viii
Contents
Contents
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2
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Radionuclide Accumulation at a Hydroelect...
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viii
Contents
Contents
ix
2
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Radionuclide Accumulation at a Hydroelectric Power Dam
3
4
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Radionuclide Accumulation at a Hydroelectric Power Dam
5
6
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Radionuclide Accumulation at a Hydroelectric Power Dam
7
8
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Radionuclide Accumulation at a Hydroelectric Power Dam
9
Determination of the Transfer of Tritium
11
12
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Determination of the Transfer of Tritium
13
14
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Determination of the Transfer of Tritium
15
16
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Determination of the Transfer of Tritium
17
18
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
20
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Technetium-99 (99Tc) in Marine Food Webs in Norwegian Seas
21
22
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Technetium-99 (99Tc) in Marine Food Webs in Norwegian Seas
23
Measuring Thoron (220Rn) in Natural Waters
25
26
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Measuring Thoron (220Rn) in Natural Waters
27
28
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Measuring Thoron (220Rn) in Natural Waters
29
30
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Measuring Thoron (220Rn) in Natural Waters
31
32
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Measuring Thoron (220Rn) in Natural Waters
33
34
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Measuring Thoron (220Rn) in Natural Waters
35
36
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Measuring Thoron (220Rn) in Natural Waters
37
The Determination of Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Activity in Solids, Filters and Water
39
40
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
The Determination of Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Activity in Solids, Filters and Water
41
42
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
The Determination of Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Activity in Solids, Filters and Water
43
Environmental Measurements of Radioxenon
45
46
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Environmental Measurements of Radioxenon
47
48
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Environmental Measurements of Radioxenon
49
50
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Environmental Measurements of Radioxenon
51
Uptake of Uranium by Spinach Grown in Andosols
53
54
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Uptake of Uranium by Spinach Grown in Andosols
55
56
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Uptake of Uranium by Spinach Grown in Andosols
57
58
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Uptake of Uranium by Spinach Grown in Andosols
59
Mineralogical and Particle Size Controls on 137Cs Abundances in Dounreay
61
62
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Mineralogical and Particle Size Controls on 137Cs Abundances in Dounreay
63
64
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Mineralogical and Particle Size Controls on 137Cs Abundances in Dounreay
65
66
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Mineralogical and Particle Size Controls on 137Cs Abundances in Dounreay
67
Assessment of Possible Sources of Artificial Long-Lived Radionuclides
69
70
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Assessment of Possible Sources of Artificial Long-Lived Radionuclides
71
72
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Assessment of Possible Sources of Artificial Long-Lived Radionuclides
73
74
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Assessment of Possible Sources of Artificial Long-Lived Radionuclides
75
76
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
78
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
A Rapid Method for the Preconcentration of Non-Refractory Am and Pu
79
80
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
A Rapid Method for the Preconcentration of Non-Refractory Am and Pu
81
82
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
A Rapid Method for the Preconcentration of Non-Refractory Am and Pu
83
84
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
A Rapid Method for the Preconcentration of Non-Refractory Am and Pu
85
Improvements in Underground Gamma-Ray Spectrometry
87
88
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Improvements in Underground Gamma-Ray Spectrometry
89
90
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Improvements in Underground Gamma-Ray Spectrometry
91
92
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Improvements in Underground Gamma-Ray Spectrometry
93
94
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
96
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Responses of U and Pu to Microbially Driven Nitrate Reduction in Sediments
97
98
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Responses of U and Pu to Microbially Driven Nitrate Reduction in Sediments
99
100
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
102
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
70
600
60
500
50
400
40 300 30 200
20
Water
Temperature
% Recovery
An Efficient and Optimised Total Combustion Method for Total H-3 and C-14
Glutamic Leucine Thymidine Tyrosine Uridine
100
10 0 0
50
100 Time (min)
150
0 200
103
104
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
An Efficient and Optimised Total Combustion Method for Total H-3 and C-14
105
106
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
An Efficient and Optimised Total Combustion Method for Total H-3 and C-14
107
The Analytical Impact on Tritium Data from Storing Nuclear Decommissioning Samples
109
110
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
The Analytical Impact on Tritium Data from Storing Nuclear Decommissioning Samples
111
112
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
