ Qi E:Ë1§§ë ê. lhe other phases of the process are the rite of se~aration or preliminal rites, and th'e'1>< rites o'F incorporation ·01'" postliminal ites. This ri hlal pl"'ocess regulates two major categories of soc'al transition. The first "Comprises periods of personal or socl 1 crises. These lnclude birth~ ,pLlberty, initiatlon~ r(larrlage death. and 4Tlore gp.ner~U paSSages from one social stata to ana her~ The second group is csllactively oriented. They include -assonaI changes and major soc:i-~l transi t 1 ons sLlch' as those marki 9 the tran·si ti ons between peace tu war and vIce versa (Van Gennep 1909/1960; Turne~
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Ses also Fontana (1807:
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157-159>.
11. Ritchie's ltinèrary can be trac d by way of the content.s -hi s journal (Templ e 1901: 232>. No. 1. Point Palmiras r and the Re d of Ballasore, th the tract of ShlpS into lt •••••••••••••• 1-17
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The Braces. ahd Entrance of Hugly River, with remarks on the Pilotage ••••••••••••• '0 • • • • 1.7-29 ,a Rivers~ from Hugly to Rymongull, a d their. ............... . 3()-46 OLlt 1 et s, €,~~." . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . \
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Coa.st of Ava ~ Cape Negrai s, ~!:d.1. gj;!;.::., •••••••••••••••• ", • ',' : •••••• " • ~ ,," .,. ,. " ~ ~~-j 04 _-. ._", 4
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Sorne remarks on Particular Place9; at the West si de of. the Bay bf Sengal •••• : •••• 145-152
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young wom.n, allured by the temptation of fish, "were secured, and brought on board a shi p at' ë.mchor 1 n the harbour. The captairi treated ~hem'with greatohumani't.y. They saon gc"t,. rid of aIl f~ar of violence, e::cept what might be offered ta thèir chasti~y, owhich they', gu'àrded Wl. th Lmremi tt i ng vi gi 1 ancé. Al though they hë.\d a small apartment/~llotted to themselves, and had no real cause far apprehension" one always w,tched 'hilst the " other 51 ept. 7They suffered cl othe.;;' to be pltlr. 'on t but took them off llël.galn as soon as opport=unity offel"ed~ al1d thre~ thern ~~ay as useless incumbrances. When theirO fears-were.over, they became cheerful, chattered with freedom, and were lnexpress~bly diverted at th9 sight of their own persons in ~ mir~or, They were Fond 6f ~inging, sometimes in melancholy recttatlve, at other~ in a tively.key;
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ît was a strategy aiso used by Dampier.l1697/1927:~).
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Present state of the navigation of tbe Bay, with remarl-:s l\pOn Chittig"On.g,,' ~onsidered. as a place of shelter -kw ships~'.'.'.I ••••••• 80-!34 'Coast. of 'Ar ac: an ••••. ~ " ••••
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began to thinv. confinment irksome, and longed to their native freedom. In the middle of the' night, when a~l ,but the watchmén were asleep, they passed ln silence through the captain's cabine; jumped out of the stern-windows' into the ee~, and swam to an , island ~ half a mile distant, where it<1>'was in vain to pursue them, had there baen any such intention~ but fhe obJect was to retain ihem'br kin~ness, not by cdmpul-· sion, an attempt that has failed on G~ery trial. Hunger may (and these instances ~~e rare) induee the~ te put them,?,elves in the power of stràngers; but. the' moment that want 15 satisfied, nothing short cif coerClon can prevent them from" returnl ng' to d way ~ I l fa more ' congeni al to thei r savage nature (Symes 1827: 157-158) • . ;. ..... ,_.... regai~
"
al~o refe~ences to a captured youth in Colebroo~e's ,Journal (Portma of his voyage ta the Andaman Islands ln 1789-1790 1899:1,58,59), and a~reference from the sa me perlod to C~ptai Kyd' 5 AI1daman sorvant who in Portma'l' S opion 1 on "lI)ust have been n a state of sl-:::lmi-!;ap·tivlty" (F'ortman 1899:1,90-91)'. A), ,• ~. ,\ ing 14. l will be çetl.wning to thls queffion in the fol two chapt.er~. .)
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Ses al so the descri pti on Sy(J1es p'rovi des 'of. the ' . ~f the two Andmananese women, op. ci t. note 13. / 15...
16.
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In the case of the Andaman Islands, the overview constructed gatÙm chal'"t and harbour pl an) was a r..-odLlct"of the obj ect for w~ich~it 'was designéd: a ship~ Thus the type of descriptions ..that it gave rise .to, wer_7 sLlbjec"t!: a position dlctated by a ship, ariCl .this posi.tion was continl\ally def'ined. in th'e case of the Andaman Islands, by the boundary of land and sei. The followlng desc:ription from Blair~s report, for e::ample\'l glves one an idea of the horizontal,~ linear, ~and marginal quality of the descriptive observations resulting from ca directlve to sur vey the islands: (a "ë.wi
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Having sl.Irveyed port Andaman rather beyond the eHtent of Y9ur Lordship!S instructions l pegan the examination of th~ coast, to $outhwar~, January llth; the Viper "tracing tth~ outter tSlCJ edge, of the Ban~ oF s~un _ di ngs,1 the El i sabeth c'oasting Close to the Isl and, and, Boat. were dispatched to examine thos~ Inlets~ which had any thing prom~sing in their Appearance, ~':eeping Stationary in the Nlghts Coasiing to southward from Port Andaman about two Miles dlstant from shore, we Mid re~ular' soundings from :0 to 25 fathoms generally soft groLl~d~ and perceived several Inlets. In the evening Anchored Near a pmall fIat Island, WhlCh is Just in sight from Port Andaman. rt is thickly covered with trees and Surrounded wi th an extensi va Reef; the F'assage (~f any) between it and the Coas~ of the great Isl.!\rnd~ 15 Narrow and intricate it Appeared to have mo~ inhabitants than Interview Island estimating the
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population from the Number,cf Cancos tsic.J ••• Frçm the aboya Island the coast lays a littl. to west'ward of So~ wi th few proj ect! oris about two Mi 1es distant from the Shore~ the Soundings are ~egular~ thœ dapttT frorn :0 to 35 fathoms, -the bottom generall y cl ay~ some Spots hard sand and ccraline. In L~td. ,12 18 a Rema~kable low Point, ia formed by the Coa~t tré~ding CsicJ to S. E. for three miles~ where t~e~e is ~ small lnlet whic:h I take ta be the sa'me, which Captain Buchanan gives the Name of Dundass, from henc:e th~ co~~t t~kes the direction of 50. for four ~iles, w~ere there , i-s _ a Second !nlet behind a ste~p Rocky Island but' th~ ·Inl et Appears i nacf:essi bl e by dry Reef s ."And sun ken Rocks. Here the 'toast' forms' a Returning angle by Running in a S~W. direction Si>: Miles, ta Cape BILl.ff~ rab~t Mld way there is another incnnsiderable Inlet 'which also Appe~r~d full of Dangers. From Cape BlwF , I:sj.c:.J ta Port ,caropbell the Coast runs Neàrly S. E. w;~ ~with several po~nts ~nd small indentings the Shore 15, bold with regular Soundings and 80ft Gro~nd (Tempfe
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,'" 1900: 1013-1(9) •
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- .. -17.' ~;H.àmiiton '\nentions' th~t he saw an Andaman I~l:èimdar în ;!1fe-94: • "' -
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_ I. ·saw one ~f th~ Nati ves of thase ~sl and1S at (jtSQ!t!D..
4() .Year:s ',o~ ,Age. The had a year l y Cl.lstom to c:ome to \ the ~!.!:.g!2!l\!: ""J~~lt9n,'GS-,~i th a>- greêt Numb~r o.f l .,;mall. e!:.s~~, -and ki Il <,....'18f''''.. .;.rtake ,Pr l sone!,:,s cl.S Many of the poor ~is.;g!2.9'Cg2!:\! as thsy cgu,l çt., avel"'J:ome. The ~i~QQst@sn§ agc:'\Ï n j oyned t.heil'" Forces, ,~o and g~ve the ÇsnlQsl§! Battl e~ 'Whl?n they met with them, and one Time defeated the_, and.gave no Quarter to the ao.g~mào.~!:.a. Thi 51 Man above" menti onEld, when a Boy of 11)·~ or 12-- Years of Aga, .3ccompani éd hi ~ \ Father in the,Wars~~.and was ~aken Prisoner 1 ~nd his Y04th recommending, him ta Me~cy, they saved,hls Life, and made him a SLave. After he had continl.led so thr.ee or fQur Years, he was carried ta at~b.§O te be·sold for Cloth, Knives and Tobacco, w~ich are the Commodities-' most wantJng on theJl'Q~âC§. The eiÇOê§Q!C§ being HêbQmêt~n~, his~Boy's Patron bred hiro u~ in that R,li~ g1on, and sorne Yea~5 atter his Maoter dylng, gave him his Freed"om; he having a great Desire' t~ ses hlS nat.ive -Country, took a E!:s~h and the Months of Q~!:,!?!!!!Q!1!:. ~êOY~C~, and E~~CYâ!:~ being fair Weather. and the Sea "smooth; he ventured ta the Sea, in arder to go ~o hLs own Country, fro~ the ISlana~ of - §9illY! ~nd Egllg=~g~, whicD ly'near 'Btço§§Q. Hè~e the Souther~ost of the ~1çQQs[§ may be seen, and 50 one Island ma~ be se en frorn anot~er,p from the Southermost of those ta ~bitt~=.9ng~m90, which 15 the Southermost pf th~ 8nQg= ffisOâ, which are distant from e~~bg~n about ~n hundrèd ,Leagues. Arriving among his Relations he was made welcome, with great Demonstration$'of, Joy to see him
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~hey ~xpected t~
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have been long dead.
1
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H~ving retained his nativ~ Lânguage, ge gave them an Acc:ount of hi s Adventures;, and, a.s the 6QQ~!!l~Q~!:Ë have ,., no, Noti ons of a Dei ty, he ac:quai n"ted them \ wi th' the k'ncw.l edge he had of a God, and woul d have perswaded " hi s, C,ountry-men ta learn of him the Way to adore God~ and to obey his Laws, but ~e could m~ke no Converts. When. ~'~ ~he had ,stay"d a Month or two, he too~ leave ta be gohe ëlgain, w~ich they permitte~, Qn ConditIon that he wou1ti ret~rn. He brought a10ng with ~im four o~ five hundrsd Welght of Qùick-silver, and he said, t'Hat sorne' of the , . eaQ~m.Q Islands abound ln that Commodlty. H~ had' made several Trips thither béfore 1 saw him, and always brough'l: sornE§! Qui c ~'-si 1 ver ~a1 ong wi th hl m. Sorne !::1.bQ!!H~= ~sp E~LiCg§ ~ould fain have accompanied ,him on his 'y,oyages, but he wOLl1 d naver SLtffer tl1em, . becat.lse he said, he could no~ engage. for their Safety among nis i 'Country~men. When I saw him, he was in Company with,a " §!!~, whom 1 carried a Passanger to'§y~~~, and from hfm l had thls ,Acc:ount of his Adventures (Hamilton ,'\ 1727/1930: 36-:'7) • • f
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l have not, .as yet. had an opportunlty to e::amlne these . plctqria1 represe~ations of the islands whi~h are now~ a10ng , with 'Bralr~s chart5, in the British Mt.t,Seum. Blair's instrLlctlons !llso mêntion 'views~ by a Captain Buchanan, and in hlS report. \le 'mentions ·views·. produced by Lieutenant Wales (Temple 1900: ~06, 1,14, 116) • 1 suspect that these are 'al 50 at the same l0f.ation. The British Libra~y has a series of contemporary copies (~rca 1794) of drawings, waterc:olours ~nd maps appended ta ë\,' ~anuscript; 'Acc'ount of the Andamans, bV Capt. Kyd.' The drawings .re mpstly copies from originals ~y Colebrooke. One, a. colour _,ketcl;t,.'which however does not appear to be by. Colebrooke is . li9ted as representing 'Nat'ive~ of the Andaman I$lands~_ (179:::>. As l have no~ sa en this sketch l'am unable td c:omment'Qn it. ,,
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1900: 325) :
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The Natives' havo'been perfectly inoffens,ive f~r a long tlme, anp are becoming every day more familiar, 'they seem now c:onvinced that our iAtehtions towards th'sm, are paclfic -- One of them' was lately (§!.!;) al' Trip in the Ranger by his own desire, and returned h.i'ghly pleased with an Investment of Cocanuts: this mode, ,of treatment will tend to conci Il cate and 2i vi·li:::::e them. It;1deed the'effects are alr§?ady evident (Temple
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the f-oIJ:'Clwing c.PfI!.ments. by .. Richie
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the questlo~·of Hamilton's account of Ândamanese aggression Vis-a-vis the Nicobarese see G. Hamilton <1807:344) • For other ,brief descriptions of the transport~tion of c:aptL.tred Andamanes9 , , :270-274) , ses .Barbe (1846:364), Mouat (1863: and ,Temple , 'f.' (1900: 115 f ~:;8, 19(11: 184)_. . "
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There is also the fo~lQwing description of a plate ~ccompa. nytng a 9rief,dessription of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in a Dutch book published in Amster~am in 17~O: . 20.
-,0
The-former are çepresented as 6elng inhabited by giants and cannibals. A h±ghly sensational plate represents them fi ghti ng wi t~ the Dl..ltc:h ~ ~l1d c:'C\ttl ng l.Ip those ,wh-om they have killed into quarters with ~ll the skill qf 'experienc:ed butcher5 (anon. 1870:270-271>,'
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21.. ~ontana visited the"~cobar l'slands in -1~78 •. The dr~'lwing ~an be considered the earlie'st pUblishecl, 'scien1:it·ic:' illustration prodl.U::ëd ill relation to the isl.ands ,beC:ii\Ltse it ~\.tnct.iÇljfed 'speC:lflcai~y in terms"of verification and i,demtifica.ticm-:
o
It Is certain, that the Nic:oba~ br~ad-frLtit,tr~e dif-' fers very, effenti"all y f;:;;;-th'; pal ln defer! bœd by Mr. MASSON, and iound in the interior parts of e!~1~ë, whic:h bear5 a fort of bread-fruit. On my Thowin~ to Mr. MASSON, in !js!:!:ib., ,1790·, the drawi ng, of the tr'ee h'ere defcribed, he was pleafingly. ft.lrprif_ed at the novelty:'I ,and declared he ha~_ney~r before feen it (Fontana 0
'" <,
1807: 162) •
The
f6110wing -
"PRES r DENT:
.,
commer;1ts
.
were aiso aqvanced in
NOTE
by -
~
As fa~ 'as we can ak~ërmine the clàfs .and order of a plant from a mere~delinea~ion'of its fruit, we may fafely pronoLlnc:e, that~ the b@t:.ê.(!1 of ~!.~Qt;l.S\t:. i s tna---g§l9tli of the eCsQ§, the ggSs,!;s of the Ingi2n~, and 'the E~!Jgs!1!::!§. of our b tanifts, wttich 15 defcl"ibed ~i1:!t: 'Gs~l'.;!ds!:g1.~ (as KOEN G firft obferved t6, - me) .in thê $Llpplem,ent to LrNNAEU: he had himfelf defc,-ibed with that ~lê9lOt ~QO~!fgO_f§, which co~ftitutes the beauty of the binnêsIJ method, not only the wŒnderfui fructificati on of the fr'agrant ~§tl!;'l., bLlt mof t of the fI ower"!5, ~hich ar<e celebrated ~n the êsn.f.G.c!.j;, by poets' for their ~olour or fcent~ and by phyfic:ians for their medic:al ~fes; and, as he bequeathed his manufcrlpts tq SIR JOSEPH BAN.(S, we may be fl..l"r.'e, t'hat the publ i c fpirit of that liluftrious· naturallft will not fuffer the .. labours of hlS learne·d' friend ta be funlr iJî ob1ivion. Whéther the PANDANUS bêCêffi be ~'new fQ!~!.~m, 'or - ~nly a variety, we cannet yet pofitively dec:ide~ but four of the plants have been brought from ~!SgQ~~, and feem to' flourifh in the CompanY'5 Botanical Garden, where they wlll probably bloffom; ~nd the greateft encouragement wl11~ l truft, be given to tlle cultivatian of fo precious'a- vegetable. A frult weighing twenty or thir'ty pounds, and conta,iriing ë\ farinaceou$. .' fUbftance, 'both p~latélble and nutri~i,ve in a high de9:ree, wbuld, p~~haps, if it were commen in thef~ provig- "
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ever
-~he
fecure
native' of
them
from
/
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-
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hcrrcrs of famine; and the Esng~nYa of ~@ngsl mightobe brought, 1 conceive, to équal perfection with that of ' ~1~9QêC, i f due care ~ere taken to plant the male and ~fsmale trees in,the ~ame place, in _ftead of leaving the female, as a.t prefent, to bear an imperfect and unpr.e-- , ductive fruit; aQd the diftant ~ale to fpread itfelf only by the he}p ,of ïts r~dicating br~f1ches_ (Fontana
--~"',
1607: 163) •
'. .
#
,\
l t is inter~~tinq to note that the nex~ scientific illustrations of" interest' 'we/"'e thos,e Of an Andanamese skull 'p~blishe9 with ,Owen's- 18,61 paper, 'On thEf F's'ychical:, and Physical Characters of the Mi nc:opi e$, or Nati vas of 'the And~maA lsl ands, and on the Rel~tions . thèreb~'indicated t~ other Rac:es of Man~Jnd.~ By this' ti the Andarnanese had therefore 'suffer'ed a tl"'an~formati on fr'om livi~g re~resentati~ns to thé-repre$e~tation~l spec:imens of an objective' dipciplinary disc:ourse: c:raniology.
mœ.
--
~
2::1.
Li eutenant Wal es pr,oduced a drawing OT Barran lsl and ion 1:789, and the .island' was a1so photograPl:1ed during Mouat's a.pedition in 1857-58 (T~mple 1900:114; ,Mouat llr62:114, 1863:iSS) •
.
'
He was~n the area from December 178j:f to April
23.
1790 (Portman-
1899: I,57-64). .,
24.' There'-e>:i4J;its onè. 'c:olouÏ'" sketch' 'from life dated 1792 appended' te ',ël mcàIlU5Cl"'ipt"' l'Ac:count of the' Al7ldamans' b'y Capt. Kyd (ci rc:a 1794), in the IndLa- Office,:Libl!:ary and Records, 1 Q,oQo~wh~c:h 1. have' hot had. the opportuni ty tô . . . s>eami ne. . -,.1. .'
-' 25'.
The fi rst -1 arQe body of war photoqraphs wc:\9i produc:ed by Roger Fenton at the ~i~e'of thè Crimean War (1853-56)~. ~ ~ub~tan-' tial -body of photdgr~phs was also produced during the Amaric,n Crv!l War (1861~6S) by a group of priotographers working ,und~r M!'tth~'w Brady. They included George Barnard~ Ale>t~der Gardner, 'and Timothy H. O'Sullivan. 7J ' .
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CHAPTER 3
"
MarinildntS,' Mirrars, ând, Photographs: R.pr •••nt.ti~~<
Sun-Soats,
o~ the Andaman Islanders'Çirca
1959.
looked at the hastily~constructed mânnikin as ~ Andaman; and a~ once'~ttributin9_to it 411 .the . ferocj;oLl~;; cha-racteris"tic:s by 'tIhic:h they c:ons,iderad the tribe te be distinguished, they invested the figure, that was e'nitirely the C:1"',eation, of oLlr handa.' with qualities whic~ we~e ~he embodiment cf th~ir own imagi'natjons, and sa formidable, ·tbat i t was regard~d as ci test ct.prudenc:e ta keep at a"reasonable distanc~ from a shéiPe -sd horrid. F(ederi'c J. Maltat, 1863.' They
raal
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In' 1863, Fr-eder'l c: J.
MOUë:\t·
Bœf!ng' log aQg~m§bQ ·!.âl.êQ9~r:â, ~
ces
, \or whi l e
Bg~!Yr:~! glua" B"f!!!ir:!:o!l! - 'fi: ;. '
pub 1 i shefd _
_..--~-
._ , . .
~).:-
d€;5c:r.~becr his experien.. . ,. A the Anda,man '1s-1 and's in t"857-58 :'l,v\der'" tl1e
'"
in 'Which'-"he
'
'suryeyi ng
.
p
'
, directive of the Government of
-'
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Commission appointed f'_
'. of India,'
in
wïth a vie'w .te
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Th~ sury.ey wasivarseen byo
Indi~.
J
a
IJI~
Go~~nor-Gansral
November, 1857 by the
esti\bl(s.f~lng
...;~
.~
a
a renewed Etl'"itish prli,'fleen&i;; '.
-, on the i s1 ands in ol'"Qer to '·1:oLlnter the conti nLled- ho-stil i t Y, of 1:-her "
'Andàma:n~SÉ! veying
vi S-ai-vi ~
pa~ty
shi pp! n9\,,"d shi pw,..e~j(ed ""ri ,ners.;,
was also 'direc:ted to
~Namine
:
,
The 'su~
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'
tb
the islands in order o
loc:ate
-,
a suitable site
(Majumdar
"-~
exeedi ti on
..
needed,
ta
-' , c:omml s.si on
1975: too~::
1 . 5:-77).' ari
the e.stablishmen't 'of a Wi th the Sepoy ,mutiny of
and
~
Mouat
,\i
the
~:i
for the new penal
C:010My
A', '
'i97S: ' ..
aSt.Inspector
~ 1 . . . .
consi sted of Dr ~
r_857,
~
~
~~~omod ..1;e mutin:irs '(M..J",;...... was he.aded,by
~
,
j..tr9~qt~ turn,
•
'Provi nces,
l'Or
of'~a.i15' .
-- --
'J ~,.,;.~I;
Wë\S
14:$>: . :'The
in
th_. Lower
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Géorge. Pl ay.fair pf ~tha
BSI:!.9 a1
-
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.:3;l : '<:J
Army~ who was to be ,in charge of mèdic:al "ê,n~ scient1fic duties o.f ~
the
•
ex.ped i t ion"
and Lieutenant J.
A.
Heathc:;ote of the .
ArmY:r who woulë be respô'nsible f,or hydrograp.hy
,
Indifln! .. ~~
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<.Mouat lé61 i~;2: 41, ,"
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,\ ~ 186Z:44>. Al though t~e "~Ubl!i~a~~on of the, book wa~ not " , - avent of importance? in the history of the -Ïslë1nds, "the 'i.nci- '". ' ...
" 110"
la6~:
'·0
:~, J
il,
an
.
dsnts w.hich' i t ' À
•
ted
'
ti term~
r~cQunt~ an~ ..
.?er''''
w[
P,OSl
whi~h, t.hey
in ~~
\...
tness" to i ts pi votal
i}
ti an in unders1:andt'ng how ~!1,e ..
to the islands'at this point in time. c.. oo~
vis~tors
The
work
of
lClngest. pe'''biod of" \
the Commission
Brit~sh 'dO(~i~ation
.
inaugurated
~re
the
War,
the British
:r.
wena
ceded te India.
-.
admini~tered the
éommiss~.on1s
,The
'~C> Il
ç;
the'
0
ik1ands
until
at which time
"1prl, i,nitiated the
they /"--; fu"st
"
~
fiystemati,c a.t tempt te e5ta.bli sh contact lati~n,
tf1 the i ndi genou? popu,
in its wake the first eth~ographies were
and
pr i nc::i pal
Tlie
fl'"'oin" a
Ocç:Llpied by the Japar\ë'se dur"ing
was granted its independenc~ in 1947,
IDdia
and
,
a
Werid
second
i~üands.:AP'ar.t
of. the
,
pE:3r"iod when they
Second
"
are t"epr'esen-
popul at i on was p~1"ei ved by Eurqpe;n. and non-Europ~an
i nd i genl;)us
'br-l-ef
~
E..
·àcters,·i n thi s regard,
Colonel Henry M..nn)
...
.and M.
V,. Por.tman.
H.
produced~
Man· (thè 'son
of
-
were government appOl nte'es,
"
and ~ach ü, tClrn was in charge of the special And'f.a~ Homes which
were built as admlnistrative,interface~~aetween the two cultures. Man
held
the position from 1875 to '1879
---
(an~again
,
18(9), and Portman from 18ï9 to 1899
•
""
i!.
Homes
'Andaman
were' the chi ef p"Oi'nt
of
"
'.».
'1.-
briefl~
in
15-16).
The'
i nst i tutional
con,tact .~_.
~
~he admi~istrat~~n ~nd the Andamanese during this psriod
between JMajumdar ~19a5:
1975~
96-89, '91-92,
Singh
1978:
124-'141'~
.~ '"
.
,.
157-172 ~ • ,
. - ..
:0'
" "
~r"
,
," "
'~~' ~
..
,
~.
if, '
~'J' .'.~~_....
"
.
.'
,; .. :C _.. ......... 7-"'J.
,Q •
"
20.~
,~ "
G
"
.
",
"'
Q
}
"
"
"
is also impor~ant for its d~~criptions
bock
Mathl..\r
r--t;'~
.
'11 'J
,
. • ,<
,
.
, ' ,'.
,
"
l-J
o
l
,"~
'
,
~
,
\,'
~. .
~
v, ,,'(
_
i~-'
'\ , " t ' a.' consensus over wh a t consti t L\ t' ed 'sc:c:ura e, ,trut.hful, ·.and i mpor- "' .-
l ,.
,
tant 1 obse~vation5.
com~jlr:ts
Furthermere~
Mouat
regarding'the relat;ive meri,tsJof variol.ls •
'descr;i ptJ va ·represant'.,.ati on,
Fompa~a~ive'values 1
J
not ani y verbal vs..
1
the
euts~qken
was
of various.
i~
hl.
~la'Chniql.'ét$
of'
..
vi s\.\al '!I bl.lt!\ allÎto .
vi~ual methads of
repre5en~.~
•
tiCln~.\
in particùlar drawing and photography. His stronÇJ intl:!r~st
_... these isst..les,311ustrates ~n G"1..,âreness of differ~nt rn,~thod!J (Jf ~
ln (
,&
"'-
,
•
'
,
'
repr:esenÙition~th different l.evels of trt.\t,h va.lLlœ' and .
their
absorption
represent~ti.C1l"
into the hi story of
,/
sl g Ac'?lfill
r:m ': t:.h~\;'H;)
.,
islands. Mouat's
British
gLln-boat'
wl1i ch transportect .!,~e commi r:ùai
sur vey of the i s1 anps.
The
..
.
gives a brie~ but LlseTul dascription
bbol::
aC_OLlnt
o,~
0i dur l ~Ç)'"
the thei r-
i tœ
he prev! d'es of the bOit,
the various Andamanese reactions te i t: and Mis p"arty - , . during their initial contact 15 of con9ider.able vall.ler-For idan'tlc:rew,
, ~,
and
.
~
fying and tracing the
.
gl"'aphlC
Ir-ing"-this pel"iodw
repressntati.ons
.
.
of datai lad accouJ1ts oT capt~~,ed
couple also
P~' esses of constr-uctinÇJ embr'yonic
of
importance
f!J
\
for
-------developing
an
' \ . . . ,
dlff~rent'
Hia book celnt.ai-ns a
ahd
strategi~s
understanding
how
of'
,( 1
were used for rapresQnting
ln a period marked by 4" absence·of systematic
culture
.an:~
which'
Andàmanes,e,
>'
media
ethne-
thla
contact.
"
Fi n.al1 y"
the
evidenc'a
of
cl osi ng
c:hë!pter cf, Mouat' fi) book
'its articulation ",,{th, t-he. 'elOer9il19
'discipli"ne
anthrop6log.y i.n E~glanél •.
~
Mauat 1 s" eg~Ê!ntÎ::!t:!â êo.!i B~a§i\c.!:.!:t~a... "t3
'
~
• •
.
di ra,ct
previ des
-'
df
,',
,
ccmfronts the prob.l œm ',~
,
-
~
.. 1
-
IJroduclng an adequate representation 0+ ~e ,ind1gsnes of t.he' " "islands from wlthîn four .intE/rconnected impl,ie-it .frames c;4'· r:s-fe- . 'rence: a histo~ical framework.drawn principallY Tram the 9~rv~y$ of
~
1
-
•
•
.j#
•
,
y
(
"
,
10,'
of Blair and Cclebrcoke,' a narrative
o
\
of
fra~awork
the' êxpedition~,
as 'living repre$é~t-ations;,; 'and" fi.nally,,; a~enel"'al'i~ed 1~thno!.c""
çlic:al ~
cii'Ff~rent
,
~
s,~I"'~egies.
•
'f~)\Jr:1I"'ames of refèr:-en'ce "employ
AIl
perspec:ti yeN "'
=-.
the fir"st pllac::~,
In
tWc:l
~
~
•
able
·Mouat was
-
_1<..
1
to 'ft
l
rej~c:t' a whole ob$el""vat~onal t:Lllturé which had fol'" the most pàrt, '
.
been expressed in' travel accounts. He could do 1 . -". . - '\ trac~d his observat~onal rdots straight to the ___ ~~
so
De
because
partiC:~J.al;" ~O';'8~OkÎ3'9"1790
5u~veys, :~nd in ,
,...
~l.lbliShed
pë\per
\ ~~t~te . a
~is.
1"
'4'
....
~
instarit woul'd pl"'evide him' wlth, a captive. o
•
gun-boat~
1
,-- poi nt.
.
series of cdntacts'with the AM~amanese,
-
fina.l "
.
~l
Eiytg,
the
ac:ted
a.
th~
l
In both
~'"
cases,
,
observational _ ~~ference
co
whi ch
"
rel ate.
by
•
of
illethods &-
-
E!..Y:tg •. ~
_..
~
.
various
a 'description of"'the type of observational III,"
~nJ~ided' by 'the
they
and. the '....-eflsH"ivil:y of 1'us ac:c:ount .. This will be
repr:essnt
with a. discussion of the
be,gin
l
"
I will deai with ~ouat~s~~tra-
-the four representat"i onal fr-arllewol"'~';s
and
o'of
.~'
1<--
""
In the following discu$sion,
,,
,
which' i.n' the
1
s:_o;c,lLtd~'
~./..-
t"he. chapt.'er
N
w~th ~
conteHt
:-tÏiscussion ..
_ .
ssr.ies 'of represen-tati orial 'tca.n.sformati ons of,
a-
captl.lred
l'
And
"
. ;.:..~:5·{1~)7 "0..," t.he,' Diffel"'entic:~tion /p Aepresentation: ~ou~tl' Si
,
'
" ,',
"
/.
&recurscl"s.
•
"
of
a
PO$t-1839~'
Cul ture
1957-58'" Expedi ti-on. and "~t ft
.'
"
"o-r
\
,
its
i
,
.' '
" "
,
_ _oMI'Sl"ir. and ,
.)(ami~e
,
~
,
:"
~
'.
~--~.' ,
'"
- -lr- ,-A' ~ ,,~
i
It. i ~~"'''t, '.
l
1
tslands~with
a
vh~w"t'o"èstablishing Y'
,tasks
(to
,',~
â, 'settlement>"
'
:' .:~~
\..
_
~
\ \ '
, "
operated in' terme of two'" di fferent observation~~ cLll-' t:,,~
.,
1.
.
"the •
tt1e~
but,
MOt.lat wert: ihstruc:ted te complete"s:imilar
-
!!
"lfJ1~
jf-;' 1
.-\~'~~~
, ; >';;j ...... *'u
: '.~I':~~~
.' .
~ures "(Te~ple 1900:
"
o·,
they
~~e
led
"
104,105; Houat 1863: ~4-45). The expeditions
the\ffrst
!~ystematJc" attempt~
to
comprehend
the
'i"
hYSi cal c:harac:teri st'l cs of the i 51 an,ds ~
I
'.
1
,
perated ,in a pre-photographie cul tur-e of •
but Blair"s f789
~urvey
represer:tat,i on ~
whi le
'
Mouat \ worked i ngl y demi rtated
by the' use, of
l~'
di Hergnce".
Mauat ~ s
nese,
~
post-1839 culture of
in a
cant'r
"~'7
J
photography.
Il;..'j :
.
~epresentation
a~
vs"
embryeni'c '" ethn610gical \per$lpèc:ti 4 extra-disc~plinary elemE!nts. When
Andam,,4n
.A ',\ ' ' .;,
'
,
"
.
.
islands te the
Mouat
traced
~urveys
the roots of his knowledge
of Blair and Celebrboke,
..J \ . lnfor~atien proyided by hi,~ pre~e~essors
~ the \
1
)
'
•
.
worl~.
Richiè,
-tJ·urvors.
Blai"r,
Tlieir.'
,
t , ,
rm~
and
~ole~rooka ~ Mad
relation~hip
~ach
ta
i ns-trl.lc:te,d
I
,
eart ier
made ~"
dif~fe~aft'
',-jas
to
produ5e"
the
j
_
other:!Ii.'
~
been, D profe$sional
dafl nad had
baen of
a
r
-,
c:oastal-
Thus RI chi Il! had cri
t15!
repre-sent6\'-
sed . th..
navigater-s· because of thei r i naccurac:y.'
work'
(Teinple ". ,1909=
1901:237, ~38) •. Blair" in , his bl,'"n, ,had used Richie's jOIJr ....
34:J;(J
.
"
" 'nal, ch~rt, and the remarks of 'Captain B!-lc:han~'n in tlis o·w.n' survey.
-aC:knawledged. their-
and ",
value
,
1900: 106,116).
in
his
.
iinal. "report
(Temple
'
Bbth Mouat and Heathcote, ,t'n their".turn, aCknow, .
. ledgeç:\ ,the .wark of' the ,fflair ,
212,
" ~"
~i ~
,
they saw· themsel vas 'as part
a."d
sl';nds;
•
of \ee.c~\ '
èther can be
of produci ng :l ncn='a,si n91 Y.. ac:c:uratet of
the "use ~e,
l
.,.~
" ti ons
the
the proqressi VI!! acc:uracy of the c:h~rts they
0t.
process
of
~
fr.om 'the -use tf:lért th~ ear!'i el'" surveyors hed made . .,
)
o
,'
the AndamanesE!':' Although
"
.,
t " " . yet r were . sti 11 demi~ated by"
had '~ortant co:onsequences' for the represel,tati on o'f
di fferencès
,
tha
referenc;es te the '151 anders wel"'e i nlformed' .by
,
,
an oth Il'''
There. we.s
;"';,cri.pti onll .
•$
incre~s-
and CçlebroÔkEiI But they did sc froln
.--
.
1]
"
..
-
'''1 , ,1
~
~,...
: '!
" 51 ightly d,f.ff~rent points ,
()
~'thi~
~
/1"
1
-"-
~
Heatht.:ote,
.
,.......
.
l " for' et:t\ample,
to_S'àY,.cabQut Blair's sur vey:
,
':.~
.-
"
I ~ay_remar~; §Q QꧧêQ~, t~at·th9 manuscript.of the ,Qri~inal sUivey of the Gr~at Andaman by St. Blair, ~ executed at differeAt periods between 1788 and 1~96,
,
and drawn on a large scala, was in the hands of the .xpedition, and was found to b~·beautifully a~curjte in aIl ita details. It was l:Jur sure guide in the intr'icacies of channels, of which no other knowledge but that afforded by this chart was to be obtained; and in thcrse féw places where' i t is defb:lent· in the representation of details, we found that they had not been passed over until it had been ace~t~ined that the~ could be I:,.f nCI pra,:tit:al utility; Tf19 ge':Jgraphical ,pbsition l:Jf these Islands has a1so been determined ~,I;) far ~atifa~toyily, that though it may not be incapable of a still n~arer apprciach to exact tyuth, yet it has, l, bel i eve, at t.ai ned al ready t,:, a hi gher 'ç:legree 1;) f accuracy than can be claimed- for ,the positions ~t 'pr,eslrl't' -; assigned tl:J mal1y places of far higher • eommel",.:ial ,imp':trtanr.::e {Heathl:,::)te 1862:239-240)." ,
..
,
Mouat ,0
o·
-'
al~o
express~d
.'
praise for' the
detail
and
::
"
':
, ,
accuracy
5, o
'Blair'. chatt: , "
On the occasion of OUl" V151 t we went over mucfi of the ground that CBI-a'i r' J nad pl"'evi ousl y exp1ol"ed, êlnd fl::;tund that all his obse'rvations, even do~n to the minutest parti cul ars, were scrupulously acc~rate. Indeed, it ls impo~sible to ,estimate too highly the services his labour's have iendered to that portion of the mercantile community' whl:Jse ships traverse ttlese latitudes. Not onli weye aIl hydrogr~phic details noted with his un failin~ minuteness and accuracy, but he communie ad to the public many valuable observations on th pecuriar, difficulties that render the, navigation of this part of the, Indian sea 130 much more than usually dangerous. They were accompanied by sailing directfons, the practical value of which may be estimated from the fact that. to 'thi-s dayo they cl::>ntinue tel be cl:.nsul ted tiy aIl who requi~e such trustwarthy directionS as will enable thë'm~,·to c'arry their vesseis in safety thr,;)ugh the dangers by which they may find themse1ves enco~passed. Nor are the various incidental observ~tions whjch he noted dt2twn w.h1.le engaged in the perfl::;trmal"\t:e ,,:.f his ml_,re. imm~diate (jLl~;:es 'Co bt:' ~assed over as lof little interest '~r value, as in many of them we are m~de acquainted impcir. with facts of considerable practical -
,
.
, ,
, 1"'"
~
r ..
,
,
: ;: --.-. ~ . '
"
.
~ ~~
r
'
':wl.~>:~_:L :-o<_~. Ll<".~·_~~_~':
, ,.,
,
"
"
l'
1 -
"
' .. ' . . . .
, '
" ,
"...
t
,
-
.~
1 _
,
"
~
t~nce
o
-.
l
~~...
~l
-
.
,
'.
'-, ~ ,
(Mouat -1863:19-20). 1
Mouat went on to remark on the observati ons he- placed
concern~,ng
on
, ~ccuracy
and vividnes5 of
the i sI cands themsel 'v\~S,
this aspect
.and- the emphc:u:lÎ S
o~ Blcair~s' SLtrvey ~is
j
Blair"i
S' int:~ni:!;,;;~
/:If
in
•
~~
1 ight
hi s
of
own descri pti va ,and
narrcati va
approe\ch
1:0
l:hf?
H:ilands:
-,
He draws the attention of the reader of his Report te ,the .nuinbe,'" and variety of the islanc.ls~ .::md l:o t.he di verSl ty of thet r appearince -- the rLlgged <21 i f-f's by which they dre defended a~alnst the encroachmentc of the otean. and th,a 1 wwri. ant f(:Jn~c:;ts by wh i ch the various prospects in the intœrier are rendered 90, . piè:turesqLle .3.nd,1 attractl ve (Mou.at 1863: 20) •
But these commente.
in and of
themwelves~
only
:the importance'of the earlfer sur veys -for the •
0
of Mouat ~ s~"eHpedi ti on =
.
te
S(~:t'·V(~
12.!:,~ç,'!;.ls;.sü.
emphasi!l~
Œl:ac:ution
..
81 ai r: s chart servslj to gui ~je the t:olllmt sa'l
sion around the Islands.
The expedition was. howeyer.
reJectlo~
~ore
,.
on the had
of most of the ether
pr~dicQtŒd
popular infurmaticn hŒ
examined during his hast y preparatIons fer the
voyaqH.
Hl~
~
~omments te this affect ~re Interestlng in two·regards. ,theY.highli~ht'the
dly,
value Mouat placed on
Mnd
photograph~,
thp-y authenti caJ:s ,tl1e c'\CCA,.\racy of 81 al Y- ~ s cl1ar-t. etc 'iJ 1,1)J'L t 0 latter pOlnt establl~es the contlnuity of 1'10LI,;\t',") lt4ol~1
the
'" earll er- survèys.
the
h18 referenCGD to
photQgr~phy
Sll}nal
pericd .. to
the personnel of the e::pedltlon
from hl: instructlons
use
wt'1h
Î.jme
:.:~
dlr>Jc.1:lY
contalned ·a speclflC r
and value of photography (Portman
1899:I,~15
CApP8nd~x
,'"
t.'!:
wltll
cl)
p-hotogrèlph.:r
~'.: •.
~8con-
,the
of
o
F\rYtlyp
VJ).
1 :
~
.' '
-i,..!J : •
t
,1
_
1
'\ "
~ '
•
'
'
1\
t~
1
\ 'The, jUttSPOSi tian was theref.ore not only between past and present
o
but a ,
GO
between different"types of
'
repr~sentatl0na\ , \
l
media:
.
,
urgency of the e::pedl t~ on was SLich that\ l was only a short time ta ma~e the necessary, prepa~ ,,'râ.t.ions~ <3nd the felfl 110urs at"rny disposai were\ there• ,1 f on~ d'evotr~d ta the coll ect J, on of the net:essary 'photogr~phlc materlal~, and inqulry after such iriformatian r"egardlng the Andamans .'and former e::pedltians ta thœm ~s w~s li~ely ta be useful to me. The latfer ••• was \but sC:ianty, . and 'with thE' e:y our own observati ons. o
irt;le
~llowed
,.
He went on
th~
~
pOlnt out,
',1
;"
'",
had entertained the hope of being able to,procure~ a larger number ~f former records, and of work. previous-' l~ publl~hed. than 1 was able ta discover. Either~ however~ the-time at eny disposal. for the prosecL\'tion 'of the necessary researches was tao limlted, o~ aIl that was of much l nterest enus t have dl sappreal'"ed. for Il ttl e th9t. I cOLlld 'aval! my?el'f of ln the way of. really prac:tica~ and L\SefL\l inforination was ·Forthcomlng. In redlity wlth the exceptiœn'bf the papers published in 'the Asiatic Research(;~s •.• we wer"e 3eft almost Wlttl0Llt , • anytt1i ng chat. COLIl d, be of the', SIl gh test servi ce ta us as a gui de in the conduct of the present e::pedl ti on. ,. (Meuat 1963:6~-63)
"
,I
,
"" - "
1
'<
~
~
.
..
'
.
1
"
.,
B:
\ i mpor tint.
6'
The
ref er"enee
MOLlat
the 8§!.~t.1G. B§§§scG.b.§§ papers
ta
hat,11arli'er
emphiisi:e~
the picterial value
is
of
~ome
Illus-
trations ac~ompdnVlnQ i series of ~apers by Lleutenant Colebrooke wh l ch
c:\ppean~d
had
commenta
cm
1
n vol ~Ime ~ 4
Colebl"'OQ~'e's
of
8§lst!.G.' 8§§§SlCG.Q§§.
Hl S
lllustrations a.nd sur vey an:! worth pur-
suing ln greater detai1 because they have a direct bearing on "hlS
,~
?
!
~
rij "
~eferences
to photography at a number of critical points ln
narrative.
These
i ncl ude the above paragra-ph and
the
•
:
_ - ".' -:
. 1
~,' ,-
'<-
l·",' .:, :.':':~:~;cL." . ~. !;~::;~ \j<,., ': ." .'.. '
his
episOdes
::.
, -
'..J
.. ' 215 , ut '_. . "~ "~~ ~"'_ ...'
>
.,~
;.:
"'\~\'"
~ "r,'~ ...
rt,,,,:
involving
•
o
Jac:k ... ." an
importance
c:~ptive A~aman.ISlander.
because
~re
T'hey
new
mIsa
of
~orm
of
of thair .representatlonal culture which
onnectlon to the a
1-51 ands· duri ng the pel'"i cd i mmedi
ate'l y~ prec:eecM ng the
~-
Andam~n
S first deployed in the
gr apf'll es-.
In
o
marked contrast to his enthusiaotic ac:ceptande of Blair"~ J'
sur vey
MOl.lat dismissed the surveyor~s c:ontribL\tl0f1 '~o
work,
Lieuter\ant- Colebrao'ke. ,
.His
cm
rej ec:U on
derived from a newly emerging culfure of r-epres~:(!ltation: )
c. ,.. i t f.W l
6
"
Highly as the a220unt of Captain Blair 15 tu bŒ
recommended for its minuteness and Rcc:ur~cy of desc:ript1ofi; that of Lleutenant~ dfterwards Colonel Col~brock8. maV ba regarded in sorne respects as Ruperior te i t . When i t first appe.:lr-!?d. i t was by far tl18 most det.::n!f?d .ar.;1:(:JLlI1t of the Islands that had yat basn glven ta the wqrld: Its circulation. however~ was ~cnflned ffidlnly to thüme who took an interest ln the prog,'"ess of gec:lÇJ,".":\plï!c:.al discovery in the East, the worh ln whlch. in t:h(.~ yf~.ar -1795, it was publlshed~ one of the ~arly volumes of Asidtic R~searche~, not bein~ acce~5ibl. ta -the public general\y CMouat 1863:~~-:3). -
o
,
,
.
.,
. "~; :"; 1
,
;
,
\
Y'
", 1
~I
[,t,' _ l
,
, "
,
.'
'
.
.~.
..
..
7
' ~ ~
;
'. '
<)~~:~~'''~. ~.. >~'-
. . ~ - l' ~ . -
'"
,
<
,
,~ ~.
,
..
-The value of the Colonel"s infor'mation. was grlië\tly" enhanc:ed by the or,1 gi "al i'll ustr'at j, ons of ~d"lm.an scenery by whic:h l t was.ac:c-ompanied. As hH'was ;an 21(':':010plished draL\ghtsm~n, he w.as able to rt.i?r.\,'"esent, accurately the ~ppearance of th~ natives. th~ir dbodes, their manner of l i f ' , and the various instruments gf a warli~e and domestlc nature of WhlCh they mAdœ UYQ. Some of hlS original water-colour ~~~tche~ are still in the possess(on of his sLlrvlving n:l,:ations, b'l whom ~_hey 'are no dOl.lbt highlv valued. They are ch.âracterised note only by that, artlstlc delicacy of touch Whl~h the Colonel was known to possess, but al sa by ê.\n ,",ccur ;ACy of detail which. even at thlS di~tance of ti~e,._ can be recogn i zad QY those who are of ami 11 ar Wl th the' a;;ï.pear ance of tr~ i lands. and the more prominent features o~ thei r seener sa e>{ act i s the pr'esentment of the làn~scapè whi give, and 50 small the app~eciable , " ~
"
~
l'
'
. "
\
,J
~~:: ~ c>} i.;,~?~r~~
an
of the Andamans in faVOllr'f:?d (Jf a ~~riE'~<:i 'uf p~por!.!' bv
,.ethnography
,
216 ,
.'
"
-,,., ~ f ... ~
"
ri
.,
' •• 1
-'~~~~ ,e:rff"'~'i ._~
','
1..\
~
~ ;r:"'t~0\:~~1~·~~ff.5~"'1.r~.t\~""M~J, ~-~!'
,',
~,
~
r~~
-
.'
~
,
-'<', ,
- ",
1"
....
c:hange, af;'f;~7·""'the l.apse of 50 many years, in the di~tinc:tive features of the plac:es represen~ed (Mouat
1863: 23) •
,
'
-J
These commente ~emar~,te a watershed Ln the representatlonal ,~
1
1J.l s:t'o,'"y
of
i
fllustrative
~~tail.
OV8r n8rr8tlve
~ccuunts.
supremacy
In addl hon ta
the - ",:;.,
l.ncludlng ac'C:CJunt-: of spOrctdlC 40n-
.-
.. -
-
;
Andaman IsLands by declarlng the ;
\:1"le
-cac: t:.
w:l.th
ih:ls
was
•
Mouat dsvoted a full chaptal'" ln
the Andamanese,
Hl'
tn.::\rl~p.d·
7
,SI.lrveys.
contrcist 1:0 the type of data ' ,,tl
. He aIse
i SSlotS t'jf pl c:tori al
ra~sed
./ rapresE'nt~t i
presented
and sporadically
pLlrSLled
on é'\t C:1"'Llci al poi nts in
111 5,
,il'
....
1I1S
ln.
,
the ,
ncF,\rrcF,\-
ttVe!. Techni ques of Representati ori 'in the of Andamanese Reality.
,3.2); ;T(he Phantom Penc:! 1: _P~ctorial Rendition
,
lOUS
"
pCl.I.nts dw 1ng his nr.:\I'"-ratlve.
y'all.le of
the And.:.'\I11an Islands. ta
.
pOlnl:.
OL\t
0.
~he
va,'"i OLlS
l''epn:~sentat 1
At one point!, inadequac19s
o~
MOLlat commented on
onal
.
techni qLteS
for e:fample., he
~""~s
for
at pains
descriptlve lanyuage'
>,
means cf "
rep~oduclng
correct impresslons 0+ a' fcrelgn
l~ndscape:
The
pen iG nct Y8ry well adapted ta convey a deflnlt9 i rnr.\nJs:l:>~ ,:ln (J f natut-ëü sc:ener'y:; ~nd i t L 5 se l dom th,,
corif!ne
himselF pr0duce"the sams plcture
ln
the
ffilnds
of ,al l \'lh.::) pF.?ruse them. He may lli rosaI f rrë\ve ~ v'Et-y clear ImpreSSion of what he wisMes ~o descrlbe~ but the itllagination of hi.s reader is generally satisfled wlth the fancy pictures of hLS own mlnd. the more dlstincto parts of wh l t:h Inay have baen suggested by the rllost salient, points of the aLlthor's description. ïhe physical characteristlcs of ë\ country requlre the ë\ld
,f
217 1/
<
"
,
.,
, ..-
"pf
t,
't.I1e----:jiÎenci l ta g1 ve defin1 teness to the l ang).lage of desc~ptiqn, befcre, i t possible ta prodL\ce' in th@ mind 'of the reader ~nything like a correct lmpresslon of a landscapa he ha~ never seen. [1863~ 85-86]
'" p!,..,.-
,.",
MOl..lat
s~milar
had e:-,(presse'd a
.~ription.
:iew on
'.
cth~~ icca~ion.. 'li'
.
\
His ~
.. ,
\
~aa-' P
for example, of the forests cm Ch.a'tham· l sI and, ,c:cmt.ai narJ
the following comments: The greâ'\: trLln~,s were festooned with flowers' tl\rld plants, whlch circled a.bout them in endless forms~ i,n dll the unstudled grace and rich ~rofusion of natur~. Among these was the ai r"'pl ant-!t the beaul:y .1\nd el ega.l"\c:e of which. as lt clasped the n,(::Ible old fo,'"est tJ-ees~ and thr'ew i ts 1eaves and branches ln g,'"ac,eful f.?s'toons from one to the other, would be described more faithf~lly by the pencil t~an by the pen (Mouat la63:96)~ ;
,
,,
'"
~-' "
'. ~
.
l'
,j. . -..;.
",:..'"
"
,,'.,
~~fore
midnight aIl was,sÙll 'and silent ,on board the, save the regulated pace of the solitary sentinel a~ he trod the deck; Before retlring ta r9st~ 1 ~gain came on dec:k to tèlke a. 1 ast Vl ew of that scene the aspect of whi cl! had appeared tu ffi8 ~so nowal. .and i l \te:lré- $,ting dt..lring' the day. The spect
Ely tg,
{:. ;r~
"
,~
"
",.
o
Or.,again,
..
"t
~.
~'
" 1
~; ~
~
~!
" >•
"} ,
'"
<
,
~,'
r
1
.",
1863: lü5-t(6) • ,
An
,,
'
impllct hierarchy of observeational values
by
'1$
\
,t'touat ln these passages. The'most important v~~ue :i-~ t:~~~(.t.lpiilriQ\
powers of the drawlng pencl1 over those. of the valuation
w~iting
pen.
That
rests on a displac:ement and disjunetion of the sen$œs,
, , ,
218
, ,~" -
Il
,
1
.,:
,
o
lIeparating
a_nd,
ryarr ati ng.~
If
.
opposing th~' mutual processe~" of ,
watching , ,
and
..
~
the,landscape sc:enes aescribed in these ,passages
escape the descriptive powers of languag~, it Is ~ecause th~y are
ft 1 /
1
first and frJremost in the normali:::lng discour'se- of visuall'-
cast
" that a~nits auçdl~' olfactory. or tactlle zation as opposed to'cne ,
'genj!o,ry
proces~es.
-ACCOl"'dlM/g
"to Mouat's argument:,
s~nse data ar-e in the final '3n~lysis, '~·iSCOded. resl..llts
This
opticdl
'miscoding.
.
-
in a s'.lbtle destabl'li:::ation of 1;::he relationship
the mJndlg eye and ce~
the
the
. the body's
bet,ween
--;
surveil'l~an-,
eye., Contemplation and
two watches on the deck bf the
Ely tg,
wQuLd be plunged ",
a.
.' into
vertigo
of confusion and-, misunderstanding,
and
as
a
"
f"E1!sult,
the,.,
,
'd19joi~ted, -._t
"-(surpl'" i si ng
,.
.
;-
..
. ~
b,lurred;'
these considerations, ~it is
not,
one comes across yet another reference' to
th~
Sivan
,
inadequaci.s of language in one of
t,
~he
more'
po~tic
,
....
1
'
'(_ "k,.... • t
subtly
,
'
,
,\
be
One evenlng, wheri ~he Eiyt~ was lying at anchor .in Horseshoe Bay, we tried a sort of simple experlment on the effects of sound in the dead ~ilen~e of the night in that tropi~al climate. One of our guns was loaded and fireo. The result astonlshed us beyond measure, by the !::.l'tri f: l ng ph~'H::Imenon presented both to eye and ear. The ·fl~sh. for a 'moment. ~ighted up the whole scene with aM effulgence that dlsplayed every abject cl~arly and distlnètly. , as If it hael been evoked fr'om the womb_ of mystery by sorne maglcian~s wando the Jaws '0+ darknes5 almo~t Instantanecusly agaln devourlng lt up. The report was terrifie -- an overwhelmlng volume of sound 'burstlng ~t once upon the 8sr. and almqst deafening us. Mg it were with the roar df'a thousand"cannons dlscharged • a t the' sa.ne si gnal. 1 Tht? echO was deci ~edl y the grandest any of us had ever Il stened to~ haVI ng somet'hing oi the imposlng mdgnlficence of the thunderclap 'bur~,ln~ from the blac~ charged cloud above our heade. It seemed to roll ~rcm side to side of the Bay in mighty reverberations. Fourteen times we distinctly Aeard it, di~inlshing in volume each- ttme, as if itO
.
," "
woul cl
pa$sages in his book:
~
'.
'
when
'reall ty'
'(l'
(
"·0
sha~tered.
of
'D
;"" dQlsc,riptive •
pïcture'
-:'
~
'"
?
1...
"
'" 't ~ -0
~,
p
219
_
'.,
<.!
-,
", ,
....,'
~l
, "
,
..
,
,\
.
, .;J,
t
endeavouring ta escape by, the' narrow entran.c:e ta 'tne bay, and'at last dyin~ away in what sounded li~e a gra~d hushed murmur. It was aIse i~ this locality that~ q~ looking over tbe si.de of the Shlp. we witnessed for the first tt,me -a phenomenon of s.lngular beauty, SLlCI, as can be ~ti!en only in tropical cllmes. 1 refer te the magnlficent· illumination of the cor:i\1 banks, ~n whic:t'l ~"e ga::E'd wMilelooklng ovel- the side of th~ !.3thp~, "and WhlCh. i t ila no· eaagger at ion to S..1y. tt-ansc:ended-.i n l Ll::itr'e .'and baal.lty .. aIl l had ever- seen dt~sc:ribüt a11Lll'"i-"g' -of" fair'\' tales. --l.t wë\"? a slght of briil:l2lnce far sL\rp~?~' . si ng a.nythi ng, t!:1a.most- "1cti vs and gi 'f ted .i. m~gi liati~n could conceuve, and WhlCh an ordinary pen, . there'fore,l' mLlst inevita.bly 'fall to qescribe' in anytt;ih~l ).1lr:e terms adequateJ. y eHpressi ve (Mouat lS63: 148-149) •
0: /
-;:
,
:..
~
/
were
1
j ~
{J
-,
~
\
ace,rtal n
whether
there
was <
...
1
El
cl ear pë:\ssage throl.lgh
'.
-,
·'Strait separatin~ North and M~ddle Andaman~ opservations
on
one
the f!!w virtues
of
of-i this
186~:151)~
.
,
al! ~he senses,
•.
.
.
the perfect, 'p-ic:ture' ~
'
., would hava ~ffect(i4r.1 ,
"
~--;--:1
t
the fact th~t. he c:onsidered-h1$ b,ook to I::!e il 'form
~,,'
\
on the eye as the prtmary orgari tn.a pantheon of· thm \
Ms' plac:ed
.'
senses CMciuat
,can ties
1863~45).
Given these racurring themes, ., .
his
be understolJd as a medi tâti on on the °réprésent~ti va
of
a
particul~r
principle --'h~s .ship,
.
observdtional ~In
th,e
. , ,
context that
an~
220 \
"book
modall-
organi:ing
His ship repreBented
,"'
'",
'. ,
, "
'sk~tchbool--'~ on~y sarves ta hlghlight the differehtial">;altJf:l
.
,
'of
.
,
as-=-M-Quat implies,_"
. If ,_=
",
failul"e
w~_~ made consi der-abl e' prpgreS$ at ·fi rst, ..â~d were. ëAbl e tc{ ~ét éve~i~
of'
Upper
he made the fol~o~ing
descrip'l:i,v~ language ~o compJete l'Cs abject:
.'
the
int.Sr5e~~ion
thè
~-o
'oT-a serias of'
hiè~ar~hicaliy differenti'atedo
-:9bservational ,spà~es,< one can_p.~$~t-;-tfÎat ~he'!;ylt!:\!:~
"
that· hi,s
"
~OO"K .ar~~~lat·es ip'~one oth~r-'then tliat of.observation, In ~l.ll
other
wor:ds
it repreJ:ljemted the,.retinal configur<àtion .-
..
!>... ......
.;~
nerve.' 1
'opti c
tural
word
use~the
~
'culture~
~
'
of
al ~
0'
~
deltoeratèl y ",""
,
é'
/J,~re-f"
itself.~' -
Mbu~t
'because
defiMed
'.
~He
observational practices cf
his
'; '
,è)·:peclition as a cql1ective activit.y,_ nct only at the level of
..
disciplinary-
but \:'\150 in terms of
eyes;
points
af
vi eW!S:t 'and - di sci pl i l1ary~ o,'"i entati ons.
,
\
~ractice,
-
,
The
desC:l"'iptions
fn·~m-,personal,
,
Mouat providea~appear te
be
,.
c,Qnstructed'
m:peri ences, ,From a p~l"sonal poi nt cf vi ew. Through
. one. 'hQ.s"'îl\- strong sense of
.....,
.....:r-... '
th!?:
of
boo'~::,
ab s~"rvi ";g
Mouat,' Si
eyë.
"
of
In the context
his Roy~l' 8eogra-
1
'. ./If
'
-
The present ~ommunication is deri~ed'from the Report in ques,tion Cl'1ouat i5 ~r-l"ing 'co the official repl!lrt of "the Commi tteeJ a 'from J;hé-pri vaté notes made by meduri ng the E!>,pedi tl n, . partI y -'f'rom my .own observati ons _ and i n, part from the' aj 1 y rècQrd wr i tten by Dr. Pl ay,~ -fair and Li eut. Heathco , d, plac:èd ln my hands from .' day ta day by the o·fficers l n ' estion. Ta them l am sa mLlc:h i ndebted. for fac:ts and obsërvatlCm$. c:arefùl. " observed and actUl'"'atel y recorded. that . l am an:~ l OLl$ ~ .~hat the present Paper should be considered our joint~ -con.tri bution to the records of the Royal Geographical ?I\"'" Society, while' l am al"onfi responsible for ,any errors 'J and imperfeçtions which it may contain (~ouat 1862: 110).. ' '
~
'1
..
__
~
~-
~~
,. ,,
The
reë\SQn
~~ ----~---~~--:---:-~----
"-,
'
••
phicai Society papêl'"'he had, fa',:" 9HampIe, pqinted out:
~-'
""
presence. Qf , that eye ,was
in_ point of fact.
But,
t;ll,.lbtly collecUve ,in origin.
the
-
---
~
-
-
fol'" this coll aborati ve concepti on Q
-----
~
,
\.
1
, :~,,' practi ce was a des! ra for greater ,accurac:y:
o
D
of
q
observatiénal
i
,\
,
the most minut~ circumstance that ~ight aft.rw.rds pr'ove usefl.ll, ei thsr for kl"1owl s'dg. or for' ·;appl tc:atian ," in some form.· Tc sec:ure _t.he utmost acc\.ll'" ac:: y , the memory was not tl'"Llsted :wi th a load of fae'ts~ net ta bfi nct.&d ; 'd.,?w'n pel'"haps l.uîif 1 thlPY had gCl~ hèpelessi y jumbled together, ,but. ev~rything,was fa~t~f~lly recorded- the' v~ry day l_~ ..occurl""ed, wh~,! _the lmpre~5iion was vi vi d,. a.nd before el'"ror, tha.t ereeps in so 5ubt 1 y wi th deI a.y, ha9 time ta distart oLll'"_simple-'narrative of faets. &And "not qnly so~ but eac:h-e\'ening 19.11 the ",riotes were placed in my hands;:. "the part of the otficial~ r~port hà"ving r;;eferente to the day was compi 1 ad fr"om them, 'cii\fter we three h;ad met in solemn, conelàve fbJ..:' their di SCI.\ssTôÎ1 , final! Y, gj ving them the st~mp' of our l.ln(ted apPl'"oy,al. _ .This was' the routi-ne of evel'"Y day' "';'-, ,the ta.sk fn;Jffi which nothif'lg was allowed te çlive?rt our mindlS; ~li(L11" . whatever circ::\.\m$tanc~s wé-':'might b~ plac:ed; 1: 1'1 e'. clay~gf'. work wasrlnot considered:,a,s-a.ceomplished !,.lntil the day's report wa.s fairly disposed·of .... It was 01.11'" most anltioL.\$ _ wi sh ta' ensure the Lltmost elfactness" liind truth of des, -" cri pU an'd :theref ore not a ward WCilS entered in the ........ 0 ' . . _. .:, l'"ec:"Ord~fol"''' the perf ~c:t aecuracy o.f wh i eh -aLl celul cl "hot ""vQ.Ltch,: if c;alled \.J'pan ,ta do'sa (Moua.t J863:·103-104). ,~
,0
l' ,,:~". \4
.
"i'-
Of.l, ~
o
r
went on, to authent içate hi Si own boo~( in t.erms of
MOl.tat
r
,
i:h"""
~
\
Il
\
P
\
.:
coll,active ~J.teria for ac:cul'"acy ë\f;\d detail ~~hi<:.h ,", Llnderlay ~1'
same
the production of' his official ~eport: ,
.
1
,
"" . journal of each~suceessiv,a day, thus made .t,o~. fol'" i te" own tran,ssc:t i ons., the, present general ,ace,ount, of ~ur vi si t to the Al1d~man$, and of our daily operatièns, _wa·s e:o(tra.~ted, cabl""idged, or-c:.omad. t( Moual 186t. ,: 1(4) • .~ ,
,
Fr~m
d~ta.iled
the
.
"..
'1
r
\ S'"
",'
a:c:cOunt
plI
!
#
.
•
'
-=~
testimonial ,serves ta brur Mouat~s author.ial· stll\tus in
This
~
.
~
.
,
_
the
o~
Wh\ile the deScf"iptj.ons he presents are insc:ribad wi~h
,book.
'i
~
~
"
, presence,
'II
,
'y
...
their aLtth~r}ty is neverth~less foundEid on inFcrma.tion.,
1
descri pti ol1Sformu'l àted through
' .•md
•
.at.tth,enticate.~,
collectively
,i ndepenf.1~nt,
saveral
a
observational
points oF
vi'etw..
In
"
other 'words~" ,his "Ii-ttle narrative of 'facts" was the result ·O't , t
/
"
duplication of .the personal aliq'ths"collec:tivs. ~,
• . ~
J
~
"
comé', full '~irc
~
,
'f~~,t-he~ a,uth~Jl'Ùé:it.Y ~
~
j,
,. ,.. ,
~
r
j
P
.
- . _ ..
.::-'~
~
~
~~
~
.'
t', '"
'"
_#!_-, . -
;
.
At,this :
o-F hie. pe .... s~nal
. "
'
lA
~
•
...!r' ..
" ' ; , .,
~ _ ....,
II
,
",.-
,
)"
.... ~
•
l
",.'
f
cr"
O·
~
.
,
the $ketches ,he pre,sented in hi's boo'k, were a.l.tthenti ceted
tiens,
•
..
J
ccl~ective. authority which' had been
.'
~ ! ),
'immedi;a~
of ,fi ts representati on ~f thé day' s event~'.' . ,~-~(JnstructFhn ... \'
,
..
"t
-
. ther·efore
"
Thi,$' was c
1
o
not aIl. • fi
the
in
'
There.
.
.also the matt~r ,of
.
the
ptl0tographer"
and
•;
presence of another 'eye' -- the camera -- whose .l " 1 • •ô 1 vi sfcn' and ~pro'ducts II'4,oùld pre$umabl y pr-ovide , the perfect i ntar,
,.
,
the.
WàS
\
.
;
o
eye an~ t'he body'~~ eye~ Q.
mi nd' 5
°f
As l have pointed out, ,1:5
"l.:\T1guagê
Mouat's, criticisms o.f "the pen"
of descrl.pti..on" ls cast il1 terms of
a
.gi ven° tu 5 l eani ng5,
'chat he woul d' emphasi =e the val ue of Col eb-
\
rool(e s 1
tS-erviees
."
,
illustrations, of
a
11
It·came~
'-
pictorial
~ae~uraey
of detail.
'.
",nd
paradigm based on the ...,
•
.'-
Cl
as no surprise,
Q
or that he was able to
photogr~pher
on bis ,e::pedition in
ac~:no\vledge
the
the
following
t~rms:
We had ample oppor~un~ty; in the course·of our peregrinations, for ~esting the great.value to trav~llers of thls modern dlseovery, by which the most beautiful features ,of natural $~enery~ and the most: delieate workmanship cf human skill~ tan be ~eproduced wit~ the nicest fideli~y and aceura~y. Wè ~ere 4ceompanted by a photographie artist of great ta1enti Monsieur'Mallitte, . who had previously enjoyed the.benefit of considerable eHperience in that department.of the art in whieh \ hîs services were eniefly required ~n this expedition •.•• • nd through his unwearied appiication'we were enabled to t:at-ry /:)~":\ck an 1. nvalwab 1 e coi 1 ecti on o-ft. phot'og'réfphi è: pictures of the country ~nd pec#le ~- the rich and varied scenes of natLwe; èU1d strU~ing groups illustrative of the life 'and customs of the natives cf the Andaman Islands (Mouat 1863~68,6~).
p o
"
In.
.
f.aet
a$~
1 have already pointed
~ut,
,
:0 ,
, J
:::."
~~'~
,·223
~ -.;,. t ~"Il u~
". -_.'1
,
,
.
,~
~.. ~.::
r" :.
'
l
r
•
\
\
photogl'"aphs· of "the 1i ofe and,< C:U\\"tc;ms" Of th. Andain.lI;....
N.ver-
1
o 1
·th.l~ss,
~ignificant
comments .are
his
that
in
they
cl.arl~
indicafe the impcrtance ai 'photography in the work of his expe9i\ , rr-anically, his praise! of the photographie
.tian.
m~diLlm
contras-
~
de~criptive peneil
ted with his references ta the power Qf Ehe
in
4
'his dlScLlssions of the failures of his descriptive pen.
In,
fact
.'i
o'
-
MoLtat' never actua11 y di SCLlsses the producti on of
,
~ny
\
drawings on
The penciI which he dwelt on wtt~ such insistan-
his expedition.
ce. had, in real i ty, baen' a phantom presence, 'of the Qrd(ir~f ~he' ;',. , 11"""-'
descrlptions o
,
ptctarial
which
of
not
the
dr.;awi ng,. •
argue~ent
Mouat's
praise
eont~~sts sh~r-ply
pen.
desc~iptive
sOJourn
the
to
1
th~se
th~ fidelit~
Anclamans ta~d
th~
SMd accLtracy of
. Ref erences to '
photography
l'''~éur
.
~
,
"
camera'
t~e
throLlgh.put hil-l acc:ount~
,.
and t~stimonies. If bath witnsssem ~n~
,
creates significant moments in the representational
"
o'~
with"his beratement of the inadequacies.of . him
,ct ~Pi$O(~esd', . obs~rvat~.ons~ ,,
ng
paneil.
thé camera becomes .a wandering eye among his
;
The·
of Jack, theM bath com-
and exorci=e the phantom of
of
'" criti~ize.
Hi s descr i pt ions of_ the
espec:ially
expedition photographs,
plicate his
J
to
~presence~
.,
produc:ts
photagraphs.
0'
he used its
~articulation
,"
of the Andaman Islands:
the
e~uipment
15 descr1bed
at-~~e~begin-
nlQg,of the s):pedition; the olp' settlement at Chatham Island, and .. ,Barr"en
~~l
and are pho'Çographed,; .
Mai l i t te, ... ,
the \ photogr:apher, • i ,
in the 1 ast èonfrontati on wi th the 'Andcamanese;
i nj u!,ed
photo~raphed;
~nd
Jack
finally the photographs of an AMdamanese
li
5ku~l
62,68,106-107,111, 154-135, ~~1-:
,
1
253,284-285,331>.
i
.-!
6
1863:
53
'
\.
..