The Analytical Impact on Tritium Data from Storing Nuclear Decommissioning Samples
113
114
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
The Analytical Impact on Tritium Data from Storing Nuclear Decommissioning Samples
115
Radionuclide Recording Levels and Prioritisation of Chemical Radiochemical Analyses
117
118
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Radionuclide Recording Levels and Prioritisation of Chemical Radiochemical Analyses
119
120
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Radionuclide Recording Levels and Prioritisation of Chemical Radiochemical Analyses
121
122
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Radionuclide Recording Levels and Prioritisation of Chemical Radiochemical Analyses
123
124
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Radionuclide Recording Levels and Prioritisation of Chemical Radiochemical Analyses
125
Application of the Radiological Hazard Potential (RHP)
127
128
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Application of the Radiological Hazard Potential (RHP)
129
130
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Application of the Radiological Hazard Potential (RHP)
131
132
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Application of the Radiological Hazard Potential (RHP)
133
134
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Application of the Radiological Hazard Potential (RHP)
135
136
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
138
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Determination of Tritium Radionuclide and Lithium Precursor in Magnox Reactor Steels
139
140
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Determination of Tritium Radionuclide and Lithium Precursor in Magnox Reactor Steels
141
142
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Determination of Tritium Radionuclide and Lithium Precursor in Magnox Reactor Steels
143
144
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Determination of Tritium Radionuclide and Lithium Precursor in Magnox Reactor Steels
145
146
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
148
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Sequential Determination of Ca-41/45 and Sr-90 in an Activated Concrete Core
149
150
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Sequential Determination of Ca-41/45 and Sr-90 in an Activated Concrete Core
151
152
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Sequential Determination of Ca-41/45 and Sr-90 in an Activated Concrete Core
153
The Chemistry of Ultra-Radiopure Materials
Lead shielding Internal airspace Germanium Cu “Can” Cu Coldfinger Cu “Crossarm”
155
156
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
The Chemistry of Ultra-Radiopure Materials
N2 sparge gas flow control Radium & particulate filtration and chemical scavenge Inner bath containment & Cu bus Cu sulfate bath with cover gas, mandrel, current Programmable power supply
157
158
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
The Chemistry of Ultra-Radiopure Materials
159
160
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
The Chemistry of Ultra-Radiopure Materials
161
Independent Radiological Monitoring; Results of a Recent Intercomparison Exercise
163
164
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Independent Radiological Monitoring; Results of a Recent Intercomparison Exercise
165
166
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Independent Radiological Monitoring; Results of a Recent Intercomparison Exercise
167
168
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
170
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Routine Application of CN2003 Software to Laboratory Liquid Scintillation Calibration
171
172
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Routine Application of CN2003 Software to Laboratory Liquid Scintillation Calibration
173
174
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Routine Application of CN2003 Software to Laboratory Liquid Scintillation Calibration
175
Easy Method of Concentration of Strontium Isotopes from Radioactive Aqueous Wastes
177
178
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Easy Method of Concentration of Strontium Isotopes from Radioactive Aqueous Wastes
179
180
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Easy Method of Concentration of Strontium Isotopes from Radioactive Aqueous Wastes
181
182
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Easy Method of Concentration of Strontium Isotopes from Radioactive Aqueous Wastes
183
184
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Easy Method of Concentration of Strontium Isotopes from Radioactive Aqueous Wastes
185
Performance of a Portable, Electromechanically-Cooled HPGe Detector
187
188
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Performance of a Portable, Electromechanically-Cooled HPGe Detector
189
190
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Performance of a Portable, Electromechanically-Cooled HPGe Detector
191
192
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
194
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Research and Development Needs
195
a view to sharing the ‘NDA R&D needs, risks and opportunities’ across the entire technical supply chain. 2 KEY FINDINGS OF THE LCBL 2005 REVIEW A top down review of our overall technology needs, risks and opportunities has identified common key issues. Key issues identified: 2.1 Balance of R&D programmes Owing to the mature nature of the industry, the vast majority of R&D development activities are integrated directly with on-plant deployment projects and therefore solution driven in their application. Judgements are therefore made about the degree to which remaining knowledge gaps need to be filled or whether the proposed solution is sufficiently robust to deal with the remaining uncertainties. Given the need to accelerate cleanup programmes in line with the NDA’s mission, NDA fully support this approach but recognise the importance of maintaining an appropriate level of underpinning scientific knowledge of the applied processes. In addition NDA will continue to monitor activities to maintain the adequate skills to support the clean-up projects.