"
,
. , . ..
.
"2Z4
Ob,
l,
•
'
CI
prais9
1.
presages
1/
strong
... a..
of shift
ln
the
ther~foYe,
dl"awings, "
Colebl"ooke"s
frame
representational
of
nffel"snr. e' whi C~l governed tbe eal" 1 i el" sur vey reports.. ,Wi th Mouat,
\
bee:ome Char~s
visual It:nowledge.· the
cul tural 1
.
drawinglf ,
are no ,l.:mger the princtpa.l
rep'l"esentati.;m" .;:.f the
are .,
\
ph,jtogl"aphs
and
Andaman
language.
'of
anthropol,::.gists in the closing dec~des /
Cif
of
c,::nnpc'r;le~t
in
Islands-. wit,h
,juxtaposed
par~digm
,pi ,:tor i al
a
.
Phantom
as
And,
~e l:entury,
among attempts
, cQn~tructing a meth6do~~gy for the,represe~tatib~ ~f cultul"e~
at
increasingly
al"e
,
influenced
•
hete~ogeneous
by
It,
'jbser vati onal
procedul"éS which valol"ize the camera and photogl"aph.
o /.
The aun Boat Observation.
~.3)
e!Y~Q:
Observational Platform and •
1
.
•
\Although
Blail"
and
Cultur~'for , , ,
fi
Mouat wel"e
to
in$tructe~
comple\e
similar
l,
surverg ,ta~k~r
tf,ey worked' in dis':retel::tbseyvati'jnal
':ultules
"
.";.'
(TeinP1 e 1'300: 1 ~4, 105; Mouat 1863: 44-45),' l have al ready n.oted one
tacet
of this difference:
; ''-ll1el''Et Wil$
Mo~at'. valori~a~{on
of
photography.
a second di fference. Although the t\",Q surveying e!t;pedi"
tions \
"
0
qf
,
re~l"esented
•
'
the first systematic
physical charactel"istit-s of t,he l,srands,
.
...
di~ated#
Whereas
on s4bstantially • % •
Blair's
sur vey
ta comprehend the
a~tempts
their repol"ts weye pre-
I.~ ,
_~~I
diff~rent 1
,
cultures
,1;)
t
r ep r es'én't a i p'n •
f
~l
was
in
,~
the
~ge
,:,f
t.~
:~J!
~:,,,,~
r"
,the
)'
,,:;g b1
:';~ h-'
,> ',' .
" -~~
225 1.' ,
",
• T
,
,',
:i~*
,,'
.
sa.iling ship,"
--0
Mouat's was conduc:ted in the age of
steam.
two forme of navigation signal oth~r
princip~l distinc::tlon involves,
important distinctions. The
of course, the social, cu~tl.lrci\ll' o
·and eco~omic impact of the Industriel Revolution, , i
ts 'i mpetl,lS
Thil ••
~
from
,
,
the pci..,.wer provi.ded by steam
"
which ~eceivœd ...
engine~ ~(L~nde$
1977:98-9,9). Althoug~ tQe firet' ~te~tile~ phase of the lnduutr;i.nl
Revolution began in the
~eC9nd
half of
th~_.ighteenth cent~ry;
0'
i~ the sscond ~hase o~ ind~strial~zatioA,
revolutiol'
in
pl'"esent:~c:ase.
t.ransportation
that, i!:li
and in p~r~icu~ar o~
it
th~
consequenCE!".L ,~œ
As Hobsbawm has l10ted ,in conru?cti 9n wi tl") the ri\11-'
way-network: " .... t..-
".
O· . ..
1n ,affect, bY.-~the basic Ènglish railwii\y~' n:t.~work was all"'eady more or l ase in e}:i stance. In every _respac'!:' thi. w~s a revo~utionary tra~sfo~mation,-- more revolutidhary, :"1.n its way~" than the ri$e of the cot'ton industry bec:ause i~ represent~d a far m9r~ ~dvaMced phas,e of i ndustri ali zati on and' one beari ng on ·,the l i fe . of the ordinarY'citizen outside the ~ather small _ are~s of actual i n*dLlstry. I t reach~d i nte some qf tl1~ remotest lareas of the countryside'and the cen~œr$ of th~ greatest ci ties. It transformed the speed of mClVf.3ment -- indeed of human lifa -- from one measDred ln singla mi 1 es per haur to one measurp.d in scores of mi 1 es- par hour ~ and i ntroduced the noti on of a gi gant l c ~ nab onwide, comple}< and 9Hac:t interlockl.ng rc)utine symboliz(gd by the railway tlme-table (From which al( the subsequent·~time-tables· too~ their name and ln.piration). It revealed the possibil:tieA of techni~al progr~s~ as nothlng else had done. becauGP It was bnth mare advanc:ed th.an most ether' forms of t·::!C:hnl c.,,1 ëlCt-l vi ty and omnIpresent. ·The cotton~miJls 'af 1800 wer~ obsolescent by 1840~ bu1: lJy 1850 tlH? f"ëH 1 wa'(s h,,'!C'j re6'lched a standard of performance not serL~usly JmprQved upon until the abandohment oF steam ln th& mld twerltiœth~' century. thelr orgdnlz~tlon and methods were en a scala unparalleled ln'any ether lndustry. ~helr use of n~yel and sClence-based t~chnolegy (such as 'th~ olectric telegraph) unprecedented. They .ppear~d to be several '1J. generatiClns ahead of the rest of the economy, anQ, '\\' . ihdeed 'railway' became a sort of synonym for ultr~ modernity in the 1840s, as 'atomic' was te be after thG Second Werld War. TKeir sheer si~e and scale staggarad the imagination and dwarfed the most gigantic _pUbliC
- -r -
'.
226
'
, r
.'
'
.
.
,'~
,
'
'-'
"works of "tH'e ,pa~t
'.
o
,", The
(Hobsbawm 1977: 110-111)-.
'
.4)
of"steam on navlgation was aIse 'decisive. ,Fo~., the
i mpac:t
'
,
'fi/"s't
.
time' navigation' was liberated froin the const/'"aints of ~
.
~
~
,
the
Elut that-liberat~on was '~lso "liC1timitely \ conriected ta'. whole network of interc:onnected,transformatians: vand
r
an'd
human body.
:..
Coal~ are by i t Cthe steam engineJ made to spin~ weave, print ~nd-dress silks. cottons, woollens. and
dye,
cloths; , to make pape/'". and pr 1 nt boo~: S LtpOn i t 1:0 com/ert corn lnto flow'" = to e~:press 011 -frein the 011 ve. and wi ne from the gl'"ape:; to draw I.tp metal from the bowèJ S ':Jf the Ë? ia 1'" th ~ ""to pound anl.:l smel t olt, ta mélt and mould It~ te forge .Lt:; to roll I t . and te fashlan I t lnto every deSlrable form: to transp6rt thesa manifold products of ltS own ldbour to the doors of thcme for whose convenlence they are ~roduced= te C:cSn"y pei'"sl::mS. ëlnd gonds over: the w2:\ters of rI vel"'s 'l, lake/S, seas, and '::lc\~<9n1;. in Opposltlon aIde to the n~t~ral difflcultlPS of wind and water; te c:arry the wind-bo~nd Shl~ out of port~ te place her on the deep raady to COlTItn8nCGl tll?r VOydgr::; ~o throw 1 ts arms arOLliid the Shlp'cf war, ~nd place h8r sid~ by side with the el"emy~ ta i:t-~'Jn$pi.1l" t ovel'"' thŒl SLtr'f ace of the deep ~ersons ~nd l~formatLcn; from town te towh, and from c:oLtntl'"Y t 0 l:ountl'"Y. wi th c"i\ ~>peed as InLtch e}(ceedi ng that CJf the l:Jn:lI,Ilë:\ry wtlld. <35, the Ordln6\rv ~'-lind- e~~ceeds that 'of a common pedestrl an (Lardner 1840: 5-6> • other'
~"h~n m<::ide~
.... A.
Mic:hel Serr~s pOlnt. out~
A
revolution
"~hat
ope/'"atinq on m~tt§(.
1s the
Indl.Jstrial Revell.lt;on'?
ta~es
It
place at
at the or1g1ns of force. it
ia Of" one produc:es It'"
Serres
(Serres 198::56).
h.:\s (:a<5t tlle qUEstion.
IS
One
ta~es
the
farce as
The sense ln
also the sense of
very
wl-nc:h
the differenc\~
, bet!"Ieell
Bli:\J.r'!:; sLtrvp.y
the E:1.U!:.g
l'~
in MOL\ë:\." s
;:\nd MOLlat·s e::pc:(:htion.
and the raie
c:Jf
te:(t establlshes th<'lt dlfferenC:e.
, ..,
o
A further d st! nct Ion Cdn pe drawn social
. spaed
consequences of steam power: and extent of
travelo
n terms of the cul tural
a substantlal
o
"
!' \
'
and
Increase ln the
As on~ ~6mmentator put i t in
227 ' " '
1
1827;
".!b""''''''':.-IOU"f"Ol' -
!.~~~'''''~\''';'3~~~~~4;Z~fl).~.j~'-J\;'''' ~...,:
.
J,~
:-r(~,,~:,,+r.,,~~~~-
,
~
,
-
"U"
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"
\
.. » "
:~""
1
t~ " , 1I\: -..~\" '(;.~'i,).. .. --.;;-r:::r~'" _~ ~.\ e~ ~,
,1,
"Z
.. ~" .. ~
i
,J.~
'J,
){~_3. ,,>;',,~,_"._~.~~.. ~.' ,',~i ,II .. ~,' .. \ .~:
"r
-.
,,', ,',
"
"
Q
Thi s'age of i mprovement, i $ perhaps in nothi ng me .... e 'distinguished from ail former periQds than in the -efforts which are untversally making fer facilitating the communlcation between distant places. Every 'clas~ of society seems ta fael that ë\ ~;c:\fe~ eltpedi t lOUS. ë.\nd economical conveyance between remate parts of thé world increases the enJoyments and ~brldqes the lnccnveniances of 1·+e. white it adds most ffic:\terial1y lo th~ va 1 qe of p r",-Q.per t y. From thlS caLlse. none of the IlLlmerOLlS ,;\nd spl-c:fnd l d applications of science to the a,'""tr.; of 1,lfE.~ h_~Vi:~ b\~en hailed wlth such general app~obation, or ar~ ll~81y to be 50 important ln their conssquençes. as the emplQyment of the Sbeam-englile. in OVl?I'"comlllg the dt!?li::\yji!l .and difflCLllt"u?s 0+ NCÎ;vigat.lon. TIH~ ~::\It·\: lJf N.:wig-;Üll:Jr1 bv Steam. thoL\gh enti rel y new. has all~8Ady a°C:HLll.'~t?d s<;w:::hunversal patronAge and pr~ference even over ,land' travelling, where they come into c:ompetltlon, "that sinee' the year 181~'. when one sol i tar'y ·;tt?a.nbOè\t of, thl'"°ee-harse power first plied Llpon the CJydQ. betw~ef1 Glasgow and Greenoc~, almost every great lins cF commLlnlc<:1.tlCm on the rlV:,E!rS and cO':\'.:its of Enqlan<:!, Scotland. Wal~s. and Ireland,· and from thence te thw Continent, 15 naw occupiE!d by steam vessaIs of magnitude, wlth superior machinery~ performing their voyaga~ with 'safety, ~nd with a regularit~ and certainty, aven on our mOst stormy seas, that would formerly have been deemed impossIble •
o ,\
'
"
, r
'.11
.
The'commentator went on te note: ,
.
• bec assumed, as jan i Rcontrovert i bl e fact,' that wherever Steam ,Navigation has baen 9stablished on a proper footing. and on a' sufficient scala of vessels and mac:hinery. olt has not only been
'It
Ill<':\'{
i ndeed now
"abundantly successfuI, but its performance has surpassed ihe ~xpectatlQn5. QV8rCOme the nAtur~l preJudIces, and commanded the confidence ~~êQ of nautolca~ ,men; ,it has not ç:>nly draltÎn to i t aIl thE? most Valt.lc:\ble commLlnication in lts Iln61 OT transit, but a.lso lncreased the quantum of communlcation in almo.t a , tenfoLd proportjon (anon. 18~7:5-6).
impact that thlS new
,The
for~
of power would have on
mor~l.
political consequences of trav_l was perceived as pr~found~ _
•
o ~
and political conseque~ces of so great a ~hange in the powers of transit~on ai' persons arid intelligence from place ote place dre not easily calcu~
,
,- "
me~al
• c,
1
!
,
,The
"
•
.-.
""<';
"1'
,
.
"
~
,
~~'~~,~
228
.. , c
',:"
~'1
.
a.nd
,
"
. ,-
,
,,', "-r~
,,::;1-':" -;,~;'~?t,r-1>Q.,j l~':f •• -.;~ : ~
1 h,
.
,
~
,
!
'tt
"
lated. The con-c:entration of mind and e:<ertion whic:h a great metropolis always exhlbits, will be extended in a _ considerabl~ degree te the whole realm. The same effect will be produced as if aIl distances were lessened in the proportion in which the ~peed~ and c:heapnes~ of • transit are in~reased. To~ns at present remeved sorne 'Stages f ra/ri the metJ'"opol i s, vii Il become l ts suburbs~ others, now at a day's journey, WIll ~e removed te it5 immed1ate vic:inity; busIness will be carr!ed on wlth as much ease between them ~nd the metropolls, dS it 15 now betwe~n dIstant points of the metropeLls !tself. Let tho5e who dIscar.d,spec:ulati,.Qrls llke these as wlld and improbable, recur te the, st~Jte of pLlblic 'OpinIon, at no very remote period.'on ~he éubject of steam navigation. Wi th l n th li! memory of J3:ll!rsons who liéiIVe net yet passed , ' ,the merl.du'ltn of Ilfr:\, -i:he pos$ibllity o.f tt"'sversIng by the steam engIne the channels ~nd seas that surraund and i ntersE'ct these 1 sI ands ,,, was regarded as the dr-eam of enthusiasts. Nautic~l men and men of sCience rejeeted sueh speculatIons wlth equal incredulity, and with little l~ss than seorn for the understandlng of those who cou1d for a momen~ enter~aIn them. Vet we have witness8d steam englnes traverelng not.thYse channels· and seas -alone, but 5weepIng the face of' I?hl:! ~ ~waters round every coast ~o Europe. The seas wh~ch )nterpoae between our A~latic dominions and Egypt, and tliose WhlC::h separate OLtr" OW'1 shor8s frem o'.\r West Iridi an possessi ons, have of:fered an equal1 y ,i neffectual barrier ta its powers. and the establIshment of a l''agul ar steam 'communl catl on between tlie capl tal·s of the Old and New World has ceasRd tu be a question of prac·tlcabillty. 11dVil1fj become m€?rely one c)f commercu:\l profit. If stedm be not L1sed as the. only meane of connecting the most distant pOInts of our g]anet. lt is ,not because It 15 Inadequate t~ the accomplishment of I:hat elld, bLlt because the SLlpply of the fficlterlal, f,'"om ~..,hlch at tt1e present moment It derlves Its powers. i5 restr i c:ted by 10(::a1 - ~nd acei dental ci rcumstanc:es (Lc..'.\r·df1er '1840: 334--'::35) • .. "These commentarl es can onl y do curso,,:y JUstIce ta the cultural c:entLlry.
tran$form~tions
Its
effects
SQCl
al
wrought by $team power ln the Qlneteenth . can even be seen to have encompassed the
Andama.n l ~1 ands as ear 1 y as the 4: i r-st quarter of the centLlry,
the
Andaman
, coaling
site .
.nd Nicobar group was proposed as the
station
by
and
,a
Lie~tenar1t
Johnson
ln
as
for {Martin
1825
, '"" "
, , ,
.
..
, "
,_
~
,
'~
.,
l."
j
~~
~{~~, ~ ... ',I{!,t
~ ~~
•
_
P"r~ ~~'J ... ,-@' ~ ~~' 't t t
f,- ... #J,l .....
,~,...i
~~>:
;'J
C
'';~:-:1;-~~,t;(-''''-r)I";,.~,~
;î ~~,~~..;:tI\ r~~~ f;. f.
b"
~)
I!'~
J:~~
? "i'~1 :. ~ ';;;~l.'1t~ "~~~,' ::.tr~~~yt'i~~, ~rt!\~i!"$'t/t.f ~,\rifl.f~~~'l~)~~~-:.. rli,> fi",,: '(, ~~ .::;~'i .., '\ ;'f~.;t"'l1)l<" ~~~~ 1,", ,t['l; ~ 1
..
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.....
1,,1
, Retl..trpi ng ~iQQ~!
Meuat and Blai r one notes th lit
'to
SQ!1~ê:.i:!;§
from
whîch
they
gb.!ICY.!::
the
dlf'ferentiall y
worked· were
''''--l . .
structLlred in relati~n ta each other. -gcm boat ,for e>:ecut'ing hjs sLlryey. 'CrL\i=~r'
class
brigs
and ltS
8
in e:ontra<:it te the
Blair\ hdd Llsed J.n" his
.>'
,
T~escrlption
giv~s
'SI10W~
lnlt!.iiI-l ~he
~JUI'v('~y
bOdt
serves as ~ good e:~dmr~l\='of' one f",\c:et c)f t:lif:?
hnd
Mouat
cf
•
CI'" EH-J "
<;,\rld
Qun
1900:104).
(Temple
MOLlat usee a shallow draft
,"
of differential structure l the gun boat and l ts
Cl .... -el
have ln mind. He begins by
.;
c:h"l~ïCt-:\l)in9
as a mll i tay"y mi ~r'oc;w'5m:
As ...the large steamli':!r ,Ù1 which we hc:\d come ~:!IO "i!ar C1!rom Calcuttal WdS net fitted for the intricate navig~tion of the Andaman coasts~ WB were h~r~ td be transferred _to th~ Ilttle war-st~amer Ely tg, which had been placed at ou~ service by Government. As she wa~ of light -draught, she was admirably !3ui'ted for o'mperlmenl::.~l navigation in the shallow $ea~ a.round i$la.nds~ aDd among the dangerous reefs ~ith WhlCh thetr CO~Gts ara ~ften fringed (Mouat 1863:67-68).
-'
t "
)
The E1k!:!;,Q was only a small vessel, cempii\ratively ~-"/$peaking, but sile Was weIl armed -- in(jeed, +or a craf't of her, moderate di menSl ons, she was 11eavi l. y r1rmed ~ and all h~r warl i ka arrangemt-:nts c:\ppeare-d te bl: very complete and effective -- dt least there le no dcubt they would havli':! prcved 50, tf WB had Bver had occ~sion t,c put their efficiency to thé test. ,In addition 1:0 th(~ usuel complement of officers~ an 8l:perHmced gtmner' sailed wlth us, and, basides the la.rge native ~rew, we had twel ve ELtrOpeans. T119se. wi th tl1e of f i ç:(~r and ql.\i:\y·(j from'the êêill!Cim~§ [the ship Whlc:h had carrie~ hLm frem CalcuttaJ, aIl fLllly armed ~nd eqLdpped, fl.lrnl rnt1ed \.I!:3 with a~ tolerably stron~ party of ~u~opeana for our protectlon (Mouat 1863:75). -a"-!-
i
,
'
,
.
,
--.",
Mouat
went on to ratl onall
=e
the mi 1 i ta.C?" strengtt1 -o'f hi j~
j:1êl.V"ty
. in the followlng terms: ' -
~
,
, ,
G"
1
.i.:
,
a
, '"','.
~
. t
~,
•
~ ~': \ ',~~ ~
-, tF"
v .. ,...
,
The reasQn we were sc numercusly and effectively guarded was'Î ln the first place, because wa did net ,know what 'dangers we,might have to face; and then lt weuld be mere ·truism te add, that in proport'ion as,
~
l,
.
.....', l -
_
l, ('
.230
,
~
~
,> ", ,
,
'
, 1 .\
our feeling of security' wâs md~e undoubting, 'with 50 • much the more zeal and energy would we all be able te .give our minds ta the duties marked out for us (Mouaf 1863: 75-76) •
o
the
~xpedltion
was accompanied by a small schooner that
.
c.arried coal. Mouat' s
description
of
El!d~Q,
whose crew fl.lnctioned
with
, . "the regularity of cI'1ck-work," was in markèd 'he had provided of the §~IDicsmi~;
C:,ontra~.t
to tRe one
an.oldèr steam~powered
wooden;
huHed vessel. " p
were for~unite in ha~ing a, comfort~ble and, conve'nlent vessel in the steam-frigate §êID![sID!ê, which was selected for the conveyance of the expedltion. although a qood many vears must have elapged Slnce her keel was laid, and she was ln no Wdy to be compared to the 'scientifi~ally-constructed vessaIs. bath llghter and s~ronger ln thelr build. that hAd been launched since her prow flrst dlvlded the fuam-crested wave. She was a favourable specImen of a +~st dtsdppearlng tribe of wooden steamers propelLed by paddles. She was bu~lt of teal::~ and 11er saloons and cablns ware sLlfflCIently SipëH:HH.IS J:.o bs con'lfortabls. 'ln the Ilmltsd senSe ln wh i ch th .... t ~"or'd' can be Llsed as appll cab 1 e ta the conditIon cf those who must mahe thelr home fo~ a tlme within the wacden walls of an old steamer (Mouat
We
r
r ,S
L')
t - . l'
flJ" _ Î'*"
-
~, ~
~"
:ft.
'
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.
,
"
1863:6:::;).
ç,' , ",> "
'"
,"
He went on to note that the
..
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~
,-
p
i:~~ ";
,
t,"
-
r y ~,
4r,
•
.
t! '~..
J
'.
<'
~
had
• •• si nce cfepoGi ted het- ti mbe,rs somewhere on th61 coast of ,Afric:a -- doubtless fram a well-groLlnded c:on,viction '-'thet, as she was 50 far behind these go-a-head times, it would be more becoming to ~helve herself with i:li gni ty on tl ft? f 'L rst SLll tab.1 e occasi on j-at;hel'"' than be compellod to ,eNpose her many.deflc18ncles in the presence cf the Warriors. MonItors. and.Merrlmacs. who ~!g~t ere lo~g show thelr colours. Even on the 'seas wtth the navigation of WhlCh 5he had long been famlliar. (Mouat 186J:63t
i
f
~êœ!.r:§H!.11a
~
<'
'-
,',
f,
~O:t" c,
0'
,-
.'
..-:-
.c,
,
.,
:::'"
The wreck of the §§m!.!:èm!.â sy~b"ol i zed for Mouat the passlng of an
-,'~
'" ',' 'i\oe ""
... '
in the Bay of Beng,al.
1
231~
which was precipitateà byv sciê~ti-fic
:.
'. '-'
'.
_....
''',,~
/
1
and
o
.,of
techno1ogieal progress o-land was celebrated in the ' tea~
by iron.
Amongst the
~ymbols
of these new_
~eplacement
technolo~ic.l
.. the t i mes,
his
desc~iption
'of
t~e
veésel at
narrative -ironically echoed a
rom~ntic
past of 5ai11n9
he focused on the 'wake of the
v-&ss;~ ~"-
her
~
~
hull,#as opp,:>sed ta hel"
~ngines
,
~es••ls as' lJ
~
mà~~ ~ steam-l inèd
~.
and paddie-wheelsi
1
· ••• was calcul.ted to inspire feelings like thase which animated the I:;.ld disc,:;.verers when they started, on. tAeir-voyages in seaTeh of new.lands; feelings, we say, similar in nature, though doubtles5 very different in degree'. Our steë.~mer, heavy as was her armeament, "me' loade'd wi th aIl tf1at Wc.'S ne,:essdt'"y f,:,t'" l:.Llr futLlre operations, eut through the waters «like a thing of life," leavlng behind her a long trail o:,f sparkling '(Q~m, mad'ing the ':QL\l"Se she was pUrSL\iLng, strëdght a~{' an arr.:,w. L,:;.,:;.k up at hel" tall taper l n'tl masts; apparently so slender and fragile, yet strong enough to bear her ample sails bellying before the wlnd. Look a10ng her dar~, low, sna~e-like huII, and observe her gya,.:eful 1 Ines, hey beautl fuI .:urve (Mouat 1963= 7,\) '" "
c..
It was only later and from a simulated cross-cultural perspectiv,"that
he deso:ribed a vision of the
ElytQ
,
as
the symbot' of an
,
~ge.
1"
of steam. In the meantime, he eontinued in a nostalgie vain: <>
When
one 15 at sea ln 5uch a ves.el,- always suPposih9 ~1e is no:,t '.:5l.. ffering fY.,:,m sea-sio:~'ness, thê3t enemy t,:;. ' '-aIl enchantment, he ,:ann,:;.t wonder t~1at the sai l/::!y should regard his ship with feelings almost as warm as the patriot his native land, . or the e~ile his distant home. (Mouet 1863:77'
,
,\ ~;
,
BLlt
tJ1i~
connectlon
!~OAstttute~
-.
1 .
with a "natIve land," and
an important fa~et of the s~ecia\ 9
-that a ship could provide., The
CI' 232
<-:t.
Ï{{~;_,;"t;:~ . . ~
-----
_-.Î~~
,~".~.'.f..'~-_~'~~__ "
j~ -,~1~1'-' '" ~.~,:.,~#::~--~~::'
-';'>
E1Yig refle2ted
','distant
,
cultural' 1
1
\
·home" ~ante~t
/
l}
worla
o
in otf"er impoYtant ways'; ,
of
its oçcupants.
fQY
e~ampl~
•
~
h~terogenie~y
in the
,
Mouat described his crew as a
'''',
hierarchically
. di f ferent i ated. ethnographi.: mi cr·:rcosm: " Ou~ crew consisted of a ,strangely fuingle~ collection of human beings. Anyone devoted to th~.study cd ethn.:rlogy w.:rul d have had amp le means foY' ad-dl ng tp his store,.:rf vnowledge j n that s.:ienl:e, by ,'I:.bsJ:rving the peculiarites of the various nati6naliti~s Of whom t.r~re wl!re spe.:im~ns i:rn tpe ded:' .:.f the E!.!::!!Q.; Limited as \Jas the number .:rf .:rur European ,:rew, .. aJ'Î.::rng them might be found the self-dependent AnQ~0-S.~01s, active and fiery Cel t,s, fai r Norsemen, <::e>i;,;)ùt .Finlan'def's, swarthy Italians, and Maltese dist~~guished by their w,;:.nzed faces and guttural speedl. In addi tion to these, we could boast of one Frenchman' and a Hamburgher, with a Portugese or two a~ swarthy and as guttural in speedl as t~le Mal tes,e. The:t 7 , ':I::lnstl tuted , the European complement, formlng, lt m~t be allowed, with two natives of North and South ~mé~ica, a pretty varied representation of the white br~nch of the Aria~ fa~ily of the human race. As rec~rds the dar~, or rather the blac~ portion of our trew, Africa supplied us with sto~ers and pokers, weIl seasone~ for their hQt_~_ and laborious occupation b~ the burn~ng sun of their native plains and, deserts. -" China was laid under contribution to supply' :us wlth carpenters. We had sailors of various castes from the Malayan peninsula, the ports of Hindostan, and the Malabar ~oast. Our ,:c,oks hailed fr.::rm Bu.rma.l, from which we had aIs.;) 'a, par t y.:, f c.::rnvi 1: ts, 't.::r wh.:.fTI were 'assi gned s.;:.me 0 f the laborious tasks we might find necessary on reaching our destination. Last of aIl,' Bengal supplied us with our personal attendants (Mouat 1863:77-78) •
"
1
.,
.
.(,
,
,
,
He .thén vjnt~red ta furnish the following ironie c6mments on'thi~
ut
r 01
~
..
'l~/~
$~~ ~, .~
:" "
~.
·
~: 0' :",
,
,': ~', ':, ':'
. \,'.
,
\
melange
o~
the' races of the
~lob.:
-
Ther'e Wc!.\S - considerable truth in a r'emark made by ':'ne .;'f my"companions, tha~ if the earth .were overwhelmed by a deluge during our absence, or if the whole race .of mc!.\n~ind were swallowe~,up by an earthqua~e -- we . alon~ beinQ laft te show that such a creature as man had once t~od- the surface of the globe -- an ~thn~logical inQuirer, endowed with the ~kill and knowled~e of a Cuvier or an Owen, would not flnd i t ~ifficult, with thi s comprehensi ve t"ept"esentac la:.n ,;)f the .:
,:-'Y(,J;,~:';' ~
.'
"
1:
2 3 3 ,
~~~~·,,:,;:.':.i'~l~~~i~~,~;~:i~~:~:,;f,;~~:;,~.,:';",:::,< ~ ,", : '~" <
:;'é
~.~ ;~/ ,~,;-"., -'"':'
.',
,,' \
"'l<' '
; [.
J
,
grinciple tribes, n-ations, _and tong~les Qxisting llpon the face of the earth at the p~10d of thi. suppos_ed cal ami ty (Mouat 1863: 78-79) ~I '
.
,/l' Al,thol.l-gh'
..,,,
.
as~'
-
1~1)1:235~,' ... , - ...
the crews ai Ritc:hie and Blair's vesselli5 -war.' probably, ,'
di veçse
in
1900:
11'3~
ethnographic:ally,. reflexivs musings . are
of
their
Mouat·s
racial
composition
'(TEtmp l Ci" ,r
.if' ...
,:con~ldérable
:i.h that th~y prov.ide the o\..rtlinCiS
interest
of ";an
~
ethnograpHy
of the ,hip,
with radie:al impli~a.tlona ~ar a ~
rœf~e~ive
anthropology. He
trul~
1(J
0
co~tinued: 4'
•
..
~
"..J1
It needed, however, no sue:h catastrophe to .nable tho~Q who were ~n~ious to increase their knowledge of" ~heir ~ind td derive'interes~ from ~he'appearance and charactèri sti cs of our var i ad crew Sl.ICI"t- a ,nl.lrober ôf . men col~ected, within a very limited space~ fro~ all corners of the eal'"th, aIl engayed Dn the sa.me ' e): ped ition. one not devoid in some measure/of peril and l.Incertaintly, and aIl rega~dlng It in th. same pe~uliar point of view most consonant with the habits of their prevlous Ilfe and training. Many of them. lnd~ed, had' no i dea beyond that of thei r dai 1 y al ternti\ti Clns of rest and labour~ and seem~d~to have little or no curiosity as to where they were gOJng, or what was the obJect of the voyage on which they wel'"e engaged
---
,.
.
j,mperHHn(~', <~
ThesÈ! comments provide a 'sense of the m4iignitLlde o'f the..
-
on the tiny' insular worla cf the' Andaman~lsland!l f,-y. r .....
enc;r~a.r.:hment
a'g~oup/whbs~ ethnie: heterog_n~ity,
,',
and class ~ifference$ signal
~he e~ergence o~ • new global' order.
- .One
can also gain from
Mouat~s
passage an insight into the .
~
,symbol;i.c wlth -"\'. --
pt-~cticar
observational,
e}(,amp 1 e,
of
arid_
seamen
traditi~ms
~general .d~
of
the
pasto
,~'.,
There
sCI'"edi ti'ng of, the observat l anal
~
~
Blair's
earlier accounts.
~
-
was, cap ai: l t
.-the dentral characters and authority nf ... . ,. . },:'"
aljd
,
br-ealt' which ,the voyage would . precipitate
HiHi
Ritchie~s
~
Not o~I:Y\ élid th~~ seamen
" disinterested :i,n the objectlyes .of the
+or
eX'~iti-~', / bU~
ilppear-
they werr ~
234 2
."
.'
.... ,
"
:t~ 01
~;;
'"
...
.', a
..
ch i 1 di sh i n
o
eir imaginative' speculations concerning the Andaman
l
reproduc~
the
lmportant . foll~wing , '
pass~ge
in
full~ ~
illustrates the two conflicting paradi~ms·o~ . observation' 1
-~nQ
rsveals their temporal orientation:
1.
'
;;l'J
t>
.
•
the cm,e c:on?.trai r-ted
t.he p'ast; the other drawn forward by the future .. ,l''
.Although mQst people find i t rather inoonvenlént to'be .conf1ned for any length of tlme to the narrow 1imits'of ~ .vessel at sea, l cannot say that such was my own . experience ln the present case. There was much" to· ,,' observe that maçfe the tlme pass plŒëlsantly eno~gh, \ • a):jaf't a'l to~gethel" fl'"om the SOC,!. et y of those' who were accqmpanyi ng me as the heads of the e:peop l e whom they W91'"e saon. 1 n aIl pl"'bba-~ bi}ity~ to be among. Th~y h~d aIl heard more'a~ le~~ of . the not very dttractlVG representations of the Andama~' nesa that we~e qenel"'~lly circulated. and they were never tired of lndulglng ln .aIl ~,l,nds of specLllaticms as to the adventüreos they ml gl,t be i nvol vsC'J in among a race of whom they knew 50 little that was certaIn.. The n~tives 0+ Hindostan particularly revelled in the wildest, imaginings about those tïn~,nown and terrible ,1 sl.enders. Theu' plctures were aIl of the mos:t rnonstl"oLIS "~r.:'\nd t~rI"or-i nsp~ ri ng de~cri ptl on ~. and j ho ar-ti st but ,a Chi nese one, faroi]' 1 al'" Wl 'th the most g''"9tesque delinl?ations of hippogriphs! and Fll1 kinds of . 'monsters 'èosslble and lmpbss.Lbl~. COLIÎd l'''eprod'uce fa.lthflllly'the pictLI~es painted by their e~:cited fancy. It i5 perhaps scarcel~ credible. but I t 15 nevertheless trL!~, thc:'\t the 1'eas t 1 e:(ë\lJgel"'ated and autrageOLlS n;oti ans -preval~=nt respecting the Mincdpies represented them as a ncndescript kind of men, with horses' heads and liQn~s tails. That they had an unllmlt~d capaclty for hLlman f 1 esh was an. art i cl e' of' f al th wh i ch no one ven~llred te di$p~~e, and if anyone had dona sa he 'would only have been laughed at for his pains (Mauat 1863:82-
1 ~,'
. l':/~ (.f
," ,
"
,
1
.-
,
/
"'.' ,.
,
•
. ,"
93) •
'. 1
1 ...
~
e
1 ...
~
..
"l'
~
...
'. :'. :',·:ti.;<})~~ . ':'~ :.1.:"
,.
.' ,
,
"
by
.
"T~e7e
observations èif his, t;rew's fanc:ift.ll imagin'ing:' c:amp'r ••• ~
1
~
r ~
.~
whole
the Andt1\man ,Islarids' ,-.
........
-
,
~
~aréo:PQlo onwar~s --
from
,
o
t,".
, 0" . /:::
cnte the~deck of the
'.~ -
if'
Qaa\t ~ '_
QUM
,The
o
• r_
commen sea.m:an~.s.~lief,s bec:ome an éx
obsarvàti on as fantasy wh! ch
of
Medieval travel
,
c:h~racter:i.
:::ed - muc:h . of
d~5COUr$e:
" 11
,
Wi th them accurac:y of ge was svnonymol.\5 wi th ..".,. capacity' of belief. When to these terror-in$pl~in~~ representati ons' i t i s added tI1.nl:· t'hey bel i ëved the»e, sàvages to be proof against any bullet~ wh~ther. of lead ...Qr ~rver \ i t wi 11 sXI:i te nI';) wonder thàt the prospect:. ôf :~-omin9 intb ,Very close communication with them ~"ot p~Lti~.uarly r:.elished- <Moltat 186~';:83-84). -
J
"
-:.
,'
!
~
.'- ,
.... pOlnted
,"
*
,
"
",
•"
out~
however, ' t.l1at this
II
c ë\pac:ity ef bellaf"
was M'ot conf l ne!=! to the non-El.lropean members of the c:re~,,:
"
, .. Nor was th)s f.eeling oforespectful ter"ror confined to th~ Asiatic portion of our followars. Sven our hi rsute, . weather-stèli ned Europeans, ac:;customed te wandering ':adv~lJtL\r<:)lJs lives; ,and rec:klèsS!i of danger, 'fearing nothing, in cany' or-dinary hu'man gl..lÏsa, -spoke confidentially to ea~h other with b~ted breath, picturing' th~ 'Andaman.es.' as ca race of c:ann,ibals- more terrible tha~ cany whem previous voyagers had ev el'" dared to visit (Mouat 1863:84). 1" '
The
,
EuropeaA ,
crew:~
,
,
fantastic musings,
,
t~ose df their shipma~é~:
ec:lges' of , 1,.2
the ,
c;ann i bal ~:'
their m.arveloLls representatians
~
) o
'we
Although
., , '.
-'
( ..- .u,
~..
:~~", 'r~ ~ ..
r~ ,
would,scarcel~ venturê~to Soy
th~t
th~y
,,
~orward
tp th~ir m~eting with them with actual "feari tt'is c:ertain that the prevalent representatt6na ,'qf :"thei 1'" man-eat i ng propens'i t i as had i n ~pi red them -wi ~'1, feeling""which , an' uncom.Tortable. ',. q . they,found it diof,ficul~' , , to conceal, disguise i t as they·chose. As they ~~id ta,. ,
looked'
, ~
.
,
"
;;
~
~
.. ., -
..
~~
::> . :.-~- ~:)r:,~\!'~-} t
~"
~
~
.'
,~ ~ ~-
'..
t'
l
"~
,~.",~
",.'
c. ,~
,
~;;:;;~~~;::~~,,:2:i1è, ~;"~i;"r/:'
>'
'
, - .f" .... jt....
".
!~, ' '~
"l~ ~_,
._
~
...
l
"
eac:.h ,: other- , t'hey wer-e ... ~'ady ta meet ai th~r man or d~vi 1 in fair and open Tight, but their boldness of heart $semed te 'tail them'at the thought of, coming 'into contact wi,th a hideolrts ,raèe who WOLlld "'.:'entrap tnenr in sorne treac:herous ambuscade, deal death among them with '., c:l~uds of pOlsoned arrows, and, finally, in ,thair banquets, faast on thelr dead bodies (Mowat 1863:84). l
"
hIg'"
. E:l!:J:tg' 5
'The
., <
...
cl"'ew
thus came th symbol i ze a
.
,
pa~t, '."he 'pr'oduct
c:hi Idist1
pre-sci-an'tï fic' and
~ri s)lpanded c:apac:~ ty(f~r . ~er:i.ef.
,a'f
Th~ e:{panded bel iafs and the 'fantas'ti c images they ~erlerated were
.
,
neYerthel~ss
c:iancy
of
sh~rp
in
the crew of a naval
would
\
.
,
.etse~
And,
the msant i me.
l il
t1
.,
~
,
c::aptw'sd
J é\ck,
by
1
pn 'Andaman"er who woul"d be
,
by
Mouat's çrew,' would ironlcally end
up
wearing
a
~~ilo~'s outfit.
Mouat ~ s· comments
baS1S
for boat~
gun
baen
the
a modern r~fleXi1e ethn.ogF,aphy of the culture 01
the
had
he
on the E!.Y!;.Q' s c::rew cOLlld have
.persi~t~d in tracing
" i efs~ " c,ounter-bel i afs, bel
the
ebb, and~ flow
of
~
and coLtn~er-,acti ons wi tt;t ~ï~
. acti ons
L~nfoldil'9 'events of the sNpedition.
....
the
of the indigenoc.!s Ropulation, .
•
.
effl-
ta dispel the images which ha'd baan conjur~d up
sarve
tl':le crew.
and
vessel ..
and the c:aptur,e of one
.. '
~rder
contrast,to the professed
-Th'at
po'$'s{bility,
c C ' > 7 ' \ " """'"
...
hÇ3wever!,
'
.
, c::ould . ne'1er hàve materiaJ.odzed given' the observational culture 'in
..
~~;
'
' \ '
~
00
,
-
'.whjch' he wOl"'ked towa~d$ accomplislîing hi,s
~
-
~
...
ass'igned
,
objectives. 0'
~'l.
""\
of thes~ objectives was the est~blishment of a ' . . . p~nal $ettlemen~ on'the i.iands~ ~he comini o~ the-Ely tg with its
onè
as
"
'.
menageri~' OT: the ~
f
. 't.he
l"'~ce
hLlman "
..
•
•
(including a
"
,
,-
.
"l.
"
•
~_
~
,
Q
~
,
'.
~
signal~d
and fî sÏ'ands 0,
tati va vou:e. o
,
'Thase sxtE!!'1ded ',des~f'i pti ~ns of ship5 and .'crew are thu$ not tangé. ..' '. , . , ' ,
.
1
~
.
\, , .
"
~ l'
,
'~ ,'~"I!'7 -
"'~~, "
,
.,~,
.'
.
""
~
"
r
, ' -,
~
"fl
" , •-..: ~' 1
'1_
\ ...
:,/ , , ,"
~ ~
r
, r~le of' a 'single altthori
,
a f rei.. n-Forcement of the~
'
~onvict ''g~rtg), 0 '
·è:t.\l"'taiJml:ii~t, Qf 'ë\ pol yplionic di SCÇlllrS8--ç1f1 shi ps
;cmd
"0,
~,.rfJ
,
,
, ,,1
i, .
., ,
o
nta!
to
~ain issues ~ hav~ bssn raising i
,the
\>
.
.. '
in
'.
~
of _repre.$entc3.tio~ and-the 'repr'ssentcattion' of è1\·l:ultl.U".
- culture
that
As l
i-ast
out in tlÏë-
conte.,t
in, "
poi nted
.'
ships p'rovided a'c:ritiC'al obsarva~ionâ.l
chapter,
e,:amininçi~a
for
';
people who res-flJi\::.ed
ÇJvjir'tl..l/'*ës ,of
the
1
outslI:!ers.
thE?
of s"l:salm-'sh i ps al 50 hastenad '\"
'The _ spead
i
tra.nG-
formation of\th~ process of producting observationsl knowled9s ~pr the
h~ral~
Andamanese the'Pluto was the -----
,
of
In a partiC:l.llar sensel!.,. ethnogl'"'aphic: observati/on was ...
);igo. ~§r.§ f!.!l§g io. tb.§ Ç,Qo.Ü.o.ê§l Qi r.:..
,
~!:l!çsl
One
~g!:lQ·
.
.
ethncl agi call y -
the
.
the
.
.
gLln
.
.
,
ffi!.!.!.:!;.~r.!.;.gg:l.
.b.L!CiàC::
boat~s
to
and', •
the ,s'team and smol~e l SSI,ü ng
·tt
m
MO\.lI'l\t'
.
i nspi red mi nd:
,
of
C:L~:t~~
-can imagi ne the sharp sensory cCYltrl'!l.st!!!i
engi nes ~s.
E!.\..r.!;.g· s
:!;'i.!1~.:L.
§l
,
, ~ whi ch must have presented themasl vas
contradi c:ti Qn~
\
~lJ~
..
, change.
fundamental
1:;1
~
/
1?
1
froln
the ~2,qjànse of the ocean; th;: 11omogent:ü t y
.
,.
\
'form -- its "snake-like
hLlll
•••
gr.aceftJl
~
the heterogeneity cO'f the races
Unes,," and "beautlful cLlr"Ve"- vs.
, .
\
~
.
êomprising 1t5 ~clQc:k-work' crew;' the monotony of the enginœs an~
," paddle wheels ~tn
'ethnal agi c:all y
/
the variety of languag~,; and flnally~'MQ~at's
mi nd' vs.
and
terror-
pti ons" of h lS ' c:,"ew. • - ft representë\ti ons ,'afO the-' AndamanesE ~Joul d be recast: in ta
western
i nspi red
,
inspi ring
\
o
'
" monstroLIS ,
d~scr i
European
pictoriat"
ultimate
le~pression
mold: 'the' surfasa
photograph·,
o.f" a
of' the pristine' fac:tuality
the
of
:0
,
, ,
in' its
,0
.
c:heRil'ical
fi>:atJ.on of the
.\.
vieual '
c:ultùre. Ipr"'the 'el')d; ,the juxtaposition' of the ,
0
,
<,
238
':~ '
--.'.
..
., "
~~
4
-.:;t
fortuitous I!onsequenèe of the'· pr'ep~r-atiohs 1 \
~'O,
.
,.
,....
lands., 'Sun. 'b'oats .
'.
Pte-cipit~ted
.,."
t~~
..,..",
~l'~ ~-·.. t,':!cJ~J;
~
and- photographs 'are- two
~I~ ~ :-;-, - ,
"~
for- an '~xpedition.
transformation tram,. mythic.to
;.
Giants:
egla~·
.'
o
.
.;
(~
,
Mouat's description of hb5 first"effective contact with '
f,j~m:;' i t ,
the,
e,lY!!2
b~~am~
,
mote ~ ,than
t
I:~st
,
..
'"
in' t.srms .:.f a·
.
an
-
~
sin~l.è" /
observat i ':)f'lal
,~bs,er.Vat i ona1
took on the struc'tur'e of "an
'dl;:,ublti! ' history, . -
"'."
Smoking, 'Sea-Monsters· arid Massive formidable The Gun Soat eiYig.and the ÂDdamanese 10 '~2YQt~t=
~he ,Andamaneii'e
.pr at
a \
P,uffing,
In
'w~Ùch
elements
majl::.r ,
It
\
his,tor:y. '
.
\-,~-.'"
"",
'... '
...
h'i st;ry,
"
p,:.int of vi-ew. >....
~
,
0
"M'!luat
\
rec:'o~n,ts ~he epis,:.de. of l:c.lntaC't as follaws: /
..
'\~ 'r!&;.'
'z'
/
About :3 P.M., as,f/\Îe weye f0110wing the couyse ••• a small ,islet,' Cyaggy· Island, was discovered,· the coasts of 'which, on drawing neay to it, we peyceived to be very rocky, and its general appearance picturesque and pleasing in the extyeme. When we· came tl) what seemed a suitable spot, we formed the determination of anchoring under ,i ts lee. We sai led rl:;tund i t, howevèr, in the fi y'st pla,:è, with a. vj,ew tl::' c,btaining a ,better idea of its general. ,appearance, and had Just returned to the spot which the Q!ptain judged a su~tab)e 'one for and'l.;:.ring in, when CILlr att9{1ti,:,n was attya.:ted by a sight that i t had n.::.t yet been OUI" fortunè, on any part of the larger island, _to obtain, namely, th"\t 9f a gyo'up of natives. As, styangely , enough, prbbably from their position, and the inteyest of the .).:cupation in which ,they were engaged, . theiy attenti~n had hot yet been attract~d te us, we had an oppertunit y of ta~ing a leisurely observation of them. They weye stationed on the edge of a bold ysef of roc~, looklng down towards the water, and from theiy gestures we concluded that the occupation by which they were 50 ab~orbed as not te observe ou~ appro~ch, was that of fishin;. A glance at the~ through the glas~ was s\.\ffident te. satisfy' us that (Iur supposition Wë:\S coyrel:,t. It aiso enabIed' us te disc.:;tvel" what our' naked ,~yes had 'net yet renlarke'd, anet~Jer gy.:.up' .::.f savages J:)~ a .. ' sandy part ~f the bea.:h.: A can.::.e was c.bseyved at ë:\ shclrt _ ',distance fram them~ lying, as it appeared t.::. us, high and .<, ~, ,dt y upl:;tn the shore (Moltat lSe,3: 115-11E.) • ~
1 ~~':J . I~':-~7~ 1
l.... "f',,;~
,
_,~ ~':o4
~; .."';Lt)"E";:'\;:' .•.. '. ','.: ,. ,
, ,
'
,
,
~
-
"
,
'.
"
,r
{
l
pereeived ~his band of we had. slackened our spe_d so much as scarcely te mave at aIl. Our: abject in this was n~t only to have a' let~urely oppo~tunity for e:I\amining Ul8m, but ~\ls() that they might Mot ba disturbed by. the noise of the steam and paddlesf which fortL\nately had not yet ff,tbra.:tecl bheir 'attentionJ We next determinea te apprea~h considerable nearer te the shore, piobably within • few hundred yards, and G':) drop ':\nd,.:)r at ~.. (':oMvenient pla.:e and depth. An .:,bje.:t so large ",m:! pn:.minent as tl1e steamer, d,:c':lmpanied in its progress by thé 1.:t,I.\d n.:)i5e .:.f the engines and the .::c.nstant p-lash of the p~ddle wheels" could not long es~ape observ~tion; and, .:)f .:~trse, we had no wish ft should, but the r.verse CMOuat 1863:116). When
we
first
na~ives. from the steamer,
These passagels
' introd~.:e 'C
f
.
). 0
-.'
r. .
".' ., f
;\ doubling in Mouat's .:)bSiEitrvatio!"s
the Andaman party, a mirroring of the"ElylQ within his mind, as ,
o
he
adopts
an Andaman alter ego and imaginas
'. shore would per.:ei va ,and react t.:) the gun
h~w
~oat'!iI
the party
on
(orm, wi th i ts
,
congestion of industrial sights and sounds:
'"
. ",
As we drew towards the ree' already mentione~, the native party 'stationed .:)n it were obserYJi!tY\ aIl at once ~o make a sudden start,~nd stand transfixed with' unspe~bl-e------a.stonishment and awe rt i s not too m~---tI::i say.that they seemed te be c:ompletel y p.aLàl-y$êd by ';:)ur sud den appearance .:)n their coast. If we had dropped from the clouds, or risen from the sea, their wondel" 'and admirati':.n çould not ~~ve been more excessive. They appeared ail at once to have been struck dumb -- their wonderlng gaze fixed in one ~lrection, ftnd on one sole object. What was it? what w~s in it? what was to come ·out of it? and how was it t6 affect them? -- were ,he o
'
.,
~
";
. ,
o
I~,
\'
t...
.
i'
~ ~
•
~
~~
.-1
~
•
'.
,
,
thoughts that no doub~ simultaneo~sly occured te their ,agitated minds' at the sight ef 'this puffing, smoking ssa-manster (~ouat fS63:116-117). . ~fFfeth.e',.. ficti.analized al'" not, this descriptive 'passage is a mag.e! a"f constr!-,cti ng ~proto-ethnogr~p~i!,i c representat ions Aries
a European system of belief.
of
.
,
reproduce
a~~ount
simulated
his
.identify
'hows,'
,
'F a..n1;~sti c
the
One
.
.
!
reactions
of
ShlP
to' Mis his
~whats'
The strIng of
and
most
by
,
... J
1
~nd
~1is
here
CJwn crew.
that l'1ouat had
r:eac:;red
theoreti ca.l
the
limits
of his own embry,onlC ethnographie: prac:tice as a reflexive •
\
conceptLla l
p,-ocess.
Ta have Llnder'stoad
th~
perceptual
llnpact of tt'l'e Pl uta on the Andamanese waul d,have .?
~
a e:ampl ete hi sto,'"'i ca-evo! uti onary lJletamo!phasi 5
t"lscessi tated
and professional selves.
~~ ~
attalnable
,~
'Confronted with
im~nation' Mauat,
,
~,
stretch
\
senses
"' ..
.,
t~at
1
li\nd
~" \:
"',(l
fram
te
the imaginative ahd cultural limita which defin~
" ids':!ti I:y-=genen:d:ing y,
Andamanese'
crew 1 s imaginings.
,.ttnc:ie.nt travellers
,
Eh~~Q
and
<}....~r'
,
, ' l ""1 e lmpossl",
Al thol.lgh
'fant~stic discourse associated with
the
gf'
ta see the
bound-
1
Mouat's
sarl d,
meah~
it
wlrlat
cOl1ceive
at: the
leap of the
'l'
thls
of Ltn-
contented himself
with
cultur~s
with
't:'
!,'~
bridging
';
t::
the
ocean that still
sepa~ated
the two
c, ':'
1
images
1;-_' '~\ ~
r,
&'.
celebrated
the'
power
of
h~s
awn
culture:
the
')
;
,.,
that
"pl.\ffing~
.
~
Il'thei r
,"
sea ' manster Il and
sllloking
wonder
and
,
the
Andamanese "-
e::ci tment Il
on
the
one
hand~
'.
}"
~~
~
l
l
"wondering
,
ga=e
fu(ed
i.n one di,'"'ection" on the
,
"
response~
and
other
thel'''' 14 tiand.
t~ lJ.>' l"
Io.âsml.lch as 'the
r~
".
"
El!:'!:!:.Q
was the focal point of a serI es of observa-
r:.-
;-~
;:,
,
',.Ir
.
\
\
'
tion~
which were projected anto the Andamanese ar,d reflected bael-.:
•
towards
the
gun boat.
the culture within :which
241
1
Mouat~s
eyes
~ ... ,
l,
',\*,.
l
,l
operatad
can
~
conceiNed ta· have been curved in the form of
be
15
o
Mobius band.
In the process of
observ~tion
the El~tQ was
effYc-
(1
t~vely
"noise
transformed
tlle steam and paddles"
0;:
o~ject.
from a materlal to'a
symbo 1 i
tTlythic: be.'1,ng.
~<,?d
t t'Ho:
by
1'.1110'';;,:.>
Cl/-t'JiIIS
1
,were "
ta
,-
be trfaced ta the sea. ~
distinction, Mouat his
Qwn embryonic
used~ta relnfarce po~itivl~tic
.,
on,f-!Î si de the rati 0t;lal •
.
,and back
the
authorJt~tlYa
discours. at this
al'"dersd 91...\11 bCliat =
rlt!)t~:\
Lkll
,ac.:Jè\.ln.
tIlt::'
power en
thu
<3i dœ
the
poi~t:
(:ln t.he othc;)/'"
of
';,,"
In attributing a s~~.rnatur.l expl~,a-
. ,fan'tae,tic mytHl cal bei rlg.
. tian'
,
of -. E:lh!!~
ta the Andamanese MOl.lat affirmed 1;he
rat i on,all i t Y
power of hli own cult~re,
and
"
bl.\t mest sig"if'lcantly te tranc:apose it btÏl\ck .. ,
, in1.:o
nature~
1
a p~ocesi which be~ame'a critlcal ~art
1
and natur~list}c i • "
','
,
~~hnographic,practLce
ln the closin;
decad~.
~~
1
1
'!
.,:.
The episode OT finat contact.' cantlnLII-:?d ta unfold:
<,
"1.. 1
,
~~ ~{.~,
•
1
Theil'" tprpor was of short duration, for the shouts of ~hi? CI-.:?W~ howev\:?t" l.lr1intel'Llqlble t:CJ '1:I'le'm, were sufflci~nt ta çonvlnce them that the monster ahip, the flre-yeSsel. that had e)(citslj their W(::tnd~I"1 contain~d human ~eings. and "wes under the direction oF human WI 1 and hands~ They would ~ta/"'t, and yS:G. ~nd loo~: ln am.a::ement st each other •. aB th<:;'7 10l_lcj r"ütlln(~ noise ma e by tl1e fast unroll1ng ,:\nchc.lI' Chëll Il , and th(,: more una cOLlntabl e sound caLlsed by the escapll1g sb~~m. as in couds of dense white val'l0L\r it issuF.!d.~hrlf.!hing from the si:eam-pipe, .cac once appalled thli?ir' [ll-'?c-..y-i:<:;. "mo e:
- The
~
t.o
(MoLYa; t
superstitioLIS,
t,he
186::; =.11 7) •
ima.glt'1lngs of t/,e crèW and
nàtives~started
y
thoàb
off ln Opposlte direc:tiorl!s in
242 ,§'
t
1
attri-
thi$
.
,
curved cul tural spac4 but fi nall y met on the deck of thè- E!.!d:l;g. This traJectory traced space.
~ne
topological outline of a transcultural
if the partlcular group of Andamanese had
E~en
besn
in
--contact with Europe>ans previously, ·they had never ln Mouat's mind confnJnted .anything 1 L ~:e }:.he E:J:..!dt.Q,
.
Sitil.l"fP0siti0l1sd on it5
and 'Mouey:, the obs>:!rve.r~ 'w
dec~::
(
o
,
,
,
.
.
<>
,Nor was the f eel i ng among the se amen and otllerEi on "'board the steamer mu ch 1es5 intense than it was among th~ savages on l~nd. The moment the latter were s~en. t.he' e;: ci tement bec:ame i n l:en~e,. The ,'"omanti c stOl. . i tils by whic.:h they had
The eoff i ci ency
of
exci teillent had
as dlsclpllne was restored after
the PILlto, ,I"lln
1
ts
the
COLII'"?S:
-
The ensuing encountel'" between the two cultures can be summaaga1n. were centered on
'rized by a series of distlncticins wh1ch. .,. , MOlliat "
,-'
l angLlage ' wi th
-mi ,'"th
WI
tl1
i?
II
contl"'asted
orde,'"
"sava~e , pl:."mtotnime;"
with
s ignlficant gestures;" reality
"Pci,\f'o:< ysm of well-ac'ted fLII'"yll ,
(Moaut
with
and
mvth;
1863: 119-1::;0) •
In the case of the ElytQ~s crew, 'the inItIal effect of seeirg the , ? ,
Andamanese and
was' to reestablish the raciaT~ierarchy between whIte
black seamen,
whi~h
had besn blurrsd by
mythic qualities of the islanders.
243
specu~ations
As the "s teady old
co:<-
"
,
, ., -, " ....
è:
,j
"
~,
"
I~m
"Weil. savages after ail!
sailors l:lf
'"
infÙlence
leaning on their oar~,
ac:qLlü-ed
India
of,
(MoL~at
have
the
still ,
l
,
the
of."
habit
affirm'ative.
l'1ei?nwh i l e
showed symptoms o'f being
~
magl na;~y fears th el t", C)\.jn terror
~
t.llid~~t·
the
.h(:\cJ
11363: 11 Q-l~O) •
'In
~he
general
,noting.
The
fll'''st
P~OCE'Sos of cLlltLlral
diff(~renti.:lt:ion
~\lhit:h
,
,
f antastl c;
,
inv(Jlves an ilILI510n whic.h.
was presented by MOL\at ~
i t
,way
bel ngs
séems to
c::'\c:c:ordlng
symb(::ll i
:::fJ
p<:?op 1 e.
ta r'irther shor c dW<3r"f l sh
to
the.'
t:hf.~
rapi d
Th(;~
f..Hilc:oncj
t
-
"
"·to wh.i ch the men,
n~ked
mere
•
"riâtives
••• "
--,
not
that sUent bLlt expressiv~ response in the
grinned which
/1
blowed i f they're
conside'''',e:\ble'
laughter on
the PëH-t
(:)'f
ElytQ
WhlCh
pr~c;ipitated
membe,'"s of the
elcpedition.
incident involves an act fccussed on the
"
Mauat described the flrst
~-
, :;.1 _'
\ncldent as follows:
,i
.1
"
.
,
-
, "
. .r
\A
pecul i ar n4tLu'"a,l phenomenon Flt rendered tPle sc:ene st~l more strlking a\,nd impressive a!:5 the interval • between the two parti es, ,the savage and tl1fJ ,civllJ.zed. was gradually dimlnlsl"\l::d by the ol"\war'd inotion of the boats. The sp,'"ay. cu;, l t ,""ose ln clf)uds from che breakers dashing on the ~hore. rafLectinq the rays of the declll1ing sLln, . n1<:'\ÇJnlfied consu:!Œr.nI:lly t-l"Ie slight figures of the natlves~ makLng maSG1Ve ~nd forlTl1~dë.oI.bl e gJ. ëlnts of men wh;> ~el"'e in' ,,~eall ty li. t t:l(.~ more 'than ':;able --dwarfs (MOLlélt 1863: 1~O-1:::!1).
\
~,
"
'
!)
:: \ . .. ,
,'"
r~al
'The
."
visual
and lllusor"y"
analogue to a
proto-disciplinary .'lated----- the ,
,
-
"
~
,
~roeess of ethnographie ~d
unl-'nown in terms
~
naturai
of
~~'3
J
";:;;~4!;f:~/} :b~:;~~~~:,~~,,~~~,,:;,>':' ' '-
: r
"
me~aphor
ob~ervatlo.
T
•
-
Thls [JolfJerful
244 \- . . ~~'it.:: ..... ,-(-" , ,
~.', ~'f~ ~
mytlllc reallty.
.
~ >
<'~:.."
~,
known
fè\c:t and flCtiol1"
'
for
'a,
drtlcu-
phenom~na,
allowing their places to be rever$ed~
and as the spray.which had
distorted reality dissipated, the dbJective status of prior
:~o' ,
~now-
"'\
ledge (the· product,
'
in Mouat's case. of informatlon and observa,1
tion -- sanctloned by the use of a spy glass) was reconflrmed' by
"<, , ,
Mouat's
.
observlng eye operstlng ln the dlminlshlng space between 1
two opposing cultures (the savage and the Civllized). ,
Ir
The app~o~ch
second
incident in'lolved Andamanese 16 of the Pluto's cutters:
response
ta
the
1
One man, who stood prominently eut f~om the others, and who seemed ·te direct the~r movements, was. to the best of our j udgemen t, thai r chi ef " The. spear whi Ch he 'f 1 outished incessant 1 y was termi nia ted by a bright, flat, pointed head. which gJeame9 with flashes of light, .::\5, circling rapidly in the air~ I t ref~et:ted the r~ys of the sun. Sometimes he' would head it a1oft, poising it in his upl!fted hand, as lf wlth the inten~ tion of hurling it with unerring and deadly alm ~t the first who dared te appreach the shore of hlS na~ive Island. At length, in a paroxysm o-f well-acted fur'Y~ he dashed boldly inte the w.Ùer, bnillng and seet:.hing 'around him as tt bro~e ln dfeat b~llGWS on the beach, a.nd on l:1,e Irocks by wtüch it was defended, ~nd fi:dng an arrow ln his bow he shot it off in the dlrec~lon of the ~teamer~ aSoif that were the arch-enemy that Mad provoke~ his bellicose fury. ThiS was an impotent act of blind ~age~ that rather d~preciated the noble savage in our estimation. The ridiculous was 50 closely associated wi th the subli rne~ that a heal~ty 1 augh gre'eted his absurcl display of courage, whjch reminded us, of some 'of those laughable acts of tragl-comedy that .re occaslonally exhibited on the stage. The contagion of our mirth spread from one boat ta the other~ and fram both ta the steamer~ Llnt.Ll we all .Jolned s_lmLIl.taneously in one hearty laugh~ which I.H"\doubtedly exclted the' ~stonishment and ire of the gentleman ln black. who had intended to strlke us dumb with terror and ama=e by the ab ove formidable representatlon o~· his prowess. The yery echoes' i n the surroundi ng hi Il s were awakened . by the rollic~ing hilarity of our men= and, ia the chiefrtain~s vexa.ti.on~ his na.ti~e rocks joined with the .hostile· stranger in turning his t'Jver-l1asty VafOl.lr into--' ridic\..l~e tMouat ~863: 122>,_ . \. 1
J'
",
", 1
-
'.
,
\'
.
,>
,
....
"
•
'Q
.: ,
"
. --
."
'f •
r
~
'"
,'
.,
~
pO,rtrayed in _this
....'
-245
p~ssage
are interesting for
J
-
- their play of directions. The chief clearly regardetl the
elytg
)~,
~s
, ,the
central force of the e:-{pedi ti on.
the
cre~'1
of
that
In contrast ~
1 aughter
m,smbe\rs and the échoes of thei r farce,
the mi rth of
which nevdrtheless stilJ
,
revolved
,
\
l
' \ :
WE?nt 'on ta de~cr i be the reaso\i's f,cr the rei\c~ i dr;lS
MOLlat
the group t,hat had i ni t l aIl y confronted 'h i m.1 They' h~1d bœœn' st'l: m",,:" l-ated on
by the fact that a sm,il
'a stretch of sand.
1_ group qf
:i.sol
ta
At this point Mouat"$ narrative bagan
.plral towa~ds this group of women;
the cutter ~anded~ and-him - , too~' on the chéiracter of a comparat ive,' d'! st:ours& on
deSCY;'l pt~ ons the
wom'sn head bœen
question
of
beaLlty~
natural
desü-ab l l i ty. These
ob~erva
as
t i ons
attr.:\ctivene$im~
i':.,e:wëal
wet~e
general unë\ttrci\cti veness of the women ~
and',
l:G!mpen'?d l'ly comment!s on thci o
0
~Il
L.ld l c-
the SOl.lree of. cons l cl~r·é:\b 1 e mll'·th cm
t~hFi
thei ,,,, ",,:\bsllrd"
",'Hld
o
-rOl-IS Il behavi or whi ch was par't of the Europeans
(Mouat 186::: 12:::-1:24). !\Iatwi thsl:,'\rld.L"\(] theom9 ,
comments,
he seem.j. ta Mave felt .Lmpelled jLll:tapo<.:;t?d
i rani calI y
and
i n'terposed
t~a
<
inter"Je!:!: .:\ nl-lml!lf)r' (Jf
a5GUr .an (:e!s
a'5
1:,(,;)
the'
.honourable Intentions of the crew. was
"
yOl.lnÇ)
'-
:(
sive
sail 0'"'5 f rom c:ausl ng mi sctu ef by f aIl OWl ng the l of
them
witl' amorous intenticms." after
refuge in the jungle , "
establ1shing
'
i ncc::msi q~:!rilte
taken ta post sentI'" i es "ta prevent any of Olll'"
they
f-?\"S
1'"GIPtl}-
l1a.d
tClI:t::!n
(Mouat 186::: 127). Aside fl"'am ttH? qU~I:;;tl.C:;n o~
~communicatlon.
the
whol~ remar~~bl~ opL~od8
was
V
,v' L fjU'i
abjects of Aridmanese mclterial culture (Mouat 186~: 123-129).
~fter
ostensl bl Y - propell ed by the pOSSl b 11 Hi es Q-f
e:: .:\mi rd
tH)
1
examintng a c:anoe and placlng sorne gifts in it~
,-
-.', -.
.,
his attention to- the other group,
,
"
.-
but 'because of
thelr l:ontinlJed 1
246
~-
-
;1
, , "
..
hostil i ty,
o
bf
lost interest i-n attempt.ing to èstabli~h' any',kind
c6mmunication with them. 'Third' Spaces and Tran!5cuIt~llral' Seings:'" On ,Aepresentational Articulation'of' And'limàn ,captives.,
!5.5),
.
he
the
-
Mell.,lat
described
nO,ting.
worth
or
.
~,
't
.'
ë\'
,
tl"'an~cul
CCl,ebrooke
1789-90 8
,.
tural space.
.
di scuss,t 0'1'1
.
.
capt!Jred,. and '~heir peC:!..ll i~rity and ·lnte ....
,,.I:\tsides in the -fac't tha.t the episodes ,depic:t'ed, impÙc:-ate '
~hi r~:o
,
.
are
h~d el~hp-r, p~n
Thay bot;h' invol ve:Andarnanese who
.ên.t;t.:ed cnto a ship rf;!s'I:
two o,ther'incidents in his book whl.cli
, .,
\
;,
of ëontacts 'Wi th
sOme
An'damanese ,
.whi c:h
"
had made during his sur vey of the Andaman Islands"in Moua:t
j'-ec:ol.\nted one of Colebl'"ooke's eNperiences
which
17
occurred on the 27th of December: ,~
.' ~~
,
,
j
~,
~~'" ~jI,..
~:
-;>
,,'",'.,.-
(::'
"0'
;{' -.,"'.
~,::"~:" ~~
.<,-.' .
, ".
~ f;",
t', '.,
, , ' .. " ,
~;..,.,.
.. ~., r,.,. ~~-
had baen r~ceived on bo~rd of _one ,of the Eng1 i sh vesseI s ~ and was in every way well-treate,d a,mang-' (:Jther thlngs.. ,3, SLllt of s'cHler's clQthes 11aving baen glven te him. WhlCh he ccnst~ntly ~ore. apparently pleased w'ith his appeé\rance ln thecn. Indeed. 'the impl"'eSSiCHi lNi\!:> t:.h~t he was qLdtl:!> reconr:ilt-=u ta the change in h~s C!onditld'n. and had 50me a notlon of t,he 'beneflt:.s it seC:l.lred ta him. 80 ,Sl.lre dld the -off] cers and c''"ew feel of thi s, that he Wc."\S all CH'Jed tel p-nte,"" .:i boa ~ and go .:\5110'''"9, al though i t WiaS the i ntsnt l on of lhe pàrt y ta land ;:\'\:,,';\ p01.nt wheré a group. ':OIl':;l~tlng o-r sèveral ndtives, was visl~le at the tlme. As th~ boat appro4chf:d l:~le, larfd, Ile gave ,somè indlcatlon':i of hlS JOy at seeing them, whlctl being c'onsldered onl y naturaI • litt18 notice was ta~~n of it. But aIL êyes ga~ed with an LlneqL~l ",,0(:-:\1 I?ltpreSSl.CJn of astom, shm~nt. ~-.jh!::?n. at a short, dl~tance froffi the beacH. he suddenly leaped out o'f tlle bOc:\t,' swan! and waded asllon:. and then t-an of f eed flolll sr ln the directlon of his COLlntrymen.'· So ,""apic:l " Wi\S ~he .whrJl~ pel'''formanc:e, that he was far beyond theit'" reac:1i be-f('Jre any one thOLlght of m4~·.i ng an attempt to
A
l
~
~;
h'
\.
,
~
.y
.~.'
,
E' ,-" .. -'~,J::l,',.,~·,~" -
>
'(:;"
"',
..... <
?'l' " , '."" ,'." ,.:."'. '~
~".
,
_
r
W
,
natlve
< '~'/:·~'i:(-'~.',:'::~. '
dietain him. As he approac:hed his oId friends .. however, .,'. \ ' . '_ 'nstead of joyfl.llly greeting a.nd recelving him. they '.0';; ,·t'"o. ~:'.,~"~.':;~. .,:"..,' stared wi th undi sgul?ed ast'oni shment. ahd seemed ;- ," " ' .",. inc:l ined to resort to hosti le measures agal nst hl m., The ',.<" -:.,;',.',''':;':~!.~~~':':>'-.fac:t w~s, tha.t.f\Ùly equipped as a Chri.stian, ln a 0
i: ~1;"i{~ 1~ Jl~;j;:~D, ;: ,~, _~,': ;'ê,;, ii': •:' ";l~;~L,:::" .',' 7
24
ii:"t~~r~;1~~~ID~itîo-jt1fo:~a~,.)rZ"'.f:.J~2f.-4>'-;'4r1<::(-~':.,...\·>t'i!.J:;r~;~~ù~~l'f~rd"~',,,
,
,
<
~'~~rr;"?f,F3'1!~~?,!~~l~; '~,
-
,
.
-
_.
-'
~
'.
' ,
,sa110r's hat'~ JaCk~t, ..,and t"-ol.lsers~ •. they'did not recogni=e him. He seemed ta become at once conscious of this himself, and in a moment he snatched off his h~t, •.nd flung it to the ground, ~hipped off' jac:t-.:et, ~ousers. and shirt, and stood displayed in Q~(l~ 'hitY~i!!by§ before the ~adle~ and gentlemen of his tribe. The transfbrmation was campletœ. and hY was apparently recognl:ed Wlt~ as much JO~ and satigfaction as that wlth WhlCh the l l t t l e beys and glrlg groDt the c:hange WhlCh lntroducE's the-> Clown in' a Chl~l ~tmas pc\.\nto'.. mi me. . The éscape of the lInoble savage" was evicLently a matter of hearty congratulation among tham al,l. Without giving a thought to those he Mad 1eft b~hind, he scampe~ad of~ with ,his rec:overed fl"iend5~ , and they soon ;!).fl d.i!!li
o
30) :,
On ,the '27th of' December an aven t oc:cured wh i ch
c;;howed
·'tnat_ "-the beMefits of c:ivill:!ation were not ii\pp":ec:iëüa~d
and _that aven aft'er s>cperieni:e n~d acquainted with the twp modes of l:lfe, he sti1~ ir~ferred his uwn (Mouat.1863:~9-~O) • .
by the savë\Çle' mind,
.-.
macre, him ,
,"
"
, .' ~ t
<
1;'
'.
, " '
. Mouat 1 s pl"efatory compents c:on'te:·ctl.lal! ze t11~ aet! ons of "
S\l
J .
,
nati ve
"
i'A
a dual i sti c: frame of
ci vi 1 i zed/,savage.
r
,
But.· . tf
one ignores
',.
becomes ,affJare
" (, ."".
defined in terms of his. c-l.othes,
,th~t
I;..:~~~
t",~
,"
nor
~
.-
ref erence:
act(?~1
the sL.lbjec:t
thoae
i\
'.
tht-~ 4
t
tLtr'e/na~u're,
apposi tj! on_s,
a sltLlatlon"in
~
Clr
'c:me ,.
whic:h,
he wa~; neither- a "noble uavag&)u
a "sailor." On board the ~hlp he
\.
WclG
a captive
limpli~d'
in
·~he choi~e of ~he words.
'1 r" if
,
.
tljl.àt he was sl.l.Q~§!Q '\:'o I:nter ••• "
<
'
,
Cmy émphaSi$l»,"'ç'at,'\d .on"
,
i"
t"
-
of this,
he w.:t·~ not recognl~ed by h15 friands.' In contrcast' ~ . t'he , s'hore . ' , ) , • the (~nc1aman lslander was'still
l' (,~l
,
e.
;
l
. "
s
subjeci~
but
ln
the context of the iglands,
"
he
had
become '.
/
cul tural
•
:::
bath
bei ng def 1 ned in rel ab on to a . Eu~opaan
Unt~l 'he, divested himsel'f'of hlS European clothes
pèint dT Vlew.
""
,.
i.,I.
obJ ec:t;
, ,
. ' . '
~;.;._,:.,:_;~.,y;~~;:,~.~;j:,}~~ ,_.!~:;;~.~';.~:':::~>~(E_l %~·-::c',·~t ;;'~-\:>; ':
.
1
246
,
u
v
.
transc:ul turai space J - , ''''
he , was caught in that third,
a produc:t
of
both cultures qut a member of neither.
is
more detailed
,a
a~
'by'Moua~'
lncident, and ,subsequent events narrated
The second
.~
".
eX5mpl~
of this
proce.s -of
incomplete
tr~~5fOl"'mation whic:b su~~ends a s~bjéct 'iM a tl"'anscui tl.lr:al space:
,a stranger~~n a strange land.
MQua~:O ~ l"a~t opportuni ty t'~
puri ng
?
r....
aS,tablish ,contlac:t with the Andamane'se, before returning
1:10me,- a
'.
'sld rmi sh
Interview -Island. A r,lumber from .. the! r
youth
poi,nt
'.:\1: South Reef Is1 and On the sou'èherr
ensl.Îed
own ,si'de,
of'
crew w~re inJLlred;_ sorne by f~re '
ol the
three Andamanese wers reported
and a ).8 1863:-241-251).'
04=" about 1:wen'ty-one was captured',5Mol._1,at
J...:
111 éd,
1
-~
The yOl.lth,
whom they named Jack, was'-almost_immèdiately given an ,
"
.
"
trow~e,,:s and a jacket'" be}ong,i.ng to
"old,' pair -of
sailors (Mouat 1863:257).' Mouat devoted a
as
\
,,
~
the
pages),
and
"The c::aptl.,lre of a - l i vs /lat! ya., of the Andaman o'
':,slaI1ds', land his introdL\C'tion
,
,
he pO,i nted out ~
',,'
(appro}c_imatel y 40
. tl\e remainder o'f, tl1e book, to Jack
of-
con$~derable ~ortion cf
'
' -
one
l1f'
,
~he
~'f
ace'nes
.
CiVi-,liz'ation li
i~
ta
J
of 50 l.lnl.l5L1.:\1 occurreflc:e,
c:ircum~~tance
records of such an event", (Mouat 1863:269).
c:onfinement~ ,
., ,
,
: >
"
at nj ght by masns of an iro,n ring around Mis 1eg. ,for
'
in his words,
.
"we were iir,l).(iqus te convey him witti us to Calcutta,
as
the
on~y
.
,
.'
,
specimen of a native Andaman who /'
.
rec:ent
,
~I
baen seen in ,a civili::::.ed cnty
times~
he poi nted OLtt,
"
J~ck~s
He mentioned ,r -
Il
at,'least
had~
..... : (MoLtat '186:::::260). As
Ol.lr fIl"' l end J acl-.. was It"egarded by aIl
who hàd
an
'1 _
: opportLtnity'of seeing him a. an obJ~ct of great inter~5t. suc:h as the contrast between the extreme barbarism of savage life and the.
'O' ,
d
, ''fI
l'""
'
r.
":: '::/:' /\,;':"
:'
249
..
•• : '
~ . ;~i,:~,:,:~,;':i-~;i~fi~:~"~t~:),~,~-(,:,,~~~;~,:::'c~~,':, ~' " ,
~
t"
!.
t ~..~
" ,~~ '" ';.,
..
. . r I '11:\_
, r r-
~,~<::~--:~~~
.
"
-,
) ..... r":"
l
,
.-
_ _ _ ,.-
,
_
"
~ !"'_ r ....~~~,,_.1 ::~ A~}:':~:~~~-&"~....J·}~~~,}~%~~~..'"'1i'.:.n~1";fi~~~~JoI.~;t~~]r~~~lv.~~iti~~~~~..r.~~~ " ',>">Z?~~ . ·:'::.':;,/1,·:-::'5':,;-:\'~'-';"-'''""-\''- ?~< ,,~I'~"~'~,;,:,:, ~ <:"': ,>~',: po
state
C'
o-f ci vi 3. izeCt exi ~tence,
,::". mLult, ,et,v-... , -,l!ixc;i taU .
'-J'
".:
'.:;
(Houa~"
,
0
'"
1
>
~h,'iCh
\
~7L~~
by t"h~eeç inci'd.nts~
c:ogent examples of· the cul tl.\l"'a1
cor\-
~
/' 1-
in: ~al~.L'tta was më\l"'l
pr~de Wticl.llarfy·
c.
-~
"
Jac:k~ s.
~truction
\ ~
_
Qf representations.
l.
• J-"'
. . '
...
The first
,
1
W.;\$ ~
hie meeting with-,t;;6rd" _'..;::;l'~...
'1
}
~--
- ~ ~
~
'"
."S'1ct (;ady 'Canhi ng at Gevernm'ent HOLlse, the-: secenCf Ule const'r\..\cti
an' effigy
of
gathered
of
in order,
in front of
thls most
'.l.lm.\SLlal
1:o'plây a trië:k on t,he
.
Mouat'~
përson,
house in
o~dar
taken
crowd'$l' who ·ha.,d , ta ebtairr a glitnpsw
.
a
ànd
the third ,a- 5erlE!s ... 0
graphs
on '
'
of-Jack shortly before his return to
phclto-- "
(:lf,'-
the
'And$m~n
Islands.
~k
was breugbt before the ~ove~ner 'Generai and
J... ~dy
ning shorl:ly after his arl"'iv~:\l" in Câlc\.lttëi~ . ~n 18513..
.
')
,
Mouat d~s-
-.
"
Ci::\n"':"
,c:ribed. the (neeting in tha f-ollQwing terms: ,,
.
"
- .-,;
. ,-
.
,
" On learning'-that we ha'd br.otrght 'baél~' a living"represel'\tat i ve of li.fe in "the AndcamarHs, i 1"\. the' pErsen
"
;-
-
our fI'" i enJil Jack, '. Lord and L.ady. Canni ng' .;'\; • j:mce e>~pressed the/ho anx i ous desl re' to see '.h i m; He wa!l5 ~cc:ordingly, invested with ca ~êc:oming suit of c:lothes,_ -and t.aksn te Gov9rnment, Houss, "where he, was trea,tsd with, ths.utmdst kindness by thei,. EKc:ellencie5~ , which perhaps inducad 'him, , on a subsequent· oc;c:asl on" to -éd;tempt /, to salute he~ l adyshi p ilj!. the nat1i \ilS mann~r" namely,1 by b~,owi,ng ln" the hand wlth a cooing murmur; bLlt, h6~evtar" kindly disposed, ~ her ladyship prefel"'red te rejett the offered civi4ity. Most Ot tl1<e t1..me~ .Ja.c:v. spent in their presence he was greatly ab~orbed in self-admiration. Observing his fl.gure at full. length in the large 'pier-glasses with which ~he apart.ent was adorned, , he, stationed himse~f' before 'ohe; and~ regarding hlS Qwn l tmage wlth undi$guised satisfaction, h~ contlnued grinning at him5el~ with • leer expressive of the ~tmbst self-~dmlration, con~tantly repeating, wi th a strange chuckl e, as "i f S'peakl n9 to hi mssl f i n the glass --" Jack! J ac: k !" and then burst i ng - .out, , i r,
cH
"
.;
,
''',
".
\ \
,.
\
~:
".'
-,-?
;'
~ 2'
violation of aIl good ffiaoners, intèr an irrepr.essib_·· ' f i t of laughter,,- in "which we .found it di-fficult "tp - prevent ourselves joining'. -After he had ~uffic,ien,t.ly admired'himself, and Lord and Lady Canni~g ha.d rspe~~d to' me the gr at if Lcat i en wh i ch they .,f al t 'a~ h.4v.i t:\g nad , ,
il
~'r
,
~
,
.. ,,~,
f"
, ~
~
,230
.
,:_.,., ~':'. ;"'. i"~~}:~:~':'"'~:": ;~:i(~~~ .
,
'
-'
'
",
an opportuni.ty... 0:': seeinc;j' paor ~ Jack, they,' expressed, their d.e:t,érminliitiol1 nct to forget ,h,im,,.. put .. if "'he should .'r:smain ln Calcutta, . ta keep a watchful eye -on hi~ during ~i5 future career. ~ The*iQtervi~w.was ~hen c:onsidered- a't an end; and having ,been r:emov~d from their 'presence, he was' taken bac~ t~ my nouse, where . q 1.1.9 J:i&.e 1'" s, hliid been pr,ovided for' him <Mouat 1863:279-80). .' ,
0'
~
~
1
J~
,
went
MOUi!\t
on
to note that IIJack beca.me' a sort of
and in,their lntense desire ta see
wonder,
.
. hlm,
nine. day,s'
thœ inhabitants,
'
bQth native and foreign~ çame ~. hO~5e; and at l~st they
in'hundreds in front of my nLiisance,
that 1
almost
a b
wi shed
•
J clck
i
had .been at
t-
êame i nto . my
1O
head
to
.
bring him with us"CMouat 1~63:~80-2a1). He cOijtinued:
The stories,
toq,
that were~circ!.\lated reg,arding Jack,
who Ma~ now a.~sumed a very quiet an~ co~posed ~ir~ wère
. such 4S demanded a c~ns~derabl~ ~mount· of faith, a ~ " commodity which ~is, always reardy, • for any absurdity. That0 ' Jack -was a cannibal was point no 0n:e ventured ta den y" , whi l e the commsn report? about 'hi s -teeth, .h~ 51 "faet ~ a~l .'~ othe," .par't:s of hi 5 bpdy, were so monstroLls that ,r wil not vio1.ate probabi l ~ 'cy' by' stating , them. Hi 5 ~.Pp~t.t·1: /" '. was said ta be amazlMg. A whole fowl was an agreeabl !2QUO§ !2.gy~b.~, with which he divers'ifiêd "the ath" substantl al . vi ands . 1 a~ d be~.or.e.r hi m at the breakf ast . \ taPIe. In fact~' tk1e' absurdlty of the exaggerated 'stories, that were everywhere 'circùlated was such that T~' r would be almost equally a~surd to repeat them. Jh~ were the means~ hbwever, of keeping 'al ive the general curlosity ~6 see-so rare a monster as they assumed' pOOl'" ,. ; good~~atured "Jack ~o be, a~d,the crowds- inc~eased in I}umber every day a-nd S\{ery" hour ~ unt i l the whol e neigh~ourhoed was i~ a state of exçitefflent (Mauat 1a6.3:281-28~~.
l
.",
, " ), ..... T"
Mouat
' ...
-'J~
- ~ot'
.' ~ ~
devised a trick with
~
,. fE
hlS
residence, , ,
ve,1triicfqlü'st friend, o~ his, l
.. powers o-f voc;:'a'l mi mi cry were I.lnrivalVéd; J
ob~
<
whose
t '.
,'-!
"
1
,appear te proceed from any
*'"
v
Ile could.make
and
his
';'1'
~'!!
-
.,
words
~
\
'~'l
. t~ d~spe19the cro~ds in ~t~endenCé at
\'Jrder
,
~
/1
.
II:)
, , 1'
,
, :\
.',
ct he chose to fi}< upon.
~
_ _ -0..-
Il
A
"
..'. 'i'
0)
.
~~
mant:1i ki n was cbnstrùcted accor.'din~, to, the popLl~'al'" not i on of
an Andaman ls1an~~r loo~ed like: ,
,
.'
" "
..
:
.
,
.'
",
.
"
,
"
what •
;,
1
~
4
'
~
? -..,J..
.
rl:~
,The (ftead was composed' i!f, bl ac:k s~ k lt te represent ,th. dark ~ative ~om~lexion. It was surmaunt~d with a thick . 4"ool'ly c:overing ta r'ssuembls hair, and previded with ..a pair bf eyea, the constant savage ~l.re of ~hich could (J outstare a whol e crowd. The mouth Wë\5 provi ded wi th è most formidable set of gril1ders, sl,arpenacL~.ë.it 'thé adgGh a mere, gl a.nc:é at whi ch was SLlffi ci ent l to i nsp'i ra .a large portion of the assembled multitude with ~.salLltary f~ar for thel r arm~ar 1 egs <Mauat. 1863: :~8:2-
.0
1
~83).
Moltat' set the "atrociOL\S·-loC)~dng figure" in wh 11 e
l;'lead
the
thrœ~
that avery'one who heard i~ trembled with fsar·
50 feroc:ious .
,'agi tatl on .•
and
He' went on to .note~
Il
repetitians
~
of !i1Hi\Vage~
sort
•
.:\11"
..lêIi mpl
very
contr:lvanc:e ••'. i t occ:asionally P'Ppear:ed ta c::!mi (:. a
howl,,
17
wi ndow ~"
êA
Urt on1y r·e'ql.l~r·a(~'
't.~ù,
,
or
of this simplG contrivance ta rid us complœt~ly -
Cil). the annoyi ng assemb 1 age, ~ wh(;:) hâd become a' nLli s'i:mc:œ, to, all who ~ ~
~
l'lved
ln
our
neighbourhood. ", He ,wen1: on to
affect h~d been success~ul,
bec,!luse,
in his words,
the hast i l y-constf·ucted manni k in as ca r,eal
at once
tn'a.t' ibil
raflec'!:. '"
"They loaked
Anda'!lan ~
.j\...Dd
.
attributing ta it all the ferociou$ characteristics by'whlch , <.
they cop$ldered
th~
tribe to be distinguished,
flÇlL\ra, . that' was enttir'ely the creation of ,
,1
·"ties li'lhich, were f
at
th~
CILlr
.
t.hey investsd the hands,
with',quctl!,,i-,
,
embodiment of their own
.
ormi dab la, th,at i t· was. ("'aga ded as
.:1,
lmagina.~lons,
and
al;)
ta
k(~ep
at
test of
pr';.~denc:e
."
283). ~,"They
In fa~t the effect laughed
rt livad,
heartily at the
diviriing the
o
from
crowd
ick that had basn
them -- for a Bengalese crowd is' èv r "
and the
returne~:
pl,aYlVd
goo~-humourad;
and at OMce
.
,
object of our.dec:eit,
·their presen<::e, , 252 '. ,
~
'.
up-on
•
',' ,1
!:.': 1 ,,"'J
""~ ,'i
,
..
'";.
al though
" qui etness,
o
not
"unti l ' - they had had
laughter at" their own "expense"
(Mouat' 1863:
a
roar
of
283-284).
t
The
final event of
iAt~~e~t
concerned two
ph~tograph~ ,
~ere takan of Jac~ white he wa5 in C~lcutta:
.
tha't
We resolved to have a photograph of Jack t.aken'; and as we were c:l.esi rous tl1at i t sl10ul d represent t1'lm ir:l his native and or"iginal state. we requested hif!l to strip, in arder that we ffilght have a fi~ §lml1g of Mim exactly as he appeared at the time of Mis capture. 1t will sçarc€ly be b~lieved. however. that sa great ,---r' was the change aIrcady produced ln him by his new ideAS, and associatIons. ~hat he seemed utterly shcc~ed at the very thought of appearfng~nahed before Individuals of Mis own se::. I t was by no means an ei!\sy matter /to pr.evail- Llpon hlm to take off his clothes; and /'.the _ proce$<S w,,:\S ver y slow. as one by one he di vested hl maelf of his diver. qafments. not wlthout many ea~nest remonstratjonc; élÇ),ain:-:>t such to-:, "'gr"caph 'was at.tempted by'Mr. l.F'illeaLI, WhlCh. although Jach: 'w.:\s 11'1 a st.ats of sid.ness at the time.,"· gi~es' by' far the best representation of ~lm.·A portralt ~~as ~lso ti:i\ken by Mr. Grant, in which hlS mlld, gentle, and benevel ent e:(pres?l'!:Jn' l s vcery fal thfLll J Y ahd accuratëll y ~ "rende'red (1'1oLli.1t 1863: :::!f-34-:!85") •
, ,
\
good
\ \
\
1
\ \1
\
.-
-
,...
,....~ "
o {
.}
'.
1
"• • • •
When ,t,aken
en-aby'me
of
together.
J~cl:"s
thes& three episodes represent" the
repl'"l?s~ntation.
qLI~stion
I t is hot only a ft
different
peints
of
view.
i t is'also a questlon •
,methods (:If l'"epre<sentation. '.
, '
,0
tion~
/
t.o
an
effigy"
condition
(:If
natLlr~
,
.
.
One moves,
to a
of
d~fferent
from a reflec-
•
and final iy ba-c~.;
when Jaek was sent back
to
the
te
~
An-damans -
.,
of
Q
for ~!:amplè,
fae-slfllile,
~is...,.
, .
253
,-<
,/
:.
..
oecàuse of i11 health:
o
Acc~rdingly, he was informed of our view of his Case, --afld of OLlr lntention to send him back to h'Ls native ~s1ands~ but he h~d now fallen lnto such an 8n~~œbled condition. that everything ~eemed te be a matter cf indifference te him. He was lo~aed with presents c{ aIl
\
,
kinds, by arder of the Goverri6r-General~ and especlally wtth many thlngs of a useful and Imprcvlng nAture. thn purpose of wh i ch. i 1-" he was I-èstorr?d to heal th by iM?-l\nS of his natlve aH", he mlght. bl:~ <:\bll? to teac:h his countrymen; fOI~ che was natut'''ially quic(,' in hl~ pen:ep~ tions, and had become very observant dL.lrlng -the ~c;.1tter portion of his sojourn ln Calc:utt.~. ,'" We l.>ler·'? ial: 1 ::\~,t rel\lccantl'1 \:omp€!llti!d rIJ p wc with hiro; and pl aClIlg l1un Llnder the char98 of, ,,\ l')(?f'''!;cm .in wliom we liad entll"'EI conf ldenc:e, lie salled t\"'Clfl\ Calcutta, and. ln dw? t:Lme, onè,e lTlon~ al"'r"i.v(~cl wlthll1 sight of the {~ndamal1s. As he hr.;\d been CI!.'\ptllr"C;:cJ <..'-\1: S()Llth' Rel:!f .Island. ',-le had made ,:lrr"~ng(~m(?nl:s fOl'" puttlng hun ashore t~let-e. ,::\s the place ....Jller-e hl? IAIc.JLlld ,::;t,:î\fld t:.htJ best c'1~\lc:e oF beinrj immedliate-dy n?cC:IÇJi11.::: 13tl l..ly {Dl'mer" frienQs at\c3 relatlves. ne W<:\S tll~st c.envl1ycd ,\stlclr(: Hl the , po,;nHI l t~ . for any of the natives ta rec"gni:e hlm. H..:! lAj.=\·S 1:1,>?refore strippEld, wl.th his own ..:cH,spnt., ~nd 1eFt nc:d,t:?c.I Dn th~ shore, a ~ondltion to which hp had been clc.cust~m8d all his ll'fe. e::cept during the ·:,hor{: pel'"lod of hl'~ 'sojourn at CalcLltta. and froll'i·wlur:tl. t.lier€:dore. J.I: W'-\'6 probable he w(:JL.lld ~Llf'Fer no injllry. NOf11!- of hlS feLJowcOLlntrymen appeared ta clëiim ~im while dny Cl+ th!:? ,nen belonglng te the E!ytg. by WhlCh he h~d been c~rriud back, - I.... emal ned wi th hi m on the l ~il ...1nd. l t w,::'!s tl",f?l'-t3f (:Ina resolved ta bid hlm farewell. leaving lus cl(::Jthm.s by his .ide. wlth the hope that when they had 18ft. h~ would b~ clalmed by his ~indred. or th~t he hlmselt wClLlld be abl..:? to find them out. He taol .:tn ,;'1I'f':ctjùnat.3 1 eave of aIl who h~1d accompéHli (:id h un. app(~'H·l'-'~ V'~l"',/ dejec'ted and"' low. The (:rew of the boat \-IŒr,? Vtiftt'" y' unwliling to leave 111m betund., and were d: net. tI"lat they belleved l t 'l'Jas for the l:wn8flt rJf hi ';; hi!'"ll Lh .. 'they ~'JoLlld not have dr::lrie it, so lonely and S':1/j d: ci (:hErpoor fellQw .:\ppeëlr. After ta~'lng <:\ l<:",st f.1rt:!w::lf. thG!y rawed OLlt to the ShlP, gl~adl..\ally lOSll1!J sjght of hl'O. s t i l l standln,rJ and melanc:holy ln the same .plar:e' .3n l . ' . as soon ~s they hdd gat on board, thœy steamed aW6y fr-om the I:',;eef Island on thelr ret1..lrn tu C.cAl1.:u"tt"". Afbar this'sad partlng nothing was ever seen of he~rd of our captive'again. Alas, paor Jac:::k! (MoLlat 1863:289-290).,
"
"
-",'
.,
','
" ,..
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254-,
,
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,
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"
Jacv. disappeared as he nad appeared, naked, in th~ . 1 prasenc'a, of the Ely.!;g and i ts c:rew. By the ti me he w.i's deposi ted Left alone,
o
shore with
on
h~s
pile of clothes and assortment of glfts he
had
19 C~l~utta,
received ln
..,..
,of an interstitial bSlng. of
the
In the lnterlm between the appearanc:e
Pluto off the Andaman C:Oclst and lts disappearanc:e r---.
c:raw Mad returned him te the islands.
its
so~ething
one senses that he Mad bec:eme
:0
Jac:k had undergone
sin"i,es of 7epresentati ~e transfOl'"mati ons,'
traces of him in histnry:
a
after
a
whi eh wot..Ïl d l Qave onl y
figure in a story,
a lest lmàge
and
,
in space.
,
, '
mlrrors-adpr~ing ~he wall~
What did Jack see in those
l
apa.rttnsnt,
Government House?
in
of the
,..."
Simply
pùt"
he
h,fms;elf.~·
saw
.
baiugheq, ~nd r'epeated Il,Jélèk! Jacl-:!" But WélS the image tlïat'h,:= saw -
an Image of hlm/self --
of himself, word) ,
, 'the
as he !;Q!Jlf!
01'":
Q~?
The
b~ ~as,t
,
"
~ffect.
been displaced by that Image.
present,
'~as
both"
na~ed
present
~~§
(in both senses of
and the
ln the sens~ in whic:h
(an Andaman IslanJer) and
image
had. ',1 n
fL.!1:UI'"fE
captivm).
His
~clothed"
per"soM named "Jàc:k' ln an alinn clütural
clothed
was therefore a self image
'5611
f.
That i
i nt'erst:l tl al t 1 gùre, '1.
j
'woul.d
t
cCinte1:t.
,graphie
", .
onl y ,'"eml !Ids us that he hë1.d become
nei t.her Ew"'opean nor Andamanes(=.
had g\ven him a self-consclousness,
a tn
'Lln-'
an
Cloth.l:ng~
WhlCh
was
perhaps at the erigin of 1115 response to his mirr"'or lmage. He was -tO resist the attempts to dlsrobe hlm during hlS filst pho'\::o-
,
'.
seem~
m,~~Qe
(a
tif
cOf1fronting his mi'rror image. he was in effec.t confrontlng an . , t magi nad
he
'~',
...
0.
/
se~sion.
~Pisode
m.ise-en-abyme ..
involving the
mannlki~
only
accelerated
BLtt in this case, the procESs was approac:hed fl'"om
.. 1
,
",,-
-,
(
255 '"
'--
~
"
,
,
-:
,,1
~;; :""'\.\~:-:-",'-"'_
," 1>4-
this
'''"
}'f"
,
'.
,
. ~natur.l~
an 6pposite point of view. Mouat ccinstructed a
o
Anda~anesé,
an
according
to
-.
,
~h'l\t
na~:''edness ,,~<JOlll d h~\d
he
gener,all:!ed:
That prOCE!f:5s,
hAve
had (Jo.
~l<.-\d
b\:?on
r'2p~esented
ln Ca! (:ut ta)
wh en
on'
tlie Elhri-;,g. ,~\t,
bOiard
~ 1'1<'.HJ b een glven ' '1(7t
some
r::i"'U
101'
"~ii
~
cl('flths,-"-,,,~~~
l'l:, had cLtlminated in the m.lrr.or imaQe. In tl1S, m,annl~
~pl, sode,
~
- .....
,~l~~
he 'was ~.
"
,~
~.;:;.,'......
~ '\
general i ::lad; ,
'-~\""
,
"
of .view. ~.it'h th~ constrl,clion of the mannikin, Mduat '"
,
J~ck
hie partlcularlty
had al ready begl\n
however,
t~,
,ki n'
th.t
been clothed ,as ottH?r ELlI~.op~.r:\ns ~\j€.'r"e clo'lhHd.
, ' t lme b f i115 cap ure, ,
mirrorm
th~
In the eplsode of
a process bf culturali::!atlon.
hi s
what
,
'$~ould hav~ consi~ted of. undergone
popular conception of
image of
tr~nsfQrmed
'.
,
Jack~s partîc'ttl.ar'itV in'te $'t~reotyped image' wli1'ch Mmd i't~'5' oriçptl i n tr~vei l,er ~ 5 t.a! es'. Tht.ls - the mann i ki tt .was. nei the/"'- ca" fâG. !â~MI1!U.5! '
"t
4
'
.)
,
of
an ,; Andama'1
islander, p ,
rlor
-,
Wè:lS
i'ë--~n acc:urcate,
renditiol1
,
Ja~k~~
Vat
current form (his clothed presence).
was
,it
pr~G~l1tüd t
and apparently accepted as a 'natural" image. Wi th the events culmi nati ng .i. n the photographs of
d.\l ml n.t-\tl on of tf1J. s prejcess of
q?~
tien'5O'
What
gimil§
of
a
WC1Llld Jac~
'true,' 'aCcllrate,'
,have conslsted
o+~
wU:)
reprss&nta~
shlftin0
":
anc'j
J ,S\ck ~
LiiS:.
'lmmedl,atœ'
A phctograph cf him
in
hiG
;
Llnc 1 othed ' sf:ate:'"
descriptIon of 1
~~s
seems Il tt 1 e doubt"
rhen~
reactlons,
that
Jac~
sc~n
ba.sed
cm
came to
1(I(jLl~t
r~q9r~
• ~a
hi~
t" ' .
'f~r the photographlc sessIOn.
fal t " " nal- ed'
;'0' . ,
wi thout
l
t.
Mouat here reversed the
impliclt in glving Jack clothes in the flrst
process
,
"
256
,- ,"
culturall:lnq
,
,
-"
.,
..
pl ;ace.,
By
forci ng
hi m to
process.
o
Clothing state
natu~al
photographie
hi S' clo1;,he-s
tay.e
off,
'unnatural.'
~as
session
c.::vents
~hen
a
condition
his
during
the
counter-proposltion:
the
dlsrobement
But the sequence
unnatura~~
session
signlfled
that
of 'nudity' was ln fàet a
,1~c~:r
11
becolne a ff:'e:pressntatl.on •
1
to bt:? fnanipl.tlated l-
-
-
~1ac
k" s
cultural
tiltatemerlt (ie th dt it was a necessary conditloo of his I~
that
that
Jac~'s
presumed
that
during
~atural/unnaturat
di srupted
Jack after his capture had implied
'natural' state of clothing was aIse of -
Houat
culture> .. i.n
varioLls
c:l.\l tUI'"i'.d con I:~~xts""."-: Hi s reh.\,rn to the Andaman Xs] ands, hi s ncakedand
nEleis.
the "cl othes by hi 5
'~si
de u onl y 'S'erve to' campI e~e
the
1
tl'"ëtnsfoy-mation:' 21
Jack
had become subJect ta the play of
1
,
tltdl:?S.
Aside ,
Slmlli-
,
Tram a detailed geagraphical description of the Anda-
1 1
. mans :
and descri.pttons of Jack,
Mouat's book cantains little
'I:ha au\:11or" s own observations on the Inhabitants."
sources.
~,rst sour~e
The
In
was two accounts ~rovided
fa~t
by
of
he had
escaped
, convicts~
t4th
cne of whom was a
a 8rahmin Sepoy fram
Bengal Infantry named Doodnath Fewarny,
l?th May 1859 (Meuat WA~
m~tineer~
based on
t862:1~0-124,
a.pape~
the
who had lived wlth
Belcher 1867: 40). The second
presented by Professor
8~en
to the
Brltish
".
Asooclation
fer" the Advaricement of SClence ln
1861
(1:24-125) .
had discussed the raclai origins of the
Andamanese
, Ow~n's
p~per
based on osteol ogi cal and dent.:al ev], dence provi d~d by af,1 el: ami l1a-
.
"
"
ticn of the bones of an adult male (1861:
'
been given to Mouat by Dr. J.
-
~.
:44-~49). 1
The bones had
Walker, the flrst Superintendent
257
.
, .
"
,
..
}
"
~
l~jl:.~~:, ~:b~~';:::';~~L~;~~~i~S~~l~~::; :.- -,~L -;"
'-r'~'~J:~' r<~l'~-<:
,'.'
~
.
of'
o
the Penal
'-'
colony~
and he had passed them on te
1862:124).
,Owen
(MOUà\t ~
~
The
Andamanese appearp-d on opposite points of tha
-tional hori=on of BritIsh acqulred
a~~Qunt~
from
captured
ethnQgr~phy.
indlV'lduals.
stlldi es.
convict~
by
from
and
about th.m wau
'~nowledge~
and direct
observa-
ebSeryatlonc
of
tJsteoloqical
~GCisntlfic~
The hlstorical relatienshlp bet,ween the<se ,dtscl'"epè'll1t
/
'approaches
AnJi.\-
tIf
The pl'"lncipal interface b~twaa~ thesci tw~ modes
cul ture ..
man
the passage teWè'\rds the repr'esentë'lt: 1 on
mar~'s
of
J
, \
\
and
'onc~
photogr~phy
again
~.
dGsumed ca critic@l raIe
the'
23
b
medium for the
con~lusive
repre5ent~tlon
AndQ~ana~e.
of the
poi nt of reference cont i r1uec.1 te be the Elb!!;.g and
The
rt:?presen.ta.ti v(~m
"
.of the Andamanese cent i nued ta be deconte;: tuall ;:ecj. Even ,-,
disciplinary
"
point of view
~nthropological
waG
tH,~'fore
M
'3y~~vmat1c311y
<>,
applied
to
powarfLIl
.
thell'"
the Andamanese hfd become
culture~
man i pLil ~ti on.
proc:essas of representati on~l
~
ln
to~er10
,wllic:11
I:)f
j
i miages of" Jack stand as ca modal ..
"
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,
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__ ,
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~ ":"'""~
r\, '>-
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1
~
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-'
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' Yo"
,_ __
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;
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-
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--, - 1 =
Il - , , ,,:' , :-".', '.;' ,,',,' " .
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>_""-;"'-,":i.,:,';,~~'",~; --
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'~~':' \'",-:;',".~:::'.':
,.'
i
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,.,
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l' [.' : -
f
j ....
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, "
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"
Notes
,
\
.(,' l
""
'
~
:1.
~ouat's
in$ttuctions ~;e reproduced: in Appendix V. The of the period immediat@ly preceding Mouat's expedition lS ,,'given by Portman (1899:I,185-207).
2.
Port~an
h{~tory
c.
seems to have accepted the authorlty of Mouat's although he was at paIns to point· OLlt l t S errors (1899: r ~ 2-10-:21:2). In contr.ast. he Wt'l.S mon? cri tical towards l'1ol.lat','s boor.: whicl1 he thol..lght hëi\d probably been partiallr',(;' authored by a ~host wrlter ln England ~nd as a conseRuence Mqua~;~ coul q nQt be h81 (j lIr-esponsl bl e for many,. of the statefnents in i t JI (Por-tm~",n H399: J, :21:2). (Af par-ticL, lar int.erest ln thlS CQnnectlon 16 the fë.~cl.: that F-'orl:më;\l1's eVdluatlon CJ'f l'1ouat~s book was b~sed on ob~~t=r·vatlon -- ci jucjÇjf:tnent on what Mouat "dld not ses <3!1d wOl.lleJ' I1Clt hëi\ve been likely to imagine" (F1ortman 1899: I.'212~. But Portman did not_elaborate on the episodes he ln had ln mlnd. nor did he cite his ~ouree of' information concerning the ghost writer s'cat.elnent. PrJr-tm~n 15 qLlesti ons cannat i..herefor"!:? IJe rasai ved ~nd - remein at the level of IndiVIduel QP~nlen. sspeclally Slnee it 15 di-fficult. te imaginé that Mouat: would Ilot hav8 seen the fllanuscript which bsars his name (he was ln England ln 1862. the yser" before the pub 1 i cati on date of 'h i s book). and a number of episodes. ~n partleular thoss 1 discuss, giV8 one the strong ! mpressl on of havi ng been wr"i t ten fr-om pe,'"sonal e~( per-i enee. report,
'!.
"
,
'
".' ~.
1
r
Andaman Islands. and especiëi\lly the Cellular- Jail dt Port Blair. have becom~ a symbol of Indian natlonalism, ,and its fight for independanee. During the paried of BritIsh adminlstratlon~ from the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, until the abolltior'l of the Penal Set'tlement ln 1945. the seUlement and jail ho'LlJ.;;ed seme of the leadlng Indlëi\n revclutlonaries. For a hlstory of the settlement see MaJumdar 1975. 3.
The
Aberdeen~
, ,
~
"Th'is i'El reflected in the organi=ation of Mouat 1 c; bQPk, which inci~entally bears a 5tl~ing resemblance ta the thematic organization of 1~ ~hurn's book. Bmens tb~ lQ~i!Q~ g1 §YlêQ! (188~). Mouat·s boo~ ~s dlvided into two major constituents. The first ~iK chapters take the form of a travelogue of the expedltlon~ and tne last chapter presents Information ln regard to the manners • . C:Llgtom!3~ mate,'"i al cLll tUI""e. and ethnoÂogy of tl;1e Andaman t'al i.l\nder~. A.
5. -.
.... ~..
"
,
l' .. ,'
~ U~l
\ ~
..r-~~
';'1\
l
~"'
.'. ~o 'J~,"~~,:~f:" -
.vH\
,
;,
."
The general chart of the Andamans, pr-epared by Lleut. Archlbald Blair. was supplied" in man~script 'by thy Surveyor-General~s offlce of Calcutta for the use of the Expedltion. It was employed throughout~ and found te be an accurate. safe. and certain gUlde ~o aIl those parts of the islands which had been examIned by hlm ~n detail~ In those spots where hi~ sur vey had been less
','
~ t'~ 1';"~
,
:259
~l ..:t 1. "
•
'
f
Tv'
t
~'
\. r"
-'
.
.
•
4-"t.....
r,
a
but wha~ever it proved te be so~ the_le~alities were of such a nature .5 to be of no practical use, either in themselves, or from being beset with dangers which render them sc. But aIL thq~e places which had be~n attentively $urvey~d and were represented in minute detail on th. chart. such as tJld and New Part Cornwallis~ RLtltlancl 1:t-31and~ 'Port Campbell. ~,c:., wer-e found ta be in t,;?}(",:\\:t:ly t:h~~ same condl tH:>n 'as wnen deI t nec:.Üt~cJ by Dl iH r 70 yG'l!\r-a ago. This was, particularl~ observable i~ MIddle Stralt, where lslets cf enl~ 50 yard~.~n. length clppe~r ln preclsely the ~ame state as t~ $IZe, elev~tion. and position. as that represented by the fir~t surv~yor. The very vegetatfon upcn them gave the idea of its belng the growth of thé last münsoon~ bhe only .igns cf , minute
o
'it was found to be defective;
deci:\yf~d
age bei n(;) the dead stems and
,standing among the low mangroves, fr:ee' accest; of the wat6iH"s (.l'f '-T862: 11
bl~<:.\I'\chto?s
~tunted
the
'.J-t~,
t:rt~4la
from want
~f'
(Mouat
ocC!a\l1.
Similar .comments were made in the Report' by Commlttee (Portman 1899:1, 222-223~2~9-240). S~e
:",
...l
f!:~-
!
,
"",,
"
have been I.lr\able ta trace any ~ietailed df?5Crlptll.:JIH; (;)f vensels. but IJoth wen::~ wit",çj power së.\lll.llg EW'lg~~. On\;: 0:1\1; Eli:;::abeth> of tlle 'snow' type. the atl1er (the VJ.p(:JrJ !tl"hi dusi.(J"" ,',nated 'cruL:sr-' (Temple 19(1) 1(4). The snow type W~l,S dif:ll:i,n~' ", 9uished by its different arrangement l.:Jf t:.I1Œ boom· m.:dn~cul '(F'or'tman 1899:I. 65). ' \ t~
-~-
,
1863:3~.
7. The fo~lowing are the ~i~t~nguishing feat~rœ~of Mouat's book: the pr~sentation of information derived f~om two~ '.~sc~ped convlcts who had lived with tHe Andamaneme fnr i~ver ffi year; I,j s dirf-ct referenc:es ta ethnology at, severë.ü poil1l.:til i l i hi!::;. ~arratjYe= and his particular refœrenc:es ta, PrcfGsscr Owun~s paper, 'On the F'sy!:h;cê.'\l anct Ptlysi,cal ~ha"·,~cl'.en!5 (::lf [',hm t'lir1~" copies. or Natives of the Anddman Lwldnds, ë,rlçJ cm t:ht3 fiel\-\tJ,clI1!,j thereby i ndl cated to 'other Rë\ce~~ of Mc:\IlU nd ~ in t IHi' l.,-tsi, c:hr'{ptC?I" ~ of the bOCl~'. Dr. Playford. inCldentally, alsH::l Wi:\lll:8c1 l'Cl '~Jbl: ...-dn the he.:lds (Jf the two Andamanese hl1ed 'in ...-\ ~~kinntBh c.:>f+ TTllEH'''~ view Island. no doubt in erder-te ,?u'bJt:.'tt:t I:~lem tel ",1 (,:r'ëtnJ,OlC)gl(: ••\! .Jinvestigatlon (MoJ~t 186~:120-1~6; 186~:77-79.2~5.29~.~~l-~4~).
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,The passage' had begun, and the ShlP, a fragment detached from the earth,' went on lonely and swift like a -. small planet. ROLlnd .her the abysses - of s~, '1 and :saca met i~ an unattainable frontler. A great circular solitude mC;;ved with li el'" , Ever changlng and aval"" the \sam~" al ways monotonous - and al way~ i mposi ng. Now and then
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another white spec\-:, burd~ned witt:l Iife, appeared far off -- disappeared; 'intent on its own des~~ny. The su~ loeked upon her aIl' day, and every mornlng r:ose with a burning, round stare of undying curlosity. She had her own future;' she was alive with the lives of those bei ngs who trad her decys;, Il ke that earth lI'JhlOh had given her up te the sea, she·had an lntolerable load of regre.ts land hopes. On tl.er lived tlmid t:ruth and aLlda-< è'l(:JL!S lies; ,6nd, 1 d"(~ the sc"\rth, she was unCOnSC10I.IS. fair, ta see -- and,condemned by men to an 19noble fate. T/1e 61J(Just l anell,ness 0+" her "path ;.tent dign l ty ta the . sordid Inspi,"'atlon of hèr pllgrimage.· SI,e drave foaming to the southward. as If gUlded by the courage Qf a high endeavQur. The smillng greatness of the s~a dwarf~d the eHtent of time. Th~ days .raced after one another," bl"il1ir.:~nt and quid llLe the flash8s of a. 11ghthouse, ~rld tilt.? I1lghts.",evci!l1tf!.ll and short, 1'"8sEHTlbling fleeting cln:~~::lms. (Conrad 1985/1897::!6)
See
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following passage f~om Robert LOUIS Stevenson's "nIe company was now complete, and began to ~r~w together. Py inscrutable maQnetlsms" upon the dec~s. There were Scots And IrIsh ln plenty~ a few Enollsh. a few Americans~ a gocd h.ndful of Scandil1aVlans. a German or two, and one Russlsn;' aIl ncw belong1ng for ten daye to one smAl1 1ran country on the cleep 10 (Stevenson 1984/1895: 1:;) • ASlde fr<::>m the moral dunenslons of C'Jnrad's' tale, h15. story ~ontAins a number of telllng imaqes WhlCh contrast sharply , wi t'.h the "51 t m. long Illlll" of the ~§:!:G.i.§§!:\§. and. one mi ght add. the efficiency cf the line and functicn 0+ the ElY tg· . The tuy that towe:~d the Nare<:i SSLlS out o·f harbour. "was. for e)~è\mp 1 e, "short" and I1bl~ck,1I resembJlng~
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S CCrI tr'last i 5 not wi thout i nterea-t ln l'"egal'"d to pOSl t l ng the industr"lal tE'::ture. and national inf-lectlon of an observatlonal cultura. for at the end of the stery Conr~d li~ens England te a HA C;Wlalat Shlp!" -- "A Shlp mother of fleets and nàtlons!" -- "fhe gre~t fl~g.hlp of th~ race; stronge~ than the storm<;' and , " , rAnthored, j Il the open -.,seà" Il But tll'? liTlages that t he ~$\r::fl§§b!.5 enccunt,red upon her return were ta be those sp~wned by,an indUstrial nation, "the tall factory chimneys ••• blad, pl Lli,nmets of smoke~ Il the Il impure breeze, " and "a QI-eat opalescant and tremulows cloud, that seemed torise from the steamlng brows of mi ~l i ons of ,l'li:!n." F l nall y the c,'-ew ,we,-e di spersed. never ta be seem\ agai n: l "The sea tooJ..: sorne,' steamers ,took athers. the grave-' ,., .. yards o'f the earth will account for the rest" (Conrad-
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10 • • I have in m-ind qltâlites of a shipl's (.1ider ,communications .global' tec:hnoculturiU CoArad .draws between (i b id. ) .,
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net only the transitional, , otherworldlY4I cLIltLlre. but also-U:.S l"'alationmhip -te F.\ system;' the fl.\nc;tion (:If.. ' 'the type, c·t metropolis l.mplicated in the rela.t:ton5lhip the ~it;iB§Y§ a.nd t~e l.land of E"gl~nd
11. pne is reminded of the artistic: function of ~'O$t.nl,'tHinie. ~ ln the present case. an I.\nknown - - the Andamanese -- were· lI\rti I:LI-, lated IÎIn 'terms of fantastic jLlld:,:lPClSi ÙOr:1S in order tel f"end~r t:.h~ heterogeneity of th~ races composlng t~e crew more' homogeneo~s -te render them more human. The humanit~tiQn QÇ,the '~~aw w.s ac:hievad, by j~txtapolSing a futidament
12. ' This $en~e of l'''eali~y-~es enewgh te- reintroduce - rac:ial differenC:f: 'and cla~s hierè\\rct1y int'o the l'"anks ,of '" the F'l.u'te:' 1l.i c:rew.
13,. For. a centemporary stiatemelît te thi s eT fec~t sea; ,fr.u'" eH9\mple, 'Lardner (1840:329.331-335). As Philip Curt:ln haer'argt.lsd jh the case o~ tht::! E6\st Indies: _~oth
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the Dutc:h and English. East India Company ware pretty much Ilmited to Lhe speed of saillng ships~' and so "were thel!'" Asian competi't:or"s. Up t.O the t8:~;O~s, a,. letter fr'dm Europe ta India ,took f{ve ta ei(]ht ment.hs to 'round the Cc:\pG cm a sai ling ship.. T(:! rec:mive an answer might ta~e As_long as two years. Sy th~ 1850'$, .the combiriation of train and ~teamer could brin; .' .letter fram London ta Cal~utta ln thtrty te fcrty-fiva days. Sy the 1870·s. submarlne cable ha~ UHsn laid ~nd a message fram Brltaln ta Indls cculd be answered in t_he same" dé1y. Ii: Wé1S Ilot Just trlat El.lI"Op8SI1S 11F.id the tool s; they al 50 C!ont.rolled acce:!~s ta 'lhem. Anyelle who wantéd ta commLtn i c:ate cat- that spEled had te· foll aw . the bureaucratIe rules o~ the cable office. These were~ .needless te say. the·rules of Western commerce. (Curtin 1984: ::5:>
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But th~r~ was also the very important asp~ct Of-a cHang~ ln the c:enfiguratlon of cult'ural par:cept,{ons which took fQrm l.n relation ta the appearanc:e of a technologlcal landsc~pe: Wi~h the pr:olifœration of machinery and noise, what ha.d' prev,iously been taken for granted ceuld now become the unus~al and, Mence tha . unnaturaf:
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" It was- strange enough, in the silence of midnight, and the dead stlilness that seemed to' ,be c:reated by the $udden and une):pected stoppage of the engines which had'been clanv.ing and blasting in our ears incessantly for so many days. te watch the look of blank astol1l ~)hlnerlt E?:'prp.ssed in every face: beglnning with the o~flcers. traclng i t through aIl the pas$an(;)ey's, and descendinq to the very sto~'ers and, furnaceman, ' I,
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can,. of c!=lurse, a1so be tl""aced in relat'ion te the codi fi cati on of a' 'natur.a1 1 1 andscape _'consequent upon the pf~o1iferation of'" rai lway lines. See. for s::ample the fol! QW! "9 c:omm~nts by Wc) -Fgang Schi vel bL\Sch: - ~.
techrfo~og{cal
, -The empiri cal real i ty that makes the "1 andscape seen 'from the train windew appear te be " ano ther world" i Si the rai 1 road i tself, wi th i ts e::cavati.ons, tunnel s, etc Vat the rai 1 raad '1 s merel y an expressi on of the rai l' s technologu:al re,qui,"'ements, and the ,"'aI11 l tsel f i s a. cont'i tLlten t part~ (:Jf that machi ne' em~emb l°e that the systeln i5.' ~t is-:;, ln other words. the' machine ensemble 1~h'êi\t inter- j ect<:i i tsel f IJetween the, travel ef- - and the landscape. Th8 trav~ler percelves the lands~ape as i t i s -Fi 1 tered thrcLlgh the machi ne ensembl e. (Sehl vel busch
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he 1 at'er poi nts OLlt. "IIT~e"''' rai lroad creatéj!i- . a n~w landscape" (1980:62). BLlt his insistence on lts cçmnec::tiéh to thi: id~a of a panaram.;Î ~:md a "panoramu: perception" , ' I S . l thlnk, m(sdirected. It was not Just al question of a perception that was a prodLlct of i:\-process based "on .3 specifie developmental stage of .t:he c:i'rc:ul=d::ion of œommoditles." -- thH "production - circu-l~tion ,~ompJ.e):" (186), rather It was also, and principal-l'l. the, prodwct cf a new l~ndsc:ape -- the railway. steamships. photo9raphy -' and te18(:;}raphy. The communIcatIons system. of the huge m.tropolis ef which Ldrdner ~pea~s (1840:334-~~5). 15 none qtt'ler th an the metropoll s !.t§.§lf. In other tAlol'"ds. ,"'al 1 ways etc .• were tbi O@~ l~d~!~êQ§, and tha~ landscape, as Serres has ri"ghtfully pE'rceived. was one of "disselutlon. atomic and molecLllar dissemination. Il (Serres 198:': 58) • \llhat one therefot-e ~!ie~t:igQf;!if! in rel at i on ta the wi ndow of the, ra11 way c:arl'"i age was tho dematerlall=atian of 0islon ltself. and lt cculd only have been COdlflSd in terms cf a thermody~amlc paradlgm: an entrop~ of vision. ThlS prccess therefore al~~ destroyad the du~llsm insid~/Quts~de. as vision be~ame a functlon of speed. The use of ' bCIOKS ~\nd manLtal s b.y travèllers onl y served 'te reverse ithlS , proc:as:;. Tlïéy cod If 1 ed and di sc: i pll nad Vl 51 on, ln terme of landscapes and C:ltyscape!:1l. They did 50. however, at the e}:pense of the experience of the speed of travelo Hence they functlened te pictorlall:e and objectif y the process'of the dissolutioh of vision. They achleved this by t~é creation of a series of s~atic
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14. The' incident ,was, also describ'ed in the normali:dng discol.\r.se of , the Report of the Andaman ÇQmmittee, where it~ ~hole mythic
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On rounding that place t~ anehor under its. shelter, a 14rge patty of them were s~rprised fishlng on ~ reef runnind out from, the mainland, with a few ,separated from them ~n a sandy sp~t of the Island. The " lAtter ~e conjecture io have been women, and they had a small Cdnoe lying on ih~ b~a~h. As soon as tha steamer ~ad .anchored, the Çommitte~ landed in two well, armed boats. - The people who had been seem on the isl·et had, disappeared in th"e 'dense jungle which covered i t . In the canoe, wlTIc:h witp its contents was 1eft eHac:tly as it Was found, beads and Idoking glasses were pl~ced, and the '-Pi\l'''t y immedl. atel y r'E;H.~,1\bë,r~~eci, to sl"low the __ , patives that 'blrl'eil'" intentions werœ .friendly." jl\nd-.. -fl"'~1-~\ From \ ,even' the sembl snes o·f hos'!;i l i ty l, ePor"t,man 1899: 1, 23/) • "
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the process of'objectifying and summarizing the narr.tive" the E:!..!:&:tg was erased f'r"om the ethnogl'"aphic ptc:ture. 'T11e myt'hic' -:".,ilnd physi cal presence of ithe El!:!'!:.@( (no dOl.lbt name~ caf ter t:h.e Sr.lliek' ,"__ ' ,God - of the underworld :-:- the plans-t which shares thi$! name~ was only discovered in 193(» would have added a dlstLArbing tel::h~Ological and military shad~w to the purlty of the perspective adopted. Of "inter~st in the present cas(: 15 th:è fact tl1at _thœ P1LIto was not the first :.steam vesssf te crtli'se the Andam"n' ;:;;të;:s. ln 1849, a steam vessel; H~·C. s. v. Er:!2~gt:gJ.!1~, WCl\S ~ent, to the Andamans in sea~ch of survivers of ~he w~eek of the" sailinq vessel gml!~ 00 Interview Islahd
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Thomas Sangspee took up a ci9ar,' struck fire from the musket, and b~9an te smoke, when ha laid hold of him by "
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the ,arm and begged for ._cheroo~ ~oo. A Burmese cigar was handed tè Mim which he lightedi.himself, and np Turk • could enjo"y his hookah wit:h greajter c,?n~entment.. He· seemed surpri sed .::jt the manne,... th~' fi.r~ was , obtai'ned. He was weIl acquainted with the eflfèc:t ol d musv.et, and. w~s not in·the least ë\larmeë at ~aving-orye .fired off
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Maar him, y~t i t excited his curi6sity tao know how fire was'obtaiQed by only throwingla little_powdè~ ~nto th'~ pan wi thout a di s~harge. from \ the b~rrel. It was el{f:Jlained to him, and he laughteEl\at the e}{planation. This youth~s body was scarified iq hori~antal ~trip~s, :the éic:.:a,tri'ces - of I:'Jhic.l:t--were 'at' .~,east ~bout half an linch in diélme'ber. 'iis bddy W~$ cla.u ed with j;1:!§'!J.@ -or red .. oc:hre. He _ hct\d a shell at tached t , a s,tri ng round . hi s. wais€. The st~ing was represented te me te be slmilar ''tcf' thosa 'wcrn by ·the Nic:obarians.1 Th,ê-edges of the' Slb,ell aIl round were v~ry sh.:arp., ànd "ro,'"med thei r krlife,: as with-it he very readll~ eut cl tcconut that NiaS given to. hil11~ The knif-e aftE.!f.:"I~~his operat1on was' taken frqm bim by Mr. B. and thrd~n~~way. when he goodhl.lmOYl"'sdly gat ClLit.dft,the boat and went for 1t, and e}(pre'sSied by signs tr(at i t was of gr4at" use of tiim. ',Several ' ot.het- rli:ttives' appn:lached '. and locj.:ed on at the.
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=thsse incidents toc~ place on the sarne island that Mouai and fnlm which he ca.ptLtr"ed J~c~:.q an indigene, ~Llr.i ng .a ski rml s)1 at the end of hj s surv!:y of the Andamans. The inc~dent rec:orded by the member of the §§§ §§CQ§ot l'''eminds one of F:i--t-~tü e~ s eJ!\c:ounter wi' th the Andarnanese dLlri ng hi $ 1771 sLirvey) of the islands, and its trar]scultLu"'al c:har\acferistics ~r~ slmilar" ta those tzhat unfolded ln tt,e third Spë\(:e of\RitC'hie~s-,sh1P (enhcemeu1t O,r1to' a EurapeaÇl, boat, fasc 1 natIon \ wi th EUl"'opean . weepons,
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Serrés (1983: 54-62) • The MOb~' LIS band i'3 a one-51 ded surface. -The properties of hes~ types of surfaces 'w~t"'e i.ndependently discQve.red by J.B. Listlng (1806-188:!) and A.F. Mobi'w. <1 "i!91)-1 868) in 1858. The mobius band '15 formed by' 9i vi ng ,;\ . <:itl'" i P of p.-:~per a hal f ,\twi st a.n~ gl Ut ng the two ends' together. rt • ane-sj ded' charaocter i st,! C COpSl sts Hl the f act that a. llne dr~wn along en Lts surfac:S wl11 cover what was orlglnally bath si des of the band wi thout brea~' 1"119 r.ont~~c1: w'i t:11 "the surf ace of the band. It is ,alse characterl;ed by the fac:t that a perpenc:liC:Ltlat'" trëwer"sing Its surfacH ln a .de'f.lnlte rhrl?c:tlon wlll return to the Oppcslta slde froffi WhlCh I t b~gan and wl11 have rev~,"sed i.l:l:; d'l.l'-ection in the pr"OCeE5S (I~llile 197:2:1165-1166), or. h.:\ve fOLln-d the mobi us b.::md of grea t val LIe . for conceptuall l ng the , .intimate relatlcnshlp between a culture of representatloA and the repr~sentat1.Q.n ':lra cL\lture. Speclficallv. the fact that the two o-ft"en bf?h.:\ve as if' they are Sl ffil.ll taneOLlsl y one an.d ~..the same , thi ng. and • t~'lJO °5i des of the saille COI n. ~ The "1 de'a.·' of cul ture - 'ca:lI1tact . ·.;and the rel ati cnsh 1 p. between two cul tures in a trans, ;t:\..tltural ttür.d space sltuation a1so bears 'a cJose a.fflnlty ta the .,',., topologic:-a.l·.···t:haracteristics of'~ thl.e mobius band. Its 'role ,in
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aind previous ta the time ~oc:cL\Pi~d by this pro~· ceedi. ng, the men oh the reef, ten or t.wel ve ln "nLlmber,! . .• exhibited every, *.Sign of the most ilnpl.ë:\cable. hamtilit)!. They gestic:ulat.ed 'violently~ vClcifera"ted, waived bow\S
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at'ld one o~ t.l1am br*ar:ldi shed a spa"ar wi th ii\ whicll ~t:?a.fTled brightly in the rca\ys ClT the setting sun. Another"of khem,waded to his wai.t. in tl1e .,sea, how~ed defiQ..q(:e, f.mcl ül"lot a c:ol.\ple of arrc.1w!tl, and
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,
A n~ti ve who had been on board of thi S v~ssel Cthe -Bs09êC- 8ho~J about three' week's, and" 'whp ~pp9al"ed 'ta be perfectly rec:onciled and-pler.u:;;ed wLth his ne..w mode ci! li~ing, was 1eft on boa.rd of our ship. A~ 'the sarne time th~ Commodore gave orders that if he w\shed tc'go' en shore and return te hi s couhtrymen an oppo,'"l:\.mi 'l:.y should be glven him to desert; he WR$ dccordlnqly pul 1. n'to a boat and 'sent ,,",shore. There hi{Ppt:!n~d I:(J l'Je ..\t this time a few nf the natives ln sight. and w~ desired him te go and join them. He seemed tc b~ octuat~d by ~ 'SL~ impl..!lse ef JOy at seSl ng thern. He ~5pr'Llng CH.ti: ë)·f tMe boat and flung ~cwn hi~ hat and ~an towards them. They dld not Immediately reccgn~se him for one of thœir . c:ountrymen. - :IS he had bC.len cl ethed on bU",1,'"d th8 13~m!o1ff:!t with a ,jacket and trcLlsers. He soc~ disen~4mbered himself f~om his cloth~s. and returned te that stdte o~ nature whi ch hl? hè'\,d fr6m hlS lnfë-\ncy been ë1C:C~A,stom6~r4o t6. They lmmedlately seemed to congratulate hi~ upc~ Dis safe escape. apd they all together ran i.nto the woods (Pcrtman 1899:I,59-60).
'
,, ,
o,
,
.
,.'"
'
In
this
case
Colebreol e/Pertman ac:count
the
ratains 'ail
important trans~ulfural characterièltcs cf the episode.
\ ---" !
" -,'I" . ".,:. ,, ' , ~
the
18. (-\ l:Jr'le'f desC'~lpt1on cf the sklY"mish and a mor'e lenÇJthy statemen't, of the reasons for detal n H1g th l <::i l nd i 'Il dual were g1 v""~n the I~nda.man, CommJtt~e ln their Rl?port: .J .by , ,'
'>-.
One 1 of the natl ves. whan ln the wa ter" sei zed a ~:;tr"ap thrown te him frem the'seçond cutter, and w.s ta~en on bo~rd. The Committee deliber~ted anAiously ~s te the, disposal of this man, whether to relea~e, o~ carrJ him 'ta Calcutta. They ultimately decided on the latter -c
"
v""'" ",
266 "
"
'
/
•a
.
course' as the one require~ by the interests 9f humanity, althol,).gh attended wlth hardshlp to the individual, until he can be instructed'su-fficïently ta I-:;now the reasons whic:h lad to' hlS removal' frofl\~ his country and k I ndrec:f,. . 'In the futu';e occupatIon of the An dam4'.!)s, i t ' l S ' of the ut-most j mportance 1:0 the wretche,d o ,outca~t!5 occ:upylng lt:S shores, that, the means of COllffiLlnic:atlng wi th f:hem shoui d. e:;, l st. They are Ç'\t present ~H th'ar 50 "'" JgnQrant as to regard all new-co~ers as savage or so enemt~s, to reslst aIl attempts at Interceu~se ~as 'aggressi ons, and te
o ) "
'; .,<-' '~
~~: ~~
'&J
Th€ii ·.committee . postulated that th(= means ta ac:hieve those be pçovided by the Andaman captive. The Report wen~ on t.o note tl1at. the II sav-3,ges" shoulfj b8 "taugh,!:" ta treat shipwrecked ffi
.......
,~nds ~ould
J
"
r'
- 1 ,
, ~,,,
.
.
,
,
}.~).
'
~ll
these abjects can only be . campI ished through t~)a, it1stl"umentality c.}f a natl.vep tt,e islands, o]d enoLlgh to be ,::H:ql.lainted wi th th;v-r manner,;, customs, language, and tradltions. i f any e~:ist, and not tao oid ta be "beyond the çeach of 1 nstrLli:i: ~ on'. Ta hi m'5el f • once the ,shoc:~ of the severance of hi& tles and assoclatlons 15 past, the e~d c~n o~ly be one of advantage, ~ln rescuing him from ./~recarious existence in the lowest ~cale of hum~nity~ and in r~ndering him thé lnstrument of much - _probabl ra fLltLlre good to hi S own race. For these reasens. the Commlttee venture /éarnestl y ta hope that their proceedi n9s WIll meet wi th the approval of the Ri ght Hon ~ b 1 e the Governor General of 'Indi a in COLtnc 11 ~ and that steps ~Jll1 be taken td tr.:\ln iand edLlC,;l.te the indlvidual refer"r.ed to, sa as to gë\in a knawledge of his language, 'and send hlm~bad; ta the' Ar'ldamans ta be 'the means of' COmmLlnlcation between-
0"
,
,
1
.
(',
,
-
.. ~
,.. ~ • ~'
"
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;
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, <,: ':.:' _:"
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-,
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,,
i,
,
.:,~'>:~',
":", . ;"
~Y:<~~,~
~'~(;e;~'-:JS~~!~;.· ~~;q: 1. ;;~~:"ment
and
the
i nhabi tants
\Portman
" ,'~ ;-~,:?::t;:"~\-":\:..<";, 1:n a 1 etter dated the 15th of January 1858. the Governor General ~,::·:~~'L;~:~;~:~~,:,.j ,appI'"QX~d the stl'"ategy ,outlined by the Committee, bu, also noted" :'~",!~t0.;,,:Y~S-;s~:\',[
.
-an
'G':~ ';;~~;~~~~~i;:-j~~~~iJ ", T
1
,
..
~~'i'~.t.;\,*:,#.. :'j1'")!.Pt.~;~;>,- 'r ~~''';t
"~IJ;.oi,'t1·.J; '1'-.fi-t.!t;.~~
E,~" ':- ,;',~;/l:~:: '~>;J::' ~
\
,~~~
~ .,.~
't
t ';
~~.'~!.~,~
"
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1,.
;.
/[~v"t1'I),,,ltl1-;"t"~l"j,~ ~ l ...-
~ ~~{
;~.
interim correspondance by Mouat ta the effect 'that Jàck - was The l etter , weot on te sLlggest that he shoui d be sent bac:k to 1
,
~' -~i
~ol-'1tt.;iif~,,~"'-f\ ~l ...~~\r:, ,\~ \
,
._. ' -
t
~~
267
.. -:~~
<
..!~,'l.l:.!~~~.$},./l~~~~-:l~::j~~~. ~>:":
'" 7...... ,):
-' /
.:4~---'),;
,u7 \jI
. _
~
y;::~~
j.t
,
••
1"
f!"~
~~-"r
' : ..
.!.
--~
..
1
'
,
.;
,... ,,.
.......
the Andamans. Notwith,standing this setback, thQ next dec:a.ç:le weuld see the i ntegl"ati on OT the strategy of . 1..\5i ,;,g . i ridt'Vl""dl.\èÜS aS -~nstrumental mediums in attQmpt. te establish commuhic:at~Qn with t-he Andaman Isl-ancJers. ' '
•
.
,
-
-
The· articles ~hat were pro~osed as $uitable'for-QiTta te "Jaçk lncluded, carpenter"s tools~ ~.:nivesil' cotton c:l(;:)t:.h, 'tht~et':,I.d~ cords. ,:u:es, _ mètal pots' and pans .. ' b!!a.d5l, Inirrors (Portlt\;it("l-
19.
.~
'1899: I, 216-217) .' '
, 20. In fact Jack~s disappearanc:e s~ems,to have been .b.olute . . Portman not~d that by 1880 the whole episode had bee~ cempletely forgotten by the An~amanese on Interview Island. and ~hat he w~s unab 1 e to obtai n any 1-n't ormat i on on' J'>ack (F'ol"'tmi\n t 8 1T9: l , ~ t'2) •
" 21.
t.... "
:'
" ••. s1milltude 15 restor'ed ta lt:st:~lt --- LlI1f:(:l-ldinq Irt:.1/o itself and foldinÇ} b.ad: upcm il:s€?lf. ! t l.s n(J ltmgsrthe finger- pointâlt] ,OLlt ••• in ord.er ta l'"ef.er CO 'Elomt::!th;ing eIse. n J.naugur.ates·ë\ pl.ay of tr-ë\ns'FE:)î'"en'l:~H'~ th.at ,rlm, pro'llferatf?), propë\(;)O\t:e,. al'ld Cc.1I'·respon(::1I~." •• ·ëdfJ.rming ë.~nd r~'?prèsen'l:ing n(:Jthtng" U=oLl\:
- .~àc k 1 S SLlbstant i al pres(i)nc.:= was $ubj ec t ta cpnl:i l'1LIOLI~ f·,-!Pt"'t<;lsl':,mt.a-' ticlnc'ü appropriation: ',ln mt,"'rol"'s; êl.S a mF\\l'lrllhl,n; ë.~~; pI101:oql'-,aptls. This pt'"oc:ess Wii:\S deflr1Sd by a 1at.~ral' movement:. \",i tl1Ü\ ë\ C:1.\U:UI"f::l of Si~ll aU ons ln wh i. ch at1y one of the vari nus fflp.tl'Qds ()'f ,1lp pro (:>W"riating Jac:~. couJ"d bec:ome a substanti dl re-f'(il/"'f.:mc:n polnt .f(::w ,1 whol e. sel'" l es of othE:?r representat i. ons. MS appm~(:1fj ta ë.\ tr',:m ~;c:t?/'l'" dent movement beyond these varlOLtS ~models of Anddm.an Is1.Ml(:j';·H-'S." IIJaèk ll 01'11 y e>:i sted in the movernellt fram si mil i tlldr~ t.<.1 sund t ,-
tude.
•
1
H
.. \
1
22. MOLtat reports that Dr. Pl ayfcJrd wan téd the li~ë\ds of the 1:1,'/0 Andamaners ~'i I l ed in the Skl rml sh ,(;rf f lntlErvi (;)w l sJ and. "m-<J thn bones Professer Owen l1ad el: amined wel'"e tt'lOsa of an And(:tifl.::tn [!::i l «mder glven ta Mouat by Dr~ JiP.W~l~er~ durxng hls tenure a~ \ sLlperintendent '::If the "the islands (he he1d the post Fr"9m 18!:i81859). and subsequently present8d to the BritIsh Museum (Mouat • 186-'I'"\C:-C' ~ . ..:;. • ..:,.;J....J , "'-1) __ j ....4
..
, Rowe is l'''eported to have sent phot.ogrrlphs o·f l:he skull of ~ skeleton frem the Museum of the Asiatic SOclety~ cf vCalcutta ta Professar Owen "far"' descrip:tion" (MoLl<:~t 1863:331).'
2=-.
-
-
Professar
'
',",
.... f
•
~
.
--
~
~
,
,,
"
\.'" ....f..'!-
~",
..
\~-
-,
,
,
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.,.