Knowledge -gaps
Knowledge -gaps
Reliable technical Reliable options
technical options
2.2 NDA R&D requirements The analysis of the full life cycle of existing liabilities overlaid with the need to deliver the NDA’s mission yields significant R&D challenges. NDA expect an increase in R&D investment from the SLCs over the next ten years, if delivery is to be assured. We will be monitoring the developing R&D programmes to ensure the activities are being undertaken in line with the delivery of the NDA strategy. We do however expect that confidence in the technology development activities will grow as the programme of clean-up activities accelerates. For this first review, the LCBL plans (quite correctly) did not take account of the proposed acceleration of reactor decommissioning and this is likely to add to the R&D challenges over the next few years.
196
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
2.3 Underpinning science Although most of the R&D activities are focused to support clean-up projects, NDA recognises that these rely upon a strong underlying science base. If clean-up is to be successful it is important to develop the science base as new challenges emerge. To support this, our aim is to stimulate the academic sector to help meet our science needs. In collaboration with Nexia Solutions, NDA are supporting a series of University Research Alliances (URA) to develop and maintain a network of basic science capability and skills to achieve the short and long-term aims of our mission. Furthermore, the NDA has supported student bursaries, where additional funding has been made available to support PhD projects aligned to the NDA needs, risks and opportunities. Nine awards were made in 06. The four University Research Alliances are: Radiochemistry – University of Manchester Particle Science – University of Leeds Waste Immobilisation – University of Sheffield Materials – University of Manchester These URA’s and a series of smaller University contracts provide a range of underpinning science support to the NDA mission. Also, graduates from PhD programmes are providing an influx of new talent into the decommissioning supply chain. 2.4 Best practice The LCBL programmes are compiled individually by each site from a ‘grass-roots’ assessment of the needs of each project, culminating in an overall site plan. This often leads to unique technology solutions bespoke to the project plan for the site. As a result, NDA are encouraging a more integrated approach where sites share proven technology solutions for everyone’s benefit and so avoid the cost of bespoke solutions where possible. NDA also fully support the application of proven technology solutions from non-nuclear fields within the nuclear industry.
Solve problems problems once once for an individual individual site site Solve for an
Generic Generic R&D R&D
+ + Solve problems problems once all sites sites Solve once for for all
(addressing long-term as well as short-term issues) (addressing long-term as well as short-term issues)
Additionally, international experience in terms of proven technology capability should be considered further. A number of nations have had substantial clean-up programmes over the previous two decades, with proven delivery capability. As improvements in the supply chain management take place within the competitive clean-up market, more proven technology options will be proposed, requiring minimal development activities.
Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Research and Development Needs
197
198
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Research and Development Needs
199
The Performance of UK and Overseas Laboratories in Proficiency Tests
201
202
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
The Performance of UK and Overseas Laboratories in Proficiency Tests 100
Deviation (%)
50
0
-50
-100
100
Deviation (%)
50
0
-50
-100
203
204
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Deviation (%)
40
0
-40
Deviation (%)
40
0
-40
The Performance of UK and Overseas Laboratories in Proficiency Tests
205
206
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
208
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Current IAEA Activities and Future Plans for the Almera Network
209
210
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Current IAEA Activities and Future Plans for the Almera Network
211
212
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Current IAEA Activities and Future Plans for the Almera Network
213
214
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
Current IAEA Activities and Future Plans for the Almera Network
215
216
Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III
218
Isotope Index
220
Subject Index