,
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CHAPTER "
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I.~
From - 'thè Representation,oT Capti Ves to' the Capti vas ,of Repre5~r:I'i:a~ior,: Ethnographi,c Obser\vation on t'he Andaman Islands 1870- _
1900.
t
d
.
\
"
,
"As an instance 0': thei r lnventi va powers ·for new na.mes , , .' ,for new objeets, l may gfve -;-
'
\
" -
"
.
1
\.
~
Elirm~lakabangda~ a steam-boat.'11
'
1
Surgeon
..
E.S ..
'
...
\
T.he. 'Andaman ~f
.history •
;1
.
.
n.;~Lll
tl',e
Islanders oceupy·a strategie posfticin
,
British anthr6pology • thei,r'
"pf
t
emc:r"oachment
'--
anq
--
towards, )forel gn •.
stance
their distinctive
,
. the
.~n
8ecc'al..lSe of their i~ion
aggresslve
'
c:haracterlsties. '
racial
,
they ,the
provid~d
oldf.~st
T(',jCL\S
a liv,ing e}(ample of wliat wa,s pereeived as
l'''aces of man
~,!,?wer
1888/1898).
They
were~
of a number of important anthroppmetrlc
logical etudies (Owmn 1861= Flower 1880; Tyler.
inhabit3nts~
investIgation
~
The ~
coupled with the hustility Qf
also created unique 'Q
'logi cal
cranio-
1880:45~-45~).
,
the
then~fore,
and
1
,'" 'physical isolation' of the islands,
one
opportunities~for
anthropo1
and
ethnographie
observdtion:
These
Q
w~s preeipitated
by the avants connected with 1
•
,1
-
t he
, 1
.,
.','
"
Sepoy
o
(Man
mutiny"
In
concentratlng on thlS modern historic:al ara •. the affects of' d gradttall y e:~ P,:\I1dl ng Elr 1 t
..
the
l
. will
\>Jlll
~é
i sh col am al
,
be
examinlng
prRSî?nC\? cm
indJgelioL\s papL\~at.lon of the Hnda(itrln Islands ~n:Jm th€.\
~
{.
t
this:',;<-C:hapter
,
l'OUIld-'
1."
.'ati.on of the Port Blai,'pendl , . ,
sett181nœnt ln 1858 LlntiJ.
hl""je
th\'?
, ,
dacada'
of. the twentleth Cl:?l1tw-y.
ott.
(
the
jJ.:\rtiCl.lla,~
Of
'
i{S
Andaman
H,.::imes and
their
'. tl1ese l sI and peop 1 e "me! thel''"'
1~E!1
. ,"'oJ (;)
Wf-?
.:\l';\d
Andclm.:\nese II
f.)):
1.1 nC\',;!JI!
LnO~'.jl
" form ,
edge.
<:eîlb~ë'll
.:.
period
of
British
l~eprE!sentt.ïlnonc::;
theme of tl)e c:haptt:''''.
~--
I
lll~~
(::If
British
settlem8nt on
the
.
-
CJ 1
IJ+
l:hn:ll.w··
J'.51.Înd~\rr·i
wL1l
w.tli
ethnographle repr~sentation~ +rcm
of
c:onstrLlctlon
f
o
c~~n
n the pnJdLlc:t 1. cm cd' ,
1 Qgi ca l
ùOtht?ll~
the f ol.lndat l on
.3S
atlonshtp tel the 1
!:Jo
'.- " '
captLlre· and detention of lndividl.lal
,"
the
l,nb;>r'8sl' w\.tl
l
Lslands
l fl L
l: l ..11
capture
o~
pn::H.ülce:d
by
th8
nnd
Anljamanese.
'.ethnog,'-é1plll c
monClgraph s
Edward ' Horace 1880~s
and
on tilt? Andamëm
(1846-1929)
189ü's.
Th~
i;; Landt?'.-s
and Maurlcu
cl1apter wi.ll end vJltl1
V~
c:\
in
brlef
djsC:I.\St:llClIi
those earlier works. ,
,~-
6.'1) ,
'
From Sur veys te' Andaman 'Homes: '0 On British Strategies of Representational Appropriation.
"
COlonial
v
1: " The "
perlod
1857-1900 wltn~ssed the
Idst cf thrau
ph~8e5
ln
'
wbich
àystems of ~bservatlon and representation were employad in
, t
connectian
•
wlth the Andaman
Islands.' Jhe first
"
\ 1 ate ei ghteenttf'" centyry.,.
.. •
;.. . '
_.'.
~
involved the surveyors,
c-
'(270
...
"
.
"
,
phase. l
in
tha
thel r" sh i 1-'5 "and
1
r~-
''''
....
,
1
, ,
",
J
,q
c'h~,f("ts;
0,
in 1857, consi'3ted of Mouat's Expedition. ,'the
the second,
The third and 10ngest phase,
Jack and photography. ,
.;
,
1958
trj
the
Andaman
involved Mao and Portman.
19.00,
Homes,
the settlement steamers.
photography.
~nd
ThIS
last
phase
was
\
intlmately
connected to the emerglng disCIplIne of
:L n 8d t a in'.
and
The wor k
cr~nlology
,
the
~ettlement.
panaI
Owen
and Fiower on the 05teology
of the islanders,
served to lntrcduce
authority of an ~.bsent· ,
O~Jen
•
to
reinforce
the
~ntbcQgQ!Qg~ by admlnist~atlve officers attached
gn
Q.!:.!~r:i~g
Rl chard
(,jf
anthropology
anthropologlcal p6int of Vlew.
Fl~wer
and
and
were promlnent members of
the
anthropo-
(.
l'ègical
and ffi'E!dl/:al cc:ÏmmLll1Ï tl es
c'Attent,lon
detel'-ml m ng
to
th@.
1
n Bri tal n who had turned
raCl al
charac t9!ri sti cs
thei r I:lf
'the
,
,
!nhabitants on. the Andaman Islands.
-'
As prevlously pointed out ln
'the first chepter.
of
,,
the "h
principal
medlums
for
dJsseminatlng
an
anthropological
,
presençe
ln
the
clo!aing deC:ddes~Qf
ab~ence
of tralned
anthrop~ldgists
th\? nineteenth centw-y.
It di'êl
sa
durinq
the
by pnJvldlng
't.
a handy, condensed. and clearly structured observatlonal template to
aiJ
the
untraLned
traveller
, affiollgst
"
~
, ,,'
and wanuals
r
f '~
<'
colonl.l
ë'ldminlstrator.
Jetermlne what was and what was The various e~itions of
not
worth
tAese handboo~s
Functlon8d therefore
durlng
~
had not yet'~stablished a system of • educating and tralning initiands. deployment
l'
a .
~, \
ü"~
ft"
ta
observlng and reçardlng.
-, -<J,'
l:lthers "
and
~
r
when anthrdpol
p(?f'i (::Id
,
of '1
~O~ ..
r.
,-",/ ;,,' '-,- apanned ...
....
i \
.. '1
~"
l"',',
-
.... ,
l
,
,~
..
-'
~
Andamanese
sthnography
a period
in~Llgurated
_
by Mouat's expeditIon'and concluded
the,' pLlblication of
Radclif~e-Brown~s
In§
.f: ~_,'
'" ,- f\~ ~
i.n
'",
..
~
discipllnary
,,"
\", . -- ,," ',' , -", ,b'y l.!'
the
...
,
.. !
j.,
t
~
,.
'~"
',,: ,';" ~ \i.:~7':;~;,:;< "," ' l
,
' •
Î
"
.:
_(192~?
o
t"
the
The
,
articulation of an
develop~ent o~ a
.
vati on,
t;leen
Andamanese-ethnogr~phy
complex and comprehensive culturE of
1 n whi ch observers Cc.'lnCel ved of
dll'''ected, towards towa,~ds
fi rst
involved
. ' the i slcmds ,as
pdrtl CLI1 al" a<:>pec t t')f
ë:\
d\?tenTll rll ng
\:.\thr}(J-
,M1
the
c,-,nf i
thei 1" physi cal
cbswr-
gLll~a t l Dn
tl-wough
~~
/ 1 1
st.u"veys;
i'
asct:rtëü n i nq
tawards
descrlbing their culture.
J
'. -
second
the
\
(1922) •
ë:\dv~mced
whu:ll
ë:\
fUllctlCmrll u;t ultf.:?rpd~t<"\llC.m
SOC1
al
and
nf
-
/
religlOLlQ
ln Si 1: i tLlt ion S o,f
Co LI
l tl.II'- ~~
·
(81" OWI.
tune Rë'l.dcl l 'f/:e-Ewown 'r13 booll :
the
!.Jy
And.:\man
1',l1,,~
Il
O
W<'~
1
the
publ ished.
Andam.:\r.ase
had
-all""i::iJ,dy begLln te
pl dy
.
role as iTlodels fql" testinq the
prominent ~ractice~
In
.thl"'eats
"
ab <::,t-;rviat ion,d
vi:\lLtE of
cf an emergent anthropological dlscipline. cJosing
momentary (
1 C,"F,IS
"",\
focus
quarte~
of
of
AndBma~ese
the oentury the
lntense ethnographic
Interest
"-
(Jf,
the
presence on
t~1e
,reprsf"ient,:O\"tlVf?S
h,Llman
race l:Jy
ë'I.
s~.w
of
rc1pLdly
of
becau$~
I-lLtI~I?'3t
what was percei ved as one o'f the 01 de!.:,'!: - ,and
to
th~
were
Qn<:roac:hinq
\
. ~LlJ"'opeaf1
fI,
i,sl ~nds.
l
tt.lrat 1 on
jl.lsti fy (Mctn ,<
1896: :;66) • f
L-'
','
the
was
The pri nCl pë'l.l concarn 0 f
col1.ect i on
and
•• :
1.88~,j:71~
these 1':01 OPl al e tlmographert.
preservation of Important
-
.
e:: t.l nctl on ,'anu .",r.:<:u1-
Ort
'
rapidly v.:\nishing and e::otic member of the human ,"ace. The impor-
. tance of these -,
. , ,
i.sue~
1$
not te be under9stimsted. The
~uccgssful
"
-
"
"
,"
':'
, ,
','
\
#1 J
_\,
'
.... ,.
_....
-
' ,
~
,
collection
1
01 og i C<,Ü
representat..l anal· techn 1 qI_les.
dnd
during
this
'
predica~ad en the develcpment of
peri od - Wi~S
\..l~
data
"
'\;'
r,:, "
o
preservation pi, ethnographie
and
obj ectïve
t-o
How best
methodgather
" ~nd
information ·df:9~d.i'}(~d·
lincal'"'(
adequat~
construct and preserve
'~ccurate'
and
rti?pt"'P-sentatlons was a qLlestlen of conslderable dlSClp-
rOI'"I.:e 1:ot'" .:\n emerglng
'sclenc:e'
acutely conscious of
lts
..
~
w·'
own
fu~ure.
Note also that represe~taflons are illQ~Y§ Q~@~ên~i of
-
,
store and propagate knowledqe. ~ .
.
teach i nq i. nst l tut.l.
ë\lid
ons.
bath of II'Jhlch
f LI(1et l on
te
Anthrapcloglsts were weiL aware of
the" nel:81::mity.c)'f develorJlng ë'\ffiJ,tations in thlS
dil"'ection.
dnd
.
,
the
.. , . 1
•
~,
rale
'dbic1pline
.
th~se
of was
institutinns
develcpment
of
the
ca tOplC of, deba.te and foeLls of activity
111
t:he
c1051ng decades cf the century. CCH]en 1: 011
~
~
stat.ement of
in
the
Flower.
for
in~ta~ce~
provlded a
the imjJortance of .these l ssues ln hi s
F'1'"esi-
~
dential Address tc the D~partment af.Anthropolügy at the '
,
A~mcciation
Meeting,
Yor~.
British
in September 1881: ,'
?~notrler
_ most ur"gent need i s t.he coll eet i ori and preservAtion of the eVldences of th~ physical structure , of the varlCUS modifications cf man upon the earth • , : Especially urgent 15 this now. as we live .Ln an aqe in w~ir.:h_ in a far gr8ater degree than any'previcus cne, ,.> r fI .' , the destruction of races. bath by annihllat10n and J '. ab~r·ptlon, is going on. The world hc.1S never witnessed ,~ ~ such changes i 11 i ts ethnalogy as those now tal, 1 ng ~ " ,~:I . ',}r; - ~ place~ oWlng ta the l'-api.d-~ t?::tenslon of maritIme ~ ~ discavery dnd maritime commerce. which is especially ~'af~ft:1cting the L<:;iand p(.jpLllation amcng WhlCh. mor.:: I.han elsewhere. the solution of the most Important anthropolo~~icc\l pr"oblems tOay b8 locked ·fOt~. If we hav~ at pr~sent nelthe~ the ~nowledge nor the lei sure te e::arnlne 'and t.lescribe. we can at leasl: preserve fro{Tl destruct~cn the material~ for our succes~ors ta wor~~ ~pon. Photographs. ffiodels. an~tomical specimens, ,., skeletons or" par.ts of skeletcns, w~th tt'leir histories ~ l''-~l<, .,',': " "" c:aref1..l11y registered~ of any' of tf:1e so-called '.<"~·-:.,a\boriginal ,r.aces, now rapidly Llndergoing e}:terminatlon ~~:' '~;;~t.l!': "~;,d,:,Qr:: degeneration, wi~l be f:1ereafter of Inestimable ,.~?~~~ ", ::-value. Orawings, descri.ptions, and l'Qeasul7'ement~ are
.
".
\'
.
~
'
~
•
<
~1
-
:::
-\h~
l' ~ :
~...
t
~
l
-
...
h
,
~r;~/
~:,!,-' ~;o,'II
l
'.:;
.::'
f
:.'
,,-<.r~:
'",-
K
..v
")
~
J,~
- :' .
~o'''' ~
r..,"i
,
, . ..
"~ ~~
~~
-<
"
,
'173 '
." ~
,
'..
..
"
~
:: ~
),'!r.r.:~"t"'~~~"'W"',·"''''''''·' - ... l :Ill' ·~~.f.lf!~".f~_ M"', Ilf. ~-i. - ,
,',,"
r
...
"
"
?,
• __ ....1._...
---also ~-
\
though in a far Iess degree~ as allowance must always be made ~or imperfections in the_method~ as well as t'he c:apac:i'ty of the artist or ob-=~ry.er. SllCh collectlons must be made upon a far tar~er scalR than has hitherto been attempted. as. cwing ctn t~a diffJcultles already pOlnted out in the ClaG51ficatlon af mMn, i t ' '1"::;; cml~/ bv l,;\t-ij'i? liumbers thè:\t l:t'lE! ~rn:H"';; "\1 LH\n!:r
/
o
.
/
u~eful.
)
from In.:hvidwü pecul Larl'lteS \.ïr' ,:"ccldcnl.:ü ,;~dlnj ::t\lr(\~ c:all be ObVl::î\tl2d., cllld the prevëH ltr'\(] dl,;\I".:'\cb::!rt~ltlr:~ ~jf 'è'\ race Ol~ group truly aSCf.:?I'"t",'\lr'\C?d. It. j 5 C:lnJ,~· III an 1 Il st 1 tLtt i on (:Clmmdnd 1 ng the rl?Gf.1Ur r.(;?S !:H L h l~ Il ,:\ Ll cJl1 1:: ha t such a collectlon C.J.1l 'be formerJ" ê.\nc1;' t m~,y t1lf:' I'-ftfnl'"\'? be confldentlv hoped that the Truslees o~ th~· 8rltiah Museum w111 approprlate some portion of the m~qnlf\c~nt ne1t'J bUlldlng. Whlc.::h haa been pn::1vided fi'.:lI~ th\::1 ,:1i:C:C')lnmCl~d","ftiolî of their hatl.lrèÜ hisi:ol'")/ c:ollt=c:titms, ho t111'J hittlerto ne,gJected branch of the subjec:t. ~1=lower ~<:>'
1881/1898:246-247) that
Unive~se
."
.
,
,.
. l\lotël
ti onal
Flower's
1 have'besn
,power ~
an
comment5 are a di~cusslng:
the
observatronal
hi
~entralization ~rarchy
that
th\"~ms:Il':LI:: '. pbser~a-
the
of
mi(:rcIC05iffi
of
v.al clr1 ::fJG '"
,
~
plê\ce
(ë\
be.set aSlde
WIll
fQI~
tht~tn
in
ml~H5eLlm"s
thE?
ni"tu'''' a 1
,"
of
minatlon
anthropo~aCJY \:~
the
ln
racps in
the
emerg~nce
ttle.IlJ.neteentl-;) c:entuI""Y.·
cf
the
diGCLpl1MP
vlithin -thl';:;
of
U'IL'I{;I""jl~.
.,
tl.on of
sClentific
knowledge.~'
fOLfndë:.~tLon
at the
of whjch
lt/ëlS
t:h~?
4
.
~'.J:
Skulls andv'Communic:ation: Crianological Representation 1861-1902..
l,
and On the Osteological Andaman" Isl.nde~s, of th,
, ~
•
t
1
,"
'. ~,r
,
'\
,
1
6.2)
" j:
~f,
...
, ,<:".,
. oc:curred at opposite sidss ,of the 911?b~ ~
1891,
In
two events
.... ,
L----,
1
,
274 <
•
'
..
~
,,,
..
man, Jslanders. Andamanese,
WhlCh
cc:muni~iDn
of
effec~ive
had been a
recurr~ng
very difFerant ways. f"tess
.
lack
The
>
On the one
ha~d.
theme i'n ti=Îè- hi story
-
of the i 51 iahders was overcome wi th the sqccessf Lll· '1
d~taining.
Andamanese in an attempt to
Tl1i'Ei
1 (ii'cI
t.(::J
hand,
"ln Bntish anthropolog1cal clrcles
~races'
t~e
and
communIcatIon .. On
~h'e
contlnued
rigorous SCIentlFjc approach te
the
othar"
progress' study
0+
~as engen~ering • strategy of interpretlng materlal artl.( 1>
facts
establlsh
the fOt'"matlon 'of the "Andam~n Homes •. '
more
a
<""
'from
precluding Bec.::\use .
adopti on
captLII'"lng
tewards
of
the lsolatlon and eluslve-
. of
dn Established dlsclpllnary pQlnt of'
V18W
the necesslty far.direct ethnographlc .
1
te
the
aspects oF
phys~cal
and
~
thus
commuhlcatlon.
transportabl i ty,
permanence •
(jf
'connectlon
"
wi th • the
and
percelved
obvi 01.15
raclaI
~lf
fSrf.:?r1ce:, :the 'best objects to sLlbJe(:t to thlS type of discipJ Inary scrutiny sto.lll ~
wer~
materlal, and in particular,
s~eletal
s~ul1s.
and bQne~ I.'ICl\Û d serve ta ref.l n<:d the> fUrie t i on of com/m.lni.-
'Y ,~c~tion
ln relation ta the graduai
and an tllropol Og1 cal In
~:nowl
,deploymen~
cf
edge-.
"
BI"itish ?issDcial:iC)r\
'the Advancement of 'Sêlence.
fQJ'"
ta
,
I:alander
WhlCh
, sLlbseqLlentl y
,, O .
,
.
Mouat
, .
ta
The
1863:331> •
the Brl tfsh Museum
Mouat
and 1;
1861:244;
was originally glven to Mouat, by
s~eleton
'}
super" i ntendent
J .P.
,
'
1" .
Andaman
0
been brought te England by
had
the
based on his
e:'èi.lI1natlon "oF an "itllperfect skeletan" of an adult male
.
power
col~nial
1861. 'Robert Owen presented , ~ paper
SL'?ptember
'.
.,
Th~s
275
j
,r
'~_
,}",;,
~t'~J ,:; ,:\:_~..;:;,::.:{~,~;.,:,': :: . ' :,;, "-'-'"
~
; rI ~
, ••
~
,.. Iv" -
..
-~
~
,,'';'
, _ -
j
of
~
the Penal Settlement
, ,-,..
..
at
Port
~
l'·
Bla.ir~\. ~OL~~h, An~aman 1$1 ,a~'t"
o
,Meuat mentioned that
tak~n " by. a Prof essor Rowe of 'anethsr
thè posses.sion of Mr~ Soci~ty
,CMo;fc
'of
"more perfec:-t Il ,skal etcn
Mad been sent
OW,en
"for
George BLIS/.:: pl.Ibliehed a. papel'" in 'the
basèd on a c:o~parative e)(amination
~the oth~er mals!f
and
description ll 1'>
(lt966~
,In
to
Ir:.S\o.â~ç;t.i.Qng g~, ~!i@ ~tb.nQ1.Qgiç;s1. §QSi§t~ ~hich
femal e
-1 n
Blyth~ Ct..trâtol'" of the Mua.6!um of the A'sici\tic:
Calcld:ta
ie6~:331.).,
phQtogri\phs
da'ca.
presentÈld
twCl ArÏdamâ~ese gik\..\1le,
qf
as well as '~h~ 9~~ul:l
'OtHil,
IVloL.tat ~ S9
fJ'"oln
{r
c
,"
skeleton. The two new skulls had
i"
be~n ~ent
ta ,a. MI"'.
.",/
\
~~
"
Dr.,
?"-' ,
Charles
,,.té' ::' ,
. ·Anï:lamans
~'t \
.,
{: t
"
Campbell
Smith,
were from the, F'of"t Bliair .area:~
and
cH
Œusk 1866: ~10): "
,,,
~
'1
",
~'
,
t
'.>, ,
.
,~
skull sand sr.:el et.ons ln Ëng 1 and and the' measUremem:.15 contG\i nCid t'I'
~
.
::,.,
Flowe~~s
'.,
NatiVès of the Ahdaman Islands'
;
,
,
(1879), were based on
"
,
eNami~~-
nine
l:lf
•
1.
'" and ten male.
~
"\
4
'\", , !~
~n
skf.!l~~ton'$,
t-ion of nin'eteen "mare or less co,mplete" ,i:\dLllt ,
.
,
'On the OstsologV and Affinitie$ of' the
cl,ssic paper.
"
"
1
l''''
1
,
~,'
,
~he
"
"
'n
British
. ' .>.'-
~
~, ~
,
~
j
.'
1
the
, ,;<;;,:". .~ <',.~\y' .-
itf' "','~
,
Two others were ln collections
of
,Un i verSl t y •• "and ,two were 1 oan~d ·co Flower by Dy":
,
6f
:
(one of the~e wa~ the one Mouat had
.,'
,' .. '" '.'
.
the thirty
.
.
brouqht
the
(1)('f(Jrc::J
skl.llis
WhlCh Flower examined,
.
AlI en Thomson.
.
aforem~mtl oned -"'skel etcins'~
he
twenty-four,
was
including
tHo~~
+:0" gel:
abl e
campI/,-: trj
WC1rJ.3
femê:\ll3~
from
twel ve mal e.
Foûrteen of these came from the Museum oF the Royal
~
twelve
from
ffiS'a Sl.lremen t s
H~S~ d:.a l' , t1U\iff-u.k'~'
"J' : ".: ,:": '
~=> ;:\t:'~
qf
J
~I
,
!N~~
Mwseum
1861>.
over . in
'",.C:
.
1
, "
coUsette)n
tl1e
Two were ih the collection
; ,'.''; of' the Royal Collage of Surgeons.
"
t' J;"
Thil.-teen wer(,? 'ln
:-" ::, 'College
ai
~~~. ~ <:~,,;~~::~,< :' ..
:" ~.~ ,"~,,);:2~;:,,~\,~~,~~~.r.;~ t,ish
two from the
,Surgeons, .former 1 Y' been
MU$e~m, .
des~r i bed
t:wo from the'
~~'~;t'~i:~~~1~J,.~y~jt1,.~.~,~;;:.:.,;" ~j;, ~~\.'~.'.' A~~r~r.'~.. p'l.'"\I~!'~lj~';'~
''''~ ..
w~
Ml dd l esex
i
j
b; Bu sI-; ) ,
OXf~"'d
Museum,
three came from t~'e two from 0,...
1· All~n
o '
27 ô
,' . \~ 1 ~,
,'4'
' ...
-
" ".' :' ,.~: {tF::;";ii'-:r-:.~~r':-:;-"'-'" ::', ,;,;"".~ ~I:t," ";~\j>tl'j':::' ?" ,:,,"'0,; " '.-; ..
~
Thomson,
o
,one
~
f" ,"': "
,''';:''':.''>' '-;:~~r{~;7~ê'trn, ,'!?<\.r,,. ':;'''',''r,.;
\
\
,
'1,G"1'''i'':"~~. r, ~'~Tt? ,é ,"in:::'
\
.'and oHe frQm the M~se~m of . . 6 ' (Flower 1881: 110; 112-P3) ,. La.ta that
Val'entine BalI,
ff"0ffl
Uni v'er" S,! ty Collage" 'London
.
\
~
~
yeal", Flower W8S ~bre .tei:on·firm thE! ~cçuracy of his estlmatles . ï
"
of
,
.• 'I:ha ~ âverage:'heigh-t' of ~he An~'s.mèlne':s~, .- by cempari',ng tht?m te
.
~-;,
average of a
ser~e~
i nllifi vi dual s
(f i
,
the
,
of m.a.~u~t$ of tt'le 'h,ei ght' of :thirty
by
Fteen' ,femal,es; 'and.,'fifteen mals.s) pl.lb~i~hed
J
'
~g1u~!'~u::g~ ~Flow~r_1881:124; ,Brdnder lè8!)'. Ey 1885.tllère-were an E:\ddi~ion.al ten skeI(~t't)n$ in.'the count,..y,~ two ô~ whï,ch w~r~ in the ,'~l.lsèLtIJl o'f
the,.Univers'ity of O>:ford
.
~. "
ë\lid
Of
eight in the~Bernard Oavls
at the M~lsel.lm of the Royal" Col.lege" of SLArgeons" ',They
collection ..
.
r.
,r".,
,"
~
"Z
a.ll, i\dults,, 'fiv,e beil,g female, and fi,vè·mal.e~' a9ë\in'_from' the ' . , . \ ' ~ ~
well"&
~
,
..
,
.,'
•
1
•
_
\
"
1
\
vic:i,nity' of Port Blair (Fl'ower 188S:115) •. 'T~ese additiol1al s~:ele"'" ..
'
~
"
r
>
tOMl5'. a,llowed ,
,
-.
.
Fl a,wer 1:0 conf i.rm 'a.nd ref i ne .the, é!(:I:t..tr ~c:y
"earlier series of measn..\reme'nts.
tnè,..'efore 1l
AlI in aIL
~
"\
tl1t:tre were The
'.
by 1885
t
..,"" .... ,...ë\
his
of 7
total of tw,enty-nin9 skeletons i'n tbè' country. _ .
statistical
were
data derived from
roee sur- èmen t s
stati stî'r.:al,._ . generali 2 atï ons based
.~ bat'te~y of craniometric' 'an,d
of
1
on
these
average
,pe~ v)-c ' meë\s~\,..ements~
at the physical (re)construc:tion of 1he average female t
The repre$enta.U'ons were pt'"Cli.:!uc:ed in or-der to answer a
~~
"f
J~M"'J>l" ~r~,r"~' ;'r .... '"'Î'!,~'7,r. «~!:"J-,I ",b,If;tir,~tIt>~I.~~~"" ~ ~)~1~~~~~}'::.~~~Wl~~~f!J~R~~~~.~'" ~ ~~'" tl~'~ 1 ,\r ~ l~ .... ~~,:'-~.-I-';,~, -.I~:>\:"~ . ,l: ......y ~;" ~' . :. 1:: t. ',1 Pl
t ..
t
1
~
~ 1)
\
ri'""
l woul d rather look IIp,on \ t,hem ~s ~epr;EeSQnti riçf 'an i nfan:- " til-e, LI,nd.eveloped, 0 .... primitve' ,form of tbe type -Fr'om which the African Négr~es on,the one hênd~ and th~ Melanesians,on the other~\ with all their varioui mQdif~c~tions, may have sprurg.· Ev~n their very gep9raphi~ cal posi tien 111 the c~ntar of the' gre&\~ ~rem' Ot • distrIbution, of the fr~:~ly-~aired rac~5 seems to' favour this v±ew. We'matL therefor~, regard them as ·11 tt1 ~"':m\Jdi of i ad deE!Cenda~t$, of. ,an ~Htr:e{T\el y d\nc::i en'\':. ' race', th~ anc:es'toIÎ$ of all ,the Nagr-o tri bes. It i 5:t 'howe~er, equall y n to ca'r'yone' to ~ntertai 11 ,the suppq5ition that many c nturies: èf isolation and clOnfinement to ë\' limlted SR ce has c,used them to retrograde t6 their pt'-esent co~ditioh fron'l one mol"'s fully d~N~lopad~ clnd tli~t ihstêè.d 00( represen.tl'ng <~I"'t anc:i.ent oH:lrrn preserve~ in it~ purity, th.y may ba a type qf comp~rati vel y recent growth. Whi chever hypot'hesi 5) br,: u~timatelY' adopted~ their relationship~ as shown by p ysieal i::harac:t'ers, to th'e 'other black' races, :Vs. 1 t ink, demonstrated, and a step thus g~ined in .ol~ihg tte c:omplica.,ted pl"qblenr pf the èlç~ssif:l.c~tjon of ,the d~visions 'and sUb-divisicns of :'the humaM sp~ciœ ••
"
'ffiP'
1
CFlow9'I"' 1879: 132)
In' -hi s
'.'
c:on~~US1Qn Fl~~er ~f"-Cti " ZO~lOgical ,C:~~Jii$.i~i.ication fcÏ~m
vel y 81 destepped th'il
spec:ul atl va
.,
qt.lesti em
of
Rath~r.
ol'"igins.
thal1, deal
that
topie,
ot:
.
10
~
The
culture
balanc:ed at "
~tt?iS
, "
l'
of comparatlve meas~remerts.
l,
,
ha.
\
'
a
advocate~
wi·th
,
of 'sc:ientiflc ~epr~5entation
'point.
~.~
.;
While Fldwel"'" S $,tati$t.ical
the, val LIS of
this
11ew
.'
dœllc~tal~
j
work~ c'r) ,
man '~kulls 'il~ustr~ted
,,
Andi\'
àPP,CQcS\c~ ~'
hi $
a
;:0 .. "
'i}.
W
'
t:i::~:
i~,~t·
""
r
earli'er' observations, on the indlvidual ernpi'r-ic:al 'pal... ti.c~!l.'ari.tieli / ,.' .
•
l'~\~~
.-
tJit~ ,~ ~l ~
,~
--, "
.. .. ~
;
-
l,
of' Andamanese skull$ tend to reveal its formative and -, -../
,nature.
Thes~
earller observations
•
pro~ide
contjngan~,
4 provocative
r
.
CQntr~$t,
\
o
stri~e
In no other race with which 1 in such a series -- WhlCh. ' l t must be remembered. was nct selected for any pArtlcular obJect. but c:onsists of aIl aVë\llc:"ble specimens. cOllected ~rom VE.-\rlC)LI<; SOLln::es - - <:>Cl l i t t \ e dlVr:l-stt'l elther ln '::,l::::e 111'" gen.::lt'"cognlr:;E' ~::2tdl ,':ln(-:? rr'CJIT1 tlH? Ijth~r. de:; no doubl would t:le the c:.~~se wiLh the l.LYLng lndtvl'du<'\ls of the r·i:\c.~. ~"hclse i~t"'n(:'I-:\l ,.3ItnLlarlt.v" ..\t. <' f l l - ' ï t ':)l,]i~L IlctS stl~L\r:1 so tn.;.\ny tl-,:\vl~llf:'t '0; (r=lI.JI,oIl;~r l;J~'?: 1:~ln" to
the observer.
am acqualnted could be
Flnwer
~n
describes
~ound
eerie,
yet
"
St::lnSL\a 1.
1'l tac t i l
versten of ethnographie observatlün ln thts tliLlchi nCj
mental
rr..,
dead~
'
Y"ciICè'
i. 1:.:\ l
passaq~~
thClugh tbe: tn(ild l um
thlS cranlologist·s versIon ct
In
speCl mens.
of. the
i': r "In i ('ll,(::l~1
(:!
f)·f
L ri dl
v 1 d Lli:t l
callinq forth
thu
the
tlle sClentu;;t's commurllng gcl:=e and
i nstY-Llments.
At
the end of
tactilf.' çjuldé'\nc:e
of
t.he proC:S!:5S FIoWEH'- cl ëd l,n'5
me.?':iI.l\'"lnq '':1
":Spt:-!~:
i.a l
ne:: t,
~nd a very l~em':H"~ ab lEI poi nt cfJnrH=,:b~d that they present a peculiar comblnatlon of charac:ters. WhlCh dlstinguish them from lhe cr~nl~ of all othŒ'I'- p,eople. at led.st all whic:h .c Ila'/f-? h.~d è1r1 ClppClrtLIr11ty of E!:(cill1Ilning. It, m.:\y s~em l'·,,,,thfal~:a ·jl:l~':ll""'1· assel"'tlCln to ma~ e, and PEI'h:.'\ps flwtJ1t-?r e;~pHr L€..'fl':(i! (".~y c:aLlse me ta iIlodl+Y it. f:lLtt my pn::sl'E!nt 1.Il\F)rt::'~;~~UJf"o .L';; that J tould nevl?r'· fall ta recognise thr:~ ~;I,\).ll of ,'1 genunlne And.amanese as b81llq sl.tc:rl, -:md 1: Iv" 1: J Ij',IV.'" naver ~een a s~ull frnm any ether par~ ~f th~ world that ' I ShClLlld assign tO_.'.3~t1-ve-of -tlv;fi.;e- LsL"nc.l~ï;- -TI is possiblJ;?~ ---tn-r.:t-eêomo<;t pr"obablli:'. tha.t <:lt 1, (:;11'· Nf~qj"'l !;(.J!E, -iltay have sLLlll s e::ac:t l y res!?mbli ng U"'.:)'::;e {:if UH? ('ind ... manese~ but 'none of them hav~ ~s yet come under my
The
with thelT1
lS.
observatIon
o
S~:ulls.
rent
and th~
lillages
th~y
gave ri<:>e ta.
w~r~ radic~lly
dJffe-
from al'î~ of the lInages hi therto produc~d ,)ln rel.:stir.m to the 279
,Andaman 151 anders
•
(F l.g.
They were representations WhlCh ,
19-~3).
1
involved
material transformation in the
~
d-,aracter-
physlcal
, 1.l:Y!.o.9. Grls!~ffi~U~~2. IJCl1'êiC !?r.lt1..§h Ç,Q!..9Q.l~t §:9.illlQl~i[.~t.l.QD. ~Qg. hElQ§!:.
l
,
R(QQYÇ~i·QL ~ ~l§GL~llo.êC~ ~g~o.t gi ~l2~· S~
!..lI
1'-.:;
where they were dead
(M~n
5hull~
ta the Ew·apean appropr 1 atl on and
S~Lll1S ti?Hemp1lflsd by,,F1ower"s hClardlng and
, s~,Llll S
Andam.an
mementoes of
a9
J
the
Ethnographlc reality at this point forms
188::146).
indlCJ(~l'l'5
around by the lIVIng
carrt~d
COl,n tË:I'"pi~l nt
bi:: Ç~n~ e
an important part ln Andë\manese cul tLlre.
èds(J plc\'1Rd
h 15 1 abol~atol~y/stLldy
ln
in
hi':; own èvoll\tlQnary "ancestors."
an
use
a
of
fondling
at tempt
Flower L\sed
te; hlS
a means of classifYlng the Andamanese wlthln an overall
dB
œvctutlcn~ry
pleture
p.rallel cultural ethnographie
ds~ge~
~ontexts.
J
and ironically 19nored
the races,
of
those sarne sfulls
m~y
have had ln
the th~lr
The difference in orlentatlon is eVldent
1
in a péper 'Note on
publish~d
th~
S~'Llll
ln 1902 by
~.
L.
Duc~wcrth
of an Andaman IslandG!r-."
obvioLis cultural artifcact (the
in
entltled
~~D.
Dl.ld worth
e::.mined an
still n:!talned traces
s~'ull
Cl+'
I~~d
r
and
.'
whIte pdint and was wIth Its carrylng sllng) from
phy~lcal
potnt of Vlew. Although Lhe
approach
Wë'\S
'Suctl
method
a
b~tween
not concerned
Wl
th the
au~hor tt
the cultural signlficance of, the
Duckworth's
ac~nowl~dged
ethnol ogi cal
of preparation of the
~
S~Llll."
abject~
51
the
that his
gn 1. +i,:ë'\nce of
dlstinctlot)
the skull.
physical descri'pt10n of it is nevertheless
,. '.
280
purely
and
'strl~ing
( Duc:kworth
o
~at
hi s
to Flower~s c~se.'
c:omments amounted to more than
remar~s
gental
R~turning
1902:33).
prlnClpal
concernin~
tene't
of
~.;ystl:~m
8
c)f
had ta be :b..Q G.QQtS1~t. - - to
cme
measur~.
ELIt ln the case ot osteol og u:ial
fQ~
The
laboratory
solution
an~lysi~
proposed
in
nents
of
engage in a
methocJ
()b"'l\:"I-v~l\:1.un:
I:\J
h.:'\ndlc' •
e)(,Mllfl€!.
,-II Id
ot)servati'cln -c:>ns d Id ntll
and
by osteolaq~cal
p·ë\l1ialcJ'J1.c",1
livi.ng
I:JQnf~s.
l
nver ted thé:
Th~"
,:olnpo'
ëlppllC.:Ül.OrJ of
1.:wC.lCeS r;5
the reslllting morally inoffenslve 'image'
nnp
iGLandet·s.
dicFl.loqL\e wlth t.he most pF'lrLl\i:\n.?lT11:
their bCldies -- tllE?1r-
anthropol og i ca l
his
Eng]~nd.
If one c.-oLlldn't c:omml.tnl.c;.\te dir-ec:tly wit:h still
of
lntercLlltur,_\l commUnl.c.atlClrl wo:\S stmp1f'(----
stLldles to the problem of
COLII d
(J,t
founJatlons
Gt.hnagraphic:
observe.
materlal
es
j LIst ta $er i
empirical
the
one can ~rque
t:o wh l
Cfl
in
t,_'ll'"(ns
pdr0dy
WhlCh
w.':\s pl"'ocessf"d
1
af
different methods of reprGductic~:
one has the was a
~
graphs.
inter~stlng
case
o~
natural" representation
The'
reproductive
resLll
t
was tllat
a
mirrors.
th~ee-dlmen~lünal
of a
f~ntc3stic
.lad,
on l y
di:
l
movement propelled by European
lmc~.(J~)
~b':!d
ë\S
1
<:.~
'".un t
l Il'_lCllJ~,
interpr~tation
--
~
•••
>
c:ontinl..\ous
reflection
repl"'oductive
of oth..:ar fc:\c/sjmllec,;.Ln
pr'ocess which dld not
the Andamans,
8S
o
1"te'lf~r
tarminai:e wlth hl
thosè fac:/sl mIl es themsel
V'e~
C;
î.:!nfJt.nrJ
''"(,2t.t.,,\,,·n
liad al ready
to
tj(?ClimQ
\
,
models
<:1
ln an enc:ness process of repllcation. Five year"s afte:w h1.(.
dl sappearance reappeared
from
as an
the
shores
interstitlal
of
Inter '1'1 ew
Isla;nd,
ethnographie: character
in
Mouaf'~
281
"
book, not to mention his most recent resurrection in Chaptér 5 of
(
thlS
thesls.
these
the most important characteristic of
Pe~haps
colonial," llterary~
ethnog~ap~ic,
fC'jrtpations wl1ich deflne '~ub~~quent
'c.l oths,
hLS
after
depé-irtLll~e:
Jé-icl.·s
cam8ras ~ sh i p,s. -- ;and baoLs. The
dLle r,; tl"1at
I~esi
rem •.l:L n
,
,-:'
trans-
shadow·figure ln Ilterature
writlng ls.what rem.::uns
mll~rors,
<:ritical
e:':l'erienc:es and
tI~_ansc:ultLlral
tr~nsubstantiaticn Into a
c.~cacJemic
and
Jacl~'s
and
aIl
'
~ld
st€!nce
had been the real
that was clathed, bOHrd
~
r.hat
~teamshlp
signlfted
thel~
are not th,.e
bod:l
wlthin
a
that
camera,
partlcular
001"\
and
obSerVé-itlonal
Strlpped of their cultural slgnlflcanc:e and reclrc:uiated CLll tLtr"e
loyical perspective. clothe
a~ ~mg),
or who was in front of a c:aml:ra. or who was
C)b$el,·~tlone\l
an
ssue aIl
steamship --.but what those clothes.
c:ultur~.
ll1
1
the
orQe!>I~ed
.
by an ë\nthy'Oporoglcal/cy'anlOanoth~r
skulls and bones becam% Just
Andamane~e.
to reflec:t on thelr nature.
bodies ln a representatlonal culture.
The
1
waY,te
and to
rony was
that"\
,
·the Andë.\n1anese had ,been cllrl"led i nsideout in. ,the process.
magi!litral c:onJLlring act. o~
on9'5 point of
vle~).
or deftel:p)olt of butchery
In t.hat
(dependi n9
tt became very sasy ta Forget 'that these'
, .."?rti facts •
0
~tnique
were
once crereCi wi th St·.i. n and were thè hpme
social and cultural conscioLlsness •
. ."
6.3) Captives of Representatlon: of the Andam~n Homes.
Communication and the Formation
Si:: Andamanese were c:aptured à "the 10th and 15th of
•
1861 near
Port BJdlr
~fter
d series' f confrcntatlOqS WhlCh began -
in December of the prevlous year
..,
JanLlary
1861:~51-~54
<.
•
o
189q
1:300-303).
"
These confr~tations. and t~e ensuing
captures
preClpltated a polltical and a'dmlnistrati\e crisis for Captain
""
c.
Hal:lghtan ~
-'ln a
the SupE'ri ntendent of
lette>r to the Govel'"nment of
Par L B1 ë\i r.
J.
wli! ch hF~ ,a:q:H'es'S~d
Indli:l:
The coul'"se ta adbpt wLth r~gard te the~e, pso~le be@n a.. ~Ject of much an:(lety ta me. If tqt:.) ml.l(':~l encdL\raged~ aLll'" people ~'Jere liable ta be pll.lndet"t-::!d. k i 11 ed ~ 01'" wounded -- on ttl€~ other" hand wlthau t rjt,';)rnr.! encour:\!JE>ment we inL\st fol'" ~ver l'"lzHnain stranger-'a, .. ',.\nd, i t wauld SC:?ê.?.n, at wal'" wi th thefll .. My endeavOl,ty" I,,::\-~) 'IJI-?1?1l to mc.üntain the golden mean, --.al: .:\Ll tl.mf?S t("J ,.:.\vold aggressl at tad'sr and bl ~odshed. - -- to tl~bè\ r t l1~fll kl'ndly. ,and at the same Ume not ta Inlsl'li:.'r..d the'fIl lnt(.1 plundel'"lng aMd ~llllng our people. '.,. Cansi deri ng the ci rCLlmst.:\nces Lllidel'" wh i ch thE:!Y' 'came into OUI'" hands. ~"i;.. ~ t:hat. thl... ~e w~n~ (:.:~I:c.?I'l in .an aggl'"e~slve attacl. that the othel'" thl'"ee~ thal.lgh n~t actual1y at the time fighting ag~inst u~. f6rmmd ~ portion of an armed pluridering party, and that one of them had. as fé~r as r have tlle means of '~,nowi.ng, without the 1e~st provocatIon, inf] Ictcd a wound en' onw of OUf party. fl"'om th<§? eff8ct of ~"hlctl hf: dir:~d. --·r have thoLl,;}ht myself wal'T2IntGd Hl detail'linq them WL tl1. a "1. Vlew to thell'" belng made. i f possible. lhe m~ans -of i nterCOLlI'"Se wi. th thell'"' countrymen her eaf tel'" ~1·I,?l.l<Jh.tall
.has
ve
"
/"rL 1 • ,..,C'~) • .--u.... • 1 ClO
..
"-
\
HëlLtgnton
proposed ta
'ac~~ve
thl S
Cl way:
,
••. -r
find oit impossible ta r"et2-\Ln, I:h8ffi hr-?re wlthol_lt an of 1'"8strdlnt which wauld defe~t en~irely nur abject in ~eeping them. The te~p~~tlon ta ~scaps i~ toc. gl'"eat, and they are dS s11ppery as eel s. One of them is'old And grey h8è\ded. ~noth~r Gf them l S defor-ITIF.·d (hl\rTlp-b~cl:l::d)" .E
. (
..
.
o '--
'
He
w~nt
on te
l
pOln~
out.
canslder the cllmate and circumstdnces
:83
of
the
...
..,.,J
, / "-
,'''\tr
~? ~
,
Tenasser~m Coast the most favorable for them. and wlth reference to thlS facto and the fate of the man captured by the~Andaman Comffilttee [Jac~ J. abstaln ~rom sendl ng them t.a CalcLtt;a. (Haughton 1861: :255) \ ,
Accordl ng l y.
the three Andarnanese
CI·~LISt..Je
wh l ch th~ sLrrnames B1 ai r
81..:u 1"")
were
- - no daubt 1 11 sent to Rangoon on a. steamer.
Li8ut~nant-Colonel A. l
Fyche,
(now named Jumbo.
CommisSl~ner
1"\ I~~f er.el1ce In
ttle
to Port
of
words
of the Ten~sserim and .......... , -. /
'Martab~n Provlnc~s:
· ••• i t
deemed'advlsable ta send CthemJ o·ff by ,ct leaving the settlement for Rangoon. wl~h a view ''-t.a ascertëàl n whether. some ~ 1>01-'11 edge of thei r 1 angLlage cOI.II d l:Je ac~i l'''ed, , a.nd at t~ same t l mE ta i mpart ta tllt::?m ~ome l dea of th& POWEI'" dnd I-esour"c:es of thei r ~a,ptar·s. (Fyt.clle 18l:11: :26::) Wé1S
Stea~er
,
.
/
/
comments typify thé .tU tude adopted lawards indi genou,
Fyt.che's '11
cc:~pt 1
ves
i li the.se cll"'CLtmstances.
-whole sel'-ies of were mobil
i~ed
symbols of as
technological
lnstr~~tJve spect~cles
prisoners w(':?r.e clothed attemp~s
There appears ta have
the folloWllig day they were tal'en boat
BAd blac!smlth's shop. ,
thes~
events as
011
a
for !he
And~mane5e.
the~r
The ne:, t
langudqe.
tOL1I'" WhlCh lllciuded
Ll eutendr1 l
~
and mliltar-y po\,<)er whi'ch
the day aftel'" th8U- C:2ptUI~"è.
were made to learn somethlng of
been
The'
d2ly
and on :3
I]Lln-
5'.
fol1aws: (.
.C
8t::>ln(J SunddV, <='111 ~Jïrëe Wi?/"€? nlcely dressed an t'ihlte. wlth str",3.'-'J hat~, t'iltil "T. N. Br"igê-\de" on the rlbbon. ('ih l ch (N,,,,:,> ","'1 V-"lst l mpovemen t. l ri, the af b::>rnoon they went Ft:w c:.\ wal~ on tht? beach. and went. D'ver the gun-boat. -VoldU lng ,:If tel"" tht:?ll"" f eepf21""S ln .:\ qUiet orderly mdnner. EV8ry lhlng life metal they admIre and want. a~d when tht:? hand~uffs were removed they dld not wlsh them to be t~~en away. and at the bac~smlth's shop they wanted ta t:"ü'e ~~.oJay aIl the bar lron. (Hellard 1861::259)
\ 294 '/.
,
.
,~
'
This disclplinary and
o
nlled
on
th,
,
me(! nI and.
,
Fytct'\'e and Maj Dr
1 ~f 1:
Malll mel n. \ the
and
<. death
ra 1. sr=d. of
•
l
1:2
~,
al n.?ady
•
Burmese
estaP.11sh
;~y..:sat1SfaCI:OI~y.V8r~al comml.ln,ic3t1on wlth thl~lll.
..~
t
,"'deatl1 :':'eems tel have be~m., f~<\'le Y"-esl.lll: ~
wh~ch
w~s ~
tiN'
JLtmbo~
Jumbo' disease
by'
1861
of.
}7"
sggr9vclled by e:JP\,)sdr'I-~ dUI"'j ni.) an
t ...
,
:·~66~
'
r.1~.r-\.ILl11l\(11l\i\.v'y
~t"l
t:SC"lpt=
-::
1864: 16·').).
d~=Jë~d
Once
.:\l:tdmpl
•. hOWl?V(:..'I",
..
.,
1 .JL!lnbct"s 'boè:lyf a potEmtlal SCJl..lrCe of dë.\t:<:':\ and é\rl ..:!thn'.lI;w.::\I.lhJ.C' oI-'lt 1'>1 .~ f (:lI" ë:\ P al'" al , 1 .~l rHpl"e~,...mtrd. 1 0l1a1 CI.I' tur€) 0 f c:lsteql og J. ca 1. ... &\11':11 ~i'.;l ~i
opportuflity that was ,"ot o)erloo-ked; Even 'TlI:l.l:!ll '.
1,
the
by
abac'k
14
specimen.
speed, wi th WI:ll....id',. JllmlJo
Wë~S
rec'h.lb?d
the eJTiergent ot.1sel"'vationc.d
Within
dlSCLlssing.
Q
.
death
on,ly
WdS
.:mother-
'.
cul tUr-t·l
m.edil.~m
for,
ITlLl'3WurO
r
h ::\va
OtH:!1"I
~
ml.1l tl.plylmj
Jumbo dlJd ln the jall hosp.Lt:al on the 12th Jllm:.:!. nearl"y. one month .. '.\1ft:er h15 é\1"'I'·i'./al. Hl.'S c::omy'ader; repâi recl to ~hE# hosp L tal and showed 51 fJrl'3 '-lt lJ'!I1U 1 nt.' gr-lp.f é\t hLS df?dth. They ,;;\l~~L) pf:',"'+clY"mr~d ~:;ntllœ c;tllC;julal" cer-emonlEs,-ove,'" +:.fv? b.::;dy, \~htr.:h l "'JLsheti I:cJ n;'I'_' It/l1:'ï1!?ssed I~epeatc~d the ne::t mornlnl]: bllt pvllnq t':l ..>un1f'o rathel'" PI'"P-C 1 PL L",te meaSUlr es. I>:d >':!11 \,',n thOl1 t U"I'_~ sIl glltes t l'-ef erl?nc:< ta 'mysel f. 1- (J pr-epdn::> é:\ ':;~. (.::"l":1t' ')rl 0 f th,.;? dec':?êl'"3f.'?d fi:)!'" pr,;?sl="rltatlon f:o tht;:: (·;Sl-tl.lt. ("j'j'l,?r/'.:; t1uS8UITI, [ \l<Je1<S un<..;bl'2 1:0 do ':i0. (r1(:1 r:ll 1IV)·~~ tbl~1 .. ,
.Jumbo· s
o
eSCë\p8
communlcatl0n duals
ë\
t tr:?mp t,
h.:;sti?ned the r-etur-n
of the tW(.J ro:31OéU ro l ng 15 to'the Andaman Islands.' Wlth the questlonable
285
ln.dLV1"
\
. .e.
of
Jumbo's
rapld
transformatIon
considered.the·exp~rlment
1
0+
lnto
(
.sen~ing
Tlc~ell
a, mLlseumpI,ece,'
i
the captives te Rangoon
dnd
'"'-
MOI.tlmelrfl a fallt_lre: \
(....?::pE~I'-;ment
, The
,t.hern
rlrom
the]r
1.0
supply
of CIVll1::::lrl"g these 1-wo, by Jt'Jeanlng
wlld h,.::tblts arld creatlng éll"t1. flcial shou}.d lnvolve the necesslty of fl"'~!quent ,IiS51U:, to' the ~,ettlement"· and thu~; [Ol-,Ti as I t were lhe nucleus of lncreaslng (1 Intercourse ~lLh a .• super 1 or' l" "'"le: e'" h ë1.5 cer t- a.l n l y sa f <:ïl~ f é<' i l Gd • ~~l th yClungf':H- '5ubJ'=::cts W(:? iT\l'~ht tl,:I"8 succf?ecled br.~ttJ:?I~" 1.J2r-t.lcUcu' l)/ 1 r1 r,Èc-q:lllllg tl-,(=lm Enr.::j[l 51-1~' bcf.'r IJf ob éd:'[ y ~'.J ç< t thE.~ ':?)(p8rl(:;I~ '_Jf t.hf_'ll~ üwn l~'llqudçJ'.:! =-\fl.J of l:hE'll- CJ~,m h,,,blE'S tL1 suc:h a rJl::'.ql-er=,. tiï<::\t r.3S Jf1l:E.:'lr pn=,t'''-'I-:; ()I~ LliDllllEds of - cCl/nmUnlc.::\tl0rl iNl tif U-It:.' fl.=d_lv f=':;, the,;, fl'JCJuld Il':1VC:: b\::!'::1n a=5 useless ,'3.5 CI~usne or FI~l dé'l'l. Tt rp.mCpn=6c1 [JE?(jlll'::; to lntuf'felrfJ ~~'ll:.h thf"? .at)Oriidlnl?c),. '1\1111 .tflnd r"_-itht?t 1_0 trJ1~ ':2!~t~r,nlnc:1!:1,_)Jl Cjl~ thr:.' L',U:PI~, th,:'\n tu E\lly. ë'uïH:?llClrë\tlon- Irl i:helr c.,ond i t l on.' l t 1 S, L\] br? Ir .~gret tt?d l:tlct 1..:. 51 nef::! thl? _.j dyS of \.C.olonel H.:IUfJlttûn" Vf.?l~y llU.. l(?u 11;1rDrma.t.lon lS pucJllshed ~"?(,;),3njtng OLU- n?1c:îtlon5 IAll tll th.l5;; tt-t.lel y 'SéI\lc\Cje p~lJple.
w.::\nts,
Whld1
,
r
-
.'~
1864~:léJC?)
1
"
.There
15
no
cl~arer
statement
of the
nJl e
aSCt-l
'" bed these r::.=\p
t
J'les
<$
c\Jmmun l catl
Wl
r:Jrl
tl,
the
Arl cl6më.l.n e~"e"
thc? Anddman
I~ DtllfilUlll
r:.-\
1: l on.
Il
w\:' Ir
Po
[) ùrlt:-?
G
t h \-21~
Hom':?s"
tlL'\n
TJdell's
"CI-Idnll,:?l s
o~
ç
Ifu.:;·d 1 a
t or
t IlP. l'-'=~p l" (~~;E'/ï t,:;;. ': J ürï ~
0+
FI_II
mor e.
the
to ~""hich
t:-I?I~-
be used.
They Included
c\.)uld only be S::\t1è\ted !Jy
')86
c:reatll1y "'H-i:J.flclal
(:Cr/ïstant
contact iNlth
::..
Eut-opean
• 1
/
//
"
,/
/'
popL\"l ati cm a
in order ta Lise them as medi Llms for the Cc:lmmLlnlcatic)li
•
v;alu~:..
sdcial. and economlC
/ Cf
Ncb4Jithstanding Tic~.e] l's
the
turn
~f
\ the
c~nt\.lry
,
c.;r)l1C1LlSi(.)lIs.,
~f.ter h~\vi IIg
and
.
,
j/
pc:rr.bnan,
" \0CUSSt?I~
,
~'
•
'~1I1d •
.-;
C.. pta1n
.
~
/
/~
H
~\ln l:in~J %\t t:hEl
tN"{" t 'L'i
G':~(P~I'-l men t;.
wi th tlje' Anddmanese themsel ves endorsed HLlqlït<:m':1 hlS ,opinion,
~
/
~
of, allen cultural",
...
--
.
,
J,' ~ ...
~
/'
and the;! reedllcat::i on of, youflger membérs of an lnd.~,~eliol.\S,
culture.
0
r-
TI'
t.11Ë.~ Jitl:,l(~
·wa ..
,IJWIOlOLlS •
.:\s after e}:pen,enl:e (if Andaman has taLlgh hf;) t(.JCl~: tllEl 01\1 Y s'tep whi ch l!:.i cil' r' aDY use ln taml ng tilt=:! (~ndamc.~~ese ~ i.:..~. • 11<:: !::;emt ttleHI away frQm thel!'"' own tcun~ry for a considerab)~ pœriod t~ a 19nd where they saw something of c\v{lis~tlon, r-e.'\l i st?d some~4Jhat tt,e e:: ten t and greatnfJSS c.d' 01.11"' pt'JWE?'" .i\nd thelr- own insign1 fic<:.~nce and wea~"liless .... and. thOLlgh weIl and UndJ'y t!~eated, WE·we ~';ept Llnde,'" ci\ c:er-t,.:\iin alnOLmt' d.LSClpllne (F'ortman 1899: 1,,5(6).
t'-
o.f
'Aflotljer
.aspect
of
the repr"esentati on of
1::LII~oper\n
power
.L
li
thf? \
a~d
aSlde. from the
deplGym8n~
.. vlsual
,
ot force,
dlsciplin8
W':'\S
C':lst
lI;
.:\
'
transportatiorTë:\l
mOLlld:
to
St:?!?
.
c:onflqLlr-atj
on~3
of
~h:Jwel"
Wd~:
''"
As
'to experiencœ their possibLllties.
1
"
Portman ncted:
have discLlssed the whele affalr wlth Andamanese
re~ the Cl rcumstances. ..1nd they st L~tl:? th ..d". those ~~hc) lïad lJeE:'n t.::~1 er, to Mc.Hümeln retuy-n~:?d
who
when fr-om there and rel at~d ,.:11 l t"t:IC.:d: they bad SCien •. the other-s w€:?rt? 50 1 mpr-ess l3d by W11dt' thEly 11 1:;>ard. tha( tl1ey ,1,t l ,':\5t n:?i:\l'lsed +,1'.31: th,:"y L:ould n'Jt ,r)~S)l';-!: l.t·::-" that vK! dllj IVJl i'ojl~h t O ] ÏlJUr-E' them, I j l l t ' ',-ve1f-j Wl 111f1l,) to ,)(? tr"tQndly ..Ind f lÎld. .9-nd th\?'1 t.hç:.?r,?~ on? lic>q,,,n tn:l!ll th;;\!: tJ rn(~ "t>, cultlv':\b? t-r?"ü fl':'lendl,/ (-r21,:d:l(jn~5. Ttv·?y .AdroJt tllC;(j: <üJ thdt tF~d l;jcJrll'? b('?T IJn.... vJ~'S mf~I~f-"l cunn 1 n(] "il1d t 1" (!',1chI.W '1 adopted ..Ji th él V12W ta thrr.Jw us '::llt our qUêlr'd ':;ind tlll!s. enable thl?m ta plL{nd~ w11:h Impllnt t'l. (F'CJt"i:m~n
1 8'99: l \ '306 )
,0
.
,
Portman
aIse
pOl
nted
out th.:\t
1/
SU f
f l Cl erft t i
me
had' not
287 ,
'
.
,
(
ta Moui mei n to i mpl'"".ess
all owed
for the resui ts of the VI si t
ethey"':;,
a.nd too mueh was expeeted ln tao short· a time.
.
1
v
in
da ys"
"a fal.tlt which" was ta
opJ.nion..,
hlS
(l''or tman
8neugh
t6
t 899: l •
~
pOInt
"n;::peated
ln
"
i
mp~ t
hi.torleal
•
Notwithstanding r;ortman~s.observtations.
..,
his'
lat~
in
the remalnder of 186: we hear nothlng, ~f the Andamane~e, .an& _ol4 they seem ta haYe. ceased • <.'1 t t.:-'\d'i ng , th'e_ Set_tlememt, and murd'erlng any" !:onvicts they' m~t. w1 th" Colonel Tytler SLlpposed th,al: fri~ndl y' in ter'course wi th thern h~d been estab I l shed. He used to. s~nd sm."ll part i e~ of th(~ Naval Br i gadesmen to thei 1" cnc:ampments. bet,.ween whom, and the Andamanese. _ same sor 1:. o.-ff fri endJ. y i ntJ mac:y seems 1:.0 have sprung up.~rom the Andamanese themselves 1 ledrn fhat ~uch - W.:H:l th~ case '1 as. ai ter the returll of the twe men f l'''om ";M,t:luln\(~ln. th~nr .:'\ccount of LIS. and of, altI'"" ways. lnfluer1c:ed thei r. tr I besmen so mLlch the.t, they wet""e ready to accepf in a simllar SptrIt any frlendly overtures WhlCh ' mi ght be rna(je to them. o 1t shaH.\! d of eOLW se I:H~ bor~ in ml nd ;hat the stcry of th~ Moulmeln captlves only "lnfluenced (and that 5] owl y). one Sept Q+ the A~'a-§§s-da tr I be. and a. considerable time 'woulrl have to elapse before the Andamftnese of thè whol e trI be were con-'./l nced of' OLtr friendly dispoJ';1.tlon (Portl1làn 1899: I . ::59). Durihg
1,
was~F"
•
(') i:.1; r è;ït i '1('= : "
/
It
~
He cons, d"r ed the issue
it at ca later
to
return
~3Zl •
b~
1 Il
thE!
est~baished.
on
~~~
Homes,
ve~sels. tlli,n:1 tlve
But I t was established ln the Andaman J
maInland. no 1:.
and MOLlat's gun boat,
of
,
,-
and became a
ethnagraphy
de~ades
and ln the nove! enVlrcnment oi
irl·Sritish,r"eSldences.
spac.e~
cOmr/lt.lnlc:"'~tlon
'/'las finally
"
of
the
.
not
the
"Andaman
and
Blai'r's
these Ho~es form8d ta transcultural
pr~nclp~l
"
LHe Rltchie's
Islands,
foc~l
pOInt for the 'descrlp-
Andamanese praduced
•
in
the
closlng
the century;
1
" 288 1{
.. 6.4)
o
~n -~
the Architectonies of Power: The Andaman Homes Detention Centers ,nd Transcultural Spaces. '1';
Along
'(>hYS1Cîll
with the
settlng
steamer~
.2m,d
sYŒlboli,c
bdSl~.
.
of
the
Icw
~
repr'esentatlon
p\ied
ph'::.\st?
'rlt-'):t
th0
ln
Ltl'\':
..
1Q
Andamc.~l1ese
cd)
I:LU::;ft~.
Tt1~lr
a re'dlrectlon of the preVl(.)Lls sl:ratl~gy
mat"ked
~hich
and survey vessaIs
of
\?st.ë\~lll
,,-ih,lh,11Ü
Llnpn'~'::;lllq
t1H:>
\
::-
industrlal: and c05mcpolit~11 tràppin~. of an
logical.
e<:;tabll shed SM ti sh Calony. The Andaman Homes were fdunded ln crd~r -
1
yat 'natural' detentlon center for Andaman captives •
"
...
wbt(:ll L~c)f\lc1
Settlement. centers
ahd
h,lf-way
housss~
ma. n
shelters
functlQntng as FJt:hn<:lgr.:?ph.lc:
penal, como 1 el: at. Port BI al r.
V~?I"'S',!ï.lns
Thl'S 1-Iome and l ts
clones wére guarded/administered by convlctG.
uf
sil.lb':ieqllmnt
,.#
~he
lmpotus for the
foundatlon of the ftrst and most lmportant <.;Jf ,these
,''',':\,:; t.119
Hc)(n~l~=';
X.
detentlon
of
( • Jumbo'
and
confrcntatlcn
two )ndlVlduals,
Jumbo-Tura
.
and
'Snowball') who ha6 baen captursd betweeh a n0mber cf
SnQwbal1-Lc~ala
after
a
br!ef
and NAval Brtq~des-
\
men, on the
~~th
of Januarv, 1863, ln which one Naval
ItJas Ulled (Portman 1899:I,360).
8rlgadesm~n
Th\~laSh f~Ll.~d tlll~$attemPtli3d
rape of the wife cf one of fo grpup cf Andaman Islanders durlnq
o
...
fi"'l
end 1 y
meeti ng wi th
Cil.
boat 1 oad of Naval Sri gade-smen, . who
289
a h,J.d
been
dispatched
with
the
intention
relations wlth the aboriglnles (::If
fJ
the
of
cultivàtlng
(Portman 1899:1,~60.366l~ The fact
attemptet1 r'=II:1e was concealed frorJI
~he 27th of April
CPoftman 1899:1.366),
And,:lman~?'i5e
presente~
WE're
frIendly
as
the
1.
c:"\Ltth~rltles
the
Ltntil
wlth the resul~: that thG
f_mprp~o~ ed
aggr,~ssors.
li'y
1
wer~? captLtred
FebrJ.:tay"y .1umb'o ",nd Snol.-Jball
t6
them
wi. tf'l a
t:'W
ta
sandl ng
" .The, real- motIve
(Portman
Calcutta
Vl
',,j LIst
1. Fyl n(J 'Hie fTlurd,er of the 8t'" i. gadesm~n - -
r-ntor
sL\b~eq'uentl.y
of the attempted r,î:lpe -- was
,""easons
. Fo,'"
se!1ding
the
'cè'\ptJves
j:'lsttfied in Vlew of th/? eVldencè ln punishment
was
\:JW!1
Tytler.
certé:\inLv
In hlS opInion",
pl"'ove
1è9~: l ,]i6::'. 36) . v~
.
-;
ben'eficial
the pEwpet-
Calcqbta
IJ ee: é\fT1e
The lesG
~upport of provocation. an~ mors.
ln
then ta return the,m to
"th8 ef fect WOlll d be to
and the
làrge CIty.
our
thp-i r
gl'"eat
and
(F'ortman
pOSl ti on o
J
The Gove,"ntnen"t,.. of Indlë\ the
and
<:\t
-u!1cclvered.~
to "see the c;omfort of a
and a civillsed world,
'Ct1lln try.. "
to
lass dlrec!ed to bè'\nJshment.
wo,'"ds of Colonel power,
<:.~Ilger
whole Episode.
In a
too~
a dlm
v,e~
1 et ter dated the
of
the management of
1.9th, of Jllne 186;
the
\
Government~s
opinIon on the handling of the case was presented in ~7
no uncertain tsrms:
.
J
-'
.
~
,
The Presi dent J. ~ Counc: i l hé\S observed Wl th mLlch r"'egret the, very unf avourab 1",> 1 i gh t wh 1 ch tht: 1 nformat'I on n"Ow,' submltted throws upon the conduct ai the bo~t's crew sent out on ~he Jth J~nuary to estab~lSh frlendly lntœrçourse wlth the abcrlgines. Nor ~an Hls Hanor ln Councll conslder ,Jt b-:- allY means cr-edlble to your adminIstration of the Settlement. that. oWlng to the imperfect manner ln Whlch. on the accurence of the murder. the ë.it tendant Cl t-cumstances were 1 nvest 1 (~atèd by .. you. ttli? Gavet-nment of Ind la 1 s on l 'l (low beq 1 nrü ng to -.obtaln .materlals, for a cC:IF"I~ect appreclatlon of the . orig1n of the catastrophe. Vour fermer ~ommunlcatlons
::90 /
.
'
.' ,
of February last were so framed a. to cenvey to Govarnment. the lmpression that no explaoation of the attaçk. 'e:ould be given other th,'!n the f.:\lthlessne\;s" ,-and lmpulsiveness of savage nature~ ~nd ,that. \n yeur , opinion, su~mary and e~empla~y ~engeanc~ 9ught te be taken (Portman 1899: I. 36ï-::68). ~ ,
~o
Af t~r ho-t J, ng that Snowbal l
~1Jci\S
i nn(JCŒn t
of thE! 'of f ~JlC~.
he should be summarl1y rr.a;e,ased. "'i;.be letter "
'"
.
antJ
tI1î:1\:
f.llHlit.
nut,~'
,
'The other [JI.lmboJ shduld undergo a fLlrther dgt:\!.'ntlol1 <:~t Por t ' 81 ai r of Sp.V8n mon the frem the \::f.:ttt~ \.:J~, ~h l ',1 l'i?tter, _ri "order' , that he mc,v, be i(npl"~5serJ WL t.h A ':;en'::(~' of 'his d8ed bEung no ,trivLi:\l matter.,.:md that '+:l,\,::, l sI and ers gener al fy ma.y be br'ought to .:\ssoç ta t(;? ,a c: 1:-8r::1r notlon of cense'qLlent pLlnlshment. wlth the il,.fli,(:tfon c.lf "any l nj L~ry tl?,~ any' persan. bel'ongi ng \:0 the' Sett l èm~mt. During hlS de!en~lon thls man ahould ~8 taught ~s m~ny u~'Se+Lll thing'E as possIble; i=\l1d. if hlS tH'~a1-t',h 'f~lJ.. yott are authorlsed t(J abridge, the tC:'rm (Jf hl.Si impl'"isonment (Por' tmar-l 18/';>9 ~ l • 368-) • ,
/
'WerJ. ~n' t\..,·
, , ,
~eneraJ.
t
v.:\lue of sendlnr.1 captlves tb
C:t~:le15
Il!:,e
Cdlc:t.ttti~:
, The Presid~nt ln Council l~ unable te ~~rœn w1th Vou in ybLlr VI. ew ,of - the é'\dvantages der 1 v:tb 1 (~H'om t l'If:' dlSp.:\tch 0+ sav.::\ges IH:e those o'n t.h~? Andi.~man "tsL,-.lnrLii. for a ten'iper'ary nrosldenc:e in i"\ great ci t'I. f<'l.r" l,rtJm thetr home éV::I"'ClSiS the sea. Suc:h a m. .3aSUI'·"'3, Hi s Honcw 'lf\ Council believe<:>, WOLlld 1161 full. of suffertl1q ta ,thl)'se on whom the e::pp.riment migl1't: bl;?' tf"1~d: 'Ç1nd ] t1 thF.L present lnstane:e i t clearly could net be JUst4 Fi8d ~s a pLlnl sh~ent <)(Por+.man 1.899: 1. ::;68) : '
.
Although
the prac:tlce was not curtalled
(Portman
\
Man 1885:26:2 n,1>.
Port
the
BI ai;", pree: i p] tated the est-ab l. st,mc:mt of
SncÏwba~ 1., was released on the 5th JL
.
of ctc:tober was
(Portman
establishe&
on
1899:1,369). Rose
1899:I,445-43~;
.
".]I.t!!l.bo ,11: '
detr=~nti:JP
rJf
10
the Andr..,mi~n
I-Ir.Jmf?$"
and Jumbo on- the
12th
1 rs~:
Homri)
In the Interim,
tl19
f
Island as a detention e:enf~r/hostel l
ac:comodate Andamanese prisoners and Vlsitors ta the captlv~s.
291
1:0
'.
(
The
were
Homes
polltical,
soèial.
the
"
'
administration"s'
colonial
and admInistratIve Interface wlth
cul turë\l,
19
the "
Andc:imanec;e for- the ne::t 60 years.
Lhelr f0undatlnn.
major
-
Over
years
tw~~ty
after
",f'-
-
Man summarl~ed the.rale the Hom~s had played in \
'!>'IIlQdl~ti.ng n?latlcms between the British settlem8nt at Port ,1rld
'-
tllf-:? IndlgenoLls populatIon:
Blair'
Oc
From the very commencement of tha new Settlement ourl0US dlfficultles hcld te be contend8d wlth ln consequenc~ of the h~r~sslng att~c~s on our wur~ing partIes 11Y th(:? aborl.gines. whose cLlpidlty was e)(Cl·ter,:! by the ir-on tool s -and other i mp 1 emants wh 1 ch in thel r eyes prese(1ted an dppeal,....anc~ of addptablll cy as weapons of "the och.ase:: . the Government Gardene I:hay Il kewI se ftf~eJ.y 'r-obbl?d. Llntl! at lengt,h stern n:~pressive measures had to be adopted whereb' they were Instructed o for the firet tlme ln the laws of prlvate property.b A wholesome draad cf our power having been duly Instl11ad, éfforts were made hy Gavarnmant wlth a Vlew ta the civilisation of the race and tHe establIshment of a better understanding betw~Rn our~elves and the orIgInal possessors of the sOIL. Homes were accordlngiy wrected in ~he viclnlty ~f the harbour. where aIl who n~:(;?dp.d mj f.:lht obtal n protect 1 on. shel ter. flJod. and tl,edl<:lne. Thu; steg.. WhlCh was deemed the best, '1 f not the only means of furthering one of the abjects WhlCh had pr-ompted the re-,es'tab 1 i shmen t CJf the, col ony .--.;!..!.§., of reclalming the sa~aqes frem thelr barba~ous custom of mLlrder:j.ng ;~ll strangers wt10 approaC:hed their ~?hores -- effected a mar~ed impre~ment in our relat~ons ~ith the trlbes ln South Andaman by affording them convincing proof of our frie~dly IntentIons tewards them <Man
,
1885:::6:2> o
8Llt
as the early history of the Homes lndir.:atés they were not as , innocuQUS as Man tlë'\d lmplied. The rfidamanese:, f \:lr e:: -Amp 1 e. were
t.r'i=Mtecl ':) as
hélstagè's
when they came
lo
the
HOlnes,
and
were
(J directl~ ~
seems
supef~ised
by convicts frcm
t~e
penal
col ony.
little doubt that ihe colonIal administratlon regard~d the •
,
0
i'
Homes
as' an extensIon of the penal settlement
'more.
the
,
i nt'i mate
relatlonshlp
/'
~92
between
ltself.
these
two
FurthermargInal
'-
o
cultural
..r
reversed
when
'"
..
paradoxic~\\y
groups -- the convlcts and natives -- was
'Jungle police"
I!)anese
and
Andaman~se
conVl ct ro18s
Portman
,
te
for the capture of
definlng featLu'"es of
1881
bagan
,.:IS
t:apt
be trained by the Britis~
as
runaway convictl •
l
ves
the trall~;CLlltw-al
Bnd guards l'~
Cl
Ul~
f
-t~tle '·(oines.
qLtah tie c; of
provlded a SUCClnct pLcture
\:lnl'il
In
of
.'
The present system cf k~eplng men ln the Home on Vlp~r Island is man~ged thus: Besl d~?s the 1 arge nUlnbE)\'"' of S;l. C ~ flild COllY,,'Ü t-..!r.,.c.:·n t :li ,cons"tantly about. a ce,,.taln qUL:UÜl ty 01 pecJpl~ Ill',?lUlii)ln(;) ta different tribes ana ~,!-?pt:_fDI' $1;: InwntlH"i ,-IL (;.1 tlme. ih e,,"der that. by lhej r" labQur 111 ')(:11] nq t.he> produce of the gardens, diYlng tor lest arllcl~s. rOl.
These
actlvitles
life of
gatherlng wldespread
by
WErE! th~
a
worlc/
apari:
from
the
~nd
huntlng
people. C'"(Jn..sl uer ,:Ab L I~
the mld-1S60's,
"
power
over
proved of
Andamanes~
Inmates
0+
the
Home~.
Th L t:~
<>
.:I<::sQCJ
(JnE:? ""~r.ll~,
fatal ta the heal th of the n.::\t 1 ve popL!l atlor;:
this
contact
bel ng the spread 0 f
syph 1 l
'l
S
0
.at 1 rJI",
thl'-oughoui:' th/1
'\
populatIon
cf Great Andaman
l899:II.501,604-6U5). cLtltui"al 'deterloration,
I~land
duringWth~s
~~rlod
Homes were t~ie c:en ~/er. of
The
p.hYS,l C ...' 1 ."Inr1
which led to th'? 'e)(termlnat."lon of
~ go~~t
port~~n of the Andamanese~opulatlon •
o
•
Durlng thlS p~ocess of perfect
observatlonal
exterminatIon,
cOI,te:(t for
293
~he
the Homes ~rovided
.
,productIon of 11. ser-l ~!}J
~
of
\
"
ethnographie representàtions of the Andamanese and their culture. ;
But .ny
representatlons give the appearance of belng fr~e
-these
signiflcant
'lr, FI'_lenc!?
of
European
the
e)(c]Llc1e
~.!jticc"\]l'I
lnfluence:
Set t 1 ement' s evidence
of
the
ethnographIe
transpor tatl on E"Lu~opean
system
influence,
of
repre-
system-
!?spec.lally
aVldenca that. mlght impute colonial and ethnographie authorlty.
the obmervstlonal, conte):ts WhlCh the sur vey vessels and gunbeats , hsd originally provided. ThIS 15 net to say that these vessels ne l
ClMc~ ..:?r
funct i OIlF.ld in tho':;!? capaC:l t.L es. The culJure
tl (.)1"\ of whl ch tlle vessel s formed an llïtegrê\l pëllrt th~
a~dltian
of th8
.'
"
a~
~-eprE!senta--
w~
enhallced by
,
sa much S'O that they eVEmtup.11 y
HQmes~
+Ull-
4
ctloned as
~ doubl~
Andaman~se
culture.
or duplicata of an
orlgln~l
and irretr18vable
But that dupllcate dellneated a lImInal area
\
\
Q'
betwean the two cultures. ori.enb-:?d
\
~n
area WhlCh was nevertheless
ta and controlled by -çhe symbol ic,
of . 1 al;:e""ni neteeni:h ceni:ury EltrOpean power'".
\. \
, pas.s8d
,
throuah . . the Homes,
Bl .:ü 1'" ~-Jel~e tl-ansf'ormœd ~ ~manatlng
especlally those
p,:!l itical proc:essl?s The Andaman.ese i~
who
the area of
Port
mut.ab:?d, Ol~ si mp] y Wl ped out by proceS5les
0+
an Intrusive system
fro~
flrmly
power/~nowledge •.
Whlle the
't,
physlC:.:\l - . '
p"'~sence
of. t.he popLll at i on decll nF.d and gra.duall y
dl s-
,
,--
J
-
....'
it was repldced &nd celebrated ln clasSlc ethnagraohic , 1 j;;" 1
\a.C:C:OLlnts .
0
F
the Andamanese wh i
c;,h
bath preserved 1:hem
wi thi n
a
\
certain formula for cultural representatlpns and served as dlqms , of
pars-
u
the type of obseryational practlce being developed
anthrcpoiogists
ln
Britain durlng the closlng
~94
decades
of
by
the
'.
o
(Man 1883.
century The the
effects
Portman 1893-1898). , thlS process were summari:ed bV Portm~h
of
conclusIon ta hl~ two volume ~istgC~
'0
Qi
~YC
ln
B11~11901
~11~
,
(()
There is an~Qld and wel1-~.nownç.chE!,n1cal e::p8t'"i,n~nt 11\ wHi"ch ~ warm c:cmcentré.{ted solLltion clf. '3L\lp~lïÎ'"\t~\"~ ll1 'oClCj.'~ IS I:lQll~d in a glass tubE? drawn OL.tt 'at one end. WhilrJ ehl.llllt1on 1S pt"Qceedil1ÇJ freely~ thli' tul::h.':> lU I"ll;>t-.me{:i-cal1y seal,:;d, ~nd by thls me?ans in e::hC\Ltst\:~d 01 ,"lr~. The SC:llutlCm wl1en If;:ft ta i \:.se]·F cao!.':; l-JL tl1l)1I~ tht~' SOl'ld b.!!lng pr€h·nplt=ded. ali...haugh th\:! l\quld l-, .:!'-\e:~'_".: âs:!;,!:J!:~:!;,5td.. BLlt 1 f the end of the cube b,.;) bt"'J~ '·m o't f "md the air allowed to enter, cr-ystallisation IIlHn~-:)dl.:\b?l',ù.. commences at the 'EiLlrface. ë'lnd i s ql li c~ l y pY"t.:lp':\(..J~d:r:?I~ tr\!r.oLlgh the whol e 1 ength of the tl.lbe,,' • The Andamanese race .:\t'"El 111~? t), 1 S s(Jl ut ion. Sr.> lol"(.;! as they wer"e 1eft ta themselves ~d not .Ln ,,,n'l i'ldy interFEI~ed wlth by oLltside inflLlC:mcss • . or" thf:.\u" customs. food. etc.. altered, they \~aLtlu COnl'lf",UI::! b: live~ but when we came amongst them and admltted the air of the outslde world, wlth cons~quent changFs. te suit our necessities. Ilot th81n:;, t . .hey lo~;t. tIH~ll" '1itallty, wh.Lch wa~ IfJholly dF.)pendent on bl~Jnq untoucl1ed ~ .and the end of the rdce Cé,me «-'or tlfleln.
"
..
1899: II, 875) .
r
The ••- '1
in
Homes provlded the Government wlth a control1.d which
~nvtrnnmpnt
ta subJE'ct th,e 111(:1J.genalls popul.atlon
pressure<:i,
ln
strRteq 1 es
beh 1110
186:3 ,
other
the
wards tn ca 'Çiystem of f oundat 1 on'
l:Jf
thE'
Pilcif.,ic.:atlo~.' Home~?
'NEI"'e
ln "'Jhi,cl, hE! advlsed t.he Government of ~()
cl
(~iH'
L"dt,; of l
r"easons fèll'" 'esL-:\blls~'lng the Home on t;-o'=.s Island:
,
o
1 deel~d i t adV1Gable te adop~_oth~r more activ~ and advis~ble measures te push forwaro ln a politlcal point of view that WhlCh was ll~ely ta be of Idsting beneflt ta the Settlement. and for aIL who ffilght by unforeseen causes be compelled te V1Slt .these unfrll:?nd1y shores. and attempt the bold step. lf ,pos'slble. necessa~y for Clvl11s1nq these s~vage P~Op18: 1. therefore. after 5uc:cI-:?edl n9 ln 1 ndUCl r.g' the womd.ri knr..iwn
)
~95
1
.J
)
lY
h~'~
as Madam C~ope~, a~d a boy, to come over and see Snowb~ll and Jumbo. thought i t prudent and advlsable at l'Jnce to atéem~ the aEcOITlP 1 fshment of my Sl ncere, desire. I. th~refore~ caus~d a heuse to be bUllt ln an enclosure surrounded on art sldes by a bamboo fence ln ft welJ~lnhab]t8d spot an Ross Island; here I placed,a guard of ~onvict watchmen wlth Instru~tlons to guard 'r-lgl.dly tl1f? prlsoners tl1at: ;WE-I"'e now about r,o - be en-tn_lsb.?d b::l, thrûr care~ lJH~ ta de) ':50 'ln .E\ way not 11~-ely t'a e:1clte theu- susp1cions. oro cause thelr dlstl"'Llst. bllt more :to "'lB!. t ,upon them and attend tq tl;1eir wants (Porlman l899: I.374).
(-
1ytl<:.'r J~tt8r
on
the
was mOI"'_ cand!d abolit the fU,nctlon ôf"t'he Home 1.n another'" WhlCh he wrcte
:~;;Ot::h
to lhe Reverand Mr.
..
JLln~
of
Crobyn.
five, days later
21
,
.
1863:
I, there orè, Wl sh that the abor1 gl nes we have be J'"(;:gul.arly t ...1.ught th~__ ~n91ish langLldge and that w·,Lth flrmness. declsion. and kindness, as _we WOLlld instl"'Llct children Lndergoing slml1ar tuition; we do not require them tl:l be taLlght or employed ln mat·,or" bas~,et-ma~.ing. or other wor~. whlch. though deSlrable a~ aIl times ln themsel Iles, an'!> at pr'"esent but of 1 i t t l e LIse or val ue te the Settlement; but confIne ou~ actions to one great and chief abject. ~l~., bein9 able to-acqulre the means cf mutual understandlng wlth th~m. which can alane be ~::Jbt.ai n~d by the at-.c.t of 1 C\nguë'\ge ~ (Portmë\n 1899: I. :'77) •
l 1
,
,
Tyt 1 el'"
wen t
general
Andamanese populatlon:
.
on to comment
about the
1
mpact of
the Homes
on
t.,he ...
woul d. ~heref ore. Wl sh thq~ na mClre b~ 1 ndLlC:ed to come ov~r at present~ but thln~ It deslrable that clccai!,uonally, abot.lt onc!? a fortnlght. a few m1ght wlth advantage be Induc~d to come over for a very short visit. 50 as to satlsfy thelr trlbes on the~r return of .I:he c~we ('-11'-" tc3~ e of thell- p<::l~p 1 e 1 1 Vl ng uncjel'" OUI''' chargr-=. and <"If tt-~t- f,,:,ed 1 ng and atht=>r-wlsP' ~ lndly treat1.ng them tCl l"'t~I:I\t-n t-'ll;::II1lY to the) r- woods. Gy thlS mp.ëin~_ (<\jl=' Sit-h:ure a doubl e ..-",Ivan L-"(J'? l st They @lst 5(-:e the ~uper lor comf art f l:l'vl11:.::atlon cOlnpê:\relJ ta tI"lelr'" m:':'E.?t-",ble savage condltlLJn; and '':nd. - - rhOLIC]h not l!nmedlatel y appar\:'!Ilt!-= we ar-e 101 r.::!dl11:y L='.ylng tllE foundcttlon stone f'::Jr Cl'vlllslng a psop.le hlther-to LiVl!)'] ln a perfactly b-::\I~b.al~üus state. replets wlth treachery. murder~ and e'very other savage-
l
~96
\
-'\ \ 1
o t
,
ness; beSldes l'lhlCh I t lG V8t-y dt?sll'-2.ble~ il!\'en in a polltical pOlnt o~ Vlew, ~eeplng these peopld ln aur custody ",15' hosta!]es. for l t ',lndiJub tedl y oeCLlt-e':,; tht? bett~r behavlour uf th~5il! )nh0spltAbl~ peopl~ lowdr~~ our SettlemBnl:~ ~Ajherè'as thell-"leavlng u.s I11l,~hl 1.1\Jut-,~~ and abollsh aIl th~ qood that has a]r~ady be~n pstabl i sh-ed, -::\f'1d mi 'Jht 1:-:\1 e 'years :\'01 ~ 1 n tu r".'lgal n ,,,nU 1 ,,'c,:J'v',?r were ~-Je t'c 10'5e the grE:-,::\t è'lch.:mtdgQ we nO~J 110] d ':'\I11j possess· (Portman 1899:1,377-70).
. As
..
part
of
"system of
c."\
,ent,ln~
pc::H:ifl(:: ..~tlonlt
1899:1.376)
the Homes .."wel'"e a b r l l l l ant SLlcc:ess. Cc:>mmL~ i C:.:I t t C)1'1 ... , ..... , èstc:-\blJ shed and inter'prl:?tel'"s 111"' mc~did!:QrS tf·~d.rh~,·l. .~
\-J2IS
..
'~ ,')
,
\
1880' ~
1 ate'
cul tL.lral Il
the;
~ndamene5è h<:\\d IJf?en
bel nys -who,
\ n thel r
transf orm(,~d
tri'\I\S-
tL.lr-n. i\beg<:\n to SG'rve
" ntl,:,r -
medlarles
wlth
Onges
the
chë\pter~
hel"'e.
XIX-XX).
Andaman
of LIttle l
~ Ul3e
the wClrd
ë\,;; th!:\'! sLlrvi VI n9 .members of.
1:h15
time ~en
(f'or' tmë\r\. • t r<..'\nsC'ul tl.lr<'i.\l •
dG 1 l b\:?r ,,\t,IJ J. Y
the SOL\th Andam,::\n;::,se tri bes h",d soc:ially
effectively
<"nd
cu t t,ur' .1.ll '1
\
\
Jeraclnated.
In
the
pnJc:es5,' tl,€:> Homec; l1ec<:Hlle
reference pOInt for intertribal
idnntlt~.
and the mal ntenance of nase culture.
a
nQt~<:\l i
.
8rlti~h
9l C
>
tl11?
prl
n(:lp~J
admlnJS~ratlv~
pr vat. i nΠ~
And<:\lni~'-
In Porl:man's words:
Twenty years age 1:he Andamanese resented
l~v\ng
Ln
Homes for 1 on9, and pref(;;;>rr~'d the f r!;:~(? "~pm"t i nq llfe ln tllelr JLlngl~ .!:!ncampments. l'IrJW the on1,/ r-;!rl 1:'.<,mp-, ment:s of the Anej,,,mc:mt?':;E? 1 Il Lll€- Sou th I1ndaroë\(ï :\n; t.he: Homes. WlilCh CDlIti:url rv::\"rly ',~':jO Hnd''\ln'ilIH'=(3~, ,,,\1/,:1 ln ;1: Linder 1 (i(J of -:(1 '{eëWS A,qO (F'tJr l' '{1.31'1 189'? ~ l r 1 7()( 1) • the
si_,:'cimshlp'5 i)nd tl1P' /-ft::HnHs h-_Id ':1
Furthennore.
"
profound
o
effecl un the geo-pOlttlcéd
Andamanese
organlz.;.d:Jon of
trlbes:
~
297 "
\:tWI
Vë:\lrHJI.l~.
.
bl~lnglng
The Homes Ilave \tfected goad b'l togeth.:::?F" of the varJOUS trLbes. between wham the way has thus been p"wed .!:or 1 ntermi3.n~ l agl-?s. wh l ch l''-Iere of course forme~jy of rare occurence~ trIbal feuds have also her8 b~~n amlcably arranged. whlle. throuQh V1Slts paal 1:0 1:'01'-1: BJ dl I~ c~nrj other HOrT/I?'':; by member"s of 2'11 thl-? Grt.J·.::\t (-'lnd~"\m'::1n tr"lb~2S"" ë:iS Il'JE'll >;.~,; by OUI'\ '.':. 5] t,; J fl thE,' 5i:,:o1"lUIl c.;tI.:?':\irH?l' to t,H' !i1l1rf? d15l:,~nt ~?ncamprnerlts~ Lhe IlIuwledgE! IJf C:HlI~ PlJwP.t-. n-?sourCf?!? ~nd ~ Lndly i ni: E,\rl t l on ,; Il é\S ':5pr ead th nJL\gI10Ll t t ilf? 1 r r" espec t l ve t er-r i tQI~ l es. (Man 1 :385: ::6 -:.) m~mbers
(
•
,
man'h age was bl~oLlgh t
This of
·::stab I l shrnent
.
'
commun l ca t. l Lm Itl- an'.3pül~té\t Ion
Ci
about
by
net~.... ol~ 1
the
c..:!ntGt" ed ~4
CHI the Hames
and
I l n f'l ng
Andamanese
VIII ages b y
;3
teamer. homog~nl;:ed
and tribal
IJI~OLlp5.
Ln
othE!I~
ways. Il'Ji t-
In their ~r~sent depopulated condLtlon the fl'-lelldly 1:I'-lbf?'3 !1,:\:-;e ë.lmal l;),,)i113ted, as <30 many SC.\V,3.ges hr."\v€' dont.! llf?fol'"e thE:m c?l ~.E?~~11<01-f.? ln 8th,:::?r- 1J2r' cs. Coi" tl"lQ l"'OI~lcJ Ln '5j mil dl~ '..: ~-I~C:Ull1stances.. Thus. 'thou(jh tIH:: lord. T ctUO dro.i YerE? st 1] l 1 f?ep rOOlre aloof than tht? I-E:~st 1n l:hl.:! JUllt)lt:s of the !\lot-th AndE\l1lr\ll, the whale of the l'"em,:'\]11t"JI-o.-'I'" al-,:l' th'_lI"ouqllly Inï."er:l 1_IP at f:h~~ I-Iome ë\f1d pr-c'\ctJ c:a I l y throuqhoul: thl? Gre,,,,t Andaman and the At-ch.J• peJé\qo. Ttl] '5 Ir.; ct mattel:- 'of 1:h(? qE',mer-atlon now p,=,~ssln<1 ë.\W,::\~/, ô'1.lid 1. t ts only sam<'? thlrtv YE..'c-lrS aga when onl'I the ElCJJlqydb i.'JP.lrE? ~Ilm'Jn 1:0 us ancJ the "comlng 111" of the ftrst B<-Üw~"d from the Archlpelago and the fu-st ct1ar"1.:\1'fr-Dm the e::treme NOI~th toof plctce. (ancm .. 19<.>8: :26)
The
.:loI111nëlnt factor
ln
the d~popLllatlon
of
the
tlr lbe5:,
0+ i)
lilcluded pnE:!LlmOn13
(1El6~3),' syphllis
(1876),
me~sles
and opthalm13
t~
(t877)
c
and
dls~olLltion
emerg8d
1 nf l uen:::f, of
trIbal
(189:2).
The
·epIdem1es
preclpltated
boGndar-\es wlth the result that
as the md~ar reSldentlal
'298
unit ot
Andaman
the
society.
the Homes
The new
o
,/
soci e,ty.
however,
these 81""1
new
re~eflned
relatlonshlps
hlerarchlc~l
/
was
and
Hum~s
from on
ce~~~red
the graund
th~
up
Rrttish
S8Cl~ty.
t'l sh
colonlal soclety.
v~'.:\r i OLIS ~r·t l sc.f,'...ü
the pr,oduct 1 on of
gc\ods,
l
ne 1 \ lcl ~ nq
",~r· f5 1 cm;:,
() \
""0::-
-,.;
•
rasujents their
ot
.
the Haines
culture
WP.I'"!?
encuur-cHJe::cl
,'1 ''''/I\I·nl. .,
'::>ltn\.\L"",h,1
ID
~nd
Lw
l
t
, l,
L '31"\
sumptlon.
ev:en
tIiOLlgh.' 111
pOL nt
of f
c~ct,
tltl'·(')l.lgll
e:{actly the 5ame process "of prodl.lctlon.
ëllsCJ
l'""eflected
ethnogr.::\phic.
in
~
more fw,d,:1.ment,al
This ":Lll v.1,"'\y .
.Ln the \
,
When Informë\rtts wel'"e
Lnowledgf~"
<:\S~
aspects of thelr ~ccl&l and cultur~ beh<:\vlor, cr to
r~prodl.lce
t.llr~l
P:\I",.\!Jn::
~.lt"oduct1t.:lJ1
,~~ ed to \
'
wh~n
l',
uf
dE)";,:I-, [:,1)
th8Y
h~J
lo
rltu.::\L. Do
behav\oural sequenc8s lmpllcated. of
varlous
art1f~cts
etc.: 1
Cl
r
0 cj U C J Il g \
C IJ !"" j Q S •
.
'/e l.: ln on,:· case 'the'
1'"f?I.-:;1111-
1
. cur 1 0<;:. "", Th,?
val ue
t.lï8
thlS
process
Cêln
be SQught
~99
l
,n
1 r 1 1 (;
uf terl
prodùced by adml ni str' ..3.tor 1 e thnoqr· èipher~:>.
ln
JI- {jJl
l
ri
trie
But the
Ultlffiat8
lrGny
thernsel 'les
reproduced
(
rTluch
'"'~:
and
disClplln~ry
lab(Jr was u~ed
convict
1908: 55, 151) • uctlClIl "\rid
1 n arder
ln part
TI-,e resl'll\o/
af, the Penal
,ttu 5
counter-rePI~OdL\~tion
='UbSl d,l:::e the
ta malntc31n the
Jn par'!:
organl~at~on
ta
Hnm.Js.
flnanclal
Settlement
(anon.
~~rOqLle' ,
was thelr own e::terrI11nëlllon:
flot,?
l
thdt
0+ thls cycle.
at the end
di s-",-ppet:\red ~uthQrit\tive
By
tlH:3!
~
f]p.n<::Jrated
thL\S
an
J
serles
of
dlstlnct."
thel t-
.•
cUrl os'
authentlc,
and
reproductions remalned. late
Ltndel~ 1 yi Ilt]
ssnt.:-d:i on
a
and
the AndamanE?se and
nineteenth c8ntury., "the the r·E?pl~eseqtati<·èm
Cl.lltL\r"'~
(jf
of ,Anc./afllal1(~Se cul ture was, -'
i Il P 'irt by the Andamanese themsel ves. the
system
of
ob ser Il ct f. J
ntt'?qr;tl
pc.:trt
o·f
on
Port
Dlalr and encompasslng
Drl ê-l
The) became
1
the perlm8t~r
au I:hor J t ;/ of
the
l'
fsLands. ~
.. '1
/"
launch had been ln Io'JlllCh most 0+--1:1"11'2 tours 1-'.11-:1" (:' Illc.~ck'. ,.\ne! Mt- l''h~t':3! ie nl::JllcecJ how w?ll tll(:;:' ,(-ir"da, flltlfle'3E.' ~>i.",-:'lfJc"d l:o LlI1del'-stanu handllflg and pl Lqtlng h21- .. rtîl:?y Il,.'1r! h."r1 p,"'=,rt:v CC,n5ltJet-3ble rH-:3ctlCC' hy that .t:tme, "nd WC't-,;· I-e" l l '/ 'JET~, '=ITli'U-t. On onl.:?' OCC:ë.~Sl (::ln ] ~-')3S gOl ni) Il\1 rlll;llt. ta tilt~ t"'(~'.:.;L LO{'-(~:lt 01 th ..~ 1\lcJ~-t:.h And=-ull-=.:"tj-,'i ~rl(j 1 .? '4\ '- '-"j f= tJ'- t B l" L j- 1 n lIlE' E~\ '-':'11 1 IF]. ~'o)2.'-3 Cl f f f 'y el J 5 l ètnd .îl: aL'l,.lut li) 1:·,t1. Ihe nLght (-'.las thlCf ,:\nd '3qu::\ll y~ and l ',J,IJ,'S tl t"I"Ô ~Inrj 111. sa le1'y JO'lIll \:0 5] eep For d StlOI'-t t lll\l?, 1."rl,1I11;'j th,:"'> 1.• ::\UllCh LInder the ,-::har'::je ,Ji: GLUIj,'?sl::
1138/,1
ct
~>LlpplJf::?d
to
very good
sea-~olng.steam
I::.he ',eLtlt?ment~"
pilot "BuL,bL,-lê-\." \:olnlnonly fnr.lWll me t'e telol I:he vessel
•.'.l,S
"rhe C:Ol.t.." WrtltoLlt
through the ,'Ilddle Str'"\Lt~:; • .::\fld only l-lJus(?d Ine c'\t :~ f.'"1.l vl.( when It: W:':iS tltrlF.> tlJ Ijroj.l "H1I:hot'" ,'jf f the ncw+"h 811d of Spl f e Island. Thl? Anl~(')t\rïese jn pllotlng ct v{"?ssel JudgE: by two tl1lnÇJs~ tt1l"? lOClf' of the '-'.I.'1ter. and the reefs. WhlCh at-c:! qenet-all'}' V1Slbll?' c'illd f l1ow1ng. by g01ng about ln tllt?ll-
Wdf Lill]
(
. '
•
, -a
own
canees, where they are unable bc P91~ because of of water, they ta~e the vessel ln the deep water. and are able te say wtth confidence th~t ~t 1 East 18 feet wlll IH:> found at 10l\l wiüer. thdt b~i ng th~ . aY~rage· length of a, pollng ~~mboo (Portman th~
0'
~epth
lSQQ: II,, 670 -671 )
j='ortman ,ho~!se
.:\
noted that th\'!! children i,ll th\'!! Homt.:! attci\Cht_HJ bJ hlS
were
b<=l
ng trou lied in
engJnes (Pcrtman
and
ng •
as well as assisting in phetography.
Jinric~shél.
"dynamos
gardt?I'H
'lWII,
1899:
tIf. 864)
•
Th~
di.
v(?I~S
l tv
, Cl (
menlil European occupations WhlCh the Alldam~nese:eng~gœd ln 0tvœ~
...
.J
'an
. ..
idea
of the prOft:lLlIld
cI1ange~;
th,at 'hùd been effe(::l:.ed'
J
Il
thl~
and cultur'al fabric o'f tht-:!-':lives of l':he Andi.?lm;\rl
Ëlconç)((li c.
;~ t...
Blair"s.
and
Mquat·s
•
shi~s.
In 1908, tl,e"Homes wete offi~lally cha~act~l'"i=ad as P~ frme asylum."
~
to which every AndamanesŒ that li~es ts· admitt~d. Hy mai s tay c.IS lOIj\Ç"j ,:\8 he pll e,,\s€:s and r~o wl,en '1 t SU l ~ la
l'Jhll~'? t:hl.2r,~ ~H? 1'3 h\JLlSed, r.~(j j':ln(] tdkf.m C:'::\I'''{~ of. th,:? sl'd till:?I~\:''? LS ,;, good r'\nd pr:CJpt"I~] -1 m"Hn'talned hosp l t-3.l. FI~OI1l thŒ' Hom":?, tL/D, art? t-2'lhon !:>ucb I1ttlE necessë'l'"ies and lU::LII'"U;?S as the peoiJfe désiV"El tel fr-iends al: a dLst·:;;rlco ':In,:1 dUI~lng "?'-Ich of tlll? m,:\ny ~_(')Lïl' '"j taf en l'-ound tht--, COé:\sts by the cdf 1 Cl ë\l~;. ln 1'-I;:l:UI"ïl th"1 Alidd(il,""'ili~':le "f "the Homl-;> :\( e ':?f11pl ,~J'I' wj '-dl h""!1 J 1"1 1:"1 r,1 III iiI) l~un<1.'/Jay COr\\/tcts, lrl cC)ll.~,c:\ 1'"11.1 I?d} b~l: hll'-dc;'--n'"s1.s ri~ l ",rad Il' In·,d lrlq "AncL""iTl.::~nes,:: ClU~lOS," fl~rjm \'o/hi'c:h ':\ ~;f()ë,l 1 i IiI""l:lIlÏr.:;. l': ,,j,~I~ 1 ved alid e:: p,:?rld,"~d 'Jr, l:"1>-2fTl. Tr"'~\/ ; l "Vi:! 1"1''"'" "I~ ',l'',,r" \,~,,"II":rj 1 f1 :lcqulIr l n g dny tl'"tI,:;: 1 dC';?'1 1)1' frIl"Jlïr: f,:;r" ti":fTl',I,:.1 /l''=', ,"111,' .::,11 i:h~lr "?~\rnlng'~ h)v l :? t'"J 1:;12 ;'1t.lllllIlLr,II.",r"':'lj I l l f tl,'?III. [~
him. .and
=
l'
fOI~
Indaed
lCJcal r-Ldl:":'~ 1:0 CJl~'I'=~ ~h,~rn"ÎI,jnL'/', 'le, l t ]::; ,o\t once ::;~ent: 1rl Intt:J,: lC2.nt-;. -:-11'=' i"n ':"'3"---j'l. ",-il: "1. 111 shOlrt. le; td JeavE them <'Iton/-? <1f"1rj l:rJ ,"10 'Ajh,:;t. l'J PC)c.sLble ln t:1E condlt1C!n~:;; to dme'Jor"t-d,c.' t:!Wll 11'/'?S. nu.' _~dm1nlstr-2,tl've ObJ8cts yc:\lned bl ?stdbllSI'iln l ] iY'J ,?r,dl; r~21",tlons wt th the ti~l bes ar-E: tll~ r':(;.-~;St-.;t_.1.<:Jrl 1.-,1' th.~ -1= .Jl'"(ner -::\rld iTluch too f r r=:quen t mUI'"l,Jer 0+ ttv:? ,1'1 l \=JltH' '.:e ~ 8éj cr8Ws" thl-? e::ternéd p =--!",CP. 0 f thf,? S~t t ll:-illf:l"! t ,3.nd 1.1"11: ,:r2atlon of ::.. jLtngle poIlce ta pr~verl':: I~'':.,(::::'pl,:':;; "r)f lS
ë'\që'llilst
r
r
o
(
301 .-
0
.. convicts, and secure the rècapture 1908: 54-55) _
(,
\
81.d:. 1'hen
,,,<.::; the ël.Llttior candldly observed: a.r.jop ted
ë<.nd
Corbyn.
t1f1\:,sr- s. <:il.lCCf?<"S\
nn'
Wc'l,S
C ...1r-r-lï~d
out wlth
1
I-Iomfray,
thï:~
Man.
(anon,_
of.runaway~ if.
"The procedure
.. ~5LIC h
~30dv.ll
the'
5Llccess ln
n-{..klsten.
offlcially bv
F:ortman in
:\nd
V' ,
end
si. mpl e on(.;. (.)f provi. dl'ng the ,!-lame ànd
the pl!wple HI thelr Qwn h"wnts. -:\5 opportunlty arose. •.' "6 .... ,,{b l G! ï:H'G!'if-m t s" (,;\non. l 908 ~ 55) •
VUil
tlf1g-
with suit-
4
TI Ir:!
wer\?
HIJmE?s
>
(Jr1.g1nally I:onc۟ved as
had
which
the
thlnly
function
crltical
!-~dl!(:':'-\ 1: i tJlië'\l ri. te of p,:'\!:Jsagl:? be tween th>:? two \:ul tures. Inc)de!::.
transpor ta ti on
l;j+
r.:'lr(:L.\lc.~t.1.(Jn
th'''"OI.lgh
j
Lls~d
the Homes and bac~
151 ands
into their own
f
and
'"
ar~as. , '
ac l l i tated
began ta underrnlne a huntlng and
1885:26:::).
.
The
and~Lltlï\Jt-ltatl\'e
11
h:~
the ded
f2nVlrrJnment,
of MO!.lat'
5
they
Wc-'S
'free'
Lnto
fooll
food
economy'
gdtherlng
Andamanese were thus drawn
tne areas
that
50
(
the dj5tr~butian ~f
an
The var ll'JLIS
hlre of tlle Home~
The prlncipal
1899:I.4)~.443).
ImmedlAtRly
in the
of
(Jf Andamanese froln theiY' own famillar village
nfll.l&:mGe and allthor" 1 ty.
(PQrtm~n
~'
disljuiGed
a
system:
a tl'"ë\.nscultul'"..:il
gun boat lJecame the
51 t~:,
EUl'"opœan"perSp8ctives had ncw ceased to app1y.
c
1"
-.
p
" :::0:
\.
.
6.5)
o
of Former Sel·ves and the Capti ves of Represent~tion: Man, Portman and ~9til iOsi eQ~t1!:QI2Q1Qg:i •
Shades
TIi,~
.Andaman"'se
were
. sLlbJ ect tocethnogr .3.phl C
<'> •
'f
r ~19r'ac:e
'
ser i es of papers: p~.J!:lli shed by Edward Hi s pC\pers represen t fiel
d~Jor
k
It
Ma.n dLlr i ng tl\'l:!
•
the observè.'d: 1. ona)
the Aborlginal
Was pub1ished,
st.Lldy
of ·tht'3 ear 11 t:?st e:: amp 1 es of
'c:tlnducteej
'On
of
.,
sa~e
Ethnographie: gO
Q\J_t:11!i
(Jf
the I~nd,:\lnë\n
Inhabitants of
wa5. heralded as a maJclr eHampl.e
ethnography wh 1I:h' CClLI1 d be generated by
th~
~1
l·il,.'Ind·::;.'
the IIp.w typf'l I-~SF;CIC L ,,\-
lk i t 1. sh
~7
tion
handboo~'.
The
p·aper was
subseqLlent1y
separate monograph by the Anthropo10glca1 in
Instltutp ln
tha\: fprm i t was the on1y speclrlli::ed monoqraph
the Instituts ln the nineteenth cenlury
'"
Man' s , use of ~Q:t§2 §lQg" Qb!§t:l.§§. Q[! to
reprinted
the
handboo~
1870' s.
At th.at t
1
(Lana
Rox
1885.
pLlbli~1hed
d
~nd
by
1917:2~).
8u1.b.r:.QI2Qlggy'
me L~ne Fa:: not~d
had been sent to hJm
For hlS part.
(~elth
,"~i
can bl~ .tr·c.u:ed
that a cOj:l:Y. cil,
tlle
1878: 43é1-4'::;9. 450"451 ) "
.
Man presented a hlstory of hlS engagement wlth the
ethnogr aphy 'of the 151 andp.rs in the Preface to h J. s· 1885 monagr àph ........ whlcr. ls worth rePTodLH:lng her8 a'=t;lt t]lv"'75 Cine an Hlea l1f hl,~
2S
..
o
.
concerns
...
dLlrln~
thls perlod:
In a p ..:\per win ch I was 01 nVl ted to read be'f-ore tht-J Anthr.opol og l cal l nsb tu te on ~4 th May. 1880. 1 men-. t 1. aned tha": 1 t vE-l.S my pur pose to sLlbml t tri thell'" Councl1 a monograph then ln the cours~ of preparation on the abOrJglnal lnhabi~ant3 of the Andaman Islandè which would embody the results 0+ observatIons whlch ( had made' durlng my resldence ln th~se Island~ from 1869;-1880. The e::ception.,ü ad'/antaqE?s L erljï.l'/ed for mal<1ng
303
•
careful and systematlc study of varlOUS matters of ethnologlcal Interest wlil be readily recognised 'when_ i t "i s vnown thdt for four' SUCCP.SSl ve years l °had charge . of the "Homes" erf?cted by Government Wl th a view to èstablishing mora c~rdlal r81atlons between the abori~ gines and ou(selves. ~nd reclalmlng them. if possible. tb sorne degre8 .::Jf Cl vl I l sat 1 on. Bel ng thus l:hl~own constantly ln cüntdct. ln the performaMce of my dutles. . wi th members .:;)f the var 1 OLIS tl"" 1 bas who f rom t 1 me to time visIted th~ Ho~es. specIal facllltles were • affordad me of preparlng a vocabulary of the lanquage. wh i. ch ' eventuall y - contal ned sorne 6.000 words. of the ~~Q l~g=Qgi ll=. or South Andaman dlalect. w\th [1umeroLls i Il Llstrë'\t 1 'le ~hrasE'S and a comparat ive tab 1 e of severai hLl~dred wcrds of most of thé other dl~lects 'Spol E':rt in Gre,,,,t Andam"in, H'Ol.vIng thl.IS Acquil-"d, a c\::>ll(.:)qI_lIaI ~n(Jw]edCJc-? Q; t~e .!..QQ lL9=lJ9.!. ..I..i= language. l pr~ceedGd ta CQ11~ct ë'\S much lnfürmdtlon as possible ln I-espec t ta the hab l.ts and cllstoms of thase savage~. regarding whom only a few brlef descrlptlve memolres h.'Eld appeared. 1 E'c::\vi ng therefore .. a lAI 1 da f 1 el d for furthe~ resear·c'h (M.~n· 19::::2/1885:1::) •
)
".
... Th8r~ w~re
.
lwo major dLfference$ b~tween Man's mcnograph and '29
tl1~
.
,
memoires" wl':llch t'lad pl"'ececjed lt.
"de!5cl~iptive
conslsted
dj/fen~nce ,
ln
~
with the indigenoLls population.
filleven m~n
.
y~:.:\rG.
Homes.
'~Llrlng
Mdny
four of WlïlCh
of hlS
oLlt~
As he pOlnted
p~r~od of resldence on the
a
f1rst
the length, of tlme he ramailled ln contact
0'
b~sed .on
The
tH?
observat1on~
IsI~nd~
~MS
were
hl S
wcr~'
~hich
ln chë"lI-ge
01C
wa s
spanned the Anda--
therefore
conducted
"
around
~la
sE'cand
difference
hi?S ,.
Homes (Mdn
monogr~~hl(:h
•
Man"s
QQ1Qg~.
af the
war~
1883:69.
Par t man
1899: lIb. 6:2 1 -62:2) •
ccnslsted in the organl=atlonal structure was deri v~d fro)n was
crganl~ed
.
~g1§É ~!J.Q Q~§!:!:êf:! acc6rdlng
to
9,0.
the
and the ebvlous reproductIon
handbQq~.
te
draw
attentlon
'sclentiflc" nature hi s debt ta l:.ht?
(Pert~an
hdndbQok~ 1
1899: II.635-636),
,
Man
::1
n the fall OWl ng tet-ms:
\ 304
..
of
eo.1è-r.:= sect~on
of
l·ts
.
Jt~
to
-::;0
Tha
,
~c~nowledged '>
t~llS
info-r"~ti(jlnJ
In interestlng task Caf collel.!tlng .r , was gr~atl:v aS<:ilsted by ctlE! t"'",.:ellent Ma rH..1a l of t\nthr.:'j::lQ10Q1Cal Nc,tes and Quer'les d\'awn LlO bv a cQmmitt\:1~ 'abooin~ed l~ 187~ by the British AssocLatlon for the Advancement of SClen.:e: 1",:)1" r was tf1erebv I?nal:l'...ad ~') \ wQrh on elearly deflned Iln~s. <Man 19~~;188S:\~-~),
o u
"
(
~
lL-. ":""
:'....
•
S l
gril f'l _.
cântl;t er.::.ded by the tlme he publlshed ~llS results ln 1883.
III
1
àddltion to tts canonlcal
orQdn\zation.
This latter was dn important pOint,
o
a"l,l •.:.wed
the etrlnographer/adminrstrat.::.rs anp.
lè'l.ter
trained
ethnographer~'to distance themselves
from other
sionars such as missionaries
who
and
0
1
'
exte'i'}qeç!
missionarf'~Js
,
their
e.::.ntact routinely
,
/
proponents 'of _the in
the
1
were·
Pfofes-
t.::. intimate
might also lay .:laim
ndi genous
spent
.
,observations
factor
wi th
c:\':r.\ôP-ml,.:.:,ùlv
lengthy periods 'ln
now
open
ne~ scien~~.
the
field, '
stigmati~atlon
te
If time was
~
nf::.t
1883
disciplinary impa-ct·.:>.f Man's
ar-tic1e
and
" subsequent important was
o
monoQraph , characteristlc
1 CS .:.rganlz~t;lo::onal
observatl~nal
WhlCh
set
authorlty was.
"1883
Man's
-y-
I...l t lrl Cr r"
::.
CI..•
,_- l
r ,_-u '.1.
0'
r; 1
.. _,_~. c
'.•
," l
,
fr'-.In
.-
-~
;..., , ; i ,~.
' ." ""
.~
.')-[
305
most
~aper
and .::.bservati'::.n?l- struo:curœ der Lved
.' ,.~
The
I;he
,
/"
""'~".'
sectional
c'
and
categorical "scientlfic" ,
aecount of a primltive people, the research gUlde b.came a prota-
,
type of the researeH 5ubject and vIse verse. Man"s t.hematie
monograph r-Llp lure
bod y of I:e:< t. ~b~nd
i. ng
the
t~ al 50, ,1
nt8restl ng
and
of main
c...
tr
servas as a pOInt of entry for
ruptu~e
,3,
t r::g li:\
~ 1 e ~Q!;~§
ê!J.Q
duetion cpnslsted of hlS 1885 paper. the~~
be~aLlse ~
th';:tt e:n sts betwef-?n the i ntrodLu:;t i on and
The <;;
i5
Q~.êCÜ't§:
under~
!3D:!;br:QRQ1.9g:.~
QO
"On the Andamcln Islands and
Inhabltants." WhlCh deal~ wlth the geographlcaL features ,~f
the
Islands.
hlstericdJ
ductltJn
greund tCI
~e
He also discussed the Homes.
SettJament..
Penal
b.::tc~
w!:.'re
thu3
The J.11
presence
B~ltlsh
the Orphanage.
on
the
and
the
orLentatl0n and conte~ts ef thlS
...
,nc:\rh?d conLr-ast
to . hl s
ear Ll et~
J
Intr-o'ethn-
b ,<::>g''" aph 1
c"
pêtper
the
IT,al n
.body
te:: t.
of '\
The
"ethnographlc' paper descrlbed a pure ethnographlc presence -- an isolated
and
timeless
. SLtl::!stance whl ch was thE'
image of a people devald pl~odLtct
~
of Man" ~ use
of
.
~lstarlcal
Df, l~!;rt.~§ ê.QQ Qh!§!:!.§§.
-':: ..'l QI]
Mal: J+:
Ij01Ll!:9Q.Q~_,.)~.
On en the h 1 stol~ 1 cal cond l t
under
WhlCh
twodtJC8cf hl s et hn\Jl)1'" aphy -- ~nd the pr l stl nr-:t'l-mél ess
liT1~ge
Imputes --
l OIlS
thel~f! car, be IJ.tt-i'è doubt <,-s,'ta 1:h8 e::clUS1\1l? anrl '
"
c'
utoplan fqundations of
~lS
•
dlscourse.
Ne.te IVlan ",s' o~-.jn
assèssment
-
of tlie colon leal enVI ronment whl ch pravl de~ the mater 1 al for l' hl s ethnographIC'WQrk: • -
to
.
,
It cannet. however. be contended that au~ a€~empts reclaim the Andamanes~ frQm thElr savage stats havE ,300 .
, "
y
"
0(,
~\
"
(
)
produced unmlxed beneficial results. for it is found that ln proportion as they gaIn ln intellIgenca and tractability, the more fat and indolent do they b8come. and havi ng no i ncent] ve towards exerti (,)n f l'"..!~qùent 1 y 105e ln gt'eat meaSl.\I~8 thell'" quond~'!\m $kill in" h'Ltn\:.ing~ -- avalling themselve~ of the'privlleges b~ Free board .:.ïnd "quarter..s. they spend thel.r tlme for d~yS., tnqrlthf~'r' in \51nging, dancIng. and feaGtlllg~ tl~e ~;p1rlt: 6f' l ndependence bE:comes thLI,S l f.:E>!:5 ':Cln<:ip l ::LIOU~::l. -,Si t118)t l earn ta dep~nd '.lpcm othE',n-r:; +Dr tr,,? m.IP13 l y .;.)f t.h~"l r' dall y l'-equI r-emem 1:.5. i nstead of b,:,i ng ,-:clmpell !'?d t.CJ ,l''',ü'(,? sueh pr-ovlsion for t.r.lemselvr;~s. Tl"le,~e cano 'rnon;~c)vf~l~" tlCl no dcubt that the effect (,)f our eleardnces ~i junql~ has been pr-eJudicl<'Ü to the heaLth of ttle ë'lt!f:lriaulirs, wh1le the? e::cesse':;j of.tabal:ca-smoking amOIl';) In,:!mlll?I~ pOlnt: pl-obë\bly iW11L .futLtre"?wr'it~rs dif+f;lr- su !;,tl""1f)cjly .':'l'::; 01; the '50ci al and inClr.'\l Vl rtu(?s of thE' PII'lcj,:'111arleSI? (IVlan 1885: ~6 :;-:2~4) •
c~oslng
Man's tone
.
stat8m~nt has a dLstl~Ctly hollG~ dnd
the Anlic.=tlll<'~neSe
glven h1S observat1l:1jis on
lDse
hypocr~tlc~1
oT
.4'
~ and
tabacc.n.
cf
especl<:\lly ~ these
'eft:,ctSi'
~
pacification strateg1es deslgned
dency an tl",8 pa.r-t of thl:?"
In
the case
o~
l nij l
genolls
'lJere tlv",) d!l'"F.!cr.
,
ta create a ~en~e of
pa~u
dc:pen-
1 at.l 'Jn.
tobacco •
. '
0+ ' thE- Andamë?nese st Pal~t Blalr
tlal element ln
o
.
\
accepted.
thel~
(FLgS.
~
self-perception.
1tS natur-alness • ~
~s
Dabson
he made no attempt ta
European products. out of the photographs~
307
also
~8e~n
~dlt
t~
h~v~
oT
Î
the
Andamanege are aiso interestlng ln·that
testlfy
~hey
ta
1.
•
tlle !:.ubti e yet preval ent' Anda~an dependency on the a11 en cul tur'l?
•
even, dt this comparéltively early point in tlme ln the
colorll::!a-
.
tl?n process" As he pointed out, "Although I traversed the? forest ln every direction round Port Blair,
fo~ mll8~
f~r
the succeeding month.
1874~463)"
the
He
h~d
he
ti ons=;
1 eft
never met. a single natlve"
I
An~aman
tr V1Slt éln
indigénous popLtlatlon.
and
If
se~
Home ln arder ta
l S
eVJ.d~nt
Ft-am the
1874~46~-464)"
day
(Dob':;on élny of
descrlp-'
that tlle Andamal)ese were already ensnared
colonial syst~m (Dabspn~
European
almost every
"1an' s
:. n
a
. eth no-
graphicdlly' self-conscious commente appear self-contradlctory ln .
11 qll'I:',
•
1
fi
"'"'
'
Dobson' s obsErvatlons:
'0+"
ef f scts
CJn
the
"
af ter hl s dl sCLlssi on of negatl 'le
Andamanese~
mëÜ:e
Man went on ta
the
35
important
fn~~owing
point~
1 wish.
therfore. to mahe lt clear ta my readers that and observatIons a~ aIl, and especlally on +:h(:se P-Ot n ts, ar-e r-estr- 1 c ted to t.hose comml_lni tl es who have been fOLlnd U VlnÇJ ln thelt- pr-imltivE state,. c3.n(j who _may therefore be f3lrly con~lderid as ~epresenta tives of the r-ace, belng unaffected by the Vlr-tLles and ~i'::(::!!:~ of sl::l-called Clvillsatlon. (Man l885:~64) m~
remar~s
Not.e the -Ley ter-m
VI
and Man's
'emph~sls
!\lat..:? also M"..m·c;; sensLtlvlty tp ,hlS ethnogr'aphlc
€:~w.
"-
,
tlle
~he
ml~thod
ln
follov'nng desc:rlptlol1 of the lnflw:mce and ro-te....'" of NOt8s ------ êQQ
Qy~c!~.
"
on
"...
QQ
eQtbCgQQlgg~~on
hlS r-esearch
,~
methodology".~an·s
lnfofmants cO~JLlres up Images of Flower's +endl\ng. of skLllls
in
its eerie sensltlyity and Instrumental
and
use of
Andamanese senSUOUG
l
c
responsiveness c:onoa".I.sted
ln
te the nuance$ of dn'lnvestlgattVe process
"
this case of intellectually ::;08
massaglng
whlth
lndlvldual
\
,
mèmbers' of a c:ul\ture for ethnographIe information:
O·
c
The value of such systematlc guidance [h~ W~5 t..,p....f~).rl nq ta ~Q:!;g§ ~!Jg ~!:lg[l@§ 90.' Bo.!;br.:~mQ1Qg~] I:.arl onii,J. be appr'ec:iated by tlîo~.;e who h,,-.. v~~ enlj€'·<~voun?d tel c.o-i 1 ect 1 nfol~mat 1 on f rom sav,-:tges c:t::lnc,~p i. nI] thQ (lllt t t . .t. -, farloLls sLlbJecls POS5!:?G5Hlt::1 Illt.f?rest. tu ethnrJLo9L~.,;t·~. l call but e:~press' Iny gratetLll ë.\C~ nen... l edq(;!lnent~. ta L L ~l'Llt. GeJ:\eral Pltt Plvers [LanG' Fa::]. F.R.S • • • • fOI~ havi.ni;) made me acquainte~ ~lt.h the volume soon dft~r the appear-ance of the "11~S.t editlon.' which for-tunë\tely Wë\S; coi.nc:i dent W1 th 'my fi rst e::per-.L ene: i ng the need for:' <;LldJ a ,worf',.
r
..
Man g095 on to discuc;s obs~rvational
truth:
1
thlnk i t i5 due to the reader as we1l as ta ta explain that on aIl points where there· appeared the least rim~ of fal1ing Into Arror. by directiAg inquiries among those long re.1dQnt in eur mi dst, 1 too~" the pr-ecauti on of ~;Llbstar)ti ë\ti ni;:} my observatIons by see~ing lnformation on suth matt8r-s from ~atives of eilstant vll1ages who from time to time happen.ed ;t.o vunt our Settlement~' but ln every instance, whatever the nature of the e:ommunlc.t10n or th~ charae:ter of my informant. l ree:ognit::,;ed th~J nec:essi t y and 1 mpor tance test I ng .thr"ough 0 t.her c:hanne1s the truth and af,:cLlr~CY of ~:;).ver'y detai l bei:Qn~ fi naJ:.l y· aëcept i ng i t (Man 1,93:/1885:~:). mysel~
e
'of
Thes~
pl0LlSly objective prefac:tory remarhs contrast sharply wlth J
ccmt:tlned in h1S 1884 paper
(lthers
Intl~'<:ldLlction
6
ta
hlS
monograph).
v~tlonal conte.:t
leavLng nCl doubt ë'lbOLli:
'dr
of
ln wtlich he oper"t:;d.
OUl~
t:)f
IJtJ';rw-
~
.state1:l thàt the Andamanese were ta be somE>
t11P. typf."?
powl?r."
In that "L
inhOdUCtl"r~:"
n<:it i 11 ad "
and ClvJ]J:pd by th!?
""1
th
fM?CJlUITl
".) whüll'?of
I·h·~
\
Homes
steamer
•
The Homes !Nere used ln t..~ndem ~."itt·1 th.:! st:"",r.L'.m , to instltut~ a fc~m of representatlon~l economy by WhlCh
(1885::::6:2>.
"the ~ ncwl edg~ of our power-.
o
reSOuy"ces.
and k i ndl y 1 ntent l ons
h.'"-, ':' f.J
spread throughout (the Andamdnes..eJ tgr-ritor'les" o
"
309
Furthermore,
Opl~1l0n,
ln M.:.n's
encOLlt~agf.?d
hls been of 1 at€' year-s fur-ther
trtbes
1
vislts
the offlcF.t'"
the mor-e
1885:
and
•
faotnotl-:'.
Man
gave
e'~tended
dlstdnt
re~50ns
the
by
f-"!nC3mp-
cI1éïr"ge oF the Homes accompanui:!<1 :Jy
Hl
'1
and
the
•
paie::! ln the station stC?-':Irner- ta ~f;y
men1"',,:;
"Fr-lendly Inter-COLlr-se among
for
~65-~fJ6)
the lnclusion of
.
mal':?s
In
warnen
a on
t.hesl:' trIps:
E:~perionc:(?
h,':\s t:?tught us t.hat one of tlv: most e"~ffect'lve rneans of l.IlSplt~] ng conf] dence when endeavbLlt~'lng to md~ e . !,\c.quai nt""nce IN i th th~'se/ ::;e.,vages. ~!O .tLJ show that W2 are_ ~ccampanied by women, aS they at once lnfer that whatevar may be our lntentlons, they are at least not hdst lIe (M
force of • pLu'-e'
ethnographie
cnstin~s
~roc:ess
represpntations.
~esulted
,""nd
ln A
t.he
of power -- steamsh1ps and photography
modes of productlon of
iM1'l:hr<Jp(.llogy·s
serlRS
technol Og1 cal served as
lh(,?
ethnographlc.~nowledge.
FI ower' s
te)
thlS
'::I.JllIment.':\r y
(Jr)
t1 i=\n' S contr 1 but 'l on
thE' e::clUSlve and bllndi.11Çj p(Jwer >
pr-lstlne repr-esentatlol1s
fr-om
thE"
l'"I_tlflS
of
,3.
ln -:'7 culture:
ta
,_'In
e;~tl~udIn(.:J
Thf::' Q-rft",\:t l l f tillS 'lnr-o~1d [tilt? -=\ppl'-o:(lfl1at/?ly l'5.Clon persans camr.Jl"lSltï<;1 tile settlemE"mtJ Llpan the ltrlsophl St1"" c~t8d nALLve popul~tlün. who. though spr83d over- the li'lhoJ e 2\n:ô'c-\ of lhe 151 ands. ,,'en':> Fë\r le~5s nuo,eY"OU5. Ill",y il':? l/ll.,·\t::jllll-?d, Tt,~; ~,j Inp l ,::1 ,j,~tt:!t"l iJ!- :"\t l on Dt .:h ::itr-,.7Ict':?r·" m(Jr~ü 2nu i.Il;.~;I(:,:\J. dF.'Cèl;', :=\1"1,j f 1 ,')<-11Jy \~;(tlnctJOn .
t~g.::u ilS
F!CW8r-
c
.
L
tl1.':. :'l'Jt=JepLf1'
det~:!~
M~n's
p-:?nct-aiT1ë:i
0+
cultLwal
dec.:;tlr"Llctlan and r-Uln,
Jr-8CJSe p12ce:
The 1l8\'-JIY-lntn:lduL:ed hë\bltS of llfe. VIces. dl SeaSi?S arC? sp,'"ead 1 ng at ë\ f earful ,- ate and
-:::10
and with
deadly effect. In thlS ~d ~llslot,.y there are, hLlwever. two redeemlng fsatures WhlCh dlstlngulsh our 0CCup~t]0n of the Andamans from that of TaSffirinla. where ~ slmll~r tragedy \-\las played out clurlng thE" present l~eflt.L\I'Y. In the flrst pl,,\cE.~. tht? B1..t1tL;h tJrJv\::'rn~>r"S ,:\nd t c":>tdpnLi appe=:\r ta haVE": L\~3f~d evel~y E?f fOI~t to Llbtë.~j r'l t CJIU\C' ncttlves th,.;:! most cJ.r:::>{ul ,:\lîd C:tJn'~ld(~I'-~1.te tl-e,-ihIIL'll\'" u\,-I
o
ta
dlle'vl~te
dS mUc:rl
"-'S
pD':;~5Jbl;:::
tll""
f-~'111r:;
WlllCI,
tl\\'\I
have L\nlntenl:lon,~lly bt:?en lhE) ,nC'cin,-; di 111/ llet Ln,] UI'fJll them.. Secclncll",' ,nost > calr-eiu] l-f?L_C1I-cj,::. h-n'I-' Ih"'l\ , ' preservecl of th.-? phyS1CAI I:hdt dcLt.~I-S. LI"I Il,,:\,\1 cuStOIl\S. tllf-? ::\\'ts, m,,,,nu-iacL\\\r't?<::-,, \'Y',"IdlLto\I':., -11"\ : III guage 0+ th ....? people whll<:? ',(:Lll 1rl UiClt 11111\\\tl\,' condl tion. For l:hl5 11l(Jc.:;t Ilnp<1( t:\nl: 1,~clI"l '·JI)II vl~llch, If nD!: clone!, would 1,,-\\,;, l(,~f 1: ,1 bl;\nl 11\ 1-11'> li l S \:1::0 I~ i 0 t t li .::-' 1<'101' l cl • wh 1 r: h ,: CJ u l ci r \ ,,' \,1 (:> t ' I I l ' " h. l, 1\ 1~8placed - - I.'II-è ",II-I"'! Liï\1RI1(..-,fj ,\J lil,')~,L ·'I\tLÎ',,'I,. \ 1) \ 1)1' SC1[n~lrJC f'ni:husL,'\sln 0-1 ()n<:' LlldIVld\\Hl, lli-, l:dvJuld Hc:)rac\~ 11=\Iï" IAJho ml)st. +,)rl:un,;\~,ell h,:iPf-' (:'l1f?c1 ~ Cl iJt ' Il, ,\ [J(:)Sl tlon (,\5 ':\':.,5J ~;tant SLlpt?l-lnl:c'lidi::>nt ut tilt,' l,-d,lnd'J, and specl=:\lly ln charqe of th,::? rl<:\t,l'vr:'S) whtc't-\ b'f),1l1l(\d trbn 1:0 f.:,b1:aJ n t hp r~'ql\ll"l~cl Hl\ ol"mati'on vH t,II 1 ëiCJ \ l t 1 l'''' "'ljhll:h prc:lbribly no one elsf.'? cnllld 11,:\'1(-' Ilê,ul, _llld ~11\(l')j\ observatIons "On t11l''? (')t!m-j C]11121 Tnllc- 1 v_dll' ùbLe, nlJt <".mly (Ol' tt\..;:, lnf(Jt-ll)<~\:iC)I,) Lhpy l:ùnt"i1I\,,' but- :"; corI" Ge t Hl';] t ilE:: n L~mer OUS I2/"T on eCJl.ls ,:;\lld en l S l,'2-_\cJ 1 1Il,l " t.\ h m~nts Cl.,-c:ulated 1'-'-?që\l~dlng tIiE:.><38 peclple by pn·"V1Cll.IC:J c:H\d lesa well-Jnforl1led'or 1e<55 CI~ltl:Ü ,-\lIl:ilol'-r:;. (I·.']CJWPI'· 1898/1888:=96-~97)
Man's
thus stands as an eloquent tombstone
managraph
r~~resentcltJVeS
he was ~o Interested
During hlS resldence ln ctb:J)
numlJer of
ln preserving.
the Andë<.mans,
photQgl~aphs"
1870's and eHtendlng ta 'the late 1880's. photographs
ln
hlS p~pero nOIDin~lly rGlrl'
hlS IlfÈ?tlille.
Institute
o
were publlshed a1ang wlth
21rld
ln the pubflC
dam,.=; ln.
on
(
3,8
J
the Islands durlng thlS period.
publlshed
lil
188~
hlS
paper CFlgS.
The flrst photographs Other
~8-~~).
pl~tes
wer~
were also
-:::-'::;"-4 L ) "
/
\
,
Ancla-
had
ln thelr Qwn right.
They are
an essentlal
thu~
(1 nowledge which,
~uwledge)
III e
source
Foucault's
cbnrernlng th~ Brltlsh p~~sence
Tsl<.."mds, dl.lI"Hlg 1:l-1e 1El70's and
1880'5.
OT
on
th(-:.?
J shol.lld r2mphi1s1:::e that tl-n2
mal'qli"lallty
tilLS
PI"Ch:,':""::'
fJ~
':
,1:Jlls,I'Jn ;Jf"C':)II1,;:
,::!vldent
Ln
cOlnmen J\.,::; r'DI-':lndïl In;:-,':!':"
'10 alJLlut' t:hfl r:1L l 3C1p'11ilë\I'"Y
lt'-;f-'
Dt
photogl~aph';t.
l
r-I
; cl l ow _ '1 '1
(
photoge aph 1 C
o
s tUd 1 es
boo~
publlslled ln
h\man
188t-
ln
t'or-m
~g:t.~,§ ~!Jg
i nspl red \Jy
of
a" d
an
answer-s (Por-tman may be taken
wClr~
[Tlonograph,
poraries
and.
(Read
e~t
o
,,~;,
a~
I~egards
in
18Q6:~66).
Cl vlsLlal
camp l ement
the
fact.
189:::: 40::;) .,
it
~as
c: l
M...'1I1· so,
In hl s
perc81ved as such by ~tlords
(189bb: 7b) "
dS~~
ccnlum"NovJ.
t
h\i.!I~f;!
He clted Read's editortal rl?flectlon<:ï on
C'.,:~rmot
l.le tI·JI)
ttH? value cf'
F'1'"opE!rly tal en photcg,-aphs, wlth the additiclndJ r:./:pl.:?,natory letter-pI"'ess. II'Ji.ll be found the. most ':;:üi~j-' f~:tory ::\nswer-s to most of th'e questl ans ln "Note',,:; and O'Tlerles on Anthropology." 'In PClrt i" of trl':-Ü worl', e:\I:er-nal ,:r:ctl~c:icber-c:; couIc! be lJlustr-,'!'d:Ert::I. ,;Hld J .... I... ,-J~... phuto(;:V3.phi~ of lhE~ fZlce, ln frd 1 fi-\CI= dnd r:WOfllr.i'.
5h~jUl (j
be t:il en. " . plJS1IIg tt)t2 subJect flJr the<;e, t.he l1 IJO'l IIIU'.:;t tin Up l ght, Elnd the face ~;O hi? 1 d t.hd t th!", l''!'/G'''. 1 001 1. nq si..r-:i 1 I~I r t bl;:.)+ I]I~j::' 1:1 fi? ';1 lb] f.>C ':.. '11'-,-, 1 ,l" '.:,J <':lll :In 'Ji] J ,"{ 1 1 lev:] '1'111:11 thE.·m. IE::3.ctl/ -::té'. ·l::F!d fol" mF·e\':lll·'}III{.::'I1. III \ In
."1 ,..
PJ
o
<:\~_
IL)
Ch3pl:el~
No_ 8odv] ln 3.5 a130
i. r.
ta
cul arl y when th!: INod. 1 s c;:are+ ull y done.
oplnions."
to
"
\. l~portance of\Photography
..
part~
fi
QL2\[!.!È,§'!;ln, tjo,\:,JJe t"212919!JY :,: l
l
~~
oc omnt 1 "n.
\
"t t Il,, p '" es,," l t " c, '"" d ."','" , ."". ," 1: h LI ,,' e::ceptlIJn 01 the Onge \:Jr-oup al tI"Jll'?S" .whldl l'"':. l.\\ln[k\ratl vely untouchG~d" 2~\e I-:\Pl dl'y t,h-?\:oITnnq (::-:d.] rlcL, dnd havlng tillS ln VlP'lf'.l l ~~"\\I\:" tcw ~)Ulnl-\ tllne b,~~n t"\Ii\J~\\:J\:d ln mai l"lg ct I-e<:ulrc! Llr l:li;:?ln, Pl'] I,C lpdll y b y phot:oqt'L'\pllY, my <)ulde u>='ln'::1 "I\kjtl~s and [luet-les on Hnlhr-op(Jlo~~:"n to the whale ùf the quesL1CJns HI whic:h l 1"\ 0 IH-:: l'Il 1.1108 i;,el gl~e
Hi s
1
volum(ls~ '-'I~I-(? dln~ctly
Pot-tman"s
~ ",e
\
lfn~
\nf
f/.JI~
.11 11 tll'" 1 Llvl1Q t:ll~:, pr.lrt c:,)n Iji~ 111 -)/ pllotr)'fJr-,;,ptS. No. X'vIII UHt.li"ilclf::S and r'lu/·::>fTli::-rlt',.]. thf-? ::.~I:tltud'.?s C:\Ild fTlfJvl?'fTI.ent.:.::; b.l.èl1V.:j +:"f '.?n co LIlI-" bl1é5+: \ adVan~-ge Wl th 3. h.~Ild camer,,,. Chapt-t~ X:'l, pl1'lSlognomy, CC\n al~;o,b'2,J ~ 11-l'..=.I:"~,,.t,''!(J IJ! photog étph'!. and de,;el '::ïpmen t c,:,n l'Je ',;h\DVsr 1 b1 ;)II(J tr,.;jrapllS ta~ ~n 0+ 5ubjt:?cts 3t dlf f~n?rl( :ïgf.!s. ït, •..:'r~l'"
C!)l\-"?Ctl(J{I",
(":\'::1(\
1.1,:,1.1'",:.1'./,,1
p
( 1
\
shoul d be star~: nah2d, a f u l l f ace and prof 11 e VI e~'J should be ta~pn of each. and the 5ubJect should touch a bacvgrol..lnd pal nted 1 n b 1 ad, and \.'lh i te chequers. eë\ch e:~21c:tly :2 l~l">les squë.'tn:.:>. AlI abno,~mé:-\lltlt~C;, or defonnatl'jJl<5, vlrle t ,~nat:ural 01'" Intentlonal. shoulJ br::! photo"' grëtphed~ and III ')I1., medlCLnt==. <..-\Ild VITI. r':;Lu~gE:l-y. '.JrH=I~?'=l oriS, b,_~nd~gps, ~'c •• C,Jn thu5 1.18 shol-'Jn. J Il F' ë\l'" f_ T 1 P 1"l'.J t Ci 9 ,~ ,:' P h y' 1,,,11 ] l i:l e f- 0 und 0 f t Il e 9 1'- e a tJ:.'r,t use 1.11 ,~lnSItJ(.:?'~Lng the ql.l I--'l st l(JIl 3 3c,:.u,-;:1.I:121y_ nle manLlfa\=-tun:.' of (jl f fel'"l2r:t lmp] efi1ents. 'AJf-~ë-\POllS, ,~,c:. (edc.h :;l_'\ge \fl'"orn ttl\;? r(Juqh m::.ü'2t-l:31 ta 1:1112 fLnlshed r3rLLc1f2 lil-:t L nI] shuwn), 1 ndeed al most e './81'" Y .::le t of tht0 II f e o-F -_\ prl(TlLrl lV8 pfo'ople (jj~y br:? pllotolJrdph(;~cJ (F-'L)j-tITl.Jn
lF196b: 76) •
(
POl" trrkU\
ë-\Sl
Wf.::,j
J
~\S
opL] cal
soJ lIt 1 Oll lo the pl'"ublem5' of
,-epn:l--senlatIon
c:r:Ü(?qol' lf.2~'j
,\fld r.;~'c t Lunso-, Ut
of
r~!2t.B2
ct
,
-
~Ug
''"''C8. '
',.hth
thl
sol u t
S
\
Q~gClg2
von.
go. !3Q,tt.J.CQQ'21gg:i.
nie,;'
\I,~l UE?
J-ts
" ë1 P il l .:- ë\
of
tt,,;;
l )Y
ln
ter"ms
0
F
dlï
l
J~l'jlde
<:ô\:~tJnc:t.lClf).
1
, :\ f f
c
l l '11<\ ~- ,
(1
'the ,;\r..tL\è:\l
r1
a
t<:\llng
0+
a
pllotügt-aph
::14
l l
Il -3
U Si
tt- ë.\ t
tu,... ,:d
ln an lndlgenous
l 0
J .;:,
vJJ
out.
t
nS
l '-~ , \::1
COlït!O?:~t:
fJ
Jc:h
f
L h n (J-
o
It 1 S abs~l Lltel y/necessar-y ta have pa t l enc8 wi tl \ the sitter-s. aneJ tû b8 ln no hur-t-y. If a S;LtllJf~c:t l~' bdd sItter-. =Incl yOLl dre not Ll~.;jlnq .':\' 1\,~I\d CdITH:?r',,\. ''>t..!r\d hlm away dnd get anotl18r. but nf?"'.:!!'" 1 C)~.;\~"\ )/OtW t.::\ilIj.J"W. cind rH~y'et- ~ih,.::JW cl S."\V.~\\l\" th\~t-, ~,o\.\ \:hlf\~ ht~ \-') ,,1\\\)1."1. Qt-, Dr! trIe oLll\"?r ;'.:'\Ild al1c,."1 l'lin t\J U1H\~ Lh,:'\t. by pl";',,'lng t.h"'! tool" he .:.01n annlJY vl)l.l, pl.r,~ c)j~f y'uw' al" Uldt tCl stop t'lI,l) you \-J111 !:Je Wllllr!g tCJ I:H'ib'\.::11lm i. nta SI l t?nce.
,' ,\
;"I."i,-L.
8ef ort"~
y 0'_\
post'?
é\
i;}t"Ü\.\P
\::)f
'S~";v :iI<;)e\;,
h.::.\\
thl,~
I:;!
cam€?t'2\ .(f?:~CP.pt ,~f CljLU-::)\'~ 111 h,,\IId C';:~/T\C.\I"ë\ ~1I(Jj~~'> fL(\:.!d,IJp" and focLls~Jed f,_w th,-o: è'3POt whel~t.? they. "al'"e ta '::it,o:\lld" l'hi,:. can e.:\s11'y D'':? (Iant~ by In2\r 1 l ng d spac<:? an th~ ql"'oLlncJ wlthln vlhu:-h th.?y IN,11 b,,' IJLu:,:?d, "nd f'..lC\..ls~,ln~l '.3hdl'"ply on sornE' plec8~; of I,<JO,:Jd (.It- 3tun\~ ;:JLë:\ceci ln .lt. lh\.: dt'U'\' sli.dè '.3hl:Juld 1,J,,,? L i l i tE3 pl.:\CG )nd .::.11 I-f-:?;:;\dy. '.iîiO tt'\at :,,1 Ci saon as tlle sul:)jects an~ pnsl~d s",,,tlstc'\ctorlly. t',he c ..~p can be taf en of + the l ~:ms .:md the e::'pClSil.ir-e m.."dt'? (Partman 1896b:76-77).
This
pl'"oce~ure
r-i'!'sults
which,
l'"spr-essntatlonal
The
mll'"rOI'"S
a~tJfLci~llty
arld lnsure5 the
of
)
,
its
wei'"€? d i ct.:l"t~d by the i t must not be +or-gotten. , cCJnstl'"ai nt<.:; o.f ~,Q:t.elà ~Qs!. Q!:(§!:!.§§. gr.!. eun1l:.Çj~9.::·
micradynamics
dlsClplinarY,~emand
for-
af
were
re~ulatad
by
th0
accur-a~y:
For- ethno] ogy. accuracy 15 what LS required. Del\lightlnq and p1ctLlreGqLl~ phatogr-a~hy arA n~t wanted~ 311 yOl.t have ta <,:;c~p. ta 15, th ..",t t11E? gener",?l IlljhtinÇ) 1'5 t:CWl'"f?rt, ê.\nd thMt nCI ·IIAJ~,w.;'\r-d pl;;\l1.nq l.Jf W6'apon<:, DI'" llmlE, hld llnpor~",nt ClbJl:l:ts. Tlll:~ r":."\n p',:.~;;ily b\~ rl<::\c~~rt".Hn{~d by lll~' U'-i8 of :. stndll i lndelr.Jrl. thf': camer Ç\. Til ;,ny SJttlllC} CJY-Otlp. l'Jher(''! 1fJU arp. ~n:(IOII'1 1'0 sfvJltII th~? ~c1y lrl "lhlCll th(~\ hè.I1CJ';; '.Jr Tf?et ar"e 11<;('~d ln tnf" In.'l.nLlfa •..:t '_lr8 Or ëlrly' ,3r-t Lcle". I.flP.: 1i1If'"I~ë.~ (:,,,rl bc~ Ol,·rj.;:- rrJ lc;o~ dOl>m on the DI::';jF:'Ct:S, l~hF' ';vJlIîC) !J':iC! bf~lIlg '-"';f~fl ~:o fDr:us, "JI tll (i-'rJrt-rll ..'\1l 1f39611:77).
cate
(
\
Notw1. thsté1ndl ng
o
the
comp1~(
gr-aphlcally posed photogr.;'\phs.
p010Q1CÇ\11y
considered
to be
315
cod1fied
str-uctur~
~f
<;">'thno··
;:anthl'
IJ-
J
exemplifierl
.thls
of 'bath p6se ~nd
valori:::"itlcm cO'-ll,:.el~d
thclt
in
f:LlIl€!
approach te ethnographIe
product over proeess.
"the e)(plor"er wl11
his
-spend
not
and
f.::\cts.
ln
and when he
doubtless wlsh to
.:inthF'opol Ogl c.:il
rec:onüng
photography
hl'J'E
ln
the
~
of
Op8ratlons
] mss g -~._of
.
a
ThLlS
\
the boundary between flet 1 on and
Il
ettlnogr'a~h
the
ta
.. , Fu:::: '1 .:;)1'" aph'5" '
ln.:'! 1 e
observerpl ctures.
as the abject
Wë.'\S
Il
ta get
great
and
.:iecurate
in Pertm~n' -; opin;i.on"
Il
are
1!396b: 81> •
(Portman ,logtc<=tl
i c
fQ!;.h!§§!.!J.9
"good
f aet"
1
Ilot
"
(1896b:80).
photography
detaj]. and
The
'f,::\I:ts' INere r'levErt.tieless as
accur c"'\cy of
the
have seen.
J.oJ8
anthrepo-
theory l.:.den.
\
pr-l sb ne ob J ecti
1/1
a
ty was
l'"(~s,ul
t
oi
,,,
car-e+ull y
ol"ches-
r~
prDcess
F'ortmcln' s (j
i Slcu5sed
the
"stA'I ..\ges .. • who. ",ïm
wor~',Ln'1"
l aunches.
1.. nfJv''-,
c
th!?
'"
!:l'?:,(:
Portrnan
pl~ocess too~
they
':lf
and
the
reversa] s
NatIve
be the
on the
1896b: 85).
tas~:::;
apt u:
ethnograph Cc
As
ln
l
have
servants
subJ eet!::
aSslSltémts tOI'" the man(.Ial
!fil
th wham l
aspects pllotlng
of the observ,"'\t 1 cm-al
(Jf
the
steam
s\,stF.?m that
c3nd LltOPLC 1~'~pt-,?<:.,el1t3tl(Jns. ,
sectlollë\l
~
316
.,
on
s.Ut-v~ys,
"Ina y
noted.
(Portman
1?::Cll\Sl':-e
l:at(?glJrl.L:~l
of the
case
were used <:lS
'" photogr aph le
centered
i Il Llstrates tli8 seqLlence of
papel-
in
w~s
wn 1 ch
stn.lcturlng of
photngl'"aphIC oVlslon.
~
Ne:
o
proceeded
to dellneated
lts
collectlYE-'
fOLIl1de"\tlons:
A frIend recently wrote ta me "tt1.:~t: thel-t,' ~-Jc)Llld be plenty of mone'y and people aVë:\tl""blt:' for :~nthrop(.J1 Ogl cal research. iA.lhen there W8re no t1llJr,~ <,bor l g 'l.l"hilS,. CI1L\ld IlC,t the Antr\\~opologlt::\J In";t.ltu\:t=.' tèl~":e ,:,\1'1 Cl.ctl'lf? lead III trns InattE'I:::P, A C\Jlllft1'l.ttt.le t.:tÎ(J~ï~\n ~nJI\I thd memtJ'21'-::; n?s~ldl~nt ln EngJaIÙ'~,,\:ou'ld r.\Cel'"\!all"l ~~;.:u:l:lv \'it1,~i: worf l~; I-o=j/qulred, and could I:h~ll ,'\PfJol,·tion tilt·? wqrl,' ~ong ctnthl~opo] ôçjlsts 1·i?s.Lüng Hl ttH~ Ge',,?!"'al \:'olmtrles~ ~nd l.JlllUi(;l, ttJ L\\ldt':,rlci~ e.' l t. .. The Cùmnlllted Hl Engl.artd \<JCJulc.1 collect "l\nc.l~ 'ta pLirchase l.:ollec.+-lIJn=i" ,:'!nd sllpply aPl?aratus" ~~c: •• tu those wod el'"S who were unable ta pay ft.:w them. as the F~oyèll Geographl c2\l SClclety dues. Th(~. rusl,I] bï \JI tllf:! wod:, l:.§" thE' c(Jllf~ctJons and photographs cOllin lH? d~pOSl tecJ. :.ïi:\Y.. i Il the 8r i. t. i sh l''luseum. and the 1"\'Jc:clrd'. cOLlld be publlshed ll1 the JOI.lr-fH\l of th\';) trlst.ltutê (Portman tè96b:87).
-
The
cbserver's
raIe.
fer
admi ni strator lethnographers ~
Portman's and was i ndi 550]
Man's
~lb~y
.
wor~s
by
preduced
by an anthropol og l c
the
post-1858
ef
bl::iLlnd te im opt i cal
~
ethnography • aL\thored'
gensrat{cn
Generation
ot
v LI?W.
'fÏ'w
f~tlll1()gr
aphte.:
't
, obsérvers on the -Andaman Is1 ands were sorne of graphl es
to
pllcation 'relation
NQ~§§
of ta
a'iTlodel Cl.
the pr9dllct
of
af
e~hnogriaphic
centrali=ed
t.he
observation
~!J.g
Q!J§C!.§§
Ç}
i ven hl
CCH1C 1?lVeq
the Andamanese:
that hlghly structured vlsion was
'0;
n
own I.?::
ObSEH~ ·hÎ 1: Lon \ tÎ~n(:::l
J.t Illas ,a l
ml.)
S 1-
thelr
h::mds
the camera
WdS
dccepted
as
j
-::''5
o
~
1.1 'sr:
Or -:
l
IIF.?""J.
mO!3t·
"
organ.
';E
....
("If
1) 1 f
l
'T,
! MII~..I
not enough.
ethnographer::; were the eyes of a dl'SClplln.;:,ry pOInt of ln
HI
9
1
20. an!;.t!CgQ.gtggi:: ln the organl: at HJ\I
I,..t;;?cord of
' mul t1 -
v·ic::;ion.
anthropologicsl
'':II'''e sll.ghtly pal'"ado:: 1 c,11
1 ll.i!~;t - t-:?tt'll1n-
S;UCCQSS fIA l
.t
photogl';aph t c: sensed
been
regarding the necesslty fer gUIdance
c:omments matters
11ave
e.M~
the
'r,'~
<:lCCUl~,3.j:,:
,
In dus duplicatlon of an emerglng .disclpllne
(jf
,,,nthrl:ipl.j-
a.nd redupllcation ct
317
.'-
•
~Q~~2 ~nQ QY~C~@Ë QQ aQtb~Q~Q1Qg~ by photography, observation was
,(~
itself ,
to
be
multlplied
in an
infinite
process
of
optical
refle>dvi.ty untll its relatlonshlp wlth its dl-=:iClplinary
founda-
t i onr;_..r~p 1 i c.:;ted the eehnographl C si mui at ions i t produced. ~y the
L,
time
ô
the
first
tralned
student
~f
anthropcrlogX
vislted
the'
,
in 1908:
Islands
Portman and Man had long since
p~oduced
thelr of"
mbdll'l 'etl1nographi es.
R.
,
Notwi ths tandi ng th 1
fact,
the student, Au
<:1881-1955) was to challenge thelr
R~dclif+e-Brown
wor~'
,
m9re.importdntly their observftiona]
R.
A. lËl~Q~~C§
Radcliffe-Brown
in 192:.
The
boo~
in 1906-1908
(Bro~n
8nd
published was the
produ~t
4::
bridge~
/'
strategies.
as Anthony Wilk{~ Student in Ethnology,
out
193~:vii).
of
res~arch
carrled
UniverSIty of
Cam-
Radcliffe-Brown was thœ
,
fir~t
university trained an~hropologist ta co~duet fleldwor~ ..
ln
He was aiso one cf the ffrsf of the observ~tlonal
the .Andamans.
\
S
theoreticians. COl.lI
d go beyond the merè coll e"cti on ..of • facts ••
_ r
Rad!: Il f f e-Brown ~ s wod, on the Andaman l 51 ands pl-oved c6ntroversial with th8 post-1858 admlolstrator/ethnographers because.lt ~irectly
proved" and
~hallenged
Man"s cbservatlonal authorlly.
i Inportant bec,:"\use of professed espoLlsal of a
fLlnoc:tlona]
~st
appro<.'\ch
1:0
the interpretation of
(Brown phenClmena 4 '7 1 C'.lF;34: 107.110) • oThe lmportant
l-hs~Od' o aiso Dur~
he'!. lU an
SOCIal
:ind
Stoc:hlng
~.
discussion influence
c-
his
pOlnt to bear ln
that folloW5 15 that'notwithst~ndlng the
ffilnd
ln
the
theoretical
Radcliffe-Brown had on the dlscipl~ne of anthropology;
position ln the
~tbQg~C2~hl~ hl§tQt~'sf to§ BOQsffisD
l§l~Qg§
:::18
l'
,
solely
. 15
o
the
product of his challenge
aLlthot-if:'y of his predecessors on. the anomaloLls
pesltion is
anthropologlst, tors
while
lin~ed.
ta
islands.
te the fact
Man and Portman were
~Qfg§ sQ9. Q!:!~!:.l~§ Qo. aD.!:..b.!:'QQQ1Qg~.
Radc:lif'fe-Brown't\
colon\~l
$ts i r1 .
'trained
ë\
~dminislra
\.t~·"e
the1 r-
0f
Radcllffe-Bt-own' s post bon in
b'y
Andaman ethnography was addressed
obs~rv~tional
that he was
~§§!::!!!1§Q the roI e of anthr:opol og i
who
the
R'l (:hal~d T~mp 1 (" ~
1"1,~n'
':i
'::01 l .:\ ~
Andaman ;and Ni cobar 1s1 ands (1894-190::), and eth tO\~ Cl+ Ib.~i l.}')ç!tr~L! "J
eDJ;i.9k.l~!:.~.
~a
i n
seri es
of n?vi ews of
t1~~~ ~9J;hl!:.ê.
pLlb I l shed i li
th e
Ib~
!à~Qgr:sH?l:l [!;~l ~9hlt:O,§}}
i. n
and
19~5
19~9.
are a very r~veal1ng source for assesslng Ln thA
reviews
Ibê
of
l'~ J~ IJ ~hû: ':;
eDg~m.§O
eQQ~m~D.
!§[email protected]~C§
.
Th~GQ
l~~~cL Adml~ls-
an the prevlous generation of
tratar/ethnagrAph~rs.
the 'ôbservatio~al cap-.:\citie,s of, Man and Radcliffe-Brown.
-.
as
~ln~-spent
on the, Islands.
experience
(Temple
conc;:erned
with
then
192?b;19~~c).
tran5lat~d
into
d~.:flne(j'
ob5ervatlon~1 the~efnr8
His dlSçLlssion was
;
on entatl 011. ment
.
was
ThlS 15 an
predicated
net
fleldwor~
(,
becaume T9mple's argu-
the
1
of
logic
authored
prc1C'llC:I~S
up
t:t::l
obuervatlcnal develQp-
and
10gic that' .Lnformed them. ,
the
3clsntlfic
were utturrately
and ~ere articulaled by observe~~' and T~mple iD tb~ ii~l~. Thu~, , 319
Ii-
thc'\t POll1t in time.
be"fcrgotten that these crlterla
(repres'e~tationali~..{) Man,
ac~epting
.
pOlnt.
which ha& been of par-amount Importance ln the
ment of Brib.5h
o
on
lmportan~
QQt
and
cap~clty
~
criteria
mu~t
ab~ervational
~uch
~s
for the moqt part, ~
•
1: e,mp Iii"
(
not
rJi d
~ontl"" i byt 100.
'ri 1\
major
Radcliffe-Brown's
c:onsidel""
theoretlcal
whl ch .c:cm~H stp.d of' an i nterpretatl on' of Andamanese
1:1,80l"Y : r.:)f tt"-'? c:ol'lr-?ct;lve sOC:lal fL1flctlon of rltual and l'"ellg1ou~ D
He chal) <;mge t11E'
~:>thnc.1gl~aphy
when
l
t dellberatel'y
did.
negated
Sut thlS type of c:rlti.<
~:I'~)m
:1I'ovC?cJ
I:H'~;\de
t11E-
point
101""',:\1"1
é.\ppro<,c:h Whl,c:ll was .... fD,L\l1cjed obsE'l'"ver.
Although
there
was
an
lnvI)lvf.:>u
étCcLtSatl-11r1S'of
dnlnqlcdl
in~ptJtude
wh t .::h
J ';',Lle':;
controversy over
of the supreme bSlngs of
OM8
t hA
earl~er
r-2'llgl.CJLls',rJLa~,
(SchmIdt
T(~mp
1910a.b~
Anddman
, and sC.lentiflc
Brown
crit~r-Id
und~r-~tanding
role
re)lgLon,
1910~
upon whl.ch Temple faunded hlS
Andamanese
society and
cultur~
of
WhlCh
and mr:,>tho1911)) •
Lang
J \;;! f Clcussed on were sol el y cCJnnected
"
Th8
the
wi j:.h
~accusatIons ..
-- were
the
hall
-,r'''' , / mdr~s
of
a
prcf~S510nals
pas~lng
age ln
tram other
wh~ch
ft~lds
observers had
and professlons.
been It aisa
untralned h~r~lded
Radcltffe-Brown was 3n observatlanal theorlst conSl der',<:~d h'] mto be .n autonomous pro~essl0nal observer who
-terms of hi
.
(Bn:lwn
(
mueh
S
OWli "personal
19). 0: 34) •
His
~
ope~ated
}n
nowl eqg~" and thLIS .personal ë.\Llthori ty
authorlty'ln these matters functlcned
the same way as collective sentiments functloned ta
._-------~-----------
ln
repro-
duce
o
DLlrkh~im',,;
a soclal aLlthority. in one of the individLlalS ln
theory.
In other . . . . ords he
w.ê;\S
represent.?tiv~
i\
the c(".)l' er:ti
(:)f
V~~ •
,
obs.:.>rvational and :t.tl~gr.§t~j.. ç,~1. ë-\uthot-ltv of fact
was perceived ln those terms bv T8mple.
he
ericugh
to
(Temple
di.sc.:ip1iI"\~)'
t\lS
waœ
19~~a:121).
,
\
theor~tlc~l ~~as
ll\
fundame~t~l
thlS
perc91vè
who
<~nd
cast fJ.rmly ln a sClentlfLcally
"authcrLt\ dt:Hir\{~d
lnsplred and c;le.:II'"Ly
f \
methodoloqic:al
VoIhlCh
.proc.eclLwe
w,:\·:;
fOt:I.ISSf::c1
\ h\~
\':)n
therefore not the end prodùct of ei:llnogré\j~t'1Î.c a1:l'lV! t»'
were
but'
"\ pn~.~e'5~3
th •.:\? bl:?glnning of,a
mlnd ( 19:2:2a.: 1:21)
intE!rpl·et(üion~
anti-hlstorical
WaS
had
of
ln
of
the
F\.:;d(:ll+ fe=yrown d1.d
L\n~
1
1
1
1.
nawn
ta thE?
\3n tat l on ..
fact characterlzed the booh
ln
·1::i onary theory of soc 1,;\1 an th r 0P(J IT.lg Y ."
bec;;ause
CW"L
author's
observational
preYJ.oI.IS
~1Jnerat.ir.:ln the South
of
t he dL d'
'And~lIn
tl~
i
c.Cl
no tr ublt? ln dcc:ep1:1nÇJ
thl.? theDl'8tl.C2l1 dii
Si
1:\·~I'"'"'In(.)ny
.who hr'ld I;Jlu
,:onc(?n
y't,,)l1\rl
1.,.
• ,(,pli
,"<1
ÎG:1n'rlC'?<:'
. in Rêldc 11 ff I::-Brown' "", 1 n terprt~t at l an of obser 'lat l clncill
off enc:e Rt Rade I l f f e-Ekown'
(aLthouqh
HIC)
1.:l8S) •
sL1mmë,ry tl~e,:;I.tment. 01
uf
t.lf=lCc-\tl'::.e
"
ho:\d
.
Tsmp l I?,.
(: ap ,otC i t 1 es
Ob~r.-?I~Y~r'3
Lt1\",·-
~'5
a NiJrth Andamaf1(:!s<-:? P'2c1c'('?-mc-\1
'3ee
trated
tJLI
r~(\acl
in
wtiJ.d....
t.'~
drZ\ '_,:>,
11·;n·~;
•
t./jl'1l 1
,ob (0;1; r·
1';'-
tional foundatlons
of
Man's
'c?lasslc'
( T€~nlp l,?
mDn Qg,~ ap.h ,,'
JI.. 19~2a~b~c~1923~1925).
o
Shlft ln 0fservatoional
As preYlously notœd 1
the probJem
1~1
ln
~~~
authorlty.,consequF.nt Llpon tt:1e
.an!j more
a
in
the
observatlonal autonomization of an
anthropologlst
who.
~J
because t.he
of
rejectlon ot a hlstorical/evolutlonary
~
pr·od'.lct i on of anthropol Og1 cal l' nowl edge,
to
approac~
felt able to =lde-
step, critlci:e or reJect the observatIons of hlS predecessors.
\
the p'_lb I l cat i on 0 f Ib.lZ aQ~h~U!~Q l~l~Q~~§ a whol a era
Wi th the~
prodl.lcti on of >?thnograph 1 c steamsh i. P s
u!;e
ln thlS ~n
of
ob5ervatlün~1
ë-\nd
Homes.
culture.
·f ~r en t
lh f
1 C1 tian.
.
inh.=\bi.1:.::l.i1ts passed Into tllE!
(:\bout the
Penal
The
and,
S-et t 1 ement
t
lay ln li 1'5 , th U1l s act 0+
Wl
the Andaman Islands
hlstt.::ll~y
.
,'.Jt· antht-opology.
and
observatlon
In the end it wes not
,
'\
Anclaman
positi.on
occupled
Isl-3.nds
~
ln
the develCJpment -of the
an
increaslngly
dl~:;clpline
of.
margl ri,,-\!
anthropology
But the 1858-1908
and
SOClé\!
but nbout the interpretdtion of facts.
fac~s.
1he
thelr
In tlie final
.:;lilnden5 who had long ':>Illce suffeF-S?d a
whlch in a sense had dlsappear8d wlth Man .
•about
the
di~ference
NSlther LS It about ethnographIe
\
but
awc\y,
~
lnterpretatlve methoddlogy.
methodr.11 og '1. cal
not
P.dg8 passed
tt must not be forgott8n that Rddcliffe-Brawn also
and
"'Jorl' cd
And aman
~
~'nowl
III
hé:\c1
wltn8ssed
gr-dphlc observatlon. L fî.Cï"'E'ë:\~3ll1g l~,
,:t
matur-<::ïtl0n ln the
As the
f OCLISS~d
d~cades
unfolded,
powers
üi
per 1 (Jd ethno-
these powers WEr-e
accordl ng tu the inethodol Og'l cal par 3meter 5
.
of C\n~vol \l111g di sc"'i pti nar-y j'Jer-spectl ve. and af I:er 1874, they were 1
•
codlfled
,
•
f
ln the œditlons of
'
~Qtê§
~Q~ Q~gCl§§ 1
Under <,;waphic )
the
influence of an anthroPolog11a1 point of·vlew
pr-actlce
l.vas
deflned
as
1 b·
ca
series
of
f:!thno-
observatlonal
strate~les,
utooie and ~4turalistlS in
both
~orm.
~
..
6e~f~ct
e~pr~ssion
naturall~m
were crle
WclS
~an be found ln
predl~abed
on an
photogr.ph~ •
unacknowl~dged
0t
J>"
st~am
these vessels.
vessels whidl tC'Llred the lslo:l.rlc1s. and the adminlstrator/ethnographers and
.
lOglstS wh,:, passed thYough the Islands,
\
.v$tœ~
t~1ere
.nthrooo~
remal n a ser l (ilS
ttle
l
and
model _ethnographies testimonials pY'l')duced in .:elebY'atl,::.n
"
.
-.~
t
sI ands.
the powers of European PepY'esentation.
,
0".
-
o
0
, 1
.'
323
,:of
/
1
/ Notes
See the fol1owlng çomments bi Flower:
1•
t
r-,1thouqh these l.sLand::. hë<'/e been Inhabl tl?d fOI~ a very (Jr~dt !'.1r'(jth ':Jf tl/n/.? b; p::::ople lt.JhOS8 sta.te ofcullure ~nd cu~toms h3V~ ,un~8rgone I l t t l e Dr ~o change. ,;"S pl'·r.J'/c;:,d b/ l I,e 1~,,<:\lnln;:-\tJ 011 ('If 1:lle cc.IIlLen:·.3 1:lf lr-/e olcj kl tC~len·-(jHcJLlt)n'.:;" or- I~I~,I-U'j(::: 11/:'(·-\1=1'::;" found 111 ilk'1ny olal:r.?s ln tll'~IIl. :11\d ,dtr/ouqh thr.?,! Lu:? .:;u j-lI.?ar the I.:.r;3.ci of Cl'llll;:è'\tlClIi êUid cCJ(ll!n/:?I~ce" thE' l::ldnds and th,-?II~ Jnllë\bll-,i:111t'-> IfJf->t"P' pl~t·\,.I:Jc.·tlly UI·,~110"Jrl to thF.? WOlr[rJ Llr,i:ll so ,"ecent_l'f ct~) tht;, /':~ë-\r· lf:]58 .. ft 13 tn.lF' t.hctt th/:?lr ;::)~:I.5Lpi \CI-':l'", mC"-11 1 CHI, '1.1 Li; t~1j"" ,IlJJ ,": ','Ir 1 '. '21'-'; IJf the 111 nth cf-:!nt.ur'l, ,'Incl ,Jr,:1,,)Jr, Ir! l''L.II"co f-'OJ\:I. al·lI] thal:. 111 l-:-'}3U ",In .::\tl:empt Wc;IS' 111.:t!j?:, 1...0 e<:.tabllsh D pEmal c.olony upon thelfl 1::>'1 t.he E,'\s;L Illdlë\ CLJll1pany, WhlCr-, Wë\S abc.il-Idcmed d 181-1 yf=al'-~5 ,B'fi.(~~ but the bAc! r-eput:atJ Uil the J nhalH t,3.nts had ac:qLIllr r-2d For f",'n.JClt'Ju c3 clfld Lnhuspll:ctble 1.:.1~·:?,:\tlne,-,t ;,f ~~ t r- ..;l.1i q E"~ S LJ 1< Ç) U fJ il t· L1 Y ,3 c: C. l fi f-2' nt t f) t 1·\ e l l'· 5 h CJ l'· es:; " cau rô p (j Lhpm LCl 'Ji) C,:\r',·~fl.lll >' ::IVDldt::!d, c'I1<1 Ill) Ï"~I-,n<~ln8r:lt 5"=lti:l,enH:?rlr 01' ;~elc:\tlCJrl"; 01 <1Iîyl:hlnl] 11/ e ct f'-li:?rlcHy fldtul~e. or~llt:?ly ID ,.dfm·Ll ,:iny uf-ïeJul lrlfrJrlnë:ltlDrl ~.:; to the? Ch~I'-dl:t.f)'" of Lhc'? J sl"nrls (li' tilE' 1I1h.:,bll~J.I·rts,. ~"i,.el"'e esL,!\bll:5hGd: rI l':, L·u!'· IJ)"rlH:.\l1lJ'Jn th,-d. trus t\.JSf:l11l:y· ta fan?] CJll~lrs,. l"Ih1 Cil -/ (JIlOllq ilJaS 0118 of lhe ctll ef ,:hal"':"r:tt~'I' l'3!_i<-='ï tJj "'lh11:h l.hl'" r~rtd,,,nant25,'~ wel~(? fnc..",A4n t . .J r hf:l (JU tel'· Irl..-] 1 J cl, -{ UUrH] J Ilst] -f 1 C::Ü 1 011 li·, t he C'~lle 1 e:q.J el-ll"n '.>:>'-:) the y' ,·:;u f f t~l- f.?r! f 1'- om l:. h 1-2 if,..? L -p'~ 3C 1: l ces, 8Spec.l '311 f ~ ldll'.I/JjJlrlg ·Fe,l'"" '?l<"\vc~r /. c)ï the Clllll,,,,,se drlcJ i'1d1d'l 1:t·<.lïh:~r-<5 1,>.Jh<J ',1l.51 :ed lIh:? l'::,l=:ln(J'3 ln seal~clI 0+ ' !;!~S tJ~ ~::!~ t!l~I':: ,3.f1d t?rj 1 i:J 1 f? I:Jl n j s' ·-Il es t s • J t L::; ct l so t 0 1: h 1 ':j C h <::\I~ ':\ ete 1'- 1 'e> t l c:: t: h ::.\ t t Iï 8 l Il h :1 li l t ,) Il t s ,::) "h::! .~ 0 m LI C h 0 f t:h811~ Jnt(.;)I'·esl to US flrom 1:"\ :JCJC~II(:ltlC pCJJllt (Jj\'leW~ fOI~ <",e :12lVC! Il>::'I'pitei?, r"'tnd ,~301.-d.E:,d fo/'11Llndr-t'?d<3. PL'" hCIf.lsJ t hOUS
'-'
i::-~ (J"Jt'::I-
?.)c:;
ir1l:el"'e~~1:
Ea\:>b?t-n
1.:.0 'l'IDI-ld,
\1
nted out. " s tlldent of
pOl
thf.?
the Andc'lmane?se ~"iere \Ji p,.:t,-tl cul althe ethnologlr':cü hlStOI~y of '1:Il'=?
bf.!Cc\USt=',
l~ell1al~! ably r-loiTloger- ace, st"2mp l nt;) them aIl Wl th a common resemb l anc,::? r\tJt sr-'en ln trle ml :~(:?d I~aces genel~all y Inet wi th 1 n contJnental areas. For although~ as wlth most savages, mar'Tlaqes wltlllrl the faiTllly tuslng the term ln 2\ very"
Tht:?u' l'-lnq Isol atLon hë.\s Inade them c\ Ill-'.?'OLIS
c ,.
3:24
wlde sense) an:.~ I!lOst stt-lctly 1'.Jrblddp.n,- ,Ill ·.:.\\dl alliances have necessarily been conflned to thH n~tlv~S of the ls1,~nds. They .::It-e the leLI~:;,t ,1l0,jl1 ted 1 '-'f..W'''·lt~nt·\t l V(-?S Clf tilt:! pel:Jp J e \-.)ho wet- e , '"~O t 211'" ,.\ '", \,11.' ~ 1HIW. t hl" prliTutl've ll,hdbttcints \J, ::\ L::II~qt? :,UI't-J\11\ oï tt,,: L',\I ~h',;
o
'5LlI~fz.\C9"
but '·Jllc)
':ll-f?
"CH-!
'.'t21
9]
fIC)
1.\1,
,?',
t
1 Il' hl \ '1., • • •
1n
U"",,? ,':~,'\I"I,::-l:,?I'J ;1.lC~; '.11 lllt:! "" ."I,t Inh~bll.,.'\nt;, of L' l,Incl h2'\t' ;)t~0!11 '-','\': 'd ','cl ':, ' l ' . l" : l,,' plr(?sel-vatLün \J( 1:h8ll- \,.:I.U3\ ,''',n,:III\',. \\111,'1'\.\\11\('1. _.),' havE.'· ilS :,,;?t no suer. t!\' 1 dt)I'" L' f,ll t,:,] l IJ:, tJf 11\," t ','l'tt\'~1 ceJlïdl t Lon ai ,n,~n l Il ':l'Jl.tt he,- n ~ l~,' ,Il,\v, :1,1\\),1\ 1'1 , loo~ l.lpOIl tt18 14nd<:"\fn:'\nf-.?5~:, t:lf! (l,,:\1:.\'3, L.\nrJ llH' ';",,),\llCJ'" a::> 1 L V l li g f u ~; ,::, l l s , 3. 11LI IJ 1,1 1 Il'? 1 l'" ,IL (j ,_ IJ Il ) , 'C 1 l' 1 l ' : Ill' condltlon (Jf the ~\)hCJle populë\tum 01 t.hl'1 t,mr:l III anClent. It lS pClsslble, alslJ" i:l) !I")[[UW Ch,"!:I'!'! ,\\l","i, ,:\ncJ 1':'0 50::8 lrl tllC'c(, the CJI-lt;J ,rI '::JI' l:II'=:' :;(:ïJI 1,:':> ,:,! ,th,' Ortent:al pyq,mles I-t:?l.:\tecl iJV t~h~':;l,",'-; 1,;'1 1"Lllly. ~ Pl ower 1888/ H;98: :~( Jif)
,Tlcln'l
1:,:tS2S
n" ,\.
,,,,,d
Plower's natIon IJ{ 'llvlng fassl]s' gO~'i!~ï bt-,?'ycmcJ thE' .apprr-J<.:\l:h ,::li th e ea'~ 11 er- SLU'"'v eyo,~ S ln,'" eg ard t.o tht;? Al1damë.~neSt? Db '~er- v ,1 t. ll.m :\ 1 practice WëlS ta be r"~cast in L,"?,"-m'5 üi" ~'\ Il,.:.d'L\I'"rll h'l ':d:nl~v .. _- t Il,'') na t ur a l h J ~ tOI- y of m-all. ...-_.__ .._-- - --- -'-7-'-'0 1 iTlL\st empl13sis lhat the,'"':: lS no QLlt-:?'-:.tLon ,;lS LIJ a hlSl:l:lI'-1.t:.:<.l separdtlOll b(,:ô,boJef?n the~-3p. st<:'\ges. L:v,,"1'l ,,\:1 l d1:e .:::\5 18137. 1";'ul'-tm.-1n. for !?::ample, Llsed the medJ um of SI.lIr VE:y::; lo est,_lblJ ',;;11 I:ClllLrKi: Wt th the Onges b-lbe cm l_lttJc:~ AndamiH1 (F'I'Jrtilwn 1888:57U-,':,"l4) •. l See 03.] S(j r:;:~.1pClrts 1:;l9'~/1{'195 f\Jl~ a d"r,..\J l>~lj ;ICCIJUn ; C:l~: .:\ tmll'" cd the Andaman and Nlcobar Tsldnd~ ln 1894/95.
4. F l tJWf::r st?t::-Ins tr::J tj'::\ 'v \? b E'EHi awan.:! q-F III (-? P r ab 1 8tn':; ,., <J' St.1,: 1. a t (.Jrj 'with ~n ûbseSS1CJn ",nt fc"'l.CtI.lëll dl~~taJl .. f-Jef?~ ft;)''" 1?!:amJ.lll?, hl', r:..omments on the value of hall''' as i:\ b::\Sl':i tor cli,",C:;1 fir:,\I:1.oi"l '.,,·,I.! !ilS ,jlScusslon of tri? lIr.pCll~tance ofdl':,cI'"L,nll1,-\tlC1r,\ 11\ U·\,~< .Lsa1ùtian of "deep-lYJ ng ""fflnli:1G!s: 1/
Jt is the opl.nion of màny è-l.nth,'"opO]oglst:<j Ch,,,!: tlw dlë\,":acter of the hall'- 15 one of ,:irtm,::tl-Y lmpt::lr't-:~n,:(> ln the CldSSlflCè\tiol) lof- man. ] l wC.lIAld ~;t?em <.~ UCL<1t""1_ Yi':",",! '_tn 1 i J e l y t h a t , wh ct te" E" r t 11 e p n m l t 1 "F.: r' Il c: ..? s +.. CI l'· " ln l 111"1 t. haVI:? been. h~u Ir :30 pp-c.ul.L ar" -.as that üf the l'I("'ql~'J ::;\f1d thE.- Andamanese shlJuld ha.;e beell de'/î-?lCJpI:;)d IlldeIHm(jp.I".U y ln t"'JO dlSt1.f1Ct stoc~ s. Hut st',l t l f 1 t, I",,\(~ lJI- ,j E'jJ ,.::tr' b?d f r ClID i: tl o'-;e of th '-? ri!. 'q r ':) :\1 ,CJ fIIU" 1'1
closE·ly
rl.:?sf?mlJli'?cJ U,':]31? Di '"OlnE" IJ1.I"1':I", '=i. ,Ijl"" t,?nc\::? , one Dr rh(:? S!-I"J'Ji~,t."-h;ÜI'".?d r",',er'éi. 1::",(1 '/,tl',,~, 'Ji thJS r.:1"1ê',r3.ct81~ <:o~j Jlfl.lJc..
•
o r( "
"1
'
1b@
~!iiLÇ~Ltl~§
Q~CQ!~li~Q~ g~§Cçgm~L
lO~gl~~~
10
tb~~ ~~lLs§t§ ~D~
9f~~D
~~~çC!m!O~t!9D are §~çs~~§f~llz m~t ~Qtl ~lll ~~ly~ ~b§ SgQS1Y§~9D~ ,~~ lCH;I'::'~?.~§c! ,[illY ,-:mprlaSlS]. These d1fflcul i: 'les, ='0 -j"1ml ll':w l n ;:'Clnl'-J9/, ",rI? '.:::tlll gt-'2ë:,telr .Ln the C<:\5e o-F <:!nthr-':JjJCJJ 09/. Th'-=-, dJ F f-'"2n~rlc,-:·?s lJl? hdVt" tu .:Ie~;l WI Lh =we (-Jrlen Il::>I'-Y 511grlt,: '_h,nl~ :::'L'llllFlC:ÜK8 ,L'::; _<;:. PI-,""l<;:":::;?lit "C'I'- ", 1 l t t 1,== '.u-. cJ E\I" s, t God ; '.:H_II'" loï Dr ma 1.. l Oll S l.::i{ t E'r 1 ,-!,: (-1" (:"tilU J '1 'L ; ,·«k?f 1 v-J] 1· h ; '.::il~ ln '_ 1 1 prl:"::'G'I-IL _,t'-Itf? D,' tllf~ ':iCI',:!IlC':?, Ilot 1 nfJWlnlJ Ifjh,.:::
(
Qi
th§
+
1- :
1\ I~ 'le? 1J' !elï Lili 1 1 ':~J(~"d l,::; Iîr,"ë\Jj I:ï)g C~ 1: h ':?I 1~\Jel- t h 1. n q 1:. h ,::d: I=fl.Jf:'C:I'/I)L\( , l ç r
'-'
Lo dl':;'I::I~J((lll-l.=ll~e ,:h,:liri'((_tel-S 1.'lhlCh Lncllcat,';! a f f l l i l t l irom thoSQ thêtt an:.' mOI~e tr':\IiSH?nt, ,_d..J l8 01- z1d c'P t 1 'J(? '1 ctnd to ,:;.,dju,-jt"
pO<"SJbl"',
dr-?ep-lYlrl(;) V'11' l
the
lDT'?: 1.'28) [1""\
opllllon,
hl1j
th(,? v,.,luF.' of' the
And.::~m:=\nesG
cJ.?Ita
'l'Ja:s
c.olllpat"atl ve and m<2thodologlc:al: Thf~
study of ':;'Llel-) ,:.\ lr:.\ce ,v; 1 he l0tnrj~manE'se \<mul rj l:hro'<J 11'-Jhl: no\. Dnly Of, th('?ll- m'lll «-ffilli tlE~(;;. lJul aLscJ Ilpon the IJ'''IIelr::\l y·-d UI=: of- <"matClmlc,":\l char -9.ctel~<·:; ln th,.:! c: las ~= 1 fIC a t Ion Cl f rn.::m , l f d. COLI l d b f? t h iJ 1" 0 LI 9 Iï l Y L,::U-t-l~.l
muc:oh
r
Ilov.1eVt:?r,
But*
at prest.?nt +:hl)cannlJt b€? Of halAI f(?w groupCj CJf Lh.;:? 11Llmdn '=peCll."'S do '~-Je po<::-"'se<:::::, even r..~ f.Ùr dppnJ~~l!II<:\tl(J11 ~rJ th,;? <:\\ QI )gF~ PI-OP(JI~tLI:lIV:; oftlle ]Jmtl b(JnfJ~;, 'JF t 1'1 t:" p[~lVJ<::'" <.:?\'t"'n of the::: hettc,.--studJed bDne'", ûl the t-dC.l0! ,.\Ild C\'-anllllD~' ,Flow(~I~ 187'7: 1:.28--1'':9)
::1. _d.t.:\c!
fh e <Jll
i.\\if\wl-t_l\i,'l,tr,)Ly,
.:; H·' l,.:.' t I.:m Lilt.:?
':'111Vl,:t
~'/d S
0 f c',l"\ ;;\-,,-:1 ~m<'\n ,:,)1. tl'?111E.'IlI: ',!"louaL
T Cj l ,\ri d C-?I- sh (] 1:3(,:':: J ::5)"
(
c1L\I~]
nq
I--~ 1 <, è~ 11\ {1"1el'-] cc::-d dl~:C\'-:> IIS.?d,. IJ .sec:! IJIl t1"1811'"' ,?Sslgnment pè'U~t:· cul,'\f' 1r\"3tl tuttOl"\S é:\lld l!lch vlduals \2~51, <\Ilel the taled s~{lll,.; hl;> ,?',tu<",-lly '_l~--;<=,d (:-24), l h:IVL':l 1"J,:.:»?n url=,ble ta tl~<:\c:e or-1Cjlfls Dftlî15 dLSc.rep,,,ncy.
6. -
The'!'
~1~\lll S
\
t
;.
ft lS lnter-estlrll]
the +cllowlny
to ri()te that SLlr,;}eOn Fr"ancls ln 1870:
observ~tlon
~.
'?
l'
ë\ Il
01-
to
of th,~
D:.-:"Y r-(~cor'::h."?,j
Tt
stated
lS
convlcts gl nes, glven to I~ecel\,t?d
t.2ill§ illQ!J.Lê,y".s.. [~(;C:L1:_ ~\2Ij _U::::'QI}l J_D,jJ_
the a
1"\,,,,\, e thl?s ..?
,
a
.-.
CTe,'1
-nc:us ,::,n iJ,::?~:,'t?
t
at the Andamans, that the si ulIs of been sent away ~s those of the aborl-
have ~o,Jhl 1 st
(D,,)' lS-'<':l:j-',
ls,l:;;n,j·;1
'1.\
h':jvl~\''?1'"
~;) \'E-?!l
t
~3"
th'?Ol~etl'::~\~ ::\îHJ Pt-':-\L:l..t,.: 11 llnp\)I-t.:ml t::' pl \Çl!rJ (1I1 I!I" ,:;.t 1 on ,JF,-Ani:lc\lll h ~Jful]:, CArl ~'d-:-,o 'tJ(ë\ dl'':;Cf?I-nt~d ln l'-,,,l Ül'ill tG tht.? !\lJC.ob;'T Is12ln ~;. TIli? ftr'"t "full fl'-IJtl1 ttHJ""II~ t':iL_Hl!I, \J,\') cml" seni: '.:0 Londun ln lCG?" th~V\ nç) bê-_'PfI al:"_:ulh?1! br r'lo\\'") \111 Novembt-?,.- 19t.h, 1}385 ,':\t ,~ \'t II c:"11~ \y:,',jU -\1'- '( 1 fl Il>n-,_H,,:, t·~ 1 \f\( 1. '\-1 1':'1rJ1-''?,::;,='n-l:lllg """ ~>l't-ïr:'S 'îT Illf',-":d';:":'llc"'11t-'" f--l/)I/JL::lr pUlnlnd "1'\::
-rh,:"
8.
e"ëdlllfl
(-\~
~\
t.ir.!'-';CI
tpLICHl
!'-JtIJ 1:1-1,;) f \,-f- ' ll-
n!
~:;lnql,,,,
,,,11111 I,..)()l.lld th éd: I",h.,? , lCir-' If!':, ~'J 1 Ut t.ll,\t r:li l: lit> phottJ91-aphs and d,?'..;CI'-IIJC 1 Oll~: (::]1 v'?ll IJ/ ~1r. t'Idll (Jf 1 h("> Nl'_lJb . ;\l-->-;;S€-?, ï P(ll)~) 1 f' ha\, 1 nt) '> tl-'Jnq j'l,-Il (\y, ln ,:.\-f ri,) li: 111' •• Th.:, Jenqth 0-,: tlH" S:full III pt-llr_)Clr1.l I H) tCl .l.l:~, v.1l.-Jl:-h l:'; 1-<-\tl-'81'JI-'--?~\ t';;!l 1:1 \ '-_Hl ,n 1'=11-, t b,-: l?~, p'-"C 1__ cJ, bl_~t l:1'-, wl-_d j ~ nOWrl th,~\t ëHOm)(;J ~1'1l,:'Iy~3 thE'I-'';} 1 S ql-,_'?a l_ dl t ferenl.:8 ln ') df't-:nlr:?c.1
b?0+ IlttLt;;? v,_üue, g??nt-?F'dl ,,,':;P':"c'(-) f
to
s,lliflf:r-
S,\y
r
lhlG
~-I-?<;:,p\:"cl::..
188ï: 14'-1)
(1=-],)wI.;)t-
Flawel-' S cl:.mments al' t'? ë.~ t ciF' c:,.-y fi'-üm the det.cHJ er.i df:f.5l-"- Lpl:] on the sl,\IJ1'=2 51 eJ'-3tGrï llY 1]~'lC'lï ln 186l" wh/.':.h. '::Il I_h,.d_ \:1.m~. accomrJ<~ntt"~ci hy c:onsLd'2r-,:\b]l? trll.?CJr-r?tlcal t-?l.:\bol"",J.ticm.
9.
In Flowe,.-'G {;s
r
opLnlCln., (,I~""nS
-'\
thE? P 8 l
de es.
ui' i~t.I·,
,:IÎarr,r.:L'-="-l~nl'"lq
0+
v l~;
\.'Jl
l 1 pro b ,:ÜJ i '/ I.J f~' t
dtff,;!,.-,;mt t. ('J b \:: ~
hlllll,·\,\l
I.RUl cl
iJ
t t:,;:> l'-
,:r-dntl.llil. or,,-:? ,J{ the ,nost LIllpül~t'_\Ilt pd,.-ts!Ji tl-"-=I 5~·eleton. The "er-'/ Illëly-ll-?d dLfh='I'Ë?nc:l-',: of crJlîflJnTl,_d"I<J1l
I:he
\:1\<:2
b8t",H'181i
:1
o.
;JI::-,J'/L -;
aJl,te.j
é-l.i1lÏl1,:':'_'i
rhl'"
011: .
~p.
!TI!
l'J.:,
1,A1(11.l]cl
'-:;'Î.
'.:lj
,n,:\11
c;\Ii'"J
C:f.:"l... talll1~1
:FI'!~"\='I
l\-ldt
]c-:'\cl 1:-JTi": L:~1)
ln
nt
t:lle
1:llI~'
tH?lll:;:(:
n8,:""..I~:,1
\:L-,-,1 ""
....'
clt., Note 6. 6,
11. f11..?DnvJhJ.j.:: '-h,? 1-~"JrJ iJ~h·~r'3 Fi:?b,.-u ,H- ;0' • l l i \ 1-1:-luyh t,un < S ItJr),.-cj S. The~
','If~r-''?
SU~pll,?d
IN~:'I~(::':
l'nt/) AS
1~,,10":ls€:!d
1f1'~lr-'1
Y_lm'j.
'Jr-,
',1-,,-'
c
t'jt,h
(:"1"n l.. otJII-',
oid hoops" and IJther- 1::.1~l tllng al""t,lclr.:"s of J 1.1:rlf' ,-!llll:'."' "il'3 U-,,,?! c:ouJd C~I'-:~y, c,:-{r"~ ItF~S l,_I~(>n not to (Ji''!\? I:hi.JlfI aÎï;thlnt;J that I_J,?S l'dely tG be r::onv'f2r-1:p.tJ lntCJ ,'; I,-/(!')P'_lri,
o
of
cf fenc8.
Haught.on went on
-1:0 repoFt: tif
î
'It
,/
When
finally left us. they sMewed great at partlng with thelr leeper. They Ilssed tu s h,:\nds, ,:Uld -tr l E:!d ta l nd'Llce h lin to ,3ccompar,y them. l cannot doubt but that they felt aFfectIon for hlm. Thc: effl?r:t of the capture? and tl~E!,?trnent oi the':;;\? fTH:?1î ,;~" ,/,-;?!:. ""F,P'ô?C'l .= ~_o be good" we ha'lE! had no ! ,_\~-t.her they
reluctance
(
r
•
c:\LI~:\f:1
'''lIK~'.'?
"', b.~w d,-\'j<=; F:\qo one Gf 'JU\- bO:'lt'.5 ::t ':OL\St f,~ll ln ~'J1th ,:; p.:ilrt;/ of them" ,;1m I Jn g 'tlh \IITI 1: Il I? l ".lml-Jh ricl I::!d mcin Iî ë:1med b y t Iv.? '3::~ 1 l Ol~ '5 "Tue'5ddy 81,;1JI-," WrJ.!: n~cognl:::'l'?d. l,he}' 1aJd dSlde thelr l:JCll.-'lS ëd pac8s ,.J-ff. One got lnto the bOr.1t. They 0,,·,1- •.?d '_','\\]erly h::w pl ~ntJlns" I.'/h1.-::11 ::III?Y ,.::-',\t t ~:.::rJSlèC'L (.JI'" b':'tJl]5~C:L" (jlll~ Df t~lf:' S'-:;.>ë'lTlen "/l~5h]:·\q te, pi::lSSI?<':;<::' Illm<':'I'?l f of d 1.J')w, l11ëlcle tlF2m Lo IJndf:;'rsi~',Hïd b'{ slgns I.-'lh.:~1 he ")':'1\t8(1" t:·ll'.; l'k'\~: cé\llecl for" '1 out nq, 'EiUff1cl f )nl:ly b-1Illpl.Jng Oft81- 1/1 \~::(:II::lIl'.:Je -f[ll~ J L bel 1)1.;:) made" L t \<JC:I":; taf fm bdCI aq~J.lll. TI1(:~ boatmel' Hladt'" thern a pr-8st:mt 0+ ë.1 t l sh L lîg 11 ne ,",nd SOlilt~ IiLlol s, ':\I1d Pëü- t8d (o,J] th th '::'m on Fr 11:!nd l y h:1nns. (l_I'_iuI:JI1l" on l I:l61 ~ :.:'56- :.:'~:;7)
'/'Jc'y
sIÎ(jI~t
(
II-::\I..\qh tUrl I;]ener-r.:il
~')C'n
t
ë.nd
SI::US~1 th,::: -1 r:\VaUI~':ib l.;;> 1 mpl-r...,,3S1 'Jn whu:h the Ul':\ captl'/I?'-ï "ad CTPoited, C:lnd 110tlliq l:helr cDnsurnlllCj {()od" rie IfJ~nt Œl to 1~\"\Çlr:et "U-Iai: 50 '/81-/
DI,
1861:257). tl an:
d,
ta
!.ii?mec."lIîOLW
pnJpen'sl ty l'Jf" ff~w WlJI"rj'3 of
U·,I~
cJO\,Jrl
of
thl?llr
lAilc;JLkH~(;:I
The lettel"
...
Iflas
Chad]
dc:qU:;I~\?rjll
ilE:?0n
t<~Ir'Ifl1n·::lti:?d
vntn
I:h,~'
-h-)llo " llng
(I-Iaughtol\ DbsF:?r'/M-
1
P.s.
Slncp thœ foroqoln~ w,s wrlttQn, a p~rtv ,has Vlpel'- Jslé'lrl(j, they camE' ulî.:-lirmed., ancJ ln,5tead or attemptlnq tu ~~f~ pldntalns b~ torce. bœgged ~or the~. v'.Lslted
Th tOI
bE?ggë\I~'
QVl.l[\
here.
Pcrtman ~o!
s wrll ni=> l S thOI~OLlgh l (H,:lught(.Jn J OSl : ':~58)
reported
the rea]
that
y
unde~-stood
and
names of the captIves
used
were
as
10\-Js: ]I~'i .J'::lbc::l. 8 l ci 1 ur c rKI " .1\1I11IJIJ (WllU dll-:?rJ LI1 !.
TI_\>?sda'l
E!1.al,~.
r: r- '.l ~., Cl f,:! •
·.llid
JUlnl")\?I"';
~road th\.:?tI~
1::::. Jumbo's Tl cl,Hll : l t
dl"e~3C(2d
~5dll(Jr's
ço!::>tLlmc~,
slCJps bound ~"irth blAc~ rlbhan, bearlnq Lhe Shlp'S n~me to whlcli fcwlTler- qLl'-lrlÜ:\1l Ilad belonged (Tl(::f ell '1<:36'1: 16:2).
Nt::>I-e
Tl1è"V
0,
•••
whll:.e
ln
dL\C~.
lleë\th:,?Jlclted
llqht .:ind
the
~i:l~ëlw
fol]
h,'\ts,
OWlilg
observatlolî
3ccustomed
fr-om
o
'from blrth to go na.ed, or nearly so, contra~t pulmonary dlseases lf forced ta wear dothinl;J_ \T1C:~ eU
1864: 164) See also Fl::'ch~.:> (18,Sl: :65-~66). comment f r-orn POI-tfilcïn Ln 18 C?9::
Jumbo'::;
d~::>a.th
dl-,.""Iw
rh,·'
i.7 11JCH'IItf\,]
l1Jh-=nev'~t-
rindc.\Il\i:\n'·\<:;0 Dt" i? l.:ü O:~I"I ."\\'\1,::,\'1 t I-,lln \ l,." li Il li \ COltntry. t2"en t o dflLltt1L~I~ [kU" t of t~\\::: i-înrJ<\lIlêl.1I " 1"1"" fit +Li~st become '-::;1 cf • If thev '"iurV1Y'? thl ; '':;lC~ I"\C""'" 1"1\,"·, do well, but l:hel~f-' 1 " El] ,..... 0.'\\"::; èi 1-] ~ïl t2ve' n') Il III 1 [1'11111] Onges f~-i:Jm the LI ttlG f-lnd~\IIl<"1l L-u_"I'ClI~L Lll,HI~ IJI,lllll; t Il th'2 fect pl~odL\c:ed on Lheln by tt~e-" €~~:por.5Llr·e, Ch;\fHjt ' Dt dIe!: dnd surnJUn,jlnqs,' hatll ts. éLc. (F'ortlll<..H\ L::l'")')l:
,,,f
l, :-:::5) ..
14. See aIse lhe lollowln~ dIScussIons converSIon tnlo an oskeolog\cal sp~clmœn:
Dt
The s~'eletDn l ) f an Andaman SdV:::lqf2, a m,:dl? ,Cl; dbOllt -':::3 or perllaps 40 yeal~<; 0; aqe, who rj 1 12d ln Ll1f:? lîrll!5p 1 l',. \ l III Moulmeirl ,at the tLITlf-.:! ,:>1 Iny f 11~r"t Vl~:>l t: roLl tll""t '51 ,d: : l ) r l . Ftndtnq ·th<:.\t \.hl=;!r~? Wi:lS no hUpt,) uÎ ht~j n::!Ulv:'r"'/, reqllesl:ed Col. Fytclle lo dl recl- th:-.,t ri10, IJOllc·'::; ~,IIC)L\ll! ne prepat-ed tor the SOCIety' i:: mUst?llln, l:itlt <1'-, ~v,~'", )1_lsl leavlng at the tune., [wa~= unc:Îtlll,,' tu r~UI1I..?I~111h:'llt1 1: he" preserv::\tlon o-f th(?In. l rc'g!",-"t f)îJv.I r.J t 1 il;! 1 h,-d t-.hl..! slelf.:!tolï 13 VEI'-y impf:.'l~ter:t; toc.! nlllcli ~,D, lfl T,'Ct_. 1.1) LlI' set ttp. Of th~? 'Il?!" tc?br",:ü coluHHI, th,"! '"~::"L':;, t.lncl 1H,C' ni, the 1 L.' mb ë:\ r ver t e b r 21 e 2\ 1- e mIS '3 1 n q • <1 l ~,o '.5 fo' V f? l'" .:l l () + t :If? rlbs. and most 'J1 the smC\ll bon,_'", ot thp h_Ind', r:\Il!J " feet. Of t.hl? t,,~i'2th, the::· LWD ITIl~d] dl dlld ~_h,,-: J (:;:1 t. L,l:t?I",:d l\pjjer lnClsor'5 l'Iav.::, l.JE)pn 105\:, \;il~n ttll;;) fll":,t IlppUII~lqht. pr,':l.\2-moL:;u-. the 112ft lowc-?r C,:\rlLne ,,\nd é,ll l'hf' lower 1 nf':lr;OI~·'. Ulouqll one Cl l' nlor p i l t t~l':!"C' 1 l:,t ,TI iy have,iJeen los!: dUi'-lnIJ Ilfc-?, ,'\', WC'lrC' J:tJI::! lc:isL LlPP'''I~ 1:!r u(-.: molars rl':-:1ht ,:uld ll?+r. lhe ::."!J.:!.~::(?I_I,. Cli IdhlCI, 1-'uvII qU111' dl sap pear ·'?d • ;:1<:;: l\ 'ô LI ,::il amon Ç] '",,1 '1 -,1.] 'e ,~ "'F:-C_·~j , t l, l,' mIl l ,'II' \) are gl'-ound even1'l fI ai:, DI' '/e l' , / rl,',lhl:r" 1~lrf::J,-,11 iinfj pOSt~?1r'101-Jy flc.\t~ ë\nd t.hl? Y.lS\t)f~J.t.1 (01'" Int'-}I'"-
:n:, ,:Jll':,t2I'-'I':ltl'"ln: ·.Ji t1,.: 11'/lllf} Il,,'I\, l', Cul. F ./;:<:h(] . _0 '"II) L L ': ê: 0) 1 1 ' 1''''111" .1:..6!_§:!.~~0.X.!l-~:']:!.L:::~ ~i~~l!_i \\r\,'j .:c.I tll'=! I:lln l :! IJf Ift.<J 1 r,l) 1:1"10':,' rr:?mal f ,:;. ( me{'y' ,~bsel'"\le d~,,:iL [ h)d '-lot '::;l'''I''.:n r'I'"nt. (JVI"'I-I' ,
thus c :,n1,::;j-,ïIS E?rnbc.cJ 1 r:?d l ri 1
th\.~
Ilol:.1ee of
~:;~r:2JI.,:tClrl
f}f
éln
And",\mafll:'r
Ir":"éid
!-)1::ll..H'l'
18~1.
The 10ft ::i.gq[l':;' 'JI Indlvldu211 t"t,:<.c1 been Flr""';:+:LWC:d., bu+: 1:he hon.:? Il.:rj unIted, "I1tt1 .:1 .:onslder,:\bll;;! benrJ lnv.kird 1)I:r:I.lIYjlflf) arterlOI~ hé.] F of the ë
o
1:.1-)
These
(':;SSOC1,.=ttUJn
comments
were
ln
probably
m~de
by
rlr-
8 1 :l t ll.
tll"
:-I-,,! I-r-:-
lIl"
of
afflnlties
racl~l
were aiso raised
Tlc~ell
by
(1864:16~)
Fltj:he' (1861:265>. The former JIn~ln9 them to the Afrlcan r~~e. the J ~tter ta a ramnant Qf a Negrlto raC8. Fltche a1so 12ft the fo11o'I'Hnl] dl?SCI~lptl on of thE:!JI~ ph',ISICal chal"acte'~lstll:5: cH1d
(
,;ilnCI:?
arr~ VeÜ
the
0":
'.2Spl:?CIAJ ,~,\ ud/ S)mlJ",\I~lJ:( j"O +.h,-? t,"'ua
rnadp.
,;;.r,
mCln
Ulr-~sr,"
Dt-
~:herïl.
l'-1rl~ll:,=\r1
,:\1:
=.\nd
['I<'!'ll-Q
l'Iou] rnelrl. l ha'le the, rr,?pLltl?,j .'p\:](?:;'\I-:,
to
:i<=\"':
h 1;,!L'n 9 l'" c-?<':' 1: 1;1 f:' :' ;\9 LJ e,~ =1 trac. 1 he f rll~ r::!tl e ,ILi l:3 WF? 1 l f Dr" mecJ é\nd nlJt. '~'=!':.,'"e·jtJ ïlq. nF'lthl;]l~ :-Irt::? tllf.~ ] lP"" (:Od,~se :Ind pY·O.Jr::"ctlrJ!]. elld the f10~;tl~1·1s ,::
l n ~_f:?pal~atE;, dl:·tçÎ crI8d tuf ts" Th,ey 11ëwe .::~bsoll.lte] '1 no ("Jr mu,~l,::\,:he. '.\r,d il:;"v't:? b,c:::en t".. 'le f? tJ{ .. Ih 1 <:;f t2t-:5. beôrd. r(Jl" ti,e 'g,-':J~'ith of ~'I.'c.h, ~"?I-e Il..i1l(.:J >:"'"'Clugh ,'Il r:~pl:l.tl1_/ 1 1: ~l" 1 '.,t.:'f, t. 111(-~ h.::tll~ ,:Ji ti,e htl,"Icl .'11'30 shr?\'J,::; llttll-';! l t COï\t l nues '.'E:'1~y shCJI~ t and dlSposltl0n tu ~Lon0at8. t':l~ 1 spa.:l. r hl:? ~Oiflp 1 p,: 1 01. l'; nol: dc:~ep I.JJ dC!. but I~r.ither (Jf a sooty' hu'?, Ilctnds and fË'E
15.
jJl~oblGfIl
Th.?
critl~al
of
eS\:ë\bllshlng
e-i fec.tive
commLtnlcatlon
ta future palltlcal relatIons between the two
t_~HS dlr"ectllJn was conslden;;>c! ta -,fFec:t the si:,- ::\tegy 0 f tr,"\nspol~~l ng the capt 1 vCÔ:'S ta m":\L'nlanr:l. ,A!.i Tlc.1 ,:o>l1 p(jlntc~d out:
Th\\s
Glny
~;L\C.CI=:;S
0
f-u1w-e ln
the
f-
th~
Tlley>"1'"f?peë't
11!!.....
th~?ln
"inL1, 1::1-1'3.1:
"llrlrJt"'l-c"t
:;;c:hoollI1Q. [,-'l'Jn
~C\l~I"'ots
c.HlJ .at
,-:\t. any
tilt=: wOI'"ds we
lasl
\)t-et,o.,l
:30
ende~\/olJr
a\ll~rS8
ta
ta commc:nce
jllë'l.!
e
i:hf~lj~
1:0
il.
tl-H?y :3.11 Y tTuani: ~jch()o~ bD\,,, Tlle,; 'NE:!I'"(;-) ] li fr.n f.?1 LClted L·ntl. no smë:\J L 1.:\boul~ and patlc~nr:e, by In'tsel! ,::.nd thelr r f.H.:?!Jt2'l'3h'''-Jë:\j. HlnClrJ" l succr?12ded ln ot.lt.J 1 rH nr;t I:n~' nSlTi}?'3 \:lf :\ v,-~r Lr::ty 'JI fi ·,h,:,·;;, (,:;oln,nClll '_.:) l:h>? D3y oi IJs-I-\,]al,) ;"»)1 'O,hD\.<'Jl[H;J r':(Jli.lu,~,=:?t":I cil~c-\t"i] flqS Di thGm: but 0'( qU::icJn_lped:::; th\~y .;lppe,::w>:,cl fJe"1' fectl'y lqrlm-.,:1nt. l-llE! only InF-llnmal they St?9ilH"'c.1 {:o l'now \'Y2\S il, plg. "F'ogo, tI c.,nd t.hl-3 rlê.1tne they ."\pplt~c1 Indlf"h=n-i~ntly to cai::t 1 '-2. porîles, e],,::"ph;.:.,nts d~er. an~ monleys. Th8y appeared a]so le ha~e ver~ iew n:",1l8S ful- blrds. and wht'?n ,she~"in th8 pLctures of SOllle \-JhlCh 1 I.ne\" ti:) be found llï the Andam2n5. tnc>r-ely att~mpled to Imltate the notes of any specles they 1TI1qht h~\'Ve h,:\d ln thelr mind':; at the tune. nlcfell
WIJltlcl
"
1864:
was
cLlltu~es.
L~5)
1éd:lgllE
IJt-
ë\t.tE·mpt
':;l\-~ n\?ss
""<:,
t~e,,\dl]
'1
':IS
o
Fytche conflrmed the failure ta establish communication: It 15 te be regrett~d, that scarcely a ward has i b~en " gathered of the1\'" language~ the sounds of which .re by no means confused. or inartlculat~. The r~ayqn je. th.t t:'ey per:sist in lm:!. tating evet- ":;ound. t.t1at i5 ,:\ddr.·]s"· seC! to them. ~nd d. 1':; \:lnly wh~1 they tl'"y tD Ina~ ...~ themsel\,es Ltnderstood,. or ln sp ah.lnq one Lü ".l.llot.hG!I-~ that an idea \:lf tlleuenunciatl.::lI':1 .>,11 , IJ~~ obtauned. Although jn the prJ.rnt:? (Jf llfe~ t.hL'Y ..'11'"'" ln fact toe 01 d te be t-!:\I.II;Jht ml.lch. But shaul d ':Hly ,:\U:'I dt'ni, h<\ppen ta t.ht-ow chi ldr-en (j·f thE' rë\ce '-.lnder the:' f:.i\t-Q Qf Captain Haugh~on, there ~Lght then be a better- oppor~u ni ty o·r ac:quir'ing rneans of 1 i ngLI[·;r,tic Caf(lllll"lIl1l ..~l:l on .. (Fltche lf:3ôt:'266) F'or"tman h""d this say about the qL\ë:\11ty I::>i t.lm coll ected by Ti che'Il and others dUl~ i nq th 1 S pel'" i 0(1:
vr..lr:,.Ü"lUJr""y
M.:\jor Ticf'ell had some r·-=pu1.,atl.ori ,::\8 i::l l LIHJlllst, and 1 have bE'en care+l\l tCl publi.::.h iUle! cor",'"&!I:r Ull-;) aCCOLIn ts aild 'IocabLiI ar l es of the 'r~nd.~\m,'n(-·';I-:! WI-11"\:'?11 b'l wou] d-be sc l erlt 1 fic. ob SerVf:lf S. ... n or'cter" tel:.. hoIN . t I\.JW very incorrect an Idea a persan may form of S~Y~q8~ Wl th whofO he has but a st'lOl';,t acqUtal ntall(.:e. J ~;hC:HN llol QW haw incorrect and YialLlelet:;s Major Tich?L l'::i VL1(:"ÜJlll.i\lr y is~ and hav. Il ttle doubt th~t the numb~rle~s slmllar short: ,accounts of other savarJ!:1<:'" and t h ..:n 1'" vue ,Ü..l U la,'"ies. published by cdsLl.al Vl.!:nto,~s tel tlleU" cOllntries. are equally valueless .nd inccrre~t. ~nd would' warn students aga1nst lhem.
He went on
ta pOInt
out:
should ~e remembared that such ~c~Qunts a~ Ticl:ell's dnd Oudhnath's. (also Dr". Dd'y"s and Admirdl Becher's ), have been. and sti l i ~r~. accepted as cor-rect by those .nthropologists whQ ~re not engaged ln or 19in-3) res(~.:!rch' and dO(~I1l<"::' 211'"':' l ''1L;j down, . .and theC)rl es enunC'J db:ad by f:Hi!\dl ng sc J 81"lr.'J f ,1 r:. 108f1. which dt-e incl\Jrr"ect, b81ng of Qunded (ln 1 nc:on~I:!(::;i: \ data .. (F'ortma11 1899: t .. :::33) \~ It
Major ;
b
Il
See also (F'IJr'trntan 1899: l ,:::::45). TH8se c:ornlnents ,;Ir'i? (.lI' '::'.ilisuj'2r,JbJ 1':> Lnterest ln th-at they cll::?t'\rly pOl nt out lht~ e~:(;: lLl~.j vl:?nIEt.:, ....J 01 1:t11' dlscipllnar'l perspecl:l';8 1r11-IJ.crl I:'r:lrtmarl h,_~d ,:;dopj,:~d !:ly the '-"'Ild nf the cen tury. Ar; he noted 1 the dl SI': l P ~ l ne ,,>,/"",, fOLtn:1ïtd cm ~.r.:(Jr ,"et:!: '
d<::,ta. (l' •
hl,story of I:hp. Andaman "Homer; ~~?e Màj~IITldar 1?75~·'~ For:16,> , -;"',f ~ 136Mathur 1985: 157-17'2. For ë..ç:ontemporr'wy 89. Slngh 1'178:1:24-141; .- , account see Por-tman 1899. ct
17.
Portman's commentr;
ln
thlS regard are
alse worthy of
______L
nQt~:
The .:.nly jJQsslble go.:oq that the \.Jr,.:.le affalY" ,:an hdve had was, that It Qverawed the Andamanese. showlng t~em that we were the m~sters. and they th~ ~ubJec~ race. ",no th,ar;1 whatever we,ml>c.ü,t dQ 1;,0 them, any unfrlendl'I d •. ti,.:;.ns ':on th8lr oart 'w,..)uld lé'ëuj tc,. soeeLiy dnu seveY"e punlStlment. In this manner, and by ()Lt, cQn!;att wl't;'h them throuqholJt t~le affalY", they oossibl'( c.bt':'\lneo d I-.nowledge ,_d us ·...Jrll':h smc.otn~d i:;tle way fc,y. rYlendl v relations af~eY"wdrds
~o
,S
to
Bv 1 '33U '::Jn] y •.:;.ne I-k.me r emal ned ':'0 en at Dundas Poi nt f P':Jrt Blair. It served as t'he headquarters •.:;.f .the Andamanese Bush Police CMathur 1985:172).
• .l '3.. -'
The full text of
repr •.:;.duced ln Appendi VI. . i '
20. .21.
t~llS
letter
15
l,
The fol1O::'\.Jlng is F'ortman's assessment of CoY"byn's tenure a<s first officer in charge of the Andaman Homes:
22.
,(
<1
With the resignation of Mr. Corbyn of the charge of the Andamanese closes a perlod of our relatIons with them, and l wIll briefly comment upon it with the llght which our subsequent dealings wlth them, and thelr and Mr. Homfray's accounts of Mr. Corbyn's doings, afford. Colonel Tytler appears to have been orejudiced agalnst 'the Andamanese fY"om the flYSt, and te. have .:c,nsldeY"ed a represslve pOllcy 'towards them neces~ary ln the interests ( I f the Settlement. Mr C.:,rbyn in deti:nnlng and fetterlng them 5eems, at the flrst anyhow, to have besn actlr1Ç/, wlth the sdnctlon '.:.f the SLloerlntendent. Durlng the tlme he was establlshlng \rlendly relations \.Jlth' them, Mr. 'Corbyn's .:cmduct was .:eJrtainly most judicious, and he was very ~lnd ~o the Anti~manese, and really fond of them. The establIshment and farm at the Andaman Homes, to whlch MaJoY" Ford ob)ected. was in its wrong place on Ross Island, but withln a few years afterwards Mr. Homfray hdd opened simllar \fdrmS and ~lardens ai. thl-~ AndamC\1î HornE's1 U10ll~lh 111 cil ::5-:;ant )ung:e sta~l,:ons. Anel sll.:h ,_-onClnUE? co \.:!'dst \;.:, the iJreS2flG day; Mr. CO:'rbvr1 l,o,'AS o:.·nly 111 cld'v,=:\n,_~ ,~,; Ill5 ~,J,1i8. ~.Jl\;n ;lc\d ,:d., fl
Il
C ~ , .. t-
Yt~llayd
Lïh~ l
1
\~O
l \.:\ rj
~: . l t-!
1120: ,;
theln,
t~rrl?"~t t;\\~-?\
~. , \. (':\ ( 1t=- '::> \
,_"Ù
thl~
.~ljd,3.{n(4ItC~\t_\l
Il
11 t
l~
r~r-'..) ,1 1. S
1-:::.lY
L\
~~~' ;l~_ ~
-: ri ':.
1
il:
~\/~t- ~....l~Sl l,2 ..
G n 1 -=
=; Ll t
1 e' _
-'
• ,j
":1I1.~l)1.'2 '",,:-\,J .1. 1 : J-'U._\,t- I-nt_~'. c\lld gay,=, i.,lem cl senc.;e
HQmfray's
mea5Ll'''--~S
tH''; "-"'I::))"-,:::O':;<:;\V2 l.,...
subsequent 332
u
,n"", "''- >.:: ,h",el f our- .:J'_" .... er.
succe5sful
deallngs
r
Ina~. l
Wl
th
ng
~1r.
them
,
,
"
o
o
1
easier. The Andamanese. on the whole, sJem ta hava llked Mr. Corbyn, and dld nct rasent his treatment of them as much as might have been expected. No. doubt th 1 s. as weIl as the iTlurders at the North Ol.ltPOillt. brc~e off for d time our frlendly relations with them. buta V'lo t tq' '50 great an e}( tant t"-\S Maj cr Ford tl?lough t. and the Outpost murd€:)r WdS the i 5,01 ated act 6f twn m~n. nei ther' of ~-JhQm ""ere ccm~~id~\rt~lI t.a be "qol::>d éh,'\i"<\cters" even by th~ir fellow trtbesmen. and was nct an act of consptl'"ac'1 on the p~"-\rt of tt1e whale tI~lbe. TI:. occl\I'ed exactly d~ stated by Major ~ord. ~ho appear$ to h3V~ be~n the fl rst supe''"lntendEmt who hdd any ~1~8,iÜ appn~·· cldtion of our d~dltnys wlth the Andamanese tram ~h~l~ point of view. Slmilar murders have Qccurred Slnce, but h3vE'2 Inet-el y rc=sLll ted in the j ndl vi dual 5 CtJnt.erTlt:.!cl b.)~ pUlil shed. the remai nde,'" of the- AnrJ ...'\méH'\€h5f", Il~l p 1 I1n I. L1 àr·j.-t?~:;t them. [l was. l1owever. very l1i::!cessary Ln "i.htJ~"i::! \::drly chf-fl.CIJlt c1ays," as l''\t.-. Hom'fray Llsi?d t:rJ dm;crlbr~ them, ta t"ü t? severe not! ce of any act of hClmt 11"i t Y \. lr' treachery on the part of the Gavages, however (ilLICh t!lf?';o' ITI! f,;jllt have bf:'?en pr~ovo~' ed •• The Al1dê'\ma!18<.iF.l on Re)':;;'.:; 1', l.:mrJ dL sI i ~'ed thEn r Erlgll sh t?duc:at L \..ln ~ and 011 t l l ] s :\r:l:Ol'.nt c.h~y e~caP!fd. ; The princlple (nLst.:ü:e in Clllr d(;:.:ülnQ'·. wil:h tht:! And.::-tmanese at' th L S per i ad was. thr-'lt bath tI1E"..' SLIP"'>''"'' l nt~ndent and 1''1r. C(JI~byn appt-?ar tCl hdve b!:?E.H1 nn !.éd: (~11 up ]n gual~dll1g ~qëd nst tlle 111-dtJinqs oF tht1 (":-'n cJ amanese, that lt never oc:cured te them te td~8 ~ny prec<'\utlo'1S agail}~;t the mlc~condL!ct of th(:;! r-!,:w.::\] Gr".! q<.\-\ desmen. and th~ convlcts who w~re asSCC\~t8rl wlth th8'5av:.'\gep ln the Hom(::); thlJugl1 é\ pt?"'s;u<~l \~f thE'.? hlSI:ol"Y of OUIt" rel ë\1:1 ons W l tJ~strrd J.i:\n and ·.:-\sm<:.~n L:\r1 ;-ibor j gines, an-cl th"" narr-atlves of travf~lle,~:; ln the j.sland".:; of the PaclfiC Ocean. wouid have ~own thorn wh~1: inva''''l.ablv foU aWE'?d the mi:n.ng 01 CCJrI'ILCt<:: (,1r men:h"nt. Sdl lors (of ""hom I:he l'lavaI BrJ gade wa'3 cid et 1 y . èomposed) with savages. The Andama'lese. a'len ncw '5p!-:a~ l:Htt!:?rly of tl,.,.~ treatment they. r·ëc~ vr..:!d frof!} ttJe~e men, and l'1aj or Fon'! -:381.?ms tci Ï1?Vp. suspec. ted the e~~ i -?ncf-" 0 j t-.h€' ml ~:;d/Ji ngV~\i Q-f ELII~ap8aris and conVl cts; but 1 t 15 .-Js1.:oni,shl nq t:ha t: none of his predecessors should hdve done sa. and that nb one should have considered that the Andamane c 8 n:!quin:!d to,be prcltucted <~\I'J':!\lnst I.\S, ql_\lte ,~s mllcli ë\'-j we requl red ta be pr oteè tt.:?cI ,.agal nst th~~(n (j='(')r'bn,ii('
.
J
\ .
..
ft
st
\
'.
1899:I,479-481) •
o
l
)
Portman's account dlrectIy cQn~radlcts commpnts bj Corbyn tu ~hü ef f EI:t that Andamanese r:CJul ~ bEl f~d ~f qod unf i t for E\')rop~,;\f) consumption
.,
>,
~:lll
hure':;. A ,ev ,feAtwr~ ,;.f the systP.În Wd5 the 0I'"C":85;;:; IJf QY~(:= ",WIn/ë ---- l,hem, and '"ÇllVlnO ,them "a sense I:;.f I:JLII'" DOWe1""." rL,rtheymOr8. ci\S lcmÇJ dS the dlff8renl:e i:re'Cl,4leen thl?-t;wl:J cLtltUyeS would' l:on!;lnLlE t0 88 cast ln cerm9 or raClaI and eve:utlenarv ~UOeYLOr~~v. ~~e hl~yaYchlCdl relatlonshio oetween th, two cultures would remaln. , . CI.Jr-byn descl"J,bp-d the Inlt~ i:3.1 'attemots_to establlsh I:ommunl1:,31;11:111 JI1 hl::' yt:?oorr; te Tytler oated 2nd JLI:;'y 186:;~
(
\
...
.. .. f'
fi'"'
,. 1
.
Abl:JU t t ~lree week.?, or near- 1 y a mon t; h _ aÇlQ, seime mo\-J~ of, the" tr'lbe havln'g been seen on the malilland at Nl::orth F'I::Olnt, a party l:of 'Sall.':Jr-s was despatl:~led, Wtll;:O brought bac0 dn Andaman~se woman. the wife"of JumbO~ ~nown as Madam Cooper and now called Topsy, and a boy~ supposed te be a brother- of one of the oy]soners. 50 on r.\fter the!r arrlval, l propl:ls~d tl:1 LleLltenanc-Co~R1"1el Tytler to Instruct them all ln English, and they~ere brought to me dall y tQ the S'LÎper i ndemderit', s h,:tuse 1 tl:t learn the EnÇllish alphabet. " Our first IntervIew was of a ver-y dr-oll chdr-acter-. 1 showed them books wlth plctLlreJs, endeaVOUYlng to make them trace, and Identlfy, and pfonounce by name ln tt,"eir l':It,.Jn language eaeh c,i the objects' reoresentèd. but when we afterwards turned to the alphabet. and tney were made to underst~nd that it was te be frequently rspeated tlll committed t,:o memory, tf'1ey ~fel:ame impatient, and at first attempted to avold the·tas~ 'by • jesting and shoutlng, and aftsrwards by othey expedients, such as pretending that thel~ 'heads ached, or by divertlng attention to ~ther trIvIal matteys • B~ 1:I:;)aXlng a'1d huml=ttri,1g, them l succeeded for sl:ome time rn fixing their atpentio~, teaching Qne by one, for it was ImpossIble to keep aIl to the ~ask at the same time. The boy wuuld rush off to one end of the ~oom and dance and shout deflance. Madam CoopeY would fling herself into an easy chaIr, ,and once, before 1 had time to check her, threw herself at full length on a bed on which she lef~ the marks of h~r body bedaubed with red mud. Anotner wou1.d run to the dl:Jl:Jr and .:all for judder (I:ocoanuts) a"nd Panl;)Q rwater), oy as t't,ey more generally called i t -- "tIn pot, water, ": or a Il ght for a cigar (the use of which they had learrtt fyom the sailors), QI" else sei~e somethlng on the table and set the rest Into s~reams of IauQhter by his remaYks and grImaces. 'ThIS insane froli~ weuld go on from day te cay, r.\lmost baffltng IllV "efforts tl:O Civlllse and lnstrLlct. them. r was clbllgecl c:"\t leng;;(l i,':J use l:oer.':1.ve m~asures, Whld1 :-lowever were not wlthout: l'"l:5f. T.:.r'whene\G!l' they WeY2 slanoed. t;;lev t,..'Quld slap l i l (:~tLirn, ,,,nt! u.,t-'> 1.",.".t",ay ':I~' Ai.JÙS1\r-:' 1'"(::?lnèH'~::'. I,.,.")L,:I~ cr "'VI='~t~C: , 'r ,'C'\fS
1)1
<.
~dl..lÇJ~lte.,...
jy-ctln
tj~E::!
r;-es:-;
ct,',
fn~1
el\r.:;~?n- ...~.
' ..\
,:.ne d~v ot"C'Lloht '. . . i t;rl 111111 a iJl.:,d~ Lil. a,','::: ",,1"-.:"1 r rorced" hlS ~t;'\;ent~'::'t~ 'tl:' tUS less10n dS LSI..'c:I..l. ,1/ noldin'Q ~lls"l~1ead over the book and maklng tllm rtFoea.t the lett~rs, he pOlnted i~ at; my eyes wlth a sign that
"s~vaCle
en
b,.:,\.'
334
he
would
pierce them with lt.
unl~~s
l gave up
th.t
obnoxious mode of teaching hlm. 1 am glad te say that perseverance ln my course has bêen rEw~rded by the unqLlestioncable proQf eNhlblteg that the Alïdc:\marh:~$~" who arE' most li1'1ltatlve a\nd PO!:":ls(?ss~d, ..:lf t?::tr.aor.J1.nary memory and qLllC~ lntel11(Jence~ llIay sucn (~cql,lJ.n:.. ,"ILl!" langlla\ge, and it .11.::\5 just1. f L\-?d Illy CJplni\::ln th •.\t r~ .nU.:!l hlqher object lid ght be ë:\tl:cunt::?d ln t.h,,:? \:(jlnpLll~)I' v c.C)nflnE'~ml::?nt 01" the~,t? saVë\ges t'hc"~n t)\Ewely Ilnpl"!"',;;,',HIi\; the"m ~'ath a sense ..:li: OLlr 111:H:!rc:dlty . . .and the q!?nl',HOt\~ t r~a tment. they e:: p ~,~ l Emt:e. wtn c: Il. (~s s<~\V ::\':.le'.;. ,-\I\c( Wl t"H h01.lt ~Llt-e en11ghb-:nment. l:hev WCIU] d IJ!-lI"'11~~p,5 11\:IL l.InUer'stand. QI'" 'TIl ght loo~ \.\~nn .;I!:,.:\ l~ewë.'IY"d for" th"?1.r bLlffoonery'. ë:\nd the sport they c:\f forded te) tl1ü Si"U. lon; and oth~rs who vlstted them (Pol"'tman J899: I.379-~al).
o
Slmllar tactlcs were used wlth the J~r~rwa~ and Ung0s lwanty ,),t-ears la.ter (Portman 1899:11. ïL8,T:u,7:',1l:749,8 1 (:--8 1):',Ol:2,i, IJntiJ 11er dea th. dLlr ±ng an attl-?mpt ta 8sc.:\pe f,"'om the r-'I::l,'"t LI Itù il" Home ln 1864. Topsy was orie of the prYnctpal mediators between th~ twu cultures trortman 1899:I.:7:.406-4tl.~:~-4:7.454-455.465)~ 1 " , :~4.
See, for e:,ample. Prlor to the
th~~
form~tlon
1011m'ling:.
of our
"
s~ttlement
ln
1858,
~nd
for some yi?ar s 3 f ter. i t J ~ C 18ar] y stwwn, '-t:lm tl"l'l;! e,.:trly rE?c~:wds of IJW- r'elë:\ti\JI'1;;; l/'IIlth the 'abC:lrlçpnf:'s"'. that e;~ trŒfTle Jealousy and dl stru·;t pl~evr.ü] 8d <3mDnl:J ,and >=VElC"' ,,\fnunq <":;r.:..
:adj aCI:1nt tles of rE":iulted
trJ. bt::!';mI:11'1.
fifteen or twenty ml1e5. Of the ~9 L9=lY ~~i=~ ~~ L!= t§~ !=~ ~~ l~=~lfr Q=, and ~Al!=~~h~c~~c= trlhea. thOD8 lIving
in"
and
SOLlth
Andaman i t waS not tl11
remalned
1.n
Ignorance
tlll aIl
1879-80 that mamriers of trtbes of GreAt And~mAn (l~§~. Lncludinq tho ~ê::!:..~=.!.!2~l . ~~~= of t(;1e Archlpp-L~go) rW81'"e I7\ble t.o fTli'-~et 1877.
the
elgh~
.,on irlendly I:erms ai: the varlCILl:, !kWH?S WI1!Ct, :'(,;\d been p.stablishèn for some years.
1.I1\·JfI
Homfrey h,-ad been ~hl:? aSslst;lnt to F'8'1ererld H. (:I:Jr'1yn, th8 of the f~ndaman Ho,m8s, 1:]11 thr;? lattsl... ·s resignë:\i:lon in ~864. Homfr-1-1y then too~ ol/el" tr.elr .:ld(fitrll'.:;tr~,at'J.(JIl ~ t1l1 1874. ftJhen he ,",as sl.l\:ceeeded by F.E. Tu~on. TIJS>C'JI1 oniy-hf?ld th!':? post for a y'Eë'I'''', 'I~hl~n he w'~'s SLICi':i?1-1de 1j b)l l'km.
J.
N.
fl!~st
admlnist:r~twr
:25. ,See for e::ë:\mple the following: ,
o ~
At
·the
present tlme aIl the tribes ln. the Port Blair are on'~most friendly l'''elationshlp wlth the Executive here. One ~f the settl~ment
nel~hbourhood
of
ha~ l t ; as hlS speclal duty. to loo~ afte~ them. On one of the lslands here. called Vlper Island. ther'.:! i s a "Home" for the ri::cept t c>n clf sueh hea"1 thy tnernber's of the jungle t/'"lb~s" . .:\!::, III f:? to come ln. Here tl"l~y al"e 1,'H?ll housed and f·ed. 1 n el: change they tnëÜ'e bows, ~pears; and v~rlOU5 rude ornaments. apear and stal~r.~ L\P t-u'l~tle. '~~ ': •• and by the s<:d,Q \:Jf th<:?S8 a7.\gment the C3rJvernml?nl: g,~ant c.llol.-'Jed ~Gr tr~l::lr S'_\PPCI,~t.
offlcers
(Dr~nder
rI
'26.
~l~g~~C
L880:~16)
LW'(jE-' pr')rtion clf the 1='2S.~1 §~;,~:!;,:l;@@!:!.. !il~Q1ê
~re
~lso
Ib'@
~erbatim r~eport. lR()l'
found reproduced
'~Q9§ffi~Q
bj
T~mple
hi!
r
':~7.
~vë-\ns~
fol"" 8l~ample.~ the fiJllowlng apo:m.l.ng cutnmer-.t.'S by Add''"ess to the Alithl~opC)l og~t:a] instt tute I.n 128:':
See.
e:: pr-ess l ng
c!ahn
1~8gr\~t
.::\t trIe r-'t-eSl dent' S occ:aSl0n. the Cha1rman 'br~8fly revlewed thE? wor~ 0+ the InstltLlte durtng the past session. In thlS 5urvey h~ dwelt espeC:l~lly on the v·:;\lLlabl<: p.:\pers t-'Ihich h,.:td b':!E?1l c:onl:r-1LJLltlJtj l'J'I l'it-. E. Il. Man. Wh05Œ careful observatlons dur lng a resld8nce of eleven y~?ar<3 ln tht~ And~\mi:ill 1,=,L:\Ilr:Js lloêld enablt=od lum tC'J pn.:lsent ta the Instl tute ,3. Full P.I~ and nh.:iI'-e ï.iCCUlrdte ac:t.:ount Df t~Îe 1 nllat') l Lèlnts ltîë\n 11.:\cl bC'!l"2rl \~F'vP.fî lJy .::\r\y, pl""eV1ClLlS wrltl:"·I~. lt Wè'\S sat].S~ëil.:.l-ïJI-y {.u IlCd:'L~ th2'\t ln the pr"'8pë'll'-aticlfî of hl <.; !Jc:;;'P'.::)I"S . .Jn . lhLJ ~~ndaln3n8'_1e 1"11 • M'3rl tldd I::lf::en m<::dnly gLIIJ1f~~ by thE" lll<;3tI"'LlI:tlcms III thl.? volume clf "Notes and Ouer'lcs ':Jn {-~lll:::'ll'-LîpoloQY"" ,,-\nd ln fdlc:t . these papers mJ glit al mO~'3t be n?qc:u~dE,d ~s the ll".'3 t -f nJi t s of th at u~5e~ LI l WOI~ 1. (E\,.:\iI S 188::;: ~'56 -~) "
After
unavo]dable
absence
en thlS
+
i'I:"'.
E.
11.
Mvln
CIJtl1plE-?t':J<" IllS
e::cf~l]ent
.3flû
t-::·:,:·11~1U,:;tj'!(?
'rIOI-~
on
o:Ü')U\-lqlnal Inh;::\bltdnb5 oi:\t:he Af,d:.ï;n::ln Isl-:tnr:ls. ,"lilleh I t lS prc:Jposl.~d ta lS';UI? ln tht:? {or-m cH a St2pë\t'"ate InùnC}ÇJi~aph, and W!ïlcll tt'hi!
.
il) \-.hë.IL· ':lih,'-\pe In,IY '5t:'rve ""':; éI il1\Jd81 fOI'" ei:f-;'llJl 0']1 st·.:;. 1 r -Fcl1.'.:)I",r; thr-Ol_\gllOUt tll,~ tlil!'-'?'::; ]~\l\j clown Lil the BI'-LtJsh (-'IS''30Clattr.:Jr1 volL\ln(? l..lf 'NlJt8S :\ncl ':lu''=I-li;~S on éîlll::l~-'.Jp'Jlogv 1 :inOrl, U3~3:.: 251).
'28. P,Jt-tiT1,-Hl hc.\S pOlnteu ':Jtlt th.:<1: i"I,""': ct;,:)~:il'ln<':\tl,.:m 'Jt .bo Jlqn'JL J1- ~"n\JJ11~I-nCJIJ1-d,~\ TIJt lhe South t~ndami:\n tI-lb(~ =:\nd dL<:\lec:t Ile Wë:"tS descr-lblnçj \,r::lS 1I,Cm-n?cL ëlS l t m':?ant , ourl'-,;?L",-\:ions .. ' Th;~ corn=:ct naIne It./~S "Ai ê\--F~pa-d3" (F'or-tman 1890: TI:6:::::'. Al\:hmlqh P\::l\~tman IAlent on ta Ct-ltlcl:::e t1ë\n an a r1L1mber 0+ oth8r points. he nevet-tl-,,,,,l E'~,~:; pOlnted out: '->
(.
Wlllle
,
,--~
commentlng '.:ln ':,olne of
the 8rr-ors l!>Ih1Ch occur
ln
bOQ~,
l t lS ,:lnly I-lght !Ln" Ine tu ),_\y th ..\L. to wt-lte ~ SClentl f tc-:'\llv ._~cr::ul:d t' the Àr.damane~;(? tht:~ nu,ntJE:>r (){ ,thi'.!C'p ,'0'1 l ,n-:. 1S remar~ably sfnëd l, and ';J,?nr~I-~'Ill\' unJlnpm-L,\nt, l'it. 1-1.,\1) l S to be c:angl-atul3.ted, d.ftet" h=\\1flq tJ,.:'t.01l 111 L'lldrll,> I-It the AndalndnF'SE:· fot- "J'_U- ;',-'c:\r::; "rd'(, :\1111 11.\\ lflC) Il,\,1 1",'1 oppm-tunlt(?s, 0+ V) ~_;) tlilg tll" cJl'_"",::\I.\- LI-th,::;, .Ill ll."\\ l,'" l'it-i.ttnn wh,:\t 1:; ;;1-1l1 I::-,e ':ir.H;'_L:.\rii ,'-l')I"! l'l", tilt' ,~,I\d 111\" nese:; ane! L",hc-\t l~.>, l L)Glèv"\i', consl,h'I'"",1 ~Iê l,,:, Lil,"' fIr-st au:ount of a SdV \g,? 1-:ICl:! 1",'Cïwdt:?c1 LII "\I~,:C), ';,-\lH,' with the f-cqLlln?,nt?nt~" (:Ji t.,C}>:I1C€-? 11:,:\[1 ,,-t:\!..-, Il','111 -:::per18nC2 that th,;) 8~: l Cjt -?r1C8 ,)1 hl'::l \"01" 1 \1<::1'" IHu,:l'l 1 11gl1tened, the l,,".{boLw ,Jf lïl~, ,o;u~C(-":,'::)~r-s ,,~rld ,",,\,> n~'ndl.'r\"'d fLll.... ther r-E?st-?drcll lnto Ult? ,:ustOIYl')" t~'LL •• of lI18 1'~llI.L.:III1<' fH?SE'. ",,"as] ~:?~ LhëUl l t \o,J()u] d l)th,-'I'·Wl ~:;o hMV,~' tlt.;.)en (F'ul' l:mri\ll 1 S'-=?9: TI. ,:, -:'5-,::' -~.-S) •
Mlf.. Man's for- a f i r s t account of
o
='\ttempt
.4
29~ ~
III the ]1it:~-tJduLLltJn 1:0 Ill'..; F:lf.3-', Il,\P(?t-. t1;~1î d~'..';(:t-IbHd his' \.h\t::! of ~g!;§§ §DQ Q!d§L"l§§ 90 B!:.!lh!:RBQl~,Hl'i ..HIll thl? rofe of t.h(;) Andél\lné-\Il Homes ln th8 constrùctlon ~f hJS ~thr1ogr~phy:
"
thase pOInt'::> ln l-eg_'Ilr't"j 1::":1 Whl/:h l "llT1 ,.:")Inp~'lllf-"j" ln tllC-? ilit'::?I~ests of tl' Llth z,I-,cI !';Cl\:-"?nc,:~" to \ Ull i:1' ,u.1lC I the accounts L1T IJt eVJIJU~, \t'JI Lt'o"ré.", ! 'l:l/l? 1"j'_',_'I) ",p';:>c-" ially ,c.:1lr-etul 1:e, CDI-l'-olJDI".::\l:€-? d l l IÎI',' st.;\t("mc!J,ll.~). ifl WhlCh endf,?àvOI.lf) [ h,:,\\o·.:' CleE'rl ql'r.:l::\tL>, ,1'_)Sl~-)I:I:).j .\r.. 1 lo'J(Jltld on
hel~e
<.\clnowlpd~F::'
.:\ffQr/j!'"~d
(ftL".
by
U"H;~
,l,ly
tilt?
hr:>lp
ql'-:\tc-'f
l
'.:;,,\-iLl (.'1 <-: ri n r: 1
vulume! plJbIJ'>h,~d -" 11'\'1 '1,'.'11-'; ,~ 1- 1 (j r, fil" t. l ,(" (-) ri \1 . \ Il " ,., Iii , -, 1i 1. cl f
lflV:'\lll,\!./lt;",
"
;; 9 Cl b)(, t ffi:· F~ 1'- J t l ,-=, h SClenCt? \'IJ th I-IF: ut'J",(~I: Or- E\l.ilnq r.1 _\v(:'llf'I~~. 111d nLhl.'l":; i n the i J" r' (::) s .~: <1 Ir C Ir I? S '-, 1T, ClI'\f;; ''> ,-, ,,. ,,( p:- c, ~ n ,-j l , 1l ': l '11 l j "_,, J fi.::\tLOn.::> -'- 1I-,C\.::"_', 111',1" ';;_'1 1 :I,_t l l I"t, /1-' \t'Jill' l ,'t.! ,~If)(.l,-,I entil-ely LlpUn LI:E' lI1E-S tl-I',?I'-\~In l'ollel drJwn . • • • d LI r- l n (] r IlE? I-? l ,·::v,:.-n '1"'-7:'" IJr:;; [ p < l':; ,_, t?d ,-d_ !:t-, L? f1f1 cJ c\lnan Si • [ I J il ad c I-l c; I~ 9 f'? " 1- LI ~' r< p E~ r 1(:J cj r?:' f c? n 111 Il (J rj v e l' (LIli 1'- ï f} a ". ~; • of the ';JC1ver-ll,n,:JnL home:, ,,''':,L d:-)I l·::;h(·tl \>Jll:h "t \Il~'!',-.j ,)+ r-ec1cuming th'=:SI" i](:?cjpl2" ,:,':, ~,31' .::'tS pcj';slbtç.... frlJin th8ll" savage st,d....::-,<' 1 1;,1 -IS LI"II\'_, \:hl-',)\AWI Il\uch in t:Qf1~"_1Ct /,'11 th i: Il ~Hn. 3r1 cl il ,:-,rj ';p '=.-c 1 ",1 L op li or 1: lm l t les:; 0+ o\:) S(21'- '/1 ng "',,,dl P(,?!;: Lll i ,71f~ le., , Il'kll::"- h 1-' J' f ) { P; 1 ;/S 1 (lU>::.~', 'l~- h ';'1[; l t. c; , C I.l~, 1:I:lill<:3 " ~)IC • • ta ~,OIIl(:O' Dr vilH,_h ,:;1"1:,/1 Ij'o' ,-.blc 1'0 rjl"'{~..:'t: ',Iill.1r" i:1ttentJon b;/ ,IJI',II"':: uf ~:h,'J fJi .. :Jt'J(JI~,3plls Itl!1LI:h l Il,~'IC' bnJuglit f r:w Y'.J'_U' 1 l', "P?L t l ():-, , :1n._1 I::ly li me-11 qht l 1 J • IStr
The pcnn1:-; 1_,-, bf::' '-lotl~C: ln 1:hl::c.~e l':f1tnITl1-1nt,·, ~I-" 11.-l,r,':. adnm'llerJgf?flli'?nL of ',:Iv:' ("(J!:' f)f tj~~tfÈ2 ~!jç! Q'::l~'!:.l~?~~ (]r} (~I}I-r.!r-,I~W,)IIJ8/, -='\nd the ci?r,tY"c.1 1 '.J,J";G"l'vc\t 1 f_Jn,:1.1 L:onL~·,:t: PI'CJvl(j/:?d IJI t!-,I:.l't-kjmç..;~~. Hl_ï use of pho tOÇJr,:;.pi-,s 1::; " l su Ilotc~wor thy. 1
;:1) .
o
::1.
Cl t ....
Se8 a150 Man
'J
t~ no_/?
/
::::~.
'"
1885:
(
____' .....
lt
h~d
rn t
e~~ample.
foy-
'31:?2.
Man's
commE:mts to
thl.S
e-ffect
Lé";
lntl::>r(?~,t.ing
been
rel~gJl0d
j~odr.l':
':
1
ta n0te that the ~heorles oi ra~lal orlgln t (J t h 9 t11 0 r- 1=. C] en e r .~ t :-.nd h L StOI~l céil
on •
r,=,mdy-I ~'. '==:OCf:?pt wrlerp-. ol:hpt·W1S,,:;! t b (2 t (Il ci!2I'- st 0' J(:! =lS n;?ferl~ln<] to tl12 e1.\]ht ~rjlJc)s \.:>t Grec:.it 1~lnU:\rnc:.\f/. for- the contlnLI;?d ,wld llï\II.'?te-,"',7I1"e host 11 J t Y {tH I.:h WllLCh thE"' 1 rï ~i ::\ b] t =-t rl t S ü t 1: IlE? '- 1 t t J e h", ,/ F~ h l. t h t=' r 1: (J fi ,".: t a l l IJ U r (~nd<.:\m~~n, 1 nO','111 ''l':; •.J:~C~~:~·, r-I,jV'-~I-j(: (,2-_0 --1'1,1 ,.1: l''':III!ï I,.j I:u :;,<,t _,h t l '5i1 ,III S:Cl1,~rl~€ ~gC~ll..il~ h(:I~ r::?l1cJerc:.·cj If, 1::':,tr'~ln,?l,/ dlffleull- tCJ Obt0.LrI" 'i'llel-, lt.~<:5';; sub~;l:<3ntlr;\LI?" ô'lny lIl1 IJI",ïl'31:1un t.:(Jrll':f..?,~I-,LI·,q tl,9111 <11""" 188"':;: 7:2) • • Thl.? f l., 1:'1.:1 ,
foll(,I'Jlrl I 1
'~P r...le J
IOU ~-=
f",~
The ell::Jht j i q-f1 gî' J i -
1.
.'.
4• 5. b.
JI lE:!S r"IE.'r-e Il sted ,3S Lbc'.:?ë:d 1 =\Ilgllé.lgE:):
• (~. 1
d ~- J :"i r ~ J-
••':; • 1
~
. bn . J . d-- 0 ~
f c: 1 J ows
(.L
n ,
J
-- .. 1: hg· Ir' j cl r -
q-"y:'\bJ Ü· L"i c.~ 1 ..3,. 1 ~ - • 1 .:;tj. l':--
.
~
.
1
-.
1 ;~ .. " 1
ô 1-
â9~!Ul f)Q~j'~~TI~Q 7.
• b.S· J
1.
l;)-llq1"~~-
IDb.iIt U.. 1.l Q.g LU: t.l~~ 6Q~t~~r]§Q qc <1:r:.!;
l(~'Ol
tl,e
(~hat'l
=:lQ1 §g~~b.§I~:Q CC2r:.t:i_2Q'2
\2i
'~I l (=1 ,:~'.!l~j r:l
:-l'Jc~l\rr~
trl~ot
tflbes h:'Id bE'en dl fferentlatc:d.
l~nguaqe
1908: 2(S) :
1.
(t1an
~6-':::-~6'+ ~ 19-:':~: ~(:: 1 1] --:: ,; l '1) •
,="r-
3::8
they were as
follaws
In
lanan.
,..,
o
~'of'"a
.
Ta.bo
4.
Yen?
c:-
,J.
f-..ecle
-'
1.
Beë\
,..,
'8a 1.
.
"'
~,
-'
BOJ l';J'/âb
4. .J LlWèH c:-
F Cl 1
-.J.
j
In 19~9 T8mpl~ m~Je th~ followlng trlbal d3strlbutlon and dlfferentidtlcn dt
c. ClmnH:'1î l':, tn~
turn
, llJ i.1Ll t 0~
th~
..:entLlI'"Y:
?"\ r
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TI-L!.J"d <11'.'1::;101\5 oF l,hl? nilrJJ(Ti,'\n,-"ïC' I('jl'l',} 'Nnll" te) thE' :.utIIO,-lrll?S Dt th>? 1:'lôn~11 SI"I:tlE?(I,r::'llt" e;:t:8ptlny thCJSL? ':IF tlv,:! Il)/'",1 ç'tnd 1,~dltJ" Wr.l 'h ,\lf'I',' .'1 l ';(.!:) , ver' ed d LW 11'1 Ç] th"", Cr:l- '-';u ':> op L'l' .:' t 1 ()rl c: • T ,_" <~': ~ I~ r-""ji':1'l t lr41, {,'I"I " ln J9(j(l, thi? 1 fl1r:t W2t-i=> ;jl31.~ll\/'::!I' ,".'.'Iii '-lI'.. l Cl ':=.r}'\ \1 (,1ClI' ,> =\cr:l,lI~ate]y, dl ff,:?r(:::nt"l:.t,:;,c!. ThC?'/ 1'",\11 L"11:>C?n \:}I-P/. JI.l'.',l,/ w>;>11 1 nDwn, thc:ll\sC'1'18S ër,:' .,( ';,f-'p II' "h:, 11' ft)f) WJ th A tl?I'r 1"\ Cil" Y èlnd"; \:ti"lgt\<:lq':.:' lJ:" i:hc::u' CH'JII - .. " 0 1 "t,(':,' ,1.S iC;)U() 1:: ,:..n "-, -::tiT\Dli"? IJ{ Lhf-J dl f(l,:ul ',/ Il", pl ,'},"III' III!) ,:tCCtW ç1 t:,:, Il'l i CJ1'"1T1':1t101'1 fl'"rJfTI ;,Llch IJl r ; (III II i'? ri" 1"".1'0'·\ '"',; ':h)·? (;ndam..:'ln8S·;? lt m,::\tt~.::,r,:,rJ !'ICllhlf'l'j I:,) t.I, /?fIl tl·I:11. 1 ur,:\ IOPII a.n d WCl([:E'1'1 h i:Uj b I:.'E?n i: 0 th f? 1-10111('" Û -f t h I-'J (-in cl ,tfll ,",\ 1If ? s':: ,-t 1 r'OI'"t r'n 11.- 3lïd 11=.d bH~n cl:;I':".l~-(j -:~: Ch,"(l l 'l", I~Ll 1'1'-'1 thOl.'qh 1: IJf tl'",,! 1T1ë:' t.i: 2r" ',J,:,;:' f,h.1r. U",,~:; ",::'f,,!J}:2 h.-,·J.1 '-l'J''ITI ':IJ be Ch,II'"1 ,:;1'". hllt tllc:. l: 1:1"1'2)1 !..,ncl ':\ 11 t h,~, {~lldéllT,,~rtf. '.':' 1 IH.1I'1 ~nown
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~h8 In r~gard ta the T2bos l n the lntericr of l th!? North Ptndaman. WhO'3E? e:: L st 2ncï= "'Ja~.,; unsuspec:tf?d IJ'I ., hi,: '1 autlïorlt18s untll thE: C.:?r,';:-,us. ll: W~1S +01..1111::1 th-:\t wh l cil were ln the s~me morLbulld conditlon ~3 th~t
..
::39
char~cterlsed
the Andamanes~ ln dIrect contact wlth th 1 S Wé1.S a remark ab l e F act. enqLll rIes wel'-r.:? lnstltIJ-t'?d. and th"? n,ltl'/es' e::pléinatlon of the Cduse ~f the destruction of Ëhe Trlbe WdS that they had ~ J J l,~,cJ ""-:'ach cJth~?I~ off ln c.onsr2quence of the lnt~?duc t JOli IJ f L h,..? corlt~\q 1 (JU:::; dl 58(;"\ 51? ,;;HIIO(-,gS t them by t r-,8 Ch <:.' I~ l ,t ,~ r.' n d 1 0 ,,- :.' TI' l b E '5 • l t l ,j [( r.: l iD ê f. _.:; f: L t' li l f f l cul t t Ci b.:1J'i',vr" th,lt <":\ -;-'~lb9. 110\-'J8'/81'- I"Ji~l(llll:j'/e, l'-Iould actu,;:1ll;/ ~llJ '_Jff the :5<' cl I::':J ~';;lJcl-,.;:m C!,'tt?nl ,Jr;-"",,:o IrJlP''? ~tsel+ out ln IJb(?..~lll?rIC'-? i:Cl '·J:l,:l.1: ùpp<'?':\ï ~> I:r_J h,,,,\'€~ oeen ë1 custom. Flut lrl~~tdrll:.-'C_) ·.rG: b: 110 m'2,:trl':; \'JéU11:ll1q \dht2r8 ll1ëH-'-!',3.qe ("_'.'3t>.':Jm'-5. fljl· lns i .3I"1CC:;" h",'!(? bE~t::,n r:Jer-sl<::~t,,,.'cI l'-\ b'/ ':"ç\v<::t'~JI\é'\ lOr1'J ,), '_(:1_ J t: must 11dV''":! b8COmf..? Cl(2,:'II~ I-c trie tr-II:)(::;:'smen \>oJhll:h€?r U"lt=::'y lI)~'r-,-· b~"ln~l l(~c:l (TemplE' 19:~9~ 1EUI~oreé'\ns.
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Th,,! p-.lllf-:::r III INhJ ctl tl\\?'::E' t:C1m(Tl.C?n~_s-) _In? found w 1S used ~ lit I:·I.:J Li u c: t l (J Il f: 0 th,:, 1'- (-"? P Ir l Il f: CJ r Il 1 S f ,'" !TI li ~; 1 8 tl-:::: p a p ~..\ 1'- • ' 0 n th 1:> ALJ()I~lglll ..:\l lrÜIë..~lJlt.ant'3 of UH:.-: And,-im<-\n lsl:ïnds' (11an 19-:,~:;::(Jv). ,., n
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th L7.l c1i:J(JI'-lCJlrl\~s h:~d be~"1"l 1:<3.~en" (I)~?llr liIJIIlIJ,_'r-r3 <-=tl'-e lJ\2yond douot 'r:lC'cl-e<::ïslng. \JWlnq 1:0 l n-tl~ odw:t 1 on cH d 1 S(~;i ~:;E', '1llcl 1 Il Ir~~~'1.cJl ng the f ül l 0 wi.rH] c"\ccClunt oi I_he jJL0opl,::, lI: IOUSt ,:-\jllld'/S be bor,e ln rT1111cl tl1,.,t tll;:l '.:-;t_\t'C'fl"?nl-S t h€?!"S'lrl illè:\JE.· n'?f er- f r=tt-\:JeJ y to a "t,:!1:I:? of ~hll-lg~S flt-:\r:;::lC0311y =tllr(~~\dv pass(2d ,:.i\-\Ië:\y .=H",d n8v(:?1111 (ll'1 rD tJ,::' 1-i1\,lvf.?d. Tl-,,,=-' 1'~.,3.Jelc"n 1AJ1tll~Jltl dlffl':ulty lJ'-:C? h1.3 dl~,CJ'"l-2tJOfi ln '3ep,'\r.3 r_llll] wh,ït IS f r- Dill IN Il • \ t- Il ,) '0, b .?Pfl 1 n th G r: DUr- ':;.~ CI t \-, J~, I=J E'I- SI 13 J (,:\n l:trl • 1 9(_1~3; ~:'~Î) .
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r:1l~~ tollowlny 1-,-?mL"lr-1 S Or! the tl~llJes 11: must bl: !Jul'-nE' III In.lnd th<'\t l:Il(2 statètlnent'5 tllerf?1n Illi:;ldt:=> 1'-pfc?lr l ~-\rqel y tCl d "t,-:d.,,? o~ thIrli]S ëtlr'~2dy p:\S~5~d "H-.J ,;,'\ v '\flel nE·'1el~ III t?l:, ta bE.' ,-cv:!.ved. Ti,t?, r,~ë\cler\:'èin withol.lt dlH-lculLy lJ"Je hl'_, dl'3C.1-,'!tl'Jn ln '::-,ep'=\1',.=.tlng ~'Jhë\t l5 fl~om wl"l<-'l.t h<:\~; bf?8n Hl th\:' ,:oursË::' Dt hlS p''?rIrt"?ddlnq
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the f011üwlng comment:
We are ••• nol dltogether unmlndTLll t0 posterlty ln thlS respect, -- a
::40
of what lS our dut Y dutv. perhaps. more
Fo::
-"
urgent than thé\ t of <,-my other I-.w,:mel, 0+ '3<:: l '-'n t l t 1. C. Investlg;:\tlon. <..\S I t l"-l111 not Wé\lt. l t must LJL"\ d()lI~l. lI' ev d't-. b e f CJ t- <2 t- h e i~ i1 P l ci S P t- t~ a d 0 -( ,: 1 v 1 l l SJ P d 1.1" Ii ) Il lu\, ,", i the wOlrld, ont'? l}f Lh!? illDst r ,:?m,:.\I'-~ ,:lbl,? Clldl·· ..\C Li'I'-J ,\ 1,-·, 0+ lhe ,,--I\V'? ln '·'hl,.:h l<J>:.J 1LVt.~. Il,:\:' Dblll:\'~r:\t"cll,lh.\1 J\l~l r:?lnr.uns of the 'Jt"\J] në:ü eus t.OI1l'::; , "\I-t'J, .'''ld LJ,'l i ·'t -, 'Ji ,JI-IJ111t-l\'(? r-2C':::':'-:'~ 11-, lnci"'l,?d, '1: hd~; ,lcd. _,IICr:.','·!·": 1', J 1 l:ç)() IJ f t:c?n 11\Jt::'S, - 1 fI .Il) 11 l ,-'t- ,:d_ 1 r"J 1: ),_, \, " . : )\_'111e,e j V'_'S; 1 r l C1w\~r 1 f:3C?F3 " 1 ·3 Q !.j.: :.2",':.)
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:,;
r
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the
world
r~gdrdlng
the Andamanese
(Portman
1896:371).
F'tJrtman's hlstory IJorl? few over-t mar~ S of ha\/lnl] been lriF1Il~n~8d by ~gt~~ ~Q~ Q~~CLg~ QQ aQtbCgQglgg~. !lIS references ta the h~'\ndboo~ 11o'?r-f? n-?'/eal Its !tilde di strlbutlon and use.
PI] though
R:,dr_ JI fi e-Bn.J"'Jrt Iloted J ri h l~:; pr,,,,f,,,lcE:? t h d t he W~<::; III th.? J'il"nd::; frolT, l'i l )6 1:0 19/)8. There lS, hfJWe'l~r" I~CJCison to bc.?llt~'/>:\ thc.t Ill':' (tJ;,\~;, ln f-=lc:i~. not ln i:.hr=? A/ld2m~lns h:w t_h€? ',~hole (Jf I-h':l'_ IJI-:!r-lorJ (StfJC~ Inq Fi8:'/19f-35:8'::':) " ft-\dcl1ff,?-RI~0\'-In'::; IJOCJ~ !tl<;;";;l hylJI~ld r-woriuci: DSClll:li:lrl(] br~l:\I'Jiôl(-?n êI dJac:tll-'onlc or- hlstOfl-/ 1 '\ 1:'°11 .::\nd <:,,/lIchn.lrll'- \JI~ D,);~~hE?l,nlarl
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host-
of
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adminlstl-atlve and pollbc:al The
tl"ansflgLwatlon
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and nOI""-mali.:atian
0+
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tè'.nt'su3tic:.
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ta
B'I the end 0+
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f~c:illtRtad
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voyag8.
If
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l'Jas
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executed provlde
l
COrll!.?r-':;
.t
a Ipeans of unfoldlng
eyes ~
1,111:1.
1 nits
wa~'e
Or
travet
and
?~t
.thi?
thf'? wC:1rld.
the Cclmercl
panoY"ama o~
dlr8c~.d
~ould
bw uuœJ
to
that
the nineteenth c:entury
,
betwe~n
CIÎ
o
011
dlsp13yed
,\
l'
bR LlneJér'.; I:OCld tu
the eye.
the> bl 01 ':)9 l cal hLlman
ëlnd ethnogr aphy c: an bc~
~an
eylJ.
Th~:
anal
11:S
01,1 1 C'"
.:;)ne t tes
ln the and
the
J
h0V~
en.jel"',~d marI? >5ub<:; t.
presented ln the
cltle 01 the thesls --
i,ç r:HlIi'J
methodalogy
345
for~gQlng
"(\/1
1
C:L!ll:.ul'·c\l
ob v
Ir 1C:21
Le
l:' LI l'" Op (-h\1\
clpenorJ Llp
W8r(-i!
the
oF
tome!
the wor'ld betor"f")
p\eop l es and C:L.lll:'UI"'I:;?S
blLleprlnt far an ethnogi"'apl'ï,
sh te:> dl-aw
':lna,1 ague
r.\lll"',t>:\V'~.
photochemical
trAvel c\
,anU
OUS.
routes,which 'fëW"
'-.;;te,:\il1bl\tf:H~
t.he c:entury.
j, !::lLl ~1
.:
Q
C"
• •.1
Echnogr'~~~Jhy
ïJf
thr.:,
appro~ch
te
th~
underlyll1g my
, of the pr'Odl-tctlon of ethnographl c >fI!> nlnete~nth
d tIlI.1. •
<
~:: l
~
Cjf
(')n
ln
presented
was
c~ntury
the
edge
Introduction:
the
'lnto SltbJl.lg3ted
n'JvJledgf.?
~"nowl
and
esoteric
the
branChes)
1
process of dlselpllnary dlff8rentlatlon. At issue" ln \\ the dl SC L\'':Eil·ons I pr8';(:..>nt~cj l~~' t.he pos:;'lbillty of a différent
th 1'" ol'IJh
,-'\J.\1
cl
Çi p.~h
ethhogr~phy.
for
'-
Implled
ltG
in
one
thp
posslbl~ity
vl!:lii on.
The
of
a
e::istenee
an optlcal ethnogr:ilprlY
the single focus pest-optJc~l
of
espec i 0':\11 Y 1when
QQi1=QQ1i~~!.
L wIll calI
the constrl.lctlon of
mnnoculAr VISlon --
i~
whi~h
VI5ual authorlty
n~
ethno~raphy
observ~tlonal
ccmfr·on t..::?d
Wlttl
ledds
te
e:: 1 s tenee
of
hlerarehles
~h th
poly-
based on
the
important miarql n ..1l i:! ed-· -énd subJ Llga t ed 1. now1! edge.
of
/
centrall~atton"
.
i fil ,';\dv!:.'r lent
typi.fy
dp'atrU(:tlfJI"l
of
l
nd l (]enous .11.fe -- aIl
the Britlsh e)(perlE-:f1Ce ln Andaman
of
WI11 c:h
as
Islands -- serve
clsar remlnder that self-censclcusly pCSttlvistlC dlsclplines
as
much
pr-ot:!uci
SOC.l
of
CLll tLtral ,
'1
th.;:> 11I.l!TlF\n
cH';
F C) u C ,H l l
t.
/J1
cClI.\rs\?
Ilot
it'Jr'C">CiLHI10
ca l
l" [.! fT) l
nd S
li8W.
and that in the flllai
analysl:Ô.
ThIS observatlon
Ll S •
chaptt'?t·S h.::\s
the whol e
bel?n
ar~
and political phenomena as any other
l(na(~ln,:\tion.
But
a
arl]\.\ment
plrpcltcatl?d'Clll
hé:\ve developed
l ë\
sllqhtly
1
15
n the
dlff8renl:
!
pr l:?l\ll
'_;P:
th~
m~nlfGstatlan
~nd
of Europeah heqemony over other
malntaln that haqemony,
hCJW
lt
peoples,
but
2nd us cd ln arder to
ach18ve
was conneeted ta lts
c.ult~r~l
1
o
bac~ground"
In the course~of
an~'1erg ta ~hesie qL~es
nl.llllber of
Ethnoqraphl~
an
ta
di.-;;cipl in/.? colonlal
te
manu~ls
perspective.
uata bv LhOing
obt~un
adml ni stratQI~.
order the'lr observatIons
The
use
of
m~nuals
"
l
sLl~l
naturclilstic als5Q the·
a
ccmplemented
by
phctcgraphy
fashlon
in
n~talninq
vision of the
hum~n
model for the t'ifJI? of
..
,
disclpllnary ·OptlC.·
d
of
blo1~gical
nr..ü.LlI'·ali~5m
which
It
the 'C:f?ntury.
r-ef8ren(:e
whl(:h
was
r-élnforc.-ed
mlnutely
w~'\s
L~dvCJc:atE?d
provided. ' ,:\
thf~'
in
way
natur~llstlc
the
by
i ch
~ye.
presentlng cultural Gvents and phenomend ln a uf
"'I~\
means of a pY'oc:e'ss whi ch dL,ljJ l. l cated
data :b'l
closlnq
to
•
W~5
port,:~blC?
by cjlv1.nq t.helt)
dccordlo~
fllllctloned dl
, prc:.J'fossinrh
othp.r
miSS10nar'le~,
'dummy ethnogr~phers~
-- as
~f
served as thQ means of codification
dlsclplln~ry
emerglny
llLe
thlS investigation 1 have advanced a
r:>ossibiliti~s
rt
p~ov1.derj
of e::clllchng. tn. . elevent datr" Tilt? type of clatc:i l h-.:\ve in
mi.'nd
ates of c:our-se tn dt.:!tai 1 ~ I1g the
r·~l
8:, J ':;tf:?nce Q
WhlCh served
~s
o,f
ELlnJpf-:?(~n
0::\
,
the precondltlon for
ethnog r" ap tl.L t:
8ecause of the abundance of
hl~-
"
torieal
and photographie materlal coverlng aIL of the
heterogenelty ~hlCh
o
art.:!
and
involv~d
çomplex~ty
of cultural
ln the production of
and
peri~~
.'
polltl~~l
10
for C:f.n
. anthropolo~lcalM~nowledq8
and wh i ch 'ar-e~ very r-arel y percel ved thrt>ugh the ethno g r;Plll c d.:.t,:;\ , finall~ presented in the for~ of anthropolo~ical ~~nographs "md
.:::47
ë:\rti cl
es.
~aVin,conducted
teenth
aS~,what use it
td
part~c~lar
ethnographlc '~~~ctlce,
century
":\nth'-(JpDlogy"
an 1autopsy1 on
facets of
might
bne
still
tG fnr understa~dlng
co:Jntt?mporary
J'
in j t
,My
1
al reSpOnSE?
cQ:~responds
feel
Wl th
Hobsbi:twm - s·
'1
0+" the
contempora~y
"
,,"1' "
value of his hlstorlcal practlce and ed
1
\ \
T
sl\qgest~ ~oint
ether- answers
te , .the
value
of
10
Vlet-j for the of
t,h i
study,
'3
ta' the fact that those
l:r;.~;ttt..lre
and
df~t,,\]l
'ah,:adow
r.lf
a monol i thic:.
peopl~s
and
~l~ceY.
reveal
the
of a 'livIng hlstory' WhlCh J,ay dorm.ant:!on the;:?
..
posittVl&tU:' plctllre
of
non-.Ëllropoan
I pOInt ta the rala of vlsual rep[eSentetlan
Ln conc:optuall=ing other p8aples and func:tion
materlals
e;:ecution
pl~c:e$.
and ta the speSiflC
of phatography in.that process.
1
.\ pre.ming i6sues -- bath t.heoretical and moral -- surroundtng i
the
1
~uthorlly
,the ni
from a
net~enth
tr~dltion
c:entt_lry.
of ë\nthropaloglcal practlce rooted
ln
l wall] d hope the senSl tl VI ty ta aIl, these
b'ot t~, of f 1 cIal dlld
,
Ltnof fi
cdl •
1
, ::'48
APP'1ND1X 1
0'
The
fdllowlng
!;;a.~ili,;.~g
questions,
B~~lȧ
by Sir T.
of ~Qt§§
first, editlon
Section
XCV.
Gon? Br owne ~
sQg
~~§ti~§
141). They were l''e.pl'""i.nted. InlnLIS the second ~dltlon t189~:2~9-2~1)
--
eQ~htgp-glQg~
QQ
qLle~ti.<:ms und~r
~
çgQ~~~t were pub 11 sM ed i
No.
1,
~ltb tl,f.~
(l874:t39-
4.6.C:;.18 ••~nc.l
l"l,
11"1
sectlon LXXIV:
1. Werl= the first c:tvili::ed ~'.itl-(i.'\nqers Wtl0 Yl':nb'?d th~~ races' ·repot-ted on l"'efucJep.s. cl::Jnvic:ts. desF.:Ir" ter·~. settler~. Dr mlSSlcnar ies~ :;:.
Did
thE~y
vtrtues of
commLmicate the'Vlces'
clvill~ed
Y·ci.'\ther·
tbl:'~
"thi\n
-
llfe~
_.., Wrat w... s
.~
the i nf l LII~nce \::lf t.h€:' m'l S!:U onar'l f:!G'" Dl fi tlley imp.:lrt J"e1 tgiOtlS lnsi"r-uc'\;;lon (:Jnly'" W,':;'IS tlh= converSlon of the trlbe l'""eported on real, or did they only add a ballei in a new sort of
magic te thelr old
superstiticn~
4. Did the misslOnal'"1.es lmpal'""t inst,l~uctlon in LIses. habit!:;. <7.1nd ("I~ts of r:lvill.:::ed li.f(~·? ,::\nd-_tf wlth what effect~ 6>,
thE:l St),-
ç
Ar-Ë! the Abol'""lgln8s apt ,at. ,ô'\nd did they ITII:d,G! J'"'.îpid progress~ln, learnlng th~ e)eme~t~ cf ~ncwledgQ? ~
5.
h.
if
.
,,!:ke they Elble ta advance bfë!yond U1El not. J s the cause ,;:l. physi c,ü OI1E'~':
c:!l(::!ments'~
ls thf.?rt:~ any physlca1 br\r ~Jh teh pn=vents I:..tle from elevatlng itself in the socl~l ~cale~ ~
7.
8.
HilS
,any f3,:j stlng
(:1'11.] i.;::,=~d
J'· ..,:\c'?
a(::qulI"ed
·:tlld
1'",aCI?
1 now18dl.;)è
Q~
the .rts of Clvl11~ation in less than s~vDr~l generatlons? And lf CivIL1=atlon be net gradudlly ~nd spont.aneoLls]y developf?o., r.:ap1.dly 'cm any partlcul':"\lr deslructlon ~nd decay~
ï~:
lt,
r'\ce
i1o~;sl.bLe II'JI
thout
to i:OI"'/:E? célustng
l'l: J.t(~
9. On f Lr-St contact wLth a Clvlll_=eQ l''aç:(!~ ab(Jrt,ql'nal races' usually retIrE or- 91ve w.y, but no dœcrœase Ln nlJmb8rS lB ,... ~_.flrst. per..::ept1l::11t~. r-1t tf~I1,3t p81'1. I Jd cl'1.d the decrec:Îse ln numi:.H?'''' nf thG: r-I"c':? 1"'I?poi"i:ed CH'! !jof.\cofll'"t p::?rceptlb18'"' 10. Was any taint in the blood or ether ~ause of ~ecjy ~:nown ta e:(lsi: in the °aboriginal 1'" <\ce' befl;;,re thêy came ln contact wLth ~iYlll~ed mHn~
o
11. Were the women in the habit of.u$in~ any pdrtlCL.ll~ food affecting thell'"" .""70d,uctive po",~ers? (ThE-J Maoris do.)
,
/-
~
12.
Can the decay of the race be partlally attrlbutable sudden chango ln the habLts of I1fe. want of the e::citements pr'clper t,) savagG J 1f8, and llstlessness r€><sultlnq +1~/Jm pa~"3Sd ons subdu?":.>cI (but not eradIcatc?d), in obodli.:?ncp to th~,) commands of tlle Ct-lrlstl3n. relIg1an .~~nd 8n1 t/~IÎt:(m(=·Ll l~~V'Jc"ï" :;uch Crl,'l,lCjC' ha'.Ilng been en'forced b~fot"'!~ . "'\II:ur':..' ."\nd :'1 1 nOl;ll.~dge Df r.hE-' art'=! 0+ CIVll1.'!ë.d.1CHl h'''5 pl' 0'/1 clcd other PUI' SI.l1 1..5 and 8n"joyments.
to
(
1\10. t~
the dff1rnta l:lve. would 1f the change fram <=> •.)va(~l'? tu ct v l11':8d Il h? h",ïd b.":en gr;:tdL1ëd 1 y develop1ad instead cf havln~ bean 3t1mul~ted by contact wlth a ";;up(:riL1r lr-ace and l'"ap1dJ y effected'""' 1':;..
the
If
Eam~
1'C;
,:lnswl:;'n2d
consequ8n~es
ha~e
Hl
en~ued
J.4.
I:Jh,ü' \,=,ffe[..t. ln C,'l.U::U1g dlSer.'l.se. has <::1 p='tI"'tlal of diet ~nd dress~ L~~~ lS dlsedse produced by the occasional use of European clathing and a sudden return ~o the na~edness of sdvage 11fe~ by temporary I~esi dencp. III towns and a l-èturn ta the smo~' y. unVEn,ti 1 a·t€~d' cabl ns used by savc\ges":' chang~
Llihat have been the 8f f ects ( j f ~c:rûfLll a. small po:,. typhus. dnd ether disea~es un~nown be+ore the arrIvaI of white men?
1"5.
,
16. Wh~t r8med18s were used they refuse 2111 remed1es2
c
1. 7. orQ~ns
~y
the AborigJnes7
O~
did
To what e::tC?nt' have ch seaSE?S affec:tl ng the se::Llal been Introduced by whIte m~n~ -
"
,.
..
18. Can i t be ~hown that, after 1ntercours~ with white men. abar1ginal women are either sterIle or less prolific wlth men of their own racQ'""' jl, 1<7.
ls
~br.Jrlginal
commerce Wl th wtn te mer necessari 1 y races.
fatal
to
:0. \
CC'\n any systC?1Tl (WhlCh "the <.:iLlperlar r3ce '..,(::>Llld sL.lbmit ta) bE? sLlggested by' ,,,,,hl ch the tatal1ty attendant en th~ contact of whIte and aborlglnal races would be avoided or mltlgaled M
1
~j.
1
l' 1
l<JDul,j
l
t b.:
'-J'~'<::>lt·,i.hle.
and
l{
,jes,ll~;':\ble
INDuld
l
L
be pClssiblo" hJ tor-bld the sl?ttleil\erd: of wh] les Hl soI,.:Îh?d PCl::H t l ,-m'::; '3urrounded bv ,;bar l g1 Iles. :lr:d te rcqulre theli) ta sellle ln SpE:!Cltlo:.:cJ loc,-,11t1es. fr-om ~'Jh1ch the\' ':3hOLtld only e::tt:?nd b~, the :'1cqulsli:.1Qn Q-f ccntlguous bloc~s of ]~nd~ 1
1 1
Ar~ th~ l~ws 0+ England sUlted te the abnormal state of SOCl e::y nec:essarllv e:,lstlng when wtll te men flrst lnlruds an ~n aboriglnal r3ce~ snd 15 l t capablœ of .::\dt?quatel y prclt f?C: t I ng the 1-1 9h ts and l nterests of
~~. 1
'C
~3.
What
effect has the custom of holding "
ln
l~nds
common up'an the ab al'" l 9 l nal ,'"aces":' 24.
-If
the
clvi 11::.''atlon,, reported
an
commun~l
~'I}aLllcJ
lenure
t.îJ CllvlCh? thelr
for the benefJt of
15
~
to
b~r
l i.. !:Je- ljCJsslble ta i
t~ml118s
or
l:'\I1d~;
tl1t?
.::\fld c:ult:.t',,;,\t.t.!
l' ;,
c:
(~
1- t\~:;!m
Indivldu~ls~
In cases whcre Idnd has basn sc has been the result~-
~5.
ln
pronrd~~
I)dL\I':~?
cultivated~
Whë'\t i s the cand l t l on of any l nd i vi d\.\ci\ l S ",'\H":lflC'j the Aborlg1nes who have bee~ educatQd from ch] Idho~d by Eurc>pe<.'\ns and h:ave c!::mseqLwntl y :''lCIQP\:~:;)d Ellt-':1Pt.:h:\t\ h,:tbll:~'ii and cLlstoms;'"' and ",re thell'" famL l iE'?s è\!3 IlU/MWOI.l5S CH, <~Il average as those 0+ Œurope.lls~
26.
\
27.
What
with blac~
effect has the partlal contact of European
@.::..9.:.. the ZLlllls? H<.'1s ,th!":? '''':\Ct~ r!"lpDrt{ljrJ on we-lcomed ot-Oresi.sb~d the approdch of C1Vlll..!<E\!:.î.o!i','
r21ces.
.
1
~8. Compare the condition of the aborlgLllal race ln districts where they mi~ with Eurcpean~ with that whe0œ there are few or no Europeans.
::51
;'
(
AI='PF'NDIX II J
Thê '.
d~1-:;cr
f c,ll Oll-Jl ng e:: ,.~mlll ';:::·S 1 pt l on ()f th!? n,:\t'-d~ -'i l
t IP1
[y
appraach
Thurn' s
!fÏl
ta
(c:?nv ll'"Onment:
The c1ppf-ëd"ancf:! (Jf .:.\ cC.Jlmtry WhlCh hllS been I l t1:1,:~ macH Fl Gd by tho liéind of- m<êln., depb'nds, lfl "el~y gn?a r mc,J'.'SlIr r-?, llpOl1 Il''3 v'!?Q,et ·\+-1("11 .. t11_ICh II CiJncl->lved. ,'lI,pe:=\l"r\r)\:.~ of r:.rOrJLc,-d 'j;:·?'ler. . . tlr:lr)" )3ut \n'~m 11 1 "l.r211Ipel',3tf2 r-'-~fjlünS dirE' S L l l l ",
t:n
I:O]c)UI~
f
:\ci:
t:h.-1t
s.elc~CLr=:CI
'.:\~I
:il"ld
li.
l';
fl"!j(j)
1.J1'·llll-:.\l"il
Ilnu Sc-:!~~ "
Illle!,
11 J("
f
ronn.
t-[)
':;pl'-~:rl(i
ïhe
t-lC1n ..
(If
q,:JI"J(::!CAI~>
,(lOI·:2
:-llï
Ir)! In1
CW IIl-f
,"'c ~
tüqc~i:tIE-·t
h ,;1 ~ï
,~!-, S, 1.21",
thlS
C'::'I"I·.:ep-
due Li] Lhf? ',"[-Ilch. 'Jl211Ig
JS
:,: ':!.fltS
Çjl'·~,:ii_er
Lt21 '/
(;WOllpt::!
=11 l
lÏl
col\.JI_\I~·-f-JI:'::I''::v
1:[-,(0 ,t1-'e:'
11'IvlJl'.n2.J
Cli-'::?
th,~:
nllm~Jt?r'·
ln
Crt
I]IJrr
rJ .':H· tJ
'l
J 8'::;':; qlas:=;-
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pIJwer: l t5 Sublety Or- Grofsne{s: l ls abOUn~l ng Wl th. or t-J,antlrl l:1 2n sf!dc!.O!ê Salt: ils Varlc'l.tlons eCCordlng ':0 the F~d~ons of the y~3r. ~nd the tlmes of the d3y~ What dUl~at1.çm. the f8'/ei~E,L ~ lnJs of V\)123t:.he~ dfuall~1 ha'(e: 'v" Ji '1'-1 t t1~tr::QC:2 l1.. l j "'01 t or- 1,=::<..( T t 'l»'Jn l: t 0 I.:w e erl; E<.nd ln '''JI) ,:\ r, CH" d ~'I' i:h '= '1 ,,\Ir,.:> qenel' c.\ 1:O,,?,j 1 l,) l li ,.1 ~J ~ t J S ) '/ J El: i, : 1': f P'': J ;, l Ji, ~'J h ë\ t 'tJiMI!~\.. h;-?I"" ~:trl/'~lf ~::ït~ln ~)-? ft(:\I~r~,-i ,-",Ij iJf"~,Jl:-I,.;\r-\.'1 I~' J-., ~tJh\-t!_ di F':?,;3 f (;',~ ;3,1" P r.::p] c1c?rn j 1.:':.. 1., U, ,':' t 2.r 'ô:: -1 UppO 1 t-}d :_ ':" : 1 ow f 1- C.ln, t 1-, L"> ' ( I l l ' : I;J;-',::,\I: l,cll'?l '.Ü ;·"~,:\f,:":;. ·(,)I-181~'?I Il 1:.I1§.t h_-tth "" Fil,:. l''!=> , t h €? C (J 1 i Il l: l' '-'!' / ] S i l , IJ J E= c: t teJ ~ thE' F' l ,< 9 LI E' ;., n LI CUr,L,I]l,'JU'3 rLJ~n,::fl,'..!s; l'!hal: 1'_0 LI,(~ Ll;u.::d l""dubl-ily Otr infi:dubr-lty of th~, {":,Jlr~ ,::;.nd ~,nth wh-3t Cont-tl!:lItlons lt, ,3,rJi'- 8'?::! Si h et b:'>l '.:JI" ItJI..11" +e , t il r.?11 (J tri er- '::\ , r
r
-.::" 1'~"JCJI.,t tlv=.' !=.I,~!:~?[~" Iflé1y'!:Je ol:Jfel v'r:!, "Lhe Se~<. 1 ts l)(IJ-lth" d(.?(]lrot:?(~ C)t '3~~11 .. 1~1~.?fs'1 lMfd,:l~)-l C:Ld-,-,:::nf_s ,~t' ~~d..!;. . RLvel'-':., th.?ll" [lu;:Jllf?fs Lerl(;jth, C:OI.IIr'le, Inund<:.1tlons" ~uqdn~~rS" ~\( L l Y (Ol~ tilall'- Contt-'::-'I' Lt:.>:5)_ o-r W,,,t'-'!I-::;, v t:. IbQ[!" 1..,-.;1':--5, F'(jrld<:., 3plrl rlq,;, afld 6'1 pr=CJ ,::d 1 y thnet-al W c'd. \:! l' Si" thE' l 1'- 1 1 n d s '1 Ch 1cl l l t 1('2 ':, , 'v',? I~ t Ile S , ::\ Il d i if) y., ',,?,: ë\ -mJ lit}d" To j-h,:;:· ~L:''.';':::I:'S ~..Jel ()IFj ,=..1 fe:! ftfbl:'=,?, hlh-,t 11 nds of U-H?iil (W})I:,l"r,'21- ~;,:d~_ (JI- F,'-o-:;,fh-v'dt,.;'r f l i l î ) '::'l't.' 1 c, :,E;' frJl)nd 111 Llle 1 ~\)Lm t 1'- '1:: U--, '~J 1", ;:; t DI-\? , 8111n E,f ;3. 130adnef s • SOë\fOfl'':;, 1-1""\Lin1.':;,, F'F.?cull,.:lI"ltJf-'!5 of <,ni llnd, and lloG \
4.
ln
tht.-?
s~c~b,
'1
mM,;!, be ob-t· ey-yed.
,.,1. It Ud_i· tts !QD~~~i~Q1§. ~fld-lts ~~têCQ~l. and lQf@[Q~l·
eCQ~y~~iQQ§.
and
thefe
m~y be obferv'd. lts 1':,LC.tt, lil t:hf..? E::êW":h ~.i.. [~ll, Jimenflon=. t~ltLlatl~r, F.::-:i+ t, IAJt-"'f t, "IClrth. and SClut h: its FLoure. Ils Plains, ,::Il1d Val l8v':5. ::\f1d thelr I::::tenf:; i t r:; I-Il t l 'S dl 'cl 1'1cJUIll:,~\ l ri~:;, :\n(j thp Iv?i gll L CI r th.? t al l ,,=f t~ hn th l Il l' '~, f .~r <-''!rlC ~ :- iJ tl-H~ n':::l lJhlJOL\I-lnq \1c'\11":-'~/c3. or 1':' 1 • 1,1'-", -II ,.J 11') l ,"1 f\1~,.:"1 Il: ,..l I:,} t-~\I-':: L'-~\Ir.ll .:}I iht::, '; ...:-.{:\~ E\~r' 1 bJI1\:! 1- h ,::,r- l: hl -, MDlWIl_c_d Ils 1:, t~
.~ï:.
J,\lh:,I_
F'I"I_~m,:)l1l-i~r-l'::-':>,
,:Jï~'I;'
01'
-::(;)\).:·\1111(;)
Hl L' :;,
!r:"
l_!le
Il,\,,,,, ,JIIl,\1.11 nu(~ Itil,er!l'::.:I- th.::? :-:Cl\\llh-,' :j ..~ ,_>lh,~';"I?llL" 01'- muc:h IJI'-(JI i::'rJ J nb:] L L6'\Ild~. L'Jh,JC f,he :"1_4(;rl,:.,'L1Cë'\1 D.?Clll;,:il 1\"11 ::. ,::, l il f ,,?, '21- ,,1 P l ,\\:,,,c~, and ; h,:;:> 'v :\1- L ".1- Il:'r1 ': \Ji t;,.~, Dc"cllll-_\+_lôlrt llî I:i-,,) t::-\Iih:\ ;Jl~l'::\"" (.:'inL1, II ';'?ltl:t?l~ Df th\Jh? :::h" v,?ry (,:ün1~.Lcl,:.>r:::.b18. then" l"ll-,at clrc:uln+l::anCg~i 1T1~'y ""f'l: l fi: ,:ll\(;\ tr:l \.Ju,? s at tht= f~'et .. f(Jn -3S SUi::lJ_I::I-I- :3.ll\?èlJ c,,-~?,:;. th8 '.,,'l,:llllty Q-; 1r-OI!-rnlnes. ~'c.) Wl13i_ th(? Na::'ure 01 th.:? SüylE-? lS, lNht-?tller- Cl.?),;:;. S<.:\/",d/. ::Cn or- g\.Jod
[\)(::1!', \,
c
1'101l1 li ; "n d ~-'Jh c\l GI ,:'\ d l '-5, Fr U l t S. ::I1î d ,::J L h'?I- ''l',:::;;) c~t ,:iiJ] es, do the InOtt Il,.:\tlJral:y agr'2E' \-'Jltlî Jt: HS al{(J" b;I'\Illat partlr.1I1:'\I~ Hrt·:; and Tnoufi:t-les J.::he Inh,~bl\:ants llnpt-Ov8
, the -fldvant::\(]E!s. ::\nd rcmedy the InconvQnlfmce':; <:If theH' SOY~: lllhat hl,jden qU.1l1tU:!S th~:;) Sayl loa';/ have (c\~) that of It2l~Q9. ,:\g;::11115\" \'PI\OITII:J\\S FI"21+t\5. ~t:.)
,0
-
Secondly. élb0'.8 tiie ttJnüul,:·r :::':'~gQUc;tl"~?n~} \;)i tilt? r::dl-rh. ther'i? mltft ht':' ,} '.are'ut "\i.:t~UIl, !llvC~n ï.l+ +.l'h~ ~Qb~!l Ltf~Q _U~ t Il ',Ô' 11l t Q l \; t:-?'=, " tJ 0 1 Il i'I;' f. l. >'~'; 2\11..)' ~_H~t: :\DU f't" ',\. t-t1<..,l ha.'It:! b~lt::n 1 '::lnl] f\:-:?i.tll?d thc\r-\?: {~f1J 11) p::\I"tiCl.\l al", U\8ll'3t ':\L\.Tf0, ~)l\,=tp\"~, Ctllt"Jur, FI'? \1 UI--:;":;, ~.J~.I'-r.'n'::Jt:h, Aglllt\', P'o'ë\U1-')' ([.li' ")3nl: ,.:>1 li") C;1),np:ë::~] DrlS. H';\1I"" ,DV8t. Inc:llnc.îtlun'::>, ,:lIld Cu~t.o,,)=:; th,:\\: !p(:!ln r\tJt dllt? b} EdlJC:é'\tlon. I2tS tG Ulf'll~ l"'alnen lHefl.ck,\s t.he otl1l-::w thlnqb) i11ay b,? ab1 et~\ler:l tl,r21.1·' r=n.\! l:ful"e'-~; ,.:w [!'"ln' f"rïll\:_d·'::-.~ 1:lll.?ll~ h.=.rd ûr eafy LaÎjOLII'", ~ c" t\l"ltj both ln l~um(.=-n and Mf.:m mur\: b8 1 ;:'11 1-::11 ni')1 l r:'Ë: l'J", "Jll-3 \. 0:11. +(,:),:If· Q', l:h~2\' :lr-i3 fi tl:J 1 t?L 1', L \.1. and i Il thel El l>Jht-?lht:?t- I:h'2r- t' b~ any fyfl1rJtomt~. r.w r,m,! other C1rcLlmit,~lrlr.u. th,::\l l"; W1Llfu,,1 ,:md 1'-(.'m4 ,:\111 (~. I~S ta the ~!l:t§r:QiÜ F'I~odl\c tl ons ':l+ th8 F.","\I'- t.l1. tl1f':' Jliqull"'le5, iTl:\'y !Je -fucll d'5 l:hefe: What IJrd-f:·h:?"5. (3r·,:\Îns. )-lerb s. (Gani en dll cl W1 l cl) F 1 C.ll-'Jer s, • FI"Lt1 t: -tl"-"f?S , T j, mb f~r-' tr'''?e-s (8Îpecldllv .llly TI-12(,,'S, w!1Dfe w'oCld ~ lS C()nl'ldŒI"'';'\L:l:le) CC'PP1 1'::8S, ,II' DYI:::',=" I"Iool1<..s. Fc.w-rf-)fts, ~~/C" th,,' Countl"'Y hë\S al'" Wélrlts: Lljh~d: Pf:cltli,::irlt.u·..:s ':\l''E~ l.)bfervMtllp. 1.11 ,'my of th~~m: ~,jh,:\I. :--3CJyl,-=.?s tlli'?y mo+t lil.e of dtflll(~~ dl1(j \'Jith what Cultur-t:? tl'll~y tllrl\<\'-? br-?ft. l~hc,\L 19.nÜ!!sü.~ :-Il<:..~ Countl"'y hë-\~:; en- W:'Hlt:.s" bolh t,'l,S" tc.J wll d Bec,f t~." H,\lNrlS,. dnd other- 81 rd~'i of F'I";'::y:; .a.nd as to F'o.\..\ l t\~ey. .:"\f1d C.·\ lU Q of a.Il fo\~ts" 3nd partJcLIl,:\I'ly. lA/hHther- lt. h,:~ve ,",n'r Bo.imË!J,.§. th~'\t ::U'-f~ Ilot comloon. or any tll'llÎq. 1.:11;\1.: l'::; o jJt?CLtllc.1r 1 n thCJ+e. tlïat ar::= tu.
t ht:~ Productions or Can~ealments of E ...'\rth ar'e here L\nderf tc)od ta b...,.. I:he !~1 c:he':ô :'hc,1 t, l Y 1-,1 d l.\ndel'" the GI"'ound. ':Irld arE' n<:Jt. <'.:~ l r'8dcJy n,,)f I,H'T 'd 1: Cl Ü I:I~I~H', InqLllf'lt?5. Among thefe §U9.:t.§r.I:~o.§§:l obf Arvat 1. ons may b>? I:c.'~. en natice o+~ I",hat farts Cl{ !'11nerM}s '::If an! Ilnd. U'II":'I wan1:. ,::0,5 weIl CtS whë-\t thr;~,/ Il,::\Yt-?~ -' Ib~D" w!-l,ü, ()l.\'\I~r" lem t.he Countl-'1 afFol'ds. ::'dlel th(:' p",wtlcldar' c:ondlô:lons of the Duarrles and thœ Ston0s: ~s Al fa, how t~e D8ds ai S~.ol1e lye, ln 1"efe"'t:\ncl:, 1:0 1\IOI'"t:h .=\nd South" -.:!/(:. i}Jhëd: Cl::\ys é'\nd E<.:\!~I:tF:; 11: rif{CJ!~rj'?I. <::\'; TiJb.,.'\ceCl-,.llpe-cl;:.y, r1i,r l \::!:=", F' \ l i >:1' '::;-r, ·wt;·"·,, t:,:tI~tll S', f m" p/:ot t_t:: or; 1'1t;1~ r-:;. BolllS'S
3.rllj
otl,PI"
11: ~'l,o'lrJs, 1:1'; Allain, ',,') tr"l,:ll,
rfl~(j]C_'lI(~d
r:::."tlr\·j-1S:
1-::()~t1:"
'-:;"dt-I'IJI1E'S. -;I.llphw", "IC. L~ll,::it
l-<Jh~lt
ot'l1er- l'JJn':?I-,,.-\l'.1
Gr
~3ëdt-fp"'1,nq':.,
t18lt~d';
tl"'l8 (;ol..\r.1,I"'1 nl1mhAt'". Fel !:U::ttlOI\. li'.'!p! Il, f l']n'.?, ItJë\\:e)~"". rJ<1I1lPS. qUè'tntltlf?S 0+ Dl'"P" qr:iDeln,?f<; •.::)f Dlrl::?, e:'I::",:ifll:-'c)US", thlnq';; and 1,.'<1y~i Qt 1 rtxjuclnq thelr r:w,-?s lnt.iJ 1'1>::c ::'3J r.5, ?'C. yl,"'ld~"
o
êtl',d,~
.JC'7C:I'lptlO!-,
rd
thE'
1'1!nr.~s.
HI81 l"
l:r-,efe f3ic=ner-,~tl AI-t:lcle c; of ln'luH-\'?S ({,,:\ltl"'l 1:hen' E[98~f§c) fhould b8 ~dded~ l lD~Y~C~~~ about Ic~~i~L2D~ concerTilng dll pÙIr'tlC'...d<'lr" thlnqs. rE-li1.ting te) tha t:
TtJ
1
- Country, ëlS either pecullar" ta l.t, or at leaft. uncommon elfewhere. 2 !OBY~CAê§, that require bêêCO!09 or ~till ln the Anfwerer: to WhlCh fhould b~ fubJoyned eCQQQi~l§ cf w~ys. ta enable men ta give Anfwers to thlo'?fe more dlff.tcult Inqulrles. Ib~§ f~c our Author. who. as he has been pleafEd tq l mp,:II~t 1: he r e (â~Q§C~l (bLit very ÇQ!lH2C§b.ê!:.d.!.~§ é\nd gl'""eat11 !1:b..C~Ç;J:;l~~) Articles:; ra, "i:i5 haped" tram his t' awn l<)+-e Intlln~t..lOn. that I)e WIll fhortly enlan;)'e them wi th EêC.t.!..!;yl!f:lr: and .§b!QQr.:g.!.O~!;.,§ cnes.. Thefe. 'i n
are
fa
highly conduciv' ta the Imprcvement ,:wd the well faire oF
e.b1:.1gfQgb~Y
..
r
360
•
.
of
ICY§
!:!ÈOtiOg •
q
\
0-
APPENDIX IV , The followiil9 Item~. 11-17 and ::0. of 81a.lr's Instn,lction<:ii d~~ftnl'~ the surveyol'"·s.müo:!; gi Y!.~~ t.hat Wi~S l\$(:-1d :.n relation tt::l th~~H~
I<:.lcln..:!s:
,11thly. ~lready
The
primary View of this Research
stated, the Acquisition of
an
bein~~
.
.:\s
Harbour where our
Fleets in Time 'tif War can refit .0\1 ":1ny me ..lliS cm l()("\\dnq the Coast clf Cor(:JmiO\ndel Llpon the ApPY'(;lach o·f ~)tot'Inv Nonsoo,n, or' to WhlC:h ë\ny Pë.~I'"t t:)r the whol€", may Y':?LlI"u
/
L-
in the Event of a dis,:\sb-OLIS C. ::lntlil;:t WJ.th .J.n I.:r\l.'III\- ..H 1l-J sa, obtùLn a Central POSt tlQrI ;'i1 the ['.::IY. l,,,hC~rH':G !:11!" Ships may returo to the Scene of, l~ct.l.l:m <:;\s '''.\i':h1f1 \? possible. the following Objects occur as necDssary tu be InqL\in~d l.nto. D !
t~thly.
Wh~t
Plac:e~
on
th~
CQdSt
rosses~
Harbnurs
wULlloc;l bF~ a :aafe Retl'"E:?al.: and SnaLll d be ci:\p;:\ble.
in bdtl We<'.\l:.her" fe.>I" ...'\ Fl,~et. l r r't~q\.li.rQd. C)1 bF7inq fortifled against the attempts of a SupprLor N~v~l Armament. and b€Hng dc-:!fendeq wt th c-i\ ':ink\ll L,-;1nd 1:,11'"<:9.
which
l-.::thly .. As mlnutt? ~ DecstTlptl.On as Tl mE! and ·Cin:umc:;t.:\n-ces permit cù b8 madf.? of tl1e <::\dJac:pnt Heiqhts. l f ':"\r\Y. è\nd GnJLII"Ïd .._-- thé-? lJem~l""Ü SUI""Face Cl't the _-GrcJI..lpd il -- ,;:.,nr:l. where the N::+ ]. 1: V ë.\ 1'"" 1. e'3. the naSpClctl V(:! E)(tent 0+ 11:" tlle Duality of thE> 'SeJil. ."-Ind l.ts C<3p,1l.ciI:V to be put InC(J Cultivf-l,tlon ,-- 1\I,:-\tur',3.1 V(agetablE' F'I·(::!(.:JL,(:"" t1ons. fi'Œ!u]n1.nq WJ nds and 'Cul'""I'""en1:!.1 -- fUsE:' ë'\nlj .SI!Jt: a'l' the T j d(~s. and 1- a te var i. al: i /:1n'5 '11 t~;)e Atmc)r:pl1t~l"'ca wh eth erellJ CJ'/ l I"H;I 1: hp- r-.d\J ë:\11 t dl;J{i1!:.. clf Di f f en:·.m t t1oIV-5i"JorHI on appasl te !3.!.des of lIle l'~land. .a'::; f:\:q::ler';'(;?n,:I:Jd J l'l, th(.;) l'~land of Ceylan -=_= Clllné\te and f.-IJe,ather ~-- ll./heattler" l1ea l thy or othl?rw t se. t'lagn8t i c: Ofj""sel'"vélt l onn .... - He\r!Jl.)I,.IY" , anï.l~ Nî:n qhb1jUI"'hood ~- Coast l'~ <:1-1 f ol'",di n9 F', sil -'~) 1 1: 111 L':'ty 'of Wood and W~ter -- lf ~~fQrdlng Tim~er F~~ F~r r(,:!pairlng the Hulls (J+ ShlPS, and fCJr-tnlng 11a:its r:1,.\'1 GrQ~nd. LIme Stone· cr Coral ROŒ~5 near. are ,i:tts!3 desll'"'2Li 1:0 ::lC'~I"'1.",)l11 wh,:?i:ll'-.?r Sea found ln 'sLlch Ou,;Int) t)l'Zi on tl",e SII(JI~'2::; ,;.~ 1n..,"~\1 be 11~'81,/ ta .:\-ff'ord an I~rtlc.le of Ccmm~::rc:e -tor U,·,;) puipose of burning inte Lime; The fine Plaster of Madras bej..ng made only frem Cockle Shell~. also f,llhnt Il-cr , anv Traçes of anci en1=. 'Voi canee' s ..~re to "be 'met wi th. t:h~i 'ma y \Qe e::pec:ted fr-om thE con 1 cdl Appe~r2l.l1CI? \::J t tt,~ Mcu~talns~, c:ertainly, deter-mined from the pre~erice of lL(Va~ o P mice Stone. You should brinq samples o'f
14.thly ..
St'lalls
o
~hese=
'{("JI.'
c31~e
as
~e
1 as oF aIl the miner.l ProductIons. l
361
'
T
'
'
15thly. With regard ta such of the Vegetable Products as an? - generall y or al together unkQow'n. you are to pre~erve the Seeds and FFults of the~, and lf you have the means. and Lelsure shauld permlt, have. Dr~wlngs m~d8 of t~em. The Quallt~ of th~ Fruit should be noted. and wh~neYer you fl~d Trees th~t yau thlnJ would thrlve and bD of U~e ln any o~ the Company's Terrltorles lt lS recommendDd to yOLl~to endeavour by SllpS or otherwise' La frJrw<3rd th8 IntrodLl!:tlon ,::;-F 'chein. \..
'-(1
lotlll'i.
If-
rAnimais, \
,.
ynu havI;'> the
é:onc1 LelSU,,"e.
11182n5
'yOll
h.:\v-? Dr,.. wllÏ',;)(:; 'mi:-\d~" and DesCr'Jptlc>nS qJ,'/en
<:I1=-Jo
clr flsh.
Blrds.
not
(Jf
"-Hil
ërtny
~nown I1n othp.r'p<'lrt5~
17tllL'/. ft l~'; !l<..1t lInpl"'ob-:ible. as ,;IC),ll tîêl."e bl:?er.. ln tilt:? COlll-'S"': of- 'SerVIce. ta the E~stwarïj" that yC:lll may havI-? seen the Tln and Gold Ore collected on ,the Malay COdst. ['f yt:lU Ilë:\Ve the JelSL\l-e whl1e at t'he Anddmans" -and yULW' ~cC;<:ifr\.mod.:\tl on .'..-11 th the N.3.tl v,;:s ShOLll d adml t \.)f you!'"' belng on Shore. it 15 recommErde~ ta you to open t~e Gl'"(jLmd ta sorne DE?p't:11 prcJ,vlded ;thlS 'C:élll be done wll.:l1out furnlshlng a Susplcion untavou~dble tD~'your other. ~ar
'0
(n.ëit/3rlal Ob°..)~cts, 'JI" cm the bCCa5!f.m c,f dl(~gil1g IlIa ter • e::affil ne the na tut-e of the St!'" at.::\ a.nd _ :!.I-ll":!'i I~ tendency tnwards ::.f fordl ng the 11at-ri::. 1/1 whJch these Mmtals. are gener~lly found. You wlll b~ fLlI"nls~l.~d hel"(~ I/.j~ th Specunens of t"he l"lal:t-u: 'ln t".JlïlL:h Tifi lS 'follnd o. ln Jun~ 5110n9. :lnd at F"""lnce of Wales
mon,,:
f (~t'" '.3 Spr-l n9 (1f
1
[sl'and.
:nl:hly . . Ti.
dcertain
lS
from
ta I.... \-:?cclmmend yeLI tlJ ObservatIons. by s~~h' !"yau passess the Position of the Place~ hardIy necessary
A~trQnQmical
atrumentD as wh l c: h y 0\..1 vis i t • 0
CTemple jqoo;
105-106J
1 ."(>
>
\
l. \
\
.
,
'\
,
1
1
\
.
,-
:. 10
\ \,
~
..
----
/0'
------ \
!~
1
(!
-- --
/
/
- .' ... :
,.
..
~
"
J 1 :"-':!
'i
"
'
\.
~
~
,
... .
"
,,
"
36: , ,
1.
APPENDIX V Go~ernment
The
Qf Indla
lssue~
LDstruct\ons
(Ne.
ta the AndaiTl.::\n COiTlillltte€i' CCH\Sl<;;tl;ïCj Oi: F.J. l'h')\"l~t, F'layj:uf. ,"-"d,d ,J.(4. Hé'athcclt,:l 0[\ t.he ::nth NCJV~lllbrW tG~:)7:
G.f~.
the followina
~4::o)
----........" o
"
the GoVet'nClr GenE-~I'" al ln CCILlnc 11 hZ\s bi.?l?n p l ~:;,\:\d LCl 2\ppolnt you "li.:! he cl COlniTll ttec: ta e~,,,,,mlne tl'H=> ':,I\(.:)t"r~s \JI the .~ndaman Group \:If lsland'E.!, and to ~::;l~l.JC't thf.? 11C":;\ slte ~ljillCh 11)2~1 be fOllild thert-"? fm" thf~ !:?'at.!\ull~hm,,"'nt tJt ::.'\ pl~n,:\l sAttl'?iTlt'".:'n\: •
1"lrst reqLllsl t{2Cj 0+ sLlch <';\ Setll(~tn(ojnl: ~"\I'''t? ..:.\ r..11.0(:tlt t::!~ l~n~J access L b JI:? h,:\,-bour". ~bund."-\nce of wood ",nu ~"ê, t:c~I""" c.1 hF~i:"\l th'/ . sltLlatHln fol'"" 'a-~-J.;::\il and c:onvlct Ilnes. 'and CI::lnslIJerdbl,J f:::t.,}l1t ' of COllfltl~y' ln the V1Clrllty t l t -j:m" cleè\I'ë.nc:e and 'CLll tlvàl\:J on. Lt~ ls,desll":!\bl("~ ~lso th,::'\l 1:IH? )':"11 l shûLIld. L f pD~:5'.;.!.b18. h\:" L~)i .. =\t(~d on an .1s1 et, ';epa,",,~r.I.?cJ F,'"C)IT. thE:' iI1.:ll1"1 j,;] ,'and ,\:l~( ,1 \:II<:\I"III(.'t aff(Jrdlll(J ",~-Iff~ I::\ncllor .1(J8 fol'"" \/~c..;',,\:"\l!:.; ç,î II gbl: dl' .::\L\iJlll,. "\r'"J LUI.) ~'nd~ tor' ctMy 'COrlVlC:t: t..\ttl?nrpt te::> c:~r.jS\:; b~' !::,W1ln/mnq. By rh.·:; mt-:!"l.MS 1t ~",oLtJli be mOI'8 dagl'""~e of J JI::J8rty l~ I::\llowed.
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••
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1
any other w~y that may 3eem prefer~ble.
36::
5.
The
Ccmmlttee
and
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not
should
thlS I-Ils Lordsh1p
separate
~lll
thelr
report
ln Councll tr-Llsts WIll
not
15 bc:
l~ter than the ffildrlle of January. The ~alue wlilbe . of't~e report . ar0at11 ~nhanc~d lf It be accornpan18d by photographlc V1GWS of
c'
L.h.:;:
Vë\rlOltS
1'"~:?p(Jr"ted
51t!-2S
(::in.
th~::!
CC)mm1ttee should br? ar.:comp<:.1n1ed ta the Andèlmans by ,;:1. smal i of ~uropean5. WhlCh c~n be fUrnlshed from amonq the men of Ir,dlc51n NëoVY by the !3enlor Nëlval Offu:er.
7.
(U l.
1;;,. _,1'\1e gu~rd
rel~tlng
tl-le
te
] n fonn(:..t 1 on 1 n th(; possesslon of the Governmf:n t the Andaman Islands wlii be pLaced at the dIsposaI nt
I:he C<':lmml t.t(;~e
-(F'ortman 1899: l'. :214-2'1',5) • \
,
"
l''ot(~ lhe (30'll?rnment's4n"?qt"l(~st for a COmbln(Ed n2port r-efJer::tlnq :a ';,ynth,=~sLS" (Jf t!v::? peI1,.=d, SClf2ntl Fu:, and '-;UI"'v~ylng pel'":;pectl"?:?S ,:J~ .LncJlv.Ldual iTI8mb8Ts 01 ·the !:ommLtt\?e. I~(:lte .:'\1 '",0 that· sur"·;e'ong. fOt-lHE?t-ly ('j{ pal"'ë{(ftOl.lIit 1 mpol"i:ant ln con-stt-"Uctlng rE?pl~e";entat1allS en the isl6nds, lS how releg~ted ta sharLng ~ JOlnt posltLon II'H th Ln (-"n CIV81'",:\ll cul J ect j V(2 r.Jbc:(:::I~Vr4 t l ona] apl:Jl"oc.ch to olJ tal n 1 nq Jnfnl·(f1,:;\I.Jc.lI1, The 1~8qlte~;t fOI" photoc)I":\ph3 ,1':; .3.nothGI- pOlnt I,-'Jüt-Ul',' (:JT nc)t 1 ce., Ii'tS 11: l mpll s,~o thë'lt lhe 130\/t:?nïIT',:?nt H3.S flelr t, cul dl'" l v : ri ti.:?r,;'I(;1::,ed in tt\lS I"'::.!I :d:l'.Fd/ n(::.~'-.j 'Tlf"tQCO fo\~ '\/15U,3.Ll::1nq \t'8 [':;},.Wd'3. In tact the f:iovs'r-Iïl11ent cxrlt"::'I'"erJ ~5() capu?c) of the <:;F~I-1E·~r, C1 ptH::it.ayraphs tafGII .jUl~Ln(] the E:!;~iJr~dJtL\Jn (F'(JI"[Jnan 18(79:1.:\1\~)" Th..:? e:(lstl;?IlCe IJ1 1:1 curnblned I~F:I:;or"t and :5er")e'5 01 photoq,-aphs- ,;"\re lndicêlllVt? Dt U18 ql\"ILl1.\:~-"V(? :\n,j '::juantlt.,atlv8 ~\(j'I,::tnC:8'5 III the centl",-ü!.:!at.Inn (j-f C)b':~<::"r"v
.'
!
l
Z64
APPENDIX VI
2:.
Letter number f'-l1in L.leLlten<~nt-CQhmel lytlp,'"' la E,l:.. lc,')'1,'\!, Esq •• Secretary ta the Go' t:'.-nmen t !".Jf Ind'l. a~ de ted th~ ,25th JUrl' \
186:;:
S 15 ,·.lith thE~ 'lre<:.itest plea<:.!.It'"ll l h,1VP. rlLlL''' U\U honor t'"espec: t f LIll Y tû n?!"ClI-t,,' f or" thE<:: l rH i.:wmë:\ \. t Drl Government. the appal-t?ntly 'JY"~>dt SUC,:!2~3S \,,1"o1!:1-0 tl. \ '-' attended m~ most. é~l-dent Wlsll c:111ct fl''?':;ll-t~,. ':1,""" t., ': st.:! tJ LI': h 1l,:. C'il ,,< ~. a"1 (' ,~il cl P .: 1- 11Î':, n L~ lit. 1.1 ,i ::. ë' '" ri' l .: ri, Il .' .ntel'"'cow'"'G8 (-\j'LI:ll t:"ld ",bO(l!;/lI"IPS (Jf l-h,='3tO' 11111')':.rJll.<\Ul,~ 1sland:::. ta ~:;tl-"'lncJE'I'~j. li-11S tl~Llst h"s r'iïJW \'(") ,\11 ,:\ppe::\l~ances bl~f:'n Jull;l '~'-Jt<:\blL':;ll,"d \'1)1 III xl l,'"" l U\I·.:> , If not tVlO" of thE' tl~lLh?" t""?:J,.llrli] ln lh.? V1':l I l 1';/ ul (.:lut'" Set t l«f.:'ln":'n L, n \ ) L \'JI U t ,::\, I!:il n q L lit? ,HL' l îrh.lll) 1,/ l" l' 1111 1\,' "
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...
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BIBLIOJ3RAPHY
"
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,-,
417 :,
~
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')';.
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BIBL l aGRAF'HY
,}
g
Al lem,' G.
J.887: The
F'rogress of
EQr:~o.l.gb.t.l.~
Bg~Ü~~.
Sc:iet"'\c:e' from ,1836 1:0'1886. 41 ln."5. ): 81S8 -8El4.
6t.b.fJ.o.S1!àt-:!!!l.
anen.
181;33.
Anthropoloqica'l Notes.
anan.
1876.
Anthropologlcal Notf:5 and QL\eries. l!gblr.D.{~l Botbr:ggg1 gg u;~l ~n!à!.: ~:tl..!!;!È' 5: 1. 1. •
o
, anan.,
:.::!51.
al
t,~1tl
,
1~~1;\~\Ct.1"
1874/'75. Anthr-opolo'ÇJiCè11 NCJtŒ'S and C1Ilf:wifo!lS.
r.l:
/
~non.
1870.
The Nicobar-
1.1and.
l.lio.~§i
§~1~G1l9Q~
mgnt Qi lo.Q!.ê.:.. a1:011.
18:27.
S~
alïon,
l.rJand'er- in g5. fJ·f
e~:;.
(:obal"'~;;.
. 8êQ.Qr:.t
Qi.
~!.s~:j.. QD. hl!: John l'1unO" <-W.
~t:
th§.
9i
f=r"orn
Lc.mcfon~
~66-288. ".!t!,;.qth~t
hb@'~Q~~r:Q=
~~ l Il.... op-+!!
t:. (J
Gunl101.1
ar!iJ
The
Cl F' l l gr], m ln 891;,\1'" ch of
~IJ.§
UH·i
3: 261-270~
Dur-\ng Four dnd fwenty
Revel ;,lt i 'ons of Ll f e Pel harn, Rl chardsCln.
1
~~~g[Q~
.
-
the 1\11
,nt
1b.ê
Steam I\Ië:\v'lq.Ed:lon
ID9l~O ~biQ§lB9Q. que.
fr:gm
b~c. ~lJ
the t!J€.;><;;t Jndj
'!\non.
et!:hes
blQ.:..
fCJI~
A proposaJ. America and
ç~i~~~tê G~~LQ~.
of eD.Q.Q!:.!§. Bt~..!..:3t.1C\9. t.~:!
,a(-tl,1 t\
Revi ew
Year~
in t: Il e Zen ar ,n.
~l.o.!;'t1
~ê~tj_rJ.!.1 6si~§jI:1S~ID~CÜ.
gr.
gi
1.
tllé l':'',L <:tI..Ir<;?SUle E.::\s1:', "...,1. th ::~ '';c)ls. London:
n
t;,t.l!t ê(it.i:~t1 e~:1~Q:: 2SLCC\S!?" I..L)lidI'Jn:
8êl2Qr..t Qi :t;.Oê Iê!Qt..1J. t:!5iS!!;J.. o.9. qf.. t.tlê! f;!c L!;,l.:.~b. GUlê.::!Gl.. '31.-: t!'Qo. iQC t.t1~ a!1Y§QG.§.!!!~o.t _9.f. Sh:;,ü~o.G.~· LrmdnFI: 11,Jtln l'1L(I'T ,?'y. (
.
8êQQCt
Qi' t.Oê
~12~~o.fQ
~~§1io.g
e§§Q~~5tlQQ iQc·tt1~ agY~Q~êm@nt
/
gi
Qf..
th~
gG.i~Qç~·
êcJ. t.i:.:f:tt 1_IJnt.j/.Jj,:
\
JQhn MLlrray. 184::; •
o
-Qi ttH~, I!i!§tlf:tb. t1!âê!tiog!2t !;'Ulà a§§Q~i5tiQo. iQC tQê agYàa~~m!âQt gi §G.i@nG.~· John Murray. ' B~QQr:.t.
418
,
.
~r:!.!;.!.?b.
LI::mdolJ :
.)
/
Qi
8~Qgct tQ§ eâ§g~ist~QQ for
1844.
Qi
IbictêgQtO ~§§tio tb§ aQ~sQ~êm~Qt Qi
.John Murray.
tb§
êc!.!;iâO
Landon: -
"i.-
Qi
tOê
8~Qgct e§§g~istiQQ
Ib!.cti§tn tb~,
iQC
~§§tiog 6Q~~ü~~m§Q!;
Qi
t.tlê
9i
êr.Lt.!.âQ 2~i§QÇ.~·
London.
1869. Notes C~ a Trlp ta the Nicobar and Andaman t s 1. an d s. Ec.Q~ ê~.gi Qga gi 1b~ 6.ê.l ~tl.~ §Q!;!.§t:i gi
\J.
/
êgOg~l.
250-:5~.
1874.
Vj si t
AndcJm,.an
Islands.
184b.
cher,
En
T.
I31yth~
'J' ft
// /
/
R.
/
on
gi 1bg
th~
F~una
"
of the
Qi
Nicobar
.
G8neral Heads for a NatLon~l HLftory of Gre"ü c:w Fmall. ImfJ.:~rt.:::)d I_dewlfe I:ly ~1r.
1665/1666.
B.
C.
1856.
Address
~QYCQiL
gL
.
ICêQE~Çt1.QQ~.
I.
J86-189 •
ta the Ethnologlcal èocletv
~b~ g1bQQlgg~ÇiL
'294-:297.
§gfif1~
of
:6 th l''lay 1854. bQQ~QQ.
Qi
4:
.. ~
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/
-.---- -.
Descrlptlon of two Andamanese S.ulls. I~§Q§= Af~~9D§ 9f tb! §tbOQ1Qg1.f~1 §Qflê1:i. ' 4 : :05-~11.
1866.
The F',"'esl d'~11t' s Add,"'ess. ~Q~!.:!J:êl lQgi~.êl lD.lê,t.:!..tl:!.f;§· -:': 51."7-5:6.
U974.
Qi.-
1875 .. Ib~ Et:§~1.Q§Q1':"§ egQl:§gg~. =l9!:J!.:oSll Qi lQg.lsÈl. !O§:!;1.:!;b!:!;§ 4: ,476-51) 1.
J;b~
tbg
N
"'1"--
Cadell. 0
Islands.
ê~Og~!·
London Dèll vE!l"'ed,::\t the Ann l versary.
Bl.l!sk ~
I!.:§!m~È.s!;1.QIJ§
40-49.
18h5. Inst.I"'Llctlons Craniolc.JglqW?S I~t CI-,:in:ï.ometl"'1.ques. !jftIllQ1.r..:tê !1!: l~ .ê.9!;1..ê.t.ê Q":"BD-tbCQQQ1!29Ü'! g!i E2Cl§ .. Vol :~: 1-~()::'1
P.
Brodi~~
5:
e§l~~i~ §Qf!.êtx
a CQI.ln~r"y. Boyle. EQ~lQ§QQbLÇèl Br~c:!:\,
::4~"-::67
15:
rhe Hl s ton' of Ant.hropal oÇ1Y. tJ~f!.!Q1.C~2 6DtbCQgQiQg~,Ç~1 §g,Ç1.§ty Qi '=QOf,ü:m ~
Notes
379.
.J9b!!.:Oiil fii .tb.~ ....
Islands"
5!§,Dg~l·
9n the Andaman ~]allds.
tbê'
JQ~~Dil ,,7
Qi
ê21gC~
-"'r: .... 71 • .,,,,:,,,-,-":1
1846.
E.
~~
g'!;bDfÜD9'!',Ç~1' §.9!.;1§!1~..
l8é):;/ 64.
8ggg
/
N(:)te~
18':J7 ..
Qi to§
Io@
the. Nlcobal'"
!'Iotic!!.? of.
1j~:;L<~:t;1~ D §Q..Çi~-t:i • f~>:11
Part BI ai r, ::: 1"71-1;&::::.' !OQ~=Q aQt!.g~sCx
ta the Andam'!:ln "Home."
, '
T.
1889.
The
1~1l damans "'Il~,?~i" A; d amanese.
6o.thr:ggg= l aO:tb'!:!;H~9= ./
ItJ.ê
§Ç9ttl~b.
§~Q9~EQblf~1 ~S99~lOg~~ 5:57-7~.
()~. .~
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G.
19:6 ( t 841 ), •
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L:~Jn'-30n:
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C.
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1::': . . . 1985 ..
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Qi
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1849. A F,:~\-.j P.:\rtr CLl101~G I~p rec.tlnq thlle NI COI.M/" Islands. I!.J§ l"f?!d!:Qsll Rf _~!J~!l jr.dLi:\U Brçb.l.LH2H\~R· :::: :!71-~·75 "
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1863. !3~ etche~; c:)f the Col \:my 1:11" (3ri:.!t·l~d U?C1n . . .• "_,ncl Inhalbl të~nts. Ir~~rl._~J;11:.Q[!§ 9..t !~IJ~ S:J:!JrJ9.lQc;,HÇ~~ r $QSi.ê.:J;y gi 1",,9.0990. '~': n . '1. ) : :::7~',) •. ::::é.l ~ ..
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lul. 1B(O. IJII 1:hü Isl,:\nds l'~an!:ulttr"v :,r'd e~l~t~s B~§§~Cfb~§~ : 1:1-1:5.
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1807"
" Con~ad. CLll1.
r;,.n
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1985. 1856.
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.'
420
(
1856(b).
c
A
DescriptlCm
lQ~rQzl o
C'ur'ti n.
Qi ibê
1984.
ç[Q~~=~yl~y[!l I[~~g
~Q'~Q[l~ ~L§t9[~·
Cambrldge UnIversIty
Pr~~s.
vJ.
rh~
tb§ 6§lgtis Dl cI"(;ms,
ÇLC~yl~~\Po.
153-177.
6!!l§[lÈO
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EQ~!Jg
1:
if!t
Bao~s.
P8nquln
198~.
V.
Y.Q~i!g§
Cem-
on the And.i\m<"inese.
ê9f!~t~·
1.9135 (184~) , '
C.
fram
hn:Jonë:lut r't'"es: ..
Observ~tlons
1870.
- F.
!'::!§~
6
19;'.7 ( 1697;· • London:
Oal.
EsqLllmau::
l:.1rldg!?:
D.
P.
Three
of
Hogarth Sound. Cumberland Stralt. ~tbDQ1Qgts~1 §Qçi§t~. 4:~15-~~5.
Vinnoo~soo~.
E[~O~b E~~lQâ9Q~~·
Univers\ty Press.
,;
Dist.o1.nt.
W. L.
1874.
.
G. E. qi
Dobson.,
1874. tb~
On
-: • Drumlnond.
L.
ID§tlt~~§·
4:
§gç!§t~
457-467.
~gYQDg §.!;r:~Gt~c~~
Unl vel~Sl t 1
In 1~~r.::Ü1.::2g~-jUJ.lg
1977. " On B,?? 1 ng Cdr Lb. ÇyLtyt§~
JQYCO~l
the Andam&ns and Andamanese.
Bo~btQQQLQgi~èl
Qi
.::::: :2\7 •
H,!i- R~b l now P. 19(-3:::. tI.ls;;bgl -EQb!ç~!Jl.t.!. -li'§!lJ @!Jcj U§cm§Q~~.';~S.ê· .ç1-,IC::\gO: of Ch L caqo Pr.Ess.
DI'1.eyf 1.IS.
J.:~2b!r:.Q.§1
Inhablt.:;\nts clf Cal'"NlC::obar.
TI1f?
t.!J~ Br.r!;!.Jr:QQQ;!"99!,J;§11 Imj.!;.lt~,1;g.
cE.B,
~n~ b~D9y!g~
LQ11i!!:!.2.!{_
8~5S0
ed.). Anthropo1cglcaJ Papers of th~ Universlty of ArlZOn2i (No. ~8). Tucson: Unlvers1tv of Arl~ona Press. D'..IC
k ~oJOt"1: h •
W,
L.
190:. t!~o..
l s 1 and. ,t:::~rl,
G.
W..
F.
EltClrl.
l\Io~e
,.,.
1850. On the P.apuan. Aurs1:ri"\l Lom,
<..1n
tlle Sl,uj l
of
Andam.:.\n'
an
L~adin(]
JgYCQ@l
Qi 1b§
Ch,:i\rO'lctG'r1.sti.cs of the - P':::llyne!:nan NrltlOn'5. IQ1~~Q aC~h~G~l~aQ· 4: 1-10.
1EH38.
N\)tE's
on
J9YtDii
~f ~b~ eotbCQQglQ9L,~i
and
MaL,3,y~1
Nat'Lve~;
Ot
the
Salomon'
I.Q~~l.';yl§.
1
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17: 90-
99,
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1
Fab" t:\n ~ ,
.
J.'
198::. r'lme .:.\nd tha Otht-"?r: How Anthn::Jpoloqy ~1al Its Objecta N8W Yor~: Colombia Unlverslty Press.
H. N~tl
1879. 'tes of
On
the OstC?cllogy and Aff.lnJl:tes of the tl1f-? Andë-iman l'5l.:mds., J9~r::D.el gi .s~2
entbtQQQ!9Ulf~!
(
18 Q 8088t\. AnthropCll SubJ ects
,:;S
1.Q§1.ltY1§ 9:
108-1~5.
'rr-\'?sldentiaJ Addre,-,s ta the Depar+m'=nt D~. In Es~a'ls on l'1useums and l.Jthel'". CQnnected ~...,i th NatUl~al Hl story. London:
oqy' .
421 )
.....
Q
Ma.cMlll a.n _____ '
1881.
5 Ga.tLlr e
1885.
Co. ::l:~dd ::::.o.~Ü. :::.L t~4.
10:
ObSt::'t- v~,::- 1':'115 ':.n L ne 0,:::·;; e,): :'L.lV tIlt:? ,<\lldë:'uTlc-"l.'1 islè'lnds, J~!:-!ro.~l
Add l t 1 on8l ~atlves ,_,r
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1887.
. _____ •
~jcl.tJ~.~.:~C:ly
i;.i..ls
CI i the Alldam,:wese. !o§i~lytê·
!QSif.@! _____ .
~~
1,,898 l 1888) •
The
.Pygmy
L'':ll1don:
18'38.
Races
of Men.
In
"Mal: ln! Il .:,-m '!( Cc•. Address to the Section
Presldental l>:,gy.
~iJl"l
CI
r
1~llt;
hh:tp 1:1'·
1'1,:\1_ r'1 i l 'l .::\11
,~,
Co. 18'38.
Essays on wlth Na~ural ,
and other
Museums Hist~ry.
Sub Je l: (, S C Clnnl~'': t ad Mdl:Mlll ..'\1i ë\nd 1':1710
L0n~on:
l
17'33.
On
M. 197~.
1980.
1983.
New York:
Two Lectures.
êQ~ EYO~ibL
In EQ~êrLLQQ~!ê~9Q!
êD~ Qtbê~ ~t~t~Qg§.
York:
Pa.ntheon
IStIDêIDQty.L ,(.D':Jnald F.
.
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F.: •
Etg~ll~§L
§~l§~~~~
Nebras~
Frere.
H.
B.
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lthel.;a,
~Qg!~§b Ir.ê~~!!§( ~Qd lb~ ~Q~~= Li n.:.:;,l n: Uni ven::;.!. t yi:' f
1660-173:::.
Press.
On tl'Ie LCi'.... G Affet:tLnÇl the f.81c1til,JIls Bel.,.; .... I:"n
188'::.
Clvlli:::ed
and
LIte,
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Hl.st.:;,ry.
l3eneaJogy,
W. 1'367 ( 1'334) • IDêQ! Qi l.g§§§.
New
BOQ~s.
Bouchard ed.). Coinell Universlty Press.
Frantz,
§êlê'~ê~ IQt.t~
QQt ê E~g§. Berkeley, Los UniverSIty of Callforn!a Press.
Nlet;:she,
tbY
CColin GQrdon ed.)
ii
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LI:;,ndl:;,n:
1'384.
~l
Blrtb
Ibê
Vlntage Books.
~!ê~~
.
c;\I,d the FI' Ld t; 1:01' 1.; hi-? 3: t.:.J.'~-lf..",j..
Eê§!Ar'b§§.
Qii,ielio.§
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1879. ComposIte PortraIts. made by Comblnlng those of many DIfferent Persors lnto a S1ngle Resultdnt Flgur~. ~~YCQQl gi 1~@ aQt~Cg2Qlqg~~~1 !Qêtltyt@·
(
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r'i:l.r '"",1Jr, •
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.
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195:.
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(f'tnUwopoÇ!rap'-'/I.
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1f:!49/5') • .1 f~€?pLle'; ta ()lIel~leS ln r':el:\tl0n 1:0 Chlna. F"'"OpIJ<3fJd iJy Eil" G. T. ~'I:<:;ILlnton. E:"',,·t. '1 11" F'" ln th.:' y ,,' '-II" LDL~ t.) • lQ'lCQi:l. QL !;~l ~ Cg:L =~ 1.. 1~:i1:.. 3 ~_L~~ ~I.!ÇJ:.. '~ L:> l:.2: :~86-4(.)() • ft
I~
11.addon.
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•
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The Ethnog,"apllY of ~ü..!!::lr::!J§.!l
!3t'''c·ut<:;.
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19~
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thE! We<5tern 1b~
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:97-440.
1949 ( j 1."-::::4) •
London::
Co. 1 930 ( 1 7 ~ 1 ) " B (W. Faster od.).
Hr:lm i 1 tim •
G.
,~short
1790.
8~§§~C~bg§.
1
Hy r1son,
N.
1969.
F.
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Hoc.lqen.
1'1.
. [<51
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1964.
g~[lx
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Hodgh ln. 1".
J
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411 -4:':6.
Curr~nts
Monsoon. 3'2~
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19~tD?1
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or
184~.
On
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êç!~nt~fLS ,~I
~
GSGQynt gf
~@~
Press.
Inqulrle5 lnto the Races of Man.
5:2-55~
184~:
-
;
Hrdll
C~ 3,
A.
fhE! Anth~-olQPï.Jlqlc31 V"ü\.le nt" tht:! ~JLllll. ~§:;?!~:::::§ E:t:.@§~IJj;~!J :!;g Go! go!_ ~1g1~gDJ0[)' 'l:" F. ~::v<-\rl':'Prltchal"(j, l::;:ë1.\iT1onîi Fll-lh, F,nJnl':;Ld\\I :'I<\11I1L11\1ùll,. Ist\6c ':3t.Ii('I='~'r3·,::ods. \. LClI'ljC'Il:: '~";dl-l: \111, ;. "I\cl\, TI'·ub n er· ~> CCl.
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D. S.
Jb§
1977.
o'F l'1e.::tSL't- L ng the l-luman FDrïn. S!:Udi:?l1tS tri Ethnology. QQUC!'2.€:l ~"1i?t hDd
gr
~9~!2t~·
~D~~~Q~
Vol
110.$,1:84- 85.
EC9mêtb@hS·
brIdge UnJV8rslty Press. L,lne~
F.
A.
H.
on 1~1nthrlJr:)I.::i1'JgY' -al.:. rne l'1e l.:?tlnq ,,Ji Assoclatlon for th~ Advancement ct
r~l~pClr'1:
187::.
the Br ltlsh SCl~nce tor
187~
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1'--11 COI:L:\I-
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~cjdl-~"':.ss.
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t!J211t.U:te.
7:
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4,')8 -4132. fil"lddffl;;'Il~~;E.'
alvl
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l~emar"1 5 Upon Some? of the l''lon:-? of Human Spec18s. Represented IndlVld\lals Now ln London. !3gg9Ct 91 .th§ I~:@Dl~~=
1854,.
t3.
Remar~3blG
by
(,
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E:.thnol oen cal Var-leti~s
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-
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19(18.
And,lm,:..n
~Juperindent.
'CalCLllta:
,
l:~'"1.
tllng.
-------_.
. tI-\u':ôt,r:~ 11 ,i
-----
SOLlth
SmIth Elder
C. 1976\19T:::). IlJ~ §.%~~~gt~~ +eldanc.INi.colson ..
Levi-Strauss,
.
\
1I1~~ldN·-'
LJndolî:
And \\hCi.:lb,\l"
l30vernm~mt 'f~t~l IJr.lty.
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...
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1866. of
J•
Hundn'ld ,-}t,(..:?,~t1C:lIi~'5 on' tht'\ ~;(::lcl!:\1 COfl,jl-1:I.'JI\ I\Ië\ti ves o.f Benq.~l. ~q\!r::Q~t Qi ~IJt~ 89L~1
Flve
the
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2(~.s.):
44-84. Q
R.
l''lajL\fTldas. ~
C.
l'fa! colm~
C.
[:§.c@i
197'5.
Gov~rnment
Delhl:
1854.
Addr-ess
London. 1(12.
.J.Q\~q:o.~1.
~~~t.t,l.~m/1Qt
of
Indi~
te
the
U} {jl}cd"lllh\Cl'-'!'
Il'e\\'1
PrQ~s.
Ethnologlcal - Sccictv
Qi :t.U!:Ë 1-;1'tlnçl1rmis;:ü.
Qt-2~;1.~:t;L" '~::
of IJu ~
, B. i<';l'2~. et:gQ!J.@!:!!;.~ (::~f 1Jl§t WS'2!~'~r.D 1"::3G-i,J)\':" Gt3.orge ~ClL(i: 1 edqe 8, Son'5 •
M:al1now~Li; ,
Man.
,
E.
H.
.
1878/1877. List. of ~~nrJë:\mmlt?r:à(" ë'I,IHJ Nl\:obf.\r'::'Cl/1 Imp l:ements, O,'"ndments. ~/C. , r'rrJ<;. ,'ntt,ld lu "'1<1.1 ClI'" General LanC? Fo:: by E.H" Man, i:::l"'q. ",\i1d 1:hu", D8SCI~1.b&"?d
.
by' 1'1,~. l''!,:m L8th ~k~ptellll.l\::'!,'", e!J.thrQQ91ggiÇ~l !~~~it4t?·
-Qf tbê -----".
E;):tJ~~lc:t of ë\ C(J]. Man"
InstltLlte. .------
Lettar
451-4=i7.
The Andaman
Islands.
. Gêl 1885.
!D§~A~Yt§·
On tilt? Andam,:in
[slands,
e 21.':;:!ag(25~~
1923.
b§Qg!J~g§. (1885).
man
J?olnbJv:
Qu
Isl,~\nd'.;.
r;~ti t~t~':--
o
185~.
A ~~Qy~L
gi
and ~rances.
u
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;
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and
t~~
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lQ!dt!J§!i Qi t:t)~ 60 ~Qr::QQ'd19lS<:!1 J.f.1 §t.!..tt~!~(~. 188:::: •. On I:he AbQ,r"lf;jlnal l sl ,::;nds. ·lmJJ.:D..û. gf j.:!: 6'?-lJt U::'a,'"t I).
1::.,,'1
tb.~~ elL!:J1r'omRtL10.V::;'~:ll.
gf..
~QytD@l 105~109.
7.
~
'from E.H~·~1'1<.u1,
Œ!2r~!CÔèl
7:
-"\"'-
1878.
457-~67.
,
F
..l(rll::!tl},;)~
LUT!"
.' 7:
1870/1877.
19~~
1_~llldtln:
Inlvabl t.r.:ints
1.4,
'.~'j'~.
of
the P1ndalTl.lf"I .tl1@ 6.Q1;11rQfl!.2L!,]'1.1Ç·~lc tL!:1 i:,L!;~~ ;:.~. L17-175 (Pal'"'t [[1.
9\ !:L1§ ?!J!:-!.tb 809§fI!,·'l!1 'dr-ll-l:;11 Indl ,.J, f·'n~~~5.
~b~ a~QC~g~Q~i LQb~~~1!Qt~ Qi ~bQ 6Q12~ Landdn: The r";:O'/':-ll Anthr·()polqf.jlC ..Ü
~1b!J.gigg~~êL IQ9~~t~. London: r0jlar Reprinted.ln J~YCQ~L Q~ th~ ~~bnglQQ!~
!
C.
Mar~.:ham.
Cr
CI
Report of the Aretie Cammlttee of ,the AnthropoJaqlcal Institute. '~Q~cn~l Qi tbg BnibcQQ9= l.Qg.!.~~l IIJ§f1:..tbltg. 2: 291-:;06. fAppendl): c;anslsts of QYi§t~9Q§ t9C ~~Q1QC!C~ ~ith special ref~~ence te Aret 1 c: E~:p l or C1~ 1 on 187~.
v
)
Ir!
r"ri,ltl'"rf.at.
Srr Everard lm
19::4 ..
R.F~.
C.B. . . . Ln Ever,J,rd Fn
ThLwn.
O:~ fard
Ir::S!!lGW (R. F:. rvl.:.~t'-E.\t t ed > .. Londen: Humphrey MIlford. , r v
·1'1.::~rt l
t1.
n.
18:::::7.
l0':1i.§3!J
Qf tO.ê f:!C 1..h~2ib
I:!H~tQ!:y' §B~
!s.:t;l~.Ql1.G
~'·,.Gnl'1.G ••
Ib.Q\:i9.b.ia.:t.
lm Thul"n.
Q~.ê§Q§.
~
Un i
~· •. B.E."
I~l.L§.:L.
VË't"Sl
t y
EQ2i~§§§lQO§ le!
London:
Wlii.
~o.g
PI"ess
itl~
t:t:;~ ,?l''
?:
Co.
<:'
F.
MOI,..(,at.
1961./6:2.
J.
Brll?:f
N""u'"rat'Lve of :m E~:p(=dition ta gi tb.ê 8Q:;:~1.
the Andaman J slands' ln 1?57. Er::Qf:§:§f!l:.OU !';h~gg!:~'H~bi.!;§L .êQ~i.ê:!;;:t·' 6: 41 -4:;. N~~rl"atl'v€\
H362.
oF
an E::pedi
ln 1867. Journ~l gi tb,@ 32: lU~-11~~----1863.
6g~~rrtY[~2
InliCg§.
F.
1 979 ( 18ï 4) .
Indianapolls:
~,
1895.
~Qg
Landen:
-Isl ands SelC t Eit '.1 .. Gg~~i ê€Qg~~e~l~~i _. _-----#ta thé'. And,Olman
tJ.I'::)!l
B~§§~c~nê§ 6mqrrg HLlrst and BlëH:I'ett:
IL!.§, l,d§§
~nq
Qi
1
.i
Elobbs-M81'"1'"1 L l .
go 1 tb~, çPQt~,t Qi gY!:QQ§~n ~D~ ~~ti~! G~yill~§= tLQO§. ~eeê· ~p~wlch: Eas~ Anglia Pr\nting Wor~s.
1961-6~.
The Nlcobars and B1611Qg~a~hy on the 'I31ands. Qr: igo.!:.ôl 8§ggC.::'%'ÜD::' :, e~ 6: 82-,96.
t89~. ~Qtg§ ~6g Q~@[l~~ gO 6Qtbr:QQ~lgg~· Anthrapolog\çdl Inst1tute.
• IJwen~
Ru
c
_--_.
rh.?
"
H:356. A Br-H:~ NOCleE of ~hE A::ter.: F3ace" ,:ompll'2d /;;1\' F:1ChFlI'd C,\l1., Hon. S'2f:-I-I'?t,,'1ry~ r-'..Jllowed 1:1';1 c't LJesCr~lp- ticlIl of thE:: So-calJed A:tec Cltlldren E;,hlIJlf:(:?d 011 the (lccas t cm, B'y I:'y-rj-f essor üv/i?n. F. ';-. s. l.~-l!"JCo.~i gf. tb~ ~tbD91Q91S~1 êg~~~t~·
.....
)
London ,:
4:
!~G-137.
1861.
On the P~ych]c21 and P~yslcal Ch~racter5 .of thp- Mlcoples 01- NatlvEs'of the Ar.daloan Islands. ftnd on the Rel c.~t lons tlier-eby .fndl c:at'e,j ta Other- Race!': "::1 F' Man~lnd. B!QQct Qi tb,§ Ib,lC1~=E1Cât ~~§tlQ9 g~ tt~ ê[!i~§b e~§Q~!~t180 igc ~b@ a~~~rr~gm§Qt qi ~Çl§ŒÇ~· M,:ancheste~-
•
1
o
1983. Qcig!.u§.;.. e· è!.:lgt:,l ;;t:tmglggiG.àl. Q1.G.t.!;gu:Ùl:~ Qi t!Qggr.o. ~o.g*-1..§b. 'Ne\'I Vor1:: Greem"i en I-!<::lLlse. '
Partrldge.
E"
v
T.
Penniman.
••
~YU~l:.ct
Qt
YI~l:!
Duc~worlh.
1°70.
1'1.' H.
Pirenne.
e
19i5.
London: bl~'ldqe:
~o.~hl:8GgIQUY·
E:.n. o.t.l.Ug :!Ug Eb.Qtt;}g.t:.. :.m.l"l~.
QI2..!;.tf.2J..
f:kllll'''
r·I... t?~::;'5.
"C2mbridqe Unlver':nty
19:::1. IbË Ic~.Y§l§ Qi' t!~tG.Q E!.21g. (Tr"2ps.. fnM t.I~~,l: of L. Fr Lloneut:?tto by Aldo PU:CL . ~. 'U·.mcL·m: (:h.'OI~ge ROLltledge. ,
i"'ol... tm~\n.
M.
V.
1881.-
On
the
(::.)l1d':\ln·"\11
Qi tu§: B,Q.:i.21
J9~CQ"il'
1s1 :\nds ë.md lhc' ~~œ:.l.~'i·,'y" . ·..
(j?,i.. .dJ;J..~
1~l'ld \In,:\n,'~',,:.'
1 '..: Cil.
'.>. \ :,
470-489. ______ .
1886.
______ ,
'L896 (a) •
I\lotes
______ ,
1896(b).
F'hütogy"aphy
the And:;:'.lOan\~se. actbcQeQlgglG.~! !QI~L~Yt~. :5: on
enthcQQQlQ9,i,Ç.èl 1899. Vol
e
~l§~Q~~
Qi Qyt:
Cal eut tr.:\:
:5.
.
for {-~ntt1I'-opolClc;llst:r:i JQ~JI:O€~J" 1.0ggitbJi;ê· '25: 7tj""8"7.
1100
d.
121".!O9..~§
Anthropoloq'll:iaJ land/ f3Lti J dford:
T.' S: -
1.865,
g:f.:tt.9C2 ~ (rI. SI:
F'r'-lchard.
----~"
l
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t;Upl:l~ l nd~,?Iî'1:en j~
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Nl.!;QQ~t:
~!1f~
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Government F'I'''lntln9.
D,
QI.
<€!OQ Il1êll: In<':itltllt/:?
Dt
ln
~~:. H.
E§:i';)QJ.§ , ('n?<..~t l!ll'''j
1
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tlip.
Bt~l!Jf.Ü 2n.l~ 21
Qf C:hlw1.oQY. Tr:,~q~'_ ~.?gf;' t t~~; 'i 9 r: , ~.I~lr\l:J91t·
41)8 -~q 7 •
J. C. 1840. On the r::,~tlnetlon cd, Hum •.,n I-:':,:\I:I?~,. L'," !;g1..QQ!:-Jr:9b !j~t:! r::t!!J.!2§QQ!J.LÇ.~t .]gi.(r:[l!:~l· '28: 1/.)6-j"/I).
1.84"8',
On the R81 :Itlons of -tnowledge. lQYC~ê~
Qt
Etlîno'l CjC]';I \:/:) O~ l'IC:H'' i~l'·')I"I_h·':'~ t~! ~tbQQ1Qai~il ~gç~Qt~.
ïf
1:
:'01--:':29.
·e
Ethnoloqy ln ~~Uyg! gf ~çi~ntlt~~ ~09Y~~L· (John. F. W. Herschel ed,). London: .lot.n l'1ur,'" _1,/.
1849..
o
1840, ta
Ouerles Fepecting the Humen Pac~ te bQ ~ddr~s~8d TravpLler$ 6nd Others. 8AAS 1840: 447-4~8.
~ep~l~t~~1 \n ~Ge§ 1842: ~3~-3~ij:- ~9~COil gi ~h~ a§!..~t!..~ 2QSl.§~i. Qi ê§09§!1" 1::;; 1844: 919 -9'';2. and
..-"
J
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) \
sep ~r.a t.e 1 y i n 1841 ;-:as Qb\§C.!.§§ Bg~H2@Ç;,tJ:..o.g tb.g !:!!::!!!!§Q 8~!;,g.1. t.Q. Qg f!QgCꧧ@Q. tg I!:~~gl1.f;C§ §!J.Q QtbêC§ London: Ri ch€\rd & J6hn T :"1 Y 1 or-. ~ ft
C·,
ft
R"a\dcllffe-Br:-own, A. Schmidt.
j
1'1910.'
R:
1933(192~).
A.
F'uILlga:
aQQ~m~n 1§1~Qg§r:2'
Ibg
f':epfy
ta
Fathet-
10: :3-37.
~~n.
'~Cèim-
Cambr'ldge:
bridge UnIversIty Pr8ss.
H. 189:'. Qh\ê!:L§fJ
F<earJ ,
-1 OÇ] j
1893.
Prefatory Notes
go.
Instltute.
al
C'
Mr.
(Ethnography).
aO~bCQgg!gg~.
Portman"s
Pp.
~ondcn:
In
T~e
~gt§§
§D~
Anthropo-
81-88.
Photog~:"Iphs
01 AndamaGese . •
~± {tl§. 8D \;bCQQQL 129 !.f.=11 l02,t.;"!;,!2.tg.
~~ ~
~ç!::!CQ~~
4lJ t -4u:;.
1887. I=\:l?port of the Commltte l.::? Conslstlng ot Generl 'Pltt-I::;:lvers, Dr-. Beddoe. i-'1:'Qfessor Fl'Jwer •. 11r Fr."'nci=. G~lton. Ivlr. 1:::., [1". Tylol~, and Dr. GanElon. 'Appolnted fur the Purpose Ci Edltlng a N8w Edition of 'AnthropoloIJlC ..:Ü No't<;)),i êlrld Ch.IEIF'lES.· wltil (-iuthol'-i ty to Oj str.L bute GI-a't.w tOLIS 1 y the Unsol d Copi es i:J 1the F'1'"esent Edl h on" !3§Q9r.:.t Qi .!;!Jg êC.l:!';i3b 6§§gç.l.€!= ~b~ B9~~DÇgffi§ol
tigo iQC
§~i~Qfê.
1887 .•
:JQ!::!r:L1~l Qi .tb.ê Bntbr:Qggl.Q:: 19: 479.
B§gQr:i .Qi tbê Ç;9k!Dfll.!!..
1890.
gi~~1.
Ri ver,s.
Qi.
Io.Ê1l1~tg.
H. R. 191::::" Report -on Anthropologlci:\r Resec"\l~ch OLltslde Amel'"lca.-. In B~l2gr:t.§ 1JQ90 ~Ij.@ Er:.§§§o,t",o-çr.ml:l.l=
W..
~lQD
~o.9
QQlgg~.
gi tb§
Instttutidn
'No. :00): Wa.shington
tion
Ib.§
1914.
E!::!1!::!r:~ ~.êgg§ Carn~gie
~l~tQC~
Qi
§Gi§o~~
D.C. -
~§lfiO§§~~D
Qi,
Wa~hlngton
ct
/
r
~}oI (.
§g,!!1~·
Campl'"l dge Um vers:Lty Press.
R<1oke.
;665/1666.
Directions for Sea-men.
E:bilg§QP.1Jlf~l
, S.a!:k ~
1=\. D.
1986.
rJh!!!!~a
C.ambr~dge:
.
'\
Seh t vel busch. GeMmi.dt.
la
W.
c
M.
!.
bcund
\for
f alf VOY::'1ges.
14.G-~ 11~:::.
I§r:r:i.J;Qr:~.!. 1.t§ Ib§.Q!':~ flDQ Unlversltv Pr~ss •
!::!1:..êtQr:~.
Ca~bridge
1980. The R,-u 1 wav Jt:Jul-:nev:' 1-1~ ~J. ns ,::Ind r("~\;~ J ~b@ L~tb ç~~~y~~~--~~w-~~;~;--urr;~~~~ci~~;.------
1910. Il
Pl.\luga.
t1§O.
the
S'upremE' B"?ing i,f l:he
Andam-
1f): :2-7.
1983. ------tHermE's: bi!êc~tYCg~ §~lêO~ê~ EbilQâQQn~ •. Baltlffiore and London: ,> The ,John Hopkins tJnIver'slty
Press. Shl..:l ovsky.
Cc"\m--
t-ll.
. ane':ie ~3erres~
Ir:~D§.5!,Ç~-Ü2D:§.
ao~br:Q~
PublIca-
. "'.
1965/1917.
Art as Technique •
,
1
l
..
o
iigt
ÇCLti~~§mi
Reis ad.>. Singh,
N.
,v.'
a
L/ 1978.. Ib.§! e09!l1m~n ê.!;g!:~. F'ub l i Cl t Y HOLlSe.
Stevenson.
_____ .
(L.T. Lemen, ,Universlty of Nebras~3
EQ~( S2~~~~'
LIncoln:
191:.,
R.
L.
The
~Jgarth
M. J. Pre$s.
. New De 1 h :b:
Press.
Fn:Jm Chl~oilolClg't ta Ethlioloqy: .J<.:\m(~<;:, CawlE-F.:i ;·'r 11ê,U-d a.nd BI-,it.l.sh ?~nthl~opolüÇ)Y ''1800-U:J:.iu. B§§~ê~~b~§ lO~Q tb@ EbYJ1~~1 ~~2tQC~ gf ~~O. (G. Stoc~ 1ng" ed'\oc Chj G.:1qo ...u1c"1 London: Umvt-.:I'·\5'it~· CIïJ,cago Press.,
t
c'" In
W. of
q
~
1985. "The
EthnClgrapher's M~g~c: Field~or~ Ln BrLtl~h Anthl'"opology rrorn Tylol'" ·ta Meôlilnawskl.' In Ç,!!2,~m!:YêC:] Q!2§§ry§~l g~§~~§' QO gtb099CAQbiS Elr!~~Qtl (G. StQ'Ti:1ng Ed.). Wl sc,:ol1sdn: ' Um ver'sify (.)r vll<5L:OnSln
'
, F'r-fl~. "
-SLI.t-herlcilnd.
P.-,,'C-;\-
\
l856.
On
I:he E:'sqLliml::\L.\:t ..
gJ;b09lQg.lh!31 .êQfi~.t:i"
SYmes;
"Iemfll~h
4:
1 9'~'-235"
eO B~~.Qb!rJ.t Qi ~o gmQ~a.§~ 1;9 !;t!~ ~..: t 08 QQill gi 6y.!'1:1,Edlntlul"'gtl: Ccmstr-\bl.~ and Ct). Iii çQIJ.§t§\9.1.~:.3 t!'i.gç§.lis\r..l.~ '2i· QC';"9.kQQL :.!o.t4 ~j"Üf~~t~l) Eu!;tl!.~~~i-"QQ§ in !;,b,§ ~(~'=1.Q!:;L~ J2êP..~r:~mlê!;1~f: 9.i. Ll!:!f:r':J::.~YC~~ §~~§nç~ In~ 1b~ et:.t~L l!lL êl=mJQ ~œQlt:.9 1· Edinburgh: Constab18 and Co. /' ,
M.
18: 7.
1.!] !;b~ :t~Èt:. lZ2~.
R. C. "
1900.
-1899. t11scelL:?tn~~oLls F';;\pers Rej ;-ltlV'~ T,\,J 1:110') Sett.lementG~ ln the 11ndamèm [si"mds tn 'r11G ~',Jl;IU'1 Cent Liry. Il::!§ lo.Q!.::m 6o.:t;.tg!:dQ!::~. :28: .:.::. -:::: 1. E){tracts
Cortsult..:.\t'tons ,/Jt 1.ly! Relating ,ta the And~man IsI6~~~. lOg lo.9.!.:2.o. BIJ.t:...h.gh\§!t:..i.. 29: 10::--116. 12'S"-11j.(1.' J /) 7 • 171, 194-199f :~2-~24, ~86-288: ;:073~7. ~41-~4!,
~vrtlth
fram the.Bengal
C8ntury
:'71-378. 1901.
E:
- Ibê InQ!.sQ an:!:!.g!:!~t:::L.
o
19t) 1.
30: :28'-::':1, 183-186."
,An Unpublished XVlllth CeÎltury DOCL\ml;,mt:.
the Andamans.
4~O,
Ib~ lnQi~a enSlgy~~~.
• _~b(:l'}I:
:'0: 232-238.
->,
Revolutlonary Jheory of Social
192(?a. A , t:1.ëD..
----"
r, ,~
22:
1922b .. lOB.
' ___ ..J._-,
1:21-127.
.
,
t:!~t.!:1l:'§.
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